How Detectives Solved Mysteries Before Fingerprints | Boring History For Sleep

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Good evening, my friends. 
I'm really stoked. 

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You're here tonight. 
This series is one a lot of you 

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have been asking for so we're 
finally settling into it 

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together. 
Tonight, we're stepping into how

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detective solved Mysteries 
before fingerprints, when 

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careful observation memory and 
small details carried more 

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weight than any single piece of 
proof. 

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If slowed slightly boring 
history, helps your brain power 

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down, feel free to follow, drop 
a like and tell me where you're 

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listening from, and what time it
is always enjoy seeing where 

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everyone is drifting off from 
now, dim those lights, grab your

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blanket as usual, if you have 
not already. 

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And let's get started, Long 
before laboratory is harmed with

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microscopes and databases 
clicked through millions of 

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fingerprint matches. 
Detective solved crimes, using 

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nothing more than sharp eyes, 
patient ears and details 

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notebooks. 
You're about to discover how 

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these early investigators piece 
together, mysteries. 

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In an era when rent exams, 
barely existed. 

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You stand in London Street on a 
fogging November morning in 

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1863. 
The Gaslamp still flicker along 

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the cobblestones, even though 
dawn has arrived. 

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Somewhere in the distance. 
A church bell Mark 7:00. 

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The fog Taste of cold smoke and 
dampness. 

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You can feel it settling on your
coat, like a cold wet blanket. 

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A constable Rush has passed. 
You his boots splashed through a

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puddle. 
He carries a wooden rattle that 

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police officers used to call for
help. 

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The sound cuts through the 
morning. 

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Quiet, you follow him around the
corner to wear a small crowd, 

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has gathered outside. 
A jewelry shop, the front window

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has been smashed glass 
fragments. 

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Catch the dim light like 
scattered stars on the pavement.

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This is how detective work 
begins in the age before. 

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Fingerprints, someone notices, 
something wrong, people, gather 

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a constable arrives, and then 
the real work starts, The 

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Constable takes out a small 
notebook. 

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His pencil moves slowly across 
the page as he writes down every

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detail, he can see The broken 
window, the empty display case. 

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The muddy Footprints leading 
away, down the alley. 

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He does not have photographs. 
He does not have fingerprint 

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powder, he has his eyes and his 
ability to describe what he 

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sees. 
You watch him sketch the scene 

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in rough, Line's his drawing 
shows the position of the broken

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glass. 
Some pieces fell inside the 

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shop, other scattered onto the 
street. 

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This tells him, something 
important, the glass broke from 

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outside to inside the thief, 
stood, on the street, and struck

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the window with Force. 
He kneels down to examine the 

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footprints more closely. 
The mud is fresh. 

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It rained. 
Last night in the ground is 

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still soft. 
You can see the pattern on the 

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sole. 
It shows a distinctive wear 

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pattern on the left heel. 
One boot clearly has a crack 

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running across it. 
He copies this pattern into his 

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notebook with careful attention 
to every line and curve. 

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This is observation. 
This is the foundation of all 

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detective work before modern 
forensics. 

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You learned to look at 
everything. 

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You learn to see what others 
miss, you learn that every 

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criminal leaves traces of the 
cells behind whether they mean 

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to or not. 
The Constable asks, the 

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shopkeeper about what happened 
The shopkeeper arrived at his 

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usual time of 6:30 in the 
morning, he found the window 

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broken and three gold watches 
missing from the display. 

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Nothing else was taken the till 
remained. 

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Untouched in the back room, this
strikes, the Constable as 

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unusual most thieves would take 
whatever they could grab you, 

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follow the Constable as he walks
the street asking questions an 

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old woman who lives above the 
bakery heard glass breaking 

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around 3 in the morning. 
She looked out her window, but 

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saw only Shadows moving in the 
fog. 

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A night Watchman. 
Patrolled this street at 2:00, 

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and saw nothing suspicious. 
Between two and three. 

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In the morning, someone broke 
the window and took those 

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watches. 
The Constable writes down every 

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statement in his notebook, he 
Records. 

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Who said, what? 
And at what time these written 

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records, become the backbone of 
the investigation without them 

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details. 
Blur and fade memory proves 

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unreliable. 
But words on paper, stay fixed 

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and certain By mid-morning, the 
Constable, as filled several 

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pages with observations and 
statements. 

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He has sketches of the broken 
window. 

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He has descriptions of the 
missing watches, he has the 

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pattern of that distinctive boot
print. 

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Now comes the next phase of 
early detective work. 

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He must take all this 
information and figure out what 

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it means. 
You watch, as he reviews his 

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notes, the broken glass pattern 
shows force from outside the 

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selective. 
Theft of only watches suggest 

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someone who knew what they 
wanted. 

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The timing between the night 
watchman's rounds and the 

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neighbor's observation gives a 
narrow window. 

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The boot print provides a 
physical detail that might 

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identify the thief in this era, 
police work. 

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Relies heavily on local 
knowledge. 

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The Constable knows, the people 
who live on his beat. 

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He knows which residents work 
honest jobs and which ones have 

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questionable reputation. 
He knows where stolen goods 

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typically get sold. 
He knows the ways of crime in 

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his district. 
He walks to a nearby public 

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house where he knows certain 
individuals gather. 

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Republican nods when the 
Constable asks about strangers 

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in the area. 
A man with a noticeable. 

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Limp came in last night, asking 
about buying pocket watches, he 

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wore muddy boots and seemed 
nervous he left before the 

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Publican could engage him in 
much conversation. 

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This information matters, the 
Constable adds it to his growing

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collection of facts. 
A man with a limp muddy boots 

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interest in pocket watches 
looking for buyers The picture 

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starts to take shape your 
company the Constable to the 

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local pawn shop. 
The pawnbroker keeps detailed 

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records of everything. 
Brought to him. 

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The law requires this. 
He must write down. 

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Who pawns? 
What? 

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And when The Constable flips 
Through The Ledger looking for 

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recent entries. 
Involving watches nothing from 

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the morning yet, but he asked 
the pawnbroker, to send word. 

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If anyone tries to sell three 
gold watches matching the stolen

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description and This network of 
informants and cooperating 

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businesses forms. 
Another crucial part of early 

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detective work. detective cannot
be everywhere at once, they need

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eyes and ears throughout the 
community, shopkeepers publicans

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porn Brokers and even reformed 
criminals, sometimes provide 

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valuable information The 
Constable returns to the station

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to file. 
His report. 

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You watch him copy his notes 
into the official record book. 

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Every detail gets preserved, the
date, the time, the location, 

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the nature of the crime, the 
witness statements, the physical

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evidence, the leads being 
pursued, senior detectives 

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review, these reports daily. 
They look for similar info three

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jewelry shops, broken into over 
the past month. 

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All during the early morning 
hours, all targeting specific 

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valuable items rather than 
grabbing everything. 

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This suggests someone with 
knowledge and planning rather 

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than desperate opportunistic 
theft. 

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You sit in the detective office 
as they discuss the cases the 

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room smells of tobacco smoke. 
And all paper files Stack Up on 

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every available surface maps of 
London cover one in entire wall 

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with pins marking crime 
locations, string connects 

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related incidents, read for 
robberies for burglaries yellow 

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for assaults. 
One detective notices something 

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interesting, the three jewelry 
shop in all happened, within a 

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mile of each other, they all 
occurred between two and four. 

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In the morning, they all 
involved broken front windows. 

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And in each case Witnesses 
mentioned seeing a figure with 

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an unusual. 
Gait moving away from the scene.

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This is pattern recognition 
Before computers could analyze 

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crime, statistics detectives had
to spot connections themselves. 

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They had to remember details 
from weeks or months ago. 

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They had to see how separate 
incidents might actually be the 

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work of one person or one group.
The detective decides to stake 

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out the remaining jewelry, shops
in that area. 

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If the pattern holds another 
breaking might happen soon. 

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Several constables volunteer to 
spend their nights watching and 

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waiting. 
They position themselves in 

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doorways and allies where they 
can observe without being seen. 

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You join one. 
Constable on a cold. 

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November night. 
The hours passed slowly your 

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feet grown numb from standing in
one position. 

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Fog rolls in thick and heavy 
every sound seems Amplified in 

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the darkness. 
A cat yells somewhere nearby a 

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drunk staggers. 
Passing off key, a carriage 

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rattles over distant 
cobblestones nothing happens. 

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That first night, all the second
night, all the third. 

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This is also part of early 
detective work patience long 

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hours of watching and waiting 
the willingness to endure Board 

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of discomfort on the chance of 
catching someone in the act. 

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On the fourth night, you see 
movement near the jewelry shop 

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at the End of the Street. 
Figure approaches from the East.

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The person walks with the 
distinctive limp. 

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Favoring the left leg. 
They paused at the shop window 

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and look around nervously. 
Then they pull something from 

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their coat. 
In the dim lamp light, you can 

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see it as a short iron bar. 
The Constable steps out from his

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hiding place before the window 
breaks, the suspect tries to 

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run, but the limp slows them 
down within moments. 

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The Constable has them in 
custody yarn bar, clatters to 

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the ground and there on the 
suspects. 

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Left boot visible. 
Even in the poor light runs, a 

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distinctive crack across the 
soul. 

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This is how detective Works 
exceeds before. 

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Fingerprints, careful 
observation details records 

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patient surveillance pattern 
recognition and sometimes a bit 

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of luck combined, with 
persistent effort. 

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The suspect gets brought to the 
station. 

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Now comes another crucial aspect
of early detective, work the 

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interview, the interrogation. 
The careful questioning designed

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to extract truth from evasion. 
You sit in the interview room, 

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it contains only a wooden table 
and two chairs. 

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A single oil. 
Lamp provides light. 

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The detective sits across from 
the suspect and opened his 

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notebook, he does not shout or 
threatened him. 

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Calmly and ask simple questions.
Where were you on the night of 

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November 8th? 
The suspect claims to have been 

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home sleeping. 
The detective writes this down, 

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he then produces the statement 
from the Publican about limping,

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man, asking about pocket watches
that same night. 

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The suspect shifts 
uncomfortably, the detective 

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points out the crack in the boot
Soul. 

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He shows his drawing of the boot
print from the crime scene. 

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They match exactly. 
The suspect begins to sweat 

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despite the cool temperature in 
the room. 

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This technique relies on 
accumulating evidence and 

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presenting it piece by piece. 
Each fact chips away at the 

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story of the suspect wants to 
tell each contradiction makes 

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denial harder to maintain the 
detective remains patient. 

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He has all night, he can wait. 
Eventually after hours of 

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careful questioning the 
suspected to the break-ins, he 

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reveals where he hid the stolen 
watches, he explains that he 

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needed money to pay gambling 
debts. 

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The limp came from an old injury
that never healed properly, he 

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thought it would not matter. 
He did not realize how 

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distinctive his walk appeared 
will help easily. 

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Someone could identify his boot 
prints, the watches get 

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recovered, the suspect faces, 
charges the case closes, all 

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without a single fingerprint 
analysis or DNA test, just 

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observation documentation 
interviews and persistent 

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detective work. 
But this represents only one 

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type of crime in one city at one
moment in history. 

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Early, detective work took many 
different forms depending on the

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location and the era. 
You need to understand how these

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techniques developed over time 
travel backwards, several 

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centuries to Renaissance Italy. 
You walk through Florence in the

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year 1520, the city buzzes with 
art and commerce markets, fill 

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the piazzas with merchants 
selling everything from silk to 

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spices. 
But crime thrives here, too. 

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Thieves pickpockets and crowded 
spaces. 

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Counterfeiters produce fake 
coins, Merchants cheap customers

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with false weights and measures 
the authorities rely on 

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informant, to catch criminals, 
they recruit people from the 

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criminal underworld itself. 
Former thieves know how thieves,

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think and operate. 
They know the hide and spots in 

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00:11:55,808 --> 00:11:58,600
the secret signals. 
They know who sells stole and 

236
00:11:58,600 --> 00:12:00,300
goods and who can be bribed for 
information. 

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00:12:00,300 --> 00:12:03,400
These informants work for 
reduced sentences, or for 

238
00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:06,300
payment, they move through the 
criminal World Gathering 

239
00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:08,400
intelligence. 
Then they report back to the 

240
00:12:08,400 --> 00:12:11,200
authorities. 
This system has obvious flaws. 

241
00:12:11,200 --> 00:12:14,800
Informants, sometimes lighter 
settle personal scores, they 

242
00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:16,900
might fabricate information to 
earn their fee. 

243
00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:21,300
But without modern investigative
tools authorities depend on 

244
00:12:21,300 --> 00:12:23,000
human sources for most of their 
information. 

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00:12:24,000 --> 00:12:26,700
You observe a magistrate, 
questioning, a merchant accused 

246
00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:30,200
of selling underweight bread. 
The magistrate has no scientific

247
00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:34,100
instruments to test the claim. 
Instead, he calls Witnesses, 

248
00:12:34,100 --> 00:12:38,500
other Merchants testify about 
the accused reputation customers

249
00:12:38,500 --> 00:12:41,500
describe being cheated, the 
baker's own Apprentice. 

250
00:12:41,500 --> 00:12:44,600
Promised immunity reveals how 
his master hollowed out the 

251
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:47,800
loaves to use less flour. 
The magistrate ways, all these 

252
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:50,800
testimonies against each other, 
he considers the character of 

253
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:52,900
each witness. 
Are they known to be honest? 

254
00:12:52,900 --> 00:12:57,000
Do they have reasons to lie, do 
their stories, align with each 

255
00:12:57,000 --> 00:12:59,900
other? 
This process of evaluating human

256
00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:04,300
testimony forms a crucial skill 
for early investigators, written

257
00:13:04,300 --> 00:13:07,600
records or play an increasingly 
important role as Society has 

258
00:13:07,600 --> 00:13:11,100
become more literate. 
Merchants keep ledgers ships. 

259
00:13:11,100 --> 00:13:15,400
Maintain logs, governments 
record, births deaths, marriages

260
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,300
and Property Transfers. 
All these documents can provide 

261
00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:22,600
evidence and criminal cases. 
You watch a merchant try to 

262
00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:24,300
prove. 
He was in Venice when a crime 

263
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:27,600
occurred in Florence, he 
produces receipts from Venetian 

264
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:31,200
Merchants, he shows the log from
the ship that carried him the 

265
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:33,500
dates and signatures all confirm
his alibi. 

266
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,000
Without these written proofs, he
would have only his word against

267
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:39,900
his accusers. 
The concept of using documents 

268
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:41,700
as evidence might seem obvious 
now. 

269
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:45,400
But it represents a significant 
development in detective work, 

270
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,700
it means investigators can check
stories against objective 

271
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:50,900
records. 
They can verify claims 

272
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:53,500
independently. 
They can catch people in Lies 

273
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:55,700
when the written evidence, 
contradicts their statements 

274
00:13:56,500 --> 00:14:00,700
Move forward in time to 17th 
century, England, you stand in a

275
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:02,700
courtroom watching a handwriting
expert testify. 

276
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:05,500
He holds two documents side by 
side. 

277
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:08,700
One is a will leaving a larger 
state to a distant cousin. 

278
00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:11,900
The other is a known sample of 
the deceased person's writing. 

279
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,500
The expert points out different 
sizes in letter, formation pain,

280
00:14:15,500 --> 00:14:18,800
pressure and spacing this 
represents an early form of 

281
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,300
forensic document analysis 
experts learn to recognize 

282
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:25,700
individual characteristics in 
handwriting they study how 

283
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,600
people form their letters. 
They noticed Habits Like 

284
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,800
Crossing T's high or low, 
dotting eyes to the left or 

285
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,300
right, connecting letters in 
distinctive ways. 

286
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:38,000
The expert testifies that the 
will appears to be a forgery. 

287
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,800
The handwriting shows attempts 
to mimic the deceased style, but

288
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:44,900
fails in subtle ways, the forge 
made SS is differently. 

289
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,100
The base line. 
Slant does not match several 

290
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,600
letter combinations. 
Reveal hesitation marks where 

291
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:52,600
the forger pause to think about 
how to form them. 

292
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:56,100
The jury finds, the will 
fraudulent based largely on this

293
00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:00,000
handwriting analysis, the 
distant cousin faces charges of 

294
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,200
forgery and attempted fraud. 
All because someone developed 

295
00:15:03,200 --> 00:15:06,500
the skill to examine handwriting
as evidence, you begin to see 

296
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:09,500
how detective work gradually 
incorporates more specialized 

297
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:12,700
knowledge, it is no longer just 
about asking questions and 

298
00:15:12,700 --> 00:15:15,600
following suspects. 
It starts to involve expertise 

299
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:19,800
in specific areas, handwriting 
analysis document examination, 

300
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:23,800
even early chemistry for 
detecting poisons, traveled to 

301
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:27,500
Paris in the early 19th century.
You enter the office of Eugene. 

302
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:29,900
Francois vidocq. 
The first director of the French

303
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:31,400
criminal investigation 
department. 

304
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:35,600
The dock himself was once a 
criminal, he escaped from prison

305
00:15:35,600 --> 00:15:39,100
multiple times, he lived among 
the thieves and their methods 

306
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:42,100
intimately, then he switched 
sides and brought that knowledge

307
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:45,100
to police work. 
His office contains filing 

308
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:47,900
cabinets, filled with details 
records on known criminals. 

309
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,800
Each file includes physical 
descriptions known as Associates

310
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:56,500
typical methods and pass crimes.
Vidoc, recognizes that 

311
00:15:56,500 --> 00:15:59,400
information is power. 
The more details, you collect 

312
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:01,200
about criminals the easier, they
become to catch. 

313
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:05,400
He introduces the concept of 
undercover work, his agents 

314
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:07,600
dress as criminals and 
infiltrate gangs. 

315
00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:09,600
They gather evidence from the 
inside. 

316
00:16:09,600 --> 00:16:12,100
They learn about planned crimes 
before they happen. 

317
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:15,400
They identify criminal networks 
that previously operated in the 

318
00:16:15,408 --> 00:16:18,000
shadows. 
Your company, one of his agents 

319
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:19,900
into a Tavern frequented by 
thieves. 

320
00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,500
The agent drinks and jokes with 
the regulars. 

321
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:26,600
He never asked direct questions.
He just listens criminals, talk 

322
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:31,200
a brag, they share information, 
the skilled agent absorbs it all

323
00:16:31,200 --> 00:16:35,000
while maintaining his cover. 
Later back at headquarters, the 

324
00:16:35,000 --> 00:16:38,900
agent, right to details report, 
he names the people, he met he 

325
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:40,600
describes the crimes they 
discussed. 

326
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,600
He Maps out relationships within
the criminal Network. 

327
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:47,400
This intelligence allows Vedo to
plan raids and arrests 

328
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,600
strategically. 
The dock also Pioneers the use 

329
00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:52,300
of plaster cast for preserving 
evidence. 

330
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:55,900
When investigators find a boot 
print at a crime scene, they 

331
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:58,900
pour plaster in to it. 
Once the plaster, Harden's they 

332
00:16:58,900 --> 00:17:01,900
have a permanent copy of the 
print, they can compare it to 

333
00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:04,300
suspects boots. 
They can store it for future 

334
00:17:04,300 --> 00:17:06,700
reference. 
If you watch technicians 

335
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:10,200
carefully, pour plaster into a 
print left in soft Earth near a 

336
00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:12,400
murder scene. 
They work slowly to avoid 

337
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:16,400
creating air bubbles, once set, 
they lift the cast, gently it 

338
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:19,099
captures every detail of the 
boot Soul, including a 

339
00:17:19,099 --> 00:17:21,000
distinctive nail pattern and a 
worn heel. 

340
00:17:21,800 --> 00:17:24,500
Later when police arrest a 
suspect, they compared his boots

341
00:17:24,500 --> 00:17:28,900
to the cast, the match is exact 
this physical evidence proves. 

342
00:17:28,900 --> 00:17:32,200
The suspect was at the crime 
scene with other evidence. 

343
00:17:32,200 --> 00:17:35,600
It helps secure conviction. 
These advances might seem simple

344
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:39,200
compared to Modern forensics but
they represent important steps 

345
00:17:39,200 --> 00:17:41,500
forward. 
Investigators learned to 

346
00:17:41,500 --> 00:17:44,600
preserve evidence, they learned 
to document, it systematically. 

347
00:17:44,600 --> 00:17:47,900
They learned to presented in 
court in ways that juries can 

348
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:50,300
understand. 
You move forward to the middle 

349
00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:53,400
of the 19th century. 
The industrial revolution has 

350
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:58,900
transformed cities, population's
explode, crime, increases police

351
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:01,300
forces. 
Struggled to keep up, detectives

352
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:04,800
need better methods. 
In London, the Metropolitan 

353
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:07,600
Police established. 
A detective, Branch these plain 

354
00:18:07,600 --> 00:18:10,400
clothes officers focus on 
investigating crimes rather than

355
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,600
just patrolling streets. 
They developed techniques for 

356
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,100
shadowing, suspects conducting 
surveillance and Gathering 

357
00:18:17,100 --> 00:18:20,000
intelligence. 
You follow a detective as he 

358
00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:22,300
tracks a suspected murderer 
through London streets. 

359
00:18:22,300 --> 00:18:26,300
The detective stays far enough 
behind to avoid detection, but 

360
00:18:26,300 --> 00:18:28,100
close enough to see where the 
suspect goes. 

361
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:32,000
He notes every stop every 
person, the suspect talks to 

362
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:35,800
every building, the suspect 
enters, this kind of patients 

363
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:37,400
surveillance requires enormous 
skill. 

364
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:41,100
The detective must blend into 
crowds, he must change his 

365
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:44,300
appearance when necessary. 
He must anticipate where the 

366
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,100
suspect might go. 
If the suspect spots him the 

367
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:51,900
entire operation fails, The 
detective follows his Target for

368
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:54,400
three days. 
He learns the suspects routine 

369
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:58,400
morning coffee at a specific 
Cafe visits to a boarding house 

370
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:01,300
in the afternoon evening drinks 
at a public house near the 

371
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:04,300
docks. 
The detective writes all of this

372
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,900
down in his notebook. 
On the fourth day, the suspect 

373
00:19:07,900 --> 00:19:09,300
meets a woman at The Boarding 
House. 

374
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:13,400
The detective cannot hear their 
conversation, but he sees money 

375
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:16,000
change hands. 
The woman leaves looking 

376
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,900
frightened, the detective 
follows her instead. 

377
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,700
She leads him to a small shop 
where she works the detective 

378
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:26,200
approaches her carefully. 
He identifies himself and asks 

379
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,300
about the meeting at first, she 
refuses to talk. 

380
00:19:29,300 --> 00:19:33,300
Then when he assures her of 
protection, she reveals that the

381
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:35,000
suspect has been blackmailing 
her. 

382
00:19:35,800 --> 00:19:37,600
She witnessed him near the scene
of a Murder. 

383
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:39,800
He threatened to harm her 
family. 

384
00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:42,700
If she told anyone this 
testimony provides the link 

385
00:19:42,700 --> 00:19:46,100
investigators needed the woman's
presence near the crime scene 

386
00:19:46,100 --> 00:19:49,800
places the suspect there too. 
Combined with other evidence, it

387
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,900
builds a case strong enough to 
arrest him this illustrates. 

388
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,000
Another key aspect of early 
detective work, Building 

389
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,900
relationships with Witnesses 
earning trust protecting those 

390
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:02,300
who come forward with 
information without the 

391
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:05,600
detective's patient approach the
woman might never have spoken 

392
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:07,900
You. 
Observe how detectives in this 

393
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:10,400
era, develop informal networks 
of contacts. 

394
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:14,700
Street vendors who notice 
unusual activity, landlords who 

395
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:17,800
know their tenants habits cab 
drivers, who remember where they

396
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:21,400
took passengers All these people
potentially, hold pieces of 

397
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:23,000
information that might solve 
crimes. 

398
00:20:23,000 --> 00:20:26,000
Smart detectives cultivate these
contacts over years. 

399
00:20:26,000 --> 00:20:28,900
They help people. 
When they can, they show 

400
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:30,700
respect? 
They keep confidence. 

401
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:33,800
Is then when they need 
information people willingly, 

402
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,300
provide it consider the case of 
a missing child in Victorian 

403
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,100
London. 
A detective Begins by talking to

404
00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,100
everyone in the neighborhood. 
He asked, gentle questions. 

405
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:47,000
Did you see the child yesterday?
Did you notice any strangers? 

406
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,800
Did you hear anything unusual? 
Most people have nothing useful 

407
00:20:50,800 --> 00:20:54,100
to report but one old man 
mentioned seeing a carriage 

408
00:20:54,100 --> 00:20:55,500
stopped on the corner around the
time. 

409
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:58,500
The child disappeared, he didn't
think much of it at the time 

410
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:00,800
carriages. 
Stop on Corners regularly. 

411
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:03,600
But something about this one 
seemed odd. 

412
00:21:04,300 --> 00:21:07,600
The driver looked nervous. 
He kept glancing around. the 

413
00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:10,500
detective asks, for a 
description, The old man 

414
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,300
remembers the carriage was black
with a distinctive brass lamp. 

415
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:15,900
The horse had White markings on 
its face. 

416
00:21:15,900 --> 00:21:18,900
The driver wore, a brown coat 
and a wide brimmed hat. 

417
00:21:19,600 --> 00:21:22,200
The detective takes this 
information to the cab companies

418
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:24,700
and Livery Stables. 
He asked about carriages 

419
00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:27,700
matching that description. 
Most companies, keep records of 

420
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,700
which drivers took which 
vehicles on which days after 

421
00:21:30,700 --> 00:21:33,800
checking several businesses, he 
finds a match, the company 

422
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,700
produces the driver, the 
detective question to him 

423
00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:38,800
carefully. 
Where did he go that afternoon? 

424
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,200
The drivers to remember nothing 
unusual. 

425
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:43,200
Just regular Fairs around the 
city. 

426
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:48,400
But the detective persists, he 
describes the corner, he 

427
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:50,600
mentions The Old Man Who Saw The
Carriage stop there. 

428
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:54,200
The driver's Story begins to 
shift, maybe he did, stop their 

429
00:21:54,200 --> 00:21:57,900
briefly, maybe someone asked him
for Direction's, he cannot quite

430
00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:00,300
recall. 
The detective notes, these 

431
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,700
inconsistencies and innocent 
person usually remembers clearly

432
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:07,200
or admits, they do not remember.
Changing stories. 

433
00:22:07,200 --> 00:22:09,600
Suggests something hidden, the 
detective. 

434
00:22:09,600 --> 00:22:12,800
Obtains permission to search the
driver's lodgings there. 

435
00:22:12,800 --> 00:22:16,300
Hidden under the floorboards. 
He finds the child's torn dress.

436
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,300
Confronted with this evidence, 
the driver confesses he took the

437
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:24,100
child intending to demand Ransom
but the child became ill and 

438
00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:27,000
died, panicking. 
He disposed of the body in the 

439
00:22:27,008 --> 00:22:29,200
river and kept the dress meaning
to burn it later. 

440
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:33,100
This tragic case demonstrates, 
how detectives combine multiple 

441
00:22:33,100 --> 00:22:37,000
techniques Careful, questioning 
of witnesses, following up on 

442
00:22:37,000 --> 00:22:39,500
small details, checking written 
records. 

443
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:43,700
Patient integration. 
Physical searches, each step. 

444
00:22:43,700 --> 00:22:46,300
Builds on the previous one until
the truth emerges. 

445
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,900
You witness how detective. 
Also learn to read people. 

446
00:22:49,900 --> 00:22:53,800
They study facial expressions. 
They notice nervous gestures. 

447
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:55,900
They hear the Tremor in 
someone's voice. 

448
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,000
When they lie, these skills, 
develop over years of 

449
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:00,900
experience. 
Interviewing countless Witnesses

450
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:04,300
and Suspects. 
Some detectives become legendary

451
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:05,900
for their ability to spot 
deception. 

452
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:08,800
They claimed to see Guilt 
written on a person's face. 

453
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:13,400
Of course this is not magic. 
It comes from observing tiny 

454
00:23:13,400 --> 00:23:17,100
behavioral cues most people miss
A person who lies might touch 

455
00:23:17,100 --> 00:23:19,800
their face more often. 
Their eye contact figure might 

456
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,800
change, they might speak more 
quickly or more slowly than 

457
00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:24,900
usual. 
These observations are not 

458
00:23:24,908 --> 00:23:28,300
scientific. 
They can be mistaken, an 

459
00:23:28,300 --> 00:23:30,400
innocent person, might act 
nervous for many reasons. 

460
00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:35,100
But combined with other evidence
behavioral cues, sometimes Point

461
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:36,700
investigators in the right 
direction. 

462
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:41,700
Travel to America in the 
mid-1800s, You observe the 

463
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:44,100
Pinkerton National detective 
agency at work. 

464
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:47,700
Alan Pinkerton builds the first 
private detective agency in the 

465
00:23:47,708 --> 00:23:51,100
United States. 
His agency takes on cases, that 

466
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:53,000
local police cannot or will not 
handle. 

467
00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:56,200
The pinkerton's develop 
extensive files on criminals, 

468
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,800
they collect photographs, when 
possible they record, physical 

469
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:04,600
descriptions in Manute detail 
height weight, hair color eye 

470
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,700
color, distinguishing marks 
scars. 

471
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:11,500
Tattoos, every detail gets 
documented and filed when a new 

472
00:24:11,508 --> 00:24:14,500
crime occurs investigators 
consult, these files does the 

473
00:24:14,500 --> 00:24:17,300
method match anyone's known 
routine, does the physical 

474
00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:19,600
description fit? 
Any known criminals in the area?

475
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:22,900
The systematic approach to 
criminal records improves 

476
00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:26,300
detective, efficiency 
enormously, Watch Pink, and 

477
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:29,200
agents, and investigated Train 
Robbery, the interview, everyone

478
00:24:29,200 --> 00:24:31,900
who was on the train, they 
examined the scene, where the 

479
00:24:31,908 --> 00:24:34,800
robbery occurred, they follow 
the tracks, the robbers left 

480
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:38,500
heading into the wilderness. 
The agents are skilled trackers.

481
00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:41,000
They can read signs in the 
landscape. 

482
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,000
Broken branches show where 
someone pushed through brush. 

483
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,400
Disturbed soil reveals where 
someone knelt? 

484
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:50,400
Scattered ashes. 
Mark, where someone made camp? 

485
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:54,100
Following these traces, the 
agents track, the robbers to a 

486
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:56,600
remote cabin. 
They do not rush in immediately 

487
00:24:56,600 --> 00:25:01,400
instead they watch and wait. 
They want to identify everyone 

488
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:03,600
involved. 
They want to catch the whole 

489
00:25:03,600 --> 00:25:06,400
gang, not just one or two 
members who might be at the 

490
00:25:06,408 --> 00:25:10,600
cabin, While others remain free.
After two days of surveillance, 

491
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,700
they see all the suspects 
together, then they move in 

492
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:16,800
quickly, they move in the 
element of surprise prevents 

493
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:19,400
resistance. 
The agents recover, the stolen 

494
00:25:19,400 --> 00:25:23,400
money, the entire gang faces 
arrest, and prosecution this 

495
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:25,600
case shows the value of patience
and planning. 

496
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:29,700
Less experienced investigators 
might have rushed in and caught,

497
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:33,200
only, some of the criminals, the
pinkertons waited until they 

498
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:35,900
could capture everyone and 
recover the evidence, You 

499
00:25:35,900 --> 00:25:38,400
observe how to detective work 
varies, depending on the type of

500
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:42,700
crime, a murder investigation, 
differs from a robbery case, a 

501
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:45,200
fraud scheme requires different 
technique than a kidnapping. 

502
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,500
Good detectives learn to adapt 
their methods to the specific 

503
00:25:48,500 --> 00:25:52,200
circumstances. 
For financial crimes detectives 

504
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:53,900
must understand business 
records. 

505
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,500
They need to trace money moving 
between accounts. 

506
00:25:56,500 --> 00:25:58,700
They need to spot a regularity 
in ledgers. 

507
00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:01,400
They need to recognize when 
numbers have been altered or 

508
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:03,900
fabricated. 
You watch an investigator, 

509
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:05,600
examine a merchant account 
books. 

510
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,000
The numbers look correct at 
first glance. 

511
00:26:08,000 --> 00:26:11,500
But the investigator notices 
something odd, several entries 

512
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:14,600
use slightly different ink, the 
handwriting looks similar but 

513
00:26:14,600 --> 00:26:17,800
not quite identical. 
Closer examination reveals 

514
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:21,000
erasures under some numbers, the
investigator compares, the 

515
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,500
suspicious entries to 
corresponding receipts and 

516
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:25,500
invoices. 
The numbers do not match, 

517
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,900
someone altered the books. 
After the fact, the investigator

518
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:31,700
traces the pattern it shows 
money being siphoned off 

519
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:35,200
gradually over months Merchants 
bookkeeper, stands accused of 

520
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,000
embezzlement. 
This case required, no dramatic 

521
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,100
chases or confrontations just 
Careful examination of 

522
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:43,300
documents, just attention to 
detail. 

523
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,300
Just the patients to compare. 
Hundreds of entries, looking for

524
00:26:46,300 --> 00:26:50,200
discrepancies for murder cases, 
detectives must reconstruct what

525
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:52,400
happened. 
They examined the body, they 

526
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:56,000
study the crime scene, the 
established timelines, their 

527
00:26:56,000 --> 00:26:58,200
identify, who had means motive 
and opportunity. 

528
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:01,500
You accompany a detective 
examining, a murder scene in a 

529
00:27:01,508 --> 00:27:05,000
wealthy home, The victim was 
found in his study with a fatal 

530
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:07,700
Blow To The Head. 
The room appears ran sacked. 

531
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:11,000
Draws hang open paper scatter 
across the floor. 

532
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:12,800
It looks like a robbery gone 
wrong. 

533
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,300
But the detective notices 
details that seem wrong. 

534
00:27:16,300 --> 00:27:21,200
The ransacking appears 
theatrical valuable items sit in

535
00:27:21,200 --> 00:27:24,700
Plainview, but were not taken 
the papers on the floor arranged

536
00:27:24,700 --> 00:27:28,000
too neatly for genuine chaos. 
Someone staged this scene to 

537
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,800
look like a robbery. 
The detective examines the 

538
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,000
wound, more carefully, the angle
suggests someone of similar, 

539
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:36,900
height struck the blow, the 
victim was tall. 

540
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:39,600
Most household staff were 
considerably shorter. 

541
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:43,600
This Narrows the suspects, the 
detective interviews, the 

542
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,400
household everyone claims to 
have been elsewhere when the 

543
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:49,600
murder occurred. 
But the detective asks about the

544
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,600
victims schedule, who knew he 
would be in his study at that 

545
00:27:52,600 --> 00:27:56,200
time who had access to that part
of the house who stood to gain 

546
00:27:56,208 --> 00:27:59,300
from his death. 
One name keeps appearing in the 

547
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:01,100
answers. 
The victims nephew. 

548
00:28:01,100 --> 00:28:03,300
He was supposed to inherit a 
large sum. 

549
00:28:03,300 --> 00:28:06,900
He had argued with his uncle 
recently about money, he was in 

550
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:09,400
the house that evening despite 
claiming to have left earlier. 

551
00:28:10,200 --> 00:28:14,200
Confronted with these facts, the
nephew's Alibi falls apart, he 

552
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,200
admits to the argument but 
denies the murder, the detective

553
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:21,000
presses harder, he describes the
stage robbery, the explains how 

554
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:23,400
the evidence contradicts 
surrounded by Douglas scenario. 

555
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:28,600
Finally, the nephew breaks he 
confesses the argument turned 

556
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:31,000
violent. 
He struck his uncle in Anger, 

557
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:33,900
then panicking. 
He tried to make it look like a 

558
00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:36,500
robbery. 
He never expected anyone to see 

559
00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:39,500
through the deception. 
This case illustrates how 

560
00:28:39,500 --> 00:28:43,000
detectives use logic and 
reasoning to see past obvious 

561
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:45,500
interpretations. 
They questioned appearances. 

562
00:28:45,500 --> 00:28:49,000
They look for what does not fit,
they build their case on 

563
00:28:49,000 --> 00:28:51,700
inconsistencies and 
impossibilities, you see? 

564
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:54,100
How the best detectives develop 
almost encyclopedic. 

565
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:57,500
Knowledge of crime patterns, 
they know how burglars typically

566
00:28:57,500 --> 00:28:59,700
operate. 
They know how poisonous, usually

567
00:28:59,700 --> 00:29:03,100
act, they know the habits of 
forges and fraudsters and 

568
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:05,900
violent criminals. 
This knowledge, lets them 

569
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:09,000
recognize when something does 
not match the expected pattern. 

570
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:13,200
By the late 1800s. 
Detective work begins to 

571
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:16,500
incorporate more scientific 
approaches, a French police 

572
00:29:16,500 --> 00:29:19,500
officer named alfons Bertier. 
Develops a system, he calls 

573
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,300
anthropometry, he proposes that.
If you measure enough parts of a

574
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:26,100
person's body, you can create a 
unique identification. 

575
00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:29,200
You watch Dirty Ones assistance.
Measure a suspect. 

576
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:31,400
They recalled. 
The length of the head from 

577
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,800
front to back. 
The width of the head side to 

578
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:37,400
side the length of the left foot
the length of the Left 4 arm, 

579
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,600
the length of fingers, the 
distance between outstretched 

580
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,500
arms, 11 measurements in total. 
Their argues that the odds of 

581
00:29:44,500 --> 00:29:47,700
two people have exactly the same
measurements for all 11, 

582
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:51,500
dimensions are astronomically 
small, Each measurement gets 

583
00:29:51,500 --> 00:29:54,000
recorded on a card along with a 
photograph and physical 

584
00:29:54,000 --> 00:29:56,100
description. 
These cards get filed 

585
00:29:56,100 --> 00:29:58,500
systematically so investigators 
can search them. 

586
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:02,000
This system gains widespread 
adoption in France and then in 

587
00:30:02,000 --> 00:30:05,400
other countries, For the first 
time, please have a supposedly 

588
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,300
scientific method for 
identifying repeated fenders. 

589
00:30:08,300 --> 00:30:11,000
When someone gets arrested, 
their measurements can be 

590
00:30:11,008 --> 00:30:14,400
compared to existing records, to
see if they have been arrested 

591
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,700
before under a different name. 
You observe the process of 

592
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,400
searching, the files. 
A clerk takes the new 

593
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:24,800
measurements and uses them to. 
Now the cards to check cards are

594
00:30:24,808 --> 00:30:26,600
organized by Rangers of 
measurements. 

595
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,300
If the head length is 180 
millimeters, you only check 

596
00:30:30,300 --> 00:30:33,300
cards in that range. 
The new narrow further by head 

597
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:37,300
with and so on the system works 
reasonably well, for several 

598
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:39,800
years. 
Police identify repeater fenders

599
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,100
who had been using false names. 
They sold cases by linking 

600
00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:46,500
crimes, through suspect 
identification, Bertie on become

601
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:51,000
famous his methods worldwide, 
but the system has significant 

602
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,900
flaws measurements depend on the
skill of the person. 

603
00:30:53,900 --> 00:30:57,000
Taking them small errors, 
accumulate people's 

604
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,100
measurements, change slightly 
over time. 

605
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:02,700
The cards becoming increasingly 
difficult to search as files 

606
00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:05,400
grow larger. 
And most fundamentally the 

607
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,000
system cannot handle two people,
with very similar measurements. 

608
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,800
You witness the critical failure
that undermines Bertie on system

609
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,500
in 1903. 
A man named will West arrives at

610
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:18,100
11th prison. 
In Kansas his measurements, get 

611
00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:20,700
taken. 
The records Clark searches, the 

612
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,200
files and finds a card for 
William West, with nearly 

613
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:26,200
identical measurements and a 
very similar appearance. 

614
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:29,800
The two men even have the same 
name but they are not the same 

615
00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:32,100
person. 
William West is already in 

616
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:35,100
prison, serving a life sentence 
will West as a new arrival. 

617
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:39,100
The two men are not related. 
They just happened to have 

618
00:31:39,100 --> 00:31:43,000
remarkably similar measurements 
and appearances Betty on system.

619
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,000
Cannot reliably distinguish 
between them. 

620
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,000
This discovery reveals, the 
fundamental weakness of 

621
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,000
anthropometry. 
How many measurements you take 

622
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:54,800
coincidental matches can occur? 
The system is not as unique as 

623
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:58,100
Bertie on claimed. 
Meanwhile, another approach to 

624
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:01,600
identification has been 
developing quietly fingerprints.

625
00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:04,700
For centuries, people noticed 
that the ridge on fingertips 

626
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:08,100
varied between individuals, but 
no one had systematically 

627
00:32:08,100 --> 00:32:11,000
studied, whether these layouts 
were truly unique or whether 

628
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,000
they could be used for 
identification, You observe 

629
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:16,100
early fingerprint research in 
British India. 

630
00:32:17,000 --> 00:32:20,000
The colonial administrator named
William Herschel uses 

631
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,300
fingerprints on contracts to 
prevent fraud. 

632
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:25,800
He notices that fingerprints do 
not change over time. 

633
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:28,300
The same person always has the 
same Ridge layout. 

634
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:32,900
In Argentina, a police official 
named Juan fusetti develops, a 

635
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:34,600
classification system for 
fingerprints. 

636
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:38,200
He identifies basic pattern 
types and creates a method for 

637
00:32:38,208 --> 00:32:41,500
filing and searching fingerprint
records in 1892. 

638
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,400
A bloody fingerprint left at a 
murder scene provides the 

639
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,600
evidence to convict the killer. 
This represents one of the first

640
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:50,200
times fingerprint evidence 
successfully solves a major 

641
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:54,400
crime back in Britain. 
Francis Galton publishes details

642
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:57,400
of fingerprints. 
He calculates the mathematical 

643
00:32:57,400 --> 00:32:59,800
probability of two people having
identical fingerprints. 

644
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:03,600
The number is so large, it 
essentially proves fingerprints 

645
00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,400
are unique He develops methods 
for comparing prints and 

646
00:33:07,400 --> 00:33:10,700
identifying matching points. 
You watched as these different 

647
00:33:10,700 --> 00:33:14,800
threads come together. 
By the early 1900s police 

648
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:16,900
forces, begin adopting 
fingerprint systems. 

649
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:20,100
The technology is simple. 
You press someone's finger onto 

650
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:23,300
a link pad and then, on to 
paper, The resulting prints 

651
00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,600
shows all the ridge details. 
These prints can be filed and 

652
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:29,300
searched. 
Scotland Yard establishes a 

653
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:32,600
fingerprint Bureau detectives 
learned to dust crime scenes for

654
00:33:32,608 --> 00:33:35,200
latent prints. 
They use fine powder that 

655
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:38,300
adheres to the oils and sweat. 
Left by fingers, touching 

656
00:33:38,300 --> 00:33:42,200
surfaces brushes, reveal the 
same layout photography, 

657
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:44,500
preserves them. 
You observe detectives 

658
00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:47,800
processing a burglary scene. 
They dust the window sill where 

659
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:51,000
the burglar entered several 
clear prints appear, they 

660
00:33:51,000 --> 00:33:52,700
photograph these prints 
carefully. 

661
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:56,200
Back at the bureau and expert 
Compares them to print in the 

662
00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:59,700
files, the expert examines the 
ridge layout Point by point. 

663
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:04,400
He identifies specific features 
a ridge ending here, a 

664
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:07,200
bifurcation there. 
An island, a Spur. 

665
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:11,400
Each feature gets marked and 
counted when he finds 12 

666
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,100
matching points between the 
crime scene, print and a file 

667
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:16,699
card, he declares a positive 
identification. 

668
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:20,000
The fingerprint belongs to a 
known burglar named Thomas 

669
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:22,500
Anderson. 
Detectives arrested Anderson. 

670
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:25,699
He denies involvement until 
confronted with the fingerprint 

671
00:34:25,699 --> 00:34:28,300
evidence. 
The scientific certainty over 

672
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:32,300
his protests Cannot explain how 
his fingerprints appeared at the

673
00:34:32,300 --> 00:34:34,100
scene. 
If he was not there, this 

674
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:36,199
represents a revolution in 
detective work. 

675
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:40,000
For the first time investigators
have physical evidence that can 

676
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:43,300
definitively link a specific 
person to a specific crime 

677
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:45,699
scene. 
Witnesses can be mistaken, 

678
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:49,300
confessions can be coerced or 
false, but fingerprints do not 

679
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:51,500
lie. 
You see how this changes the 

680
00:34:51,500 --> 00:34:54,600
nature of Investigation, 
detectives still use all the 

681
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:58,100
traditional methods, they still 
interview Witnesses, they still 

682
00:34:58,100 --> 00:35:01,100
build timelines and check 
Alibis, they still cultivate 

683
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,300
informants and follow suspects 
but now they have an additional 

684
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,600
powerful tool that can provide 
conclusive proof. 

685
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:10,100
The transition from bertie's 
measurements to fingerprints 

686
00:35:10,100 --> 00:35:12,800
happens gradually some police 
forces resist. 

687
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:15,700
Change they have invested 
heavily in anthropometry 

688
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:18,400
equipment and training there are
reluctant to abandon it. 

689
00:35:19,600 --> 00:35:22,500
But the will and William West 
Case, make the superiority of 

690
00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:26,700
fingerprints undeniable. 
By 1910 fingerprinting has 

691
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:29,500
largely replaced anthropometry 
in most developed countries, 

692
00:35:29,500 --> 00:35:33,400
police bureaus, maintain massive
fingerprint files, every arrest 

693
00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:36,900
results in fingerprints, being 
taken and filed crime scenes, 

694
00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:39,200
get examined for latent prints, 
as a matter of routine. 

695
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:43,300
You observe how the effects 
detective work in practice, a 

696
00:35:43,300 --> 00:35:46,000
series of burglaries plague and 
neighborhood traditional 

697
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,500
investigation yields few leads, 
no Witnesses saw anything 

698
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:52,100
useful. 
Stolen items have not appeared 

699
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,000
at any known fences. 
The burglar seems to strike 

700
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:57,800
randomly with no clear pattern, 
but at each scene, 

701
00:35:57,800 --> 00:36:01,300
investigators, find fingerprints
the same prints appear at 

702
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:04,400
multiple burglaries. 
This tells detectives that one 

703
00:36:04,400 --> 00:36:06,100
person is responsible for all of
them. 

704
00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:08,800
They can now, Focus their 
investigation instead of 

705
00:36:08,808 --> 00:36:10,800
treating each burglary as a 
separate incident. 

706
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:13,000
They searched the fingerprint 
files. 

707
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,400
The prince do not match anyone 
in the system. 

708
00:36:15,400 --> 00:36:18,400
This tells them, the burglar has
no prior arrests. 

709
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:21,400
They are dealing with either a 
first-time criminal or someone 

710
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,400
who is always avoided capture, 
the detectives increase 

711
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,400
surveillance in the area. 
They wait for the next burglary.

712
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:30,800
When it occurs, they process the
scene immediately and find the 

713
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:34,400
same fingerprints, but they all 
find something new a partial 

714
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:36,700
palm print. 
On a window, frame, palm prints 

715
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:38,300
work. 
The same way as fingerprints. 

716
00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:42,000
The ridge layout on Palms are 
unique by checking the palm 

717
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:44,600
print to get suspects. 
They can potentially identify 

718
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,100
the burglar. 
The detectives begin checking 

719
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:49,800
everyone in the area who fits 
the general description from the

720
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:52,500
few witness. 
Sightings young male average 

721
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:55,200
height dark coat. 
They asked people to volunteer 

722
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:57,100
their palm prints for 
elimination purposes. 

723
00:36:57,100 --> 00:37:00,300
Most people cooperate. 
They want the burglaries to stop

724
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:03,700
one by one, their palm prints 
are checked and Ruled out but 

725
00:37:03,700 --> 00:37:06,400
one young man refuses. 
He says, he does not trust the 

726
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:10,200
police, he claims it violates 
his rights, he becomes defensive

727
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,000
and hostile. 
The detectives cannot force him 

728
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,300
to provide palm prints without 
cause but his refusal, arouses 

729
00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:18,200
suspicion, they watch him 
carefully. 

730
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:20,900
They asked Neighbors about him. 
They learn. 

731
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:22,700
He has been spending money 
freely lately. 

732
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:26,300
Despite having no obvious job, 
eventually they obtain enough 

733
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:29,300
evidence for a warrant, they 
searched his room and find some 

734
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:31,500
of the stolen items with this 
evidence. 

735
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:33,700
They arrest him and take his 
fingerprints and palm prints. 

736
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,800
They match perfectly to the 
prince from the burglary scenes.

737
00:37:36,800 --> 00:37:39,600
This case shows how fingerprints
complement traditional 

738
00:37:39,600 --> 00:37:42,200
detective, work the prince 
proved that one person 

739
00:37:42,200 --> 00:37:44,700
committed, all the burglaries, 
the prince of eventually 

740
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:47,500
identified that person but 
between those two points, 

741
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,700
Detective still needed to use 
observation interviews, 

742
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:53,000
surveillance and logical 
deduction. 

743
00:37:53,000 --> 00:37:57,300
You reflect on how far detective
work as come from the Constable,

744
00:37:57,300 --> 00:37:59,700
with his notebooks sketching, 
boot prints in the mud to 

745
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:02,700
experts analyzing fingerprint 
minutiae under magnifying glass 

746
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:06,600
The fundamental skills. 
Remain important observation, 

747
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:10,500
documentation, interviewing 
building networks of informant's

748
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:13,100
patient. 
Surveillance logical reasoning. 

749
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:17,900
But science adds New Dimensions,
fingerprints provides certainty.

750
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:21,100
Where before there was only 
probability Photographs, 

751
00:38:21,100 --> 00:38:25,100
preserve crime scenes better 
than sketches chemical analysis,

752
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:27,800
can detect poisons, that produce
no obvious symptoms. 

753
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:31,400
Microscopes reveal details, 
invisible to the naked eye. 

754
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:34,100
You can consider what has been 
lost in this transition. 

755
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:37,200
The Romantic image of the 
brilliant detective who solves 

756
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:39,900
crimes through pure deductive. 
Reasoning becomes less 

757
00:38:39,900 --> 00:38:42,900
realistic. 
Sherlock Holmes could examine a 

758
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:45,000
crime scene and announce the 
solution Through The Logical 

759
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:47,800
inference. 
Real detectives increasingly 

760
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,700
rely on scientific Laboratories 
and Technical experts. 

761
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:55,100
But something important has been
gained too Justice becomes more 

762
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:57,800
reliable. 
Innocent people are less likely 

763
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,700
to be convicted based on 
mistaken, witness identification

764
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:04,100
or forced confession. 
Guilty people are harder to 

765
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,900
escape punishment when physical 
evidence links them to Crime. 

766
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,200
The early Decades of the 20th 
century, see continued 

767
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,100
refinement of detective 
technique's fingerprint, 

768
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:16,600
classification, systems, improve
filing methods, become more 

769
00:39:16,600 --> 00:39:19,200
efficient. 
Photography advances, allow 

770
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:22,500
better crime scene, 
documentation ballistics experts

771
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:24,600
learn to match bullets to 
specific guns. 

772
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:28,100
Blood typing can sometimes 
exclude or include suspects. 

773
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:31,500
You watch detectives in the 
1920s, working a murder case, 

774
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:35,000
they photographed, the scene 
from multiple angles, they dust 

775
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,600
for fingerprints on every 
surface. 

776
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,300
They collect the bullets for 
ballistics analysis. 

777
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:42,400
They take blood samples for 
typing the interview Witnesses 

778
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:45,800
and write detailed reports. 
They build a comprehensive case 

779
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:47,100
File. 
That includes scientific 

780
00:39:47,100 --> 00:39:50,300
evidence witness testimony and 
logical deduction. 

781
00:39:51,300 --> 00:39:53,900
This represents the synthesis of
old and new methods. 

782
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,300
The detectives still use the 
fundamental techniques developed

783
00:39:57,300 --> 00:39:59,600
over centuries. 
But they enhance those 

784
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:03,100
techniques with modern science, 
the combination proves more 

785
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:04,900
powerful than either approach 
alone. 

786
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:08,300
The transition from pre 
fingerprint, detective work to 

787
00:40:08,300 --> 00:40:10,600
Modern forensics happens, 
gradually across decades 

788
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,500
different jurisdictions, adopt, 
new Methods at different rates, 

789
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:18,500
rural areas, lag behind cities, 
some countries lead, While 

790
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,200
others follow but the overall 
direction remains clear. 

791
00:40:21,200 --> 00:40:24,700
Detective work becomes 
increasingly scientific and 

792
00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:26,600
systematic yet the human 
element. 

793
00:40:26,600 --> 00:40:29,400
Never disappears. 
Entirely machines cannot 

794
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:32,400
interview Witnesses. 
Laboratories cannot cultivate 

795
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:36,800
informants computers cannot earn
a community's trust the best. 

796
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:39,500
Detectives combined technical 
knowledge with interpersonal 

797
00:40:39,500 --> 00:40:42,100
skills. 
The understand, both science and

798
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:44,500
human nature. 
We stand again in that foggy, 

799
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:46,100
London Street where this journey
began. 

800
00:40:46,100 --> 00:40:49,300
But now you see it differently. 
You understand that the 

801
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:52,000
Constable with his notebook was 
not primitive or backwards. 

802
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,500
He was using the best methods of
available to him. 

803
00:40:54,500 --> 00:40:57,500
He was building a foundation 
that would support all future 

804
00:40:57,500 --> 00:40:59,000
developments in Detective. 
Work. 

805
00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:02,400
His careful observations taught 
later generations, the 

806
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,100
importance of documenting 
everything, his patient 

807
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:08,200
interviews, demonstrated the 
value of listening, his 

808
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:10,900
cultivation of local knowledge, 
showed the power of community 

809
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,300
connections, his willingness to 
stake out cold allies night 

810
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:16,300
after night. 
Exemplified the dedication 

811
00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:19,200
required. 
Fingerprints made detective work

812
00:41:19,200 --> 00:41:23,500
more scientific but they did not
make it automatic detectives. 

813
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:25,200
Still need to know where to look
for prints. 

814
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:27,700
They still need to interpret 
what the evidence means. 

815
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,500
They still need to connect 
physical traces, to human 

816
00:41:30,500 --> 00:41:32,700
behavior, as you prepare for 
sleep. 

817
00:41:32,700 --> 00:41:37,100
You can appreciate how mystery 
solving, evolved each generation

818
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:39,200
of detectives built on the work 
of those who came. 

819
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,200
Before each new technique, 
supplemented rather than 

820
00:41:42,200 --> 00:41:45,400
replaced older methods. 
The progression from boot prints

821
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,400
in mud to fingerprints and 
databases took Decades of 

822
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,300
patient development, the 
detectives who worked before 

823
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:53,900
fingerprints were not less 
intelligent than modern 

824
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:56,700
investigators. 
They simply had fewer tools 

825
00:41:56,700 --> 00:41:59,700
available within those 
limitations, they developed 

826
00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:02,900
remarkable skills. 
They learned to read people and 

827
00:42:02,900 --> 00:42:05,000
situations. 
They learned to see the same 

828
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:07,600
thing. 
Where others saw only chaos they

829
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:10,300
learned to persist when leads 
went cold and cases seemed 

830
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:12,900
hopeless. 
Their legacy continues in modern

831
00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:15,500
detective, work, the notebooks 
are now digital. 

832
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:18,200
The surveillance happened 
through cameras and electronic 

833
00:42:18,200 --> 00:42:21,600
tracking the informant networks.
Extend across computer systems 

834
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:23,900
that the fundamental principles 
remain. 

835
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:29,500
Observe carefully document 
thoroughly interview skillfully.

836
00:42:29,500 --> 00:42:34,600
Think logically never give up. 
You close your eyes and imagine 

837
00:42:34,600 --> 00:42:36,800
that foggy. 
London morning one last time. 

838
00:42:37,700 --> 00:42:40,700
The Constable writes in his 
notebook, his pencil moves 

839
00:42:40,700 --> 00:42:44,300
steadily across the page, each 
word, captures detail, that 

840
00:42:44,308 --> 00:42:47,300
might solve the crime. 
Each observation might be the 

841
00:42:47,300 --> 00:42:50,500
key that unlocks the mystery, he
works patiently and thoroughly 

842
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,100
because he knows that Justice 
depends on getting the details, 

843
00:42:53,100 --> 00:42:56,100
right? 
In the darkness, you feel the 

844
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:59,500
connection across centuries. 
Every detective, whoever tried 

845
00:42:59,500 --> 00:43:02,800
to solve a mystery every 
investigator, whoever pursued 

846
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:05,000
truth, through careful 
observation and patient effort, 

847
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:09,500
they form an unbroken chain 
linking that constable in 1863 

848
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:11,500
to investigate his working 
today. 

849
00:43:11,500 --> 00:43:15,900
The methods changed the tools 
improved, but the dedication 

850
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,300
remained constant the commitment
to finding truth, the 

851
00:43:19,300 --> 00:43:22,200
willingness to work long hours 
on difficult cases, the 

852
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:24,800
satisfaction of finally solving 
what seemed impossible. 

853
00:43:26,300 --> 00:43:30,300
These things can connect all 
detectives across all eras, you 

854
00:43:30,300 --> 00:43:31,900
drift towards sleep with these 
thoughts. 

855
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:35,400
Fog rolls through your mind like
that London morning. 

856
00:43:36,200 --> 00:43:40,300
Questions dissolve into dreams 
Mysteries blur into peaceful 

857
00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:43,800
darkness and somewhere in that 
transition between waking and 

858
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:45,200
sleeping. 
You understand something 

859
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:47,700
profound about human persistence
and Ingenuity. 

860
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:50,600
We solve problems with whatever 
tools we have available. 

861
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,400
We build on what came before. 
We gradually improve our methods

862
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:55,800
through experience, and 
Innovation. 

863
00:43:55,800 --> 00:43:59,300
And we never stop trying to find
better ways to uncover truth. 

864
00:43:59,300 --> 00:44:04,000
The detective story never ends 
it just evolves from boot prints

865
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:08,700
to fingerprints to DNA analysis 
to digital forensics, each era 

866
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:11,100
brings new challenges and 
develops new Solutions. 

867
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:14,900
But the fundamental human desire
to solve Mysteries remains 

868
00:44:14,900 --> 00:44:18,100
unchanged you rest. 
Now, in the knowledge that human

869
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:20,500
cleverness has always found ways
to pursue Justice. 

870
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:24,800
Before fingerprints, detectives 
relied on Sharp eyes and patient

871
00:44:24,800 --> 00:44:28,500
effort after fingerprints. 
They combined scientific tools 

872
00:44:28,500 --> 00:44:30,300
with those same fundamental 
skills. 

873
00:44:30,300 --> 00:44:33,200
The future will bring changes. 
We cannot yet. 

874
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:36,900
Imagine But the dedication to 
uncovering truth will persist, 

875
00:44:36,900 --> 00:44:41,100
before sleep arrives, completely
you revisit other remarkable 

876
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,300
cases from the era of before 
fingerprints, each one teaches. 

877
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:46,700
Something about the Ingenuity 
and Persistence of early 

878
00:44:46,700 --> 00:44:49,200
detectives. 
Consider the case of the missing

879
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:54,400
diamonds in Amsterdam in 1878, A
wealthy Merchant reported that a

880
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:56,600
fortune in gems, had vanished 
from his safe. 

881
00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,200
The safe showed no signs of 
forced entry. 

882
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:02,700
Only three people knew the 
combination, the merchant 

883
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:07,600
himself, his business partner, 
and his most trusted Clark The 

884
00:45:07,600 --> 00:45:09,800
investigating detective 
interviewed, all three 

885
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:13,900
separately, each claimed, 
innocence each had an alibi for 

886
00:45:13,900 --> 00:45:15,600
the time when the theft likely 
occurred. 

887
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:18,200
The merchant was at his club 
with Witnesses. 

888
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:20,800
The partner was visiting family 
in Rotterdam. 

889
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:23,400
The Clark was at church for 
evening Services. 

890
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:27,200
The detective could have stopped
there, no evidence pointed to 

891
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:29,800
any suspect. 
But something bothered him about

892
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:32,900
the clocks demeanor. 
Young man seemed to Carmen. 

893
00:45:33,600 --> 00:45:36,300
Most people faced with 
accusations of major theft show,

894
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:39,600
some emotional reaction, even 
when innocent this Clark 

895
00:45:39,600 --> 00:45:43,200
remained perfectly composed, the
detective decided to verify the 

896
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,500
church Alibi thoroughly. 
He visited the church and spoke 

897
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:49,600
to the pastor. 
Yes, the clock attended services

898
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:52,100
that evening, the pastor 
remembered seeing him. 

899
00:45:52,800 --> 00:45:55,800
But when pressed for details, 
the pastor admitted, he only saw

900
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:57,400
the clerk of the beginning of 
the service. 

901
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:01,400
Church was crowded, he could not
say with certainty. 

902
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,800
That the Clark remained for the 
entire time, this opened a 

903
00:46:04,800 --> 00:46:08,000
possibility The clock could have
arrived at church to be seen 

904
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:11,800
slipped out during the service 
committed, the theft and 

905
00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:13,300
returned before the service 
ended. 

906
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:16,900
The church sat only a few blocks
from the merchants office. 

907
00:46:16,900 --> 00:46:21,200
The timing could work. 
The detective then investigated 

908
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:23,300
how the Clark might have learned
the safe combination. 

909
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:27,100
He spoke to the merchants wife. 
She mentioned that her husband 

910
00:46:27,100 --> 00:46:30,300
often worked late at the office.
With the Clark present, could 

911
00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:32,800
the Clark of observed. 
The merchants opening the safe. 

912
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:37,200
The detective examine the office
layout, the safe, sat in a 

913
00:46:37,200 --> 00:46:38,400
corner behind the merchants 
desk. 

914
00:46:39,200 --> 00:46:41,400
From the Clarks usual position 
at his own desk. 

915
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:43,700
He could not see the safe dial 
directly. 

916
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:47,800
But a large mirror hung on the 
wall across from the safe, the 

917
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,600
merchant probably never noticed 
that this mirror reflected, his 

918
00:46:50,600 --> 00:46:53,300
movements at the safe perfectly 
visible from the clocks 

919
00:46:53,300 --> 00:46:57,100
position, the detective tested 
this theory, he stood where the 

920
00:46:57,100 --> 00:46:59,600
Clark usually sat and asked 
someone to open the safe. 

921
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,100
Sure enough, he could clearly 
see the entire combination 

922
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:04,500
dialed in the mirror's 
reflection. 

923
00:47:05,400 --> 00:47:08,400
Over months of working late 
evening's together, the Clark 

924
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,700
had ample opportunity to 
memorize those numbers for 

925
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,000
proving this Theory, required 
more than speculation the 

926
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:17,900
detective needed evidence. 
He obtained a warrant to search 

927
00:47:17,900 --> 00:47:21,400
the Clark's lodging. 
In a locked, trunk hidden under 

928
00:47:21,408 --> 00:47:23,700
the floorboards, he found the 
missing diamonds. 

929
00:47:24,500 --> 00:47:27,200
Confronted with this discovery, 
the Clark confessed. 

930
00:47:27,200 --> 00:47:30,600
He had indeed memorized the 
combination from the mirror 

931
00:47:30,600 --> 00:47:33,800
reflection he slipped out of 
church during a lengthy sermon. 

932
00:47:33,800 --> 00:47:37,000
He went to the office opened, 
the safe, took the diamonds and 

933
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:38,900
returned to church before anyone
missed him. 

934
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:42,200
He planned to sell the gems 
gradually and emigrate to 

935
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:44,600
America. 
This case demonstrates, how 

936
00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:47,800
detectives had to think about 
sight lines and Reflections and 

937
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:49,700
all the ways. 
Someone might secretly observe 

938
00:47:49,700 --> 00:47:52,300
information. 
They had to question, Alibis, 

939
00:47:52,300 --> 00:47:55,500
not by disproving them entirely,
but by finding gaps and 

940
00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:57,800
possibilities within them. 
They had to trust their 

941
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,100
instincts, about human behavior 
while backing those instincts 

942
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,500
with solid evidence. 
You travel to New York City in 

943
00:48:04,500 --> 00:48:08,100
1885, a series of arsenic 
poisoning has the city 

944
00:48:08,100 --> 00:48:11,400
frightened, three people of died
over the past six months. 

945
00:48:11,400 --> 00:48:15,000
All were well, see all died 
after sudden, mysterious 

946
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:18,600
illnesses, all showed symptoms, 
consistent with arsenic 

947
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:21,000
poisoning. 
The detective assigned to the 

948
00:48:21,008 --> 00:48:23,900
case faces. 
A difficult challenge arsenic 

949
00:48:23,900 --> 00:48:26,500
was commonly available. 
It was sold openly for killing 

950
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,700
rats. 
Anyone could put it the victims 

951
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:31,200
had no obvious connections to 
each other. 

952
00:48:31,200 --> 00:48:33,800
They lived in different 
neighborhoods, they moved in 

953
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,600
different Social Circles. 
They had different occupations, 

954
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,900
The detective Begins by studying
the victims final days and 

955
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:42,600
detail. 
What did they eat? 

956
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:44,900
Who did they see? 
Where did they go? 

957
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:49,700
He interviews, family members 
servants, doctors and Friends. 

958
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:52,500
He feels notebook after notebook
with information. 

959
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:56,900
Acton gradually emerges. 
Each victim had received a gift 

960
00:48:56,908 --> 00:48:59,300
of expensive, chocolates shortly
before falling ill. 

961
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:02,800
The chocolates came in elegant 
boxes with cards, expressing 

962
00:49:02,800 --> 00:49:05,100
admiration, the cards were 
unsigned. 

963
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:08,700
The victims assumed they came 
from Secret admirers and ate 

964
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:11,800
them without suspicion. 
The detective now has a crucial 

965
00:49:11,800 --> 00:49:13,900
lead. 
Someone is sending poison 

966
00:49:13,900 --> 00:49:17,500
chocolates to wealthy victims 
but who and why? 

967
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,300
These particular people? 
He investigates the chocolate 

968
00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:22,500
shops. 
None of the victims purchased 

969
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:25,700
such chocolate themselves. 
The boxes must have been bought 

970
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:28,300
by the killer. 
The detective shows description 

971
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:30,700
of the boxes to every 
confectioner in the city. 

972
00:49:30,700 --> 00:49:34,300
Most recognized the style. 
It comes from a particular 

973
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:37,900
high-end shop on 5th Avenue. 
The shop owner remembers selling

974
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:39,700
several such boxes over the past
year. 

975
00:49:39,700 --> 00:49:43,100
He describes the customer As A 
well-dressed, middle-aged woman 

976
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:45,500
wearing a veil She always paid 
cash. 

977
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:49,000
She never gave her name. 
She seemed nervous and hurried 

978
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:52,600
this description helps but does 
not identify anyone specific. 

979
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,600
Thousands of women in New York 
fit that General description. 

980
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:00,500
The detective needs more 
information, he returns to 

981
00:50:00,500 --> 00:50:04,500
studying the victims. 
What connected them he digs into

982
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:07,700
their pasts he examined their 
business dealings and family 

983
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:10,200
histories. 
He looks for any intersection in

984
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:14,400
their lives, no matter how 
distant Finally, he finds it 20 

985
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:16,900
years earlier, all three victims
served on a jury together. 

986
00:50:16,900 --> 00:50:20,200
They convicted a man of murder. 
The man was hanged. 

987
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:22,800
He left behind a wife and young 
daughter. 

988
00:50:22,800 --> 00:50:27,000
The detective locates, the 
widow, she died years ago, but 

989
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:29,800
the daughter is still alive. 
She's now a middle-aged woman 

990
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:31,800
who matches the confectioners 
description. 

991
00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:35,400
She lives modestly despite 
inheriting a small amount of 

992
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:38,400
money from her mother, The 
detective investigates her 

993
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,800
movements, she had been seen 
near each victim's home shortly 

994
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:43,400
before the poison chocolate was 
delivered. 

995
00:50:44,200 --> 00:50:46,400
She'd used different names to 
rent rooms in those 

996
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:48,600
neighborhoods. 
She had purchased rat poison 

997
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:52,100
from several different shops. 
With this evidence, the 

998
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,700
detective obtains, a warrant He 
searches her home and finds the 

999
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:59,000
same elegant chocolate boxes. 
He finds receipts from the 

1000
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:01,500
confectioner. 
He finds a list of other jury 

1001
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:02,900
members who convicted her 
father. 

1002
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:06,700
She admits everything. 
She spent 20 years planning 

1003
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:09,100
revenge against everyone 
responsible for her, father's 

1004
00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:11,500
death. 
She believed him innocent. 

1005
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:14,400
She wanted them to suffer as her
family had suffered. 

1006
00:51:14,400 --> 00:51:17,400
The detective has stopped her 
before, she could poison, the 

1007
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:20,700
remaining jury members. 
This case shows how detectives 

1008
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:24,400
must look beyond the obvious. 
The victim seemed random only by

1009
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:26,800
researching their histories 
could the connection, be found 

1010
00:51:26,800 --> 00:51:29,100
the investigation required 
patience. 

1011
00:51:29,100 --> 00:51:32,500
And meticulous record-keeping. 
Without notebooks full of 

1012
00:51:32,508 --> 00:51:36,000
details, about each victim's, 
past the link to that long ago. 

1013
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:37,800
Trial might never have been 
discovered. 

1014
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:39,800
You. 
Observe a counterfeiting 

1015
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:44,200
investigation in Paris in 1890, 
fake Bank, notes of appeared 

1016
00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:46,700
throughout the city. 
They are excellent forgeries. 

1017
00:51:47,500 --> 00:51:50,000
Most shopkeepers and bank, 
tellers cannot distinguish, the 

1018
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:53,100
from genuine currency, the 
forgeries, threatened to 

1019
00:51:53,100 --> 00:51:54,800
undermine confidence in French 
money. 

1020
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:57,800
The detective examining the fake
notes uses. 

1021
00:51:57,800 --> 00:51:59,900
A magnifying glass to study 
every detail. 

1022
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:02,300
The paper quality is nearly 
perfect. 

1023
00:52:02,300 --> 00:52:06,800
The printing is excellent. 
The watermarks look correct. but

1024
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:10,800
under close examination of tiny 
differences appear, the genuine 

1025
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:13,500
notes use a particular shade of 
blue ink that contains 

1026
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:17,500
ultramarine pigment this pigment
produces a specific color under 

1027
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:21,000
certain lighting conditions, 
Forged notes use a similar but 

1028
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:23,600
slightly different blue. 
The difference is almost 

1029
00:52:23,600 --> 00:52:27,300
imperceptible to the naked eye, 
but the detective learns to Spot

1030
00:52:27,300 --> 00:52:29,700
It. 
He also notices that the serial 

1031
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:32,800
numbers on the fake notes. 
Follow a pattern, they all fall 

1032
00:52:32,800 --> 00:52:35,800
within specific ranges. 
This suggests, the forger 

1033
00:52:35,800 --> 00:52:39,000
produced them in batches by 
tracking which fake notes appear

1034
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:42,800
where the detective can map the 
distribution Network, most 

1035
00:52:42,800 --> 00:52:46,200
forgeries, turn up in shops and 
markets on the Left Bank, the 

1036
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:49,700
detective stations observers, at
key locations, they watch for 

1037
00:52:49,700 --> 00:52:52,400
anyone, spending unusual amounts
of money with different vendors.

1038
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:56,300
They note descriptions and 
follow suspects, one man appears

1039
00:52:56,300 --> 00:52:58,600
repeatedly, he visits multiple 
shops. 

1040
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:01,100
Each day, making small purchases
with large bills. 

1041
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:04,000
He always receives change in 
genuine currency. 

1042
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:07,600
He seems to have an endless 
supply of bills to spend The 

1043
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:10,700
detective follows this man to a 
warehouse near the river over 

1044
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:13,400
several days of surveillance, he
observes people entering with 

1045
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:16,800
bags and leaving empty-handed. 
Something is being distributed 

1046
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,900
from this location. 
The detective organizers 

1047
00:53:19,900 --> 00:53:23,300
arrayed. inside the warehouse 
authorities, find printing 

1048
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:27,600
presses engraving tools, special
paper and inks If I find 

1049
00:53:27,600 --> 00:53:31,100
thousands of counterfeit notes 
ready for distribution, they 

1050
00:53:31,100 --> 00:53:33,200
arrested, doesn't people 
including the master engraver, 

1051
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:36,100
who created the plates. 
The engraver had worked for the 

1052
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:39,700
official mint years early. 
He knew exactly how genuine 

1053
00:53:39,700 --> 00:53:42,700
currency was produced. 
He had acquired the skills and 

1054
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:44,300
knowledge to replicate the 
process. 

1055
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:47,400
Only the most careful 
examination could detect his 

1056
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,100
forgeries. 
This case demonstrates how 

1057
00:53:50,100 --> 00:53:52,300
detective works. 
Sometimes requires specialized 

1058
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:55,500
knowledge The detective needed 
to understand printing 

1059
00:53:55,500 --> 00:53:59,200
techniques paper quality and ink
composition, he needed to 

1060
00:53:59,200 --> 00:54:01,400
recognize similarities in serial
numbers. 

1061
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:04,300
He needed to organize 
surveillance and coordinate 

1062
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:07,900
raids, multiple skills combined 
to solve a complex crime. 

1063
00:54:07,900 --> 00:54:12,600
You move to a rural English. 
In 1895, a farmer has been found

1064
00:54:12,600 --> 00:54:15,900
dead in his field. 
At first, it appears to be a 

1065
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:19,100
tragic accident, perhaps his 
heart faild while working. 

1066
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:23,600
But the local Constable notices 
details, that seem wrong, the 

1067
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,100
body lies face down in freshly 
plowed Earth, but the farmers 

1068
00:54:27,100 --> 00:54:29,900
hands are clean. 
If he'd been working, his hands 

1069
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:32,700
would be dirty. 
His boots, shown no mud despite 

1070
00:54:32,700 --> 00:54:37,000
the wet field, his plow stands 
unused, at The Field's Edge, the

1071
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:40,100
horses, still hitched to it 
looking wrestlers, the Constable

1072
00:54:40,100 --> 00:54:41,700
examines the body more 
carefully. 

1073
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:44,600
He finds a wound on the back of 
the head hidden by the farmers 

1074
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:46,700
hat. 
This was no accident. 

1075
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:50,700
Someone struck the farmer from 
behind the Constable questions, 

1076
00:54:50,700 --> 00:54:54,200
everyone who knew the farmer, 
most villagers liked him, he had

1077
00:54:54,208 --> 00:54:57,800
few enemies, he owed, no debts. 
He had no known disputes with 

1078
00:54:57,808 --> 00:55:00,300
neighbors. 
Why would anyone want him dead? 

1079
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,300
The Constable learns that the 
farmer recently discovered 

1080
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:06,000
something on his land. 
He'd been digging a drainage 

1081
00:55:06,000 --> 00:55:09,700
ditch and Unearthed, an old 
metal box inside were gold coins

1082
00:55:09,700 --> 00:55:13,100
from the previous century. 
The farmer told several people 

1083
00:55:13,100 --> 00:55:15,900
about his discovery. 
He planned to report it to 

1084
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:19,300
authorities as the law required,
but not everyone thought the 

1085
00:55:19,300 --> 00:55:20,400
treasure should go to the 
government. 

1086
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:23,700
One neighbor believed the gold 
should belong to, whoever found 

1087
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:28,000
it this neighborhood with the 
farmer of it, the argument ended

1088
00:55:28,000 --> 00:55:30,300
badly with the neighbor 
threatening to take what he 

1089
00:55:30,300 --> 00:55:32,400
felt. 
Was, rightfully his, the 

1090
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:35,200
Constable question. 
This neighbor, the man claims he

1091
00:55:35,200 --> 00:55:39,300
was home all morning, his wife 
confirms this, but the Constable

1092
00:55:39,300 --> 00:55:40,900
notice is marred on the man's 
boots. 

1093
00:55:40,900 --> 00:55:42,900
That matches the field where the
farmer died. 

1094
00:55:42,900 --> 00:55:46,100
The man's Knuckles show fresh 
bruising consistent, with 

1095
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:49,200
striking someone the Constable 
searches, the neighbor's 

1096
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:52,400
property and finds the box of 
gold coins hidden in the barn. 

1097
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,900
Confronted with this evidence, 
the neighbor confesses, he 

1098
00:55:55,900 --> 00:55:58,000
killed the farmer intending to 
steal the treasure. 

1099
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:01,100
He tried to make it look like 
the farmer simply collapsed 

1100
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:04,800
while working this case shows 
how even small Details Matter, 

1101
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,300
Clean Hands in a dirty field. 
Mud on boots. 

1102
00:56:08,300 --> 00:56:09,600
Bruised. 
Knuckles. 

1103
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:11,700
Each observation added to the 
picture. 

1104
00:56:11,700 --> 00:56:14,900
The Constable's knowledge of his
community helped him. 

1105
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:18,300
Identify who might have motive 
is careful examination of the 

1106
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:22,000
scene, revealed the truth. your 
witness a kidnapping case in 

1107
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:25,400
Chicago, in 1900 a wealthy 
industrialist young son, 

1108
00:56:25,400 --> 00:56:29,000
vanishes while walking home from
school, a ransom notarized 

1109
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:32,800
demanding 50,000 dollars, the 
note warns against involving 

1110
00:56:32,800 --> 00:56:35,400
police, the family contacts 
authorities. 

1111
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,000
Anyway, the detective assigned 
to the case. 

1112
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:41,100
Examined, the ransom note 
carefully, the handwriting 

1113
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:44,900
appears deliberately disguise 
letters are formed, awkwardly as

1114
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:48,100
if written with the wrong hand. 
But some habits reveal 

1115
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:50,800
themselves. 
Despite the disguise, the writer

1116
00:56:50,800 --> 00:56:53,000
consistently crosses, teas 
slightly to the left. 

1117
00:56:53,000 --> 00:56:56,200
The letter, s always curves, 
more at the bottom than the top.

1118
00:56:56,200 --> 00:57:00,000
These might help identify the 
writer if investigators can, 

1119
00:57:00,000 --> 00:57:02,200
compare the note to samples from
Suspects. 

1120
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:05,900
The note itself provides clues 
about the writer. 

1121
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:09,400
The paper is common stock of 
available at any stationer. 

1122
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:12,800
But the envelope shows, a 
partial postmarked from a 

1123
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,300
specific postal station on the 
north side of the city. this 

1124
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:19,800
Narrows the search area, the 
detective also, analyzes the 

1125
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:23,300
language in the note, Certain 
phrases suggest the writer has 

1126
00:57:23,308 --> 00:57:25,400
education, the grammar is 
correct. 

1127
00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:30,000
The vocabulary is sophisticated.
This is not a desperate criminal

1128
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,600
from the slums. 
This is someone with schooling. 

1129
00:57:32,600 --> 00:57:36,400
And perhaps social standing, the
detective investigates who knew 

1130
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:39,600
about the boys routine, who knew
which route he took home from 

1131
00:57:39,600 --> 00:57:42,100
school. 
The list is surprisingly small, 

1132
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,500
the family employed few 
servants, the boy had few 

1133
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,900
friends outside his immediate 
Social Circle, one name appears 

1134
00:57:48,900 --> 00:57:51,100
that seems unlikely but cannot 
be eliminated. 

1135
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:55,500
The boys tutor. 
A young man hired to teach Latin

1136
00:57:55,500 --> 00:57:58,400
and Mathematics. 
He was well-educated but always 

1137
00:57:58,400 --> 00:58:01,100
seemed to need money. 
He gambled frequently and had 

1138
00:58:01,100 --> 00:58:03,900
debts. 
The detective obtained samples 

1139
00:58:03,900 --> 00:58:06,800
of the tutors handwriting from 
lesson plans and correspondence.

1140
00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:11,200
Despite The Skys in the ransom 
note, those characteristic tea 

1141
00:58:11,200 --> 00:58:13,500
crosses and escorts appear in 
the tutors writing. 

1142
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:17,300
That means there's a match. 
The detective arrest, the tutor 

1143
00:58:17,300 --> 00:58:20,000
and searches is rooms. 
He finds the boy unharmed but 

1144
00:58:20,000 --> 00:58:23,000
locked in a closet. 
The tutor had convinced the boy 

1145
00:58:23,000 --> 00:58:25,400
that this was a game. 
They were playing, he planted 

1146
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:29,500
the Rants and flee to Europe. 
This case shows how analyzing 

1147
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:32,300
handwriting can identify 
criminals even when they try to 

1148
00:58:32,308 --> 00:58:35,400
disguise their writing. 
Shows how knowledge of a 

1149
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:39,300
victim's routine helps identify 
who had opportunity it shows how

1150
00:58:39,300 --> 00:58:42,300
detectives must consider even 
unlikely suspects. 

1151
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:45,500
When the evidence points in that
direction, You observe a case of

1152
00:58:45,500 --> 00:58:49,600
art, theft in Rome in 1905, a 
valuable Renaissance painting 

1153
00:58:49,600 --> 00:58:51,100
disappears from a private 
collection. 

1154
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:55,500
The owners Palazzo has extensive
security, guards Patrol, the 

1155
00:58:55,500 --> 00:58:59,800
grounds doors remain locked 
Windows have bars yet somehow 

1156
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:02,400
the painting vanished without 
any signs of forced entry. 

1157
00:59:03,500 --> 00:59:06,400
The detective examines the empty
frames still hanging on the 

1158
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:08,500
wall. 
The painting was cut from it 

1159
00:59:08,500 --> 00:59:11,500
with a sharp blade. 
This was done carefully to avoid

1160
00:59:11,500 --> 00:59:14,900
damaging the canvas, the thief 
knew how to handle valuable art 

1161
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:17,500
properly. 
The detective studies, the rooms

1162
00:59:17,500 --> 00:59:21,400
layout, the windows are indeed 
barred the door locks from 

1163
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:23,500
inside. 
The only other entrance is 

1164
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:26,700
through the owners private 
Chambers examining the room more

1165
00:59:26,700 --> 00:59:28,400
carefully. 
The detective notice as the 

1166
00:59:28,408 --> 00:59:32,100
fireplace is large and ornate, 
He looks up the chimney and sees

1167
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:35,000
that it connects to an old shaft
that once served as a servants 

1168
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:37,900
passage between floors. 
The detective, explores the 

1169
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:40,500
seller and finds evidence that 
someone recently opened the 

1170
00:59:40,500 --> 00:59:44,100
sealed passage fresh scrape 
marks show where a wooden panel 

1171
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:47,000
was pried loose. 
Following these traces leads to 

1172
00:59:47,000 --> 00:59:49,500
a coal chute that provides 
access from outside. 

1173
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:53,300
He questions the oldest 
servants, one elderly man, 

1174
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:54,800
remembers the passage from his 
youth. 

1175
00:59:54,800 --> 00:59:58,100
He mentions that, he showed it, 
once to his nephew who was 

1176
00:59:58,108 --> 00:59:59,900
curious about the palazzo's 
history. 

1177
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:04,600
That nephew works as a restorer 
of old paintings, the detective 

1178
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:06,700
investigates, the nephew and 
discovers. 

1179
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:09,000
He recently paid off large 
gambling debts. 

1180
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:13,100
Search of his Workshop reveals 
tools and materials consistent 

1181
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:16,300
with the theft. 
Under questioning the nephew. 

1182
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:19,600
Admits everything he used his 
knowledge of the palazzo's 

1183
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:20,700
architecture to steal the 
painting. 

1184
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:23,800
This case demonstrates, how 
detectives must understand 

1185
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,300
architecture and history. 
They must think about old 

1186
01:00:27,300 --> 01:00:30,200
passages and forgotten Roots. 
They must consider who 

1187
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:32,900
specialized knowledge that could
enable a particular crime. 

1188
01:00:32,900 --> 01:00:36,000
He traveled to San Francisco in 
1908. 

1189
01:00:36,800 --> 01:00:39,200
A series of Warehouse fires. 
Plagued the Waterfront. 

1190
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:41,600
Each fire starts in the middle 
of the night. 

1191
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:46,000
Each destroys valuable cargo 
insurance companies, suspect 

1192
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:50,400
arson, but cannot prove it the 
detective visits each fire scene

1193
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:53,000
of the Flames die down at once 
seen. 

1194
01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:56,100
He finds melted glass and 
Twisted Metal showing the fire 

1195
01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:58,900
burned extremely hot in one 
specific location. 

1196
01:00:58,900 --> 01:01:01,600
This suggests an accelerant was 
used. 

1197
01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:04,700
He collects samples and sends 
them to a chemist who reports 

1198
01:01:04,700 --> 01:01:07,100
finding traces of kerosene mixed
with other chemicals. 

1199
01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:10,800
The detective investigates who 
might benefit from these fires. 

1200
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:12,900
He discovers an interesting 
pattern. 

1201
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:16,600
Each Warehouse that burned was 
scheduled to ship cargo to a 

1202
01:01:16,600 --> 01:01:19,300
specific Merchant House, that 
Merchant house then had to 

1203
01:01:19,308 --> 01:01:22,400
purchase replacement goods from 
a competing supplier at higher 

1204
01:01:22,400 --> 01:01:24,900
prices. 
The detective investigates the 

1205
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:28,200
suppliers employees one. 
Worker was recently fired from 

1206
01:01:28,200 --> 01:01:31,500
his previous job at the shipping
company that worker was seen 

1207
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:33,200
near the Waterfront late at 
night before. 

1208
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,300
Several of the fires, 
surveillance leads to the final 

1209
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:38,700
evidence. 
The detective, observes him 

1210
01:01:38,708 --> 01:01:41,600
meeting with the suppliers 
owner, discussing plans, for the

1211
01:01:41,600 --> 01:01:44,100
next fire. 
Police move in to make arrests, 

1212
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,000
the arsonist confesses to 
setting the fires for payment, 

1213
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:49,900
from the competing supplier, who
wanted to eliminate business 

1214
01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:53,600
rivals, This case shows how 
detectives must understand 

1215
01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:56,900
business relationships and 
economic motives, they must 

1216
01:01:56,900 --> 01:01:59,200
recognize patterns across 
multiple incidents. 

1217
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:02,900
They must use scientific 
analysis when available these 

1218
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:05,800
stories from the era before 
fingerprints reveal the breadth 

1219
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:07,700
and depth of early detective 
work. 

1220
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:11,400
Investigators developed 
remarkable skills using the 

1221
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:14,800
tools available to them. 
They learn to observe manipulate

1222
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:17,900
they learned to question 
effectively they learned to 

1223
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,700
think logically about causes and
effects they learned to persist 

1224
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:26,200
through difficulty The arrival 
of fingerprint, technology did 

1225
01:02:26,200 --> 01:02:29,700
not replace these skills. 
It enhanced them, modern 

1226
01:02:29,700 --> 01:02:32,600
detectives still, observe crime 
scenes carefully, they still 

1227
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:34,300
interview Witnesses and 
suspects. 

1228
01:02:34,300 --> 01:02:37,200
They still build cases, through 
patient, accumulation of 

1229
01:02:37,208 --> 01:02:39,200
evidence. 
They still use logic and 

1230
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:41,500
deduction. 
They simply have additional 

1231
01:02:41,500 --> 01:02:43,400
scientific tools to support 
their work. 

1232
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:47,200
You can consider one final 
aspect of early detective work 

1233
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:50,400
that deserves attention. 
The psychological understanding 

1234
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,500
that developed through 
experience, Detectives learn to 

1235
01:02:53,500 --> 01:02:56,500
recognize markings in human 
behavior that help them 

1236
01:02:56,500 --> 01:02:59,400
anticipate criminal actions and 
identify deception. 

1237
01:03:00,300 --> 01:03:04,000
A veteran detective in Berlin in
1910 could walk into a room and 

1238
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:07,200
sense when something was wrong. 
He had interviewed hundreds of 

1239
01:03:07,200 --> 01:03:10,800
suspects over his career. 
How innocent people typically 

1240
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:14,400
reacted to accusations. 
They showed anger or confusional

1241
01:03:14,400 --> 01:03:18,000
fear but they all showed a 
quality of genuine bewilderment 

1242
01:03:18,000 --> 01:03:21,300
that was difficult to fake. 
Guilty, people often acted 

1243
01:03:21,300 --> 01:03:24,700
differently, some became overly 
calm, and controlled, they 

1244
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:26,200
prepared their stories to 
carefully. 

1245
01:03:26,200 --> 01:03:29,100
There are answers came to 
quickly without the hesitation 

1246
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:33,000
that accompanies genuine memory.
Others became defensive in ways 

1247
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:34,700
that seemed out of proportion to
the situation. 

1248
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:38,600
They protested too much. 
The skilled detective learn to 

1249
01:03:38,600 --> 01:03:41,400
recognize these. 
He understood that nervousness 

1250
01:03:41,400 --> 01:03:42,500
alone. 
Proved nothing. 

1251
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:45,700
An innocent person might be 
terrified of police. 

1252
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:48,700
The guilty person might appear 
completely at ease. 

1253
01:03:50,000 --> 01:03:53,800
But over time subtle differences
emerge that trained observers 

1254
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:57,300
could detect you watch this 
veteran detective interviewer 

1255
01:03:57,300 --> 01:04:00,400
suspect in a murder case the 
suspect maintains perfect 

1256
01:04:00,400 --> 01:04:03,700
composure while denying 
everything his Alibi sounds 

1257
01:04:03,700 --> 01:04:07,800
rehearsed every detail fits 
together smoothly too smoothly, 

1258
01:04:07,800 --> 01:04:11,100
perhaps. 
The detective asks, seemingly 

1259
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:13,900
random questions. 
What was the weather like that 

1260
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:15,700
day? 
What did you eat for breakfast? 

1261
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:18,000
What song was playing in the 
cafe? 

1262
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,400
The suspect answers each 
question with confidence, but 

1263
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,200
the detective notices that these
peripheral details, come as 

1264
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:28,600
quickly as The Alibi itself. 
Most people struggle to remember

1265
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:32,300
incidental information from days
past this suspect recalls, 

1266
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:36,300
everything with unusual Clarity.
The detective changes tactics. 

1267
01:04:36,300 --> 01:04:39,300
He mentions details about the 
crime that were never made 

1268
01:04:39,300 --> 01:04:42,300
public. 
He watches the suspects reaction

1269
01:04:42,300 --> 01:04:45,000
carefully. 
Does the suspect show surprise 

1270
01:04:45,000 --> 01:04:48,400
at learning new information or 
does something in his expression

1271
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:50,200
suggests? 
He already knew these facts. 

1272
01:04:51,300 --> 01:04:54,200
Tiny flicker crosses the 
suspects face when the detective

1273
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:57,500
describes the murder weapon. 
Just a momentary tightening 

1274
01:04:57,500 --> 01:04:59,600
around the eyes. 
Nothing dramatic. 

1275
01:05:00,500 --> 01:05:03,600
But the detective has spent 
decades watching people's faces.

1276
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:06,200
He knows that flicker. 
It is recognition. 

1277
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:10,800
The suspect is seen that weapon 
before the detective presses, 

1278
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:13,300
this Advantage. 
He describes the weapon in more 

1279
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:15,300
detail, he mentions where it was
found. 

1280
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:18,400
The suspects carefully, 
maintained. 

1281
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:22,000
Composure begins to crack. 
Small signs of stress appear. 

1282
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:24,100
He touches his face more 
frequently. 

1283
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:28,000
His breathing quickens slightly.
He shifts in his chair. 

1284
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:31,900
These observations are not 
scientific evidence, they would 

1285
01:05:31,900 --> 01:05:35,300
not stand alone in court. but 
they tell the experienced 

1286
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:38,900
detective, where to focus his 
investigation they suggest which

1287
01:05:38,900 --> 01:05:42,300
lines of questioning might prove
productive, they indicate when 

1288
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:45,700
someone is hiding something 
worth pursuing, Combined with 

1289
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:48,800
other evidence and testimony, 
these behavioral observations 

1290
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:53,300
helped solve the case. 
The detective cycle Insight 

1291
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:57,000
guides the investigation toward 
productive Avenues, his ability 

1292
01:05:57,000 --> 01:05:59,900
to read people compliments, his 
ability to analyze physical 

1293
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,700
evidence, this cycle dimension 
of detective, work developed 

1294
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:06,700
naturally through practice. 
The most successful 

1295
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,700
investigators were often those 
who combined sharp observational

1296
01:06:09,700 --> 01:06:11,800
skills. 
With deep understanding of human

1297
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:15,500
nature, they could spot a liar. 
They could recognize when 

1298
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:18,900
someone was protecting another 
person they could sense when a 

1299
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:21,400
witness held back, crucial 
information out of fear rather 

1300
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:24,900
than malice these skills, proved
especially valuable in the era 

1301
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:28,800
before fingerprints without 
scientific certainty detectives 

1302
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:30,700
relied heavily on their judgment
about people. 

1303
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:34,500
They had to decide which 
Witnesses seemed credible, they 

1304
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:37,600
had to determine which suspects 
deserved further investigation. 

1305
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:40,700
They had to build cases on 
foundations of human testimony 

1306
01:06:40,700 --> 01:06:44,400
and behavioral observation. 
The best detectives approached 

1307
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:45,900
this responsibility with 
humility. 

1308
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:48,400
They knew their intuitions could
be wrong. 

1309
01:06:48,400 --> 01:06:51,900
They that innocent people 
sometimes acted suspicious while

1310
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:55,600
guilty people sometimes seemed 
honest They did not rely on 

1311
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:58,200
cycle insights alone. 
They always sought 

1312
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:00,500
corroborating, evidence and 
multiple sources of 

1313
01:07:00,500 --> 01:07:03,100
confirmation. 
Yet within these limitations 

1314
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:05,600
their psychological 
understanding, proved remarkably

1315
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:09,100
effective, many guilty people 
confessed when confronted by 

1316
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:12,700
detective who clearly understood
their motives and methods, many 

1317
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:16,100
investigations succeeded because
detectives correctly identified 

1318
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:18,400
who was lying and who was 
telling the truth. 

1319
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:22,400
As you drift towards sleep, you 
reflect on the complete picture 

1320
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:24,200
of detective work before 
fingerprints. 

1321
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:28,200
It was patient observation of 
physical details, it was careful

1322
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,200
documentation in notebooks and 
files. 

1323
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:32,800
It was skillful. 
Interviewing and interrogation. 

1324
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:35,500
It was cultivation of informant 
networks. 

1325
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:38,500
It was understanding of 
chemistry and handwriting and 

1326
01:07:38,508 --> 01:07:41,800
document analysis, it was 
surveillance and stakeouts. 

1327
01:07:41,800 --> 01:07:45,100
It was logical deduction from 
available evidence and it was 

1328
01:07:45,108 --> 01:07:47,200
psychological insight into human
behavior. 

1329
01:07:48,100 --> 01:07:50,900
All these elements combined to 
create a profession that sold 

1330
01:07:50,900 --> 01:07:54,400
crimes through intelligence and 
persistence rather than through 

1331
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:57,100
technology. 
The detectives of that era 

1332
01:07:57,100 --> 01:07:59,900
proved that human cleverness. 
Could overcome limited tools. 

1333
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:02,900
They showed that dedication and 
skill matter more than 

1334
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:05,400
equipment. 
Their legacy continues today, 

1335
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:08,800
every modern investigator, 
Builds on foundations laid by 

1336
01:08:08,800 --> 01:08:11,500
those early detectives the 
notebooks are digital. 

1337
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:15,000
Now, the surveillance uses 
cameras and computers the 

1338
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:17,800
scientific tools are 
sophisticated Beyond imagination

1339
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:21,600
but the fundamental approach 
Remains the Same observe 

1340
01:08:21,600 --> 01:08:24,300
carefully. 
Think, clearly, never give up on

1341
01:08:24,300 --> 01:08:26,600
finding truth. 
Sleep comes gently. 

1342
01:08:26,600 --> 01:08:30,600
Now your breathing slows, the 
modern world Fades, and in that 

1343
01:08:30,600 --> 01:08:33,700
peaceful space between thought 
and dream you carry with you, 

1344
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:37,000
the stories of detectives passed
their careful observations. 

1345
01:08:37,000 --> 01:08:40,700
Their patient interviews, their 
details records, their 

1346
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:43,500
persistent efforts to solve 
Mysteries one clue at a time. 

1347
01:08:44,300 --> 01:08:47,399
the foggy, London Street, 
dissolves, the Constable puts 

1348
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:56,500
away his notebook, the case 
closes, and you rest, You are 

1349
01:08:56,500 --> 01:08:58,700
standing at one of history's, 
most misunderstood turning 

1350
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:01,399
points. 
The Roman Empire did not vanish 

1351
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:04,000
in a dramatic explosion of chaos
and darkness. 

1352
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:07,500
Instead it gradually transformed
over. 

1353
01:09:07,500 --> 01:09:11,000
Centuries into something 
entirely new and you're about to

1354
01:09:11,000 --> 01:09:15,300
witness how Ordinary People 
navigated this slow, strange 

1355
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:19,800
metamorphosis into the Medieval 
World, Imagine you're walking 

1356
01:09:19,808 --> 01:09:25,100
through Rome in the year 476. 
The date means nothing to you 

1357
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:29,300
yet because this historians far 
in the future will mark this as 

1358
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:31,899
the year the Western Roman 
Empire officially ended. 

1359
01:09:31,899 --> 01:09:35,200
You do not feel any different 
today than you did yesterday. 

1360
01:09:36,300 --> 01:09:39,899
The streets Acquired and they 
used to be your grandfather told

1361
01:09:39,899 --> 01:09:42,200
you stories about when this 
Avenue was so crowded. 

1362
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:45,800
You could barely move Now, you 
can see clear across to the 

1363
01:09:45,800 --> 01:09:49,300
other side, the marble buildings
Still Standing exactly where 

1364
01:09:49,300 --> 01:09:52,500
they always stood yakwa Ducks. 
Still bringing water from the 

1365
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:55,300
hills, The Fountains still run 
in the Forum. 

1366
01:09:56,300 --> 01:09:59,700
It's something has changed in 
ways that a heart name, the 

1367
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:02,200
population of Rome has been 
shrinking for over a century. 

1368
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:06,400
The city that once held a 
million people, now houses may 

1369
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:10,200
be 100,000 You can do the math 
easily enough. 

1370
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:15,000
Every generation fewer children 
are born every generation more 

1371
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:16,800
families. 
Leave for the countryside, where

1372
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:19,300
food is easier to grow and life 
feels more secure. 

1373
01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:22,600
The grand public bath still 
operate on Tuesdays and 

1374
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:25,400
Thursdays. 
You went last week and noticed 

1375
01:10:25,400 --> 01:10:29,100
that only the smaller pools were
heated the massive caldarium 

1376
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:32,000
that once held hundreds of bay, 
the SAT empty and cold. 

1377
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:34,200
The maintenance staff has 
dwindled. 

1378
01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:37,100
The man who tends the furnace is
told you. 

1379
01:10:37,100 --> 01:10:41,800
He used to have 12 assists. 
Now, he has two You walk past 

1380
01:10:41,800 --> 01:10:44,800
the Colosseum, no games have 
been held there in your life 

1381
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:47,600
time. 
The building sits quietly like a

1382
01:10:47,600 --> 01:10:51,300
sleeping giant. 
Birds nest in the upper archers 

1383
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,000
Grass, Grows between the paving 
stones. 

1384
01:10:54,800 --> 01:10:57,400
Someone has set up a small 
vegetable garden in one of the 

1385
01:10:57,408 --> 01:11:00,700
four major areas. 
Nobody stopped them because 

1386
01:11:00,700 --> 01:11:03,500
nobody cares enough to enforce 
the old rules about public 

1387
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:06,100
buildings. 
The funny thing is that the 

1388
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:08,500
Colosseum looks more peaceful 
now than it ever did. 

1389
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:11,800
When it was in use the silence 
feels appropriate, somehow 

1390
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,600
nature is slowly reclaiming. 
What humans build you can 

1391
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:17,100
continue toward the four of 
them. 

1392
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:20,300
The Senate building still stands
but the Senate rarely meets 

1393
01:11:20,300 --> 01:11:22,900
anymore. 
Most of the real decisions 

1394
01:11:22,900 --> 01:11:26,100
affecting your life are made by 
the local, bishop and a few 

1395
01:11:26,108 --> 01:11:29,900
wealthy landowners who stayed in
the city when others fled. the 

1396
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:33,100
Imperial bureaucracy that once 
managed everything from tax 

1397
01:11:33,100 --> 01:11:36,700
collection to road, maintenance 
has simply evaporated like 

1398
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:40,400
Morning Mist, This morning, you 
need to get your grain ration. 

1399
01:11:40,400 --> 01:11:44,800
The distribution system still 
functions, but barely You 

1400
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:47,600
remember when distributions 
happened every day in multiple 

1401
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:51,600
locations across the city? 
Now, it happens twice a week at 

1402
01:11:51,600 --> 01:11:55,000
one central location. 
You arrive early because the 

1403
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:58,200
grain sometimes runs out the 
line moves slowly. 

1404
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:01,100
The man in front of you is a 
former school teacher. 

1405
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:04,700
He tells you he stopped teaching
because no one can afford to pay

1406
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,800
for Education anymore, the 
students or left the city. 

1407
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:13,100
Anyway, he now works, part-time 
repairing, roof tiles, His hand 

1408
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:14,900
show the evidence of his new 
profession. 

1409
01:12:14,900 --> 01:12:18,600
He receive your rationale and 
walk home through streets that 

1410
01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:21,000
feel too wide for the number of 
people using them. 

1411
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:23,900
The city was built for a million
inhabitants. 

1412
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:27,200
Now, it feels like wearing a 
toga made for someone. 

1413
01:12:27,200 --> 01:12:30,800
Three times, your size your 
apartment, occupies the third 

1414
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:34,200
floor of an old insula. 
The building inspector used to 

1415
01:12:34,200 --> 01:12:36,700
come by every year to check for 
structural problems. 

1416
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:39,200
He has not visited in five 
years. 

1417
01:12:39,200 --> 01:12:43,300
You notice new cracks in the 
walls each season, but you patch

1418
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:47,100
them yourself, with whatever 
materials you can find, everyone

1419
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:48,900
has become their own maintenance
crew. 

1420
01:12:48,900 --> 01:12:52,200
In the evening, you sit by your 
window and watch the sunset 

1421
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:54,200
paint. 
The remaining marble temples and

1422
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:57,400
shades of gold and pink. 
The temples are mostly empty. 

1423
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:01,900
Now, the Christian churches draw
the crowds But the old buildings

1424
01:13:01,900 --> 01:13:03,700
are remain beautiful in their 
abandonment. 

1425
01:13:04,500 --> 01:13:06,900
You find strange comfort in 
their persistence. 

1426
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:10,600
A cat walks along the top of a 
garden wall below your window. 

1427
01:13:10,600 --> 01:13:15,400
The city has more cats than ever
before with fewer people. 

1428
01:13:15,400 --> 01:13:19,300
The rodent population exploded 
and the cats followed the food 

1429
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:21,500
supply, you appreciate their 
presence. 

1430
01:13:21,500 --> 01:13:25,400
They keep your building free of 
mice and rats without any effort

1431
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,200
on your part. 
Tomorrow, you will wake up in 

1432
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:30,200
the world. 
Will look exactly the same as it

1433
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,400
does today. 
The changes happen so slowly 

1434
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:36,900
that you barely noticed them. 
but if your grandfather could 

1435
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:40,300
see the city now, He would 
struggle to recognize it. 

1436
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:44,600
And if you could see the city 
100 years from now, you would 

1437
01:13:44,608 --> 01:13:48,400
face the same confusion. 
This is how Empire's end. 

1438
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,400
Not with a bang but with a 
gradual forgetting of what they 

1439
01:13:52,400 --> 01:13:55,200
used to be. 
You decide to visit your cousin 

1440
01:13:55,200 --> 01:13:57,600
in Ravenna. 
The journey used to take three 

1441
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:02,100
days on well-maintained Roman 
roads, you pack supplies for six

1442
01:14:02,100 --> 01:14:05,400
days because, you know, better 
now, the morning, you leave Rome

1443
01:14:05,400 --> 01:14:07,900
you stop at The City Gate. 
The guards are gone. 

1444
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:10,300
No one has stuffed this gate in 
years. 

1445
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:13,400
The massive wooden doors down, 
permanently open. 

1446
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:17,600
You wonder who decided to stop 
closing them at night and when 

1447
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:21,400
that decision was made, Probably
no decision was made at all. 

1448
01:14:21,400 --> 01:14:25,300
Probably the guards simply 
stopped showing up and no one 

1449
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,600
assigned replacements. 
The Via flaminia stretches 

1450
01:14:28,600 --> 01:14:32,500
North, through Rolling Hills. 
This road was built 400 years 

1451
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:34,300
ago and engineered to last 
forever. 

1452
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:37,600
The Romans were annoyingly. 
Good, at building roads. 

1453
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:40,000
The foundation consists of 
several. 

1454
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:41,800
Layers of carefully, placed 
stones. 

1455
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,100
The surface was smooth fitted. 
Paving that allowed carts to 

1456
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:48,400
roll easily and water to drain 
away. 

1457
01:14:48,400 --> 01:14:52,500
That was the theory anyway, you 
walked for two hours before you 

1458
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:54,100
encounter the first major 
problem. 

1459
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:57,300
A section of the road has 
collapsed into a ravine. 

1460
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:00,800
Heavy rains last spring, 
undermine the foundation. 

1461
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:05,200
No repair crew, came to fix it. 
You stand at the edge of the Gap

1462
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:08,400
and look down at the jumble of 
broken, paving stones, 30 feet 

1463
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:12,500
below, A makeshift detour has 
been worn into the hillside by 

1464
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:14,800
other Travelers. 
You follow their path. 

1465
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:18,200
Through mud and loose rocks. 
The Detour adds an hour to your 

1466
01:15:18,200 --> 01:15:21,100
journey. 
Your shoes are caked with mud by

1467
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:22,900
the time you regain the main 
road. 

1468
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:26,400
The road itself is in worse 
condition than you remember from

1469
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:30,500
your last trip, two years ago. 
Weeds grow through cracks in the

1470
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:34,500
paving entire sections have been
torn up by local farmers who 

1471
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:36,400
needed Building Stone for their 
walls. 

1472
01:15:37,100 --> 01:15:39,700
You cannot blame them. 
Why should good Stone go to 

1473
01:15:39,708 --> 01:15:42,200
waste when a road? 
Nobody maintains any more passes

1474
01:15:42,200 --> 01:15:43,300
right? 
Through your property. 

1475
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:46,800
By midday, you reach a former 
weigh station. 

1476
01:15:46,800 --> 01:15:51,000
He stations used to provide 
Fresh Horses, hot meals, and 

1477
01:15:51,000 --> 01:15:54,600
comfortable beds for Imperial 
Messengers and officials the 

1478
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:57,300
building still stands, but it 
has been converted into a 

1479
01:15:57,308 --> 01:16:00,200
farmhouse. 
A woman is hanging laundry in 

1480
01:16:00,200 --> 01:16:03,800
what used to be the stable yard,
she eyes you suspiciously as you

1481
01:16:03,808 --> 01:16:08,000
pass, you're not an Imperial 
Messenger, you are just a 

1482
01:16:08,000 --> 01:16:11,300
personal walking to visit family
The Empire no longer 

1483
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:14,300
distinguishes between important 
Travelers and ordinary ones 

1484
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:17,000
because the Empire no longer 
exists to make such 

1485
01:16:17,000 --> 01:16:19,800
distinctions. 
The funny part is that the road 

1486
01:16:19,800 --> 01:16:22,000
system was designed for military
and government. 

1487
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:26,300
Use private Travelers were 
always an afterthought now that 

1488
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:29,600
the military and government are 
gone only private Travelers 

1489
01:16:29,600 --> 01:16:32,300
remain. 
The roads served their original 

1490
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,800
purpose, hardly at all, but they
still serve this secondary 

1491
01:16:35,800 --> 01:16:40,200
purpose fairly well, despite the
decay. you stopped to rest 

1492
01:16:40,208 --> 01:16:43,900
beneath an Old Stone Bridge, the
bridge is Roman engineering at 

1493
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:48,200
its Finest, it has spanned this 
River for three centuries and 

1494
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:50,000
will probably span it for three 
more. 

1495
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:53,400
You eat bread and cheese while 
watching the water flow beneath 

1496
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:56,700
perfect arches. 
Someone carved their initials 

1497
01:16:56,700 --> 01:16:58,400
into the bridge support long 
ago. 

1498
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:01,900
The letters are worn Smooth by 
weather, but still visible. 

1499
01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:05,200
The afternoon brings you through
territory that you used to be 

1500
01:17:05,200 --> 01:17:08,200
careful. 
Patrolled Bandits were rare when

1501
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,600
you were young because Roman 
soldiers, maintained order now 

1502
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:14,600
Bandits a common enough that you
choose your travel clothing 

1503
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:16,500
carefully. 
You are nothing. 

1504
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:20,100
That looks valuable, your bag 
contains only food, and a change

1505
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,200
of clothes, you encounter 
another traveler heading south. 

1506
01:17:23,200 --> 01:17:27,500
He's a merchant carrying salt, 
you walk together for Mutual 

1507
01:17:27,500 --> 01:17:29,700
safety. 
He tells you that the old 

1508
01:17:29,700 --> 01:17:32,400
Mansions were Travelers used to 
stay are mostly abandoned. 

1509
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:35,200
Some of have been taken over by 
local Warlords. 

1510
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:39,600
Who demand payment for passage 
others are simply empty ruin's. 

1511
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:42,000
You ask him about the road 
conditions ahead. 

1512
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:46,400
He warns you about another 
collapse section in irony He 

1513
01:17:46,400 --> 01:17:49,600
also mentions that a group of 
enterprising locals are set up a

1514
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:52,200
new toll bridge where the old 
free bridge washed away. 

1515
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:56,500
The toll is reasonable. 
He says, two copper coins or 

1516
01:17:56,500 --> 01:17:58,000
equivalent value and trade 
goods. 

1517
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:02,300
This strikes you as both 
annoying and entirely logical if

1518
01:18:02,300 --> 01:18:03,800
no government maintains. 
The bridges. 

1519
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:06,400
Then someone else will maintain 
them and charge for the service.

1520
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:09,300
You have the coins. 
You will pay the toll. 

1521
01:18:09,300 --> 01:18:12,700
What choice do you have? 
By evening, you reach a small 

1522
01:18:12,708 --> 01:18:15,200
town. 
There is no formal in but a 

1523
01:18:15,200 --> 01:18:17,800
family offers you floor space in
their Barn for a small fee. 

1524
01:18:17,800 --> 01:18:21,500
You accept gratefully, the barn 
is clean and dry. 

1525
01:18:21,500 --> 01:18:24,500
The hay makes a softer bed than 
you expected. 

1526
01:18:25,300 --> 01:18:28,100
The family's dog curls up near 
your feet and provides warmth 

1527
01:18:28,100 --> 01:18:30,100
through the night. 
You fall asleep. 

1528
01:18:30,100 --> 01:18:33,200
Listening to owls calling in the
darkness and thinking about how 

1529
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:36,700
different Travelers become the 
roads of the same road, your 

1530
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:39,600
grandfather traveled, but 
everything else has changed in 

1531
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,600
subtle ways that add up to a 
completely different experience.

1532
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:46,700
You arrive in Ravenna, after 
five and a half days of travel, 

1533
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:50,000
your cousin, greets, you with 
enthusiasm and immediately 

1534
01:18:50,000 --> 01:18:52,000
begins complaining about the 
local Bishop. 

1535
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:56,200
This is funny because everyone 
complains about the local Bishop

1536
01:18:57,100 --> 01:19:00,100
The bishop has become the most 
important person in most cities.

1537
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:04,400
He controls food distribution. 
He negotiates with Barbarian 

1538
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:08,800
leaders, he organizers repairs 
to public buildings, he settles 

1539
01:19:08,800 --> 01:19:11,200
disputes. 
He essentially does everything. 

1540
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:14,100
The Imperial government used to 
do your cousins. 

1541
01:19:14,100 --> 01:19:17,800
Bishop is named ecclesias. 
He is 35 years old and 

1542
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:21,100
phenomenally efficient. 
He used to be a lawyer before 

1543
01:19:21,100 --> 01:19:24,400
taking holy orders. 
His legal training shows in 

1544
01:19:24,400 --> 01:19:29,000
everything he does, he keeps 
meticulous records, he insists 

1545
01:19:29,000 --> 01:19:31,600
on written contracts. 
He never makes a promise. 

1546
01:19:31,600 --> 01:19:34,900
He cannot keep the people 
respect him, but do not 

1547
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:38,000
necessarily like him. 
He's a bit too organized for 

1548
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:40,100
Comfort. 
He makes them feel disorganized 

1549
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:44,200
by comparison. 
You attend Sunday services at 

1550
01:19:44,200 --> 01:19:47,600
ravenna's Main Church. 
The building is relatively new 

1551
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:51,500
constructed only 20 years ago. 
The interior takes your breath 

1552
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:55,700
away, mosaic's cover every 
surface in glittering patterns 

1553
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:59,900
of gold and colored glass. 
The images show Christ, and the 

1554
01:19:59,908 --> 01:20:03,800
apostles and various Saints. 
Like, from high Windows makes 

1555
01:20:03,800 --> 01:20:07,800
the gold test series, Sparkle, 
like captured Starlight, The 

1556
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:11,500
craftsmanship is purely Roman 
the artist who created these 

1557
01:20:11,500 --> 01:20:15,300
mosaics learned their trade in 
the old Imperial workshops but 

1558
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:17,300
the subject matter is entirely 
Christian. 

1559
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:20,900
The building represents a 
perfect Fusion of Roman 

1560
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:24,100
technical skill and Christian 
religious purpose. 

1561
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:28,300
Bishop ecclesiast, delivers his 
sermon and clear Latin, he 

1562
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:31,600
speaks slowly. 
So everyone can understand his 

1563
01:20:31,600 --> 01:20:33,600
topic is Charity toward the 
poor. 

1564
01:20:33,600 --> 01:20:37,200
He reminds the congregation that
they have a duty to share what 

1565
01:20:37,200 --> 01:20:38,600
they have with those who have 
less. 

1566
01:20:38,600 --> 01:20:42,000
He mentions specific Families in
Need by name. 

1567
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:46,000
He is not subtle. 
After the service people line up

1568
01:20:46,008 --> 01:20:49,700
to speak with the bishop he 
holds these informal audiences 

1569
01:20:49,700 --> 01:20:52,400
every week. 
You watch, as he listens to 

1570
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:56,500
complaints mediate's arguments 
and distributes small amounts of

1571
01:20:56,508 --> 01:21:00,500
money from the church treasury 
to people in genuine need One 

1572
01:21:00,500 --> 01:21:02,000
man. 
Complains that his neighbor's 

1573
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:05,800
sheep, keeping his vegetables, 
the bishop listens carefully and

1574
01:21:05,800 --> 01:21:07,200
then suggest building a better 
fence. 

1575
01:21:08,000 --> 01:21:10,800
He offers to provide materials 
from church supplies, if the man

1576
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:13,700
provides labor, the man, accepts
problem. 

1577
01:21:13,700 --> 01:21:17,600
Solved a widow asks, for help 
feeding her children, her 

1578
01:21:17,600 --> 01:21:21,000
husband died last month, the 
bishop masks her age, and how 

1579
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:24,200
many children she has? 
He makes notes in a wax tablet. 

1580
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:26,600
He carries. 
He promises, she will receive 

1581
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:28,700
weekly grain rational starting 
tomorrow. 

1582
01:21:28,700 --> 01:21:32,300
He also suggests you might find 
Workshop washing Linens for the 

1583
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:34,500
church she thanked him 
repeatedly. 

1584
01:21:35,400 --> 01:21:38,200
You realize that the bishop is 
basically running a parallel 

1585
01:21:38,208 --> 01:21:40,500
government. 
He has taken over the social 

1586
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:42,700
services that the Roman State 
used to provide. 

1587
01:21:42,700 --> 01:21:46,800
He does this, not because he 
sought power but because someone

1588
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,200
had to do it, And he was the 
person with the resources and 

1589
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:52,400
organizational ability to make 
it happen. 

1590
01:21:53,400 --> 01:21:56,000
Cousin confirms this 
observation, the official 

1591
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,900
Imperial Governor still lives in
Ravenna, he technically 

1592
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:01,700
outranks. 
The bishop But when people have 

1593
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:05,000
actual problems, they go to the 
bishop because the bishop can 

1594
01:22:05,000 --> 01:22:08,600
actually help them. 
The governor mostly sits in his 

1595
01:22:08,608 --> 01:22:11,900
Villa and writes reports to 
Constantinople that may or may 

1596
01:22:11,908 --> 01:22:15,300
not ever get red. 
The transition of power from 

1597
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:17,600
Imperial officials to church 
Bishops happened. 

1598
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:19,200
Gradually over several 
Generations. 

1599
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:22,700
No one planned it. 
No one decreed it. 

1600
01:22:22,708 --> 01:22:25,400
It just happened because the 
church had resources 

1601
01:22:25,400 --> 01:22:28,400
organization and local 
credibility. 

1602
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,900
While the Imperial government 
had increasingly none of those 

1603
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:34,300
things. 
He spend the evening with your 

1604
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:37,000
cousins family. 
They live in a modest House near

1605
01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:39,400
the port. 
The house used to belong to a 

1606
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,200
merchant family who left for 
Constantinople when trade 

1607
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:44,500
declined. 
Your cousin rented for a 

1608
01:22:44,508 --> 01:22:48,000
fraction of what it would have 
cost in better times over 

1609
01:22:48,000 --> 01:22:49,700
dinner. 
Your cousins wife talks about 

1610
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:53,000
the changes she seen She's 10 
years older than you. 

1611
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:56,500
She remembers when Ravenna was a
major Imperial Center. 

1612
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,100
The emperor himself lived here 
for several years. 

1613
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:02,900
When she was a child, the palace
employed hundreds of people 

1614
01:23:02,900 --> 01:23:07,800
diplomats from across the world 
visited constantly Now the 

1615
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:09,400
palace sits. 
Mostly empty. 

1616
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:14,100
A skeleton staff maintains it. 
The emperor has not visited in 

1617
01:23:14,100 --> 01:23:16,900
decades. 
The Diplomat stopped coming when

1618
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:19,500
they realized no real power as I
did here anymore. 

1619
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:23,500
But Ravenna has not died. 
It has transformed. 

1620
01:23:24,300 --> 01:23:27,900
The city is now a church 
administrative Center instead of

1621
01:23:27,908 --> 01:23:29,900
an imperial administrative 
Center. 

1622
01:23:30,800 --> 01:23:33,600
The Bishops of essentially 
inherited the infrastructure, 

1623
01:23:33,600 --> 01:23:36,900
the emperor's Left Behind. 
They used the same buildings 

1624
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:40,700
employed, many of the same 
people and perform many of the 

1625
01:23:40,700 --> 01:23:43,600
same functions. 
The funny thing is that most 

1626
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,000
people barely noticed the 
transition, they still go to the

1627
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:49,100
same building to get help with 
their problems. 

1628
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:51,400
They still fill out forms in 
Latin. 

1629
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:53,300
They still navigate a 
bureaucracy. 

1630
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:55,800
The paperwork looks almost 
identical. 

1631
01:23:55,800 --> 01:23:59,600
Only the person sitting behind 
the desk as change from an 

1632
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:03,900
imperial to a church official. 
Your cousin Paul's wine and 

1633
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:05,500
laughs about the absurdity of 
it. 

1634
01:24:05,500 --> 01:24:08,800
All the Roman Empire. 
Spent centuries building an 

1635
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:12,300
administrative system, then the 
Empire collapsed but the 

1636
01:24:12,308 --> 01:24:15,200
administrative system kept 
running Under New Management. 

1637
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:19,500
It is like watching a ship lose,
its Captain but continues 

1638
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:22,300
sailing because the crew knows 
how to do their jobs. 

1639
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:26,400
You raise your cup and toast, a 
continuity in the face of chaos.

1640
01:24:26,400 --> 01:24:30,300
Her cousin drinks to that. 
The next day, your cousin takes 

1641
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:33,500
you to meet his employer. 
This requires some explanation 

1642
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:37,900
because his employer is a goth. 
Your cousin works as a scribe in

1643
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:41,500
the court of theodoric who rules
Italy as an ostrich Gothic King.

1644
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:44,800
This should feel strange, but it
does not. 

1645
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:49,400
The Goths of have been part of 
the Roman world for so long that

1646
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:52,800
they feel less likely Invaders, 
and more like new neighbors who 

1647
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:56,900
moved in and never left. 
Theodore's Palace is actually 

1648
01:24:56,900 --> 01:25:00,700
the old Imperial Palace. 
He uses the same throne room 

1649
01:25:00,700 --> 01:25:03,900
where Roman emperors once held 
Court, He employs Roman 

1650
01:25:03,900 --> 01:25:06,400
administrators follows Roman 
laws. 

1651
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:10,500
And communicate in Latin is 
official documents are written 

1652
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:13,400
in the chance to restart style. 
That Roman bureaucrats developed

1653
01:25:13,400 --> 01:25:17,000
centuries ago. 
The only obvious difference is 

1654
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,100
that theodoric and is gothic 
Warriors are Arian Christians. 

1655
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:24,600
While most Romans are Nicene 
Christians, this creates some 

1656
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:28,100
theological tension, but 
surprisingly little practical 

1657
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:32,200
conflict The odoric is pragmatic
enough to let people worship 

1658
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:34,700
however they want. 
As long as they pay their taxes 

1659
01:25:34,700 --> 01:25:38,200
and maintain order. 
You wait in an empty room while 

1660
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:41,300
your cousin delivers some 
documents, the Wolves display 

1661
01:25:41,300 --> 01:25:44,900
Mosaic showing both Gothic and 
Roman symbols side by side. 

1662
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:47,600
A Gothic Warrior on horseback 
rides. 

1663
01:25:47,600 --> 01:25:49,700
Next to a Roman magistrate in a 
toga. 

1664
01:25:50,500 --> 01:25:53,700
The message is clear. 
This government represents a 

1665
01:25:53,700 --> 01:25:58,000
blending of both cultures. 
A Gothic Soldier stands guard at

1666
01:25:58,000 --> 01:26:00,400
the door, is equipment is 
interesting. 

1667
01:26:00,400 --> 01:26:03,700
He wears Roman style armor made 
by Roman Craftsman. 

1668
01:26:03,700 --> 01:26:07,300
He carries a Germanic style 
sword that is Grandfather, 

1669
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:11,000
probably brought from Beyond the
Danube, his belt, buckle shows, 

1670
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:14,500
Roman decorative motifs. 
He is a visual representation of

1671
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:17,900
cultural Fusion. 
Your cousin emerges and takes 

1672
01:26:17,900 --> 01:26:20,900
you on a tour of the complex, 
you passed through office's 

1673
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:24,200
where Romans scribes work 
alongside Gothic administrators,

1674
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:28,600
everyone speaks Latin. 
In the Halls documents are filed

1675
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:31,900
using the Roman system. 
The bureaucracy functions 

1676
01:26:31,900 --> 01:26:34,200
exactly as it did under Roman 
emperors. 

1677
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,800
The Eldritch himself appears 
briefly he's in his 60s. 

1678
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,000
Now, heavy set and dignified he 
wears purple. 

1679
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:45,400
Robes, like a Roman Emperor, but
keeps his long Germanic hair and

1680
01:26:45,400 --> 01:26:49,000
beard, He speaks to his advisors
in fluent Latin. 

1681
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:51,600
His accent marks. 
Him was someone who learned 

1682
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:55,300
Latin as a second language, but 
his vocabulary and grammar are 

1683
01:26:55,300 --> 01:26:58,300
impeccable. 
He notices you and your cousin 

1684
01:26:58,300 --> 01:27:02,200
and nods politely, your cousin 
bows, you bow. 

1685
01:27:03,100 --> 01:27:06,000
The king continues on his way. 
Surrounded by attendance. 

1686
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:09,700
The encounter last may be 10 
seconds, but it leaves you with 

1687
01:27:09,700 --> 01:27:12,600
a strange feeling. 
This man is technically a 

1688
01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:15,600
barbarian Invader. 
His people were enemies of Rome 

1689
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:19,300
within living memory yet. 
Here he is ruling Italy with 

1690
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:22,600
Roman methods. 
Employing, Roman officials and 

1691
01:27:22,600 --> 01:27:26,500
maintaining Roman Traditions. 
He's more invested in preserving

1692
01:27:26,500 --> 01:27:28,700
Roman civilization than many 
Romans are. 

1693
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:31,300
Your cousin explains the 
situation. 

1694
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:32,900
As you walk back toward his 
house. 

1695
01:27:32,900 --> 01:27:36,700
The Goths number may be 100,000 
people. 

1696
01:27:36,700 --> 01:27:40,900
The Romans in Italy, number 
seven million the Goths cannot 

1697
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:45,800
rule through Force alone. 
They need Roman cooperation so 

1698
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,200
Theodore has made a deal. 
He provides military protection 

1699
01:27:49,200 --> 01:27:52,500
and maintains order. 
The Romans provided 

1700
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:55,200
administrative expertise and 
keep the economy. 

1701
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:58,800
Functioning it works 
surprisingly well, trade 

1702
01:27:58,800 --> 01:28:02,000
continues. 
Cities function laws are 

1703
01:28:02,000 --> 01:28:04,300
enforced. 
Taxes are collected at lower 

1704
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:07,600
rates than under the old Empire,
which makes everyone reasonably 

1705
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:11,100
happy. 
The system is not Roman and not 

1706
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,100
Gothic, but something new that 
borrows from both. 

1707
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:18,000
Your cousin mentions that many 
young Romans are learning Gothic

1708
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:20,300
now. 
Not because they have to but 

1709
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:23,300
because it helps with 
advancement in the military and 

1710
01:28:23,300 --> 01:28:27,700
some administrative positions. 
Meanwhile, Gothic Children of 

1711
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:30,500
the elite a learning classical, 
Latin literature and rhetoric. 

1712
01:28:31,500 --> 01:28:34,000
The cultural exchange flows, 
both directions. 

1713
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:37,600
This blending would have seemed 
impossible a century ago. 

1714
01:28:38,400 --> 01:28:42,600
Romans viewed Goths as 
uncivilized, barbarians Goths 

1715
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:44,800
Feud Romans as soft and 
decadent. 

1716
01:28:45,700 --> 01:28:49,100
Now their children play together
in the streets and their young 

1717
01:28:49,100 --> 01:28:50,600
adults. 
Sometimes, marry each other. 

1718
01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:54,700
The old Prejudice is persist but
they weaken with each 

1719
01:28:54,700 --> 01:28:58,000
generation. 
The funny part is that the Goths

1720
01:28:58,000 --> 01:29:00,300
are trying desperately to 
preserve Roman culture. 

1721
01:29:00,300 --> 01:29:02,900
While many Romans have stopped 
caring about it. 

1722
01:29:03,800 --> 01:29:06,900
Theodoric commissions, Public 
Works in the Roman style. 

1723
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:10,200
He restores aqueducts and 
maintains roads. 

1724
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:13,800
He patronizes Scholars, and 
collects Roman manuscripts. 

1725
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:17,500
He seems to understand that 
Roman civilization is valuable 

1726
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:21,100
and worth preserving. 
Even if Rome as a political 

1727
01:29:21,100 --> 01:29:24,500
entity is gone, you spend the 
afternoon in ravenna's 

1728
01:29:24,500 --> 01:29:27,800
Marketplace, the vendors are a 
mix of Romans and Goths. 

1729
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:31,400
You hear both Latin and Gothic 
being spoken, the goods for 

1730
01:29:31,408 --> 01:29:34,200
sale, include Roman pottery and 
Gothic metal work. 

1731
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:38,000
A Roman woman sells bread next 
to a Gothic woman selling 

1732
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:40,600
cheese. 
They chat pleasantly about the 

1733
01:29:40,600 --> 01:29:44,300
weather and complained together 
about how expensive olive oil 

1734
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:47,300
has become. 
This is the reality of life. 

1735
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:50,800
After the Empire, The Grand 
political structures of changed.

1736
01:29:50,800 --> 01:29:55,900
But daily life continues, people
adapt, cultures blend former 

1737
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:59,100
enemies become neighbors, and 
then friends, the transformation

1738
01:29:59,100 --> 01:30:01,400
happens. 
So, gradually, that no single 

1739
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:04,900
moment marks the change. 
You buy some excellent Gothic 

1740
01:30:04,900 --> 01:30:08,200
cheese and some Roman bread. 
You eat them together and find 

1741
01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:09,700
they complement each other 
perfectly. 

1742
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:13,600
This seems like an appropriate 
metaphor for everything you have

1743
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:16,700
observed. 
Your cousin suggests you visit a

1744
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:18,600
rural estate before returning to
Rome. 

1745
01:30:18,600 --> 01:30:21,400
He knows the owner and thinks 
you would find the 

1746
01:30:21,400 --> 01:30:25,100
transformation. 
Interesting, you agree and set 

1747
01:30:25,100 --> 01:30:29,100
out the next morning. 
The Villa lies, a day's walk 

1748
01:30:29,108 --> 01:30:31,200
from Ravenna. 
The road is terrible. 

1749
01:30:31,200 --> 01:30:33,800
As expected. 
You're arrive in the afternoon 

1750
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:35,300
and stopped at the entrance 
gate. 

1751
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:39,600
The gate used to be guarded but 
now stands open, you walk 

1752
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,500
through unchallenged. 
The Villa was built two 

1753
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:44,300
centuries ago by a wealthy 
Senator. 

1754
01:30:44,300 --> 01:30:48,200
The main house is a sprawling, 
complex of rooms arranged around

1755
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:51,400
a central Courtyard. 
Mosaic's decorate. 

1756
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:54,000
The floors Fresco's cover the 
walls. 

1757
01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:58,100
The private Bath House includes 
heated pools and changing rooms.

1758
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:02,400
The whole estate screams wealth 
and sophistication or at least 

1759
01:31:02,400 --> 01:31:06,500
it used to The main house is 
still inhabited but only barely.

1760
01:31:07,300 --> 01:31:10,700
The owners family lives in about
six rooms, the rest of the 

1761
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,000
house, sits empty, and 
increasingly derelict. 

1762
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,500
Water damage is ruined. 
Many of the frescoes some of the

1763
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:20,800
roof tiles are missing the bath 
house has not been heated in 

1764
01:31:20,800 --> 01:31:23,200
years but here's the interesting
part. 

1765
01:31:24,000 --> 01:31:25,800
Where the ornamental Guardians 
used to be. 

1766
01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:27,800
There are now vegetable plot 
plots. 

1767
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:31,500
Where decorative fountains once 
played, there are now chicken 

1768
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:35,200
coops the olive Groves that 
provided oil for export. 

1769
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:37,200
Now provide food for local 
consumption. 

1770
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:40,800
The entire Villa has been 
converted from a luxury 

1771
01:31:40,800 --> 01:31:44,800
residence into a working farm. 
Even more interesting is what 

1772
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:46,300
happened to the surrounding 
estate. 

1773
01:31:47,100 --> 01:31:49,300
The land used to be worked by 
tenant farmers. 

1774
01:31:49,300 --> 01:31:51,100
Who paid rent to the Senators 
family. 

1775
01:31:52,500 --> 01:31:55,700
When the economy collapsed and 
money became scarce, the 

1776
01:31:55,700 --> 01:31:58,900
arrangement changed. 
The tenant Farmers stopped 

1777
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:02,800
paying rent in coin, and started
paying in labor and goods over 

1778
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:04,700
time. 
They built permanent homes on 

1779
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:08,000
the estate, their home's, 
cluster around the main Villa, 

1780
01:32:08,000 --> 01:32:11,600
like, chicks around a hen, your 
witnessing, the birth of a 

1781
01:32:11,600 --> 01:32:14,700
medieval manor. 
The Roman villa is becoming the 

1782
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:16,400
center of a self-sufficient, 
Village. 

1783
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:20,400
The owners family provides 
protection and organization. 

1784
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:22,900
The farmers provide labor and 
food. 

1785
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:26,000
Everyone depends on everyone 
else in ways that would have 

1786
01:32:26,008 --> 01:32:29,500
seemed strange under the old 
system, but make perfect sense 

1787
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:34,800
now The Villa owner is named 
Marcus, he's about 50 and 

1788
01:32:34,800 --> 01:32:37,700
remarkably cheerful for someone 
whose family fortune has 

1789
01:32:37,700 --> 01:32:40,500
evaporated. 
He gives you a tour and explains

1790
01:32:40,500 --> 01:32:44,900
the changes with obvious Pride. 
The estate is almost entirely 

1791
01:32:44,900 --> 01:32:47,800
self-sufficient. 
Now they grow wheat, barley, 

1792
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:51,300
vegetables and fruit. 
They raise chickens pigs and 

1793
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:53,700
sheep. 
They make their own cheese and 

1794
01:32:53,700 --> 01:32:56,100
butter. 
They weave their own cloth, they

1795
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:59,100
repair their own tools. 
They rely on the outside world 

1796
01:32:59,100 --> 01:33:03,700
for only a few essentials like 
salt and iron Marcus admits. 

1797
01:33:03,700 --> 01:33:06,700
This is not the life he imagined
when he was young, he was 

1798
01:33:06,708 --> 01:33:09,700
educated in Rome. 
He studied rhetoric and 

1799
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:12,200
philosophy. 
He expected to have a career in 

1800
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,900
Imperial Service. 
Instead, he spends his days 

1801
01:33:15,900 --> 01:33:19,100
managing crop rotations and 
mediating disputes between 

1802
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:21,800
farmers. 
But he has made peace with the 

1803
01:33:21,800 --> 01:33:24,600
change. 
He actually find satisfaction in

1804
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:28,300
the work, the estate produces 
real things that people need. 

1805
01:33:29,500 --> 01:33:32,900
Under the old system, his 
family's wealth came from rents 

1806
01:33:32,900 --> 01:33:35,400
and Investments that felt 
abstract and distant. 

1807
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:38,800
Now he can see the direct 
results of his decision. 

1808
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:43,300
The wheat grows or it does not 
heat Thrive. 

1809
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:47,300
They do not feedback is 
immediate and honest. 

1810
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:51,200
Farmers, who live on the estate.
Treat him with respect but not 

1811
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:54,600
civility. 
They need him and he needs them.

1812
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:58,600
The relationship has become more
balanced than it was under the 

1813
01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:02,000
old tenant system. 
Marcus cannot simply evict 

1814
01:34:02,000 --> 01:34:04,400
someone who displeases him, 
because he cannot replace them. 

1815
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:09,200
Labor is too scarce. 
Everyone who can work must work.

1816
01:34:09,200 --> 01:34:12,200
You spend the night in the 
Villas former guest Wing. 

1817
01:34:12,200 --> 01:34:16,600
The room is spacious, but cold 
the hippo cost heating system 

1818
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:20,500
has not functioned in decades, 
you sleep under wool blankets 

1819
01:34:20,500 --> 01:34:22,800
and wake to the sound of 
roosters crowing. 

1820
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:25,800
In the morning, you help with 
breakfast preparations. 

1821
01:34:25,800 --> 01:34:28,600
Everyone on the estate eats 
together in the main hall. 

1822
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:33,400
The meal is simple but abundant 
fresh bread cheese fruit and 

1823
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:36,600
watered wine. 
Marcus sits at the head of the 

1824
01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:39,800
long table but the arrangement 
feels more like a large family 

1825
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:41,800
gathering than a formal dining 
situation. 

1826
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:46,500
One of the farmers asks markers 
to settle a boundary dispute, 

1827
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,900
two families claim, ownership of
the same strip of land. 

1828
01:34:51,000 --> 01:34:53,800
Mark, Marcus listens to both 
sides and then walks out to look

1829
01:34:53,800 --> 01:34:57,400
at the disputed area. he 
examined the existing Stone 

1830
01:34:57,400 --> 01:35:01,500
markers and decides in favor of 
one family, the losing family 

1831
01:35:01,500 --> 01:35:03,400
grumbles, but accept his 
judgment. 

1832
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:06,700
The dispute is settled in 15 
minutes. 

1833
01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:09,900
This is Roman law. 
Operating at the most local 

1834
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:14,100
possible level, no quartz, no 
lawyers, no, written 

1835
01:35:14,100 --> 01:35:17,300
depositions. 
Just one man with traditional 

1836
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:19,200
Authority. 
Making a decision based on 

1837
01:35:19,200 --> 01:35:20,900
common sense and local 
knowledge. 

1838
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:24,500
It is both completely Roman and 
completely different from how 

1839
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:26,200
Roman law worked under the 
empire. 

1840
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:29,600
You leave The Villa in the 
afternoon with a bag of fresh 

1841
01:35:29,600 --> 01:35:33,500
apples Marcus insists. 
You take as you walk back to 

1842
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:36,100
order Ravenna, you think about 
what you have witnessed? 

1843
01:35:36,100 --> 01:35:39,100
The Roman villa system is not 
dying. 

1844
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:42,200
It is transforming into 
something new, that will 

1845
01:35:42,200 --> 01:35:46,100
eventually be called feudalism. 
The process will take centuries 

1846
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:49,900
to complete but you were seeing 
the early stages, the structures

1847
01:35:49,900 --> 01:35:54,200
remain Roman the legal Concepts,
remain Roman, but the social 

1848
01:35:54,200 --> 01:35:56,800
relationships are changing and 
fundamental ways. 

1849
01:35:56,800 --> 01:36:00,100
The future is being built from 
the materials of the past 

1850
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:03,000
arranged in new patterns that 
solve new problems. 

1851
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:07,500
On your return journey, to Rome 
you stop at a monastery, your 

1852
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:11,100
feet hurt and the monks have a 
reputation for Hospitality. 

1853
01:36:11,100 --> 01:36:14,300
They welcome you at the gate 
without asking questions. 

1854
01:36:14,300 --> 01:36:17,600
A novice shows you to the guest 
quarters and brings you bread. 

1855
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:21,200
And beer Monastery is only 30 
years old, but feels ancient. 

1856
01:36:22,100 --> 01:36:24,800
The buildings are simple. 
Stone, structures arranged 

1857
01:36:24,800 --> 01:36:28,100
around a Central Church. 
Everything is clean and well, 

1858
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:31,600
maintained the monks clearly 
take pride in their work. 

1859
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:36,700
You attend evening prayers, the 
monks singing Latin their 

1860
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:38,900
voices. 
Blend in harmonious patterns 

1861
01:36:38,900 --> 01:36:41,400
that fill the small church with 
sound. 

1862
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:45,700
The Melodies are based on older,
Roman musical forms but adapted 

1863
01:36:45,700 --> 01:36:49,700
for Christian worship, the 
result is hauntingly beautiful. 

1864
01:36:50,700 --> 01:36:53,600
After prayers, the Abbot invites
you to dine with the community 

1865
01:36:53,600 --> 01:36:57,200
the meal is vegetarian, lentil 
stew. 

1866
01:36:57,200 --> 01:37:01,000
Bread cheese, and surprisingly. 
Good wine from the monasteries 

1867
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,200
own Vineyard. 
The monks eating silence, while 

1868
01:37:04,200 --> 01:37:06,900
one of their number read aloud 
from a religious text. 

1869
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:11,100
This is new communal. 
Silent meals are not a Roman 

1870
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:13,600
tradition. 
Practice comes from desert 

1871
01:37:13,600 --> 01:37:17,900
monasticism in Egypt and Syria. 
It is to the west and been 

1872
01:37:17,900 --> 01:37:20,900
adapted to local conditions, 
your witnessing. 

1873
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,400
Another form of cultural 
blending. after dinner, the 

1874
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:27,800
Abbot shows you the monasteries 
most precious possession, the 

1875
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:32,300
library the room is small but 
every wall is lined with shells,

1876
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:37,300
the shells hold perhaps 100 
books This may not sound like 

1877
01:37:37,300 --> 01:37:39,700
much. 
But you realize, you're looking 

1878
01:37:39,700 --> 01:37:41,900
at one of the largest book 
collections in Italy. 

1879
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,100
The Abba explains that the 
monastery has made it their 

1880
01:37:45,100 --> 01:37:48,400
mission to preserve texts. 
They copy books by hand. 

1881
01:37:49,100 --> 01:37:51,900
Each month spends several hours 
per day in the scriptorium 

1882
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:53,900
creating new copies of old 
works. 

1883
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:58,000
They copy primarily religious 
texts but also classical Roman 

1884
01:37:58,000 --> 01:37:59,700
literature history and 
philosophy. 

1885
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:03,600
You examine some of the books. 
The craftsmanship is 

1886
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:06,300
extraordinary. 
The letters are perfectly 

1887
01:38:06,300 --> 01:38:09,100
formed. 
The margins are decorated with 

1888
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,600
simple but elegant designs. 
These books will last for 

1889
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:17,000
centuries if properly cared for 
funny thing is that these monks 

1890
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:19,600
are preserving Roman literature 
better than the Roman's did. 

1891
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:23,600
In the cities, old books are 
being lost through neglect, or 

1892
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:25,500
destroyed for their valuable 
parchment. 

1893
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:29,100
Here in this remote Monastery. 
Monks who never met Roman 

1894
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:31,700
Senator, a carefully copying 
Virgil and Sisterhood. 

1895
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:35,500
The app is a former Roman 
official who took holy orders 

1896
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:38,900
after his wife died. 
He understands the value of what

1897
01:38:38,900 --> 01:38:41,700
they are saving. 
He talks about the books, the 

1898
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:45,900
way other men talk about gold. 
Each volume represents thousands

1899
01:38:45,900 --> 01:38:50,000
of hours of human thought and 
creativity to lose a book is to 

1900
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:51,700
lose a piece of human knowledge 
forever. 

1901
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:56,400
Shows you the scriptorium a long
room with good light from 

1902
01:38:56,400 --> 01:39:00,000
south-facing Windows. 
A dozen monks sitted individual 

1903
01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:03,800
desks copying texts. 
They work in complete silence, 

1904
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:06,200
except for the scratching of 
pens on parchment. 

1905
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:09,700
The concentration is absolute 
one. 

1906
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:13,700
Young Monk Is copying a work. 
By Seneca, another is working on

1907
01:39:13,700 --> 01:39:17,900
the Gospel of Luke. 3 is 
creating a new copy of a 

1908
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:22,500
Botanical text by dioscorides. 
The subjects are wildly diverse 

1909
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:26,500
but the monks approached each 
text with the same careful 

1910
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:29,500
attention. 
You watch as a monk mixes Inc, 

1911
01:39:29,500 --> 01:39:34,800
he combines oak gall iron, salts
and water in precise 

1912
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:37,600
proportions. 
The recipe comes from ancient 

1913
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:41,200
Rome, the monks of preserve not 
just books but the technical 

1914
01:39:41,200 --> 01:39:44,600
knowledge needed to create them.
The Abbot mentioned that 

1915
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:47,900
monasteries are springing up all
over Europe, each follows 

1916
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:52,800
similar patterns, prayer manual,
labor study copying texts. 

1917
01:39:53,500 --> 01:39:57,300
The network is informal, but 
effective books travel from 

1918
01:39:57,300 --> 01:40:00,900
Monastery to Monastery. 
Knowledge spreads in slow, but 

1919
01:40:00,900 --> 01:40:04,000
steady waves. 
This is how Roman learning Will 

1920
01:40:04,000 --> 01:40:07,500
Survive the collapse not in 
cities, or universities, or 

1921
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:11,200
imperial libraries. 
In small monastic communities, 

1922
01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:14,500
scattered across the 
countryside, where dedicated men

1923
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:17,900
preserve texts, for reasons that
mixed religious devotion with 

1924
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:21,100
scholarly passion. 
You spend two nights at the 

1925
01:40:21,108 --> 01:40:23,600
monastery. 
The routine is soothing in its 

1926
01:40:23,600 --> 01:40:27,600
predictability. 
Prayers are set hours meals set 

1927
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:32,200
times work in between. 
The chaos of the outside world 

1928
01:40:32,200 --> 01:40:36,300
feels very far away. 
On your last evening, the Abbot 

1929
01:40:36,300 --> 01:40:39,200
gives you a gift. 
A small copy of the sarms 

1930
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:41,800
handwritten on good. 
Parchment and bound in leather. 

1931
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:45,300
He says every traveler should 
have something beautiful to 

1932
01:40:45,300 --> 01:40:48,900
remind them of moments of peace.
You accept the gift with 

1933
01:40:48,900 --> 01:40:51,400
gratitude. 
The book fits easily in your 

1934
01:40:51,408 --> 01:40:55,300
bag, it weighs almost nothing, 
but it represents everything 

1935
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:59,200
about this transitional age. 
Roman craftsmanship preserving 

1936
01:40:59,200 --> 01:41:02,600
Jewish religious texts copied by
Christian monks for a traveler 

1937
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:06,300
whose future is uncertain. 
All the threads of the ancient 

1938
01:41:06,300 --> 01:41:08,600
world are being woven into 
something new. 

1939
01:41:09,300 --> 01:41:12,800
You reach the outskirts of Rome 
after eight days of travel, your

1940
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:13,900
tired. 
But satisfied. 

1941
01:41:13,900 --> 01:41:16,600
The journey has shown you 
things. 

1942
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:20,400
You need to see As you walk 
through the city Gates, you 

1943
01:41:20,400 --> 01:41:22,800
notice something you never paid 
attention to before. 

1944
01:41:23,700 --> 01:41:25,900
People speak differently 
depending on their age and 

1945
01:41:25,908 --> 01:41:29,700
social class the Latin spoken by
the old Senator. 

1946
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:31,800
You pass on the street is formal
and complex. 

1947
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:36,100
The Latin spoken by the children
playing nearby simpler and 

1948
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:38,700
filled with words, their 
grandparents would not recognize

1949
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:42,600
languages. 
Changing Latin is slowly 

1950
01:41:42,600 --> 01:41:45,300
splitting into the various 
romance languages that will 

1951
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:49,300
eventually become Italian, 
French Spanish and Romanian. 

1952
01:41:49,300 --> 01:41:53,400
But this process will take 
centuries right now. 

1953
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:57,200
You are in the middle of it. 
The changes are noticeable but 

1954
01:41:57,200 --> 01:42:00,000
not yet extreme. 
You stopped at a bakery. 

1955
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:03,500
The bakery is wife. 
Serves you, she speaks a Latin 

1956
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:05,500
that would make a classical 
grammarian wheat. 

1957
01:42:05,500 --> 01:42:10,800
She drops case endings. 
She confuses verb tense as uses,

1958
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:13,100
vocabulary borrowed, from Gothic
and Greek. 

1959
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,100
But you understand her perfectly
and she understands you. 

1960
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:21,000
This is the real Latin. 
Not the literary language 

1961
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:23,900
preserved in books, but the 
living language spoken by 

1962
01:42:23,900 --> 01:42:27,200
Ordinary People. 
It has always been more flexible

1963
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:29,000
and practical than the formal 
version. 

1964
01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:32,900
Now, it is evolving rapidly, in 
response to new circumstances. 

1965
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,700
The baker's young daughter, 
asks, you, where you travel from

1966
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:41,200
you tell her Ravenna, She asks, 
if people there speak 

1967
01:42:41,200 --> 01:42:42,900
differently, you admit that they
do. 

1968
01:42:43,800 --> 01:42:46,700
The northern dialects already 
sound distinct from the speech 

1969
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:50,200
patterns in Rome, give it 
another few generations and they

1970
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:52,600
will be different enough to 
cause comprehension problems. 

1971
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:57,300
The girl finds this fascinating.
She asked if this means Latin is

1972
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:02,900
dying, you tell her no Latin is 
not dying, it is multiplying. 

1973
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,500
Each region is developing its 
own version adapted to local 

1974
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:08,700
needs and influenced by local 
languages. 

1975
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:11,700
All these versions are still 
Latin but they are becoming 

1976
01:43:11,700 --> 01:43:14,600
differentiated. 
Her mother laughs and says, 

1977
01:43:14,600 --> 01:43:18,200
philosophers always complicates 
simple things, people talk. 

1978
01:43:18,200 --> 01:43:21,900
However, they talk, the girl 
should not worry about it. 

1979
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:25,200
You accept this wisdom and buy 
two loaves of bread. 

1980
01:43:25,900 --> 01:43:28,600
As you walk home, you listen 
more carefully to the 

1981
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,400
conversations around, you a 
group of merchants arguing about

1982
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:35,100
prices a mother scolding her 
children. 

1983
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:38,800
Two friends discussing the 
upcoming religious Festival 

1984
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:43,600
Everyone speaks Latin but no, 
two people speak at exactly the 

1985
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:46,300
same way. 
This diversity would have 

1986
01:43:46,308 --> 01:43:49,900
bothered Roman romeria. 
They spent centuries trying to 

1987
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:52,900
standardize Latin and preserve 
its classical forums. 

1988
01:43:52,900 --> 01:43:57,300
But there are only worked for 
the educated Elite The Common 

1989
01:43:57,300 --> 01:43:59,200
People spoke however they 
wanted. 

1990
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,500
Now that the educational system 
is largely collapsed, the common

1991
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:05,200
version is taking over 
completely. 

1992
01:44:06,200 --> 01:44:08,700
You reach your apartment 
building, your neighbor is 

1993
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:10,500
sitting outside enjoying the 
evening air. 

1994
01:44:11,100 --> 01:44:14,800
She is 90 years old and has 
lived in Rome, her entire life. 

1995
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,600
Speaks a Latin that sounds 
almost archaic to your ears full

1996
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:23,200
case endings complex. 
Subordinate clauses vocabulary 

1997
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:27,200
that feels ancient. 
She asks about your trip, you 

1998
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:30,000
tell her about Ravenna and the 
Gothic Court and the monastery 

1999
01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:33,300
and the transforming Villa. 
She listens and nods. 

2000
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:37,700
She seems so many changes in her
life time that nothing surprises

2001
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:40,500
her anymore. 
She tells you that when she was 

2002
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:42,700
young, her tutor insisted she 
learned Greek. 

2003
01:44:43,500 --> 01:44:47,400
All educated Romans spoke Greek 
as well as Latin now. 

2004
01:44:47,400 --> 01:44:50,000
Almost no one bothers with Greek
anymore except monks and 

2005
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:53,200
Scholars. 
The eastern and western halves 

2006
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:55,900
of the old, Empire are drifting 
apart linguistically, as well as

2007
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:58,300
politically. 
You mentioned the monks, 

2008
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:01,100
preserving books. 
She approves strongly. 

2009
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:04,400
She learned to read as a child 
and still considers literacy. 

2010
01:45:04,400 --> 01:45:08,100
One of the greatest gifts, 
anyone can receive She worries 

2011
01:45:08,100 --> 01:45:10,000
that fewer children are learning
these days. 

2012
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:14,100
Without schools and tutors. 
Literacy is becoming a 

2013
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,200
specialized skill instead of a 
common accomplishment. 

2014
01:45:16,200 --> 01:45:21,000
This is true in your 
grandfather's time perhaps 30% 

2015
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:25,400
of urban Romans could read Now 
the number is closer to 10% and 

2016
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:29,500
falling writing is becoming a 
professional specialty, practice

2017
01:45:29,500 --> 01:45:33,800
mainly by monks and scribes. 
Your neighbor predicts that in 

2018
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:36,800
another few Generations, most 
people will not read at all. 

2019
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:40,000
They will depend entirely on 
oral transmission of 

2020
01:45:40,008 --> 01:45:44,500
information. 
Stories will be told in history 

2021
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:46,700
will be remembered in stead of 
recorded. 

2022
01:45:46,700 --> 01:45:50,500
Knowledge will be preserved in 
human memory instead of books. 

2023
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,200
She finds the sad but 
inevitable, the world is 

2024
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:57,000
changing and literacy. 
As a casualty of that change. 

2025
01:45:57,000 --> 01:45:59,800
Only the church and the 
monasteries will maintain 

2026
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,300
reading and writing skills. 
Everyone else will return to Old

2027
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:05,800
oral Traditions. 
You sit with her for a while 

2028
01:46:05,808 --> 01:46:09,200
longer as the sun sets, Over The
Old City, the conversation 

2029
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:13,100
drifts to other topics. 
The price of olive oil, the new 

2030
01:46:13,100 --> 01:46:16,300
Bishops policies, the weather 
predictions for harvest season. 

2031
01:46:17,500 --> 01:46:21,100
Later alone in your apartment. 
You think about language and 

2032
01:46:21,108 --> 01:46:25,400
change Latin Will Survive, but 
it will transform beyond 

2033
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:28,800
recognition, the books will 
survive, but only in 

2034
01:46:28,800 --> 01:46:32,300
monasteries, the oral Traditions
will strengthen as written 

2035
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:36,900
Traditions, weaken everything is
in flux, the old forms persist, 

2036
01:46:36,900 --> 01:46:40,300
but their meanings shift. 
The future is being created 

2037
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:43,900
through 10,000 small changes, 
that no one can fully perceive 

2038
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:46,800
in the moment. 
The next morning, you need to 

2039
01:46:46,808 --> 01:46:50,100
buy olive oil. 
This simple task reveals the new

2040
01:46:50,100 --> 01:46:53,700
economic reality. 
Under the old Empire, olive oil 

2041
01:46:53,700 --> 01:46:56,900
from Spain float into roam 
through well organized trade 

2042
01:46:56,900 --> 01:46:59,800
Networks. 
Ships carry bulk quantities, 

2043
01:46:59,800 --> 01:47:04,800
Merchants operated on credit, 
backed by Imperial Banks, prices

2044
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:07,200
were stable and Supply was 
reliable. 

2045
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:10,300
Now everything depends on 
personal relationships and 

2046
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:12,600
Trust. 
You go to the marketplace. 

2047
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:17,200
The vendor, you usually buy from
has no Spanish oil, he is not 

2048
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:21,000
received a shipment in six 
months, the ship still run, but 

2049
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:23,400
less frequently and with less 
predictability. 

2050
01:47:24,200 --> 01:47:28,100
He does have oil from Sicily, 
the price is higher than you 

2051
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:30,000
remember, but he assures you the
quality is good. 

2052
01:47:30,000 --> 01:47:33,200
You examine the oil, it looks 
fine. 

2053
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:37,200
You asked about his Source. 
He tells you the oil comes from 

2054
01:47:37,200 --> 01:47:41,600
his wife's cousin, who owns 
Grove's near Syracuse, Family 

2055
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:44,100
connections have replaced formal
trading companies. 

2056
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,900
If you want a reliable Supply, 
you deal with people, you know, 

2057
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:51,800
or people your family knows this
personalization of trade is 

2058
01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:55,000
happening everywhere. 
The old Imperial economy, ran on

2059
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:58,500
standardized currency, written, 
contracts, and legal 

2060
01:47:58,500 --> 01:48:01,700
enforcement, that system 
required a functioning 

2061
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:05,200
government without government 
backing merchants of return to 

2062
01:48:05,200 --> 01:48:08,800
older methods based on 
reputation and kinship You buy 

2063
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:10,700
the oil and chat with the 
vendor. 

2064
01:48:11,400 --> 01:48:14,000
He tells you trade is not dead, 
just different. 

2065
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:17,600
The big Merchant companies that 
moved Goods across the 

2066
01:48:17,600 --> 01:48:19,300
Mediterranean have mostly 
disappeared. 

2067
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:24,000
But smaller networks based on 
family and Community ties have 

2068
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:28,000
emerged to replace them gives 
you an example, his wife's 

2069
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,000
cousin in Sicily sends oil to 
roam in return. 

2070
01:48:31,000 --> 01:48:33,500
The vendor sends cloth that is 
Sister weaves. 

2071
01:48:33,500 --> 01:48:37,000
His sister gets wool from a 
Shepherd whose brother-in-law 

2072
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:40,600
works for the vendor everyone in
the network knows everyone else.

2073
01:48:41,600 --> 01:48:44,700
Trust is built on personal 
relationships, rather than legal

2074
01:48:44,700 --> 01:48:47,600
contracts. 
The system is less efficient 

2075
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,400
than the old Imperial trade net 
worth but more resilient. 

2076
01:48:51,100 --> 01:48:54,300
When one link breaks the 
network, routes around it. 

2077
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:58,800
When the supplier of one good 
becomes scarce people substitute

2078
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:02,200
alternatives. 
Flexibility matters more than 

2079
01:49:02,200 --> 01:49:05,100
optimization. 
You wander through the market 

2080
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:08,500
looking at other Goods. 
Wine from local, Vineyards is 

2081
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:11,900
replaced wine from distant 
provinces, local Pottery, has 

2082
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:15,600
replaced fine, Ceramics from 
Africa, wool and linen, from 

2083
01:49:15,600 --> 01:49:18,100
nearby states of replaced silk 
from the East. 

2084
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:20,900
The market has contracted 
geographically. 

2085
01:49:20,900 --> 01:49:23,500
Most Goods. 
Now come from, within a few 

2086
01:49:23,500 --> 01:49:28,000
days, travel long distance trade
still exists, but it focuses on 

2087
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:30,800
high-value items like spices and
pressures metals. 

2088
01:49:31,600 --> 01:49:34,200
Bulk goods are too expensive to 
transport without the 

2089
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,100
infrastructure. 
The Empire used to maintain the 

2090
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,800
merchant displays amber beads 
from the Baltic, this Amber 

2091
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:44,100
traveled, hundreds of miles, 
through networks of traders, who

2092
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:47,300
each moved. 
It one step closer to Rome, no, 

2093
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:50,500
single person, organized the 
journey, the bead simply passed 

2094
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:53,400
from hand to hand through 
existing relationships until 

2095
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:55,000
they reach their final 
destination. 

2096
01:49:56,600 --> 01:49:58,800
You asked the merchant? 
How payment works for something 

2097
01:49:58,800 --> 01:50:01,900
that travels so far? 
He explains that the Amber was 

2098
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:06,500
exchanged multiple times. 
The final price in Rome Bears 

2099
01:50:06,500 --> 01:50:09,000
little relation to what the 
original collector in the Baltic

2100
01:50:09,000 --> 01:50:11,700
received. 
Each Trader along the way added 

2101
01:50:11,700 --> 01:50:14,800
their profit margin. 
This is inefficient but it 

2102
01:50:14,800 --> 01:50:17,400
works. 
The Amber reaches customers who 

2103
01:50:17,400 --> 01:50:19,900
want it. 
The northern collectors get 

2104
01:50:19,900 --> 01:50:24,400
Goods, they need in return value
flows in multiple directions. 

2105
01:50:24,400 --> 01:50:30,000
Through networks that require no
Central coordination. the funny 

2106
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,100
thing is that this system 
resembles ancient trade patterns

2107
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:37,600
from before Rome built its 
Empire The world is not moving 

2108
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:39,700
forward into some new economic 
model. 

2109
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:43,200
It is circling back to older 
patterns that worked for 

2110
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:46,700
thousands of years before Roman 
efficiency, temporarily replaced

2111
01:50:46,700 --> 01:50:48,500
them. 
You buy some items. 

2112
01:50:48,500 --> 01:50:52,800
You need salt from the coast 
iron nails from a local 

2113
01:50:52,800 --> 01:50:56,100
blacksmith A clay lamp to 
replace one that broke. 

2114
01:50:56,900 --> 01:51:00,000
Each purchase involves a brief 
conversation about quality 

2115
01:51:00,000 --> 01:51:03,900
source and price. 
The transactions feel personal 

2116
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:07,100
in ways that shopping in the old
Imperial markets, never did. 

2117
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:11,100
On your way home, you pass the 
ruin of what used to be a grain 

2118
01:51:11,100 --> 01:51:14,800
Warehouse, the massive building 
once stored grain from Egypt to 

2119
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:17,700
feed Rome's population. 
Now it sets empty. 

2120
01:51:17,700 --> 01:51:21,200
The grain shipments from Egypt 
stopped decades ago, when the 

2121
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:23,100
Eastern Empire, stopped 
subsidizing them. 

2122
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:27,900
Rome now feeds itself from 
nearby farms, and Estates the 

2123
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:31,700
population is small enough, that
local production suffices, the 

2124
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:35,000
city has adjusted its size to 
match available resources. 

2125
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:39,300
This adjustment required, 
hardship, many people left or 

2126
01:51:39,300 --> 01:51:42,900
died when food became scarce. 
But those who remain have 

2127
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:47,300
adapted to the new reality, they
eat more locally, they waste 

2128
01:51:47,300 --> 01:51:50,100
less. 
They Garden in spaces that used 

2129
01:51:50,100 --> 01:51:53,200
to be purely ornamental. 
You reach your building and 

2130
01:51:53,200 --> 01:51:54,500
climb the stairs to your 
apartment. 

2131
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:58,100
The bag of oil is heavy. 
You bought enough to last 

2132
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:00,600
several months because you 
cannot count on finding more 

2133
01:52:00,600 --> 01:52:02,900
when you need it. 
Storage matters. 

2134
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:06,900
Now, in ways, it did not when 
Supply was reliable later, you 

2135
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:11,200
sit by your window and watch the
city trade continues markets 

2136
01:52:11,200 --> 01:52:15,700
function, people exchange goods 
and services economy has not 

2137
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:17,800
collapsed. 
It has transformed into 

2138
01:52:17,800 --> 01:52:21,800
something more, local more 
personal and more dependent on 

2139
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:26,000
trust between individuals. 
The old efficiency is gone, but 

2140
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:28,000
a different kind of stability is
emerging. 

2141
01:52:28,800 --> 01:52:31,800
You notice something odd 
happening around Rome old 

2142
01:52:31,800 --> 01:52:34,900
buildings are being dismantled 
and their materials are being 

2143
01:52:34,908 --> 01:52:39,600
reused in new construction. 
This is practical recycling, but

2144
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:42,900
it also represents a fundamental
shift in how people think about 

2145
01:52:42,900 --> 01:52:46,000
the past. 
Church is being built near your 

2146
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:48,900
apartment. 
The construction crew is pulling

2147
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:52,700
marble columns from an abandoned
Temple and installing them in 

2148
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:56,100
the new building. 
The Columns were carved 300 

2149
01:52:56,100 --> 01:53:00,000
years ago to honor Jupiter. 
Now, they will support a roof 

2150
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:03,300
over Christian worshipers. 
We watch the workers for a 

2151
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:04,700
while. 
They treat the columns 

2152
01:53:04,700 --> 01:53:07,500
carefully. 
The marble is valuable and 

2153
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:10,800
difficult to replace. 
Modern quarries, cannot produce 

2154
01:53:10,800 --> 01:53:14,400
Stone of this quality anymore. 
The technique of being partially

2155
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:16,700
lost. 
So Builders reuse what the 

2156
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:19,000
Romans made when they still had 
the skills and resources. 

2157
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:22,300
The foreman tells you this is 
happening everywhere. 

2158
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:26,000
Churches are built from 
materials scavenge from Pagan 

2159
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:28,700
temples. 
Houses are constructed from 

2160
01:53:28,700 --> 01:53:31,200
Stones taking from old 
government buildings. 

2161
01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:34,200
Garden walls. 
Incorporate fragments of 

2162
01:53:34,200 --> 01:53:38,300
scalpers, a monuments. 
Romans literally rebuilding 

2163
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:42,200
itself from its own ruin's. 
The city is becoming its own 

2164
01:53:42,200 --> 01:53:45,200
Quarry. 
Every generation takes pieces 

2165
01:53:45,200 --> 01:53:48,000
from older structures and 
incorporates them into newer 

2166
01:53:48,000 --> 01:53:50,400
ones. 
Physical matter of the city 

2167
01:53:50,400 --> 01:53:52,900
remains, but its form changes 
completely. 

2168
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:56,200
This should feel like vandalism 
but it does not. 

2169
01:53:57,000 --> 01:53:59,600
The old buildings were designed 
for purposes that no longer 

2170
01:53:59,600 --> 01:54:02,600
exists. 
No one worships Jupiter anymore.

2171
01:54:02,600 --> 01:54:07,100
So his temples serve no function
The government offices are empty

2172
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:09,500
so their buildings might as well
be useful. 

2173
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:13,300
The transformation is pragmatic 
rather than destructive. 

2174
01:54:14,200 --> 01:54:16,800
You see a house where the front 
wall, incorporates a section of 

2175
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:20,600
an old memorial stone? 
The original inscription is 

2176
01:54:20,600 --> 01:54:23,500
still visible but now it forms 
part of a private residence. 

2177
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:26,500
The past becomes literal 
building material for the 

2178
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:29,400
future. 
Some people find this disturbing

2179
01:54:29,400 --> 01:54:33,000
your neighbor. 
Who is 90 years old mentioned 

2180
01:54:33,000 --> 01:54:35,700
that she Mourns seeing the old 
monuments dispersed. 

2181
01:54:36,600 --> 01:54:39,200
She remembers when the city 
looked different when the 

2182
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:41,700
ancient structures stood intact 
and purposeful. 

2183
01:54:42,600 --> 01:54:44,700
But even she admits the ReUse 
makes sense. 

2184
01:54:45,800 --> 01:54:47,300
What good are beautiful 
buildings? 

2185
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:50,800
If they serve no function and 
cannot be maintained Better to 

2186
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:52,900
salvage. 
What can be saved and put it to 

2187
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:56,100
New Uses? 
You visit the four of them, 

2188
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:58,800
several of the old government 
buildings have been partially, 

2189
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,700
dismantled their marble facing 
have been removed. 

2190
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:05,500
Their roof tiles have been 
scavenged their foundation's 

2191
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:07,300
remained, but everything above 
ground. 

2192
01:55:07,300 --> 01:55:11,300
Level is gradually disappearing.
Within a few Generations, The 

2193
01:55:11,300 --> 01:55:15,300
Forum will be a field where 
cattle graze the grandest Civic 

2194
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:17,500
Center in the Western World will
become farmland. 

2195
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,700
This seems impossible, but you 
can see it happening in slow 

2196
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:24,000
motion. 
The Colosseum is also being 

2197
01:55:24,000 --> 01:55:26,100
slowly mined for building 
materials. 

2198
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:29,800
People, remove stones from the 
upper levels, they pry out 

2199
01:55:29,808 --> 01:55:33,000
metal, clamps that hold blocks 
together, they cut away, 

2200
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:36,100
anything useful. 
The building is so massive that 

2201
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:39,300
this process will take 
centuries, but eventually even 

2202
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:43,700
the Colosseum will be reduced to
a partial in You feel oddly calm

2203
01:55:43,700 --> 01:55:46,100
about this. 
The buildings were always just 

2204
01:55:46,100 --> 01:55:49,000
building's. 
The real Rome was the people and

2205
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:51,000
the ideas and the systems they 
created. 

2206
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:54,500
Those things are transforming 
but not disappearing. 

2207
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:58,700
The physical Stones matter less 
than what they represented the 

2208
01:55:58,700 --> 01:56:01,200
same time you recognize 
something as being lost. 

2209
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:04,600
Future Generations will not see 
what you have seen. 

2210
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,100
They will not walk among intact 
temples and monuments. 

2211
01:56:08,100 --> 01:56:12,000
They will inherit a different 
city built from fragments of the

2212
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:15,500
one, you know? 
You pass a construction site, 

2213
01:56:15,500 --> 01:56:17,500
where wealthy family is building
a new house. 

2214
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:21,600
The design is interesting. 
It combines Roman architectural 

2215
01:56:21,600 --> 01:56:24,700
principles with new ideas. 
The floor plan follows 

2216
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:27,700
traditional patterns, the 
building techniques are Roman 

2217
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:32,400
but the decoration shows 
influences from gothic art, The 

2218
01:56:32,400 --> 01:56:35,500
mosaics include Christian 
symbols mixed with classical 

2219
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,100
motifs. 
The house represents the same 

2220
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:39,900
kind of blending, you have seen 
elsewhere. 

2221
01:56:40,700 --> 01:56:45,000
Roman forms filled with new 
content old techniques, apply to

2222
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:48,100
new purposes. 
The past and future merge into a

2223
01:56:48,108 --> 01:56:49,800
present. 
That feels transitional. 

2224
01:56:50,800 --> 01:56:52,500
Stones. 
Do not care what they support 

2225
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:54,600
columns. 
Hold up, roofs. 

2226
01:56:54,600 --> 01:56:58,600
Whether those roof shelter 
temples, or churches, marble 

2227
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:01,900
decorates walls, whether those 
walls surround Pagan shrines or 

2228
01:57:01,900 --> 01:57:05,200
Christian homes? 
The materials remain constant 

2229
01:57:05,200 --> 01:57:06,800
while their meaning shift 
completely. 

2230
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:10,500
You think about the monks 
copying books and the stones 

2231
01:57:10,500 --> 01:57:13,900
being recycled, both represent 
preservation through 

2232
01:57:13,900 --> 01:57:18,500
transformation, the words of 
veve by being Rewritten, the 

2233
01:57:18,500 --> 01:57:21,300
building survived by being 
disassembled and rebuilt. 

2234
01:57:22,200 --> 01:57:26,100
Nothing stays exactly the same 
but nothing is entirely lost 

2235
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:29,100
either. 
This is how civilizations work. 

2236
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:34,100
They do not end cleanly, they 
evolve continuously The new is 

2237
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:37,800
always built from a piece of the
old arranged in patterns that 

2238
01:57:37,800 --> 01:57:41,700
solve current problems rather 
than passed, once you decide to 

2239
01:57:41,700 --> 01:57:45,200
improve your education, this 
sound in a collapsing Empire, 

2240
01:57:45,200 --> 01:57:49,100
but you have time and curiosity.
You find a tutor who teaches 

2241
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:51,900
rhetoric and grammar in the 
traditional Roman Style. 

2242
01:57:52,500 --> 01:57:54,300
The tutor turns out to be a 
vandal. 

2243
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:58,000
His name is Hill Derek. 
He was born in North Africa 

2244
01:57:58,000 --> 01:58:01,200
where the vandals established 
their Kingdom after Crossing 

2245
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,300
from Spain. 
He came to Rome as a young man 

2246
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,300
to study, he liked the city of 
stayed. 

2247
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:10,400
Now he earns his living 
teaching, Romans the classical 

2248
01:58:10,400 --> 01:58:12,500
education. 
He learned from Roman teachers 

2249
01:58:12,500 --> 01:58:17,800
in Carthage, This is hilarious 
in multiple ways a barbarian 

2250
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:21,900
teaching, Romans how to be Roman
a member of the tribe that 

2251
01:58:21,900 --> 01:58:26,400
sacked, Rome teaching rhetoric, 
a vandal preserving classical 

2252
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:28,400
learning that many Romans have 
abandoned. 

2253
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:33,100
Hildreth finds the irony 
amusing, he mentioned it during 

2254
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:36,300
your first lesson. 
He says the vandals value, Roman

2255
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:39,600
culture more than the Roman's do
because they had to work harder 

2256
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:42,500
to acquire it. 
Romans take their Heritage for 

2257
01:58:42,500 --> 01:58:46,200
granted vandals and Goths and 
other barbarians choose. 

2258
01:58:46,200 --> 01:58:50,000
It deliberately his teaching 
style is rigorously traditional 

2259
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:54,500
you read, Cicero and Virgil you 
practice writing in the periodic

2260
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:58,100
style, you'll learn rhetorical 
devices and grammatical rules. 

2261
01:58:58,100 --> 01:59:01,500
Everything is exactly as it 
would have been taught a century

2262
01:59:01,508 --> 01:59:05,700
ago, you asked killed Rick, why 
he bothers Classical education 

2263
01:59:05,700 --> 01:59:09,600
has limited practical value. 
Now most people do not care 

2264
01:59:09,600 --> 01:59:12,200
about rhetoric. 
You could earn more money doing 

2265
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:15,400
almost anything else. 
He considers the question 

2266
01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:18,100
carefully. 
He says he teaches because 

2267
01:59:18,100 --> 01:59:21,900
civilization is more than 
buildings and laws, it is a set 

2268
01:59:21,908 --> 01:59:24,600
of ideas transmitted through 
language and education. 

2269
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:27,800
If the ideas are lost, then Rome
is truly dead. 

2270
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:31,600
Regardless of what happens to 
the stones and structures By 

2271
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:35,500
teaching you Cicero, he is 
preserving, not just a text, but

2272
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:39,200
a way of thinking. 
By insisting on proper grammar, 

2273
01:59:39,200 --> 01:59:42,400
he's maintaining standards of 
precision and clarity. 

2274
01:59:43,300 --> 01:59:46,900
By drilling you in rhetoric, he 
is keeping alive the notion that

2275
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:49,400
language matters and can be 
crafted with care. 

2276
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,700
You have other students in the 
class, two young Romans from 

2277
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:57,200
families, that still value 
educational, one is a Gothic 

2278
01:59:57,200 --> 01:59:59,200
woman who wants to read 
classical literature. 

2279
01:59:59,200 --> 02:00:02,700
One is a former soldier who 
decided learning his more 

2280
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:06,100
interesting than fighting, The 
class meets three times a week. 

2281
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,700
He'll direct teaches in Latin 
but occasionally lapses into 

2282
02:00:09,700 --> 02:00:11,800
Vandal. 
When he gets excited about a 

2283
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:13,300
particularly good passage from 
Virgil. 

2284
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:16,900
No one complains. 
You all understand enough Latin 

2285
02:00:16,900 --> 02:00:19,700
to follow the lessons. 
One day, Hildreth brings a 

2286
02:00:19,700 --> 02:00:22,800
manuscript to acquired. 
It is a copy of cellists his 

2287
02:00:22,800 --> 02:00:25,500
history. 
The manuscript is old and the 

2288
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:29,700
parchment is deteriorating. 
Hildreth copied the entire text 

2289
02:00:29,700 --> 02:00:32,700
himself, because he worries, the
original will not survive much 

2290
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:35,300
longer. 
He shows you his copy, the 

2291
02:00:35,300 --> 02:00:38,400
handwriting is clear and 
careful, he corrected obvious 

2292
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:41,200
errors in the original. 
He had added marginal notes, 

2293
02:00:41,200 --> 02:00:44,400
explaining obscure references, 
he treated the work with 

2294
02:00:44,400 --> 02:00:47,500
scholarly respect. 
This Vandal Barbarian has 

2295
02:00:47,500 --> 02:00:49,200
preserved. 
A piece of Roman history. 

2296
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:51,000
That Romans might have let 
disappear. 

2297
02:00:52,000 --> 02:00:56,000
The situation feels backwards. 
But it also makes perfect sense.

2298
02:00:56,000 --> 02:00:59,800
People who chose a culture 
often, appreciate it more than 

2299
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:03,400
people who inherit it passively 
Your lessons can continue 

2300
02:01:03,400 --> 02:01:07,000
through the winter, you read, 
write and discuss. 

2301
02:01:07,900 --> 02:01:10,500
Hildreth assigns essays on 
classical themes. 

2302
02:01:10,500 --> 02:01:14,400
You struggle with the complex 
sentence structures, but improve

2303
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:17,800
gradually. 
One evening, Hillary Clinton's, 

2304
02:01:17,800 --> 02:01:19,400
the whole class to his home for 
dinner. 

2305
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:21,800
His house is modest, but 
comfortable. 

2306
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,000
His wife is Roman. 
She serves a meal. 

2307
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:27,000
That mixes Roman and Vandal 
dishes. 

2308
02:01:27,000 --> 02:01:30,000
You eat Roman bread with Vandal 
smoked fish. 

2309
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:32,600
The combination is unusual but 
delicious. 

2310
02:01:33,500 --> 02:01:36,400
After dinner hildreth's wife 
tells stories about growing up, 

2311
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:39,300
in Rome, she remembers. 
When the city was more crowded 

2312
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:42,300
and prosperous. 
She also remembers constant, 

2313
02:01:42,300 --> 02:01:45,600
political instability and 
violence. she says, the current 

2314
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:47,800
situation is actually more 
peaceful than what she 

2315
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:51,300
experienced as child, her 
perspective surprises. 

2316
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,400
You, you tend to think of the 
past as a golden age and the 

2317
02:01:54,408 --> 02:01:58,000
present has decline, but she 
lived through that past and 

2318
02:01:58,000 --> 02:02:01,300
found its stressful. 
The present may be poorer, but 

2319
02:02:01,300 --> 02:02:04,400
it is karma. 
Hildreth raises his cup and 

2320
02:02:04,408 --> 02:02:07,600
toasts to learning across 
boundaries, Romans and 

2321
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:12,900
barbarians studying together. 
The older new mixing freely, the

2322
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:15,800
future is being created by 
people who refused to let 

2323
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:18,200
knowledge die. 
You drink to that. 

2324
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:22,000
The wine is good. 
The company's Pleasant you 

2325
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:24,300
realize that Civilization is not
a fixed thing. 

2326
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:27,600
Passed down in tacked from 
generation to generation. 

2327
02:02:27,600 --> 02:02:31,800
It is something recreated 
continuously by people who care 

2328
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:34,800
enough to preserve it and adapt 
it and pass it forward. 

2329
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:37,300
Hildreth. 
The Vandal is doing more for 

2330
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:39,300
Roman civilization than many 
Romans. 

2331
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:42,600
This fact would have astonished 
people a century ago. 

2332
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:46,700
But it makes perfect sense. 
Now, Autumn arrives and you help

2333
02:02:46,700 --> 02:02:48,900
with the grain Harvest everyone 
helped. 

2334
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,600
The distinction between City 
dweller and farmer has blurred. 

2335
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:56,300
If you want to eat, you need to 
participate in food production 

2336
02:02:56,300 --> 02:02:59,100
at some level. 
The Harvest takes place on a 

2337
02:02:59,100 --> 02:03:02,400
states around, you join a group 
walking out to one of the larger

2338
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,300
Villas, the owner agreed to feed
everyone who helps bring in the 

2339
02:03:05,308 --> 02:03:08,600
grain. 
This is a fair exchange, your 

2340
02:03:08,600 --> 02:03:12,900
labor, for a share of the food. 
The work is hard, but social 40 

2341
02:03:12,900 --> 02:03:16,100
people spread across the field. 
With sickles, you cut grain 

2342
02:03:16,100 --> 02:03:19,400
stalks and bundle them into 
sheaves your back aches. 

2343
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:21,100
After the first hour, but you 
keep going. 

2344
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:25,000
Everyone keeps going the work 
must be finished before rain 

2345
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:28,100
comes the atmosphere is 
cheerful, despite the labor 

2346
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:30,000
people. 
Sing while they work. 

2347
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,900
Old Romans songs, mixed with 
newer ones, borrowed from Gothic

2348
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,400
or garlic Traditions, The 
Melodies blend together in 

2349
02:03:37,400 --> 02:03:39,800
Pleasant harmonies. 
A woman working. 

2350
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:43,000
Next to your explains at this 
communal approach to harvest is 

2351
02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:47,000
becoming standard Individual 
families, cannot manage the work

2352
02:03:47,000 --> 02:03:49,600
alone. 
So everyone calls labor and 

2353
02:03:49,600 --> 02:03:52,300
shares the results. 
It is more efficient to more 

2354
02:03:52,300 --> 02:03:54,200
enjoyable. 
You break for lunch. 

2355
02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:58,500
The Villa owner staff brings 
bread cheese and watered wine 

2356
02:03:58,500 --> 02:04:03,300
everyone sits in the shade meets
together the owner himself sits 

2357
02:04:03,300 --> 02:04:06,800
with the workers There is no 
formal separation between 

2358
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:10,400
classes during Harvest. 
Everyone is equally necessary. 

2359
02:04:11,600 --> 02:04:13,500
After lunch, you returned to 
cutting grain. 

2360
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:17,600
After noon is hot, but a breeze 
makes it bearable, you fall into

2361
02:04:17,600 --> 02:04:21,600
a rhythm cut bundle and stack, 
cut bundle stack. 

2362
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:26,300
The repetitive motion becomes 
almost meditative by evening. 

2363
02:04:26,300 --> 02:04:29,400
The field is cleared. 
The grain stands in neat. 

2364
02:04:29,400 --> 02:04:30,700
Stacks. 
Ready for threshing? 

2365
02:04:30,700 --> 02:04:34,900
Everyone is exhausted. 
But satisfied, you accomplished.

2366
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:38,800
Something tangible and 
important, the city will eat 

2367
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:40,700
this winter because of today's 
work. 

2368
02:04:41,500 --> 02:04:45,100
The owner announces that dinner 
will be served long tables are 

2369
02:04:45,100 --> 02:04:48,500
set up in the Villa Courtyard. 
The meal is simple but generous 

2370
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:54,000
roasted vegetables, bread beans,
and more wine you eat until you 

2371
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:57,200
are full. 
After dinner, someone produces a

2372
02:04:57,200 --> 02:05:00,200
flute music. 
Starts a few people. 

2373
02:05:00,200 --> 02:05:02,800
Begin dancing. 
You watch from the edge of the 

2374
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:05,800
courtyard, too tired to move but
happy to observe. 

2375
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:10,200
This is not how things worked 
under the old Empire back then 

2376
02:05:10,200 --> 02:05:13,400
agricultural, labor was 
performed by slaves or tenant 

2377
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:16,700
farmers. 
Freezers avoided manual work. 

2378
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:19,700
Social classes remain strictly 
separated. 

2379
02:05:19,700 --> 02:05:23,300
Now everyone works everyone eats
together. 

2380
02:05:24,100 --> 02:05:26,300
The old hierarchies are 
weakening under economic 

2381
02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:31,700
pressure. when labor is scarce, 
it gains value when food is 

2382
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:35,800
precious those who produce it 
gain status, You sleep in the 

2383
02:05:35,808 --> 02:05:38,500
Villas Barn, along with dozens 
of other Harvest workers. 

2384
02:05:38,500 --> 02:05:41,200
The accommodations are basic but
adequate. 

2385
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:45,100
Hey provides padding, blankets, 
provide warmth. 

2386
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:47,900
You're so tired that Comfort 
hardly matters. 

2387
02:05:48,700 --> 02:05:50,300
In the morning, you help with 
threshing. 

2388
02:05:50,300 --> 02:05:53,700
The grain sheaves are spread on 
a stone floor and beaten with 

2389
02:05:53,700 --> 02:05:56,600
flails. 
The rhythmic pounding creates a 

2390
02:05:56,600 --> 02:06:00,500
steady beat Someone starts 
singing in the work becomes 

2391
02:06:00,500 --> 02:06:03,500
synchronized with the music. 
This communal labor will 

2392
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:07,300
continue through the week 
threshing winnowing and backing 

2393
02:06:07,300 --> 02:06:10,400
the grain everyone who helps 
will receive a share. 

2394
02:06:10,400 --> 02:06:14,100
The Villa owner will keep a 
larger portion but everyone gets

2395
02:06:14,100 --> 02:06:17,200
something. 
The system is fair enough, it 

2396
02:06:17,200 --> 02:06:20,700
rewards participation it 
distributes food based on 

2397
02:06:20,708 --> 02:06:23,600
contribution. 
It creates bonds between people 

2398
02:06:23,600 --> 02:06:25,500
who might otherwise have little 
in common. 

2399
02:06:26,200 --> 02:06:30,000
You think about how Rome used to
feed itself grain from Egypt and

2400
02:06:30,000 --> 02:06:32,900
Africa? 
Ships bringing bulk supplies 

2401
02:06:32,900 --> 02:06:36,700
government distribution to 
citizens The system was 

2402
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,800
efficient but fragile it. 
Required infrastructure 

2403
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:42,200
organization and political 
stability. 

2404
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:46,100
The current system is less 
efficient, but more robust. 

2405
02:06:46,700 --> 02:06:50,800
If one Harvest fails people can 
turn to another estate, if one 

2406
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:55,000
region has problems, other 
regions can help the network is 

2407
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:58,700
decentralized and flexible. 
You finish your work and receive

2408
02:06:58,700 --> 02:07:02,000
your share of grain enough to 
last your household, two months,

2409
02:07:02,000 --> 02:07:05,300
if you use carefully. 
You thank the owner and begin 

2410
02:07:05,300 --> 02:07:08,600
the walk back to Rome. 
On the road, you talk with other

2411
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:12,400
workers, they discuss whether 
predictions planting plans for 

2412
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:15,000
next season and the quality of 
this year's Harvest. 

2413
02:07:16,200 --> 02:07:18,800
The conversations are revealed 
deep knowledge of Agriculture 

2414
02:07:18,800 --> 02:07:21,300
that Romans used to consider 
beneath their dignity. 

2415
02:07:22,400 --> 02:07:25,800
Times of change, knowledge of 
farming is now valuable 

2416
02:07:25,800 --> 02:07:28,800
practical skills, matter more 
than classical education. 

2417
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:33,900
You can quote Virgil, but you 
can also cut grain and you know 

2418
02:07:33,908 --> 02:07:37,500
which skill keeps you alive, a 
religious Festival approaches. 

2419
02:07:37,500 --> 02:07:41,700
The celebration Blends Christian
and older traditions in ways 

2420
02:07:41,700 --> 02:07:44,900
that would confuse a strict 
Theologian, but make perfect 

2421
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:48,800
sense to Ordinary People. 
The festival supposedly on as a 

2422
02:07:48,800 --> 02:07:52,700
Christian martyr but the date 
coincides with an older, Roman 

2423
02:07:52,700 --> 02:07:56,200
agricultural celebration, the 
activities include both 

2424
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:58,900
Christian prayers and rituals 
that have Roots going back. 

2425
02:07:58,900 --> 02:08:02,900
Centuries before Christianity 
arrived, you attend the festival

2426
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,300
because everyone attends the 
event combines worship 

2427
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:10,600
socializing and entertainment. 
The whole Community gathers, 

2428
02:08:10,600 --> 02:08:12,600
regardless of their specific 
beliefs. 

2429
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:16,700
The day begins with a church 
service, the bishop leads 

2430
02:08:16,700 --> 02:08:19,300
prayers and gives a sermon about
the martyrs courage. 

2431
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,400
The story is inspiring, the 
Martyr refused to worship pagan 

2432
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:28,600
gods and died for his faith. 
His example, teachers that 

2433
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:30,400
principles matter more than 
comfort. 

2434
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:33,700
After the service, people moved 
to the town square. 

2435
02:08:34,500 --> 02:08:37,500
Vendor set up stalls, selling 
food and small Goods. 

2436
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:42,600
Musicians perform children run 
around playing games, the 

2437
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:46,200
atmosphere shifts from solemn 
worship to cheerful celebration.

2438
02:08:47,000 --> 02:08:49,200
You buy roasted chestnuts from a
vendor. 

2439
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:51,200
The chestnuts are hot and 
delicious. 

2440
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:55,200
You chat with the vendor about 
whether and crops he is 

2441
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:57,500
cautiously optimistic about the 
coming winter. 

2442
02:08:58,500 --> 02:09:00,100
Food Supplies. 
Seem adequate. 

2443
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,700
A procession forms, people carry
a statue of the Martyr through 

2444
02:09:04,708 --> 02:09:08,100
the streets, the procession 
follows a route that happens to 

2445
02:09:08,100 --> 02:09:12,300
pass several locations that were
sacred in pre-christian times. 

2446
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:17,200
This is not accidental, the 
church wisely incorporates older

2447
02:09:17,200 --> 02:09:19,400
sacred geography into new 
practices. 

2448
02:09:20,200 --> 02:09:23,900
Music accompanies. 
The procession Christian hymns 

2449
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:26,200
mixed with older Melodies that 
your grandmother would 

2450
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:29,900
recognize. 
A blending feels natural the 

2451
02:09:29,900 --> 02:09:33,100
distinction between Christian 
and pre-christian is less clear 

2452
02:09:33,100 --> 02:09:37,000
in practice than in theory. 
You join the procession? 

2453
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,400
Walking together creates a sense
of community, your part of 

2454
02:09:41,400 --> 02:09:45,000
something larger than yourself. 
This feeling was important to 

2455
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:47,600
Romans in the old Empire and 
remains important now. 

2456
02:09:48,400 --> 02:09:52,300
The procession ends at a church.
The bishop offers final prayers.

2457
02:09:52,300 --> 02:09:55,600
He thanks God for the Harvest 
and ask for protection during 

2458
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:58,600
winter. 
Everyone says amen together. 

2459
02:09:59,400 --> 02:10:02,200
The unified response. 
Creates a powerful moment of 

2460
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:05,500
shared purpose after the 
religious portion ends. 

2461
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:09,500
The Real Party begins tables are
set up for a communal, Feast 

2462
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:11,700
every family brings food to 
share. 

2463
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:16,000
The result is an enormous spread
of dishes representing every 

2464
02:10:16,000 --> 02:10:18,800
household in the community. 
You can contribute bread and 

2465
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:20,200
cheese. 
Others. 

2466
02:10:20,200 --> 02:10:22,900
Bring vegetables meet fish fruit
and wine. 

2467
02:10:22,900 --> 02:10:25,900
The variety is impressive 
considering how limited 

2468
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:29,000
resources are. 
People have saved and prepared 

2469
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:31,800
for this event, the meal is 
wonderfully chaotic. 

2470
02:10:31,800 --> 02:10:36,100
Everyone eats from shared 
platters conversations overlap, 

2471
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:40,100
children, run between tables, 
stealing treats old people tell 

2472
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:44,500
stories, young people flirt and 
laugh, the festival creates 

2473
02:10:44,500 --> 02:10:46,600
space for every kind of social 
interaction. 

2474
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:51,900
He sit with a mixed group Romans
and Goths old and young, rich 

2475
02:10:51,900 --> 02:10:54,800
and poor. 
The festival erases normal. 

2476
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:58,200
Boundaries for one day, everyone
is simply a member of the 

2477
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:02,100
community celebrating together. 
Someone proposes a toast to the 

2478
02:11:02,108 --> 02:11:06,500
Martyr everyone raises cups then
someone else proposes a toast to

2479
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:11,200
the Harvest more cups arrays, 
then toasted a health piece 

2480
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:15,000
friendship and anything else 
people can think of the wine 

2481
02:11:15,000 --> 02:11:18,100
flows. 
Freely, as evening, approaches 

2482
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:21,800
dancing Begins, the dancers are 
traditional Roman patterns, that

2483
02:11:21,800 --> 02:11:25,900
everyone knows Simple Circle, 
dances and line dances that 

2484
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:30,100
require no special skill. 
The point is participation not 

2485
02:11:30,100 --> 02:11:33,900
performance. 
You join the dancing, the 

2486
02:11:33,900 --> 02:11:35,700
movements are easy and 
repetitive. 

2487
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:39,900
The music is Lively, you dance 
until you're out of breath and 

2488
02:11:39,900 --> 02:11:43,200
laughing around you. 
The whole Community moves 

2489
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:47,100
together in Rhythm. 
This is civilization not marble 

2490
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:51,800
buildings or complex laws this 
shared celebration this coming 

2491
02:11:51,800 --> 02:11:55,300
together this creation of 
community Through ritual and 

2492
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:59,000
feast and dance. 
The old Empire had Grand 

2493
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:01,000
architecture, and a 
sophisticated government. 

2494
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:05,900
It also had festivals like this.
The architecture is crumbling 

2495
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:11,200
and the government is gone. 
But the festivals continue, they

2496
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,400
adapt and change. 
But they persist because people 

2497
02:12:14,400 --> 02:12:16,900
need them. 
You leave the Fest of all as 

2498
02:12:16,900 --> 02:12:20,100
Darkness, Falls torches, like 
your way home. 

2499
02:12:20,100 --> 02:12:23,700
You can hear music and laughter 
continuing behind you. 

2500
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:25,800
The party will go on for hours. 
Yet. 

2501
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:29,200
In your apartment you reflect on
what you experienced. 

2502
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:34,600
Festival was Christian in name, 
but Roman in structure and mixed

2503
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:38,100
in practice. 
Church as not destroyed older 

2504
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:41,400
Traditions, it has absorbed them
and give them new. 

2505
02:12:41,400 --> 02:12:45,000
Meaning, this is how cultures 
really change not through 

2506
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:48,100
dramatic breaks, but through 
gradual Incorporation. 

2507
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:51,900
The new takes the shell of the 
old and fills it with different 

2508
02:12:51,900 --> 02:12:55,200
content. 
Forms remain familiar even as 

2509
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:58,300
their significant shifts. 
You fall asleep, thinking about 

2510
02:12:58,300 --> 02:13:02,100
continuity and transformation. 
The two are not opposites. 

2511
02:13:02,100 --> 02:13:05,600
They are Partners in the endless
process of human adaptation. 

2512
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:07,700
Winter. 
Settles over Rome. 

2513
02:13:07,700 --> 02:13:11,300
The days are short and cold. 
You spend evenings by your small

2514
02:13:11,300 --> 02:13:14,700
Brazier, trying to stay warm. 
The apartment is never quite 

2515
02:13:14,700 --> 02:13:17,400
comfortable, but it is better 
than being outside. 

2516
02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:21,700
One night, you cannot sleep. 
You wrap yourself in blankets 

2517
02:13:21,700 --> 02:13:23,800
and sit by the window. 
Looking out at the city. 

2518
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:28,400
The moon is full and bright, the
old buildings cast sharp 

2519
02:13:28,400 --> 02:13:31,600
Shadows, everything looks silver
and black. 

2520
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,400
You think about all the changes 
you've witnessed the shrinking 

2521
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:38,600
population? 
The abandoned building's the new

2522
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:42,800
powers arise in the blending of 
cultures, the transformation of 

2523
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:45,400
everything familiar into 
something stranger yet, 

2524
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:48,600
recognizable. 
For the first time, you truly 

2525
02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:52,300
understand that the Roman Empire
is gone, not gone in the sense 

2526
02:13:52,300 --> 02:13:55,800
of completely vanished gone in 
the sense that it has become 

2527
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,800
something else. 
Entirely the Chrysalis is split 

2528
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:00,700
open and something new is 
emerging. 

2529
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:04,200
This realization makes you feel 
unmoored. 

2530
02:14:04,200 --> 02:14:07,500
Your whole identity was built on
being Roman. 

2531
02:14:08,200 --> 02:14:11,700
But what does that mean now? 
The old definitions no longer 

2532
02:14:11,708 --> 02:14:14,700
apply the Empire. 
You were taught to honor exist. 

2533
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:17,900
Only in memory and books yet, 
you are still here. 

2534
02:14:17,900 --> 02:14:22,700
The city is still here, the 
language is still here, the laws

2535
02:14:22,700 --> 02:14:25,400
and customs and ways of thinking
are still here. 

2536
02:14:25,400 --> 02:14:30,600
They have changed but they 
persist maybe being Roman means 

2537
02:14:30,600 --> 02:14:32,800
something different now than it 
did a century ago. 

2538
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:37,300
You think about Hildreth the 
Vandal teaching rhetoric about 

2539
02:14:37,300 --> 02:14:41,500
theodoric, the goth ruling from 
a Roman Throne about the bishop 

2540
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:46,200
organizing Social Services about
the monks copying books about 

2541
02:14:46,200 --> 02:14:49,600
Farmers sharing harvests. 
None of these things would have 

2542
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,600
happened under the old Empire 
yet all of them preserve, 

2543
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:57,100
something essentially Roman. 
Even while transforming it Maybe

2544
02:14:57,100 --> 02:15:00,300
civilization is not a fixed 
thing passed down on changed. 

2545
02:15:00,300 --> 02:15:04,300
Maybe it is a conversation 
across Generations, each age 

2546
02:15:04,300 --> 02:15:07,700
receives what the previous age, 
created and then adapt it to 

2547
02:15:07,700 --> 02:15:09,800
current needs before passing it 
Forward again. 

2548
02:15:10,700 --> 02:15:13,800
The moon moves across the sky. 
The shadows shift. 

2549
02:15:13,800 --> 02:15:17,300
You remain at your window, 
thinking about continuity and 

2550
02:15:17,300 --> 02:15:19,700
change. 
In the morning things will look 

2551
02:15:19,700 --> 02:15:22,200
the same. 
As always you will buy bread and

2552
02:15:22,200 --> 02:15:24,200
chat with neighbors and go about
your business. 

2553
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:28,800
The dramatic thoughts of a 
sleepless night will fade life 

2554
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:33,400
will resume its normal patterns.
But something has shifted in 

2555
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:37,200
your understanding. you see now 
that you live in a transitional 

2556
02:15:37,200 --> 02:15:42,200
moment, The old world is dying, 
but slowly, the new world is 

2557
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:46,300
being born, but gradually. 
Most people do not even notice 

2558
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,300
because the changes happen 
across decades and generations. 

2559
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:52,500
Your fortunate to recognize what
is happening. 

2560
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:55,600
This awareness will not change 
your daily life. 

2561
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:59,600
You will still need to eat and 
find work and maintain shelter. 

2562
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:02,800
But it gives meaning to the 
small Transformations. 

2563
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:07,700
You observe every Gothic word 
entering every church is built 

2564
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:11,000
from Temple Stones. 
Every Villa is becoming a 

2565
02:16:11,000 --> 02:16:13,700
village. 
Every Monk Is copying a book. 

2566
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:18,500
Every Harvest was shared 
communally These are not random 

2567
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:20,900
events. 
They are pizzas of a larger 

2568
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:23,400
pattern that will become clear 
only in retrospect. 

2569
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:27,800
You finally feel sleepy. 
You return to your bed and pull 

2570
02:16:27,800 --> 02:16:31,700
the blankets tight outside, the 
city, sleeps under Moonlight, 

2571
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:35,100
the old walls stand, as they 
have stood for centuries. 

2572
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:39,600
The new churches, rest in 
darkness, Future Waits patiently

2573
02:16:39,600 --> 02:16:44,600
to unfold spring arrives with 
unexpected, warmth, the flowers 

2574
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:48,700
bloom, early the farmers predict
a good growing season, hope 

2575
02:16:48,700 --> 02:16:50,600
feels possible after the long 
cold winter. 

2576
02:16:50,600 --> 02:16:54,600
You decide to plant a garden a 
small plot behind your building 

2577
02:16:54,600 --> 02:16:57,799
has sat unused for years. 
You claim it and begin 

2578
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:00,600
preparing, the soil, the work is
harder than expected. 

2579
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:03,500
The ground is packed, hard and 
full of rocks. 

2580
02:17:03,500 --> 02:17:06,200
Your neighbor sees you working 
and offers advice. 

2581
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:09,299
She grew vegetables. 
When she was younger, she 

2582
02:17:09,299 --> 02:17:12,500
teaches you about soil 
preparation and planting times 

2583
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:15,400
you listen carefully, and follow
her instructions. 

2584
02:17:16,500 --> 02:17:20,000
Over several weeks, you create a
functioning, Guardian beans, 

2585
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:23,299
onions, lettuce and herbs. 
The plants are small, but 

2586
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:26,500
healthy, you water them every 
evening and watch them grow. 

2587
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,799
This is new for you. 
Romans of your class, 

2588
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:33,600
traditionally did not Garden. 
That was work for farmers and 

2589
02:17:33,600 --> 02:17:36,700
slaves, but class, distinctions 
mean, less. 

2590
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,400
Now, everyone does what needs to
be done? 

2591
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:41,900
You find satisfaction in the 
work. 

2592
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:46,200
The garden responds to care for 
watering and weeding produced 

2593
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:49,200
visible results. 
You feel connected to the Earth 

2594
02:17:49,200 --> 02:17:51,000
in ways you never experienced 
before. 

2595
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:54,700
Other people in your building, 
notice the garden and ask. 

2596
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:58,799
If they can help you agree, the 
garden becomes a communal 

2597
02:17:58,799 --> 02:18:01,500
project. 
Several families, contribute, 

2598
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:03,600
labor, and everyone shares the 
Harvest. 

2599
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:07,799
This small cooperation reveals 
how Society is reorganizing 

2600
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:11,799
itself people form voluntary 
associations based on Mutual 

2601
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:14,500
benefit? 
The old hierarchies based on 

2602
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:18,299
class and Status are being 
replaced by networks based on 

2603
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:22,799
reciprocity and Trust. 
Your garden thrives by early 

2604
02:18:22,799 --> 02:18:26,700
summer, your harvesting lettuce 
and beans the produces fresh and

2605
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:29,000
delicious. 
You eat better than you have in 

2606
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:31,799
months the garden all. 
So becomes a social Center 

2607
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:35,799
neighbor stopped by to check on 
the plants conversations happen 

2608
02:18:35,799 --> 02:18:38,400
naturally. 
You learn things about people 

2609
02:18:38,400 --> 02:18:41,100
who have lived in your building 
for years, but whom you barely 

2610
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:44,500
knew before. 
One neighbor is a widow who used

2611
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:48,200
to work as a seamstress, another
is a former soldier who lost his

2612
02:18:48,200 --> 02:18:51,500
leg in battle. 
Third is a young couple with two

2613
02:18:51,500 --> 02:18:54,299
children. 
They all have stories and skills

2614
02:18:54,299 --> 02:18:57,500
and knowledge to share the 
garden creates opportunities. 

2615
02:18:57,500 --> 02:19:01,299
For exchange, the seamstress 
repairs, your cloak in return 

2616
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,900
for vegetables. 
Former Soldier teaches you how 

2617
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:09,000
to sharpen tools, the young 
couple helps with heavy work in 

2618
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:10,700
exchange, for a share of the 
Harvest. 

2619
02:19:11,700 --> 02:19:14,100
These informal barter 
arrangements are becoming the 

2620
02:19:14,108 --> 02:19:17,600
foundation of the local economy.
Money is scarce. 

2621
02:19:17,600 --> 02:19:20,600
So people trade goods and 
services directly. 

2622
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:25,100
System works because everyone 
has something to offer and 

2623
02:19:25,100 --> 02:19:26,600
everyone needs something from 
others. 

2624
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:29,799
You think about how different 
this is from the old Empire? 

2625
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:33,100
Back then most transactions 
involved money. 

2626
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:37,600
Services were professionalized. 
People interacted through formal

2627
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:41,600
markets and legal contracts. 
Now interaction is more personal

2628
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:45,200
and direct you know, the people 
you trade with you, trust them 

2629
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:47,100
because you live near them and 
see them regularly. 

2630
02:19:48,400 --> 02:19:50,900
Reputation matters more than 
formal credentials. 

2631
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:53,700
The garden produces through the 
summer. 

2632
02:19:53,700 --> 02:19:58,100
You learn by doing some plants. 
Thrive, others fail. 

2633
02:19:58,100 --> 02:20:00,600
You adjust your approach based 
on results. 

2634
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,400
This practical education is 
valuable in ways that book 

2635
02:20:04,400 --> 02:20:08,500
learning never was like, Autumn.
You're an experienced Gardener 

2636
02:20:08,500 --> 02:20:12,600
not an expert but competent. 
You know what works in this 

2637
02:20:12,608 --> 02:20:16,100
particular soil, under these 
specific conditions, your 

2638
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,700
knowledge is local and practical
and hard one, the other 

2639
02:20:19,700 --> 02:20:21,800
gardeners in your building have 
similar stories. 

2640
02:20:21,800 --> 02:20:25,100
They started knowing nothing and
learned through trial and error.

2641
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:29,100
The collective knowledge of the 
group is now substantial you 

2642
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:31,100
harvest. 
The last of the summer crops and

2643
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:34,800
prepare the garden for winter. 
Some of the plants will regrow 

2644
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:37,500
in Spring others, you will 
replant. 

2645
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:40,500
You already know what you will 
do differently next year. 

2646
02:20:41,300 --> 02:20:44,400
As you work, you realize the 
garden is a perfect metaphor for

2647
02:20:44,400 --> 02:20:45,700
everything happening in the 
world. 

2648
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,800
The old Empire was like a formal
garden with strict plans and 

2649
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:54,000
professional maintenance. 
That Garden is overgrown now but

2650
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:55,700
new Gardens are sprouting 
everywhere. 

2651
02:20:55,700 --> 02:21:00,900
Small plots tended by Ordinary 
People less Grand than the old 

2652
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,800
formal guardians, but more 
resilient if one fails others, 

2653
02:21:04,800 --> 02:21:09,100
continue the system survives 
through diversity in adaptation,

2654
02:21:09,900 --> 02:21:12,700
you finish preparing the garden 
for winter, and stand back to 

2655
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:14,900
admire your work. 
It is not much. 

2656
02:21:15,700 --> 02:21:18,500
A small plot of Earth behind a 
decrepit building and a 

2657
02:21:18,500 --> 02:21:23,700
shrinking City, but it is yours 
and it produces food and it 

2658
02:21:23,700 --> 02:21:26,600
connects you to your neighbor's.
This is enough. 

2659
02:21:26,600 --> 02:21:29,200
This is actually everything that
matters. 

2660
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:33,600
Chapter 15, The Future that 
already arrived. 

2661
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:36,900
Years. 
Pass you grow older, the 

2662
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:41,200
changes, you observed continue. 
Rome shrinks further the 

2663
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:43,500
population stabilizes at a lower
level. 

2664
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:48,100
The city reimagines itself as a 
church Center rather than an 

2665
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:50,900
imperial capital. 
You attend your neighbor's 

2666
02:21:50,900 --> 02:21:54,100
funeral. 
She lived in 95, she saw the 

2667
02:21:54,100 --> 02:21:57,600
Empire at its height and watched
it transformed completely. 

2668
02:21:58,800 --> 02:22:01,800
She adapted to every change and 
maintained her dignity 

2669
02:22:01,800 --> 02:22:04,600
throughout. 
At the funeral, the bishop 

2670
02:22:04,600 --> 02:22:06,800
speaks about continuity through 
faith. 

2671
02:22:07,400 --> 02:22:10,700
He suggests that Earthly 
Empires, rise and fall that 

2672
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:14,500
spiritual truth, persists. this 
is a Christian interpretation, 

2673
02:22:14,500 --> 02:22:18,500
but it contains wisdom. 
You think about what persists 

2674
02:22:18,500 --> 02:22:21,600
language changes? 
But people still speak 

2675
02:22:21,600 --> 02:22:26,200
building's crumble, but people 
still build governments fall, 

2676
02:22:26,200 --> 02:22:28,500
but people still organize 
themselves. 

2677
02:22:29,700 --> 02:22:32,700
Forms change, but human needs 
and human. 

2678
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:36,000
Creativity. 
Continue your cousin visits from

2679
02:22:36,000 --> 02:22:38,500
Ravenna. 
He's middle-aged now with grown 

2680
02:22:38,500 --> 02:22:41,500
children. 
He tells you that theodoric died

2681
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:44,900
and was succeeded by his 
grandson, the gothic Kingdom 

2682
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:47,900
continues to function. 
Life Goes On. 

2683
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:51,800
You tell him about your guardian
and your tutoring session with 

2684
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:54,800
Hillary. 
He approves of both practical 

2685
02:22:54,800 --> 02:22:59,100
skills and classical learning. 
The combination is necessary for

2686
02:22:59,100 --> 02:23:01,700
the new age. 
He asks, if you ever regret 

2687
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:04,600
living through such dramatic 
changes, you can consider the 

2688
02:23:04,608 --> 02:23:07,100
question carefully. 
The answer is complicated. 

2689
02:23:07,100 --> 02:23:11,200
You lost many things. 
The security of the old system, 

2690
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:15,300
the Grandeur of the Imperial 
City, the certainty that came 

2691
02:23:15,308 --> 02:23:19,200
from Clear, hierarchies and 
roles these losses are real and 

2692
02:23:19,200 --> 02:23:21,900
sometimes painful. 
But you gained things too 

2693
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:26,300
Community, connections, 
practical skills, understanding 

2694
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,100
that life continues, even when 
systems collapse. 

2695
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:32,100
Appreciation for what truly 
matters vs. 

2696
02:23:32,100 --> 02:23:35,000
What merely appears important on
balance. 

2697
02:23:35,000 --> 02:23:37,600
You do not regret your life. 
You adapted. 

2698
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:40,900
When adaptation was necessary, 
you preserved, what you could 

2699
02:23:40,900 --> 02:23:43,100
you contributed? 
What you were able to 

2700
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:45,000
contribute? 
This is enough. 

2701
02:23:45,000 --> 02:23:48,900
Your cousins stays for a week. 
You show him around Rome. 

2702
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:53,000
He Marvels at how much is 
changed since his last visit. 

2703
02:23:53,700 --> 02:23:56,800
Whole neighborhoods are 
abandoned churches have replaced

2704
02:23:56,800 --> 02:24:00,300
temples Gardens grow in former 
public Square's. 

2705
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:04,400
Yet the city remains 
recognizably roam, the Seven 

2706
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:07,900
Hills to shape the landscape. 
The Tiber still flows through 

2707
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:11,200
the center, the ancient wall, 
still Define the boundaries 

2708
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:16,000
Physical reality persists, even 
as its meaning transforms. 

2709
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:19,700
On his last evening, you sit 
together drinking wine and 

2710
02:24:19,700 --> 02:24:23,100
talking about the future. 
Your cousin is optimistic. 

2711
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:27,500
He believes the new kingdoms 
will stabilize trade will 

2712
02:24:27,500 --> 02:24:30,100
recover? 
Population will grow again? 

2713
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:34,400
Civilization will rebuild on New
Foundations, you're less 

2714
02:24:34,400 --> 02:24:36,300
certain, but you hope he is 
right. 

2715
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:40,600
The future is always uncertain. 
The only guarantee is that 

2716
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:43,800
change will continue how people 
respond to that change 

2717
02:24:43,800 --> 02:24:46,600
determines, whether the future 
is better or worse than the 

2718
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:49,200
present. 
You walk your cousin to The City

2719
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:52,600
Gate in the morning, you Embrace
and promise to write letters. 

2720
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:57,600
He begins his journey North. 
You watch until he disappears 

2721
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:00,600
around a bend in the road. 
Then you return to your 

2722
02:25:00,600 --> 02:25:02,500
apartment and your daily 
routines. 

2723
02:25:02,500 --> 02:25:06,100
There is work to be done. 
The garden needs attention. 

2724
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:10,100
He'll drink expect you at your 
lesson, the communal meal 

2725
02:25:10,100 --> 02:25:14,600
requires your contribution life 
continues, Empires, rise and 

2726
02:25:14,600 --> 02:25:18,700
fall, but people endure, adapt, 
and persist and create meaning 

2727
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:20,700
in whatever circumstances they 
face. 

2728
02:25:21,700 --> 02:25:24,100
This is the real lesson of 
Rome's transformational. 

2729
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:27,800
The Empire ended not with 
apocalypse, but with gradual 

2730
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:30,400
adjustment. 
The dramatic Narrative of 

2731
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:34,000
collapse is false, the truth is 
quieter and stranger. 

2732
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:38,000
The old world slowly became a 
new world While most people 

2733
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:40,900
simply live their lives and 
adapted as necessary. 

2734
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:46,000
You are part of this story, not 
a hero, or a leader, just a 

2735
02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:48,700
person who witnessed change and 
responded as well as you could. 

2736
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:52,700
Your contribution is small, but 
real, you helped build the 

2737
02:25:52,700 --> 02:25:55,600
future by maintaining Gardens 
and learning rhetoric and 

2738
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:59,400
participating in the community. 
This is how history actually 

2739
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:03,100
happens, not through the actions
of Emperors and Generals alone. 

2740
02:26:04,000 --> 02:26:06,500
Through millions of ordinary 
people making small decisions 

2741
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:08,900
that collectively create large 
patterns. 

2742
02:26:10,000 --> 02:26:13,100
You sit at your window one last 
time watching the sunset paint. 

2743
02:26:13,100 --> 02:26:16,700
The old city in shades of gold. 
The buildings that remain 

2744
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:20,500
standing Glow In The Fading 
light. the new churches, cast 

2745
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:24,800
Long Shadows, the ancient and 
the modern exist side by side, 

2746
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:27,200
Tomorrow will look much like 
today. 

2747
02:26:27,200 --> 02:26:29,700
The day after will look much 
like tomorrow. 

2748
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:33,700
Change happens to slowly to 
perceive in any single moment. 

2749
02:26:34,800 --> 02:26:37,900
but over years and decades and 
generations, everything 

2750
02:26:37,900 --> 02:26:41,500
transforms you have witnessed 
the end of one age, and the 

2751
02:26:41,500 --> 02:26:44,800
beginning of another, You have 
seen how the Roman world became 

2752
02:26:44,800 --> 02:26:47,900
the Medieval World through, 
countless small transformations.

2753
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:50,600
You have lived through 
history's, hinge point and 

2754
02:26:50,600 --> 02:26:53,500
survived. 
This knowledge brings peace, 

2755
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:57,800
whatever comes next, people will
adapt, they will preserve what 

2756
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:00,900
matters and discard. 
What does not, they will create 

2757
02:27:00,900 --> 02:27:03,200
new systems suited to new 
circumstances. 

2758
02:27:03,200 --> 02:27:08,100
Life will continue because life 
always continues the sun sets 

2759
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:11,000
completely Darkness spreads 
across the city. 

2760
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:14,100
You light a lamp and return to 
your evening tasks. 

2761
02:27:14,100 --> 02:27:17,500
The world keeps turning to 
tomorrow Waits with its own 

2762
02:27:17,500 --> 02:27:20,800
small dramas and quiet. 
Transformations, and you will be

2763
02:27:20,800 --> 02:27:23,600
there to witness them. 
As you have been there all along

2764
02:27:24,400 --> 02:27:27,900
A quiet Observer of Empires end 
and the patient emergence of 

2765
02:27:27,908 --> 02:27:30,900
whatever comes next. 
This is your story. 

2766
02:27:30,900 --> 02:27:36,200
This is everyone's Story the 
long slow, fascinating process 

2767
02:27:36,200 --> 02:27:39,000
of becoming something new while 
remaining somehow the same. 

2768
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,800
You wait before Dawn in a small 
rented room of a cafe and all 

2769
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:51,000
southern France. 
It's 1888 and the pre-dawn 

2770
02:27:51,000 --> 02:27:54,000
Darkness carries the smell of 
yesterday's coffee grounds and 

2771
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:58,700
turpentine, your name is Vincent
van, Gogh, the almost, nobody 

2772
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:01,300
knows it yet. 
And your feet, hit the cold 

2773
02:28:01,300 --> 02:28:03,900
floorboards with the same 
purpose they've had for years. 

2774
02:28:04,900 --> 02:28:09,400
Today, you will paint. 
The ritual begins in silence. 

2775
02:28:09,400 --> 02:28:12,000
You don't like the lamp 
immediately because your eyes 

2776
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:15,200
need to adjust naturally. 
The way a Baker's hands, need to

2777
02:28:15,208 --> 02:28:17,100
learn dough before the oven 
warms. 

2778
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:20,600
You've discovered that rushing 
this transition from sleep to 

2779
02:28:20,600 --> 02:28:23,300
wakefulness. 
Produces paintings that feel 

2780
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:26,700
hurried disconnected from the 
pulse of actual seeing. 

2781
02:28:26,700 --> 02:28:30,100
So you sit on the edge of your 
narrow bed, listening to the 

2782
02:28:30,100 --> 02:28:33,900
town slowly, remember itself. 
A shutter creaking open 

2783
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,800
somewhere, the dogs distant 
bark, the first cartwheels 

2784
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:41,900
grinding against cobblestones 
your room measures, roughly 12 

2785
02:28:41,900 --> 02:28:44,600
feet by 10 feet. 
You know, this, because you've 

2786
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:47,400
painted it and painting. 
Something means measuring it, 

2787
02:28:47,400 --> 02:28:51,400
with your eyes, 1000 times, the 
walls of the color of old cream 

2788
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:54,600
stained here and there with 
accidental dorms of paint from 

2789
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:56,600
when you've just gestured to 
enthusiastically. 

2790
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:00,500
Your bed has a simple. 
Wooden frame two chairs. 

2791
02:29:00,500 --> 02:29:03,500
Sit against one wall. 
They came seats, worn smooth 

2792
02:29:03,500 --> 02:29:06,100
above them. 
Hangs a small mirror. 

2793
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,100
You rarely look into not from 
vanity or its opposite. 

2794
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:12,600
Because your face is never 
interested you the way other 

2795
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:15,900
phases do. 
You're not the subject, the 

2796
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:19,500
world is the morning light when 
it finally arrives, doesn't 

2797
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:21,800
burst through your window like a
trumpet and announcement. 

2798
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:26,700
It seeps in gradually the way 
watercolor bleeds across wet 

2799
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:29,700
paper, you've learned that. 
This is how most real things 

2800
02:29:29,700 --> 02:29:34,400
happen not with drama, but with 
patience The light touches your 

2801
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:38,300
wash basin first then creeps 
across to your shoes, which 

2802
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:41,900
you've left by the door caked 
with yesterday's dried mud from 

2803
02:29:41,900 --> 02:29:44,900
the fields. 
You don't own many shoes, you 

2804
02:29:44,900 --> 02:29:47,900
wear them until they fall apart,
then you patch them, then you 

2805
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:51,000
wear them some more. 
Money spent on unnecessary 

2806
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,500
shoes, is money not spent on 
paint. 

2807
02:29:54,300 --> 02:29:58,200
You stand and stretch feeling 
your spine, crack in three 

2808
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,200
distinct, places your 35 years 
old though. 

2809
02:30:01,200 --> 02:30:03,700
Your body. 
Sometimes feels older years of 

2810
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:06,500
poor nutrition walking miles 
every day. 

2811
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:09,600
Sleeping in cheap rooms with 
thin mattresses. 

2812
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:13,300
These things are accumulating 
your joints like interest on a 

2813
02:30:13,308 --> 02:30:16,400
debt, but your hands are steady.
That's what matters. 

2814
02:30:16,400 --> 02:30:19,600
Your hands are strong and 
certain even when your mind 

2815
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:23,700
isn't the morning, a blue jeans 
are practical almost military in

2816
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,300
their efficiently, cold water 
from the base. 

2817
02:30:26,300 --> 02:30:29,500
And splashed on your face, 
scrubbing, away sleep and 

2818
02:30:29,500 --> 02:30:32,100
yesterday's paint. 
That somehow always end up on 

2819
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:33,700
your temples and behind your 
ears. 

2820
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:37,800
You've stopped questioning how 
paint migrates to these unlikely

2821
02:30:37,800 --> 02:30:40,900
places artists are always 
slightly decorated with their 

2822
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:45,600
work, like bakers with flour or 
blacksmiths with soot, you dry 

2823
02:30:45,600 --> 02:30:48,300
your face with a rough towel, 
then, run your fingers through 

2824
02:30:48,300 --> 02:30:52,100
your red hair, which sticks up 
in several directions and will 

2825
02:30:52,100 --> 02:30:54,300
continue to do. 
So, regardless of your efforts, 

2826
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:57,700
vanity about grooming seems 
absurd when you're about to 

2827
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:01,200
spend 10 hours staring at 
sunflowers, Breakfast is 

2828
02:31:01,200 --> 02:31:04,700
whatever is available which 
usually isn't much today. 

2829
02:31:04,700 --> 02:31:07,300
It's bread from two days ago, 
harder now. 

2830
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:09,300
But still edible when torn into 
pieces. 

2831
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,100
You eat it standing by the 
window looking out at the 

2832
02:31:12,108 --> 02:31:15,600
street, below the baker across 
the way is opening his shutters 

2833
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:19,600
a woman in a dark dress sweeps, 
her doorstep with brisk 

2834
02:31:19,600 --> 02:31:23,500
irritated stroke's as if the 
dust as personally offended her 

2835
02:31:23,500 --> 02:31:26,000
a cat slides along a wall like 
liquid. 

2836
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:30,200
You memorize these things 
without trying. your brain has 

2837
02:31:30,200 --> 02:31:33,500
become a collection box for 
visual information constantly 

2838
02:31:33,500 --> 02:31:37,700
Gathering material even during 
the supposedly idle moments, the

2839
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:41,100
coffee when you make it taste 
like burnt Earth and Desperation

2840
02:31:41,900 --> 02:31:44,200
You've never been good at 
cooking and coffee. 

2841
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:48,400
Making is a subset of that 
larger failure, but it's hot and

2842
02:31:48,400 --> 02:31:50,800
it contains caffeine which means
it fulfills. 

2843
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:53,400
Its function. 
You've learned not to demand 

2844
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:55,500
that things, be more than they 
are coffee. 

2845
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:58,400
Should taste good, but it 
doesn't have to painting should 

2846
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:01,400
sell, but it doesn't have to 
not, everything needs to be 

2847
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:03,500
perfect. 
Most things just need to be 

2848
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:05,600
done. 
While you drink, you review, 

2849
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:08,800
your mental inventory of 
supplies, titanium white is 

2850
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:12,300
running low Prussian Blue has 
maybe three more paintings in 

2851
02:32:12,300 --> 02:32:14,900
the tube. 
The linseed oil needs replacing 

2852
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:16,400
soon. 
Chrome, yellow. 

2853
02:32:16,400 --> 02:32:19,900
Your beloved yellow, your 
sunshine and paste form is 

2854
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:23,000
adequate for now. 
You calculate costs in your head

2855
02:32:23,000 --> 02:32:25,400
matching them against the 
monthly allowance. 

2856
02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:27,100
Your brother Theo sends from 
Paris. 

2857
02:32:27,100 --> 02:32:30,600
The mathematics are always 
depressing, so you don't Linger 

2858
02:32:30,600 --> 02:32:32,200
on them. 
You'll make it work. 

2859
02:32:32,200 --> 02:32:35,900
You always make it work even if 
it means eating less bread next 

2860
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:37,900
week. 
The lightest stronger. 

2861
02:32:37,900 --> 02:32:41,500
Now, turning the walls gold and 
this is the moment you've been 

2862
02:32:41,500 --> 02:32:43,900
waiting for without realizing 
you were waiting. 

2863
02:32:43,900 --> 02:32:46,800
The moment. 
When the day declares its color 

2864
02:32:46,800 --> 02:32:49,900
intention today we'll be warm 
toned. 

2865
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:53,600
You can already tell Shadows 
will have purple in them by 

2866
02:32:53,600 --> 02:32:56,400
afternoon. 
The sky will be that particular 

2867
02:32:56,400 --> 02:33:00,800
shade of blue that only exists 
and prevents as if God mixed 

2868
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:04,900
ultramarine with hope and spread
it overhead like a blessing. 

2869
02:33:05,800 --> 02:33:08,800
You finish your coffee and set 
the cup on the small table. 

2870
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:13,000
Then you stand still for a 
moment, feeling your body settle

2871
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:16,300
into readiness. 
Your shoulders, drop your 

2872
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:19,600
breathing slows. 
This is the transition point. 

2873
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:24,300
The threshold between being a 
person who sleeps neets and a 

2874
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:28,600
person who sees and create it's 
a shift, you've practiced so 

2875
02:33:28,600 --> 02:33:31,800
many times, it's become 
automatic like a priest, 

2876
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:35,100
entering a church or a soldier 
picking up a rifle, this is what

2877
02:33:35,100 --> 02:33:37,800
you do. 
This is who you are, you reach 

2878
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:41,700
for your coat, a brown jacket. 
That's seen better years as you 

2879
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,100
shrug it on. 
You feel the weight of brushes 

2880
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:47,700
in the inside pocket, a 
reassuring pressure against your

2881
02:33:47,700 --> 02:33:50,300
ribs, your fingers check 
automatically? 

2882
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:54,500
Yes, the small Sketchbook is 
still there. a stub of graphite 

2883
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,200
wrapped in string, your portable
memory for when oil and canvas 

2884
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:01,700
art practical Everything you 
need is accounted for 

2885
02:34:01,700 --> 02:34:04,800
everything. 
Necessary is present before 

2886
02:34:04,800 --> 02:34:06,500
leaving. 
You glanced once more around the

2887
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:08,400
room. 
It's not much this temporary 

2888
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:12,100
home but it's yours. 
Bed, where you collapse after 12

2889
02:34:12,100 --> 02:34:15,200
hour, painting sessions, the 
chairs, where you sit and write 

2890
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:18,400
long letters to Theo, trying to 
explain what you're seeing, what

2891
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:20,300
your attempting and why it 
matters. 

2892
02:34:20,300 --> 02:34:24,100
The mirror that reflects a man 
who looks perpetually surprised 

2893
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:27,400
by his own face, the window that
frames the world like a 

2894
02:34:27,408 --> 02:34:29,800
painting. 
You haven't started yet, then 

2895
02:34:29,800 --> 02:34:33,200
you open the door and step into 
the morning, ready to do what, 

2896
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:35,500
you've always done. 
Look at ordinary things. 

2897
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,900
Until they become extraordinary.
Then try to capture that 

2898
02:34:38,900 --> 02:34:42,000
transformation on canvas before 
the magic evaporates. 

2899
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:44,800
It's not a mystical process. 
It's work. 

2900
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:47,700
It's practice. 
It's, what happens when you show

2901
02:34:47,700 --> 02:34:51,200
up every single day, even when 
you don't feel like it. 

2902
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:54,100
Even when the previous days, 
painting was terrible. 

2903
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:57,700
Even when nobody's buying and 
nobody's watching and nobody 

2904
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:00,800
particularly cares. 
The street outside smells like 

2905
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:04,000
horse manure and flowering. 
Jasmine, the oddly Pleasant 

2906
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:07,600
combination, that you've come to
associate with purpose, you turn

2907
02:35:07,600 --> 02:35:10,900
left toward the fields, toward 
the light, Toward whatever to 

2908
02:35:10,900 --> 02:35:13,200
will show you if your patient 
enough to see it. 

2909
02:35:14,000 --> 02:35:17,700
The walk to your painting spot 
isn't exercise, its education. 

2910
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:21,400
You've covered this route dozens
of times but it's never the same

2911
02:35:21,400 --> 02:35:25,500
twice because light is never the
same twice and like changes 

2912
02:35:25,500 --> 02:35:30,000
everything it touches today, the
morning Suns from the East 

2913
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:32,200
turning the Yellowstone 
building's into blocks of 

2914
02:35:32,200 --> 02:35:35,000
butter. 
Shadows pool in doorways. 

2915
02:35:35,000 --> 02:35:37,600
Like spilling. 
You notice these things the way 

2916
02:35:37,600 --> 02:35:42,500
a musician notices pitch 
automatically constantly unable 

2917
02:35:42,500 --> 02:35:46,300
to turn it off even if you want 
it to Your pace is steady but 

2918
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:49,200
not hurried. 
Hurrying, makes you miss things.

2919
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:52,200
You learn this years ago when 
you were trying to be a minister

2920
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:56,800
rushing between appointments and
pastoral visits and realized you

2921
02:35:56,800 --> 02:36:00,200
were moving through the world 
without actually seeing it now. 

2922
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:03,900
You move deliberately your eyes 
scanning left to right up and 

2923
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:06,100
down, taking in the whole visual
field. 

2924
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,600
Like a camera with an impossibly
wide lens. 

2925
02:36:09,700 --> 02:36:12,400
An old woman sits on a low stool
outside her house. 

2926
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:16,500
Peeling potatoes into a tin base
and a hands move with the 

2927
02:36:16,508 --> 02:36:19,400
efficiency of someone who's 
performed this task 10,000 

2928
02:36:19,400 --> 02:36:22,500
times. 
Potato skins fall in Long, 

2929
02:36:22,500 --> 02:36:26,500
spirals Brown and cream. 
You note the curve of her back, 

2930
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:29,500
the angle of a wrists and the 
way the light catches, the blade

2931
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:31,800
of a knife, you don't stop to 
sketch. 

2932
02:36:31,800 --> 02:36:34,200
Her stopping would make a 
self-conscious and would change 

2933
02:36:34,208 --> 02:36:37,100
the naturalness of the scene, 
but you file away the image 

2934
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:41,600
later, maybe next week, maybe 
next year, a painting will need 

2935
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:44,900
an old woman's hands, and you'll
remember these hands the 

2936
02:36:44,900 --> 02:36:47,000
streets, narrow. 
As you leave the Town Center, 

2937
02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:50,600
the buildings, lean toward each 
other overhead, creating a 

2938
02:36:50,600 --> 02:36:53,000
tunnel of Shade that's 10 
degrees cooler than the sunny 

2939
02:36:53,000 --> 02:36:56,600
patches, your boots. 
Those perpetually muddy boots, 

2940
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:59,900
click against the cobblestones 
with a rhythm, that's almost 

2941
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,000
musical. 
Click click, click, click. 

2942
02:37:02,000 --> 02:37:05,100
Click like a metronome, keeping 
time for a very slow song. 

2943
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:08,700
The past the blacksmith shop 
already hot, despite the early 

2944
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:11,900
hour, The Smith himself a man 
with four arms. 

2945
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,400
Like, hams is working the 
Bellows, the forge glows, orange

2946
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:18,800
red, and you paused, despite 
yourself because that particular

2947
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:24,300
quality of light, incandescent 
dangerous alive is one of the 

2948
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:26,400
hardest things to capture on 
canvas. 

2949
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:29,000
How do you paint light? 
That's also heat. 

2950
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,300
How do you make a viewer? 
Feel warmth from a cold layer of

2951
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:34,800
paint? 
These are the questions that 

2952
02:37:34,800 --> 02:37:37,600
wake you at 3 in the morning and
refused to let you return to 

2953
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:41,100
sleep. 
The Smith nods are due you nod 

2954
02:37:41,100 --> 02:37:43,100
back. 
He thinks you're odd. 

2955
02:37:43,100 --> 02:37:47,300
You can tell everyone thinks 
you're odd You've heard The 

2956
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:50,800
Whispers seen the side long 
glance is the crazy Dutch 

2957
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:54,600
painter who stares at things too
long, who talks to himself while

2958
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:58,500
working who once cut off part of
his own ear during a crisis, you

2959
02:37:58,500 --> 02:38:00,900
still can't fully explain even 
to yourself. 

2960
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:05,600
But the Smith is polite and 
politeness is enough, you don't 

2961
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,100
need friendship from everyone, 
you meet, you need light, and 

2962
02:38:09,100 --> 02:38:11,700
form and color. 
And those things don't care if 

2963
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:15,000
you're popular. 
Beyond The Smith's shop, the 

2964
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:17,800
building start to thin out. 
Guards appear. 

2965
02:38:17,800 --> 02:38:21,600
Then small plots of vegetables, 
then Open Fields stretching 

2966
02:38:21,600 --> 02:38:24,800
towards the horizon. 
This is where your heading to 

2967
02:38:24,800 --> 02:38:28,200
the edge of civilization, where 
human Arrangement gives way to 

2968
02:38:28,200 --> 02:38:31,000
Natural chaos. 
You've always felt more 

2969
02:38:31,000 --> 02:38:33,700
comfortable here in the 
transitional Zone's. 

2970
02:38:33,700 --> 02:38:37,800
Not quite Town, not quite 
Countryside, places where 

2971
02:38:37,800 --> 02:38:40,500
anything might happen where the 
rules are still being 

2972
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,200
negotiated. 
The Earth Beneath Your Feet 

2973
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:46,600
changes from Stone to packed. 
Dirt to soft to soil. 

2974
02:38:46,600 --> 02:38:50,000
You can feel the difference 
through your boot Souls the way 

2975
02:38:50,000 --> 02:38:51,800
a sailor. 
Feels the mood of the sea, 

2976
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:55,600
through the deck of a ship. 
The ground here is red orange 

2977
02:38:55,600 --> 02:38:58,800
and iron rich. 
The color of rust and clay and 

2978
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,800
dried blood. 
It stains, everything it touches

2979
02:39:01,800 --> 02:39:05,500
your boots, your trouser, cuffs 
your hands. 

2980
02:39:05,500 --> 02:39:08,100
When you sit in the fields and 
stead yourself against the 

2981
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:11,400
Earth, you've tried to mix this 
exact color and paint. 

2982
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:15,000
Burnt sienna with a touch of 
cadmium orange and maybe some 

2983
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:17,400
raw umber, but you've never 
quite matched. 

2984
02:39:17,400 --> 02:39:21,500
It Nature's palette is always 
more complex than anything you 

2985
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:25,300
can mix on your own birds. 
Will overhead dark shapes 

2986
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:27,900
against the brightening sky. 
Swallows. 

2987
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:30,500
You think though, you're not 
particularly good at identifying

2988
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:33,700
species. 
They move with such confidence. 

2989
02:39:33,700 --> 02:39:37,700
Such certainty of purpose. 
You envy them. 

2990
02:39:37,700 --> 02:39:41,300
This sometimes they never seem 
to doubt which direction to fly,

2991
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,600
or whether they're flying 
matters, they simply fly because

2992
02:39:44,600 --> 02:39:46,500
flying is what they do. 
And that's enough. 

2993
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:51,600
Feels open before you like a 
green and gold Sea weet. 

2994
02:39:51,600 --> 02:39:54,400
Mostly with the occasional 
interruptions of poppies, 

2995
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:57,200
though. 
Shocking red, punctuation marks 

2996
02:39:57,200 --> 02:39:59,400
that make the whole landscape 
vibrate. 

2997
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:03,300
You've painted Poppy's more 
times than you can count but you

2998
02:40:03,300 --> 02:40:06,200
still haven't captured what they
actually do to a field. 

2999
02:40:06,200 --> 02:40:11,400
They don't just add color, they 
add violents urgently and a kind

3000
02:40:11,408 --> 02:40:15,300
of visual shouting that demands 
attention a field without 

3001
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:17,600
poppies is a sentence without 
passion. 

3002
02:40:18,500 --> 02:40:21,800
A field with poppies is a 
sentence ending in an 

3003
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:24,500
exclamation point. 
You walk along the edge of a 

3004
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:27,000
wheat field, running your hand, 
through the tops of the grain. 

3005
02:40:27,000 --> 02:40:31,200
Stalks, they're dry and Whisper 
Soft like the sound of Secrets 

3006
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:34,200
being shared, the wheat is 
nearly ready for Harvest. 

3007
02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:37,000
You can tell by the weight of 
the seed heads and the way they 

3008
02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:41,600
bow toward Earth as if praying 
In a week, maybe two men will 

3009
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:44,500
come with sides and reduce all 
this gold to stubble. 

3010
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:46,600
The thought makes you walk 
faster. 

3011
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:49,100
You need to paint this before it
disappears. 

3012
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:51,400
Everything. 
Beautiful is temporary 

3013
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:54,000
everything worth looking at will
eventually be gone. 

3014
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:56,800
You'll painting spot today as a 
slight rise. 

3015
02:40:56,800 --> 02:40:59,100
Overlooking, the fields near a 
Twisted. 

3016
02:40:59,100 --> 02:41:01,500
Olive Tree that you've painted 
before, but never quite 

3017
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:04,100
captured. 
The tree has character. 

3018
02:41:04,100 --> 02:41:06,000
That's the only way to describe 
it. 

3019
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:09,500
It's been shaped by wind and 
drought and time into something 

3020
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:11,800
that looks half dead, but 
refuses to give up. 

3021
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:13,600
Gray. 
Green leaves. 

3022
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:16,800
Shimmer in the breeze. 
The trunk is nulled like an 

3023
02:41:16,800 --> 02:41:19,300
arthritic hand. 
You love this tree. 

3024
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:21,400
You love it. 
The way you love your brother, 

3025
02:41:21,400 --> 02:41:24,800
Theo uncomplicated and deep. 
And without needing reasons. 

3026
02:41:25,800 --> 02:41:28,100
You set down your canvas and 
painting supplies. 

3027
02:41:28,100 --> 02:41:31,700
Arranging them with the care of 
a surgeon preparing instruments.

3028
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:35,300
The easel goes here facing north
east to catch the changing 

3029
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:38,300
light. 
The canvas, a rough weave. 

3030
02:41:38,300 --> 02:41:41,000
You stretch yourself because 
professional stretching costs 

3031
02:41:41,000 --> 02:41:43,200
money. 
You don't have Fits onto the 

3032
02:41:43,200 --> 02:41:47,100
easel with a satisfying, click 
your paintbox opens, like a 

3033
02:41:47,100 --> 02:41:50,600
small Treasure Chest. 
Revealing tubes, squeezed flat. 

3034
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:53,900
At the bottom colors are by 
temperature, cools. 

3035
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:57,100
On the left, warms on the right,
your palate. 

3036
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:00,600
A rectangular board worn smooth 
and stained with 100. 

3037
02:42:00,600 --> 02:42:03,000
Previous paintings, rests on 
your left. 

3038
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:06,900
Forearm brushes, go in your 
right hand, a cluster of 

3039
02:42:06,908 --> 02:42:10,600
bristles like a small bouquet 
But before you start painting, 

3040
02:42:10,600 --> 02:42:15,200
you sit this is important. 
You've learned that beginning to

3041
02:42:15,200 --> 02:42:19,400
quickly produces work, that's 
enthusiastic but superficial you

3042
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:21,200
need to let the place settle in 
to you. 

3043
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:24,200
You need to let your eyes 
adjust, not just to the light, 

3044
02:42:24,200 --> 02:42:28,400
but to the specific personality 
of this particular morning every

3045
02:42:28,400 --> 02:42:31,000
day has its own character, its 
own mood. 

3046
02:42:31,700 --> 02:42:35,000
Today feels contemplative. 
The light is soft. 

3047
02:42:35,000 --> 02:42:39,700
The Shadows gentle a day for 
careful observation, rather than

3048
02:42:39,700 --> 02:42:43,200
dramatic gesture. 
You watch the wheat move in 

3049
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,400
waves responding to breezes. 
You can't feel from the 

3050
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:49,300
distance. 
The motion is hit noticed and 

3051
02:42:49,308 --> 02:42:52,600
calming you. 
Let your mind empty becoming 

3052
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:55,900
nothing but a pair of eyes, a 
recording device for the world's

3053
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,308
visual information. 
This is the closest you come to 

3054
02:42:59,316 --> 02:43:01,800
meditation, though, you'd never 
call it that. 

3055
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:07,600
Simply looking looking until you
see a farmer appears in the 

3056
02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:10,100
middle distance. 
A dark figure against the gold 

3057
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:12,300
is examining something in the 
field. 

3058
02:43:12,300 --> 02:43:16,300
Bending down, straightening up, 
moving in, that slow, considered

3059
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:19,400
way, that farmers, have people 
who know that rushing 

3060
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:22,600
accomplishes, nothing the crops 
grow on their own schedule 

3061
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,300
regardless of human. 
And patience, you're watching 

3062
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:28,100
for 10 minutes, 15 memorizing, 
the shapes. 

3063
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:31,300
He makes the way his body 
relates to the landscape around 

3064
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:33,100
him. 
You won't paint him today. 

3065
02:43:33,100 --> 02:43:34,800
He'll be gone before you're 
ready. 

3066
02:43:34,808 --> 02:43:38,100
But you'll remember him. 
He'll appear in some future, 

3067
02:43:38,100 --> 02:43:40,800
painting. 
A tiny figure giving scaled to 

3068
02:43:40,808 --> 02:43:44,300
an endless field. 
A human presence making nature 

3069
02:43:44,300 --> 02:43:47,300
comprehensive Farmer 
straightened. 

3070
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:52,000
One final time, then walks away 
disappearing behind a distant 

3071
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:54,500
line of trees. 
You're alone again with the 

3072
02:43:54,500 --> 02:43:57,500
fields and the sky and the tree 
that refuses to die. 

3073
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:01,000
The light is shifted slightly in
the time you've been sitting. 

3074
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:03,700
What was gentle as becoming 
assertive? 

3075
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:07,000
The Shadows are sharper. 
The colors are warmer. 

3076
02:44:07,000 --> 02:44:09,700
It's time to begin. 
You stand. 

3077
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:14,300
Feeling your knees crack again. 
Then you pick up a brush, load 

3078
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:17,600
it with thinned paint and make 
the first mark on the canvas. 

3079
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:21,000
A single line defining the 
Horizon. 

3080
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:24,800
It's a small gesture barely 
noticeable but it's everything. 

3081
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:29,300
It's the moment when possibility
becomes actuality when the blank

3082
02:44:29,300 --> 02:44:32,400
canvas stops being frightening 
and becomes, simply a problem to

3083
02:44:32,400 --> 02:44:36,700
solve you've begun the rest will
follow because the rest always 

3084
02:44:36,700 --> 02:44:40,200
follows, you just have to keep 
going one brush stroke after 

3085
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,600
another until the day runs out 
or the painting is finished, 

3086
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:47,600
whichever comes first. 
First hour of painting is always

3087
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:51,200
a conversation with doubt. 
Your hand moves automatically 

3088
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:55,900
blocking in the major shapes sky
here, feel their tree in the 

3089
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:59,000
middle distance but your mind 
questions, everything. 

3090
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:02,800
Is the horizon line too high too
low. 

3091
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,200
Should the wheat be more yellow 
or more gold? 

3092
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:08,300
Does that olive tree look like 
Olive Tree or like a child 

3093
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:10,700
scribble? 
These questions don't paralyze 

3094
02:45:10,700 --> 02:45:12,500
you anymore. 
But there are always present 

3095
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:15,000
like a background hum. 
You've learned to work through. 

3096
02:45:15,000 --> 02:45:19,000
You paint standing up. 
All always standing. he tried 

3097
02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:22,100
painting seated once years ago 
and found it made you timid 

3098
02:45:23,000 --> 02:45:25,600
Something about being at eye 
level with the canvas, gave you 

3099
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:27,500
permission to be too careful, 
too. 

3100
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:31,700
Precious standing forces. 
You to engage physically, your 

3101
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:35,400
whole body, participates legs 
for balance, core for stability,

3102
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:39,600
shoulders for large gestures and
wrists for fine control. 

3103
02:45:40,800 --> 02:45:42,700
Painting isn't just a hand 
activity. 

3104
02:45:42,700 --> 02:45:46,200
It's a full body commitment to 
transferring what you see, onto 

3105
02:45:46,200 --> 02:45:48,400
a surface that will never fully 
cooperate. 

3106
02:45:49,500 --> 02:45:51,700
The paint goes on in layers 
though. 

3107
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:54,600
Not the neat, patient layers 
that academic painters. 

3108
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:58,900
Use your layers are messy urgent
and build up quickly. 

3109
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:02,300
While the light still holds its 
current quality, you've learned 

3110
02:46:02,300 --> 02:46:04,500
that light moves faster than 
paint trees. 

3111
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:08,100
So you work on wet colors 
bleeding into each other, on the

3112
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:10,200
canvas, the same way they blend 
in nature. 

3113
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:13,700
This technique frustrates, our 
teachers who want clean edges 

3114
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,700
and proper procedures, but those
teachers aren't here in the 

3115
02:46:16,708 --> 02:46:18,200
field. 
Watching how yellow wheat 

3116
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:21,500
transitions to blue shadow 
nature, doesn't have clean 

3117
02:46:21,500 --> 02:46:23,600
edges. 
Nature is all transition. 

3118
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:26,600
All great nation. 
All one thing, becoming enough 

3119
02:46:26,600 --> 02:46:29,200
thing. 
Your brushwork is distinctive 

3120
02:46:29,200 --> 02:46:30,700
though. 
You don't think about it while 

3121
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,900
working. 
Short directional stroke, that 

3122
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,200
follow, the form of whatever 
your painting, the wheat grows 

3123
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:41,400
upward, so your brushstrokes 
grow upward, the wind moves, 

3124
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:44,300
right toward so, your 
brushstrokes lean, Wrightwood. 

3125
02:46:45,300 --> 02:46:48,400
People who see your paintings, 
sometimes comment on how visible

3126
02:46:48,400 --> 02:46:52,000
the brushwork is how they can 
see each individual Mark. 

3127
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:54,500
You made this bothers the more 
than it bothers you. 

3128
02:46:55,500 --> 02:46:57,100
You're not trying to hide your 
process. 

3129
02:46:57,100 --> 02:47:00,400
You're not trying to create a 
smooth photographic illusion, 

3130
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,200
you're trying to capture the 
energy of seeing itself. 

3131
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:05,600
The way the eye moves across a 
scene. 

3132
02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:09,300
Constantly collecting 
information constantly in motion

3133
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:15,200
The Morning Light strengthens 
and with it comes Heat by 10:00 

3134
02:47:15,200 --> 02:47:17,100
sweat is running down your 
temples. 

3135
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:19,900
Mixing with the inevitable paint
smudges on your face. 

3136
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:23,500
You don't notice when your 
painting your body becomes, 

3137
02:47:23,500 --> 02:47:27,500
secondary just the mechanism 
that moves the brushes hunger, 

3138
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:32,300
thirst, physical discomfort. 
These things registered dimly 

3139
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:34,300
like news from a distant 
country. 

3140
02:47:34,300 --> 02:47:36,100
You're not particularly 
interested in. 

3141
02:47:36,100 --> 02:47:39,400
You'll deal with your body's 
needs later right. 

3142
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:42,200
Now, there's only the canvas and
the field and the gradually 

3143
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,700
narrowing gap between what you 
see and what you're making. 

3144
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,300
You step back periodically to 
assess your progress. 

3145
02:47:48,300 --> 02:47:51,900
This is crucial working too 
close for too long. 

3146
02:47:51,908 --> 02:47:55,000
Produces painting as a fall 
apart when viewed from a normal 

3147
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:59,100
distance The stepping back is 
also dangerous because it allows

3148
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:02,000
doubt to creep in. 
From 6 feet away. 

3149
02:48:02,000 --> 02:48:06,600
Every mistake becomes obvious 
that Shadows too purple that 

3150
02:48:06,600 --> 02:48:09,800
highlight is too bright. 
The wheat looks flat and 

3151
02:48:09,800 --> 02:48:12,800
lifeless. 
Tree, looks like it's floating 

3152
02:48:12,800 --> 02:48:16,400
rather than growing from Earth. 
You catalog, these failures 

3153
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:19,700
methodically then step forward 
again and start correcting them.

3154
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:24,000
This is the work not the 
inspired moments but the patient

3155
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:27,600
revision. 
Making mistakes, recognizing 

3156
02:48:27,600 --> 02:48:31,400
them, fixing them over and over 
until the painting is either 

3157
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,000
finished or ruined which 
sometimes amounts to the same 

3158
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:37,100
thing around noon, you permit 
yourself a break. 

3159
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:40,800
You set down your brushes and 
sit in the shade of the Olive 

3160
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:42,900
Tree. 
You've been painting, your legs 

3161
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:46,000
are stiff from standing your 
right shoulder aches. 

3162
02:48:46,000 --> 02:48:49,200
From holding the palate, your 
eyes are tired from the bright 

3163
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:51,900
light. 
These are good pains earned 

3164
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:56,300
pains they mean you've worked 
really worked, not just dabbled 

3165
02:48:56,300 --> 02:49:00,600
lunches, whatever you brought 
from the room today and apple 

3166
02:49:00,600 --> 02:49:04,400
and more of that terrible bread,
you eat slowly not because the 

3167
02:49:04,400 --> 02:49:06,900
food is good, but because 
slowing down is necessary. 

3168
02:49:07,700 --> 02:49:10,900
Your mind is still moving at 
painting speed processing, 

3169
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:12,900
colors and shapes and 
relationships. 

3170
02:49:13,600 --> 02:49:16,800
You need to let it settle. 
You need to let your eyes rest. 

3171
02:49:16,800 --> 02:49:20,300
So you sit and chew and watch 
the field from the perspective 

3172
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:22,300
of idleness, rather than 
purpose. 

3173
02:49:23,500 --> 02:49:26,600
The field doesn't care, whether 
you're painting it or not, it's 

3174
02:49:26,600 --> 02:49:28,400
beautiful regardless of your 
attention. 

3175
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:32,400
This is a comforting thought, 
the world doesn't need you to 

3176
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,300
paint it. 
The world is fine on its own you

3177
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:38,200
paint because you need to not 
because the world requires it. 

3178
02:49:38,200 --> 02:49:42,400
A lizard emerges from beneath a 
nearby Rock freezes from a 

3179
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:46,300
moment in that peculiar lizard 
weigh utterly still as if 

3180
02:49:46,300 --> 02:49:50,200
playing a game of hide and seek 
with death, then Darts Away in a

3181
02:49:50,200 --> 02:49:53,800
blur of green. 
You smile quick movements are 

3182
02:49:53,800 --> 02:49:56,200
almost impossible to paint 
because there are over before 

3183
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:58,800
you can analyze them, 
photography is better at 

3184
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:03,100
capturing speed but photography,
misses everything else, the 

3185
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:05,300
weight of the air, the quality 
of the light and the emotional 

3186
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:08,900
Resonance of a moment, you'll 
take the limitations of painting

3187
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:10,500
over the limitations of 
Photography. 

3188
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:14,100
Any day after eating, you don't 
immediately resume painting. 

3189
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:18,400
Instead, you take out your small
Sketchbook and the graphite 

3190
02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:20,800
stubborn painting as for Colour 
and light. 

3191
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,300
But sketching is for 
understanding structure, you 

3192
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:28,100
draw the Olive Tree quickly, 
Loosely not trying for accuracy,

3193
02:50:28,100 --> 02:50:32,200
but trying to feel How the tree 
grows how its branches relate to

3194
02:50:32,208 --> 02:50:36,000
its trunk and how the whole 
thing balances despite appearing

3195
02:50:36,000 --> 02:50:41,200
ready to topple over. 
Drawing is thinking drawing is 

3196
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:44,400
learning to see. 
You fill two pages with versions

3197
02:50:44,400 --> 02:50:46,300
of the tree. 
Each one slightly different, 

3198
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:50,200
each one teaching you something 
new about how null would occupy 

3199
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:52,800
space. 
The afternoon light is different

3200
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:56,000
from the Morning. 
Light harsher, less forgiving. 

3201
02:50:57,000 --> 02:51:01,500
Shadows shrinking into the cells
colors bleach out slightly as if

3202
02:51:01,508 --> 02:51:05,000
the Sun is a kind of acid eating
away at saturation. 

3203
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,800
You return to the canvas with 
this awareness, adjusting your 

3204
02:51:08,800 --> 02:51:12,200
palate, adding more white to 
your mixtures and cooling, the 

3205
02:51:12,200 --> 02:51:15,500
yellow slightly. 
Every hour of the day requires 

3206
02:51:15,500 --> 02:51:18,400
different colors. 
This is why painting Outdoors is

3207
02:51:18,400 --> 02:51:20,800
both harder and more honest than
painting in a studio. 

3208
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:26,500
The studio light stays constant 
nature, never stays still your 

3209
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:29,200
back is hurting. 
Now a dull ache between your 

3210
02:51:29,200 --> 02:51:31,600
shoulder blades from the 
prolonged standing and reaching 

3211
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:35,900
you ignore it. 
Pain is just information and 

3212
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:38,000
this particular information 
isn't urgent. 

3213
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,300
You've worked through worse 
through cold rain. 

3214
02:51:41,300 --> 02:51:44,400
That numbed your fingers through
headaches that made your vision 

3215
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,400
blur through days, when 
depression, set on your 

3216
02:51:47,408 --> 02:51:48,700
shoulders, like a physical 
weight. 

3217
02:51:49,600 --> 02:51:52,300
This is just a backache, this is
nothing. 

3218
02:51:52,300 --> 02:51:56,200
By mid-afternoon, the painting 
has reached that critical stage 

3219
02:51:56,200 --> 02:51:59,400
where it could go either way. 
There's either about to come 

3220
02:51:59,400 --> 02:52:03,100
together or about to fall apart.
You've been here hundreds of 

3221
02:52:03,108 --> 02:52:06,200
times before and it never gets 
less nerve-wracking. 

3222
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:10,800
The Temptation is to overwork it
to keep fussing with details, 

3223
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:14,100
until you've killed whatever 
life, the painting had But 

3224
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,100
you've also learned that 
stopping too soon. 

3225
02:52:16,108 --> 02:52:19,900
Leaves it unfinished, 
incomplete, trick is knowing 

3226
02:52:19,900 --> 02:52:23,600
when to push and when to step 
away, This knowledge doesn't 

3227
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,100
come from Rules. 
It comes from failure from 

3228
02:52:27,100 --> 02:52:29,900
ruining enough paintings that 
you start to recognize the 

3229
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:33,300
warning signs. 
You work more carefully now with

3230
02:52:33,300 --> 02:52:37,200
smaller brushes and more precise
touches a highlight on a wheat, 

3231
02:52:37,200 --> 02:52:39,900
stalk here, a deeper Shadow 
under the tree there. 

3232
02:52:40,700 --> 02:52:44,000
A few Strokes to suggest distant
mountains, purple against the 

3233
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:47,100
Blue Sky. 
Each addition is a small risk 

3234
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:49,300
each. 
Mark could be the one that 

3235
02:52:49,300 --> 02:52:52,500
pushes the painting from almost 
good to actually good, or from, 

3236
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:55,700
almost good to ruined. 
You try not to think about this,

3237
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:58,300
while working thinking, makes 
you tend to live. 

3238
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:00,400
You need to stay loose and 
confident. 

3239
02:53:00,400 --> 02:53:04,300
Even when you're not feeling 
confident at all, the sun is 

3240
02:53:04,300 --> 02:53:06,100
starting, its descent toward the
Horizon. 

3241
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:09,300
When you finally set down your 
brushes, the painting isn't 

3242
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:11,500
finished. 
Your paintings are never really 

3243
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:13,600
finished but it's done for 
today. 

3244
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:16,700
The light has changed too much 
to continue. 

3245
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:20,100
What you are seeing three hours 
ago, no longer exists. 

3246
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:23,500
Tomorrow will bring different 
light different colors and 

3247
02:53:23,500 --> 02:53:25,600
different challenges. 
You'll return. 

3248
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:28,300
Then if the weather holds and 
continue the conversation with 

3249
02:53:28,300 --> 02:53:32,000
the canvas, you clean your 
brushes methodically, wiping 

3250
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:35,400
them on a rag until most of the 
painters removed then dipping 

3251
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,200
them in turpentine and working 
the bristles against your palm. 

3252
02:53:39,100 --> 02:53:43,300
This is meditative work calming 
after the intensity of painting 

3253
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:47,600
your brushes are your tools and 
tools need respect a brush 

3254
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:50,300
properly. 
Cared for will last years and 

3255
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:54,800
neglected brush dies in months. 
Can't afford to replace brushes 

3256
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:56,600
off often. 
So you treat them like the 

3257
02:53:56,600 --> 02:53:59,800
valuable instruments. 
They are the walk back to town 

3258
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:03,300
is slower than the morning walk.
Your body is tired now, 

3259
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,200
genuinely tired, rather than 
just stiff. 

3260
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:09,300
Your eyes ache from squinting in
the bright light. 

3261
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:12,600
Your hands are covered in paint.
Despite your best efforts, 

3262
02:54:12,600 --> 02:54:16,400
emerald green under your nails. 
Yellow okra on your knuckles and

3263
02:54:16,400 --> 02:54:19,800
Crimson Lake on your wrists. 
You look like you've been in a 

3264
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:23,300
fight with a rainbow, this 
pleases you more than it should.

3265
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:25,600
The town is busier in the late 
afternoon. 

3266
02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:29,400
People finishing workshops 
closing children playing in the 

3267
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:31,700
streets. 
You move through this activity 

3268
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:35,500
like a ghost present but 
separate, you'll still half in 

3269
02:54:35,500 --> 02:54:38,500
the field. 
Half in the painting, not quite 

3270
02:54:38,500 --> 02:54:43,900
ready to be fully human again. 
This transition takes time you 

3271
02:54:43,900 --> 02:54:47,900
learned years ago, not to rush 
it, not to try to snap back into

3272
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:50,800
social normalcy. 
Immediately, after hours of 

3273
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:55,300
solitary Focus, your mind needs 
to decompress to remember how to

3274
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:57,900
exist in a world of words rather
than colors. 

3275
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:02,500
By the time you reach your room,
duskers Gathering, the sky has 

3276
02:55:02,500 --> 02:55:06,000
turned that particular shade of 
violet blue that only exists for

3277
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:08,300
about 20 minutes, each evening a
color. 

3278
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:11,200
So fleeting and perfect that 
you're always tempted to run 

3279
02:55:11,200 --> 02:55:13,100
back outside and try to capture 
it. 

3280
02:55:14,200 --> 02:55:17,100
But your body won't cooperate. 
You're done for the day 

3281
02:55:17,100 --> 02:55:18,800
tomorrow. 
Is for that color. 

3282
02:55:19,600 --> 02:55:21,500
Tomorrow's for everything. 
You didn't finish today. 

3283
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,800
Your room feel smaller after a 
day Outdoors, the walls closer 

3284
02:55:25,800 --> 02:55:28,400
and the ceiling lower. 
You like the oil. 

3285
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:31,900
Lamp carefully because oil cost 
money and must be rashed and 

3286
02:55:31,900 --> 02:55:34,900
it's warm glow. 
Pushes back the encroaching 

3287
02:55:34,900 --> 02:55:39,000
Darkness, The light is different
from daylight softener and more 

3288
02:55:39,000 --> 02:55:41,800
gold and turning. 
Everything it touches slightly 

3289
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:45,100
Amber you've painted by 
Lamplight before though. 

3290
02:55:45,100 --> 02:55:48,800
You prefer natural light. 
Lamp light, flattens, things and

3291
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:52,000
remove the subtle gradation, 
that make forms feel solid. 

3292
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:55,000
You pour water from the picture 
into the base and wash your 

3293
02:55:55,000 --> 02:55:57,700
hands watching. 
The paint, dissolve and swirl 

3294
02:55:57,700 --> 02:56:00,000
and greens and yellows and 
blues. 

3295
02:56:00,000 --> 02:56:03,800
Creating temporary abstract 
patterns before Vanishing down 

3296
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:07,700
the drain. 
The water turns gray then murky.

3297
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:11,900
Brown you scrub your nails with 
a small brush, dig paint from 

3298
02:56:11,900 --> 02:56:15,200
beneath them and rinse. 
Again, your hands never come 

3299
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:18,700
completely clean anymore. 
There's always paint somewhere 

3300
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:22,200
in the creases of your knuckles.
Around the beds of your nails. 

3301
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:24,400
Staining the calluses on your 
palms. 

3302
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:28,100
You've accepted this artist 
hands are meant to carry 

3303
02:56:28,100 --> 02:56:31,300
evidence of their work. 
Dinner is simple, because dinner

3304
02:56:31,300 --> 02:56:34,200
is always simple. 
Tonight is from the cafe 

3305
02:56:34,200 --> 02:56:38,400
downstairs, vegetable properly, 
with chunks of bread for 

3306
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:42,800
dipping. 
Cafe owner Madame ginu knows 

3307
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:45,700
your financial situation without
you having to explain it. 

3308
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:49,700
She charges you less than she 
should and occasionally the soup

3309
02:56:49,700 --> 02:56:52,500
is thicker than it ought to be 
with extra vegetables that were 

3310
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:55,800
on the menu, you've painted her 
portrait twice as partial 

3311
02:56:55,800 --> 02:57:00,200
payment, She hung in the cafe. 
The other she keeps in her 

3312
02:57:00,200 --> 02:57:03,000
private rooms, which feels like 
a greater compliment than money 

3313
02:57:03,000 --> 02:57:05,600
could be. 
You eat at the small table by 

3314
02:57:05,600 --> 02:57:08,900
the window, watching the street 
below as Darkness, completes his

3315
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:12,800
takeover of the Town shops of 
clothes shutters are being 

3316
02:57:12,808 --> 02:57:16,400
fastened. 
A few people hurry past heading 

3317
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,200
home to families, and warm 
kitchens and conversations about

3318
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,800
normal things. 
The weather the Harvest, the 

3319
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:25,200
neighbor's new baby, you don't 
envy them. 

3320
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:27,500
Exactly. 
But sometimes you wonder what 

3321
02:57:27,500 --> 02:57:30,700
that life feels like the life of
someone who isn't compelled to 

3322
02:57:30,708 --> 02:57:34,700
transform seeing into painting. 
You can simply look at a sunset 

3323
02:57:34,700 --> 02:57:36,700
without needing to analyze its 
colors. 

3324
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:39,700
After eating, you clear the 
table and prepare for your 

3325
02:57:39,700 --> 02:57:42,500
second work session of the Day 
writing to Theo. 

3326
02:57:42,500 --> 02:57:46,300
Your brother, in Paris, your 
financial supporter, your 

3327
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:50,300
friend, your anchor to sanity, 
you owe him more than money can 

3328
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:52,600
repay. 
The least you can do is write 

3329
02:57:52,600 --> 02:57:56,100
regularly keeping him, informed 
of your progress, your 

3330
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:59,600
struggles, and your small 
victories, these letters have 

3331
02:57:59,600 --> 02:58:02,500
become a kind of Journal a way 
of processing. 

3332
02:58:02,500 --> 02:58:05,500
Your thoughts about art and life
from the impossible task of 

3333
02:58:05,500 --> 02:58:09,800
trying to be both. 
Your range paper pen and ink 

3334
02:58:09,800 --> 02:58:12,800
with the same care. 
You gave your painting supplies 

3335
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:15,900
this morning. 
The paper is cheap, slightly 

3336
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:18,600
rough but adequate, the pain is 
functional. 

3337
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,700
The ink is black and ordinary 
but your handwriting gives it 

3338
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:25,200
character. 
Quick, angular and urgent. 

3339
02:58:25,900 --> 02:58:29,700
You write the way you paint with
energy, rather than Elegance 

3340
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:32,300
Theo has learned to decipher 
your script. 

3341
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:35,200
Though, it takes effort, you've 
apologized for this. 

3342
02:58:35,200 --> 02:58:38,500
He's told you not to worry 
content matters, more than 

3343
02:58:38,500 --> 02:58:40,800
presentation. 
You begin. 

3344
02:58:40,800 --> 02:58:47,000
As always with dear Theo and 
then the words flow tonight. 

3345
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:49,600
You write about the Wheatfield 
about the Olive Tree that 

3346
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:53,100
defeats every attempt to capture
its essential character and 

3347
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:56,200
about how the afternoon like 
changed the color of everything 

3348
02:58:56,200 --> 02:58:59,500
and required you to completely 
remix your palate. 

3349
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:03,300
You write about practical 
matters, paint supplies, running

3350
02:59:03,300 --> 02:59:07,000
low, a new canvas. 
You need to stretch the rent you

3351
02:59:07,000 --> 02:59:10,800
at the end of the month, you 
write about doubt about the fear

3352
02:59:10,800 --> 02:59:14,600
that you're wasting his money, 
wasting his faith, in you and 

3353
02:59:14,600 --> 02:59:16,400
producing work that nobody 
wants. 

3354
02:59:16,400 --> 02:59:20,100
And nobody will remember. 
But you also write about Hope 

3355
02:59:20,100 --> 02:59:23,200
about the moment this morning, 
when the light hit the wheat, 

3356
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:26,100
just right? 
And you saw really saw how 

3357
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:29,400
yellow and gold and green could 
exist in the same space without 

3358
02:59:29,400 --> 02:59:33,000
conflict about the joy of making
a brush stroke that captures 

3359
02:59:33,000 --> 02:59:36,500
exactly the curve of a tree 
branch about the conviction. 

3360
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:39,900
Stubborn and probably foolish 
that what you're doing matters 

3361
02:59:39,900 --> 02:59:43,300
that these paintings are fields 
and flowers and ordinary people 

3362
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:46,800
will mean something. 
To someone someday the letters 

3363
02:59:46,800 --> 02:59:49,700
to Theo are the only place you 
allow yourself complete honesty,

3364
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,900
with other people you perform 
normalcy or at least try to. 

3365
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:56,900
But the only knows the full 
extent of your struggles. 

3366
02:59:56,900 --> 03:00:01,600
The mental crisis, the financial
desperation, the social 

3367
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:06,700
isolation and the Relentless 
self-criticism, he knows and he 

3368
03:00:06,708 --> 03:00:09,600
supports you anywhere. 
This knowledge is. 

3369
03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:11,900
What keeps you going on the days
when nothing seems worth 

3370
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:14,800
continuing? 
You write for an hour maybe 

3371
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:17,100
more. 
The lamp flickers occasionally 

3372
03:00:17,100 --> 03:00:20,900
threatening to die. 
But hold steady your hand cramps

3373
03:00:20,900 --> 03:00:24,200
slightly from gripping the pain 
but you ignore it there's still 

3374
03:00:24,208 --> 03:00:28,000
more to say Thoughts about color
theory, you've been developing 

3375
03:00:28,000 --> 03:00:32,100
observations about how peasants 
move through Landscapes and 

3376
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:34,900
questions about painters in 
Paris and what they're working 

3377
03:00:34,900 --> 03:00:36,700
on. 
You're curious about the art 

3378
03:00:36,700 --> 03:00:38,800
world but also grateful to be 
removed from it. 

3379
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,300
Competition makes you anxious 
other painters. 

3380
03:00:42,300 --> 03:00:44,700
Success feels like commentary on
your failure. 

3381
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:49,600
Better to be here in all working
in isolation measuring yourself 

3382
03:00:49,600 --> 03:00:53,400
only against your previous work 
When you finally set down the 

3383
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:56,100
pen, several pages are covered 
with your dense. 

3384
03:00:56,100 --> 03:01:00,000
Urgent script, you'll post this 
letter tomorrow and in a week or

3385
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:03,600
so Theo's reply will arrive full
of encouragement, and practical 

3386
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:07,300
advice, and small bits of money.
The correspondence between you 

3387
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:09,000
and your brother is the most 
important work. 

3388
03:01:09,000 --> 03:01:12,300
You do more important than any 
single painting. 

3389
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:14,600
It's what keeps you connected to
the world? 

3390
03:01:14,600 --> 03:01:17,700
What reminds you that someone 
believes in, what your 

3391
03:01:17,700 --> 03:01:20,700
attempting, you fold, the letter
carefully and set it to decide. 

3392
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:23,500
Then you lean back in your chair
and rub your eyes. 

3393
03:01:23,500 --> 03:01:25,800
Feeling the full weight of the 
days. 

3394
03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:30,700
Exhaustion your body aches. 
In a dozen places your mind 

3395
03:01:30,700 --> 03:01:35,200
feels pleasantly empty, run out 
like a sponge this is good. 

3396
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:39,500
Tiredness earned tiredness. 
You've worked hard today, 

3397
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,700
physically in the field, 
intellectually in the letter 

3398
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,900
tomorrow. 
You'll do it again, and the day 

3399
03:01:45,900 --> 03:01:49,700
after that, and the day after 
that, this is your life. 

3400
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:54,600
Now, this rhythm of work and 
rest and work again, it's not 

3401
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:57,200
the life. 
You imagine as a young man, but 

3402
03:01:57,200 --> 03:01:59,700
it's the one you've built and 
it's yours. 

3403
03:02:01,200 --> 03:02:04,500
Before sleeping, you allow 
yourself a small ritual 

3404
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:08,100
reviewing today's paintings. 
You've been doing this for 

3405
03:02:08,100 --> 03:02:10,600
months. 
A private exhibition for an 

3406
03:02:10,600 --> 03:02:13,800
audience of one, the painting 
from today leans against the 

3407
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:17,100
wall still wet. 
Colors glowing slightly in the 

3408
03:02:17,108 --> 03:02:19,000
Lamplight. 
You study it. 

3409
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:21,800
Critically cataloging its 
failures and occasional 

3410
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:24,100
successes. 
The wheat is better than 

3411
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:26,200
yesterday's wheat, but still not
quite right. 

3412
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,800
The sky needs more complexity. 
The olive tree looks stiff and 

3413
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:34,600
unconvincing but there are 
moments a few brush Strokes 

3414
03:02:34,600 --> 03:02:36,100
where you captured something 
true. 

3415
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:40,000
But paint transcended paint to 
become wheat, became White 

3416
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:43,600
became the actual feeling of 
standing in a field on a summer 

3417
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,300
afternoon, he'll do better to 
tomorrow, you always think this 

3418
03:02:47,300 --> 03:02:51,800
and it's usually true. 
Progress is incremental, barely 

3419
03:02:51,800 --> 03:02:54,700
noticeable day today, but 
visible, when you compare 

3420
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:58,400
painting from months ago to 
painting from today, your 

3421
03:02:58,400 --> 03:03:02,200
learning slowly how to see and 
how to translate seeing into 

3422
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:06,200
something others can experience.
This learning never stops. 

3423
03:03:07,000 --> 03:03:09,000
You'll die not knowing 
everything you want to know 

3424
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:12,300
about painting. 
This should depress you but 

3425
03:03:12,300 --> 03:03:15,600
somehow it doesn't the 
impossibility of Mastery is what

3426
03:03:15,600 --> 03:03:19,400
makes the work worth doing you 
extinguish the lamp and darkness

3427
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:22,100
swallows the room. 
You undress in the dark. 

3428
03:03:22,100 --> 03:03:25,300
No point wasting matches and 
climb into bed. 

3429
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:29,300
Sheets are rough wash. 
So many times they've become as 

3430
03:03:29,300 --> 03:03:32,800
thin as paper. 
The mattress is Lumpy none of 

3431
03:03:32,808 --> 03:03:36,900
this matters within minutes. 
You're a sleep dreaming in 

3432
03:03:36,900 --> 03:03:39,300
colors. 
Your subconscious mind, 

3433
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:42,000
continuing the work. 
Your conscious mind has paused 

3434
03:03:42,000 --> 03:03:45,000
tomorrow before Dawn your wake 
and beginning again. 

3435
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:49,300
The ritual will repeat coffee 
walking painting letters sleep. 

3436
03:03:50,000 --> 03:03:53,800
It's a simple life, a narrow 
life, but it's the life that 

3437
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:56,800
allows you to do the work. 
You were meant to do everything 

3438
03:03:56,800 --> 03:04:01,600
else. 
Comfort wealth, Fame connection?

3439
03:04:02,600 --> 03:04:05,800
Is secondary to that. 
Your painting The World Is. 

3440
03:04:05,800 --> 03:04:09,200
You See It hoping that someday 
someone will look at your 

3441
03:04:09,200 --> 03:04:12,400
paintings and see it too. 
That hope is enough. 

3442
03:04:12,400 --> 03:04:16,700
It has to be enough. 
It's all you have six months 

3443
03:04:16,700 --> 03:04:22,200
pass in the Autumn arrives, 
bringing different light cooler,

3444
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:26,300
temperatures and changed colors.
The wheat fields are stubborn 

3445
03:04:26,300 --> 03:04:29,900
now, harvested down to short, 
stalks that crunch under your 

3446
03:04:29,900 --> 03:04:32,100
boots. 
You paint the aftermath of 

3447
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:36,000
harvest interested in how the 
land looks stripped and exposed 

3448
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:39,100
vulnerable in its bare nests. 
The olive trees. 

3449
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,700
Remain still Twisted still gray 
green. 

3450
03:04:41,700 --> 03:04:45,000
Still refusing to be adequately 
captured on canvas. 

3451
03:04:45,000 --> 03:04:50,400
You're stack of finished. 
Paintings grows 20 canvases lean

3452
03:04:50,400 --> 03:04:54,800
against the walls of your room, 
then 30 then 40 there everywhere

3453
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:59,500
under the bed, behind the door 
arranged in rows. 3D against 

3454
03:04:59,500 --> 03:05:03,400
every available wall the room, 
smells perpetually of linseed 

3455
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:06,600
oil and turpentine a sharp 
chemical smell that you've 

3456
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:10,800
stopped noticing Madam ji new 
complains, occasionally that the

3457
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:14,100
fumes are seeping into the cafe 
below making the coffee. 

3458
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:17,000
Tastes strange. 
You apologize, but don't change 

3459
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:19,300
anything. 
Where else would you store the 

3460
03:05:19,300 --> 03:05:20,900
paintings? 
There's no where else? 

3461
03:05:20,900 --> 03:05:23,900
This room is your studio, your 
gallery. 

3462
03:05:23,900 --> 03:05:27,700
And your archived the painting 
itself has become less agonizing

3463
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:31,700
or perhaps you've simply grown 
accustomed to the agony, your 

3464
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,800
hand know, certain gestures now 
without your brain needing to 

3465
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:40,200
direct them. sky goes on in 
Broad horizontal Strokes cypress

3466
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,500
trees, require vertical, slashes
of dark green and near black 

3467
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:47,400
Faces need careful, 
construction, eyes position. 

3468
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:51,400
Just so and mouth suggesting 
emotion without becoming 

3469
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:54,000
cartoons. 
These aren't rules you learned 

3470
03:05:54,000 --> 03:05:57,000
from teachers? 
These are conclusions drawn from

3471
03:05:57,000 --> 03:06:01,200
failure from painting. 
The same subjects over and over 

3472
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:04,700
until your hand remembered what 
your mind kept forgetting. 

3473
03:06:05,500 --> 03:06:07,700
You've developed a routine for 
materials management. 

3474
03:06:07,700 --> 03:06:11,700
Every Sunday, you stretch 
canvases, six or seven at a time

3475
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,500
for the coming week, the process
is meditative. 

3476
03:06:15,500 --> 03:06:18,400
Cutting canvas from the bolt, 
wrapping it around, wooden 

3477
03:06:18,400 --> 03:06:20,700
structure bars. 
Pulling it tight, securing it 

3478
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:23,600
with tax, then applying a thin 
layer of primer. 

3479
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,200
Your hands. 
Perform these tasks while your 

3480
03:06:26,200 --> 03:06:28,300
mind wanders thinking about 
painting. 

3481
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:31,700
You haven't started yet colors. 
You haven't tried and 

3482
03:06:31,700 --> 03:06:33,600
techniques. 
You want to experiment with? 

3483
03:06:34,500 --> 03:06:37,200
The physical work of 
preparation, freeze, your brain 

3484
03:06:37,200 --> 03:06:41,400
for planning money Remains the 
constant problem, the O sends 

3485
03:06:41,400 --> 03:06:44,700
what he can, but it's never 
quite enough irrational paint 

3486
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:47,500
carefully mixing colors to make 
tubes last longer. 

3487
03:06:47,500 --> 03:06:51,100
Scraping pallets cleanse. 
So, no, paint goes to waste, 

3488
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:55,600
you've learned to be frugal with
everything except canvas cheap, 

3489
03:06:55,600 --> 03:06:59,300
canvas produces poor results. 
So you spend money there and 

3490
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:03,400
economize elsewhere, eating less
walking instead of taking the 

3491
03:07:03,400 --> 03:07:07,000
train wearing the same clothes 
and they literally fall apart. 

3492
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:10,900
Your appearance has become 
somewhat disreputable, you know,

3493
03:07:10,900 --> 03:07:14,200
this, People. 
Look at you, oddly, the redhead 

3494
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:17,300
madman with painter under his 
nails and holes in his jacket. 

3495
03:07:17,300 --> 03:07:22,600
Let them look their opinions. 
Don't buy paint winter arrives, 

3496
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,600
bringing complications. 
The fields are less interesting 

3497
03:07:25,600 --> 03:07:30,900
now, mostly mud, and vegetation.
The light is weaker grayer. 

3498
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:34,300
You paint indoors. 
More often still life's 

3499
03:07:34,300 --> 03:07:37,300
portraits, your own room 
rendered from different angles, 

3500
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:39,900
you paint your empty Chair by 
Lamplight. 

3501
03:07:39,900 --> 03:07:43,000
Trying to capture The Melancholy
of furniture waiting for someone

3502
03:07:43,000 --> 03:07:46,100
who isn't coming. 
The painting depresses you while

3503
03:07:46,100 --> 03:07:48,600
you're making it but the 
depression feels necessary. 

3504
03:07:48,600 --> 03:07:51,900
Honest not, everything needs to 
be cheerful. 

3505
03:07:51,900 --> 03:07:53,800
Sadness is also worth 
documenting. 

3506
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,600
The social isolation 
intensifies, during winter, 

3507
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,800
people stay indoors. 
The streets are empty. 

3508
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:04,800
You go days without speaking to 
anyone except Madame Janu and 

3509
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:08,000
the occasional shopkeeper this 
should bother you more than it 

3510
03:08:08,000 --> 03:08:10,300
does. 
Humans are supposed to need 

3511
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,100
other humans and are supposed to
require conversation and 

3512
03:08:13,108 --> 03:08:15,200
connection. 
But you've discovered that 

3513
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:20,000
Solitude while lonely provides 
clarity when you're alone, you 

3514
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:23,300
can hear your own thoughts. 
When you're alone, the world 

3515
03:08:23,300 --> 03:08:25,700
doesn't interrupt itself with 
opinions and expectations. 

3516
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:31,000
Lonely is the price of focus and
you've decided, it's a price 

3517
03:08:31,008 --> 03:08:35,200
worth paying You paint through a
bout of illness in January. 

3518
03:08:35,200 --> 03:08:39,500
Some kind of flu that leaves you
weak and feverish but not. 

3519
03:08:39,500 --> 03:08:43,500
So incapacitated that you can't 
work you paint with shaking 

3520
03:08:43,500 --> 03:08:46,900
hands producing strange, 
distorted images that you'll 

3521
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:49,500
later look at and wonder if 
they're terrible or brilliant. 

3522
03:08:50,500 --> 03:08:53,700
Probably terrible. 
But the act of painting while 

3523
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:55,800
sick teaches you, something 
about your commitment. 

3524
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:58,700
You're not doing this because 
it's Pleasant or easy. 

3525
03:08:58,700 --> 03:09:01,400
You're doing it because you 
can't not do it. 

3526
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:05,600
The compulsion to paint is 
deeper than health deeper than 

3527
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:09,700
comfort and possibly deeper than
sanity by February. 

3528
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:13,400
You've been painting, seriously 
for nearly seven years, seven 

3529
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:17,200
years, of daily work, thousands 
of hours at the easel 100s of 

3530
03:09:17,208 --> 03:09:20,200
completed paintings and what you
have to show for it. 

3531
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:24,900
A room full of unsold canvases. 
A brother who believes in you 

3532
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:28,400
but might be deluded. 
A handful of people in Paris who

3533
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:32,200
think you have potential but not
enough to buy your work like 

3534
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:36,800
conventional measures your a 
failure, 35 years old living in 

3535
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:38,900
poverty producing art that 
nobody wants. 

3536
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,000
But you've also learned 
something that conventional 

3537
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:45,300
measures don't capture, you've 
learned that work itself. 

3538
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:49,900
Can be the reward that the act 
of seeing clearly of translating

3539
03:09:49,900 --> 03:09:52,900
what you see in to paint of 
solving the endless problems 

3540
03:09:52,900 --> 03:09:56,700
that every canvas presents. 
This is valuable regardless of 

3541
03:09:56,700 --> 03:10:00,100
whether anyone else appreciates 
it, you're not painting to 

3542
03:10:00,100 --> 03:10:03,500
become famous your painting 
because painting is how you make

3543
03:10:03,500 --> 03:10:06,900
sense of the world, how you pin 
down fleeting moments and 

3544
03:10:06,900 --> 03:10:10,100
preserve them and how you 
participate in life rather than 

3545
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:14,700
just observing it Spring returns
and with it comes Renewed 

3546
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:17,300
Energy. 
The feels green up. 

3547
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:23,500
Flowers appear, irises, poppies 
and wildflowers, you can't name 

3548
03:10:23,500 --> 03:10:27,100
you paint them all with 
something approaching Joy, which

3549
03:10:27,100 --> 03:10:30,000
is a rare emotion for you. 
Usually, you work through 

3550
03:10:30,000 --> 03:10:32,900
anxiety or determination, or 
sheer stubbornness. 

3551
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:37,200
Spring is forgiving. 
Spring suggests possibilities. 

3552
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:41,900
Spring makes you think that 
maybe possibly things could work

3553
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:44,500
out. 
Not fame or Fortune. 

3554
03:10:44,500 --> 03:10:47,500
You've given up on those but 
something smaller, and more 

3555
03:10:47,508 --> 03:10:52,000
important understanding 
connection, the feeling that 

3556
03:10:52,000 --> 03:10:54,400
what you're seeing matters to 
someone besides yourself. 

3557
03:10:55,300 --> 03:10:58,800
You paint orchards in blue. 
Trying to capture the Paradox of

3558
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:00,900
delicate blossoms on rough 
Twisted. 

3559
03:11:00,900 --> 03:11:03,600
Branches, you paint feels full 
of wheat. 

3560
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:08,300
Again this year's crop taller 
and greener than last year's you

3561
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:12,000
paint people. 
Working Farmers laborers, women 

3562
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:15,300
in gardens because work is 
sacred and deserves 

3563
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:17,900
documentation. 
These people who spend their 

3564
03:11:17,900 --> 03:11:21,700
days, bending and lifting and 
cultivating aren't subjects for 

3565
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:24,600
pity. 
Their living on a sleeping, what

3566
03:11:24,600 --> 03:11:27,600
needs doing? 
You try to show that in your 

3567
03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:29,800
painting's, try to give them 
dignity. 

3568
03:11:29,800 --> 03:11:33,800
Without sentimentality will 
technique continues of evolving,

3569
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:37,600
you're using thicker paint now, 
applying it in rough textured 

3570
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:41,700
layers that catch the Light This
approach is called impasto, 

3571
03:11:41,700 --> 03:11:43,300
though. 
You didn't know that when you 

3572
03:11:43,300 --> 03:11:46,400
started doing it, you just found
that thick paint better 

3573
03:11:46,400 --> 03:11:49,700
captured, the physicality of 
what you were seeing Fields. 

3574
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:52,400
Aren't smooth, trees aren't 
smooth faces aren't smooth. 

3575
03:11:52,400 --> 03:11:54,700
Why should your paintings be 
smooth? 

3576
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:58,700
The texture of the paint becomes
part of the meaning, a physical 

3577
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:03,100
manifestation of the energy 
required to see and record. you 

3578
03:12:03,100 --> 03:12:06,000
write to Theo about these 
developments, trying to explain 

3579
03:12:06,000 --> 03:12:09,200
what your attempting, your 
written, explanations always 

3580
03:12:09,200 --> 03:12:13,700
feel inadequate, Painting is 
visual language and verbal 

3581
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:15,500
language. 
Can only approximate what brush 

3582
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:19,700
and color can say directly. 
But you try anyway because Theo 

3583
03:12:19,700 --> 03:12:23,400
is in Paris rounded by theories 
and movements and debates and 

3584
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,100
you want to understand that what
you're doing here in provincial,

3585
03:12:26,100 --> 03:12:29,700
all is also part of those large 
conversations, you're not 

3586
03:12:29,708 --> 03:12:32,900
isolated from the art world. 
You're just approaching it from 

3587
03:12:32,900 --> 03:12:35,300
a different direction working 
through problems. 

3588
03:12:35,300 --> 03:12:37,500
On your own terms. 
Rather than following, 

3589
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:41,300
fashionable Solutions, summer 
arrives with its familiar heat 

3590
03:12:41,300 --> 03:12:43,600
and brilliant. 
Light your painting. 

3591
03:12:43,600 --> 03:12:47,100
Now, the new were a year ago. 
You can see the Improvement. 

3592
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:50,600
When you compare old paintings 
to new ones, the colors are more

3593
03:12:50,600 --> 03:12:54,500
confident, the compositions are 
stronger, the brushwork is more 

3594
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:57,700
assured. 
This is what, practice does not 

3595
03:12:57,700 --> 03:13:01,500
overnight transformation, but 
gradual, almost imperceptible 

3596
03:13:01,500 --> 03:13:05,300
refinement. 
You'll still not satisfied and 

3597
03:13:05,300 --> 03:13:07,900
still see the gap between what 
you want to achieve and what you

3598
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:12,600
actually achieve. 
But the Gap is narrowing slowly 

3599
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:15,300
painfully. 
The Gap is narrowing. 

3600
03:13:16,300 --> 03:13:17,900
You don't think much about 
Legacy. 

3601
03:13:18,600 --> 03:13:22,300
Legacy implies future and you're
too focused on the present. 

3602
03:13:22,300 --> 03:13:26,300
Today's painting, this 
afternoon's light, the exact 

3603
03:13:26,300 --> 03:13:29,100
color of Shadows and olive trees
at 4 in the evening. 

3604
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:33,000
But occasionally usually late at
night, when you can't sleep, you

3605
03:13:33,000 --> 03:13:34,700
wonder what will happen to all 
these paintings. 

3606
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:39,700
The stack keeps growing 40, 
canvases become sick, 60, which 

3607
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:42,600
becomes 80. 
They can't all stay in your room

3608
03:13:42,600 --> 03:13:45,200
forever eventually. 
Something will have to be done 

3609
03:13:45,200 --> 03:13:48,100
with them. 
Tayo talks about exhibitions and

3610
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:50,800
about getting your work in front
of critics and buyers. 

3611
03:13:51,700 --> 03:13:55,000
You want to believe him but 
belief requires energy, you 

3612
03:13:55,000 --> 03:13:58,300
don't have the art world. 
Seems impossibly far away 

3613
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:02,400
impossibly sophisticated and 
full of people who know things, 

3614
03:14:02,400 --> 03:14:04,500
you don't know, and who speak a 
language. 

3615
03:14:04,500 --> 03:14:07,800
You've never learned. 
You're just a painter who looks 

3616
03:14:07,800 --> 03:14:10,100
at Fields? 
What do you have to offer people

3617
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:12,200
who spend their time in 
galleries, arguing about 

3618
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:15,300
symbolism and technique? 
But then, you think about the 

3619
03:14:15,300 --> 03:14:18,400
act of looking at self and 
something shifts. 

3620
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:22,800
Everyone looks at fields at 
trees at the sky. 

3621
03:14:22,800 --> 03:14:26,500
But most people look without 
seeing their eyes registering 

3622
03:14:26,500 --> 03:14:28,500
information without their brains
processing. 

3623
03:14:28,500 --> 03:14:32,300
Meaning you've trained yourself 
to do the opposite to look until

3624
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:37,200
looking becomes seeing to notice
the 10,000 small details, that 

3625
03:14:37,200 --> 03:14:39,100
make one feel different. 
From another field. 

3626
03:14:39,100 --> 03:14:41,500
One afternoon different from 
another afternoon. 

3627
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:45,600
This skill, this learned 
attentiveness is your actual 

3628
03:14:45,600 --> 03:14:51,100
subject, not wheat, not trees. 
But the act of paying attention 

3629
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:53,900
of being present with what's in 
front of you. 

3630
03:14:53,900 --> 03:14:56,700
If someone looks at your 
painting of a wheat field and 

3631
03:14:56,700 --> 03:14:59,800
really sees the wheat sees how 
it moves and catches light and 

3632
03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:03,000
exists in space, then you give 
them something valuable. 

3633
03:15:03,000 --> 03:15:06,800
You've taught them to look not 
your paintings specifically, but

3634
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,400
at everything, the world they 
move through without noticing. 

3635
03:15:10,400 --> 03:15:13,000
This is the Legacy your building
though. 

3636
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,400
You didn't realize it until just
now tonight, right? 

3637
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:18,900
In by Lamplight. 
While the Tails sleeps around 

3638
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:23,300
you, you're making instruction 
manuals for seeing thought is 

3639
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,200
almost overwhelming, not because
it's grandiose. 

3640
03:15:26,200 --> 03:15:29,200
You don't think you're creating 
great art, but because it's 

3641
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:33,100
humble and enormous, at the same
time, every person who looks 

3642
03:15:33,100 --> 03:15:36,000
closely at one of your paintings
and then goes outside and looks 

3643
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:38,400
closely at actual wheat has been
changed. 

3644
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:42,900
Change slightly almost 
imperceptibly but changed. 

3645
03:15:42,900 --> 03:15:45,300
They can't unsee. 
What they've learned to see. 

3646
03:15:45,300 --> 03:15:48,000
This is education in the deepest
sense. 

3647
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:52,800
This is why you paint you get 
out of bed, unable to sleep now 

3648
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:56,000
and like the lamp. 
Painting stacked around the room

3649
03:15:56,000 --> 03:15:58,900
regard, you with their fixed 
unblinking stairs. 

3650
03:15:59,600 --> 03:16:05,300
So many feels so many trees. 
So many skies from one angle, 

3651
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:08,600
they look repetitive and 
obsessive the same subjects over

3652
03:16:08,600 --> 03:16:11,200
and over. 
But from another angle their 

3653
03:16:11,200 --> 03:16:14,600
variations on a theme 
investigations into how light 

3654
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:17,000
and weather and time of day 
alter everything they touch, 

3655
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:21,500
you're not repeating yourself. 
You're refining yourself, each 

3656
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:25,100
painting is practice for seeing 
more clearly for understanding 

3657
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:29,500
more deeply, you think about 
painters of the past Rembrandt. 

3658
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:32,200
Vermeer, and the Masters, whose 
work you've studied in museums 

3659
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:35,300
and books their dead now. 
Centuries dead. 

3660
03:16:36,100 --> 03:16:39,300
But their seeing persists, when 
you look at a Rembrandt 

3661
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:41,900
portrait, you're not just seeing
painter range on canvas. 

3662
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:45,400
You're seeing through 
Rembrandt's eyes, experiencing 

3663
03:16:45,400 --> 03:16:48,600
his particular way of noticing 
light and Shadow, and human 

3664
03:16:48,600 --> 03:16:50,500
character. 
The man died. 

3665
03:16:50,500 --> 03:16:54,200
But his seeing continues passed 
down through generations. 

3666
03:16:54,200 --> 03:16:58,800
Like inherited wealth, this is 
immortality not of the body, but

3667
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:01,300
of vision. 
Your paintings, do this? 

3668
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:03,400
Well, someone 100 years from 
now. 

3669
03:17:03,400 --> 03:17:05,700
Look at your wheat fields and 
see wheat the way you see it? 

3670
03:17:06,700 --> 03:17:09,200
The possibility seems absurd and
necessary. 

3671
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:13,400
At the same time, you paint as 
if the answer is, yes, there's a

3672
03:17:13,400 --> 03:17:15,200
future seeing depends on present
work. 

3673
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:18,900
This is Faith. 
You suppose not religious Faith.

3674
03:17:18,900 --> 03:17:22,800
You've Lost That lost it years 
ago, when you try and be a 

3675
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:26,500
minister but creative faith. the
belief that making something 

3676
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:29,600
with complete honesty and 
attention will matter, even if 

3677
03:17:29,600 --> 03:17:34,200
you can't see how or when, or to
whom, Morning comes gradually 

3678
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:37,500
the way it always does. 
You've been awake all night 

3679
03:17:37,500 --> 03:17:40,900
thinking and occasionally 
sketching working through these 

3680
03:17:40,900 --> 03:17:44,400
ideas about seeing and Legacy in
the strange mathematics of 

3681
03:17:44,400 --> 03:17:47,800
attention that turns looking 
into seeing and seeing into 

3682
03:17:47,800 --> 03:17:51,700
painting and painting into 
instruction, your exhausted but 

3683
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:55,000
also energized. 
The thoughts of clarified, 

3684
03:17:55,000 --> 03:17:56,800
something you'd felt but 
couldn't articulate. 

3685
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:01,700
You know, why you paint now not 
to become famous, not to make 

3686
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:05,300
money, but to preserve ways of 
seeing to document. 

3687
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:09,000
The infinite variety of light 
falling on ordinary things, to 

3688
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,000
insist that Wheatfields matter 
and olive trees matter and the 

3689
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:16,400
exact color of sky at dusk 
matters. 

3690
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:21,000
You make coffee terrible coffee 
as always and stand at the 

3691
03:18:21,000 --> 03:18:22,500
window watching the street wake 
up. 

3692
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:27,400
The baker opens, his shutters, 
the woman's sweeps, her 

3693
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:32,300
doorstep, a cat hunts Shadows. 
These are the same small events,

3694
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:35,200
you see every morning, but this 
morning, they feel different 

3695
03:18:35,200 --> 03:18:38,500
more precious. 
Every ordinary moment is worth 

3696
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:41,400
preserving, because every 
ordinary moment is unrepeatable.

3697
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:45,700
Today's light will never exist. 
Again, today's shadows will 

3698
03:18:45,700 --> 03:18:50,500
never fall this exact way again.
This morning is unique singular 

3699
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,700
and gone as soon as it arrives. 
The only way to keep it is to 

3700
03:18:54,708 --> 03:18:57,500
paint it. 
You finish your coffee gather, 

3701
03:18:57,500 --> 03:18:59,800
your materials and head out into
the early light. 

3702
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:02,900
Your painting spot is waiting 
the field. 

3703
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:07,500
The tree The Horizon, that's 
both barrier and invitation you 

3704
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:11,100
set up, your easel with practice
deficiency, preparing to spend 

3705
03:19:11,100 --> 03:19:13,900
another day. 
Doing what you do, looking until

3706
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:16,100
you see seeing until you 
understand. 

3707
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:20,100
And understanding, until you can
paint, the work is repetitive 

3708
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:23,400
and endless and exactly what you
need to be doing. 

3709
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:27,400
Not because anyone's asking for 
it, not because anyone's paying 

3710
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:29,900
for it. 
Because this is your way of 

3711
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:33,400
participating in the world. 
Your method of saying, yes to 

3712
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:37,200
existence in your small 
contribution to the vast project

3713
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:41,800
of human seeing The first 
brushstroke goes on the canvas, 

3714
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:46,000
like a whisper becoming a shout 
it's just paint just pigment 

3715
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:49,500
mixed with oil but it's also 
everything attention made 

3716
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:53,400
visible looking made permanent 
this specific morning in this 

3717
03:19:53,408 --> 03:19:57,200
specific Place captured and held
you work steadily through the 

3718
03:19:57,200 --> 03:20:00,900
morning, watching the light 
change, adjusting your colors to

3719
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:03,300
match what's actually there 
rather than what you think 

3720
03:20:03,300 --> 03:20:07,000
should be there, this is the 
discipline, trusting your eyes, 

3721
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:09,800
over your assumptions, letting 
reality and struck, you rather 

3722
03:20:09,800 --> 03:20:11,800
than imposing your ideas on 
reality. 

3723
03:20:12,600 --> 03:20:15,800
Hours, pass the sun climbs your 
back. 

3724
03:20:15,800 --> 03:20:18,500
Eights, your eyes water from 
squinting. 

3725
03:20:18,500 --> 03:20:22,000
Your palate becomes a muddy mess
of mixed colors. 

3726
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:25,900
These are good signs. 
They mean, you're working really

3727
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,100
working, not just playing at 
painting by early afternoon. 

3728
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:33,300
The canvas has transformed from 
blank potential to something. 

3729
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:37,200
Actual not finished. 
Never finished but present. 

3730
03:20:38,300 --> 03:20:40,800
Field exists when nothing 
existed before. 

3731
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:44,300
Light falls were only white 
canvas weighted. 

3732
03:20:44,300 --> 03:20:47,200
You've made something from 
nothing using nothing but 

3733
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:50,800
attention and paint. 
It's A Small Miracle repeated 

3734
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:52,900
daily. 
Never losing its power to 

3735
03:20:52,900 --> 03:20:55,100
surprise. 
You, you clean your brushes 

3736
03:20:55,100 --> 03:20:59,800
pack, your materials, and start 
the walk back to town tonight. 

3737
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:03,200
You'll write to Theo telling him
about today's work about the 

3738
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:06,100
thoughts that kept you awake 
last night, and about why you 

3739
03:21:06,100 --> 03:21:10,300
continue, even when continuation
seems pointless, Tomorrow, 

3740
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:13,500
you'll return to the field and 
begin again and the day after 

3741
03:21:13,500 --> 03:21:16,500
that. 
And the day after that, this is 

3742
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:18,100
the pattern that defines you 
now. 

3743
03:21:19,000 --> 03:21:24,400
Work and rest, and work again 
seeing and painting and seeing 

3744
03:21:24,400 --> 03:21:27,400
again, building a legacy, not of
Fame. 

3745
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:30,700
But of attention, one brush 
stroke at a time. 

3746
03:21:30,708 --> 03:21:34,600
One painting at a time. 
One moment of careful. 

3747
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:37,400
Looking at a time, the 
Wheatfield you painted today 

3748
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,100
will be harvested. 
Soon, the light will change. 

3749
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:43,600
Winter will come again. 
He'll keep painting through all 

3750
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:45,300
of it. 
Documenting. 

3751
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:47,400
The endless variation of 
ordinary life. 

3752
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:49,700
Insisting. 
That nothing is true. 

3753
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:52,400
Ordinary. 
If you look closely enough This 

3754
03:21:52,400 --> 03:21:54,600
is your life. 
Now this is your work. 

3755
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:59,200
This is what you'll leave behind
When You're Gone not monuments 

3756
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:03,300
or Mansions but paintings that 
teach people how to see if even 

3757
03:22:03,300 --> 03:22:06,200
one person looks at one of your 
paintings and then looks at the 

3758
03:22:06,200 --> 03:22:09,300
world with the new eyes, then 
everything was worth it. 

3759
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:13,100
Every morning of cold coffee 
every afternoon of aching back, 

3760
03:22:13,100 --> 03:22:16,900
every night of doubt and fear 
and stubborn foolish. 

3761
03:22:16,900 --> 03:22:20,500
Hope your Vincent van Gogh and 
you're painting the world. 

3762
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:22,900
As you see it, the world doesn't
care. 

3763
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:26,900
The world will continue with or 
without your paintings, but 

3764
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:30,200
you'll make them anyway because 
making them is how you live, how

3765
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,400
you participate, and how you 
say, thank you to light and 

3766
03:22:33,400 --> 03:22:35,500
color and the infinite variety 
of seeing. 

3767
03:22:35,500 --> 03:22:40,400
This is enough, this has to be 
enough and on good days on days.

3768
03:22:40,400 --> 03:22:43,400
Like today when the light is 
perfect, and your hand is steady

3769
03:22:43,400 --> 03:22:46,000
and the painting almost matches 
what you saw. 

3770
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:49,700
It is enough. 
It's more than enough it 

3771
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:56,400
everything. 
Before there were goddesses that

3772
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:58,900
transformed people into spiders 
because they were better 

3773
03:22:58,900 --> 03:23:02,400
Weavers, or gods that through 
lightning bolts, there was just 

3774
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:04,900
chaos. 
Not the kind of chaos you get 

3775
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:07,000
when you're in your internet, 
goes down during a crucial video

3776
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:09,200
call. 
But real primordial emptiness, 

3777
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:11,900
you can see why the ancient 
Greek simply Shrugged and 

3778
03:23:11,900 --> 03:23:15,100
referred to it as chaos if you 
Try to explain what existed 

3779
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:18,200
before existence itself. 
The first being appeared from 

3780
03:23:18,200 --> 03:23:22,300
this Cosmic soup of nothingness.
Eros, the force of attraction 

3781
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:24,900
that would later cause more 
trouble than a dating app 

3782
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:28,200
algorithm gone awry. 
Tartarus, the deepest darkest 

3783
03:23:28,200 --> 03:23:31,800
pit, you can imagine think of 
your basement, but infinitely 

3784
03:23:31,800 --> 03:23:35,300
worse, and with more screaming 
and Gaia who was essentially 

3785
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:37,300
Mother Earth before. 
Environmental awareness was 

3786
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:40,900
fashionable. 
Being the productive type Gaia 

3787
03:23:40,900 --> 03:23:43,300
decided that life was boring on 
its own and made the sky. 

3788
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:47,400
Uranus in ancient Greece, 
family, trees, resembled family,

3789
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:50,200
wreaths and everything was 
connected in awkward ways. 

3790
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,200
You might think that having your
mother create your husband 

3791
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:55,800
sounds like the start of serious
therapy sessions. 

3792
03:23:55,800 --> 03:23:59,800
The fact that Uranus and Gaia 
had children together should 

3793
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:02,300
have been the first clue. 
That something was amiss in the 

3794
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:04,700
family. 
Dynamic among their descendants 

3795
03:24:04,700 --> 03:24:08,200
with the Titans giant creatures.
That were essentially the first 

3796
03:24:08,200 --> 03:24:11,700
draft of godhood. 
Strong unkillable and devoid of 

3797
03:24:11,700 --> 03:24:15,700
all sense of proportion or 
self-control consider them Gods 

3798
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:18,600
who have never been trained in 
customer, service Cronus. 

3799
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:21,900
Who would have been a perfect 
fit at any corporate takeover as

3800
03:24:21,900 --> 03:24:24,600
one of these Titans after 
observing his father. 

3801
03:24:24,600 --> 03:24:28,400
Uranus Cronus concluded that 
committing patricide was a great

3802
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:30,600
way to advance his career 
Cronus. 

3803
03:24:30,600 --> 03:24:33,000
Castrated his father and tossed 
the parts into the sea. 

3804
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:36,000
Using a scythe that is 
supportive mother Gaia had given

3805
03:24:36,000 --> 03:24:37,800
him. 
The fact that this act gave 

3806
03:24:37,800 --> 03:24:41,000
birth to the goddess of love, 
Aphrodite, tells you all, you 

3807
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:44,100
need to know about the Greeks 
perception of romance, lovely. 

3808
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,100
But with a history, you probably
don't want to delve too deeply 

3809
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:49,700
into since Uranus was no longer 
involved. 

3810
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:52,900
Cronus assumed control of the 
universe, where his sister Rhea 

3811
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:54,900
again, the dynamic of ancient 
Greek. 

3812
03:24:54,900 --> 03:24:58,000
Families were complex and began 
what ought to have been a 

3813
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:00,400
peaceful rain. 
But Chronos had heard a prophecy

3814
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:03,500
that like his father, he would 
be overthrown by one of his 

3815
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:06,400
children. 
Being a pragmatic person. 

3816
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:08,900
Cronus came up with a 
straightforward idea of eating 

3817
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:13,200
each newborn right away at this 
point, the narrative takes a 

3818
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:15,000
turn that makes even the most 
dysfunctional holiday. 

3819
03:25:15,000 --> 03:25:18,300
Dinners seem like fun as real. 
Watched Cronus gobble up. 

3820
03:25:18,308 --> 03:25:20,900
Their first five children like 
some kind of immortal baby 

3821
03:25:20,900 --> 03:25:23,700
eating monster. 
She was understandably upset 

3822
03:25:23,700 --> 03:25:27,200
about her husband's unusual 
approach to childcare Rhea had 

3823
03:25:27,200 --> 03:25:29,500
finally had enough of this 
particular parenting approach 

3824
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:33,000
when Zeus their sixth child was 
born Rhea wrapped a stone in 

3825
03:25:33,000 --> 03:25:36,200
swaddling cloths and offered it 
to Cronus instead of baby Zeus. 

3826
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,900
He was presumably to e-girl too 
naive to notice the difference 

3827
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,600
Rhea spirited. 
The real zoo away to be raised 

3828
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:45,300
in secret by goats and nymphs on
the island of Crete. 

3829
03:25:46,100 --> 03:25:50,000
Which explains much about Zeus's
later personality, while Cronus 

3830
03:25:50,000 --> 03:25:52,100
swallowed, the rock with his 
usual Zeal. 

3831
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:54,800
Imagine Zeus. 
As a teenager growing up on a 

3832
03:25:54,808 --> 03:25:56,900
Mediterranean island surrounded 
by goats. 

3833
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:00,000
Discovering that he was destined
to defeat his cannibalistic 

3834
03:26:00,000 --> 03:26:03,600
father and free his siblings 
from their unusual prison. 

3835
03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:06,700
This type of origin story would 
make superhero comics seam 

3836
03:26:06,700 --> 03:26:09,400
uninteresting and it certainly 
clarified, why Zeus never 

3837
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:12,900
acquired what one could refer to
as typical social skills with 

3838
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:15,800
the help of metis. 
A titaness whose name means 

3839
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:19,200
cunning intelligence and who 
would go on to become Zeus's 

3840
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:22,800
first wife, Zeus returned to 
confront Chronos after he'd 

3841
03:26:22,800 --> 03:26:26,200
reached adulthood Cronus became 
so sick from the emetic that 

3842
03:26:26,200 --> 03:26:29,100
metis made him throw up, Zeus's 
five siblings in the opposite 

3843
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,100
order that they were consumed. 
Just think of how awkward it 

3844
03:26:32,100 --> 03:26:34,500
would be, to be reintroduced to 
siblings who had lived their 

3845
03:26:34,500 --> 03:26:37,300
entire lives and their father's 
stomach beside him. 

3846
03:26:37,300 --> 03:26:40,200
The god of the seas, who had 
apparently developed, a 

3847
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:42,500
permanent case of motion, 
sickness from his time, in 

3848
03:26:42,500 --> 03:26:46,500
kronos's stomach. 
Hades, the underworld's destined

3849
03:26:46,500 --> 03:26:48,400
ruler. 
Who was already displaying signs

3850
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:49,900
of preferring Solitude to 
family? 

3851
03:26:49,900 --> 03:26:53,700
Gatherings Hera who had become 
Zeus's, wife and regret it for 

3852
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:57,400
all eternity, Demeter, the 
future goddess of agriculture, 

3853
03:26:57,400 --> 03:27:00,200
and the only one who appeared to
have come out of the experience 

3854
03:27:00,200 --> 03:27:04,000
with any sense of nurturing and 
Hestia the goddess of the half, 

3855
03:27:04,000 --> 03:27:07,500
who looked at her family and 
decided that staying by the fire

3856
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:10,200
was far more important than 
participating in their drama. 

3857
03:27:10,200 --> 03:27:13,800
The titanomachy, a 10-year war 
between the Titans and the 

3858
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:17,100
Olympians followed making 
contemporary conflicts seem like

3859
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:20,600
parking lot, quarrels. 
Prometheus, who was reportedly 

3860
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:23,700
the only Titan with anything 
approaching foresight, literally

3861
03:27:23,700 --> 03:27:26,700
what his name meant and other 
Titans who were fed up with 

3862
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:29,700
chronosis management style 
formed an alliance with Zeus and

3863
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:33,300
his siblings, natural disasters,
would seem like minor annoyances

3864
03:27:33,300 --> 03:27:36,100
compared to the devastation 
caused by the war that raged 

3865
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:40,000
across the Earth and Heaven. 
Ocean's boiled mountains were 

3866
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,800
flung like softballs and reality
itself was strained to its limit

3867
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:46,700
Zeus learned that he had 
inherited the ability to control

3868
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:50,200
lightning and thunder which made
him extremely effective in 

3869
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:52,100
combat. 
But for the rest of Eternity, 

3870
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:55,700
utterly awful at having 
conversations indoors, the 

3871
03:27:55,700 --> 03:27:59,200
slopes were eventually released 
from Tartarus, where Cronus had 

3872
03:27:59,200 --> 03:28:02,400
imprisoned them, due to their 
differences by Zeus as a token 

3873
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:06,000
of appreciation, he's one-eyed 
Smith's created Hades helmet of 

3874
03:28:06,000 --> 03:28:09,200
invisibility Poseidon's trident 
and Zeus's. 

3875
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:12,400
Well, known Thunderbolts. 
It was like getting the ultimate

3876
03:28:12,400 --> 03:28:15,100
package of divine weapons with 
eternal warranties. 

3877
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:22,000
Zeus release of the 100s had 
been terrified of the marked, a 

3878
03:28:22,000 --> 03:28:23,800
turning point. 
The Titans were ultimately 

3879
03:28:23,800 --> 03:28:27,100
vanquished by the Olympians with
the help of these allies and 

3880
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:29,800
they were banished to Tartarus 
where they would live forever 

3881
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:32,500
thinking about the consequences 
of choosing the wrong side. 

3882
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:36,300
In a family conflict, the three 
brother Gods, the universe like 

3883
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:38,700
Partners dividing a business, 
After winning the battle. 

3884
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:42,000
With all the wisdom and 
self-control of a child who had 

3885
03:28:42,000 --> 03:28:45,800
never learned to share toys, 
Zeus took the sky and assumed 

3886
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:49,000
the role of King of the Gods. 
Because the Seas were large, 

3887
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:52,600
strong, and prone to abrupt 
violent storms deciding claimed 

3888
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:55,600
them, which was a perfect fit 
for his temperament, although 

3889
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:57,000
his brother's initially 
believed. 

3890
03:28:57,000 --> 03:28:59,800
They had gotten a better deal. 
Hades were demonstrate that he 

3891
03:28:59,800 --> 03:29:02,200
was arguably the most powerful 
of the three because he 

3892
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:04,400
controlled both death and 
wealth. 

3893
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:08,500
Hades drew, the underworld, 
useless siblings needed a 

3894
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:11,400
headquarters of their Newfound 
position as universal rulers 

3895
03:29:11,400 --> 03:29:14,500
after they defeated their father
and won the cosmic Lottery. 

3896
03:29:14,500 --> 03:29:18,400
They picked Mount Olympus 
Greece's highest peak in part 

3897
03:29:18,400 --> 03:29:21,000
because of the breathtaking 
views and in part because it was

3898
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:24,100
close enough to humans to meddle
in human Affairs, whenever they 

3899
03:29:24,100 --> 03:29:26,700
felt bored. 
But far enough away to preserve 

3900
03:29:26,700 --> 03:29:30,200
a sense of mystery with its 
Golden Palaces and brochure 

3901
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:33,900
Gardens, and overall sense of 
divine superiority Mount Olympus

3902
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:36,800
developed into the first gated 
community in the ancient world. 

3903
03:29:36,800 --> 03:29:39,600
While the other gods set up 
their own Realms within this 

3904
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:42,900
Celestial neighborhood. 
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 

3905
03:29:42,900 --> 03:29:45,600
construct him, a throne room 
that would make any Earthly 

3906
03:29:45,600 --> 03:29:48,600
Palace appear like a garden 
shed, a family tree that would 

3907
03:29:48,600 --> 03:29:52,200
make any genealogist question. 
Their sanity was represented by 

3908
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:54,900
the 12th and gods who would 
govern from this mountain 

3909
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:57,500
Paradise. 
Zeus had never met a Divine 

3910
03:29:57,500 --> 03:29:59,100
being. 
He didn't want to have children 

3911
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:02,100
with regardless of whether he 
was married to someone else at 

3912
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:04,700
the time. 
So the pantheon grew to include 

3913
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:08,800
some of Children, in addition to
the original six siblings, Zeus,

3914
03:30:08,800 --> 03:30:12,300
and the tightness Leto, had twin
children Apollo and Artemis who 

3915
03:30:12,300 --> 03:30:15,000
introduced hunting. 
Archery, poetry and music to the

3916
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,500
Divine family Apollo was the 
first Triple Threat performer in

3917
03:30:18,508 --> 03:30:21,900
the ancient world, becoming the 
god of the sun music and 

3918
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:23,900
prophecy as the goddess of the 
hunt. 

3919
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:26,700
And the moon Artemis made the 
decision to remain eternally 

3920
03:30:26,700 --> 03:30:29,000
virgin. 
So, she avoided her relatives 

3921
03:30:29,000 --> 03:30:32,200
Drama by spending most family, 
get togethers in the woods after

3922
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:35,000
Zeus swallowed. 
Her pregnant mother metis to 

3923
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:37,200
stop a prophecy that his 
children would overthrow him 

3924
03:30:37,200 --> 03:30:40,900
Athena grew fully from his head 
armed and prepared for battle. 

3925
03:30:40,900 --> 03:30:44,100
Everyone seemed to be unaware of
the irony that Zeus was now 

3926
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:47,300
adopting his father's child. 
Eating tactic will be in a 

3927
03:30:47,300 --> 03:30:49,900
different way. 
Being born from your father's 

3928
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:52,100
skull after 88. 
Your mother did not prevent you 

3929
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:55,100
from becoming one of the most 
revered Gods as Athena went on 

3930
03:30:55,108 --> 03:30:58,500
to become a goddess of wisdom 
and war after Cronus castrated. 

3931
03:30:58,500 --> 03:31:02,400
Uranus Aphrodite emerged from 
the Sea Foam, bringing Beauty 

3932
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:05,200
and love to a Limpus more 
relationship drama. 

3933
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:08,000
Than a soap opera during the 
day, she had a knack for making 

3934
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:09,500
everyone fall in love with the 
wrong. 

3935
03:31:09,508 --> 03:31:11,300
People at the worst possible 
times. 

3936
03:31:11,300 --> 03:31:15,000
So her, very presence ensure 
that no Divine Gathering would 

3937
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:19,300
be peaceful Zeus's, son with 
Hera Ari's became a God of War, 

3938
03:31:19,300 --> 03:31:22,600
but not the kind of war that 
Athena stood for one, that was 

3939
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:26,900
strategic and Noble Rees, who is
basically the Divine counterpart

3940
03:31:26,900 --> 03:31:29,900
of that relative who turns every
family Barbecue into a political

3941
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:34,000
argument was more interested in 
the violent, bloody and chaotic 

3942
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:36,500
aspects of combat. 
It says something about his 

3943
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:38,700
character that even his own 
parents didn't like him. 

3944
03:31:38,700 --> 03:31:42,900
Depending on your preferred 
version of the story, the god of

3945
03:31:42,908 --> 03:31:44,700
fire. 
And metalworking was either 

3946
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:48,500
Heroes Son by himself or another
child of Zeus and Hera Hera 

3947
03:31:48,500 --> 03:31:51,000
through him off Mount Olympus 
and shame because he was so ugly

3948
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:54,800
and had a serious disability 
from birth after surviving the 

3949
03:31:54,800 --> 03:31:57,200
fall and learning from seen in 
how to make things. 

3950
03:31:57,200 --> 03:32:00,700
A feisty has returned to Olympus
as the main maker of impossible 

3951
03:32:00,700 --> 03:32:03,700
things for the gods, his Forge 
evolved in to the Heavenly 

3952
03:32:03,700 --> 03:32:06,900
equivalent of a posh custom. 
Shop crafting everything from 

3953
03:32:06,900 --> 03:32:10,000
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts anybody who had 

3954
03:32:10,008 --> 03:32:12,200
ever dealt with ancient 
Commerce, would understand why 

3955
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:15,800
Hermes Zeus's son with the nymph
Maya, became the messenger. 

3956
03:32:15,800 --> 03:32:19,100
God, the underworld's guide, and
the patron of Travelers, 

3957
03:32:19,100 --> 03:32:23,600
merchants and thieves, Hermes 
served, as the gods translator 

3958
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:27,100
and Diplomat as well, which was 
extremely helpful in a household

3959
03:32:27,100 --> 03:32:30,100
where poor communication 
frequently resulted in plagues 

3960
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:34,100
Wars and the transformation of 
humans into different plants and

3961
03:32:34,100 --> 03:32:36,800
animals because she was 
primarily concerned with 

3962
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:39,700
providing food for Mortals 
rather than becoming embroiled 

3963
03:32:39,700 --> 03:32:42,800
in the power struggles and 
romantic entanglements, that 

3964
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:46,400
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 
the goddess of agriculture and 

3965
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:49,500
the Harvest remained. 
One of the more stable figures 

3966
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:52,700
in the pantheon later when her 
daughter Persephone became the 

3967
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:55,800
focus of the first kidnapping 
scandal in the Underworld, her 

3968
03:32:55,800 --> 03:32:58,400
major drama would unfold. 
You would think that the 

3969
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:01,900
Olympians would have spent their
time as Sage kind Lords of the 

3970
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:04,900
universe after they had taken up
residence in their new digs and 

3971
03:33:05,100 --> 03:33:07,000
Established their various Divine
portfolios. 

3972
03:33:07,000 --> 03:33:10,000
Rather they acted like a very 
strong hybrid of middle 

3973
03:33:10,000 --> 03:33:12,700
management. 
And reality TV stars, complete 

3974
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:15,000
with the petty envious and bad 
decision-making. 

3975
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:17,800
Traits that go along with that, 
with his views on marriage, 

3976
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,000
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 
The king of the Gods 

3977
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:24,700
established, the standard for 
the entire Pantheon, Zeus, 

3978
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:26,700
pursued, romantic relationships 
with Gods. 

3979
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:30,300
Nymphs, and Mortals with the 
Seal of someone collecting rare 

3980
03:33:30,300 --> 03:33:33,400
stamps treating monogamy as more
of a suggestion than a 

3981
03:33:33,400 --> 03:33:36,800
commitment, even though he was 
married to Hero his inventive, 

3982
03:33:36,800 --> 03:33:39,500
methods of courtship involved 
changing into different animals,

3983
03:33:39,500 --> 03:33:42,200
natural phenomena, and inanimate
objects. 

3984
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,600
Anything, it took to get past is
Target's common sense, or his 

3985
03:33:45,600 --> 03:33:49,300
wife's prying eyes for her part,
Hera handled her husband's 

3986
03:33:49,300 --> 03:33:52,200
adultery with the forbearance of
someone who had long since given

3987
03:33:52,200 --> 03:33:55,600
up on a traditional marriage and
determined that retaliation was 

3988
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:57,200
more fulfilling than 
forgiveness. 

3989
03:33:57,200 --> 03:33:59,400
Zeus did control lightning after
all. 

3990
03:33:59,400 --> 03:34:02,300
So here are usually vented, her 
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 

3991
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:04,800
their offspring rather than 
directly facing Zeus. 

3992
03:34:05,100 --> 03:34:08,200
With its imaginative, tortures 
impossible tasks and 

3993
03:34:08,200 --> 03:34:10,100
Transformations. 
That would make contemporary 

3994
03:34:10,100 --> 03:34:13,800
horror films seem mild the 
persecution of Zeus's Conquest 

3995
03:34:13,800 --> 03:34:17,700
became so methodical that it 
resembled A Small industry, the 

3996
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:20,400
marriage of the couple turned 
into an example of how to fail 

3997
03:34:20,400 --> 03:34:24,900
at managing relationship issues.
When Zeus had an affair here, I 

3998
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:27,200
would discover it and punish 
everyone but Zeus. 

3999
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:30,300
Zeus would then get upset about 
Harrah's meddling and the 

4000
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:33,700
ensuing marital conflict would 
materialize as natural disasters

4001
03:34:33,700 --> 03:34:36,700
that would make life miserable 
for everyone on the planet 

4002
03:34:36,700 --> 03:34:42,100
frequently, earthquakes, floods,
droughts and plagues were merely

4003
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,100
unintended consequences of the 
Divine couple resolving their 

4004
03:34:45,100 --> 03:34:47,900
problems. 
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 

4005
03:34:47,900 --> 03:34:49,800
governed. 
The Seas approached marriage 

4006
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:53,000
with the same temperament that 
his brother did because Poseidon

4007
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:55,400
was Notorious for taking 
personal offense, as small 

4008
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:58,400
slights and expressing his refer
through storms. 

4009
03:34:58,400 --> 03:35:00,900
That could sink entire fleet sea
monsters. 

4010
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:04,500
And soon armies Sailors learned 
to make offerings before every 

4011
03:35:04,500 --> 03:35:06,900
Voyage. 
Not because they were deeply 

4012
03:35:06,900 --> 03:35:10,300
religious, he was the type of 
God who would destroy your ship,

4013
03:35:10,300 --> 03:35:13,400
because he didn't, like the way 
you treated him and then accuse 

4014
03:35:13,400 --> 03:35:15,100
you of not treating him with the
respect. 

4015
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:17,700
He deserved with less 
shapeshifting and more 

4016
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,700
involuntary conversion of his 
romantic interest into various 

4017
03:35:20,700 --> 03:35:23,400
sea creatures. 
The Sea Gods love life, was 

4018
03:35:23,400 --> 03:35:27,100
nearly as complicated as Zoo's 
aside and reportedly thought 

4019
03:35:27,100 --> 03:35:30,000
that the ideal way to remember, 
love affair was to transform his

4020
03:35:30,000 --> 03:35:34,400
ex-lover into a species of fish 
or a coral reef resulting in a 

4021
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:36,900
Mediterranean teeming with 
aquatic creatures with deeply 

4022
03:35:36,900 --> 03:35:41,000
personal history, as the lord of
the underworld Hades gained a 

4023
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:43,300
reputation for being the most 
practical of the Three Brothers.

4024
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:47,300
Presumably due to the fact that 
handling the Dead Called for 

4025
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:50,200
more administrative expertise 
than artistic Flair with 

4026
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:52,900
appropriate admissions. 
Procedures classification, 

4027
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:56,500
schemes for various Soul types 
and explicit protocols for 

4028
03:35:56,500 --> 03:35:59,600
exceptional situations. 
The underworld functioned like a

4029
03:35:59,600 --> 03:36:02,900
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 
avoided most of his family's 

4030
03:36:02,900 --> 03:36:06,200
drama and concentrated on the 
pragmatics of divine rule 

4031
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:07,600
because he seldom left his 
domain. 

4032
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:11,600
Even though they were twins 
Apollo and Artemis had quite 

4033
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,700
different approaches to their 
Divine duties with the Zeal of a

4034
03:36:14,708 --> 03:36:17,300
performer who never encountered 
an audience, he didn't wish to 

4035
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,700
Dazzle, Apollo embraced his 
role, as the god of poetry 

4036
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:23,800
music. 
And the son inspired poets 

4037
03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:27,200
created Music, contests and 
moved the sun across the sky 

4038
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:30,400
every day with the punctuality 
of someone who knew that crops 

4039
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,200
and plants relied on him. 
On the other hand, Artemis 

4040
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:35,700
approached her responsibilities,
as the moon and Hunt goddess 

4041
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:38,600
with the gravity of a wildlife 
preserve manager. 

4042
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,500
She kept a pack of hunting 
hounds that could follow anyone 

4043
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:44,600
over any terrain, demanded 
complete Chastity from her 

4044
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:47,800
followers and dealt swiftly, and
often fatally with those who 

4045
03:36:47,800 --> 03:36:51,000
disobeyed her a successful hunt 
followed by an evening with her 

4046
03:36:51,000 --> 03:36:54,000
nymphs away from the 
complexities of Olympic family 

4047
03:36:54,000 --> 03:36:57,600
Dynamics, was her idea of a good
time with the methodical 

4048
03:36:57,600 --> 03:36:59,400
accuracy of a military 
strategist. 

4049
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:02,900
And the intellectual curiosity 
of a scholar Athena approached 

4050
03:37:02,900 --> 03:37:06,000
her dual roles as goddess of 
wisdom and warfare after 

4051
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:08,900
defeating Poseidon in a 
competition to deter, Men who 

4052
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:10,600
could give the city, the most 
useful gift. 

4053
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:13,100
She was made the patron goddess 
of Athens. 

4054
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:16,600
Athena offered an olive tree 
while Poseidon offered a 

4055
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:18,800
saltwater Spring by selecting 
the tree. 

4056
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:22,100
The Athenians showed that even 
in Antiquity people valued 

4057
03:37:22,100 --> 03:37:25,300
sustainable agriculture over 
ostentatious, but unworkable 

4058
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:28,400
gestures examining. 
Aphrodite is distinct role in 

4059
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:31,400
Divine chaos is essential to any
discussion of Olympic 

4060
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:34,800
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 
The Goddess of beauty and love 

4061
03:37:34,800 --> 03:37:37,900
had the ability to make anyone 
fall in love with anyone else. 

4062
03:37:37,900 --> 03:37:41,500
Regardless of their existing 
relationships tastes or common 

4063
03:37:41,500 --> 03:37:44,400
sense, with all the Restraint of
someone who had been granted 

4064
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:47,500
access to a nuclear reactor and 
told it was a new type of 

4065
03:37:47,500 --> 03:37:49,900
NightLight she used this 
ability. 

4066
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:54,400
Aphrodite is own romantic life 
served as an example of the 

4067
03:37:54,400 --> 03:37:56,100
difficulties, her realm could 
bring about. 

4068
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:59,900
She had an egregious affair with
orys the God of War, even though

4069
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:02,800
she was married to her fists, 
the most loving, and loyal of 

4070
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:05,200
the Gods. 
The Greeks were fascinated by 

4071
03:38:05,200 --> 03:38:07,500
The Cosmic irony. 
That resulted from the 

4072
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,100
relationship between the God of 
War and the goddess of love. 

4073
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:13,500
Seemed that the two were more 
closely related than anyone 

4074
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:14,400
wanted. 
To acknowledge. 

4075
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:17,300
One of Olympus is biggest 
scandals arose from their 

4076
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:19,600
Affair. 
When her fists leaving, his wife

4077
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:23,800
was cheating, created an 
impenetrable invisible web After

4078
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:26,400
putting it over his marital bed,
he declared that he would be 

4079
03:38:26,408 --> 03:38:30,300
gone for a few days believing. 
They had privacy Aphrodite and 

4080
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:32,800
Aries were caught in the act 
when the net and snared them in 

4081
03:38:32,800 --> 03:38:36,300
a precarious situation. 
The other gods were then invited

4082
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:38,900
by her facetor's to observe his 
wife's disloyalty. 

4083
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:41,400
The goddess is remained at home 
in embarrassment. 

4084
03:38:41,400 --> 03:38:45,600
While the male Gods came to gaze
and chuckle the entire incident 

4085
03:38:45,600 --> 03:38:48,300
showed that even Divine beings 
could suffer public humiliation 

4086
03:38:48,300 --> 03:38:51,200
comparable to that of 
contemporary social media 

4087
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:53,200
scandals. 
Greek mythologies. 

4088
03:38:53,200 --> 03:38:56,100
Most well known Tales are the 
result of Aphrodite meddling in 

4089
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,300
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite 
bribed, Paris of Troy with the 

4090
03:38:59,308 --> 03:39:02,400
love of Helen who was already 
married to Menelaus of Sparta 

4091
03:39:02,400 --> 03:39:06,100
starting the Trojan War, which 
claimed thousands of lives. 

4092
03:39:06,100 --> 03:39:07,900
And destroyed. 
One of the greatest cities in 

4093
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,600
Antiquity Paris is choice of 
Aphrodite is offer over here and

4094
03:39:11,600 --> 03:39:15,000
Athena's Alternatives set off a 
series of events that would 

4095
03:39:15,000 --> 03:39:18,300
change the ancient world and 
Inspire epic poetry for 

4096
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:20,900
centuries to come. 
Additionally, the goddess was 

4097
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:23,500
skilled at fabricating and 
probable romantic scenarios. 

4098
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:27,200
She caused King Minos of Crete's
wife, pacifier to fall in love 

4099
03:39:27,200 --> 03:39:30,000
with a ball, which resulted in 
the creation of the Minotaur. 

4100
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:32,300
In the requirement, for a 
complex, Labyrinth to keep the 

4101
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:34,400
beast. 
In check, she made Mira fallen 

4102
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:36,600
in love with. 
Own father which led to a family

4103
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,800
Scandal that even the gods found
awkward and the birth of Adonis,

4104
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:42,800
she inspired the sculptor 
pigmalion to fall in love with 

4105
03:39:42,808 --> 03:39:45,500
his own statue. 
But in that instance she felt 

4106
03:39:45,500 --> 03:39:48,700
sorry for him and made the 
Statue come to life as galatea. 

4107
03:39:48,700 --> 03:39:51,900
Aphrodite is approached to her 
Divine duties, was exemplified 

4108
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:55,000
by these interventions. 
She felt that love was the most 

4109
03:39:55,000 --> 03:39:58,300
potent force in the universe and
that everyone should experience 

4110
03:39:58,300 --> 03:40:00,400
it. 
Regardless of whether they 

4111
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:04,600
desired, it were prepared for it
or could bear its consequences. 

4112
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:07,900
A gift of love was like getting 
a wild animal as a pet. 

4113
03:40:07,908 --> 03:40:12,200
Beautiful, thrilling and able to
ruin your entire life. 

4114
03:40:12,200 --> 03:40:16,000
If you don't treat it with the 
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 

4115
03:40:16,000 --> 03:40:18,300
is meddling in their Affairs, 
taught the other gods to be 

4116
03:40:18,308 --> 03:40:20,400
cautious. 
She was not above using her 

4117
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:23,300
power to settle scores, or 
further her own agenda and she 

4118
03:40:23,300 --> 03:40:26,700
could make them fall in love 
with Mortals with each other, or

4119
03:40:26,700 --> 03:40:28,200
with totally inappropriate 
targets. 

4120
03:40:28,200 --> 03:40:31,800
The last things you needed was 
for hero to have Divine help. 

4121
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:33,900
Complicate, his already complex,
love life. 

4122
03:40:33,900 --> 03:40:37,000
So even he was cautious, not to 
offend his daughter too much. 

4123
03:40:37,008 --> 03:40:39,400
Despite his own difficult 
relationship. 

4124
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:41,900
With Fidelity Hermes approached,
godhood. 

4125
03:40:41,900 --> 03:40:44,600
Like someone attempting to 
construct the perfect resume 

4126
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:48,200
whereas his fellow Olympians 
focused on specific facets of 

4127
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:52,000
divine responsibility, despite 
having more job titles than a 

4128
03:40:52,000 --> 03:40:55,400
contemporary startup CEO. 
Hermes was able to excel at all 

4129
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:59,800
of them, messenger of the Gods 
Guide to the underworld, patron 

4130
03:40:59,800 --> 03:41:03,700
of merchants protector of 
Travelers, and divine sponsor of

4131
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:07,700
Thieves Hermes, adaptability 
resulted from both necessity, 

4132
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,600
and his personality being Zeus's
youngest son, he had to 

4133
03:41:11,600 --> 03:41:14,800
establish his own place in a 
Pantheon, or is older more. 

4134
03:41:15,200 --> 03:41:17,500
Established relatives had 
already claimed all the evident,

4135
03:41:17,500 --> 03:41:20,600
Divine portfolios being the god.
You called, when you needed 

4136
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:24,200
something done, fast, quietly, 
or creatively was his answer to 

4137
03:41:24,200 --> 03:41:27,600
become an indispensable, to 
everyone, both Divine and Mortal

4138
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,700
his position as a Divine 
messenger, demanded diplomatic 

4139
03:41:30,700 --> 03:41:33,600
abilities that would stump 
experts and contemporary 

4140
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:37,400
international relations, Hermes 
frequently, mediated truces in 

4141
03:41:37,408 --> 03:41:40,100
Wars where both sides viewed 
compromise as a sign of 

4142
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:43,400
weakness, delivered news that 
would have made recipients want 

4143
03:41:43,400 --> 03:41:46,600
to shoot the messenger. 
Except that he was Immortal and 

4144
03:41:46,600 --> 03:41:50,500
Incredibly Swift. 
Carried messages between Gods 

4145
03:41:50,500 --> 03:41:52,300
who were actively attempting to 
kill one. 

4146
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:54,700
Another escorting. 
Souls to the underworld was 

4147
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:56,900
another of the messenger Gods 
responsibilities. 

4148
03:41:56,900 --> 03:42:00,700
This task called for a special 
blend of efficiency and empathy 

4149
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:04,200
without becoming overly invested
in each person's unique story, 

4150
03:42:04,200 --> 03:42:07,200
Hermes had to assist recently 
deceased Mortals in 

4151
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,400
comprehending, their predicament
navigating, the formalities of 

4152
03:42:10,400 --> 03:42:14,300
death, and transporting them to 
their ultimate destinations with

4153
03:42:14,300 --> 03:42:17,400
a path that extended from Earth 
to the lowest reaches of Hades. 

4154
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:21,400
It was similar to being a cosmic
social worker Hermes recognized 

4155
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:24,100
that last knee in Commerce were 
frequently separated by little 

4156
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,500
more than legal nuances, and 
clever marketing, which is why 

4157
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:30,800
he supported both thieves and 
Merchants the skills. 

4158
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:33,700
Necessary for ancient trades 
such as the ability to quickly 

4159
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:37,300
determine value, negotiate under
pressure and occasionally make 

4160
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:39,700
quick exits. 
When deals went wrong were very 

4161
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:42,100
similar to those needed for 
theft though. 

4162
03:42:42,100 --> 03:42:44,500
He favored his Protege to 
concentrate on the former 

4163
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,600
whenever feasible Hermes. 
Recognized, the entrepreneurial 

4164
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:50,700
spirit in And both legal 
business and creative theft 

4165
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:54,400
since Travelers, risky, 
uncertain, and necessary for 

4166
03:42:54,400 --> 03:42:56,800
survival. 
In those days, he was one of the

4167
03:42:56,800 --> 03:42:59,600
most widely worshiped gods in 
Antiquity for protecting 

4168
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:02,000
Travelers prayers. 
To Hermes, could mean the 

4169
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:05,300
difference between arriving at 
your destination and becoming a 

4170
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:06,900
cautionary tale for future 
Travelers. 

4171
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:11,200
His symbols, also indicated safe
lodging and trusted Merchants. 

4172
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:15,400
Hermes is roadside shrines 
marked, safe, places to rest the

4173
03:43:15,400 --> 03:43:17,900
gods creativity. 
Went beyond his work obligations

4174
03:43:17,900 --> 03:43:20,900
to include his Hobbies after 
transforming a tortoise shell 

4175
03:43:20,900 --> 03:43:24,500
into a musical instrument 
Hermes, created the liar, and 

4176
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:27,300
gave it to Apollo in return for 
being acknowledged as the Divine

4177
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,800
patron of animal husbandry, in 
addition, to creating the first 

4178
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:34,200
alphabet, and the panpipes. 
He set the rules for athletic 

4179
03:43:34,200 --> 03:43:36,300
competitions. 
Like someone who viewed 

4180
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:38,900
immortality as a chance to 
become an expert in every 

4181
03:43:38,900 --> 03:43:42,200
possible skill and Pastime. 
His Creative Energy seemed 

4182
03:43:42,200 --> 03:43:45,600
Limitless because of his many 
roles that kept him busy and on 

4183
03:43:45,600 --> 03:43:48,800
the road, as well, as the fact 
that he had mastered the Ought 

4184
03:43:48,800 --> 03:43:50,400
to remaining impartial in family
disputes. 

4185
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:53,800
Hermes is relationship with his 
family, was noticeably more 

4186
03:43:53,800 --> 03:43:57,400
harmonious than most Olympic 
relationships in general. 

4187
03:43:57,400 --> 03:44:00,100
He was the family member who 
could be relied upon, not to 

4188
03:44:00,100 --> 03:44:04,000
exacerbate already, existing 
issues mediated compromises that

4189
03:44:04,000 --> 03:44:07,400
allowed everyone to save face 
and conveyed messages between 

4190
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:09,600
warring relatives without taking
sides. 

4191
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,800
Perhaps because he was too busy 
to become deeply involved in the

4192
03:44:12,800 --> 03:44:15,300
kind of dramatic relationships 
that took up so much of his 

4193
03:44:15,300 --> 03:44:17,700
family's time. 
His romantic life was 

4194
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,000
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs, 

4195
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:22,900
although Hermes had 
relationships and Affairs, they 

4196
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:26,000
were usually short-lived 
Pleasant and devoid of the 

4197
03:44:26,000 --> 03:44:30,200
curses metamorphosis and natural
catastrophes that marked other 

4198
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:33,800
Divine romance's Demeter was 
arguably, the most useful and 

4199
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:35,100
necessary of all the Olympic 
Gods. 

4200
03:44:35,100 --> 03:44:38,600
She governed whether people ate 
or starved were the crops 

4201
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:42,300
thrived or fail and whether 
civilization survived or fell 

4202
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:45,000
apart due to famine as the 
goddess of agriculture, the 

4203
03:44:45,000 --> 03:44:47,000
Harvest and the fertility of the
earth. 

4204
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:49,900
She was one of the more steady 
independable members of the 

4205
03:44:49,908 --> 03:44:52,600
pantheon because of her work, 
which required patience 

4206
03:44:52,600 --> 03:44:55,900
attention to detail and a 
thorough, understanding of 

4207
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:58,400
natural cycles Demeter. 
Took her Heavenly 

4208
03:44:58,400 --> 03:45:01,500
responsibility. 
Seriously, as if she knew that 

4209
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:05,200
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with the 

4210
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:07,900
commitment of a scientist and 
the power of someone, who could 

4211
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:11,400
personally modify these 
variables when needed, She kept 

4212
03:45:11,400 --> 03:45:15,000
an eye on plant diseases, where 
the patterns and soil conditions

4213
03:45:15,000 --> 03:45:18,100
because Demeter's mood could 
affect whether their family, 

4214
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:21,300
survived the winter Farmers, 
learn to keep an eye out for 

4215
03:45:21,300 --> 03:45:23,300
indications of her favor or 
disapproval. 

4216
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:26,500
In contrast to some of her 
relatives who appear to see 

4217
03:45:26,500 --> 03:45:30,000
humans, mainly as Amusement. 
She had a generally positive 

4218
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:33,000
relationship with Mortals, 
Demetra established, the 

4219
03:45:33,000 --> 03:45:35,800
religious festivals that enabled
communities to commemorate 

4220
03:45:35,800 --> 03:45:39,100
Bountiful harvests, while 
preparing for the upcoming lean 

4221
03:45:39,100 --> 03:45:43,100
months, taught agriculture to 
early civilizations and imparted

4222
03:45:43,100 --> 03:45:45,600
the knowledge of bread making 
and food preservation. 

4223
03:45:45,600 --> 03:45:48,700
She was the type of goddess who 
genuinely wished for her 

4224
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:51,600
followers to succeed and was 
prepared to put in the effort 

4225
03:45:51,600 --> 03:45:55,100
necessary to achieve that goal. 
The trauma of losing her 

4226
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:57,100
daughter. 
Persephone was exacerbated by 

4227
03:45:57,100 --> 03:46:01,100
this pragmatic caring approach. 
The story started, when Hades 

4228
03:46:01,100 --> 03:46:03,800
decided he needed a wife because
he was lonely in his underworld 

4229
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:06,600
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 
the dead alone. 

4230
03:46:06,600 --> 03:46:09,500
Hades, simply abducted, 
Persephone as she was gathering 

4231
03:46:09,500 --> 03:46:12,500
flowers in a meadow and dragged 
her down to his realm through a 

4232
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:15,100
fissure in the ground. 
By passing the intricate 

4233
03:46:15,100 --> 03:46:17,000
courtship rights. 
That other gods had to go 

4234
03:46:17,008 --> 03:46:18,800
through when her daughter 
vanished. 

4235
03:46:18,800 --> 03:46:21,000
Demeter's response was prompt 
and decisive. 

4236
03:46:21,000 --> 03:46:25,000
She neglected, the crops the 
seasons, and the whole natural 

4237
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:26,400
cycle, that kept the world 
running. 

4238
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,300
As she turned her back on her 
Divine duties, and started 

4239
03:46:29,300 --> 03:46:30,700
looking for Persephone on the 
earth. 

4240
03:46:30,700 --> 03:46:34,600
Fruit trees, withered Fields, 
went arid and the planet 

4241
03:46:34,600 --> 03:46:36,400
entered. 
What was effectively the first 

4242
03:46:36,400 --> 03:46:41,100
nuclear winter only this time 
aging mother with supernatural 

4243
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:44,500
abilities was to blame rather 
than Atomic Fallout, the 

4244
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:47,500
goddess, followed every room and
possibility as she searched the 

4245
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:51,100
known world and Beyond while 
living among Mortals and skies 

4246
03:46:51,100 --> 03:46:54,800
herself, as an elderly woman, 
she witnessed their And kindness

4247
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:57,400
first hand and never gave up on 
finding her daughter. 

4248
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,500
Nothing could grow while Demeter
was in mourning because her 

4249
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:02,800
grief was so deep that it 
impacted the very nature of 

4250
03:47:02,800 --> 03:47:05,500
fertility and growth. 
The other gods realized they 

4251
03:47:05,500 --> 03:47:07,900
were facing a crisis. 
When famine swept the planet and

4252
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:11,600
Mortal started to perish from 
starvation, empty temples do not

4253
03:47:11,608 --> 03:47:14,700
produce the ore and adoration 
that God's need for their mental

4254
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:17,700
health and dead worshipers do 
not offer sacrifices. 

4255
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,600
When it became evident that 
Demeter's, labor strike would 

4256
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:23,100
bring civilization to an end. 
And unless something was done 

4257
03:47:23,100 --> 03:47:26,400
Zeus, who had previously ignored
the issue in the hopes that it 

4258
03:47:26,400 --> 03:47:29,800
would end on its own was 
compelled to step in a delicate 

4259
03:47:29,800 --> 03:47:32,000
diplomatic issue. 
Confronted the king of the Gods 

4260
03:47:32,000 --> 03:47:35,600
since the underworld was Hades 
Sovereign territory, and forcing

4261
03:47:35,600 --> 03:47:38,100
him to give up his bride would 
set a precedent that might 

4262
03:47:38,100 --> 03:47:40,300
restrict Zeus's own romantic 
Adventures. 

4263
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:44,500
He couldn't just order Hades to 
return Persephone since Demeter 

4264
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:47,500
had justifiable complaints and 
the other gods were beginning to

4265
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:50,200
feel sorry for her. 
He was unable to order her to 

4266
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:53,100
return to her duties. 
He required a solution that 

4267
03:47:53,100 --> 03:47:56,500
would save face for all parties 
while also satisfying, everyone 

4268
03:47:56,500 --> 03:47:59,400
Zeus despatched. 
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 

4269
03:47:59,400 --> 03:48:01,800
proposing to acknowledge the 
Union in return for 

4270
03:48:01,808 --> 03:48:05,200
Persephone's, Liberty to visit, 
her mother Hades consented, but 

4271
03:48:05,200 --> 03:48:07,700
only on the Proviso that anyone 
who ate in the realm of the 

4272
03:48:07,708 --> 03:48:10,500
Dead, would inevitably return 
there because Persephone had 

4273
03:48:10,500 --> 03:48:13,700
eaten pomegranate seeds while in
the Underworld, the compromise 

4274
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:16,700
reached during the negotiations.
Gave everyone a sense of partial

4275
03:48:16,700 --> 03:48:20,200
success, but did not fully 
satisfy anyone every year. 

4276
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:23,200
Persephone would spend some time
with her mother on Earth and 

4277
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:25,700
sometime with her husband in the
Underworld only when her 

4278
03:48:25,700 --> 03:48:28,800
daughter was present, would meet
her return to her Duty, the 

4279
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:32,100
arrangement of established, the 
seasons, ottoman winter when 

4280
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:34,900
Persephone return to Hades and 
Demeter sorrow, put the world to

4281
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:39,500
rest and spring and summer when 
Persephone returned to Earth and

4282
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:42,600
Demeter's happiness, caused 
everything to bloom because of 

4283
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:44,600
her exceptional. 
Blend of military skill and 

4284
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:48,200
intellectual prowess Athena 
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians

4285
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:51,800
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 
She stood for the delib. 

4286
03:48:51,900 --> 03:48:55,700
Calculated approach to fighting 
as a posed to the violent Mayhem

4287
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:59,400
that defined her half-brother 
Ari's realm Athena stood for the

4288
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:03,200
strategy tactics and strategic 
application of force that could 

4289
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:05,000
win conflicts with the fewest 
possible. 

4290
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,400
Casualties, while Aries, 
symbolized, the heedless rage 

4291
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,900
and bloodlust of combat. 
Her peculiar birth emerging 

4292
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:14,900
fully developed an armed from 
Zeus's head after injected, her 

4293
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:17,400
pregnant mother. 
Represented the kind of 

4294
03:49:17,400 --> 03:49:21,000
instantaneous comprehensive 
knowledge that defined her 

4295
03:49:21,000 --> 03:49:24,000
method of problem-solving in 
contrast to other gods who 

4296
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:26,300
acquired knowledge through 
experience or gradually. 

4297
03:49:26,300 --> 03:49:29,900
Improve their skills Athena came
into being fully in control of 

4298
03:49:29,908 --> 03:49:33,400
her Realms and aware of the ways
in which war and wisdom could 

4299
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:36,100
work in tandem. 
Athena's wisdom was useful. 

4300
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,500
Actionable intelligence, that 
could be used to solve actual 

4301
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:42,508
issues, not the abstract 
philosophical, kind that is 

4302
03:49:42,516 --> 03:49:46,100
discussed in academic settings, 
by teaching Mortals, how to make

4303
03:49:46,100 --> 03:49:49,100
better tools, stronger, 
buildings and innovations that 

4304
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:52,500
enhance their daily lives. 
She Rose to become the patroness

4305
03:49:52,500 --> 03:49:55,400
of craftsmanship, architecture 
and Technology. 

4306
03:49:55,400 --> 03:49:58,700
Her contributions to humanity 
were practical abilities that 

4307
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,500
enabled civilization, rather 
than impersonal ideas. 

4308
03:50:02,400 --> 03:50:05,000
This practical wisdom was 
reflected in her approach to 

4309
03:50:05,008 --> 03:50:08,400
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 
that won battles with few 

4310
03:50:08,400 --> 03:50:12,100
resources and casualties or as 
Aries favored direct conflict 

4311
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:14,600
and over Force. 
She was the goddess. 

4312
03:50:14,600 --> 03:50:17,900
You prayed to when you had to 
defeat a stronger foe, defend 

4313
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,800
your city against insurmountable
odds or win by cunning rather 

4314
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,800
than Brute Force, Athena 
strategic thinking was 

4315
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:28,100
exemplified by her competition 
with Poseidon for the patronage 

4316
03:50:28,100 --> 03:50:30,600
of Athens. 
Both gods were asked to present 

4317
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:33,000
gifts that would help the 
populace when the city needed, a

4318
03:50:33,008 --> 03:50:36,500
patron, deity, impressive, 
dramatic, and ultimately 

4319
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:39,200
pointless for a city that 
already had access to the Sea 

4320
03:50:39,200 --> 03:50:42,900
Poseidon, struck the ground with
his Trident and created a spring

4321
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:45,000
of saltwater. 
By planting an olive. 

4322
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:48,300
Tree Athena gave the city access
to food, lamp oil, building 

4323
03:50:48,300 --> 03:50:51,100
materials, and a sustainable 
resource that would last for 

4324
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:54,300
many generations. 
The Athenian selected Athena's 

4325
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:56,200
gift because they understood 
that its usefulness. 

4326
03:50:56,200 --> 03:50:58,000
Outweighed ostentatious 
displays. 

4327
03:50:58,000 --> 03:51:01,900
This Choice made Athens, a hub 
of knowledge, wisdom and 

4328
03:51:01,900 --> 03:51:05,500
strategic thinking values that 
would go on to produce some of 

4329
03:51:05,508 --> 03:51:08,600
the greatest philosophers 
Architects and Military 

4330
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:11,700
commanders in history. 
Long after faith, in the ancient

4331
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:15,500
gods at waned, Athena's 
influence continued to shape the

4332
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:19,000
city's personality. 
She served as an example of how 

4333
03:51:19,000 --> 03:51:21,800
Divine wisdom could impact 
mortal conflicts during the 

4334
03:51:21,800 --> 03:51:25,200
Trojan War Athena sided with the
Greeks because she thought they 

4335
03:51:25,200 --> 03:51:28,400
embodied the values of tactical 
Innovation and strategic 

4336
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,700
thinking that she valued while 
other gods made their decisions 

4337
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:34,600
based on personal preferences or
familial allegiances. 

4338
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:37,700
She helped create the Trojan 
Horse strategy that ultimately 

4339
03:51:37,700 --> 03:51:41,200
put an end to the ten-year Siege
and gave advice to Heroes, like 

4340
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,100
Odysseus who approached 
obstacles with cunning rather 

4341
03:51:44,100 --> 03:51:46,300
than force compared to other 
gods. 

4342
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:48,400
Athena had very different 
relationships. 

4343
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,700
With Mortals, Athena established
mentoring relationships, based 

4344
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:55,400
on respect for one another and a
common interest in ideas as 

4345
03:51:55,400 --> 03:51:58,100
opposed to the intense 
frequently destructive romantic 

4346
03:51:58,100 --> 03:52:00,500
entanglements. 
That defined her relatives 

4347
03:52:00,500 --> 03:52:03,500
interactions with humans. 
She inspired inventors to 

4348
03:52:03,500 --> 03:52:06,600
develop new technologies, 
mentored artists to hone their 

4349
03:52:06,600 --> 03:52:10,100
craft and Council military 
leaders on tactics to safeguard 

4350
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:12,100
their troops. 
She made a philosophical 

4351
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:15,100
statement about the nature of 
wisdom by choosing to remain a 

4352
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:17,600
virgin forever. 
Athena was aware that Romantic 

4353
03:52:17,600 --> 03:52:20,700
relationships, frequently, 
weaken, judgment and calls, 

4354
03:52:20,700 --> 03:52:24,100
loyalty to be split traits that 
were incompatible with the 

4355
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:27,400
rational thought, necessary for 
both wisdom and successful 

4356
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:29,500
combat. 
She was able to maintain the 

4357
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,500
objectively required to base 
decisions on Merit, rather than 

4358
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:36,700
Emotion by staying unattached. 
When disputes arose between 

4359
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:40,200
Mortals and other gods, the 
goddess also acted as a Divine 

4360
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:43,700
mediator, she was uniquely 
suited to comprehend both sides 

4361
03:52:43,700 --> 03:52:45,700
of arguments and come up with 
solutions. 

4362
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:49,200
That met everyone's justifiable 
interests while averting 

4363
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:53,000
needless violence because of her
wisdom and fighting prowess. 

4364
03:52:53,000 --> 03:52:55,900
Not only could she help you win 
but she could do so without 

4365
03:52:55,900 --> 03:52:59,300
causing you any new issues which
made her the god you wanted on 

4366
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:03,100
your side, Apollo exemplified 
Divine multitasking on a scale 

4367
03:53:03,100 --> 03:53:05,500
that would impress contemporary 
productivity experts. 

4368
03:53:05,500 --> 03:53:09,400
If Athena stood for focused 
expertise as the god of the son 

4369
03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:13,900
music, poetry prophecy healing 
and archery Apollo oversaw 

4370
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:16,000
duties, that would have 
overwhelmed many other gods 

4371
03:53:16,000 --> 03:53:19,000
while upholding standards of 
excellence the established 

4372
03:53:19,000 --> 03:53:22,600
benchmarks for Mortals in each 
of these domains driving the sun

4373
03:53:22,600 --> 03:53:25,300
across the sky every day. 
Required a level of consistency 

4374
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,300
and punctuality that would be 
difficult for anyone. 

4375
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:31,800
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 
ensured that daylight reached 

4376
03:53:31,800 --> 03:53:35,200
every corner of the Earth at the
right time and intensity by. 

4377
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:38,800
Tying his Chariot to four fire 
breathing horses and driving 

4378
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:42,400
across the heavens every morning
because the entire natural world

4379
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:45,900
relied on his dependability, it 
was a duty that did not permit 

4380
03:53:45,900 --> 03:53:49,000
sick days vacation time or the 
opportunity to sleep in. 

4381
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:52,100
He became the first crossover 
artists in history. 

4382
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:55,400
Thanks to his musical abilities.
Apollo was more than just a 

4383
03:53:55,408 --> 03:53:57,900
musician. 
He created musical, instruments 

4384
03:53:57,900 --> 03:54:01,300
established, the concepts of 
Rhythm and Harmony and served as

4385
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:04,800
an inspiration to his fellow 
gods and Mortal musicians, his 

4386
03:54:04,800 --> 03:54:07,600
musical contest established, the
bar for artistic Brilliance, 

4387
03:54:07,600 --> 03:54:10,200
that mortal musicians would aim 
to reach for centuries. 

4388
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:13,200
And his liar, became the 
standard instrument for divine 

4389
03:54:13,200 --> 03:54:15,200
performances. 
Poetry, that was both 

4390
03:54:15,200 --> 03:54:17,100
entertaining. 
And prophetic was produced by 

4391
03:54:17,100 --> 03:54:19,800
the gods, through a combination 
of technical skill and divine 

4392
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:22,400
inspiration. 
In addition to telling tales and

4393
03:54:22,400 --> 03:54:25,700
expressing feelings Apollo's, 
poetry also offered moral 

4394
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:29,300
advice, disclosed future 
realities and preserved, the 

4395
03:54:29,308 --> 03:54:32,200
cultural knowledge that 
societies required to endure and

4396
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:35,900
Thrive his impact on Mortal 
poets was so great that 

4397
03:54:35,900 --> 03:54:38,800
inspiration itself, came to be 
seen as a sign of divine 

4398
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:41,000
possession by Apollo or his 
muses. 

4399
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:44,600
The most significant source of 
prophetic guidance. 

4400
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:48,600
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 

4401
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:51,400
Priestess pythia, gave 
prophecies that affected Greek 

4402
03:54:51,400 --> 03:54:55,500
politics colonization war and 
Private Affairs city-state 

4403
03:54:55,500 --> 03:54:57,400
sought advice. 
Before founding new, colonies 

4404
03:54:57,400 --> 03:55:00,200
individuals, sorted advice on 
everything from Marriage 

4405
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,600
prospects to career choices, and
King sought the Oracle before 

4406
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:06,700
making important decisions, the 
oracles predictions were 

4407
03:55:06,700 --> 03:55:10,100
renowned for being cryptic, 
necessitating interpretation 

4408
03:55:10,100 --> 03:55:12,800
that frequently became clear 
only after the events had taken 

4409
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:14,700
place. 
This ambiguity was a 

4410
03:55:14,708 --> 03:55:17,500
characteristic that represented 
Apollo's view of the proper 

4411
03:55:17,500 --> 03:55:20,400
operation of Prophecy, not a 
weakness in the system. 

4412
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:24,400
Free Will and the lessons that 
Mortals needed to learn via 

4413
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,200
experience would be eliminated 
by direct predictions. 

4414
03:55:27,200 --> 03:55:29,700
While maintaining the 
flexibility to make decisions 

4415
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:32,200
and grow from them. 
Cryptic guidance offered 

4416
03:55:32,200 --> 03:55:35,900
guidance because of his 
expertise in medicine Apollo was

4417
03:55:35,900 --> 03:55:38,600
able to both cause and cure 
plagues making him. 

4418
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:41,700
The Divine physician Apollo's 
arrows have the power to spread 

4419
03:55:41,700 --> 03:55:43,700
disease that wiped out entire 
populations. 

4420
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:47,100
When Mortals offended him or 
other gods, he could heal wounds

4421
03:55:47,100 --> 03:55:50,100
Holt epidemics and in part 
medical knowledge to Mortals. 

4422
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:51,500
So they could take care of 
themselves. 

4423
03:55:51,500 --> 03:55:54,200
If he was duly honored and 
placated, the Greek 

4424
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:56,400
understanding that Health 
depended on upholding 

4425
03:55:56,400 --> 03:56:00,000
appropriate, relationships, with
Divine forces, was reflected in 

4426
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:03,000
his dual role as both the cause 
and the Cure of illness. 

4427
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:05,400
Even among the gods. 
His archery prowess was 

4428
03:56:05,400 --> 03:56:08,600
legendary fusing Supernatural 
accuracy with physical 

4429
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:11,000
dexterity. 
Whether he was hunting, wild 

4430
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,400
animals reprimanding Mortals who
had wronged him or engaging in 

4431
03:56:14,400 --> 03:56:17,900
competition with other archers 
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 

4432
03:56:17,900 --> 03:56:20,400
hit their targets. 
He was the patron deity of 

4433
03:56:20,400 --> 03:56:22,100
athletes. 
And competitors, who aimed for 

4434
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:24,800
flawless performance, because 
his skill with the bow 

4435
03:56:24,800 --> 03:56:27,900
represented, the accuracy and 
concentration needed for success

4436
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:31,600
in any Endeavor, despite his 
Divine status and impressive 

4437
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:34,900
array of talents Apollo's 
romantic relationships were 

4438
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:38,100
notably unsuccessful. 
When Daphne changed into a 

4439
03:56:38,108 --> 03:56:41,000
laurel tree to get away from 
him, he stopped pursuing her 

4440
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:44,200
Apollo, cursed Cassandra because
she had promised to be his lover

4441
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:46,300
in exchange for the gift of 
Prophecy. 

4442
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:49,200
But she had broken the 
agreement, making her 

4443
03:56:49,200 --> 03:56:50,700
predictions. 
Unbelievable. 

4444
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:53,700
He became more understanding of 
Mortals going through similar 

4445
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:55,600
struggles. 
After learning from these failed

4446
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:58,000
relationships. 
That even Divine Perfection 

4447
03:56:58,000 --> 03:57:01,100
couldn't ensure love success, 
Artemis, chose a path that 

4448
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:04,600
valued, Solitude Independence 
and the wild places that existed

4449
03:57:04,600 --> 03:57:07,800
outside of human civilization 
while her twin brother, Apollo 

4450
03:57:07,800 --> 03:57:10,800
embraced, the public aspects of 
godhood with its contests 

4451
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:14,500
oracles and constant interaction
with Mortals. 

4452
03:57:14,500 --> 03:57:17,800
Like a cosmic mashup of 
wilderness guide and emergency 

4453
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:20,200
room directors. 
She carved out of divine 

4454
03:57:20,200 --> 03:57:24,100
identity, as the goddess of the 
hunt, the moon and childbirth 

4455
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:28,500
one, that was both nurturing and
fiercely protective Artemis made

4456
03:57:28,500 --> 03:57:30,700
of philosophical statement about
autonomy in self-determination 

4457
03:57:30,700 --> 03:57:35,000
when she chose to remain 
eternally virgin in addition to 

4458
03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:38,500
it, being a personal choice, as 
a young girl, she begged zoos to

4459
03:57:38,500 --> 03:57:41,400
give her Chastity for all the 
eternity as well as a bow and 

4460
03:57:41,400 --> 03:57:44,600
arrows a pack of hunting hounds 
and a group of nymphs to be her 

4461
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:46,800
friends. 
It was akin to requesting the 

4462
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:50,200
Ideal feminist starter kit which
included weapons devoted 

4463
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:53,800
Companions and the absence of 
romantic complications her. 

4464
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:56,400
Hunting Expeditions through the 
ancient world's mountains and 

4465
03:57:56,400 --> 03:57:58,900
forests, were renowned for their
accuracy and efficiency. 

4466
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:02,300
Artemis hunted to keep the 
balance between civilization and

4467
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:05,800
Wilderness and showing that wild
animals remained wild while 

4468
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:09,000
safeguarding human settlements 
from creatures that posed real 

4469
03:58:09,000 --> 03:58:12,200
threats. 
She did not hunt for fun or to 

4470
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:14,700
collect trophies. 
She was the patroness of moral 

4471
03:58:14,700 --> 03:58:18,000
Hunters because our arrows were 
quick and kind made to kill 

4472
03:58:18,000 --> 03:58:20,900
cleanly and without needless 
suffering, one of the most 

4473
03:58:20,900 --> 03:58:23,800
effective incidents of female 
camaraderie and support in 

4474
03:58:23,800 --> 03:58:26,600
mythology, was the goddesses 
bond with her nymphs. 

4475
03:58:26,600 --> 03:58:29,800
These nature Spirits formed a 
community that functioned 

4476
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:33,300
without the consent or authority
of men, having taken the same 

4477
03:58:33,300 --> 03:58:36,900
vow of Chastity as their 
mistress with the effect of an 

4478
03:58:36,900 --> 03:58:40,200
old-fashioned security detail. 
They hunted Travelodge and 

4479
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:42,800
defended one another from unwell
romantic advances. 

4480
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:46,400
This selected family was 
completely and frequently 

4481
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:50,400
brutally protected by Artemis. 
Acton the hunter was killed by 

4482
03:58:50,400 --> 03:58:53,300
his own hunting dogs after she 
changed him into a stag when he 

4483
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:55,100
unintentionally witnessed her 
bathing. 

4484
03:58:56,000 --> 03:58:59,200
This punishment made it very 
evident that privacy and consent

4485
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:01,900
should be respected in order to 
prove that intelligence could 

4486
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:04,900
overcome physical strength. 
Artemis deceive the giant 

4487
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:07,600
Hunters Otis and ify altice into
killing each other with their 

4488
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:10,300
own Spears when they tried to 
take her and hear her as wives, 

4489
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:13,700
her status, as a virgin was 
interestingly contrasted with 

4490
03:59:13,700 --> 03:59:15,100
her role as the goddess of 
childbirth. 

4491
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:17,500
When their mother, let her was 
in labor. 

4492
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:19,600
Artemis helped. 
Give birth to her own brother, 

4493
03:59:19,600 --> 03:59:22,900
which provided her with unique 
perspective on the difficulties 

4494
03:59:22,900 --> 03:59:25,400
and risks involved in bringing a
new life into the world. 

4495
03:59:25,400 --> 03:59:29,500
She evolved into the Divine 
Midwife called upon by goddesses

4496
03:59:29,500 --> 03:59:31,900
going through their own maternal
struggles, as well as mortal 

4497
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:33,700
women having a difficult time. 
Giving birth. 

4498
03:59:34,300 --> 03:59:37,700
Because of this Duty Artemis 
became extremely protective of 

4499
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:40,600
expectant, mothers and new 
mothers, extending her 

4500
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:43,600
guardianship Beyond her 
immediate nymphal circle to 

4501
03:59:43,600 --> 03:59:46,400
Encompass any woman who was 
vulnerable during childbirth, 

4502
03:59:46,400 --> 03:59:49,000
regardless of their other 
religious preferences. 

4503
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:52,100
She was one of the most 
practically significant deities 

4504
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,000
for ancient families because her
interventions could mean the 

4505
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:57,600
difference between life and 
death for both mother and child,

4506
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,300
since lunar cycles were 
traditionally linked to both 

4507
04:00:00,300 --> 04:00:03,700
female biology and the nocturnal
activities that defined much of 

4508
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:06,900
ancient hunting artemisas 
association with the moon 

4509
04:00:06,900 --> 04:00:10,800
complimented her hunting and 
childbirth responsibilities with

4510
04:00:10,800 --> 04:00:13,200
the same dependability that 
Apollo's son Chariot. 

4511
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:17,100
Exhibited during the day, her 
silver Chariot pulled by four 

4512
04:00:17,100 --> 04:00:19,800
golden horned deer. 
Followed the moon's course. 

4513
04:00:19,800 --> 04:00:23,600
Across the night sky, the 
goddess had high, but reasonable

4514
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:27,200
expectations for her devotees. 
She required her nymphs to be 

4515
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:30,400
completely chased, fully 
committed to the hunt and loyal 

4516
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:33,200
to the group at all times. 
She offered them safety 

4517
04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:35,900
friendship. 
And the opportunity to live 

4518
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:38,900
their lives. 
As they saw fit independent of 

4519
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:42,200
the expectations of their 
families, communities or future 

4520
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:44,600
husbands. 
It was a social contract that 

4521
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:47,600
provided alternatives to the few
choices that the majority of 

4522
04:00:47,600 --> 04:00:50,700
ancient women had because 
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 

4523
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:53,000
that was fundamentally 
incompatible with conventional 

4524
04:00:53,000 --> 04:00:56,100
relationships, her infrequent 
romantic relationships, 

4525
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,200
typically ended tragically not, 
because she was naturally, 

4526
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:02,400
unlucky in love her fleeting 
interest in the hunter, Ryan 

4527
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:05,700
ended when according to one 
version of events, he died and 

4528
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:09,000
became a constellation. 
Her belief that Independence was

4529
04:01:09,000 --> 04:01:11,200
better than the hassles of 
romance was strengthened by 

4530
04:01:11,200 --> 04:01:13,800
these encounters. 
Her relationship with her family

4531
04:01:13,800 --> 04:01:16,500
was significantly, more 
harmonious than most Olympic 

4532
04:01:16,500 --> 04:01:19,900
relationships in part because 
she avoided getting involved in 

4533
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:21,900
their disputes due to a 
self-imposed seclusion. 

4534
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:25,900
And in part, because she was 
useful to everyone, due to a 

4535
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:28,600
practical contributions such as 
managing Wildlife, populations, 

4536
04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:30,500
and assisting with difficult 
births. 

4537
04:01:30,500 --> 04:01:33,300
She was the family member who 
didn't cause trouble during the 

4538
04:01:33,300 --> 04:01:35,800
quiet time. 
But was there when needed a 

4539
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:38,200
feist to stood out among the 
many lovely strong and 

4540
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:41,600
captivating gods in the pantheon
because he had overcome major 

4541
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:45,100
personal obstacles to become 
indispensable through talent and

4542
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:48,000
willpower alone. 
He turned his early experience 

4543
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:51,600
of rejection and disability into
a special kind of strength that 

4544
04:01:51,600 --> 04:01:53,200
made him. 
Perhaps the most practically 

4545
04:01:53,200 --> 04:01:54,900
useful member of the Olympic 
family. 

4546
04:01:54,900 --> 04:01:58,600
He was the god of fire 
craftsmanship and Technology as 

4547
04:01:58,600 --> 04:02:02,900
well as the Divine blacksmith. 
The origin story of her feista. 

4548
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:05,400
Seems to be an old-fashioned 
tale of triumphing over hardship

4549
04:02:05,400 --> 04:02:06,900
by virtue of One's Own 
greatness. 

4550
04:02:06,900 --> 04:02:11,300
His mother Hera was ashamed of 
his appearance and threw him 

4551
04:02:11,300 --> 04:02:13,000
from Mount Olympus. 
Because he was born with 

4552
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:16,200
physical limitations that made 
him ugly by Divine standards. 

4553
04:02:16,200 --> 04:02:19,600
He became even more crippled, as
a result of the fall, but it 

4554
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:22,300
also brought him to the Sea, 
nymphs the fetus, and your enemy

4555
04:02:22,300 --> 04:02:25,500
who saved him and taught him, 
the skills of craftsmanship, and

4556
04:02:25,508 --> 04:02:28,400
metalworking growing up, with 
the sea nymphs, taught him how 

4557
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:30,400
to turn disadvantages into 
strengths. 

4558
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:33,900
The face does acquired abilities
that made him indispensable 

4559
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:36,900
because he was unable to match 
other gods in terms of physical 

4560
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:40,200
Perfection or fighting skill. 
He gained skills in working with

4561
04:02:40,200 --> 04:02:43,900
fire metal and precious stones, 
producing items that were so 

4562
04:02:43,908 --> 04:02:45,800
beautiful. 
And useful that they were 

4563
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:47,600
considered legendary and 
Antiquity. 

4564
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,500
His Forge evolved into the 
Heavenly counterpart of an 

4565
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,500
upscale custom Workshop. 
Creating everything from 

4566
04:02:53,500 --> 04:02:56,800
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts as an adult. 

4567
04:02:56,800 --> 04:02:59,500
Her Festus returned to Olympus 
as a master craftsmen who 

4568
04:02:59,500 --> 04:03:02,500
Services were much needed, 
rather than, as a supplicant 

4569
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,300
looking for acceptance. 
The other gods soon realized 

4570
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:08,200
that only have five to make the 
tools weapons, and ornaments 

4571
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:10,100
needed for their Divine way of 
life. 

4572
04:03:10,100 --> 04:03:13,600
He was invaluable to a family 
that had previously rejected him

4573
04:03:13,600 --> 04:03:16,500
due to his appearance because of
his ability to create the 

4574
04:03:16,500 --> 04:03:19,700
impossible, his Workshop was the
Pinnacle of ancient technology, 

4575
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:23,000
the fiestas made tools that 
could operate on their own, with

4576
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:26,000
his guidance, automated Bellows 
that kept the forge, at the 

4577
04:03:26,008 --> 04:03:29,600
ideal temperature and gold, and 
servants to help him because of 

4578
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:31,000
his Superior knowledge of 
engine. 

4579
04:03:31,000 --> 04:03:34,200
Earring design and Metallurgy. 
He was the patron deity of 

4580
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,300
blacksmith's, Crafts, People. 
And anyone else who use their 

4581
04:03:37,308 --> 04:03:41,000
hands to make practical things, 
the gods method of craftsmanship

4582
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:43,600
Blended practical utility with 
Creative Vision. 

4583
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:46,900
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, his 

4584
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:49,800
Creations, fulfilled functions 
and provided solutions that were

4585
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:51,100
not possible. 
With just Divine. 

4586
04:03:51,100 --> 04:03:54,400
Might have feisty, has created 
chains that could contain a 

4587
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,900
Titan when Zeus needed a means 
of tying Prometheus to a bond 

4588
04:03:57,900 --> 04:04:00,700
for stealing fire. 
The fiestas made a shield that 

4589
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:04,000
represented the entire universe 
and offered Achilles the ideal 

4590
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,900
defense, when he needed armor. 
That would keep him safe when 

4591
04:04:06,900 --> 04:04:09,900
fighting gods and heroes. 
One of the most intricate 

4592
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:13,400
Partnerships in mythology, was 
his Union with Aphrodite, the 

4593
04:04:13,400 --> 04:04:16,100
combination of the physically 
impaired, God of craftsmanship, 

4594
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:18,600
and the goddess of beauty 
upended. 

4595
04:04:18,600 --> 04:04:21,900
Preconceived, notions about 
compatibility attraction. 

4596
04:04:21,900 --> 04:04:25,600
And the nature of love the 
Fiesta's response revealed his 

4597
04:04:25,608 --> 04:04:29,200
intelligence and his grass of 
divine politics, even as Olympic

4598
04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:33,100
rumors circulated about aphro, 
With our Reese and stead of 

4599
04:04:33,100 --> 04:04:36,400
facing his wife and her lover 
head on her face to use his 

4600
04:04:36,400 --> 04:04:39,100
skill to reveal their fair, in a
way that preserved his own 

4601
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:41,200
honor. 
While making them appear foolish

4602
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:44,400
and iconic, illustration of how 
skill and intelligence could 

4603
04:04:44,400 --> 04:04:47,400
overcome physical strength. 
And conventional Beauty, was the

4604
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:50,200
invisible net. 
That held the lovers in bed, he 

4605
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:53,300
was different from other wronged
gods in his retaliation was both

4606
04:04:53,300 --> 04:04:57,000
imaginative and appropriate. 
Compared to most other gods. 

4607
04:04:57,000 --> 04:05:00,200
The Feist had a noticeably more 
benevolent relationship with 

4608
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,100
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 
and labourers. 

4609
04:05:03,100 --> 04:05:06,300
He recognized the importance of 
hard work and the difficulties 

4610
04:05:06,300 --> 04:05:09,400
faced by those who use their 
hands to create useful objects. 

4611
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,700
His festivals honored the kind 
of fruitful labor that enabled 

4612
04:05:12,700 --> 04:05:15,900
civilization and his temples 
served as meeting spots for 

4613
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:19,200
Artisan guilds his contribution 
to the creation of the first 

4614
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:22,000
mortal woman. 
Pandora, revealed his technical 

4615
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:24,500
prowess as well as his grasp of 
divine politics. 

4616
04:05:24,500 --> 04:05:27,700
Zeus ordered her feisty to 
create a woman who would both 

4617
04:05:27,700 --> 04:05:31,700
bless and curse Humanity after 
he decided to punish Mortals for

4618
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:34,100
prometheus's. 
Gift of fire though, he was 

4619
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:36,700
aware that Zeus's gift had 
complications, that would impact

4620
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:40,100
mortal life for Generations. 
A feisty skillfully, crafted 

4621
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:43,900
Pandora to be indistinguishable 
from a goddess under Mount Etna 

4622
04:05:43,900 --> 04:05:46,500
and other active volcanoes. 
The gods volcanic forges 

4623
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:48,800
developed into hubs of heavenly 
industrial production. 

4624
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:52,000
These mountains rumbling in 
eruptions were interpreted as 

4625
04:05:52,008 --> 04:05:53,800
the sounds of her feisty at 
work. 

4626
04:05:54,500 --> 04:05:57,800
Producing the tools and weapons,
the gods needed for their varied

4627
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:01,000
escapades and duties. 
Even by Divine standards, his 

4628
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:03,800
productivity was legendary 
indicating that he found 

4629
04:06:03,800 --> 04:06:06,100
fulfillment in his work that 
went beyond the need for 

4630
04:06:06,100 --> 04:06:08,800
approval from others. 
It's important to consider the 

4631
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:13,000
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs
and most spectacular failures as

4632
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:15,800
our exploration of their lives 
and times comes to an end, 

4633
04:06:15,800 --> 04:06:19,900
despite their immortality and 
Cosmic, might these Divine being

4634
04:06:19,900 --> 04:06:22,900
showed that wisdom, happiness, 
and healthy family. 

4635
04:06:22,900 --> 04:06:26,500
Relationships are not always the
results of having boundless 

4636
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:28,800
resources and eternal life 
hacks. 

4637
04:06:28,800 --> 04:06:31,200
The creation of civilization 
itself was the greatest 

4638
04:06:31,200 --> 04:06:34,400
accomplishment of the Gods as a 
whole, they gave mankind the 

4639
04:06:34,400 --> 04:06:37,000
foundation for everything that 
sets Human Society. 

4640
04:06:37,000 --> 04:06:40,800
Apart from the Animal Kingdom, 
fire from Prometheus agriculture

4641
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:43,400
from Demeter, craftsmanship from
her feisty. 

4642
04:06:43,400 --> 04:06:47,700
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 
from Apollo their temples 

4643
04:06:47,700 --> 04:06:51,200
developed into educational hubs,
their festivals, offered chances

4644
04:06:51,200 --> 04:06:54,100
for cross-cultural interaction 
and their moral teachings. 

4645
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:58,100
Despite the hypocrisy of their 
own actions provided ethical 

4646
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:00,800
Frameworks that governed human 
conduct for Centuries. 

4647
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:04,400
With each God in charge of 
particular, facets of human and 

4648
04:07:04,400 --> 04:07:07,600
natural activity and working 
with their peers to preserve 

4649
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:10,000
Cosmic Harmony. 
The Olympic system. 

4650
04:07:10,000 --> 04:07:12,700
Also produced the first 
multinational management 

4651
04:07:12,700 --> 04:07:16,000
structure in history, when it, 
functioned properly, this Divine

4652
04:07:16,000 --> 04:07:19,300
bureaucracy, made sure that 
crops grew as planned Seasons 

4653
04:07:19,300 --> 04:07:21,500
changed on time and natural 
disasters. 

4654
04:07:21,500 --> 04:07:24,100
Only happened when Mortals had 
Gravely offended. 

4655
04:07:24,100 --> 04:07:26,900
Someone important, the 
interpersonal relationships of 

4656
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:28,900
the Gods. 
However, showed the same 

4657
04:07:28,900 --> 04:07:31,700
dysfunctional patterns that have
flicked any family business, 

4658
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:36,000
managed by conceded relatives 
with unrestricted Authority and 

4659
04:07:36,000 --> 04:07:38,900
inadequate. 
Communication skills from minor 

4660
04:07:38,900 --> 04:07:41,800
nymphs to Major heroes. 
Everyone was impacted by the 

4661
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:44,600
collateral damage caused by 
Zeus's adultery and her as 

4662
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,700
retaliation. 
Poseidon's outbursts, destroyed 

4663
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:51,500
coastal cities and sank ships 
Apollo's romantic rejections 

4664
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:54,600
changed lovers and produced 
profits who were cursed the 

4665
04:07:54,600 --> 04:07:56,600
political frequently turned 
disastrous. 

4666
04:07:56,600 --> 04:07:59,400
And the personal had a nasty 
habit of turning political 

4667
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:02,200
instead of using mediation, 
their method of resolving 

4668
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:06,200
disputes, usually involved, 
escalation the Trojan War, 10 

4669
04:08:06,200 --> 04:08:08,200
years of Bloodshed that 
destroyed both sides and 

4670
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:12,000
provided fodder for epic, poetry
was the outcome of paris's 

4671
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:15,900
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 
Bribe over those offered by Hera

4672
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:18,500
and Athena. 
It also showed that Divine Pride

4673
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:20,200
was more significant than human 
life. 

4674
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:24,200
Instead of seeking diplomatic 
Solutions, Demeter's response to

4675
04:08:24,200 --> 04:08:27,300
the kidnapping of her daughter 
called the world to the verge of

4676
04:08:27,308 --> 04:08:30,000
agricultural collapse. 
The way the gods treated 

4677
04:08:30,000 --> 04:08:32,800
Mortals, demonstrated their 
incapacity to uphold moral 

4678
04:08:32,800 --> 04:08:35,100
principles or grow from past 
errors. 

4679
04:08:35,100 --> 04:08:38,100
A penalized disrespect and 
rewarded devotion. 

4680
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:41,500
But their definitions of these 
terms were arbitrary and could 

4681
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:44,400
alter according to their 
emotions hobbies and family 

4682
04:08:44,400 --> 04:08:47,100
Dynamics. 
Mortal, Who appeared one God, 

4683
04:08:47,100 --> 04:08:50,500
might unintentionally offend. 
Another leading to improbable 

4684
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:53,600
circumstances in which virtue 
was largely dependent on Good 

4685
04:08:53,600 --> 04:08:56,300
Fortune. 
However, the Olympic Pantheon 

4686
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,200
also produced some of the most 
inspirational Tales of moral 

4687
04:08:59,200 --> 04:09:03,200
courage, inventiveness and 
tenacity in history, by 

4688
04:09:03,200 --> 04:09:05,800
supporting Athens. 
Athena established a hub of 

4689
04:09:05,800 --> 04:09:08,800
scholarship and democracy that 
shaped civilization for 

4690
04:09:08,800 --> 04:09:12,800
thousands of years communities. 
Use the advice from Apollo's 

4691
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:16,000
Oracle at Delphi to make tough 
choices and steer, clear of 

4692
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:19,400
needless confrontations her face
to show that a person's 

4693
04:09:19,400 --> 04:09:21,300
physical. 
Limitations need not stop them 

4694
04:09:21,300 --> 04:09:23,800
from contributing significantly 
to their Community. 

4695
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:26,800
Ancient people use the stories 
of the Gods as a kind of 

4696
04:09:26,800 --> 04:09:29,600
psychology to help them 
comprehend and deal with the 

4697
04:09:29,600 --> 04:09:33,500
complexity of human nature here 
as jealousy and need for respect

4698
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:37,900
Apollo's, quest for Perfection 
artemis's need for Independence,

4699
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:41,000
and Zeus's battles with 
authority and responsibility, 

4700
04:09:41,000 --> 04:09:44,100
were all Divine figures. 
That represented common human 

4701
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:47,800
experience is while also 
implying the Devon Immortal 

4702
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:50,400
beings had difficulties most 
significantly. 

4703
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:52,500
The Olympian showed the 
potential and Perils of 

4704
04:09:52,508 --> 04:09:55,300
unbridled power. 
They had the power to change 

4705
04:09:55,300 --> 04:09:59,700
reality, as they saw fit before,
Miracles and resolve, impossibly

4706
04:09:59,700 --> 04:10:02,200
challenging issues. 
They could also let personal 

4707
04:10:02,200 --> 04:10:05,100
grievances, take precedence over
their obligation to the world. 

4708
04:10:05,100 --> 04:10:09,000
They ruled destroy civilizations
and torture innocent people. 

4709
04:10:09,000 --> 04:10:11,900
There are experiences served as 
warnings about the value of 

4710
04:10:11,900 --> 04:10:14,100
restraint discernment and 
responsibility. 

4711
04:10:14,700 --> 04:10:18,200
Lessons that hold true in any 
time period where people, or 

4712
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:21,800
organizations have substantial 
influence over others, their 

4713
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:24,500
cultural influence was changed 
rather than eradicated. 

4714
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:27,000
By the slower erosion of belief 
in the Olympic Gods. 

4715
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:30,500
Their conflicts became metaphors
for the Timeless human conflicts

4716
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:33,300
between Duty and desire, 
individual ambition, and 

4717
04:10:33,300 --> 04:10:37,400
Collective responsibility and 
reason and passion, and their 

4718
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:40,600
stories became literature rather
than religion think about the 

4719
04:10:40,600 --> 04:10:43,000
amazing impact. 
These ancient Divine figures of 

4720
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,700
had on our contemporary world, 
as you curl up deeper under your

4721
04:10:45,700 --> 04:10:49,900
blanket and feel the soft pull 
of sleep Drawing Near, even 

4722
04:10:49,900 --> 04:10:52,900
though they no longer Reign from
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods

4723
04:10:52,900 --> 04:10:55,600
can continue to have an impact 
on our language literature 

4724
04:10:55,600 --> 04:10:59,400
psychology, and perception of 
human nature in ways that would 

4725
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:01,300
have surprised their original 
devotees. 

4726
04:11:01,300 --> 04:11:04,800
When you say that, someone has 
not kill his heal, your bringing

4727
04:11:04,800 --> 04:11:08,000
up the tail of a hero whose 
Divine protection for him at one

4728
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:10,300
crucial moment. 
When you refer to a long 

4729
04:11:10,308 --> 04:11:13,400
challenging Voyage as an 
odyssey, you're alluding to a 

4730
04:11:13,400 --> 04:11:15,800
decisions wandering. 
Which were both aided and 

4731
04:11:15,808 --> 04:11:18,300
hindered by different Olympian 
gods who couldn't agree on, 

4732
04:11:18,300 --> 04:11:19,900
whether he should be punished or
assisted. 

4733
04:11:19,900 --> 04:11:23,100
The young man who fell in love 
with his own reflection, thanks 

4734
04:11:23,100 --> 04:11:26,400
to divine intervention. 
That punished his vanity comes 

4735
04:11:26,400 --> 04:11:29,800
to mind when you call someone 
narcissistic the personalities 

4736
04:11:29,800 --> 04:11:32,200
of the gods have evolved into 
models for comprehending. 

4737
04:11:32,200 --> 04:11:36,100
Human psychology Kalyan realized
that the Olympic Pantheon, 

4738
04:11:36,100 --> 04:11:38,900
reflected archetypal patterns 
that have existed throughout 

4739
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:42,400
history and in many cultures 
aspects of human nature that we 

4740
04:11:42,400 --> 04:11:44,000
still recognize and grapple 
with. 

4741
04:11:44,008 --> 04:11:47,200
Today, are reflected in the 
Divine personalities of the 

4742
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:51,700
rebellious trickster Hermes. 
The nurturing mother Demeter, 

4743
04:11:51,700 --> 04:11:57,200
the creative artist Apollo and 
the wise Mentor Athena, the 

4744
04:11:57,200 --> 04:12:00,200
stories of The Olympian gods are
still told and reimagined in 

4745
04:12:00,200 --> 04:12:04,100
contemporary literature film. 
And television, which find fresh

4746
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:06,400
significance in their 
Antiquated, rivalries and 

4747
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,200
relationships. 
Greek mythology is introduced to

4748
04:12:09,200 --> 04:12:12,800
new generations, through Percy, 
Jackson's Adventures, which also

4749
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:16,000
modernized Divine figures for 
audiences Today Wonder Woman 

4750
04:12:16,000 --> 04:12:17,900
embodies contemporary ideals of 
justice. 

4751
04:12:17,900 --> 04:12:21,100
And equality, while obtaining 
her abilities from the Olympic 

4752
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:24,300
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of
powerful beings using their 

4753
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,800
abilities to protect automate. 
Common Mortals is even reflected

4754
04:12:27,800 --> 04:12:31,000
in superhero comics, our 
conceptions of leadership 

4755
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:34,000
bureaucracy and power 
distribution have been shaped by

4756
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:37,200
the gods approach to governance 
which combines specialized 

4757
04:12:37,200 --> 04:12:40,600
duties, familial relationships 
and Cosmic Authority. 

4758
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:43,700
The Notions that leaders must 
strike a balance between their 

4759
04:12:43,700 --> 04:12:45,600
personal interests and their 
public duties. 

4760
04:12:45,600 --> 04:12:48,400
That different facets of Life, 
call for different kinds of 

4761
04:12:48,400 --> 04:12:51,600
expertise and that corruption 
results from Power without 

4762
04:12:51,600 --> 04:12:54,700
accountability, can all be 
linked to the myths surrounding 

4763
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:56,800
zoo. 
And his Divine kin, their 

4764
04:12:56,800 --> 04:12:59,600
romantic relationships and 
family disputes of giving rise 

4765
04:12:59,600 --> 04:13:02,400
to surprisingly current models 
for comprehending, the 

4766
04:13:02,400 --> 04:13:06,600
intricacies of marriage parent 
hood and love the dysfunctional 

4767
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,400
marriage of Zeus and Hera 
provides insight into the impact

4768
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:11,300
of power disparity. 
As on interpersonal, 

4769
04:13:11,300 --> 04:13:15,000
relationships, Demeter's, 
ferocious defense of Persephone 

4770
04:13:15,000 --> 04:13:18,400
serves as an example of the 
difficulties parents and counter

4771
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:20,400
when their kids grow up and are 
on their own. 

4772
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:23,700
Even having the ideal 
credentials, doesn't ensure 

4773
04:13:23,700 --> 04:13:27,800
romantic success as Apollo's. 
Unfilled loves show, a 

4774
04:13:27,800 --> 04:13:30,400
sophisticated understanding of 
human nature that predated 

4775
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:34,300
modern Psychology by Millennia 
is reflected in the gods, moral 

4776
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:37,800
ambiguity, their capacity for 
both great, kindness and 

4777
04:13:37,800 --> 04:13:40,800
terrible, cruelty the Olympic 
Gods, embodied the 

4778
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:43,900
contradictions that Define real 
people in contrast to the 

4779
04:13:43,900 --> 04:13:47,000
purely, good or purely evil 
deities, found in some religious

4780
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:49,300
Traditions. 
They were able to exhibit both 

4781
04:13:49,300 --> 04:13:52,900
wisdom and foolishness, 
generosity and selfishness, and 

4782
04:13:52,900 --> 04:13:56,800
love and hatred frequently 
within the same story, or even 

4783
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,200
the same interaction, their 
stories were more 

4784
04:13:59,200 --> 04:14:02,800
psychologically, realistic. 
And as a result, more helpful 

4785
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:05,200
for comprehending, human 
behavior because of their moral 

4786
04:14:05,200 --> 04:14:08,700
complexity stories about being 
who had unbounded power but 

4787
04:14:08,700 --> 04:14:12,200
still had very human limitations
help us understand situations 

4788
04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:16,700
where people act with unexpected
kindness or cruelty When leaders

4789
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:19,500
make choices that seem to go 
against their professed values. 

4790
04:14:19,500 --> 04:14:22,900
And when families Go through 
both intense love and bitter 

4791
04:14:22,900 --> 04:14:25,300
conflict. 
The Olympic Pantheon also, 

4792
04:14:25,300 --> 04:14:29,200
created ways of thinking about 
cooperation, specialization and 

4793
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:32,300
diversity, that still shape, the
way we set up complicated 

4794
04:14:32,300 --> 04:14:35,200
institutions, these 
organizational principles were 

4795
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:38,200
ingrained in myths, about Gods, 
who governed various facets of 

4796
04:14:38,208 --> 04:14:40,400
the universe. 
While upholding an overall 

4797
04:14:40,400 --> 04:14:43,200
Divine government. 
These included the notion that 

4798
04:14:43,200 --> 04:14:46,000
different talents require 
different approaches that 

4799
04:14:46,000 --> 04:14:48,700
effectively leadership, 
frequently entails coordinating 

4800
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:51,000
Specialists, rather than 
micromanaging them. 

4801
04:14:51,000 --> 04:14:54,300
And that even the most capable 
individuals require colleague 

4802
04:14:54,300 --> 04:14:57,700
with complementary skills. 
The ancient Greek belief that 

4803
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:00,900
the Universe was essentially 
understandable and that humans 

4804
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,700
could comprehend their place 
within greater Cosmic, patterns 

4805
04:15:03,700 --> 04:15:07,200
was, perhaps most persistently, 
embodied by the Olympian gods 

4806
04:15:07,200 --> 04:15:10,600
despite their strengths and 
immortality the gods were 

4807
04:15:10,608 --> 04:15:13,200
subject to laws. 
Had repercussions for their 

4808
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:15,600
deeds and lived by moral 
standards. 

4809
04:15:15,600 --> 04:15:18,100
That Mortals could adopt and use
in their own lives. 

4810
04:15:18,100 --> 04:15:21,600
One of the pillars of Western 
civilization was this Optimistic

4811
04:15:21,600 --> 04:15:25,200
Outlook, which held that life 
had purpose, that knowledge was 

4812
04:15:25,200 --> 04:15:28,300
achievable and that people could
shape their own Destinies with 

4813
04:15:28,300 --> 04:15:31,400
hard work and wisdom, the 
stories of the Gods taught that.

4814
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:34,300
Even the most powerful beings 
were subject to moral laws that 

4815
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:37,800
went beyond their own desires. 
The creativity could overcome 

4816
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:40,800
constraints and that 
intelligence could triumph over 

4817
04:15:40,800 --> 04:15:43,800
Brute Force. 
Dreams of marble temples shining

4818
04:15:43,800 --> 04:15:47,400
and Mediterranean sunlight of 
divine voices resonating across 

4819
04:15:47,400 --> 04:15:49,500
ancient. 
Valleys, more of immortal 

4820
04:15:49,500 --> 04:15:52,100
families, assembling on a 
mountain peak to discuss the 

4821
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:55,100
fate of both gods and Mortals 
may cross your mind. 

4822
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:58,800
As you drift toward sleep, these
dreams transport you back. 

4823
04:15:58,808 --> 04:16:02,000
Thousands of years of human 
storytelling to innumerable 

4824
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:05,000
Generations who drew inspiration
and meaning from stories about 

4825
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:08,300
creatures who are both 
remarkably similar to us and 

4826
04:16:08,300 --> 04:16:11,700
completely different from us, 
the Olympian gods endure because

4827
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,700
they represent Universal truths 
about relationships human nature

4828
04:16:14,700 --> 04:16:18,000
and The NeverEnding difficulties
of living in a complex world. 

4829
04:16:18,800 --> 04:16:22,400
Not because we believe in their 
literal existence, their Tales 

4830
04:16:22,400 --> 04:16:25,100
serve as a reminder, that even 
Immortal beings must learn to 

4831
04:16:25,108 --> 04:16:28,100
strike a balance between their 
obligations to others and their 

4832
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:32,700
own desires, that stupidity and 
wisdom frequently, co-exist and 

4833
04:16:32,700 --> 04:16:35,100
that power entails, both 
opportunities and 

4834
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:38,400
responsibilities, you will be 
using insights that were 

4835
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:42,100
initially, conveyed entails of 
Zeus's lightning bolts, Athena 

4836
04:16:42,100 --> 04:16:45,500
strategic Acumen Aphrodite's, 
intricate gifts and have 

4837
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:48,400
fastest, inventive tenacity. 
When you awaken tomorrow and 

4838
04:16:48,400 --> 04:16:52,000
confront the difficulties of 
your own mortal existence, even 

4839
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:54,500
though the gods are old, their 
teachings are still as current 

4840
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,200
as the news of the day. 
And as fresh as your morning, 

4841
04:16:57,200 --> 04:17:00,100
Joe rest easy. 
Knowing that you are a part of 

4842
04:17:00,100 --> 04:17:02,800
an ongoing, human tradition of 
using storytelling to find 

4843
04:17:02,800 --> 04:17:04,600
meaning. 
And that the questions you are 

4844
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:08,600
faced with about power and love 
Justice and wisdom personal 

4845
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:10,500
ambition and group 
responsibility. 

4846
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:14,100
Other same ones that have 
inspired and challenged people 

4847
04:17:14,100 --> 04:17:17,100
ever since they first gazed up 
at the stars and wondered what 

4848
04:17:17,100 --> 04:17:18,900
immortal beings might think of 
our Short. 

4849
04:17:18,900 --> 04:17:26,600
Complex lives. 
In the tumultuous years, 

4850
04:17:26,600 --> 04:17:29,900
following the French Revolution 
when Paris streets still echoed 

4851
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,200
with recent upheaval and Society
reinvented itself. 

4852
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:38,500
Daily two unlikely Souls found 
each other amidst the chaos The 

4853
04:17:38,500 --> 04:17:41,600
Love Story would reshape an 
Empire influence the fate of 

4854
04:17:41,600 --> 04:17:45,500
Nations and endure beyond the 
grandest Ambitions of power. 

4855
04:17:46,400 --> 04:17:50,800
You're about to witness how 
passion politics and profound 

4856
04:17:50,800 --> 04:17:54,000
affection intertwined in one of 
history's most compelling 

4857
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:57,300
romances. 
You step into Paris in the 

4858
04:17:57,300 --> 04:18:01,800
Autumn of 1795 and the city 
feels like it's still catching 

4859
04:18:01,800 --> 04:18:04,000
its breath off to the 
revolution's violent 

4860
04:18:04,000 --> 04:18:07,700
convulsions. 
The streets carry a peculiar mix

4861
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:12,100
of weariness and excitement. 
Former Aristocrats walk past 

4862
04:18:12,100 --> 04:18:15,700
newlywed Merchants each 
pretending not to notice the 

4863
04:18:15,700 --> 04:18:18,400
other. 
Women have adopted simpler 

4864
04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:21,800
Fashions out of necessity the 
summer beginning to experiment 

4865
04:18:21,800 --> 04:18:24,500
again with luxury. 
Now that the worst terrorism of 

4866
04:18:24,508 --> 04:18:27,500
passed. 
Yes Mel's of roasting chestnuts 

4867
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,400
from Street vendors and the 
ever-present center of coal 

4868
04:18:30,400 --> 04:18:31,800
smoke from thousands of 
chimneys. 

4869
04:18:32,700 --> 04:18:35,700
Underneath It All linger 
something else something harder 

4870
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,600
to name. 
Perhaps it's the smell of fear 

4871
04:18:38,600 --> 04:18:42,000
finally fading or hope 
tentatively returning. 

4872
04:18:42,900 --> 04:18:45,300
The building's themselves tell 
stories of survival. 

4873
04:18:46,100 --> 04:18:50,000
Somehow still bear marks from 
revolutionary violence bullet 

4874
04:18:50,000 --> 04:18:54,500
holes pocks certain for SARS. 
Other structures display Hasty 

4875
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,100
repairs where doors were smashed
in during searches for 

4876
04:18:57,100 --> 04:19:01,400
Aristocrats or hoarded grain. 
But life, persists, with 

4877
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:05,200
stubborn determination. 
Shop windows display Goods 

4878
04:19:05,200 --> 04:19:07,500
again. 
Cafes fill with customers, 

4879
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:09,200
debating politics and 
philosophy. 

4880
04:19:10,200 --> 04:19:13,100
Street performers, entertain 
crowds that actually have a few 

4881
04:19:13,100 --> 04:19:16,600
coins to spare. 
In one of the elegant townhouses

4882
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:20,000
that survived the revolution's 
fury, you notice a gathering 

4883
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:23,400
taking place the salon belongs 
to Paul Barris. 

4884
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:27,000
One of the five directors who 
now governance through a 

4885
04:19:27,000 --> 04:19:31,000
complicated system designed to 
prevent any one person from 

4886
04:19:31,000 --> 04:19:35,000
Gaining too much power. 
Tonight, the rooms glow with 

4887
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:38,300
Candlelight that reflect off 
polished wood and the few 

4888
04:19:38,300 --> 04:19:41,600
remaining mirrors that were 
smashed during the terror, the 

4889
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:44,800
guests represent the New France 
in all its contradictions 

4890
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:49,000
military officers in slightly 
worn uniforms mingle with 

4891
04:19:49,000 --> 04:19:51,100
politicians in fashionable 
coats. 

4892
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:54,800
A few survived, as of the old 
nobility who've learned to 

4893
04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:58,200
adapt, stand for former 
revolutionaries, who sent their 

4894
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:02,300
friends to the guillotine, the 
conversation flows in multiple 

4895
04:20:02,300 --> 04:20:05,600
directions at once. 
Someone discusses the latest 

4896
04:20:05,600 --> 04:20:09,700
play at the comedy Francaise. 
Another group debates, military 

4897
04:20:09,700 --> 04:20:13,200
strategy, in the war against 
Austria, a cluster near the 

4898
04:20:13,208 --> 04:20:17,000
fireplace, gossips about whose 
rising in the new government and

4899
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:21,600
whose falling from favor. 
The room hums with ambition and 

4900
04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:26,000
calculation disguised a social 
pleasantry among the guests, You

4901
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:27,500
observe a woman in her early 
30s. 

4902
04:20:27,500 --> 04:20:30,200
Who seems to move through the 
room like water finding its 

4903
04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:33,200
path. 
Her name is Rose De Bohan a 

4904
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:34,900
though. 
She will soon become known to 

4905
04:20:34,900 --> 04:20:38,200
history as Josephine. 
She wears a simple white Muslim 

4906
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:41,200
dress that somehow appears more 
elegant than the fancier gowns 

4907
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:44,300
around her. 
Fabric drapes in the classical 

4908
04:20:44,300 --> 04:20:45,700
style. 
That's becoming fashionable. 

4909
04:20:45,700 --> 04:20:49,700
Suggesting ancient Greek statues
rather than the elaborate 

4910
04:20:49,700 --> 04:20:53,600
constructions of the old regime.
Her dark hair falls in the 

4911
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,900
fashionable loose curls of the 
Day, held back with a simple 

4912
04:20:56,900 --> 04:21:01,900
ribbon. what strikes you most is
how she listens when someone 

4913
04:21:01,900 --> 04:21:05,700
speaks to her, she gives them 
her complete attention, her dark

4914
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:09,600
eyes, focused her head tilted 
slightly to indicate genuine 

4915
04:21:09,600 --> 04:21:12,900
interest each person. 
She engages feels as though, 

4916
04:21:12,900 --> 04:21:17,600
their words, matter profoundly. 
Her hands move gracefully, as 

4917
04:21:17,600 --> 04:21:20,100
she gestures. 
And you notice you wears very 

4918
04:21:20,100 --> 04:21:23,600
little jewelry. 
A simple gold bracelet catches 

4919
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:27,800
the candlelight, the restraint 
is calculated too much jewelry 

4920
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:29,800
would suggest. 
She's trying to hard or doesn't 

4921
04:21:29,800 --> 04:21:33,600
understand the current political
climate Too little would make us

4922
04:21:33,600 --> 04:21:37,300
seem poor or unimportant. 
She's found the perfect balance.

4923
04:21:37,300 --> 04:21:41,700
She does in most things her 
story already contains enough 

4924
04:21:41,700 --> 04:21:44,200
drama for several lifetimes 
though. 

4925
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:46,800
Most people at this Gathering 
know, only fragments of it. 

4926
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:52,100
Born marry Yosef Rose Tasha de 
la. 

4927
04:21:52,100 --> 04:21:55,800
Pagerie on the Caribbean island 
of Martinique to a sugar 

4928
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:58,300
Plantation. 
Family, she married young to 

4929
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:02,100
Alexandra Debo and came to 
France full of dreams about 

4930
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:06,500
Parisian Society. the reality, 
proved more complicated than her

4931
04:22:06,500 --> 04:22:10,300
Island fantasies Her husband 
turned out to be difficult and 

4932
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:14,000
unfaithful. 
They separated then came the 

4933
04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:17,000
revolution. 
Which swept through France like 

4934
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:19,400
a cleansing. 
Fire that burned everything 

4935
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:25,100
guilty and innocent alike. 
Terror imprisoned her, in Lecom,

4936
04:22:25,100 --> 04:22:28,700
a former Convent turned holding 
cell for those awaiting the gear

4937
04:22:28,700 --> 04:22:31,000
team. 
She spent months in a crowded 

4938
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,100
sell never knowing if tomorrow 
would bring release or death. 

4939
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:37,800
she watched her first husband go
to the scaffold, his head 

4940
04:22:37,800 --> 04:22:41,800
falling into the basket while 
she waited her turn but 

4941
04:22:41,800 --> 04:22:44,900
maximally and robust beer fell, 
before her name came up on the 

4942
04:22:44,900 --> 04:22:49,400
execution list and suddenly the 
prison doors opened She emerged 

4943
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:53,000
into a Paris, transformed yet, 
again, with new opportunities 

4944
04:22:53,000 --> 04:22:55,500
for those clever and brave 
enough to see them. 

4945
04:22:55,500 --> 04:22:59,400
Now, she lives carefully, 
raising her, two children from 

4946
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:04,100
that first marriage, Hortense is
12 pretty and musically 

4947
04:23:04,100 --> 04:23:08,100
talented. 
Eugene is 14, serious minded and

4948
04:23:08,100 --> 04:23:11,200
loyal. 
They remember their father but 

4949
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:13,800
there are also adapting to this 
new world where survival 

4950
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:17,300
requires flexibility. 
Joseph in navigates The 

4951
04:23:17,300 --> 04:23:20,600
Dangerous Waters of 
post-revolutionary society with 

4952
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:22,500
skills learned through 
necessity. 

4953
04:23:23,500 --> 04:23:27,400
She knows how to read people 
when to speak and when to listen

4954
04:23:27,400 --> 04:23:31,500
how to make a self useful 
without seeming desperate for 

4955
04:23:31,500 --> 04:23:34,400
finance is a precarious. 
Despite her elegant appearance, 

4956
04:23:34,400 --> 04:23:38,200
she's renting the house on Rush 
on train and some months, the 

4957
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:40,000
rent comes due. 
Before the money arrives. 

4958
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:43,900
She's received a small pension 
as the Widow of a general but it

4959
04:23:43,908 --> 04:23:45,400
doesn't stretch as far as 
needed. 

4960
04:23:45,400 --> 04:23:48,600
She's learned to make a single 
dress appear new through 

4961
04:23:48,600 --> 04:23:52,100
different accessories. 
She borrows jewelry from friends

4962
04:23:52,100 --> 04:23:54,600
for important occasions. 
She's mastered. 

4963
04:23:54,600 --> 04:23:57,100
The art of appearing more 
prosperous than she actually is.

4964
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:01,200
Across the room. 
You notice a thin young officer 

4965
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:04,500
who looks decidedly out of place
among the polished politicians 

4966
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:09,100
and elegant women. 
Napoleon Bonaparte is 26 years 

4967
04:24:09,100 --> 04:24:12,200
old and resemble someone who 
forgot to eat regular meals, 

4968
04:24:12,200 --> 04:24:14,800
while studying military tactics 
until three in the morning. 

4969
04:24:15,600 --> 04:24:18,000
His uniform while clean and 
properly buttoned. 

4970
04:24:18,000 --> 04:24:20,100
Hangs a bit Loosely on his spare
frame. 

4971
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:33,100
His hair is unfashional matters.
He stands apart watching every 

4972
04:24:33,100 --> 04:24:36,500
one with intense gray eyes. 
That seemed to catalog and 

4973
04:24:36,500 --> 04:24:40,100
analyze every detail. 
His posture suggests someone 

4974
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:43,900
ready to flee at any moment. 
He shifts his weight from foot 

4975
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:46,800
to foot. 
His hands move restlessly, 

4976
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:51,200
sometimes touching his sword. 
Hilltop sometimes class Bing 

4977
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:53,100
behind his back. 
Never quite settling. 

4978
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:57,000
When someone tries to engage him
in small, talk about the weather

4979
04:24:57,000 --> 04:25:00,900
or fashion, he responds with 
Kurt factual observations that 

4980
04:25:00,900 --> 04:25:04,700
kill the conversation, dead. 
He simply doesn't understand how

4981
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:10,000
to discuss nothing gracefully. 
Napoleon grew up on Corsica that

4982
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:13,100
rugged Island where family 
loyalty runs deeper than any 

4983
04:25:13,100 --> 04:25:15,800
political allegiance and where 
blood feuds can span 

4984
04:25:15,800 --> 04:25:19,100
Generations. 
The island only became Frenchie 

4985
04:25:19,100 --> 04:25:22,400
year before his birth so he 
considers himself Corso 

4986
04:25:22,400 --> 04:25:26,400
confessed, French second. 
He speaks French with an accent 

4987
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:29,600
that immediately marks him as an
outsider in Paris Society. 

4988
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:31,900
He pronounces his arms 
differently. 

4989
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:35,900
He uses phrases that sound 
slightly foreign People 

4990
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:38,800
sometimes ask him to repeat 
himself, he hates it. 

4991
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,000
He's brilliant with artillery 
and Military strategy. 

4992
04:25:42,000 --> 04:25:45,600
But utterly hopeless at small 
talk and social graces. 

4993
04:25:46,500 --> 04:25:50,000
He can calculate trajectories in
his head and predict where an 

4994
04:25:50,000 --> 04:25:54,400
enemy Army will move three days.
Hence, Cannot remember which 

4995
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:58,500
Fork to use at a formal dinner. 
He reads voraciously in multiple

4996
04:25:58,500 --> 04:26:02,500
languages, devouring books on 
history, philosophy mathematics 

4997
04:26:02,500 --> 04:26:06,800
and warfare. just weeks ago, he 
helped put down a royalist 

4998
04:26:06,800 --> 04:26:10,700
Uprising in Paris using his 
Canon's to scatter the rebels 

4999
04:26:10,700 --> 04:26:14,400
attempting, to overthrow the 
government, This success earned 

5000
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:17,800
in promotion to General, and the
notice of powerful men like 

5001
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:21,600
beerus, but it hasn't taught him
how to navigate a fancy salon. 

5002
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:26,100
The other guests instinctively 
census discomfort and mostly 

5003
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:29,000
avoid him. 
He's useful in a crisis clearly 

5004
04:26:29,000 --> 04:26:33,000
but he's also strange and 
intense in ways that make polite

5005
04:26:33,000 --> 04:26:36,500
conversation difficult better to
let him stand by himself near 

5006
04:26:36,500 --> 04:26:40,000
the bookshelf examining the 
spines with more interest than 

5007
04:26:40,000 --> 04:26:41,800
he shows the actual people in 
the room. 

5008
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:45,700
You watch as Bears playing 
Matchmaker with the subtlety of 

5009
04:26:45,700 --> 04:26:48,400
a man who enjoys manipulating 
others for their own good 

5010
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:52,800
engineers and introduction. 
He's noticed Napoleon's 

5011
04:26:52,800 --> 04:26:57,000
isolation and Josephine's Grace 
and some instinct tells him 

5012
04:26:57,000 --> 04:26:58,500
these two might complement each 
other. 

5013
04:26:59,500 --> 04:27:02,800
He guides in Napoleon over to, 
where Josephine stands examining

5014
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:06,900
a painting of a pastoral scene, 
all soft clouds, and grazing 

5015
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:09,500
sheep. 
The young officer tries to Bow 

5016
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:11,900
gracefully and nearly trips over
his own sword. 

5017
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:15,700
The weapon clatters against a 
chair leg, two nearby 

5018
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:18,900
conversations, pause as heads, 
turned to see what caused the 

5019
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:23,600
noise Napoleon's face flushes 
with embarrassment but 

5020
04:27:23,600 --> 04:27:26,900
Josephine's mouth curves and to 
a smile at somehow manages to be

5021
04:27:26,900 --> 04:27:28,400
amused with without being 
mocking. 

5022
04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:32,000
It's the smile of someone who's 
witnessed far too many awkward 

5023
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:33,500
moments to be bothered by one 
more. 

5024
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:37,400
And who finds human imperfection
in Dearing rather than 

5025
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:40,400
contemptible. 
Paris makes the introduction 

5026
04:27:40,400 --> 04:27:44,000
with practice ease, then drifts 
away to other conversations 

5027
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:47,200
leaving them together. 
And uncomfortable silence 

5028
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,900
threatened to develop. 
Josephine experienced in 

5029
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:54,100
rescuing failing, social 
situations, asked, Napoleon 

5030
04:27:54,100 --> 04:27:58,300
about the painting. 
Does he like pastoral scenes as 

5031
04:27:58,300 --> 04:28:00,000
he spent time in the 
countryside? 

5032
04:28:01,400 --> 04:28:05,600
The question opens a Floodgate. 
Napoleon begins to talk and 

5033
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:07,200
something shifts in the rooms 
energy. 

5034
04:28:08,100 --> 04:28:11,900
He tells her about Corsica about
the mountains and the Sea about 

5035
04:28:11,900 --> 04:28:14,400
terrain and how it shapes 
military strategy. 

5036
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,700
Then somehow he is discussing 
Italy about his theories on 

5037
04:28:18,700 --> 04:28:22,500
warfare about how ancient 
generals use geography to their 

5038
04:28:22,500 --> 04:28:25,600
advantage. 
His hands move as he speaks 

5039
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:28,600
tracing invisible battle for 
nations in the air. 

5040
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,400
Most people find his intense, 
the overwhelming like standing 

5041
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:35,700
too close to a fire. 
The Josephine's in slightly 

5042
04:28:35,700 --> 04:28:39,800
genuinely interested. 
She asked him questions that 

5043
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:41,200
show. 
She's actually following his 

5044
04:28:41,200 --> 04:28:45,100
complicated explanations. 
She mentioned a book, she read 

5045
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:47,200
about Hannibal crossing, the 
Alps, with elephants. 

5046
04:28:48,200 --> 04:28:51,500
Did Napoleon think that was 
military sound or just dramatic?

5047
04:28:52,300 --> 04:28:55,300
Napoleon looks at her as though.
She just revealed herself to be 

5048
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:57,500
a fellow member of some secret 
society. 

5049
04:28:58,300 --> 04:29:03,300
He spent years being dismissed 
as too serious too intense to 

5050
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:06,400
focused on matters that polite 
Society considers boring. 

5051
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:09,600
Here's someone actually engaging
with his ideas. 

5052
04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:13,200
He explains his theory about 
Hannibal's campaign with growing

5053
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:15,600
enthusiasm. 
He's forgotten to be 

5054
04:29:15,600 --> 04:29:19,600
self-conscious, he's in his 
element now, discussing tactics 

5055
04:29:19,600 --> 04:29:22,800
and strategy. 
Josephine watches his face, 

5056
04:29:22,800 --> 04:29:26,300
transformed. the awkward 
comfortable young man, 

5057
04:29:26,300 --> 04:29:31,300
disappears, replaced by someone 
confident and passionate She 

5058
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:34,700
sees intelligence Flash in those
gray eyes along with something 

5059
04:29:34,700 --> 04:29:38,600
else. 
Hunger ambition a desire to 

5060
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:42,000
prove himself that burns. 
Like a Ford from a man who 

5061
04:29:42,000 --> 04:29:44,800
spends most of his time with 
soldiers and feels perpetually 

5062
04:29:44,800 --> 04:29:48,600
out of place, and civilian life,
finding someone who engages with

5063
04:29:48,600 --> 04:29:51,300
his ideas feels like discovering
water in the desert. 

5064
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:56,600
He's been so lonely though, he'd
never admit, it lonely in Paris 

5065
04:29:56,600 --> 04:30:00,100
lonely in the Army, lonely and 
rooms full of people who don't 

5066
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:04,100
understand him. suddenly he is 
not lonely, at least for this 

5067
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:08,700
moment, and it's intoxicating 
Josephine for her part. 

5068
04:30:08,700 --> 04:30:11,600
Recognizes something in this 
awkward young officer. 

5069
04:30:12,400 --> 04:30:15,800
She spent years learning to read
people's potential beneath their

5070
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,900
surface presentation. 
It's a survival skill. 

5071
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:23,400
During the terror, she learned 
to identify which guards might 

5072
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:26,400
be bribed, which fellow 
prisoners might betray you. 

5073
04:30:26,400 --> 04:30:30,900
Which officials might show 
Mercy. after her release, she 

5074
04:30:30,900 --> 04:30:34,100
learned to spot who was rising 
in the new government and who 

5075
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:37,500
was falling She's developed an 
instinct for potential. 

5076
04:30:37,500 --> 04:30:41,700
She sees past his ill-fitting, 
uniform and Social Clubs in us 

5077
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:44,400
to Glimpse, the fierce 
intelligence and ambition 

5078
04:30:44,400 --> 04:30:48,400
burning underneath She notices 
how other people in the room 

5079
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:52,000
occasionally glance his way with
a mix of weariness and respect. 

5080
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:56,500
this strange Corsican clearly 
matters to powerful people like 

5081
04:30:56,500 --> 04:30:59,800
beerus, She also noticed as 
something the other cell on 

5082
04:30:59,808 --> 04:31:03,100
guest Miss. 
When Napoleon looks at her, he 

5083
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:05,600
doesn't see a widow trying to 
survive in difficult times. 

5084
04:31:05,600 --> 04:31:10,400
He sees someone worthy of 
building Empires for the evening

5085
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:14,600
grows late and the candles burn 
lower in their holders, creating

5086
04:31:14,600 --> 04:31:16,700
deeper shadows in the corners of
the room. 

5087
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:21,300
The other guests begin to drift 
away calling for their carriages

5088
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:25,400
making plans for future. 
Gatherings saying, elaborate 

5089
04:31:25,400 --> 04:31:28,200
goodbyes. 
But Napoleon and Josephine 

5090
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,900
remain in conversation. 
They've moved to a settee near 

5091
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,800
one of the tall Windows 
overlooking, the street outside 

5092
04:31:34,800 --> 04:31:36,800
Paris. 
Settles into its nighttime 

5093
04:31:36,800 --> 04:31:40,900
rhythms lamplighters make their 
rounds the sounds of carriages 

5094
04:31:40,900 --> 04:31:42,900
on cobblestones Echo up from the
street. 

5095
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:46,600
The night air carries a chill 
that makes the warmth inside, 

5096
04:31:46,600 --> 04:31:49,100
more welcome. 
They've moved Beyond military 

5097
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:52,400
history. 
Now, Napoleon asks about her 

5098
04:31:52,400 --> 04:31:55,100
children his whole demeanor 
softens. 

5099
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:58,900
When she describes Hortense, is 
musical talent and Eugene's 

5100
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:01,500
seriousness. 
He tells her about his own 

5101
04:32:01,500 --> 04:32:04,400
family, his complicated 
relationship, with his mother 

5102
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:08,400
who both loves and criticizes 
him. siblings who depend on him 

5103
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:12,700
financially, even as they mock 
his provincial manners, As 

5104
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:15,400
vulnerability in this sharing 
that surprises them both. 

5105
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:19,400
Josephine finds herself 
genuinely Charmed. 

5106
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:23,700
Yes, he strange, and, or could 
and fart to intense? 

5107
04:32:24,700 --> 04:32:27,800
But he's also brilliant and 
oddly innocent despite his 

5108
04:32:27,800 --> 04:32:31,300
military achievements. 
When he talks about his dreams 

5109
04:32:31,300 --> 04:32:34,700
for France about making the 
country strong and prosperous 

5110
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:37,600
about earning Glory through 
great Deeds. 

5111
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:40,800
There's a purity to his 
ambition, that's refreshing. 

5112
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:43,700
He's not cynical like most of 
the men. 

5113
04:32:43,700 --> 04:32:47,000
She knows he actually believes 
in something Beyond personal 

5114
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:50,000
advancement. 
Napoleon meanwhile is falling 

5115
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:54,000
hopelessly in love every smile. 
She gives him, feels like a gift

5116
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,100
the way. 
She listens really listens, 

5117
04:32:57,100 --> 04:32:58,900
makes him want to tell her 
everything. 

5118
04:32:58,900 --> 04:33:02,500
He wants to impress her with his
knowledge protector from 

5119
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,200
hardship. 
Give her everything she deserves

5120
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,400
He's read about love in books, 
but this is the first time he's 

5121
04:33:09,400 --> 04:33:14,500
and it overwhelms him with its 
intensity. when they finally 

5122
04:33:14,500 --> 04:33:18,000
part ways, as the Gathering 
breaks up Napoleon, bows, over 

5123
04:33:18,000 --> 04:33:21,900
hand with more grace than his 
early attempt, He asked 

5124
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,300
permission to call on her. 
She grants it giving him her 

5125
04:33:25,300 --> 04:33:28,200
address on Rush on Tori. 
She watches him. 

5126
04:33:28,200 --> 04:33:32,300
Leave noticing how he glances 
back twice before disappearing 

5127
04:33:32,300 --> 04:33:35,000
Into the Night. 
She's not sure what to make of 

5128
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:37,400
this stranger General, but she's
intrigued. 

5129
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:41,500
Over the following weeks, 
Napoleon becomes a regular 

5130
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:43,500
visitor to Josephine's modest 
home. 

5131
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:46,800
You might see him arriving at 
odd hours whenever his military 

5132
04:33:46,800 --> 04:33:51,099
duties allow He brings books, he
thinks she'll enjoy carefully 

5133
04:33:51,099 --> 04:33:52,599
selected from his own 
collection. 

5134
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:57,000
He brings flowers purchased from
Street vendors, usually choosing

5135
04:33:57,000 --> 04:33:59,300
them with more enthusiasm than 
aesthetic. 

5136
04:33:59,300 --> 04:34:01,400
Judgment. 
Josephine. 

5137
04:34:01,400 --> 04:34:04,400
Learns to appreciate the gesture
even when the bouquets are 

5138
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:07,099
slightly lopsided. 
Her children view. 

5139
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:09,200
This new visitor with initial 
suspicion. 

5140
04:34:09,900 --> 04:34:12,000
More tense. 
And Dwayne remember their father

5141
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:14,800
and not eager to see their 
mother with another man. 

5142
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:17,599
But Napoleon wins them over 
gradually. 

5143
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:21,300
He treats, you Jane like a young
man rather than a child 

5144
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:26,200
discussing military matters. 
Seriously He brings Hortense 

5145
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:28,599
sheet music and listens 
attentively. 

5146
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:31,800
When she plays the piano, he 
doesn't try to replace their 

5147
04:34:31,800 --> 04:34:35,000
father. 
Stead, he offers friendship and 

5148
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:39,800
genuine interest in their lives.
The house on Rouge on terrain is

5149
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:42,900
small, but Josephine has made it
Charming through clever 

5150
04:34:42,900 --> 04:34:45,300
decoration. 
She's draped Fabrics to hide 

5151
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:47,900
Warren Furniture. 
She's arranged her few. 

5152
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:50,900
Good pieces to maximum effect. 
Fresh flowers. 

5153
04:34:50,900 --> 04:34:53,200
Always fill the vase is when she
can afford them. 

5154
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:57,500
The rooms smell of beeswax 
polish and the lavender dish, 

5155
04:34:57,500 --> 04:35:01,099
she uses to center. 
It's not Grand, but it's 

5156
04:35:01,099 --> 04:35:05,300
welcoming and Napoleon finds it 
infinitely preferable to his own

5157
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:09,500
sparse Bachelor, quarters. 
He's falling in love with a 

5158
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:13,000
desperation of someone who never
expected to find such feelings. 

5159
04:35:13,700 --> 04:35:16,099
Every moment away from her feels
wasted. 

5160
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,800
He thinks about her constantly 
during military meetings. 

5161
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:23,200
He sees something that reminds 
him of her and his first thought

5162
04:35:23,200 --> 04:35:26,700
is to share it with her. 
He writes a letters sometimes 

5163
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:30,000
two or three a day filled with 
passionate declarations that 

5164
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:32,200
would embarrass him if he 
stopped to think about them 

5165
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:34,700
rationally. 
But he doesn't think rationally,

5166
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,599
where Josephine is concerned. 
He spent his entire life being 

5167
04:35:38,599 --> 04:35:43,800
rational, calculating strategic,
With her all those careful 

5168
04:35:43,800 --> 04:35:46,599
defenses crumble. 
He pulls out his heart in 

5169
04:35:46,599 --> 04:35:49,300
letters that makes military 
updates with Declarations of 

5170
04:35:49,300 --> 04:35:52,599
love, he tells her, she's 
invaded, his thoughts, like an 

5171
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:56,300
occupying Army. 
He says her smile haunts him 

5172
04:35:56,308 --> 04:35:58,099
more effectively than any 
ghosts. 

5173
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:01,599
He complains bitterly when her 
responses arrived less 

5174
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:05,500
frequently than his letters? 
Josefina, approaches the 

5175
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:09,500
relationship more cautiously 
She's six years older and has 

5176
04:36:09,500 --> 04:36:11,900
learned the hard way that 
survival requires careful 

5177
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:15,300
choices. 
Napoleon is clearly talented and

5178
04:36:15,300 --> 04:36:19,700
rising in importance, but he is 
also poor intense and socially 

5179
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:23,400
awkward in ways that could limit
his advancement Her friends 

5180
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:26,900
think she's making a mistake. 
Why would an elegant 

5181
04:36:26,900 --> 04:36:29,900
sophisticated woman? 
Tie herself to this strange 

5182
04:36:29,900 --> 04:36:33,200
Corsican officer who owns more 
books than changes of clothing. 

5183
04:36:34,000 --> 04:36:36,900
They meet for walks in the 
tuilerie gardens, when weather 

5184
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:40,599
permits the gardens provide 
neutral ground away from both 

5185
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:43,000
their homes. 
They stroll along the gravel 

5186
04:36:43,000 --> 04:36:45,000
paths between carefully trimmed 
hedges. 

5187
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:49,500
Autumn Leaves crunch under their
feet, Napoleon talks about his 

5188
04:36:49,500 --> 04:36:52,599
plans for military reform. 
While Josephine occasionally 

5189
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:54,500
steers him towards less weighty 
topics. 

5190
04:36:55,300 --> 04:36:57,599
She points out the changing 
colors of the trees. 

5191
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:01,800
She comments on other walkers, 
fashion choices, teaching him by

5192
04:37:01,800 --> 04:37:03,400
example. 
How to make Pleasant 

5193
04:37:03,400 --> 04:37:05,300
conversation about trivial 
matters. 

5194
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:09,099
Sometimes they sit on benches 
watching fountains that still 

5195
04:37:09,099 --> 04:37:11,900
functioned, despite years of 
revolutionary neglect. 

5196
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:17,400
Napoleon continues talking, but 
now he also listens, he asks 

5197
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:20,500
about her childhood in 
Martinique, and she describes 

5198
04:37:20,500 --> 04:37:24,200
Island life with such vivid 
detail that he can almost smell 

5199
04:37:24,200 --> 04:37:26,900
the tropical flowers and feel 
the Caribbean Sun. 

5200
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:30,400
She makes him laugh with stories
about the monkeys that used to 

5201
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:34,200
still fruit from her family's 
trees and the parrots that learn

5202
04:37:34,200 --> 04:37:36,500
to mimic her, grandmother 
scolding voice. 

5203
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:40,800
It's something about Napoleon 
touches her heart, despite her 

5204
04:37:40,800 --> 04:37:44,599
initial caution. 
His absolute devotion feels 

5205
04:37:44,599 --> 04:37:49,000
refreshing after years of 
navigating relationships based 

5206
04:37:49,000 --> 04:37:52,400
on advantage and survival, the 
men, she's known since the 

5207
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:54,900
revolution view relationships as
transactions. 

5208
04:37:54,900 --> 04:37:57,800
They calculate what they can 
gain from any connection. 

5209
04:37:58,500 --> 04:38:02,500
Napoleon doesn't calculate, he 
just loves completely and 

5210
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,000
overwhelmingly. 
When he looks at her, she feels 

5211
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:08,400
seen in a way. 
She hasn't experienced since 

5212
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:11,000
before the Revolution shattered,
her first life. 

5213
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:13,700
His awkwardness around others 
disappears. 

5214
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:16,099
When they're alone. 
He makes a laugh with his 

5215
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:19,599
observations about the pompous 
politicians and social climbers.

5216
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:22,700
They encounter He can perfectly 
mimic Baris. 

5217
04:38:22,700 --> 04:38:26,000
Self-important manner, all the 
affected of the new Rich who 

5218
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:30,000
tried to sound cultured His 
impression of the Austrian 

5219
04:38:30,000 --> 04:38:33,700
Ambassador at a recent reception
as a laughing so hard, she has 

5220
04:38:33,700 --> 04:38:37,300
to wipe tears from her eyes. 
There's all the Practical matter

5221
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:41,200
that Josephine needs to ability 
She has children to raise and 

5222
04:38:41,200 --> 04:38:44,500
limited resources. 
A pension, she receives is 

5223
04:38:44,500 --> 04:38:48,500
unreliable, and she's exhausted 
from constantly worrying about 

5224
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:50,900
money. 
Napoleon, despite his current 

5225
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:52,900
lack of wealth. 
Clearly, possesses a brilliant 

5226
04:38:52,900 --> 04:38:55,300
future. 
She's not naive about this 

5227
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:58,700
calculation but it exists 
alongside genuine affection. 

5228
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,300
The best relationships. 
She's learned balanced both 

5229
04:39:02,300 --> 04:39:05,900
heart and head. 
Love Alone, won't pay rent or 

5230
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:08,700
feed children. 
But money without affection 

5231
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:12,700
creates its own misery. 
Her friends, noticed the change 

5232
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:15,500
in her. 
She seems lighter younger. 

5233
04:39:16,099 --> 04:39:20,200
She smiles more easily. 
When Napoleon's name comes up in

5234
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:23,099
conversation, her whole face 
softens. 

5235
04:39:24,400 --> 04:39:27,700
He tries to be practical and 
measured but her heart has other

5236
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:31,000
ideas. 
She's falling in love too though

5237
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:34,500
in her own way, more slowly and 
carefully than his passionate 

5238
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:39,200
plunge. 
By late 7995, they're spending 

5239
04:39:39,200 --> 04:39:41,000
nearly every free moment 
together. 

5240
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:43,800
Napoleon's military 
responsibilities. 

5241
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:47,900
Keeping busy, but he arranges 
his schedule to maximize time 

5242
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:51,600
with Josephine. 
He neglects sleep, he works 

5243
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:55,700
through meals anything to create
hours, he can spend with her his

5244
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:58,600
fellow officers, noticed their 
commanders distraction and make 

5245
04:39:58,600 --> 04:40:01,100
knowing jokes. 
They've never seen the serious 

5246
04:40:01,100 --> 04:40:05,500
young Corsican. 
So obviously basic In the cold 

5247
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:10,600
January of 1796, they marry in a
brief, civil ceremony at a 

5248
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:13,200
municipal building. 
The revolution abolished 

5249
04:40:13,200 --> 04:40:16,800
religious marriage so civil 
ceremonies have become the norm.

5250
04:40:16,800 --> 04:40:21,000
The room is bare and official 
looking nothing, like the grand 

5251
04:40:21,000 --> 04:40:24,000
Church, weddings Josephine might
have imagined in her youth. 

5252
04:40:24,800 --> 04:40:28,100
A few Witnesses attend. 
The official who performs the 

5253
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:29,800
ceremony rushes through the 
words. 

5254
04:40:29,800 --> 04:40:34,000
Clearly eager to move on to his 
next appointment Napoleon 

5255
04:40:34,000 --> 04:40:35,500
arrives. 
Late because he's been working 

5256
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:37,900
on last minute details for his 
upcoming command. 

5257
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:41,900
He's been appointed to lead the 
army of Italy and the departure 

5258
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:45,700
date Looms. 
Josephine Waits with growing 

5259
04:40:45,700 --> 04:40:49,500
anxiety wandering. 
If he's changed his mind, When 

5260
04:40:49,500 --> 04:40:52,900
he finally burst through the 
door, breathless and apologetic.

5261
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:57,000
She feels relief, flood through 
her Josephine, lies about her 

5262
04:40:57,000 --> 04:40:58,900
age on the paperwork. 
Making herself. 

5263
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:02,700
Four years, young girl, Napoleon
adds two years to his age. 

5264
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:06,400
Their both presenting slightly 
edited version of themselves 

5265
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:09,300
which seems fitting for two 
people who will spend their 

5266
04:41:09,300 --> 04:41:11,300
marriage, Reinventing reality 
together. 

5267
04:41:12,200 --> 04:41:14,300
The official doesn't care about 
the discrepancies. 

5268
04:41:14,300 --> 04:41:17,900
These processed dozens of 
marriage is to day and will 

5269
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:22,200
process dozens more tomorrow. 
The wedding night takes place in

5270
04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:25,800
Josephine's home on Rush on 
train and you might imagine it 

5271
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:28,500
as tender and passionate, 
despite the odd circumstances. 

5272
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:32,000
Her children are staying with 
friends, giving them privacy. 

5273
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:36,200
Napoleon has to leave in just 
days to take command of the army

5274
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:39,100
of Italy. 
This campaign represents his 

5275
04:41:39,100 --> 04:41:41,500
first, major independent 
command. 

5276
04:41:42,100 --> 04:41:44,500
The chance he's been waiting for
his entire career. 

5277
04:41:45,400 --> 04:41:47,800
But now leaving feels impossibly
difficult. 

5278
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:52,600
He spent years preparing for 
military glory, and suddenly all

5279
04:41:52,600 --> 04:41:54,900
he wants is to stay in bed with 
his new wife. 

5280
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,500
They talked through much of the 
night Napoleon tells her about 

5281
04:41:58,500 --> 04:42:02,300
his plans for the Italian 
campaign, Josephine listens 

5282
04:42:02,300 --> 04:42:05,500
occasionally asking questions? 
That show, she understands more 

5283
04:42:05,500 --> 04:42:07,700
about military matters than most
civilians. 

5284
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:12,000
She's learned by paying 
attention by reading by being 

5285
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:15,200
curious about the world. 
He's grateful for this. 

5286
04:42:16,100 --> 04:42:20,400
He can be fully himself with her
discussing tactics and strategy 

5287
04:42:20,400 --> 04:42:22,500
without having to simplify or 
explain. 

5288
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:27,600
She tells him about her fears. 
What if something happens to 

5289
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:29,400
him? 
What is dangerous? 

5290
04:42:29,400 --> 04:42:32,200
And Generals die, like common 
soldiers. 

5291
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:36,500
He promises to be careful to 
come back to her to write 

5292
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,300
constantly. 
She makes him promise to eat 

5293
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,300
properly and get enough sleep 
knowing, he'll probably break 

5294
04:42:42,300 --> 04:42:45,500
both promises. 
They make plans for the future 

5295
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:49,800
where they live, when he returns
how they'll raise the children. 

5296
04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:52,500
What kind of Life they'll Build 
Together? 

5297
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:57,000
Josephine gives him a small 
portrait of herself to carry 

5298
04:42:57,000 --> 04:42:59,700
with him. 
It's painted on Ivory and small 

5299
04:42:59,700 --> 04:43:02,800
enough to fit in his pocket, the
artist captured her gentle 

5300
04:43:02,800 --> 04:43:06,700
expression and dark eyes. 
Napoleon treats, this miniature 

5301
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:10,000
like a religious Relic, he holds
it up in the candlelight 

5302
04:43:10,000 --> 04:43:14,400
memorizing every detail. 
Throughout the Italian campaign,

5303
04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:17,700
he'll sleep with it near his 
heart, talk to it when alone in 

5304
04:43:17,700 --> 04:43:20,800
his tent and show it to his 
office, as who have learned, not

5305
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:22,800
to mock their command as 
romantic obsession. 

5306
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:27,900
The morning, he departs. 
Paris still lies in Winter 

5307
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:31,100
Darkness. 
Sun Won't rise for another hour.

5308
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:35,500
Frost covers the windows in 
delicate patterns, Napoleon 

5309
04:43:35,500 --> 04:43:38,800
dresses in his uniform while 
Josephine watches from the bed 

5310
04:43:38,800 --> 04:43:41,000
wrapped in blankets against the 
cold. 

5311
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:45,700
They've said their goodbyes 
multiple times already but it 

5312
04:43:45,700 --> 04:43:49,600
doesn't make The Parting easier.
You might see Josephine standing

5313
04:43:49,600 --> 04:43:52,500
at a window watching, Napoleon's
Carriage disappear, down the 

5314
04:43:52,500 --> 04:43:54,900
street. 
She's wearing only a nightgown 

5315
04:43:54,900 --> 04:43:58,200
and shawl and the cold from the 
window glass makes a shiver. 

5316
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:02,900
Crying which surprises her? 
She said goodbye to men before 

5317
04:44:02,900 --> 04:44:05,800
without much emotion. 
She watched her first husband, 

5318
04:44:05,800 --> 04:44:08,500
leave without tears, but this 
feels different. 

5319
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:12,800
He touches the window glass 
still cold from the night and 

5320
04:44:12,800 --> 04:44:14,600
wonders. 
What she's gotten herself into 

5321
04:44:14,600 --> 04:44:17,200
by marrying. 
This intense young General who 

5322
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:19,000
looks at her, like she hung the 
Moon. 

5323
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:24,300
Napoleon rides, South toward 
Italy, and his Destiny, but his 

5324
04:44:24,308 --> 04:44:28,400
heart remains in Paris. 
The journey takes days over 

5325
04:44:28,400 --> 04:44:29,700
rough. 
Winter roads. 

5326
04:44:30,400 --> 04:44:34,700
The carriage jolts and sways he 
tries to read military reports 

5327
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,200
but keeps finding his thoughts 
drifting, back to Josephine. 

5328
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,200
What is she doing right now? 
Is she thinking of him? 

5329
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:44,400
Does she miss him as much as he 
misses her? 

5330
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:49,300
The letters begin immediately. 
He writes to her constantly 

5331
04:44:49,300 --> 04:44:53,200
sometimes on Horseback, 
sometimes by candlelight in 

5332
04:44:53,200 --> 04:44:56,300
whatever rougher accommodation. 
The Army provides his 

5333
04:44:56,300 --> 04:45:00,300
handwriting, never particularly 
neat, becomes almost allegedly. 

5334
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:03,100
When he's writing quickly, 
trying to get all his thoughts 

5335
04:45:03,100 --> 04:45:06,700
onto paper before the next 
military crisis demands his 

5336
04:45:06,700 --> 04:45:09,800
attention. 
His letters overflow with 

5337
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:12,100
passion. 
That would seem ridiculous if it

5338
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:15,200
weren't so genuine. 
He tells her she haunts his 

5339
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:17,500
dreams. 
He describes how the thought of 

5340
04:45:17,508 --> 04:45:19,900
her smile sustains him through 
difficult days. 

5341
04:45:20,900 --> 04:45:23,800
He complains bitterly when her 
letters arrived less frequently 

5342
04:45:23,800 --> 04:45:27,500
than his, he accuses her of not 
loving him as much as he loves 

5343
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:29,800
her. 
He apologizes for the 

5344
04:45:29,808 --> 04:45:33,600
accusations in the next letter 
then makes the same complaints 

5345
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,500
again a day later. 
You can imagine these letters 

5346
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,100
traveling back and forth across 
France and into Italy. 

5347
04:45:40,100 --> 04:45:43,200
The curry is carrying them, have
no idea their transporting, some

5348
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:45,200
of the most passionate 
correspondence in history. 

5349
04:45:45,200 --> 04:45:49,100
They're just doing their job 
delivering mail for the Army 

5350
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:53,100
Napoleon's letters, come bundled
with official military 

5351
04:45:53,100 --> 04:45:56,200
dispatches. 
Sometimes, he marked the Urgent 

5352
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:59,200
abusing his authority to ensure 
they travel quickly. 

5353
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:03,100
Napoleon's handwriting, grows 
Messier, when he is particularly

5354
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:07,600
emotional, he covers pages with 
endearments complaints, about 

5355
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:11,900
her silence military updates, 
mixed with romantic declaration 

5356
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,300
and plans for their future 
together. 

5357
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:19,600
He signs the them with elaborate
expressions of love, he uses 

5358
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:24,600
every term of endearment, he can
think of some in French, some an

5359
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:27,500
Italian, some he seems to invent
on the spot. 

5360
04:46:28,500 --> 04:46:32,800
Josephine's letters back to him 
are affectionate, but less 

5361
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:37,500
frequent and less intense. 
She writes about daily life in 

5362
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:40,300
Paris. 
She describes parties, she's 

5363
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:44,300
attended, and people she's met. 
She assures him of her love and 

5364
04:46:44,300 --> 04:46:47,700
tells him to be careful. 
But her letters lack, the 

5365
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:49,200
fevered passion of his 
correspondence. 

5366
04:46:49,200 --> 04:46:52,800
She loves Napoleon. 
But she doesn't share his 

5367
04:46:52,800 --> 04:46:55,100
capacity for total romantic 
obsession. 

5368
04:46:56,000 --> 04:47:00,100
She's managing life in Paris, 
raising her children and trying 

5369
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:03,900
to maintain her position in 
society or tense needs music, 

5370
04:47:03,900 --> 04:47:07,600
lessons and new dresses. 
Eugene is thinking about a 

5371
04:47:07,600 --> 04:47:09,000
military career in needs 
guidance. 

5372
04:47:10,000 --> 04:47:12,700
The house on Rush on train 
requires constant maintenance 

5373
04:47:12,700 --> 04:47:15,700
that she can barely afford. 
Her days. 

5374
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:18,600
Filled with practical concerns, 
that leave little energy for 

5375
04:47:18,600 --> 04:47:22,300
writing passionate love letters.
This imbalance will characterize

5376
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:24,000
their relationship throughout 
their marriage. 

5377
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:28,000
He loves with the single-minded 
intensity, he brings to military

5378
04:47:28,000 --> 04:47:31,400
campaigns. 
When Napoleon loves, he loves 

5379
04:47:31,400 --> 04:47:34,500
completely exclusively 
obsessively. 

5380
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:39,000
She loves more moderate, Lee 
more practically with warm 

5381
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:43,500
sexually and burning passion. 
Cares for him deeply but she 

5382
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:45,200
also cares about many other 
things. 

5383
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:48,300
He can barely think about 
anything except her. 

5384
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:53,700
Meanwhile in Italy, Napoleon is 
revolutionizing Warfare and 

5385
04:47:53,700 --> 04:47:56,300
becoming famous. 
He takes command of an army 

5386
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:59,900
that's in terrible condition. 
The soldiers have been paid in 

5387
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:03,400
months, they're hungry, racked 
and demoralized. 

5388
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:08,100
Their equipment is worn out, 
their boots have holes, many are

5389
04:48:08,100 --> 04:48:11,700
barefoot They look at their new 
Young Commander with skepticism.

5390
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:14,700
What can this skinny Corsican do
for them? 

5391
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:16,200
That the previous commanders 
couldn't? 

5392
04:48:17,000 --> 04:48:21,400
everything, as it turns out, 
Napoleon immediately begins to 

5393
04:48:21,400 --> 04:48:24,500
transform the Army. 
He secures pay for the troops. 

5394
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:27,200
He Rangers for food supplies, 
and gives them. 

5395
04:48:27,208 --> 04:48:31,400
Inspiring speeches about glory 
and plunder waiting in Italy. 

5396
04:48:32,200 --> 04:48:36,300
Most importantly, he gives them 
victories. within weeks of 

5397
04:48:36,300 --> 04:48:38,900
taking command he's won, his 
first battle against the 

5398
04:48:38,900 --> 04:48:43,300
austrians, then another, then 
another Suddenly, this ragtag 

5399
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:46,700
force is, Conquering Northern 
Italy, he uses speed and 

5400
04:48:46,700 --> 04:48:50,100
surprise As Weapons. 
He moves his army faster than 

5401
04:48:50,100 --> 04:48:52,900
anyone expects. 
He hits the enemy where their 

5402
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:55,400
weakest. 
He divides, enemy forces and 

5403
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:58,000
defeats them, peace meal before 
they can unite against him. 

5404
04:48:58,800 --> 04:49:01,800
He makes decisions so quickly, 
his opponents can't adapt their 

5405
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:04,800
plans fast enough. 
His office has struggled to keep

5406
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:08,000
up with his mental Pace. 
He sees possibilities and 

5407
04:49:08,000 --> 04:49:11,300
opportunities that others Miss 
entirely his soldiers, who 

5408
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:14,800
started out skeptical of this 
young Corsican officer, begin to

5409
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:17,400
worship Him. 
He leads from the front sharing 

5410
04:49:17,400 --> 04:49:19,800
their dangers rather than 
directing from the rear. 

5411
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:23,200
He sleeps in the same rough 
conditions, they endure. 

5412
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:27,400
He knows many of them by name. 
When he rides past, they cheer 

5413
04:49:27,400 --> 04:49:30,200
they called him, the little 
Corporal affectionately. 

5414
04:49:30,200 --> 04:49:34,100
Noting his relative lack of 
height and his hands on command 

5415
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:36,600
style. 
They trust him to lead them to 

5416
04:49:36,600 --> 04:49:39,200
Victory and he rarely 
disappoints. 

5417
04:49:39,200 --> 04:49:43,700
The victory is bring both glory 
and plunder, Italian cities, 

5418
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:47,400
surrender and pay tribute, the 
Army sees his art treasures and 

5419
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,700
wealth, the soldiers, get their 
share, and suddenly their 

5420
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:54,400
enthusiastically following this 
General, who's making them rich 

5421
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:58,600
and famous Napoleon sends the 
best art in the most valuable 

5422
04:49:58,600 --> 04:50:02,300
plunder back to Paris, helping 
establish his reputation there 

5423
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:06,000
as a Conquering Hero. 
News of his victories reaches 

5424
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:09,000
Paris, Through official 
dispatches and newspapers. 

5425
04:50:09,000 --> 04:50:13,200
The directory, the five-man. 
Executive ruling France has both

5426
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:16,200
pleased to nervous. 
They wanted someone to defeat 

5427
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:19,200
the austrians in Italy and 
Napoleon is certainly doing 

5428
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:21,400
that. 
But he's growing Fame. 

5429
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:24,200
Makes him potentially dangerous.
Successful. 

5430
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:26,800
Generals sometimes become 
ambitious politicians. 

5431
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:31,000
Still for now they're happy to 
create credit for his victories.

5432
04:50:31,700 --> 04:50:34,500
Joseph and finds herself Famous 
by association. 

5433
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:38,400
She's invited to fancier salons 
treated with more respect, 

5434
04:50:38,400 --> 04:50:42,600
sought out for her opinions. 
People who previously dismissed 

5435
04:50:42,600 --> 04:50:45,600
her, as a widow of Uncertain 
means now caught her favor. 

5436
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,800
She's the wife of France's most 
celebrated General. 

5437
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:53,500
She discovers that being married
to genius and success even at a 

5438
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:55,600
distance provides its own 
Rewards. 

5439
04:50:56,400 --> 04:50:58,800
You might pick her reading his 
letters in her dressing room, 

5440
04:50:58,800 --> 04:51:02,500
seated at her vanity surrounded 
by the simple luxury. 

5441
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:05,500
She's accumulated. 
Her face shows a mix of 

5442
04:51:05,500 --> 04:51:09,000
tenderness and exasperation as 
she works through the latest 

5443
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,900
packet of letters. 
There are five of them all 

5444
04:51:11,900 --> 04:51:15,300
written within a three-day 
period, he's demanding, she come

5445
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:18,500
to Italy to join him, he's 
jealous of every man. 

5446
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,300
She might speak to in Paris, is 
declaring that life without her 

5447
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:25,200
is meaningless. 
Even as he's conquering half of 

5448
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,600
Italy. 
She writes back with soothing 

5449
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:32,500
words and practical delays. 
She'll come when she can, she 

5450
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:36,500
promises when the children are 
settled, when travel is safer, 

5451
04:51:36,500 --> 04:51:39,900
when she's finished attending to
necessary matters in Paris. 

5452
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:43,600
She doesn't mention that she's 
not particularly eager to trade,

5453
04:51:43,600 --> 04:51:46,600
her comfortable, life in Paris 
for the uncertainties of 

5454
04:51:46,600 --> 04:51:49,400
following an army through Italy.
In truth. 

5455
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:53,200
Josephine is enjoying Paris more
than she has in years. 

5456
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:58,100
She's become a fashion leader, 
women copy her style, her 

5457
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:01,500
hairstyles, her way of draping 
shoulders in the classical 

5458
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:03,800
manner. 
She's learned to move in the 

5459
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:07,400
highest circle with ease. 
Her Salon has become important 

5460
04:52:07,400 --> 04:52:12,400
in Paris Society, artists, 
writers and politicians gather 

5461
04:52:12,400 --> 04:52:16,800
at her home, she has influence 
and independents, Italy means 

5462
04:52:16,800 --> 04:52:20,500
Dusty Rhodes, military camps and
uncertainty. 

5463
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:24,200
It means following an army that 
could face defeat at any time. 

5464
04:52:24,200 --> 04:52:27,200
It means living in. 
Requisitioned building's with 

5465
04:52:27,200 --> 04:52:30,000
limited Comforts. 
It means being constantly 

5466
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:32,100
surrounded by soldiers and 
Military matters. 

5467
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:35,900
Paris means Comfort society and 
Independence. 

5468
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:40,100
She can manage her own schedule.
See her friends and enjoy 

5469
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,600
cultural life. 
She loves Napoleon but she's not

5470
04:52:43,600 --> 04:52:45,800
eager to trade her life, for his
military world. 

5471
04:52:46,600 --> 04:52:50,000
Eventually though, his pleading 
becomes impossible to ignore. 

5472
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:53,700
He writes that he cannot 
function without her, he 

5473
04:52:53,700 --> 04:52:56,600
threatens to abandon the 
campaign and returned to Paris. 

5474
04:52:56,600 --> 04:53:00,100
If she doesn't come, He sends 
his brother to escort, her 

5475
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:03,800
safely. 
Pressure builds and she finally 

5476
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:08,000
agrees. 
In the summer of 1796, she 

5477
04:53:08,000 --> 04:53:12,000
Begins the journey to Italy. 
Trip takes weeks over rough 

5478
04:53:12,000 --> 04:53:14,600
roads. 
Her carriage jostles over 

5479
04:53:14,600 --> 04:53:17,400
mountain passes and through 
territories, recently, conquered

5480
04:53:17,400 --> 04:53:20,500
by Napoleon's Army. 
The Alps, proved particularly 

5481
04:53:20,500 --> 04:53:23,200
challenging, the roads are 
narrow and steep. 

5482
04:53:24,000 --> 04:53:27,000
Sometimes she has to get out and
walk while servants guide, the 

5483
04:53:27,000 --> 04:53:29,200
horses carefully around 
dangerous curves. 

5484
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:33,400
She brings cases of elegant 
clothes because she refuses to 

5485
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:36,200
appear in Italy looking like a 
camp follower. 

5486
04:53:37,100 --> 04:53:40,700
She brings her lap, dog. 
Fortune a small pug who hates 

5487
04:53:40,700 --> 04:53:43,100
Napoleon and will continue to 
hate him throughout their 

5488
04:53:43,100 --> 04:53:46,000
marriage, occasionally, 
expressing this hatred by 

5489
04:53:46,000 --> 04:53:49,900
biting, the generals ankles The 
journey gives her time to think 

5490
04:53:49,900 --> 04:53:52,300
about what she's doing. 
She is leaving behind her 

5491
04:53:52,300 --> 04:53:54,700
comfortable life to join her 
husband in a war zone. 

5492
04:53:54,700 --> 04:53:58,700
It's romantic in a way, but it's
also inconvenient and 

5493
04:53:58,700 --> 04:54:02,000
potentially dangerous. 
What if the military situation 

5494
04:54:02,000 --> 04:54:05,200
changes? 
What if Napoleon's luck Runs 

5495
04:54:05,200 --> 04:54:07,900
Out? 
She's putting herself at risk by

5496
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,800
making this journey and for what
to satisfy her husband's 

5497
04:54:11,800 --> 04:54:15,100
romantic needs. 
But she's also curious. 

5498
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:17,800
She wants to see this new 
Napoleon. 

5499
04:54:17,800 --> 04:54:22,100
Everyone talks about. 
The dispatchers reaching Paris 

5500
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:24,900
described him. 
As a military genius, the 

5501
04:54:24,900 --> 04:54:27,800
newspapers prince stories about 
His Brilliant tactics and 

5502
04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:31,400
inspiring leadership. 
She wants to see first hand. 

5503
04:54:31,400 --> 04:54:34,000
How the would offer who tripped 
over his sword? 

5504
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:36,700
Has transformed into a 
conquering General. 

5505
04:54:37,700 --> 04:54:42,000
Their reunion takes place in 
Milan in July Napoleon has taken

5506
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:45,700
over one of the grand palaces 
for his headquarters, when a 

5507
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:47,900
carriage finally pulls up after 
weeks of travel. 

5508
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:51,400
He rushes out like a young boy 
rather than a Commanding 

5509
04:54:51,400 --> 04:54:54,300
General. 
He Embraces her before she is 

5510
04:54:54,300 --> 04:54:57,800
fully out of the carriage. 
He's babbling in Italian, French

5511
04:54:57,800 --> 04:54:59,500
and Corsica and all mixed 
together. 

5512
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:04,000
His staff watches with barely 
concealed Amusement, as their 

5513
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,600
fearsome Commander reduces 
himself to incoherent Joy. 

5514
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:12,100
The reunion is everything, 
Napoleon hoped for and slightly 

5515
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:16,100
over Josephine. 
He cancels military plans to 

5516
04:55:16,100 --> 04:55:19,200
spend time with her. 
He gives orders that, he's not 

5517
04:55:19,200 --> 04:55:22,000
to be disturbed unless the 
French army faces imminent 

5518
04:55:22,000 --> 04:55:24,600
destruction. 
His officers learned to schedule

5519
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:27,400
important meetings for times 
when Josephine is occupied 

5520
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:31,200
elsewhere, perhaps napping, or 
writing letters, or exploring 

5521
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:34,500
the palace Gardens. 
The Commanding General who 

5522
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:37,500
terrorizes Austrian armies 
becomes almost silly in his 

5523
04:55:37,508 --> 04:55:40,500
Devotion to his wife. 
He follows her around like an 

5524
04:55:40,508 --> 04:55:43,600
adoring puppy. 
He wants to show her everything 

5525
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:47,000
he's accomplished, he takes her 
to seek captured cities and 

5526
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:48,800
points out his strategic 
brilliant. 

5527
04:55:49,900 --> 04:55:52,700
Introduces her to his office as 
with obvious Pride. 

5528
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:56,500
This is my wife. 
His whole demeanor says, isn't 

5529
04:55:56,500 --> 04:56:00,500
she magnificent? 
Josephine sees Italy Through The

5530
04:56:00,500 --> 04:56:03,800
Eyes of comfort and Aesthetics 
rather than military conquest. 

5531
04:56:04,600 --> 04:56:08,200
She notices the art, the 
architecture, the garden's that 

5532
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,400
survived despite the war. 
Northern Italy. 

5533
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:14,500
And summer is beautiful. 
The light has a particular 

5534
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:16,300
quality. 
That makes everything look 

5535
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:20,400
slightly golden smell of olive 
Groves and lemon trees. 

5536
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:25,400
Perfumes, the are the ancient 
Villas, got the hillside's, the 

5537
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:29,400
people despite being conquered 
maintain a warmth and style that

5538
04:56:29,400 --> 04:56:33,100
appeals to her. 
Napoleon shows her palaces, his 

5539
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:36,600
requisitioning, their rooms 
filled with renissance art and 

5540
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:39,200
Baroque furniture. 
He sending much of it back to 

5541
04:56:39,200 --> 04:56:42,300
Paris creating what will become 
the Louvre collection? 

5542
04:56:43,300 --> 04:56:44,800
He points out particular 
paintings. 

5543
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:48,000
He thinks she'll enjoy. 
Here's a Madonna by Raphael. 

5544
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:51,400
There's a landscape by one of 
the Venetian Masters. 

5545
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:53,900
Look at how they've used light 
and Shadow. 

5546
04:56:53,900 --> 04:56:57,800
He's learning to appreciate art,
not just as plunder, but as 

5547
04:56:57,800 --> 04:56:59,800
beautiful objects worth 
preserving. 

5548
04:57:01,100 --> 04:57:03,800
She helps him understand the 
cultural significance of what 

5549
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:07,300
he's conquering, teaching him to
see Italy as more than just 

5550
04:57:07,300 --> 04:57:10,900
strategic territory. 
She explains the history of the 

5551
04:57:10,900 --> 04:57:14,900
various city-states, the 
artistic movements, the literary

5552
04:57:14,900 --> 04:57:18,000
traditions. 
She's better educated in these 

5553
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:21,100
matters than he is despite his 
boracay's reading. 

5554
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:24,400
His education focused on 
military history and 

5555
04:57:24,400 --> 04:57:28,000
Mathematics, hers included 
literature music and art. 

5556
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:31,100
They establish a pattern that 
will repeat throughout their 

5557
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:34,200
marriage. 
Napoleon focuses on glory and 

5558
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:37,000
Empire. 
Josephine creates Beauty and 

5559
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:40,300
social connection. 
He needs her as an anchor to the

5560
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,000
normal World Beyond military 
campaigns, and political 

5561
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:46,500
ambitions. 
When he's with her, he remembers

5562
04:57:46,500 --> 04:57:49,300
his human, not just a military 
machine. 

5563
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:53,300
She needs him as a source of 
power and protection in unstable

5564
04:57:53,300 --> 04:57:56,500
times. 
His success gives us security, 

5565
04:57:56,500 --> 04:58:00,100
she couldn't achieve on her own.
They complement each other in 

5566
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:04,000
ways, neither fully understands.
He's all intensity and ambition,

5567
04:58:04,000 --> 04:58:06,400
she's all Grace and social 
intelligence. 

5568
04:58:06,400 --> 04:58:10,400
He cannot think any opponent on 
a battlefield but gets lost in 

5569
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:11,400
complex. 
Social situations. 

5570
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:15,700
She can navigate the trickiest 
political gathering with ease 

5571
04:58:15,700 --> 04:58:19,000
but has no head for military 
strategy together. 

5572
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,500
They form something stronger 
than either could be alone the 

5573
04:58:22,500 --> 04:58:24,700
months in Italy. 
Give them the closest thing to 

5574
04:58:24,700 --> 04:58:26,800
normal, married, life. 
They'll ever experienced. 

5575
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:30,600
You might imagine mornings when 
they wake late in some Italian, 

5576
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:32,600
Villa requisitioned for the 
Army's use. 

5577
04:58:33,600 --> 04:58:36,600
Sunlight streams through tall, 
windows that look out on formal 

5578
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:38,400
Garden's where fountains still 
play. 

5579
04:58:39,400 --> 04:58:42,500
The rooms smell of fresh bread, 
from the kitchens and flowers 

5580
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:46,100
from the garden. 
Napoleon reads dispatches while 

5581
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:50,500
Josephine brushes, her long dark
hair at a vanity watching him in

5582
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:53,100
the mirror. 
They take carriage rides through

5583
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:57,000
the countryside, when military 
duties allow the roads Wind 

5584
04:58:57,000 --> 04:58:59,700
Through Vineyards heavy with 
great ripening in the Summer 

5585
04:58:59,700 --> 04:59:02,000
sun. 
They pass ancient ruins. 

5586
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:06,300
That Napoleon insists on 
exploring Clambers over broken 

5587
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,900
columns and reads inscriptions 
in Latin showing off his 

5588
04:59:09,900 --> 04:59:14,500
classical education. 
Josephine watches with amusement

5589
04:59:14,500 --> 04:59:18,500
and occasional concern for his 
safety when he climbs 

5590
04:59:18,500 --> 04:59:20,800
particularly precarious 
structures. 

5591
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:24,700
They attend dinners, where local
Italian ability, tries to 

5592
04:59:24,700 --> 04:59:26,700
ingratiate themselves with the 
Conqueror. 

5593
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:29,900
Josephine, smoothed, these 
occasions with her social 

5594
04:59:29,900 --> 04:59:33,600
skills, she complements the 
food, admires the artwork and 

5595
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:35,700
makes conversation that puts 
people at ease. 

5596
04:59:36,400 --> 04:59:39,600
In Napoleon watches her work, 
the room and Marvels, at her 

5597
04:59:39,600 --> 04:59:43,400
ability to make people like her.
It's a skilly entirely lacks and

5598
04:59:43,400 --> 04:59:45,200
deeply needs in a political 
wife. 

5599
04:59:46,100 --> 04:59:49,000
Sometimes he wakes in the night 
and just watches her sleep. 

5600
04:59:49,900 --> 04:59:51,900
He can't quite believe his 
fortune. 

5601
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:55,400
This elegant beautiful woman 
chose to marry him. 

5602
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:59,100
She left her comfortable life in
Paris to join him in Italy. 

5603
04:59:59,900 --> 05:00:03,300
She loves him to spite all his 
awkwardness and intensity. 

5604
05:00:04,000 --> 05:00:07,700
He feels gratitude, so profound 
it almost frightened him. 

5605
05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:12,000
What would he do if he lost her?
He can't even contemplate the 

5606
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:13,700
possibility without feeling 
panic. 

5607
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:17,600
Josephine becomes pregnant 
during this time, though, shalt 

5608
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,200
miscarry before the pregnancy is
very far. 

5609
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,900
The loss happens quietly 
painfully in one of the Italian 

5610
05:00:24,900 --> 05:00:28,000
Villas where they're staying, 
the Army doctors attend her 

5611
05:00:28,000 --> 05:00:30,900
Napoleon hovers. 
Anxiously until she tells him 

5612
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:34,200
firmly to go deal with military 
matters and let her recover in 

5613
05:00:34,200 --> 05:00:36,300
peace. 
She's been through childbirth 

5614
05:00:36,300 --> 05:00:38,800
twice before and knows how to 
handle these matters. 

5615
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:41,300
Neither of them discusses this 
loss. 

5616
05:00:41,300 --> 05:00:42,900
Much in their letters or 
records. 

5617
05:00:43,600 --> 05:00:46,300
For Napoleon, it represents a 
disappointment. 

5618
05:00:46,300 --> 05:00:48,900
He pushes aside to focus on 
campaigns. 

5619
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:51,400
There will be other 
opportunities for children. 

5620
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:53,800
He tells himself, they're both 
young enough. 

5621
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,600
For Josephine who already has 
two children from her first 

5622
05:00:57,600 --> 05:00:59,500
marriage. 
It's a sadness. 

5623
05:00:59,500 --> 05:01:03,000
She processes privately. 
She is old enough to worry that 

5624
05:01:03,000 --> 05:01:04,600
future pregnant Seasons. 
Might not happen. 

5625
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:07,700
But she doesn't share these 
worries with Napoleon. 

5626
05:01:08,500 --> 05:01:11,900
Why add to his burden's as 
Autumn approaches? 

5627
05:01:11,900 --> 05:01:16,000
Military separates them. 
Again, Napoleon must continue. 

5628
05:01:16,000 --> 05:01:18,400
His campaign deeper into 
Austrian territory. 

5629
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:22,100
Josephine needs to return to 
Paris to see her children and 

5630
05:01:22,100 --> 05:01:25,100
manage Affairs. 
There the parking's never get 

5631
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:28,000
easier for him. 
Stan's watching her, carriage 

5632
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:31,500
until it disappears from view, 
then returns to his work with 

5633
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:36,700
grim, determination, his letters
resume immediately as passionate

5634
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:41,500
and demanding as before. 
Back in Paris, Josephine. 

5635
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:44,200
Settles into her role. 
As the wife of France's most 

5636
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:47,400
celebrated General, the 
victories in Italy have made 

5637
05:01:47,400 --> 05:01:50,900
Napoleon even more famous. 
Songs are written about him 

5638
05:01:50,900 --> 05:01:53,900
newspapers. 
Print dramatic accounts of his 

5639
05:01:53,908 --> 05:01:58,000
battles political cartoons. 
Show him as a hero or a threat. 

5640
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,600
Pending on the artist politics, 
everyone wants to meet his wife 

5641
05:02:02,600 --> 05:02:06,500
to hear her stories to bask in 
reflected Glory. 

5642
05:02:07,700 --> 05:02:11,600
She moves to a grander house on 
Rue De La Victoria, the name 

5643
05:02:11,600 --> 05:02:13,500
itself. 
A piece of propaganda about 

5644
05:02:13,500 --> 05:02:17,300
Napoleon, successes, the new 
house requires extensive 

5645
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:21,200
renovation, and decoration 
Josephine throws herself into 

5646
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:24,700
this project with enthusiasm. 
She has an eye for design and 

5647
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:27,700
the budget. 
Now to indulge it tastes Creates

5648
05:02:27,700 --> 05:02:30,400
rooms that blend classical 
restraint, with comfortable 

5649
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:33,100
luxury. 
She redecorates with the plunder

5650
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:36,700
Napoleon sends from Italy, 
Egyptian artifacts from his 

5651
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:38,300
looming campaign in that 
country. 

5652
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:43,800
Italian painting's in gilded 
frames ancient, Roman sculptures

5653
05:02:43,800 --> 05:02:49,300
Persian carpets Chinese 
porcelain The house becomes a 

5654
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:51,200
Showcase of international 
Treasures. 

5655
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:54,700
All brought together through 
conquest and carefully arranged 

5656
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:59,200
by Josephine's aesthetic scents.
She becomes known for her taste 

5657
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:02,000
and her ability to blend the 
classical with the contemporary.

5658
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:05,600
Fashion magazines, describe her 
style in detail. 

5659
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:09,500
Other women, try to copy her 
combinations of simple dresses 

5660
05:03:09,500 --> 05:03:13,100
with exotic accessories. 
She has a gift for making the 

5661
05:03:13,100 --> 05:03:15,700
foreign seem accessible and the 
classical scene modern. 

5662
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:18,500
A Greek vase. 
Its next to a contemporary, 

5663
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:22,300
French clock, an Egyptian, 
statue stands beside Italian 

5664
05:03:22,300 --> 05:03:26,100
Renaissance Furniture. 
It shouldn't work, but somehow 

5665
05:03:26,100 --> 05:03:30,600
it does, Her Salon becomes 
increasingly important in Paris 

5666
05:03:30,600 --> 05:03:35,200
political and social life 
artists writers politicians and 

5667
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:39,000
Military Officers Gathering her 
drawing rooms on designated evil

5668
05:03:39,000 --> 05:03:41,700
evening's. 
The conversation, flows, easily 

5669
05:03:41,700 --> 05:03:46,000
ideas, get exchanged 
introductions, get made 

5670
05:03:46,000 --> 05:03:50,700
alliances form, Josephine 
presides over all of it with 

5671
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:54,300
warmth and intelligence, she has
a gift for making people feel 

5672
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:57,500
comfortable and important. 
She remembers details about 

5673
05:03:57,500 --> 05:03:59,400
people's lives and asks about 
them later. 

5674
05:04:00,600 --> 05:04:02,600
How is your son doing at 
military school? 

5675
05:04:02,600 --> 05:04:06,400
Did your book find a publisher? 
Has your mother recovered from 

5676
05:04:06,400 --> 05:04:09,800
her illness these small. 
Attentions create loyalty and 

5677
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:12,200
affection. 
People, feel valued in her 

5678
05:04:12,200 --> 05:04:15,100
presence. 
She introduces useful contacts 

5679
05:04:15,100 --> 05:04:17,000
to each other. 
The young painter needs. 

5680
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,300
A patron that wealthy Merchant 
wants to commission, art. 

5681
05:04:20,300 --> 05:04:23,100
Let me introduce you the 
politician. 

5682
05:04:23,100 --> 05:04:26,800
Seeks military information that 
General knows exactly what's 

5683
05:04:26,800 --> 05:04:30,200
happening at the front Come, let
me make an introduction. 

5684
05:04:31,000 --> 05:04:33,600
She builds networks that serve 
both her interests and 

5685
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:37,400
Napoleon's Napoleon fighting. 
In distant lands. 

5686
05:04:37,400 --> 05:04:39,900
Relies on her letters to 
understand the political 

5687
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:43,200
currents of Paris. 
She describes whose rising in 

5688
05:04:43,208 --> 05:04:46,000
the government and whose 
falling, she explains which 

5689
05:04:46,000 --> 05:04:49,000
policies are popular and which 
are causing discontent. 

5690
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:52,400
She gossiped about rivalries and
alliance's. 

5691
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:56,300
This information proves 
invaluable Napoleon can adjust 

5692
05:04:56,300 --> 05:04:58,800
his own political maneuvering 
based on her reports. 

5693
05:05:00,000 --> 05:05:02,800
The time apart also allows 
certain complications to 

5694
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,800
develop. 
Josephine is beautiful woman, 

5695
05:05:05,800 --> 05:05:09,500
living alone in a society, where
marital Fidelity is not strictly

5696
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,500
observed. 
Young officers come to pay their

5697
05:05:12,500 --> 05:05:14,200
respects to their Commander's 
wife. 

5698
05:05:14,200 --> 05:05:17,800
They linger longer than 
necessary, they offer to escort 

5699
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:20,600
her to the theater. 
They send flowers and small 

5700
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,300
gifts, the attention, flatters 
her, and the loneliness of 

5701
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:26,400
Napoleon's long absence weighs 
on her. 

5702
05:05:27,100 --> 05:05:30,000
Rumors reached Napoleon about 
her possible infidelities. 

5703
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:34,500
His officers returning from 
Paris, bring whispered stories. 

5704
05:05:34,500 --> 05:05:37,400
Did you know, your wife has been
seen frequently with that 

5705
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:40,300
Cavalry officer. 
She attended the Opera with him 

5706
05:05:40,300 --> 05:05:43,000
last week. 
They seemed quite familiar with 

5707
05:05:43,000 --> 05:05:45,900
each other. 
The rumors may be exaggerated or

5708
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:49,800
entirely false products of 
gossip and Malice, well, they 

5709
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:54,100
may contain elements of Truth. 
War makes separation inevitable,

5710
05:05:54,100 --> 05:05:56,400
and separation creates 
temptation. 

5711
05:05:57,300 --> 05:06:00,300
In Napoleon, writes her letters,
full of jealous accusations 

5712
05:06:00,300 --> 05:06:04,000
mixed with desperate, pleas. 
How can she do this to him? 

5713
05:06:04,900 --> 05:06:07,900
Doesn't she understand that he 
thinks of no one but her? 

5714
05:06:08,600 --> 05:06:11,500
He is faithful despite 
opportunities and temptations. 

5715
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:14,400
The least you can do is show him
the same loyalty. 

5716
05:06:14,400 --> 05:06:19,200
Then in the next paragraph, he's
begging her to reassure him. 

5717
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:23,500
Tell him the room as a false. 
Tell him she loves only him. 

5718
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:28,000
He needs to hear it. 
Josephine denies everything and 

5719
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:31,700
scolds him for believing gossip.
Of course, she's faithful. 

5720
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:33,800
How dare he questioned her 
honor. 

5721
05:06:34,800 --> 05:06:38,800
The accusations hurt her deeply,
she writes, she's alone in Paris

5722
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,700
managing everything. 
While he's off winning glory and

5723
05:06:41,700 --> 05:06:44,600
he repays her by believing 
malicious rumors, spread by 

5724
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:48,800
people who Envy their happiness.
Her letters mixed genuine 

5725
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:52,900
indignation with skillful 
deflection. the truth as is 

5726
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:56,200
often the case, like he full 
somewhere between a suspicions 

5727
05:06:56,200 --> 05:07:00,100
and her denials She enjoys the 
attention of handsome, young 

5728
05:07:00,100 --> 05:07:02,500
officers without letting it go 
too far. 

5729
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:05,700
Perhaps, she's crossed lines. 
She shouldn't have during 

5730
05:07:05,700 --> 05:07:10,100
particularly lonely moments. the
rumors are entirely baseless 

5731
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:14,100
created by enemies seeking to 
wound Napoleon through his 

5732
05:07:14,100 --> 05:07:18,500
obvious vulnerability where his 
wife is concerned, This 

5733
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:22,000
historical record remains 
ambiguous and both principals, 

5734
05:07:22,000 --> 05:07:24,100
have good reasons to obscure the
truth. 

5735
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:28,600
Napoleon himself. 
Remained utterly faithful not 

5736
05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:32,000
from moral superiority, but 
because he's incapable of 

5737
05:07:32,000 --> 05:07:36,500
dividing his passion when he 
loves he loves completely. 

5738
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:41,100
When he fights, he fights. 
Completely the idea of casual 

5739
05:07:41,100 --> 05:07:43,800
romantic Adventures while 
longing for Josephine's. 

5740
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:47,400
Simply doesn't fit his nature. 
He is offered opportunities, 

5741
05:07:47,400 --> 05:07:50,500
Victory, brings admiration and 
admiration. 

5742
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:52,900
Sometimes comes with romantic 
overtures. 

5743
05:07:53,700 --> 05:07:56,400
But he brushes these aside 
without serious temptation. 

5744
05:07:57,300 --> 05:08:00,400
This imbalance in their 
relationship causes him genuine 

5745
05:08:00,400 --> 05:08:04,200
pain but he can't stop loving 
her anymore than he can. 

5746
05:08:04,200 --> 05:08:07,500
Stop breathing He's become 
essential to his emotional 

5747
05:08:07,500 --> 05:08:10,200
survival. 
The thought of losing her 

5748
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,400
terrifies him more than any 
military defeat. 

5749
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:17,200
So he endures the jealousy 
writes, the pleading letters 

5750
05:08:17,200 --> 05:08:20,700
believes her reassurance is 
because the alternative is 

5751
05:08:20,700 --> 05:08:25,800
unbearable. 
In 1798, Napoleon convinces, the

5752
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:30,000
government to let him lead an 
expedition to Egypt. his stated 

5753
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:33,100
goal is to threaten British 
interests in the East and 

5754
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:34,900
potentially open a route to 
India. 

5755
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:40,100
His unstated goals included 
achieving more Glory studying 

5756
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:44,300
ancient Egyptian civilization 
and escaping Paris politics for 

5757
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:46,800
a while. 
The directory approves because 

5758
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,000
they're nervous about his 
growing Fame and influence, 

5759
05:08:49,000 --> 05:08:52,500
better to have him far away, 
conquering Egypt the nearby 

5760
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,700
plotting political maneuvers. 
Josephine decidedly does not 

5761
05:08:56,700 --> 05:09:01,400
accompany him on this Expedition
the idea of Egypt's heat insects

5762
05:09:01,400 --> 05:09:04,900
and lack of Parisian and 
amenities holds zero appeal for 

5763
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:07,200
her. 
She's heard enough about desert 

5764
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:10,400
conditions to know, she has no 
interest in experiencing them 

5765
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:12,600
firsthand. 
Sides. 

5766
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:15,600
Her children. 
Need her in Paris, her social 

5767
05:09:15,600 --> 05:09:19,800
position requires her presence. 
Napoleon tries to convince her, 

5768
05:09:19,800 --> 05:09:24,700
but for, once she refuses, 
absolutely, he can conquer Egypt

5769
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:28,300
without her, the Egyptian 
campaign, proves both triumphant

5770
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:32,200
and difficult, Napoleon wins. 
The battle of the pyramids with 

5771
05:09:32,200 --> 05:09:35,800
his usual, brilliant's routing 
the mameluke Cavalry, that's 

5772
05:09:35,800 --> 05:09:39,600
ruled Egypt for centuries. 
He makes his famous speech about

5773
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:44,200
40 centuries looking down on his
soldiers from the pyramids, he 

5774
05:09:44,200 --> 05:09:47,000
captures Cairo and begins 
reorganizing Egyptian 

5775
05:09:47,000 --> 05:09:49,700
government. 
He studied his Egyptian antique,

5776
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:53,600
what is with genuine Fascination
bringing Scholars and scientists

5777
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:57,800
along specifically, to study 
this ancient civilization, but 

5778
05:09:57,800 --> 05:10:00,800
he is also cut off from Europe 
when British Admiral Nelson 

5779
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:03,000
destroys his Fleet at the Battle
of the Nile. 

5780
05:10:03,800 --> 05:10:06,600
The ship that brought his army 
to Egypt live at the bottom of 

5781
05:10:06,608 --> 05:10:10,300
the Mediterranean. 
He stuck in each Egypt, unable 

5782
05:10:10,300 --> 05:10:13,900
to return his Elite to France 
while rumors about Josephine's 

5783
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:17,600
conduct in Paris Drive in nearly
mad with jealousy and hurt. 

5784
05:10:18,600 --> 05:10:21,900
The letters, take weeks to 
travel between Paris and Cairo. 

5785
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:24,900
And when they do arrive, they 
bring little comfort. 

5786
05:10:24,900 --> 05:10:29,200
You can imagine him in Cairo 
sitting in some commandeered 

5787
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:31,200
Palace that once belonged to the
mamluks. 

5788
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:35,300
The rooms are opulent in an 
oriental style, completely 

5789
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:38,900
different from European 
architecture, intricate tile 

5790
05:10:38,900 --> 05:10:42,400
work covers the walls screens of
carved wood filter. 

5791
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:46,800
The harsh sunlight, Smell of 
incense and spices drifts up 

5792
05:10:46,800 --> 05:10:50,700
from the markets below. 
But Napoleon notices, none of 

5793
05:10:50,700 --> 05:10:52,900
this beauty. 
He's trying to focus on 

5794
05:10:52,900 --> 05:10:57,000
governing Egypt while his mind 
circles obsessively around, what

5795
05:10:57,000 --> 05:10:59,700
Josephine might be doing 5,000 
miles away. 

5796
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:03,000
His officers noticed their 
Commander growing more 

5797
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:07,100
short-tempered and distracted. 
He snaps at subordinates over 

5798
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:10,900
mine a mistake. 
He worked punishing hours as if 

5799
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:12,900
exhaustion might quietest 
thoughts. 

5800
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:17,400
He throws himself into studying 
hieroglyphics and fairy onic 

5801
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,600
history seeking Escape in 
ancient Mysteries. 

5802
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:26,000
But thoughts of Josephine 
intrude constantly unwelcome and

5803
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:29,100
unavoidable the heat in Cairo 
during summer. 

5804
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:32,500
Becomes a pressive, even the 
stone building's that stay 

5805
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,800
relatively cool during the day 
radiates stored Heat at night. 

5806
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:41,500
Napoleon lies awake on sweat, 
soap, sheets, imagining 

5807
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:45,700
scenarios that torture him. 
Josephine at the Opera with 

5808
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:48,700
another man Josephine laughing 
at jokes. 

5809
05:11:48,700 --> 05:11:52,200
He can't hear Josephine and 
someone else's arms. 

5810
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:55,700
He knows these thoughts are 
probably exaggerated products of

5811
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:59,400
distance and anxiety, but 
knowing doesn't help the images 

5812
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:01,900
haunt him. 
Anyway, eventually Napoleon 

5813
05:12:01,900 --> 05:12:05,600
makes a bold decision, He 
abandons, the Army in Egypt and 

5814
05:12:05,600 --> 05:12:09,600
slips back to France with a few 
trusted companions it's a risky 

5815
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:11,400
move, both militarily and 
politically. 

5816
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,500
If the voyage fails and British 
ships capture him, he could 

5817
05:12:15,500 --> 05:12:19,300
spend years as a prisoner of 
war, if it succeeds, but the 

5818
05:12:19,300 --> 05:12:22,500
government disapproves of his 
unauthorized departure, he could

5819
05:12:22,500 --> 05:12:24,700
be caught marshaled for 
deserting his post. 

5820
05:12:25,700 --> 05:12:27,400
But he doesn't care about these 
wrists. 

5821
05:12:27,400 --> 05:12:29,700
He needs to get home to 
Josephine. 

5822
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:32,300
He needs to see her confront 
her. 

5823
05:12:32,300 --> 05:12:36,100
If necessary reassure himself of
her love, everything else is 

5824
05:12:36,100 --> 05:12:38,800
secondary. 
Let the Army managed without 

5825
05:12:38,800 --> 05:12:41,800
him. 
Let the politicians played, he's

5826
05:12:41,800 --> 05:12:45,600
going home. 
The Journey Back takes weeks of 

5827
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:48,900
tension, his ship must Dodge. 
British patrols through a 

5828
05:12:48,908 --> 05:12:53,000
combination of luck, careful, 
navigation, and favorable wins. 

5829
05:12:53,800 --> 05:12:57,500
They sailed close to the North 
African Coast hoping to avoid 

5830
05:12:57,500 --> 05:13:01,400
the main British Fleet routes 
every sale on the horizon brings

5831
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:04,300
Panic until they confirm, it's 
not an enemy ship. 

5832
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:07,800
Napoleon spends, the time 
composing speeches in his mind 

5833
05:13:07,800 --> 05:13:11,400
planning confrontations 
imagining reunions. 

5834
05:13:11,400 --> 05:13:14,800
His emotions swing between anger
and longing between 

5835
05:13:14,800 --> 05:13:18,800
determination and anxiety. 
By the time he reaches French 

5836
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:22,700
soil in October, 1799 he is ran 
tight with emotion and 

5837
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:26,700
anticipation. 
He travels directly to Paris to 

5838
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:30,200
their house, on Route 1121, 
barely stopping to rest or 

5839
05:13:30,200 --> 05:13:32,800
change clothes. 
He needs to see Josephine, 

5840
05:13:32,800 --> 05:13:36,500
immediately, he bursts into the 
house, only to find it, empty 

5841
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:39,200
She's not there. 
The servants. 

5842
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:41,100
Tell him. 
She's traveling having gone to 

5843
05:13:41,108 --> 05:13:44,100
meet him at a different port. 
They've literally passed each 

5844
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,000
other on different roads like 
characters in some tragic 

5845
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:50,800
comedy. 
Napoleon exhausted from weeks of

5846
05:13:50,800 --> 05:13:53,500
travel and emotionally raw from 
months of anxiety. 

5847
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:58,500
Let's himself into the empty 
house and has a spectacular fit 

5848
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:02,300
to rage and hurt. 
He storms through the rooms 

5849
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:05,900
noting changes, in decoration, 
finding evidence of her life 

5850
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:09,400
continuing happily without him. 
He tells Josephine's children 

5851
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:11,100
and servants that the marriage 
is over. 

5852
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:14,100
He's done. 
He cannot continue this way. 

5853
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:17,500
He locks himself in the bedroom 
they shared and refuses to come 

5854
05:14:17,500 --> 05:14:20,300
out. 
Refusing, food, refusing, 

5855
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:24,400
company, refusing, everything, 
except his wounded pride and 

5856
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:27,500
broken heart. 
Josephine arrives home the next 

5857
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:30,400
day, to find the house in uproar
and her husband barricaded in 

5858
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:32,800
their room. 
The servants, meet her, at the 

5859
05:14:32,808 --> 05:14:37,100
door, with anxious reports, the 
general is very angry, he's 

5860
05:14:37,100 --> 05:14:40,500
locked himself up stairs, he 
said, terrible things, he's 

5861
05:14:40,500 --> 05:14:43,900
threatened divorce. 
She climbs the stairs slowly, 

5862
05:14:43,900 --> 05:14:48,300
her mind racing. 
She knows why He's angry the 

5863
05:14:48,300 --> 05:14:51,200
rumors of reached him. 
Now, she must face the 

5864
05:14:51,200 --> 05:14:54,200
consequences. 
She stands outside the locked 

5865
05:14:54,200 --> 05:14:57,100
door and pleads with him, she 
explains where she is bean and 

5866
05:14:57,100 --> 05:15:01,200
why she denies the worst 
accusations while carefully not 

5867
05:15:01,200 --> 05:15:04,300
addressing others. 
She cries and the tears are 

5868
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:06,400
genuine. 
She doesn't want to lose him. 

5869
05:15:06,400 --> 05:15:09,600
Yes, she has been foolish. 
Yes. 

5870
05:15:09,600 --> 05:15:11,700
She's enjoyed attention from 
other men. 

5871
05:15:12,400 --> 05:15:15,200
She loves him. 
She's always loved him. 

5872
05:15:15,200 --> 05:15:17,800
These other men mean nothing 
compared to him. 

5873
05:15:19,100 --> 05:15:23,400
Napoleon inside the room wants 
desperately to believe her but 

5874
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:27,300
feels betrayed and wounded. 
He's given her everything, his 

5875
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:29,900
whole heart, his complete 
devotion. 

5876
05:15:30,900 --> 05:15:34,800
How is she repaid him by making 
him a laughing stock in Perris 

5877
05:15:34,800 --> 05:15:36,900
Society, while he conquered 
Egypt for France? 

5878
05:15:37,700 --> 05:15:40,600
The pain is physical, like 
someone's driven a knife into 

5879
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:44,300
his chest and keeps twisting it.
Her daughter Horton's and Son, 

5880
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:48,000
use at their voices, outside the
door, begging the Napoleon to 

5881
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,500
forgive their mother. 
They've come to love this 

5882
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:54,700
intense Corsican who treats them
with real affection. he's been 

5883
05:15:54,700 --> 05:15:57,400
more of a father to them than 
their actual father ever was 

5884
05:15:58,400 --> 05:16:01,500
They don't want to lose him. 
The understand their mother has 

5885
05:16:01,500 --> 05:16:04,300
faults but who doesn't He should
forgive her. 

5886
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:08,500
They need him. 
For hours, this continues 

5887
05:16:08,500 --> 05:16:11,400
outside the door Josephine. 
Pause out. 

5888
05:16:11,400 --> 05:16:13,200
Her heart with growing 
desperation. 

5889
05:16:14,000 --> 05:16:17,300
She apologizes for everything. 
She promises reform. 

5890
05:16:17,300 --> 05:16:20,900
She swears Eternal faithfulness 
From This Moment forward. 

5891
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:25,100
Inside Napoleon's anger battles 
with his love. 

5892
05:16:25,100 --> 05:16:28,800
He wants to punish her. 
He wants to throw her out and 

5893
05:16:28,800 --> 05:16:32,600
never see her again. 
But he also wants to hold her 

5894
05:16:32,600 --> 05:16:34,800
and pretend none of this ever 
happened. 

5895
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,400
Finally, some time in the early 
morning hours, you might hear 

5896
05:16:39,400 --> 05:16:43,600
the lock click. 
The door opens slowly Josephine 

5897
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:46,500
enters. 
Napoleon stands by the window. 

5898
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:49,200
His back to her, his shoulders 
tense. 

5899
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:52,800
What happens? 
Next remains private but by 

5900
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:56,800
morning they've reconciled. 
Napoleon emerges having forgiven

5901
05:16:56,800 --> 05:16:59,500
everything because he cannot 
imagine his life without her. 

5902
05:17:00,400 --> 05:17:03,600
Josephine, emerges Having 
learned that despite his rage, 

5903
05:17:03,600 --> 05:17:08,100
his love for her overrides, 
everything else This knowledge 

5904
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:12,000
is both comforting and slightly 
terrifying, this pattern of 

5905
05:17:12,008 --> 05:17:14,900
conflict and Reconciliation will
repeat throughout their 

5906
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:18,200
marriage, though, never quite as
dramatically as this first. 

5907
05:17:18,200 --> 05:17:23,400
Major crisis, Napoleon's 
jealousy and Josephine's 

5908
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:27,000
Independence Clash. 
They fight they reconcile their 

5909
05:17:27,000 --> 05:17:29,200
love survives because underneath
all the drama. 

5910
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:33,300
They genuinely need each other. 
He needs her warmth and social 

5911
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:36,300
Grace. 
She needs his devotional and 

5912
05:17:36,300 --> 05:17:39,500
protector. 
The balance isn't always equal 

5913
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:44,200
or fair, but it functions. 
Within weeks of this reunion 

5914
05:17:44,200 --> 05:17:48,200
Napoleon helps orchestrate, the 
coup of 18 broom mayor that 

5915
05:17:48,208 --> 05:17:49,500
overthrows. 
The directory. 

5916
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:53,200
France, has grown tired of weak 
corrupt government. 

5917
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:58,800
The economy, staggers the war 
drags on political instability 

5918
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:03,000
threatens everything. 
Napoleon and his fellow plotters

5919
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:06,900
established the consulate. 
Supposedly a shared leadership 

5920
05:18:06,900 --> 05:18:10,600
among three consoles. 
In reality Napoleon, quickly 

5921
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:14,000
becomes, first console and 
effective dictator of France. 

5922
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:18,500
He is 30 years old and now rules
the nation Josephine becomes 

5923
05:18:18,500 --> 05:18:20,400
first. 
Lady of France and Albert name. 

5924
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:24,700
She moves with Napoleon into the
twillies palace, where French 

5925
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:26,500
Kings once lived before the 
Revolution. 

5926
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:30,600
The irony isn't lost on her. 
She grew up on a Caribbean 

5927
05:18:30,600 --> 05:18:34,900
Plantation, reading about their 
side and French royalty. survive

5928
05:18:34,900 --> 05:18:38,100
the revolution that destroyed 
that world and now lives in a 

5929
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:41,000
palace with her husband 
wielding, royal power under a 

5930
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:44,500
different title Life has a sense
of humor, sometimes. 

5931
05:18:45,500 --> 05:18:47,300
She transforms herself once 
again. 

5932
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:50,000
This time into something 
approaching a queen. 

5933
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:54,000
She establishes a court around 
herself with ladies and waiting 

5934
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:57,400
and formal protocols. 
The rules are less rigid than 

5935
05:18:57,408 --> 05:19:01,300
the old monarchies, elaborate 
etiquette, but structure exists.

5936
05:19:02,100 --> 05:19:04,800
people learn when they can 
approach her and when they must 

5937
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:07,600
wait, She holds regular 
audiences. 

5938
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:12,000
She attends official functions. 
She represents France at 

5939
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:15,400
diplomatic receptions. 
She sets fashion for all of 

5940
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:18,500
France. 
When Josephine adopts, a new 

5941
05:19:18,500 --> 05:19:21,500
style of dress, or a different 
way of arranging hair women 

5942
05:19:21,500 --> 05:19:23,700
across the country, copy her 
within weeks. 

5943
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:28,500
She has impeccable taste and the
confidence to make bold choices.

5944
05:19:28,500 --> 05:19:31,700
She introduces the high waisted 
Empire silhouette. 

5945
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:33,500
That will dominate fashion for 
years. 

5946
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:38,100
She popularized specific 
Fabrics, certain colors 

5947
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:42,500
particular ways of draping 
shawls, fashion magazines. 

5948
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:45,900
Follow her every appearance and 
describe her outfits in my new 

5949
05:19:45,900 --> 05:19:48,600
detail. 
The trailer is under 

5950
05:19:48,600 --> 05:19:50,600
Josephine's. 
Influence becomes elegant, 

5951
05:19:50,600 --> 05:19:54,100
without being stuffy. 
She understands that Napoleon's 

5952
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:57,100
government needs to impress 
foreign diplomats and 

5953
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,600
established legitimacy. 
She also remember her own 

5954
05:20:00,600 --> 05:20:04,000
discomfort in the overly formal 
quarts of the old regime that 

5955
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:05,700
she learned about through 
stories and books. 

5956
05:20:06,800 --> 05:20:10,200
She creates something new a 
blend of Republican Simplicity 

5957
05:20:10,200 --> 05:20:13,600
and Imperial Grandeur that 
suggests, France has moved 

5958
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,400
Beyond both the ancient regime 
and the revolution's chaos. 

5959
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:20,600
Napoleon, meanwhile Works 
constantly to stabilize France 

5960
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:24,300
and defeat its enemies. 
He rises at dawn and works until

5961
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:28,400
midnight most days, he reforms 
the legal system, creating the 

5962
05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:31,700
Napoleonic Code that will 
influence law across Europe and 

5963
05:20:31,700 --> 05:20:35,400
eventually around the world. 
He rebuilds roads and canals 

5964
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:38,200
destroyed during years of 
revolutionary neglect. 

5965
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:41,700
He negotiates treaties with 
European powers. 

5966
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:45,700
He plans military campaigns, he 
sleeps only a few hours and 

5967
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:48,700
night and expects everyone 
around him to match his energy, 

5968
05:20:48,700 --> 05:20:53,100
which proves exhausting for his 
staff Josephine provides 

5969
05:20:53,100 --> 05:20:55,200
necessary balance to his intense
nature. 

5970
05:20:56,100 --> 05:20:59,300
When he's been working for 16 
hours, straight barely pulls in 

5971
05:20:59,300 --> 05:21:01,000
to eat. 
She can convince is him to take 

5972
05:21:01,000 --> 05:21:03,900
a walk in the garden. 
The fresh air and movement. 

5973
05:21:03,900 --> 05:21:07,600
Help clear his mind when he is 
raged at some incompetent 

5974
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:11,300
official, until the poor man 
nearly faints, she saws Napoleon

5975
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:15,000
with gentle human afterward. 
She mimics his thunderous 

5976
05:21:15,000 --> 05:21:18,600
Expressions until he laughs 
despite himself when foreign 

5977
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:21,500
ambassadors need to be Charmed 
rather than intimidated. 

5978
05:21:21,500 --> 05:21:24,300
She deploys. 
Her considerable social skills. 

5979
05:21:24,300 --> 05:21:28,200
Making France, seemed civilized 
and cultured rather than just 

5980
05:21:28,200 --> 05:21:32,200
militarily powerful. 
She's become indispensable to 

5981
05:21:32,200 --> 05:21:35,800
both Napoleon personally and to 
his government practically. 

5982
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:41,000
He relies on her judgment about 
people who can be trusted, who's

5983
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:43,500
seeking Advantage, who is 
genuinely loyal. 

5984
05:21:44,400 --> 05:21:46,100
She reads people better than he 
does. 

5985
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:49,000
Picking up social cues. 
He misses entirely. 

5986
05:21:49,800 --> 05:21:52,500
He learns to Value her 
assessments even when they 

5987
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:54,600
contradict his own initial 
impressions. 

5988
05:21:55,300 --> 05:21:57,800
Their life. 
Develops rhythms of surprising 

5989
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:01,800
Domesticity Despite the Imperial
Grandeur surrounding them. 

5990
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:06,900
Napoleon sometimes reads to her 
in the evenings choosing history

5991
05:22:06,900 --> 05:22:10,200
or classical literature. 
He has a good voice for reading 

5992
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:13,600
and brings dramatic Flair to 
battle, descriptions or 

5993
05:22:13,600 --> 05:22:17,400
philosophical arguments. 
Josephine sketches or does 

5994
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,800
needlework while listening a 
hands busy with delicate work. 

5995
05:22:20,800 --> 05:22:22,500
While her mind follows the 
narrative. 

5996
05:22:22,500 --> 05:22:25,600
She occasionally makes 
observations that surprised him 

5997
05:22:25,600 --> 05:22:28,600
with their insight. 
Seeing implications in the text,

5998
05:22:28,600 --> 05:22:32,200
he hadn't considered. 
They take breakfast together, 

5999
05:22:32,200 --> 05:22:35,500
when his schedule allows, which 
isn't often but enough to 

6000
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:37,300
establish the routine as 
meaningful. 

6001
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:41,900
The breakfast room overlooks, 
the palace gardening light 

6002
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:45,700
streams through tall Windows the
table holds fresh bread, 

6003
05:22:45,700 --> 05:22:49,400
preserves coffee for him and 
chocolate for her. 

6004
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:54,600
They discussed the days planned,
activities Napoleon, mentions 

6005
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:58,900
meetings and Military reviews. 
Josephine describes her schedule

6006
05:22:58,900 --> 05:23:01,100
of receptions and charitable 
visits. 

6007
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:04,800
For these brief moments, they 
could be any married couple 

6008
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:07,600
planning their day. 
They walk in the gardens with 

6009
05:23:07,600 --> 05:23:11,200
Josephine's lapdog Fortune, who 
was grudgingly accepted 

6010
05:23:11,200 --> 05:23:14,200
Napoleon's permanent presence, 
after years of resistance. 

6011
05:23:15,000 --> 05:23:18,800
The dog no longer actively tries
to bite Napoleon's ankles, which

6012
05:23:18,800 --> 05:23:22,300
represents progress, Fortune 
trots, along beside them. 

6013
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:25,500
Occasionally investigating 
interesting smells or chasing 

6014
05:23:25,500 --> 05:23:27,500
birds that land on the gravel 
parks. 

6015
05:23:28,300 --> 05:23:30,800
Napoleon tolerates. 
The dog for Josephine sake 

6016
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:32,600
though. 
He still finds the animal 

6017
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:36,100
ridiculous, the palace fills 
with Josephine's family, 

6018
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:39,500
creating a warmth that prevents 
the Wheeler's from feeling like 

6019
05:23:39,500 --> 05:23:42,000
a museum despite its formal 
grandeur. 

6020
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:45,700
Her daughter Hortense grows into
a beautiful and accomplished 

6021
05:23:45,700 --> 05:23:48,400
young woman, talented, at music 
and painting. 

6022
05:23:49,100 --> 05:23:51,400
A son ujjain becomes one of 
Napoleon's. 

6023
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:55,700
Most trusted, office's proving 
himself, both Brave and capable.

6024
05:23:56,600 --> 05:24:00,600
Napoleon adopt them emotionally,
if not legally, treating them, 

6025
05:24:00,600 --> 05:24:03,000
as the children, he doesn't yet 
have from his own blood. 

6026
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:06,500
He arranges advantageous 
marriages for both. 

6027
05:24:07,200 --> 05:24:10,200
Understanding that family, 
connections matter, in building 

6028
05:24:10,200 --> 05:24:13,900
and maintaining power. 
Pretense, marries Napoleon's, 

6029
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:17,000
Brother Louie. 
A match that serves political 

6030
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:20,900
purposes, but will prove unhappy
personally, huge and marries 

6031
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:24,800
August of Bavaria and finds 
genuine happiness, which pleases

6032
05:24:24,800 --> 05:24:28,100
both Napoleon and Josephine. 
They stand together at both 

6033
05:24:28,100 --> 05:24:31,800
weddings proud parents, despite 
the complicated nature of their 

6034
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:35,600
blended. 
Family in 1804, Napoleon decides

6035
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:37,400
the time has come to Crown 
himself. 

6036
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:40,900
Emperor of France. 
The consulate has served its 

6037
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,900
purpose, stabilizing the 
government and allowing him to 

6038
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:46,600
consolidate power. 
But he wants something more 

6039
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:51,400
permanent more impressive. 
The title of Emperor carries 

6040
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:54,000
weight. 
That first console lacks it 

6041
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:56,600
announces to Europe. 
That France has a new leader 

6042
05:24:56,600 --> 05:24:58,300
worthy of standing among 
ancient. 

6043
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:02,300
Monarchies, it establishes a 
Dentistry, or at least the 

6044
05:25:02,300 --> 05:25:06,300
intention of creating one. 
The coronation takes place in 

6045
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:09,300
Notre Dame cathedral in 
December, and you can imagine 

6046
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:11,400
the scene in all its elaborate 
grandeur. 

6047
05:25:12,100 --> 05:25:15,500
The great Cathedral has been 
decorated with red velvet and 

6048
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:19,500
gold thread for months. 
Carpenters built special 

6049
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:22,600
platforms and seating to 
accommodate the massive crowd 

6050
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:26,700
artists, created backdrop, 
suggesting Imperial Rome rather 

6051
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:31,000
than Christian humility. 
Candles by the thousands, create

6052
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:33,200
a warm glow. 
That softens the winter light 

6053
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,400
filtering through stained glass 
windows depicting biblical 

6054
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:39,200
scenes. 
The congregation includes 

6055
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:42,800
everyone important in France and
representatives from across 

6056
05:25:42,800 --> 05:25:45,900
Europe. 
Diplomats from Nations that are 

6057
05:25:45,900 --> 05:25:48,700
technically enemies, sit near 
those from Allied countries. 

6058
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:52,400
All maintaining diplomatic 
courtesy, while assessing 

6059
05:25:52,400 --> 05:25:56,600
France's, new Imperial, 
potentials The Imperial family. 

6060
05:25:56,600 --> 05:26:00,300
Occupies prominent seats though.
Napoleon's mother has refused to

6061
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,000
attend in protest of his 
treatment of certain relatives. 

6062
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:07,500
Her empty chair creates a small 
Scandal that Palace officials 

6063
05:26:07,500 --> 05:26:10,600
try to ignore. 
Napoleon where is a heavy red 

6064
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:12,900
velvet. 
Cloak trimmed with ermine and 

6065
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:16,000
embroidered with gold and bees 
his chosen cymbal. 

6066
05:26:16,800 --> 05:26:20,700
The bees represent industry and 
appear everywhere in Imperial 

6067
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:23,800
decoration. 
Now his crowd is specially made 

6068
05:26:23,800 --> 05:26:27,300
for the occasion designed to 
suggest Charlemagne rather than 

6069
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:31,000
the more recent bourbon Kings. 
Every detail has been carefully.

6070
05:26:31,000 --> 05:26:33,300
Planned to create the right 
symbolic effect. 

6071
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:36,800
But the most dramatic moment 
involves Josephine. 

6072
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:40,800
Napoleon has decided she should 
be crowned Empress despite his 

6073
05:26:40,800 --> 05:26:43,900
family's objections. 
They argue that she's not worthy

6074
05:26:43,900 --> 05:26:47,200
that she's too old that she 
can't provide heirs. 

6075
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:50,500
He overrules them. 
All Josephine will be Empress. 

6076
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:54,100
The pope has been brought from 
Rome to sanctify the ceremony. 

6077
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:56,900
So everyone understands this is 
purely for show. 

6078
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:01,500
Napoleon will actually Crown 
himself to demonstrate his power

6079
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:05,200
comes from the people and his 
own Achievements, not from 

6080
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:08,900
religious Authority. when the 
moment comes for Josephine to be

6081
05:27:08,908 --> 05:27:12,900
crowned, she kneels before 
Napoleon on a velvet cushion and

6082
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:16,800
she wears a white dress in 
broided with gold thread and 

6083
05:27:16,800 --> 05:27:20,000
diamonds designed specially for 
this occasion. 

6084
05:27:20,000 --> 05:27:22,900
Her own red velvet cloak spreads
behind her. 

6085
05:27:22,900 --> 05:27:26,100
So heavy it requires her 
sister's in law to hold the 

6086
05:27:26,100 --> 05:27:28,900
train. 
But Napoleon sisters, who 

6087
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,600
resent, Josephine's influence 
and hate that she is being 

6088
05:27:31,600 --> 05:27:34,600
crowned. 
Instead, let the train drag on 

6089
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:39,000
the floor in a petty Rebellion. 
Napoleon sees this insulting 

6090
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,400
Behavior immediately he turns 
and glares at them with such 

6091
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:45,800
intensity that they quickly pick
up the train properly, their 

6092
05:27:45,800 --> 05:27:48,500
faces flushing with 
embarrassment at being caught in

6093
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:52,000
their Spike. 
The moment passes quickly but 

6094
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:55,400
those watching understand the 
message Napoleon will not 

6095
05:27:55,408 --> 05:27:58,900
tolerate disrespect toward his 
wife not even from his own 

6096
05:27:58,900 --> 05:28:02,600
family. 
He places the crown on her head 

6097
05:28:02,600 --> 05:28:06,000
with genuine tenderness 
momentarily forgetting the 

6098
05:28:06,008 --> 05:28:09,200
thousands watching. 
His fingers are just at 

6099
05:28:09,200 --> 05:28:12,700
carefully making sure it sits 
correctly on her elaborately 

6100
05:28:12,700 --> 05:28:15,900
arranged hair. 
For a moment despite all the 

6101
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:19,100
pageantry and politics you see 
two people who love each other. 

6102
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:24,200
She Rises as empress Josephine 
and tears shining in her eyes. 

6103
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:28,100
She never imagined growing up on
a Caribbean sugar Plantation 

6104
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,000
that she would wear a crown in 
Notre Dame Cathedral. 

6105
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:36,500
Napoleon never imagined growing 
up on Corsica as the second son 

6106
05:28:36,500 --> 05:28:39,300
of a minor Noble family that he 
would place it there. 

6107
05:28:40,500 --> 05:28:44,000
The years that follow bring both
Imperial Splendor and increasing

6108
05:28:44,000 --> 05:28:48,500
strain Napoleon fights Wars 
across Europe winning battle 

6109
05:28:48,500 --> 05:28:52,600
after battle redrawing maps and 
installing relatives as kings 

6110
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:54,500
and queens of conquered 
territories. 

6111
05:28:55,500 --> 05:29:00,100
His brother Joseph becomes king 
of Spain his brother Louie rules

6112
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:03,200
Holland his brother Jerome gets 
with failure. 

6113
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:08,400
The Bonaparte family Rises to 
dizzying Heights on Napoleon's 

6114
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,700
military, genius, though, they 
frequently proved difficult to 

6115
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,100
manage and ungrateful for their 
positions. 

6116
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:18,800
Josephine remains in Paris, 
managing the Imperial household 

6117
05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:22,700
representing France in 
Napoleon's absence and trying to

6118
05:29:22,708 --> 05:29:26,300
maintain some sense of normalcy 
in a life that grows steadily 

6119
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:29,200
more abnormal. 
The demands on her time 

6120
05:29:29,200 --> 05:29:32,600
increased constantly, she must 
attend State functions. 

6121
05:29:32,600 --> 05:29:36,400
Host diplomatic receptions, 
patronize the Arts, visit 

6122
05:29:36,400 --> 05:29:38,800
hospitals, and orphanages, 
right? 

6123
05:29:38,800 --> 05:29:43,100
Correspondents, manage, Palace 
staff and somehow maintain the 

6124
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:47,000
private warmth that first 
attracted Napoleon She creates a

6125
05:29:47,008 --> 05:29:51,300
court at the various palaces. 
They now occupy the trailer, he 

6126
05:29:51,300 --> 05:29:54,700
serves as their main Parisian 
residents, but there's some clue

6127
05:29:54,700 --> 05:30:00,300
Fontana blow and most precious 
to Josephine malaise or That 

6128
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:03,000
Chateau outside Paris becomes a 
special domain. 

6129
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:07,000
The one place that feels truly 
hers rather than belong to the 

6130
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:12,100
Empire on Napoleon's ambitions. 
She fills on with guardians that

6131
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:13,900
showcase plants from around the 
world. 

6132
05:30:15,000 --> 05:30:19,100
Collects roses with particular 
passion, eventually growing more

6133
05:30:19,100 --> 05:30:22,000
than 250 varieties in her 
Gardens. 

6134
05:30:22,800 --> 05:30:26,200
The Collection becomes famous 
throughout Europe, botanists 

6135
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:27,600
travel from other countries to 
see it. 

6136
05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:30,800
She corresponds with gardeners 
and plant collectors. 

6137
05:30:30,800 --> 05:30:33,900
Always seeking new varieties to 
add to her rose. 

6138
05:30:33,900 --> 05:30:37,400
Gardens the roses at mum is on 
bloom in profusion each summer. 

6139
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:42,300
Creating a spectacle of color 
and fragrance red roses climb. 

6140
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:44,500
Wooden trellises built specially
to support them. 

6141
05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:48,600
White rose is spill over stone, 
pathways worn Smooth by 

6142
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:52,300
generations of footsteps. 
Pink and yellow varieties. 

6143
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:55,800
Filled dedicated beds arranged 
in geometric patterns visible, 

6144
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:59,500
from the upper windows. 
Rare specimens, get special 

6145
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:02,900
treatment in the greenhouse. 
Regardless, tend them carefully 

6146
05:31:02,900 --> 05:31:06,100
through winter. 
Josephine employees, bottomless 

6147
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:08,900
and gardeners from across Europe
to help a cultivate this 

6148
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:11,800
collection. 
She doesn't merely order plants,

6149
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:13,900
and expect servants to manage 
everything. 

6150
05:31:14,800 --> 05:31:18,300
She involves herself directly 
learning Botanical names, 

6151
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:22,200
understanding growing conditions
planning, the garden. 

6152
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:25,400
Layouts herself. 
She walks the grounds daily. 

6153
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:29,600
When weather permits checking on
individual plants noting, what 

6154
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:32,400
needs pruning or fertilizing or 
transplanting. 

6155
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:36,400
She has her roses painted by the
finest Botanical, artists of the

6156
05:31:36,400 --> 05:31:39,400
age, creating a visual catalog 
of her collection. 

6157
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:44,200
Piaget becomes her favorite 
artist and his delicate 

6158
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:48,300
watercolors capture, each 
variety with scientific accuracy

6159
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:53,200
and artistic Beauty. these 
paintings survived long after 

6160
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,700
the actual flowers of faded 
preserved in albums and 

6161
05:31:56,700 --> 05:31:59,500
eventually published in books 
that spread Botanical knowledge 

6162
05:31:59,500 --> 05:32:04,400
throughout Europe, When Napoleon
returns from campaigns Maison 

6163
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:07,300
provides Refuge, from the 
constant demands of Empire. 

6164
05:32:08,300 --> 05:32:12,200
He walks with Josephine through 
the gardens temporarily setting 

6165
05:32:12,200 --> 05:32:14,200
aside, the burden of ruling most
of Europe. 

6166
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:18,100
They discussed plants and 
Landscaping and stead of war and

6167
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:21,000
politics. 
He teases her about her 

6168
05:32:21,000 --> 05:32:24,400
obsession, with roses calling 
her, his Rose empress. 

6169
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:28,400
She teases him about his 
inability to remember, which fry

6170
05:32:28,400 --> 05:32:31,700
is which despite her patient 
temps to teach him. 

6171
05:32:32,600 --> 05:32:35,300
They sit on benches near The 
Fountains listening to water 

6172
05:32:35,300 --> 05:32:38,700
splash over carved Stone. 
The sound must their 

6173
05:32:38,700 --> 05:32:41,900
conversation from passing 
servants, creating islands of 

6174
05:32:41,900 --> 05:32:44,300
privacy. 
They talk about matters, both 

6175
05:32:44,300 --> 05:32:48,500
serious and trivial What should 
be done about the situation in 

6176
05:32:48,500 --> 05:32:51,300
Spain? 
Did she notice how beautifully 

6177
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:52,800
the white rose is Bloom this 
year? 

6178
05:32:53,700 --> 05:32:57,300
His brother Jerome needs 
managing again the new 

6179
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,200
Greenhouse needs better 
ventilation. 

6180
05:32:59,800 --> 05:33:02,800
These conversations blend the 
personal and political in ways 

6181
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:04,600
that characterize their entire 
relationship. 

6182
05:33:06,200 --> 05:33:09,200
For brief periods at all. 
They're just a married. 

6183
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:11,800
Couple enjoying their garden and
each other's company. 

6184
05:33:12,400 --> 05:33:14,600
The weight of Empire lifts 
temporarily. 

6185
05:33:15,200 --> 05:33:18,300
Napoleon's face loses, some of 
its habitual tension. 

6186
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:21,200
Josephine smile comes more 
easily. 

6187
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:24,700
These moments are precious and 
increasingly rare as the 

6188
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:28,400
Empire's demands grow. 
But one topic increasingly 

6189
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:30,900
Poison's, their peace and 
intrudes. 

6190
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:34,500
Even into malms. 
Guardians Napoleon needs. 

6191
05:33:34,500 --> 05:33:37,200
An heir the Empire. 
He's building requires 

6192
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:41,500
continuity Beyond his lifetime. 
His brothers have children, but 

6193
05:33:41,500 --> 05:33:43,400
Napoleon wants his own son to 
inherit. 

6194
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:46,300
Everything. 
He's accomplished means nothing,

6195
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:49,800
if it dies with him, he studied 
enough history to know that 

6196
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,100
Empires crumble without clear 
succession. 

6197
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:55,100
Joseph Finn's. 
First marriage produced two 

6198
05:33:55,100 --> 05:33:57,000
healthy children. 
Who have grown into capable 

6199
05:33:57,000 --> 05:34:00,700
adults? 
But her marriage to Napoleon now

6200
05:34:00,700 --> 05:34:03,700
stretching into its 10th year 
remains childless. 

6201
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:08,000
Whether this is due to her age 
the miscarriage, she suffered in

6202
05:34:08,008 --> 05:34:12,700
Italy, Napoleon's own potential 
fertility issues or simply bad 

6203
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:15,500
luck becomes a source of endless
speculation and growing 

6204
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:19,100
desperation. 
Josephine feels this pressure 

6205
05:34:19,100 --> 05:34:22,400
constantly like physical weight 
pressing on her shoulders, 

6206
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,700
Napoleon's mother and siblings, 
never liked her. 

6207
05:34:25,700 --> 05:34:28,900
And now have the perfect weapon 
to use against her. 

6208
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:32,000
They whisper constantly about 
the need for divorce. 

6209
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:36,600
They point out that Josephine is
in her mid-40s now and unlikely 

6210
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:39,600
to produce children. 
They suggest younger women who 

6211
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:43,100
could give an Napoleon, the 
dinosaurs he needs every word 

6212
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:46,300
reaches Josephine through the 
palace and gossip Network. 

6213
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:48,200
She's carefully cultivated over 
the years. 

6214
05:34:49,200 --> 05:34:52,600
She tries everything she can 
think of to become pregnant she 

6215
05:34:52,600 --> 05:34:55,100
consults doc doctors who 
prescribed various treatments 

6216
05:34:55,100 --> 05:34:58,300
none effective. 
She prays in churches and 

6217
05:34:58,308 --> 05:35:02,100
chapels making Bargains with 
God, if she could just give him 

6218
05:35:02,100 --> 05:35:04,600
a poly and a son she dedicated 
herself to charity. 

6219
05:35:04,600 --> 05:35:08,000
She'd give up her. 
Guardians she endure anything. 

6220
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:13,200
But the prayers go unanswered, 
she even consults fortune, 

6221
05:35:13,200 --> 05:35:16,300
tellers and folk healers 
Desperately, Seeking some 

6222
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:20,000
solution. 
An old woman in Paris sells her 

6223
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:24,400
an amulet guaranteed to ensure. 
Pregnancy Josephine, wears it 

6224
05:35:24,400 --> 05:35:27,400
constantly for months before 
finally accepting its worthless.

6225
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:30,400
Another recommends, specific 
foods and herbs. 

6226
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:33,800
Josephine follows the regime 
Faithfully, despite its 

6227
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:35,600
unpleasant taste and 
inconvenience. 

6228
05:35:36,300 --> 05:35:40,800
Nothing works, Napoleon himself,
is torn between love and Duty. 

6229
05:35:40,800 --> 05:35:44,700
He loves Josephine deeply. 
She's been His companion through

6230
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:48,100
his rise from obscure artillery,
officer to Emperor, France. 

6231
05:35:48,900 --> 05:35:51,200
She understands him in ways. 
No one else does. 

6232
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:54,900
She knows when he needs 
encouragement and when he needs 

6233
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:56,600
someone to challenge his 
assumptions. 

6234
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:01,000
She makes him laugh. 
She makes him feel human the 

6235
05:36:01,000 --> 05:36:03,800
thought of life without her 
feels impossible to contemplate.

6236
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:08,100
But he also believes absolutely 
and Dynasty and continuity. 

6237
05:36:09,000 --> 05:36:11,600
He studied Roman emperors in 
Egyptian pharaohs. 

6238
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:15,000
He knows what happens when 
succession is unclear. 

6239
05:36:16,000 --> 05:36:20,700
Civil War chaos. everything, 
he's built, could collapse in 

6240
05:36:20,708 --> 05:36:24,300
fighting between rival, 
claimants France needs to 

6241
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:28,300
stability and stability requires
a legitimate Heir from his own 

6242
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:30,900
body. 
The conflict between personal 

6243
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:35,100
love and political necessity 
eats at him, like a slow poison.

6244
05:36:35,900 --> 05:36:40,200
He becomes Moody and difficult. 
His temper flaring over minor 

6245
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:43,300
irritations. 
Sometimes these affectionate 

6246
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:47,400
with Josephine pulling her close
and murmuring endearments other 

6247
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:50,100
times, he's coldly distant, 
treating her with formal 

6248
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:52,000
politeness, that's worse than 
anger. 

6249
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:55,900
He's making lists of potential 
second wives while still sharing

6250
05:36:55,900 --> 05:37:00,100
a bed with his empress. 
The duplicity tortures him but 

6251
05:37:00,100 --> 05:37:01,800
he cannot see another path 
forward. 

6252
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:05,700
Josephine knows what is coming, 
but feels helpless to stop it. 

6253
05:37:06,500 --> 05:37:09,400
she watches Napoleon's mood 
swing and understands their 

6254
05:37:09,400 --> 05:37:12,800
cause she sees him looking at 
her, sometimes with an 

6255
05:37:12,800 --> 05:37:15,900
expression of such sadness, it 
breaks her heart. 

6256
05:37:16,600 --> 05:37:20,400
He doesn't want to divorce her, 
but he will. she knows this with

6257
05:37:20,400 --> 05:37:24,700
terrible certainly, the only 
question is when She tries to 

6258
05:37:24,700 --> 05:37:25,800
delay. 
The inevitable. 

6259
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:30,500
She makes herself indispensable.
She represents him beautifully 

6260
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:33,700
at State functions. 
She manages complex diplomatic 

6261
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:37,300
situations with Grace. 
She supports his policies 

6262
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,900
publicly, even when she 
disagrees privately, She's the 

6263
05:37:40,908 --> 05:37:43,800
perfect Empress in every way 
except the one that matters. 

6264
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:48,000
Most she cannot give him a son, 
her friends offers sympathy but 

6265
05:37:48,008 --> 05:37:51,200
no real Comfort. 
They've seen enough of politics 

6266
05:37:51,200 --> 05:37:54,400
and power to know that personal 
feelings, rarely triumph over 

6267
05:37:54,400 --> 05:37:58,100
dynastic, necessity. 
Some suggest you should accept 

6268
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:01,500
the inevitable and negotiate the
best terms possible for her 

6269
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:04,400
divorce. 
Others encouraged her to fight 

6270
05:38:04,400 --> 05:38:07,800
to make Napoleon choose 
explicitly between love and 

6271
05:38:07,808 --> 05:38:12,100
Duty. 
None of it helps in 1809 

6272
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:15,200
matters. 
Finally, come to a head Napoleon

6273
05:38:15,200 --> 05:38:18,900
has defeated Austria again at 
the Battle of Wagner his 

6274
05:38:18,900 --> 05:38:21,100
positioning in Europe, feels 
more secure than ever. 

6275
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:24,900
The Diplomatic situation. 
Now allows him to seek a 

6276
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:27,500
marriage alliance with one of 
the great European Dennis's. 

6277
05:38:27,500 --> 05:38:30,400
The time has come to make the 
difficult decision. 

6278
05:38:30,400 --> 05:38:34,700
He's been avoiding for years. 
One evening in November, he 

6279
05:38:34,700 --> 05:38:37,300
asked Josephine to come to his 
study after dinner. 

6280
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:41,700
The request itself feels 
ominous, they normally spend 

6281
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,000
evenings together with such 
formal summons. 

6282
05:38:45,000 --> 05:38:46,500
She knows immediately, what's 
coming? 

6283
05:38:47,400 --> 05:38:49,500
She takes extra time preparing 
herself. 

6284
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:54,000
Choosing her dress carefully. 
Arranging her hair applying 

6285
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,200
subtle Cosmetics. 
If this is to be her last night 

6286
05:38:57,200 --> 05:39:01,400
as Napoleon's wife, she'll face 
it, looking her best You can 

6287
05:39:01,408 --> 05:39:05,300
picture the scene that follows 
winter Darkness presses against 

6288
05:39:05,300 --> 05:39:09,100
the palace windows. 
Fire burned in the fireplace 

6289
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:12,900
crackling softly and casting 
moving Shadows on the walls 

6290
05:39:12,900 --> 05:39:17,000
Napoleon Paces the study unable 
to sit still or look at 

6291
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:20,400
Josephine directly. 
She sits very still in a chair 

6292
05:39:20,400 --> 05:39:23,700
near the fire. 
Her hands folded in her lap her 

6293
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,500
face composed despite the Panic 
rising in her chest. 

6294
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:31,300
He tells her they must divorce 
and the words come out in a rush

6295
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:34,500
like he's afraid if he slows 
down he'll lose his nerve. 

6296
05:39:35,300 --> 05:39:39,300
He explains about the dynasty 
the Empire the need for an air. 

6297
05:39:40,300 --> 05:39:44,300
Is voice breaks multiple times? 
Tears run down his face. 

6298
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:48,000
Openly something is hardened 
veterans would struggle to 

6299
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:51,800
imagine their improving. 
He tells her he still loves her 

6300
05:39:51,800 --> 05:39:55,900
and always will but he must do 
what Duty demands for France. 

6301
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:59,600
She cries too, though. 
She's had time to prepare for 

6302
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:02,500
this moment. 
She was coming when he started 

6303
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:06,600
winning battles again when his 
power became unshakable when he 

6304
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:08,800
no longer needed her the way he 
wants did. 

6305
05:40:09,700 --> 05:40:13,500
She understands the political 
necessity even as it destroys 

6306
05:40:13,500 --> 05:40:16,500
her heart. 
She tells him she understands. 

6307
05:40:16,500 --> 05:40:19,300
She'll agree to the divorce with
a good of France. 

6308
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:22,400
She loves him enough to let him 
go though. 

6309
05:40:22,400 --> 05:40:26,100
The words nearly choker. 
They hold each other and cry 

6310
05:40:26,100 --> 05:40:28,200
together until neither has tears
left. 

6311
05:40:29,500 --> 05:40:33,500
The fire burns, low in the 
fireplace, the room grows cold, 

6312
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:36,500
but neither notices. 
Their morning, the end of their 

6313
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:38,000
marriage and the death of the 
future. 

6314
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:41,100
They want to imagine together 
tomorrow, they'll put on their 

6315
05:40:41,100 --> 05:40:44,400
public faces and manage the 
formal proceedings with dignity.

6316
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:48,100
But tonight, they're just two 
people who love each other 

6317
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:52,700
facing an unbearable loss. 
The formal divorce happens in 

6318
05:40:52,700 --> 05:40:56,700
December at the twillery palace 
Imperial family gathers in the 

6319
05:40:56,700 --> 05:40:59,400
throne room. 
A space designed to impress with

6320
05:40:59,400 --> 05:41:03,400
its Grandeur but which now feels
cold and hostile Napoleon reads 

6321
05:41:03,400 --> 05:41:06,300
a statement about the separation
being necessary for the good of 

6322
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:09,200
France and his duty to provide 
for succession. 

6323
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:13,500
His voice remains steady only 
through tremendous effort. 

6324
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:16,600
Josephine. 
Read her own statement in a 

6325
05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:19,700
voice choked with emotion a 
green to the divorce with the 

6326
05:41:19,700 --> 05:41:23,700
same patriotic reasons. 
Then she signs the documents 

6327
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,300
with shaking hands and becomes 
officially the former Empress 

6328
05:41:27,300 --> 05:41:30,800
Josephine. 
Napoleon provides generously for

6329
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:34,600
her in the divorce settlement. 
She keeps the title of empress. 

6330
05:41:34,600 --> 05:41:36,900
Maintaining her Rank and 
dignity. 

6331
05:41:37,700 --> 05:41:40,900
She receives malmas or in 
several other properties as her 

6332
05:41:40,900 --> 05:41:44,400
personal possessions. 
She gets a substantial annual 

6333
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:46,600
income that will allow her to 
live in Comfort. 

6334
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:51,000
He ensures, you'll want for 
nothing material, but none of 

6335
05:41:51,000 --> 05:41:54,200
this changes, the fundamental 
fact that he's sending her away 

6336
05:41:54,200 --> 05:41:58,900
after 14 years of marriage. 
Josephine moves to Mama's or and

6337
05:41:58,900 --> 05:42:01,300
begins a new life as an empress 
without an emperor. 

6338
05:42:01,300 --> 05:42:05,500
She throws herself into her 
garden with renewed passion, as 

6339
05:42:05,500 --> 05:42:09,100
if beautiful flowers, can fill 
the void in Napoleon's absence 

6340
05:42:09,100 --> 05:42:12,900
create She host Gatherings for 
friends and family and her 

6341
05:42:12,900 --> 05:42:16,700
elegant drawing rooms. 
She maintains correspondence 

6342
05:42:16,700 --> 05:42:19,900
with an Napoleon who writes to 
her regularly even as he 

6343
05:42:19,900 --> 05:42:23,700
negotiates marriage to Mary 
Louise of Austria and Austrian 

6344
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:25,400
Archie. 
Dutchess young enough to be 

6345
05:42:25,400 --> 05:42:28,700
Josephine's granddaughter. 
The letters between them. 

6346
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:31,400
After the divorce reveal, the 
enduring nature of their 

6347
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:33,700
connection, to spite, its 
official termination. 

6348
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:38,500
Napoleon rights are asking about
a health, her Guardians a daily 

6349
05:42:38,500 --> 05:42:42,400
activities, he signed his 
letters with continued affection

6350
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:45,900
and concern. 
You need to know she's well that

6351
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,100
she is not suffering too much 
from the separation. 

6352
05:42:49,200 --> 05:42:52,600
Josephine writes back with news 
of mummies or and gentle 

6353
05:42:52,600 --> 05:42:56,100
reminders of their shared past, 
they've moved from passionate 

6354
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:59,500
lovers to something more 
complex, a bond forged through 

6355
05:42:59,500 --> 05:43:03,000
years of shared experience that 
survives the formal ending of 

6356
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:05,700
their marriage. 
Mary Louise arrives in France, 

6357
05:43:05,700 --> 05:43:09,600
in 1810 and Napoleon marries her
with all appropriate ceremony. 

6358
05:43:10,200 --> 05:43:14,100
The new Empress is pretty young 
and fertile in ways, Josephine. 

6359
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:17,000
No longer can be. 
Within a year, she produces 

6360
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:21,800
exactly what Napoleon 
desperately wanted, a son, he 

6361
05:43:21,800 --> 05:43:25,700
named the boy, Napoleon Francois
Charles Joseph Bonaparte and 

6362
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:27,400
gives him the title king of 
Rome. 

6363
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:32,200
Finally, Napoleon has his heir. 
finally, the dynasty seems 

6364
05:43:32,200 --> 05:43:36,700
secure but the personal cost 
haunt him in Quiet Moments when 

6365
05:43:36,700 --> 05:43:40,900
he allows himself to feel 
Josephine hears about the birth 

6366
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:43,600
through the gossip Network that 
still keeps her informed of 

6367
05:43:43,608 --> 05:43:46,600
Palace life. 
Despite her physical distance 

6368
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:49,200
from it. 
She sends official 

6369
05:43:49,200 --> 05:43:51,200
congratulations through proper 
channels. 

6370
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:56,100
Privately alone. 
She tends her roses and tries 

6371
05:43:56,100 --> 05:43:58,500
not to think about the child, 
that should have been hers. 

6372
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:02,000
She's gracious about the new 
Empress in her limited public 

6373
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:04,500
statements. 
Never speaking publicly against 

6374
05:44:04,500 --> 05:44:08,000
Marie Louise though, it must 
sting to be replaced by a girl 

6375
05:44:08,000 --> 05:44:10,000
barely older than her own 
grandchildren. 

6376
05:44:11,500 --> 05:44:14,500
The years between the divorce 
and Josephine's death, proved 

6377
05:44:14,500 --> 05:44:17,200
bittersweet. 
She maintained her dignity and 

6378
05:44:17,200 --> 05:44:20,700
position in society. 
She's no longer Empress in fact,

6379
05:44:20,700 --> 05:44:23,100
but people still treat her with 
Imperial respect. 

6380
05:44:24,200 --> 05:44:27,400
Foreign dignitaries visiting 
Paris, often call on her at 

6381
05:44:27,400 --> 05:44:30,300
Melissa. 
She's become a beloved figure to

6382
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:32,700
the French. 
People who remember her kindness

6383
05:44:32,700 --> 05:44:36,500
and Grace, during her years 
beside Napoleon, Artists and 

6384
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:38,700
writers. 
Continue to seek her patronage. 

6385
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:42,400
Her Gardens remained famous 
throughout Europe and visitors 

6386
05:44:42,400 --> 05:44:44,400
come specifically to see the 
Roses. 

6387
05:44:44,400 --> 05:44:49,300
She's cultivated In the spring 
of 1814, everything changes with

6388
05:44:49,300 --> 05:44:52,000
shocking speed, Napoleon's 
empire. 

6389
05:44:52,000 --> 05:44:54,600
Which seemed Invincible for so 
many years. 

6390
05:44:54,600 --> 05:44:57,300
Suddenly crumbles under the 
weight of its own. 

6391
05:44:57,300 --> 05:45:01,300
Ambitions years of constant 
Warfare have exhausted, France's

6392
05:45:01,300 --> 05:45:04,400
Manpower and treasury. 
His enemies United against him 

6393
05:45:04,400 --> 05:45:08,500
in ways, they couldn't manage. 
Before the defeats Mount Russian

6394
05:45:08,500 --> 05:45:12,400
winter, destroyed his Grand 
Army, German State's Rebellion 

6395
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:16,000
Believed his forces in guerrilla
warfare. 

6396
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,700
Paris itself comes under threat 
from Allied armies. 

6397
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:22,600
Napoleon. 
Russia's back from his latest 

6398
05:45:22,600 --> 05:45:25,600
campaign to try to save his 
Capital but he's fighting 

6399
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:30,900
against over all of Josephine 
watches events unfold from Mel 

6400
05:45:30,900 --> 05:45:32,900
messin with growing alarm and 
sadness. 

6401
05:45:32,900 --> 05:45:35,800
The Empire she helped build is 
falling apart. 

6402
05:45:35,800 --> 05:45:39,900
The man, she still loves despite
everything is facing disaster, 

6403
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:44,200
Allied, armies approached Paris,
and there's nothing anyone can 

6404
05:45:44,200 --> 05:45:47,200
do to stop them. 
The Allies enter Paris in March,

6405
05:45:47,200 --> 05:45:50,800
1814 and the world Napoleon 
created ends. 

6406
05:45:50,800 --> 05:45:54,900
Russians are Alexander 
personally visits Josephine 

6407
05:45:54,900 --> 05:45:57,900
melisten treating her with 
elaborate courtesy that 

6408
05:45:57,900 --> 05:45:59,200
surprises. 
His staff. 

6409
05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:03,000
He is Charmed by the former 
Empress finding her more 

6410
05:46:03,000 --> 05:46:04,900
gracious and appealing than he 
expected. 

6411
05:46:04,900 --> 05:46:08,800
They walk in her garden and she 
shows him her roses with quiet 

6412
05:46:08,800 --> 05:46:12,100
Pride. 
He surprisingly kind treating 

6413
05:46:12,100 --> 05:46:14,300
her with respect and genuine 
admiration. 

6414
05:46:15,600 --> 05:46:18,200
But the strain of these events, 
takes a terrible toll on 

6415
05:46:18,200 --> 05:46:21,700
Josephine's health. 
She catches a cold after walking

6416
05:46:21,700 --> 05:46:24,800
in her garden with the Tsar on a
day when the weather was worse 

6417
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:28,400
than expected. 
In those days before antibiotics

6418
05:46:28,400 --> 05:46:32,400
a cold can quickly become 
something far more serious. 

6419
05:46:33,300 --> 05:46:35,800
Pneumonia develops with 
frightening speed. 

6420
05:46:36,500 --> 05:46:39,500
Her doctors try everything, 
their limited medical knowledge 

6421
05:46:39,500 --> 05:46:43,200
allows, but she grows steadily 
weaker despite their efforts. 

6422
05:46:44,200 --> 05:46:47,400
Her children gather around her 
bed, as you slips in, and out of

6423
05:46:47,400 --> 05:46:50,400
consciousness. 
More tense holds her hand and 

6424
05:46:50,400 --> 05:46:53,600
Weeps. 
You shouldn't sits nearby his 

6425
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:56,200
face, showing the grief of 
losing the mother, who raised 

6426
05:46:56,200 --> 05:47:00,100
him through impossible times her
grandchildren, visit to say 

6427
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:03,100
goodbye some too young to fully 
understand what's happening. 

6428
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:06,700
The rooms at maliss on, fill 
with flowers, from her beloved 

6429
05:47:06,700 --> 05:47:10,200
Gardens brought inside to 
surround her with beauty one 

6430
05:47:10,200 --> 05:47:16,500
final time. 
On May 29th, 1814 Josephine dies

6431
05:47:16,500 --> 05:47:20,600
at surrounded by her roses and 
the people she loved most. 

6432
05:47:21,500 --> 05:47:24,900
She is 50 years old. 
Her last words are about 

6433
05:47:24,900 --> 05:47:26,900
Napoleon and the garden. 
She created. 

6434
05:47:27,700 --> 05:47:30,400
The life that began on a 
Caribbean Plantation and took 

6435
05:47:30,400 --> 05:47:35,200
her through Revolution Terror 
love, and Empire ends peaceful 

6436
05:47:35,200 --> 05:47:38,400
in the Chateau. 
She made her own News of her, 

6437
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:40,200
death spreads quickly, through 
Paris. 

6438
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:43,000
People genuinely mourn her 
passing. 

6439
05:47:44,000 --> 05:47:48,000
She represented a gentler side 
of Napoleon's empire the grace 

6440
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:50,300
and beauty that balanced his 
ambition and Glory. 

6441
05:47:51,200 --> 05:47:53,200
Many, remember her personal 
kindness. 

6442
05:47:54,000 --> 05:47:57,100
She helped people quietly 
without making public displays 

6443
05:47:57,100 --> 05:48:00,300
of her charity. 
She remembered servants names 

6444
05:48:00,300 --> 05:48:03,700
and asked about their families. 
She made people feel valued 

6445
05:48:03,700 --> 05:48:07,500
regardless of their rank 
Napoleon forced into Exile on 

6446
05:48:07,508 --> 05:48:10,200
the island of Elba, learns of 
Josephine's death Weeks, Later 

6447
05:48:10,208 --> 05:48:12,900
through letters and newspapers 
that reach his tiny 

6448
05:48:12,900 --> 05:48:16,500
Mediterranean Kingdom. 
He shuts himself in his room for

6449
05:48:16,500 --> 05:48:19,700
two days after receiving the 
news, his companions. 

6450
05:48:19,700 --> 05:48:22,100
Hear him weeping through the 
closed door. 

6451
05:48:23,000 --> 05:48:25,600
When he finally emerges, he's 
aged visibly. 

6452
05:48:26,400 --> 05:48:28,800
The loss of Josephine seems to 
break something in him that 

6453
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:32,900
military defeat couldn't touch. 
He says her name constantly over

6454
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:35,600
the following weeks, remembering
their years together. 

6455
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:38,900
Regretting the divorce, even 
though it gave him the son he 

6456
05:48:38,908 --> 05:48:41,400
wanted. 
He talks to anyone who will 

6457
05:48:41,400 --> 05:48:45,600
listen about Josephine, how 
beautiful she was, how graceful 

6458
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,200
how she made him feel when they 
were together. 

6459
05:48:49,200 --> 05:48:52,500
His guards and servants, learn 
to recognize when the emperor 

6460
05:48:52,500 --> 05:48:55,900
needs to talk about his first 
wife and to listen patiently to 

6461
05:48:55,900 --> 05:48:58,800
stories. 
They've heard before And keeps a

6462
05:48:58,800 --> 05:49:00,900
lock of her hair. 
Carefully preserved in a special

6463
05:49:00,900 --> 05:49:03,400
box. 
He carries the portrait she gave

6464
05:49:03,400 --> 05:49:07,000
him during the Italian campaign,
the same miniature, he treasured

6465
05:49:07,000 --> 05:49:08,600
throughout his military 
campaigns. 

6466
05:49:09,400 --> 05:49:13,800
During his 100 days of return to
power in 1815 after escaping 

6467
05:49:13,800 --> 05:49:17,000
from Alba. 
He visits milame and walks 

6468
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:20,800
through her Gardens alone. 
He touches the Roses she planted

6469
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:24,300
smells their fragrance and lets 
himself remember happier times. 

6470
05:49:25,200 --> 05:49:29,300
After Waterloo and his final 
exile to Saint Helena that 

6471
05:49:29,300 --> 05:49:32,200
remote island in the South 
Atlantic where he'll spent his 

6472
05:49:32,200 --> 05:49:35,000
last years. 
He speaks of Josephine often to 

6473
05:49:35,008 --> 05:49:39,000
his small circle of companions. 
They write down his reminisces 

6474
05:49:39,000 --> 05:49:43,400
preserving his memories of their
relationship in his will he 

6475
05:49:43,400 --> 05:49:47,400
requested to be buried next to 
her at this final Wish isn't 

6476
05:49:47,400 --> 05:49:51,600
fulfilled the British bury him 
once and Helena when he dies in 

6477
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:55,000
1821. 
Only decades later will his 

6478
05:49:55,000 --> 05:49:58,900
remains returned to France to 
lie in state at Liz on valid 

6479
05:49:58,900 --> 05:50:02,600
rather than beside your 
Josephine's grave the legacy of 

6480
05:50:02,608 --> 05:50:05,700
Napoleon and Josephine's Love 
Story extends far beyond their 

6481
05:50:05,700 --> 05:50:10,600
own life times touching aspects 
of culture art and Society in 

6482
05:50:10,600 --> 05:50:12,000
ways nother could have 
predicted. 

6483
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:16,300
Their passionate letters 
survived carefully preserved for

6484
05:50:16,300 --> 05:50:19,400
first by family members and 
later by museums and archives. 

6485
05:50:20,300 --> 05:50:22,700
These letters offer intimate 
glimpses into their 

6486
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:25,900
relationship, revealing the 
human hearts beneath the 

6487
05:50:25,908 --> 05:50:29,800
Imperial crowns, her Botanical 
collections influence, 

6488
05:50:29,800 --> 05:50:32,500
gardening, across Europe, and 
eventually worldwide. 

6489
05:50:33,500 --> 05:50:36,300
The Roses, she cultivated spread
to other Gardens. 

6490
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:40,000
The techniques are botanist 
developed to get shared and 

6491
05:50:40,000 --> 05:50:42,800
improved. 
The paintings redo created of 

6492
05:50:42,800 --> 05:50:46,200
her roses become foundational 
texts in Botanical, illustration

6493
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:49,300
studied by artists and 
scientists for Generations. 

6494
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:52,900
Fashion. 
She popularized continue to 

6495
05:50:52,908 --> 05:50:54,600
inspire designers centuries 
later. 

6496
05:50:55,400 --> 05:50:59,600
The Empire silhouette appears 
and reappears in fashion. her 

6497
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:02,200
way of combining classical 
elements with contemporary 

6498
05:51:02,200 --> 05:51:05,900
style, becomes a template for 
elegant Simplicity, museums 

6499
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:08,800
display, her dresses and 
accessories, and modern 

6500
05:51:08,800 --> 05:51:12,900
designers study the cuts and 
techniques males on itself, 

6501
05:51:12,900 --> 05:51:15,300
becomes a museum dedicated to 
their memory. 

6502
05:51:16,100 --> 05:51:18,600
Visitors walk through rooms 
where they lived. 

6503
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:22,000
See furniture. 
They used the painting's they 

6504
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,100
collected. 
The Guardians carefully, 

6505
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:28,200
maintained continue to bloom 
each spring and summer. 

6506
05:51:29,100 --> 05:51:31,500
People come from around the 
world to see the roses. 

6507
05:51:31,500 --> 05:51:35,100
And imagine Josephine walking 
these same pairs tending, the 

6508
05:51:35,100 --> 05:51:38,500
same beds, creating beauty that 
outlasted Empire. 

6509
05:51:39,600 --> 05:51:42,500
Perhaps, the most enduring 
Legacy is simply the story 

6510
05:51:42,500 --> 05:51:44,800
itself. 
In an age, when most 

6511
05:51:44,800 --> 05:51:47,300
aristocratic marriages were 
arranged for political 

6512
05:51:47,300 --> 05:51:49,900
Advantage. 
When love matches were rare, 

6513
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:53,600
especially among the powerful 
Napoleon and Josephine found 

6514
05:51:53,600 --> 05:51:57,100
genuine passion. 
Yes, there were complications, 

6515
05:51:57,100 --> 05:52:01,300
yes, there were infidelities and
jealousies and ultimately a 

6516
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:05,500
heartbreaking divorce. 
Yes, ambition and politics shape

6517
05:52:05,500 --> 05:52:08,800
their relationship as much as 
affection, but underneath all 

6518
05:52:08,800 --> 05:52:11,800
the complexity, two people who 
shouldn't have worked together 

6519
05:52:11,800 --> 05:52:15,100
somehow did. 
She taught him Grace and social 

6520
05:52:15,100 --> 05:52:18,900
connection softening, his rough,
Corsican edges, and helping him 

6521
05:52:18,900 --> 05:52:21,200
navigate the complexities of 
French society. 

6522
05:52:22,200 --> 05:52:25,500
He gave us a security and 
devotion after years of 

6523
05:52:25,500 --> 05:52:29,000
precarious survival, She 
survived Revolution and 

6524
05:52:29,000 --> 05:52:31,600
imprisonment to become an 
empress who was genuinely 

6525
05:52:31,600 --> 05:52:34,200
beloved. 
He rose from provincial 

6526
05:52:34,200 --> 05:52:37,100
obscurity to reshape Europe's 
political landscape. 

6527
05:52:37,900 --> 05:52:41,200
Together, they created something
larger and more significant than

6528
05:52:41,200 --> 05:52:42,500
either could have achieved 
alone. 

6529
05:52:43,700 --> 05:52:47,800
The Roses still Bloom at malm 
every spring and summer just as 

6530
05:52:47,800 --> 05:52:51,500
Josephine planned. 
Visitors walk through Gardens. 

6531
05:52:51,500 --> 05:52:55,000
She designed more than 200 years
ago and touch walls she touched 

6532
05:52:55,900 --> 05:52:58,900
The furniture she selected still
furnishes rooms where she lived 

6533
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:03,000
her portrait hangs in museums 
around the world showing a 

6534
05:53:03,000 --> 05:53:06,700
beautiful woman with kind eyes 
who somehow navigated the most 

6535
05:53:06,700 --> 05:53:10,800
tumultuous period in French 
history with her dignity intact.

6536
05:53:12,200 --> 05:53:15,700
Napoleon's final years on Saint 
Helena found him dictating his 

6537
05:53:15,700 --> 05:53:19,700
Memoirs to his small circle of 
companions trying to shape how 

6538
05:53:19,700 --> 05:53:21,800
history would remember him and 
his achievements. 

6539
05:53:22,700 --> 05:53:26,400
He spoke off of Josephine during
the session's remembering their 

6540
05:53:26,400 --> 05:53:28,500
early days together with obvious
tenderness. 

6541
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:31,700
He told his companions that she 
was the woman. 

6542
05:53:31,700 --> 05:53:35,500
He loved most deeply even more 
than Mary Louise who gave him 

6543
05:53:35,500 --> 05:53:37,100
the son. 
He desperately wanted. 

6544
05:53:38,000 --> 05:53:40,600
He said that if Josephine had 
been able to give him children. 

6545
05:53:40,600 --> 05:53:44,500
He would never have divorced her
and perhaps his entire fate 

6546
05:53:44,500 --> 05:53:48,400
would have been different. 
You stand now at malmas only in 

6547
05:53:48,400 --> 05:53:52,600
your imagination in the Rose 
Garden Josephine created with 

6548
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:57,200
such care and love the flowers 
bloom in every color imaginable 

6549
05:53:57,200 --> 05:54:01,800
and in varieties collected from 
around the world the air carries

6550
05:54:01,800 --> 05:54:04,500
their fragrance mixed with the 
center of boxwood hedges, and 

6551
05:54:04,500 --> 05:54:07,300
freshly turned Earth from The 
Gardener's constant work. 

6552
05:54:08,400 --> 05:54:11,300
If you close your eyes, you 
might almost hear laughter from 

6553
05:54:11,300 --> 05:54:14,600
the house or the sound of voices
in animated conversation. 

6554
05:54:14,600 --> 05:54:18,300
All the rustle of silk gowns on 
gravel paths. 

6555
05:54:18,900 --> 05:54:23,100
This is where their story lives 
most vividly. not in the grand 

6556
05:54:23,100 --> 05:54:27,100
palaces or blood soaked 
battlefields not in the official

6557
05:54:27,100 --> 05:54:31,500
portraits or state ceremonies, 
but here in this Garden where a 

6558
05:54:31,500 --> 05:54:35,200
woman from Martinique who became
an empress planted roses and 

6559
05:54:35,200 --> 05:54:39,000
walked with her husband who 
conquered Europe here for brief 

6560
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,200
moments between campaigns and 
crises. 

6561
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:45,100
They were simply two people in 
love enjoying Beauty. 

6562
05:54:45,100 --> 05:54:48,600
They created together. 
The love story of Napoleon and 

6563
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:52,200
Josephine reminds us that even 
the mighty to historical forces 

6564
05:54:52,200 --> 05:54:56,800
a shaped by human hearts beating
beneath the formal costumes and 

6565
05:54:56,800 --> 05:54:59,600
impressive titles their romance 
influence. 

6566
05:54:59,600 --> 05:55:02,900
The fate of Nations determined 
the outcomes of wars and shape 

6567
05:55:02,900 --> 05:55:06,500
the political map of Europe. but
at its core their relationship 

6568
05:55:06,500 --> 05:55:10,600
remained achingly human 
Passionate letters the jealous 

6569
05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:14,900
rages the tender reconciliation 
the ultimate heartbreak of their

6570
05:55:14,900 --> 05:55:17,900
separation. 
These are experiences that 

6571
05:55:17,900 --> 05:55:22,000
transcend time and Empire 
speaking to fundamental truths 

6572
05:55:22,000 --> 05:55:25,600
about love and loss that remain 
constant to cross centuries. 

6573
05:55:27,000 --> 05:55:30,300
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, let yourself rest in 

6574
05:55:30,300 --> 05:55:33,100
Melbourne's Gardens on a perfect
Summer Afternoon. 

6575
05:55:34,100 --> 05:55:37,700
Feel the warmth of sunshine on 
your face, and arms smell, the 

6576
05:55:37,700 --> 05:55:42,300
roses Josephine nurtured each 
variety, distinct yet blending 

6577
05:55:42,300 --> 05:55:44,900
into an overall fragrance of 
beauty and care. 

6578
05:55:46,200 --> 05:55:49,600
Here, the distant murmur of 
fountains and the soft rustle of

6579
05:55:49,600 --> 05:55:53,800
leaves in the breeze. 
Somewhere nearby a Bird Sings. 

6580
05:55:53,800 --> 05:55:57,200
Its territorial claim the gravel
crunches. 

6581
05:55:57,200 --> 05:56:00,900
Softly under your feet as you 
walk slowly along paths designed

6582
05:56:00,900 --> 05:56:04,600
for contemplation and peace. 
Two people met in Revolutionary 

6583
05:56:04,600 --> 05:56:07,900
Paris at a time when the world 
seemed to be ending and 

6584
05:56:07,900 --> 05:56:11,300
everything. 
Solid was melting into are They 

6585
05:56:11,300 --> 05:56:13,500
loved each other through 
impossible circumstances, 

6586
05:56:13,500 --> 05:56:19,200
survive separations and 
Reconciliation empire together 

6587
05:56:19,200 --> 05:56:22,400
and ultimately broken. 
Each other's hearts and servers 

6588
05:56:22,400 --> 05:56:24,800
of Duty. 
They both accepted as necessary.

6589
05:56:26,300 --> 05:56:29,800
They changed the world through 
their partnership leaving behind

6590
05:56:29,800 --> 05:56:33,900
reforms and institutions and 
cultural influences that persist

6591
05:56:33,900 --> 05:56:37,900
to this day. 
Their roses still Bloom the 

6592
05:56:37,900 --> 05:56:40,500
letter still speaker across the 
centuries with undiminished 

6593
05:56:40,500 --> 05:56:44,400
passion and their love story 
endures as The Testament to what

6594
05:56:44,400 --> 05:56:47,100
human connection can achieve and
endure. 

6595
05:56:48,200 --> 05:56:51,600
Let these images and thoughts 
carry, you gently into sleep. 

6596
05:56:52,500 --> 05:56:54,500
Napoleon and Josephine story is 
over. 

6597
05:56:54,500 --> 05:56:56,900
Now, finished more than 200 
years ago. 

6598
05:56:56,900 --> 05:57:00,500
But the gardens Remain, the 
beauty endures. 

6599
05:57:01,300 --> 05:57:03,800
Love. 
They shared complicated and 

6600
05:57:03,800 --> 05:57:06,600
painful. 
And real continues to touch 

6601
05:57:06,600 --> 05:57:11,400
hearts and Inspire dreams. 
Rest now, surrounded by roses 

6602
05:57:11,400 --> 05:57:15,200
and history, and the Eternal 
human story of love, Found, Love

6603
05:57:15,200 --> 05:57:18,000
tested and love, remembered 
beyond death, and Empire. 

6604
05:57:22,800 --> 05:57:25,000
imagine yourself sitting 
comfortably in what would have 

6605
05:57:25,000 --> 05:57:28,500
been Africa, 6 million years 
ago, But now it's just a lovely 

6606
05:57:28,508 --> 05:57:31,100
neighborhood with plenty of 
trees and no property taxes, 

6607
05:57:31,100 --> 05:57:35,100
like the first parkour 
enthusiasts in nature your 

6608
05:57:35,100 --> 05:57:37,900
distant relatives. 
I mean, really distant. 

6609
05:57:37,900 --> 05:57:40,900
Like the kind, you only see at 
evolutionary reunions are having

6610
05:57:40,908 --> 05:57:43,600
the time of their lives swinging
from Branch to branch. 

6611
05:57:44,500 --> 05:57:47,600
Your early ancestors had it 
worked out trees, offered food 

6612
05:57:47,600 --> 05:57:50,900
covered defense against large 
teeth and a great place to 

6613
05:57:50,900 --> 05:57:55,300
observe how other primates. 
Up there in the canopy where the

6614
05:57:55,300 --> 05:57:57,800
only big decisions were which 
fruit look the rightist. 

6615
05:57:57,800 --> 05:58:00,600
And if it was worth 
investigating that rustling in 

6616
05:58:00,600 --> 05:58:02,400
the next Trio, over life was 
good. 

6617
05:58:03,200 --> 05:58:06,300
Then however, something began to
occur that would alter 

6618
05:58:06,300 --> 05:58:09,600
everything. 
The atmosphere started to change

6619
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:12,900
much like when your favorite 
restaurant gradually Alters, its

6620
05:58:12,900 --> 05:58:15,700
menu until you can no longer 
recognize anything on it. 

6621
05:58:16,500 --> 05:58:19,200
After millions of years, The 
Verdant forests began to 

6622
05:58:19,208 --> 05:58:22,100
disappear. 
Like Houses in a Suburban 

6623
05:58:22,100 --> 05:58:23,800
development that became a bit 
too. 

6624
05:58:23,800 --> 05:58:27,100
Ambitious with the lot sizes 
trees became less common and 

6625
05:58:27,100 --> 05:58:30,100
more dispersed. 
You understand, the issue your 

6626
05:58:30,100 --> 05:58:31,900
ancestors faced. 
If you have ever attempted to 

6627
05:58:31,900 --> 05:58:34,700
move from one tree to another 
when they are slightly too far 

6628
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:37,300
apart. 
It's like a tempting to cross a 

6629
05:58:37,300 --> 05:58:39,100
Creek from one stone to another 
only. 

6630
05:58:39,100 --> 05:58:41,900
Instead of getting wet feet, you
run the risk of becoming 

6631
05:58:41,900 --> 05:58:45,000
someone's lunch. 
When the next handhold was 20 

6632
05:58:45,000 --> 05:58:47,900
feet away through open 
grassland, the traditional swing

6633
05:58:47,900 --> 05:58:49,700
and grab technique wasn't 
working so well. 

6634
05:58:50,400 --> 05:58:53,200
Thank you very much, some of 
your relatives have chosen to 

6635
05:58:53,200 --> 05:58:56,500
continue living in the woods 
doubling down on their Boreal 

6636
05:58:56,500 --> 05:58:59,000
lifestyle. 
For example, they insist on 

6637
05:58:59,000 --> 05:59:01,000
using flip phones because they 
are reliable. 

6638
05:59:01,000 --> 05:59:03,900
It's actually good for them. 
That these became the ancestors 

6639
05:59:03,900 --> 05:59:07,700
of modern Apes, they stated in 
their niche, However, others, 

6640
05:59:07,700 --> 05:59:11,200
your specific branch of the 
family tree if you will begin to

6641
05:59:11,200 --> 05:59:14,600
spend more time on the ground. 
Initially, this was most likely 

6642
05:59:14,600 --> 05:59:18,200
merely a practical requirement A
short walk across the 

6643
05:59:18,200 --> 05:59:20,600
increasingly common. 
Grasslands was the only way to 

6644
05:59:20,600 --> 05:59:23,500
get from this patch of trees to 
that patch of trees. 

6645
05:59:23,500 --> 05:59:26,600
It wasn't particularly 
effective, but it was manageable

6646
05:59:26,600 --> 05:59:30,100
to crawl across open ground 
Imagine attempting to crawl 

6647
05:59:30,100 --> 05:59:33,200
across a parking lot. 
You can do it but it will take 

6648
05:59:33,200 --> 05:59:35,500
some time and you will draw 
strange looks. 

6649
05:59:36,300 --> 05:59:39,200
Furthermore, you could only see 
what was right in front of your 

6650
05:59:39,200 --> 05:59:42,300
nose while you were down in the 
grass, which could be anything 

6651
05:59:42,300 --> 05:59:45,400
from a pleasant patch of clover,
to something that thought of 

6652
05:59:45,400 --> 05:59:49,100
you, as a walking appetizer. 
When the solution began to take 

6653
05:59:49,100 --> 05:59:53,100
shape, it was both sophisticated
and a little absurd getting to 

6654
05:59:53,100 --> 05:59:56,200
your feet simply getting to your
feet. 

6655
05:59:57,100 --> 06:00:00,000
Like a meerkat that chose to 
adopt it as a way of life. 

6656
06:00:00,000 --> 06:00:02,100
Instead of merely a fast Lookout
tactic. 

6657
06:00:02,800 --> 06:00:04,500
Naturally. 
This was not an impulsive 

6658
06:00:04,500 --> 06:00:06,800
Choice. 
Contrary to what some cartoon 

6659
06:00:06,800 --> 06:00:10,200
make, portray Evolution does not
operate in that manner. 

6660
06:00:10,200 --> 06:00:13,800
It was more akin to a very slow 
experiment that occurred over 

6661
06:00:13,800 --> 06:00:17,200
100s of thousands of years 
making it perhaps the longest 

6662
06:00:17,200 --> 06:00:21,500
running trial period in history.
No one woke up one morning and 

6663
06:00:21,500 --> 06:00:24,200
thought, you know what? 
I'm going to try this walking 

6664
06:00:24,200 --> 06:00:26,800
thing. 
The initial attempts at upright 

6665
06:00:26,800 --> 06:00:29,500
walking were likely as graceful 
as a toddler skating on ice 

6666
06:00:29,500 --> 06:00:33,200
uncertain, wobbly and involving 
a lot of falling. 

6667
06:00:33,200 --> 06:00:36,900
However, there were benefits to 
even those early uncomfortable 

6668
06:00:36,900 --> 06:00:41,000
steps, you could see over the 
grass identify opportunities and

6669
06:00:41,000 --> 06:00:44,200
threats from a greater distance 
and appear much more impressive 

6670
06:00:44,200 --> 06:00:46,500
to potential mates. 
If they were attracted to 

6671
06:00:46,500 --> 06:00:49,700
someone who was constantly 
falling over which they were 

6672
06:00:49,700 --> 06:00:51,800
really, your ancestors were 
Pioneers. 

6673
06:00:51,800 --> 06:00:55,600
They were trying something 
entirely different something no 

6674
06:00:55,600 --> 06:00:57,900
primate had ever tried on a 
regular basis. 

6675
06:00:58,900 --> 06:01:02,600
Since they were the first to try
eating cheese, it seemed strange

6676
06:01:02,600 --> 06:01:05,100
and dangerous, but it ended up 
being a really smart move. 

6677
06:01:05,100 --> 06:01:08,300
You were there or more 
accurately your grandparents 

6678
06:01:08,300 --> 06:01:11,400
were there making their first 
hesitant forays into the world 

6679
06:01:11,400 --> 06:01:14,800
of bipedalism and believe me. 
When I say that those initial 

6680
06:01:14,800 --> 06:01:17,800
steps were more like, please 
don't let me fall on my face 

6681
06:01:17,800 --> 06:01:21,500
again then giant leap for 
mankind. the problem with 

6682
06:01:21,500 --> 06:01:23,900
standing up though, is that you 
start to realize how beneficial 

6683
06:01:23,900 --> 06:01:27,500
it is once you start doing it on
a regular basis, It's similar to

6684
06:01:27,508 --> 06:01:29,100
realizing. 
You've been living in a soft 

6685
06:01:29,100 --> 06:01:31,000
focus world and finally cleaning
your glasses. 

6686
06:01:32,200 --> 06:01:35,100
The scene recently opened up, 
you could track where your 

6687
06:01:35,100 --> 06:01:37,900
family members had gone, find 
the best route to those stream 

6688
06:01:37,900 --> 06:01:40,500
trees and spot. 
Predators from a distance, and 

6689
06:01:40,500 --> 06:01:43,300
stead of just seeing grass and 
the occasional Antelope ankle. 

6690
06:01:44,000 --> 06:01:46,200
The visual Advantage was 
enormous. 

6691
06:01:46,200 --> 06:01:49,700
The learning curve was as steep 
as the hiking trail of a 

6692
06:01:49,700 --> 06:01:52,300
mountain goat. 
It's like going from riding a 

6693
06:01:52,300 --> 06:01:55,700
bicycle with training wheels to 
performing in Cirque du Soleil. 

6694
06:01:56,200 --> 06:01:59,000
Your ancestors had to learn how 
to balance on two feet instead 

6695
06:01:59,000 --> 06:02:01,800
of four. 
The amazing little organ that 

6696
06:02:01,800 --> 06:02:05,000
prevents you from falling over 
when you stand up too fast, the 

6697
06:02:05,000 --> 06:02:07,900
inner ear had to recalibrate 
itself from the ground up. 

6698
06:02:07,900 --> 06:02:11,400
As you read this, consider all 
the small muscles and movements 

6699
06:02:11,400 --> 06:02:15,200
your body performs to keep you 
standing like a driver on an icy

6700
06:02:15,200 --> 06:02:16,900
Road. 
Your brain is continuously 

6701
06:02:16,900 --> 06:02:20,300
making micro Corrections 
swerving into tiny skids that 

6702
06:02:20,300 --> 06:02:23,600
you aren't even aware of. 
All of this was something your 

6703
06:02:23,600 --> 06:02:26,500
ancestors had to create from the
ground up making what was 

6704
06:02:26,500 --> 06:02:29,800
basically a full-time job of not
falling down into something that

6705
06:02:29,800 --> 06:02:32,000
just happened? 
It was a revolutionary, 

6706
06:02:32,000 --> 06:02:35,200
hands-free Advantage. 
Your hands are essentially Prime

6707
06:02:35,200 --> 06:02:38,500
real estate taken up by the 
Glamorous task of moving when 

6708
06:02:38,500 --> 06:02:41,500
your knuckle walking. 
But when you get up, your hands 

6709
06:02:41,500 --> 06:02:44,400
are free to do other things. 
Instead of eating the food right

6710
06:02:44,400 --> 06:02:46,900
away, like some sort of 
prehistoric fast food 

6711
06:02:46,900 --> 06:02:49,300
experience, you could take it 
home to your family. 

6712
06:02:49,300 --> 06:02:52,500
Humanity's first step toward 
becoming the creatures that 

6713
06:02:52,500 --> 06:02:55,300
would eventually collect 
everything from stamps to Old, 

6714
06:02:55,300 --> 06:02:58,700
lunchboxes was likely the 
ability to pick up and examine 

6715
06:02:58,700 --> 06:03:02,100
interesting objects. 
The use of tools was made 

6716
06:03:02,100 --> 06:03:04,100
possible. 
In previously unimaginable ways 

6717
06:03:04,100 --> 06:03:07,900
chimpanzees can fish termites 
out of a mound with a stick but 

6718
06:03:07,900 --> 06:03:10,200
they are unable to transport an 
entire toolkit. 

6719
06:03:11,100 --> 06:03:13,800
Humanity's, first mobile 
workshops, were made possible by

6720
06:03:13,800 --> 06:03:16,700
your upright ancestors, ability 
to gather practical objects, 

6721
06:03:16,700 --> 06:03:20,200
like sturdy sticks and rocks. 
They were similar to prehistoric

6722
06:03:20,200 --> 06:03:23,000
handyman, but in stead of 
Building kitchen cabinets, they 

6723
06:03:23,000 --> 06:03:26,700
worked on Survival projects and 
other unanticipated Advantage 

6724
06:03:26,700 --> 06:03:29,900
was the cooling system. 
It may seem counterintuitive to 

6725
06:03:29,900 --> 06:03:33,800
stand upright in the African Sun
after all, it exposes more 

6726
06:03:33,800 --> 06:03:37,000
surface area to the Heat. 
Even though they were not aware 

6727
06:03:37,000 --> 06:03:39,300
of it consciously, your 
ancestors were smarter than 

6728
06:03:39,300 --> 06:03:41,600
that. 
They increase their exposure to 

6729
06:03:41,600 --> 06:03:44,400
cooling breezes and decreased 
their exposure to the direct 

6730
06:03:44,400 --> 06:03:47,800
overhead Sun by standing up. 
If you didn't mind, looking a 

6731
06:03:47,800 --> 06:03:50,200
little goofy while it was in 
use, it was similar to have 

6732
06:03:50,200 --> 06:03:53,200
having an integrated climate 
control system. in order to 

6733
06:03:53,200 --> 06:03:57,100
accommodate this new way of life
hairstyles, even began to shift 

6734
06:03:58,000 --> 06:04:01,300
A natural sun hat was created by
the body hair remaining thicker,

6735
06:04:01,300 --> 06:04:03,500
on top of the head, but becoming
less dense. 

6736
06:04:03,500 --> 06:04:07,800
So overall, Practical official 
and establishing trends that 

6737
06:04:07,800 --> 06:04:10,700
would eventually result in some 
genuinely dubious hairstyles 

6738
06:04:10,700 --> 06:04:13,800
throughout human history. 
It was Evolution's take on 

6739
06:04:13,800 --> 06:04:17,300
functional fashion. 
The biggest shift though might 

6740
06:04:17,300 --> 06:04:20,800
have been psychological your 
ancestors appeared larger, more 

6741
06:04:20,800 --> 06:04:23,300
impressive and more substantial 
when they stood up. 

6742
06:04:24,000 --> 06:04:27,000
This was no small advantage in a
world where being a formidable 

6743
06:04:27,000 --> 06:04:29,700
person could mean the difference
between being left alone or 

6744
06:04:29,700 --> 06:04:32,500
being someone's dinner. 
It was the ancient equivalent of

6745
06:04:32,500 --> 06:04:34,000
dressing nicely for a job 
interview. 

6746
06:04:34,000 --> 06:04:37,400
It didn't alter your identity 
but it did all to how other 

6747
06:04:37,400 --> 06:04:40,300
people saw you. 
The challenge of surviving in a 

6748
06:04:40,300 --> 06:04:42,900
changing world, was the occasion
and your ancestors were 

6749
06:04:42,900 --> 06:04:44,100
literally rising to the 
occasion. 

6750
06:04:44,100 --> 06:04:48,600
Every shaky step every 
successful tree to tree Crossing

6751
06:04:48,600 --> 06:04:51,800
every successful moment of 
avoiding falling was leading to 

6752
06:04:51,800 --> 06:04:54,500
something, never seen before in 
the history of life on Earth. 

6753
06:04:55,300 --> 06:04:58,100
Now, you might assume that the 
difficult part was over. 

6754
06:04:58,100 --> 06:05:01,200
Once your ancestors learned, the
fundamentals of standing up, 

6755
06:05:01,200 --> 06:05:04,500
you'd be mistaken. 
It's like assuming you're 

6756
06:05:04,500 --> 06:05:06,700
prepared for the Tour de France.
Once you learn how to ride a 

6757
06:05:06,700 --> 06:05:09,600
bicycle, there was a lot of 
trial and error involved in the 

6758
06:05:09,600 --> 06:05:12,900
transition from technically 
possible to actually practical 

6759
06:05:12,900 --> 06:05:17,000
with a focus on the latter. 
Over 100s of thousands of years 

6760
06:05:17,000 --> 06:05:19,600
significant scale, little 
changes were necessary for 

6761
06:05:19,600 --> 06:05:22,800
full-time pedal. 
In order to distribute weight 

6762
06:05:22,800 --> 06:05:26,500
evenly, when standing erect, 
your ancestors spine, had to 

6763
06:05:26,500 --> 06:05:28,700
grow curves, they'd never had 
before forming a s. 

6764
06:05:28,700 --> 06:05:31,000
Walking upright with these 
curves. 

6765
06:05:31,000 --> 06:05:33,700
Would have been like attempting 
to balance a pile of books as 

6766
06:05:33,700 --> 06:05:35,500
someone can continue to add more
to the top. 

6767
06:05:36,300 --> 06:05:38,300
There was a complete renovation 
of the pelvis. 

6768
06:05:38,300 --> 06:05:41,700
If you will Apes, have long 
narrow pelvises that are ideal 

6769
06:05:41,700 --> 06:05:44,800
for supporting a horizontal 
body, but dreadfully inadequate 

6770
06:05:44,800 --> 06:05:48,400
for supporting a vertical one. 
In order to accommodate internal

6771
06:05:48,400 --> 06:05:51,400
organs, arranged vertically, 
rather than horizontally your 

6772
06:05:51,400 --> 06:05:55,300
ancestors evolved wider. 
Bold shaped pelvises after 

6773
06:05:55,300 --> 06:05:57,700
choosing to live on the walls, 
rather than the floors. 

6774
06:05:57,700 --> 06:06:00,500
It was similar to moving, all 
the furniture around a house, 

6775
06:06:00,500 --> 06:06:03,200
leg, bones, realigned and became
stronger. 

6776
06:06:03,200 --> 06:06:06,400
The knees were able to properly 
aligned under the center of 

6777
06:06:06,408 --> 06:06:09,900
gravity of the body because the 
thigh bone, formed an angle that

6778
06:06:09,900 --> 06:06:13,300
would make any geometry teacher 
proud in order to absorb the 

6779
06:06:13,300 --> 06:06:16,000
shock of Heel To Toe walking 
feet, change from being 

6780
06:06:16,000 --> 06:06:19,300
flexible, grasping appendages to
rigid platforms with archers, 

6781
06:06:19,300 --> 06:06:22,500
your ancestors were literally 
starting over from scratch. 

6782
06:06:22,500 --> 06:06:25,700
This is where things start to 
get interesting and a little 

6783
06:06:25,708 --> 06:06:29,100
awkward human still have to make
trade-offs as a result of all 

6784
06:06:29,100 --> 06:06:32,400
these changes that slender 
pelvis that allowed for upright 

6785
06:06:32,400 --> 06:06:35,000
walking. 
It also greatly increased, the 

6786
06:06:35,000 --> 06:06:36,700
difficulty and risk of 
childbirth. 

6787
06:06:37,400 --> 06:06:40,200
Your female ancestors were 
effectively making a trade-off 

6788
06:06:40,200 --> 06:06:43,200
between mobility and ease of 
reproduction, which would have 

6789
06:06:43,200 --> 06:06:44,800
long-term effects on our 
species. 

6790
06:06:45,700 --> 06:06:48,600
In addition to effectively 
Distributing weight, the curved 

6791
06:06:48,600 --> 06:06:51,400
spine produced weak spots that 
continued to cause issues. 

6792
06:06:52,300 --> 06:06:55,100
People have been complaining of 
lower back pain for millions of 

6793
06:06:55,100 --> 06:06:57,300
years. 
It's not just a modern 

6794
06:06:57,300 --> 06:07:00,000
occurrence brought on by desk 
work and bad posture. 

6795
06:07:00,000 --> 06:07:03,100
Although they most likely 
weren't aware of this specific 

6796
06:07:03,100 --> 06:07:05,800
first. 
Your ancestors were Pioneers in 

6797
06:07:05,800 --> 06:07:07,300
the field of chronic back 
problems. 

6798
06:07:07,300 --> 06:07:10,900
In the meantime, the feet that 
had become so good for walking 

6799
06:07:10,900 --> 06:07:13,400
turned into awful ones for 
climbing. 

6800
06:07:14,100 --> 06:07:17,500
For grasping branches those in 
flexible arches and straight 

6801
06:07:17,500 --> 06:07:20,100
Toes, that were ideal for 
covering ground were 

6802
06:07:20,100 --> 06:07:22,800
ineffective. 
Evolutionary speaking, your 

6803
06:07:22,800 --> 06:07:25,500
ancestors were burning their 
Bridges by settling for a 

6804
06:07:25,500 --> 06:07:28,800
terrestrial lifestyle with fewer
and fewer tree backup plans. 

6805
06:07:29,800 --> 06:07:32,400
Without a doubt, there were many
spectacular failures during the 

6806
06:07:32,400 --> 06:07:35,300
learning process. 
Imagine attempting to flee from 

6807
06:07:35,308 --> 06:07:37,300
a predator. 
After you've only just learned 

6808
06:07:37,300 --> 06:07:40,800
how to walk upright, imagine 
trying to negotiate uneven 

6809
06:07:40,800 --> 06:07:43,700
ground while you're balancing 
system is still in beta testing.

6810
06:07:44,400 --> 06:07:47,500
In essence, your ancestors, were
relearning how to use their 

6811
06:07:47,500 --> 06:07:50,600
bodies much like someone 
recuperating from a serious 

6812
06:07:50,600 --> 06:07:54,100
injury, only the injury was 
caused by millions of years, of 

6813
06:07:54,100 --> 06:07:56,800
quadruple Evolution. 
During this time of transition, 

6814
06:07:56,800 --> 06:07:59,400
children must have been a 
special entertaining. 

6815
06:07:59,400 --> 06:08:02,200
If you've ever seen a human 
toddler, learn to walk. 

6816
06:08:02,200 --> 06:08:06,200
Imagine how unsteady they were 
then at in the fact that the 

6817
06:08:06,200 --> 06:08:09,800
adults were much more stable, 
Like a group Expedition, led by 

6818
06:08:09,808 --> 06:08:12,500
people who had never gone hiking
before families. 

6819
06:08:12,500 --> 06:08:14,900
Most likely moved very slowly 
and fell a lot. 

6820
06:08:14,900 --> 06:08:18,200
However, they continued because 
the benefits were becoming 

6821
06:08:18,200 --> 06:08:21,400
indisputable. 
In this honest business, each 

6822
06:08:21,400 --> 06:08:24,300
generation was marginally 
superior to the previous one 

6823
06:08:24,300 --> 06:08:28,400
Offspring with stronger. 
Spines improved balance or more 

6824
06:08:28,400 --> 06:08:30,500
effective. 
Walking patterns had a higher 

6825
06:08:30,500 --> 06:08:34,400
chance of surviving and 
procreating Those who were able 

6826
06:08:34,400 --> 06:08:37,100
to learn this strange, new way 
of moving through the world were

6827
06:08:37,100 --> 06:08:40,600
rewarded by natural selection, 
better balance control, and 

6828
06:08:40,600 --> 06:08:43,900
spatial awareness were being 
developed by the brain in tandem

6829
06:08:43,900 --> 06:08:47,500
with these physical changes. 
That vital part of the brain 

6830
06:08:47,500 --> 06:08:51,000
that controls movement, the 
cerebellum was being thoroughly 

6831
06:08:51,000 --> 06:08:52,700
exercise and improving as a 
result. 

6832
06:08:53,500 --> 06:08:56,300
As they learned to use their 
newly, acquired abilities, your 

6833
06:08:56,300 --> 06:08:58,800
ancestors were literally growing
into their new bodies. 

6834
06:08:58,800 --> 06:09:02,500
Your ancestors had become fairly
proficient at this standing up 

6835
06:09:02,500 --> 06:09:05,000
business, by this point. 
They weren't particularly 

6836
06:09:05,000 --> 06:09:09,300
elegant yet, think functional 
rather than elegant, but they 

6837
06:09:09,300 --> 06:09:12,500
made real progress by being able
to move from point A to point B 

6838
06:09:12,500 --> 06:09:14,400
without constantly embarrassing 
themselves. 

6839
06:09:15,800 --> 06:09:18,900
The desire to see what labor on 
the next Hill, which would 

6840
06:09:18,900 --> 06:09:21,600
forever Define. 
Humanity came along with this 

6841
06:09:21,600 --> 06:09:25,300
newfound Mobility. 
Because your ancestors became 

6842
06:09:25,300 --> 06:09:27,900
the ultimate tourists. 
This is where your family 

6843
06:09:27,900 --> 06:09:29,700
history becomes really 
fascinating. 

6844
06:09:29,700 --> 06:09:33,800
However, they were exploring 
completely new continents and 

6845
06:09:33,800 --> 06:09:35,900
establishing the human presence 
in places. 

6846
06:09:35,900 --> 06:09:39,800
No premade had ever seen before,
rather than snapping photos and 

6847
06:09:39,800 --> 06:09:43,400
purchasing trinkets. 
Walking had become so efficient.

6848
06:09:43,400 --> 06:09:46,700
That long-distance travel was no
longer just feasible but also 

6849
06:09:46,700 --> 06:09:49,700
necessary. 
The world begins to appear as 

6850
06:09:49,700 --> 06:09:52,400
though, it is just waiting for 
you to explore it. 

6851
06:09:52,400 --> 06:09:56,400
Once you're able to move quickly
and steadily carry your supplies

6852
06:09:56,400 --> 06:09:58,800
and food with you and improve 
your teamwork skills. 

6853
06:10:00,100 --> 06:10:03,200
This wasn't just a weekend, 
getaway your ancestors started 

6854
06:10:03,200 --> 06:10:05,600
the first major human migration 
Out of Africa. 

6855
06:10:05,600 --> 06:10:09,200
In the end, this 
multi-generational journey would

6856
06:10:09,200 --> 06:10:12,900
disperse Humanity throughout the
world. since walking was their 

6857
06:10:12,900 --> 06:10:16,100
new superpower, they traveled by
foot from Africa, to the Middle,

6858
06:10:16,100 --> 06:10:21,500
East Asia, and finally 
Australia, and the Americas By 

6859
06:10:21,500 --> 06:10:24,400
today's standards, the pace was 
slow in a good year. 

6860
06:10:24,400 --> 06:10:26,000
These groups might travel a few 
miles. 

6861
06:10:26,000 --> 06:10:29,700
Stopping, wherever, resources 
were plentiful, making temporary

6862
06:10:29,700 --> 06:10:32,000
settlements. 
And then continuing on when 

6863
06:10:32,000 --> 06:10:35,500
assessed steel curiosity, 
demanded it, it resembled the 

6864
06:10:35,500 --> 06:10:37,800
world's slowest and longest 
treasure hunt more than a 

6865
06:10:37,800 --> 06:10:40,500
planned Expedition. 
With the treasure being simply 

6866
06:10:40,500 --> 06:10:42,200
finding what was around the next
corner. 

6867
06:10:43,200 --> 06:10:46,000
Their ability to walk upright, 
was further honed by the new 

6868
06:10:46,000 --> 06:10:48,300
challenges presented by each new
setting. 

6869
06:10:49,000 --> 06:10:52,200
They learned endurance and how 
to move effectively over Sand 

6870
06:10:52,200 --> 06:10:55,100
and Stone in the desert. 
They're sure footedness and 

6871
06:10:55,100 --> 06:10:57,200
balance were developed in 
mountainous areas. 

6872
06:10:57,200 --> 06:11:01,000
They were exposed to walking on 
a variety of surfaces in coastal

6873
06:11:01,000 --> 06:11:05,200
areas, including sand, rocks and
tide pools all of which required

6874
06:11:05,200 --> 06:11:08,600
Minor Adjustments to their 
balance, and gait walking social

6875
06:11:08,600 --> 06:11:12,100
components gained equal weight 
with its physical ones better. 

6876
06:11:12,100 --> 06:11:15,400
Communication systems had to be 
developed in order for groups to

6877
06:11:15,400 --> 06:11:18,600
coordinate their movements. 
When you needed to say something

6878
06:11:18,600 --> 06:11:21,300
like there's a river three days 
walk North that has. 

6879
06:11:21,308 --> 06:11:23,800
Excellent fishing, but watch out
for the cranky. 

6880
06:11:23,800 --> 06:11:26,800
Hippopotamuses you couldn't just
Grunt and point. 

6881
06:11:27,900 --> 06:11:30,400
Language became crucial for 
exchanging navigational, 

6882
06:11:30,400 --> 06:11:33,900
information, discussing route 
options, and organizing stops. 

6883
06:11:34,800 --> 06:11:37,600
Walking in groups also meant 
creating systems of cooperation 

6884
06:11:37,600 --> 06:11:41,500
and social hierarchy. 
Who determines the speed without

6885
06:11:41,500 --> 06:11:44,300
abandoning, the slow Walker's. 
How can you make a 

6886
06:11:44,300 --> 06:11:47,400
accommodations for them? 
When someone is hurt, what do 

6887
06:11:47,400 --> 06:11:49,800
you do? 
The idea of group travel with 

6888
06:11:49,800 --> 06:11:52,900
all the associated logistical 
difficulties was essentially 

6889
06:11:52,900 --> 06:11:55,800
being invented by your 
ancestors, they developed, 

6890
06:11:55,800 --> 06:11:58,400
increasingly Advanced, and 
specialized tools for their 

6891
06:11:58,400 --> 06:12:01,500
nomadic way of life. 
Heavy one-time. 

6892
06:12:01,500 --> 06:12:04,000
Use tools were preferred over 
lightweight, portable 

6893
06:12:04,000 --> 06:12:07,200
multifunctional items. 
They continuously improve their 

6894
06:12:07,200 --> 06:12:09,600
equipment to strike a balance 
between portability and 

6895
06:12:09,600 --> 06:12:12,400
functionality much like 
prehistoric hikers. 

6896
06:12:13,500 --> 06:12:16,700
A good walking stick became 
useful, not only for stability, 

6897
06:12:16,700 --> 06:12:20,600
but also as a measuring tool a 
testing ground probe and a reach

6898
06:12:20,600 --> 06:12:23,200
extension. 
When they lived mostly in trees,

6899
06:12:23,200 --> 06:12:25,900
the weather became a constant 
factor in ways that it had never

6900
06:12:25,900 --> 06:12:28,500
been before. 
Their bodies were more exposed 

6901
06:12:28,500 --> 06:12:30,400
to wind rain and temperature 
fluctuations. 

6902
06:12:30,400 --> 06:12:33,900
When they were walking upright, 
they had to learn how to read 

6903
06:12:33,900 --> 06:12:36,900
weather patterns plan, their 
routes around seasonal changes 

6904
06:12:36,900 --> 06:12:39,700
and devise strategies for 
traveling in various weather 

6905
06:12:39,700 --> 06:12:42,300
conditions. 
They developed extraordinary 

6906
06:12:42,300 --> 06:12:45,400
navigational skills, they 
learned to read Landscapes like 

6907
06:12:45,400 --> 06:12:49,500
books without the use of Maps 
GPS or even written language, 

6908
06:12:49,500 --> 06:12:53,900
Mountain shapes, river flows, 
vegetation patterns, and animal 

6909
06:12:53,900 --> 06:12:55,500
behavior. 
All contributed to the 

6910
06:12:55,508 --> 06:12:58,300
development of a complex system 
for navigating Uncharted 

6911
06:12:58,300 --> 06:13:01,900
Territory By establishing 
patterns of curiosity and 

6912
06:13:01,900 --> 06:13:05,000
movement that would eventually 
take their descendants to every 

6913
06:13:05,000 --> 06:13:07,800
part of the planet. 
Your ancestors were pinning, the

6914
06:13:07,800 --> 06:13:09,400
first chapter of human 
exploration. 

6915
06:13:10,600 --> 06:13:13,500
With only their ability to walk 
upright, their developing 

6916
06:13:13,500 --> 06:13:16,700
intelligence and an apparently 
insatiable desire to see what 

6917
06:13:16,700 --> 06:13:20,400
lay beyond the next Horizon. 
They were the first pioneers. 

6918
06:13:20,400 --> 06:13:23,800
Even your ancestors probably 
didn't anticipate the Intriguing

6919
06:13:23,800 --> 06:13:25,300
turn. 
Your family history is about to 

6920
06:13:25,300 --> 06:13:27,400
take. 
Their brains were being 

6921
06:13:27,400 --> 06:13:31,900
remarkably impacted by all of 
this walking carrying tool use 

6922
06:13:31,900 --> 06:13:33,700
and acclimating to new 
surroundings. 

6923
06:13:34,700 --> 06:13:37,200
It was similar to a very 
long-term, very slow fitness 

6924
06:13:37,200 --> 06:13:40,300
program, but it was building 
intelligence rather than muscle.

6925
06:13:41,100 --> 06:13:43,900
One of the most graceful 
feedback loops in evolution is 

6926
06:13:43,900 --> 06:13:46,600
the connection between brain 
development and upright, walking

6927
06:13:46,600 --> 06:13:49,700
your ancestors ability to walk 
on two feet. 

6928
06:13:49,700 --> 06:13:52,800
Allowed them to use their hands 
for more difficult tasks. 

6929
06:13:52,800 --> 06:13:56,100
They needed more advanced hand, 
I called Nation than they had 

6930
06:13:56,100 --> 06:14:00,100
ever needed before in order to 
use tools make tools and carry 

6931
06:14:00,100 --> 06:14:03,600
several objects at once. 
The really clever part though is

6932
06:14:03,600 --> 06:14:06,300
that the parts of the brain that
govern precise hand movements 

6933
06:14:06,300 --> 06:14:09,900
are located directly adjacent to
those that govern language and 

6934
06:14:09,900 --> 06:14:14,000
abstract thought, Ideas tend to 
flow back and forth, much like, 

6935
06:14:14,000 --> 06:14:15,900
when your office and workshop or
adjacent. 

6936
06:14:16,700 --> 06:14:19,000
Your ancestors were 
unintentionally, creating the 

6937
06:14:19,000 --> 06:14:21,400
neural infrastructure, that 
would eventually enable 

6938
06:14:21,400 --> 06:14:25,000
sophisticated communication and 
problem solving, as they 

6939
06:14:25,000 --> 06:14:28,500
improved their motor control for
using tools, the actual brain 

6940
06:14:28,500 --> 06:14:30,200
was enlarging, but not at 
random. 

6941
06:14:31,000 --> 06:14:34,800
To meet the new demands of 
bipedal life, certain areas were

6942
06:14:34,800 --> 06:14:37,500
growing. 
Already exerting extra effort to

6943
06:14:37,500 --> 06:14:41,800
control balance and coordination
the cerebellum kept growing. the

6944
06:14:41,800 --> 06:14:44,200
frontal cortex, which is in 
charge of planning and making 

6945
06:14:44,200 --> 06:14:47,600
decisions grew to accommodate 
the intricate decisions required

6946
06:14:47,600 --> 06:14:52,400
for group, coordination tool, 
use and navigation, Consider the

6947
06:14:52,400 --> 06:14:55,300
activities that your ancestors 
engaged in on a daily basis, 

6948
06:14:55,300 --> 06:14:57,300
they had to make and maintain 
tools. 

6949
06:14:57,300 --> 06:15:00,900
Remember where resources were 
plan routes through Uncharted 

6950
06:15:00,900 --> 06:15:04,200
Territory, coordinate group 
movements and solve problems. 

6951
06:15:04,200 --> 06:15:07,400
That they're treed dwelling 
relatives had never faced it was

6952
06:15:07,400 --> 06:15:09,000
similar to enrolling in a 
full-time. 

6953
06:15:09,000 --> 06:15:11,900
Multi-year, University course on
how to solve real world 

6954
06:15:11,900 --> 06:15:14,400
problems. 
Their developing brains were 

6955
06:15:14,400 --> 06:15:17,300
specially taxed by the social 
components of their new way of 

6956
06:15:17,308 --> 06:15:20,900
life. cooperation and Group 
Travel required, not only 

6957
06:15:20,900 --> 06:15:24,100
knowing what you had to do but 
also knowing what other members 

6958
06:15:24,100 --> 06:15:27,000
of your group were planning and 
thinking the ability to 

6959
06:15:27,000 --> 06:15:29,100
comprehend that other people 
have their own thoughts 

6960
06:15:29,100 --> 06:15:32,900
intentions and knowledge what 
psychologists now refer to as 

6961
06:15:32,900 --> 06:15:38,000
theory of Mind, had to be 
developed The important and 

6962
06:15:38,000 --> 06:15:41,200
sophistication of language were 
growing, their lifestyle now 

6963
06:15:41,200 --> 06:15:44,400
required complex coordination, 
and simple gestures, and warning

6964
06:15:44,400 --> 06:15:47,300
calls were insufficient. 
The Water Source they had 

6965
06:15:47,308 --> 06:15:50,500
discovered yesterday the 
Hazardous terrain ahead and the 

6966
06:15:50,508 --> 06:15:53,000
travel plans for tomorrow were 
among the things they needed to 

6967
06:15:53,008 --> 06:15:54,900
discuss that weren't immediately
available. 

6968
06:15:55,700 --> 06:15:58,400
Thinking abstractly was turning 
into a survival tactic 

6969
06:15:58,400 --> 06:16:01,700
additionally your ancestors had 
to contend with a wide range of 

6970
06:16:01,708 --> 06:16:04,700
difficult circumstances every 
new habitat that they came 

6971
06:16:04,700 --> 06:16:07,300
across had its own set of 
challenges in a desert. 

6972
06:16:07,300 --> 06:16:11,400
How can one locate water in a 
new area what is safe to eat? 

6973
06:16:12,300 --> 06:16:15,000
In a climate that is colder than
anything you have ever 

6974
06:16:15,000 --> 06:16:17,200
experienced. 
How do you stay warm? 

6975
06:16:18,200 --> 06:16:21,600
In essence each obstacle 
overcome served as a teaching 

6976
06:16:21,600 --> 06:16:24,300
tool for Innovative problem 
solving there was an 

6977
06:16:24,300 --> 06:16:26,800
acceleration of the feedback 
loop between mental development 

6978
06:16:26,800 --> 06:16:30,900
and physical capabilities. 
More sophisticated tasks were 

6979
06:16:30,900 --> 06:16:34,200
made possible by better tools 
which in turn required even 

6980
06:16:34,200 --> 06:16:37,600
better brains better group 
coordination made possible by 

6981
06:16:37,600 --> 06:16:40,400
more advanced communication 
allow them to take on 

6982
06:16:40,400 --> 06:16:43,300
increasingly difficult 
situations that required more 

6983
06:16:43,300 --> 06:16:45,400
complex planning and problem 
solving skills. 

6984
06:16:46,500 --> 06:16:49,100
Most significantly though. 
They were acquiring what we 

6985
06:16:49,100 --> 06:16:50,900
might refer to as cognitive 
flexibility. 

6986
06:16:52,200 --> 06:16:55,200
Capacity to modify their way of 
thinking in response to novel 

6987
06:16:55,200 --> 06:16:57,900
circumstances. 
Your ancestors were always 

6988
06:16:57,900 --> 06:17:01,000
facing new problems that needed 
new answers unlike their 

6989
06:17:01,000 --> 06:17:03,500
relatives who are discovered and
remained in successful 

6990
06:17:03,500 --> 06:17:06,600
ecological niches. 
They were evolving into the best

6991
06:17:06,600 --> 06:17:10,800
generalists able to survive in 
nearly any setting their bodies 

6992
06:17:10,800 --> 06:17:13,200
and Minds were becoming uniquely
intertwined. 

6993
06:17:14,000 --> 06:17:17,400
They're improved vocal control 
due to their erect posture aided

6994
06:17:17,400 --> 06:17:19,000
in the development of their 
language skills. 

6995
06:17:20,100 --> 06:17:22,900
The production of sophisticated 
tools made possible by their 

6996
06:17:22,900 --> 06:17:26,300
freed hands promoted. 
The growth of their brains They 

6997
06:17:26,300 --> 06:17:29,000
were able to plan and coordinate
better, thanks to their enhanced

6998
06:17:29,000 --> 06:17:31,400
brains which increase the 
effectiveness of their 

6999
06:17:31,400 --> 06:17:35,300
bipedalism. everything was 
interconnected and as one 

7000
06:17:35,300 --> 06:17:39,300
advancement led to another the 
capabilities increased Through 

7001
06:17:39,300 --> 06:17:43,200
intelligence collaboration and 
cultural Innovation, your 

7002
06:17:43,200 --> 06:17:45,600
ancestors were essentially 
evolving into a new kind of 

7003
06:17:45,600 --> 06:17:49,200
creature that could adapt to 
nearly any environment without 

7004
06:17:49,200 --> 06:17:51,300
the need for specialized 
physical evolution. 

7005
06:17:52,200 --> 06:17:54,800
They were laying the groundwork 
for all subsequent stages of 

7006
06:17:54,800 --> 06:17:58,600
human development by exchanging 
biological specialization 

7007
06:17:58,600 --> 06:18:01,300
fermental adaptability, your 
ancestors. 

7008
06:18:01,300 --> 06:18:04,000
Had been walking upright for 
well over a million years by 

7009
06:18:04,000 --> 06:18:05,300
this time in your family's 
history. 

7010
06:18:06,200 --> 06:18:08,200
They had also become quite 
proficient at it. 

7011
06:18:08,200 --> 06:18:12,000
However, in evolutionary terms, 
being good at it, meant that 

7012
06:18:12,000 --> 06:18:14,600
they had figured out, the 
fundamental issue of not topping

7013
06:18:14,600 --> 06:18:17,300
overall the time. 
They now had to deal with the 

7014
06:18:17,300 --> 06:18:20,300
subtler, optimization problems. 
Like how to walk more 

7015
06:18:20,300 --> 06:18:23,400
effectively longer better and 
under more difficult 

7016
06:18:23,400 --> 06:18:27,500
circumstances human walking 
became truly remarkable at this 

7017
06:18:27,500 --> 06:18:29,900
point. 
Your ancestors were becoming the

7018
06:18:29,900 --> 06:18:32,800
most proficient, long-distance 
Walkers, the world had ever 

7019
06:18:32,800 --> 06:18:35,100
seen. 
Not just proficient bipeds. 

7020
06:18:35,100 --> 06:18:37,900
They were evolving into the best
hiking, experts. 

7021
06:18:37,900 --> 06:18:42,000
Able to go far on little effort.
They created truly amazing 

7022
06:18:42,000 --> 06:18:45,100
mechanics. 
When done correctly, human 

7023
06:18:45,100 --> 06:18:47,200
walking is basically a 
controlled fall. 

7024
06:18:47,200 --> 06:18:51,200
You lean forward, a little catch
yourself with your other leg and

7025
06:18:51,200 --> 06:18:53,200
then use the momentum to keep 
moving forward. 

7026
06:18:53,200 --> 06:18:56,800
It functions similarly to a 
perpetual motion machine driven 

7027
06:18:56,800 --> 06:19:00,500
by muscle coordination and 
gravity Walking had become an 

7028
06:19:00,500 --> 06:19:04,100
art form for your ancestors. 
However, endurance walking was 

7029
06:19:04,100 --> 06:19:07,500
the most advanced development. 
Your ancestors were able to keep

7030
06:19:07,500 --> 06:19:10,800
up a steady pace for hours days 
or even weeks. 

7031
06:19:10,800 --> 06:19:14,000
Whereas other animals might be 
faster in short bursts. 

7032
06:19:14,900 --> 06:19:17,200
They learned how to walk long 
distance as with heavy loads, 

7033
06:19:17,200 --> 06:19:20,900
negotiate challenging terrain 
and keep up this pace for 

7034
06:19:20,900 --> 06:19:24,300
extended periods of time. 
They resembled infinite range, 

7035
06:19:24,300 --> 06:19:26,000
biological all terrain, 
vehicles. 

7036
06:19:26,800 --> 06:19:29,600
This was supported by remarkable
physical adaptations. 

7037
06:19:29,600 --> 06:19:33,300
Their leg muscles became 
incredibly efficient able to 

7038
06:19:33,300 --> 06:19:36,600
contract repeatedly for extended
periods of time without becoming

7039
06:19:36,600 --> 06:19:40,200
tired during prolonged activity.
Their cardiovascular systems 

7040
06:19:40,200 --> 06:19:42,900
developed exceptional 
capabilities to sustain 

7041
06:19:42,900 --> 06:19:46,500
consistent oxygen delivery. 
Their feet of evolved into 

7042
06:19:46,500 --> 06:19:50,700
highly Advanced propulsion and 
shock absorption mechanisms the 

7043
06:19:50,700 --> 06:19:54,500
control of temperature became 
specially complex your ancestors

7044
06:19:54,500 --> 06:19:57,300
capacity to sweat effectively 
while sustaining constant 

7045
06:19:57,300 --> 06:20:00,700
activity levels is the most 
sophisticated cooling mechanism 

7046
06:20:00,700 --> 06:20:03,800
in the mammalian world. 
In hotter climates, they could 

7047
06:20:03,800 --> 06:20:06,500
walk all day. 
Whereas other animals needed to 

7048
06:20:06,500 --> 06:20:09,300
take cover from the heat the 
more they worked the more 

7049
06:20:09,300 --> 06:20:11,200
effective the built-in air 
conditioning became. 

7050
06:20:12,000 --> 06:20:14,500
Long distance walking 
psychological effects were 

7051
06:20:14,500 --> 06:20:16,500
equally as significant as its 
physical one. 

7052
06:20:17,300 --> 06:20:20,100
Your ancestors possessed 
exceptional mental endurance, 

7053
06:20:20,100 --> 06:20:23,600
which is the capacity to stay 
motivated and focused during 

7054
06:20:23,600 --> 06:20:26,500
long periods of repetitive works
such as ours or days. 

7055
06:20:27,300 --> 06:20:30,500
They developed the ability to 
Pace the cells find Rhythm and 

7056
06:20:30,500 --> 06:20:33,800
flow in prolonged movement and 
keep the group cohesive during 

7057
06:20:33,800 --> 06:20:36,800
lengthy travels. 
Modern explorers would be 

7058
06:20:36,800 --> 06:20:39,400
impressed by the level of 
navigation skills attained. 

7059
06:20:40,200 --> 06:20:42,900
They were able to plan multi-day
routes through unfamiliar 

7060
06:20:42,900 --> 06:20:46,800
territory remember and return to
specific locations after long 

7061
06:20:46,800 --> 06:20:49,600
absences and maintained 
Direction across featureless 

7062
06:20:49,600 --> 06:20:52,500
terrain without the use of any 
tools other than their own 

7063
06:20:52,500 --> 06:20:55,100
senses. 
They gained an intuitive 

7064
06:20:55,100 --> 06:20:59,300
awareness of seasonal variations
natural navigational markers and

7065
06:20:59,300 --> 06:21:02,400
Landscape patterns. 
Group long-distance travel 

7066
06:21:02,400 --> 06:21:06,000
required, extraordinary social 
coordination throughout possibly

7067
06:21:06,000 --> 06:21:08,800
weeks of travel groups, had to 
coordinate rest periods. 

7068
06:21:08,800 --> 06:21:11,000
Share the load of carrying 
supplies. 

7069
06:21:11,000 --> 06:21:13,500
Keep their unity and 
synchronize. 

7070
06:21:13,500 --> 06:21:17,100
Their Pace in essence, they were
creating the ideas of expedition

7071
06:21:17,100 --> 06:21:18,900
management, teamwork and 
Logistics. 

7072
06:21:19,600 --> 06:21:22,300
They developed an extremely 
complex relationship with the 

7073
06:21:22,300 --> 06:21:24,300
terrain. 
They are acquired the ability to

7074
06:21:24,300 --> 06:21:27,600
read various ground types and 
modify their stride for maximum 

7075
06:21:27,600 --> 06:21:31,700
Effectiveness on grass, mud, 
rock, or sand. 

7076
06:21:32,600 --> 06:21:35,300
They created methods for safely.
Traversing, through dense, 

7077
06:21:35,300 --> 06:21:39,800
vegetation Crossing streams and 
walking on steep slopes every 

7078
06:21:39,800 --> 06:21:42,500
kind of terrain turned into a 
puzzle that needed to be solved 

7079
06:21:42,500 --> 06:21:45,500
using walking technique. 
They're walking lifestyle was 

7080
06:21:45,500 --> 06:21:47,200
supported by the evolution of 
tool. 

7081
06:21:47,200 --> 06:21:51,000
Use walking sticks evolved into 
multi-functional tools for 

7082
06:21:51,000 --> 06:21:54,400
testing the ground. 
Determining depth reaching 

7083
06:21:54,400 --> 06:21:57,300
objects and offering leverage on
challenging terrain. 

7084
06:21:57,300 --> 06:22:00,900
They were no longer only used 
for balance more, advanced 

7085
06:22:00,900 --> 06:22:03,400
carrying systems that 
efficiently distributed weight, 

7086
06:22:03,400 --> 06:22:05,600
for long distance, 
Transportation were developed. 

7087
06:22:06,400 --> 06:22:09,500
Most significantly though your 
ancestors were acquiring, what 

7088
06:22:09,500 --> 06:22:13,500
we might refer to as walking 
wisdom, an innate sense of 

7089
06:22:13,500 --> 06:22:17,400
Rhythm Pace, endurance and 
efficiency that would later come

7090
06:22:17,400 --> 06:22:20,300
to Define humanity. 
In addition to learning how to 

7091
06:22:20,300 --> 06:22:21,800
walk. 
They were also learning how to 

7092
06:22:21,800 --> 06:22:25,000
walk far walk. 
Well, and make walking along 

7093
06:22:25,000 --> 06:22:28,300
term sustainable lifestyle. 
They were producing something 

7094
06:22:28,300 --> 06:22:31,300
that had never been seen before.
In Natural History, thanks to 

7095
06:22:31,300 --> 06:22:35,400
their unique blend of physical 
prowess, mental stamina, social 

7096
06:22:35,400 --> 06:22:38,400
coordination, and Technical 
Proficiency in bipedal 

7097
06:22:38,400 --> 06:22:40,800
locomotion. 
In addition to being animals 

7098
06:22:40,800 --> 06:22:42,000
with the ability to walk 
upright. 

7099
06:22:42,000 --> 06:22:45,100
Your ancestors were developing 
into the most proficient 

7100
06:22:45,100 --> 06:22:47,300
long-distance drivers the world 
had ever seen. 

7101
06:22:48,100 --> 06:22:50,800
Millions of years later, you are
most likely sitting and reading 

7102
06:22:50,800 --> 06:22:54,200
this, which would have perplexed
your early ancestors, who had to

7103
06:22:54,200 --> 06:22:56,500
go to such lengths to get you 
upright in the first place. 

7104
06:22:57,300 --> 06:23:00,000
The beauty of the whole story. 
However, is that your ancestors 

7105
06:23:00,000 --> 06:23:02,000
learned to do more than just 
stand up and walk? 

7106
06:23:02,000 --> 06:23:04,600
They learned to do it. 
So well that you now have the 

7107
06:23:04,600 --> 06:23:07,100
freedom to decide when to use 
the amazing skills. 

7108
06:23:07,100 --> 06:23:10,200
They acquired. 
In the end becoming proficient 

7109
06:23:10,200 --> 06:23:13,500
at by pedal, involved much more 
than simply moving from one 

7110
06:23:13,500 --> 06:23:16,500
location to another. 
It turned into the Cornerstone 

7111
06:23:16,500 --> 06:23:19,900
of everything that makes people 
special upright, posture 

7112
06:23:19,900 --> 06:23:23,400
improved vocal tract 
configuration and breath control

7113
06:23:23,400 --> 06:23:26,000
which contributed to the 
development of language. 

7114
06:23:26,800 --> 06:23:29,400
Hands were released from 
Locomotion and allowing for the 

7115
06:23:29,400 --> 06:23:32,900
use of complex tools because 
Group Travel and coordination 

7116
06:23:32,900 --> 06:23:35,200
required Advanced planning and 
communication skills. 

7117
06:23:35,200 --> 06:23:39,400
Social co-operation developed 
Millions of years of walking 

7118
06:23:39,400 --> 06:23:41,100
have left their mark on your 
brain today. 

7119
06:23:41,100 --> 06:23:44,400
Numerous generations of 
ancestors who had to negotiate 

7120
06:23:44,400 --> 06:23:47,300
difficult terrain while 
remaining upright shape the 

7121
06:23:47,300 --> 06:23:50,500
neural Pathways that govern 
balance coordination and spatial

7122
06:23:50,500 --> 06:23:52,900
awareness. 
The ongoing difficulties of 

7123
06:23:52,900 --> 06:23:56,200
group coordination and 
long-distance travel extended 

7124
06:23:56,200 --> 06:23:58,300
the areas in charge of planning,
and problem-solving. 

7125
06:23:59,200 --> 06:24:05,700
Therapy. 
You use skills developed over 

7126
06:24:05,700 --> 06:24:08,500
millions of years of upright. 
Walking, when you move through a

7127
06:24:08,500 --> 06:24:12,000
crowded area, keep your balance 
on a moving bus will coordinate 

7128
06:24:12,000 --> 06:24:14,100
your movements while carrying 
multiple objects. 

7129
06:24:14,800 --> 06:24:16,900
You have skills that you 
probably don't think about much 

7130
06:24:16,900 --> 06:24:19,500
but use all the time because of 
your ancestors extensive 

7131
06:24:19,500 --> 06:24:23,100
training and staying vertical. 
Your ancestors endurance, 

7132
06:24:23,100 --> 06:24:25,100
manifests itself in unexpected 
ways. 

7133
06:24:26,100 --> 06:24:28,900
Among the animal kingdoms top 
long distance Runners are still 

7134
06:24:28,908 --> 06:24:31,600
humans. 
Running marathon's hiking and 

7135
06:24:31,600 --> 06:24:34,500
other Endurance, Sports activate
muscles that were evolved for 

7136
06:24:34,500 --> 06:24:38,300
survival, not sport. 
You possess the genetic Heritage

7137
06:24:38,300 --> 06:24:40,900
of the greatest walkers in the 
history of evolutionary. 

7138
06:24:41,600 --> 06:24:44,400
Human interaction is still 
influenced by the social aspects

7139
06:24:44,400 --> 06:24:46,100
of your ancestors walking 
lifestyle. 

7140
06:24:47,000 --> 06:24:50,100
All human social organization is
built on the cooperation of 

7141
06:24:50,100 --> 06:24:53,200
communication and group 
coordination skills. 

7142
06:24:53,200 --> 06:24:55,100
They acquired for successful 
Group Travel. 

7143
06:24:55,900 --> 06:24:58,600
The skills that your ancestors 
developed while attempting to 

7144
06:24:58,608 --> 06:25:02,600
travel, to a ancient Landscapes 
are used in every team project 

7145
06:25:02,600 --> 06:25:05,900
coordinated effort and 
successful group endeavor. 

7146
06:25:06,900 --> 06:25:10,100
Even in our gps-enabled world, 
your relationship with the 

7147
06:25:10,100 --> 06:25:12,700
landscape and navigation. 
Reflects skills. 

7148
06:25:12,700 --> 06:25:16,700
Your ancestors developed, out of
sheer need Millions of years of 

7149
06:25:16,700 --> 06:25:19,500
evolutionary development in 
Land, Navigation, have given 

7150
06:25:19,500 --> 06:25:22,800
humans the ability to read 
terrain comprehend spatial 

7151
06:25:22,800 --> 06:25:24,500
relationships, and maintain 
Direction. 

7152
06:25:25,500 --> 06:25:28,700
Perhaps most astonishingly. 
However your ancestors ability 

7153
06:25:28,700 --> 06:25:31,600
to walk on two feet. 
Allowed humans to flourish in 

7154
06:25:31,600 --> 06:25:35,300
nearly any terrestrial setting. 
Something no other species has 

7155
06:25:35,300 --> 06:25:38,200
been able to do. 
Because your ancestors acquired 

7156
06:25:38,200 --> 06:25:41,600
such amazing walking skills. 
And the intelligence to use them

7157
06:25:41,600 --> 06:25:45,700
efficiently, humans are able to 
adapt and survive in a variety 

7158
06:25:45,700 --> 06:25:48,300
of environments. 
From the Arctic tundra to the 

7159
06:25:48,300 --> 06:25:51,300
tropical rainforest from 
mountaintops to the Ocean. 

7160
06:25:51,300 --> 06:25:54,700
Shores, being able to stand up 
straight, was not only a 

7161
06:25:54,700 --> 06:25:57,500
physical accomplishment, it 
marked the start of human 

7162
06:25:57,500 --> 06:26:01,400
civilization culture technology 
and language. 

7163
06:26:02,400 --> 06:26:05,300
The foundation your ancestors 
laid when they first got up and 

7164
06:26:05,300 --> 06:26:07,600
made the decision to remain. 
That way as the basis for all 

7165
06:26:07,600 --> 06:26:10,500
human achievements, from the 
invention of the first stone 

7166
06:26:10,500 --> 06:26:14,300
tools to space exploration. 
Take a moment to appreciate the 

7167
06:26:14,300 --> 06:26:16,200
Incredible Journey. 
That led you to this point. 

7168
06:26:16,200 --> 06:26:19,800
The next time you stand up, 
really stand up with your head. 

7169
06:26:19,800 --> 06:26:24,400
High hands-free, spine curve, 
just right, and your weight 

7170
06:26:24,400 --> 06:26:27,000
balanced on two feet. 
You are The Offspring of 

7171
06:26:27,000 --> 06:26:29,500
creatures that took one of the 
most unlikely risks in the 

7172
06:26:29,508 --> 06:26:31,900
history of the natural world and
made it work. 

7173
06:26:31,900 --> 06:26:35,500
Remarkably, well, you're the 
result of millions of years of 

7174
06:26:35,500 --> 06:26:39,400
evolutionary, experimentation 
the ability to stand tall in the

7175
06:26:39,400 --> 06:26:41,400
world. 
Both literally and figuratively 

7176
06:26:41,400 --> 06:26:45,500
is a gift from your ancestors. 
They evolved into being that 

7177
06:26:45,500 --> 06:26:48,900
made upright walking, their 
defining trait rather than 

7178
06:26:48,900 --> 06:26:51,500
creatures that occasionally 
stood up to gain a better view. 

7179
06:26:51,500 --> 06:26:54,700
They transformed a last-ditch 
effort to adapt to changing 

7180
06:26:54,700 --> 06:26:57,400
conditions in to The Greatest 
Adventure in human history. 

7181
06:26:58,500 --> 06:27:00,900
You can now, sleep soundly 
knowing that you will be taking 

7182
06:27:00,900 --> 06:27:03,700
part in one of the most 
successful evolutionary 

7183
06:27:03,700 --> 06:27:06,700
Innovations in the history of 
life on earth when you wake up 

7184
06:27:06,700 --> 06:27:10,100
and walk for the first time 
tomorrow, good walks and sweet 

7185
06:27:10,100 --> 06:27:10,600
dreams.