How the American Founders Drew Inspiration from Ancient Rome | Boring History

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Hey, welcome back. 
If your brain is still replaying

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today like a long unskippable 
lecture, you're not alone with 

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rain sliding down the windows 
and the night doing its quiet 

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work. 
It feels easier to let those 

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thoughts loosen tonight, we 
begin with the story back to the

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late 18th century, when a group 
of educated colonists looked 

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across 2000 years of History to 
find guidance for their 

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revolutionary experiment. 
They found it in the marble 

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columns, weathered laws and 
cautionary, tales of ancient 

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Rome, a republic that Rose to 
Glory stumbled into tyranny and 

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left behind lessons. 
The American Founders would 

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study like sacred texts. 
If this boring kind of History 

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helps you unwind, your welcome 
to subscribe or leave a like and

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tell me where you're listening 
from and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, rest your head on the 

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pillow, turn on a fan for some 
noise and let the rain guide us 

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gently into the story. 
Candlelight flickers across 

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Warren pages and a Philadelphia 
study sometime in the winter of 

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1775. 
You can almost smell the leather

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bindings and lamp oil. 
Feel the chill creeping through 

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window panes despite the fire 
crackling in the half. 

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In homes like this throughout 
the colonies educated men and 

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more women than history often 
credits a reading themselves 

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into Revolution and their 
favorite authors have been dead 

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for nearly two millennia. 
You might find this curious at 

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first. 
Here are people planning a 

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government for a new world 
surrounded by forests, their 

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European ancestors. 
Never imagined preparing to 

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create something unprecedented 
in modern history. 

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Yet their thumbing through Latin
texts. 

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Scribbling marginal notes beside
passages, about Roman consoles 

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and tribunes and memorizing. 
The speeches Cicero delivered in

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a forum that crumbled into ruins
centuries before Columbus, 

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sailed Thing is Latin wasn't 
just some academic exercise for 

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these colonists. 
It was their common language of 

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learning. 
Key that unlocked, what they 

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considered the greatest 
political wisdom ever recorded. 

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Boys in colonial, grammar 
schools conjugated Latin verbs 

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before they turn 10. 
By adolescents, they were 

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translating, Virgil and living 
absorbing, not just grammar but 

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entire world views. 
When John Adams wanted to insult

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someone in his diary, he did it 
in Latin. 

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When Thomas Jefferson designed 
Monticello, he sketched Roman 

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proportions. 
The ancient world wasn't distant

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to these people. 
It was practically their second 

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home. 
Consider what their libraries 

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actually contained. 
You'd find plutarch's lives 

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those parallel biographies. 
Comparing Greek and Roman Heroes

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teaching moral lessons through 
historical example. 

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You discover polybius, 
explaining Rome's mixed 

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Constitution tacitus warning 
about Imperial corruption and 

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sallust describing how luxury 
destroyed Republican virtue. 

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These were decorative volumes 
Gathering dust. 

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They were dog-eared, underlined 
quoted in letters and pamphlets,

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and referenced in Tavern 
debates. 

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The colonists read these works 
with a peculiar intensity 

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because they recognized 
something in Rome story that 

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resonated with their own 
situation. 

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Romans started as a small city 
state. 

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Overthrown, a king established a
republic expanded through a 

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combination of military power 
and political Innovation, then 

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what to talk, collapse into 
dictatorship. 

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The parallels to their own world
weren't subtle. 

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Britain was their Rome powerful,
far-reaching and increasingly 

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tyrannical. 
They were trying to decide 

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whether to remain provinces and 
someone else's Empire, or Risk 

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Everything to become a republic 
of Their Own. 

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But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

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Where the real depth of their 
classical education shows 

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through, they didn't just cherry
pick the inspiring bits about 

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Roman Glory, they started the 
failures with equal attention 

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but even more, they wanted to 
understand exactly how a 

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republic dies what signs to 
watch for and which mistakes 

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proof fatal. 
It's rather like studying plane 

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crashes to learn how to fly 
safely, morbid, perhaps, but 

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tremendously practical. 
Benjamin Franklin, Who Loved a 

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good quip almost as much as he 
loved a good experiment. 

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Once joked that the classical 
education, he received was the 

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most useless and the most 
valuable thing he'd ever 

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required. 
Useless for business, certainly,

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no Roman ever needed to 
understand electrical current or

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printing presses, but valuable 
for thinking about power, 

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Liberty corruption and Human 
Nature. 

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Those topics Franklin, noted 
didn't change much across the 

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centuries. 
You can pick these Founders in 

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their studies candles burning, 
low comparing notes between 

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ancient texts and current 
newspapers, A passage from Cato 

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about Land Reform, might sit 
beside a pamphlet about Colonial

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taxation Cicero. 
Warnings about demagogues might 

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be read alongside reports of 
parliament's, latest overreach 

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They were building a mental map,
charting the Territory between 

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Liberty and tyranny using roam 
as their primary reference 

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point. 
The women of this era deserve 

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mention here, even though 
conventional kept most of their 

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learning private. 
Abigail Adams, red Virgil in 

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Latin discussed Cato with her 
husband and peppered, her 

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letters with classical 
references. 

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Mercy. 
Otis Warren wrote, Place 

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satirizing. 
British officials using Roman 

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historical parallels. 
These were not anomalies 

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educated Colonial women had 
access to the same classical 

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texts as their fathers and 
brothers and they use that 

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knowledge to participate in 
Revolutionary debates. 

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If often from the margins What 
strikes you reading their 

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correspondence is how naturally 
they move between ancient and 

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modern. 
Examples. 

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Jefferson might mention Cicero 
and George. 

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The third in the same sentence 
as if they were contemporaries 

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atoms. 
Could compare the Massachusetts 

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legislature to the Roman senate 
without a hint of irony. 

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The past wasn't dead to them. 
It was a living resource, a 

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guidebook, and a warning system.
This classical Obsession also 

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shaped how they saw themselves. 
When they looked in the mirror, 

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they didn't see merchants and 
farmers and lawyers playing at 

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politics. 
They saw potential Cincinnati's 

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figures. 
Citizen soldiers who might leave

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their plows to save the Republic
then returned to private life 

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when Duty was done. 
They saw themselves as possible.

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Catos defending Liberty with 
Stern virtue. 

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They worried. 
They might become Caesars 

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seduced by power into tyranny. 
Classic gave them not just ideas

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but identities roles to play in 
the drama. 

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They were staging. 
And like any good actors, they'd

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studied their parts thoroughly 
memorized. 

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Their lines and learned from 
previous Productions. 

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The difference was that this 
performance would be conducted 

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with real muskets and genuine 
Bloodshed with actual Liberty 

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hanging in the balance. 
As you drift deeper into this 

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historical moment, imagine the 
weight of that responsibility. 

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These weren't just scholars 
dabbling in political theory for

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entertainment. 
They were preparing to bet 

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everything their lives, their 
fortunes, their sacred honor as 

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they later. 
Write on principles extracted 

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from ancient books. 
If they got it wrong, they'd 

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hang us. 
Traitors If they got it, right, 

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they might just create something
worthy of comparison to Rome 

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itself. 
The irony wasn't lost on them. 

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They were rebelling against a 
king by studying a civilization 

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that eventually embraced 
emperors. 

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They were fighting for Liberty 
using examples from a society 

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built on slavery. 
They were praising Roman virtue 

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while reading about Roman Vice 
but perhaps that's exactly why 

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their classical education 
proved. 

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So valuable it taught them to 
think in paradoxes to recognize 

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that human society is a complex 
and contradictory and that good 

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institutions can produce bad 
outcomes and vice versa. 

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The concept of a republic meant 
something specific and almost 

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sacred to the founders and they 
learned its definition from 

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Rome's example. 
Not a democracy mind you, they 

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distrusted pure democracy and 
considered it mob, ruled dressed

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in philosophical clothes. 
A republic was different, more 

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structured and more carefully 
balanced. 

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It was government by law, rather
than by the whims of Kings or 

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crowds and Rome had shown them 
exactly how such a system could 

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function. 
Picture the Roman Forum in its 

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Glory Days around the second 
century before Christ. 

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You'd see magistrates conducting
business under open Colonnades 

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citizens Gathering to hear 
debates and temples dedicated to

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Civic virtues, like Concord and 
good faith. 

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The physical space itself was 
designed to remind everyone that

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public affairs mattered more 
than private interests. 

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Founders. 
Loved this idea that 

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architecture and urban planning 
could reinforce political 

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values. 
When they imagine their own 

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Republic, they saw something 
similar. 

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Public buildings would be grand 
but not Gordy. 

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Inspiring civic pride with 
without descending into 

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monarchical, ostentation The 
capital would sit on a hill, 

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like, Roman temples. 
Government offices would feature

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classical columns and Latin 
inscriptions. 

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Even the names of new cities 
would Echo, Rome, Syracuse, Troy

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and Rome itself scattered across
New York, State and Cincinnati 

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in Ohio. 
But the substance mattered more 

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than the symbols and hero 
offered them a detailed 

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blueprint. 
The Roman Republic, featured 

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elected magistrate, serving 
limited terms, a senate, 

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providing continuity and wisdom 
assemblies, giving citizens a 

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voice, and a system of checks, 
and showing no single person or 

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group could dominate. 
It wasn't democracy in the Greek

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sense where every citizen voted 
on every issue. 

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It was representative government
were citizens, chose leaders who

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then made decisions on their 
behalf. 

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This model appealed to the 
founders, for practical reasons,

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they were governing territories 
far larger than any ancient city

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state. 
Direct democracy across such 

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distances as was impossible with
18th century. 

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Communication technology. 
Roman to govern a massive 

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Republic through representatives
and they could do the same. 

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Citizens would elect congressmen
and Senators who would meet in a

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central location to deliberate 
and legislate just as Roman 

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magistrates once gathered in the
Forum. 

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The Roman concept of mixed 
government particularly 

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fascinated them. 
Polybius had described Rome's 

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Constitution. 
As perfectly balanced between 

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monarchical elements, the 
console's, aristocratic elements

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the Senate and Democratic 
elements the assembly. 

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Each checked. 
The others preventing any from 

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becoming tyrannical. 
Founders recognized genius in 

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this Arrangement and tried to 
recreate it, the presidency 

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providing energy and 
decisiveness The Senate, 

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offering stability and long-term
thinking and the House of 

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Representatives ensuring popular
control. 

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They also borrowed Rome's, deep 
suspicion of concentrating power

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in one person's hands. 
The Romans elected two consoles,

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annually. 
Each able to veto the other in 

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no single leader. 
Could dominate. 

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The founders could not quite 
stomach to presidents that they 

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fragmented executive power in 
other ways, requiring, Senator 

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approval for a appointments and 
treated giving Congress control 

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of the purse, strings and 
establishing an independent 

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judiciary. 
Like the Romans, they assumed 

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anyone given too much power. 
Would eventually abuse it? 

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This assumption about human 
nature. 

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Came straight from Roman 
historians. 

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Reading sallust or tacitus you 
encountered. 

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A rather Bleak view of humanity,
people were ambitious greedy and

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prone to corruption. 
Give them power without 

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constraints and they turn into 
tyrants, give them wealth 

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without responsibility and 
they'd grow decadent The only 

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solution was institutional 
checks laws that operated 

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independent of virtue and 
systems that assumed the worst 

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about human nature and planned 
accordingly. 

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Yet paradoxically. 
The Romans also believed 

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republics required virtue to 
survive. 

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Laws alone weren't enough. 
Citizens needed to possess 

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certain qualities, Devotion to 
the common. 

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Good over private interests, 
willingness to sacrifice for the

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Republic Stern self-discipline, 
and respect for Law and Custom. 

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Without these virtues, the best 
constitutional would eventually 

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fail with them even in perfect 
systems could endure. 

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The founders inherited this 
tension and never quite 

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resolved. 
It they designed a government. 

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Assuming people were Scoundrels,
then worried constantly about 

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whether American's. 
Possessive virtue to make it 

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work, they read roman moralists.
Lecturing about the decline of 

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ancient values and they saw 
similar Decay around them 

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luxury. 
Imported from Britain, debt 

238
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:44,500
faction and the pursuit of 
private wealth over public 

239
00:13:44,500 --> 00:13:47,000
service. 
Would America proved different 

240
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,700
or were they doomed to repeat 
Rome's trajectory from Republic 

241
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:53,600
to Empire? 
This question, haunted them, 

242
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:57,200
kept them awake at night and 
filled their private letters 

243
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,500
with anxiety. 
But it also drove them to take 

244
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:04,100
the experiment seriously to 
study Roman precedence with 

245
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:07,900
obsessive attention to detail. 
they wanted to understand 

246
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,400
exactly what worked and what 
failed, which institutions, 

247
00:14:12,400 --> 00:14:16,200
proved resilient and which 
collapsed under pressure Take 

248
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:20,200
the Roman senate as an example. 
The founders admired its role as

249
00:14:20,200 --> 00:14:23,400
a stabilizing force. 
A body of experience men 

250
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,900
providing continuity across 
Generations, but they also 

251
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:30,200
recognized its flaws. 
How it became increasingly 

252
00:14:30,200 --> 00:14:34,400
dominated by wealthy families. 
Howard eventually, lost touch 

253
00:14:34,400 --> 00:14:37,900
with ordinary citizens and how 
it proved unable to prevent 

254
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:40,100
Civil Wars. 
When ambitious, generals decided

255
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:44,700
to seize power So, they tried to
design a senate that captured 

256
00:14:44,700 --> 00:14:46,800
the benefits, while avoiding the
pitfalls. 

257
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:51,600
Smaller than Rome's more 
directly connected to States and

258
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:53,800
balanced against a more 
democratic house. 

259
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,400
The Roman practice of limited 
terms. 

260
00:14:57,400 --> 00:15:01,600
Also impressed them deeply. 
Consul served one year, then 

261
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:04,800
stepped aside. 
Dictators appointed during 

262
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:07,900
emergencies were supposed to 
relinquish power within six 

263
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:11,000
months. 
This constant circulation of 

264
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,100
leadership, prevented anyone 
from becoming indispensable and 

265
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:16,600
reminded officials. 
They were servants rather than 

266
00:15:16,600 --> 00:15:19,400
Masters Washington's decision to
retire. 

267
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,100
After two terms, consciously 
echoed this Roman tradition, 

268
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:26,000
particularly the legend of 
Cincinnati's leaving his plow to

269
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:29,800
save Rome, then returning to 
farming when the crisis passed. 

270
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:34,000
Yet they also recognized that 
Rome's term limits eventually 

271
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,500
fail to prevent tyranny. 
And ambitious men simply 

272
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:41,700
accumulated in formal, power 
military, loyalty, popular 

273
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:45,600
support wealth that trumped 
formal constitutional 

274
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,800
constraints. 
Julius Caesar never needed to 

275
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,400
abolish the consulship. 
He just made it. 

276
00:15:51,400 --> 00:15:53,900
Irrelevant by commanding Legions
personally. 

277
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:57,200
Loyal to him. 
The founders tried to prevent 

278
00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:00,900
this by fragmenting military 
command making the president 

279
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:04,500
Commander in Chief, but require 
in Congress to fund and regulate

280
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:08,100
the military hoping to avoid the
Roman problem of generals 

281
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,000
becoming more powerful than 
governments. 

282
00:16:11,000 --> 00:16:14,300
As you can consider these 
borrowing and adaptations, you 

283
00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:17,900
might notice a patron. 
Founders were simultaneously 

284
00:16:17,900 --> 00:16:20,400
ordered by Rome and terrified of
repeating. 

285
00:16:20,400 --> 00:16:23,800
Its mistakes every institution, 
they admired came with a 

286
00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:28,600
cautionary tale attached, the 
Senate brilliant but oligarchic 

287
00:16:28,600 --> 00:16:33,300
the consoles energetic but 
potentially tyrannical, the 

288
00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:36,900
assemblies Democratic but prone 
to demagoguery. 

289
00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:41,700
Their solution was to take Roman
ideas and modify them hoping to 

290
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,000
preserve the good while 
preventing the bad. 

291
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:47,600
This required tremendous 
confidence and equally 

292
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:50,700
tremendous humility. 
Confident that they could 

293
00:16:50,700 --> 00:16:54,300
improve on Rome, creating a 
republic that wouldn't Decay and

294
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,300
collapse. 
Humility that they needed Rome's

295
00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:00,200
lessons at all that they 
couldn't simply invent good 

296
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,200
government from scratch. 
Using pure reason the 

297
00:17:03,200 --> 00:17:06,000
combination produced something 
genuinely new. 

298
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:10,300
A republic consciously designed 
using historical precedent 

299
00:17:10,300 --> 00:17:14,300
learning from failure, and 
trying to build institutions 

300
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:16,700
that could survive, human 
weakness and ambition. 

301
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:20,500
The word Senators itself comes 
directly from Latin. 

302
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:25,400
Senator's derived, from Cenex, 
meaning old man or Elder. 

303
00:17:26,300 --> 00:17:30,000
The Romans believed to wisdom 
came with age and experience and

304
00:17:30,000 --> 00:17:33,400
that a body of older established
men, could provide judgment and 

305
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:37,100
stability that younger more 
passionate assemblies might 

306
00:17:37,100 --> 00:17:39,800
lack. 
The American Founders generally 

307
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,600
agreed though. 
They worried about creating an 

308
00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:46,500
aristocracy by accident. 
Walking through their thinking 

309
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,600
about the Senate you encounter, 
fascinating contradictions. 

310
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,200
They wanted it to be 
prestigious, but not 

311
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:58,000
aristocratic deliberative but 
not obstructionist stable, but 

312
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:02,100
not permanent and wise, but not 
detached from popular sentiment 

313
00:18:02,100 --> 00:18:05,700
balancing, these tensions, 
required careful institutional 

314
00:18:05,700 --> 00:18:09,700
design and they look to roam for
guidance on what worked and what

315
00:18:09,700 --> 00:18:15,000
didn't The Roman senate began as
an advisory to the king's 

316
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,500
supposedly founded by Romulus 
himself. 

317
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:21,800
After the kings were expelled, 
the Senate became the Republic's

318
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:25,600
most powerful institution, not 
because it held direct legal 

319
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:29,100
authority, over legislation 
which technically rested with 

320
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:31,700
the assemblies. 
Because it commanded such 

321
00:18:31,700 --> 00:18:35,800
Prestige and respect that its 
recommendations carry the force 

322
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:39,900
of law. 
Senators, serve for life, wore 

323
00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:43,200
distinctive togas with purple 
borders and sat in a special 

324
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:48,200
section of public games. the 
phrase, senatus popularity 

325
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:52,600
Romana Senate, and people of 
Rome appeared on every military 

326
00:18:52,600 --> 00:18:55,300
standard. 
Acknowledging the Senators, 

327
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:59,700
co-equal with the citizenry. 
This tremendous Prestige appeal 

328
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:02,000
to the founders but also worried
them. 

329
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:06,300
They just fought a revolution 
against aristocracy creating a 

330
00:19:06,300 --> 00:19:09,300
legislative body, that resembled
the House of Lords seemed like 

331
00:19:09,308 --> 00:19:13,700
backsliding toward monarchy. yet
they also recognized that purely

332
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,700
Democratic assemblies could be 
impulsive short-sighted and 

333
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:21,500
swayed by demagogues, Some 
counterbalancing Force seem 

334
00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:24,800
necessary and the Roman senate 
offered a model for how to 

335
00:19:24,800 --> 00:19:27,700
provide it with without creating
a formal aristocracy. 

336
00:19:28,700 --> 00:19:31,700
Their solution was typically 
clever, make the Senate 

337
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:34,700
prestigious through its 
structure and Powers rather than

338
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:38,300
through hereditary membership. 
Senators would serve longer 

339
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,600
terms than Representatives 
giving them independence from 

340
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:44,700
momentary popular passions, 
they'd represent in entire 

341
00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:48,400
States, rather than local 
districts encouraging broader 

342
00:19:48,400 --> 00:19:51,700
perspectives, they'd have 
exclusive Powers over treaties 

343
00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:54,700
and appointments, requiring 
judgment and discretion. 

344
00:19:55,700 --> 00:19:59,700
But they'd also be elected 
removable and accountable to 

345
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:03,200
State legislatures, Prestige 
with, without permanents. 

346
00:20:03,900 --> 00:20:06,000
Dignity without hereditary 
privilege. 

347
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:10,600
The Roman practice of senatorial
debate, particularly influenced 

348
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:14,500
their thinking. 
Roman Senators discussed policy 

349
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:18,100
in an organized fashion. 
Senior members, speaking first 

350
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,800
Juniors, listening, and 
learning, and everyone expected 

351
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:23,500
to explain their reasoning in 
detail. 

352
00:20:23,500 --> 00:20:26,900
Votes weren't held until all who
wish to speak had done. 

353
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:31,700
So, The process took time 
prevented rash decisions and 

354
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,900
four Senators to articulate 
principles rather than just 

355
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:38,100
expressing preferences. 
The founders loved this 

356
00:20:38,108 --> 00:20:41,900
deliberative quality and tried 
to recreate it through Senate 

357
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:47,000
rules, requiring extended 
debate, of course, Roman senate 

358
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:50,100
debates could also be theatrical
performance is Cato. 

359
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,800
The younger wants filibustered 
by talking until Nightfall 

360
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,500
knowing that Senate session 
ended at sunset. 

361
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,500
Cicero speeches against 
Catalina, became legendary 

362
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:03,500
examples of political oratory. 
The line between deliberation 

363
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:06,900
and grandstanding was always 
fuzzy as it remains in modern 

364
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:09,600
Senate's. 
A Founders considered even the 

365
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:13,100
grandstanding useful better. 
That ambitious, politicians 

366
00:21:13,100 --> 00:21:16,500
compete through eloquence rather
than violence that they seek 

367
00:21:16,500 --> 00:21:19,200
Glory through persuasion rather 
than fours. 

368
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:22,900
The Roman Senate's role in 
foreign policy seemed 

369
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:27,200
particularly worth copying. 
Rome, Senate, managed diplomacy 

370
00:21:27,200 --> 00:21:31,700
decided, questions of War, and 
Peace and ratified treaties with

371
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:34,900
other states. 
Individual magistrates might 

372
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:38,800
lead armies or conduct 
negotiations but the Senate 

373
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:41,600
provided oversight and approved 
final agreements. 

374
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,500
This division of labor prevented
any single leader from 

375
00:21:45,500 --> 00:21:49,000
committing Rome to foreign 
entanglements, without broader 

376
00:21:49,000 --> 00:21:52,200
approval. 
The American Founders tried to 

377
00:21:52,200 --> 00:21:55,500
recreate this rangement. 
The president would negotiate 

378
00:21:55,500 --> 00:21:59,100
treaties and command military 
forces, but the Senate would 

379
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:01,600
approve treaties and Congress 
would declare war. 

380
00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:05,700
No single person could drag the 
nation into conflict or 

381
00:22:05,700 --> 00:22:07,600
commitment without legislative 
agreement. 

382
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:12,100
That was very Roman. 
Fragmenting power to prevent its

383
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:15,700
abuse requiring cooperation 
between institutions before 

384
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:19,700
major decisions became final. 
They also borrowed the Roman 

385
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:23,600
concept of senatorial advice and
consent for appointments. 

386
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,400
Roman consuls nominated, 
subordinate magistrates, but the

387
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:32,000
senate had to approve them. 
This gave the Senate influence 

388
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:35,500
over Administration without 
directly controlling it, and 

389
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:38,900
allowed them to check executive 
power without paralyzing 

390
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:42,700
government. the American Center 
received similar Powers 

391
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:47,000
confirming judges, and bassadors
and cabinet members turning 

392
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,100
appointments into collaborative 
decisions between branches Yet 

393
00:22:51,100 --> 00:22:54,100
they were acutely aware of Roman
senate failures. 

394
00:22:54,800 --> 00:22:57,900
By the late Republic, Rome 
senate, had become deeply 

395
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:01,800
corrupt with seats effectively 
inherited by a few dozen 

396
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:04,900
families who treated government 
as private property. 

397
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:07,900
Senators ignored the common 
good. 

398
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,300
Pursuing, family, interests and 
personal enrichment. 

399
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:15,800
Instead, the Senate's, Prestige 
remained, but its legitimacy 

400
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:18,700
eroded setting. 
The stage for strong men who 

401
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:21,900
could claim to represent the 
people against a decadent 

402
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:27,100
aristocracy This possibility, 
terrified, the founders, they'd 

403
00:23:27,100 --> 00:23:29,800
created a senate to provide 
stability and wisdom. 

404
00:23:29,800 --> 00:23:33,700
What if it became an oligarchy, 
what if wealth and family 

405
00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:35,700
connections mattered, more than 
Merit? 

406
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,200
What of senators, forgot they 
were Servants of the public and 

407
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:43,200
became a self-perpetuating 
elite. the Roman example, 

408
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:46,300
suggested these weren't 
hypothetical concerns but real 

409
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:50,300
dangers that had destroyed 
previous Republics their main 

410
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:54,000
Safeguard was election. 
Unlike Roman Senators appointed 

411
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,500
for life. 
American Senators would face 

412
00:23:56,500 --> 00:24:00,300
regular accountability. 
State legislatures could remove 

413
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:03,600
them ensuring they remained 
responsive to broader political 

414
00:24:03,600 --> 00:24:06,200
currents. 
This wouldn't prevent wealth and

415
00:24:06,200 --> 00:24:09,000
family from mattering. 
The founders were realistic 

416
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:12,500
about political advantages. 
But it would prevent the Senate 

417
00:24:12,500 --> 00:24:15,500
from becoming completely 
detached from popular control. 

418
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:19,600
They also designed the Senate to
be smaller than roams. 

419
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:22,800
More manageable and less prone 
to factional chaos. 

420
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:28,300
Rome Senate eventually swelled 
to 600 members far too, large 

421
00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:31,900
for genuine deliberation. 
And American Senators would 

422
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:35,900
number only two per state, 
creating a body, small enough 

423
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:39,300
for real discussion and larger 
enough for diverse viewpoints. 

424
00:24:40,100 --> 00:24:43,400
Every Senator would matter and 
every voice could potentially 

425
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:47,600
influence outcomes preventing 
the Domination by Inner Circle 

426
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:52,000
that plagued Rome's later, 
Senate. physical space of the 

427
00:24:52,000 --> 00:24:56,100
Senate mattered to Roman 
Senators met in various 

428
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:59,500
buildings around the Forum, but 
most famously in The Courier. 

429
00:24:59,500 --> 00:25:03,300
A relatively modest structure 
that emphasized equality among 

430
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:06,400
members. 
Know Senators at higher than 

431
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:08,500
another. 
All were arranged in a 

432
00:25:08,508 --> 00:25:11,500
semicircle facing each other. 
The founders, like this 

433
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,700
egalitarian Arrangement and 
rejected, more hierarchical 

434
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:17,000
designs. 
The Senate chamber would 

435
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:20,100
facilitate discussion among 
equals not lectures from 

436
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:23,800
superiors to subordinates, As 
you picture, these early 

437
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,400
Senators gathering in their new 
chamber, imagine them conscious 

438
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:30,200
of playing roles in a drama that
had unfolded before. 

439
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:35,200
They read about famous, Roman 
Senators, Cato's Integrity 

440
00:25:35,200 --> 00:25:37,800
Cicero eloquence and scipio's 
wisdom. 

441
00:25:38,800 --> 00:25:41,900
They knew how the story of 
eventually ended with the Senate

442
00:25:41,900 --> 00:25:44,300
becoming a relevant as Emperors 
accumulated. 

443
00:25:44,300 --> 00:25:47,600
All real power. 
Their challenge was to take the 

444
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:51,700
institutions best features while
avoiding its ultimate failure, 

445
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:55,300
to create a senate that could 
remain vital and legitimate for 

446
00:25:55,300 --> 00:26:00,500
centuries rather than decades. 
The Romans had a term virtues 

447
00:26:00,500 --> 00:26:03,300
that meant far more than our 
modern word Virtue. 

448
00:26:03,300 --> 00:26:07,100
It encompassed Courage. 
Excellently. 

449
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,800
This in the best scents Devotion
to duty. 

450
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:13,100
And placing the Republic's 
welfare of personal interest 

451
00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:17,000
Roman Heroes were men who 
embodied virtues and Roman 

452
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,400
history was full of examples 
meant to inspire and instruct 

453
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:24,400
future Generations. 
Founders absorb these stories 

454
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:27,100
like gospel. 
They knew about horatius 

455
00:26:27,100 --> 00:26:29,900
defending the bridge, 
single-handedly against an 

456
00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:33,000
Etruscan Army. 
They'd read how Cincinnati just 

457
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:36,400
left his plow to save Rome, then
returned to farming rather than 

458
00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:40,000
seizing power. 
They memorized Cato's speeches 

459
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,800
against corruption, skips 
magnanimity toward defeated 

460
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:47,400
enemies and regulus, keeping his
word even when it meant certain 

461
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,900
death. 
He's not just entertaining 

462
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:52,200
Tales. 
They were blueprints for proper 

463
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,500
behavior examples of what 
citizenship should look like. 

464
00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:00,200
This emphasis on virtue, created
a fundamental tension in 

465
00:27:00,200 --> 00:27:03,700
American political thought. 
On one hand, the founders 

466
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:06,300
designed a government. 
Assuming people were selfish and

467
00:27:06,300 --> 00:27:10,000
ambitious, that institutions 
needed to channel, Vice toward 

468
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,100
productive ends through checks 
and balances. 

469
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:15,500
On the other hand, they believed
no Republic could survive, 

470
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,500
without virtuous systems. 
That laws alone could not 

471
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:21,000
sustain free government. 
If people became thoroughly 

472
00:27:21,000 --> 00:27:24,600
corrupt, The solution they hoped
for was education. 

473
00:27:25,800 --> 00:27:29,700
If you taught citizens about 
Roman examples of virtue, if you

474
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:32,900
made them, memorize Pluto's by 
ography and Cicero speeches. 

475
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:36,600
If you surrounded them with 
classical architecture and Latin

476
00:27:36,600 --> 00:27:39,900
inscription, maybe you could 
cultivate the Civic Spirit 

477
00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:41,600
necessary for Republican 
government. 

478
00:27:42,700 --> 00:27:46,200
Virtue might not be natural but 
perhaps it could be learning 

479
00:27:46,200 --> 00:27:49,000
through the right combination of
example and instruction. 

480
00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:52,700
The Romans themselves had 
worried constantly about 

481
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:56,500
declining virtue their 
historians blamed every 

482
00:27:56,500 --> 00:28:00,900
political crisis on moral Decay,
contrasting, degenerate modern, 

483
00:28:00,900 --> 00:28:05,200
Romans with virtuous ancestors 
who supposedly lived simply 

484
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:08,800
fought bravely and cared only 
for Rome's Glory. 

485
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:12,600
This Narrative of decline, from 
a golden age appears again. 

486
00:28:12,600 --> 00:28:16,500
And again in Roman literature, 
Salas lamenting luxuries 

487
00:28:16,500 --> 00:28:19,500
corrupting influence, juvenile 
satirizing. 

488
00:28:19,500 --> 00:28:23,100
Decadence and Cato, delivering 
Stern lectures about the good 

489
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:26,400
old days. 
Modern historians, suspect. 

490
00:28:26,400 --> 00:28:28,800
These Golden Ages were largely 
mythical. 

491
00:28:28,800 --> 00:28:32,200
That Romans were never quite as 
virtuous as their descendants 

492
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,100
imagined. 
But the myths itself mattered in

493
00:28:35,108 --> 00:28:38,800
enormously it provided a 
standard against which to 

494
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:42,300
measure, current behavior, a 
constant reminder, that wealth 

495
00:28:42,300 --> 00:28:45,100
and power could corrupt and 
let's citizens needed to 

496
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,800
actively resist, temptation and 
maintain Republican values. 

497
00:28:50,200 --> 00:28:54,000
Founders inherited this anxiety 
about corruption and made it 

498
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:57,300
central to their political 
thinking They worry that 

499
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:00,800
Americans were already too 
commercial, too focused on 

500
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:04,100
private gain, an insufficiently 
devoted to the common. 

501
00:29:04,100 --> 00:29:08,700
Good They fretted about luxury 
goods, imported from Britain 

502
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:12,500
debt accumulation and the 
pursuit of fashion and Status. 

503
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:16,000
These seemed like symptoms of 
the same moral Decay that 

504
00:29:16,008 --> 00:29:19,500
destroyed, Rome, warning signs 
that needed to be heated before 

505
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:23,300
it was too late. 
Benjamin Franklin captured. 

506
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:26,100
This concern in his famous. 
Observation that the 

507
00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:30,300
Constitution created a republic.
If you can keep it, the 

508
00:29:30,300 --> 00:29:33,600
implication was clear. 
Good institutions were enough. 

509
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:38,200
Sustaining a republic, required 
constant vigilance, active 

510
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:42,100
virtue and citizens willing to 
sacrifice personal interest for 

511
00:29:42,100 --> 00:29:45,500
public welfare. 
Without that Spirit the best 

512
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:47,700
designed government would 
eventually fail. 

513
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,200
What did civic virtue actually 
mean in practice? 

514
00:29:52,100 --> 00:29:54,300
The Romans provided details 
examples. 

515
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,000
It meant serving in public 
office when called, even if 

516
00:29:58,000 --> 00:29:59,500
you'd rather pursue Private 
Business. 

517
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:03,300
It meant speaking truth and 
political debates, even when 

518
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,500
lies might be more profitable, 
it meant accepting election 

519
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,300
losses for rather than tearing 
down the system. 

520
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:12,500
It meant paying taxes on a 
sleeping laws. 

521
00:30:12,500 --> 00:30:15,200
You disagreed with and 
volunteering for military 

522
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,900
service during emergencies above
all it met, recognizing that you

523
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:23,600
were part of a larger Community 
with claims on your loyalty that

524
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:28,500
superseded individual desires. 
This was a demanding standard 

525
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,600
frankly, almost impossible to 
maintain consistently. 

526
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,600
The Romans themselves struggled 
with it, which is partly why 

527
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:37,600
their history fascinated. 
The founders. 

528
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:41,900
Roman literature is full of 
tension between private desire 

529
00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:45,900
and public duty between personal
ambition and Republican 

530
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,500
obligation, even their greatest 
heroes had flaws. 

531
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:54,000
Scipio faced corruption charges 
Cicero could be Vain and 

532
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:58,400
vacillating and Cato's rigidity 
sometimes made problems worse. 

533
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:01,800
But they tried and their trying 
matted. 

534
00:31:02,700 --> 00:31:06,200
The founders particularly 
admired Romans who refused power

535
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:09,300
when they could have seen it 
since a natus became their 

536
00:31:09,300 --> 00:31:12,400
ultimate Model. 
A man gave him dictatorial 

537
00:31:12,400 --> 00:31:16,000
Authority, during an emergency 
who used to effectively then 

538
00:31:16,000 --> 00:31:18,800
voluntarily surrendered it and 
returned to private life. 

539
00:31:19,900 --> 00:31:22,700
Washington consciously modeled 
himself on this example, 

540
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:26,800
retiring after two terms, when 
he could easily have served for 

541
00:31:26,800 --> 00:31:29,400
life. 
The message was that truly 

542
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:33,200
virtuous leaders didn't cling to
power that Republican 

543
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,000
government, required people 
capable of stepping aside? 

544
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:41,000
Yet the founders were also 
realistic about human nature in 

545
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:43,800
ways that complicated their 
virtue rhetoric. 

546
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,700
They knew most people, most of 
the time would pursue 

547
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:50,700
self-interest. 
They designed a government. 

548
00:31:50,700 --> 00:31:54,100
Assuming officials would be 
ambitious citizens would be 

549
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:56,900
selfish and factions would 
compete for Advantage. 

550
00:31:56,900 --> 00:32:00,400
The Constitutions genius lay 
partly and harnessing. 

551
00:32:00,400 --> 00:32:04,700
These vices making ambition, 
check ambition as Madison wrote,

552
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:08,800
forcing self-interested groups, 
to negotiate and compromise 

553
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:13,100
rather than dominate this 
created an odd system that 

554
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:16,700
simultaneously assumed the worst
about people and demanded the 

555
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:21,100
best from the Structures assumed
Vice but the system survival 

556
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,300
required virtue. 
If everyone behaved purely. 

557
00:32:24,300 --> 00:32:27,600
Selfishly the Constitutional 
Machinery might function 

558
00:32:27,600 --> 00:32:30,800
mechanically, but wouldn't 
sustain, January in, Republican 

559
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:33,600
government. 
Some critical mass of citizens 

560
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,800
needed to care about the common,
good to vote for the nation's 

561
00:32:36,800 --> 00:32:40,300
welfare rather than just their 
own and to honor laws and Norms.

562
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:42,200
Even when breaking them might be
profitable. 

563
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:45,500
The Romans provided numerous 
warnings about what happened 

564
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:49,100
when virtue disappeared entirely
the late Republic, descended 

565
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:51,700
into chaos, partly. 
Because ambitious, men stopped 

566
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:56,200
respecting constitutional norms.
Started using bribery and 

567
00:32:56,200 --> 00:32:59,400
violence to gain advantage, and 
put personal and factional 

568
00:32:59,400 --> 00:33:03,900
interests above Rome's welfare. 
Men like Marius and sulla broke 

569
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:08,000
precedence, marched armies on 
Rome and purged opponents. 

570
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:11,600
They succeeded because enough 
citizens had stopped caring 

571
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:15,600
about the Republic had become 
cynical about politics and were 

572
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:17,800
willing to support whoever 
promised them benefits. 

573
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,400
This cycle terrified, the 
founders because it seemed 

574
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,700
nearly inevitable. 
Spirituality led to luxury 

575
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:27,200
luxury to soft living in 
corruption. 

576
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:31,800
Corruption, to political Decay, 
political Decatur, Civil War, 

577
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:36,400
and eventually tyranny. 
Roman followed this path. 

578
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:41,200
Greece before Rome had traced 
similar trajectories Was America

579
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,800
doomed to repeat the pattern or 
could knowledge of History, help

580
00:33:44,800 --> 00:33:46,900
them avoid it. 
Their hope. 

581
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:50,100
They partly. 
In America's circumstances, Rome

582
00:33:50,100 --> 00:33:53,800
grew Rich through Conquest. 
Accumulating vast wealth, that 

583
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,200
corrupted citizens and created 
enormous inequality. 

584
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:01,900
America had landed enough that 
most white men could own 

585
00:34:01,900 --> 00:34:04,300
property and Achieve economic 
independence. 

586
00:34:05,300 --> 00:34:08,500
Maybe widespread property 
ownership would sustain virtue 

587
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,000
by giving citizens a stake in 
society's. 

588
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,500
Welfare preventing the 
concentration of wealth that 

589
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:17,600
destroyed Rome. 
This Vision was optimistic, 

590
00:34:17,600 --> 00:34:21,800
perhaps two optimistic, and it 
ignored obvious problems. 

591
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,300
What about people, without 
property? 

592
00:34:24,300 --> 00:34:26,300
What about slaves? 
And what about women? 

593
00:34:27,300 --> 00:34:30,500
But it gave the founders hope 
that America might Escape roamed

594
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:34,199
fate that Republican virtue, 
might prove sustainable under 

595
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:37,400
the right conditions. 
They clung to this hope while 

596
00:34:37,400 --> 00:34:40,400
simultaneously designing 
institutions, that assumed it 

597
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:43,400
might fail. 
If the Roman Republic's rise 

598
00:34:43,400 --> 00:34:47,800
inspired the founders, its fall,
haunted them, they studied the 

599
00:34:47,800 --> 00:34:51,000
collapse with the intensity of 
detectives examining a crime 

600
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:53,400
scene. 
Looking for the exact moment, 

601
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:56,699
things went wrong, the precise 
mistakes that could have been 

602
00:34:56,699 --> 00:34:59,800
avoided and the warning. 
They needed to heed in their 

603
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:01,900
Republic. 
The story. 

604
00:35:01,900 --> 00:35:04,000
They constructed went something 
like this. 

605
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:09,400
Rome began as a small but 
virtuous city-state expelled. 

606
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,800
Its King's and And established a
republic based on Law and civic 

607
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:16,700
virtue. 
Through discipline and courage, 

608
00:35:16,700 --> 00:35:21,300
Rome expanded across Italy, then
the Mediterranean becoming the 

609
00:35:21,308 --> 00:35:25,200
ancient world's dominant power. 
But success bread problems, 

610
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:30,200
Conquest brought wealth wealth, 
brought luxury luxury, corrupted

611
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:34,500
virtue corruption, undermined 
Republican institutions and 

612
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:38,200
eventually ambitious, strong men
seized power transforming the 

613
00:35:38,200 --> 00:35:41,900
Republic into an Empire. 
Modern historians would 

614
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:45,100
complicate this narrative 
considerably pointing out that 

615
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:48,700
Rome's Republic was never quite 
as virtuous as later Romans 

616
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:52,700
imagined that the seeds of 
Imperial power existed from the 

617
00:35:52,700 --> 00:35:55,300
beginning. 
And that the republics collapse 

618
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:59,000
involved, complex, economic and 
social forces, Beyond Simple, 

619
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,000
moral decay. 
But the founders worked with 

620
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:07,900
Roman sources, salus Livi Pluto 
and tacitus who told him 

621
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:11,000
morality tale about virtue lost 
and tyranny gained. 

622
00:36:11,900 --> 00:36:14,300
One lesson they drew was about 
military power. 

623
00:36:15,100 --> 00:36:19,300
Rome's, initially, consisted of 
citizens, soldiers farmers who 

624
00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:22,600
fought for the Republic during 
campaigning season then returned

625
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:25,500
to their fields. 
These men supposedly had real 

626
00:36:25,500 --> 00:36:29,200
stakes in Rome's welfare for 
home and family rather than 

627
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:32,800
plunder and returned peacefully 
to civilian life after Wars. 

628
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:36,500
Ended The system worked 
brilliantly for local, Italian 

629
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:39,900
conflicts, but proved inadequate
for distant conquests. 

630
00:36:39,900 --> 00:36:44,000
Requiring years-long campaigns. 
The solution was professional 

631
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:47,400
armies soldiers who made 
military service, their career 

632
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,400
spending years away from Italy 
and places, like Gaul or Syria 

633
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:55,100
becoming more loyal to generals 
who paid them than to the Senate

634
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:57,100
back in Rome. 
This military 

635
00:36:57,100 --> 00:36:59,300
professionalization of 
eventually destroyed the 

636
00:36:59,308 --> 00:37:02,200
Republic because generals 
commanded personal armies 

637
00:37:02,200 --> 00:37:04,700
capable of marching on Rome 
itself. 

638
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:09,400
Marius did it solar did it and 
eventually Caesar crossed the 

639
00:37:09,408 --> 00:37:12,500
Rubicon with his Legions and the
Republic of effectively ended. 

640
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:15,600
The founders tried to prevent 
this scenario. 

641
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:20,000
They distrusted standing armies 
referring citizen militias 

642
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,000
serving temporarily during 
emergencies. 

643
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:25,000
They made the president 
Commander in Chief to prevent 

644
00:37:25,000 --> 00:37:27,700
generals from Gaining 
independent political power. 

645
00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:31,700
They required Congress to 
approve military, funding giving

646
00:37:31,700 --> 00:37:34,600
civilian authorities, control 
over Armed Forces. 

647
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:38,600
They tried to recreate Rome's, 
early military system while 

648
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:42,800
avoiding its later corruption. 
Another warning came from Rome's

649
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:46,400
treatment of allies and 
province's, as Roman expanded at

650
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:49,100
accumulated, territories, 
governed by Pro console. 

651
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:52,900
And from magistrates who served 
far from Rome with minimal 

652
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:56,700
oversight, These Governors often
behave like tyrants in their 

653
00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:00,400
provinces, extracting wealth, 
through taxation, and Corruption

654
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,400
and governing through Force 
rather than consent. 

655
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:08,000
The provinces enriched Rome but 
also corrupted its Politics as 

656
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:11,300
wealth, flowed back to fund 
electoral campaigns and bribe 

657
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,000
voters. 
The founders saw Britain. 

658
00:38:14,000 --> 00:38:16,600
Treating American colonies 
exactly this way. 

659
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,400
As territories to be exploited 
for the mother countries benefit

660
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:24,300
governed by officials appointed 
from London and taxed without 

661
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,400
representation. 
They'd experienced provincial 

662
00:38:27,400 --> 00:38:31,600
status and hated it, which made 
them suspicious of Empire and 

663
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:35,200
territorial expansion. 
Their Republican ideals 

664
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,300
suggested that free government 
required relatively compact 

665
00:38:38,300 --> 00:38:41,300
territories, where citizens 
could participate, meaningfully 

666
00:38:41,300 --> 00:38:45,800
in politics, not vast Empires 
governed from distant capitals, 

667
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:49,900
Yet they also recognized 
practical problems with this 

668
00:38:49,900 --> 00:38:53,900
idea. and America was already 
too large for classical, 

669
00:38:53,900 --> 00:38:57,900
Republican models and it would 
only grow larger How could you 

670
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,500
maintain a Republican government
across Continental distance is? 

671
00:39:02,300 --> 00:39:06,700
The Romans had tried and failed.
There were public worked for a 

672
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:09,100
city state but collapsed under 
Imperial expansion. 

673
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:13,700
Could America avoid the same 
fate or was Geographic size 

674
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:15,800
simply incompatible with 
Republican government. 

675
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,200
The rise of demagogues in late 
Republican, Rome provided 

676
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,800
another cautionary Tale. 
As Rome's political system 

677
00:39:23,800 --> 00:39:26,900
became more competitive and 
corrupt and ambitious, 

678
00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:28,900
politicians. 
Learned, they could gain power 

679
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:32,000
by appealing directly to common 
citizens over the heads of the 

680
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,000
Senate and established 
authorities. 

681
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,900
The grassy Brothers pioneered, 
this approach proposing Land 

682
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:42,200
Reform and grain subsidies that 
made them popular with ordinary 

683
00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:44,200
Romans. 
But threatened, wealthy 

684
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:48,100
landowners, Their careers ended 
in violence. 

685
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:52,000
Both were killed by political 
opponents, but they established 

686
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:55,500
a template for future 
politicians later figures like 

687
00:39:55,500 --> 00:39:59,900
Claudius and eventually sees 
himself used similar tactics 

688
00:39:59,900 --> 00:40:03,500
positioning themselves as 
champions of the people against 

689
00:40:03,500 --> 00:40:07,000
a corrupt aristocracy They 
weren't entirely wrong. 

690
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:11,400
The senate had become oligarchy 
and self-serving, but their 

691
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:15,700
Solutions led to mob violence 
constitutional breakdown and 

692
00:40:15,700 --> 00:40:19,300
eventually dictatorship. the 
pattern suggested that 

693
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,200
demagogues thrived when 
political systems became 

694
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:25,400
unresponsive to legitimate 
grievances that populism 

695
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:29,400
flourished in favored, Republics
The founders tried to prevent 

696
00:40:29,400 --> 00:40:31,400
demagoguery through several 
mechanisms. 

697
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:35,000
The Electoral College would 
filter popular passion through 

698
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:39,300
educated intermediaries. 
Senators, chosen by state 

699
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:43,400
legislatures, rather than direct
election would be insulated from

700
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:47,800
momentary popular pressures. 
Long-terms for presidents. 

701
00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:50,900
And Senators would give 
officials independence from 

702
00:40:50,900 --> 00:40:55,000
day-to-day political winds. 
The goal was to create space for

703
00:40:55,000 --> 00:40:58,600
deliberation preventing pure 
democracy from descending into 

704
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:01,600
mob rule. 
Yet they also recognize that 

705
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,700
filtering popular will to 
effectively could recreate the 

706
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,200
Roman Senate's Detachment from 
ordinary citizens. 

707
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:10,900
Potentially generating, the same
resentment that empowered 

708
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,300
demagogues in the first place. 
The balance was delicate 

709
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:18,300
responsive enough to prevent 
alienation filtered enough to 

710
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:21,500
prevent demagoguery. 
They weren't sure they gotten 

711
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:24,200
it, right? 
The role of wealth in corrupting

712
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,200
politics particularly worried 
them late. 

713
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,600
Republican Rome saw enormous 
fortunes accumulated through 

714
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:32,900
conquest and provincial 
exploitation. 

715
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:37,800
Wealthy men, like Crassus could 
literally buy elections funding 

716
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:39,900
candidates, who would serve 
their interests? 

717
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,400
Cicero's letters reveal. 
How expensive Roman politics had

718
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:48,700
become, how much it cost to 
bribe voters higher gangs to 

719
00:41:48,700 --> 00:41:53,100
intimidate opponents and Stage 
lavish games to win popularity. 

720
00:41:54,200 --> 00:41:57,600
Politics became a Pursuit for 
the very rich, although those 

721
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:02,000
willing to go deeply into debt. 
This obviously undermined 

722
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:05,100
Republican ideals. 
If only the wealthy could 

723
00:42:05,100 --> 00:42:08,900
compete for office if elections 
were essentially auctions rather

724
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:12,400
than genuine choices, then 
popular sovereignty would become

725
00:42:12,400 --> 00:42:14,800
a fiction. 
The founders try to prevent 

726
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:16,100
this. 
Through various means, 

727
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,300
relatively modest salary for 
office holders. 

728
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:22,900
Short-terms, limiting the 
benefits of corruption and 

729
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:26,300
geographic distribution of 
power, making it harder to buy 

730
00:42:26,300 --> 00:42:28,300
elections everywhere 
simultaneously. 

731
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:33,900
But they knew wealth would 
always influence politics and 

732
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:36,300
worried, whether this safe 
guards would prove sufficient. 

733
00:42:37,500 --> 00:42:41,400
Personality cult around Julius 
Caesar provided, perhaps, the 

734
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:46,500
most sobering warning Caesar was
brilliant, A Gifted General 

735
00:42:46,500 --> 00:42:50,000
talented writer and charismatic 
politician. 

736
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:54,600
But he also destroyed the 
Republic by refusing to accept 

737
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:56,900
constitutional limits on his 
ambition. 

738
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:01,600
When the Senate ordered him to 
disband his armies and returned 

739
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:05,200
to Rome as a private citizen, he
crossed the Rubicon with his 

740
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:07,800
Legions instead starting a civil
war. 

741
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,100
His justification was that his 
enemies were corrupt and that he

742
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:14,900
was defending the people against
aristocratic oppression. 

743
00:43:14,900 --> 00:43:19,700
Maybe he even believed it. 
But the result was dictatorship.

744
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:24,700
However, benevolent sees a claim
to be the Republic effectively 

745
00:43:24,700 --> 00:43:28,000
died when Caesar's armies 
entered Rome even though the 

746
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:32,100
forms of Republican government 
continued for decades The lesson

747
00:43:32,100 --> 00:43:35,600
was clear, even talented, 
popular leaders could destroy 

748
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:38,600
free government if they 
prioritize personal power over 

749
00:43:38,600 --> 00:43:43,000
constitutional order. 
No amount of Charisma or claimed

750
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:46,700
good intention Justified 
breaking the rules. washing 

751
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:50,300
understood this perfectly, which
is why his voluntary retirement 

752
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,600
mattered so much He could have 
become America's Caesar staying 

753
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:58,300
in power until death. 
Instead he consciously chose the

754
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:02,100
Cincinnati latest model stepping
aside to prove that Republican 

755
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:03,900
government didn't depend on any 
individual. 

756
00:44:03,900 --> 00:44:07,300
That institutions mattered more 
than personalities. 

757
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:11,300
It was a deliberately anti 
caesarian gesture meant to 

758
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,100
establish precedent for peaceful
transitions of power. 

759
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:19,400
The founders also noticed how 
quickly Rome transitioned from 

760
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,300
Republic to Empire once the 
Precedence were broken. 

761
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:25,700
Caesar's assassination, didn't 
restore the Republic. 

762
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:30,000
It led to more Civil Wars. 
Eventually won by his adopted 

763
00:44:30,000 --> 00:44:33,500
son, Augustus, who established 
himself as Emperor while 

764
00:44:33,500 --> 00:44:38,500
maintaining Republican forms 
Augustus was careful to preserve

765
00:44:38,500 --> 00:44:41,500
the appearance of Republican 
government claiming to be merely

766
00:44:41,500 --> 00:44:43,600
the first citizen rather than a 
monarch. 

767
00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:48,400
But everyone knew the reality 
real power lay with the emperor,

768
00:44:48,400 --> 00:44:52,600
the Senate became decorative and
elections became meaningless. 

769
00:44:53,300 --> 00:44:56,700
This suggested to the founders 
that constitutional breakdowns 

770
00:44:56,700 --> 00:45:00,200
might be irreversible. 
Once Norms were violated 

771
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,900
precedence, broken and power 
sees through Force, rather than 

772
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:07,100
lore restoring. 
Genuine Republican government 

773
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:10,500
might prove impossible. 
The surviving institutions would

774
00:45:10,500 --> 00:45:14,100
be Hollow shells maintained for 
appearance while real Authority.

775
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:18,100
Resided elsewhere, It's better 
to prevent the initial breakdown

776
00:45:18,100 --> 00:45:22,000
and try to recover afterward. 
You might think symbols are just

777
00:45:22,008 --> 00:45:24,500
decoration. 
Pleasant aesthetic choices 

778
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:28,100
without deeper significance. 
The founders thought otherwise 

779
00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:31,300
and Rome taught them that visual
language could reinforce 

780
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:35,200
political principles and that 
architecture and imagery could 

781
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,200
shape how citizens understood 
their government in themselves. 

782
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:42,600
Walk through Washington DC and 
you're essentially touring a 

783
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:45,900
Roman theme park The Capitol 
Building sits on a hill. 

784
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:50,400
Echoing the placement of Roman 
temples on the capitol line, its

785
00:45:50,400 --> 00:45:55,100
Dome recalls, the pantheon 
columns, everywhere Doric Ionic 

786
00:45:55,100 --> 00:45:59,300
and Corinthian reproduce Roman 
proportions, the Supreme Court 

787
00:45:59,300 --> 00:46:02,800
looks like a temple to Justice. 
The Lincoln Memorial positions, 

788
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:06,200
America's great emancipator. 
As a seated figure resembling 

789
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:09,900
Jupiter surrounded by the 
language of his speeches carved 

790
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:11,900
into marble like Roman 
inscription. 

791
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:17,500
None of this was accidental. 
Founders and their successors 

792
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:20,700
deliberately chose classical 
architecture to make political 

793
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:23,200
statements. 
They wanted building's that 

794
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:27,400
conveyed, Republican virtues, 
Civic dignity and Democratic 

795
00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:31,200
participation in governance. 
Roman architecture seemed 

796
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,900
perfect for this purpose Grand 
without being monarchical 

797
00:46:34,900 --> 00:46:38,500
impressive, without being 
oppressive, and suggesting 

798
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,600
permanence and stability without
hereditary privilege. 

799
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:45,600
Thomas Jefferson LED. 
This architectural Revolution 

800
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:49,400
designing Monticello in the 
University of Virginia using 

801
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:53,700
strict classical proportions, 
promoting Roman Revival style 

802
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:56,700
for public buildings. 
An arguing, the architecture 

803
00:46:56,700 --> 00:46:59,400
should educate citizens about 
Republican values. 

804
00:46:59,400 --> 00:47:02,900
He believed that living and 
working in classically inspired.

805
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:06,200
Buildings, would remind 
Americans of their connection to

806
00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:09,900
ancient Republican ideals and 
that beauty could serve 

807
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:13,400
political purposes. 
The Roman practice of putting 

808
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:16,500
Civic buildings around public 
spaces all so influenced, 

809
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:20,000
American herb and planning. 
The Forum had been Rome's 

810
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:24,000
political and Commercial heart a
space, where citizens gathered 

811
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:28,200
to conduct business. 
Here speeches witness, trials, 

812
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:31,900
and participate in public life. 
Jeff Jefferson. 

813
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:35,800
Imagine similar spaces in 
American cities greens or 

814
00:47:35,808 --> 00:47:37,600
squares. 
Surrounded by government 

815
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:42,000
buildings markets and churches, 
creating architectural 

816
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:43,600
encouragement for civic 
engagement. 

817
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:47,400
State capitals. 
Copy this model placing 

818
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,200
legislative Chambers executive 
officers and courts around 

819
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:55,000
central Square's or Lawns making
government, literally visible 

820
00:47:55,000 --> 00:47:59,300
and accessible to citizens. 
The symbolism was deliberate 

821
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:03,700
government existed, among the 
people not above them, and the 

822
00:48:03,700 --> 00:48:07,600
architecture should reflect that
principle, even town halls in 

823
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:10,500
small communities, often 
featured columns and classical 

824
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:13,700
details, connecting, local 
governance to broader, 

825
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:17,500
Republican traditions. 
The imagery on American currency

826
00:48:17,500 --> 00:48:19,800
and seals Drew heavily from 
Roman sources. 

827
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:24,200
The Great Seal features, an 
eagle Rome's, sacred bird, 

828
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:27,200
clutching arrows and an olive 
branch, like Roman military 

829
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:31,400
standards. 
E pluribus unum, out of many one

830
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,600
comes from a Latin phrase. 
Early coins featured classical 

831
00:48:35,600 --> 00:48:38,200
profiles. 
And Roman lettering deliberately

832
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,900
evoking ancient precedence for 
the new Republic's legitimacy. 

833
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:46,700
This borrowing extended to 
naming practices the Senate 

834
00:48:46,700 --> 00:48:50,500
obviously. 
The Capitol building. fact that 

835
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:54,300
government buildings, housed 
Chambers where representative's 

836
00:48:54,300 --> 00:49:00,000
meet all Roman terminology Even 
the title president derives from

837
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:03,500
the Latin praisy. 
Dare meaning to sit before or 

838
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:05,900
preside over suggesting 
leadership. 

839
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:09,400
Without monarchical pretension 
they could have chosen Governor 

840
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:13,200
or director or invented 
something entirely new but 

841
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:16,000
president carried the right 
classical connotations. 

842
00:49:17,000 --> 00:49:20,600
Roman military symbolism 
appeared everywhere, the eagle 

843
00:49:20,600 --> 00:49:24,000
became America's national bird 
just as it had been roams. 

844
00:49:24,700 --> 00:49:29,000
The phrase semper fidelis always
faithful became the Marine Corps

845
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:32,000
motto directly lifted from Roman
legionary standards. 

846
00:49:32,800 --> 00:49:36,800
Military decorations featured, 
Roman imagery, wreaths, Eagles 

847
00:49:36,800 --> 00:49:40,000
and classical figures 
representing Victory or Liberty.

848
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,900
The message was that American 
military forces fought for 

849
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:47,400
Republican, ideals. 
Not for conquest or imperial 

850
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:50,600
expansion? 
But the founders were just 

851
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:53,100
copying Roman Aesthetics 
mindlessly. 

852
00:49:53,900 --> 00:49:57,400
They were adapting and modifying
taking elements that supported 

853
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:00,200
Republican values while 
rejecting those that suggested 

854
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:05,700
Empire or tyranny, They admired 
Roman Temple's churches instead 

855
00:50:05,700 --> 00:50:09,900
separating religious and Civic 
architecture, they appreciated 

856
00:50:09,900 --> 00:50:12,800
Roman trial for Archers but 
generally avoided building them 

857
00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:15,500
not wanting to glorify military 
conquest. 

858
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:19,200
They liked Roman portraiture, 
but rejected the cult of 

859
00:50:19,208 --> 00:50:22,900
personality that developed 
around emperors. the Roman 

860
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:26,800
practice of erecting statues of 
great citizens in public spaces,

861
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:31,700
did appeal to them though, with 
modifications, Rome filled its 

862
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:34,600
forums with bronze and marble 
figures of distinguished 

863
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,100
Senators. 
Generals and magistrates 

864
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:39,800
creating a gallery of worthy 
examples. 

865
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:43,100
The founders saw educational 
value in this. 

866
00:50:43,900 --> 00:50:47,900
Surrounding citizens with visual
reminders of virtuous Behavior, 

867
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:51,300
making Heroes literally present 
in public space. 

868
00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:54,900
So they started commissioning 
statues and monuments to 

869
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:57,400
revolutionary Heroes and early 
presidents. 

870
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:01,000
But they tried to avoid the 
excessive veneration that 

871
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:03,200
characterized Roman Imperial 
cults. 

872
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:07,000
Washington, got his monuments, 
but they emphasized his 

873
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:09,700
voluntary retirement. 
Rather than his military 

874
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:13,300
victories, his Republican virtue
rather than personal Glory. 

875
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:16,800
The sculptures presented him as 
a citizen leader, not a god 

876
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,900
Emperor, interior decoration of 
government buildings, reinforced

877
00:51:20,900 --> 00:51:24,500
classical themes, murals 
depicted scene from Roman 

878
00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:27,600
history, alongside American 
Events drawing explicit, 

879
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:32,400
parallels cornucopias 
symbolizing abundance, faces 

880
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:36,100
representing Authority and 
liberty caps model on those 

881
00:51:36,100 --> 00:51:39,900
giving to freedom and slaves. 
All appeared in government, 

882
00:51:39,900 --> 00:51:43,800
buildings decorative schemes, 
creating visual vocabularies 

883
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:47,900
connecting American and Roman 
republicanism even the practice 

884
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:51,000
of delivering speeches from 
elevated platforms, echoed, 

885
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:55,300
Roman oratory traditions, The 
Rostrum in the Forum decorated 

886
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:58,600
with ships prowse from Naval 
victories gave its name to 

887
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:02,600
Modern Rostrum and podiums 
speakers addressing Congress or 

888
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,300
state legislatures stood at 
elevated positions. 

889
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:08,900
Just as Roman orators, once 
addressed citizens from the 

890
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:13,000
forums rostra, the arrangement, 
suggesting that eloquence and 

891
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,400
persuasion should determine 
political outcomes rather than 

892
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:21,400
violence or manipulation The 
founders also appreciated Roman 

893
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:23,500
attention to Civic ritual and 
ceremony. 

894
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:27,600
Rome had elaborate procedures 
for inaugurating Magistrate's 

895
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:31,200
opening, legislative session and
conducting public business. 

896
00:52:31,200 --> 00:52:35,500
These ritual served practical 
purposes establishing order, 

897
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:39,600
Solomon, and important occasions
and reminding participants of 

898
00:52:39,600 --> 00:52:43,300
their responsibilities. 
The American government adopted 

899
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:47,600
similar practices, creating an 
aurora, Sarah's formal 

900
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:51,600
procedures, for legislative 
sessions and ritualized ways of 

901
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:54,900
conducting public business, 
These weren't empty. 

902
00:52:54,900 --> 00:52:58,800
Formalities, they were 
pedagogical tools teaching 

903
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:01,500
citizens and officials how to 
behave in a republic. 

904
00:53:01,500 --> 00:53:05,400
What values mattered and what 
traditions deserved respect. 

905
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:09,300
When a president placed his hand
on a Bible and swore to preserve

906
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:12,600
protect and defend the 
Constitution, the ritual 

907
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:16,200
connected him to predecessors, 
and successors embedding him in 

908
00:53:16,208 --> 00:53:18,700
an ongoing traditional larger 
than any individual. 

909
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:23,900
The language of American 
political discourse borrowed, 

910
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:26,200
Roman rhetorical techniques and 
imagery. 

911
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:29,500
Politicians referenced to 
classical examples. 

912
00:53:29,500 --> 00:53:33,400
In speeches, assumed audiences 
would understand Illusions to 

913
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:37,300
Cato or since innatus and use 
Latin phrases to convey, 

914
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,300
Authority and learning. 
This wasn't just showing off. 

915
00:53:40,300 --> 00:53:43,800
It was creating a common 
cultural vocabulary shared 

916
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:47,100
reference points that 
facilitated political debate and

917
00:53:47,100 --> 00:53:50,800
gave it intellectual depth. 
You can see this most clearly in

918
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:54,300
The Federalist Papers where 
Hamilton Madison and Jay wrote 

919
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:57,200
Under the pseudonym Pooley's 
themselves. 

920
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,800
After one of Rome's founders, 
Their arguments reference 

921
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:04,300
classical precedence. 
Constantly assuming readers were

922
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:07,400
familiar with Roman history and 
political Theory the entire 

923
00:54:07,400 --> 00:54:10,300
project of ratifying, the 
Constitutional was conducted in 

924
00:54:10,300 --> 00:54:13,500
language, saturated with 
classical imagery and examples. 

925
00:54:14,600 --> 00:54:17,500
Roman law represented, one of 
civilization's great, 

926
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:21,400
intellectual achievements, a 
systematic written legal code, 

927
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:23,800
that attempted to govern 
Behavior, through reason, and 

928
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:25,800
precedent rather than arbitrary 
power. 

929
00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:30,600
The founders, many of them 
lawyers studied Roman legal 

930
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:34,400
principles, intensively, and 
Incorporated numerous Concepts 

931
00:54:34,400 --> 00:54:38,600
into American jurisprudence. the
Romans distinguish between 

932
00:54:38,600 --> 00:54:42,000
different types of law in ways, 
that influenced, American legal 

933
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:46,500
thinking, Natural, law 
principles, supposedly Universal

934
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:48,900
and eternal discoverable through
reason. 

935
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:52,900
Civil law. 
Rules specific to particular 

936
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:56,400
societies varying by location 
and culture. 

937
00:54:56,400 --> 00:55:01,200
The law of Nations principles, 
governing interactions between 

938
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:04,400
different people's, American 
legal, Theory, borrowed this 

939
00:55:04,400 --> 00:55:07,900
framework, particularly the 
notion that some rights existed,

940
00:55:07,900 --> 00:55:11,200
independent of government 
creation, and that natural law, 

941
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:15,600
superseded human legislation. 
This became crucial for 

942
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:19,000
revolutionary justification. 
When the colonists declared 

943
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:21,400
independence, they needed to 
explain why they could 

944
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:25,300
legitimately rebel against their
lawful government. the answer 

945
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,800
came partly from natural law, 
theory, derived from Roman 

946
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:31,300
sources, Certain rights were 
inherent and inalienable. 

947
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:36,600
Governments that violated those 
rights lost legitimacy and 

948
00:55:36,600 --> 00:55:40,300
citizens possess the right to 
alter or abolish tyrannical 

949
00:55:40,300 --> 00:55:43,000
governments. 
Natural law, provided the 

950
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:45,200
philosophical foundation for 
revolution. 

951
00:55:46,200 --> 00:55:49,200
The Roman concept of written 
law, particularly appealed to 

952
00:55:49,200 --> 00:55:53,900
the founders before, written 
codes law had existed as custom 

953
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:56,500
and tradition known to priests 
and Aristocrats. 

954
00:55:56,500 --> 00:56:01,900
But often mysterious to ordinary
citizens, the 12 tables posted 

955
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:06,400
in the Forum around 450 BC, made
Roman Law, Public, and 

956
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,900
accessible, allowing citizens to
know what rules govern, the 

957
00:56:10,900 --> 00:56:14,000
transparency seem to Central for
Republican government. 

958
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:18,200
How could citizens obey laws? 
They didn't know or hold 

959
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:20,300
officials accountable for 
enforcing laws. 

960
00:56:20,300 --> 00:56:24,200
They could not understand. 
The American Constitution and 

961
00:56:24,200 --> 00:56:26,000
Bill of Rights, follow this 
principle. 

962
00:56:26,800 --> 00:56:30,200
Written public and accessible to
anyone who could read. 

963
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:34,100
These were Roman ideals, applied
to American circumstances. 

964
00:56:34,100 --> 00:56:38,100
Constitutional wasn't secret 
knowledge held by a ruling 

965
00:56:38,100 --> 00:56:42,000
class, but a public document 
that any citizen could consult 

966
00:56:42,000 --> 00:56:47,300
understand and invoke. 
Making law visible made it 

967
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:50,600
enforceable by popular opinion. 
Not just official action. 

968
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:55,000
Roman legal procedures, also 
influenced American practice. 

969
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:59,700
The right to face your accuser 
to present, a defense to have 

970
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,800
charges proved rather than 
assumed these came from Roman 

971
00:57:03,800 --> 00:57:06,300
legal Traditions. 
The Romans developed 

972
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:10,000
sophisticated procedures for 
trials, distinguishing between 

973
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:13,300
different types of cases, 
establishing Rules of Evidence 

974
00:57:13,300 --> 00:57:18,100
and creating appeals processes. 
Their legal system wasn't 

975
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:20,400
perfect. 
It discriminated between 

976
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:24,500
citizens and non-citizens, free,
and enslaved, and male and 

977
00:57:24,500 --> 00:57:27,500
female. 
But it represented a serious 

978
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:29,700
attempt to govern through law, 
rather than women. 

979
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:33,900
The Roman distinction between 
public and private law helped 

980
00:57:33,900 --> 00:57:37,900
shape American legal categories.
Public Law, governed relations 

981
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:42,600
between citizens and the state. 
Criminal law constitutional law 

982
00:57:42,600 --> 00:57:47,200
and administrative regulations. 
Private law, governed relations 

983
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:52,200
between citizens, contracts, 
property, inheritance and talks.

984
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:56,400
Roman jurisprudence had 
developed sophisticated theories

985
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,400
about both domains. 
Which influenced how American 

986
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:01,600
lawyers and judges thought about
legal problems. 

987
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:05,400
The concept of legal precedent, 
also had Roman roots. 

988
00:58:05,400 --> 00:58:08,500
Roman jurisprudence believed 
that previous decisions should 

989
00:58:08,500 --> 00:58:12,000
guide current ones that 
consistency mattered in legal 

990
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:15,600
interpretation and that the law 
should develop organically 

991
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,900
through accumulated wisdom 
rather than constant Revolution.

992
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:23,400
The common law tradition, which 
Americans inherited from 

993
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:27,400
Britain, but which itself drawn 
Roman sources made precedents 

994
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,900
Central to Legal reasoning. 
Court should decide similar 

995
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:33,300
cases. 
Similarly, building a coherent 

996
00:58:33,300 --> 00:58:37,200
body of Laura over time This 
created tension with another 

997
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:40,900
Roman principle that laws should
adapt to changing circumstances.

998
00:58:40,900 --> 00:58:45,200
The Romans developed flexible 
interpretation techniques. 

999
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:49,000
Allowing ancient laws to remain 
relevant in new situations. 

1000
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:54,300
They distinguished between the 
letter and spirit of law between

1001
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:56,500
strict construction and 
Equitable. 

1002
00:58:56,500 --> 00:59:00,200
Interpretation American legal 
thought, inherited this tension 

1003
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:03,500
between stability and 
flexibility between following 

1004
00:59:03,500 --> 00:59:05,400
precedent and adapting to 
change. 

1005
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:10,000
Founders were particularly 
impressed by Roman attention to 

1006
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:11,800
limiting government, power 
through law. 

1007
00:59:12,800 --> 00:59:16,500
Roman magistrates, possessed 
considerable Authority, but they

1008
00:59:16,500 --> 00:59:18,800
exercise it under legal 
constraints. 

1009
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:21,800
Consoles. 
Couldn't execute citizens 

1010
00:59:21,800 --> 00:59:25,200
without trial. 
Tribunes could veto legislation 

1011
00:59:25,200 --> 00:59:27,700
but only through established 
procedures. 

1012
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:32,100
Even dictators appointed during 
emergencies operated under legal

1013
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:36,600
limitations, six month, terms 
specific, mandates and 

1014
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:38,500
accountability after their terms
ended. 

1015
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:41,500
The principal was that law 
governed. 

1016
00:59:41,500 --> 00:59:46,300
Everyone, including those who 
made an enforced it No one stood

1017
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,600
Above the Law, not magistrates, 
not generals, not even the 

1018
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:52,300
Senate. 
This idea often failed in 

1019
00:59:52,300 --> 00:59:55,900
practice specially during the 
late Republic when powerful 

1020
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,500
individuals increasingly ignored
legal constraints, but the 

1021
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:03,100
principal remained important, 
and the founders tried to embody

1022
01:00:03,100 --> 01:00:04,900
it in American 
constitutionalism. 

1023
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,500
They created numerous mechanisms
to ensure law, bounded power, 

1024
01:00:09,500 --> 01:00:13,300
written constitutions 
established fundamental rules 

1025
01:00:13,300 --> 01:00:16,800
that ordinary legislation could 
not override separation of 

1026
01:00:16,800 --> 01:00:20,000
powers prevented any single 
institutional, from controling 

1027
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:23,200
laws, creation, interpretation 
and enforcement. 

1028
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:27,600
Judicial review allowed courts 
to strike down unconstitutional 

1029
01:00:27,600 --> 01:00:31,000
actions. 
Regular elections, gave citizens

1030
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:34,300
the power to remove officials 
who violated legal Norms, 

1031
01:00:34,300 --> 01:00:38,100
impeachment provided a mechanism
for removing officials who 

1032
01:00:38,100 --> 01:00:40,300
committed serious legal 
violations. 

1033
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,300
All of these Drew inspiration 
from Roman examples and Roman 

1034
01:00:44,300 --> 01:00:47,400
failures. 
The Romans had tried to limit 

1035
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:50,200
power through law. 
But ultimately failed to prevent

1036
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:53,400
ambitious individuals from 
season dictatorial Authority. 

1037
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:56,900
The founders studied those 
failures and tried to design 

1038
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,000
systems, that would prove more 
resilient that wouldn't depend 

1039
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:03,500
entirely on virtuous Behavior. 
But would create structures 

1040
01:01:03,500 --> 01:01:07,600
making tyranny difficult to 
achieve and maintain. the Roman 

1041
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,900
practice of codifying laws also 
influenced, American legal 

1042
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:14,100
development, The Roman's 
eventually compiled their 

1043
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:17,200
accumulated, legal wisdom in to 
comprehensive codes. 

1044
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:21,900
Most famously, the Corpus Juris,
civilis compiled under Justinian

1045
01:01:21,900 --> 01:01:26,100
in the 6th Century, ad long 
after the republics fall. 

1046
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:28,700
While too late to directly 
influence. 

1047
01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:31,900
Republican Rome, these 
compilations preserved, Roman 

1048
01:01:31,900 --> 01:01:35,800
legal principles for later, 
civilizations and demonstrated 

1049
01:01:35,800 --> 01:01:38,200
the value of systemic legal 
organization. 

1050
01:01:39,100 --> 01:01:42,200
American states began codifying,
their laws following similar 

1051
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:46,100
principles Gathering scattered 
legislation into organized 

1052
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:49,900
codes, making legal, research, 
easier, and ensuring 

1053
01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:53,800
consistency, and Clarity the 
process, reflected Roman 

1054
01:01:53,800 --> 01:01:54,900
influence. 
Both in the goal of 

1055
01:01:54,900 --> 01:01:59,300
systematization, and in specific
legal Concepts, borrowed from 

1056
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:02,300
Roman sources, The Romans 
created. 

1057
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:06,100
A sophisticated concept of 
citizenship that profoundly 

1058
01:02:06,100 --> 01:02:07,800
influenced. 
How the founders thought about 

1059
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:09,700
membership in a political 
Community. 

1060
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:14,500
Roman citizenship wasn't simply 
residents in a territory or 

1061
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:17,700
subjection to a ruler. 
It was a legal status, caring, 

1062
01:02:17,700 --> 01:02:19,800
specific rights and 
responsibilities. 

1063
01:02:19,800 --> 01:02:25,200
Something that could be earned 
granted or inherited, but always

1064
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:29,600
meaningful and consequential. 
Citizens in Rome possessed the 

1065
01:02:29,608 --> 01:02:33,900
right to vote in assemblies to 
hold public office to make legal

1066
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:36,200
contracts to marry other 
citizens. 

1067
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:39,200
And to appeal magistrate to 
decisions. 

1068
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:43,400
They also bore responsibilities 
military service jury duty 

1069
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:48,000
obeying laws and paying taxes, 
citizenship created a reciprocal

1070
01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:51,500
relationship between individual 
and Republican a bundle of 

1071
01:02:51,508 --> 01:02:54,500
Privileges and obligations that 
defined what it meant to be 

1072
01:02:54,508 --> 01:02:57,500
Roman. 
This framework appealed to the 

1073
01:02:57,500 --> 01:03:01,200
founders because it suggested 
citizenship could be active and 

1074
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:04,800
participatory rather than 
passive and subject-based. 

1075
01:03:05,600 --> 01:03:09,000
British subjects odd allegiance 
to the crown receiving 

1076
01:03:09,000 --> 01:03:12,300
protection in return, but 
possessing limited rights to 

1077
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:16,600
participate in governance. 
Roman citizens were active 

1078
01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:20,200
members of a political Community
with recognized roles in its 

1079
01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:23,300
operation. 
The difference seemed crucial 

1080
01:03:23,300 --> 01:03:27,000
for Republican government, the 
Roman practice of extending 

1081
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:30,800
citizenship to Concord people's 
particularly interested the 

1082
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:34,900
founders Rome's expansion. 
Succeeded partly because it 

1083
01:03:34,900 --> 01:03:38,800
offered citizenship to allies 
and former enemies incorporating

1084
01:03:38,800 --> 01:03:41,900
them into the Republic rather 
than simply ruling them as 

1085
01:03:41,900 --> 01:03:44,600
subjects. 
This allowed Rome to tap into 

1086
01:03:44,600 --> 01:03:48,000
vast Human Resources while 
creating loyalty among diverse 

1087
01:03:48,000 --> 01:03:51,100
populations. 
By the late Republic citizenship

1088
01:03:51,100 --> 01:03:55,200
had spread far beyond the city 
of Rome itself in compassing 

1089
01:03:55,200 --> 01:03:58,700
Italy and eventually territories
throughout the Mediterranean. 

1090
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:02,800
The founders face similar 
questions about expansion and 

1091
01:04:02,800 --> 01:04:06,500
inclusion. 
As America grew, who would count

1092
01:04:06,500 --> 01:04:09,600
as American. 
How would new territories be 

1093
01:04:09,608 --> 01:04:12,900
incorporated? 
The Roman example, suggested 

1094
01:04:12,900 --> 01:04:16,200
that Republican government could
extend across large territories 

1095
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:20,100
if citizenship expanded along 
with territory, if new 

1096
01:04:20,100 --> 01:04:23,400
populations receive genuine 
incorporation rather than 

1097
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:27,500
Colonial subordination this 
influenced decisions to create 

1098
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:31,000
processes for territories to 
become States, and for new 

1099
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:34,700
states to enter the Union as 
equals rather than dependencies,

1100
01:04:35,600 --> 01:04:39,300
Of course, both Romans and 
Americans excluded, many people 

1101
01:04:39,300 --> 01:04:42,900
from citizenship. 
Roamed denied it to slave to 

1102
01:04:42,900 --> 01:04:45,700
most women, and to barbarians 
Beyond its borders. 

1103
01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:50,100
America restricted, citizenship 
based on race and slaving 

1104
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:52,900
Millions while proclaiming 
Liberty and denying rights to 

1105
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:56,100
women, indigenous peoples, and 
very immigrant groups. 

1106
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,100
The gap between Republican 
ideals and actual practice was 

1107
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:03,300
enormous. 
In both societies, the ideal 

1108
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:07,300
mattered creating pressure for 
expansion of Rights over time. 

1109
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:12,400
Roman, citizenship, gradually 
expanded eventually encompassing

1110
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:15,700
nearly everyone within the 
Empire by the third Century ad. 

1111
01:05:16,700 --> 01:05:20,700
American citizenship, followed a
similar trajectory initially 

1112
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:24,600
restricted to white men, slowly 
expanding through Constitutional

1113
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:28,700
Amendments and legislation to 
include previously excluded 

1114
01:05:28,700 --> 01:05:32,100
groups. 
The process continues showing 

1115
01:05:32,100 --> 01:05:35,600
that Republican ideals contain 
within themselves, pressure 

1116
01:05:35,600 --> 01:05:39,800
toward greater inclusion. 
The Roman concept of civic duty,

1117
01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:41,900
particularly influenced the 
founders. 

1118
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:46,000
Romans believe citizens owed 
active service to The Republic 

1119
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:50,500
whether through military service
holding office serving on juries

1120
01:05:50,500 --> 01:05:52,600
or simply participating in 
public life. 

1121
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:55,900
Citizenship wasn't just writes 
to be enjoyed, but 

1122
01:05:55,900 --> 01:05:57,600
responsibilities to be 
fulfilled. 

1123
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:02,200
A good citizen, didn't just vote
when convenient they stayed 

1124
01:06:02,200 --> 01:06:07,100
informed participated in debates
served when called and 

1125
01:06:07,100 --> 01:06:11,400
prioritized the public good. 
This created tension with 

1126
01:06:11,400 --> 01:06:15,200
emerging commercial Society, 
where private Pursuits often 

1127
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:19,100
conflicted with public service. 
The Romans had faced this 

1128
01:06:19,100 --> 01:06:22,200
problem as their society became 
wealthier, and more complex. 

1129
01:06:23,300 --> 01:06:26,900
Early, Roman supposedly dropped 
everything to serve the Republic

1130
01:06:26,900 --> 01:06:30,100
when needed. 
Since an artist leaving his plow

1131
01:06:30,100 --> 01:06:33,700
became the archetype later. 
Romans increasingly hired 

1132
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:37,700
substitutes for military 
service, avoided jury duty and 

1133
01:06:37,700 --> 01:06:40,800
treated Politics as a spectator 
sport rather than a 

1134
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:44,700
participatory activity. the 
founders worried America would 

1135
01:06:44,700 --> 01:06:48,600
follow this trajectory that 
Prosperity would undermine civic

1136
01:06:48,600 --> 01:06:52,400
participation and that citizens 
would become passive consumers 

1137
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,700
of government rather than active
participants, they tried to 

1138
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:59,900
encourage participation, through
various means relatively easy 

1139
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:03,600
access to voting frequent 
elections, local governance, 

1140
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:07,400
giving citizens, regular 
opportunities, to engage, and 

1141
01:07:07,400 --> 01:07:10,900
civic education, emphasizing 
responsibilities alongside 

1142
01:07:10,900 --> 01:07:15,700
rights, The Roman practice of 
ostracism exiling citizens 

1143
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:17,400
deemed dangerous to The 
Republic. 

1144
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:20,100
Sparked debate among the 
founders. 

1145
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:23,800
Was this a useful tool for 
protecting democracy? 

1146
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:27,400
Allowing citizens to remove 
potential tyrants Before They 

1147
01:07:27,400 --> 01:07:29,200
seized power? 
What was it? 

1148
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:32,700
Dangerous majoritarianism 
allowing crowds to punish 

1149
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:34,900
unpopular individuals without 
due process. 

1150
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:40,000
Founders generally rejected, 
ostracism American adoption 

1151
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:43,100
preferring legal mechanisms for 
dealing with dangerous 

1152
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:45,900
officials. 
But the Roman example showed how

1153
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:49,100
seriously ancient Republicans 
took threats to their government

1154
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:53,000
They did embrace the. 
Roman idea that citizenship 

1155
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:56,300
required, education, Romans 
believe, citizens needed 

1156
01:07:56,300 --> 01:08:00,300
training to fulfill Civic roles 
competently, understanding law, 

1157
01:08:00,300 --> 01:08:05,200
rhetoric history and philosophy.
Without education citizens, 

1158
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:09,900
couldn't judge political claims,
recognize, demagoguery or making

1159
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:13,900
informed decisions. 
The founders agreed promoting 

1160
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:16,800
public education as a central 
for Republican government. 

1161
01:08:16,800 --> 01:08:20,600
Arguing that ignorant citizens, 
couldn't sustain free 

1162
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:23,899
institutions. 
This commitment to civic. 

1163
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:26,899
Education explains their 
emphasis on classical learning. 

1164
01:08:28,000 --> 01:08:31,200
Studying Roman history taught 
citizenships requirements, 

1165
01:08:31,200 --> 01:08:35,700
provided examples of good and 
bad, Civic behavior, and 

1166
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:38,700
Illustrated, how republics 
succeeded and failed. 

1167
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:43,300
Latin instruction trained Minds 
in logical thinking and precise 

1168
01:08:43,300 --> 01:08:46,800
expression. 
Reading classical texts exposed 

1169
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,800
students to sophisticated 
political arguments and moral 

1170
01:08:49,800 --> 01:08:52,100
reasoning. 
The whole classical curriculum. 

1171
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:55,800
Served, Republican purposes, 
creating educated citizens, 

1172
01:08:55,800 --> 01:09:00,000
capable of self-governance The 
Roman practice of public debate 

1173
01:09:00,000 --> 01:09:02,600
and oratory also shaped, 
American Civic culture. 

1174
01:09:03,700 --> 01:09:07,399
Roman's expected sisters, and to
speak publicly to argue 

1175
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:10,399
political positions and to 
participate in deliberative 

1176
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:15,000
processes, The Forum wasn't 
just, where magistrate spoke it 

1177
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:16,899
was where citizens gathered to 
debate. 

1178
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:22,000
Suede, and be persuaded. 
Eloquence mattered. 

1179
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:25,500
Because Republic's operated 
through persuasion rather than 

1180
01:09:25,500 --> 01:09:28,100
Force. 
Is changing Minds through 

1181
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:31,000
argument was how free societies 
made decisions. 

1182
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:35,100
American Town, meetings and 
legislative debates borrowed 

1183
01:09:35,100 --> 01:09:38,300
this Roman tradition. 
Citizens were supposed to speak 

1184
01:09:38,300 --> 01:09:42,700
up, make their case, listen to 
opposing, views and reach, 

1185
01:09:42,700 --> 01:09:46,300
conclusions through discussion, 
rather than dictation this 

1186
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:50,300
required courage, preparation, 
and willingness to engage 

1187
01:09:50,300 --> 01:09:51,500
across. 
Disagreements. 

1188
01:09:51,500 --> 01:09:54,100
Exactly. 
The virtues Romans had 

1189
01:09:54,100 --> 01:09:57,200
cultivated through rhetorical 
education and public 

1190
01:09:57,200 --> 01:10:01,800
participation. 
While the founders Drew heavily 

1191
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:05,500
from Roman examples, they 
weren't mindless copyists. 

1192
01:10:06,200 --> 01:10:09,200
They adapted, Roman ideas to 
American circumstances, 

1193
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:12,400
combining classical, Prestons 
with Enlightenment philosophy, 

1194
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:15,600
British constitutional 
traditions and their own 

1195
01:10:15,600 --> 01:10:19,200
political Innovations. 
Understanding how they modified 

1196
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:22,300
Roman models reveals their 
creativity in Independence. 

1197
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,400
The most obvious adaptation was 
federalism. 

1198
01:10:26,500 --> 01:10:29,800
Rome had no equivalent to the 
American system of divided 

1199
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:31,900
sovereignty between National and
state governments. 

1200
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:37,600
The Roman Republic was unitary 
all power, theoretically flowed 

1201
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:41,400
from Rome even as it granted 
considerable autonomy to allies 

1202
01:10:41,400 --> 01:10:44,200
and provinces the founders 
created something different. 

1203
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:47,900
A government where power was 
genuinely divided between 

1204
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:51,700
levels, where States retained 
sovereignty while seeding 

1205
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:55,500
specific powers to the national 
government This Innovation 

1206
01:10:55,500 --> 01:10:58,500
addressed a problem. 
The Romans, never solved how to 

1207
01:10:58,500 --> 01:11:00,900
govern large territories while 
maintaining Republican 

1208
01:11:00,900 --> 01:11:04,000
government. 
Rome solution was initially 

1209
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,700
informal. 
Alliance's later, provincial 

1210
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:08,500
Administration. 
By appointed governors. 

1211
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:12,000
Neither model preserved, 
Republican principles across 

1212
01:11:12,000 --> 01:11:14,600
expansion and American 
federalism. 

1213
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:18,100
Try to square this circle by 
creating multiple Republican 

1214
01:11:18,100 --> 01:11:21,300
governments at different levels.
Each handling appropriate, 

1215
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:24,000
scales of governments. 
The Electoral College 

1216
01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:27,400
represented another innovation 
without direct Roman president. 

1217
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:32,300
The Romans elected magistrates 
through assemblies with various 

1218
01:11:32,300 --> 01:11:35,000
systems for organizing votes and
Counting ballots. 

1219
01:11:36,200 --> 01:11:38,000
None. 
Resembled the American system of

1220
01:11:38,008 --> 01:11:41,600
electors chosen by states to 
select the president, the 

1221
01:11:41,600 --> 01:11:44,500
founders created this mechanism 
partly from Federalist 

1222
01:11:44,500 --> 01:11:48,200
principles States, choosing the 
president, rather than a 

1223
01:11:48,200 --> 01:11:52,100
national popular vote and partly
from Republican distrust of pure

1224
01:11:52,100 --> 01:11:55,200
democracy. 
The explicit separation of 

1225
01:11:55,208 --> 01:11:57,600
powers also differed from Roman 
practice. 

1226
01:11:58,700 --> 01:12:01,400
Rome separated functions to some
degree. 

1227
01:12:02,000 --> 01:12:06,700
Magistrates executed laws, the 
Senate advised on policy and 

1228
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:10,000
assemblies legislated. 
But these weren't truly 

1229
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:12,900
independent branches with 
constitutional authority to 

1230
01:12:12,908 --> 01:12:16,300
check each other. 
Roman officials derive power 

1231
01:12:16,300 --> 01:12:18,700
from the same Source, the Roman 
people. 

1232
01:12:18,700 --> 01:12:22,500
And ultimately the system 
depended on Norms and Customs 

1233
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:26,500
rather than explicit 
institutional barriers The 

1234
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,900
American Constitution created, 
something more rigid and formal.

1235
01:12:30,700 --> 01:12:33,700
Three genuinely independent 
branches, each with 

1236
01:12:33,700 --> 01:12:36,000
constitutional authority over 
its domain. 

1237
01:12:36,000 --> 01:12:39,700
Each able to check the others 
through specified mechanisms, 

1238
01:12:39,700 --> 01:12:43,000
this was montesquieu's influence
combined, with Roman. 

1239
01:12:43,000 --> 01:12:46,900
Inspirational taking the prince 
of divided power and 

1240
01:12:47,100 --> 01:12:49,100
Systematizing it beyond 
anything. 

1241
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:53,000
Roma tempted. 
Judicial review, the power of 

1242
01:12:53,000 --> 01:12:55,600
Courts to strike down 
unconstitutional, legislation 

1243
01:12:55,600 --> 01:13:01,100
had no roman equivalent. 
Roman courts existed but didn't 

1244
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:03,600
possess the authority to 
invalidate laws. 

1245
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:08,300
The founders created judicial 
review as an additional check on

1246
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:11,200
legislative and executive power 
reasoning. 

1247
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:14,800
That someone needed to police 
constitutional boundaries, the 

1248
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,600
court seemed like logical choice
is independent trained in legal 

1249
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:21,900
interpretation and remove from 
direct political pressures. 

1250
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:26,700
This Innovation proved hugely, 
consequential eventually making 

1251
01:13:26,700 --> 01:13:29,100
courts Central to American 
governance in ways. 

1252
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:31,000
The founders might not have 
fully anticipated. 

1253
01:13:31,800 --> 01:13:34,300
But it reflected their 
willingness to go beyond Roman 

1254
01:13:34,300 --> 01:13:37,800
precedent when they saw the need
for additional safeguards 

1255
01:13:37,800 --> 01:13:40,700
against tyranny. 
The Bill of Rights or 

1256
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:43,500
represented Innovation Beyond 
Roman precedent. 

1257
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:47,800
Rome had no equivalent document 
explicitly listing, protected 

1258
01:13:47,800 --> 01:13:51,100
rights and prohibiting, the 
government from violating them. 

1259
01:13:52,000 --> 01:13:55,700
Romans believed in certain 
Liberties but these existed as 

1260
01:13:55,700 --> 01:14:00,700
customs and precedence, rather 
than written guarantees, The 

1261
01:14:00,700 --> 01:14:03,600
American decision to enumerate 
rights and Constitutional 

1262
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:06,500
Amendments reflected in 
lightning influence and distrust

1263
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:10,000
of implicit protections. 
The founders approached to 

1264
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:13,400
military organization combined, 
Roman ideals with practical 

1265
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:16,600
adaptations. 
They wanted citizens soldiers, 

1266
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:19,800
like early Rome but recognized 
that Modern Warfare sometimes 

1267
01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:23,600
required professional forces. 
Their solution was a small 

1268
01:14:23,600 --> 01:14:27,800
standing army, supplemented by 
state, militias attempting to 

1269
01:14:27,800 --> 01:14:31,300
get Roman benefits of Citizen 
military service, while 

1270
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:33,700
maintaining capability from 
National Defense. 

1271
01:14:34,800 --> 01:14:39,000
This compromised didn't fully 
satisfy anyone but represented a

1272
01:14:39,000 --> 01:14:41,600
creative adaptation of classical
principles to Modern 

1273
01:14:41,600 --> 01:14:45,200
circumstances. 
They also modified Roman 

1274
01:14:45,200 --> 01:14:47,000
approaches to territorial 
expansion. 

1275
01:14:47,000 --> 01:14:51,300
Rome expanded through Conquest, 
incorporating new territories, 

1276
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:53,600
as provinces with varying 
degrees of autonomy. 

1277
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:58,000
The founders created a process 
for territories to become equal 

1278
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:01,000
States. 
Ensuring expansion, wouldn't 

1279
01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:04,700
create a two-tier system of core
States and peripheral colonies. 

1280
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,400
This preserved Republican 
equality across Geographic 

1281
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:10,400
growth in ways Rome, never 
managed. 

1282
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:14,700
The American approach to slavery
reveals both Roman influence and

1283
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,200
significant differences. 
Rome's. 

1284
01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:21,200
Economy depended heavily on 
slave labor and Roman Lord 

1285
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:23,000
developed sophisticated 
regulations. 

1286
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:26,500
Governing slavery while never 
seriously questioning the 

1287
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:30,800
institutions legitimacy The 
founders inherited similar 

1288
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:33,000
dependence and similar legal 
Frameworks. 

1289
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:36,300
Yet many also felt deep 
discomfort with slavery is 

1290
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:38,400
contradiction of Republican 
principles. 

1291
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:43,000
The resulting compromises were 
morally indefensible, but 

1292
01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:46,300
reflected genuine tension 
between inherited practices and 

1293
01:15:46,300 --> 01:15:49,900
professed ideals. 
The process for amending, the 

1294
01:15:49,908 --> 01:15:53,700
Constitution represented, 
another Innovation, the Romans 

1295
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:56,800
modify their constitutional 
order through precedent and 

1296
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:01,100
practice occasionally through 
explicit legislation but had no 

1297
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:04,600
formal amendment process 
allowing systemic constitutional

1298
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:07,600
change while maintaining legal 
continuity. 

1299
01:16:08,900 --> 01:16:12,500
The founders created Article 5S 
Amendment mechanism. 

1300
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:16,100
Precisely to allow peaceful 
constitutional Evolution 

1301
01:16:16,100 --> 01:16:19,200
preventing the breakdown. 
That occurred, when Roman 

1302
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:23,200
constitutional order became too 
rigid to adapt peacefully to 

1303
01:16:23,208 --> 01:16:27,800
change circumstances. 
They also formalized much that 

1304
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:31,700
Romans left informal. 
Roman political practices, often

1305
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:35,300
depended on custom and tradition
what the Romans called Moss 

1306
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:37,200
mayor of the way of the 
ancestors. 

1307
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,000
This worked while people 
respected those costs but 

1308
01:16:41,000 --> 01:16:43,800
provided no defense. 
When ambitious individuals 

1309
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,200
decided to ignore tradition. 
The founders tried to formalize 

1310
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:50,900
as much as possible in written 
law, reducing dependence on 

1311
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:53,400
informal norms and creating 
enforceable rules. 

1312
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:56,300
Yet they recognize that written 
law. 

1313
01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:59,800
Could not govern everything that
republics would always depend 

1314
01:16:59,800 --> 01:17:02,100
partly on Unwritten norms and 
Convention. 

1315
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,500
Washington's retirement, set a 
precedent for peaceful power 

1316
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:10,000
transitions even in the absence 
of legal requirements. 

1317
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:13,900
The development of political 
parties not mentioned in the 

1318
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:17,500
Constitution became Central to 
governance through practice. 

1319
01:17:18,500 --> 01:17:22,300
American constitutionalism, 
combined written law with 

1320
01:17:22,300 --> 01:17:25,700
Unwritten convention. 
Trying to get the benefits of 

1321
01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:29,100
both Roman approaches. 
The founders willingness to 

1322
01:17:29,100 --> 01:17:32,000
innovate while drawing from 
tradition shows, sophisticated 

1323
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:35,600
political thinking they weren't 
antiquarians trying to recreate 

1324
01:17:35,600 --> 01:17:39,200
Rome in America, they were 
Republicans learning from Rome's

1325
01:17:39,200 --> 01:17:42,300
successes and failures taking 
useful principles. 

1326
01:17:42,300 --> 01:17:45,600
While adapting them to different
circumstances and combining 

1327
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:47,800
classical wisdom with modern 
Innovation. 

1328
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:50,900
The result was something 
genuinely new. 

1329
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:56,500
And explicitly designed Republic
learning from history, trying to

1330
01:17:56,508 --> 01:18:00,000
avoid historical patterns of 
Decay while preserving 

1331
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:04,900
time-tested principles. 
As you begin drifting towards 

1332
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:07,800
sleep. 
Cider what endured from this 

1333
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:12,100
Roman American connection. 
Founders, Classical Obsession 

1334
01:18:12,100 --> 01:18:14,800
shaped American political 
culture in ways that persist 

1335
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,500
centuries later. 
You can still see it in the 

1336
01:18:17,500 --> 01:18:20,600
architecture of government 
building's here in political 

1337
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:24,500
rhetoric and find it embedded in
constitutional structures and 

1338
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:28,200
legal principles. 
The idea that citizens should be

1339
01:18:28,200 --> 01:18:30,800
educated about history and 
government to participate 

1340
01:18:30,800 --> 01:18:33,900
competently. 
That's a Roman inheritance via 

1341
01:18:33,900 --> 01:18:36,800
the founders. 
The belief that virtue matters 

1342
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:40,400
for Republican government. 
That free societies require 

1343
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:45,300
certain character qualities from
citizens, Roman filtered through

1344
01:18:45,300 --> 01:18:49,400
American Experience. 
Founders, try to embody and 

1345
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:53,100
practice the Roman ideals of no 
one being above the law, and the

1346
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:55,500
need for constitutional limits 
on power. 

1347
01:18:57,000 --> 01:19:01,200
Even the anxiety is a Roman 
worries about corruption to 

1348
01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:04,500
climb of Civic. 
Spirit concentration of wealth 

1349
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:08,600
undermining, equality, military,
power, threatening civilian 

1350
01:19:08,600 --> 01:19:12,900
control and demagogues 
manipulating public opinion. 

1351
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:17,700
The founders inherited these 
concerns from Roman sources and 

1352
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:19,300
passed them down to later 
generations. 

1353
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:24,000
American still debate, the same 
tension between Liberty and 

1354
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:26,700
Order. 
Between individual rights and 

1355
01:19:26,700 --> 01:19:29,900
common good, and between 
stability and change that 

1356
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:32,500
preoccupied, both Romans and the
founding generation. 

1357
01:19:33,700 --> 01:19:37,600
The architectural Legacy remains
perhaps the most visible walk 

1358
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:41,300
through any American city and 
you'll encounter Roman Revival 

1359
01:19:41,300 --> 01:19:43,100
buildings. 
Housing government offices, 

1360
01:19:43,100 --> 01:19:45,100
libraries and museums, and 
Banks. 

1361
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:48,400
The style became America's 
unofficial official 

1362
01:19:48,400 --> 01:19:51,000
architecture. 
Expressing Republican 

1363
01:19:51,000 --> 01:19:55,600
aspirations in marble and Stone.
It's so ubiquitous that you 

1364
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:58,800
barely notice it, but that 
pervasiveness reflects How 

1365
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:02,000
Deeply Roman Aesthetics 
penetrated, American political 

1366
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:06,100
culture, The legal Legacy runs 
deeper less visibly. 

1367
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,200
American law school, students. 
Still learn Latin terms. 

1368
01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:13,700
Habeas. 
Corpus stared a ceases and 

1369
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:16,800
Amigos Curie. 
These aren't just decorative 

1370
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:21,200
phrases but Concepts Central to 
American jurisprudence imported 

1371
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:25,100
from Roman law through centuries
of European development. the 

1372
01:20:25,100 --> 01:20:28,600
entire structure of legal 
reasoning precedent, appeals 

1373
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:32,400
Rules of Evidence owes debts to 
Roman jurist, Prudence that the 

1374
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:36,100
founders recognized and 
preserved Political language, 

1375
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,100
remained saturated with Roman 
imagery and examples, 

1376
01:20:39,100 --> 01:20:42,100
politicians. 
Still invoke since a natus when 

1377
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,800
praising leaders who voluntarily
relinquish power. 

1378
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:49,000
Warnings about caesarism appear 
whenever people worry about 

1379
01:20:49,000 --> 01:20:52,300
presidential overreach. 
The Senate's name alone 

1380
01:20:52,300 --> 01:20:55,300
constantly remind American of 
classical connections. 

1381
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:57,900
Even though most Senators 
probably couldn't quote Cicero 

1382
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:01,300
these days. 
The founders faith in education,

1383
01:21:01,300 --> 01:21:03,500
as a foundation for citizenship 
persists. 

1384
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:06,700
Even if the classical 
curriculum, they championed has 

1385
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:10,100
largely disappeared. 
Few Americans Now, read Pluto 

1386
01:21:10,100 --> 01:21:14,000
Arch or study Latin, but the 
principle that informed citizens

1387
01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:16,100
are necessary for free 
government remained. 

1388
01:21:16,100 --> 01:21:20,300
Widely accepted. 
The specific content changed, 

1389
01:21:20,300 --> 01:21:24,300
Civics classes replaced 
Classical Languages, but the 

1390
01:21:24,300 --> 01:21:26,700
underlying commitment to 
Preparing, citizens for 

1391
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:30,900
self-governance continues. 
The tension between optimism and

1392
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:33,000
anxiety. 
That characterized the founders 

1393
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:36,600
relationship with Roman 
precedence or endures Americans.

1394
01:21:36,600 --> 01:21:40,400
Remain simultaneously confident 
in their public strength and 

1395
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:43,300
worried about its fragility. 
Believing in American 

1396
01:21:43,300 --> 01:21:45,900
exceptionalism, while fearing 
American declined. 

1397
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,300
This productive anxiety 
inherited from Roman historical.

1398
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:54,600
Consciousness keeps question of 
civic virtue and constitutional 

1399
01:21:54,600 --> 01:21:57,900
stability perpetually relevant 
rather than comfortably settled.

1400
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:02,200
Perhaps most significantly, the 
founders established the 

1401
01:22:02,200 --> 01:22:05,300
principle that political system 
should learn from history. 

1402
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:09,100
And the institutional design 
could incorporate lessons from 

1403
01:22:09,100 --> 01:22:14,000
past failures and successes, 
This sounds obvious but wasn't 

1404
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:16,900
inevitable. 
They could have believed each 

1405
01:22:16,900 --> 01:22:20,700
Society, must discover political
truths for itself that 

1406
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:23,000
historical examples were 
relevant to Modern 

1407
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:26,100
circumstances. 
Instead they demonstrated that 

1408
01:22:26,100 --> 01:22:28,900
thoughtful engagement with 
history, could inform political 

1409
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:33,000
practice that studying how 
previous republics succeeded and

1410
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:36,600
failed, could help new republics
avoid similar mistakes. 

1411
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:40,300
This historical consciousness 
shaped American political 

1412
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:44,700
development in countless ways. 
When later generations faced 

1413
01:22:44,700 --> 01:22:48,300
constitutional crises, they 
looked to the founders just as 

1414
01:22:48,300 --> 01:22:52,300
the founders looked to Rome. 
When arguments arose about 

1415
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:56,200
constitutional interpretation 
both sides claimed to understand

1416
01:22:56,200 --> 01:23:00,300
the founders original intention 
much as Roman to understand 

1417
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:04,000
their ancestors customs. 
The layering of historical 

1418
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:07,200
reference upon reference, 
created a political culture, 

1419
01:23:07,200 --> 01:23:12,000
obsessed with precedent and 
continuity, even while adapting 

1420
01:23:12,000 --> 01:23:15,500
to constant change. 
The irony, of course, is the 

1421
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:19,400
Rome's Republic of eventually 
fail and transformed into an 

1422
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:22,300
Empire. 
Founders and knew this. 

1423
01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:26,200
Feared it and design their 
system to prevent it. 

1424
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:28,400
Yet couldn't eliminate the 
possibility. 

1425
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:31,800
America's subsequent history 
included Imperial expansion, 

1426
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:36,500
massive growth, and executive 
power development of a permanent

1427
01:23:36,500 --> 01:23:40,200
military establishment and a 
storm as wealth inequality. 

1428
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,000
Precisely the developments that 
undermined Rome's Republic. 

1429
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,700
Whether these represent American
exceptionalism successfully 

1430
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:52,300
adapting, Republican government 
to Modern circumstances or 

1431
01:23:52,300 --> 01:23:55,400
gradual decline toward Roman 
patterns remains debated. 

1432
01:23:56,600 --> 01:23:59,000
But the fact that Americans 
still debate, these questions 

1433
01:23:59,000 --> 01:24:02,800
still reference Rome and the 
founders, and still worried 

1434
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:05,800
about virtue and Corruption 
suggest the intellectual Legacy 

1435
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:08,900
endures. 
The founders gave American not 

1436
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:12,300
just a constitution, but a way 
of thinking about politics, 

1437
01:24:12,300 --> 01:24:15,000
grounded in historical, 
awareness, and Republican 

1438
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,200
ideals. 
That inheritance for better and 

1439
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:21,400
worse shapes American, political
culture to this day. 

1440
01:24:22,800 --> 01:24:25,800
As your eyes grow heavy, you 
might reflect that this 

1441
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:29,500
conversation between ancient and
modern between Roman America 

1442
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:31,600
continues. 
Every generation. 

1443
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,600
Inherits the founders questioned
about how to sustain free 

1444
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:37,400
government. 
Maintain civic, virtue, and 

1445
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:41,600
balanced, Liberty and Order. 
Every generation must answer a 

1446
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:45,700
new drawing on historical wisdom
while adapting to contemporary 

1447
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:48,100
circumstances. 
That's the pattern, the founders

1448
01:24:48,100 --> 01:24:51,200
established learning from the 
past while creating something 

1449
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,700
new respecting precedent while 
innovating freely. 

1450
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,700
The Roman influence on American 
founding wasn't about slavish 

1451
01:24:58,700 --> 01:25:02,900
imitation, but creative 
adaptation taking time to tested

1452
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:05,400
principles and modifying them 
for new contexts. 

1453
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:09,600
The founders studied Rome 
intensively not to recreate it, 

1454
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:13,600
but to learn from it, to 
understand what worked and what 

1455
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:17,500
fails and to avoid its mistakes 
while preserving its wisdom, 

1456
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:19,900
that balance between learning 
from history. 

1457
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,400
And transcending, it represents 
their greatest achievement 

1458
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:27,600
creating something genuinely 
novel while remaining grounded 

1459
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:32,100
in accumulated political wisdom.
so when you see a government 

1460
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:36,100
building with classical columns,
or hear about senatorial debates

1461
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:40,600
or encounter Latin phrases in 
legal documents, Remember your 

1462
01:25:40,600 --> 01:25:43,300
witnessing, the Founders 
Classical inheritance, still 

1463
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:48,700
shaping American Life. 
Rome fell 2000 years ago but its

1464
01:25:48,700 --> 01:25:50,500
influence on American political 
culture. 

1465
01:25:50,500 --> 01:25:53,700
Persist through the founders 
deep engagement with classical 

1466
01:25:53,700 --> 01:25:55,900
precedent. 
They build a bridge between 

1467
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,500
ancient and modern creating a 
republic that Drew inspiration 

1468
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:02,000
from Rome's Glory. 
While learning from its tragedy 

1469
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:05,900
that bridge remains standing 
connecting past and present in 

1470
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:09,600
ongoing political conversation. 
Sleep. 

1471
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,400
Well, knowing that the questions
that kept the founders awake at 

1472
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,900
night, how to sustain free 
government, how to prevent 

1473
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:21,500
tyranny, how to cultivate virtue
and citizens remain worthy of 

1474
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:24,800
attention, and that there are 
answers derive from careful 

1475
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:28,500
study of Roman precedence. 
Still offer wisdom, even if they

1476
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:32,300
didn't solve every problem, The 
conversation continues 

1477
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:36,300
generation after generation 
exactly as they intended. 

1478
01:26:41,600 --> 01:26:42,800
All right. 
Yo everyone. 

1479
01:26:43,500 --> 01:26:46,300
Tonight's journey is into a 
story that unfolded not with 

1480
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:48,400
grand speeches or public 
battles. 

1481
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:52,400
But through carefully, chosen 
details, quiet determination. 

1482
01:26:52,400 --> 01:26:56,700
And an understanding that beauty
could be its own form of power 

1483
01:26:56,700 --> 01:26:59,500
tonight. 
You'll discover how one woman 

1484
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:02,400
transformed the way American saw
themselves in their history. 

1485
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:06,300
Working, not from headlines, but
from the shadows of chandeliers,

1486
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:10,600
the weight of antique chairs and
the simple Act of choosing which

1487
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:14,400
paintings would hang on walls. 
That belong to everyone stepping

1488
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:18,000
into the early 1960s, when 
America was young and restless 

1489
01:27:18,000 --> 01:27:21,200
searching for its own reflection
in the mirror of the World. 

1490
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:24,100
Imagine if you will your 
standing in a Manhattan 

1491
01:27:24,100 --> 01:27:28,400
apartment on a winter afternoon,
in 1941 the light coming through

1492
01:27:28,400 --> 01:27:31,500
the tall Windows. 
Has that particular quality that

1493
01:27:31,500 --> 01:27:33,900
only happens? 
When snow reflects the sun 

1494
01:27:33,900 --> 01:27:37,000
upward into rooms that normally 
live in Shadow? 

1495
01:27:37,000 --> 01:27:39,700
Yes, Mel's faintly, a furniture 
polish. 

1496
01:27:39,700 --> 01:27:42,700
And the paper of new books. 
And if you listen carefully, you

1497
01:27:42,700 --> 01:27:44,800
can hear someone turning pages 
in the Next Room. 

1498
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,100
Jacqueline Bouvier is 12 years 
old and she is reading about 

1499
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:52,200
Marie Antoinette again. 
Not the simplified version, they

1500
01:27:52,200 --> 01:27:55,500
teach in school where everything
reduces to cake and gear to 

1501
01:27:55,500 --> 01:27:58,100
teams. 
But the complicated truth, found

1502
01:27:58,100 --> 01:28:00,600
in volumes her mother borrowed 
from the library, at her 

1503
01:28:00,600 --> 01:28:04,000
request, she's fascinated by 
something most people, Miss 

1504
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:07,300
entirely. 
Before the Revolution before 

1505
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:10,800
everything fell apart, Marie 
Antoinette had quietly. 

1506
01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:13,700
Commissioned some of the most 
beautiful Furniture ever made 

1507
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:17,500
the young girl traces, her 
finger over an illustration of a

1508
01:28:17,500 --> 01:28:20,900
writing desk with legs that 
curve, like, flower stems and 

1509
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:23,700
something clicks into place in 
her mind about the relationship 

1510
01:28:23,700 --> 01:28:25,900
between objects. 
And the people who live among 

1511
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:29,800
them, her mother, Janet calls 
this attention to detail, but 

1512
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:32,400
it's more than that. 
It's an understanding that the 

1513
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:35,200
physical world tells stories 
about the people who shape it. 

1514
01:28:35,200 --> 01:28:38,500
And that those stories matter 
more than most adults seem to 

1515
01:28:38,500 --> 01:28:40,900
realize. 
When you visit, someone's home, 

1516
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:44,000
you're not just seeing their 
Furniture, your reading their 

1517
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:47,300
autobiography written in the 
language of choices made and 

1518
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:51,100
objects kept the Bouvier 
household runs on a particular. 

1519
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:53,200
Kind of order. 
That feels less like rules and 

1520
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:57,200
more like choreography. 
Meals happen at specific times, 

1521
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,900
clothes are pressed. 
Just so books are returned to 

1522
01:29:00,900 --> 01:29:03,800
their proper places on shelves, 
arranged by both subject and 

1523
01:29:03,800 --> 01:29:06,300
size. 
Young, Jackie, learns to read 

1524
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:08,700
rooms the way other children. 
Learn to read faces 

1525
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:12,900
understanding that the placement
of a vest or the choice of a 

1526
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:15,200
lampshade communicates. 
Something about the person who 

1527
01:29:15,200 --> 01:29:19,100
put it there her father Jack 
Bouvier has a different kind of 

1528
01:29:19,108 --> 01:29:21,600
influence. 
He's the sort of man who knows 

1529
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:23,400
everyone in the room before he 
enters it. 

1530
01:29:23,400 --> 01:29:27,000
You can make waiters laugh and 
dormant feel important with just

1531
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:30,600
a few words, he teaches his 
daughter, something her mother's

1532
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:35,000
order, can't quite capture, the 
performance of Grace, the way 

1533
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:38,100
charm can open doors that remain
closed to force. 

1534
01:29:38,100 --> 01:29:42,300
She watches him navigate social 
situations like a dancer, moving

1535
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:46,300
through, a crowded floor, never 
bumping into anyone always 

1536
01:29:46,300 --> 01:29:50,300
knowing exactly where to step 
next, but it's during Summer's 

1537
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:53,000
at the family's property in East
Hampton that something deeper 

1538
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:56,200
takes root your walking with A 
through grass that reaches your 

1539
01:29:56,200 --> 01:29:59,800
knees passed, hydrangea bushes, 
heavy with blooms the size of 

1540
01:29:59,808 --> 01:30:02,200
your head and she is pointing 
out details. 

1541
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:05,600
You wouldn't normally notice the
way the light changes color as 

1542
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:07,100
it filters through different 
leaves. 

1543
01:30:07,100 --> 01:30:10,500
How the same Ocean looks 
completely different depending 

1544
01:30:10,500 --> 01:30:12,700
on whether your standing or 
sitting when you view it. 

1545
01:30:12,700 --> 01:30:15,200
She's building a vocabulary for 
beauty. 

1546
01:30:15,200 --> 01:30:19,000
That doesn't rely on the words. 
Are the people use developing 

1547
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:22,100
her own language for describing?
What makes one thing, lovely, 

1548
01:30:22,100 --> 01:30:25,800
and another merely adequate. 
And Miss Porter's School. 

1549
01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:29,100
In Connecticut, her teachers 
noticed something unusual most 

1550
01:30:29,100 --> 01:30:31,800
students approach literature as 
an assignment to be completed. 

1551
01:30:31,800 --> 01:30:34,900
But Jackie reads like someone 
searching for instruction 

1552
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:38,700
manuals on how to live, she 
copies passages into notebooks, 

1553
01:30:38,700 --> 01:30:41,700
not because she has to but 
because she wants to keep 

1554
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:45,600
certain sentences close the way 
you might keep photographs of 

1555
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:49,200
places you've loved her French 
teacher, watches her practice 

1556
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:52,300
pronunciation with the kind of 
focus usually reserved for 

1557
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:55,500
religious devotion. 
Understanding that this teenage 

1558
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:59,300
girl already knows something 
important language isn't just 

1559
01:30:59,300 --> 01:31:03,300
about communication. 
It's about access to other ways 

1560
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:07,000
of seeing the summer she spends 
and France after her junior year

1561
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:09,700
at Vassar shifts. 
Everything slightly sideways 

1562
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:14,100
you'll sit with her in a cafe in
Grenoble, watching her watch the

1563
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:15,900
way. 
French women tie, their scarves,

1564
01:31:15,900 --> 01:31:19,500
hold their cigarettes and 
gesture with their hands while 

1565
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,100
talking, she's not trying to 
become French. 

1566
01:31:22,100 --> 01:31:24,700
She's too smart for that kind of
simple IM. 

1567
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:28,200
But she is absorbing something 
about the French relationship 

1568
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:31,600
with style the way they treat 
presentation as a form of 

1569
01:31:31,600 --> 01:31:35,900
respect, rather than vanity. 
She notices how French museums 

1570
01:31:35,900 --> 01:31:39,900
display their art Creating rooms
that feel like conversations 

1571
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:42,800
between centuries rather than 
warehouses for old things. 

1572
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:46,700
She sees how French families 
treat mealtimes as sacred 

1573
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,700
intervals in the day, not 
interruptions to more important 

1574
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:52,300
work. 
Most of all she observes, how 

1575
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:54,700
the French seemed to believe 
that beauty isn't frivolous or 

1576
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:59,200
superficial but essential Kind 
of nourishment is necessary as 

1577
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:02,200
food or sleep. 
By the time she meets John. 

1578
01:32:02,200 --> 01:32:04,600
Kennedy at a dinner party in 
1951. 

1579
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:07,900
She's assembled a particular set
of skills that don't appear on 

1580
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:11,300
any resume. 
She can look at a room and know,

1581
01:32:11,300 --> 01:32:14,500
within seconds, what's wrong 
with it and how to fix it. 

1582
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:17,000
She can make small talk in three
languages. 

1583
01:32:17,000 --> 01:32:20,400
While simultaneously cataloging 
everything from the quality of 

1584
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:23,300
the silverware to the way, the 
host and Hostess in tracked with

1585
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:25,900
their staff. 
She understands that surfaces 

1586
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:29,100
aren't shallow, they're the 
first chapter of every story. 

1587
01:32:29,100 --> 01:32:31,900
The thing that determines 
whether anyone will bother 

1588
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,300
reading further the 12 year old 
girl reading about Marie 

1589
01:32:35,300 --> 01:32:38,400
Antoinette in that Manhattan. 
Apartment has become a young 

1590
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:42,200
woman who knows that changing 
how things look is one way of 

1591
01:32:42,200 --> 01:32:44,600
changing. 
How people think about them and 

1592
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:48,600
that this kind of change, 
though, subtle can be more 

1593
01:32:48,600 --> 01:32:51,400
lasting than the kind that 
announces itself with trumpets 

1594
01:32:51,400 --> 01:32:54,500
and headlines your walking into 
the White House for the first 

1595
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:58,700
time as first lady in January, 
1961, and the first thing that 

1596
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:00,900
strikes you isn't the history of
the grand year. 

1597
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:03,700
It's the overwhelming sense of 
neglect. 

1598
01:33:03,700 --> 01:33:07,000
Yes, smells like old heating 
systems and carpet. 

1599
01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:09,000
That seemed too many decades of 
shoes. 

1600
01:33:09,000 --> 01:33:12,100
The furniture looks like what 
you'd find in a moderately 

1601
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:16,800
successful hotel from the 1920s.
Generic pieces chosen for 

1602
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:19,000
durability rather than beauty or
meaning. 

1603
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:22,600
The paintings on the walls could
be from anywhere bought in bulk.

1604
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:26,000
Perhaps telling no particular 
story about the nation that paid

1605
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:30,400
for them Jackie, Kennedy stands 
in the center of the green room 

1606
01:33:30,400 --> 01:33:33,200
and you can see her face doing 
something complicated. 

1607
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:35,300
She's not disgusted. 
Exactly. 

1608
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:38,100
But she certainly disappointed 
more than that. 

1609
01:33:38,100 --> 01:33:41,000
She's puzzled. 
This is the house that supposed 

1610
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:43,800
to represent American 
achievement to the world and it 

1611
01:33:43,800 --> 01:33:46,400
looks like nobody with any 
Authority is actually thought 

1612
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:50,700
about what its representing. 
The curtains, a sun faded the 

1613
01:33:50,700 --> 01:33:53,700
upholstery is warning ways that 
suggest it wasn't particularly 

1614
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:56,900
nice to begin with. 
Some of the antique furniture 

1615
01:33:56,900 --> 01:34:00,900
and there isn't much has been 
painted over with modern colors.

1616
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:03,300
That hide. 
The original would she makes a 

1617
01:34:03,300 --> 01:34:05,900
decision right there, that will 
consume the next three years of 

1618
01:34:05,900 --> 01:34:08,400
her life. 
The White House needs to become 

1619
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:11,300
what it's supposed to be and she
is going to make that happen, 

1620
01:34:11,300 --> 01:34:15,500
whether anyone helps her or not.
The first problem is that almost

1621
01:34:15,500 --> 01:34:18,200
none of the furniture art 
actually belongs to the White 

1622
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:21,400
House permanently. 
Previous, first families have 

1623
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:25,000
bought things used them and take
them home when they left. 

1624
01:34:25,800 --> 01:34:27,100
The house has no real 
collection. 

1625
01:34:27,100 --> 01:34:29,900
No institutional memory, 
built-in objects. 

1626
01:34:29,900 --> 01:34:33,100
It's more like a rental property
that various tenants have 

1627
01:34:33,100 --> 01:34:36,300
decorated, according to their 
temporary tastes leaving behind.

1628
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:39,900
Only what they didn't want badly
enough to pack, Jackie starts 

1629
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:43,100
making phone calls, she reaches 
out to wealthy families who 

1630
01:34:43,100 --> 01:34:45,400
might have furniture Gathering 
dust in their attics. 

1631
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:49,800
Original American pieces made by
Master Craftsmen in the 1800s 

1632
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:53,100
that have been replaced by 
modern conveniences, she 

1633
01:34:53,100 --> 01:34:55,700
contacts historians who 
specialize in presidential 

1634
01:34:55,700 --> 01:34:58,300
history. 
Asking what kinds of objects 

1635
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:00,100
would have been in the White 
House during its most 

1636
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:03,200
significant moments. 
She writes letters to museum 

1637
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:05,800
directors. 
Essentially asking if they have 

1638
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:08,500
anything they'd be willing to 
loan indefinitely to the 

1639
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:12,900
nation's most important house 
The response surprises, everyone

1640
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:15,800
except her Americans. 
It turns out are sitting on 

1641
01:35:15,808 --> 01:35:18,600
Treasure, troves of historical 
furniture and art that they 

1642
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:22,400
forgotten to Value properly. 
A family in Philadelphia has a 

1643
01:35:22,400 --> 01:35:25,400
desk that belonged to a 
Revolutionary War General stored

1644
01:35:25,400 --> 01:35:28,500
in a barn because it doesn't 
match their current Decor a 

1645
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:31,900
woman in Boston has paintings of
early American Landscapes that 

1646
01:35:31,900 --> 01:35:34,900
have been hanging in her guest 
room Gathering dust because 

1647
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:38,200
nobody ever uses that room. 
The collector in Virginia has 

1648
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:41,600
been storing a set of chairs 
made for James Monroe, waiting 

1649
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:43,700
for someone who would appreciate
them properly. 

1650
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:46,300
You're watching her work in a 
makeshift office. 

1651
01:35:46,300 --> 01:35:49,100
She set up in the White House 
and the organization is 

1652
01:35:49,100 --> 01:35:52,600
meticulous. 
She's created files for every 

1653
01:35:52,600 --> 01:35:56,500
room with photographs of what it
looks like now and sketches of 

1654
01:35:56,500 --> 01:35:59,400
what it could become. 
She's compiled list of furniture

1655
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:03,000
style by period, cross reference
with which presidents were in 

1656
01:36:03,008 --> 01:36:04,600
office. 
When those styles were popular, 

1657
01:36:04,600 --> 01:36:07,700
she's tracking down the 
provenance of every piece that 

1658
01:36:07,700 --> 01:36:11,100
donors offer making sure nothing
fake or historically 

1659
01:36:11,100 --> 01:36:15,900
questionable ends up on display.
This isn't redecorating, it's 

1660
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:20,300
detective work archeology and 
educational all happening, 

1661
01:36:20,300 --> 01:36:23,400
simultaneously. 
The work has a funny quality to 

1662
01:36:23,400 --> 01:36:26,900
it too because the White House 
staff on quite sure what to make

1663
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:30,400
of this young first lady who 
keeps asking them to move heavy 

1664
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:33,400
ferniture around. 
So she can see how different a 

1665
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:38,700
rangements feel. 
The chief Usher JB West finds 

1666
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:41,700
himself in the unusual position 
of Hosting, what amounts to an 

1667
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:44,800
ongoing Furniture audition, 
where chairs and tables are 

1668
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,100
brought in assess and either 
accepted into the permanent 

1669
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:50,800
collection or politely declined 
one afternoon. 

1670
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:54,900
Jackie rejects a supposedly 
historical table because she's 

1671
01:36:54,900 --> 01:36:57,600
noticed the screws of the wrong 
kind for the period. 

1672
01:36:57,600 --> 01:37:00,200
It's supposed to be from and 
West realizes. 

1673
01:37:00,200 --> 01:37:01,900
He's dealing with someone who's 
done her homework. 

1674
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:06,300
She creates the White House, 
historical Association, giving 

1675
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:08,700
the restoration project of 
formal structure and 

1676
01:37:08,700 --> 01:37:11,500
credibility. 
She convinces Congress to pass 

1677
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:14,700
legislation making the White 
House, a museum, which means 

1678
01:37:14,700 --> 01:37:16,500
future. 
First families, can't simply 

1679
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:20,000
redecorate according to their 
personal preferences and haul 

1680
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:20,700
away. 
The good stuff. 

1681
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:25,800
When they leave, she recruit 
experts, curators historians and

1682
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:29,200
decorative Arts Specialists to 
serve on committees. 

1683
01:37:29,200 --> 01:37:32,600
That will guide the restoration 
and protect it from anyone's 

1684
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:36,800
impulses to modernize or 
simplify The Blue Room becomes a

1685
01:37:36,800 --> 01:37:40,000
study in careful, color theory 
with walls painted in the 

1686
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:42,000
specific shade. 
That was popular during the 

1687
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:45,600
1820s furnished, with pieces, 
that would have been considered 

1688
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:47,700
fashionable. 
When James Monroe was pressed, 

1689
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:50,900
and the Red Room receives 
curtains made from the same kind

1690
01:37:50,900 --> 01:37:54,800
of silk, that would have hung 
there in 1860 The red not the 

1691
01:37:54,800 --> 01:37:57,800
bright modern shade but the 
deeper richer tone that natural 

1692
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:01,500
dies produced the state dining 
room gets chairs that were 

1693
01:38:01,508 --> 01:38:03,900
actually made for the White 
House in the 19th century. 

1694
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,200
Found in a government Warehouse 
where they'd been sent when 

1695
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:10,600
someone decided they looked too 
old fashioned, your standing 

1696
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:13,800
with her in the newly restored. 
Diplomatic reception room and 

1697
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:15,400
she's explaining the wallpaper 
to you. 

1698
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:19,300
It's a reproduction of an 1830s 
design showing American 

1699
01:38:19,300 --> 01:38:23,500
Landscapes, Niagara Falls, 
Boston, Harbor and Natural 

1700
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:26,400
Bridge in Virginia. 
The original paper was found in 

1701
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:30,300
a house in Maryland and experts 
spent months analyzing it to 

1702
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:32,500
understand the printing 
technique in colors. 

1703
01:38:32,500 --> 01:38:35,800
Well enough to recreate it 
accurately, she's not just 

1704
01:38:35,800 --> 01:38:39,400
hanging pretty wallpaper, she's 
creating an immersive historical

1705
01:38:39,400 --> 01:38:43,200
experience where every surface 
tells visitors something true 

1706
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,000
about American history. 
The funny moments come 

1707
01:38:46,000 --> 01:38:49,300
frequently, usually involving 
the interception of her vision 

1708
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:53,200
with practical, White House 
operations, the staff learns to 

1709
01:38:53,200 --> 01:38:56,200
hide Furniture, their 
particularly attached to because

1710
01:38:56,200 --> 01:38:59,500
Jackie has a habit of wandering 
through service areas and 

1711
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:02,400
suddenly declaring that a piece 
they've been using in a basement

1712
01:39:02,400 --> 01:39:04,900
office would be perfect for the 
second floor. 

1713
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:08,500
One Carpenter makes the mistake 
of showing her a storage room 

1714
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:11,500
full of old frames and she 
spends the next three hours 

1715
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:16,100
going through every single one. 
Emerging Victorious with frames 

1716
01:39:16,100 --> 01:39:17,600
that. 
Turn out to be original to the 

1717
01:39:17,600 --> 01:39:20,200
building. 
Perfect for the paintings. 

1718
01:39:20,200 --> 01:39:23,800
She's acquiring. 
By the time CBS Television comes

1719
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:26,800
to film a special tour of the 
restored, White House in 

1720
01:39:26,800 --> 01:39:30,000
February 1962. 
The transformation is 

1721
01:39:30,000 --> 01:39:32,700
remarkable. 
More than 50 million people, 

1722
01:39:32,700 --> 01:39:34,900
watched Jackie guide them 
through rooms that. 

1723
01:39:34,900 --> 01:39:37,300
Now tell coherent stories about 
American history and 

1724
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:40,500
craftsmanship, she doesn't 
narrate like a tour, guide, 

1725
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:44,300
reciting memorized facts. 
She shares details like someone 

1726
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:46,100
who's genuinely excited about 
what? 

1727
01:39:46,100 --> 01:39:49,800
She's learned pointing out the 
subtle curve in a chair leg or 

1728
01:39:49,800 --> 01:39:53,900
the way light hits a particular 
painting at certain times of 

1729
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:55,800
day. 
The restoration isn't about 

1730
01:39:55,800 --> 01:39:59,300
luxury or showing off wealth. 
It's about claiming that America

1731
01:39:59,300 --> 01:40:02,900
has a visual culture worth 
preserving and celebrating that 

1732
01:40:02,900 --> 01:40:05,800
the nation's history exists. 
Not just in documents and 

1733
01:40:05,800 --> 01:40:09,000
battlefields but in the objects 
people made and used. 

1734
01:40:09,000 --> 01:40:13,100
She's arguing through careful 
Arrangement and selection that 

1735
01:40:13,100 --> 01:40:15,700
taking care of. 
Beautiful, things isn't shallow,

1736
01:40:15,700 --> 01:40:19,500
it's a form of respecting. 
The people who made them in the 

1737
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:22,600
history they represent you're 
watching her a just a flower 

1738
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,900
arrangement in the entrance 
hall, moving individual stems 

1739
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:28,100
until the composition balances 
exactly. 

1740
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:30,400
Right. 
And you realize she's applying 

1741
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:32,200
the same attention to detail 
here. 

1742
01:40:32,200 --> 01:40:35,300
That she learned as a 12 year 
old, studying, French furniture.

1743
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:38,400
The difference is that now, 
she's working at a scale that 

1744
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:40,300
will influence. 
How millions of people think 

1745
01:40:40,300 --> 01:40:43,300
about American history, and 
she's doing it one carefully, 

1746
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:47,200
chosen chair at a time, you're 
sitting in a receiving line, US 

1747
01:40:47,200 --> 01:40:49,800
state dinner, and you're 
watching, something remarkable 

1748
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:52,100
happened that most people don't 
even notice. 

1749
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:56,100
The guest of honor tonight is 
the president of Pakistan and 

1750
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:59,300
Jackie Kennedy is speaking to 
him in French, not because he's 

1751
01:40:59,300 --> 01:41:02,300
French, but because French is 
the Diplomatic language. 

1752
01:41:02,300 --> 01:41:05,600
They share the neutral. 
Ground were a first lady from 

1753
01:41:05,600 --> 01:41:08,800
America and a president. 
From Pakistan, can meet his 

1754
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:12,000
equals in conversation. 
She's asking him about Google 

1755
01:41:12,000 --> 01:41:15,700
architecture and his face lights
up with the particular pleasure,

1756
01:41:15,700 --> 01:41:18,500
people feel when someone from 
far away, cares about something 

1757
01:41:18,500 --> 01:41:22,400
specific from their culture, not
just the obvious tourist 

1758
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:25,800
destinations, but the deeper 
Artistic traditions. 

1759
01:41:25,800 --> 01:41:29,600
This is cultural diplomacy but 
it doesn't announce itself that 

1760
01:41:29,600 --> 01:41:32,400
way there are no formal 
negotiations happening. 

1761
01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:35,400
No treaties being signed 
instead. 

1762
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:38,600
There's just a moment of genuine
connection over shared 

1763
01:41:38,600 --> 01:41:41,900
appreciation for how humans have
expressed Beauty through 

1764
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,400
buildings and that moment 
creates a warmth that will 

1765
01:41:45,400 --> 01:41:48,900
linger long after the dinner 
ends influencing how this 

1766
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:52,700
foreign leader thinks about 
Americans and their capacity for

1767
01:41:52,700 --> 01:41:56,000
understanding The Wider World, 
Jackie has figured out something

1768
01:41:56,000 --> 01:41:57,900
that most political figures Miss
entirely. 

1769
01:41:58,800 --> 01:42:02,300
Culture is its own form of power
and sometimes showing people 

1770
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:05,900
that you value, what they value,
accomplishes more than any 

1771
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:09,300
amount of political pressure, 
she prepares for State visits, 

1772
01:42:09,300 --> 01:42:12,800
the way students prepare for 
final exams reading about each 

1773
01:42:12,800 --> 01:42:15,300
country's history are literature
and music. 

1774
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:18,200
Looking for authentic 
connections, rather than 

1775
01:42:18,200 --> 01:42:21,300
superficial compliments to 
deploy, you're in the white 

1776
01:42:21,300 --> 01:42:22,800
house. 
Kitchen watching preparations 

1777
01:42:22,800 --> 01:42:25,800
for a dinner, honoring, French 
minister of culture Andre 

1778
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:29,700
Melrose and the attention to 
detail is almost absurd. 

1779
01:42:29,700 --> 01:42:32,500
The menu has been crafted to 
honor French cullinary 

1780
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:34,500
Traditions. 
While incorporating American 

1781
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:38,100
ingredients creating a 
conversation in food about the 

1782
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:41,500
relationship between the two 
countries, the wines are America

1783
01:42:41,500 --> 01:42:45,000
and chosen specifically to 
demonstrate the American 

1784
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:47,300
Vineyards. 
Can produce quality that stands 

1785
01:42:47,300 --> 01:42:50,700
beside French standards. 
The table settings, mix French, 

1786
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:54,300
porcelain with American silver, 
every four, complete placed to 

1787
01:42:54,300 --> 01:42:57,200
suggest that these two cultures 
can sit comfortably side by 

1788
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,100
side. 
But the real magic happens in 

1789
01:43:00,100 --> 01:43:02,400
the guest list. 
Jackie is invited. 

1790
01:43:02,400 --> 01:43:06,200
American artists, writers and 
musicians not just politicians 

1791
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,000
and diplomats. 
She's creating an environment. 

1792
01:43:09,000 --> 01:43:11,900
Where Leonard Burns team might 
find himself talking with a 

1793
01:43:11,900 --> 01:43:15,900
visiting conductor from Vienna. 
Where an American painter could 

1794
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:18,000
discuss technique with a 
sculptor from Italy. 

1795
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:21,500
She's using the White House as a
kind of cultural crossroads 

1796
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:24,000
demonstrating. 
That America has its own 

1797
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,600
artistic Traditions, worth 
taking seriously while remaining

1798
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:31,300
genuinely curious about 
Traditions from elsewhere, the 

1799
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,100
funny moments emerged from 
cultural misunderstandings that 

1800
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:37,500
her preparation helps avoid 
before a state visit from the 

1801
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:40,400
leader of Tunisia. 
She learns that certain flowers,

1802
01:43:40,400 --> 01:43:42,800
have religious significance, 
that would make them 

1803
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:44,700
inappropriate for table 
Arrangements. 

1804
01:43:44,700 --> 01:43:47,900
She discovers that the 
traditional greeting gesture in 

1805
01:43:47,900 --> 01:43:51,200
one Asian country looks 
remarkably like a gesture. 

1806
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:54,000
That means something quite 
different in another and she 

1807
01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:56,500
makes sure protocol officers 
brief the president. 

1808
01:43:56,500 --> 01:44:00,400
So, nobody accidentally causes a
fence, she becomes a kind of 

1809
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,900
cultural translator creating 
Bridges between her husband's 

1810
01:44:03,900 --> 01:44:07,400
political objectives and the 
deeper human connections that 

1811
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:12,500
make those objective her trip to
India and Pakistan in 1962 

1812
01:44:12,500 --> 01:44:15,900
becomes a master class. 
Approach, you're traveling with 

1813
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:18,700
her watching, how she moves 
through each encounter. 

1814
01:44:18,700 --> 01:44:22,100
She doesn't feign interest. 
She's genuinely curious about 

1815
01:44:22,100 --> 01:44:24,600
everything from classical. 
Dance forms to the techniques. 

1816
01:44:24,600 --> 01:44:27,800
Used in miniature painting, she 
asked questions that reveal, 

1817
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,100
she's done her homework. 
Understanding enough to inquire 

1818
01:44:31,100 --> 01:44:35,000
about specific details rather 
than offering vague praise when 

1819
01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:37,700
she visits school. 
She doesn't just wave and smile.

1820
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:41,000
She sits with students and asks 
about what they're learning 

1821
01:44:41,000 --> 01:44:44,500
demonstrating. 
Respect for Education as a 

1822
01:44:44,500 --> 01:44:46,600
universal value that crosses all
borders. 

1823
01:44:46,600 --> 01:44:49,700
The photographs from this trip, 
tell their own story. 

1824
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:55,200
She is riding an elephant and 
ceremonial dress and somehow 

1825
01:44:55,200 --> 01:44:58,000
she's managed to make it. 
Look both dignified and natural.

1826
01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:01,200
As if riding elephants is 
simply, what one does, when 

1827
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:04,800
visiting places where elephants 
are important, there she is at 

1828
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:08,700
the Taj Mahal and her face shows
genuine Wonder rather than the 

1829
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:10,800
practice expression of official 
appreciation. 

1830
01:45:10,800 --> 01:45:13,600
The people watching these images
around the world. 

1831
01:45:13,600 --> 01:45:16,600
See someone who's willing to 
participate respectfully and 

1832
01:45:16,600 --> 01:45:20,600
other cultures, traditions, and 
that willingness creates warmth 

1833
01:45:20,600 --> 01:45:23,900
toward America that no amount of
political speeches, could 

1834
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:26,100
manufacture back at the White 
House? 

1835
01:45:26,100 --> 01:45:29,300
She transformed State dinners 
from formal obligations into 

1836
01:45:29,300 --> 01:45:31,300
events that people actually want
to attend. 

1837
01:45:31,300 --> 01:45:34,900
You're at a dinner, honoring 
Nobel Prize winners and she's 

1838
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:38,000
placed a physicist next to a 
poet and a novelist next to an 

1839
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:40,900
economist creating unexpected 
conversations. 

1840
01:45:40,900 --> 01:45:43,400
That wouldn't happen in more 
conventional seating 

1841
01:45:43,400 --> 01:45:46,600
arrangements. 
She's invited Pablo's to perform

1842
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:50,200
bringing one of the world's 
greatest selling out of semi 

1843
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:53,100
Rhett. 
Filled with people who will 

1844
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:55,200
remember this evening for the 
rest of their lives. 

1845
01:45:55,200 --> 01:45:58,300
The Diplomatic Corps in 
Washington starts, to notice 

1846
01:45:58,300 --> 01:46:02,000
that invitations to White House 
events, have become genuinely 

1847
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:05,700
desirable, not just obligatory 
and ambassadors. 

1848
01:46:05,700 --> 01:46:08,600
Discover that these aren't 
stuffy Formal Affairs where 

1849
01:46:08,600 --> 01:46:11,100
everyone makes careful, small 
talk and leaves early. 

1850
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:15,100
Their evenings were interesting 
things actually happen, where 

1851
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:17,700
you might hear extraordinary 
music, or meet someone who 

1852
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:21,300
changes, how you think about 
something, the White House 

1853
01:46:21,300 --> 01:46:24,400
becomes a place where culture is
taken seriously as its own form 

1854
01:46:24,400 --> 01:46:27,100
of national strength. 
Not just decoration for 

1855
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:30,300
political business, she uses 
fashion the same way, 

1856
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:33,900
understanding that what she 
wears to stay occasions, sends 

1857
01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:36,300
messages about American style 
and values. 

1858
01:46:36,300 --> 01:46:40,600
Her clothes are elegant, but not
ostentatious modern, but not 

1859
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:43,900
flashy demonstrating that 
Americans can appreciate 

1860
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:46,700
sophistication without 
abandoning their Democratic 

1861
01:46:46,700 --> 01:46:49,000
principles. 
When she wears American 

1862
01:46:49,000 --> 01:46:52,600
designers to official events. 
She's making a quiet argument 

1863
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:56,100
that American fashion can stand 
confidently beside European 

1864
01:46:56,100 --> 01:46:58,300
tradition. 
You're watching her prepare for 

1865
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:00,200
a dinner with the president of 
France. 

1866
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:03,900
And she chose an address in a 
shade of blue that somehow 

1867
01:47:03,900 --> 01:47:07,200
manages to honor the French flag
while remaining distinctly 

1868
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:09,000
American in its cut and 
simplicity. 

1869
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:13,000
It's a small thing, this choice 
of color but it can communicates

1870
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:15,600
thoughtfulness about the 
relationship between nation's 

1871
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:16,900
through the language of 
clothing. 

1872
01:47:17,800 --> 01:47:21,700
The French, you take these 
details seriously notice and 

1873
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:24,700
appreciate the gesture the 
restoration work. 

1874
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:27,500
She's done on the White House 
becomes its own form of cultural

1875
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:31,400
diplomacy foreign leaders 
touring the renovated rooms, see

1876
01:47:31,400 --> 01:47:33,700
that Americans value, history 
and craftsmanship. 

1877
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:37,400
And that the nation isn't only 
interested in modern progress, 

1878
01:47:37,400 --> 01:47:40,400
but also in preserving and 
honoring its past. 

1879
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:44,600
She's created and argues 
visually for American cultural 

1880
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:47,000
maturity. 
Demonstrating that the 

1881
01:47:47,000 --> 01:47:50,600
relatively Young Nation has 
developed, its own Traditions 

1882
01:47:50,600 --> 01:47:53,600
worth maintaining and 
celebrating her approach to 

1883
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:56,400
these diplomatic and cultural 
efforts has a quality of 

1884
01:47:56,400 --> 01:47:58,300
restraint. 
That makes them more powerful. 

1885
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:01,500
She doesn't give speeches about 
the importance of cultural 

1886
01:48:01,500 --> 01:48:05,000
exchange, she simply creates 
environments where cultural 

1887
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:07,800
exchange happens. 
Naturally she doesn't announce 

1888
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:10,300
that she studying, French, 
literature or Indian history, 

1889
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:13,400
she just knows enough to ask 
good questions and make 

1890
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:16,900
meaningful connections. 
She lets the works be for 

1891
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:18,900
itself. 
Understanding that the most 

1892
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:22,100
effective diplomacy often 
happens in the spaces between 

1893
01:48:22,100 --> 01:48:25,600
official conversations. 
In moments of genuine, human 

1894
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:28,700
connection over shared 
appreciation, for beauty or 

1895
01:48:28,700 --> 01:48:31,100
ideas. 
Your standing with her in the 

1896
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,300
White House Garden at dusk after
a state dinner as ended and the 

1897
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:36,800
guests of left. 
She's looking at the Roses, 

1898
01:48:36,800 --> 01:48:40,200
she's a planted varieties. 
Chosen not just for their 

1899
01:48:40,200 --> 01:48:43,200
beauty, but for their historical
connections to American 

1900
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:47,300
Presidents families, even here, 
in this quiet moment with no 

1901
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:50,400
cameras or audiences. 
She's thinking about how to use 

1902
01:48:50,400 --> 01:48:54,000
Beauty and history to tell 
stories about who Americans are 

1903
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:57,200
and what they value. 
The diplomacy continues, even 

1904
01:48:57,200 --> 01:49:00,600
when nobody's watching built 
into the very landscape of the 

1905
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:02,300
place. 
She's transformed into something

1906
01:49:02,300 --> 01:49:05,200
that represents the nation at 
its most thoughtful and 

1907
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:07,200
welcoming. 
You're in a room full of 

1908
01:49:07,200 --> 01:49:09,400
reporters. 
And there's a question hanging 

1909
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:12,400
in the air about something 
personal something that pokes at

1910
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:16,000
the boundary between public 
interest and private life, you 

1911
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:18,200
watch Jackie Kennedy's face. 
Do something subtle. 

1912
01:49:18,200 --> 01:49:22,300
Not quite a smile, not quite a 
wall going up, but something 

1913
01:49:22,300 --> 01:49:25,300
that politely redirects the 
conversation back to territory. 

1914
01:49:25,300 --> 01:49:27,700
She's willing to discuss the 
reporters. 

1915
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:31,000
Don't feel shut down but somehow
the personal question has been 

1916
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,100
answered without actually being 
answered and the interview 

1917
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:36,400
continues smoothly. 
Towards safer ground. 

1918
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,500
This is restraint as a form of 
power and she's developed it 

1919
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:42,900
into something like an art form 
in an era. 

1920
01:49:42,900 --> 01:49:46,100
When television is making 
everything more visible cameras 

1921
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:48,300
want to follow precedence 
families into rooms that 

1922
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:52,100
previous generations would have 
considered private She's figured

1923
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:54,700
out how to maintain boundaries 
without seeming cold or 

1924
01:49:54,700 --> 01:49:57,400
unfriendly. 
She understands something 

1925
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:00,000
important. 
You can't control everything 

1926
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:03,100
people say about you, but you 
can control what you give them 

1927
01:50:03,100 --> 01:50:06,200
to work with. 
The challenge is unique to her 

1928
01:50:06,200 --> 01:50:09,200
generation of first ladies 
Eleanor Roosevelt had to 

1929
01:50:09,208 --> 01:50:12,500
navigate radio and newspapers 
but television is different. 

1930
01:50:12,500 --> 01:50:15,800
More immediate, more intimate 
and more hungry for content. 

1931
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:20,900
Cameras want to see everything. 
How she raises her children, how

1932
01:50:20,900 --> 01:50:24,700
she, decorates a private rooms, 
what she eats for breakfast, and

1933
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:28,500
how she spends her weekends? 
She needs to feed this appetite 

1934
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:31,200
enough to maintain public 
interest without surrendering 

1935
01:50:31,200 --> 01:50:33,400
the Privacy that makes Family 
Life. 

1936
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:36,600
Bearable, you're watching her 
with Caroline and John in the 

1937
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,700
white house and there's a 
careful choreography to what the

1938
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:43,300
cameras are allowed to capture 
official photographs show, Sweet

1939
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:46,900
Moments children playing in the 
Oval Office family time that 

1940
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:50,100
looks casual, but is actually 
quite controlled what the 

1941
01:50:50,100 --> 01:50:51,900
cameras don't see, is everything
else. 

1942
01:50:51,900 --> 01:50:55,900
The normal chaos of children 
being children, the difficult 

1943
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:58,600
moments, and the private family 
dynamics. 

1944
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:01,800
That every household experience,
is that that would become 

1945
01:51:01,800 --> 01:51:04,900
tabloid fodder. 
If revealed she is created a 

1946
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:08,400
kind of protective bubble around
her children understanding that 

1947
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:11,900
they didn't choose this exposure
and deserve as much normal 

1948
01:51:11,900 --> 01:51:13,800
childhood as circumstances. 
Permit. 

1949
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:17,600
Caroline attends, a small school
that Jackie is essentially 

1950
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:20,600
created at the White House 
bringing in other children. 

1951
01:51:20,600 --> 01:51:24,000
So her daughter is an isolated 
but also isn't on display at a 

1952
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:25,800
regular school. 
Where every moment might become 

1953
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:29,900
news, it's a compromise between 
the demands of public life and 

1954
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:32,300
the needs of a child who just 
wants to play with without 

1955
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,700
cameras documenting, every 
scraped knee and lost tooth. 

1956
01:51:36,500 --> 01:51:40,100
The funny thing is how she uses 
photography to protect privacy 

1957
01:51:40,100 --> 01:51:44,100
by allowing certain carefully, 
managed images, she satisfies 

1958
01:51:44,100 --> 01:51:47,600
some of the Public's curiosity 
and reduces the value of 

1959
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:51,500
intrusive Paparazzi shots, 
official photographers Capture 

1960
01:51:51,500 --> 01:51:53,600
Moments. 
That show the family is warm and

1961
01:51:53,600 --> 01:51:57,200
relatable creating a narrative 
that fills the space where 

1962
01:51:57,200 --> 01:51:59,000
speculation might otherwise 
grow. 

1963
01:51:59,000 --> 01:52:02,100
Its a sophisticated 
understanding of media relations

1964
01:52:02,100 --> 01:52:05,700
give people enough of what they 
want that they're less desperate

1965
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,900
to find what you're hiding. 
Their own public appearances. 

1966
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:12,500
Follow similar principles, she 
gives interviews but their 

1967
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,900
limited and carefully prepared. 
She appears at official 

1968
01:52:15,900 --> 01:52:17,900
functions. 
But always with clear boundaries

1969
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:20,800
about what is appropriate to 
discuss when she does. 

1970
01:52:20,800 --> 01:52:23,900
Speak publicly her words? 
Chosen for their Precision 

1971
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:27,400
saying exactly what she means to
say and nothing more. 

1972
01:52:27,400 --> 01:52:32,100
She's learned that in politics 
vagina can be useful, but so can

1973
01:52:32,100 --> 01:52:35,800
specificity knowing which to use
when his part of the skill. 

1974
01:52:36,600 --> 01:52:38,600
Your listening to her, being 
interviewed about the White 

1975
01:52:38,600 --> 01:52:41,400
House, restoration and she's 
doing something interesting. 

1976
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:46,200
She's genuinely enthusiastic and
knowledgeable sharing details 

1977
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:49,500
that demonstrate her expertise, 
but she never makes it about 

1978
01:52:49,500 --> 01:52:53,300
herself. 
Focus stays on the history, the 

1979
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,300
Craftsman who made the furniture
and the donors who have 

1980
01:52:56,300 --> 01:52:59,000
contributed pieces. 
She's the narrator of this 

1981
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:00,700
story. 
Not its hero. 

1982
01:53:00,700 --> 01:53:04,100
And that modesty makes her more 
likeable while. 

1983
01:53:04,100 --> 01:53:06,900
Also deflecting attention from 
her personal life, onto the 

1984
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:10,100
project itself. 
The pressure on her appearance 

1985
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:14,000
is constant and intents. 
Every outfit is analyzed every 

1986
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:14,900
hairstyle. 
Discussed. 

1987
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,800
And every public appearance 
dissected for what her choices. 

1988
01:53:17,800 --> 01:53:21,600
Might mean, she handles this by 
developing a consistent style, 

1989
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:25,700
that's elegant, but not flashy. 
Becoming almost a living logo of

1990
01:53:25,700 --> 01:53:29,200
American Grace. 
The consistency is strategic. 

1991
01:53:29,200 --> 01:53:32,700
When you look essentially the 
same at every official function,

1992
01:53:32,700 --> 01:53:36,900
individual appearances, become 
less news worthy and the focus 

1993
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:40,200
can shift to what you're doing, 
rather than what you're wearing.

1994
01:53:40,200 --> 01:53:43,700
But there's a cost to this 
restraint that you can sometimes

1995
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:46,900
see if your paying attention. 
You're watching her at a 

1996
01:53:46,900 --> 01:53:49,000
campaign event during the 1968 
election. 

1997
01:53:49,000 --> 01:53:53,200
And for just a moment when she 
thinks, nobody's looking a face 

1998
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:57,000
shows fatigue, the constant 
performance of Grace, The 

1999
01:53:57,000 --> 01:54:00,500
NeverEnding requirement to look 
poised and say the right things,

2000
01:54:00,500 --> 01:54:03,400
the knowledge that every gesture
will be analyzed. 

2001
01:54:04,200 --> 01:54:07,100
It's exhausting in ways that 
aren't visible in the official 

2002
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:10,000
photographs. 
She protects this weariness from

2003
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:13,500
public view, understanding that 
showing vulnerability, might be 

2004
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:17,200
interpreted as weakness or 
dissatisfaction, she's trapped 

2005
01:54:17,200 --> 01:54:19,900
between an older generation. 
That believed, first ladies 

2006
01:54:19,900 --> 01:54:23,200
should be nearly invisible and a
new generation that wants to 

2007
01:54:23,200 --> 01:54:26,600
know everything about everyone. 
She's creating a middle path. 

2008
01:54:27,200 --> 01:54:31,100
Visible enough to satisfy modern
expectations, restrained enough 

2009
01:54:31,100 --> 01:54:33,900
to maintain dignity and privacy 
the White House. 

2010
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:36,700
Social secretary, learns to 
navigate, Jackie's, boundaries 

2011
01:54:36,700 --> 01:54:40,300
understanding, which events, the
first lady will attend and which

2012
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:45,000
shall skip Which photographs are
acceptable and which cross the 

2013
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:47,300
line? 
There's a careful gatekeeping 

2014
01:54:47,300 --> 01:54:50,300
happening protecting her from 
becoming Overexposed, while 

2015
01:54:50,300 --> 01:54:53,300
ensuring she remains enough in 
the public eye to satisfy 

2016
01:54:53,300 --> 01:54:56,100
political requirements. 
This is a delicate balance that 

2017
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:59,500
requires constant adjustment 
reading public, mood while 

2018
01:54:59,500 --> 01:55:03,000
maintaining personal limits, 
you're in a receiving line, at a

2019
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:06,000
state dinner, watching her Greek
guests after guests with what 

2020
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:10,300
looks like genuine warmth, and 
it probably is genuine for the 

2021
01:55:10,308 --> 01:55:13,300
first 20 people. 
By the time you get to guess 

2022
01:55:13,300 --> 01:55:16,400
number 80, the warmth is still 
there on the surface, but you 

2023
01:55:16,400 --> 01:55:19,800
can see that she's running on 
reserves performing graciousness

2024
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:23,800
through sheer will and training.
She's learned to Pace herself to

2025
01:55:23,800 --> 01:55:27,100
conserve energy for the moments 
that matter most and to make 

2026
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:31,600
every interaction feel special 
even when she had 100 identical 

2027
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:35,400
interactions that evening, her 
relationship with the Press is 

2028
01:55:35,400 --> 01:55:39,700
Complicated by this restrained 
reporters want, access once 

2029
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:42,900
stories and want the That will 
make their articles, 

2030
01:55:42,900 --> 01:55:46,900
interesting, she gives them just
enough providing occasional 

2031
01:55:46,900 --> 01:55:50,700
controlled access that creates 
positive stories while denying 

2032
01:55:50,700 --> 01:55:53,300
the kind of unlimited access. 
That would turn her family's 

2033
01:55:53,300 --> 01:55:56,700
life into a daily soap, opera 
some reporters, appreciate the 

2034
01:55:56,708 --> 01:56:00,400
professionalism others chafe at 
the restrictions frustrated, by 

2035
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:02,400
their inability, to get the 
intimate details. 

2036
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:05,500
That sell papers. 
She's particularly protective 

2037
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,600
about political matters, 
understanding that first. 

2038
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:12,400
Ladies public opinions on policy
could create problems for her 

2039
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:15,400
husband's Administration. 
When asked about controversial 

2040
01:56:15,400 --> 01:56:20,200
issues, she redirects to save 
topics culture history, and 

2041
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:24,100
children is not that she lacks a
pinions, but she's made a 

2042
01:56:24,100 --> 01:56:26,600
calculation that expressing them
publicly serves. 

2043
01:56:26,600 --> 01:56:30,000
No useful purpose and creates 
potential complications. 

2044
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:34,000
The restraint here is strategic 
protecting her husband's 

2045
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:36,300
political flexibility. 
While maintaining her own 

2046
01:56:36,300 --> 01:56:39,300
influence, through quieter to 
channels, you're sitting with 

2047
01:56:39,300 --> 01:56:43,000
her in a private moment rare. 
And Brief, and she's talking 

2048
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:45,000
about the price of this constant
performance. 

2049
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:48,800
She doesn't complain. 
Exactly, that's not her style. 

2050
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:52,400
But she acknowledges that living
in history, Spotlight requires 

2051
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:56,400
giving up kinds of spontaneity 
and privacy that Ordinary People

2052
01:56:56,400 --> 01:56:58,600
take for. 
Granted she can't take her 

2053
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:00,800
children to a park without it 
becoming news. 

2054
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:04,600
Can't have a bad day without it 
being interpreted as 

2055
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,200
significant. 
She can't make a minor mistake 

2056
01:57:07,200 --> 01:57:09,800
without it being magnified into 
a major story. 

2057
01:57:09,800 --> 01:57:12,900
There are strengths, you 
practices becomes part of a 

2058
01:57:12,900 --> 01:57:16,600
legacy demonstrating a kind of 
dignity that influences how 

2059
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:20,200
future first ladies navigate The
Impossible position of being 

2060
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,500
both private citizens and public
figures. 

2061
01:57:22,500 --> 01:57:25,900
She shows that it's possible to 
maintain mystery while remaining

2062
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:29,200
approachable to protect your 
family while serving the public 

2063
01:57:29,200 --> 01:57:31,600
and to be both visible and 
restrained. 

2064
01:57:31,600 --> 01:57:35,500
It's a complicated dance and she
is figured out the steps better 

2065
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:39,100
than almost anyone before her 
creating a template that will 

2066
01:57:39,100 --> 01:57:42,300
influence how public figures 
manage privacy for generations. 

2067
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:46,100
To come your sitting in front of
a television, on a November of 

2068
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:49,400
afternoon in 1963 watching, 
something that doesn't make 

2069
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:52,700
sense that your brain keeps 
trying to reject as impossible. 

2070
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:56,800
President has been shot. 
The president is dead. 

2071
01:57:56,800 --> 01:58:00,300
The words come through the 
television speaker, but they 

2072
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:01,800
sound like they're in a foreign 
language. 

2073
01:58:01,800 --> 01:58:04,800
Like, if you just listen more 
carefully, they'll rearrange 

2074
01:58:04,800 --> 01:58:06,700
themselves into something that 
can be true. 

2075
01:58:06,700 --> 01:58:10,900
Jacqueline Kennedy is 34 years 
old and in the space of a few 

2076
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:12,900
hours, her life has split into 
before. 

2077
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:16,700
And after with such violence 
that the divisional never fully 

2078
01:58:16,700 --> 01:58:18,800
heal. 
You see her on the television 

2079
01:58:18,800 --> 01:58:20,600
and there's blood on her Pink 
Suit. 

2080
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:25,700
The president's blood your mind 
supplies reluctantly And she's 

2081
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:28,600
refused to change out of it. 
She wants people to see what 

2082
01:58:28,600 --> 01:58:32,400
they've done though who exactly?
They are isn't clear yet and 

2083
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:36,000
maybe it never will be what 
happens over the next four days 

2084
01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:39,400
becomes a kind of masterclass in
how to transform private grief 

2085
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:43,000
into public comfort. 
How to help a nation mourn when 

2086
01:58:43,008 --> 01:58:45,100
your own mourning is a wound 
that still bleeding. 

2087
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:48,700
She makes decisions in those 
days that shape how Americans 

2088
01:58:48,700 --> 01:58:51,900
will remember this moment for 
the rest of the century and she 

2089
01:58:51,900 --> 01:58:54,900
makes them while carrying a 
weight of personal loss that 

2090
01:58:54,900 --> 01:58:57,300
would break. 
Most people, you're watching her

2091
01:58:57,300 --> 01:59:00,100
plan, the funeral and she's 
thinking about Abraham Lincoln 

2092
01:59:00,100 --> 01:59:03,300
not because the two 
assassinations are alike in 

2093
01:59:03,300 --> 01:59:06,600
their circumstances but because 
Lincoln's funeral created 

2094
01:59:06,600 --> 01:59:09,600
template for how America Mourns 
its fall and leaders. 

2095
01:59:09,600 --> 01:59:13,000
She remembers the photograph. 
She seemed the horse strong case

2096
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:16,300
on the riderless horse with 
boots reversed in the stirrups. 

2097
01:59:16,300 --> 01:59:19,800
The long slow procession through
streets lined with grieving 

2098
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,300
citizens. 
She's going to recreate that not

2099
01:59:23,300 --> 01:59:26,400
because she's thinking about 
history in this moment, but 

2100
01:59:26,400 --> 01:59:29,500
because history offers a 
structure to hold grief, that 

2101
01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:32,100
might otherwise become shapeless
and overwhelming. 

2102
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:36,700
Planning happens in fragments in
moments, snatched between wave 

2103
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:40,400
of shock and sorrow. 
She specific about details that 

2104
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:43,800
might seem trivial to others but
matter immensely to her. 

2105
01:59:44,900 --> 01:59:47,700
The case on should be the same 
one that carried Franklin, D 

2106
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:50,300
Roosevelt, the music should 
include the Navy. 

2107
01:59:50,300 --> 01:59:54,200
Hymn the burial should be at 
Arlington, where rows of white 

2108
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:57,400
markers testify to other 
sacrifices for the nation. 

2109
01:59:57,400 --> 02:00:00,400
She's creating a ritual that 
will help millions of people 

2110
02:00:00,400 --> 02:00:03,100
process. 
What feels unprocessable and 

2111
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:05,200
she's doing it. 
While her own children needed to

2112
02:00:05,200 --> 02:00:08,800
explain why their father won't 
be coming home your standing on 

2113
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:12,400
a street corner in Washington as
the funeral procession passes 

2114
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:17,200
and the silent is extraordinary.
Hundreds of thousands of people 

2115
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:20,700
have come to witness this and 
nobody speaking about a whisper,

2116
02:00:20,700 --> 02:00:24,600
the only sounds a horses hooves 
on pavement, the wheels of the 

2117
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:28,000
case on and the muffled drums 
that Mark time for the slow 

2118
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:30,800
March. 
And there's Jackie walking 

2119
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,200
behind the case on leading A 
procession of world leaders 

2120
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,900
who've come to pay respects. 
She's wearing a black veil and 

2121
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:40,700
beneath it. 
Her face is composed in a way 

2122
02:00:40,708 --> 02:00:44,500
that looks almost peaceful as if
she's found some private place 

2123
02:00:44,500 --> 02:00:49,100
inside herself where grief can 
coexist with Duty, the image of 

2124
02:00:49,108 --> 02:00:52,100
her lighting, the Eternal Flame 
at the grave side becomes one of

2125
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:54,500
the most powerful photographs of
the decade. 

2126
02:00:54,500 --> 02:00:57,400
You can see in that gesture. 
Something about permanence in 

2127
02:00:57,400 --> 02:01:00,800
the face of loss about creating 
markers that will Outlast 

2128
02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:03,600
individual memory. 
She's thinking about people who 

2129
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:07,400
will visit this grave 50 years 
from now, 100 years from now. 

2130
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:10,000
And she's giving them a focal 
point for reflection. 

2131
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:14,200
A place where the symbol of the 
Eternal Flame, suggest that some

2132
02:01:14,200 --> 02:01:17,700
lights don't go out. 
Even when the people who carried

2133
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:20,100
them are gone. 
What she's doing in these days 

2134
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:23,308
is creating what will come to be
called Camelot a way of 

2135
02:01:23,316 --> 02:01:25,800
remembering the Kennedy 
administration that emphasizes 

2136
02:01:25,800 --> 02:01:29,000
its Grace and promise rather 
than its incomplete. 

2137
02:01:29,100 --> 02:01:31,300
And tragedy a week after the 
funeral. 

2138
02:01:31,300 --> 02:01:34,700
She invites journalists to her 
home and talks about how her 

2139
02:01:34,700 --> 02:01:37,900
husband loved the musical 
Camelot, How we would play the 

2140
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:41,400
original cast recording before 
bed and had a particular 

2141
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:45,900
affection for the lines about 
one brief Shining Moment. 

2142
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:49,100
You're listening to this 
interview and you understand 

2143
02:01:49,100 --> 02:01:52,400
that she's consciously shaping 
memory, creating a narrative 

2144
02:01:52,400 --> 02:01:55,400
that will give people Something 
Beautiful to hold on to rather 

2145
02:01:55,400 --> 02:01:58,300
than just grief and questions 
without answers. 

2146
02:01:58,300 --> 02:02:02,500
Some will later criticized this 
as myth, making as a false 

2147
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:05,300
history that obscures, more 
complex truths about the Kennedy

2148
02:02:05,300 --> 02:02:08,200
president. 
See, but in the moment, what 

2149
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:11,400
she's offering is Comfort a way 
to remember that feel 

2150
02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:14,600
sustainable that allows for 
morning without becoming mayor 

2151
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:17,200
in despair. 
The Camelot frame gives people 

2152
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:19,700
permission to grieve for what 
might have been rather than 

2153
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:22,800
getting stuck in. 
What was it transforms a 

2154
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:26,500
president, see cut short, into a
symbol of possibility letting 

2155
02:02:26,500 --> 02:02:28,500
Americans project their hopes 
onto. 

2156
02:02:28,500 --> 02:02:32,200
What might have happened if 
those Thousand Days had become a

2157
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:35,900
Year's, it's not entirely Fair. 
No, president could live up to 

2158
02:02:35,908 --> 02:02:39,300
the idealized version she's 
creating, but fairness isn't the

2159
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:41,900
point. 
The point is helping a nation 

2160
02:02:41,900 --> 02:02:44,800
wounded by violence. 
Find a way to move forward, 

2161
02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:48,300
without simply moving on. 
Your watching her with Caroline 

2162
02:02:48,300 --> 02:02:51,300
and John in the months after the
assassination and the public 

2163
02:02:51,300 --> 02:02:54,500
rarely sees this part. 
She's trying to maintain some 

2164
02:02:54,500 --> 02:02:57,200
normalcy for children, who've 
lost their father and their home

2165
02:02:57,200 --> 02:03:00,500
simultaneously, who have watched
their mother become an icon of 

2166
02:03:00,508 --> 02:03:02,200
grief in addition to being their
mother. 

2167
02:03:02,200 --> 02:03:05,800
She reads them stories about 
their father, creating a 

2168
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:08,000
narrative that will let them 
know him as more than just 

2169
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:12,100
photographs and public memory. 
She's protecting their right to 

2170
02:03:12,100 --> 02:03:15,300
mourn privately while the nation
Mourns publicly. 

2171
02:03:15,300 --> 02:03:19,800
The funny thing though funny 
isn't quite the right word is 

2172
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:23,000
how her Grace under this 
impossible pressure becomes its 

2173
02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:26,700
own form of comfort to others. 
People who've lost loved ones. 

2174
02:03:26,700 --> 02:03:30,000
Find something in her example 
that helps them bear their own 

2175
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:32,300
grief. 
She's demonstrating that it's 

2176
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:36,400
possible to be broken and still 
function to carry loss and still

2177
02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:40,100
create meaning and to mourn 
deeply, while continuing to care

2178
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:43,000
for others who need you, she's 
not trying to be an example, 

2179
02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:46,300
she's just trying to survive, 
but the example happens. 

2180
02:03:46,300 --> 02:03:50,300
Anyway, letters pour in from 
around the world, millions of 

2181
02:03:50,300 --> 02:03:53,300
them from people who want to 
express their sympathy and their

2182
02:03:53,300 --> 02:03:55,700
admiration. 
You're in a room where some of 

2183
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:58,700
these letters are being sorted 
and the pile, never seems to get

2184
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:02,200
smaller, they come from heads of
state, and from school, children

2185
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:04,800
from veterans. 
And from people who've never 

2186
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:08,300
been interested in politics. 
But felt moved by the dignity 

2187
02:04:08,300 --> 02:04:11,600
with which she is carried. 
This burden, she won't read most

2188
02:04:11,600 --> 02:04:13,800
of them. 
There aren't enough hours in a 

2189
02:04:13,800 --> 02:04:16,800
lifetime, but knowing they 
exist, offers its own kind of 

2190
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:20,100
comfort evidence that the 
private suffering has been 

2191
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:22,900
witnessed and honored. 
She makes a decision to leave 

2192
02:04:22,900 --> 02:04:25,000
Washington understanding that 
she can't. 

2193
02:04:25,300 --> 02:04:27,700
Build a life in a city, where 
every street corner holds 

2194
02:04:27,700 --> 02:04:31,300
memories of what's been lost. 
She moves to New York creating 

2195
02:04:31,300 --> 02:04:34,000
distance from the political 
world that's continued without 

2196
02:04:34,000 --> 02:04:37,400
her husband starting over in a 
place where she can be something

2197
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:40,300
other than history's Widow. 
But the image from those 

2198
02:04:40,300 --> 02:04:43,900
November days, the composed face
Beneath The Veil, The steady 

2199
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:47,800
walk behind the case, and the 
Hand lighting, the eternal flame

2200
02:04:47,800 --> 02:04:51,900
that image, persists, Coming 
short hand for a kind of 

2201
02:04:51,908 --> 02:04:53,600
strength that doesn't announce 
itself. 

2202
02:04:53,600 --> 02:04:58,100
But simply endures you're in New
York City in 1964. 

2203
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:01,500
And Jackie Kennedy is learning 
to be someone other than a first

2204
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:04,200
lady the apartment. 
She's chosen on Fifth Avenue, 

2205
02:05:04,208 --> 02:05:07,700
Overlook Central Park. 
Offering views that change with 

2206
02:05:07,700 --> 02:05:11,800
the seasons bare branches in 
Winter, explosive Green in 

2207
02:05:11,800 --> 02:05:14,500
Spring and the gold and fade of 
Autumn. 

2208
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:17,400
It's deliberately far from 
Washington's political 

2209
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:20,600
landscape. 
A fresh start in a city that's 

2210
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:23,900
used to celebrities and knows 
how to let them blend into 

2211
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,600
crowds. 
The transition is harder than 

2212
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,600
anyone from outside, might guess
for three years. 

2213
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:34,000
Every day had structure provided
by official schedules, social 

2214
02:05:34,000 --> 02:05:37,500
secretaries and staff, who 
manage the logistics of life. 

2215
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:40,800
Now, she is responsible for 
ordinary things, making sure 

2216
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:43,900
there's food in the apartment, 
arranging Caroline school 

2217
02:05:43,900 --> 02:05:47,100
schedule, and figuring out how 
to move through the world as a 

2218
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:50,300
private citizen, whose one of 
the most recognizable. 

2219
02:05:50,600 --> 02:05:53,200
People on Earth, you're with her
on a relatively ordinary 

2220
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:56,700
afternoon walking through the 
city and you notice how she's 

2221
02:05:56,700 --> 02:05:59,200
developed techniques for 
navigating public space. 

2222
02:06:00,000 --> 02:06:02,900
She wears large sunglasses, that
hide much of her face. 

2223
02:06:02,900 --> 02:06:06,400
She moved quickly with purpose 
signaling to passes by that 

2224
02:06:06,400 --> 02:06:09,000
she's busy rather than available
for conversation. 

2225
02:06:09,000 --> 02:06:11,300
She's learning, which 
restaurants have private 

2226
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:15,100
entrances, which stalls will let
her shop after hours, and which 

2227
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:17,800
parks are busy enough that she 
can disappear into the crowd, 

2228
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:21,300
but not so crowded that. 
She'll be constantly recognized 

2229
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:23,500
the work. 
She begins to do is different 

2230
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:27,100
from anything she's done before,
she takes a job as an editor at 

2231
02:06:27,100 --> 02:06:30,700
Viking press later, moving to 
Doubleday and she's genuinely 

2232
02:06:30,700 --> 02:06:34,400
good at it, you're watching her 
editor manuscript and the mark 

2233
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:36,300
she makes on the page is show 
real skill. 

2234
02:06:36,300 --> 02:06:40,400
She can see where a narrative, 
drags where a description needs 

2235
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:43,200
sharpening and where an author 
has been too close to their 

2236
02:06:43,200 --> 02:06:46,400
material to notice repetition, 
she is applying the same 

2237
02:06:46,400 --> 02:06:48,600
attention to detail. 
She brought the White House 

2238
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:52,300
restoration but now she shaping 
words and of rooms. 

2239
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:56,300
Her colleague's learned to treat
her like any other editor, which

2240
02:06:56,300 --> 02:06:59,100
is what she wants. 
There are moments of humor in 

2241
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:01,800
the office when someone forgets 
who she is and starts to gossip 

2242
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,500
about recent political events, 
Then catches herself 

2243
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:08,300
mid-sentence. 
Realizing she's talking to 

2244
02:07:08,300 --> 02:07:11,100
someone who lived the history. 
They're discussing as gossip, 

2245
02:07:11,100 --> 02:07:14,300
she's gracious about these 
moments understanding that. 

2246
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:17,600
People need time to adjust to 
her presence to learn how to be 

2247
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:19,700
natural around. 
Someone, whose face has been on 

2248
02:07:19,700 --> 02:07:22,400
More Magazine covers than, they 
could count the book. 

2249
02:07:22,400 --> 02:07:25,200
She chooses to work on reveal 
interests that were always 

2250
02:07:25,200 --> 02:07:28,300
there, but couldn't be fully 
explored during her White House 

2251
02:07:28,300 --> 02:07:30,600
years. 
She edits books about 

2252
02:07:30,600 --> 02:07:34,500
photography about ballet and 
about historical preservation. 

2253
02:07:34,500 --> 02:07:38,500
She works on Memoirs of our 
artists and writers, helping 

2254
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:40,800
them shape, their stories for 
public consumption. 

2255
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:45,200
She's drawn to projects about 
beauty and culture but also to 

2256
02:07:45,200 --> 02:07:48,500
stories about people who have 
overcome difficulties and who've

2257
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:51,600
rebuilt after loss. 
The work is Meaningful to her. 

2258
02:07:51,600 --> 02:07:55,200
In ways that go beyond the 
professional satisfaction, it's 

2259
02:07:55,200 --> 02:07:57,900
a connection to the world of 
ideas and creativity that 

2260
02:07:57,900 --> 02:08:01,100
politics only occasionally 
touches you're at a publishing 

2261
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:03,600
party with her. 
And she's talking with an author

2262
02:08:03,600 --> 02:08:06,600
whose biography she's been 
editing and there's a quality to

2263
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:08,700
the conversation. 
That's different from political 

2264
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:11,500
small talk. 
This is a genuine exchange of 

2265
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:15,400
ideas questioning about 
historical interpretation and 

2266
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:18,300
discussion of how to balance 
accuracy with readability. 

2267
02:08:18,300 --> 02:08:22,100
She is intellectually engaged in
ways that the role of first lady

2268
02:08:22,100 --> 02:08:25,100
for all its importance didn't 
always allow her. 

2269
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,100
Children are growing up in this 
new life and she is fiercely 

2270
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:30,400
protective of their privacy, 
Caroline. 

2271
02:08:30,400 --> 02:08:33,600
Attends, a prestigious Manhattan
school but Jackie's made it 

2272
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:36,500
clear to other parents and to 
the school administration that 

2273
02:08:36,500 --> 02:08:38,900
her daughter should be treated 
like any other student. 

2274
02:08:38,900 --> 02:08:40,800
No special. 
Privileges. 

2275
02:08:41,500 --> 02:08:44,600
No extra attention. 
When photographers try to catch 

2276
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:48,400
pictures of the children, she 
confronts them directly asking 

2277
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:51,200
them to imagine how they feel if
their own children couldn't play

2278
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:54,200
without cameras. 
Documenting every moment, the 

2279
02:08:54,200 --> 02:08:56,800
work of being Jacklyn Kennedy 
separate from being Jackie, 

2280
02:08:56,800 --> 02:09:00,900
Kennedy Onassis that comes later
involves finding ways to honor 

2281
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:03,000
what came before while building 
something new. 

2282
02:09:03,000 --> 02:09:07,100
She establishes a foundation to 
support the Arts channeling. 

2283
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:10,500
The public's continued interest 
in her toward causes that matter

2284
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:12,900
to her. 
She writes letters to donors and

2285
02:09:12,900 --> 02:09:15,300
Foundations, applying the 
Diplomatic skills. 

2286
02:09:15,300 --> 02:09:18,800
She learned during State visits 
to the work of fundraising and 

2287
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:23,300
advocacy, She still using a 
Fame, but now she's directing it

2288
02:09:23,300 --> 02:09:26,600
rather than being directed by 
it, with her, at a fundraising 

2289
02:09:26,600 --> 02:09:29,700
Gala, for historic preservation.
And she is giving a speech 

2290
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:31,400
that's characteristically 
modest. 

2291
02:09:31,400 --> 02:09:34,700
But effective, she talks about 
the importance of maintaining 

2292
02:09:34,700 --> 02:09:37,700
buildings that connect present 
generations to the Past. 

2293
02:09:38,600 --> 02:09:41,600
About how physical spaces, hold 
memories and meaning that can't 

2294
02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:45,100
be recreated if they're lost. 
She's applying lessons from the 

2295
02:09:45,100 --> 02:09:48,500
White House, restoration to a 
broader context arguing for 

2296
02:09:48,500 --> 02:09:51,200
preservation as a public good 
rather than a luxury. 

2297
02:09:51,200 --> 02:09:55,300
The crowd responds warmly and 
afterwards checks are written. 

2298
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,800
That will save building shall 
never personally visit but whose

2299
02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:00,300
survival. 
She's helped ensure the funny 

2300
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:03,100
moments in this new life. 
Often involve the disconnect 

2301
02:10:03,100 --> 02:10:06,200
between her Public Image and her
private interests. 

2302
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:10,200
She loves watching television, 
especially coverage of sporting 

2303
02:10:10,200 --> 02:10:13,100
events. 
She follows tennis closely and 

2304
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:15,500
becomes an avid fan of 
professional cycling. 

2305
02:10:15,500 --> 02:10:18,200
She enjoys going to the movies 
though. 

2306
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:20,600
She has to time it carefully to 
avoid crowds, that might 

2307
02:10:20,600 --> 02:10:23,300
recognize her. 
She reads, voraciously 

2308
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:26,800
everything from dense, 
historical biographies to 

2309
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:30,700
trashy, novels finding pleasure 
in the Escape, that books, 

2310
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:33,400
provide these ordinary 
enjoyments exist. 

2311
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:37,500
Alongside the extraordinary fact
of who she is, creating a life 

2312
02:10:37,500 --> 02:10:42,000
that simultaneously normal and 
utterly unique her Friendship 

2313
02:10:42,000 --> 02:10:45,100
Circle, expands to include 
people from outside politics, 

2314
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:49,300
artists, writers, musicians, and
people who value her for her 

2315
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:53,400
mind and Company rather than her
connections to power, your 

2316
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:56,300
rather dinner party at her 
apartment and the conversation 

2317
02:10:56,300 --> 02:10:58,900
ranges from recent. 
Exhibitions at the Metropolitan 

2318
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:03,100
Museum to gossip about the 
publishing industry to someone's

2319
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:06,800
recent trip to Cambodia, she's 
created a social world that 

2320
02:11:06,800 --> 02:11:09,700
feeds her intellectual interests
while maintaining the Privacy. 

2321
02:11:09,700 --> 02:11:13,900
She needs to feel like herself. 
The relationship with our 

2322
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:16,400
children deepens in ways that 
were harder during the White 

2323
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:20,000
House years without the constant
demands of official duties. 

2324
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:23,100
She has time to be present in 
ordinary ways, helping with 

2325
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:26,300
homework, taking them to 
appointments and being there. 

2326
02:11:26,300 --> 02:11:29,600
When they come home from school,
she's building normal rhythms 

2327
02:11:29,600 --> 02:11:32,600
that were impossible when every 
day was scheduled months in 

2328
02:11:32,600 --> 02:11:36,000
advance, and private family time
had to be carved out of public 

2329
02:11:36,000 --> 02:11:38,300
obligation. 
You're in the apartment on a 

2330
02:11:38,308 --> 02:11:41,200
quiet evening and she's looking 
through photographs from the 

2331
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:43,600
White House years. 
Organizing them for the 

2332
02:11:43,600 --> 02:11:46,800
Presidential Library. 
She's creating a different kind 

2333
02:11:46,800 --> 02:11:49,300
of Legacy. 
Now, one that's about preserving

2334
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,600
accurate memory, rather than 
shaping public perception, the 

2335
02:11:52,600 --> 02:11:53,700
work is bitter. 
Sweet. 

2336
02:11:54,600 --> 02:11:57,300
Each photograph holds both the 
warmth of good memories and the 

2337
02:11:57,300 --> 02:12:00,900
sharp pain of the loss, but it's
important to her that history 

2338
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:04,200
has access to authentic records.
Rather than just official 

2339
02:12:04,200 --> 02:12:07,500
narratives, she maintains 
connections to washing, but on 

2340
02:12:07,500 --> 02:12:10,800
her own terms, attending events 
that matter to her. 

2341
02:12:10,808 --> 02:12:14,400
While declining invitations to 
everything else, she's learned 

2342
02:12:14,400 --> 02:12:17,300
that she can pick and choose 
that people will accept her 

2343
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:19,600
absence because they're grateful
when she does appear. 

2344
02:12:20,400 --> 02:12:23,100
She's created boundaries that 
allow her to engage with 

2345
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:26,500
political and cultural life 
without being consumed by it the

2346
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:29,400
years pass. 
And gradually Jackie Kennedy 

2347
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,100
becomes a person who exists 
primarily in history books, and 

2348
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:35,200
photographs rather than in daily
news coverage. 

2349
02:12:35,200 --> 02:12:39,400
She becomes Jackie Onassis after
her marriage to Aristotle. 

2350
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:42,700
Onassis adding another chapter 
to a life that's already 

2351
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:45,700
contained more chapters than 
most people could imagine 

2352
02:12:45,700 --> 02:12:47,900
living. 
But underneath the various 

2353
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:50,100
public identities, she's 
building something more 

2354
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,300
fundamental, Private life that 
belongs to her. 

2355
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:57,100
Filled with work, she finds 
meaningful friendship. 

2356
02:12:57,100 --> 02:13:00,600
She values and the ordinary 
pleasures of existence that 

2357
02:13:00,600 --> 02:13:04,000
aren't documented or analyzed or
judged by audience's. 

2358
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:05,800
Who feel? 
They have a clay on her story. 

2359
02:13:05,800 --> 02:13:09,000
You're in a library years after 
the events, you've been 

2360
02:13:09,008 --> 02:13:11,900
following, you're looking at how
history has processed 

2361
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:15,900
Jacqueline, Kennedy's Legacy the
books and numerous biographies, 

2362
02:13:15,900 --> 02:13:21,300
analyzes coffee table volumes 
focused on her style and serious

2363
02:13:21,300 --> 02:13:25,200
academic Works examining her 
cultural influence, each one 

2364
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:28,900
captures, something true. 
But incomplete like photographs 

2365
02:13:28,900 --> 02:13:31,700
that freeze individual moments 
without quite catching the 

2366
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:34,400
motion between them. 
What's interesting is what 

2367
02:13:34,400 --> 02:13:38,000
persists, and what fades the 
clothing that seemed so 

2368
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:40,500
important. 
At the time, the pillbox hats, 

2369
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:44,400
the simple dresses, the specific
shade of a lipstick These become

2370
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:48,300
period details markers of an 
error is aesthetic, rather than 

2371
02:13:48,300 --> 02:13:51,900
timeless style. 
But something else Remains the 

2372
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:55,200
idea that beauty and culture 
matter that, how we present 

2373
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:58,800
ourselves and our institutions 
isn't superficial, but 

2374
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:01,400
communicate something essential 
about our values. 

2375
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:04,500
You're walking through the White
House and the present day 

2376
02:14:04,500 --> 02:14:08,500
decades, after she left it and 
every room she restored still 

2377
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:11,700
carries her influence later. 
For First Ladies of made their 

2378
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,300
own changes and added their own 
touches but the fundamental 

2379
02:14:15,300 --> 02:14:18,600
approaches established, treating
the White House as a museum of 

2380
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:23,100
American History, rather than 
just a residents continues, the 

2381
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:26,200
guidebooks visitors receive 
reference, her work, the 

2382
02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:28,200
non-profit. 
She established still raises 

2383
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:31,600
funds for preservation. 
She created a structure that 

2384
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,700
outlasted her tenure ensuring 
that no single person could 

2385
02:14:35,700 --> 02:14:38,700
dismantle what she built. 
The cultural diplomacy. 

2386
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:42,800
She practiced as become standard
almost unremarkable in its 

2387
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:45,800
normalization. 
Modern, first ladies, routinely,

2388
02:14:45,800 --> 02:14:49,000
promote, American Arts abroad, 
invite artists to the White 

2389
02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:52,200
House and use State dinners as 
opportunities for cultural 

2390
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:54,100
exchange. 
It's so common. 

2391
02:14:54,100 --> 02:14:56,500
Now that it's easy to forget, 
there was a time when this 

2392
02:14:56,500 --> 02:15:00,000
wasn't automatic, when someone 
had to demonstrate that it was 

2393
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,600
valuable and possible. 
He created a template that 

2394
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:06,400
became a tradition, the talking 
with someone who works in 

2395
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:10,300
historic preservation and they 
mentioned almost casually how 

2396
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:14,100
Jackie Kennedy's work changed 
American attitudes toward Old 

2397
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:16,400
buildings. 
Before her restoration of the 

2398
02:15:16,400 --> 02:15:19,500
White House, there was an 
assumption that progress meant 

2399
02:15:19,500 --> 02:15:21,300
replacing old things with new 
ones. 

2400
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:24,900
That historical buildings should
make way for modern development.

2401
02:15:24,900 --> 02:15:28,000
She demonstrated that 
preservation could be Forward 

2402
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:30,700
Thinking rather than 
backward-looking That 

2403
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:34,400
maintaining connections to the 
Past could co-exist within the 

2404
02:15:34,400 --> 02:15:36,500
future. 
The funny thing about her 

2405
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:40,600
privacy campaigns a fierce 
protection of her children, her 

2406
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:44,200
refusal to let cameras into 
every corner of her life is how 

2407
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:47,500
precious they look. 
Now, in an age, where privacy is

2408
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:50,900
becoming increasingly difficult 
to maintain where social media 

2409
02:15:50,900 --> 02:15:53,100
encourages constant 
self-exposure. 

2410
02:15:53,900 --> 02:15:57,200
Her insistence on boundaries 
seems not outdated but 

2411
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,600
sophisticated she understood 
something about the corrosive 

2412
02:16:00,600 --> 02:16:04,100
effects of total visibility that
many people are only beginning 

2413
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:06,600
to recognize. 
You're watching a documentary 

2414
02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:10,100
about the Kennedy administration
and the narrator is discussing, 

2415
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:14,000
Camelot the mythology Jackie 
created and the days after the 

2416
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:17,500
assassination, the documentary 
is careful to note the gap 

2417
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:21,600
between myth and reality to 
point out, policies and actions 

2418
02:16:21,600 --> 02:16:25,000
that complicate The idealized 
Narrative, but even as it 

2419
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:28,500
deconstructs, the myth, the 
documentary can't quite Escape 

2420
02:16:28,500 --> 02:16:31,400
it. 
Those 1000 days continue to 

2421
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,100
Shimmer with a special quality, 
a sense of possibility that 

2422
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:38,200
persists, despite all the 
evidence of limitation and 

2423
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:41,299
failure that historical analysis
provides. 

2424
02:16:41,299 --> 02:16:44,700
The generation of Americans who 
are children when Kennedy was 

2425
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:48,100
president, who watched Jackie, 
like the eternal flame on their 

2426
02:16:48,100 --> 02:16:51,500
television sets, carry something
of her influence in how they 

2427
02:16:51,500 --> 02:16:55,000
think about leadership and loss.
They learned from her example, 

2428
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,900
that grief can be born with 
dignity, that public duty can 

2429
02:16:58,900 --> 02:17:03,000
coexist with private pain and 
that its possible to create 

2430
02:17:03,000 --> 02:17:06,000
meaning in the face of tragedy. 
These aren't lessons. 

2431
02:17:06,000 --> 02:17:09,600
You can really teach, they have 
to be demonstrated lived in full

2432
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:13,000
View and embodied rather than 
explained, you're in a 

2433
02:17:13,008 --> 02:17:14,700
bookstore. 
And you notice how many 

2434
02:17:14,700 --> 02:17:17,700
different kinds of books bear in
fluent without necessarily 

2435
02:17:17,700 --> 02:17:21,200
mentioning her name. 
Looks about interior design that

2436
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:25,400
emphasize historical accuracy 
books, about fashion, that argue

2437
02:17:25,400 --> 02:17:28,700
for elegant, over trendiness 
books, about parenting that 

2438
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:31,799
discuss, protecting children to 
privacy books. 

2439
02:17:31,799 --> 02:17:34,700
About grief, that acknowledge 
the necessity of both private 

2440
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:38,299
feeling and public composure. 
She created ripples that moved 

2441
02:17:38,299 --> 02:17:42,299
outward into culture affecting. 
How people think about numerous 

2442
02:17:42,299 --> 02:17:45,299
subjects that might seem 
disconnected from the story of a

2443
02:17:45,308 --> 02:17:49,700
first lady from the 1966. 
Her work is Ned to, which might 

2444
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:53,100
have seemed like a footnote more
public accomplishments has its 

2445
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:56,600
own legacy. 
The book shepherded into 

2446
02:17:56,600 --> 02:18:00,500
publication remain in print 
introducing new readers to 

2447
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:02,900
subjects. 
She cared about her colleagues. 

2448
02:18:02,900 --> 02:18:06,600
Remember her as genuinely good 
at the work, not just a famous 

2449
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,200
name attached to projects for 
publicity purposes. 

2450
02:18:09,200 --> 02:18:12,400
She proved that someone who 
lived at the center of political

2451
02:18:12,400 --> 02:18:15,500
history could find satisfaction 
inquire to professional 

2452
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,500
accomplishments. 
The relationship between privacy

2453
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:21,799
and public service that she 
navigated reluctantly 

2454
02:18:21,799 --> 02:18:25,200
imperfectly. 
But ultimately successfully 

2455
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:28,900
continues to be relevant for 
anyone who lives partially in 

2456
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,400
public view. 
She showed that it's possible to

2457
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,700
maintain mystery without being 
dishonest to be reserved, with 

2458
02:18:34,700 --> 02:18:37,500
being cold and to protect what's
intimate. 

2459
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:39,799
While still connecting 
meaningfully with audience's who

2460
02:18:39,808 --> 02:18:43,299
feel invested in your story. 
You're looking at photographs of

2461
02:18:43,299 --> 02:18:46,200
the Eternal Flame at Arlington 
and you realize it's still 

2462
02:18:46,200 --> 02:18:48,900
burning. 
Just as she intended visitors, 

2463
02:18:48,900 --> 02:18:52,100
come constantly, leaving 
flowers, standing, quietly, and 

2464
02:18:52,100 --> 02:18:54,500
thinking their own thoughts 
about loss and Legacy. 

2465
02:18:54,500 --> 02:18:58,200
And the Moments in history, that
changed everything she created 

2466
02:18:58,200 --> 02:19:02,200
that place that focal point for 
reflection in the midst of her 

2467
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:04,900
own unbearable loss. 
And it continues serving the 

2468
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:08,600
purpose, she imagined for it, 
Quiet Legacy is, perhaps the 

2469
02:19:08,600 --> 02:19:11,799
most powerful one. 
The demonstration that influence

2470
02:19:11,799 --> 02:19:15,400
doesn't always require force 
that change can happen through 

2471
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:19,200
careful, attention to detail, 
and that beauty and grace are 

2472
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:22,400
their own forms of power. 
She never wrote The Definitive 

2473
02:19:22,400 --> 02:19:25,900
book, explaining her approach or
gave speeches outlining her 

2474
02:19:25,900 --> 02:19:29,100
philosophy. 
She simply did the work made the

2475
02:19:29,100 --> 02:19:32,600
choices and demonstrated through
action what she believed 

2476
02:19:32,600 --> 02:19:34,799
mattered. 
You're thinking about the 12 

2477
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:37,200
year old girl reading about 
Marie Antoinette in that 

2478
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:40,200
Manhattan apartment. 
Tracing her finger over 

2479
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:43,500
illustrations of beautiful 
Furniture, beginning to 

2480
02:19:43,500 --> 02:19:46,400
understand the relationship 
between objects and the people 

2481
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:50,100
who live among them and you're 
thinking about the woman, she 

2482
02:19:50,100 --> 02:19:53,300
became who took that 
understanding and applied it at 

2483
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:56,600
a scale that influenced millions
of people's relationships with 

2484
02:19:56,600 --> 02:19:59,700
their own history and culture. 
The connection between those two

2485
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:04,100
moments childhood Fascination. 
And at Delta accomplishment is 

2486
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,700
what makes the story feel hero. 
Like a life lived with 

2487
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:09,900
intention. 
Even in circumstances, that 

2488
02:20:09,900 --> 02:20:12,500
often spun Beyond any 
individuals control. 

2489
02:20:12,500 --> 02:20:15,100
The Legacy isn't simple or 
uncomplicated. 

2490
02:20:16,500 --> 02:20:20,400
She was a person of her time 
with limitations and blind spots

2491
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:23,400
and moments when she fail to 
live up to her own standards. 

2492
02:20:23,400 --> 02:20:27,400
But what Remains What? 
Persists after all the analysis 

2493
02:20:27,400 --> 02:20:31,100
and criticism and revisionist 
history is the fact of 

2494
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:34,400
transformation. 
She changed how Americans 

2495
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:37,600
thought about their visual 
culture, their relationship to 

2496
02:20:37,600 --> 02:20:41,600
history and their capacity for 
Grace under impossible pressure.

2497
02:20:41,600 --> 02:20:44,800
She did this not through 
speeches, or legislation or 

2498
02:20:44,800 --> 02:20:47,700
political maneuvering, but 
through the accumulation of 

2499
02:20:47,700 --> 02:20:52,200
careful choices about beauty, 
dignity, and meaning your 

2500
02:20:52,200 --> 02:20:54,500
closing. 
Your eyes now ready for sleep. 

2501
02:20:54,500 --> 02:20:58,300
And the image that remains is 
not of grand public moments. 

2502
02:20:58,300 --> 02:21:02,800
But if something quieter a woman
looking at a room and seeing not

2503
02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:06,600
just what is but what could be 
understanding that the gap 

2504
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:09,400
between those two visions? 
Could be bridged through 

2505
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:13,400
patient, attention to detail 
through respect for history and 

2506
02:21:13,400 --> 02:21:16,300
through the belief that beauty 
matters and the how we live 

2507
02:21:16,300 --> 02:21:19,400
among objects and images and 
memories shapes, who we become 

2508
02:21:19,400 --> 02:21:22,900
that understanding passed from 
one generation to the next, 

2509
02:21:22,900 --> 02:21:26,300
through example, rather than 
instruction is perhaps the 

2510
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:30,300
truest Legacy of all a way of 
seeing that persists long after 

2511
02:21:30,300 --> 02:21:33,300
the specific accomplishments 
that demonstrated It have been 

2512
02:21:33,308 --> 02:21:36,700
catalogued and analyzed and 
filed away in history's. 

2513
02:21:36,700 --> 02:21:39,800
Careful records. 
And with that thought, you let 

2514
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:43,200
the story settle, let the 
details blur into the 

2515
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:46,700
comfortable, Darkness behind 
your eyelids carrying with you 

2516
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:50,800
into sleep, the gentle reminder 
that Legacy isn't always loud 

2517
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:53,400
that influence, often Works in 
Whispers. 

2518
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:57,400
And that sometimes the most 
lasting changes are the ones 

2519
02:21:57,400 --> 02:22:01,600
that happen so gradually. 
So carefully, so quietly that 

2520
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:04,500
you only recognize them years 
later, when you look around and 

2521
02:22:04,500 --> 02:22:08,000
realize the world has shifted 
slightly on its axis, becoming 

2522
02:22:08,000 --> 02:22:11,100
something just a little more 
beautiful, a little more 

2523
02:22:11,100 --> 02:22:14,600
thoughtful, a little more aware 
of the connections between past 

2524
02:22:14,600 --> 02:22:18,800
and present. between objects and
meaning and between the choices 

2525
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:28,400
we make and the world, those 
choices create Now, if you will,

2526
02:22:28,400 --> 02:22:31,800
please settle in tonight as we 
journey back to a time when the 

2527
02:22:31,800 --> 02:22:34,700
world existed without Melody 
without Rhythm. 

2528
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:39,300
And without any sound shaped by 
human intention were traveling 

2529
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:43,500
to an Era roughly 40,000 years 
ago, when our ancestors moved 

2530
02:22:43,500 --> 02:22:48,500
through Landscapes of Silence 
broken, only by wind water and 

2531
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:52,100
the calls of creatures. 
The world where music hadn't yet

2532
02:22:52,100 --> 02:22:55,500
awakened in the human mind 
tonight, you'll discover how 

2533
02:22:55,500 --> 02:22:58,300
close we came to never creating 
music at all. 

2534
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:01,600
Your standing on a hillside in 
what will someday be called? 

2535
02:23:01,600 --> 02:23:05,100
Southern France. 
But right now, it has no name. 

2536
02:23:05,100 --> 02:23:09,400
The year is approximately 38,000
BCE and you've just realized 

2537
02:23:09,400 --> 02:23:14,300
something peculiar You've never 
heard a song, this isn't because

2538
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:17,400
you're deaf or isolated. 
You're a healthy member of a 

2539
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:21,400
small band of humans that 30 
individuals who travel together 

2540
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:23,400
through river valleys and across
planes. 

2541
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:27,500
You can communicate with words 
quite sophisticated ones. 

2542
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:30,600
Actually, you can describe the 
movement of prey animals. 

2543
02:23:30,600 --> 02:23:35,200
Warn about dangerous weather. 
Tell stories about ancestors and

2544
02:23:35,200 --> 02:23:38,100
even cracked jokes that make 
your companions laugh. 

2545
02:23:38,900 --> 02:23:42,600
But the laugh at itself is just 
an expression of emotion. it 

2546
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:46,800
doesn't have a Melody, nothing 
does The wind moves through the 

2547
02:23:46,800 --> 02:23:49,900
long grasses around you, 
creating a Russian sound that 

2548
02:23:49,900 --> 02:23:54,000
rises and Falls Water tumbles 
over rocks in the Stream below. 

2549
02:23:54,000 --> 02:23:58,000
Generating, a constant murmur 
punctuated by irregular 

2550
02:23:58,000 --> 02:24:01,600
splashes, a hawk circles 
overhead occasionally releasing 

2551
02:24:01,600 --> 02:24:05,600
a sharp cry. 
These sounds exist certainly but

2552
02:24:05,600 --> 02:24:09,400
they exist the way colors exist 
as environmental facts. 

2553
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:11,900
Not as anything. 
You might intentionally create 

2554
02:24:11,900 --> 02:24:15,200
or replicate your people make 
plenty of noise during the day. 

2555
02:24:16,100 --> 02:24:18,600
There's the rhythmic scraping 
sound as someone Works. 

2556
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:22,100
A hide with a stone tool, the 
crack of wood being broken for a

2557
02:24:22,108 --> 02:24:25,100
fire and the shuffle of feet 
through Dry leaves. 

2558
02:24:25,100 --> 02:24:28,200
When the group moves together, 
there's a complex layering of 

2559
02:24:28,208 --> 02:24:32,300
footfalls breathing and the 
rustle of carried materials but 

2560
02:24:32,300 --> 02:24:35,300
none of this is organized. 
No one synchronizes their 

2561
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:38,800
footsteps matches their 
breathing or times their work 

2562
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:42,600
sounds to create patterns the 
idea simply doesn't exist. 

2563
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:48,500
At night lying on your bed of 
grasses and Furs, you listen to 

2564
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:52,000
the sounds of sleep. 
Someone snores in an irregular 

2565
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:54,800
pattern. 
Another person shifts position 

2566
02:24:54,800 --> 02:25:00,100
creating brief, scratching sound
against the ground, a baby, not 

2567
02:25:00,100 --> 02:25:04,100
yours but one you help care for 
occasionally whimpers or make 

2568
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:07,700
small sleeping sounds. 
These noises happen, but they 

2569
02:25:07,700 --> 02:25:09,800
don't form anything. 
You'd call Rhythm or Melody. 

2570
02:25:10,800 --> 02:25:14,100
What's fascinating is that you 
have every physical capability 

2571
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:17,600
for making music. 
Your vocal cords can produce an 

2572
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:20,700
astonishing range of sounds. 
Your ears can distinguish, 

2573
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:25,000
Manute variations in pitch and 
timing your brain can recognize 

2574
02:25:25,000 --> 02:25:29,400
patterns and predict sequences 
your basically a sophisticated 

2575
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:33,200
music making machine, except 
nobody has thought to use any of

2576
02:25:33,208 --> 02:25:36,500
these abilities for anything 
beyond communication and 

2577
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:40,400
environmental awareness. 
When you need to call a distance

2578
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:43,500
to someone in your group, you 
shout, the shout serves a 

2579
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:47,800
purpose, it carries information.
You might stretch out of vowel 

2580
02:25:47,800 --> 02:25:51,100
sound to make it travel farther,
but this is pure functionality. 

2581
02:25:52,300 --> 02:25:55,100
You're not exploring the 
aesthetic qualities of sustained

2582
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,100
tones, you're just trying to be 
heard over the wind. 

2583
02:25:58,900 --> 02:26:01,600
There are moments when your 
voice naturally Rises and falls 

2584
02:26:01,600 --> 02:26:05,200
in pictures as you speak. 
Following the emotional content 

2585
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:08,300
of what you're saying, 
excitement raises your pitch 

2586
02:26:08,300 --> 02:26:11,800
slightly. 
Sadness might lower it, but 

2587
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:15,200
these variations happen 
automatically driven by feeling 

2588
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:18,600
rather than intention. 
You're not consciously choosing 

2589
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:21,900
to create pleasing sound 
patterns, the very concept of 

2590
02:26:21,900 --> 02:26:26,100
pleasing sound patterns exists, 
nowhere in your mind, your 

2591
02:26:26,100 --> 02:26:27,800
people clap their hands. 
Sometimes. 

2592
02:26:27,800 --> 02:26:31,600
Usually as part of emphasis 
during communication or to brush

2593
02:26:31,600 --> 02:26:34,600
off dirt and moisture, the 
Clapping makes a sharp 

2594
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:37,900
percussive sound but it doesn't 
occur to anyone to clap in 

2595
02:26:37,908 --> 02:26:40,500
Rhythm or to clap together and 
synchronize patterns. 

2596
02:26:41,200 --> 02:26:45,300
Each clap is an independent 
action related to an immediate 

2597
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:49,500
physical need or communicative 
purpose children in your groups 

2598
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:53,500
of their players noisy. 
They chase each other shrieking 

2599
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:58,000
with excitement, they Splash in 
water, creating wild irregular 

2600
02:26:58,000 --> 02:27:00,600
sounds. 
They Bank Stones together while 

2601
02:27:00,600 --> 02:27:03,400
mimicking, the tool-making 
they've watched adults before. 

2602
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:06,600
All of this generates sound but 
none of it. 

2603
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:10,200
Generates music, the children 
don't invent clapping games or 

2604
02:27:10,200 --> 02:27:13,000
chanting songs because these 
ideas belong to a future that 

2605
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:15,900
hasn't arrived. 
Yet some times your group works 

2606
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:19,700
together on large tasks dragging
a Fallen Tree moving. 

2607
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,600
Heavy Stones processing a large 
animal after a successful hunt 

2608
02:27:23,600 --> 02:27:26,600
these collaborative efforts 
involve considerable noise, 

2609
02:27:26,600 --> 02:27:30,800
grunting breathing hard and the 
sounds of strain and effort. 

2610
02:27:30,800 --> 02:27:35,100
But everyone works at their own 
pace breathing and grunting 

2611
02:27:35,100 --> 02:27:38,500
according to their individual. 
There's no heave-ho 

2612
02:27:38,500 --> 02:27:40,700
coordination. 
No work song songs to 

2613
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,700
synchronize effort. 
It's simply doesn't occur to 

2614
02:27:43,700 --> 02:27:46,300
anyone that matching rhythms 
might make the work easier. 

2615
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:49,200
The world. 
You inhabit is extraordinarily 

2616
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:50,900
quiet. 
Compared to the Future. 

2617
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:55,200
There are no Motors no engines 
and no electrical hums. 

2618
02:27:55,200 --> 02:27:58,300
Human settlements are tiny and 
widely scattered. 

2619
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:01,900
On many days, the only sounds 
you hear are natural ones. 

2620
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:06,500
Whether water animals, and the 
immediate noises of your small 

2621
02:28:06,500 --> 02:28:10,300
group in this landscape of 
Ambient sound, the silence of 

2622
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:12,200
intentional music is so 
complete. 

2623
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:14,500
That you don't notice it as 
silence. 

2624
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,800
It's just the normal state of 
existence, your standing near 

2625
02:28:18,800 --> 02:28:22,700
that same stream, several years 
later and something has changed.

2626
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:27,000
Not in the landscape, the water 
still runs over the same rocks 

2627
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:29,300
and the grass is still Russell 
in the Wind. 

2628
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:33,900
What's changed is that you've 
begun to notice sound as a tool.

2629
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:38,400
It started with something 
embarrassingly simple, scaring 

2630
02:28:38,400 --> 02:28:42,000
animals your group discovered 
that certain sounds make certain

2631
02:28:42,000 --> 02:28:45,700
creatures run away. 
Shouting works well, but some 

2632
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:48,100
animals are becoming accustomed 
to human voices. 

2633
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:51,800
They've learned that voices. 
Don't always mean danger but 

2634
02:28:51,800 --> 02:28:54,900
unfamiliar sells sharp. 
Cracks loud, crashes. 

2635
02:28:54,900 --> 02:28:57,500
Strange rhythmic noise is still 
provoke. 

2636
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:01,300
Reliable fear responses. 
So now when your group wants to 

2637
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:04,900
drive game animals toward a 
particular location, someone 

2638
02:29:04,900 --> 02:29:09,100
stays behind making noise, not 
just any noise though through 

2639
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:12,100
trial and error, you've learned 
that sustained repeated sounds 

2640
02:29:12,100 --> 02:29:14,700
work better than random ones, a 
person. 

2641
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:17,800
Rhythmically striking a stick 
against a hollow log creates, a 

2642
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:21,200
sound that travels far and keeps
animals moving in the desired 

2643
02:29:21,200 --> 02:29:22,900
Direction. 
It's the beginning of 

2644
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:25,500
intentional. 
Rhythm though, you're using it. 

2645
02:29:25,500 --> 02:29:28,900
The way you might use a sharp 
stick as a tool, not as art. 

2646
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,000
The hollow log makes a 
particularly resonant sound. 

2647
02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:37,000
You've noticed strike it at one 
end and the sound is deep and 

2648
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,200
carrying strike it near the 
middle and the pitch Rises 

2649
02:29:40,200 --> 02:29:42,800
slightly. 
None of this seems particularly 

2650
02:29:42,800 --> 02:29:45,600
significant yet. 
You're not exploring these 

2651
02:29:45,600 --> 02:29:49,000
variations for their own sake, 
you're just noting them the way,

2652
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,600
you'd note that certain stones 
are better for cutting than 

2653
02:29:51,600 --> 02:29:53,400
others. 
Your people of all. 

2654
02:29:53,400 --> 02:29:56,800
So discovered that sound can be 
used for warning when someone 

2655
02:29:56,800 --> 02:30:01,600
spots potential danger, a large 
Predator, an approaching storm 

2656
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:03,100
or members of an unfamiliar 
group. 

2657
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:06,200
They need to alert others 
quickly without shouting 

2658
02:30:06,200 --> 02:30:08,200
specific words that might not 
carry. 

2659
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:12,200
So a system as a merge, certain 
sounds mean, certain things. 

2660
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:17,100
A short whistle repeated, three 
times means Danger Too low calls

2661
02:30:17,100 --> 02:30:20,200
mean gather here. 
None of this is taught formally 

2662
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,400
it spreads through imitation and
proves useful. 

2663
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:27,000
So it persists, there's a woman 
in your group who has an 

2664
02:30:27,000 --> 02:30:30,300
unusually carrying voice. 
When she calls out the sound 

2665
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:33,500
travels, much farther than 
anyone else's calls, she's 

2666
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:36,000
become the de facto 
long-distance communicator. 

2667
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:39,500
And she started experimenting 
with different sounds to see 

2668
02:30:39,500 --> 02:30:43,300
which ones travel best. 
Long sustained tones, work 

2669
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:46,900
better than short ones, lower 
pitches, cut through wind more 

2670
02:30:46,900 --> 02:30:50,300
effectively than high ones. 
she's not thinking about music, 

2671
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,400
she's solving communication 
problems, but She's doing 

2672
02:30:53,400 --> 02:30:57,100
acoustic experimentation on the 
less children of picked up on 

2673
02:30:57,100 --> 02:30:58,800
some of this and turned it into 
a game. 

2674
02:30:58,800 --> 02:31:01,600
They hide from each other. 
In the brush and used different 

2675
02:31:01,600 --> 02:31:05,700
calls to Signal their locations.
It's not exactly music, but it's

2676
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:09,100
playing with sound patterns and 
occasionally the calls overlap 

2677
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:12,500
in ways that creates something 
almost like Harmony when two 

2678
02:31:12,500 --> 02:31:16,000
children, call simultaneously 
from different locations their 

2679
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:19,100
voices, blend into a new sound 
that's richer than either voice 

2680
02:31:19,100 --> 02:31:21,600
alone. 
Nobody remarks on this. 

2681
02:31:21,600 --> 02:31:24,300
This just something that happens
during play. 

2682
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:28,400
Your people of always used vocal
sounds to comfort the babies and

2683
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:31,700
small children. 
A crying infant will sometimes 

2684
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:35,200
calm when an adult makes gentle.
Sustained sounds near them. 

2685
02:31:35,200 --> 02:31:39,900
These sounds don't have words. 
They're just soft vocalizations 

2686
02:31:39,900 --> 02:31:42,300
often with a rising and falling 
pitch. 

2687
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:46,300
That seems to soothe You might 
call it protoc except nobody 

2688
02:31:46,300 --> 02:31:49,300
thinks of it that way. 
It's just a technique that works

2689
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:51,600
like rocking a baby or patting 
their back. 

2690
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:55,200
Work has become slightly more 
coordinated though, not 

2691
02:31:55,200 --> 02:31:58,300
intentionally when several 
people are scraping hides 

2692
02:31:58,300 --> 02:32:00,100
together. 
Sitting in a group, they're 

2693
02:32:00,100 --> 02:32:04,000
scraping sounds start to align, 
not perfectly and not through 

2694
02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:06,600
conscious effort. 
It just happens that when you 

2695
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:09,700
hear someone else's Rhythm your 
own movements tend to adjust 

2696
02:32:09,700 --> 02:32:12,800
lightly to match. 
It's a quirk of human neurology,

2697
02:32:12,800 --> 02:32:15,800
that won't be understood for 
thousands of years, but it's 

2698
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:19,100
there, quietly, operating making
people who work together 

2699
02:32:19,100 --> 02:32:22,500
gradually, synchronize their 
movements, the resonant Hollow 

2700
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:25,200
log has become a semi-permanent 
fixture near your groups, 

2701
02:32:25,200 --> 02:32:28,400
favored camping area. 
Originally used for driving 

2702
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:30,400
games. 
People now strike it 

2703
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:33,500
occasionally for other reasons. 
Someone walking past might hit 

2704
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:37,300
it once or twice just to hear 
the sound children bang on it. 

2705
02:32:37,308 --> 02:32:40,500
Frequently during play an 
argument between two adults 

2706
02:32:40,500 --> 02:32:42,500
ends. 
When one of them walks over and 

2707
02:32:42,500 --> 02:32:45,100
Strikes. 
The log several times using the 

2708
02:32:45,100 --> 02:32:49,100
action and sound as a way to end
the discussion emphatically, the

2709
02:32:49,100 --> 02:32:52,100
log is becoming something more 
than a hunting tool, though. 

2710
02:32:52,100 --> 02:32:55,900
Nobody has words yet, for what 
that something is. you've 

2711
02:32:55,900 --> 02:32:59,300
noticed that certain activities 
naturally generate rhythmic 

2712
02:32:59,300 --> 02:33:03,300
sounds grinding grain between 
Stones creates a steady back and

2713
02:33:03,300 --> 02:33:07,700
forth rhythm Walking on a path, 
one smooth, produces a regular 

2714
02:33:07,708 --> 02:33:11,600
pattern of footfalls. 
Repeated striking during Stone 

2715
02:33:11,600 --> 02:33:13,300
tool. 
Manufacturer creates a rhythm of

2716
02:33:13,308 --> 02:33:15,700
impacts. 
These rhythms are byproducts 

2717
02:33:15,700 --> 02:33:18,600
side effects of practical 
actions, but they're everywhere.

2718
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:23,200
Your daily life is filled with 
accidental percussion at night, 

2719
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:26,200
lying awake while others sleep. 
You sometimes, find yourself 

2720
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,400
listening to the breathing of 
your companions in sleep, 

2721
02:33:29,400 --> 02:33:32,300
breathing follows, regular 
patterns and with many people 

2722
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:35,100
sleeping near each other their 
breath rhythms create 

2723
02:33:35,100 --> 02:33:38,300
overlapping Cycles sometimes by 
pure chance. 

2724
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:41,200
Several people, exhale 
simultaneously, creating 

2725
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:44,100
combined sound that's different 
from any individual breath. 

2726
02:33:44,800 --> 02:33:47,800
Then the patterns shift and the 
alignment disappears. 

2727
02:33:48,700 --> 02:33:51,100
Sound as becoming something. 
You notice more deliberately, 

2728
02:33:51,100 --> 02:33:53,000
you still don't think of it as 
something. 

2729
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:56,200
You might create for its own 
sake, but you're aware of it as 

2730
02:33:56,208 --> 02:34:00,800
a tool, a signal, a byproduct of
life that sometimes holds 

2731
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:04,700
interest, you're not yet making 
music, but your standing much 

2732
02:34:04,700 --> 02:34:06,500
closer to it than you were a few
years ago. 

2733
02:34:07,400 --> 02:34:10,800
You're sitting by yourself in 
late afternoon, light waiting 

2734
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:14,000
for the Hunting Party to return,
and you're bored. 

2735
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:17,200
Your hands need something to do 
so you pick up a stick and start

2736
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:20,200
tapping it against the stone 
you're sitting on tap. 

2737
02:34:20,200 --> 02:34:25,000
Tap, tap. 
The regular rhythm is Mindless 

2738
02:34:25,000 --> 02:34:28,900
automatic something to occupy 
your hands while your mind 

2739
02:34:28,908 --> 02:34:33,100
wanders, then you miss the stick
glances off the edge of the 

2740
02:34:33,100 --> 02:34:35,600
stone and hits a different Stone
line beside it. 

2741
02:34:36,300 --> 02:34:39,600
The sound is different. 
Sharper higher. 

2742
02:34:40,500 --> 02:34:44,600
Without thinking you repeat the 
pattern two Taps on the large 

2743
02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:46,400
Stone. 
One tap on the smaller, one 

2744
02:34:46,400 --> 02:34:53,200
large large small, large small, 
the pattern pleases you in a 

2745
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:54,300
way. 
You can't quite articulate. 

2746
02:34:54,300 --> 02:34:57,500
It's not useful. 
It doesn't communicate 

2747
02:34:57,500 --> 02:34:59,600
information, it just feels 
right. 

2748
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:04,400
So you keep doing it. 
Child approaches curious about 

2749
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:06,900
what you're doing. 
She picks up another stick and 

2750
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:11,100
starts hitting Stones randomly. 
The sounds are chaotic clashing 

2751
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:13,800
with your pattern. 
You're about to tell her to stop

2752
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:17,000
when she accidentally falls into
rhythm with you for a few 

2753
02:35:17,008 --> 02:35:19,700
moments, her random strikes 
happen to align with your 

2754
02:35:19,700 --> 02:35:21,900
pattern. 
And the combined sound is 

2755
02:35:21,900 --> 02:35:25,800
unexpectedly satisfied. 
Then she gets distracted and 

2756
02:35:25,800 --> 02:35:28,500
wanders off. 
Something has lodged in your 

2757
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:31,600
mind. 
The memory of two sound patterns

2758
02:35:31,600 --> 02:35:34,900
fitting together. 
Over the following days, you 

2759
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:38,600
find yourself returning, to this
pointless activity, sitting by 

2760
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:40,800
the fire at night. 
You tap out patterns on 

2761
02:35:40,800 --> 02:35:45,600
whatever's nearby, logs Stones, 
your own knee, other people 

2762
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:50,100
notice, but don't comment much, 
it's odd behavior but harmless. 

2763
02:35:50,900 --> 02:35:52,400
You're known for various 
peculiarities. 

2764
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,600
Anyway, this is just another 
one. 

2765
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:58,300
The patterns, you may make are 
becoming more complex. 

2766
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:01,700
You discover that silence 
matters as much as sound. 

2767
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:04,800
A gap between strikes creates 
anticipation. 

2768
02:36:04,800 --> 02:36:09,100
A long pattern of repeated 
sounds becomes boring but 

2769
02:36:09,100 --> 02:36:12,000
breaking the repetition with a 
different sound or a pause 

2770
02:36:12,000 --> 02:36:15,100
brings it back to life. 
You'll learning the grammar of 

2771
02:36:15,108 --> 02:36:18,600
Rhythm through pure 
experimentation, with no teacher

2772
02:36:18,600 --> 02:36:22,900
and no tradition to guide you. 
Another person in your group a 

2773
02:36:22,900 --> 02:36:25,300
man who crafts stone tools with 
unusual precision. 

2774
02:36:26,200 --> 02:36:29,800
Comes interested in what you're 
doing, he doesn't join you but 

2775
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:32,300
he watches one evil evening 
while your tapping your 

2776
02:36:32,300 --> 02:36:35,800
patterns, he starts scraping a 
bone with a stone blade in 

2777
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:38,800
rhythm with your tapping. 
He's not trying to make music. 

2778
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:42,300
He's just working and his work 
happens to align with your 

2779
02:36:42,300 --> 02:36:45,500
Rhythm, but the combination of 
tapping and scraping creates 

2780
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:49,700
something, neither sound alone 
could create texture, layering 

2781
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:54,100
and depth, You try something new
varying, the force of your 

2782
02:36:54,108 --> 02:36:57,800
strikes. 
Hit hard, hit soft, hit medium. 

2783
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:01,200
The same rhythm with different 
Dynamics, creates different 

2784
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:06,500
feelings, Soft slow, Rhythm 
feels calming allowed fast. 

2785
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:10,000
Rhythm generates energy and 
excitement, you're not thinking 

2786
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:12,600
about these effects 
analytically, you're just 

2787
02:37:12,600 --> 02:37:14,600
noticing them. 
The way you might notice, that 

2788
02:37:14,600 --> 02:37:16,500
some foods taste better than 
others. 

2789
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:19,900
Children always quick to imitate
new behaviors. 

2790
02:37:19,900 --> 02:37:24,100
Start making rhythmic sounds 
more frequently during play. 

2791
02:37:24,100 --> 02:37:26,600
They clap in patterns stamp, 
their feet and repeated 

2792
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:29,100
sequences and Banks sticks 
against trees. 

2793
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:33,300
It's still play not performance,
but the player starting to have 

2794
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,900
structure and adult tells two 
boys to stop making so much 

2795
02:37:36,900 --> 02:37:39,600
noise and they comply. 
But they return to their 

2796
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:43,700
rhythmic games the next day. 
The impulse once awakened 

2797
02:37:43,700 --> 02:37:47,200
doesn't easily go back to sleep.
There's an old woman in your 

2798
02:37:47,200 --> 02:37:50,400
group who can no longer walk 
easily but still contributes in 

2799
02:37:50,400 --> 02:37:53,300
various ways. 
She's taken to sitting near the 

2800
02:37:53,300 --> 02:37:56,600
fire and creating rhythmic 
sounds using whatever's at hand,

2801
02:37:56,600 --> 02:38:00,800
sticks, stones or bone 
fragments, when she does this 

2802
02:38:00,800 --> 02:38:05,200
babies and small children, often
become calm distracted from 

2803
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:07,100
their crying or fussing by the 
sound. 

2804
02:38:07,100 --> 02:38:10,600
She makes The adults have 
noticed this effect and now 

2805
02:38:10,600 --> 02:38:13,400
sometimes bring up set children 
to sit near her while, she makes

2806
02:38:13,400 --> 02:38:18,000
her patterns, she's become an 
accidental music therapist so 

2807
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:20,800
that term won't exist for 
roughly 40,000 years. 

2808
02:38:21,800 --> 02:38:24,600
You've discovered that certain 
objects make better sounds than 

2809
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:28,900
others Halo things produced 
deeper more resonant, tones 

2810
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:32,900
dense, hard materials, create 
sharper, clearer sound. 

2811
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:37,700
Some items ring when struck the 
sound sustained and gradually 

2812
02:38:37,700 --> 02:38:41,400
fading While others produce 
brief dead thuds. 

2813
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:45,200
You're not collecting these 
objects methodically but you're 

2814
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:48,400
starting to prefer certain ones 
keeping them nearby because they

2815
02:38:48,400 --> 02:38:51,700
produce sounds. 
You enjoy one evening during an 

2816
02:38:51,700 --> 02:38:53,200
informal gathering around. 
The fire. 

2817
02:38:53,200 --> 02:38:55,900
Several people happen to be 
making rhythmic sounds 

2818
02:38:55,900 --> 02:38:58,300
simultaneously, you're tapping 
your pattern. 

2819
02:38:58,300 --> 02:39:01,000
The old woman is creating a 
steady beat. 

2820
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:04,700
Someone is cracking nuts with 
stones and Rhythm and a few 

2821
02:39:04,708 --> 02:39:07,900
children are clapping, nobody 
planned, this chord Nation. 

2822
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:12,100
But for perhaps 30 seconds, all 
these separate rhythms aligned 

2823
02:39:12,100 --> 02:39:15,300
into a complex, layered sound, 
that makes everyone stopped and 

2824
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:18,800
listened then someone's Rhythm 
speeds up, the alignment falls 

2825
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:22,500
apart and normal chaos returns 
that you remember that moment? 

2826
02:39:23,300 --> 02:39:28,200
That brief accidental Harmony 
the feeling of separate sounds 

2827
02:39:28,200 --> 02:39:31,500
fitting together into something,
larger than any single sound. 

2828
02:39:31,500 --> 02:39:35,400
Could be your holding a Halo, 
bird bone examining it for 

2829
02:39:35,400 --> 02:39:38,000
practical uses his light and 
strong. 

2830
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:40,800
It might work as a needle or a 
small tool handle. 

2831
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:44,400
But there's a crack running 
along one side, making it 

2832
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:48,000
unsuitable for those purposes. 
You're about to toss it aside, 

2833
02:39:48,000 --> 02:39:51,700
when you notice the crack 
creates a hole, On a whim, you 

2834
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:55,200
blow across the opening. 
The sound that emerges freezes 

2835
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:57,300
you in place. 
It's a tone. 

2836
02:39:57,300 --> 02:40:00,400
Unlike anything you've heard 
from a human mouth Pure 

2837
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:05,900
sustained unwavering not a 
voice, but not exactly not a 

2838
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:09,000
voice either. 
You blow again, adjusting the 

2839
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:12,900
angle and force of your breath 
and the sound changes pitch. 

2840
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:18,600
Softer blowing produces a lower 
tone harder blowing jumps to a 

2841
02:40:18,600 --> 02:40:21,300
higher one. 
You sit down ignoring everything

2842
02:40:21,300 --> 02:40:24,600
else and spend the rest of the 
afternoon, exploring the strange

2843
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:27,600
object. 
Like evening, you've learned to 

2844
02:40:27,600 --> 02:40:31,100
produce several different tones 
by partially covering the crack 

2845
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:33,300
with your finger and varying 
your breath. 

2846
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:37,300
The Sounds carry remarkably. 
Well, when you blow the bone 

2847
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:40,200
while standing on a slight rise 
people at a considerable 

2848
02:40:40,200 --> 02:40:43,900
distance turn to look, Startled 
by the unusual sound. 

2849
02:40:43,900 --> 02:40:47,300
You've created the first win 
instrument, though you don't 

2850
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:50,500
have a name for what it is. 
The bone flute, though, you 

2851
02:40:50,500 --> 02:40:53,700
don't call it, that becomes an 
object of Fascination for your 

2852
02:40:53,700 --> 02:40:56,000
group. 
Everyone wants to try it. 

2853
02:40:56,000 --> 02:40:59,500
Most people can produce some 
kind of sound from it though, if

2854
02:40:59,508 --> 02:41:03,600
you can control it as well as 
you do, Children predictably 

2855
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:08,400
blow into it with maximum Force 
producing shrill, almost 

2856
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:10,700
painful. 
Sounds that make adults, cover 

2857
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:13,400
their ears and laugh. 
The toolmaker examines. 

2858
02:41:13,400 --> 02:41:16,300
It carefully studying the crack 
and the way air moves through 

2859
02:41:16,300 --> 02:41:18,500
it. 
He asked to borrow it overnight 

2860
02:41:18,500 --> 02:41:21,100
when he returns it. 
The next morning, he has made 

2861
02:41:21,108 --> 02:41:22,900
changes. 
He's carefully. 

2862
02:41:22,900 --> 02:41:25,900
Widened the crack into a 
deliberate opening and added 

2863
02:41:25,900 --> 02:41:27,500
two. 
More small holes, along the 

2864
02:41:27,500 --> 02:41:31,800
bones length, Now by covering 
different combinations of holes 

2865
02:41:31,800 --> 02:41:36,500
you can produce many more tones,
some are low and haunting others

2866
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:40,000
are bright and sharp, you spend 
the entire day exploring, these 

2867
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,200
new possibilities, barely 
stopping to eat. 

2868
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:45,900
The tones, you can produce have 
an interesting effect on people.

2869
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:50,100
When you blow long low notes, 
those nearby seem to become 

2870
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:54,200
quieter and more contemplative. 
When you play rapid sequences of

2871
02:41:54,200 --> 02:41:57,200
high notes, people become more 
alert and energized. 

2872
02:41:57,200 --> 02:42:01,600
This is if the sounds affect 
mood directly bypassing 

2873
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:04,400
language, and meaning to act on 
some deeper level of 

2874
02:42:04,408 --> 02:42:08,000
consciousness, another member of
your group makes a discovery 

2875
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:13,000
with a different material animal
gut stretched and dried gut 

2876
02:42:13,000 --> 02:42:15,700
becomes string useful for 
binding things together. 

2877
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:19,400
But when you attach a dried 
piece of gut between two points 

2878
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:23,300
with tension, and then pluck it,
the string vibrates and 

2879
02:42:23,300 --> 02:42:25,700
produces. 
A surprisingly resonant tone. 

2880
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:29,600
The pitch depends on how tightly
the string is stretched tight 

2881
02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:34,700
string, high pitch loose string 
low pitch, this is harder to 

2882
02:42:34,708 --> 02:42:38,100
control than the bone flute but 
it produces a different quality 

2883
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:41,500
of sound something between 
plucking and humming with a 

2884
02:42:41,500 --> 02:42:44,600
richness that seems to fill 
space you experiment with 

2885
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:47,900
stringing gut across. 
A curved piece of wood creating 

2886
02:42:47,900 --> 02:42:51,500
tension by bending the wood. 
Now, you have something like a 

2887
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:54,900
primitive hunting bow except 
instead of shooting arrows. 

2888
02:42:54,900 --> 02:42:58,800
You pluck the string to make 
sounds your inventing, the 

2889
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,900
musical bow though the true 
hunting bow already exists and 

2890
02:43:01,900 --> 02:43:04,300
nobody thinks of this version as
particularly innovative. 

2891
02:43:05,300 --> 02:43:07,500
Child watching you play the 
string sound maker. 

2892
02:43:07,500 --> 02:43:09,800
You really need better names for
these things. 

2893
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:13,400
Asks, if you can make the sounds
go up and down like, when people

2894
02:43:13,400 --> 02:43:17,300
talk, you try it plucking, the 
string while pressing it against

2895
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:19,300
the wood at different points, 
change the pitch. 

2896
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:24,400
Yes, you can the sails do seem 
to rise and fall in patterns 

2897
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:27,900
that vaguely resemble speech, 
Melody though they're clearer 

2898
02:43:27,900 --> 02:43:29,400
and more controlled than any 
voice. 

2899
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:33,000
The hollow log your people have 
been using for years, get to 

2900
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:36,700
significant upgrade someone 
notices that hitting it in 

2901
02:43:36,700 --> 02:43:38,500
different places produces 
different pictures. 

2902
02:43:38,500 --> 02:43:42,300
So they start carving, it 
deliberately making some areas 

2903
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:45,400
thinner to produce higher tones 
and leaving other areas. 

2904
02:43:45,400 --> 02:43:48,900
Thick for deeper sounds. 
What was a simple noise maker 

2905
02:43:48,900 --> 02:43:51,700
becomes a tuned percussion 
instrument though, it takes 

2906
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:54,500
weeks of patient, carving and 
testing to get the tones to 

2907
02:43:54,500 --> 02:43:55,200
work. 
Well together. 

2908
02:43:55,200 --> 02:43:59,100
You now have three distinct ways
of making deliberate, controlled

2909
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:02,700
sounds blowing through bones, 
plucking gut strings, and 

2910
02:44:02,700 --> 02:44:06,900
striking carved wood, None of 
these sounds exactly like a 

2911
02:44:06,900 --> 02:44:10,500
human voice, which makes them 
both strange and compelling, 

2912
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:14,300
their sounds from the human 
world but not quite human 

2913
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:17,600
sounds. 
On an evening when the weather 

2914
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:21,000
is mild and the work is done. 
Several people, bring out these 

2915
02:44:21,000 --> 02:44:22,700
new sound makers. 
Simultaneously. 

2916
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:26,600
Someone plays the bone flute 
with its multiple tone holes 

2917
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:31,500
another person's the gut string.
Strike the carved log in varying

2918
02:44:31,500 --> 02:44:34,300
rhythms, The Sounds weave 
together in ways. 

2919
02:44:34,300 --> 02:44:38,100
None of you planned creating 
moments of surprising Harmony 

2920
02:44:38,100 --> 02:44:42,500
and moments of jarring, Discord.
You're not quite making music, 

2921
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:44,900
yet, you're still just making 
interesting sounds. 

2922
02:44:45,600 --> 02:44:47,800
But the distance between what 
you're doing and what will 

2923
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:49,800
someday be called, music is 
growing smaller. 

2924
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,900
You're sitting with a group of 
children and young adults 

2925
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:54,700
teaching them the names of 
plants. 

2926
02:44:54,700 --> 02:44:58,000
When someone asks you to tell 
the story of the winter six 

2927
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:01,100
years ago when the river froze 
solid, you've told the story 

2928
02:45:01,100 --> 02:45:03,200
before but tonight you try 
something different. 

2929
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:07,000
As you speak, you pick up the 
bone flute and play a low 

2930
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:09,400
sustained tone, during the 
description of the cold. 

2931
02:45:09,400 --> 02:45:13,800
The Sounds seems to make the 
cold more present more real, the

2932
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:16,100
listeners lean in more focused 
than usual. 

2933
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:19,500
When you reach the part where 
people discovered the ice was 

2934
02:45:19,500 --> 02:45:22,800
thick enough to walk on. 
You play a series of quick light

2935
02:45:22,800 --> 02:45:24,600
notes, that somehow sound like 
footsteps. 

2936
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:28,300
Like careful testing. 
Nobody has told you. 

2937
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,500
That sounds can represent 
actions this way your 

2938
02:45:31,500 --> 02:45:34,400
discovering it, as you do it. 
The young people are utterly 

2939
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,100
silent absorbed in the story in 
a way. 

2940
02:45:37,108 --> 02:45:40,400
They usually aren't at the 
climax when someone fell through

2941
02:45:40,400 --> 02:45:43,700
thinner ice but was rescued, you
drop the flute and strike the 

2942
02:45:43,700 --> 02:45:46,100
carve log 3 times sharp and 
Loud. 

2943
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:49,700
The southern percussion makes 
everyone jump slightly, their 

2944
02:45:49,700 --> 02:45:52,700
bodies responding to the sound 
before their minds fully 

2945
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:55,500
process. 
It Then you return to the flute 

2946
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,700
for the resolution, playing 
softer slower notes as the 

2947
02:45:58,700 --> 02:46:02,300
injured person recovers, when 
the story ends, there's a long 

2948
02:46:02,300 --> 02:46:04,400
silence. 
Finally, one of the older 

2949
02:46:04,400 --> 02:46:08,000
children says, tell another one 
with the sounds. 

2950
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:10,900
You've stumbled onto something 
important. 

2951
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:13,900
Sound makes memory more Vivid 
and more. 

2952
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:16,500
Lasting stories told with a 
company. 

2953
02:46:16,500 --> 02:46:18,400
Sounds lodged deeper in the 
mind. 

2954
02:46:19,100 --> 02:46:22,000
Over the following weeks, you 
start adding sounds to all the 

2955
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:26,500
traditional stories, Tales of 
ancestors, accounts of important

2956
02:46:26,500 --> 02:46:29,100
events, and lessons about the 
natural world. 

2957
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:33,200
Each story develops, its own 
sound patterns, and soon, people

2958
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,300
begin to associate, certain 
musical phrases with certain 

2959
02:46:36,300 --> 02:46:39,100
narratives. 
The bone flutes, lowest tone, 

2960
02:46:39,100 --> 02:46:41,100
become the sound for danger and 
winter. 

2961
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:44,800
It's highest brightest. 
Tone means safety and summer. 

2962
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:48,700
The carved logs deepest note 
marks the beginning and ending 

2963
02:46:48,700 --> 02:46:52,600
of important stories. 
The gut strings, vibrating tone 

2964
02:46:52,600 --> 02:46:56,000
accompanist descriptions of the 
spirit world, the realm of 

2965
02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:59,300
dreams and visions that exists 
alongside the everyday World 

2966
02:46:59,300 --> 02:47:02,500
other storytellers in your 
group, adopt these techniques. 

2967
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:05,600
Soon. 
Will most no one tells important

2968
02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:07,200
stories without sound 
accompaniment? 

2969
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:11,300
Sounds aren't decoration. 
They're becoming part of how 

2970
02:47:11,300 --> 02:47:15,200
memory Works children who hear 
stories with sounds can recall 

2971
02:47:15,200 --> 02:47:17,900
details more accurately than 
children who hear words alone? 

2972
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,500
The group's Collective memory is
being encoded, not just in 

2973
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:26,500
language, but in sound patterns,
you discover that certain sound 

2974
02:47:26,500 --> 02:47:29,900
sequences naturally fall into 
repeating patterns that make 

2975
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:34,600
them easier to remember. 
Phrase of four beats followed by

2976
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,900
another phrase of four beats 
creates a structure. 

2977
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:41,900
That the Mind grass, easily, 
irregular patterns are harder to

2978
02:47:41,900 --> 02:47:45,200
remember and harder to teach. 
Through trial and error. 

2979
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:49,100
Your discovering, the cognitive 
psychology of Music Learning 

2980
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:52,700
that human brains prefer certain
structural patterns over others.

2981
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:56,100
The old woman who makes rhythmic
sounds as become a keeper of 

2982
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:58,900
knowledge. 
She maintains a consistent beat 

2983
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:01,900
while stories are told her 
Rhythm acting as a kind of 

2984
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:04,600
temporal framework that holds 
the narrative together. 

2985
02:48:04,600 --> 02:48:08,800
Young people learning, important
information sit beside her the 

2986
02:48:08,800 --> 02:48:11,400
Rhythm helping to structure 
their memory of what they're 

2987
02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:13,500
learning. 
Someone makes a crucial 

2988
02:48:13,500 --> 02:48:16,600
Innovation. 
Using sound patterns to Mark 

2989
02:48:16,600 --> 02:48:19,200
time. 
A certain sequence of notes 

2990
02:48:19,200 --> 02:48:21,600
means morning. 
A different sequence means. 

2991
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:26,500
Even evening Specific rhythms 
Mark, seasonal changes the group

2992
02:48:26,500 --> 02:48:30,700
is creating a Sonic calendar, a 
way of organizing time through 

2993
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:34,400
repeating musical phrases when 
you hear the spring Melody, you 

2994
02:48:34,400 --> 02:48:36,700
know, certain plants will soon 
be ready to harvest. 

2995
02:48:37,500 --> 02:48:41,000
The Autumn Rhythm signals time 
to prepare for winter, the 

2996
02:48:41,000 --> 02:48:44,000
boundary between story and sound
between speaking and making 

2997
02:48:44,000 --> 02:48:48,300
music is becoming increasingly, 
blurred stories are delivered in

2998
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:51,200
a kind of heightened speech that
has regular rhythm and Pitch 

2999
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:53,500
patterns. 
It's not quite singing. 

3000
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:57,300
You're Still primarily conveying
information through words, but 

3001
02:48:57,300 --> 02:49:00,600
it's not ordinary speech. 
Either your chanting, though? 

3002
02:49:00,600 --> 02:49:03,900
You don't have that word yet. 
Memory becomes a kind of 

3003
02:49:03,908 --> 02:49:06,600
performance. 
The best storytellers are those 

3004
02:49:06,600 --> 02:49:09,800
who can most, effectively blend 
words sounds and rhythms. 

3005
02:49:09,800 --> 02:49:13,400
They're not just recounting 
events, they're recreating them 

3006
02:49:13,400 --> 02:49:16,000
through a combination of 
language and organized sounds 

3007
02:49:17,000 --> 02:49:20,600
the community's history, its 
knowledge base and its cultural 

3008
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:23,700
identity are all being encoded 
in these memory performance is 

3009
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:27,200
you realize one night, listening
to a skilled Storyteller 

3010
02:49:27,200 --> 02:49:30,200
accompanied by the bone flute, 
and carved log that your 

3011
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:33,800
experience in something 
fundamentally new This isn't 

3012
02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:35,500
just communication or 
entertainment. 

3013
02:49:35,500 --> 02:49:38,700
It's the creation of shared 
meaning through structured 

3014
02:49:38,700 --> 02:49:42,100
sound, it's the beginning of 
what will someday be called Art?

3015
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:45,400
But right now, it's simply the 
best way your people have found 

3016
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:48,400
to remember what matters The 
Hunting Party returns in the 

3017
02:49:48,408 --> 02:49:52,000
late afternoon, with news of a 
remarkably successful hunt. 

3018
02:49:52,700 --> 02:49:54,300
Tonight, there will be abundant 
food. 

3019
02:49:54,300 --> 02:49:58,000
A reason for celebration, as 
people Gather in the light 

3020
02:49:58,000 --> 02:50:00,400
begins to fade. 
Someone starts tapping a rhythm 

3021
02:50:00,400 --> 02:50:03,900
on the carved log, then someone 
else joins in clapping in time, 

3022
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:07,200
within moments, dozens of people
are making rhythmic sounds 

3023
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:10,000
together. 
Clapping stomping striking 

3024
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:14,100
objects and clicking tongues. 
This has happened before but to 

3025
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:15,600
night something different 
occurs. 

3026
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:20,200
Someone begins making sustained 
vocal sounds not words. 

3027
02:50:20,200 --> 02:50:24,200
But pure tones, that ride above 
the Rhythm. another voice joins 

3028
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:27,900
matching the tone and suddenly 
there are two people making the 

3029
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:31,700
same sound simultaneously, the 
combined voices, allowed are 

3030
02:50:31,700 --> 02:50:35,700
than either alone that there's 
something else to a richness, a 

3031
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:38,800
depth that a single voice 
doesn't have You're not one of 

3032
02:50:38,808 --> 02:50:41,900
the initial singers but the 
sound pulls something from you. 

3033
02:50:41,900 --> 02:50:45,300
You had your voice to theirs 
matching their tone as closely 

3034
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:48,700
as you can. 
The three voice sound is even 

3035
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:52,100
richer. 
Fourth person joins then a 

3036
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,200
fifth. 
Now, there's a massive sound, a 

3037
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:58,500
vocal texture that seems to 
vibrate in your chest, in your 

3038
02:50:58,500 --> 02:51:01,000
bones. 
It feels less like making a 

3039
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:03,000
sound and more like being inside
one. 

3040
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:06,400
The tone shifts. 
Someone has changed pitch 

3041
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:09,300
sliding to a higher note and the
group follows. 

3042
02:51:09,300 --> 02:51:12,000
Not everyone reaches the new 
pitch at the same moment 

3043
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:15,900
creating a brief swirl of tones 
before everyone locks in again. 

3044
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:20,300
Effect is thrilling almost 
dizzying, you'll discovering 

3045
02:51:20,300 --> 02:51:23,800
harmonie accidentally through 
the simple Act of many voices, 

3046
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:27,000
seeking the same pitch. 
Someone breaks away from the 

3047
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:29,000
main tone finding a pitch that 
is different. 

3048
02:51:29,000 --> 02:51:33,100
That somehow compatible, it's 
not the same note but it fits 

3049
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:35,300
with it. 
Creating a relationship between 

3050
02:51:35,300 --> 02:51:39,200
the two tones that feel stable 
and resolved others experiment 

3051
02:51:39,200 --> 02:51:42,500
with this and soon there are 
multiple tones sounding 

3052
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:46,400
simultaneously all related to 
each other in ways nobody fully 

3053
02:51:46,400 --> 02:51:50,600
understands but everyone can 
feel The Rhythm continues, 

3054
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:55,500
underneath all of this steady 
and insistent your body moves 

3055
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:59,800
with it automatically. 
Swaying shifting, weight. 

3056
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:04,100
Tapping one foot. 
Everyone around, you is moving 

3057
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:07,600
to dozens of bodies responding 
to the same pulse. 

3058
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:10,100
You're not dancing. 
Not exactly. 

3059
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:13,600
But you're not still either. 
The sound is making. 

3060
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,100
You move this continues for a 
remarkably long time. 

3061
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:19,400
Maybe a full hour though, you 
have? 

3062
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:20,900
No way to measure it. 
Precisely. 

3063
02:52:21,800 --> 02:52:26,600
The sound evolves constantly, 
sometimes it grows quieter more 

3064
02:52:26,600 --> 02:52:31,000
subdued, then someone increases 
volume and everyone follows the 

3065
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,400
sound swelling to something 
almost over. 

3066
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:38,400
Pictures shift, gradually upward
creating Rising tension. 

3067
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:43,700
Then drops suddenly releasing it
when it finally ends and it's 

3068
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:46,200
not clear who decides this. 
It just seems to happen 

3069
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,200
collectively, there's a profound
silence. 

3070
02:52:50,100 --> 02:52:51,800
People look at each other with 
Expressions. 

3071
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:55,500
That makes exhaustion and 
exhilaration something 

3072
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:59,000
significant to the curd, though.
Nobody has words for exactly 

3073
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:01,700
what. 
Over the following days, people 

3074
02:53:01,700 --> 02:53:04,500
talk about that evening. 
There's a sense that the group 

3075
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:07,400
experienced something together 
that boundaries between 

3076
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,600
individuals temporarily 
dissolved into shared sounds. 

3077
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:15,800
the event wasn't useful in any 
practical sense, it didn't help 

3078
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:19,200
anyone survive or solve any 
problems, but it mattered 

3079
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:22,800
nonetheless, in a way that 
matters Beyond utility Your 

3080
02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:24,900
people begin to create 
opportunities for this kind of 

3081
02:53:24,908 --> 02:53:27,500
shared music making not 
constantly. 

3082
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:30,600
It takes considerable energy and
seems to require certain 

3083
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:34,900
circumstances and certain moods.
But regularly, perhaps once 

3084
02:53:34,900 --> 02:53:37,700
every few weeks the group 
gathers and creates these 

3085
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:41,700
episodes of collective, sound 
each one is different developing

3086
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:44,800
its own character and its own 
arc of tension and release. 

3087
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:48,000
The bone flute and other 
instruments are incorporated 

3088
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:51,900
into these groups sessions. 
The flute ads High clear lines 

3089
02:53:51,900 --> 02:53:55,200
of the mass of voices, the gut 
strings provided different 

3090
02:53:55,200 --> 02:53:57,500
texture. 
Something between singing and 

3091
02:53:57,500 --> 02:54:00,500
Rhythm the percussion 
instruments, anchor everything 

3092
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:03,400
with steady pulses. 
Your discovering something 

3093
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:07,500
profound about human nature. 
People want to make sound 

3094
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:10,100
together. 
Not just communicate, not just 

3095
02:54:10,100 --> 02:54:13,100
coordinate but blend their 
voices in to something larger 

3096
02:54:13,100 --> 02:54:15,300
than any individual could create
a loan. 

3097
02:54:15,300 --> 02:54:19,100
This impulse seems to be as 
fundamental as the desire for 

3098
02:54:19,108 --> 02:54:23,800
food shelter, or companionship. 
It's been waiting in human 

3099
02:54:23,800 --> 02:54:26,400
nature. 
All along needing only the right

3100
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:30,500
circumstances to emerge. 
Children, who grow up 

3101
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,300
participating in these group 
music making sessions? 

3102
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:36,200
Develop, a different 
relationship to sound than their

3103
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:39,800
parents had for them. 
Organized sound isn't a strange 

3104
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:43,800
new Behavior, it's normal 
expected, and a regular part of 

3105
02:54:43,808 --> 02:54:46,500
life. 
They invent new ways of singing 

3106
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,000
together, new patterns and 
structures. 

3107
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:52,300
They're growing up musical in a 
way that previous generations. 

3108
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,900
Weren't the group singing 
creates social bonds that 

3109
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:59,200
language alone doesn't quite 
achieve when you've stood in a 

3110
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:02,600
circle of people all making the 
same sounds together. 

3111
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:06,300
Those people feel closer. 
Afterward arguments, that seemed

3112
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:08,700
important before a music 
session, often seem less 

3113
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:12,200
significant off after. 
The shared sound creates a kind 

3114
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:14,900
of unity. 
That reduces conflict, your 

3115
02:55:14,900 --> 02:55:17,600
witnessing, the birth of Music 
social function. 

3116
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:21,400
Discovering that it's not just 
about making interesting sounds 

3117
02:55:21,400 --> 02:55:24,000
or preserving memory. 
It's all about creating 

3118
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:26,900
connections building community 
and giving a group of 

3119
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:30,200
individuals awaited temporarily 
become a single organism with 

3120
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,500
many voices. 
Your older now with gray in your

3121
02:55:33,508 --> 02:55:37,800
hair and grandchildren, he 
helped care for music that word 

3122
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:40,900
doesn't exist yet. 
But the thing itself does has 

3123
02:55:40,900 --> 02:55:43,300
become an established part of 
life for your people. 

3124
02:55:43,300 --> 02:55:47,000
Children, grow up, learning 
songs, stories are preserved in 

3125
02:55:47,008 --> 02:55:49,900
chance and group. 
Gatherings include Collective, 

3126
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:52,900
singing. 
It seems permanent inevitable, 

3127
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:55,700
but you're about to learn how 
fragile it all is. 

3128
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:01,100
The trouble starts with weather.
Three consecutive years, bring 

3129
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:04,800
insufficient rain, the plants 
your people depend on produce 

3130
02:56:04,800 --> 02:56:08,600
less food, animals become 
scarce, moving to areas with 

3131
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:12,200
better resources. 
Your group which has remained in

3132
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:15,100
this General region for 
Generations faces a decision 

3133
02:56:15,100 --> 02:56:20,000
moved to New Territory or endure
serious hardship, they decide to

3134
02:56:20,008 --> 02:56:23,500
move breaking into smaller bands
that might survive more easily. 

3135
02:56:24,300 --> 02:56:28,300
Your group of 30 becomes three, 
groups of 10, the bone flutes, 

3136
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:32,100
the carved drums, the gut 
strings, these things are 

3137
02:56:32,100 --> 02:56:34,000
useful, but they're not 
essential. 

3138
02:56:34,000 --> 02:56:37,600
When people must carry only, 
what they absolutely need 

3139
02:56:37,600 --> 02:56:41,900
musical instruments. 
Don't make the cut, Most are 

3140
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:44,200
left behind in your smaller 
group. 

3141
02:56:44,200 --> 02:56:48,700
Struggling to find adequate food
in unfamiliar territory, music, 

3142
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:52,000
making becomes rare. 
There's no energy for group 

3143
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:54,700
singing. 
Stories are told quickly without

3144
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:57,900
elaboration or musical 
accompaniment because everyone 

3145
02:56:57,900 --> 02:57:01,500
is exhausted the complex chance 
that preserve important 

3146
02:57:01,500 --> 02:57:04,300
knowledge. 
Begin to simplify losing their 

3147
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,200
melodic elements, reverting to 
plain speech. 

3148
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,500
Children in these hardship 
years, don't learn the songs, 

3149
02:57:10,500 --> 02:57:13,700
you learned they know the 
stories, but only a spoken 

3150
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:15,600
words, not as musical 
narratives. 

3151
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:19,500
They can make rhythmic sounds 
when needed but the elaborate 

3152
02:57:19,500 --> 02:57:22,900
patterns developed over years of
Forgotten within a single 

3153
02:57:22,900 --> 02:57:26,600
generation much of what your 
people created musically, simply

3154
02:57:26,600 --> 02:57:30,100
vanishes your group reconnects 
with one of the other bands 

3155
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,600
after two years they've been 
through similar hardships and 

3156
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:36,200
similar losses. 
When someone suggests making 

3157
02:57:36,200 --> 02:57:39,300
music together, as you want, did
the attempt is awkward. 

3158
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:43,700
People have forgotten how 
certain songs go Nobody can 

3159
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,800
quite recreate the harmonies 
that once seemed so natural. 

3160
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:51,000
The carved log one group 
maintained produces sounds, but 

3161
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:52,900
nobody remembers how to play it 
skillfully. 

3162
02:57:53,700 --> 02:57:56,700
It's heartbreaking in a way. 
You remember the feeling of 

3163
02:57:56,700 --> 02:58:01,400
standing in a circle of voices 
creating sound together, your 

3164
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:04,400
grandchildren will never have 
that experience and it's not 

3165
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:08,200
because of Any catastrophe or 
enemy it simply because music it

3166
02:58:08,200 --> 02:58:11,700
turns out requires not just 
invention but transmission not 

3167
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:15,100
just creation but preservation 
and neither of those things is 

3168
02:58:15,100 --> 02:58:18,900
guaranteed other aspects of your
culture, prove more durable, 

3169
02:58:18,900 --> 02:58:23,200
Stone tool technology persist 
because it's essential and 

3170
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:26,900
because the tools themselves 
serve as teaching models Hunting

3171
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:29,700
techniques survive because their
matters of life and death. 

3172
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:34,100
Language continues because 
humans can't not speak, but 

3173
02:58:34,100 --> 02:58:38,900
music music is different. 
It's valuable but not vital 

3174
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:43,400
meaningful but not mandatory and
so it nearly dies. 

3175
02:58:44,100 --> 02:58:47,600
You try to teach the old songs 
to children, but without group 

3176
02:58:47,600 --> 02:58:51,100
reinforcement without regular 
practice, the teaching doesn't 

3177
02:58:51,100 --> 02:58:53,700
stick. 
The children, learn fragments 

3178
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:57,800
corrupted versions and 
simplified tunes that their 

3179
02:58:57,800 --> 02:58:59,400
little resemblance to The 
Originals. 

3180
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,800
It's like watching something 
dissolve watching complexity 

3181
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:08,900
reduced to Simplicity watching 
art of neglect, then something 

3182
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:11,900
unexpected happens. 
A period of a abundance. 

3183
02:59:11,900 --> 02:59:16,100
Returns rains, come reliably 
food, becomes plentiful. 

3184
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:20,300
Your people stopped moving 
constantly establishing a more 

3185
02:59:20,300 --> 02:59:22,900
permanent settlement. 
And in the breathing room, this 

3186
02:59:22,900 --> 02:59:27,700
creates music begins to return. 
It doesn't return all at once or

3187
02:59:27,700 --> 02:59:30,700
in its original form. 
A young woman who vaguely 

3188
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:34,200
remembers hearing groups singing
as a small child tries to 

3189
02:59:34,200 --> 02:59:37,700
recreate it with a friend's. 
What they produce is simpler 

3190
02:59:37,700 --> 02:59:39,200
than what was lost. 
But it's something. 

3191
02:59:40,000 --> 02:59:42,200
A man finds a hollow bone and 
half. 

3192
02:59:42,200 --> 02:59:44,400
Remembering blows across it to 
make tones. 

3193
02:59:44,400 --> 02:59:47,900
The sounds aren't as refined as 
your old bone flute produced but

3194
02:59:47,900 --> 02:59:51,800
their deliberate intentional and
musical you realize watching 

3195
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:55,400
this, resurrection that music 
wants to exist, given any 

3196
02:59:55,400 --> 02:59:58,800
opportunity any stability, any 
moment when survival isn't 

3197
02:59:58,800 --> 03:00:03,800
consuming all attention, humans 
will make music The urges too 

3198
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:07,100
strong, too deeply embedded in 
human nature, to be permanently 

3199
03:00:07,100 --> 03:00:09,800
suppressed. 
But you also understand now how 

3200
03:00:09,800 --> 03:00:13,300
easy it can be interrupted, how 
close it came to never taking 

3201
03:00:13,300 --> 03:00:15,700
hold at all. 
If the hardship had lasted 

3202
03:00:15,700 --> 03:00:19,000
longer, if your people had 
remain scattered and struggling 

3203
03:00:19,000 --> 03:00:22,600
for another generation music, 
might have disappeared entirely 

3204
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:25,600
from this population. 
And since it wasn't inevitable, 

3205
03:00:25,600 --> 03:00:28,900
since it emerged from particular
circumstances and particular 

3206
03:00:28,900 --> 03:00:32,400
Innovations, its disappearance 
wouldn't guarantee its 

3207
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,300
reinvention. 
You came terrifyingly, close to 

3208
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:38,500
losing it forever. 
The music that re-emerges isn't 

3209
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,400
the same as what was lost. 
Simpler in some ways, but it's 

3210
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:45,800
also changed incorporating, new 
ideas and patterns. 

3211
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:51,900
Music doesn't just preserve it 
evolves, each generation adds or

3212
03:00:51,900 --> 03:00:54,700
removes elements. 
What your witnessing is, not 

3213
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:59,000
just the fragility of tradition 
but also its flexibility its 

3214
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,700
capacity for transformation in 
your final years sitting by the 

3215
03:01:02,700 --> 03:01:05,500
fire and watching young people 
make music that sounds both 

3216
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:07,100
familiar and strange to your 
ears. 

3217
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:10,900
You understand what you've been 
part of, you've witnessed the 

3218
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:13,700
birth of something 
extraordinary, seen it nearly 

3219
03:01:13,708 --> 03:01:16,800
die and watched it. 
Resurrect in Altered form. 

3220
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:20,300
You've learned that music is 
both inevitable and improbable, 

3221
03:01:20,300 --> 03:01:24,400
both fundamental to human nature
and dependent on circumstances. 

3222
03:01:24,400 --> 03:01:27,700
That easily might not have 
occurred your very old. 

3223
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:30,500
Now, wrap in Furs against the 
cold. 

3224
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:32,900
Watching your 
great-grandchildren play, 

3225
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:36,600
they're making music. 
There's no other word for any 

3226
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:38,500
more. 
Even though your language still 

3227
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:41,800
doesn't have that word, they're 
singing a song that incorporates

3228
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:44,800
words, sustained tones Rhythm 
and even movement. 

3229
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:49,100
It's a game about hunting but 
it's also unmistakably art. 

3230
03:01:49,900 --> 03:01:53,200
Transformations from these first
accidental rhythms to, this 

3231
03:01:53,200 --> 03:01:57,000
deliberate structured musical 
play has taken most of your life

3232
03:01:57,000 --> 03:01:59,400
time. 
You've seen music develop from 

3233
03:01:59,400 --> 03:02:02,100
random sound making to 
purposeful creation. 

3234
03:02:02,100 --> 03:02:06,300
From Individual, exploration to 
Community Practice and from 

3235
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:10,500
simple patterns to complex 
compositions The music, these 

3236
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:13,800
children make is different from 
what you want new, they've 

3237
03:02:13,800 --> 03:02:16,600
developed harmonies, you never 
imagined and Rhythm patterns, 

3238
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:18,800
more intricate than anything 
from your youth. 

3239
03:02:18,800 --> 03:02:22,200
They've invented new 
instruments, including a 

3240
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:25,500
remarkable object made by 
stretching animal hide over a 

3241
03:02:25,500 --> 03:02:28,100
hollow log. 
When you strike the hide, it 

3242
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:31,400
produces a deep resonant. 
Boom, that carries for 

3243
03:02:31,400 --> 03:02:34,200
astonishing. 
Distances music has become 

3244
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:36,200
specialized in ways you didn't 
anticipate. 

3245
03:02:37,400 --> 03:02:40,900
Certain people have emerged as 
particularly skilled musicians 

3246
03:02:40,900 --> 03:02:43,100
and they spend considerable 
time. 

3247
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:46,700
Practicing developing abilities 
beyond what most people achieve.

3248
03:02:46,700 --> 03:02:49,600
There's a young man who can make
the bone flute, produce 

3249
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:52,100
sequences of notes. 
So rapid they seem to blur 

3250
03:02:52,100 --> 03:02:54,800
together. 
Creating Melodies that Cascade 

3251
03:02:54,800 --> 03:02:58,900
like water over rocks. 
Stories, your people tell are 

3252
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:02,400
now Inseparable from music. 
Nobody would consider telling an

3253
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:04,500
important story without musical 
accompaniment. 

3254
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:07,500
The music doesn't just enhance 
the story. 

3255
03:03:07,500 --> 03:03:10,500
It is part of the story 
carrying. 

3256
03:03:10,500 --> 03:03:14,300
Meaning that words alone, can't 
convey the melody associated 

3257
03:03:14,300 --> 03:03:17,600
with the winter survival story. 
You want hold contains the cold,

3258
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:20,900
the danger and the relief within
its Tone's. 

3259
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:24,200
Music has developed functions. 
You never imagined. 

3260
03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:27,200
There are now songs for almost 
every activity. 

3261
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:31,200
Songs for grinding grain that 
seemed to make the tedious work,

3262
03:03:31,200 --> 03:03:34,200
pass more quickly. 
Songs for walking long 

3263
03:03:34,200 --> 03:03:37,500
distances, that helped 
coordinate, the group's pace and

3264
03:03:37,500 --> 03:03:41,500
songs for soothing babies. 
That work far better than any 

3265
03:03:41,500 --> 03:03:44,900
non-musical approach. 
There are even songs people sing

3266
03:03:44,900 --> 03:03:48,200
alone to the themselves for 
reasons that seem to be purely 

3267
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:50,300
about the experience of making 
sounds. 

3268
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:55,300
The most profound development is
hardest to describe music has 

3269
03:03:55,300 --> 03:03:58,600
become a way of thinking, not 
just a way of making sounds 

3270
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:02,200
people whom when they're working
alone, not to accomplish 

3271
03:04:02,200 --> 03:04:04,600
anything, but just because 
humming while thinking seems 

3272
03:04:04,600 --> 03:04:08,600
natural now, The rhythms of 
Music have infiltrated speech 

3273
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:12,800
patterns making language itself.
More musical, the way people 

3274
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:16,300
move has changed too. 
There's more than in gesture and

3275
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:19,100
more consciousness of timing and
pattern in physical action. 

3276
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:22,200
You've noticed that people who 
grow up with music think 

3277
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:25,200
differently about time and 
memory their better at 

3278
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:29,200
remembering sequences more aware
of patterns and more comfortable

3279
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:32,600
with abstraction. 
Music has changed human 

3280
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:35,100
cognition in subtle, but 
significant ways. 

3281
03:04:35,900 --> 03:04:38,900
The group's cultural identity as
become partly musical. 

3282
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:43,400
The songs unique to your people,
The Melodies rhythms and 

3283
03:04:43,400 --> 03:04:47,100
harmonies developed over years. 
Are something that defines the 

3284
03:04:47,100 --> 03:04:50,100
group as much as language or 
appearance or territory. 

3285
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:53,200
When you encounter people from 
another group, you can tell 

3286
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,000
immediately that their music is 
different, but they have their 

3287
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:58,800
own musical Traditions that mark
them as distinct. 

3288
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:02,600
What strikes you most in these 
final years is how close all of 

3289
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:05,800
this came to never happening. 
Music wasn't waiting in the 

3290
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:10,300
future inevitable and determined
it emerged from a series of Acts

3291
03:05:10,300 --> 03:05:13,400
Innovations and decisions that 
easily might have gone 

3292
03:05:13,400 --> 03:05:16,300
differently. 
The hollow bone with a crack. 

3293
03:05:16,300 --> 03:05:19,000
Might never have been blown 
across the gut. 

3294
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:21,400
String might never have been 
plucked experimentally. 

3295
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:25,400
The hardship years might have 
lasted longer racing everything 

3296
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:31,600
before it could take root. 
And yet here it is music art the

3297
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:36,200
creation of beauty through 
organized sound, it exists now 

3298
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:39,800
woven into human life. 
So thoroughly that future 

3299
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:41,700
Generations will assume it was 
always there. 

3300
03:05:42,600 --> 03:05:44,600
That it's an inherent part of 
Being Human. 

3301
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:49,500
But, you know, better you 
remember the silents on quiet 

3302
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:52,400
evening, listening to the 
complex songs being performed by

3303
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:55,100
the fire? 
You sometimes think about all 

3304
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:57,900
the potential music that never 
got made because it was too 

3305
03:05:57,900 --> 03:06:02,200
fragile, too dependent on 
circumstances or too easily 

3306
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:04,400
lost. 
You think about the alternate 

3307
03:06:04,400 --> 03:06:07,600
version of History, where humans
never quite stumbled onto music 

3308
03:06:07,600 --> 03:06:11,200
where life remained functional, 
but aesthetically Barren. 

3309
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:13,400
But that's not the history that 
happened. 

3310
03:06:13,400 --> 03:06:17,000
This is a history of how humans 
discovered that sound could be 

3311
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:21,800
shaped, but voices, could blend 
that Rhythm could organize time.

3312
03:06:21,800 --> 03:06:25,800
And that, Melody could carry, 
meaning beyond words, a history,

3313
03:06:25,800 --> 03:06:28,800
where music, against all the 
odds, and fragilities took hold 

3314
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:32,200
in human consciousness and 
wouldn't let go your great 

3315
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:35,100
grandchildren are singing. 
Now their voices, Rising into 

3316
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:38,500
the darkening, Sky, the song 
There creating will last, maybe 

3317
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:40,900
five minutes, and then it will 
be gone. 

3318
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:45,700
Surviving only in memory until 
someone performed it again. but 

3319
03:06:45,700 --> 03:06:50,300
even in its impermanence, even 
in its fragility, it exists 

3320
03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:54,900
Music exists. 
That you think as you listen, is

3321
03:06:54,900 --> 03:06:59,800
the miracle not that music is a 
turn or perfect or protected but

3322
03:06:59,800 --> 03:07:04,000
simply that it exists at all 
that it emerged from silence and

3323
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:06,700
survived long enough to become 
part of what it means to be 

3324
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:10,800
human. 
The song continues, the fire 

3325
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:14,900
burns, the night deepens around 
you, and the sounds. 

3326
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,700
Those carefully organized 
intentionally created 

3327
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:20,600
thoroughly. 
Human sounds carry on into the 

3328
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:23,100
darkness already becoming 
memory. 

3329
03:07:23,100 --> 03:07:26,400
Already preparing to be reborn 
into tomorrow's voices. 

3330
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:38,200
Imagine being 18 years old and 
sound asleep in your childhood 

3331
03:07:38,200 --> 03:07:40,800
bedroom. 
The room is familiar the 

3332
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:42,500
wallpaper. 
You've seen every morning for 

3333
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:46,100
years, the slight Creak of 
floorboards, you know, by heart 

3334
03:07:46,100 --> 03:07:49,200
the way Morning Light filters 
through curtains, that have 

3335
03:07:49,200 --> 03:07:51,000
framed your dreams since you 
were small. 

3336
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:54,300
Now, imagine being awakened 
Before, Dawn with news, that 

3337
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,200
will transform every single 
aspect of your existence 

3338
03:07:57,200 --> 03:08:00,400
forever. 
This was Victorious. 

3339
03:08:00,400 --> 03:08:05,300
Reality on June 20th. 1837. 
When the Archbishop of 

3340
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:07,300
Canterbury in the Lord, 
Chamberlain arrived at 

3341
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:10,600
Kensington Palace with their 
solemn faces and formal Court 

3342
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:12,700
dresses. 
Her uncle King William, the 

3343
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:16,300
fourth had died during the night
and she was now Queen of the 

3344
03:08:16,300 --> 03:08:20,200
United Kingdom of Great, Britain
and Ireland, no training period.

3345
03:08:20,200 --> 03:08:24,300
No, gradual transitions, just 
instant absolute transformation 

3346
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:29,400
from protected teenager to 
constitutional monarch Victoria 

3347
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:32,300
had spent her entire childhood 
in what historians, call the 

3348
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:36,100
Kensington system. 
Akilla Arrangement, that sounds 

3349
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:38,300
more like a boarding school 
punishment than a royal 

3350
03:08:38,300 --> 03:08:40,900
upbringing. 
Her mother The Duchess of Kent 

3351
03:08:40,900 --> 03:08:44,300
and her mother's advisor Sir. 
John Conroy had kept Victoria 

3352
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,900
isolated from Court life 
surrounded by rules and 

3353
03:08:47,900 --> 03:08:50,800
restrictions that would make a 
modern helicopter parent look 

3354
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:53,200
relaxed. 
She wasn't allowed to walk down 

3355
03:08:53,200 --> 03:08:55,000
stairs with out someone holding 
her hand. 

3356
03:08:55,800 --> 03:08:58,700
She slept in her mother's 
bedroom, every night, her 

3357
03:08:58,700 --> 03:09:01,700
companions were carefully, 
selected her reading material 

3358
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:04,500
monitored and her every 
movement, observed, and 

3359
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:07,600
controlled. 
The system was designed or 

3360
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:10,100
stencil to protect her from the 
corrupting influence of her 

3361
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:13,400
royal uncle's, who were 
admittedly not the best Role 

3362
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:17,000
Models but it also kept a 
dependent in experience and 

3363
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:20,500
theoretically easier to control 
once she became Queen what the 

3364
03:09:20,500 --> 03:09:24,100
architects of the system fail to
anticipate was that constant 

3365
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:28,100
restriction, often breeds Fierce
Independence and strong-willed 

3366
03:09:28,100 --> 03:09:32,800
individuals and Victoria's will 
was forged steel wrapped in 

3367
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:35,700
silk. 
The moment Victoria learned she 

3368
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:39,000
was Queen something shifted in 
her bearing that everyone 

3369
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:42,500
present noticed. 
This small, young woman, barely 

3370
03:09:42,500 --> 03:09:46,000
five feet tall with prominent 
blue eyes and a tendency to 

3371
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:49,100
blush easily. 
Suddenly possessed an authority 

3372
03:09:49,100 --> 03:09:51,000
that transcended her, physical 
presence. 

3373
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:55,300
When she held her first privy 
council meeting just hours after

3374
03:09:55,300 --> 03:09:58,400
learning of her accession 
elderly Statesman, who had 

3375
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:00,800
governed Empires were struck by 
her composure. 

3376
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:04,900
And dignity picture. 
That first council meeting a 

3377
03:10:04,900 --> 03:10:09,500
room full of men in their finest
Formal, Wear powdered wigs, and 

3378
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:12,400
gold braided coats. 
All expecting to manage this 

3379
03:10:12,400 --> 03:10:14,900
inexperienced, girl Queen in 
Stead. 

3380
03:10:14,900 --> 03:10:18,200
They found someone who read the 
formal declaration in a clear, 

3381
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:22,100
steady Voice who met their eyes 
directly, and who made it. 

3382
03:10:22,100 --> 03:10:24,900
Absolutely plain that she 
understood the weight of her new

3383
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:27,400
position. 
The Duke of Wellington who had 

3384
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:30,600
defeated Napoleon and wasn't 
easily impressed later. 

3385
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:34,400
Remarked on her extraordinary, 
self-possession Victoria's, 

3386
03:10:34,400 --> 03:10:37,200
First Act of Independence was 
deliciously pointed. 

3387
03:10:37,200 --> 03:10:39,900
She moved her bed out of her 
mother's room. 

3388
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:42,800
After 18 years of enforced 
proximity. 

3389
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:46,400
She claimed her own space with 
the kind of determination that 

3390
03:10:46,400 --> 03:10:48,400
would characterize her entire 
reign. 

3391
03:10:49,200 --> 03:10:53,200
It was a small domestic gesture 
that represented a seismic shift

3392
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,600
in power dynamics. 
The Duchess of Kent who had to 

3393
03:10:56,600 --> 03:11:00,300
rule through her daughter found 
herself, relegated to separate 

3394
03:11:00,300 --> 03:11:02,700
apartments and excluded from 
political influence. 

3395
03:11:03,900 --> 03:11:06,600
The young Queen threw herself 
into her new role with an 

3396
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:08,900
enthusiasm. 
That surprised her advisors. 

3397
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,800
She loved the red dispatch boxes
that arrived daily filled with 

3398
03:11:12,808 --> 03:11:16,400
government papers, requiring her
attention She enjoyed the 

3399
03:11:16,400 --> 03:11:18,200
ceremony and ritual of Court 
life. 

3400
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:22,600
The formal drawing rooms and the
state dinners, most of all she 

3401
03:11:22,600 --> 03:11:25,600
relished having her own 
household, her own decisions and

3402
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:27,800
her own life finally, under her 
own control. 

3403
03:11:28,600 --> 03:11:32,500
Lord Melbourne, her first prime 
minister became something of a 

3404
03:11:32,508 --> 03:11:35,200
father figure to Victoria the 
calling him. 

3405
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:37,600
That doesn't quite capture their
relationship. 

3406
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:42,300
He was a sophisticated worldly, 
man, in his late 50s and she was

3407
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:45,100
an enthusiastic teenager with 
opinions about everything. 

3408
03:11:45,100 --> 03:11:48,700
He taught her, the intricacies 
of British politics with patient

3409
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:51,600
Good Humor. 
Endured her occasional temper 

3410
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:55,000
tantrums with Grace and 
genuinely seemed to enjoy her 

3411
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:57,600
company. 
They would spend hours together 

3412
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:00,100
discussing politics literature 
and Court. 

3413
03:12:00,100 --> 03:12:03,900
Gossip forming a bond. 
That was part mentorship part 

3414
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:06,900
friendship and entirely 
unconventional. 

3415
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:11,500
Victoria's early years as Queen 
had a quality of exhilaration 

3416
03:12:11,500 --> 03:12:14,000
mixed. 
With bewilderment, she was 

3417
03:12:14,008 --> 03:12:17,600
discovering London, Society 
attending the opera and theater 

3418
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:21,900
dancing at balls until dawn. 
And generally experiencing, the 

3419
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:25,300
youth should be denied during 
her isolated childhood, she 

3420
03:12:25,300 --> 03:12:27,800
adored her New Freedom with the 
passion of someone who had been 

3421
03:12:27,800 --> 03:12:31,400
released from benign captivity 
her journals from this period 

3422
03:12:31,400 --> 03:12:35,400
bubble with exclamation marks 
and underlined words capturing 

3423
03:12:35,400 --> 03:12:38,700
her Delight in everything from 
new gowns to political debates. 

3424
03:12:39,900 --> 03:12:43,200
But the Euphoria of those first 
years was occasionally punctured

3425
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,000
by harsh lessons in Royal 
vulnerability. 

3426
03:12:46,000 --> 03:12:50,200
The young Queen face criticism 
in the Press rumors about her 

3427
03:12:50,200 --> 03:12:53,100
relationship with Melbourne, and
even questions about her 

3428
03:12:53,100 --> 03:12:56,700
judgment in various Court, 
scandals being Queen, she was 

3429
03:12:56,700 --> 03:12:59,500
learning meant that every 
mistake was magnified. 

3430
03:12:59,500 --> 03:13:03,000
And every decision scrutinized 
by people who had strong 

3431
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:06,600
opinions about how monarchy 
should function While Victoria 

3432
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:10,200
was adjusting to her crown. 
Brittany itself was in the midst

3433
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:13,000
of a transformational, that 
would have stacked previous 

3434
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:16,400
generations, the country. 
She inherited was neither the 

3435
03:13:16,400 --> 03:13:20,100
rural Agricultural Society of 
her grandparents time, nor yet 

3436
03:13:20,100 --> 03:13:23,500
the industrial Powerhouse, it 
would become by the end of her 

3437
03:13:23,500 --> 03:13:25,300
Reign. 
It was caught in that 

3438
03:13:25,300 --> 03:13:28,800
uncomfortable Space Between 
Worlds were steam engine shared 

3439
03:13:28,800 --> 03:13:32,900
roads with horse drawn carts and
Factory workers lived alongside 

3440
03:13:32,900 --> 03:13:37,800
traditional Craftsmen. 
The 1830s and 1840s were Decades

3441
03:13:37,800 --> 03:13:42,200
of profound social upheaval. 
The Industrial Revolution though

3442
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:45,000
historians debate whether 
calling it a revolution captures

3443
03:13:45,000 --> 03:13:49,400
its gradual grinding nature was 
remaking British Society from 

3444
03:13:49,400 --> 03:13:52,700
the ground up, Manchester and 
Birmingham had transformed from 

3445
03:13:52,700 --> 03:13:56,700
Market towns into blackened 
industrial cities were textile 

3446
03:13:56,700 --> 03:13:59,700
mills operated around the clock 
and coal smoke hung in the air, 

3447
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:03,000
like a permanent fog. 
The Romantic image of pastoral 

3448
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:05,900
England was giving away to the 
reality of urban sprawl and 

3449
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:09,100
Factory discipline. 
You have to understand that this

3450
03:14:09,100 --> 03:14:12,200
transformation wasn't some 
distant policy issue for 

3451
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:14,600
Victoria. 
She could see it when she 

3452
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:18,500
traveled through her kingdom, 
the railways, which had barely 

3453
03:14:18,500 --> 03:14:22,100
existed at her birth were now 
spreading across the countryside

3454
03:14:22,100 --> 03:14:26,200
like iron veins, connecting 
cities, and accelerating the 

3455
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:29,000
pace of everything. 
The first time Victoria traveled

3456
03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:33,400
by train in 1842, she was both 
thrilled and slightly terrified 

3457
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:36,500
by the speed though. 
It barely 40 miles per hour. 

3458
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:38,700
It would seem comically slow to 
you today. 

3459
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:43,100
The social implications of 
industrialization troubles 

3460
03:14:43,100 --> 03:14:45,900
Victoria, even if she didn't 
always know what to do. 

3461
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:49,000
About them reports reached her 
of working conditions in 

3462
03:14:49,000 --> 03:14:52,100
factories and mines that would 
shock modern sensibilities. 

3463
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:56,500
Children, as young as five 
working 12-hour shifts and coal,

3464
03:14:56,500 --> 03:14:59,900
mines families living in single 
room, tenements without running 

3465
03:14:59,900 --> 03:15:02,800
water, or sanitation and workers
paid. 

3466
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:04,600
So little, they could barely 
afford bread. 

3467
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:08,100
The gap between Britain's 
growing wealth, and the poverty 

3468
03:15:08,100 --> 03:15:11,400
of many of its citizens created 
tensions that occasionally 

3469
03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:15,500
erupted into violence. 
The chartist movement, which 

3470
03:15:15,500 --> 03:15:19,000
demanded Democratic reforms, 
like Universal male suffrage, 

3471
03:15:19,000 --> 03:15:22,900
and secret ballots represented, 
both the promise and threat of 

3472
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:27,000
this new Industrial Age working.
People were organizing demanding

3473
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:29,300
rights and challenging the 
assumption. 

3474
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:31,900
That political power should 
remain concentrated in 

3475
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:35,500
aristocratic hands. 
Pictoria viewed chart is with 

3476
03:15:35,500 --> 03:15:38,400
the mixed of sympathy and alarm 
typical of her class. 

3477
03:15:39,300 --> 03:15:42,400
She felt compassion for workers 
struggles, but feared 

3478
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:45,500
revolutionary violence that 
might threaten social stability.

3479
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:51,400
In 1842, when economic 
depression led to widespread 

3480
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:56,100
unrest and rumors of chartist, 
uprisings Victoria experienced, 

3481
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:58,400
first-hand the fragility of 
public order. 

3482
03:15:58,400 --> 03:16:02,800
Reports reached her of riots in 
industrial cities of troops 

3483
03:16:02,800 --> 03:16:06,600
called out to disperse. 
Angry crowds of genuine fear 

3484
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:09,900
among the property classes that 
Britain might follow France's 

3485
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:13,000
revolutionary path, the young 
Queen, still in her early 

3486
03:16:13,000 --> 03:16:16,900
twenties, had to project 
confidence and stability even as

3487
03:16:16,900 --> 03:16:20,800
advisors debated, whether her 
safety could, be guaranteed, but

3488
03:16:20,800 --> 03:16:23,300
Victorious. 
Britain wasn't defined solely by

3489
03:16:23,300 --> 03:16:25,400
industrial strife and social 
tension. 

3490
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:29,200
This was an era of remarkable 
creativity and intellectual 

3491
03:16:29,200 --> 03:16:32,200
ferment. 
Charles Dickens was publishing 

3492
03:16:32,200 --> 03:16:35,200
novels that exposed social 
injustice while entertaining, 

3493
03:16:35,200 --> 03:16:38,600
Millions scientists like, 
Charles Darwin were developing 

3494
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:40,600
theories. 
That would revolutionize human 

3495
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:44,100
understanding of the natural 
world Engineers, like his arms. 

3496
03:16:44,100 --> 03:16:47,300
Kingdom, Brunel were Building 
Bridges, tunnels and ships. 

3497
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:49,500
That pushed the boundaries of 
what seemed technically 

3498
03:16:49,500 --> 03:16:52,000
possible. 
The great exhibition of 1851 

3499
03:16:52,000 --> 03:16:55,400
held in the spectacular. 
Crystal Palace in Hyde Park 

3500
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:59,200
would come to symbolize British 
confidence in this era of 

3501
03:16:59,200 --> 03:17:03,300
innovation, but we're getting 
ahead of ourselves that Triumph 

3502
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:06,300
belongs to a later. 
Chapter after Victoria had 

3503
03:17:06,300 --> 03:17:09,400
navigated one of the most 
significant transitions of her 

3504
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:12,900
life. 
What's worth understanding about

3505
03:17:12,900 --> 03:17:17,300
these early years of Victoria's 
reign is how much the role of 

3506
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:20,700
monarchy itself was changing 
previous British monarchs had 

3507
03:17:20,708 --> 03:17:24,300
exercised real political power 
choosing Prime Ministers and 

3508
03:17:24,300 --> 03:17:28,400
influencing policy directly, but
by Victorious time the 

3509
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,100
constitutional monarchy was 
evolving into something more 

3510
03:17:31,100 --> 03:17:34,300
symbolic. 
Representing National unity and 

3511
03:17:34,300 --> 03:17:37,800
continuity rather than 
exercising direct governance. 

3512
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:42,000
Victoria would spend her entire 
Reign negotiating this delicate 

3513
03:17:42,000 --> 03:17:44,700
balance between influence and 
interference. 

3514
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:48,600
Between being above politics and
being politically irrelevant. 

3515
03:17:49,900 --> 03:17:52,800
The young Queen was learning 
that modern monarchy required a 

3516
03:17:52,800 --> 03:17:56,100
different kind of power that her
ancestors had wheeled. 

3517
03:17:56,100 --> 03:18:01,000
It was the power of example of 
moral authority of representing 

3518
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:04,800
ideals and values that United 
disparate parts of an 

3519
03:18:04,800 --> 03:18:09,100
increasingly complex society. 
She was becoming less a ruler in

3520
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,100
the medieval sense and more a 
national symbol though. 

3521
03:18:12,100 --> 03:18:14,700
She would have bristled at being
reduced to Pure symbolism. 

3522
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:19,800
Now let's talk about Albert 
because no story of Victoria can

3523
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:22,700
ignore the man who were 
transformed both her personal 

3524
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:25,900
life and her understanding of 
monarchy, but first, let's 

3525
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:29,200
dispel the notion that this was 
some fairy tale romance from the

3526
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:33,100
start Victorious path to 
marriage was complicated by her 

3527
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:37,200
position her personality and her
initial reluctance to share the 

3528
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:39,100
power. 
She'd so recently acquired. 

3529
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:43,600
When Victoria first met her 
cousin Albert of sax Coburg and 

3530
03:18:43,600 --> 03:18:47,600
gotha in 1836 before her 
accession. 

3531
03:18:47,600 --> 03:18:51,400
She found him Pleasant enough 
but hardly overwhelming he was 

3532
03:18:51,400 --> 03:18:54,400
handsome in a classical German 
Way tall. 

3533
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:56,600
Well, proportioned with 
carefully, combed hair and 

3534
03:18:56,600 --> 03:19:01,000
serious eyes, but he was also 
rather formal got tired early at

3535
03:19:01,000 --> 03:19:04,000
evening parties and had the kind
of earnest intellectual 

3536
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:07,200
interests that 18 year old 
Victoria found slightly boring. 

3537
03:19:08,300 --> 03:19:12,000
Their second meeting in 1839 
produced dramatically different 

3538
03:19:12,000 --> 03:19:14,600
results. 
Victoria had been Queen for two 

3539
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:16,900
years and had grown accustomed 
to her independence. 

3540
03:19:17,700 --> 03:19:19,900
She wasn't particularly eager to
marry and her and had made it 

3541
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:22,600
clear to advisors that she would
choose her own husband in her 

3542
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:24,100
own time. 
Thank you very much. 

3543
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:28,700
When Albert visited Windsor 
Castle, at October Victoria took

3544
03:19:28,700 --> 03:19:31,300
one. 
Look at him to his carriage and 

3545
03:19:31,300 --> 03:19:33,400
experience. 
What she would later describe as

3546
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:38,200
a complete change of heart. 
Albert had matured in the 

3547
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:41,400
intervening years. 
He was 20 years old now with a 

3548
03:19:41,400 --> 03:19:44,300
bearing that combined 
Continental sophistication with 

3549
03:19:44,300 --> 03:19:48,000
genuine warmth more importantly 
he possessed qualities, that 

3550
03:19:48,000 --> 03:19:51,000
Victoria's isolated upbringing 
had left her craving. 

3551
03:19:51,800 --> 03:19:56,200
Intellectual depth, artistic 
sensibility and a seriousness of

3552
03:19:56,200 --> 03:19:59,200
purpose, that matched, her own 
growing sense of Royal 

3553
03:19:59,200 --> 03:20:02,200
responsibility within days of 
his arrival. 

3554
03:20:02,200 --> 03:20:04,200
Victorian knew she wanted to 
marry him. 

3555
03:20:05,100 --> 03:20:09,100
Here's where the story gets 
charmingly complicated, as Queen

3556
03:20:09,100 --> 03:20:12,700
Victoria had to propose to 
Albert, not the other way around

3557
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,800
constitutional protocol required
it. 

3558
03:20:15,800 --> 03:20:19,500
And while this might sound like 
a modern romantic gesture, it 

3559
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:22,100
actually placed Victoria in an 
awkward position. 

3560
03:20:22,100 --> 03:20:26,900
She had to risk, rejection had 
to articulate her feelings and 

3561
03:20:26,900 --> 03:20:29,800
had to make herself vulnerable 
in a way that Queen's rarely had

3562
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:33,400
to experience. 
Victoria proposed to Albert on 

3563
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:38,800
October 15th, 1839 in a private 
moment that she recorded in her 

3564
03:20:38,800 --> 03:20:42,100
journal with her characteristic.
Enthusiasm and underlining 

3565
03:20:42,100 --> 03:20:46,200
Albert accepted, and Victoria 
experience to happiness, that 

3566
03:20:46,200 --> 03:20:49,800
seemed to surprise her with its 
intensity for someone who had 

3567
03:20:49,800 --> 03:20:52,500
spent years carefully, 
maintaining Royal dignity and 

3568
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:56,300
emotional control falling in 
love, was both exhilarating and 

3569
03:20:56,300 --> 03:21:00,400
slightly terrifying. 
Their wedding in February 1840 

3570
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:04,100
was a relatively modest Affair 
by Royal standards, Victoria 

3571
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:08,200
wear white, satin dress rather 
than traditional hermine and 

3572
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:11,300
velvet, robes inadvertently 
setting a fashion trend that 

3573
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:14,400
continues today. 
The ceremony at the chapel Royal

3574
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:17,900
was beautiful but brief and 
Victorious journal entry that 

3575
03:21:17,900 --> 03:21:21,000
evening radiates contentment. 
That feels both Royal and 

3576
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:24,500
utterly ordinary. 
The early years of Victoria and 

3577
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,000
Albert's marriage represented, a
profound adjustment. 

3578
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:31,200
For both of them Victoria had 
been absolutely in her household

3579
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:35,200
since becoming Queen answerable 
to no one and accustomed to have

3580
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,400
her way. 
Now she had to navigate sharing 

3581
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:42,300
her life with someone who had 
his own opinions priorities and 

3582
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:45,500
vision for monarchy Albert. 
Meanwhile had to figure out how 

3583
03:21:45,500 --> 03:21:47,900
to be consort to the most 
powerful woman in the world 

3584
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:52,000
without either dominating her or
being reduced to decorative 

3585
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:54,600
irrelevance. 
The solution, they eventually 

3586
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:56,500
developed was a working 
partnership. 

3587
03:21:56,500 --> 03:22:00,200
That would define both their 
marriage and Victoria's reign, 

3588
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,400
Albert, became Victorious, 
private secretary, political 

3589
03:22:03,400 --> 03:22:05,300
adviser, and intellectual 
companion. 

3590
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:09,800
He brought organizational skills
artistic taste and a progressive

3591
03:22:09,800 --> 03:22:13,700
vision of monarchy's role in 
modern society that complemented

3592
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:17,000
Victoria's instinctive, 
conservatism and emotional 

3593
03:22:17,000 --> 03:22:21,100
intensity, they worked together 
on official papers, discussed 

3594
03:22:21,100 --> 03:22:24,400
political issues, and jointly 
shaped the public image of the 

3595
03:22:24,400 --> 03:22:28,500
monarchy, but their partnership 
extended far, beyond political 

3596
03:22:28,500 --> 03:22:32,300
collaboration, Albert introduced
Victoria to Serious art and 

3597
03:22:32,308 --> 03:22:36,500
music took her to exhibitions 
and concerts and encouraged her 

3598
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:38,300
appreciation for culture and 
learning. 

3599
03:22:38,300 --> 03:22:42,300
He designed new palaces and 
Gardens reformed, Royal 

3600
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:46,300
household management and brought
Germanic efficiency to what had 

3601
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,400
been a somewhat chaotic English 
Court under his influence 

3602
03:22:49,400 --> 03:22:52,700
Windsor Castle and Buckingham 
Palace became Showcases of 

3603
03:22:52,700 --> 03:22:54,800
modern tastes and artistic 
excellence. 

3604
03:22:55,900 --> 03:22:59,500
Their domestic life away from 
State occasions and political 

3605
03:22:59,500 --> 03:23:03,500
duties, reveals the human warmth
beneath the formal portraits. 

3606
03:23:03,500 --> 03:23:07,700
They had nine children over 17 
years, and while Victorian 

3607
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,100
parenting seemed somewhat 
distant by modern standards. 

3608
03:23:11,000 --> 03:23:13,700
Their letters and journals show,
genuine affection for their 

3609
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:16,500
growing family. 
They bought Osborne house on the

3610
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:18,100
Isle of Wight as a private 
retreat. 

3611
03:23:18,100 --> 03:23:22,200
And Albert designed much of it 
himself a place where they could

3612
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,000
be relatively normal parents 
rather than Queen and Prince 

3613
03:23:25,000 --> 03:23:27,700
consort. 
Victoria discovered that 

3614
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:30,800
marriage and motherhood didn't 
diminish her power, but rather 

3615
03:23:30,800 --> 03:23:32,700
gave her new dimensions of 
understanding. 

3616
03:23:32,700 --> 03:23:36,500
She could be simultaneously, a 
constitutional Monarch, managing

3617
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:39,200
complex, political 
relationships, and a wife, 

3618
03:23:39,208 --> 03:23:41,700
dealing with the ordinary 
frustration of married life. 

3619
03:23:41,700 --> 03:23:45,700
She was learning that strength 
comes in various forms and that 

3620
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:48,800
allowing herself to depend on 
Albert actually made her a more 

3621
03:23:48,808 --> 03:23:52,100
effective Queen. 
Albertsons on Victoria was 

3622
03:23:52,100 --> 03:23:55,300
profound but gradual. 
He suffered some of her 

3623
03:23:55,300 --> 03:23:58,000
impulsiveness. 
Encouraged her intellectual 

3624
03:23:58,000 --> 03:24:01,800
development and helped her to 
understand monarchy was a force 

3625
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:04,800
for moral and social progress 
rather than simply political 

3626
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:08,100
power under his guidance 
Victoria became more thoughtful 

3627
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:11,300
about her role in British 
society, and more conscious of 

3628
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:14,100
the symbolic, importance of 
Royal behavior, and Royal 

3629
03:24:14,100 --> 03:24:21,800
example, On December 14th, 1861,
Albert died of typhoid fever, at

3630
03:24:21,800 --> 03:24:25,500
Windsor Castle, and Victoria's 
World collapsed. 

3631
03:24:25,500 --> 03:24:27,700
So, completely that she would 
spend the rest of her life. 

3632
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:31,200
Trying to put the pieces back 
together, he was only 42 years 

3633
03:24:31,200 --> 03:24:33,600
old. 
They had been married for 21 

3634
03:24:33,600 --> 03:24:36,400
years. 
Victoria was 42 herself. 

3635
03:24:37,100 --> 03:24:40,000
Still in what should have been 
the prime of her life suddenly 

3636
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:42,600
alone in a way that felt 
absolutely unbearable? 

3637
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,100
The depth of Victoria's grief 
shocked, even those who knew 

3638
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:49,200
her. 
Well, this wasn't the dignified 

3639
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:53,600
mourning expected of royalty. 
It was raw overwhelming 

3640
03:24:53,600 --> 03:24:57,300
Devastation that she made no 
attempt to hide or minimize she 

3641
03:24:57,300 --> 03:25:00,600
withdrew from public life, 
almost completely spending 

3642
03:25:00,600 --> 03:25:03,200
months and darkened rooms 
wearing black that she would 

3643
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,000
never stop wearing. 
She kept Albert's rooms. 

3644
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:09,600
Exactly as they had been with 
his clothes laid out daily and 

3645
03:25:09,600 --> 03:25:12,200
fresh water placed in his 
bedroom, as if he might return 

3646
03:25:12,200 --> 03:25:15,100
at any moment. 
You need to understand that 

3647
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,500
Victoria's morning, wasn't 
simply personal grief though. 

3648
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:22,500
It was certainly that was also 
the loss of the person who had 

3649
03:25:22,500 --> 03:25:25,600
helped her, understand her role,
who had been her intellectual 

3650
03:25:25,600 --> 03:25:29,100
companion and political adviser 
and who would give him structure

3651
03:25:29,100 --> 03:25:34,200
and meaning to her Reign without
Albert Victoria's bereaved. 

3652
03:25:34,200 --> 03:25:37,800
But fundamentally lost. 
If the map she'd been following 

3653
03:25:37,800 --> 03:25:41,800
had suddenly disappeared. 
The British public initially 

3654
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:44,100
responded to Victoria's loss 
with genuine. 

3655
03:25:44,100 --> 03:25:47,800
Sympathy Albert had grown 
popular during his lifetime and 

3656
03:25:47,800 --> 03:25:49,900
people understood that the queen
had lost her husband. 

3657
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:54,200
But as months stretched into 
years and Victoria remained in 

3658
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:58,900
seclusion public, patients began
wearing thin people started 

3659
03:25:58,900 --> 03:26:01,600
questioning what they were 
paying taxes for if their 

3660
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,600
Monarch refused to appear in 
public or fulfill ceremonial 

3661
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:07,900
duties. 
This was a crucial moment in the

3662
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:10,500
Victorian. 
Monarchy over Victoria herself, 

3663
03:26:10,500 --> 03:26:14,200
probably didn't see it. 
That way through her grief, the 

3664
03:26:14,200 --> 03:26:16,400
British people were increasingly
Democratic in their 

3665
03:26:16,400 --> 03:26:19,200
expectations. 
They wanted a monarch who was 

3666
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:23,200
visible who participated in 
National Life and who gave them 

3667
03:26:23,200 --> 03:26:26,000
something tangible in return. 
For the cost of maintaining 

3668
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:30,400
Royal households Victoria's 
prolonged withdrawal, created a 

3669
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:33,600
crisis of legitimacy that would 
take years to resolve. 

3670
03:26:34,500 --> 03:26:37,400
Albert's death also revealed 
something about Victorious 

3671
03:26:37,400 --> 03:26:40,600
character that had perhaps been 
obscured by their partnership. 

3672
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:45,500
A remarkable capacity for 
endurance fewer people might 

3673
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:48,500
have abdicated or completely 
collapsed under such profound 

3674
03:26:48,500 --> 03:26:52,300
loss, Victoria, grieved 
intently, but continued working 

3675
03:26:52,300 --> 03:26:56,400
continued managing government, 
business and continued being 

3676
03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:58,800
Queen. 
Even when she felting capable of

3677
03:26:58,800 --> 03:27:01,700
being anything at all, it was 
resilient born. 

3678
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:05,800
Not of strength, but of Duty. 
Kept going because stopping 

3679
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:09,600
wasn't an option. 
Gradually imperceptibly, 

3680
03:27:09,600 --> 03:27:12,900
Victoria began rebuilding 
herself around the absence of 

3681
03:27:12,900 --> 03:27:15,400
her Center. 
She couldn't replace Albert, 

3682
03:27:15,400 --> 03:27:17,900
didn't want to, but she learned 
to function without him. 

3683
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,500
She relied increasingly on her 
Scottish servant, John Brown, 

3684
03:27:21,500 --> 03:27:24,500
whose blunt Highland Manor and 
lack of courtly. 

3685
03:27:24,500 --> 03:27:28,200
Deference, provided a refreshing
contrast to the careful 

3686
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,400
circumspection of most Royal 
attendance. 

3687
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:34,700
Their friendship would 
scandalize polite society, and 

3688
03:27:34,700 --> 03:27:38,000
fuel rumors, that Victoria 
herself, found both amusing and 

3689
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:42,100
irritating, Benjamin Disraeli 
who became prime minister in 

3690
03:27:42,100 --> 03:27:45,200
1868. 
Played a crucial role in drawing

3691
03:27:45,200 --> 03:27:48,800
Victoria back in to public life.
He understood that the queen 

3692
03:27:48,800 --> 03:27:52,800
responded to flattery personal 
attention and appeals to sense 

3693
03:27:52,800 --> 03:27:55,300
of Duty. 
Where others had tried to argue 

3694
03:27:55,300 --> 03:27:58,600
Victoria into resume in her, 
responsibilities Disraeli, 

3695
03:27:58,600 --> 03:28:02,400
Charmed her into it, right in 
her flattering letters and 

3696
03:28:02,400 --> 03:28:05,600
treating State business as 
Secrets shared between friends. 

3697
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:09,500
It was manipulation certainly 
but manipulation in service of 

3698
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:12,200
both Victoria's well-being and 
the Monkees of survival. 

3699
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:17,100
By the early 1870s. 
Victoria was gradually returning

3700
03:28:17,100 --> 03:28:20,900
to public visibility though, she
never fully resumed the active 

3701
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:25,200
social life of her early Reign, 
she held courts and levees 

3702
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:28,900
appeared at State occasions and 
showed herself to her subjects 

3703
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:32,600
with increasing frequency, but 
she also maintained boundaries. 

3704
03:28:32,600 --> 03:28:36,000
That would have been Unthinkable
earlier in her Reign refusing to

3705
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:38,700
participate in events. 
She found two demanding or 

3706
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:42,300
emotionally difficult. 
What emerged from this long 

3707
03:28:42,300 --> 03:28:45,800
period of grief was a different 
kind of monarchy, then Britain 

3708
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:49,400
had known before Victoria had 
learned that she could be Queen 

3709
03:28:49,400 --> 03:28:51,000
without being constantly 
visible. 

3710
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:54,200
That her symbolic importance 
didn't require her physical 

3711
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:58,100
Presence at every ceremonial 
occasion, she was pioneering a 

3712
03:28:58,100 --> 03:29:01,100
more private model of monarchy 
that would influence Health 

3713
03:29:01,100 --> 03:29:04,300
future British, Royals balanced 
public duty with personal life. 

3714
03:29:05,200 --> 03:29:08,800
The experience of profound loss 
also gave Victoria a deeper 

3715
03:29:08,800 --> 03:29:10,400
empathy for her subjects 
suffering. 

3716
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:14,800
When disaster, struck mining 
accidents, Factory fires, 

3717
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:19,300
shipwrecks Victoria's, messages 
of condolence carried, genuine 

3718
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:21,700
feeling born from her own 
experience of grief. 

3719
03:29:21,700 --> 03:29:25,900
She understood in a way she 
perhaps hadn't early that being 

3720
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:29,400
Queen, meant bearing witness to 
both the joys and Sorrows of an 

3721
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:33,100
entire nation. 
Victoria's Black mourning dress 

3722
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:37,400
became iconic transforming from 
a personal expression of loss 

3723
03:29:37,400 --> 03:29:40,700
into a symbol of Victorian, 
propriety and emotional depth. 

3724
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:44,900
She was demonstrating that grief
deserved, respect and time and 

3725
03:29:44,900 --> 03:29:47,900
that rushing, through sorrow or 
hiding it away wasn't necessary 

3726
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:50,500
or healthy. 
In an era that often demanded 

3727
03:29:50,500 --> 03:29:53,800
emotional restraint Victorious, 
prolonged morning, gave 

3728
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:55,400
permission for others to grieve 
openly. 

3729
03:29:55,400 --> 03:29:59,400
And honestly, while Victoria 
mourned and gradually returned 

3730
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:02,300
to public life. 
The world that bore her name was

3731
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:05,600
transforming with a speed that 
would have seen miraculous to 

3732
03:30:05,600 --> 03:30:08,900
earlier Generations. 
The Victorian era that period 

3733
03:30:08,900 --> 03:30:13,300
from 1837 to 1901 they came soon
Anonymous with progress 

3734
03:30:13,300 --> 03:30:17,200
Innovation, and the particular 
combination of moral earnestness

3735
03:30:17,200 --> 03:30:21,000
and material ambition that 
characterized 19th century 

3736
03:30:21,000 --> 03:30:25,700
Britain Let's start with the 
physical transformational of 

3737
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:29,100
daily life because this is where
Victorian Innovation becomes 

3738
03:30:29,100 --> 03:30:31,500
tangible. 
And real, The Gaslight that had 

3739
03:30:31,500 --> 03:30:34,400
been a luxury in Victoria's 
youth became standard in middle 

3740
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:37,000
class. 
Homes by mid-century Telegraph 

3741
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:40,800
wires spread across continents, 
allowing near, instantaneous 

3742
03:30:40,800 --> 03:30:43,700
communication over distance is 
that had previously required 

3743
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:47,000
weeks of travel. 
Photography, evolved from 

3744
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,300
daguerreotype Curiosities to 
commonplace documentation of 

3745
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:53,000
ordinary life. 
Each of these changes sounds 

3746
03:30:53,000 --> 03:30:56,700
modest in isolation, but 
together they revolutionized how

3747
03:30:56,700 --> 03:31:00,900
people experience time, space 
and possibility. the great 

3748
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:05,800
exhibition of 1851 that triumphs
that Albert had championed an 

3749
03:31:05,800 --> 03:31:09,900
organized Captured. 
Victorian optimism, its Zenith 

3750
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:13,800
the Crystal Palace itself, a 
massive structure of iron and 

3751
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:17,400
glass housing exhibits from 
around the world, demonstrated 

3752
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:21,700
both British engineering prowess
and Industrial confidence over 6

3753
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:23,700
million. 
People visited during its months

3754
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:27,900
of operation including Victoria 
herself who attended numerous 

3755
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:31,000
times and recorded her one in 
journals that bubble with 

3756
03:31:31,000 --> 03:31:34,400
exclamation marks. 
But the Victorian world was 

3757
03:31:34,400 --> 03:31:38,500
never as uniformly Progressive 
as its Champions claimed beneath

3758
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:41,700
the gleaming Innovations and 
expanding Empire, a persistent 

3759
03:31:41,700 --> 03:31:46,000
poverty, exploitation and 
inequality that reformers spent 

3760
03:31:46,000 --> 03:31:49,600
decades, trying to address the 
same industrial system that 

3761
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:51,400
created unprecedented. 
Wealth. 

3762
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:55,400
Also, created Urban slums where 
children died of preventable 

3763
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:58,200
diseases and workers endured 
conditions. 

3764
03:31:58,200 --> 03:32:01,100
That would be illegal to today. 
Victorian Britain was 

3765
03:32:01,100 --> 03:32:04,300
simultaneously the workshop of 
the world and a society where 

3766
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,000
many workers could barely afford
to feed their families. 

3767
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,700
Victorian social reformers 
attack these problems with 

3768
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:14,500
characteristic energy and moral 
certainly the factory acts 

3769
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,600
gradually limited child, labor 
and improved working conditions.

3770
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:21,800
Public Health, reforms brought 
clean water and proper sewage 

3771
03:32:21,800 --> 03:32:25,200
systems to cities where cholera 
had been a regular visitor, 

3772
03:32:25,200 --> 03:32:28,700
compulsory education acts ensure
that children received at least 

3773
03:32:28,700 --> 03:32:32,100
basic schooling rather than 
spending their entire childhoods

3774
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:36,000
in factories or mines progress 
was real but frustratingly. 

3775
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:39,600
Slow and the Victorian 
compromise between capitalism 

3776
03:32:39,600 --> 03:32:42,900
and compassion never fully 
resolved its internal 

3777
03:32:42,900 --> 03:32:46,300
contradictions, the British 
Empires expanded dramatically 

3778
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:51,000
during Victoria's reign reaching
its greatest extent and 

3779
03:32:51,000 --> 03:32:53,900
transforming Britain into the 
predominant Global power in 

3780
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:57,600
India, became the Crown Jewel, 
after the 1857 rebellion led to 

3781
03:32:57,600 --> 03:33:00,600
direct British rule, and 
Victoria would eventually take 

3782
03:33:00,600 --> 03:33:05,100
the title Empress of India in. 
1876 Africa was carved up in the

3783
03:33:05,108 --> 03:33:08,300
Scramble for colonies that mixed
missionary Zeal commercial 

3784
03:33:08,300 --> 03:33:11,700
ambition and strategic 
calculation in roughly equal 

3785
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,700
measure the familiar pink 
colored territories on world 

3786
03:33:14,700 --> 03:33:18,100
maps, expanded until Britain 
controlled roughly a quarter of 

3787
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:19,900
the Earth. 
Land, surface and population. 

3788
03:33:20,900 --> 03:33:24,300
Victoria's personal relationship
with this Empire was complex and

3789
03:33:24,300 --> 03:33:27,900
somewhat contradictory. 
She took genuine interested in 

3790
03:33:27,908 --> 03:33:30,700
her Colonial subjects 
corresponded with Indian 

3791
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,600
servants and African Chiefs and 
seemed to believe. 

3792
03:33:33,600 --> 03:33:37,000
Sincerely, in Britain, 
civilizing, Mission, yet she 

3793
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:39,900
also supported policies. 
That enforced British dominance 

3794
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:43,600
through military force and 
economic exploitation like many 

3795
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:45,900
victorians. 
She combined humanitarian 

3796
03:33:45,900 --> 03:33:49,000
sentiment with Imperial 
assumptions, Never quite 

3797
03:33:49,000 --> 03:33:52,000
recognizing the contradiction 
between promoting Christian 

3798
03:33:52,000 --> 03:33:55,000
values and maintaining Colonial 
hierarchies. 

3799
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:59,600
The Victorian approach to social
issues combined, moral 

3800
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:02,300
earnestness with practical 
reform, in ways that feel both 

3801
03:34:02,300 --> 03:34:05,000
admirable and frustrating from 
our modern perspective, 

3802
03:34:05,000 --> 03:34:09,100
victorians believed intensely 
and personal responsibility, 

3803
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:13,000
self-improvement. 
And moral rectitude, which 

3804
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:16,200
sometimes translated into 
judgmental attitudes toward 

3805
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,400
poverty and suffering, yet, they
also created institutions 

3806
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:24,500
hospitals, orphanages schools, 
libraries that genuinely 

3807
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:27,800
improved lives and expanded 
opportunities for millions of 

3808
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:31,000
people. 
Victorian culture celebrated 

3809
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:35,000
Domesticity and family life with
an intensity that shaped 

3810
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:39,200
expectations for Generations. 
The ideal Victorian home became 

3811
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:42,200
a sanctuary from the harsh 
commercial world with the wife 

3812
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:46,100
mother as its moral Center, and 
the husband father has provider 

3813
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:49,500
and protector, Victoria and 
Albert's own family, life became

3814
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:52,400
the model for this. 
Domestic ideal, their image 

3815
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:55,200
reproduced in countless prints 
and photographs that brought 

3816
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:57,900
Royal Domesticity into ordinary 
British homes. 

3817
03:34:57,900 --> 03:35:03,500
But this idealized Domesticity 
obscured complicated realities. 

3818
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:06,700
Victorian families could be 
sights of genuine warmth and 

3819
03:35:06,700 --> 03:35:10,100
affection, but also of 
patriarchal control and hidden 

3820
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:12,700
dysfunction. 
The emphasis on propriety in 

3821
03:35:12,700 --> 03:35:15,200
respectability. 
Sometimes meant that problems 

3822
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:19,800
domestic violence addiction 
mental illness were hidden 

3823
03:35:19,800 --> 03:35:22,600
rather than addressed. 
The Victorian home was 

3824
03:35:22,600 --> 03:35:25,600
simultaneously a real source of 
comfort and a performance of 

3825
03:35:25,600 --> 03:35:28,900
values that didn't always match 
lived experience. 

3826
03:35:30,300 --> 03:35:33,300
Victorian literature and art 
captured, both the confidence 

3827
03:35:33,300 --> 03:35:35,500
and anxiety of this transforming
era. 

3828
03:35:35,500 --> 03:35:40,200
Dickens exposed social injustice
while entertaining middle class 

3829
03:35:40,200 --> 03:35:43,400
readers. 
The Bronte sisters explored 

3830
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:46,400
women's in their lives and 
passionate emotions beneath 

3831
03:35:46,400 --> 03:35:50,400
respectable surfaces. 
Tennyson's poetry combined 

3832
03:35:50,400 --> 03:35:53,000
medieval romance with Victorian 
doubt. 

3833
03:35:53,000 --> 03:35:57,000
The pre-raphaelite painters 
rejected industrial ugliness in 

3834
03:35:57,000 --> 03:36:00,800
favor of medieval inspired 
beauty while inadvertently 

3835
03:36:00,800 --> 03:36:03,400
creating some of the era's. 
Most iconic images. 

3836
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:08,300
Science and religion engaged in 
increasingly fraught dialogue. 

3837
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:12,000
As discoveries challenged 
traditional beliefs. 

3838
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:16,100
Darwin's theory of evolution, 
published in 1859 forced 

3839
03:36:16,100 --> 03:36:19,700
victorians to reconsider 
Humanity's place in nature and 

3840
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:23,800
relationship to the divine. 
Geological discoveries revealed 

3841
03:36:23,800 --> 03:36:26,000
on Earth Fare older than 
biblical chronology. 

3842
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:29,300
Suggested Victoria herself 
remained conventionally 

3843
03:36:29,300 --> 03:36:32,400
religious, but many of her 
subjects were wrestling with 

3844
03:36:32,400 --> 03:36:35,500
faith in ways that earlier 
Generations, hadn't confronted. 

3845
03:36:36,600 --> 03:36:41,600
As Victoria aged in her 17/8 is 
she transformed from the Widow 

3846
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,400
of Windsor in to something 
approaching a living Monument, 

3847
03:36:44,400 --> 03:36:48,400
the Jubilee celebrating her 
Reign, the golden jubilee in 

3848
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:53,800
1887 marking, 50 years and the 
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 marking 

3849
03:36:53,800 --> 03:36:57,000
60 years. 
Became occasions for national 

3850
03:36:57,000 --> 03:36:59,300
celebration that transcended 
simple. 

3851
03:36:59,300 --> 03:37:03,000
Royal pageantry people who had 
never known any other Monarch 

3852
03:37:03,000 --> 03:37:06,300
line streets to Glimpse. 
This small Stout elderly woman 

3853
03:37:06,300 --> 03:37:09,900
who had somehow become 
synonymous with their entire era

3854
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:14,300
the golden jubilee in 1887 
revealed the complexity of 

3855
03:37:14,308 --> 03:37:16,800
Victoria's relationship with her
subjects. 

3856
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,300
She was genuinely moved by the 
outpouring of affection 

3857
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:22,800
surprised that people still 
cared after her long years of 

3858
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,400
semi seclusion, the procession 
through London streets, showed 

3859
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:30,200
her an Empire at its height 
representatives from India 

3860
03:37:30,200 --> 03:37:34,400
Africa, the Caribbean and all 
the pink territories on the map 

3861
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:38,100
Gathering to honor their Queen. 
Victoria recorded her emotions 

3862
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:41,000
in journals that capture both 
pride in Britain's achievements 

3863
03:37:41,000 --> 03:37:45,000
and a certain weary awareness 
that time was passing and she 

3864
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:47,900
was part of History rather than 
simply living it. 

3865
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:53,600
By this point, Victoria served 
as Queen for five decades longer

3866
03:37:53,600 --> 03:37:56,600
than most of her subjects, 
entire life times she had 

3867
03:37:56,608 --> 03:37:59,200
outlived. 
Most of her contemporaries seen 

3868
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:03,200
Technologies transformed from 
Curiosity to commonplace and 

3869
03:38:03,200 --> 03:38:06,200
witness, social changes that 
would have astonished her 18 

3870
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:08,900
year old self. 
She was the last living link to 

3871
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:11,000
a Britain that had been 
predominantly Rural 

3872
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:15,200
pre-industrial and more socially
stratified than the rapidly 

3873
03:38:15,200 --> 03:38:17,800
modernizing country of the 1880s
and 1890s. 

3874
03:38:20,000 --> 03:38:23,400
Victoria's political influence 
in these later years operated 

3875
03:38:23,400 --> 03:38:26,700
through personal relationships 
rather than constitutional 

3876
03:38:26,700 --> 03:38:29,000
Authority. 
She had become an expert at 

3877
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:31,200
managing Prime, Ministers 
through a combination of 

3878
03:38:31,200 --> 03:38:34,800
personal charm. 
Emotional appeal and occasional 

3879
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:37,900
outright manipulation. 
She knew she couldn't directly 

3880
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:41,300
control policy anymore. 
Constitutional monarchy had 

3881
03:38:41,300 --> 03:38:44,600
evolved beyond that. 
But she could influence suggest 

3882
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:48,500
and sometimes obstruct through 
the careful application of Royal

3883
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:52,400
prerogative and personal 
persuasion, her relationships 

3884
03:38:52,400 --> 03:38:54,800
with her prime minister's 
revealed, different facets of 

3885
03:38:54,808 --> 03:38:57,800
her character. 
Gladstone, the great liberal 

3886
03:38:57,800 --> 03:39:01,300
statement irritated her 
intensely with his Earnest 

3887
03:39:01,300 --> 03:39:04,700
moralizing and tendency to treat
like a public meeting rather 

3888
03:39:04,700 --> 03:39:08,100
than a person Disraeli. 
Meanwhile, had discovered the 

3889
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:12,300
key to managing Victoria treat 
her as a woman first and a queen

3890
03:39:12,308 --> 03:39:16,700
second flatter her shamelessly 
and make governance seem like an

3891
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:19,700
intimate collaboration. 
The contrast between these 

3892
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:22,500
relationships showed how much 
Victoria valued personal 

3893
03:39:22,500 --> 03:39:26,100
attention and emotional 
connection alongside political 

3894
03:39:26,100 --> 03:39:29,200
competence. 
The family Victoria and Albert 

3895
03:39:29,200 --> 03:39:31,900
had created. 
Now sprawled across European 

3896
03:39:31,900 --> 03:39:35,100
royalty, her children and 
grandchildren had married into 

3897
03:39:35,100 --> 03:39:38,600
virtually every Royal House on 
the continent earning Victoria 

3898
03:39:38,600 --> 03:39:40,700
the nickname grandmother of 
Europe. 

3899
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:44,900
This dynastic Network gave her 
personal stakes in European 

3900
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:48,000
politics and created Family 
connections. 

3901
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:51,500
That would be tested tragically 
in the wars of the early 20th 

3902
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:55,100
century when Victoria gathered 
her extended family for her 

3903
03:39:55,100 --> 03:39:58,200
Diamond Jubilee. 
The photographs captured a 

3904
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:00,800
moment of European royalty that 
would never come again. 

3905
03:40:01,600 --> 03:40:04,500
Many of these relatives would be
fighting each other within two 

3906
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:08,900
decades Victoria's later Years, 
also saw her becoming 

3907
03:40:08,900 --> 03:40:12,300
increasingly concerned with her 
Legacy and how history would 

3908
03:40:12,300 --> 03:40:14,400
remember her. 
She commissioned official, 

3909
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:17,700
biographies carefully, edited 
her journals for eventual, 

3910
03:40:17,700 --> 03:40:21,200
publication and tried to shape 
The Narrative of her Reign. 

3911
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:24,900
She wanted to be remembered, not
just as the queen who presided 

3912
03:40:24,900 --> 03:40:28,100
over British expansion, but as 
someone who had tried to rule, 

3913
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:30,400
conscientiously and care for her
subjects. 

3914
03:40:30,400 --> 03:40:33,700
Welfare, where the history would
Grant her this Legacy remained 

3915
03:40:33,700 --> 03:40:36,100
uncertain even as she worked to 
secure it. 

3916
03:40:37,900 --> 03:40:41,800
The Diamond Jubilee in 1897 was 
even more spectacular than the 

3917
03:40:41,800 --> 03:40:45,300
golden jubilee. 
A global celebration of Empire 

3918
03:40:45,300 --> 03:40:48,400
and monarchy that brought 
representatives from across the 

3919
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:50,800
world to honor the Aging, Queen 
Victoria. 

3920
03:40:50,800 --> 03:40:54,000
Now unable to walk easily and 
suffering from various ailments 

3921
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:57,400
participated in the festivities 
with characteristic 

3922
03:40:57,400 --> 03:41:01,300
determination, she appeared in 
an open Carriage acknowledging 

3923
03:41:01,300 --> 03:41:03,200
cheering crowds with the Regal 
bearing shit. 

3924
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:07,300
Cultivated over six Decades of 
practice But beneath the 

3925
03:41:07,300 --> 03:41:10,500
pageantry and celebration. 
Careful, observers could see 

3926
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:14,300
signs of an era ending the 
Victorian certainties faith in 

3927
03:41:14,308 --> 03:41:17,800
progress confidence. 
In Empire, belief in British 

3928
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:20,600
Supremacy were beginning to fray
at the edges. 

3929
03:41:20,600 --> 03:41:24,000
The Boer War at the end of the 
1890s revealed, military 

3930
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:26,700
weaknesses, and moral 
complications that challenge 

3931
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:30,200
assumptions about British 
righteousness, social movements 

3932
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:34,500
were demanding changes women 
suffrage, workers rights, Irish 

3933
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:38,200
home, rule that threatened 
established hierarchies, the 

3934
03:41:38,200 --> 03:41:40,100
world was shifting beneath 
Victorious. 

3935
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:42,600
Feet, moving toward a 20th 
century. 

3936
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:45,100
That would look very different 
from the Victorian age. 

3937
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:48,300
Victorious. 
Health declined gradually 

3938
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:50,700
through the final years of the 
1890s. 

3939
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:54,400
She suffered from rheumatism, a 
difficulty, with their eyesight 

3940
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,900
and tired easily, but she 
continued working continued 

3941
03:41:57,900 --> 03:42:00,200
managing her household and 
following political developments

3942
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,400
and continued being queened, 
because that's what she had done

3943
03:42:03,400 --> 03:42:06,400
for most of her conscious life. 
The role had become so 

3944
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:09,800
fundamental to her identity that
separating Victoria. 

3945
03:42:09,800 --> 03:42:12,500
The person from Victoria the 
queen was essentially 

3946
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:16,400
impossible. 
Victoria died on January 22nd, 

3947
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:20,800
1901 at Osborne house, 
surrounded by her children and 

3948
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:23,300
grandchildren. 
She was 81 years old, and had 

3949
03:42:23,300 --> 03:42:27,400
been Queen for 63 years longer 
than any British monarch before 

3950
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:30,000
her and longer than most would 
have thought possible. 

3951
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:33,700
When she ascended at 18, her 
passing marked, the end not just

3952
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:37,300
of a Reign but of the entire 
19th century as if history 

3953
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:40,200
itself had been waiting for her 
to finish before moving forward.

3954
03:42:41,400 --> 03:42:44,500
The funeral procession through 
London streets, Drew enormous 

3955
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:48,300
crowds of people who had never 
known any other Monarch Victoria

3956
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,300
had been Queen when their 
grandparents were young and had 

3957
03:42:51,300 --> 03:42:54,100
been a constant presence through
all the transformations of the 

3958
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:56,900
Victorian age. 
Her death felt like the closing 

3959
03:42:56,900 --> 03:43:01,200
of an era and in many ways it 
was the Edwardian period that 

3960
03:43:01,200 --> 03:43:04,800
followed would have a different 
character, a lighter tone, and a

3961
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:08,100
sense of living in the Calm 
before a storm that would arrive

3962
03:43:08,100 --> 03:43:11,300
with World War one. 
But what exactly was Victorious 

3963
03:43:11,300 --> 03:43:13,800
Legacy? 
This question has occupied 

3964
03:43:13,800 --> 03:43:17,300
historians ever since and the 
answers are as complex as 

3965
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:20,700
Victoria herself. 
She didn't create the Victorian 

3966
03:43:20,700 --> 03:43:23,300
age. 
It was named after her not by 

3967
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:27,300
her, but she helped shape its 
character and came to embody its

3968
03:43:27,300 --> 03:43:30,200
values. 
Her influence operated less 

3969
03:43:30,200 --> 03:43:32,700
through direct political action 
than through. 

3970
03:43:32,708 --> 03:43:35,700
Moral example, and symbolic, 
representation of what 

3971
03:43:35,700 --> 03:43:39,900
victorians believed about Duty, 
family, and National purpose. 

3972
03:43:41,000 --> 03:43:43,700
Victoria's model of 
constitutional monarchy 

3973
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,300
influenced how future British 
Royals would understand their 

3974
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:50,000
role. 
She demonstrated that monarchs 

3975
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:52,200
could remain politically 
relevant without directly 

3976
03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:56,100
exercising political power. 
And that symbolic importance 

3977
03:43:56,100 --> 03:43:59,600
could be a significant as 
constitutional Authority, the 

3978
03:43:59,600 --> 03:44:01,700
modern British Monarchy with its
carefully. 

3979
03:44:01,700 --> 03:44:05,500
Calibrated balance between 
tradition and adaptation public 

3980
03:44:05,500 --> 03:44:08,100
visibility and private life 
owes. 

3981
03:44:08,100 --> 03:44:10,900
Much to patterns Victoria 
established during her long 

3982
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:14,000
Reign. 
A commitment to duty even 

3983
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:18,200
through profound personal loss. 
Set a standard that subsequent 

3984
03:44:18,200 --> 03:44:21,700
monarch of tried to emulate, 
Victoria showed that royalty 

3985
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:25,100
meant service rather than simply
privilege that being Queen 

3986
03:44:25,100 --> 03:44:29,000
required personal sacrifice, and
consistent, dedication to 

3987
03:44:29,000 --> 03:44:31,900
responsibilities. 
That couldn't be delegated or 

3988
03:44:31,900 --> 03:44:34,400
escaped. 
When Elizabeth the second would 

3989
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:37,200
later speak about dedicating her
life to Royal Service. 

3990
03:44:37,200 --> 03:44:40,800
She was echoing patterns. 
Victoria had established more 

3991
03:44:40,800 --> 03:44:44,200
than a century earlier. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

3992
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:48,100
Domesticity and family values 
which Victoria and Albert had 

3993
03:44:48,108 --> 03:44:50,700
modeled. 
So publicly influenced British 

3994
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:54,200
Society for Generations, the 
ideal of the respectable 

3995
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:58,300
middle-class family morally. 
Upright, hard-working devoted to

3996
03:44:58,308 --> 03:45:01,600
self-improvement became a 
cultural Touchstone that 

3997
03:45:01,600 --> 03:45:05,300
persisted well, into the 20th 
century whether this influence 

3998
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:08,900
was entirely positive is 
debatable, but its reality is 

3999
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,600
undeniable. 
Victoria's relationship with 

4000
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:14,900
Empire remains. 
Perhaps the most complicated 

4001
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:18,400
aspect of her Legacy. 
The British Empire reached its 

4002
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:22,300
greatest extent during her Reign
and she took the title Empress 

4003
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:25,500
of India, an appeared when 
European imperialism was 

4004
03:45:25,500 --> 03:45:29,800
intensified modern perspectives,
recognize the exploitation and 

4005
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:31,900
violence inherent in Imperial 
expansion. 

4006
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:34,900
In ways that victorians 
generally didn't. 

4007
03:45:35,700 --> 03:45:38,500
Creating a legacy that can't be 
celebrated on critically 

4008
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:41,300
Victoria's. 
Genuine interest in colonial 

4009
03:45:41,300 --> 03:45:44,600
subjects, doesn't erase the 
structural inequalities of the 

4010
03:45:44,608 --> 03:45:48,900
system she represented. 
The Victorian ages emphasis on 

4011
03:45:48,908 --> 03:45:52,100
progress and Improvement while 
sometimes producing 

4012
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:56,600
self-righteous hypocrisy, also 
drove genuine reforms that 

4013
03:45:56,600 --> 03:45:58,900
expanded opportunities and 
improved lives. 

4014
03:45:58,900 --> 03:46:02,800
The factory acts Public, Health 
reforms and education expansion.

4015
03:46:02,800 --> 03:46:05,900
These weren't simply top-down in
positions, but reflected 

4016
03:46:05,900 --> 03:46:09,000
Victorian beliefs about social 
responsibility and the 

4017
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:11,900
possibility of making things 
better Victorious. 

4018
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:16,100
Support for these reforms. 
However, inconsistent aligned 

4019
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:19,200
monarchy with Progressive causes
in ways that enhanced Royal 

4020
03:46:19,200 --> 03:46:22,600
legitimacy. 
Perhaps Victoria's, most 

4021
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:26,900
enduring personal Legacy is 
simply how long and consistently

4022
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:31,600
she performed the role of Queen 
63 years of dutiful service 

4023
03:46:31,600 --> 03:46:34,000
created, a sense of continuity 
and stability. 

4024
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:37,600
That helped Britain navigate the
massive social and economic 

4025
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:39,500
transformations of the 19th 
century. 

4026
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:43,100
People might disagree about 
policies or disapprove of Royal 

4027
03:46:43,100 --> 03:46:46,400
Behavior, but they knew Victoria
would still be Queen to Morrow. 

4028
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:49,000
Providing a fixed point in a 
changing world. 

4029
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:53,500
The Victorian world that carried
her name with its particular 

4030
03:46:53,500 --> 03:46:58,500
combination of moral earnestness
and material ambition, its faith

4031
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:00,500
in progress and anxiety about 
change. 

4032
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:04,500
It's genuine humanitarian, 
impulses, and persistent social 

4033
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:09,000
inequalities reflected broader 
forces than any single person 

4034
03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:11,800
could create. 
But Victorious, long presence 

4035
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:15,600
helped to give this era a sense 
of coherence and identity, that 

4036
03:47:15,600 --> 03:47:17,200
it might not, otherwise have 
possessed. 

4037
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:22,700
In the end Victorious, Legacy is
less about specific policies or 

4038
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:25,100
political decisions than about 
demonstrating. 

4039
03:47:25,100 --> 03:47:28,700
How monarchy could adapt to 
Modern conditions without losing

4040
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:31,900
its Central character. 
She showed that royalty could be

4041
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:34,200
simultaneously, ordinary and 
exceptional. 

4042
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:37,300
The Queen's could be wives and 
mothers without diminishing 

4043
03:47:37,300 --> 03:47:40,100
their Authority, and that 
monarchy could survive by 

4044
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,000
evolving rather than by 
insisting on unchanging 

4045
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:46,100
tradition as you prepare for 
sleep tonight. 

4046
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:49,800
Perhaps the most valuable thing 
to understand about Victoria's 

4047
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:53,000
Health, thoroughly human she 
remained, despite spending most 

4048
03:47:53,000 --> 03:47:56,000
of her life in positions that 
discouraged normal human 

4049
03:47:56,000 --> 03:47:58,300
feelings. 
She was someone who laughed 

4050
03:47:58,300 --> 03:48:02,300
easily cried openly loved deeply
and grieved without reservation.

4051
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:06,000
The qualities that made her an 
effective Monarch, a sense of 

4052
03:48:06,000 --> 03:48:08,600
Duty. 
Her emotional honesty, the 

4053
03:48:08,600 --> 03:48:12,100
capacity for both firmness and 
compassion weren't Royal 

4054
03:48:12,100 --> 03:48:16,100
attributes but human ones just 
applied on a larger stage. 

4055
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:20,800
Victoria's journals, which he 
kept throughout her adult life. 

4056
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:23,600
Reveal a woman of genuine 
feeling and complexity. 

4057
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:27,000
She could be Petty and 
vindictive generous and 

4058
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:31,100
warm-hearted intellectually, 
curious, and Straightly 

4059
03:48:31,100 --> 03:48:34,900
stubborn, often all on the same 
day, she experienced. 

4060
03:48:34,900 --> 03:48:37,600
The ordinary struggles of 
marriage and Parenthood, the 

4061
03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:41,700
universal Sorrows of loss and 
aging and the common human needs

4062
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:45,400
for love purpose and 
recognition. the difference was 

4063
03:48:45,400 --> 03:48:48,400
that she experienced these 
things while being Queen, which 

4064
03:48:48,400 --> 03:48:51,400
complicated everything without 
changing the fundamental 

4065
03:48:51,400 --> 03:48:56,400
emotional truths, Think about 
young, Victorian 18 years old 

4066
03:48:56,400 --> 03:48:59,600
and suddenly Queen navigating 
responsibility. 

4067
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:02,600
She hadn't been prepared for 
with nothing but her own 

4068
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,700
intelligence and determination 
to guide her think about 

4069
03:49:05,700 --> 03:49:09,500
Victoria in love, discovering 
that being queened, didn't 

4070
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:11,700
protect her from the 
vulnerability and joy of 

4071
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:15,500
romantic attachment. 
Think about Victoria grieving 

4072
03:49:15,500 --> 03:49:19,600
demonstrating that profound 
loss, doesn't respect, rank or 

4073
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:24,100
position, think about elderly, 
Victoria looking back on six 

4074
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,300
Decades of service and wondering
if she'd done in enough, made 

4075
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:29,600
the right choice is and 
fulfilled her purposes. 

4076
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,900
What made Victoria remarkable 
wasn't that she transcended 

4077
03:49:33,900 --> 03:49:37,200
human limitations but that she 
worked within them while 

4078
03:49:37,200 --> 03:49:40,000
carrying responsibilities, that 
would have overwhelmed, many 

4079
03:49:40,000 --> 03:49:43,600
people, she was often wrong. 
Sometimes, Petty and 

4080
03:49:43,600 --> 03:49:45,500
occasionally, stubborn Beyond 
Reason. 

4081
03:49:46,300 --> 03:49:49,500
She held views on Empire and 
social hierarchy that we now 

4082
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:53,900
recognize as profoundly flawed, 
but she also showed up did the 

4083
03:49:53,900 --> 03:49:57,100
work and kept going through 
personal tragedies that might 

4084
03:49:57,100 --> 03:49:58,900
have Justified giving up 
entirely? 

4085
03:50:00,500 --> 03:50:04,100
The Victorian age ended a fishy 
with Victoria's death in 1901 

4086
03:50:04,100 --> 03:50:07,800
but its influence continued 
shaping British society and 

4087
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:11,300
culture for decades. 
Afterward the values Victoria 

4088
03:50:11,300 --> 03:50:16,500
represented Duty family, moral 
earnestness, faith in progress. 

4089
03:50:16,500 --> 03:50:21,200
Continued informing British 
identity even as the 20th 

4090
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:24,900
century Challenge and sometimes 
overturned them and people speak

4091
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:28,000
about Victorian values. 
There are often referring less 

4092
03:50:28,000 --> 03:50:31,600
to historical reality, then to 
an idealized image, that 

4093
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:35,400
Victoria herself helped create 
through the example of her life 

4094
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,000
and reign. 
Your own life probably contains 

4095
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:42,900
more, Victorian influence, the 
new realized the expectation 

4096
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:45,200
that work should be meaningful 
and contribute to something 

4097
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:48,800
larger than yourself. 
That's partly Victoria and the 

4098
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:50,800
ideal that family should provide
emotional. 

4099
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:54,400
Warmth alongside practical 
support Victoria and Albert 

4100
03:50:54,400 --> 03:50:58,500
helped popularize that model The
belief that individuals can 

4101
03:50:58,500 --> 03:51:00,700
improve themselves through 
education, and effort 

4102
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:04,600
thoroughly, Victorian even your 
assumptions about privacy 

4103
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:08,700
Domesticity and the separation 
between public and private life 

4104
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,700
owes, something to patterns 
established during Victorious 

4105
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:15,100
era. 
The photographs of Victoria that

4106
03:51:15,100 --> 03:51:19,100
survived, and she was one of the
most photographed people of the 

4107
03:51:19,100 --> 03:51:21,000
19th century, show a 
progression. 

4108
03:51:21,000 --> 03:51:24,200
That captures both personal 
aging and historical change 

4109
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:27,300
early photographs, show a young 
woman with soft features and 

4110
03:51:27,300 --> 03:51:31,200
elaborate hairstyles, still 
recognizably the girl who became

4111
03:51:31,200 --> 03:51:34,300
Queen. 
Middle age, photographs capture 

4112
03:51:34,300 --> 03:51:38,000
someone more substantial 
confident in her position and 

4113
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:41,500
comfortable with authority late,
photographs show an elderly 

4114
03:51:41,500 --> 03:51:45,100
woman in black Stern face and 
dignified looking like 

4115
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:47,000
everyone's for Middle 
grandmother. 

4116
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:50,500
Who nonetheless might surprise 
you with unexpected humor or 

4117
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,900
tenderness But photographs can't
capture everything. 

4118
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:57,900
They don't show Victorious laugh
which contemporaries described 

4119
03:51:57,900 --> 03:52:02,300
as full and genuine, they don't 
reveal her speaking voice, which

4120
03:52:02,300 --> 03:52:05,300
was apparently Musical and 
pleasant, they don't capture her

4121
03:52:05,300 --> 03:52:08,700
handwriting in journals and 
letters where her personality 

4122
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:13,000
comes through an exclamation 
marks underlined words and 

4123
03:52:13,000 --> 03:52:16,800
passages that radiates emotion. 
The Victorian photographs is 

4124
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:22,300
frozen formal and preserved, but
the real Victoria was animated 

4125
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:26,100
by feelings thoughts and 
experiences that no image could 

4126
03:52:26,100 --> 03:52:30,100
fully contain Victoria's 
relationship with her own legacy

4127
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:33,700
was complicated by her awareness
that she was becoming a 

4128
03:52:33,700 --> 03:52:35,200
historical figure while still 
living. 

4129
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:38,300
She knew that historians would 
analyze her Reign. 

4130
03:52:38,300 --> 03:52:42,000
That a journals would be read by
people who never knew her and 

4131
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:44,700
that her life would become 
material for interpretation and 

4132
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:46,900
judgment. 
This awareness made a 

4133
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:49,200
self-conscious in ways that 
earlier monarchs hadn't been, 

4134
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:52,400
trying to shape, how she would 
be remembered even as a 

4135
03:52:52,408 --> 03:52:57,000
servant's continued to unfold. 
The Victorian era is combination

4136
03:52:57,000 --> 03:53:00,100
of progress and limitation of 
expanding possibilities 

4137
03:53:00,100 --> 03:53:04,900
alongside persistent 
inequalities reflects tensions. 

4138
03:53:04,900 --> 03:53:08,900
That remain unresolved in modern
society, is he still wrestle 

4139
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:11,900
with questions about how to 
balance individual Freedom, with

4140
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:15,900
social responsibility, how to 
pursue economic growth while 

4141
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:19,300
protecting human welfare and how
to honor traditional while 

4142
03:53:19,300 --> 03:53:22,900
embracing necessary change. 
These aren't uniquely, Victorian

4143
03:53:22,900 --> 03:53:25,700
dilemmas, but victorians 
confronted them with a 

4144
03:53:25,700 --> 03:53:29,300
directness of moral seriousness,
that makes their struggles feel 

4145
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:31,300
relevant to contemporary 
concerns. 

4146
03:53:33,200 --> 03:53:36,700
Victoria's influence on the 
British Monarchy specifically 

4147
03:53:36,700 --> 03:53:40,200
created happens. 
That persist today, the emphasis

4148
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:43,800
on family values and moral 
example, the careful balance 

4149
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,600
between visibility and privacy 
and the sense that royalty 

4150
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:50,600
represents National continuity 
and shared values. 

4151
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:55,100
All of these reflect Victorian 
precedence when modern Royals 

4152
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:59,000
engage in charitable work, 
support social causes or present

4153
03:53:59,000 --> 03:54:00,900
themselves as devoted family 
members. 

4154
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,000
They're following a template 
that Victoria helped establish 

4155
03:54:05,100 --> 03:54:08,800
But perhaps, the most remarkable
thing about Victoria is simply 

4156
03:54:08,800 --> 03:54:12,500
that she remained recognizably 
herself throughout her long 

4157
03:54:12,500 --> 03:54:15,500
Reign, she didn't become a 
different person when she became

4158
03:54:15,500 --> 03:54:18,400
Queen, and she didn't lose her 
essential character. 

4159
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:21,100
Through six Decades, of 
performing, a role that might 

4160
03:54:21,100 --> 03:54:24,900
have consumed a week of us. 
Now, to the woman who died at 81

4161
03:54:24,900 --> 03:54:27,900
retained fundamental qualities 
of the girl who became Queen at 

4162
03:54:27,900 --> 03:54:31,300
18. 
The emotional tensei, the strong

4163
03:54:31,300 --> 03:54:35,200
opinions, the capacity for deep 
feeling and the sense of Duty 

4164
03:54:35,200 --> 03:54:40,400
combined with genuine Humanity. 
As you drift towards sleep 

4165
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:44,000
tonight. 
Consider these Victoria lived 

4166
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:46,600
through a period of change, more
profound than most humans 

4167
03:54:46,600 --> 03:54:49,800
experience in their lifetimes. 
She was born in a world of 

4168
03:54:49,800 --> 03:54:52,900
horse-drawn carriages, and 
Candlelight, and died. 

4169
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:55,500
In a world of automobiles and 
electric lights. 

4170
03:54:55,500 --> 03:54:58,900
She witnessed the transformation
of Britain from an Agricultural 

4171
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,200
Society to an industrial 
Powerhouse. 

4172
03:55:02,000 --> 03:55:05,800
Saw science challenge religious,
certainties and watched as 

4173
03:55:05,800 --> 03:55:10,000
Democratic movements reshaped, 
political expectations, through 

4174
03:55:10,000 --> 03:55:12,200
all these changes. 
She provided a sense of 

4175
03:55:12,208 --> 03:55:15,500
continuity and stability. 
That helped people navigate 

4176
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:19,000
uncertainty. 
The small bedroom at Osborne 

4177
03:55:19,000 --> 03:55:22,200
house, where Victoria spent her 
final hours has been preserved, 

4178
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:25,200
much as it was, you can visit it
to today. 

4179
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:28,200
And see the simple iron bed 
where she died the viewer 

4180
03:55:28,200 --> 03:55:31,200
crossed to the Isle of Wight 
that she loved and the domestic.

4181
03:55:31,200 --> 03:55:33,900
Simplicity, she preferred in her
private spaces. 

4182
03:55:33,900 --> 03:55:37,500
It's a reminder that even 
Queen's die in ordinary rooms. 

4183
03:55:37,500 --> 03:55:40,200
That the trappings of monarchy 
fall away. 

4184
03:55:40,200 --> 03:55:43,800
At the end, leaving only the 
human person facing the 

4185
03:55:43,800 --> 03:55:46,500
universal Human Experience of 
mortality. 

4186
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:51,900
Victoria's children and 
grandchildren gathered around 

4187
03:55:51,900 --> 03:55:55,900
her deathbed creating a scene 
that mixed Royal protocol with 

4188
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:59,600
genuine family grief. 
Her son, who had become Edward, 

4189
03:55:59,600 --> 03:56:03,900
the seventh held one hand while 
her grandson, the future German 

4190
03:56:03,900 --> 03:56:07,900
Kaiser Wilhelm the second 
supported, her other arm, it was

4191
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:10,900
a moment when the personal and 
the political the maternal, and 

4192
03:56:10,900 --> 03:56:14,200
the monarchical, and the 
intimate, and the historical all

4193
03:56:14,200 --> 03:56:16,700
converged into a single 
experience that was 

4194
03:56:16,700 --> 03:56:18,900
simultaneously, unique and 
Universal. 

4195
03:56:21,400 --> 03:56:25,200
In her final months. 
Victoria reportedly said that 

4196
03:56:25,200 --> 03:56:28,100
she didn't want to die. 
She still had work to do 

4197
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:31,100
responsibilities to fulfill and 
purposes to serve. 

4198
03:56:31,100 --> 03:56:34,100
It's a sentiment that captures 
something essential about her 

4199
03:56:34,100 --> 03:56:36,700
character. 
The sense that life mints 

4200
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:40,200
service, but having privileges 
required giving something back 

4201
03:56:40,200 --> 03:56:43,600
and that being Queen was 
ultimately about Duty, rather 

4202
03:56:43,600 --> 03:56:46,900
than power, whether you agree 
with her vision of monarchy or 

4203
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:50,400
not, there's something admirable
about someone who remained 

4204
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:53,200
committed to their 
responsibilities, literally 

4205
03:56:53,200 --> 03:56:58,100
until their final breath. 
The world victoria left behind 

4206
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:02,300
in 1901 was vastly different 
from the one she'd inherited in 

4207
03:57:02,300 --> 03:57:04,600
1830. 
Certain Britain had become the 

4208
03:57:04,600 --> 03:57:08,100
world's dominant industrial and 
Imperial power Science, and 

4209
03:57:08,100 --> 03:57:11,000
Technology are transformed daily
life in ways that would have 

4210
03:57:11,008 --> 03:57:15,300
seen like magic to earlier 
Generations, social reforms and 

4211
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:17,500
expanded rights and 
opportunities for millions of 

4212
03:57:17,500 --> 03:57:21,000
people, the Victorian age with 
all, its achievements and 

4213
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:23,000
limitations its progress and 
problems. 

4214
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:26,900
It's genuine humanitarian, 
impulses, and persistent. 

4215
03:57:26,900 --> 03:57:30,700
Injustice had reshaped. 
Not just Britain, but much of 

4216
03:57:30,700 --> 03:57:33,500
the world. 
But Victoria's, most personal 

4217
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:37,200
Legacy might be the example, she
provided of resilient in the 

4218
03:57:37,208 --> 03:57:41,000
face of loss, her determination 
to continue being Queen after 

4219
03:57:41,000 --> 03:57:45,100
Albert's death to find meaning 
and purpose despite overwhelming

4220
03:57:45,100 --> 03:57:49,900
grief and to serve others, even 
while mourning, privately this 

4221
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:53,600
demonstration of human strength 
in the face of Devastation has 

4222
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:55,900
resonated with people for 
Generations. 

4223
03:57:55,900 --> 03:58:00,000
Victoria showed that you can be 
profoundly damaged by loss 

4224
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:04,100
without being destroyed by it. 
The grief and Duty can co-exist 

4225
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:09,000
and that broken hearts, can 
continue beating As the last 

4226
03:58:09,000 --> 03:58:11,900
words of this story settle 
around you like a soft blanket. 

4227
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:15,800
Think about what Victoria's life
represents beyond the historical

4228
03:58:15,800 --> 03:58:18,200
facts. 
And Royal pageantry here was 

4229
03:58:18,200 --> 03:58:20,600
someone who spent most of her 
life performing a role that 

4230
03:58:20,600 --> 03:58:23,700
demanded constant public 
presence while trying to 

4231
03:58:23,700 --> 03:58:25,800
maintain some private sense of 
self. 

4232
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:29,800
She had to be simultaneously, a 
symbol and a person both 

4233
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:32,500
ordinary and exceptional human 
and institutional. 

4234
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:36,100
Victorious story. 
Reminds us that leadership 

4235
03:58:36,100 --> 03:58:40,500
whether of Nations or simply of 
our own lives requires showing 

4236
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:45,000
up consistently even when we 
don't feel capable continuing to

4237
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:47,600
work. 
Even when motivation Fades and 

4238
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:51,400
finding ways to serve purposes 
larger than ourselves, even as 

4239
03:58:51,400 --> 03:58:53,500
we attend to personal needs and 
desires. 

4240
03:58:53,500 --> 03:58:55,800
These aren't uniquely Royal 
Challengers. 

4241
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:59,700
But Universal human ones just 
played out on a particularly 

4242
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:03,600
visible stage. 
The Victorian age that bore her 

4243
03:59:03,608 --> 03:59:07,100
name was ultimately about people
trying to navigate rapid change,

4244
03:59:07,100 --> 03:59:10,600
while holding onto values. 
They believed important, that 

4245
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:13,800
challenge hasn't disappeared. 
If anything, it's more intense 

4246
03:59:13,800 --> 03:59:16,800
in our contemporary world of 
even faster, technological and 

4247
03:59:16,800 --> 03:59:18,800
social transformation 
Victorious. 

4248
03:59:18,800 --> 03:59:21,700
Example, suggests that 
maintaining core commitments 

4249
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:24,900
while adapting to new 
circumstances, isn't a 

4250
03:59:24,900 --> 03:59:29,300
contradiction, but a necessity 
that change and continuity can 

4251
03:59:29,300 --> 03:59:32,100
co-exist. 
And that progress doesn't 

4252
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:36,200
require abandoning everything 
that came before when you wake 

4253
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:38,900
tomorrow morning and go about 
your daily life, you'll be 

4254
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:42,500
participating in a world that 
Victoria helped shape the 

4255
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:44,300
calendar. 
You check has remnants of 

4256
03:59:44,300 --> 03:59:48,400
Victorian, timekeeping reforms 
the institutions you interact 

4257
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:52,700
with schools hospitals, 
libraries many were established 

4258
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:56,200
or transformed during her era. 
The assumptions you carry about 

4259
03:59:56,200 --> 04:00:00,900
family work, privacy and public 
life, all bear traces of 

4260
04:00:00,900 --> 04:00:05,200
Victorian. 
INF Ended. 

4261
04:00:05,200 --> 04:00:08,300
It's a continuous stream that 
flows through the present, 

4262
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:11,900
connecting us to people, we 
never knew but whose choices 

4263
04:00:11,900 --> 04:00:17,700
still affect our lives. 
Victoria would probably be both 

4264
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:22,200
amazed and somewhat bewildered 
by the 21st century world. 

4265
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:24,600
The technology would astonish 
her. 

4266
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:27,000
The social changes were 
challenged. 

4267
04:00:27,000 --> 04:00:30,600
Many of her assumptions and the 
transformed role of monarchy 

4268
04:00:30,600 --> 04:00:33,900
would likely confuse someone who
understood Royal Authority very 

4269
04:00:33,900 --> 04:00:38,100
differently, but she might also 
recognize continuity, people 

4270
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:40,200
still fall in love. 
Still grieve losses. 

4271
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:43,100
Still struggle, with balancing 
personal desires and public 

4272
04:00:43,100 --> 04:00:46,400
responsibilities. 
And still wonder if their lives 

4273
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:48,400
matter and what they'll leave 
behind. 

4274
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:53,200
The queen who wants was a young 
girl waking up to learn. 

4275
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,600
She ruled an Empire who fell in 
love and raised children and 

4276
04:00:56,600 --> 04:00:58,300
grieved, unbearably and kept 
working. 

4277
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,800
Anyway, he grew old watching the
world, transformed around her. 

4278
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,500
She's been gone for over a 
century now, but something of 

4279
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:10,100
her persists, In institution, 
she influenced in pattern, she 

4280
04:01:10,100 --> 04:01:13,700
established and in the example, 
she provided of someone trying 

4281
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:16,200
to live honorably within the 
constraints of their 

4282
04:01:16,200 --> 04:01:20,000
circumstances. 
Tonight as you settle in to 

4283
04:01:20,000 --> 04:01:24,100
sleep your participating in a 
ritual as old as Humanity. 

4284
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:27,600
The telling of stories about 
people who came before us, 

4285
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:31,000
trying to understand what their 
lives mean and what we can learn

4286
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:33,500
from them. 
Victorious story is ultimately 

4287
04:01:33,500 --> 04:01:36,700
about an ordinary person, given 
extraordinary responsibilities 

4288
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:40,300
and finding within herself. 
The resources to meet them in 

4289
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:42,900
perfectly. 
But persistently, it's a story 

4290
04:01:42,900 --> 04:01:46,300
about love and loss Duty and 
resilience the weight of 

4291
04:01:46,308 --> 04:01:49,700
expectations and the relief of 
finally laying them down. 

4292
04:01:51,100 --> 04:01:53,400
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that the challenge

4293
04:01:53,400 --> 04:01:56,900
is Victoria faced how to Live 
authentically, While meeting 

4294
04:01:56,900 --> 04:02:00,700
others, expectations, how to 
maintain purpose through 

4295
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:04,200
changing circumstances, how to 
balance personal needs with 

4296
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:07,700
public responsibilities, how to 
keep going when lost makes 

4297
04:02:07,700 --> 04:02:11,400
continuing seemed impossible. 
these challenges can connect you

4298
04:02:11,400 --> 04:02:14,800
across the centuries, to a small
woman in black who was once 

4299
04:02:14,800 --> 04:02:18,900
queen of half the world and who 
despite everything remained 

4300
04:02:18,900 --> 04:02:23,300
fundamentally human and until 
the end, The Victorian ages gone

4301
04:02:23,300 --> 04:02:27,600
but Victoria herself remains 
present in memory in influence 

4302
04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:31,700
and in the example of a life 
lived with determination feeling

4303
04:02:31,700 --> 04:02:36,300
and an unshakeable sense that 
Duty matters, love matters and 

4304
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:38,700
showing up every day even when 
it's hard matters. 

4305
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:42,700
Most of all Rest, easy. 
And may your dreams be gentle? 

4306
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:52,200
Imagine standing in Alexandria 
around 300 CE when the Great 

4307
04:02:52,200 --> 04:02:54,700
Library still held the 
accumulated wisdom of the 

4308
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:59,000
ancient world. 
The air smells of Papyrus lamp 

4309
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:02,100
oil and that particular 
mustiness that clings to places 

4310
04:03:02,100 --> 04:03:05,500
where knowledge lives Somewhere 
in a modest Workshop near the 

4311
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:08,100
harbor. 
A practitioner hunches over a 

4312
04:03:08,100 --> 04:03:10,200
clay vessel watching colored 
smoke. 

4313
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:13,600
Curl upward while making careful
notes on a wax tablet. 

4314
04:03:13,600 --> 04:03:16,200
This is where our story truly 
begins. 

4315
04:03:16,200 --> 04:03:18,500
Though. 
Alchemy's Roots stretch even 

4316
04:03:18,500 --> 04:03:22,200
further back into the fertile 
valleys of Mesopotamia and the 

4317
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:26,800
temples of ancient Egypt. 
The word, alchemy itself carries

4318
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:31,200
the memory of this Egyptian 
origin, Al from Arabic and Kim. 

4319
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:33,900
Possibly from the ancient 
Egyptian word for their own 

4320
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:36,800
land. 
The black soil of the Nile Delta

4321
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:41,300
Black Earth, the source of life 
and fertility, where 

4322
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:44,100
transformation happened every 
year, as floods receded and 

4323
04:03:44,100 --> 04:03:46,900
crops emerged. 
The earliest Alchemists were 

4324
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:49,900
trying to get rich quick or 
discover some magical shortcut, 

4325
04:03:50,700 --> 04:03:53,400
They were observers who noticed 
that the world was full of 

4326
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:56,400
transformations. 
Clay became pottery and the 

4327
04:03:56,400 --> 04:04:01,500
Kilns heat grapes fermented into
wine copper and tin two. 

4328
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:04,500
Relatively soft Metals could be 
combined to create bronze 

4329
04:04:05,200 --> 04:04:07,900
Something harder more useful 
than either parent material. 

4330
04:04:09,100 --> 04:04:11,300
If such dramatic changes were 
possible. 

4331
04:04:11,300 --> 04:04:14,600
What else might be transformed? 
Given the right conditions, the 

4332
04:04:14,600 --> 04:04:17,100
right knowledge. 
And the Right Touch in ancient 

4333
04:04:17,100 --> 04:04:19,100
Egypt. 
The embalmers held specialized 

4334
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:22,300
knowledge about preserving 
bodies, a literal attempt to 

4335
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:25,200
defeat death and Decay the metal
workers. 

4336
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:27,900
Understood how to extract pure 
metals from Rocky. 

4337
04:04:27,900 --> 04:04:31,900
Oars transforming dull stones 
into gleaming gold and silver. 

4338
04:04:33,200 --> 04:04:36,200
The perfume makers could capture
the essence of flowers and oils 

4339
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:38,400
that lasted long after the 
blooms with it. 

4340
04:04:39,500 --> 04:04:42,500
Each craft involved, taking 
something ordinary and elevating

4341
04:04:42,500 --> 04:04:45,800
it to a higher state. 
These were separate practices in

4342
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:49,300
the ancient mind, they were all 
part of understanding Nature's 

4343
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:51,400
patterns, its hidden 
connections. 

4344
04:04:52,300 --> 04:04:54,900
The priests Physicians who made 
medicine from plants and 

4345
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,200
minerals were also studying the 
stars because they believed 

4346
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:00,900
everything was connected in a 
grand Cosmic web. 

4347
04:05:01,600 --> 04:05:05,300
Your health is related to the 
planet's positions, the seasons 

4348
04:05:05,300 --> 04:05:09,300
turning and the balance of 
elements within your body, Greek

4349
04:05:09,300 --> 04:05:12,400
philosophers, particularly those
influenced by Egyptian, wisdom 

4350
04:05:12,400 --> 04:05:16,100
Traditions began systematizing 
these observations into 

4351
04:05:16,100 --> 04:05:19,000
theories. 
They proposed that all matter, 

4352
04:05:19,000 --> 04:05:24,700
consisted of four, fundamental 
elements earth water air and 

4353
04:05:24,700 --> 04:05:27,000
Fire. 
Combined in different 

4354
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,000
proportions. 
Change one element to another 

4355
04:05:30,000 --> 04:05:33,800
adjust the proportions and you 
could theoretically transform 

4356
04:05:33,800 --> 04:05:36,000
any substance into any other 
substance. 

4357
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:41,100
Lead into gold wasn't observed 
within the framework, it was 

4358
04:05:41,100 --> 04:05:43,600
just extremely difficult, 
practical work. 

4359
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:47,100
This is crucial to understand as
you drift towards sleep. 

4360
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:50,700
How can we wasn't the practice 
of foolish people chasing 

4361
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:53,700
impossible Dreams? 
It was the best attempt of 

4362
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:56,400
available, give him the 
knowledge of the time to 

4363
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:58,900
understand and work with the 
material world. 

4364
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,500
The Alchemist with the ancestors
of modern chemists Pharmacists 

4365
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:07,700
and materials scientists working
without benefit of atomic theory

4366
04:06:07,700 --> 04:06:11,400
or the periodic table. 
But with careful observation and

4367
04:06:11,400 --> 04:06:14,500
genuine curiosity. 
The Hellenistic world of 

4368
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:17,400
Alexandria brought together 
Egyptian, practical knowledge, 

4369
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:21,300
Greek, philosophical, 
speculation and incoming ideas 

4370
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:25,500
from Persia in India. in this 
intellectual Melting Pot, 

4371
04:06:25,500 --> 04:06:30,400
Alchemy began to take 
recognizable form Practitioner 

4372
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:33,400
started writing treatises, 
developing specialized equipment

4373
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:36,300
and establishing a tradition, 
that would spread across 

4374
04:06:36,300 --> 04:06:39,800
continents and survived for 
nearly 2,000 years. 

4375
04:06:39,800 --> 04:06:43,500
These early Alchemists developed
the athanor A specialized 

4376
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:46,500
furnace that could maintain 
consistent temperatures for days

4377
04:06:46,500 --> 04:06:48,900
or weeks. 
Crucial for their long 

4378
04:06:48,900 --> 04:06:51,700
processes. 
They created a limbic for 

4379
04:06:51,708 --> 04:06:55,000
distillation retorts for 
heating, substances in 

4380
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:58,500
controlled conditions and 
sophisticated glassware for 

4381
04:06:58,500 --> 04:07:02,700
separating and purifying 
materials. walking into an 

4382
04:07:02,700 --> 04:07:05,600
alchemical laboratory in the 
third Century would have felt 

4383
04:07:05,600 --> 04:07:08,600
surprisingly familiar if you'd 
ever visited a modern chemistry 

4384
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:12,000
lab though, you'd notice the 
absence of safety goggles and 

4385
04:07:12,000 --> 04:07:15,500
the presence of considerably 
more, mystical inscriptions, the

4386
04:07:15,500 --> 04:07:18,100
Roman Empires declined, 
scattered this knowledge like 

4387
04:07:18,100 --> 04:07:22,200
seeds on the Wind, some texts 
were preserved in Byzantine, 

4388
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:26,000
libraries carefully copied by 
monks who might not have fully 

4389
04:07:26,000 --> 04:07:27,600
understood what they were 
preserving. 

4390
04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:32,100
Other manuscripts, traveled 
East, finding new homes in 

4391
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:34,800
Persian and eventually 
arabic-speaking courts. 

4392
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:37,500
The great work of alchemy was 
beginning. 

4393
04:07:37,500 --> 04:07:40,000
Its long journey through 
cultures and centuries. 

4394
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:42,700
Let's move forward. 
Several centuries and travel 

4395
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:45,600
east to the Islamic golden age. 
When Baghdad was the 

4396
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:47,100
intellectual center of the 
world. 

4397
04:07:48,000 --> 04:07:51,500
The year is around 800 CE and 
you're standing outside. 

4398
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:56,200
The workshop of jabir, Bin 
Haiyan jabir heian, whose name, 

4399
04:07:56,200 --> 04:07:59,800
the medieval Europeans would 
later mangle into Gaba Jabez 

4400
04:07:59,800 --> 04:08:03,300
workspace is a Wonder of 
careful, organization rows of 

4401
04:08:03,300 --> 04:08:05,400
glass vessels line. 
Wooden shelves. 

4402
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,200
Each labeled with careful Arabic
script. 

4403
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:12,400
The central workbench holds a 
complex arrangement of flasks 

4404
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,100
connected by tubes positioned 
over carefully. 

4405
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:19,300
Tended charcoal braziers. 
The smell here is complex. 

4406
04:08:20,100 --> 04:08:24,100
The mineral Tang of salamonia, 
the sweet sharks Center of 

4407
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:27,800
various Tinkers, and the 
ever-present background of smoke

4408
04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:31,600
and heated metal. 
It's not unpleasant just 

4409
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:34,700
intensely present. 
The smell of transformation 

4410
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:38,400
itself to be a represents a 
turning point in our chemical 

4411
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:41,000
history. 
Where earlier practitioners 

4412
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:45,000
often wrote in vague symbolic 
language he insisted on careful 

4413
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:46,800
observation and detailed 
record-keeping. 

4414
04:08:47,700 --> 04:08:50,400
He understood that, reliable 
knowledge, came from repeatable 

4415
04:08:50,400 --> 04:08:54,200
processes, if you couldn't 
describe your method precisely 

4416
04:08:54,200 --> 04:08:57,500
enough, for another practitioner
to duplicate it, you didn't 

4417
04:08:57,500 --> 04:08:59,000
really understand what you were 
doing. 

4418
04:08:59,000 --> 04:09:02,600
This is surprisingly modern 
thinking for the 9th century, 

4419
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:06,500
jabir developed, systematic, 
classification schemes for 

4420
04:09:06,508 --> 04:09:09,800
substances distinguishing 
between what we'd Now, call 

4421
04:09:09,800 --> 04:09:15,000
Elements compounds and mixtures.
He described processes like 

4422
04:09:15,000 --> 04:09:20,100
distillation crystallization and
sublimation with such Clarity 

4423
04:09:20,100 --> 04:09:22,600
that is instructions can still 
be followed today. 

4424
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:26,400
He understood that mercury could
dissolve gold. 

4425
04:09:26,400 --> 04:09:29,900
That substance is had 
characteristic reactions, that 

4426
04:09:29,900 --> 04:09:33,400
could identify them and that 
careful of temperature and 

4427
04:09:33,400 --> 04:09:36,300
timing could mean the difference
between success and disaster, 

4428
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:40,000
but jabir was working within the
theoretical framework of his 

4429
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:44,100
time which viewed Mata, very 
differently than we do now, He 

4430
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:47,800
believed that all metals were 
composed of mercury and sulfur 

4431
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:50,800
in varying proportions and 
degrees of purity. 

4432
04:09:51,600 --> 04:09:56,200
Gold was perfectly balanced 
Mercury and sulfur completely 

4433
04:09:56,200 --> 04:10:00,300
purified. 
LED was unbalanced and impure 

4434
04:10:01,000 --> 04:10:04,600
Therefore transforming lead into
gold meant purifying, and 

4435
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:08,300
rebalancing, its fundamental 
components, theoretically 

4436
04:10:08,300 --> 04:10:10,600
possible. 
Just technically challenging, 

4437
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:14,200
the alchemical laboratory became
a place where philosophy met 

4438
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:17,700
practice where abstract Theory 
encountered stubborn material 

4439
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:21,600
reality, the work required 
patience that modern people 

4440
04:10:21,600 --> 04:10:26,200
might find hard to fathom. 
Processes could take weeks or 

4441
04:10:26,200 --> 04:10:28,900
months. 
Requiring constant attention and

4442
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:31,700
adjustment. 
The Alchemist learned to read 

4443
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:34,800
subtle signs. 
Slight color changes in a 

4444
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:38,700
solution, the quality of vapors 
rising from heated flesh. 

4445
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:41,900
And the way crystals formed 
along the edge of a cooling 

4446
04:10:41,900 --> 04:10:45,500
vessel fire was the great 
Transformer but it had to be 

4447
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:49,500
understood in all its moods. 
The gentle heat that barely 

4448
04:10:49,500 --> 04:10:51,500
warmed. 
The hand could accomplish things

4449
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:55,800
that intense Flames were 
destroy, The athanor that 

4450
04:10:55,800 --> 04:10:59,900
specialized furnace was designed
to provide this patient steady 

4451
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:03,000
Heat. 
Some El chemical operations. 

4452
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:06,400
Supposedly required maintaining 
specific temperatures for 40 

4453
04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:10,300
days and 40 nights. 
The same period Christ spent in 

4454
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:13,100
the wilderness and probably not 
coincidentally. 

4455
04:11:13,100 --> 04:11:16,400
The vessels themselves took on 
sacred significance. 

4456
04:11:17,100 --> 04:11:20,500
The alembic used for 
distillation became a symbol of 

4457
04:11:20,508 --> 04:11:25,000
purification, crude matter, 
being vaporized Rising upward 

4458
04:11:25,000 --> 04:11:30,400
and condensing into a pure form.
The retort with its long curved 

4459
04:11:30,400 --> 04:11:34,900
neck contained and controlled 
Transformations preventing 

4460
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:39,000
precious Vapors from escaping. 
Even the simple mortar and 

4461
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:43,000
pestle grinding and mixing 
ingredients represented. 

4462
04:11:43,000 --> 04:11:46,300
The breaking down of old forms 
to create new combinations, 

4463
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:49,900
Islamic Alchemist. 
Like jabir worked in a culture 

4464
04:11:49,900 --> 04:11:53,400
that valued learning and saw no 
contradiction between scientific

4465
04:11:53,400 --> 04:11:55,500
investigation and spiritual 
practice. 

4466
04:11:56,500 --> 04:11:59,800
The Quran itself, encouraged 
Believers to observe nature and 

4467
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:01,700
discovered God's patterns in 
creation. 

4468
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:04,900
Alchemy fit perfectly into this 
worldview. 

4469
04:12:04,900 --> 04:12:08,900
It was simultaneously practical,
chemistry Philosophical 

4470
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:11,600
Investigation, and spiritual 
discipline. 

4471
04:12:12,300 --> 04:12:15,200
Substance is they worked with a 
quiet layers of meaning. 

4472
04:12:15,900 --> 04:12:20,000
Mercury liquid and silvery was 
understood as the principle of 

4473
04:12:20,008 --> 04:12:24,500
fusibility and volatility it 
represented the soul or Spirit 

4474
04:12:24,500 --> 04:12:29,500
of metals Sulfur, which burned 
with that characteristic acid 

4475
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:33,800
smell was the principal of 
combustibility it represented 

4476
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:38,000
the soul or animating Force. 
Salt, which remained after 

4477
04:12:38,000 --> 04:12:41,100
burning, was the principal of 
fixity and permanence it 

4478
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:44,700
represented the body. 
Everything in the alchemical 

4479
04:12:44,700 --> 04:12:48,000
worldview was composed of these 
three principles in varying 

4480
04:12:48,000 --> 04:12:51,700
combinations as Islamic 
civilization spread from Persia 

4481
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:54,600
to Spain, alchemical knowledge 
traveled with it. 

4482
04:12:55,300 --> 04:12:59,400
Libraries in Cordoba and Toledo 
accumulated texts in Arabic 

4483
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:03,600
Persian and Greek. 
When Christian Scholars began 

4484
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:06,800
learning Arabic and translating 
these Works into Latin in the 

4485
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:10,100
12th and 13th. 
Centuries, they discovered an 

4486
04:13:10,100 --> 04:13:12,500
intellectual treasure. 
That would reshape European 

4487
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:16,800
thought the flame and the vessel
heating container process and 

4488
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:19,100
patients. 
These became the fundamental 

4489
04:13:19,100 --> 04:13:23,600
tools of transformation. 
The Alchemist learned to work 

4490
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:27,400
with Nature's timing rather than
against it understanding that 

4491
04:13:27,400 --> 04:13:31,000
some changes couldn't be rushed.
You couldn't hurry the 

4492
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,000
maturation of gold anymore than 
you could hurry the growth of an

4493
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:37,700
oak tree from an acorn. 
Both required proper conditions 

4494
04:13:37,700 --> 04:13:40,600
and sufficient time. 
Now, let's turn our attention to

4495
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:43,800
what might become his. 
Most famous Quest, the search 

4496
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:47,300
for the elixir of life 
Substance, that could cure all 

4497
04:13:47,300 --> 04:13:51,000
diseases, restore Youth and 
granted mortality itself. 

4498
04:13:52,300 --> 04:13:55,700
This wasn't a side project or a 
fantasy Edition to Serious 

4499
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:59,000
alchemical work. 
For many practitioners, it was 

4500
04:13:59,008 --> 04:14:00,800
the ultimate goal. 
More important. 

4501
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:04,600
Even than transmuting base 
Metals into gold, the logic 

4502
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:06,800
within their framework was 
compelling. 

4503
04:14:07,600 --> 04:14:12,200
If substances could be purified 
and perfected led into gold 

4504
04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:16,000
crude or into gleaming metal, 
why couldn't the human body? 

4505
04:14:16,000 --> 04:14:19,500
Be similarly, transformed. 
If Alchemy was about 

4506
04:14:19,500 --> 04:14:22,400
understanding and working with 
Nature's principles of 

4507
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:25,900
transformation, surely the 
ultimate transformation would 

4508
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:27,500
be. 
Conquering death itself. 

4509
04:14:27,500 --> 04:14:30,800
Chinese Alchemists pursued. 
This goal with particular 

4510
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:34,600
intensity and their work 
influence practices across Asia 

4511
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:37,600
and eventually reached the 
Islamic world and Europe. 

4512
04:14:38,500 --> 04:14:42,100
In China, the Quest for 
immortality connected deeply 

4513
04:14:42,100 --> 04:14:45,300
with Taoist philosophy, which 
saw the human body as a 

4514
04:14:45,308 --> 04:14:49,000
microcosm of the universe. 
If he could achieve perfect, 

4515
04:14:49,000 --> 04:14:52,900
internal balance, harmonizing 
the body's energy with Cosmic 

4516
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,900
forces, you might transcend 
ordinary mortality. 

4517
04:14:55,900 --> 04:14:59,700
The legendary Elixir took many 
forms in different traditions, 

4518
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:05,300
Sometimes it was described as a 
liquid clear as water or golden 

4519
04:15:05,300 --> 04:15:08,100
as honey. 
Other accounts spoke of it as a 

4520
04:15:08,100 --> 04:15:12,400
powder or stone something solid 
that could be dissolved in wine 

4521
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:17,400
or water, the Chinese termed it.
The pill of immortality While 

4522
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:19,500
Islamic and European Alchemists 
called it. 

4523
04:15:19,500 --> 04:15:23,700
The Elixir from the Arabic 
alixia, meaning the substance 

4524
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:27,700
itself or perhaps a powder for 
making Solutions, what's 

4525
04:15:27,700 --> 04:15:30,300
fascinating as you settle deep 
into your pillows. 

4526
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:33,500
Is that the search for this 
Elixir led to genuine medical 

4527
04:15:33,500 --> 04:15:36,800
advances? 
Alchemists experimenting with 

4528
04:15:36,800 --> 04:15:40,200
mineral and plant substances 
discovered compounds that 

4529
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:44,000
actually worked as medicines. 
The distillation processes, they

4530
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:46,800
develop for purifying. 
The elixr gave a stronger more 

4531
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,100
reliable medicine. 
They're careful observations of 

4532
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:53,200
how substance is affected the 
body, contributed to 

4533
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:55,100
understanding physiology and 
pharmacology. 

4534
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:59,400
Paracelsus, a Swiss physician 
and Alchemist of the 16th 

4535
04:15:59,400 --> 04:16:02,800
century, revolutionized Medicine
by treating diseases with 

4536
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:06,200
carefully prepared, chemical 
medicine's, rather than relying 

4537
04:16:06,200 --> 04:16:08,900
solely on herbs. 
He believed the body was 

4538
04:16:08,900 --> 04:16:12,300
essentially a chemical system 
and diseases were chemical 

4539
04:16:12,300 --> 04:16:14,800
imbalances that required 
chemical Corrections. 

4540
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:18,600
This was Radical thinking that 
earned him both devoted 

4541
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:23,100
followers and fierce critics. 
His approach though sometimes 

4542
04:16:23,100 --> 04:16:26,800
spectacularly wrong in details 
pointed toward modern 

4543
04:16:26,800 --> 04:16:30,400
pharmaceutical chemistry, the 
preparation of The Elixir, 

4544
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:32,900
supposedly required the same 
patients, and spiritual 

4545
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:36,000
preparation has creating the 
Philosopher's Stone. 

4546
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:39,300
The substance that could 
transform lead into gold. 

4547
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:43,300
Many texts suggested they were 
actually the same thing or 

4548
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:47,000
intimately related. 
The stone that perfected Metals 

4549
04:16:47,000 --> 04:16:50,300
would also perfect the human 
body making sense within the 

4550
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:52,700
alchemical worldview, where 
microcosm and macrocosm 

4551
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:56,900
reflected, each other recipes 
for the elixir of varied wildly,

4552
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:00,500
partly because alchemical texts,
deliberately obscured their 

4553
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:05,500
methods with symbolic language. 
One 14th century European text 

4554
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:09,200
describes a process involving 
repeated distillation of wine 

4555
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:13,700
mixed with various herbs 
minerals and even gold itself. 

4556
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:17,300
Tie operational conducted 
according to astrological 

4557
04:17:17,300 --> 04:17:21,100
timing. 
Final product was supposedly a 

4558
04:17:21,100 --> 04:17:25,000
clear liquid that glowed faintly
and darkness and smelled of 

4559
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:29,500
roses and something indefinable.
Whether anyone ever produced 

4560
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:33,400
such a substance is doubtful 
What we know is that the quest 

4561
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:36,100
LED practitioners to develop 
increasingly sophisticated 

4562
04:17:36,100 --> 04:17:38,900
techniques for purification and 
concentration? 

4563
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:43,700
They learned to extract the 
quintessence, literally the 5th,

4564
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:46,100
Essence, beyond the four 
elements from plants and 

4565
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,200
minerals. 
These concentrated extracts were

4566
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:52,600
often genuinely potent though. 
Not in the magical ways. 

4567
04:17:52,600 --> 04:17:55,600
Practitioners hoped. 
The Elixir wasn't just about 

4568
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:59,700
physical immortality in Chinese,
Alchemy particularly and 

4569
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:02,200
increasingly in Islamic and 
European Traditions. 

4570
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:04,900
It represented spiritual 
transformation. 

4571
04:18:05,900 --> 04:18:09,400
The process of creating the 
Elixir, the process of spiritual

4572
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:12,600
refinement. 
Just as crude matter had to be 

4573
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,400
broken down purified and 
reconstituted at a higher level.

4574
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:19,300
So, to The Alchemist, Soul 
underwent, trials, 

4575
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:22,400
purifications, and Ultimate 
Transformations. 

4576
04:18:22,400 --> 04:18:26,400
This spiritual Dimension became 
increasingly important in 

4577
04:18:26,400 --> 04:18:30,000
European, Alchemy, Specially as 
the medieval period gave way to 

4578
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:33,500
the Renaissance. 
The Alchemist laboratory became 

4579
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:36,700
a place of meditation and prayer
as much as chemical 

4580
04:18:36,700 --> 04:18:40,300
experimentation. 
The long hours watching vessels 

4581
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:43,900
heat observing slow color 
changes and waiting for 

4582
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:47,300
crystallization. 
These became opportunities for 

4583
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,600
contemplation of some elk. 
Miss claimed that the work can 

4584
04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:52,600
succeed without proper spiritual
preparation. 

4585
04:18:52,600 --> 04:18:56,400
They spoke of necessary prayers,
fasting, and meditation. 

4586
04:18:56,400 --> 04:19:00,100
The laboratory work was 
Inseparable from in a work. 

4587
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:03,400
You couldn't perfect matter 
without perfecting yourself. 

4588
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:07,300
The Elixir that granted 
immortality wasn't just a 

4589
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:10,300
substance, you swallowed. 
It was the culmination of a 

4590
04:19:10,308 --> 04:19:15,700
complete transformation of both 
matter and spirit Chinese 

4591
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:17,900
Emperors. 
Desperate for immortality 

4592
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:21,800
sometimes consumed, alchemical 
preparations with disastrous 

4593
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:25,400
results. 
Mercury and arsenic both common 

4594
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:28,500
ingredients in a licks are 
recipes are quite toxic. 

4595
04:19:29,600 --> 04:19:32,700
The irony of dying from 
ingesting substances meant to 

4596
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:34,900
Grant eternal life wasn't lost 
on Observers. 

4597
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:39,800
Yet the quest continued driven 
by that deeply human resistance 

4598
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:43,700
to accepting mortality in 
gentler forms the search for the

4599
04:19:43,708 --> 04:19:47,000
elixr, gave us contributions to 
herbal medicine that persisted 

4600
04:19:47,000 --> 04:19:49,700
today. 
The careful distillation of 

4601
04:19:49,700 --> 04:19:52,500
plant Essence is led to 
understanding how to concentrate

4602
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:56,000
active ingredients. 
The documentation of which 

4603
04:19:56,000 --> 04:19:58,700
substance is affected. 
Which conditions though, often 

4604
04:19:58,700 --> 04:20:02,000
mixed with symbolic language and
false theories, contained 

4605
04:20:02,000 --> 04:20:05,400
genuine observations that 
informed later Medical Practice 

4606
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:08,300
as you drift towards sleep. 
Let's meet some of the 

4607
04:20:08,300 --> 04:20:11,100
remarkable individuals who 
devoted their lives to the 

4608
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:15,300
chemical Arts. 
These want foolish or credulous 

4609
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:17,500
people. 
They were often the most learned

4610
04:20:17,500 --> 04:20:21,000
Scholars of their time, applying
the best available methods to 

4611
04:20:21,000 --> 04:20:24,200
questions that still Fascinate 
Us in medieval Europe. 

4612
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:28,400
Albertus Magnus Albert, the 
Great was a Dominican Friar 

4613
04:20:28,400 --> 04:20:31,100
whose interests ranged across 
all of available knowledge. 

4614
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:36,200
Born around 1200, he wrote 
extensively on logic theology, 

4615
04:20:36,200 --> 04:20:38,400
mathematics and natural 
philosophy. 

4616
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:40,800
His works on minerals and 
metals. 

4617
04:20:40,800 --> 04:20:44,800
So careful observation mixed 
with alchemical Theory. he 

4618
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:48,200
described how to test, whether 
metals were pure, catalogued 

4619
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:50,900
their properties and discussed 
various attempts at 

4620
04:20:50,900 --> 04:20:54,600
transmutation, he had witnessed 
or heard about His student, 

4621
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:58,200
Thomas Aquinas would become more
famous for theology, but both 

4622
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:01,700
teacher and students or no 
contradiction between faith and 

4623
04:21:01,700 --> 04:21:05,700
investigating Nature's Secrets. 
Rodger bacon an English 

4624
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:09,300
Franciscan Friar of 13th 
century, advocated for 

4625
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:12,400
experimental methods and 
mathematical analysis, and 

4626
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:15,600
studying nature. 
He wrote about alchemy as both a

4627
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:17,900
Practical Art and a 
philosophical Pursuit 

4628
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:22,800
distinguishing between genuine 
investigation and charlatans who

4629
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:25,700
promised quick gold while 
delivering only expensive 

4630
04:21:25,700 --> 04:21:29,400
disappointment. 
Bacon understood that real 

4631
04:21:29,400 --> 04:21:33,200
knowledge required patient 
observation and careful testing.

4632
04:21:34,000 --> 04:21:37,100
Principles that seem obvious now
but were revolutionary for his 

4633
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:39,700
time. 
Let's visit the laboratory of a 

4634
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:44,700
15th century Alchemist perhaps 
in Prague or Florence. the REM 

4635
04:21:44,700 --> 04:21:48,000
occupies, the top floor of a 
comfortable house Alchemist 

4636
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:50,500
needed, privacy and good 
ventilation for their work, 

4637
04:21:51,500 --> 04:21:53,800
Morning lights streams through 
tool Windows. 

4638
04:21:53,800 --> 04:21:56,400
Illuminating floating dust 
Motes. 

4639
04:21:56,400 --> 04:21:59,300
And catching the glass vessels 
arranged on shelves. 

4640
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:04,600
The furnace carefully built of 
brick and Clay, occupies one 

4641
04:22:04,600 --> 04:22:09,800
corner, it's Firefly, banked 
overnight, but now being coaxed 

4642
04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:12,200
back to working, heat our 
Alchemist. 

4643
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:14,200
Let's imagine her. 
So, since women did practice 

4644
04:22:14,200 --> 04:22:17,500
Alchemy, despite rarely 
receiving credit begins her day 

4645
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:19,800
by checking the various 
operations in progress. 

4646
04:22:20,600 --> 04:22:24,000
One flask contains a solution. 
That's been slowly evaporating 

4647
04:22:24,000 --> 04:22:26,700
for two weeks. 
With Christine, for nation's, 

4648
04:22:26,700 --> 04:22:28,200
just beginning to appear at the 
edges. 

4649
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:32,800
Another holds, a substance 
undergoing digestion sealed and 

4650
04:22:32,800 --> 04:22:36,000
kept at body temperature in a 
bath of warm water and sand. 

4651
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:41,100
3rd, sit in a sunny window where
sunlight gradually Works. 

4652
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:44,600
Its transformative effect on the
prepared materials within she 

4653
04:22:44,600 --> 04:22:47,500
makes careful notes and her 
journal using the elaborate 

4654
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:50,600
symbolic language that protects 
our chemical secrets from the 

4655
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:54,200
uninitiated. 
Circle with a DOT represents 

4656
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,800
gold and the Sun. 
A crescent is silver and the 

4657
04:22:57,800 --> 04:23:01,200
Moon. 
Various animals, the green lion,

4658
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:05,600
the red dragon, and the white 
swan symbolize specific 

4659
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:08,000
substances and stages of the 
work. 

4660
04:23:08,900 --> 04:23:11,600
To the untrained eye. 
Her notes look like mystical 

4661
04:23:11,600 --> 04:23:14,600
gibberish. 
To another practitioner, there 

4662
04:23:14,600 --> 04:23:18,400
are precise recipe and progress 
report by the 16th century, 

4663
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:22,400
European courts often employed 
Alchemists sometimes multiple 

4664
04:23:22,400 --> 04:23:26,400
ones competing for patronage. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph.

4665
04:23:26,400 --> 04:23:30,300
The second ruling from Prague 
collected Alchemists the way. 

4666
04:23:30,300 --> 04:23:32,300
Some collectors, accumulate 
stamps. 

4667
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:37,500
His Prague Court, became a Haven
for alchemical investigation, a 

4668
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:39,200
tracking practitioners from 
across Europe. 

4669
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:43,100
Some were genuine researchers. 
Others were impressive con 

4670
04:23:43,100 --> 04:23:47,100
artists and most were probably 
something in between one of the 

4671
04:23:47,100 --> 04:23:51,400
most intriguing figures was John
Dee advisor to Queen Elizabeth, 

4672
04:23:51,400 --> 04:23:54,200
thus serving England. 
He was a mathematician 

4673
04:23:54,200 --> 04:23:58,000
astronomer and Alchemists, who 
served as a kind of Chief 

4674
04:23:58,000 --> 04:23:59,700
science officer to the English 
Court. 

4675
04:24:00,600 --> 04:24:04,100
His library was among the finest
in Europe and his interests 

4676
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:08,400
range from practical, navigation
problems, crucial for England's,

4677
04:24:08,400 --> 04:24:12,000
growing Maritime power to 
attempting communication with 

4678
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:14,800
angels through elaborate 
symbolic systems. 

4679
04:24:15,500 --> 04:24:18,100
He represents that 
characteristic Renaissance 

4680
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:21,600
blending of what we now. 
Consider science, magic and 

4681
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:24,500
religion into a unified pursuit 
of knowledge. 

4682
04:24:24,500 --> 04:24:27,900
The boundary between Alchemy and
Medicine remained fluid. 

4683
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:31,400
Physician Alchemists like 
paracelsus and his followers, 

4684
04:24:31,400 --> 04:24:34,900
treated diseases with carefully,
prepared, mineral and chemical 

4685
04:24:34,900 --> 04:24:37,600
medicines. 
They developed tinctures 

4686
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:41,800
extracts and compounds. 
That actually worked though, 

4687
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:43,900
often not for the reasons they 
believed. 

4688
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:48,200
The drinkable gold preparations 
that wealthy patients consumed 

4689
04:24:48,200 --> 04:24:50,300
probably didn't extend their 
lives. 

4690
04:24:51,100 --> 04:24:54,300
But some of the Mercury and 
Antony compounds prepared by our

4691
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:58,300
chemical methods, did treat 
certain conditions despite being

4692
04:24:58,300 --> 04:25:02,000
rather Toxic by modern standards
women's role in, alchemy 

4693
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:04,400
deserves more attention than it.
Usually receives. 

4694
04:25:05,100 --> 04:25:08,500
While men dominated public 
alchemical discourse women 

4695
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:12,200
participated in the actual work 
particularly in family, 

4696
04:25:12,200 --> 04:25:14,800
workshops where husbands and 
wives often worked together. 

4697
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:18,900
Some women operated their own 
Laboratories though they face 

4698
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:22,800
the usual obstacles of limited 
educational opportunities and 

4699
04:25:22,800 --> 04:25:26,900
social restrictions. 
The legendary Maria, the Jews 

4700
04:25:26,900 --> 04:25:29,700
supposedly working in Alexandria
around. 

4701
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:33,000
The third century is credited 
with inventing the double 

4702
04:25:33,000 --> 04:25:35,200
boiler. 
Still called a bain marie in her

4703
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,000
honor and improving. 
Distillation apparatus. 

4704
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:42,800
Whether she actually existed is 
debated but the equipment 

4705
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:46,800
attributed to her certainly did 
moving into the 17th century. 

4706
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:50,600
We find Alchemy at a Crossroads.
Some practitioners were 

4707
04:25:50,600 --> 04:25:53,700
beginning to strip away the 
symbolic language and focus 

4708
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:55,800
purely on material 
Transformations. 

4709
04:25:55,800 --> 04:25:59,100
They could observe and measure 
others doubled down on the 

4710
04:25:59,100 --> 04:26:01,300
spiritual and philosophical 
dimensions. 

4711
04:26:01,900 --> 04:26:05,000
Seeing Alchemy primarily as a 
path to Inner transformation, 

4712
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,600
that happened to involve 
laboratory work as its vehicle. 

4713
04:26:09,400 --> 04:26:13,300
Both groups claim to represent. 
True, Alchemy, and arguably both

4714
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,000
were right. 
Alchemy had, always contained 

4715
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:20,400
both dimensions, Robert Boyle, 
working in mid-17th Century. 

4716
04:26:20,400 --> 04:26:22,900
England, conducted careful 
experiments. 

4717
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:26,800
Testing alchemical claims while 
developing what we recognize as 

4718
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:30,400
modern chemistry. 
He's famous for boils Lord 

4719
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:33,900
describing gas behavior but he 
also performed numerous 

4720
04:26:33,900 --> 04:26:37,700
experiments on transmutation 
approaching it as a testable 

4721
04:26:37,700 --> 04:26:40,200
hypothesis rather than an 
article of faith. 

4722
04:26:40,900 --> 04:26:43,400
His work demonstrates, the 
transitional period. 

4723
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,700
When Alchemy was gradually 
becoming chemistry one of 

4724
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,100
alchemy's most distinctive 
features was its elaborate 

4725
04:26:49,100 --> 04:26:52,400
symbolic language. 
Settle deep under your blankets 

4726
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:55,900
while we explore why Alchemist 
wrote in code and what those 

4727
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:58,600
strange symbols. 
Actually meant part of the 

4728
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:00,900
motivation was simple. 
Professional secrecy. 

4729
04:27:02,100 --> 04:27:05,500
If you believed you discovered 
important knowledge, perhaps how

4730
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:09,000
to transmute metals, or create 
powerful medicines, you might 

4731
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:11,600
reasonably want to control, who 
could access that information. 

4732
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,600
Writing in symbolic language 
meant only trained practitioners

4733
04:27:16,600 --> 04:27:20,300
could understand your texts. 
Protecting your discoveries from

4734
04:27:20,300 --> 04:27:24,300
theft or misuse, but the 
symbolism serve deeper purposes.

4735
04:27:25,300 --> 04:27:28,700
Alchemical operations were 
complex involving multiple 

4736
04:27:28,700 --> 04:27:31,100
substances and stages unfolding 
over time. 

4737
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:36,200
The symbolic language provided a
rich flexible vocabulary. 

4738
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:39,700
For describing processes that 
ordinary words couldn't quite 

4739
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:42,500
capture. 
When an alchemist wrote about 

4740
04:27:42,500 --> 04:27:45,600
the green lion to varying the 
sun, they were being 

4741
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:49,000
deliberately obscure for fun. 
They were using astonished 

4742
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:52,200
terminology to describe a 
specific chemical interaction. 

4743
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:56,600
Probably involving vitriol and 
gold, the symbols Drew, from 

4744
04:27:56,600 --> 04:28:00,300
multiple sources. 
Astrological signs represented 

4745
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:03,000
Metals, gold was the son's 
silver. 

4746
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:07,600
The moon copper Venus iron. 
Mars tin Jupiter LED Saturn and 

4747
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:11,200
Mercury both the metal and the 
God was Mercury. 

4748
04:28:12,200 --> 04:28:15,200
This wasn't arbitrary, the 
metals and planets were thought 

4749
04:28:15,208 --> 04:28:18,100
to share essential qualities. 
Gold. 

4750
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:22,000
Like the sun was perfect 
Incorruptible and radiant. 

4751
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:27,900
LED like Saturn was Heavy cold 
and sluggish animals populated 

4752
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:30,500
alchemical texts with specific 
meanings. 

4753
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:35,400
The dragon represented raw 
chaotic matter, or sometimes 

4754
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:37,900
specific, chemicals, depending 
on context. 

4755
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:42,500
The lion might represent gold or
a stage of the work 

4756
04:28:42,500 --> 04:28:44,400
characterized by intense 
activity. 

4757
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:48,400
Phoenix dying and reborn from 
its ashes. 

4758
04:28:48,400 --> 04:28:53,600
Symbolized dissolution and 
reconstitution the destruction 

4759
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:57,000
of old forms and emerging of new
purified ones. 

4760
04:28:58,100 --> 04:29:00,400
Pelican mythically feeding its 
young. 

4761
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:03,200
With his own blood represented 
circulation. 

4762
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:06,900
Processes were distilled Vapors,
repeatedly, fell back in to the 

4763
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:10,700
vessel colors. 
Marked crucial transitions, the 

4764
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:13,900
work typically proceeded through
stages identified by color 

4765
04:29:13,900 --> 04:29:17,800
changes the nigredo or 
blackening when matter broke 

4766
04:29:17,800 --> 04:29:21,700
down into chaos the Alberto or 
whitening representing 

4767
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,700
purification. 
The Citroen leaders or yellowing

4768
04:29:24,700 --> 04:29:29,300
a transitional stage and finally
the Rouge beidou or reddening, 

4769
04:29:29,300 --> 04:29:31,400
marking completion and 
perfection. 

4770
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:37,000
These weren't arbitrary labels. 
Actual color changes occurred 

4771
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:40,400
during chemical operations and 
practitioners learn to read them

4772
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:42,200
as signs of progress or 
problems. 

4773
04:29:42,200 --> 04:29:45,800
The most famous alchemical 
symbols probably the Ouroboros 

4774
04:29:46,600 --> 04:29:48,600
Serpent. 
Eating its own tail forming a 

4775
04:29:48,608 --> 04:29:52,200
circle. 
It represented cyclic processes,

4776
04:29:52,200 --> 04:29:56,100
the unity of beginning an end 
and the principle that 

4777
04:29:56,100 --> 04:29:58,800
Transformations were 
fundamentally circular rather 

4778
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:02,500
than linear. 
What began as one substance 

4779
04:30:02,500 --> 04:30:05,700
became another, but the 
underlying Essence persisted 

4780
04:30:05,700 --> 04:30:09,800
through transformation like the 
snake continuously consuming and

4781
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:13,400
regenerating itself. 
Encoded in the symbolic language

4782
04:30:13,400 --> 04:30:17,500
was often genuine chemical 
knowledge. the philosophical egg

4783
04:30:17,500 --> 04:30:20,200
described sealed vessels where 
materials underwent 

4784
04:30:20,200 --> 04:30:25,100
Transformations isolated from 
outside into fear and the 

4785
04:30:25,100 --> 04:30:27,700
marriage of sun and moon 
referred to combining gold and 

4786
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:32,400
silver or more abstractly, 
united posing principles. 

4787
04:30:33,200 --> 04:30:36,200
The bath of the king mint 
dissolving gold in special 

4788
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:38,800
acids. 
Once you learned the code 

4789
04:30:38,800 --> 04:30:41,000
details, instructions were 
actually preserved in the 

4790
04:30:41,008 --> 04:30:44,800
seemingly mystical texts, but 
the symbols also carried 

4791
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:48,700
philosophical and spiritual 
dimensions the breaking down of 

4792
04:30:48,700 --> 04:30:53,600
matter into Prime components, 
the soul of solvent, coagula, 

4793
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:57,500
dissolve and coagulate, 
Parallel, the mystics 

4794
04:30:57,500 --> 04:30:59,500
dissolution of ego and everyday 
consciousness. 

4795
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:03,100
The reconstitution into 
something pure and more. 

4796
04:31:03,100 --> 04:31:05,200
Perfect, mirrored spiritual 
rebirth. 

4797
04:31:05,900 --> 04:31:08,900
The Alchemist working in their 
laboratory was also ideally 

4798
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:12,300
working on themselves. 
And the symbolic language 

4799
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:14,100
captured both dimensions 
simultaneously. 

4800
04:31:14,100 --> 04:31:18,000
Alchemical illustrations became 
increasingly elaborate and 

4801
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:20,200
printed books from the 15th 
century onward. 

4802
04:31:21,100 --> 04:31:25,200
These images showed complex 
allegorical, scenes kings and 

4803
04:31:25,200 --> 04:31:28,700
queens bathing together in 
pools, Eagles and toads, 

4804
04:31:28,700 --> 04:31:32,300
consuming each other and 
hermaphroditic figures combining

4805
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:34,100
masculine and feminine 
qualities. 

4806
04:31:35,100 --> 04:31:39,300
On one level, these Illustrated 
specific chemical operations on 

4807
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:41,900
another, they mapped 
psychological and spiritual 

4808
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:45,300
Transformations, the effective 
Alchemist could read both 

4809
04:31:45,300 --> 04:31:49,000
messages simultaneously, this 
multi-layered communication 

4810
04:31:49,000 --> 04:31:53,000
created problems, text Mentor, 
straightforward laboratory, 

4811
04:31:53,000 --> 04:31:56,100
instructions could be read, as 
pure spiritual allegory. 

4812
04:31:57,000 --> 04:32:00,900
Conversely, writing's primarily 
about inner transformation, got 

4813
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:03,600
interpreted as literal recipes 
for making gold. 

4814
04:32:04,500 --> 04:32:07,700
Misunderstandings multiplied, 
across, centuries, and language 

4815
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:11,300
translations. 
An Arabic text written primarily

4816
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:15,000
about Spiritual Development, 
might reach a medieval European 

4817
04:32:15,000 --> 04:32:18,000
reader, who tried to follow it 
as practical, chemistry 

4818
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:21,200
instructions producing baffling,
and dangerous results. 

4819
04:32:21,200 --> 04:32:25,200
The symbolic language also 
permitted creative ambiguity 

4820
04:32:25,200 --> 04:32:27,800
that protected Alchemists from 
dangerous accusations. 

4821
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:32,000
During periods of religious 
intolerance writing, that could 

4822
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,500
be read, multiple ways provided 
safety. 

4823
04:32:35,300 --> 04:32:38,800
If challenged about potentially 
heretical ideas, one could 

4824
04:32:38,800 --> 04:32:41,600
always claim the text was merely
about chemical procedures. 

4825
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:46,900
Not theological speculation. 
If accused of fraud, one could 

4826
04:32:46,900 --> 04:32:50,600
insist the writing was symbolic 
spiritual instruction, not 

4827
04:32:50,600 --> 04:32:54,000
literal promises about making 
gold some Alchemists, 

4828
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,200
particularly in later periods. 
Used the symbolic language 

4829
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:01,200
almost as a meditation practice 
The act of encoding knowledge 

4830
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:05,500
and symbols or decoding. 
Others, symbolic texts became a 

4831
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:09,700
form of contemplative exercise. 
Wrestling with meaning holding 

4832
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:13,400
multiple interpretations 
simultaneously and developing 

4833
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:16,800
the mental flexibility to see 
connections between seemingly 

4834
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:21,000
unrelated domains, all of this 
trained the mind in ways 

4835
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:24,500
practitioners found valuable 
regardless of whether they ever 

4836
04:33:24,500 --> 04:33:27,400
succeeded at. 
Transmutation, as you drift 

4837
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:29,599
toward that threshold between 
waking and sleeping. 

4838
04:33:29,599 --> 04:33:33,000
Let's explore, how Alchemy 
gradually transformed into 

4839
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,599
chemistry, how the mystical 
became methodical and the 

4840
04:33:36,599 --> 04:33:40,300
symbolic gave way to the 
systemic, the transition wasn't 

4841
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:43,700
sudden or complete. 
Throughout the 17th century 

4842
04:33:43,700 --> 04:33:47,500
natural philosophers. 
The era scientists often worked 

4843
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:50,099
in both modes. 
They might spend mornings 

4844
04:33:50,099 --> 04:33:53,500
attempt in transmutation 
experiments and often news 

4845
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:57,099
measuring gas, pressure's or 
calculating planetary orbits. 

4846
04:33:58,099 --> 04:34:01,400
The boundaries between, Alchemy 
chemistry physics, and even 

4847
04:34:01,400 --> 04:34:04,099
theology remained fluid Isaac 
Newton. 

4848
04:34:04,099 --> 04:34:08,000
Now, remembered primarily for 
physics and Mathematics devoted 

4849
04:34:08,000 --> 04:34:10,700
enormous energy to El chemical 
investigation. 

4850
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:15,500
His private papers unpublished 
during his lifetime contain. 

4851
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:19,000
Extensive notes on alchemical, 
texts and records of his own 

4852
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:22,700
experiments. 
For Newton Alchemy represented 

4853
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:25,400
an attempt to understand 
Nature's fundamental forces. 

4854
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:29,300
The same goal that motivated. 
His work on gravity and motion. 

4855
04:34:30,000 --> 04:34:33,500
He saw no contradiction between 
calculating, planetary orbits 

4856
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:35,800
and attempting to transmute 
metals. 

4857
04:34:36,500 --> 04:34:40,099
Both were investigations into 
God's natural laws but certain 

4858
04:34:40,099 --> 04:34:42,300
developments began. 
Distinguishing chemistry from 

4859
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:44,900
Alchemy. 
The crucial shift was toward 

4860
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:46,400
precise measurement and 
quantification. 

4861
04:34:47,700 --> 04:34:50,300
Alchemist had always observed, 
their materials carefully. 

4862
04:34:50,300 --> 04:34:54,200
But chemical Pioneers started 
weighing everything reactants 

4863
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,800
before mixing products after 
reactions and even gases that 

4864
04:34:57,800 --> 04:35:02,000
escaped during processes, This 
obsessive measuring revealed 

4865
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,300
patterns that qualitative 
observation missed when you 

4866
04:35:05,308 --> 04:35:08,400
measure carefully. 
You discover conservation matter

4867
04:35:08,400 --> 04:35:11,900
doesn't disappear or appear 
magically during reactions it 

4868
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:14,599
transforms while maintaining 
constant total weight. 

4869
04:35:15,599 --> 04:35:18,700
This was devastating for certain
alchemical claims while 

4870
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,599
validating others. 
The idea that lead could become 

4871
04:35:21,599 --> 04:35:24,800
gold looked increasingly 
doubtful and precise 

4872
04:35:24,800 --> 04:35:27,099
measurement. 
Show that such Transformations. 

4873
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:30,800
Never actually produced weight 
changes consistent with one 

4874
04:35:30,800 --> 04:35:35,300
element becoming another Yet the
reality of chemical reactions, 

4875
04:35:35,300 --> 04:35:39,200
when new substances emerge with 
completely different properties 

4876
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:43,400
than they're starting, materials
was confirmed and extended the 

4877
04:35:43,400 --> 04:35:45,800
development of better operators 
accelerated. 

4878
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:50,000
This transition improved vacuum 
pumps allowed to study and gases

4879
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:52,700
more carefully. 
More precise thermometers in 

4880
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:54,900
able to maintaining specific 
temperatures. 

4881
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:58,300
Better balances detected, tiny 
weight changes. 

4882
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:02,200
And dies glassware, made 
experiments more reproducible. 

4883
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:05,700
Physical conditions of 
laboratory, work were becoming 

4884
04:36:05,700 --> 04:36:09,000
more controlled and with greater
control came more, reliable 

4885
04:36:09,000 --> 04:36:12,200
results. 
Antoine Lavoisier working in 

4886
04:36:12,200 --> 04:36:15,400
late. 18th century, France 
exemplifies, chemistry's 

4887
04:36:15,400 --> 04:36:19,200
emergence, as a modern science. 
He demolished Logistics on 

4888
04:36:19,207 --> 04:36:22,700
Theory, the idea that 
combustible materials contained 

4889
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:26,099
a fire element released during 
burning by showing that burning 

4890
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:29,599
actually involved combination 
with oxygen and the careful. 

4891
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:33,099
Weighing proved this his 
insistence on precise 

4892
04:36:33,099 --> 04:36:36,400
measurement. 
Systematic experimentation and 

4893
04:36:36,400 --> 04:36:39,599
clear nomenclature helped to 
establish chemistry as a 

4894
04:36:39,599 --> 04:36:42,099
distinct discipline with 
standardized methods. 

4895
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:44,900
The language changed along with 
the methods. 

4896
04:36:45,599 --> 04:36:49,200
Chemical nomenclature became 
more systematic describing 

4897
04:36:49,200 --> 04:36:52,500
compounds based on their 
composition rather than using 

4898
04:36:52,500 --> 04:36:54,900
traditional alchemical names or 
symbols. 

4899
04:36:55,599 --> 04:37:01,300
Vitriol became sulfuric acid. 
Sal ammoniac became ammonium 

4900
04:37:01,300 --> 04:37:04,300
chloride. 
The transition from Poetics, 

4901
04:37:04,300 --> 04:37:08,800
symbolic names to descriptive, 
systematic terminology marked a 

4902
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:11,200
fundamental shift in how 
practitioners thought about 

4903
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:14,700
their materials, Professional 
Organization change too. 

4904
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:18,000
The old model of Master 
Alchemist working in private, 

4905
04:37:18,000 --> 04:37:22,000
Laboratories occasionally taking
apprentices, gave away to 

4906
04:37:22,000 --> 04:37:26,300
university positions, scientific
societies, and published 

4907
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:28,000
research and specialized 
journals. 

4908
04:37:29,000 --> 04:37:32,900
Priestly Cavendish shield and 
others were discovering new. 

4909
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:37,300
Gases, new elements and new 
compounds and immediately 

4910
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,099
publishing their methods and 
results for others to verify and

4911
04:37:40,099 --> 04:37:43,599
extend. 
The solitary Seeker became the 

4912
04:37:43,599 --> 04:37:45,599
collaborative researcher? 
Yep. 

4913
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:50,500
Alchemy didn't simply die. 
It persisted transformed in 

4914
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:53,800
several forms. 
Some practitioners continue 

4915
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:57,400
traditional chemical work seeing
themselves as guardians of 

4916
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:00,500
ancient wisdom that modern 
materialist science had 

4917
04:38:00,500 --> 04:38:03,000
abandoned. 
Organizations, like the 

4918
04:38:03,000 --> 04:38:06,800
rosicrucians and various 
hermetic societies maintained 

4919
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:10,200
alchemical Traditions though 
increasingly emphasizing 

4920
04:38:10,200 --> 04:38:12,800
spiritual rather than material 
aspects. 

4921
04:38:12,800 --> 04:38:16,200
Meanwhile chemistry absorbed 
alchemy's techniques and 

4922
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:18,800
questions while discarding its 
theoretical framework. 

4923
04:38:19,700 --> 04:38:23,099
The careful distillations the 
specialized apparatus the 

4924
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:24,400
patient. 
Observation of material 

4925
04:38:24,400 --> 04:38:28,099
Transformations, all of this 
persisted and developed further.

4926
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:31,500
What changed was the explanatory
framework. 

4927
04:38:32,200 --> 04:38:34,900
Theoretical understanding of 
what was actually happening 

4928
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:38,500
during chemical reactions. 
The 19th century is chemical 

4929
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:41,000
trials. 
The periodic table organizing 

4930
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,400
elements, molecular theory, 
explaining how atoms, combine 

4931
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:48,900
and analytical techniques 
identifying substances provided 

4932
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:51,700
Frameworks for understanding. 
The Alchemist had lacked. 

4933
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:55,200
It turned out LED couldn't 
become gold through chemical 

4934
04:38:55,200 --> 04:38:58,300
means because elements of 
fundamental they can't be 

4935
04:38:58,300 --> 04:39:00,599
transformed into each other by 
chemical processes. 

4936
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:04,800
The Alchemist weren't fools that
they were working without 

4937
04:39:04,800 --> 04:39:07,599
crucial information about 
matters actual structure. 

4938
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:11,099
Interestingly 20th century 
physics achieved were 

4939
04:39:11,099 --> 04:39:15,099
Alchemists, had claimed was 
possible, Actual transmutation 

4940
04:39:15,099 --> 04:39:18,700
of elements. 
Nuclear reactions can indeed 

4941
04:39:18,700 --> 04:39:22,000
transform lead into gold by 
altering, Atomic nuclei. 

4942
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:26,300
The cost and difficulty make it 
completely impractical, but it's

4943
04:39:26,300 --> 04:39:28,200
theoretically and practically 
possible. 

4944
04:39:29,099 --> 04:39:32,099
So in a strange sense The 
Alchemist dream was valid. 

4945
04:39:32,099 --> 04:39:35,599
Just achievable only through 
means they never imagined. 

4946
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:40,300
Requiring, understanding matter 
at Scales far beyond what their 

4947
04:39:40,300 --> 04:39:44,000
operators could access. 
Transformation from Alchemy to 

4948
04:39:44,000 --> 04:39:46,800
chemistry illustrates. 
How scientific understanding 

4949
04:39:46,800 --> 04:39:50,400
develops. 
Alchemy wasn't entirely wrong it

4950
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:53,400
correctly, identified that 
substances could transform into 

4951
04:39:53,400 --> 04:39:56,700
other substances, that matter, 
had hidden properties. 

4952
04:39:56,700 --> 04:40:00,000
That careful investigation could
reveal and that systematic 

4953
04:40:00,000 --> 04:40:02,300
practice could produce reliable 
results. 

4954
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,400
What it lacked was the correct 
theoretical framework for 

4955
04:40:06,400 --> 04:40:08,700
explaining observations and 
predicting outcomes? 

4956
04:40:09,800 --> 04:40:13,300
Once that framework developed 
chemistry could progress rapidly

4957
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:17,000
while Alchemy became history. 
Now is your breathing slows and 

4958
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:19,000
your thoughts. 
Begin that Pleasant drift toward

4959
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:21,100
dreams. 
Let's consider what the 

4960
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:23,000
alchemical quest means for us 
today. 

4961
04:40:23,000 --> 04:40:26,700
Centuries, after the last 
serious attempts at transmuting 

4962
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:29,600
led into gold. 
Heist Legacy is chemistry 

4963
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:32,200
itself. 
Modern Farmers suitables 

4964
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:36,500
Material Science industrial 
processes and environmental 

4965
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:41,200
analysis. every time you take a 
medicine, appreciate a colorful 

4966
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:45,300
synthetic fabric, or rely on a 
battery, your benefiting from 

4967
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:48,400
knowledge that traces back 
Through Chemistry to Alchemy 

4968
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:52,800
Techniques developed by those 
patient practitioners watching 

4969
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:56,100
their vessels and tending. 
Their furnaces evolved into 

4970
04:40:56,100 --> 04:40:59,600
methods that shape contemporary 
life but something deeper 

4971
04:40:59,600 --> 04:41:02,800
persists too. 
The alchemical quest was 

4972
04:41:02,800 --> 04:41:06,500
ultimately about transformation 
and that remains profoundly 

4973
04:41:06,500 --> 04:41:09,700
human. 
We still seek ways to transform 

4974
04:41:09,700 --> 04:41:12,900
ourselves through education 
therapy. 

4975
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:16,000
Spiritual practices and physical
training. 

4976
04:41:17,200 --> 04:41:20,900
We pursue transformations of our
society through political 

4977
04:41:20,900 --> 04:41:24,400
movements, technological 
innovation, and cultural 

4978
04:41:24,400 --> 04:41:27,500
evolution. 
The specific goal of turning 

4979
04:41:27,500 --> 04:41:29,500
lead into gold, may be 
abandoned. 

4980
04:41:30,400 --> 04:41:34,100
But the underlying dream of 
transformation continues modern 

4981
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:36,800
science pursues transformation 
that would have dazzled 

4982
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:40,400
Alchemists. 
We transform energy into matter 

4983
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:43,700
in particle accelerators. 
We transformed genetic 

4984
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:47,800
information editing DNA to cure 
diseases or create new 

4985
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:51,200
organisms. 
We transform sand and metals 

4986
04:41:51,200 --> 04:41:53,600
into computers that hold 
libraries worth of knowledge. 

4987
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:57,800
We even manipulate individual 
atoms, positioning them 

4988
04:41:57,800 --> 04:42:00,900
precisely using techniques. 
The Alchemists couldn't have 

4989
04:42:00,900 --> 04:42:04,100
imagined. 
Since we've realized their 

4990
04:42:04,100 --> 04:42:07,400
dreams through different paths, 
the search for Life Extension 

4991
04:42:07,400 --> 04:42:11,600
continues too though now through
molecular biology genetic 

4992
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:14,900
engineering and pharmacology, 
rather than through elixirs. 

4993
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:19,900
Scientists investigate aging 
mechanisms seeking ways to slow 

4994
04:42:19,900 --> 04:42:22,100
or reverse. 
The processes that to eventually

4995
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:25,100
destroy us. 
We haven't achieved immortality 

4996
04:42:25,100 --> 04:42:28,700
but human lifespans have 
dramatically increased through 

4997
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:31,500
medical advances, that owe their
methodology. 

4998
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:35,700
If not their specific techniques
to alchemy's Patient 

4999
04:42:35,700 --> 04:42:39,500
investigation of how substances 
affect the body contemporary 

5000
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:42,400
interest in alchemy often 
focuses on its cycle and 

5001
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:46,200
spiritual dimensions. 
Carl Jung extensively studied 

5002
04:42:46,200 --> 04:42:49,100
alchemical texts. 
Seeing in the symbols for 

5003
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:52,900
cyclical processes. 
The alchemical transformation of

5004
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:57,600
Base Metals into gold became in 
his framework, a metaphor for 

5005
04:42:57,600 --> 04:43:01,400
cycle development. 
Transforming the crude 

5006
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:05,300
unconscious aspects of 
Personality into something more 

5007
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:10,100
refined and integrated. 
Whether The Alchemist themselves

5008
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:13,400
saw their work this way as 
debatable but Young's 

5009
04:43:13,400 --> 04:43:16,800
interpretation gave alchemical 
symbolism new relevance some 

5010
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,400
find in alchemy are reminded 
that knowledge isn't purely 

5011
04:43:19,400 --> 04:43:22,800
objective and Technical The 
Alchemists believed the 

5012
04:43:22,800 --> 04:43:24,800
practitioners spiritual State 
mattered. 

5013
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:28,600
You couldn't separate the 
experiment from the experimenter

5014
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:32,500
and that transformation of 
matter, required transformation 

5015
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:37,300
of self. modern science, with 
its emphasis on objectivity and 

5016
04:43:37,300 --> 04:43:42,200
reproducibility officially 
reject, the Chemical reaction 

5017
04:43:42,200 --> 04:43:46,900
should work the same regardless 
of who performs it. yet anyone 

5018
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:51,100
who has done a boruto, a work 
knows that skill patients, and 

5019
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:55,800
even intuition matter The best 
scientists like the best 

5020
04:43:55,800 --> 04:43:58,900
Alchemists, bring something 
personal to their practice. 

5021
04:43:58,900 --> 04:44:03,100
That transcends pure technique, 
the El Campo emphasis on Direct 

5022
04:44:03,100 --> 04:44:05,800
experience and Hands-On practice
remains relevant. 

5023
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:10,100
He couldn't learn Alchemy just 
from books, you had to actually 

5024
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:12,800
work in the laboratory. 
Gaining body. 

5025
04:44:12,800 --> 04:44:16,500
Knowledge of how substances 
behaved developing sensitivity 

5026
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:19,700
to subtle, changes and 
cultivating patience through 

5027
04:44:19,700 --> 04:44:23,800
long processes. 
This contrasts with modern 

5028
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:26,500
education, often abstract 
theoretical approach. 

5029
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:31,200
There's renewed appreciation for
Hands-On learning for knowledge,

5030
04:44:31,200 --> 04:44:33,700
that lives in the body and 
hands, not just the head 

5031
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:36,800
environmental movements 
sometimes in vocal chemical 

5032
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:39,700
language when discussing the 
transformation of industrial 

5033
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:44,200
processes, cleaning polluted 
sites or developing sustainable 

5034
04:44:44,200 --> 04:44:47,600
practices. 
The alchemical ideal of working 

5035
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:51,100
with nature, rather than against
it understanding material 

5036
04:44:51,100 --> 04:44:55,300
processes deeply enough to guide
them wisely respects limits 

5037
04:44:55,300 --> 04:44:57,400
while achieving meaningful 
Transformations. 

5038
04:44:57,400 --> 04:45:01,200
This resonates with contemporary
efforts towards sustainability. 

5039
04:45:01,200 --> 04:45:05,200
The alkyl traditional reminds us
that science has history. 

5040
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:09,300
The current understanding emerge
from long development and the 

5041
04:45:09,300 --> 04:45:12,600
even seemingly strange or 
outdated practices, often 

5042
04:45:12,600 --> 04:45:16,200
contained valuable, insights 
dismissing, Alchemy, as mere 

5043
04:45:16,200 --> 04:45:18,700
Superstition. 
Mrs. How it represented? 

5044
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:21,000
The best of available attempts 
to understand matter? 

5045
04:45:21,900 --> 04:45:24,000
How it developed techniques we 
still use? 

5046
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:27,100
And how asked questions we 
continue pondering? 

5047
04:45:27,100 --> 04:45:30,500
Most fundamentally Alchemy 
embodies the enduring human 

5048
04:45:30,500 --> 04:45:32,600
conviction. 
That transformation is possible.

5049
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:34,800
The world isn't fixed or 
finished. 

5050
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:39,700
Matter can be changed improved 
and perfected SoCal. 

5051
04:45:39,700 --> 04:45:43,800
We The Alchemist standing before
their athanor patiently. 

5052
04:45:43,800 --> 04:45:47,200
Working toward that distant goal
of the Philosopher's Stone was 

5053
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:50,400
enacting a hope that remained 
Central to Human Experience. 

5054
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:54,300
The belief that things can be 
better that effort and knowledge

5055
04:45:54,300 --> 04:45:57,200
can Elevate existence. 
And that the ordinary might 

5056
04:45:57,200 --> 04:46:00,400
become extraordinary, a sleep 
gently beckons. 

5057
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:03,200
Imagine yourself in an alchemist
laboratory. 

5058
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:07,400
Not from any specific time or 
place. but from the Timeless 

5059
04:46:07,400 --> 04:46:10,900
realm, where such spaces exist 
in our Collective imagination, 

5060
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:15,900
The light is golden and soft. 
Filtering through high Windows 

5061
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:20,500
glass, vessels catch and hold 
the light, transforming it into 

5062
04:46:20,500 --> 04:46:25,200
subtle rainbows. 
The furnace breathes quietly in 

5063
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:28,900
its Corner, maintaining its 
patient, heat the air here, 

5064
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:33,400
smells of mysteries incense, and
minerals aged parchment and 

5065
04:46:33,400 --> 04:46:36,900
growing things and the metallic 
Tang of transformation. 

5066
04:46:37,900 --> 04:46:41,700
Nothing feels rushed. 
Time moves differently in the 

5067
04:46:41,708 --> 04:46:43,600
space, following its own 
rhythms. 

5068
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:48,600
Slow drip of distillation. 
The gradual shift of color in a 

5069
04:46:48,608 --> 04:46:51,400
sealed. 
Flask the almost imperceptible. 

5070
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:56,100
Growth of crystals, these Define
the pace on the workbench like 

5071
04:46:56,100 --> 04:47:00,500
open books with hand drawn, 
illustration. symbolic animals, 

5072
04:47:00,500 --> 04:47:05,200
elaborate diagrams and careful 
notations in languages, you half

5073
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:09,200
recognize The symbol seem to 
shift slightly when you're not 

5074
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:12,200
looking directly at them. 
As though they contain meanings.

5075
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:15,600
That can't be fixed in place, 
but must be approached sideways 

5076
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:18,000
through peripheral vision and 
intuition. 

5077
04:47:18,000 --> 04:47:23,000
The laboratory is also a garden 
Herbs grow in terracotta pots on

5078
04:47:23,008 --> 04:47:25,600
windowsills. 
Each plant, selected for 

5079
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:29,900
specific virtues roses for their
Essence Rosemary, for 

5080
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:33,400
remembrance Sage for wisdom and 
roof of healing. 

5081
04:47:34,800 --> 04:47:37,500
Their living presence. 
Remind you that Alchemy worked 

5082
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:39,600
with Nature's processes, not 
against them. 

5083
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:44,400
Transformation requires, 
patience, proper conditions, and

5084
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:48,100
respect for natural timing. 
In this laboratory, you 

5085
04:47:48,100 --> 04:47:49,900
understand what the Alchemists 
sought. 

5086
04:47:50,700 --> 04:47:53,400
Not just gold or immortality 
though. 

5087
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,900
Those would be nice. 
They sought understanding of 

5088
04:47:56,900 --> 04:48:00,700
matter, of transformations of 
the Hidden connections between 

5089
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:02,900
all things. 
They wanted to participate 

5090
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,700
actively in creation's ongoing 
work rather than being passive 

5091
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:09,500
Observers. 
They believed humans could 

5092
04:48:09,500 --> 04:48:12,500
collaborate with Nature's 
processes, guiding 

5093
04:48:12,500 --> 04:48:16,600
transformation that elevated 
both matter and spirit the 

5094
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:19,200
vessels on the shells. 
Represent stages of the great 

5095
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:21,500
work, each containing its own 
lesson. 

5096
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:26,600
One holds the Grado, the black 
stage of dissolution where old 

5097
04:48:26,600 --> 04:48:30,500
forms break down necessary 
before anything new can emerge. 

5098
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:35,100
Another contains Albedo the 
white stage of purification 

5099
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:39,400
where a central quality is 
separate from Dross, A third 

5100
04:48:39,400 --> 04:48:43,000
glows with citrinitas, the 
golden yellowing that promises 

5101
04:48:43,000 --> 04:48:47,300
approaching completion. and 
somewhere perhaps still in 

5102
04:48:47,300 --> 04:48:52,300
process, the root beidou awaits 
the red of perfection of 

5103
04:48:52,300 --> 04:48:54,800
transformation completed. 
You understand? 

5104
04:48:54,800 --> 04:48:57,800
Now that the Alchemist 
laboratory was always two places

5105
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:00,900
at once. 
And actual workspace with real 

5106
04:49:00,900 --> 04:49:05,100
operators and materials and a 
symbolic space representing in a

5107
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:08,900
transformation. 
The external work of purifying 

5108
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:11,900
substances mirrored, the 
internal work of refining 

5109
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:15,000
consciousness. 
Patients required for long. 

5110
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:18,000
Chemical processes. 
Cultivated spiritual patience. 

5111
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:22,300
Failures and setbacks in the 
laboratory taught, humility and 

5112
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:26,300
persistence. 
Success, when it came arrived as

5113
04:49:26,300 --> 04:49:29,500
much from personal growth. 
As from technical skill, the 

5114
04:49:29,500 --> 04:49:32,300
Philosopher's Stone. 
You realize in this drowsy State

5115
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:36,900
between waking and dreams was 
never, just a magical object, it

5116
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:39,000
represented perfected 
understanding. 

5117
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,000
State where The Alchemist had. 
So completely mastered their 

5118
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:45,500
practice. 
So thoroughly transformed 

5119
04:49:45,500 --> 04:49:48,500
themselves that transformation 
of materials became almost 

5120
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:51,800
effortless. 
The stone was the practitioner's

5121
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:55,500
own perfected skill and wisdom 
accumulated through years of 

5122
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:58,000
patient work and the elixir of 
life. 

5123
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:00,900
Perhaps it was never meant to be
swallowed. 

5124
04:50:01,600 --> 04:50:05,000
Perhaps it was the practice 
itself, the engagement with 

5125
04:50:05,000 --> 04:50:09,500
meaningful work, the pursuit of 
understanding the connection to 

5126
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:11,500
tradition stretching back 
Millennia. 

5127
04:50:11,500 --> 04:50:15,700
The sense of participating in 
something larger than one cell 

5128
04:50:15,700 --> 04:50:19,800
phone The Alchemist who devoted 
themselves to the great work, 

5129
04:50:19,800 --> 04:50:22,100
often lived with an intensity 
and purpose. 

5130
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,800
That gave their days, a richness
ordinary life lacked. 

5131
04:50:26,500 --> 04:50:29,900
Maybe that was its own form of 
immortality in this dream 

5132
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:38,200
laboratory time collapses. 
Jabir and works at one bench. 

5133
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:42,000
Carefully recording observations
in precise Arabic script. 

5134
04:50:42,800 --> 04:50:45,500
Albertus Magnus tends a 
distillation at another 

5135
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,200
occasionally making notes for a 
students. 

5136
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:51,700
Maria. 
The Jews are just a double 

5137
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:53,800
boiler. 
Checking the temperature with 

5138
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:58,100
experience fingers, paracelsus 
crushes, minerals in a mortar. 

5139
04:50:58,900 --> 04:51:01,400
Preparing medicines that will 
genuinely heal. 

5140
04:51:02,200 --> 04:51:05,600
They work companion ably these 
figures from different centuries

5141
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:08,400
and cultures United by their 
shared Quest. 

5142
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:10,700
They're not competing or 
hoarding Secrets. 

5143
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:15,100
Now, in this Timeless space, 
they share knowledge freely each

5144
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:17,900
contributing their piece to the 
great puzzle of understanding 

5145
04:51:17,900 --> 04:51:21,300
matter and transformation. 
The symbolic language. 

5146
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:24,400
They once used to obscure 
becomes a bridge connecting 

5147
04:51:24,400 --> 04:51:28,300
insights across cultures and 
ebooks the green lion, the red 

5148
04:51:28,300 --> 04:51:32,300
dragon, the philosophical 
Mercury, these symbols, let them

5149
04:51:32,300 --> 04:51:35,100
communicate experience. 
As that ordinary words can't 

5150
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,300
quite capture through the 
laboratory Windows, you Glimpse 

5151
04:51:38,300 --> 04:51:42,000
Guardians and Wilderness Beyond 
The natural world. 

5152
04:51:42,000 --> 04:51:46,000
That was always alchemy's true. 
Teacher, The Alchemist learned 

5153
04:51:46,000 --> 04:51:50,000
by observing natural 
transformation or to metal great

5154
04:51:50,000 --> 04:51:54,800
to wine and seed to flower Their
laboratory work was an attempt 

5155
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:58,100
to understand and consciously 
guide processes that nature 

5156
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:01,500
performed spontaneously. 
They weren't trying to break 

5157
04:52:01,500 --> 04:52:04,600
nature's laws, but to discover 
and work within them. 

5158
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,100
The furnace close steady and 
warm. 

5159
04:52:07,100 --> 04:52:10,700
Neither two hot nor too cold. 
It's maintained this. 

5160
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:15,200
Perfect balance for centuries, 
maybe forever. it's patient heat

5161
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:18,800
represents what The Alchemist 
knew transformation requires 

5162
04:52:18,800 --> 04:52:23,400
sustained, gentle effort over 
time, you can't hurry the great 

5163
04:52:23,400 --> 04:52:27,600
work flattened Force, 
accomplished nothing, Steady 

5164
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:31,400
application proper conditions, 
and sufficient time can achieve,

5165
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:33,600
what seems impossible on a 
shelf. 

5166
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:35,400
You notice a row of sealed 
vessels? 

5167
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:38,300
Each containing materials at 
different stages of 

5168
04:52:38,300 --> 04:52:41,200
transformation. 
Some of have been here for days,

5169
04:52:41,200 --> 04:52:45,400
others, for months. 
And some perhaps for years, each

5170
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:48,300
opens at its proper time. 
Not a moment sooner. 

5171
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:53,900
The sealed vessel, thus 
hermeticum hermetic vessel 

5172
04:52:53,900 --> 04:52:57,200
protects transformation in 
progress from outside 

5173
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,800
interference. 
Some processes need isolation 

5174
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:04,600
and protection, until they reach
completion, you feel yourself 

5175
04:53:04,600 --> 04:53:07,500
becoming drowsy? 
The laboratory is gold and light

5176
04:53:07,500 --> 04:53:11,100
softening further. 
The gentle sounds liquid 

5177
04:53:11,100 --> 04:53:14,400
dripping furnace breathing 
occasional, clink of glass 

5178
04:53:14,400 --> 04:53:18,200
become a lullaby. 
This is a good place to rest, 

5179
04:53:18,200 --> 04:53:21,300
the great work continues, 
whether you wake or sleep 

5180
04:53:21,300 --> 04:53:24,700
proceeding at his own pace. 
Requiring nothing from you now, 

5181
04:53:24,708 --> 04:53:28,400
accept trust in the process, The
Alchemist understood something 

5182
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:31,800
we sometimes forget Not 
everything worth doing can be 

5183
04:53:31,808 --> 04:53:35,100
finished quickly. 
Some achievements require years 

5184
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,700
decades or even lifetimes of 
patient effort. 

5185
04:53:39,400 --> 04:53:43,700
The work itself becomes the 
reward, the daily practice, the 

5186
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:47,800
gradual accumulation of skill 
and understanding, and the small

5187
04:53:47,800 --> 04:53:50,800
advances that slowly compound 
into Mastery. 

5188
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:53,500
They also knew that failure was 
part of the process. 

5189
04:53:53,500 --> 04:53:58,200
Most experiments didn't succeed,
most attempts to create the 

5190
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:01,000
Philosopher's Stone or the 
elixir of Life, produced, only 

5191
04:54:01,000 --> 04:54:06,000
colorful, disasters, expensive 
messes, or nothing at all, but 

5192
04:54:06,000 --> 04:54:09,400
each failure taught something. 
The Alchemist learned, what 

5193
04:54:09,400 --> 04:54:12,000
didn't work, which was often 
more useful than knowing what 

5194
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:15,600
theoretically should work. 
Knowledge grew through a patient

5195
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:18,300
to accumulation of both 
successes and instructive 

5196
04:54:18,300 --> 04:54:21,900
failures as your Consciousness 
drifts towards sleep the 

5197
04:54:21,900 --> 04:54:24,000
laboratory around. 
You becomes less defined. 

5198
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:29,100
Its edgers softening into dream.
But certain truths, remain clear

5199
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:33,400
Transformations is possible 
Matic and change its form while 

5200
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:35,000
retaining its underlying 
Essence. 

5201
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:40,200
So can we The person you are 
today contains the potential for

5202
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:42,700
the person you might become just
as lead. 

5203
04:54:42,700 --> 04:54:46,300
Theoretically contained gold or 
at least the Alchemists believed

5204
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:50,600
it did and their belief led the 
chemistry patients matters. 

5205
04:54:50,600 --> 04:54:53,300
Nothing worth achieving happens.
Incidentally. 

5206
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:56,800
The most profound 
Transformations require time, 

5207
04:54:56,800 --> 04:55:01,900
attention and sustained effort. 
Quick Fix is rarely last. 

5208
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:06,100
But patient work returning day 
after day to your practice. 

5209
04:55:06,800 --> 04:55:10,700
Accumulates into genuine change 
process and outcome. 

5210
04:55:10,700 --> 04:55:13,800
Intertwine The Alchemist seeking
gold learn chemistry. 

5211
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:17,700
The practitioner pursuing The 
Elixir developed pharmacology. 

5212
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:22,200
Mystic investigating symbolic 
Transformations gained cycle 

5213
04:55:22,200 --> 04:55:25,600
insight. 
The journeys The Traveler as 

5214
04:55:25,600 --> 04:55:29,400
much as the destination. 
Everything connects The 

5215
04:55:29,400 --> 04:55:32,300
Alchemist won't wrong to see, 
connections between metals and 

5216
04:55:32,300 --> 04:55:36,300
planets between laboratory, 
work, and spiritual practice and

5217
04:55:36,300 --> 04:55:38,300
between microcosm and a 
macrocosm. 

5218
04:55:38,300 --> 04:55:43,400
They were recognizing a deep. 
Truth reality is interconnected 

5219
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:47,700
in ways that rigid categorical 
thinking, misses The boundaries 

5220
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:51,000
between disciplines between 
matter and spirit between inner 

5221
04:55:51,000 --> 04:55:53,500
and outer. 
These are useful fictions. 

5222
04:55:53,500 --> 04:55:58,400
Not fundamental truths, mystery 
remains For all that modern 

5223
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:03,300
science has explained, much 
remains unknown. with her down 

5224
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:07,000
to courts and letters, but 
Consciousness remains mysterious

5225
04:56:07,800 --> 04:56:11,700
We've decoded DNA, but life's 
emergence is still puzzling. 

5226
04:56:12,400 --> 04:56:16,100
We've calculated the universe's 
age but its ultimate nature 

5227
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:18,700
remains debatable. 
The Alchemists. 

5228
04:56:18,700 --> 04:56:22,100
Humility before mystery, the 
recognition that knowledge was 

5229
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:25,100
always partial and understanding
all was incomplete. 

5230
04:56:25,100 --> 04:56:28,400
Deserves remembering. 
The vessels on the shelves 

5231
04:56:28,400 --> 04:56:32,000
Shimmer and fade asleep. 
Takes you their contents, 

5232
04:56:32,000 --> 04:56:34,500
continue their slow 
Transformations, whether 

5233
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:38,700
observed or not. 
The great work proceeds. 

5234
04:56:39,500 --> 04:56:41,500
Somewhere in laboratory is 
around the world. 

5235
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:45,300
People are still investigating 
Transformations, different 

5236
04:56:45,300 --> 04:56:49,800
methods different goals, but the
same fundamental human drive to 

5237
04:56:49,800 --> 04:56:54,300
understand to change to elevate,
matter and spirit towards 

5238
04:56:54,300 --> 04:56:56,900
something better. 
The Alchemist would recognize 

5239
04:56:56,900 --> 04:57:00,800
this continuity He understood 
that knowledge was Collective 

5240
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:04,300
and cumulative, that each 
generation built on previous 

5241
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:06,400
work. 
And that today's impossible 

5242
04:57:06,400 --> 04:57:10,200
might become tomorrow's routine.
They stood in a traditional 

5243
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:14,300
stretch behind them to Egyptian 
temples and a head to labor as 

5244
04:57:14,300 --> 04:57:17,600
they couldn't imagine. 
We stand in that same tradition,

5245
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:21,800
connecting past and future 
through present practice as 

5246
04:57:22,000 --> 04:57:25,800
Finally slip into sleep. 
A last image that ancient symbol

5247
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:30,200
the Arab Ross, the serpent 
eating its own tail beginning an

5248
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:34,000
end meet. 
Transformation is circular not 

5249
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:37,000
linear. 
What dissolves will reconstitute

5250
04:57:37,000 --> 04:57:41,100
what breaks down will rebuild? 
What seems like an ending is 

5251
04:57:41,100 --> 04:57:44,500
really another beginning. 
The great work never truly 

5252
04:57:44,500 --> 04:57:47,500
finishes. 
It just continues in new forms, 

5253
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:51,000
new context, and new 
practitioners, taking up tools. 

5254
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:53,200
Their predecessors laid down 
sleep. 

5255
04:57:53,200 --> 04:57:56,500
Now dream of furnaces and 
vessels of patient 

5256
04:57:56,500 --> 04:57:59,900
transformations of substances, 
changing their nature. 

5257
04:57:59,900 --> 04:58:03,400
While retaining their essence, 
Dream of the long chain of 

5258
04:58:03,408 --> 04:58:07,100
seekers stretching back through 
centuries, each contributing 

5259
04:58:07,100 --> 04:58:11,000
their piece to understanding. 
Dream of Guardians, where herbs 

5260
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:15,100
grow under careful, tending of 
library's where ancient texts 

5261
04:58:15,100 --> 04:58:19,200
preserve hard, one wisdom. 
Of laboratory is where careful 

5262
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:21,400
observation reveals Nature's 
patterns. 

5263
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:25,100
The Alchemists are sleeping too.
Those patient workers of 

5264
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:28,100
transformation. 
But their work continues in 

5265
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:32,300
every chemistry, lab every 
pharmaceutical company and every

5266
04:58:32,300 --> 04:58:36,200
material science experiment. 
It continues in every Garden 

5267
04:58:36,200 --> 04:58:40,000
where someone tends plants in 
every kitchen, where ingredients

5268
04:58:40,000 --> 04:58:43,500
transformed into meals and in 
every mind where learning 

5269
04:58:43,500 --> 04:58:47,200
transforms ignorance into 
understanding, the great work is

5270
04:58:47,200 --> 04:58:50,000
never finished because there's 
always more to learn more to 

5271
04:58:50,000 --> 04:58:54,700
discover and more to understand.
The Philosopher's Stone remains 

5272
04:58:54,700 --> 04:58:58,600
eternally, just beyond reach. 
Which is perhaps exactly as it 

5273
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:01,600
should be. 
Seeking matters more than the 

5274
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:04,700
finding the question matters. 
More than the answer. 

5275
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:08,800
The transformation of the Seeker
matters, more than the discovery

5276
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:12,700
of the sort rest, easy? 
The furnace Burns, deadly. 

5277
04:59:13,600 --> 04:59:18,000
The vessels contain their slow 
Miracles, time unfolds at its 

5278
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,000
own pace. 
All is well, in this laboratory 

5279
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:25,200
between waking and dreams where 
ancient wisdom meets Eternal 

5280
04:59:25,200 --> 04:59:29,400
questions where the possible and
impossible blur together and 

5281
04:59:29,400 --> 04:59:31,600
were transformation is always 
just beginning. 

5282
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:34,500
The Golden Light Fades to 
comfortable Darkness. 

5283
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:37,400
The sails of the laboratory 
become the sound of your own 

5284
04:59:37,400 --> 04:59:40,600
breathing steady and slow. 
The center of transformation, 

5285
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:43,300
becomes the familiar smell of 
your pillow and blankets. 

5286
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:47,700
But somewhere in your sleeping 
mind the laboratory remains 

5287
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:51,000
always accessible. 
Always inviting always offering 

5288
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:55,100
the promise that transformation 
of matter, of spirit of 

5289
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:58,500
understanding remains possible. 
The Alchemist. 

5290
04:59:58,500 --> 05:00:02,800
Knew this truth we are all works
in progress materials, being 

5291
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:06,900
slowly refined moving through 
our own stages from an agree 

5292
05:00:06,900 --> 05:00:09,500
though. 
Through Albedo to Rubidoux From 

5293
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:13,000
dissolution through 
purification, to Perfection the 

5294
05:00:13,000 --> 05:00:15,900
great work, applies to 
substances in vessels and to 

5295
05:00:15,900 --> 05:00:19,600
Consciousness itself, we are 
simultaneously The Alchemist and

5296
05:00:19,600 --> 05:00:22,900
the material, the practitioner, 
and the practice, the seeker, 

5297
05:00:22,900 --> 05:00:26,900
and the sort sleep deeply 
transformed while you rest 

5298
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:31,600
tomorrow, you'll wake change in 
small ways continuing your own 

5299
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:34,300
great work. 
Your own patient transformation,

5300
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:38,000
The Alchemist would approve. 
They understood that the most 

5301
05:00:38,000 --> 05:00:41,200
important laboratory is 
consciousness itself, the most 

5302
05:00:41,200 --> 05:00:44,100
crucial transformation happens 
within good night. 

5303
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:48,300
May your dreams be gold and your
rest transformative. 

5304
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:53,500
The great work continues as it 
always has and always will in 

5305
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:56,900
Laboratories both physical and 
imaginal tended by 

5306
05:00:56,908 --> 05:01:01,100
practitioners, both waking and 
sleeping pursuing that Eternal 

5307
05:01:01,100 --> 05:01:05,100
Quest to understand to change to
elevate. 

5308
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:09,600
Transform the base into the 
precious, the crude into the 

5309
05:01:09,600 --> 05:01:12,500
refined, and the ordinary into 
the extraordinary. 

5310
05:01:19,300 --> 05:01:21,500
In the hush darkness of a 13th 
century. 

5311
05:01:21,500 --> 05:01:25,100
Manor house as the last Embers 
in the central, half faded to 

5312
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:28,500
Soft Orange glows. 
The Lord of The Manor, would not

5313
05:01:28,500 --> 05:01:31,800
retire alone around him in the 
enormous Hall. 

5314
05:01:31,800 --> 05:01:35,500
Lay his household staff family 
members and peps, even trusted 

5315
05:01:35,500 --> 05:01:37,400
servants. 
All arranged in a careful 

5316
05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:40,800
choreography of medieval sleep. 
This Collective Slumber. 

5317
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:44,100
So foreign to our modern 
sensibilities represents one of 

5318
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:45,900
history's most misunderstood 
phenomena. 

5319
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:49,800
The medieval relationship with 
sleep, contrary to popular 

5320
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:52,000
assumptions about the 
discomforts of pre-industrial 

5321
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:54,800
Life made medieval. 
Europeans may have enjoyed sleep

5322
05:01:54,800 --> 05:01:57,400
patterns more aligned with human
biology than our current 

5323
05:01:57,400 --> 05:01:59,800
regiments the sleep of the 
Middle Ages. 

5324
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:02,500
Wasn't merely a functional 
necessity, squeezed between 

5325
05:02:02,500 --> 05:02:05,600
brutal days of toil. 
It was an elaborate practice 

5326
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:09,400
infused with ritual, social 
significance and a profound 

5327
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:13,100
understanding of human needs. 
That modern science is only now 

5328
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:16,400
rediscovering. 
The medieval Knight began not 

5329
05:02:16,400 --> 05:02:18,800
with the flick of a light 
switch, but with the gradual 

5330
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:21,400
recession of daylight. 
It's twilight. 

5331
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:25,000
Descended across Europe's 
Countryside and Bergs a natural 

5332
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:26,500
wind down. 
Period, commenced. 

5333
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:29,600
Without the harsh blue, light of
electronic devices. 

5334
05:02:29,600 --> 05:02:33,300
To disrupt melatonin production 
medieval bodies responded, 

5335
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:36,900
naturally to environmental cues.
The dimming of the day, 

5336
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:39,700
triggered sleep hormones in 
perfect, synchronicity with the 

5337
05:02:39,708 --> 05:02:42,900
body, circadian rhythm evidence 
from medieval household 

5338
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:46,100
accounts, monastic records and 
medical manuscripts. 

5339
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:49,000
Reveals the medieval people 
practice what sleep researchers 

5340
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:51,800
Now, call Sleep hygiene, not 
through scientific 

5341
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:54,900
understanding, but through 
customs evolved over centuries. 

5342
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:58,200
Families would gather around 
fires in the hours before bed. 

5343
05:02:58,200 --> 05:03:02,200
Engaging in what 14th century, 
English text called, The Gentle 

5344
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:05,400
telling of tales this 
storytelling tradition served 

5345
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:09,700
multiple purposes, reinforcing 
Community bonds, passing down 

5346
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,200
cultural knowledge, and 
crucially allowing the brain to 

5347
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:15,700
transition from the active 
demands of daytime to the 

5348
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:19,500
receptive State conducive to 
sleep, then trees from Noble 

5349
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:22,500
households, across Europe lists,
specialized items for Sleep, 

5350
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:25,200
comfort that defy our image of 
medieval discomfort. 

5351
05:03:25,200 --> 05:03:28,600
While commoners might sleep, on 
straw, filled, mattresses 

5352
05:03:28,600 --> 05:03:31,400
regularly refreshed with 
aromatic herbs, like lavender 

5353
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:35,600
and Mi natural sleep aids. 
The wealthy invested heavily and

5354
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,200
Sleep Quality. 
Featherbeds documented in the 

5355
05:03:38,208 --> 05:03:42,600
1380s household accounts of John
of gaunt could contain up to 60 

5356
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:45,700
pounds of down. 
These were topped with linen 

5357
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:48,700
sheets, Woolen blankets in 
Winter and lightweight 

5358
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:51,300
coverlets. 
In summer, seasonal, adaptations

5359
05:03:51,300 --> 05:03:53,500
showing a sophisticated 
understanding of sleep 

5360
05:03:53,500 --> 05:03:57,100
temperature regulation, The 
medieval bed itself evolved into

5361
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:58,800
an architectural feature in its 
own right. 

5362
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:02,700
Far from a simple platform. 
The bed became what historian 

5363
05:04:02,700 --> 05:04:05,800
Sasha Handley calls, a 
micro-environment for sleep. 

5364
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:09,500
High bedsteads kept sleepers. 
Above drafts, while bed, 

5365
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:12,200
curtains, created microclimates,
that preserved body heat. 

5366
05:04:12,900 --> 05:04:14,300
Particularly in Northern 
regions. 

5367
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:16,900
These enclosed bed spaces, 
maintained optimal, sleeping, 

5368
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:19,700
temperatures through bitter 
Winters without central heating.

5369
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:24,000
Perhaps most notably medieval 
people organized their sleep 

5370
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:28,400
around natural rhythms medical 
texts from Salerno's Fame. 

5371
05:04:28,400 --> 05:04:32,000
Medical school advice sleeping 
with the head slightly elevated 

5372
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:36,200
and on the right side initially 
for proper digestion, then 

5373
05:04:36,200 --> 05:04:39,300
turning to the left side in deep
Sleep advice, The Echoes modern 

5374
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:42,300
recommendations for optimizing 
Airway positioning during sleep,

5375
05:04:42,300 --> 05:04:45,500
despite the absence of memory 
foam or adjustable bases, 

5376
05:04:45,500 --> 05:04:48,200
medieval sleepers customized 
their experience through 

5377
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:51,800
ingenious means. 
Illuminated manuscripts show 

5378
05:04:51,800 --> 05:04:55,100
various pillow configurations 
from cylindrical, bolsters 

5379
05:04:55,100 --> 05:04:58,200
supporting the neck to smaller, 
cushions tucked under elbows or 

5380
05:04:58,200 --> 05:05:00,700
knees personalized Comfort 
adaptations. 

5381
05:05:00,700 --> 05:05:04,400
We've rediscovered through 
ergonomic design archaeological 

5382
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,700
findings from cesspits in London
and York have revealed remains 

5383
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:10,000
of medicinal herbs. 
Commonly used for Sleep, 

5384
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,300
including valerian root and 
passion flower showing 

5385
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:16,100
sophisticated pharmacological 
approaches to sleep management, 

5386
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:20,000
The physical arrangements for 
Sleep extended Beyond beds, 

5387
05:05:20,000 --> 05:05:22,800
manor houses. 
And even modest dwellings were 

5388
05:05:22,800 --> 05:05:25,500
designed with sleeping areas 
positioned to maximize more 

5389
05:05:25,500 --> 05:05:28,700
morning, light exposure, An 
architectural feature, the 

5390
05:05:28,700 --> 05:05:32,200
modern biologists recognized for
its importance of maintaining 

5391
05:05:32,200 --> 05:05:35,600
healthy circadian rhythms. 
East facing bed, Chambers 

5392
05:05:35,600 --> 05:05:38,100
allowed sleepers, to wake 
naturally with the sunrise 

5393
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:42,000
reinforcing their internal body 
clocks in ways that modern 

5394
05:05:42,000 --> 05:05:44,300
blackout curtains and alarm 
clocks disrupt. 

5395
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:47,300
What tree distinguished medieval
sleep. 

5396
05:05:47,300 --> 05:05:51,700
However, was it social nature? 
Unlike our privatized 

5397
05:05:51,700 --> 05:05:55,500
individualized approach to 
sleep, medieval Slumber was 

5398
05:05:55,500 --> 05:05:58,700
communal. 
This Behavior was not merely for

5399
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:01,000
practical reasons, like, shared 
warmth or protection. 

5400
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,400
Well, though, these benefits 
were real but reflected a 

5401
05:06:04,400 --> 05:06:07,000
fundamentally different 
conception of sleep as a 

5402
05:06:07,000 --> 05:06:09,000
vulnerable yet shared Human 
Experience. 

5403
05:06:09,900 --> 05:06:12,100
Even Kings were rarely alone 
while sleeping. 

5404
05:06:12,900 --> 05:06:15,700
Attended by trusted chamberlains
who slept at the foot of the 

5405
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,300
royal bed. 
Creating a sleep culture where 

5406
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:20,900
the boundaries between private 
and public were permeable. 

5407
05:06:20,900 --> 05:06:23,600
In ways, we might find 
uncomfortable, but that provided

5408
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:27,100
unique psychological benefits. 
People didn't expect to sleep 

5409
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:30,600
all night in medieval Europe. 
When darkness fell, The idea 

5410
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:34,300
that people should sleep 8 hours
is post-industrial Medieval 

5411
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,400
medical records, Diaries 
household histories and literary

5412
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:39,700
sources show a quite distinct 
pattern. 

5413
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:44,000
First, sleep and second sleep 
separated by a nighttime wakeful

5414
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:46,600
quiet. 
This bi phasic, sleep pattern 

5415
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:49,800
was common throughout social 
strata, after going to bed at 

5416
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:53,400
nightfall, medieval people had a
four-hour first sleep or dead 

5417
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:57,300
sleep after waking up naturally 
for one to two hours, they went 

5418
05:06:57,300 --> 05:06:59,000
back to Second sleep until 
Daybreak. 

5419
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:02,700
Medieval folks used this 
midnight Awakening as a natural 

5420
05:07:02,700 --> 05:07:05,100
window of Consciousness. 
Not sleeplessness. 

5421
05:07:06,000 --> 05:07:08,300
European Monastery. 
Church records provide some of 

5422
05:07:08,308 --> 05:07:09,900
the best evidence of this 
interval. 

5423
05:07:11,200 --> 05:07:13,600
The monastic rule of Saint 
Benedict, scheduled midnight 

5424
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:17,800
prayers during the wakeful our 
to accommodate this natural 

5425
05:07:17,800 --> 05:07:20,200
sleep divide. 
Instead of fighting their 

5426
05:07:20,200 --> 05:07:23,700
biology to stay awake for 
devotionals monks, synchronized 

5427
05:07:23,700 --> 05:07:27,400
their spiritual practices with 
human sleep architecture, The 

5428
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:29,900
significance of midnight 
Awakening goes beyond religion. 

5429
05:07:30,600 --> 05:07:34,100
Medical manuscripts from Salerno
and Montpellier Europe's top 

5430
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:36,400
medical schools. 
Show that doctors believed 

5431
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:38,200
midnight waking was crucial for 
health. 

5432
05:07:38,200 --> 05:07:40,800
The 13th century. 
Physician Elder, Brandon of 

5433
05:07:40,800 --> 05:07:44,600
Siena said that this wakeful 
period allowed the vapors of 

5434
05:07:44,600 --> 05:07:47,600
food to be properly, distributed
through the body, a 

5435
05:07:47,600 --> 05:07:50,400
pre-scientific knowledge of how 
sleep stages affect digestion 

5436
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:54,700
and metabolism. 
This nightly waking gave regular

5437
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:56,100
households, an unusual 
opportunity. 

5438
05:07:56,100 --> 05:08:00,100
It was common for homeowners to 
check on their property, Bank 

5439
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:02,700
Fires for the second sleep, and 
examine this security. 

5440
05:08:04,100 --> 05:08:07,300
The 14th century guide for 
Parish priests recommends middle

5441
05:08:07,300 --> 05:08:10,200
night, marital intercourse 
because the body is rested. 

5442
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,200
But the Mind. 
Clear, The recommendation of 

5443
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:16,000
implies, a profound awareness of
how restful sleep influences, 

5444
05:08:16,000 --> 05:08:17,800
mood and physical, rest 
activity. 

5445
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:21,600
Interestingly, this wakeful 
interlude produced various types

5446
05:08:21,600 --> 05:08:24,400
of Consciousness that current 
Neuroscience has only recently 

5447
05:08:24,400 --> 05:08:28,500
learned to detect, Neurologists 
call the state between first and

5448
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:31,800
second sleep. 
Hit no pumping Consciousness, 

5449
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:36,200
which boosts creativity imagery 
and emotional processing. 

5450
05:08:37,100 --> 05:08:39,700
Medieval folks innately 
understood and practiced this 

5451
05:08:39,700 --> 05:08:42,900
distinct mental condition court 
records and Diaries. 

5452
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:46,600
Show how midnight wakers 
considered legal issues, a 15th 

5453
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:48,300
century. 
Ghent judge said, he made his 

5454
05:08:48,300 --> 05:08:51,000
toughest decisions after 
Consulting his thoughts in the 

5455
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:55,000
watch between sleeps, believing 
it provided deeper, moral 

5456
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:56,700
Insight than daylight 
deliberation. 

5457
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:01,300
Craftspeople conceived new 
designs, Farmers plans, seasonal

5458
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:04,800
rotations and Merchants planned 
business initiatives during this

5459
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:08,400
contemplative period. 
Wakefulness had emotional and 

5460
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:11,100
social benefits. 
Larger medieval households 

5461
05:09:11,100 --> 05:09:14,500
described Knight talking, 
intimate chats during midnight 

5462
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:17,100
waking. 
These nighttime conversations 

5463
05:09:17,100 --> 05:09:19,200
allowed for exceptional, 
emotional honesty. 

5464
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:23,700
Unlike daytime contact confined 
by societal hierarchy and Public

5465
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:27,000
Presentation. 
A 14th century English Noble. 

5466
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:28,800
Woman's diary says she learned 
her husband. 

5467
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:32,700
In the most worried, his only in
the watch between sleeps when 

5468
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:36,400
Souls speak more. 
Truly, This split pattern 

5469
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,800
boosted creativity Chaucer 
writes poetry during his 

5470
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:43,100
watching times and illuminated 
manuscripts often State. 

5471
05:09:43,100 --> 05:09:46,700
They were written in the 
midnight thinking time, Medieval

5472
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,700
dream interpretation guide to 
distinguished between dreams 

5473
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:52,600
during first, sleep processing, 
daily events. 

5474
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:56,200
And those during Second sleep 
prophetic or Insight bearing due

5475
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:58,100
to the quality of thoughts 
during this period. 

5476
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:02,600
Archeology confirms, this 
practice is prevalence medieval 

5477
05:10:02,600 --> 05:10:05,000
home excavations. 
Sometimes reveal little oil 

5478
05:10:05,000 --> 05:10:08,700
lamps for nighttime activities 
in household inventories across 

5479
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:12,800
social classes night tables, 
with writing tools, miniature 

5480
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:16,500
prayer, books and meditation 
tools are common When modern 

5481
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:18,900
researchers removed artificial 
light from test. 

5482
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:21,600
Subjects settings for several 
weeks, they automatically 

5483
05:10:21,600 --> 05:10:25,500
reverted to bi phasic sleep. 
Strong proof that segmented. 

5484
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:29,000
Sleep is our biological Rhythm, 
medieval people honored this 

5485
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:31,200
cycle rather than pushing 
continuous sleep. 

5486
05:10:31,200 --> 05:10:35,100
Aligning with their evolved. 
Sleep architecture, in ways, 

5487
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:37,900
modern civilization, rarely 
allows cycle. 

5488
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:40,300
Benefits, make segmented, sleep 
valuable. 

5489
05:10:41,800 --> 05:10:44,200
The midnight wake up allowed 
memory, consolidation and 

5490
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:47,500
emotional processing. 
Modern sleep science shows that 

5491
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:49,200
disrupted. 
Sleep can improve memory 

5492
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:52,800
formation. 
A 15th century French physician 

5493
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:55,700
advised pupils to re-read, 
difficult material before bed 

5494
05:10:55,700 --> 05:10:59,400
and allow the mind to work upon 
it in the midnight watching. 

5495
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:03,000
Medieval folks knew the value of
this processing time. 

5496
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:06,400
Medieval sleep, environments 
were more complex and deliberate

5497
05:11:06,400 --> 05:11:09,700
than popular belief. 
Medieval sleeping Arrangements 

5498
05:11:09,700 --> 05:11:12,500
were frequently utilitarian 
Marvels that represented 

5499
05:11:12,500 --> 05:11:15,200
considerable household 
Investments and years of comfort

5500
05:11:15,200 --> 05:11:18,200
technology. 
Unlike the crewed and pleasant 

5501
05:11:18,200 --> 05:11:22,300
platforms depicted in modern 
media, archeology from intact 

5502
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:25,100
medieval households shows that 
Sleep Quality was important. 

5503
05:11:26,100 --> 05:11:28,800
Excavated 13th century, Merchant
homes in London. 

5504
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:32,400
Showed specialized floor designs
with insulating materials packed

5505
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:36,300
beneath sleeping areas, 
including wool, straw, and even 

5506
05:11:36,300 --> 05:11:39,400
feathers in wealthier homes to 
block the cold from stone or 

5507
05:11:39,400 --> 05:11:42,300
packed Earth floors. 
This intelligent underfloor 

5508
05:11:42,300 --> 05:11:44,500
insulation shows, heat 
transmission Concepts that 

5509
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:47,900
affect Sleep Quality. 
Medieval sleep revolved around 

5510
05:11:47,900 --> 05:11:51,900
the bed which evolved quickly 
bed technology improved by the 

5511
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,400
13th century from simple raised 
platforms. 

5512
05:11:55,300 --> 05:11:57,400
State inventories from around 
Europe, reveal more 

5513
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:00,700
sophisticated bed, designs with 
specialized comfort components, 

5514
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:04,600
the beds hardwood frame. 
The bed stock has mortise and 

5515
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:07,800
Tenon joints allowing minor 
flexibility without squeaking. 

5516
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:11,600
which 14th century Florence 
Carpenter Guild laws, required 

5517
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:16,200
for undisturbed rest, Medieval 
mattress, technology improved 

5518
05:12:16,200 --> 05:12:20,100
constantly present homes, still 
used strawfield beds although 

5519
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:23,400
they were more advanced. 
Traditional European farming 

5520
05:12:23,400 --> 05:12:27,200
groups using medieval methods. 
Use straw beds, not loose straw 

5521
05:12:27,200 --> 05:12:29,800
piled into sacs specially 
selected. 

5522
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:33,800
Straw oat straw was recommended 
for its softness, completely 

5523
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:37,700
dried to prevent mold and broken
to provide a springy texture was

5524
05:12:37,700 --> 05:12:40,400
used most homes emptied and 
refilled these beds. 

5525
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:44,600
Seasonally for the wealthy 
mattress technology evolved by 

5526
05:12:44,600 --> 05:12:47,900
the 14th century merchants and 
artists used wool filled 

5527
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:50,900
mattresses while featherbeds 
with a height of medieval sleep 

5528
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:53,100
luxury. 
These were constructed sleep. 

5529
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:57,200
Surfaces not feather sacks Guild
regulations from 14th Century 

5530
05:12:57,200 --> 05:12:59,100
Paris. 
Required featherbeds to be built

5531
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:01,700
with particular weights of 
different feather, varieties 

5532
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:03,200
piled for compression and 
rebound. 

5533
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:07,200
The most Sumptuous examples had 
goose down on top and stiffer 

5534
05:13:07,200 --> 05:13:08,600
feathers. 
Underneath for stability, 

5535
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,100
similar to Modern high-end 
mattresses. 

5536
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:14,400
Medieval pillows, are often 
forgotten sleep Technologies, 

5537
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:18,300
modern pillows are uniform, 
whereas medieval pillows were 

5538
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:21,300
individualized. 
Archaeological evidence and 

5539
05:13:21,300 --> 05:13:25,100
household inventory is show, at 
least four pillow types, neck, 

5540
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:28,900
bolsters for spinal alignment. 
Software head pillows for 

5541
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:32,300
Comfort wedge pillows, for 
medical conditions, particularly

5542
05:13:32,300 --> 05:13:35,600
respiratory issues and smaller 
support pillows for positioning.

5543
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:39,600
Salerno medical writings, advise
lifting, the head for digestion,

5544
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:42,000
disorders and supporting the 
legs for back pain. 

5545
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:45,600
Bed, sheets were also designed 
for Sleep Comfort, linen. 

5546
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:47,700
Sheets were valued for their 
breathability and moisture 

5547
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:51,100
wicking capacity. 
Even small houses, had many sets

5548
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:55,000
of Linens and regular laundry 
records, in Winter, Woolen 

5549
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,200
blankets provided insulation. 
While silk or light will cover. 

5550
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:00,800
It gave some a warmth seasonal 
bedding. 

5551
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:03,300
Rotation shows a profound 
awareness of how ambient 

5552
05:14:03,300 --> 05:14:04,900
temperature influences Sleep 
Quality. 

5553
05:14:05,800 --> 05:14:08,800
Equally inventive was sleeping 
room, climate control bed, 

5554
05:14:08,800 --> 05:14:12,200
curtains were attractive and 
microclimatic fully enclosed 

5555
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:13,800
bed. 
Curtains, conserved body heat in

5556
05:14:13,800 --> 05:14:16,400
Winter. 
Large Medieval houses recorded 

5557
05:14:16,400 --> 05:14:19,200
various curtain weights for 
different seasons with some 

5558
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:21,500
curtains blocking insects 
allowing airflow. 

5559
05:14:21,500 --> 05:14:25,400
This seasonal sleep environment.
Adaptation shows a comprehensive

5560
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:28,400
awareness of how ambient 
variables affect rest quality. 

5561
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,500
Medieval dwelling. 
Also showed excellent sleep 

5562
05:14:31,500 --> 05:14:34,500
management, sound dampening 
interior shutters, were common 

5563
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:38,300
in Metropolitan bedrooms in 
intact York and Brugge homes. 

5564
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,900
Archaeologists found in Russia 
Maps, put on walls near public 

5565
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:43,600
streets. 
As early sound insulation, 

5566
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:47,600
Medieval folks, recognize noise 
pollution as a sleep disruptor 

5567
05:14:47,600 --> 05:14:49,800
and addressed it with 
intentional design. 

5568
05:14:50,500 --> 05:14:54,000
Medieval sleep was influenced by
aromatherapy domestic and 

5569
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:56,900
archaeological records show 
aromatic herbs embedding. 

5570
05:14:56,900 --> 05:15:00,500
These were lavender and 
chamomile for relaxation, mint 

5571
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:03,400
and rosemary for insect 
repellent, and dried rose petals

5572
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:07,100
for fragrance. 
For decades home, manuals have 

5573
05:15:07,100 --> 05:15:09,700
recommended inserting little 
herb, filled sachets into 

5574
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:13,200
pillowcases to improve sleep. 
Researchers even reviewed 

5575
05:15:13,200 --> 05:15:17,000
illumination for its impact on 
Sleep Quality medieval dwellings

5576
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:19,900
used candles or Rush lights in 
bedrooms for specific purposes. 

5577
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:23,800
When affordable ease wax candles
were recommended near beds 

5578
05:15:23,800 --> 05:15:27,500
because they smoke less than 
talo rush-lights manufactured by

5579
05:15:27,500 --> 05:15:31,500
immersing river rushes and fat 
burned longer and dimmed to help

5580
05:15:31,500 --> 05:15:34,500
people fall asleep. 
These thoughtful evening like 

5581
05:15:34,500 --> 05:15:37,300
selections, follow recent advice
to avoid bright light before 

5582
05:15:37,300 --> 05:15:39,800
bed. 
Medieval sleep environments were

5583
05:15:39,800 --> 05:15:42,300
sophisticated enough to regulate
nighttime temperatures. 

5584
05:15:43,100 --> 05:15:45,400
Bed warming Technologies 
improved in northern Europe 

5585
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:48,800
early, medieval hot stones of 
evolved into warming pans 

5586
05:15:48,800 --> 05:15:51,500
equipped with a justable, 
handles and ventilated Lids 

5587
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:54,500
which diffused heat evenly 
without causing Burns. 

5588
05:15:55,300 --> 05:15:58,000
These gadgets were used in 
houses of all social strata 

5589
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:01,500
demonstrating, the importance of
Ideal sleeping temperatures 

5590
05:16:01,500 --> 05:16:05,000
medieval Europe's, or a number 
of systemic sleep, hygiene 

5591
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:07,200
activities. 
When the sun set these were 

5592
05:16:07,200 --> 05:16:09,900
centuries, old practices that 
prepared body and mind for 

5593
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:13,700
opposed the intricacy of these 
Priestly practices undermines. 

5594
05:16:13,700 --> 05:16:17,900
The idea that scientific sleep 
optimization is new The 

5595
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,800
transition to night began with 
day, shutting rituals that 

5596
05:16:20,800 --> 05:16:24,300
separated waking and sleeping 
closing shutters, or drawing 

5597
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:26,000
curtains were symbolic 
thresholds. 

5598
05:16:26,000 --> 05:16:29,900
Even humble 14th century. 
French households had practices 

5599
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:33,500
for closing the day, typically 
with brief spoken phrases or 

5600
05:16:33,500 --> 05:16:36,600
prayers to signal that labor was
over and rest could begin. 

5601
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:40,800
Medieval Europeans, intuitively 
knew the necessity of light 

5602
05:16:40,800 --> 05:16:43,300
reduction before sleep. 
According to archeology. 

5603
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:47,300
Medieval dwelling excavations 
reveal, clever shutter, designs 

5604
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:50,400
that blocked, light more, 
completely Rich, urban homes had

5605
05:16:50,400 --> 05:16:53,800
exterior shutters for security 
and inside fabric hangings. 

5606
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:57,200
To exclude remaining light by 
the 15th century. 

5607
05:16:57,200 --> 05:17:00,200
These dark generation 
Investments showed how much 

5608
05:17:00,200 --> 05:17:04,200
Society valued sleep, Stage 
light reduction was notable in 

5609
05:17:04,200 --> 05:17:06,700
medieval times as Darkness 
approached. 

5610
05:17:06,700 --> 05:17:10,400
Home switched from brilliant 
Central fireplaces to dim lights

5611
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:14,400
church and monastic records show
that different candle types were

5612
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:17,500
used for different evening. 
Activities, leading to rush dips

5613
05:17:17,500 --> 05:17:20,200
at bed time. 
A modern abrupt shifts from 

5614
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,800
brightness to Darkness, in peed 
melatonin production, but this 

5615
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,000
Progressive dimming naturally, 
signaled sleep. 

5616
05:17:26,800 --> 05:17:29,700
Evening meals were part of sleep
preparation, despite 

5617
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:32,600
expectations about primitive 
medieval diets household, 

5618
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:35,200
records and medical writing, 
show sophisticated sleep, 

5619
05:17:35,200 --> 05:17:38,500
nutrition evening meals were 
eaten at least two hours before 

5620
05:17:38,500 --> 05:17:40,200
bed to allow for partial 
digestion. 

5621
05:17:40,900 --> 05:17:44,500
In the evening Salerno medical 
books, advise lighter diets like

5622
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:48,500
lettuce, almonds and warm Dairy,
liquids mixed with mildly 

5623
05:17:48,500 --> 05:17:50,500
sedative spices to promote 
sleep. 

5624
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:53,800
Physical sleep preparation was 
also deliberate. 

5625
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:58,000
Cleaning before bed, highlighted
psychological shifts, as well as

5626
05:17:58,000 --> 05:18:00,700
cleanliness. 
Even in simple families, without

5627
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:04,400
bathing facilities. 
People wash their hands face and

5628
05:18:04,400 --> 05:18:06,500
feet before bed after its 
relaxing benefits. 

5629
05:18:06,500 --> 05:18:08,600
According to housekeeping, 
manuals. 

5630
05:18:09,600 --> 05:18:12,200
Some 15th century Manor, 
buildings had evening bathing 

5631
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:13,700
Chambers. 
Next to bedrooms for more 

5632
05:18:13,700 --> 05:18:17,600
extensive priest sleeping 
procedures medieval sleep habits

5633
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:20,900
for stress reduction and brain 
clearing were unique monastic 

5634
05:18:20,900 --> 05:18:24,400
and household texts suggested 
evening reflection and concerned

5635
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:28,600
that mirrors modern mindfulness.
14th century, Merchant advice, 

5636
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:31,500
advocated examining the days, 
transactions and resolving 

5637
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:34,700
mental issues before bed. 
Since unresolved matters will 

5638
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:38,200
otherwise disturb rest. 
The early observation that 

5639
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:40,600
cognitive stimulation. 
Reduces Sleep Quality as 

5640
05:18:40,600 --> 05:18:42,300
extraordinary psychological 
insight. 

5641
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,000
Bedtime prayer, sequences were 
both spiritual practice and 

5642
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:47,800
sleep. 
Induction, these were 

5643
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:50,800
systematic, mental activities. 
That diverted attention from 

5644
05:18:50,800 --> 05:18:53,400
daily worries. 
Not just religious observances 

5645
05:18:53,400 --> 05:18:56,700
popular nighttime prayers. 
Alternated between simple. 

5646
05:18:56,700 --> 05:19:00,500
Repetitive elements, relaxing 
and brief narrative segments, 

5647
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:03,900
focusing the attention this 
Advanced structure naturally 

5648
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:05,600
induced tiredness from active 
thought. 

5649
05:19:05,600 --> 05:19:09,900
Even bed making was ritualized 
according to household sources. 

5650
05:19:10,600 --> 05:19:13,200
Medieval folks, will classes 
made beds each night? 

5651
05:19:14,000 --> 05:19:16,800
It was common to shake and turn 
mattresses to rejuvenate their 

5652
05:19:16,800 --> 05:19:21,300
Loft arrange bedding for best 
warmth distribution and sweep 

5653
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:24,000
the area around the bed to 
remove dirt and symbolically 

5654
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:27,400
clear the space for rest. 
So in social interactions were 

5655
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:30,700
manipulated to Aid sleep. 
Transitions manorial records. 

5656
05:19:30,700 --> 05:19:32,400
Required quiet time in the 
evening. 

5657
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:35,800
Sleep preparation began with 
specific phrases or little 

5658
05:19:35,800 --> 05:19:38,400
customs. 
And some households for quieter 

5659
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:42,000
more introspective conversation,
a 15th century housekeeping 

5660
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:45,100
manual, encouraged the head of 
the home to say, the day is now,

5661
05:19:45,100 --> 05:19:49,200
put away most notably medieval 
sleep rituals addressed sleep 

5662
05:19:49,200 --> 05:19:52,600
onset insomnia. 
Medical manuscripts, provided 

5663
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:55,700
Advanced, sleep treatments, they
comprise mental tracing of 

5664
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:59,100
patterns, rhythmic breathing and
progressive muscle relaxation, 

5665
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:01,900
expressed in language, that 
resembles modern approaches. 

5666
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:05,400
A 14th century. 
Montpellier Medical Treatments 

5667
05:20:05,400 --> 05:20:08,600
discusses body. 
Scan meditation similar to that 

5668
05:20:08,608 --> 05:20:11,900
taught in Sleek Linux. 
Medieval sleep, literature 

5669
05:20:11,900 --> 05:20:15,500
emphasized posture medical 
texts, outlined ideal sleep. 

5670
05:20:15,500 --> 05:20:17,800
Postures for different body 
types and health issues. 

5671
05:20:17,800 --> 05:20:20,800
Modern, understanding of how 
body position influences, 

5672
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:24,100
digestive processes during sleep
suggest commencing sleep on the 

5673
05:20:24,108 --> 05:20:27,500
right side to help digestion 
before turning to the left. 

5674
05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:31,300
This was not common wisdom, but 
scientific observation of Sleep 

5675
05:20:31,300 --> 05:20:34,800
Quality, auditory practices 
helped wakefulness transition, 

5676
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:37,900
nightwatch calls the hours in 
villages and cities. 

5677
05:20:37,900 --> 05:20:42,000
Providing temporal grounding 
these repetitive sound patterns,

5678
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:44,700
may have helped maintain sleep 
rather than disrupt it. 

5679
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,200
People say the familiar calls 
comforted and oriented them 

5680
05:20:48,200 --> 05:20:51,200
during brief overnight 
Awakenings without disturbing 

5681
05:20:51,200 --> 05:20:53,900
sleep architecture. 
The social structure of sleep, 

5682
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:56,400
may be the biggest distinction 
between medieval and modern 

5683
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:58,100
sleep. 
Medieval. 

5684
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:00,900
Sleep was a shared vulnerable 
state in trenched in 

5685
05:21:00,908 --> 05:21:04,100
well-arranged Social Ties That 
offered distinct cycle benefits,

5686
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:06,600
not found in modern isolated 
sleep. 

5687
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:11,000
European household, archeology 
shows, sleeps Arrangements, that

5688
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:14,400
challenge privacy, Notions from 
Humble farmhouses to Royal 

5689
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:17,100
palaces made evil sleeping 
places were shared. 

5690
05:21:17,100 --> 05:21:19,800
This sharing wasn't just for 
economic reasons. 

5691
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:23,400
It represented attitudes about 
sleep, vulnerability and 

5692
05:21:23,400 --> 05:21:27,100
communal protection. 
It started in childhood medieval

5693
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:30,400
children, slept with family, 
unlike modern westerners 

5694
05:21:30,400 --> 05:21:34,300
household, inventories on our 
actual evidence, demonstrate 

5695
05:21:34,300 --> 05:21:37,100
that wealthy people rarely had 
separate Nursery until the late 

5696
05:21:37,100 --> 05:21:40,200
medieval period. 
Young children, usually slept on

5697
05:21:40,200 --> 05:21:43,600
communal beds near parents or 
caregivers this Arrangement 

5698
05:21:43,600 --> 05:21:46,800
provided physical warmth, and 
safety, as well, as auditory and

5699
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:49,100
olfactory cues from trusted 
people to promote sleep. 

5700
05:21:49,900 --> 05:21:53,300
Children continue to sleep 
together as they grew household 

5701
05:21:53,300 --> 05:21:56,500
and Guild records show service, 
children apprentices and 

5702
05:21:56,500 --> 05:21:59,800
biological children. 
Sleeping together by age young 

5703
05:21:59,800 --> 05:22:03,900
people slept two or three to a 
bed clustered by gender and age,

5704
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:07,900
establishing sleep communities 
groups, that share, sleep, 

5705
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:09,700
vulnerability, and build sleep 
standards. 

5706
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:13,500
The cycle benefits of these 
Arrangements were significant. 

5707
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:16,100
Medieval medical literature is 
youngsters. 

5708
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,500
Who sleep together have fewer 
night, terrors and sleep 

5709
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:22,900
disturbance. 
Medieval folks, intuitively knew

5710
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:25,800
that trusted persons, sensory 
awareness triggers 

5711
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:29,100
parasympathetic nerve system 
reactions, that deep and sleep. 

5712
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:33,700
Modern sleep science has just 
lately recognized this adult 

5713
05:22:33,700 --> 05:22:37,800
slept together Beyond family. 
Medieval residents is had a 

5714
05:22:37,800 --> 05:22:41,200
central Hall where servant's 
prentice's an extended family 

5715
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:43,800
sled. 
This set up gave cycleogical 

5716
05:22:43,800 --> 05:22:45,800
security, rather than disrupting
sleep. 

5717
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:49,100
Household accounts provide 
methods for grouping sleepers, 

5718
05:22:49,100 --> 05:22:52,300
to accommodate individual needs 
and relationships, even the rich

5719
05:22:52,300 --> 05:22:54,800
who could afford separate 
sleeping Chambers by the later. 

5720
05:22:54,800 --> 05:22:57,000
Medieval period rarely slept 
alone. 

5721
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,200
Noble household chamber 
accounts, show that servants. 

5722
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:02,500
Lay on pallets at the foot of 
the bed, with their masters, 

5723
05:23:02,500 --> 05:23:05,800
medieval nobility, preferred 
reliable companions during 

5724
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:07,900
vulnerable sleep phases over 
loneliness. 

5725
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:11,700
This communal sleep design had 
several psychological benefits. 

5726
05:23:11,700 --> 05:23:15,200
That modern Sleep Experts are 
now recognizing Shared sleep 

5727
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:19,200
rooms corrected, sleep patterns 
reducing anxiety, over perceived

5728
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:22,200
sleep anomalies. 
When brief nightly Awakenings 

5729
05:23:22,200 --> 05:23:25,000
occurred, the noises and 
presence of other sleepers. 

5730
05:23:25,000 --> 05:23:28,600
Reassured and reduced anxiety. 
Induced sleeplessness, medieval 

5731
05:23:28,600 --> 05:23:31,100
travel Tales show, how rooted 
these communal sleep. 

5732
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:34,900
Obligations were 15th century, 
Merchant called private sleeping

5733
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:38,600
unnatural, and disquieting to 
the mind, in regulations across 

5734
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:40,600
Europe. 
Required tourists to share their

5735
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:43,300
beds with strangers of the same 
gender until the early. 

5736
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:46,300
Modern period demonstrating, how
common shared sleep 

5737
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:49,500
vulnerability was deemed the 
intimacy of communal sleep 

5738
05:23:49,500 --> 05:23:52,300
areas. 
Encouraged unusual, social bonds

5739
05:23:52,300 --> 05:23:55,700
medieval stories emphasized. 
Priestly discussion for 

5740
05:23:55,700 --> 05:23:57,700
resolving conflicts in improving
relationships. 

5741
05:23:58,500 --> 05:24:00,700
Before bed, a 14th century 
family. 

5742
05:24:00,700 --> 05:24:04,200
Manual encourages settling 
disputes because Harmony before 

5743
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:08,000
rest brings better health to all
this incorporation of dispute, 

5744
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:10,800
resolution into sleep habits 
provided regular relationship 

5745
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:13,900
healing. 
That Standalone sleeps 

5746
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:14,900
Arrangements. 
Rarely do. 

5747
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:20,000
Medieval sleeps communality 
improved safety before modern 

5748
05:24:20,000 --> 05:24:22,800
locks and security measures, 
numerous sleepers, were 

5749
05:24:22,800 --> 05:24:25,800
protected by Collective 
vigilance medieval households, 

5750
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:28,900
generally placed young girl, 
lighter sleepers, usually 

5751
05:24:28,900 --> 05:24:32,600
apprentices, or younger servants
near doorways, establishing a 

5752
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,600
natural surveillance system. 
Household accounts recommend 

5753
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:37,600
having different grades of 
sleepers with different 

5754
05:24:37,600 --> 05:24:41,200
Awakening thresholds across the 
sleeping area social leveling 

5755
05:24:41,200 --> 05:24:43,500
was achieved through sleep 
vulnerability. 

5756
05:24:44,200 --> 05:24:46,900
Daytime activities were 
hierarchical but sleep 

5757
05:24:46,900 --> 05:24:50,000
momentarily, lowered. 
Status snoring, shifting 

5758
05:24:50,000 --> 05:24:53,100
postures, and the universal 
weakness of unconsciousness made

5759
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:55,500
even high status. 
People seem more real to their 

5760
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:58,100
subordinates according to 
historical reports. 

5761
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:01,400
These periodic reminders of 
shared Humanity, softened, 

5762
05:25:01,400 --> 05:25:04,900
medieval social hierarchies, the
communal sleep environment. 

5763
05:25:04,900 --> 05:25:07,700
Helped vulnerable populations 
more than our private sleep 

5764
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:10,300
Arrangements. 
Shared sleeping, Arrangements, 

5765
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:13,800
helped, new mothers, care for 
their babies at night, village, 

5766
05:25:13,800 --> 05:25:16,200
records, and household, 
narratives show, that nursing 

5767
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:18,100
mothers were slapped near other 
women. 

5768
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:19,800
Who could he still with the 
evening? 

5769
05:25:19,800 --> 05:25:24,300
Feedings and child calming in 
being separated older. 

5770
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:27,300
People were included in home 
sleeping Arrangements allowing 

5771
05:25:27,300 --> 05:25:29,600
the collective to adapt their 
natural sleep habits. 

5772
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:33,300
Community sleep normalized 
nightly distress, which was 

5773
05:25:33,300 --> 05:25:35,100
important for psychological 
Wellness. 

5774
05:25:35,800 --> 05:25:39,500
Nightmares and anxiousness were 
immediately relieved medical 

5775
05:25:39,500 --> 05:25:42,500
writings from the time 
prescribed, a trusted sleeping 

5776
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,800
companion's voice to comfort. 
People Awakening from terrible 

5777
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:49,300
dreams, which is easier and 
shared sleep places than in our 

5778
05:25:49,300 --> 05:25:52,300
secluded bedrooms. 
Sleep historians now, recognized

5779
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:55,800
the shift from communal to 
privatize sleeping, which began 

5780
05:25:55,800 --> 05:25:58,500
among the wealthy in the late 
medieval period, but didn't 

5781
05:25:58,500 --> 05:26:00,400
reach most communities until 
much later. 

5782
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:03,600
This shift had mixed effects on 
human psychology. 

5783
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:07,300
While privatizing sleeping 
increased individual control. 

5784
05:26:07,300 --> 05:26:10,900
It eliminated, many of the 
security and social benefits of 

5785
05:26:10,900 --> 05:26:14,000
communal sleep. 
Medieval understanding of dreams

5786
05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:17,200
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting. 

5787
05:26:17,200 --> 05:26:20,100
Modern findings concerning 
dreams, affects on emotion, 

5788
05:26:20,100 --> 05:26:26,000
creativity and problem solving. 
Medieval civilization developed 

5789
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:28,900
intricate Frameworks for 
identifying dream varieties, and

5790
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:32,100
promoting positive dream 
experiences, medieval dream 

5791
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:35,100
theory classified Dreams by 
psychological cause and meaning 

5792
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:38,600
medical books from Salerno and 
Montpellier distinguished 

5793
05:26:38,600 --> 05:26:42,000
digestive dreams, those 
influenced by nutrition and 

5794
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:45,800
physical conditions from Spirit 
dreams, those originating from 

5795
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:49,800
deeper psychic processes, this 
distinction acknowledges dreams 

5796
05:26:49,800 --> 05:26:52,900
psychological purposes and 
modern awareness of how physical

5797
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:57,100
variables affect dream content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

5798
05:26:57,100 --> 05:27:00,300
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated the 

5799
05:27:00,300 --> 05:27:03,200
13th century. 
Encyclopedia's Bartholomew is 

5800
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:05,700
anglicus. 
Observed that the Mind sought 

5801
05:27:05,700 --> 05:27:09,600
through the days of events while
the body rests for shadowing, 

5802
05:27:09,600 --> 05:27:13,500
REM sleep memory, consolidation 
research, Household 

5803
05:27:13,500 --> 05:27:15,800
instructions, advise quickly 
revisiting important. 

5804
05:27:15,800 --> 05:27:19,100
Daily of events before bed to 
Aid this processing function. 

5805
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:21,900
Which sleep researchers now 
know, improves memory 

5806
05:27:21,900 --> 05:27:24,700
integration. 
Medieval dream notebooks show 

5807
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:26,800
that people actively engaged 
with their dreams. 

5808
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:30,600
Several preserved monastic and 
Noble household, dream, Diaries 

5809
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,500
document dream content with 
attention to repeating themes 

5810
05:27:33,500 --> 05:27:37,100
and emotional patterns. 
A 14th century, Florentine 

5811
05:27:37,100 --> 05:27:39,000
Merchant. 
Kept a thorough book about how 

5812
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,400
he tracked, dreams symbols 
linking them to his waking 

5813
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:44,800
concerns, and using dreams, to 
make commercial decisions. 

5814
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:48,400
Medieval dream practice, used 
complex, dream, incubation 

5815
05:27:48,400 --> 05:27:51,300
techniques, to actively 
influence, dream material, to 

5816
05:27:51,300 --> 05:27:54,900
answer specific inquiries or 
difficulties the monastic. 

5817
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:57,900
Records describe focusing on 
certain questions before sleep 

5818
05:27:57,900 --> 05:28:00,600
and utilizing visualization to 
bring them into dream 

5819
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:03,300
consciousness. 
This goal was practical 

5820
05:28:03,300 --> 05:28:06,100
cognitive training. 
Not just spiritual multiple 

5821
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:08,200
crafts. 
Guild records mentioned Masters 

5822
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:11,100
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing. 

5823
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:14,400
Archeology supports, medieval 
dream practice. 

5824
05:28:15,300 --> 05:28:18,100
Excavations found dream related 
objects near beds. 

5825
05:28:18,100 --> 05:28:22,400
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

5826
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,100
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

5827
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:28,100
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

5828
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,500
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

5829
05:28:31,500 --> 05:28:33,100
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

5830
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,200
medieval dream guides advised 
dealing with nightmares rather 

5831
05:28:36,200 --> 05:28:39,600
than suppressing them. 
One, 14th century, physician 

5832
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:43,500
guide Advocates, helping 
patients achieve dream, reentry 

5833
05:28:43,500 --> 05:28:47,400
returning to terrifying dreams 
while waking in imagining 

5834
05:28:47,400 --> 05:28:50,000
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

5835
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:52,900
nightmare disorder, treatments, 
that rewrite distressing content

5836
05:28:52,900 --> 05:28:56,800
medieval understanding of dreams
and nighttime Consciousness was 

5837
05:28:56,800 --> 05:29:00,000
highly developed predicting, 
modern findings concerning 

5838
05:29:00,000 --> 05:29:04,200
dreams effects on emotion, 
creativity and problem-solving. 

5839
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:11,000
Frameworks for identifying dream
varieties and promoting positive

5840
05:29:11,000 --> 05:29:14,800
dream experiences, medieval 
dream theory classified Dreams 

5841
05:29:14,800 --> 05:29:17,900
by psychological cause and 
meaning medical books from 

5842
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,200
Salerno and Montpellier 
distinguished digestive dreams, 

5843
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:24,400
those influenced by nutrition 
and physical conditions from 

5844
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:27,600
Spirit dreams. 
Those originating from deeper 

5845
05:29:27,600 --> 05:29:30,500
processes. 
This distinction, acknowledges 

5846
05:29:30,500 --> 05:29:33,800
dreams psychological purposes, 
and modern awareness of how 

5847
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:35,900
physical variables affect dream 
content. 

5848
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:39,800
Medieval understanding of how 
sleep absorbed every day of 

5849
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:43,300
events was sophisticated the 
13th century encyclopedist, 

5850
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:48,200
Bartholomew sang the Mind sought
through the days of events. 

5851
05:29:48,200 --> 05:29:51,900
While the body rests for 
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 

5852
05:29:51,900 --> 05:29:55,900
consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

5853
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:58,800
quickly revisiting important 
daily events before bed to Aid 

5854
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,000
this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

5855
05:30:02,000 --> 05:30:03,800
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

5856
05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:07,500
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

5857
05:30:07,500 --> 05:30:10,700
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

5858
05:30:10,700 --> 05:30:13,400
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

5859
05:30:13,400 --> 05:30:16,000
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 

5860
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:18,800
A 14th century, Florentine 
Merchant. 

5861
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:21,800
Kept a thorough book about how 
he tracked, dreams symbols 

5862
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:25,000
linking them, to his waking 
concerns, and using dreams to 

5863
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:28,400
make commercial decisions. 
Medieval dream practice used 

5864
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,300
complex, dream, incubation 
techniques, to actively 

5865
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:34,200
influence, dream material, to 
answer specific inquiries, or 

5866
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:37,700
difficulties the monastic. 
Records describe focusing on 

5867
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:41,300
certain questions before sleep 
and utilizing visualization to 

5868
05:30:41,300 --> 05:30:42,500
bring them into dream 
Consciousness. 

5869
05:30:42,500 --> 05:30:45,800
This goal was practical 
cognitive training, not just 

5870
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,400
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild
records mentioned Master's 

5871
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:52,400
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing, 

5872
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:55,800
Archeology supports, medieval 
dream practice. 

5873
05:30:56,600 --> 05:30:59,500
Excavations found dream related 
objects near beds. 

5874
05:30:59,500 --> 05:31:03,700
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

5875
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:06,500
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

5876
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:09,400
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

5877
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:12,800
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

5878
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:14,400
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

5879
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:17,500
medieval dream guys, advised 
dealing with nightmares rather 

5880
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:21,300
than suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

5881
05:31:21,300 --> 05:31:26,000
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

5882
05:31:26,000 --> 05:31:29,300
to terrifying dreams, while 
waking an imagining altering 

5883
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:31,400
them. 
This method is similar to 

5884
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:33,400
nightmare disorder. 
Treatments that rewrite 

5885
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:36,500
distressing content due to 
historical changes in sleep, 

5886
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:40,400
interactions medieval Europeans 
excellent, Sleep, Quality slowly

5887
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:43,300
declined. 
Understanding this decline helps

5888
05:31:43,300 --> 05:31:45,200
us Supply medieval sleep advice 
today. 

5889
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,000
Late medieval European towns 
installed. 

5890
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:52,300
Public mechanical, clocks, 
changing sleep patterns, early 

5891
05:31:52,300 --> 05:31:55,200
watches didn't affect sleep but 
they did change the attention 

5892
05:31:55,200 --> 05:31:59,200
from environmental cues to time 
Town records from the 15th 

5893
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:01,200
century show. 
The gradual adoption of clock 

5894
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:04,100
time in stead of sunrise and 
sunset as daily reference 

5895
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:06,600
points. 
The first step toward divorce in

5896
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:08,500
human time. 
Tables from natural light 

5897
05:32:08,500 --> 05:32:11,000
cycles. 
Archeology shows this window 

5898
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:13,800
design change. 
Later medieval home's, 

5899
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:16,300
prioritized privacy and heat 
retention over. 

5900
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,700
Natural light. 
Well though early medieval 

5901
05:32:18,700 --> 05:32:20,700
bedrooms contained, windows that
let in Morning. 

5902
05:32:20,700 --> 05:32:24,400
Light this architectural change 
devout values, sleep natural 

5903
05:32:24,400 --> 05:32:27,200
light alignment, which is 
increasingly critical for 

5904
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:30,200
circadian. 
Rhythms industrialization and 

5905
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:32,300
artificial lighting most 
effective evil sleep. 

5906
05:32:32,300 --> 05:32:35,600
Well though, early 19th century 
gasoline illumination, extended 

5907
05:32:35,600 --> 05:32:38,100
productive hours in the evening 
in Industry. 

5908
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:41,700
Schedule's demanded standardized
waking times on affected by 

5909
05:32:41,700 --> 05:32:44,500
seasonal light. 
Early industrial society 

5910
05:32:44,500 --> 05:32:47,300
documents reveal plant owners 
fighting inefficient. 

5911
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:51,600
Sleep patterns in 1883 a factory
manual warned against workers, 

5912
05:32:51,600 --> 05:32:55,800
persistent habit of Nightwing 
between sleep phases, due to 

5913
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,500
Industrial schedules. 
Eliminating bi phasic sleep, 

5914
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:02,800
Sleep, conditions changed the 
18th and 19th. 

5915
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:06,100
Centuries saw single-family 
residents an individual beds, 

5916
05:33:06,100 --> 05:33:08,000
replaced medieval communal 
slumber. 

5917
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:11,500
The architectural change 
increased solitude, but removed,

5918
05:33:11,500 --> 05:33:13,900
shared sleep, Social Security, 
and closeness. 

5919
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:17,500
Medical records from this. 
Transitional era, show, Rising 

5920
05:33:17,500 --> 05:33:21,400
claims of sleep difficulties, 
due to unusual Solitude at night

5921
05:33:21,400 --> 05:33:23,400
from the new Sleeping 
Arrangements. 

5922
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:27,700
Changes in labor habits eroded 
medieval Notions of sleep as a 

5923
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:30,900
transition, natural cycles and 
moderate activity. 

5924
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:33,400
Shifts characterized 
pre-industrial work. 

5925
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:37,100
In industrial time discipline 
destroyed the natural wind down,

5926
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:40,800
time of medieval sleep, patterns
in industrial and office time. 

5927
05:33:40,800 --> 05:33:45,100
Tables created Guillotine waking
Sharpe alarm driven transitions,

5928
05:33:45,100 --> 05:33:48,900
many found sleep on comfortable 
during this change early, mass 

5929
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:51,700
production, homogenized sleeping
surfaces, without regard for 

5930
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,700
Comfort yet. 
Evil, people of all classes had 

5931
05:33:54,700 --> 05:33:57,900
devised sophisticated bedding 
systems that met bodily demands 

5932
05:33:57,900 --> 05:34:01,800
historical records indicate that
Workshop dwelling has had crude 

5933
05:34:01,800 --> 05:34:06,200
beds, unlike medieval peasants 
over, centuries sleep Comfort 

5934
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:09,100
Technologies would improve. 
These changes lead to 

5935
05:34:09,108 --> 05:34:13,300
Consolidated sleep culture, the 
idea that normal sleep is a 

5936
05:34:13,300 --> 05:34:16,800
single unbroken period rather 
than the centuries old bi phasic

5937
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:19,800
pattern. 
Medical texts of the late 19th 

5938
05:34:19,800 --> 05:34:22,700
century, pathologize nocturnal 
waking as a disorder. 

5939
05:34:23,400 --> 05:34:26,500
This medical reinterpretation 
replaced, medieval sleep, wisdom

5940
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:29,700
with modern Norms. 
This historical transformation, 

5941
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:32,100
goes beyond discomfort. 
Medieval sleep. 

5942
05:34:32,100 --> 05:34:34,800
Practice was physically, 
uncycle, logically advantageous 

5943
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:38,300
according to modern studies. 
With unprecedented rates of 

5944
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:41,500
insomnia, sleep disordered 
breathing and circadian rhythm 

5945
05:34:41,500 --> 05:34:44,500
issues sleep professionals 
called the global sleep crisis 

5946
05:34:44,500 --> 05:34:46,600
caused by suppression of natural
sleep patterns. 

5947
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:49,700
The loss of medieval sleeps, 
midnight waking period is 

5948
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:52,200
notable a normal sleep. 
Break was essential 

5949
05:34:52,200 --> 05:34:53,500
biologically, and 
psychologically. 

5950
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:57,000
Neurological research, found 
this interval, had brainwave 

5951
05:34:57,000 --> 05:34:59,300
patterns that supported 
creativity and emotional 

5952
05:34:59,300 --> 05:35:02,300
processing. 
Industrial and post-industrial 

5953
05:35:02,300 --> 05:35:05,600
sleep practices, eliminated this
cognitive state by requiring 

5954
05:35:05,600 --> 05:35:08,200
continuous sleep. 
Medieval Slumber. 

5955
05:35:08,200 --> 05:35:10,100
Society is offered psychological
stability. 

5956
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:13,400
That modern ones lack. 
Modern Sleep, Experts have 

5957
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:16,100
established that trusted people,
reduce sleep delay and stress 

5958
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:18,300
hormones. 
Modern sleeper Arrangements. 

5959
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:22,000
Eliminate these benefits 
creating anxiety related sleep 

5960
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:25,200
disruptions. 
Even in medieval times seasonal,

5961
05:35:25,200 --> 05:35:27,600
sleep duration, of fluctuations 
were biologically, good 

5962
05:35:27,600 --> 05:35:31,700
pre-industrial, civilization, 
and historical sources show that

5963
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:34,900
medieval people slept longer in 
Winter due to Natural melatonin 

5964
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:38,100
synthesis. 
Modern sleep schedules, ignore 

5965
05:35:38,100 --> 05:35:41,200
seasonal changes, creating 
winter circadian. 

5966
05:35:41,200 --> 05:35:44,400
Misalignment, medieval and 
pre-industrial sleep, Traditions

5967
05:35:44,400 --> 05:35:47,500
are being rediscovered despite 
these losses sleep medicine. 

5968
05:35:47,500 --> 05:35:50,400
Now, admits that medieval sleep 
practice was sophisticated and 

5969
05:35:50,400 --> 05:35:52,500
biologically sound, so we should
revisit it. 

5970
05:35:53,200 --> 05:35:56,900
New sleep transition. 
Understanding is the best 

5971
05:35:56,900 --> 05:36:00,700
Rehabilitation after centuries 
of alarm clocks, disrupting 

5972
05:36:00,700 --> 05:36:04,900
sleep, sleep professionals 
emphasize Priestly Wine Down 

5973
05:36:04,900 --> 05:36:07,300
reclaiming, the medieval idea of
sleep. 

5974
05:36:07,300 --> 05:36:10,700
As a transitional activity 
modern sleep hygiene follows, 

5975
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:14,600
medieval practices of gradually 
reducing light exposure, quieter

5976
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:17,500
evening, activities and 
systematically routines. 

5977
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:20,300
Modern technology harms and 
helps sleep. 

5978
05:36:21,000 --> 05:36:24,400
Screen usage influences, 
melatonin production yet apps 

5979
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:26,200
and devices, measure sleep and 
support. 

5980
05:36:26,200 --> 05:36:29,000
Circadian Cycles. 
There are programs that regulate

5981
05:36:29,000 --> 05:36:31,400
lighting throughout the day. 
To approximate natural light 

5982
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:35,000
progression and alarm systems 
that pinpoint optimal Awakening 

5983
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:37,300
points throughout sleep cycles 
to recreate. 

5984
05:36:37,300 --> 05:36:40,400
Medieval sleep, patterns, 
architecture, honors sleep 

5985
05:36:40,400 --> 05:36:42,900
wisdom. 
After Decades of decreasing 

5986
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:45,000
natural light in bedrooms 
moderns. 

5987
05:36:45,000 --> 05:36:48,600
Sleep focused architecture, 
prioritizes Eastern exposure for

5988
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,500
morning, wake UPS, reverting to 
Medieval design. 

5989
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,200
Some creative neighborhoods are 
investigating communal sleep 

5990
05:36:55,200 --> 05:36:59,300
solutions for uneasy sleepers. 
Researchers and Sleep, Experts 

5991
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:03,300
studied medieval segmented, 
sleep bi phasic sleep patterns, 

5992
05:37:03,300 --> 05:37:06,600
like first and second sleep, 
improved sleep, mood and 

5993
05:37:06,600 --> 05:37:08,100
cognition. 
In long-term studies. 

5994
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:11,100
Sleep clinics, increasingly 
recommend this routine for 

5995
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:14,000
insomniacs who believe their 
sleep disorder is their body 

5996
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:15,900
re-establishing its natural 
cycle. 

5997
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:19,100
Medieval sleep. 
Surroundings were rediscovered, 

5998
05:37:19,100 --> 05:37:23,100
modern designers emphasized 
natural materials, temperature, 

5999
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,300
regulation and personalized, 
supports similar to those users 

6000
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:29,900
in medieval bedding systems 
following years dominated by 

6001
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:34,300
artificial sleep environments. 
Adjustable firmness mattresses 

6002
05:37:34,300 --> 05:37:37,100
and weighted blankets are. 
Inadvertent homologies to 

6003
05:37:37,100 --> 05:37:38,600
Medieval sleepers custom 
bedding. 

6004
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:42,200
Medieval sleep still affects 
psychology and spirituality. 

6005
05:37:43,100 --> 05:37:45,500
Sleep, Experts recommend, 
medieval home evening. 

6006
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:49,700
Contemplation style mindfulness.
Increasing interest in DreamWork

6007
05:37:49,700 --> 05:37:52,500
and creative dreaming. 
Engagement rediscovers, medieval

6008
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:55,000
ideas of dreams as valuable 
sources of knowledge and 

6009
05:37:55,000 --> 05:37:57,500
creativity. 
The rising recognition that 

6010
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,600
sleep is a cultural habit, 
motivated by societal values and

6011
05:38:00,600 --> 05:38:03,900
goals is positive. 
Medieval people valued Sleep, 

6012
05:38:03,900 --> 05:38:06,600
Quality and built social norms 
to protect it. 

6013
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:10,300
Unlike modern production 
cultures, the slow sleep 

6014
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:13,900
movement promotes workplace and 
societal practices that respect 

6015
05:38:13,900 --> 05:38:17,400
natural sleep patterns. 
A key Paradigm change is 

6016
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:20,400
realizing that societal 
institutions, mismatch human 

6017
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:22,900
nature and create numerous Sleep
Disorders. 

6018
05:38:22,900 --> 05:38:25,800
Modern companies are 
experimenting with flexible 

6019
05:38:25,800 --> 05:38:28,200
timetables. 
That match natural chronotypes 

6020
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:31,400
and seasonal changes like 
medieval civilizations. 

6021
05:38:31,400 --> 05:38:35,000
Did workers were organized 
around seasonal, light shifts 

6022
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,400
and human energy Cycles. 
These strategies apply medieval 

6023
05:38:38,400 --> 05:38:41,600
wisdom to Modern conditions 
medieval sleep, reminds current 

6024
05:38:41,600 --> 05:38:43,400
sleepers that many human sleep 
features. 

6025
05:38:43,400 --> 05:38:45,900
Are neither infinitely 
adaptable, North floorless, to 

6026
05:38:45,900 --> 05:38:48,500
copy. 
Human nature operates best when 

6027
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:51,300
a line with rhythms are medieval
ancestors, intuitively 

6028
05:38:51,300 --> 05:38:54,900
recognized, and honored, despite
great pressure to conform to 

6029
05:38:54,900 --> 05:38:58,700
Industrial and post-industrial, 
sleep demands, medieval sleep, 

6030
05:38:58,700 --> 05:39:01,700
teachers us to examine whose 
pre-industrial, sleep expertise,

6031
05:39:01,700 --> 05:39:05,300
remains physically, and 
psychologically helpful, not to 

6032
05:39:05,300 --> 05:39:07,500
reject Comfort, or technical 
progress. 

6033
05:39:08,300 --> 05:39:09,800
Current knowledge and 
rediscovered. 

6034
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:12,800
Old Customs may help us create 
sleep patterns that match 

6035
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:15,500
evolutionary and current needs 
researchers. 

6036
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:19,100
Say medieval people didn't 
understand the neurochemistry of

6037
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:22,200
sleep but they recognize its 
patterns and respected. 

6038
05:39:22,200 --> 05:39:24,400
Its requirements in ways were 
only now beginning to 

6039
05:39:24,400 --> 05:39:28,100
appreciate. 
That appreciation can solve our 

6040
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:32,100
sleep crisis without drugs or 
technology by restoring Decades 

6041
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:33,900
of pre-industrial sleep 
practice. 

6042
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:37,300
Medieval sleep advice is more 
than just history. 

6043
05:39:37,300 --> 05:39:40,600
It offers ways to sleep better 
and honor our natural heritage 

6044
05:39:41,600 --> 05:39:44,600
as research, validates medieval,
sleep patterns and practices. 

6045
05:39:44,600 --> 05:39:47,400
We may find that rediscovering 
our ancestors. 

6046
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,100
Centuries old knowledge of 
natural sleep is the best sleep 

6047
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:50,700
advancement.