How Winston Churchill Changed History Forever | Boring History

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I'll write my rotators before. 
We begin, take a moment to 

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settle in. 
Because this is one, I think 

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you're really going to love for 
Sleep. 

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Something steady and easy to 
follow or easing into the story 

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of Winston, Churchill, and how 
one person's voice, timing and 

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decisions, quietly shaped the 
course of history and ways that 

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are still felt today. 
Slowed slightly boring history 

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helps that spiraling brain power
down, feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from, and what 

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time it is, I'm always excited 
to see who all is tuning in now.

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Dim your lights, get into that 
comfy spot, maybe let a fan or 

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some soft background noise. 
Run and let's slowly wander into

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the story. 
The story of Winston, Churchill 

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begins in the grand Halls of 
Victorian, England, and 

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stretches a cross two world wars
to reshape the modern world. 

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You're about to discover how one
man's voice, became the sound of

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defiant. 
When darkness threatened to 

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consume Europe tonight, as you 
settle in to comfort, let this 

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story of courage and 
determination carry you through 

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the remarkable life of Britain's
greatest wartime leader. 

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You find yourself standing 
outside, Blenheim Palace on a 

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cold November night in 1874. 
The massive Baroque structure 

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Rises before you in the 
Darkness. 

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Torches flicker along the stone 
walls. 

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Inside. 
A baby has just been born two 

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months earlier than expected. 
The infant arrived in a small 

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ground floor room. 
A family had not prepared for 

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such an early delivery. 
Lady Randolph. 

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Churchill had been dancing at a 
ball when labor began. 

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She barely made it to this 
modest chamber before giving 

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birth. 
The child is Winston, Leonard. 

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Spencer, Churchill. 
He enters the world with a shock

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of red hair and a Lusty cry. 
His father Lord Randolph Paces 

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the halls of his mother recovers
slowly from The Unexpected 

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ordeal. 
You walk through the palace 

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guards, as Dawn, breaks Frost 
covers the carefully manicured 

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Hedges, the estate stretches for
miles in every direction. 

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This is where young Winston will
spend his earliest days. 

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The palace was a gift from a 
Grateful Nation to his ancestor.

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First Duke of Marlborough. 
But the Grandeur of Blenheim 

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does not translate to warmth in 
young Winston's childhood. 

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You watch as the years pass, his
parents remain distant figures, 

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Lord Randall, pursues, his 
political career, with Fierce 

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ambition, lady Randall moves 
through London Society like a 

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bright Comet Winston rarely sees
them. 

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He spends most days with his 
Nanny Mrs. Everest, she's a 

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plump woman with kind eyes and 
gentle hands. 

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You can hear her singing 
lullabies in the nursery. 

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She rocks the small boy when he 
wakes from nightmares. 

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She bandages, his scraped knees 
after falls in the garden. 

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This is Everest becomes the 
center of Winston's Young World.

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He calls her womb, she calls 
him, Winnie their bond grows 

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stronger as his parents remain 
absorbed in their own lives. 

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You see the boy's face light up 
when room enters the room he 

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watches smile fade when she must
leave. 

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At age, seven Winston is sent 
away to boarding school. 

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You stand beside him on the 
platform as the train pulls 

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away. 
He clutches a small bag 

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containing his belongings tears 
streamed down his face. 

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Rumored hugged, him goodbye that
morning. 

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His mother had barely glanced up
from her correspondence. 

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The school is Saint George's in 
Ascot the Headmaster believes in

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strict discipline. 
He watched Winston struggle 

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through his first weeks. 
The other boys seem to know the 

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rules already. 
Winston breaks them without 

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meaning to the punishments. 
Comes Swift and hard. 

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He receives beating with a birch
Rod. 

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The pain is sharp and immediate 
You see him biting his lip to 

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Keep from Crying Out. 
At night, in the dormitory, he 

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pulls the thin blanket over his 
head. 

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He thinks of womb and Blenheim 
and better days. 

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His academic performance is 
poor. 

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Winston cannot seem to focus on 
Latin declensions or Greek, 

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conjugations his mind wanders to
stories of soldiers and battles.

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He draws pictures of Cavalry 
Charges in the margins of his 

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textbooks. 
The Masters grow frustrated with

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his inattention, but you notice 
something the teachers Miss. 

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When Winston reads history or 
literature. 

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His eyes shine with interest, he
devours Tales of Nelson and 

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Wellington. 
He recites poetry with feeling 

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and passion his memory for these
subjects is exceptional. 

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After two years of misery, his 
parents finally removed him from

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Saint George's. 
His health has suffered, he is 

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thin and pale. 
They sent him to a school in 

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Brighton, where the sea might 
restore him, you walk beside 

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Winston along the beach. 
He breathes deeply of the salt 

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Breeze. 
Color slowly returns to his 

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cheeks. 
The new school is better. 

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The Master's a less harsh. 
Winston begins to find his 

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footing. 
He joined the rifle Corps and 

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discovers a lover of military 
pageantry you watch him. 

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March in formation, is small 
shoulders thrown back with 

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pride. 
He polishes his rifle and until 

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it gleams. 
At 13, Winston moves to Harrow 

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School. 
You climb the hill with him on 

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his first day, the ancient 
buildings. 

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Loom above generations of 
Britain's Elite have passed 

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through these Halls. 
Winston feels the weight of 

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expectation pressing down. 
He's placed in the lowest form 

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due to his poor showing on the 
entrance exam. 

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Latin remains his Nemesis, but 
his English teacher recognizes 

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something special Winston can 
write with power and Clarity. 

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His essays crackle with energy, 
his vocabulary expands like a 

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river in flood. 
You sit beside him in the 

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library as he reads Churchill's 
history of his ancestor. 

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Marlborough Winston traces, his 
finger along the battle maps. 

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Hems, the words describing great
Cavalry Charges and clever 

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maneuvers. something stirs 
inside him, a sense of Destiny, 

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perhaps, a feeling that he too 
might do great things, his 

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father visits rarely When Lord 
Randolph, does appear Winston, 

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desperately seeks his approval. 
He watched the boy rehearsed 

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things to say, you practice his 
telling his father about his 

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achievements. 
But Lord Randolph remains cold 

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and distant Criticizes Winston's
poor marks in mathematics. 

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He dismisses the boys. 
Enthusiasm for military history.

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The rejection Cuts deep Winston 
writes letters to his father 

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that go unanswered. 
He saves his small achievements,

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hoping to impress him. 
Nothing seems good enough. 

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You see the hurt in Winston's 
eyes each time, his father 

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departs without a kind word. 
His mother is warmer, but 

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equally absent. 
Lady Randolph moves through 

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Europe's fashionable circles, 
she writes Winston chatty 

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Letters From Paris and Vienna, 
but she does not visit. 

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She does not attend his school 
events. 

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Winston keeps every letter. 
She sends, he reads them over 

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and over until the paper grows 
soft. 

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At 15 Winston makes a decision. 
He will pursue a military 

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career. 
His father approves. 

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This Choice. 
It requires less academic 

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Excellence than Oxford or 
Cambridge. 

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Winston throws himself into 
preparing for the entrance of 

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exam to Sandhurst. 
The Royal Military College. 

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Takes him three attempts to 
pass. 

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You stand beside him as he opens
the letter on his third try. 

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His hand shake slightly the word
accepted jumps from the page. 

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Winston lets out a whoop of Joy.
He has done it, he is going to 

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be a soldier but even this 
achievement brings criticism 

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from his father. 
Winston scores only qualify him 

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for the Cavalry. 
Not the more prestigious 

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infantry. 
The Cavalry requires Cadets to 

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provide their own horses. 
This means additional expense 

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Lord Randolph's letter drips 
with disappointment, Winston 

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arrives at Sandhurst. 
In 1893, you walk with him 

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through the gates. 
The grounds are Immaculate 

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Cadets and crisp uniforms March 
past. 

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Winston feels a surge of 
belonging. 

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This is where he wants to be. 
He flourishes at Sandhurst. 

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Military subjects. 
Engages mind in ways, Greek and 

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Latin. 
Never did he studies tactics and

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strategy with passionate 
intensity? 

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He learns to read terrain like a
book. 

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He must as the art of commanding
men under pressure You watch him

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on the parade. 
Ground is uniform, is spotless 

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his boots. 
Shein, like mirrors, he barks 

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orders with confidence, the 
other Cadets respond crisply, 

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Winston has found something. 
He is good at feeling as in 

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toxicated. 
In his final year tragedy 

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strikes, you are there. 
When the telegram arrives, Lord 

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Randolph, Churchill has died. 
He is only 45 years old. 

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The syphilis that has been 
slowly destroying his mind. 

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Has finally claimed him. 
Winston rushes to London. 

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He sees his father one last time
in the coffin. 

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Lord Randolph, looks small and 
wasted. 

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All the fire and Brilliance that
wants to find him has gone. 

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Winston realizes his father will
never give him the approval. 

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He craved that door has closed 
forever. 

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The grief is complicated. 
Winston Mourns what might have 

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been more than what was he vows 
to honor his father's memory by 

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achieving the greatness. 
Lord Randolph, never 

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acknowledged in his son, you see
the determination hardened in 

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Winston's jaw, he will prove 
himself worthy of the Churchill 

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named Mrs. Dies soon. 
After whom his beloved Nanny, 

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succumbs to peritonitis, Winston
pays for her medical care, from 

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his limited funds. 
He sits by her bedside in her 

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final days. 
She is the one person who loved 

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him, unconditionally her death 
leaves a hole in his heart that 

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never quite heals. 
Winston, graduates from 

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Sandhurst 8th in his class of 
150. 

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He is 20 years old. 
His military career is 

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beginnings. 
You stand beside him as he 

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received his commission as a 
second, 10 to the fourth Queen's

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owner's. 
He looks resplendent in his new 

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uniform, the gold braid gleams 
in the sunlight. 

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But being a junior Cavalry 
officer in peace time. 

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Britain is expensive and boring.
Winston has a smaller allowance 

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from his mother. 
It is not enough to cover the 

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costs of Polo ponies and messed 
dinners. 

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He needs money. 
He also craves action and 

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excitement, you watch him form a
plan. 

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He will become a war 
correspondent newspapers pay 

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well for dispatchers from the 
front lines. 

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And where there are Wars there 
is Glory to be one. 

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Winston begins writing to 
editors, he offers to cover any 

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conflict anywhere in the world. 
His first opportunity comes in 

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Cuba. 
Spanish forces are fighting 

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Cuban Rebels. 
Winston arranges to observe the 

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Spanish troops. 
He also secures a contract with 

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a London newspaper. 
He will send back reports of the

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fighting you travel with him to 
Cuba in 1895 the journey takes 

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weeks by ship. 
Winston stands at the rail 

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watching Dolphins. 
Play in the bow wave. 

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He smokes cigars and dreams of 
Adventure. 

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He is 21 years old and the world
feels full of possibility. 

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In Cuba Winston experiences 
combat for the first time, you 

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crouched beside him, in the 
jungle as bullets snap through 

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the foliage, the sound is 
strange and terrifying, Winston 

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discovers. 
He feels exhilarated rather than

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afraid. 
The danger makes his sensors 

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sharper colors seem brighter. 
Sounds are clearer. 

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He celebrates his 21st birthday 
Under Fire, a bullet passes 

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within inches of his head. 
Winston notes, this in his 

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dispatch with dry humor, he is 
developing the writing style 

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that will later make him famous 
clear. 

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Vigorous Pros with touches of 
wit and drama Back in England is

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articles, create a stir. 
People enjoy his vivid 

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descriptions of battle. 
Winston discovers. 

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He has a talent for making 
readers feel present at dramatic

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events. 
He begins to see writing as more

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than just a way to earn money. 
It is a path to influence and 

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fame. 
The fourth was SARS deployed to 

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India in 1896 you sail with 
Winston cross the Arabian. 

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Sea, the heat is a pressive, the
ship rocks in the swells. 

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Winston spends the voyage 
reading, he has brought crates 

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of books history, philosophy, 
economics, he is educating 

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himself in the subjects. 
He missed at school in India 

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fascinates and appalled him the 
colors and smells over the 

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census spices and incense mingle
with Less Pleasant. 

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Odors you walk with Winston 
through crowded bazaars Merchant

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call out in languages. 
He does not understand children 

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with huge. 
Dark eyes. 

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00:12:19,100 --> 00:12:22,100
Follow the tall, British 
officer, the British military 

232
00:12:22,100 --> 00:12:26,100
life in India is comfortable but
unstimulating Winston plays. 

233
00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:29,100
Polo ferociously. 
He breaks his shoulder in a fall

234
00:12:29,100 --> 00:12:32,200
and learns to play one handed. 
While it heals, the injury will 

235
00:12:32,200 --> 00:12:33,500
trouble him for the rest of his 
life. 

236
00:12:34,900 --> 00:12:37,100
But Winston refuses to let it 
slow him down. 

237
00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:42,200
He continues his self-education.
You sit with him in his quarters

238
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:44,800
as he works, through Gibbon's 
Decline, and fall of the Roman 

239
00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:48,200
Empire, he reads macaulay's 
history and Plato's Republic. 

240
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,300
He fills notebooks with thoughts
and observations. 

241
00:12:51,300 --> 00:12:54,300
His mind is like a furnace 
consuming fuel. 

242
00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:57,500
Winston hears a fighting on the 
northwest Frontier. 

243
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,000
Pashtun tribes arising against 
British rule. 

244
00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:04,500
He uses family connections, to 
attach himself to the Malik and 

245
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:06,700
Field Force. 
You march with him into the 

246
00:13:06,700 --> 00:13:08,200
brutal mountains of the 
frontier. 

247
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:12,000
The landscape is Harsh and 
unforgiving, rocks sharp as 

248
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:14,600
knives, son beating down without
Mercy. 

249
00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:18,600
The fighting is Savage. 
The tribesmen are Fierce 

250
00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:22,300
Warriors, who give No Quarter? 
Winston sees men killed and 

251
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:24,200
wounded in ways that will haunt 
his dreams. 

252
00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:28,400
But he also experiences, the 
wild thrill of combat, he 

253
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:31,900
charges with his Cavalry unit, 
in to enemy positions, sword 

254
00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:36,300
drawn, heart pounding alive in 
every nerve, he sends 

255
00:13:36,300 --> 00:13:39,500
dispatchers back to London, 
describing the campaign, his 

256
00:13:39,500 --> 00:13:41,300
writing grows more confident, 
and Powerful. 

257
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,700
He does not glorify War but he 
captures its terrible 

258
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:48,700
excitement. 
Readers cannot look away from 

259
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:52,300
his Vivid accounts between 
actions Winston writes a novel. 

260
00:13:52,308 --> 00:13:56,300
He calls its Saveur, it tells 
the story of a revolutionary 

261
00:13:56,300 --> 00:14:00,000
leader in a fictional country, 
the hero is clearly, Winston 

262
00:14:00,000 --> 00:14:02,200
himself idealized and 
romanticized. 

263
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:05,600
The book Is Not Great 
literature, but it shows his 

264
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:09,200
growing facility with words. 
You're watching, scribble Pages 

265
00:14:09,200 --> 00:14:11,300
by candlelight. 
After exhausting days, in the 

266
00:14:11,308 --> 00:14:16,300
field in, 1898 Winston learns of
a military campaign in Sudan 

267
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:19,700
British forces under General, 
Kitchener, moving to retake 

268
00:14:19,700 --> 00:14:22,400
cartoon, Winston is desperate to
join them. 

269
00:14:22,400 --> 00:14:25,200
So Sudan, promises to be the 
biggest military action in 

270
00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:28,700
years, he pulls every string of 
available to secure a place. 

271
00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,100
His mother uses her considerable
charm and connections. 

272
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:36,200
She writes letters to ministers,
and Generals, finally, Winston 

273
00:14:36,200 --> 00:14:40,100
receives orders to join the 21st
Lance's as a super numerary 

274
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:40,700
left. 
Tenant. 

275
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:44,300
He also arranges to write 
dispatches for the Morning Post 

276
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:47,300
newspaper. 
They will pay him 15 pounds per 

277
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:49,700
column. 
It is excellent money. 

278
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:52,000
You travel with Winston up the 
Nile. 

279
00:14:52,000 --> 00:14:56,100
The ancient river flows Brown 
and sluggish crocodiles. 

280
00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:00,700
Bask on Muddy Banks, Villages of
mud brick House's cluster of The

281
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:05,400
Waters Edge, the journey takes 
weeks, Winston reads and writes 

282
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,000
and watches the Timeless 
landscape slide past. 

283
00:15:08,700 --> 00:15:11,700
The British army assembles at 
OnDemand across the river. 

284
00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:16,200
From Khartoum 50,000 dervish 
Warriors Mass to defend the 

285
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,400
city. 
You stand with Winston on the 

286
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:23,100
morning of September 2nd 1898 as
the two armies prepare to clash.

287
00:15:23,100 --> 00:15:27,000
The heat is already building. 
Dust hangs in the air. 

288
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,400
The battle begins with artillery
British guns Thunder. 

289
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:32,800
Shells. 
Tear through the dervish ranks. 

290
00:15:33,800 --> 00:15:37,000
The Warriors, keep coming, they 
advance in great masses, waving 

291
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,100
Spears and swords. 
Their courage is magnificent and

292
00:15:40,100 --> 00:15:42,500
terrible. 
Winston participates in one of 

293
00:15:42,508 --> 00:15:46,400
History's. 
Last great, Cavalry Charges 21st

294
00:15:46,400 --> 00:15:50,500
Lance's Thunder across the 
desert. 400 Horsemen in perfect 

295
00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:54,000
formation, you ride beside 
Winston as the ground shakes 

296
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:58,000
beneath the pounding Hooves. 
His saber is drawn his heart 

297
00:15:58,000 --> 00:16:01,600
hammers in his chest. 
The charge hits the dervish line

298
00:16:01,600 --> 00:16:05,300
with devastating Force, but the 
fighting becomes confused and 

299
00:16:05,300 --> 00:16:09,100
desperate Winston fires. 
His pistol at Point Blank Range,

300
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,800
men and horses, scream and fall.
The noises overwhelming 

301
00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:14,900
afterwards, Winston, will write 
that. 

302
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:17,600
Nothing in life is as 
exhilarating as being shot at 

303
00:16:17,600 --> 00:16:20,500
without result. 
The British wind decisively 

304
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:23,400
thousands of dervish Warriors 
lie, dead on the battlefield 

305
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:28,100
Winston walks among them in the 
aftermath the Carnage sickens 

306
00:16:28,100 --> 00:16:31,000
him even as he recognizes the 
glory of victory. 

307
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:33,500
War is revealing its true 
nature. 

308
00:16:33,500 --> 00:16:37,900
Magnificent and horrifying an 
equal measure, his dispatches 

309
00:16:37,900 --> 00:16:41,700
from Sudan, make him famous. 
People throughout Britain read 

310
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:45,000
his accounts, his name becomes 
known in circles of power. 

311
00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:49,100
Winston Churchill is no longer 
just another Junior officer. 

312
00:16:49,100 --> 00:16:53,100
He is a writer and war hero. 
The transformation has begun, 

313
00:16:53,100 --> 00:16:56,600
you, find Winston back in 
England, in 1899. 

314
00:16:56,600 --> 00:16:59,800
He has resigned his commission 
military life. 

315
00:16:59,800 --> 00:17:02,900
No longer holds appeal. 
He has seen enough of water last

316
00:17:02,900 --> 00:17:05,200
a lifetime. 
Besides he is. 

317
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:09,000
Discovered his true calling. 
Politics Lord Randolph. 

318
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,900
Shadow still looms large. 
Winston's father was a brilliant

319
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:15,200
parliamentarian who seemed 
destined for the highest 

320
00:17:15,200 --> 00:17:17,700
officers. 
His career collapsed due to a 

321
00:17:17,708 --> 00:17:20,099
combination of poor judgment and
declining health. 

322
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:24,700
Winston is determined to succeed
where his father faild, he will 

323
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:26,400
restore honor to The Churchill 
name. 

324
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:29,500
He stands for parliament in a by
election, at Oldham. 

325
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:32,700
He walk with him through the 
grimy industrial streets 

326
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,600
factories, belch smoke into the 
gray sky. 

327
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:39,000
Workers in cloth, caps. 
I the younger Aristocrat with 

328
00:17:39,008 --> 00:17:41,800
suspicion. 
Winston gives speeches from the 

329
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:45,200
back of wagons, his voice rings 
out over the crowds. 

330
00:17:46,300 --> 00:17:48,100
But the workers of Oldham are 
not impressed. 

331
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:52,900
Winston loses the election by a 
narrow margin, the defeat stings

332
00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:56,300
but he learns valuable lessons 
about connecting with ordinary 

333
00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:58,800
voters. 
He begins to understand that 

334
00:17:58,800 --> 00:18:02,400
grand rhetoric is not enough. 
People want to know how you will

335
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:06,500
improve their daily lives. 
The four Winston can lick his 

336
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:08,900
wounds War breaks out in South 
Africa. 

337
00:18:08,900 --> 00:18:12,000
The Boer republics of declared 
war on Britain. 

338
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:15,000
It promises to be another 
opportunity for Glory. 

339
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,100
Winston secures a position as 
War correspondent for the 

340
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:23,600
morning post, they offer him 250
pounds per month plus expenses. 

341
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,000
It is a fortune you sail, with 
him, to South Africa. 

342
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:32,000
In October of 1899, The Voyage 
takes two weeks, Winston Paces, 

343
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,800
the deck in patiently. 
He writes articles and reads 

344
00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:37,500
military history. 
Other correspondents of board. 

345
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:41,200
Discuss the coming campaign. 
Everyone expects a quick British

346
00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:44,300
victory. 
Winston arrives in Cape Town and

347
00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:45,700
immediately. 
Heads North to the front. 

348
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,300
He attaches himself to an 
armored train, conducting 

349
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:52,400
reconnaissance. 
You are aboard on November 15th.

350
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:56,300
When bored artillery opens fire 
shells explode around the Train,

351
00:18:56,300 --> 00:19:00,200
the locomotive desperately tries
to escape a shell derails. 

352
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:02,600
Several cars the train grinds to
a halt. 

353
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:05,900
Bore Rifleman poor fire into the
stranded cars. 

354
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:07,800
Men. 
Cry out as bullets. 

355
00:19:07,800 --> 00:19:10,700
Find flesh. 
Winston takes command of the 

356
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,000
situation though. 
Technically a civilian 

357
00:19:13,000 --> 00:19:15,900
correspondent, his military 
training takes over the 

358
00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:17,400
organizers. 
The soldiers, to clear, debris 

359
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,300
from the tracks bullets, whine 
and snap around him. 

360
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,000
Winston seems oblivious to the 
danger he walks. 

361
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:26,200
Upright, directing the men with 
calm Authority. 

362
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,400
You watch him, leave a heavy 
debris, aside with his bare 

363
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,800
hands, his faces set with 
determination. 

364
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:35,700
Finally, the track is cleared. 
The engine can move again. 

365
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:38,600
Winston helps load the wounded 
aboard. 

366
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,500
He gets as many men onto the 
locomotive as possible. 

367
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:43,700
Then he sends it racing away to 
safety. 

368
00:19:43,700 --> 00:19:46,200
He will follow on foot with the 
remaining soldiers. 

369
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:49,500
But the balls are all ready. 
Surrounding the position, 

370
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:53,400
Winston tries to escape across 
the belt, a Horseman appears and

371
00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:56,600
trains a rifle on him. 
Winston reaches for his pistol. 

372
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:59,800
It is not there. 
He left it on the train in the 

373
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:01,900
chaos. 
The board gestures with his 

374
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:04,100
rifle. 
Winston raises his hands in 

375
00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:06,500
surrender. 
The Boar's March Winston to 

376
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:09,100
Pretoria with other prisoners. 
The journey takes days. 

377
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:12,400
You walk beside him in the 
column, his mind is already 

378
00:20:12,400 --> 00:20:14,800
working on. 
Escape plans, capture is 

379
00:20:14,800 --> 00:20:18,300
unbearable to his active nature.
He cannot simply sit and wait 

380
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:22,300
for the water to end in Pretoria
prisoners are held in the state 

381
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,300
model school. 
It is not heavily guarded, the 

382
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:28,000
boars do not expect British 
officers to break their parole. 

383
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:30,900
But Winston never gave his 
parole. 

384
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:34,800
As a civilian correspondent, he 
is not bound by military honor 

385
00:20:34,800 --> 00:20:37,800
to remain captive. 
You watch him carefully, observe

386
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:40,700
the routines. 
Guards Patrol on predictable 

387
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:42,800
schedules. 
The fence is climbable. 

388
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,600
Beyond lies the city, then Open 
Country, then hundreds of miles 

389
00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,400
to Freedom. 
The odds are terrible Winston, 

390
00:20:50,400 --> 00:20:53,500
decides to try anyway. 
On December 12th. 

391
00:20:53,500 --> 00:20:57,000
He makes his move two, other 
prisoners are supposed to escape

392
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,200
with him, but when the moment 
comes, they cannot get over the 

393
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:03,000
fence on detected. 
Winston is already in the 

394
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:04,900
garden? 
Beyond he crouches in the 

395
00:21:04,900 --> 00:21:07,400
shadows, waiting? 
The other signal, they cannot 

396
00:21:07,400 --> 00:21:09,300
make it. 
They will try another night. 

397
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,400
Winston is alone outside the 
fence. 

398
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:14,500
He can climb back or go forward 
alone. 

399
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:17,000
Every moment. 
He waits increases the risk of 

400
00:21:17,008 --> 00:21:19,100
Discovery, he makes his 
decision. 

401
00:21:19,100 --> 00:21:22,400
He will go on alone. 
You follow as he slips through 

402
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:27,700
the dark streets of Pretoria, 
his heart pounds, every sound 

403
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:31,300
makes him freeze. 
He reaches the railway line that

404
00:21:31,300 --> 00:21:34,900
runs East toward Portuguese, 
Africa, neutral territory, 

405
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:39,300
Freedom, 300 miles away through 
country swarming with bore 

406
00:21:39,300 --> 00:21:42,800
soldiers. 
Winston has no map, no Compass 

407
00:21:42,800 --> 00:21:46,500
minimal supplies, he speaks no 
Africans on Native languages. 

408
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:52,000
It is close to suicide. 
But Winston has always possessed

409
00:21:52,000 --> 00:21:55,900
Supreme confidence in his luck. 
He hops onto a slow-moving 

410
00:21:55,900 --> 00:21:58,700
freight train, you ride with him
in the Darkness. 

411
00:21:59,900 --> 00:22:01,300
The train rattles through the 
night. 

412
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:04,500
Winston huddles among old sacks,
trying to stay warm. 

413
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:07,900
When Dawn comes he jumps off 
before reaching a station? 

414
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:10,800
He hides in a Grove of trees as 
daybreaks. 

415
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,500
His situation is desperate. 
He cannot travel by day without 

416
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:18,600
being spotted and captured. 
He has no food The countryside 

417
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:21,400
around him is alive with people 
who would gladly to turn him in 

418
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:24,000
a reward has been posted for his
capture. 

419
00:22:25,600 --> 00:22:29,000
As night falls again, Winston 
takes a desperate gamble. 

420
00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,700
He sees lights from a house in 
the distance. 

421
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:34,700
He will approach, and hope 
whoever lives. 

422
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:37,800
There will help him. 
The odds are against it, but he 

423
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,300
has no other options. 
He knocks on the door, you stand

424
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:44,500
beside him as an opens. 
A man peers out. 

425
00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:48,800
Suspiciously Winston scammers 
out his situation, he is a 

426
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:50,400
British officer escaped from 
Pretoria. 

427
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,800
He needs help. 
The man's face remains 

428
00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:58,500
unreadable then, the man Smiles.
His name is John Howard. 

429
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:02,100
He's the manager of a coal mine.
He is also one of the few 

430
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:03,700
British sympathizers in the 
region. 

431
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:06,700
Winston has stumbled upon 
perhaps the only house for 

432
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:08,200
Miles. 
Where he might find Sanctuary. 

433
00:23:08,200 --> 00:23:12,400
His famous luck as hell. 
Howard's Winston in the mine. 

434
00:23:12,400 --> 00:23:16,400
You descend with him into the 
dark shafts, far underground, it

435
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,300
is cold and damp rats. 
Gary in the shadows, Winston 

436
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:23,600
spends in the darkness waiting. 
While Howard, arranges his 

437
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,200
Escape, he has nothing to do, 
but think, and wait, the 

438
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,000
isolation is crushing. 
Finally, Howard arrangers for 

439
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:34,000
Winston to hide in a wolfship 
and heading for Loretta markets 

440
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,100
in Portuguese territory. 
You squeeze into the cramped 

441
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,300
space with Winston. 
Among the bales of wool. 

442
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:42,900
The train alerts into motion. 
The journey will take days. 

443
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:45,400
Winston must remain, absolutely 
still. 

444
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:48,100
And Silent. 
The Hiding Place is stifling. 

445
00:23:48,100 --> 00:23:49,900
The wall makes breathing 
difficult. 

446
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:54,300
Winston's legs cramped from 
being folded in the tiny space. 

447
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:58,500
But he endures. 
After what feels like an 

448
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:01,400
eternity, the train finally 
crosses into Portuguese 

449
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:05,100
territory. 
Winston emerges, filthy and 

450
00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:09,200
exhausted, but free the news of 
his Escape has spread throughout

451
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:11,800
the world. 
Winston is a sensation 

452
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:14,700
newspapers everywhere. 
Carry the story of the young 

453
00:24:14,700 --> 00:24:18,400
correspondence, daring Escape, 
he becomes an International 

454
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,600
Celebrity overnight. 
His face appears in papers from 

455
00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:25,300
London, New York, Winston 
rejoins, the British Army, in 

456
00:24:25,300 --> 00:24:27,800
South Africa. 
This time is a left-handed in 

457
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,200
the South African light horse. 
He participate in the relief of 

458
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,400
Ladysmith and the capture of 
Pretoria. 

459
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:36,700
You ride with him into the city 
where he was recently a 

460
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:38,700
prisoner. 
The irony is not lost on 

461
00:24:38,700 --> 00:24:41,100
Winston. 
He revisits the state model 

462
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:44,200
school and stands outside his 
old sell a free man. 

463
00:24:45,300 --> 00:24:49,400
When The War Winds down, Winston
returns to Britain as a hero his

464
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:51,600
books about his experience has 
become bestsellers. 

465
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:55,200
He writes the story of the Malik
and Field Force. 

466
00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:58,800
The river war of about Sudan and
London to laidley Smith via 

467
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:01,000
Pretoria about his South African
Adventures. 

468
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:06,300
The royalties pour in For the 
First Time Winston has real 

469
00:25:06,300 --> 00:25:09,000
money. 
More importantly, he has Fame. 

470
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,400
When he stands for Parliament 
again in older in 1900, the 

471
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:14,500
reception is completely 
different. 

472
00:25:14,500 --> 00:25:16,900
You walk with him through the 
same streets. 

473
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,000
He walked a year earlier. 
Now people recognize him they 

474
00:25:20,000 --> 00:25:22,000
want to shake his hand and hear 
his stories. 

475
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,100
He wins the election 
comfortably. 

476
00:25:25,500 --> 00:25:28,500
Winston Churchill enters the 
House of Commons at age 25. 

477
00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:32,100
You sit in the gallery as he 
gives his Maiden speech, his 

478
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:35,600
voice Rings through the chamber.
He speaks about the war in South

479
00:25:35,600 --> 00:25:38,100
Africa. 
He argues for magnanimity toward

480
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:41,600
the defeated boars, the speech 
shows both courage and wisdom. 

481
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,000
Some conservative members 
Grumble, but others not 

482
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,300
approvingly. 
But Winston is restless in the 

483
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:51,900
conservative party, he disagrees
with their position on free 

484
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,000
trade. 
He believes in open markets and 

485
00:25:55,000 --> 00:25:58,000
minimal tariffs. 
The conservatives are moving 

486
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,400
toward protectionism, Winston 
cannot support policies. 

487
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:04,800
He considers economically 
foolish in 1904. 

488
00:26:04,800 --> 00:26:06,600
He crosses the floor of the 
house. 

489
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:09,800
He literally walks across the 
chamber and takes a seat among 

490
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:12,000
the Liberals. 
It is a dramatic and 

491
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:15,300
controversial move. 
Many conservatives view it. 

492
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:19,500
As betrayal Winston sees it, as 
a matter of principle, he will 

493
00:26:19,500 --> 00:26:21,700
not sacrifice his beliefs for 
Party Loyalty. 

494
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:23,900
The Liberals, welcome him 
enthusiastically. 

495
00:26:23,900 --> 00:26:27,800
They recognized his talents. 
When the Liberals win. 

496
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,600
A landslide victory in 1906? 
Winston is appointed under 

497
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:35,400
Secretary of State for the 
colonies at 31 is beginning his 

498
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:38,400
ministerial career, you watch 
him, take up his new 

499
00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,300
responsibilities with 
characteristic energy. 

500
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,100
Winston, throws himself into 
Colonial Affairs, he helped 

501
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:46,800
draft the constitution for the 
new Union of South Africa. 

502
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:50,000
He works on policies for 
Britain's African territories. 

503
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:54,200
His approaches often enlightened
for the time though. 

504
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:56,800
Still shaped by Victorian 
assumptions about Empire and 

505
00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:00,400
racial hierarchy that later 
generations will rightly reject.

506
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:04,400
In 1908, Winston, enters the 
cabinet. 

507
00:27:04,400 --> 00:27:07,700
As president of the Board of 
Trade, he's only 33. 

508
00:27:07,700 --> 00:27:11,600
His rise has been meteoric. 
He immediately begins pushing 

509
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:15,600
for social reforms minimum 
wages, labor exchanges to help 

510
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:17,800
the unemployed limits on working
hours. 

511
00:27:18,900 --> 00:27:22,200
These are radical ideas for the 
time, you sit in his office as 

512
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:26,900
he works late Into the Night. 
Papers pile on his desk, Winston

513
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:29,700
dictates letters and memos at a 
furious Pace. 

514
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:31,700
His secretaries struggled to 
keep up. 

515
00:27:31,700 --> 00:27:34,300
He is a whirlwind of energy and 
ideas. 

516
00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:38,700
Sleep seems optional. 
That same year Winston meets 

517
00:27:38,700 --> 00:27:40,500
Clementine Hozier at a dinner 
party. 

518
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:42,800
You are present when they are 
introduced. 

519
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:45,300
Clementine is beautiful and 
intelligent. 

520
00:27:45,300 --> 00:27:48,000
She comes from an aristocratic 
but impoverished. 

521
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,700
Family Winston is immediately 
smitten. 

522
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:52,800
His usual confidence. 
Deserts him. 

523
00:27:54,000 --> 00:27:56,600
He stammers and blushes, they 
began courting. 

524
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:01,100
Winston is not naturally 
romantic but he tries, he writes

525
00:28:01,100 --> 00:28:04,900
her letters filled with awkward 
declarations Clementine sees 

526
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:07,000
past his Social Clubs in his to 
the brilliant. 

527
00:28:07,000 --> 00:28:10,500
Ambitious manees. 
She recognizes his potential for

528
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:12,900
greatness. 
She also sees his need for 

529
00:28:12,900 --> 00:28:16,700
steady support and guidance. 
Winston proposes to Clementine 

530
00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:21,800
in August of 1908 there in the 
temple of Diana at Blenheim 

531
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:23,700
Palace. 
The setting is appropriately 

532
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:26,600
Grand. 
Clementine accepts you stand 

533
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:29,700
witness as Winston. 
Slides a ring on her finger his 

534
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,700
hand, tremble slightly. 
He looks happier than you have 

535
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:35,200
ever seen him. 
They marry in September at Saint

536
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,500
Margaret's Westminster. 
You attend the ceremony. 

537
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:41,200
The church is packed, Winston's 
political colleagues, fill the 

538
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,000
pews, Clementine looks radiant 
in White Satin, Winston looks 

539
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,200
terrified and joyful in equal 
measure. 

540
00:28:47,200 --> 00:28:51,400
When they exchanged vows his 
voices thick with emotion, the 

541
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:53,800
marriage proves to be the 
foundation of Winston's life. 

542
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,000
Clementine becomes his anchor 
and conscience. 

543
00:28:57,000 --> 00:28:59,500
She manages their household and 
finances. 

544
00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:01,900
She offers wise counsel on 
political matters. 

545
00:29:01,900 --> 00:29:05,600
She tells Winston hard truths 
when others fear to speak their 

546
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:07,700
partnership will endure for 57 
years. 

547
00:29:07,700 --> 00:29:12,700
Children arrive. 
Diana is born in 1909 Randolph 

548
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:16,300
in 1911. 
Sarah in 1940 Marigold. 

549
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:21,300
In 1918, though, she will die 
tragically young mayor in 1922. 

550
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:25,900
The Churchill household becomes 
Lively and chaotic, Winston 

551
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:29,400
adores his children, but 
struggles to show affection, his

552
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,400
own childhood has left him on 
certain how to be a warm father.

553
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:38,600
In 1911, Winston becomes first. 
Lord of the admiralty, he is now

554
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:41,700
responsible for the Royal. 
Navy the most powerful navy in 

555
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:45,000
the world, brittle security 
depends on maintaining Naval. 

556
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,800
Supremacy, Winston takes the 
responsibility with utmost, 

557
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,300
seriousness. 
You watch him to shipyards and 

558
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:53,900
Naval bases. 
He interrogates Admirals and 

559
00:29:53,908 --> 00:29:57,900
engineers He wants to understand
every aspect of the fleet 

560
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:00,400
Winston drives the Navy's 
modernization. 

561
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:03,000
He pushes for converting from 
coal to oil. 

562
00:30:03,000 --> 00:30:06,500
Power oil-fired ships are faster
and more efficient. 

563
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:10,100
The Champions, the development 
of new Dreadnought battleships. 

564
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:14,500
He increases Naval budgets over.
Fierce opposition, critics, call

565
00:30:14,500 --> 00:30:16,700
him a warmonger Winston 
believes. 

566
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:20,100
He is preparing Britain for 
inevitable conflict tensions, 

567
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:22,700
arising in Europe. 
The great powers are locked in 

568
00:30:22,700 --> 00:30:26,400
rival Alliance systems, Germany,
is building a powerful Fleet to 

569
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:28,900
challenge British Supremacy arms
races. 

570
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:32,700
Spiral out of control, Winston 
can feel War approaching like a 

571
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:35,500
gathering storm. 
He works frantically to ensure 

572
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,900
the Navy as ready. 
When war finally erupts in 

573
00:30:38,908 --> 00:30:42,000
August 1914, Britain's Fleet is 
at Battle Stations. 

574
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,500
Winston's preparations have put 
the Navy in position to control 

575
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:48,200
the Seas from day. 
One, you stand with him at the 

576
00:30:48,200 --> 00:30:51,700
admiralty as reports flow in 
German ships are bottled up in 

577
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:53,800
Port. 
British vessels Patrol, the 

578
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,800
ocean's. the first phase of the 
war at Sea belongs to Britain, 

579
00:30:57,800 --> 00:31:02,100
but the war quickly becomes a 
nightmare and enthusiasm curdles

580
00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:04,900
into horror. 
Trenches of the Western Front 

581
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:08,500
become a Charnel house. 
Millions of men die for yards of

582
00:31:08,500 --> 00:31:11,800
Muddy ground. 
Cheerful predictions of quick 

583
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:13,600
Victory. 
Proved tragically wrong. 

584
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:16,800
This will be a long grinding war
of attrition. 

585
00:31:17,800 --> 00:31:20,800
Winston searches desperately for
a way to break the stalemate. 

586
00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:25,100
He proposes a naval attack on 
the Dardanelles strait British 

587
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:28,400
ships will force their way 
through to Constantinople turkey

588
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:30,700
will be knocked out of the war 
supplies. 

589
00:31:30,700 --> 00:31:32,600
Can float, a Russia through the 
Black Sea. 

590
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:34,800
The Central Powers will be 
outflanked. 

591
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,900
The plan is bold in imaginative,
it might work. 

592
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:41,600
But the execution is bungled 
from the start, the naval attack

593
00:31:41,600 --> 00:31:45,200
in March 1915, fails minds and 
Turkish artillery. 

594
00:31:45,200 --> 00:31:48,900
Devastate the British Fleet 
ship's a sunk or badly damaged, 

595
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:53,300
the Navy Retreats and defeat 
Winston then advocates for a 

596
00:31:53,300 --> 00:31:56,500
land invasion. 
British and Commonwealth troops 

597
00:31:56,500 --> 00:31:59,800
land at Gallipoli in April. 
You wait, ashore with the Anzac 

598
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,500
soldiers. 
Turkish fire Paws down from the 

599
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:04,600
heights. 
Men fall in heats on the 

600
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:06,700
beaches, The Landing is a 
disaster. 

601
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:10,300
The troops are pinned down in 
narrow beachheads months of 

602
00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:12,900
brutal. 
Fighting follow the casualties 

603
00:32:12,900 --> 00:32:16,700
Mount, sickeningly disease 
ravages the camps, the summer 

604
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,300
heat is brutal. 
Still the troops cannot break 

605
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:22,500
through the Turkish defenses, 
Gallipoli become synonymous with

606
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:26,100
futile Slaughter. 
Public opinion turns against 

607
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:28,600
Winston he's blamed for the 
catastrophe. 

608
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:33,100
In May 1915, Winston is forced 
to leave the admiralty. 

609
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:36,500
The blow is devastating, he is 
40 years old. 

610
00:32:36,500 --> 00:32:40,800
His political career appears 
finished the newspapers, Savage 

611
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:45,500
him, political allies, desert 
him Winston falls into deep 

612
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:48,600
depression, The Black Moods that
will plagued him throughout 

613
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:51,600
life. 
Close in like fog, he takes a 

614
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:53,500
position as Chancellor of the 
duchy of Lancaster. 

615
00:32:53,500 --> 00:32:58,200
A meaningless sign a cure For a 
man of Winston's energy and 

616
00:32:58,208 --> 00:33:00,100
ambition. 
The idleness is torture. 

617
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,200
He paints to keep from going 
mad. 

618
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,700
You watch him set up, his easel 
in the garden. 

619
00:33:04,700 --> 00:33:08,500
He attacks the canvas with 
Fierce concentration, The Act of

620
00:33:08,508 --> 00:33:10,900
Creation provides temporary 
relief from despair. 

621
00:33:11,900 --> 00:33:13,800
But Winston cannot bear being 
sidelined. 

622
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,800
While the war continues in 
November 1915, he resigns from 

623
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,000
the government. 
He takes a commission as a 

624
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,500
lieutenant colonel and goes to 
the Western Front. 

625
00:33:22,500 --> 00:33:26,100
If he cannot leave the nation, 
he will at least fight for it. 

626
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:29,900
You arrive with him in France. 
The Trenches are worse than 

627
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:32,400
anything. 
He imagined mud and filth 

628
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:36,600
everywhere, the stench of Decay 
and death Rats, the size of 

629
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,200
cats, the constant crack of 
rifles and boom of artillery. 

630
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,900
Men living like animals in holes
in the ground. 

631
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:46,900
Winston commands, the sixth 
Royal Scots fusiliers. 

632
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:50,700
His men are initially skeptical 
of this politician playing at 

633
00:33:50,700 --> 00:33:53,900
Soldier but Winston wins them 
over with courage and Common 

634
00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,800
Sense. 
He shares their dangers and 

635
00:33:56,800 --> 00:33:59,500
hardships. 
He scroungers extra supplies for

636
00:33:59,500 --> 00:34:01,500
them. 
He leads from the front during 

637
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:03,900
trench raids during Quiet 
Moments. 

638
00:34:03,900 --> 00:34:07,400
Winston writes letters to 
Clementine you read over his 

639
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:10,199
shoulder as he pours out his 
heart, he misses her 

640
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,300
desperately, he longs to be back
in the political Arena. 

641
00:34:14,000 --> 00:34:16,800
Battlefield has shown him. 
He is a man of words and ideas 

642
00:34:16,800 --> 00:34:20,600
not primarily a man of action. 
His weapon is language not the 

643
00:34:20,600 --> 00:34:23,800
rightful. 
After several months, Winston 

644
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:26,300
returns to London. 
He resumed his seat in 

645
00:34:26,308 --> 00:34:30,500
Parliament, Slowly painfully he 
begins rebuilding his political 

646
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:35,199
reputation, he speaks in debate.
He writes articles, he reminds 

647
00:34:35,199 --> 00:34:38,300
people of his abilities, the 
road back from Gallipoli will 

648
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:42,300
take years but Winston is 
patient and persistent in July 

649
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:45,100
1917. 
Winston returned to government 

650
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,300
as minister of Munitions, you 
walk with him through armaments 

651
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:50,199
factories. 
The work is vital. 

652
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:53,800
If unglamorous Brittany shells 
and guns and bullets in 

653
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:58,100
unimaginable quantities, Winston
drives production with his usual

654
00:34:58,100 --> 00:35:01,500
intensity factories. 
Run Around the Clock output 

655
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,500
sores. 
When the war finally ends in 

656
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:08,100
November 1918, Winston has been 
partially rehabilitated. 

657
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:11,800
His work at Munitions, has 
reminded people of his abilities

658
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,600
but Gallipoli. 
Still hangs over him like a dark

659
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:16,800
cloud. 
Many will never forgive him for 

660
00:35:16,800 --> 00:35:19,400
that disaster. 
Winston must live with being 

661
00:35:19,400 --> 00:35:21,700
blamed, for one of the war's 
greatest failures. 

662
00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:25,400
The years after the Great War at
tumultuous, you stand with 

663
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:28,100
Winston as he navigates the 
choppy Waters of post-war 

664
00:35:28,100 --> 00:35:32,000
politics, in 1919, he becomes 
Secretary of State for war and 

665
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:34,200
Heir. 
He oversees the demobilization 

666
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:37,500
of millions of soldiers. 
He deals with labor, unrest, and

667
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:41,200
political upheaval, Winston is 
visceral to bolshevism. 

668
00:35:41,200 --> 00:35:43,800
The Russian Revolution, 
horrified him. 

669
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,900
He sees communism as a threat to
civilization itself. 

670
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,000
He Advocates, British 
intervention to crush the 

671
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:52,300
Bolsheviks. 
Most of his colleague's consider

672
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:55,300
this in practical The British 
people want. 

673
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:59,600
Peace not new Wars. 
Winston's anti-communist Crusade

674
00:35:59,600 --> 00:36:02,300
becomes an obsession that 
damages his political standing. 

675
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:05,600
In 1921 he becomes, Colonial 
secretary. 

676
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:09,000
You travel with him to Cairo for
a conference on Middle Eastern 

677
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:11,300
Affairs. 
The ottoman Empires collapsed 

678
00:36:11,300 --> 00:36:14,200
Britain must decide how to 
govern its new territories 

679
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:17,100
Winston helps draw borders and 
install rulers. 

680
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:20,000
The decisions made in these 
meetings will echo through 

681
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:24,700
history often tragically. 
The 1920s are difficult years 

682
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:27,400
for Winston. 
Personally, his mother dies in 

683
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:32,100
1921 after falling down stairs. 
Little Marigold his beloved 

684
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:36,900
daughter dies of septicemia. 
In 1922 at Age 2, the Lost 

685
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:38,600
devastates, both Winston and 
Clementine. 

686
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,600
You see the pain in his eyes for
months afterward, he paints 

687
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:44,300
obsessively to cope with the 
grief. 

688
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:49,200
Winston loses his parliamentary 
seat in 1922 for two years. 

689
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:50,900
He has out of parliament 
entirely. 

690
00:36:50,900 --> 00:36:55,100
He feels cut adrift. 
Politics has been his life over 

691
00:36:55,100 --> 00:36:57,800
two decades without it. 
He has lost. 

692
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:01,700
He writes to fill the time and 
earn money his multi-volume. 

693
00:37:01,700 --> 00:37:05,000
History of World War 1 becomes a
best seller but writing as a 

694
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,200
poor substitute for power. 
In 1924. 

695
00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:10,800
Winston makes another dramatic 
party switch. 

696
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:14,100
He rejoins the conservative 
party left, 20 years earlier, 

697
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:17,000
Some mock him for having no 
fixed principles. 

698
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:20,600
Winston argues, he has not 
changed the parties of moved 

699
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:23,000
around him principles matter, 
more than labels. 

700
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,000
Whether this is true or 
self-justification, depends on 

701
00:37:26,008 --> 00:37:28,700
your perspective, the 
conservatives win the election 

702
00:37:28,700 --> 00:37:31,500
Winston is appointed Chancellor 
of the exterior. 

703
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:34,500
He is now in charge of Britain's
finance's during a difficult 

704
00:37:34,500 --> 00:37:37,200
economic period. 
You sit in his office at the 

705
00:37:37,208 --> 00:37:39,300
treasury as he grapples with 
thorny problems. 

706
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:43,600
And employment is high, industry
is struggling the pound sterling

707
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:46,300
needs stabilizing. 
Winston makes a fateful 

708
00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:49,400
decision. 
He returns Britain to the gold 

709
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:51,300
standard at the pre-war exchange
rate. 

710
00:37:52,100 --> 00:37:54,300
Economists warn. 
This will make British exports 

711
00:37:54,300 --> 00:37:57,700
uncompetitive Winston dismisses 
their concerns. 

712
00:37:57,700 --> 00:38:01,300
He sees the gold standard as a 
symbol of British strength and 

713
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:05,300
stability the decision proves 
disastrous British industry 

714
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:09,300
suffers unemployment Rises 
further, Winston will later call

715
00:38:09,300 --> 00:38:14,300
it the greatest mistake of his 
life In 1926 the general strike 

716
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:17,500
paralyzes Britain. 
Millions of workers, walk off 

717
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:21,100
the job, the government faces, 
its greatest domestic crisis in 

718
00:38:21,100 --> 00:38:24,600
Generations. 
Winston takes a hard line, he 

719
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:27,900
edits, the government propaganda
sheet, the British Gazette. 

720
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:32,000
His editorials are fiery and 
uncompromising the strike, 

721
00:38:32,000 --> 00:38:35,000
eventually collapses, but 
Winston's harsh rhetoric makes 

722
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,000
him even more unpopular with 
working people. 

723
00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,200
The 1930s begin with Winston out
of government. 

724
00:38:41,000 --> 00:38:44,600
The conservatives lose the 1929 
election, the new Labour 

725
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:46,300
government has no place for 
Winston. 

726
00:38:46,300 --> 00:38:50,600
Is 54 years old. 
To many observers, his career is

727
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,800
winding down, he will be 
remembered as a talented but 

728
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:56,000
erratic politician who never 
quite fulfilled. 

729
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:59,200
His early promise you walk with 
Winston through what he will 

730
00:38:59,200 --> 00:39:00,700
later. 
Call his Wilderness years. 

731
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:05,000
He writes prolifically books 
articles speeches. 

732
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,600
He works on Marlborough a 
massive biography of his famous 

733
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:11,000
ancestor. 
The writing is magnificent 

734
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,000
though. 
Historians quibble with his 

735
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:16,200
interpretations. 
Winston is never one to let 

736
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:17,700
facts interfere with a good 
story. 

737
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:21,200
He builds a wall at his Country 
House, Chartwell you work 

738
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,900
alongside him mixing mortar and 
laying bricks, the physical 

739
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:28,900
labor, soothes him, he takes 
pride in his craftsmanship, he 

740
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:30,200
builds a cottage for his 
daughter. 

741
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,700
Mary using his own hands. 
The work is competent, if not 

742
00:39:33,700 --> 00:39:35,800
professional. 
Winston jokes. 

743
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:37,900
He could have been a bricklayer 
of politics failed. 

744
00:39:37,900 --> 00:39:43,000
He paints constantly oils are 
his medium Landscapes mostly he 

745
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:45,900
attacks canvases with bold 
strokes and Vivid colors. 

746
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:49,900
His paintings are not subtle but
they have energy and life. 

747
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:53,100
Painting provides respite from 
his Black Moods. 

748
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,500
When depression threatens 
Winston, picks up a brush, the 

749
00:39:57,500 --> 00:39:59,800
Act of Creation lifts. 
The Darkness at least 

750
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:03,600
temporarily But Winston cannot 
ignore politics entirely. 

751
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:06,500
He watches events in Europe with
growing alarm. 

752
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:08,600
The new Menace is rising in 
Germany. 

753
00:40:08,600 --> 00:40:11,400
Adolf Hitler. 
And his Nazi party have come to 

754
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:13,300
power. 
Hitler promises to restore, 

755
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,400
German greatness and overturn 
the Versailles treaty. 

756
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:20,000
His speeches dripped with Venom 
towards Jews and other groups, 

757
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,900
he considers inferior. 
Winston begins warning about the

758
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:26,700
Nazi threat. 
You sit in the House of Commons 

759
00:40:26,700 --> 00:40:28,400
as he delivers speech after 
speech. 

760
00:40:29,200 --> 00:40:32,200
Germany is re-arming. 
Hitler is building a massive 

761
00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:35,000
military machine. 
Britain must respond by 

762
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,200
strengthening its own defenses. 
The government and public 

763
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,800
largely ignore him. 
People are War weary. 

764
00:40:40,800 --> 00:40:44,400
They want to believe piece of 
secure, Winston particularly 

765
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:48,100
warns about airpower. 
Germany is building hundreds of 

766
00:40:48,108 --> 00:40:51,100
bombers and Fighters. 
Britain's air defenses are 

767
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:54,600
woefully inadequate. 
If War comes German bombs will 

768
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:57,600
rain down on British cities, 
thousands will die. 

769
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:00,600
The government must invest 
urgently in the Royal Air Force.

770
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:03,700
Again, his warnings fall on deaf
ears. 

771
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:08,300
He has mocked as a warmonger and
alarmist cartoons, depict him as

772
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:11,700
a bellicose old man, seeking 
Glory colleagues, roll their 

773
00:41:11,700 --> 00:41:15,000
eyes when he speaks Winston. 
The prophet is dismissed as 

774
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:16,000
Winston. 
Mccrank. 

775
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,700
You see the frustration in his 
face, he knows he is right, but 

776
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:23,500
cannot make anyone, listen, his 
political isolation deepens over

777
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,200
the India question. 
The government is moving toward 

778
00:41:26,200 --> 00:41:29,000
granting, India more 
self-governance Winston 

779
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,500
vehemently. 
Opposes this, he believes the 

780
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:34,100
British Empire must be 
maintained in Indian 

781
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,000
independence would begin. 
Its unraveling, he campaigns 

782
00:41:37,000 --> 00:41:41,200
fiercely against reform. 
This is not Winston's finest 

783
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:43,100
Hour. 
His views on Empire. 

784
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:44,800
Are those of his Victorian 
upbringing? 

785
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:49,400
Cannot conceive of India without
British rule his rhetoric. 

786
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,100
Sometimes crosses in to racism 
that makes even his allies 

787
00:41:52,100 --> 00:41:55,000
uncomfortable. 
The India campaign damages, his 

788
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:57,800
credibility further. 
He seems like a relic from a 

789
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:01,200
bygone age, but on Germany 
Winston is proven right? 

790
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:07,300
Hitler remilitarizes the 
Rhineland in 1936 in 1938. 

791
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:11,200
That Munich Britain and France 
agreed to let Germany take the 

792
00:42:11,200 --> 00:42:14,700
sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
Prime minister Neville, 

793
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,600
Chamberlain returns waving a 
paper promising, peace in our 

794
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:20,200
time. 
Winston announces Munich as a 

795
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:23,600
disaster and defeat you stand in
Parliament as Winston delivers, 

796
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:27,200
his devastating response. 
Britain had a choice between war

797
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:29,700
and dishonor. 
They chose dishonor and they 

798
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:32,900
will have War. 
The words are prophetic and 

799
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:35,000
terrible. 
Chamberlain and his supporters 

800
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:38,700
hate Winston for speaking this 
truth, but some younger MPS. 

801
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:40,900
Begin to wonder if the old man 
might be right after all. 

802
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:46,900
In March 1939, Germany Seasons 
the rest of Slovakia, the Munich

803
00:42:46,900 --> 00:42:50,000
agreement lies in, tatters, even
chamber in realizes Hitler 

804
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:53,000
cannot be appeased. 
Britain begins, re-arming and 

805
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:55,200
earnest. 
Suddenly Winston's warnings. 

806
00:42:55,200 --> 00:42:58,300
Do not seem so alarmist. 
People remember he was right 

807
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:02,100
when others were wrong. 
When Germany invades Poland in 

808
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,600
September 1939, Britain and 
France, declare war. 

809
00:43:06,700 --> 00:43:08,700
Winston is immediately recalled 
to the government. 

810
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,400
As first Lord of the admiralty, 
he returns to the same post. 

811
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:15,600
He held 25 years earlier a 
signal goes out to the Royal 

812
00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:17,300
Navy. 
Winston is back. 

813
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:21,300
You can almost hear the chairs 
from ships around the world but 

814
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:23,000
the war goes badly from the 
start. 

815
00:43:23,700 --> 00:43:27,000
Poland Falls in weeks. 
The Western Front is quiet 

816
00:43:27,000 --> 00:43:29,500
through the winter. 
This is the phony War. 

817
00:43:30,300 --> 00:43:32,800
Britain and Germany glare at 
each other, but do not fight. 

818
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:38,000
The public grows restless and 
Confused is this really wore or 

819
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,600
some strange new kind of piece 
in April 1940. 

820
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:45,500
Germany invades Norway. 
British forces try to intervene 

821
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:48,100
but are out maneuvered. 
The Norway campaign is a 

822
00:43:48,108 --> 00:43:51,500
disaster. 
Ironically Winston, as first 

823
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:55,100
Lord is largely responsible. 
But the failure is blamed on 

824
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:57,700
Chamberlain's government as a 
whole confidence. 

825
00:43:57,700 --> 00:44:00,700
In the Prime Minister craters, 
The crucial debate is held in 

826
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:04,000
the House of Commons in May 
Chamberlain supporters, try to 

827
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:07,000
defend the Norway. 
Operational critics Savage, the 

828
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:10,000
government's handling of the 
war, the debate becomes a 

829
00:44:10,000 --> 00:44:12,700
referendum on Chamberlain's 
leadership, even some 

830
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,100
conservatives turn against him. 
The decisive moment comes when 

831
00:44:16,100 --> 00:44:19,600
Leo aimery a conservative MP and
old friend of Winston's quote, 

832
00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:22,500
Oliver Cromwell. 
You have two long here for any 

833
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:24,300
good. 
You have been doing in the name 

834
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:27,600
of God, go. 
The word echo through the 

835
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:31,300
chamber Chamberlain's face 
turned Ashland, his government 

836
00:44:31,300 --> 00:44:35,900
is doomed. 
On May 10th 1940, Neville, 

837
00:44:35,900 --> 00:44:39,200
Chamberlain resigns. 
King George, the sixth must 

838
00:44:39,200 --> 00:44:42,000
choose a new prime minister. 
The choice is between Winston 

839
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:46,000
Churchill and Lord Halifax. 
Halifax is the safer, Choice, 

840
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:48,500
respected, cautious from the 
right background. 

841
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:52,100
Facts knows he cannot lead 
Britain in war. 

842
00:44:52,100 --> 00:44:56,100
He steps aside Winston, 
Churchill becomes prime minister

843
00:44:56,100 --> 00:45:00,100
at age. 65 you stand with him in
his new office at 10 Downing 

844
00:45:00,100 --> 00:45:03,400
Street, he has reached the 
summit after Decades of struggle

845
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:06,800
but the timing could hardly be 
worse that very day. 

846
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,700
Germany, launches its invasion 
of France, and the low 

847
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:12,200
countries, the Nazi Blitz Creek 
has begun. 

848
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:16,000
You stand at Winston shoulder as
he faces his first crisis as 

849
00:45:16,000 --> 00:45:18,700
prime minister. 
German panzers are racing 

850
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:21,700
through the ardenne. 
The French army is reeling. 

851
00:45:21,700 --> 00:45:24,900
The British expeditionary forces
in danger of being cut off. 

852
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:27,200
Everything is happening. 
Terribly fast. 

853
00:45:27,200 --> 00:45:30,700
Winston forms. 
A coalition government, labor 

854
00:45:30,700 --> 00:45:32,500
and liberal leaders joined his 
War cabinet. 

855
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:36,700
Clement Atlee becomes. 
Deputy Prime, Minister political

856
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:40,300
rivalries are set aside. 
The nation must present a united

857
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:42,600
front. 
You watch Winston, welcome 

858
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:44,700
former opponents into positions 
of power. 

859
00:45:45,900 --> 00:45:48,100
The moment is too gray for Party
politics. 

860
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:51,900
On May 13th, Winston appears 
before Parliament as prime 

861
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:53,900
minister. 
For the first time you are in 

862
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,500
the gallery as he speaks, I have
nothing to offer, but blood toil

863
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:00,700
tears and sweat. 
His voice is grave, but 

864
00:46:00,700 --> 00:46:03,500
resolute. 
We have before us an ordeal of 

865
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:06,500
the most Grievous. 
Kind we have before us, many, 

866
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:09,100
many long months of struggle and
suffering. 

867
00:46:09,100 --> 00:46:13,200
The words are not optimistic, 
Winston does not promise easy 

868
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:15,500
Victory but his honesty is 
bracing. 

869
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:17,400
He asked the house for its 
confidence. 

870
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:22,700
What is our policy victory 
victory at all costs victory in 

871
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:26,600
spite of all Terror Victory, 
however, long and hard, the road

872
00:46:26,600 --> 00:46:29,800
may be For without victory. 
There is no survival. 

873
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:34,100
The speech electrifies the 
nation here at last is a leader 

874
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:37,300
who understands the stakes. 
Winston is not trying to 

875
00:46:37,308 --> 00:46:39,800
minimize the danger or offer 
false Comfort. 

876
00:46:39,800 --> 00:46:44,000
He is preparing Britain for the 
ordeal her head, his words give 

877
00:46:44,000 --> 00:46:46,600
people courage to face. 
What is coming and what is 

878
00:46:46,600 --> 00:46:50,500
coming is catastrophic. 
The German Advanced cannot be 

879
00:46:50,500 --> 00:46:52,300
stopped. 
The French army is 

880
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,600
disintegrating, the British 
expeditionary Force, Retreats 

881
00:46:55,600 --> 00:46:59,500
toward the channel. 
Ports, 300,000 British soldiers 

882
00:46:59,500 --> 00:47:01,000
are trapped on the beaches of 
Dunkirk. 

883
00:47:01,000 --> 00:47:05,500
The German pins as a closing and
Annihilation seems inevitable. 

884
00:47:06,200 --> 00:47:09,400
Winston orders, the Royal Navy 
to evacuate as many men as 

885
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:11,700
possible. 
You stand on the beach at 

886
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:14,200
Dunkirk. 
In late May, the situation is 

887
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:16,900
desperate. 
German artillery pounds. 

888
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:21,300
The beaches luftwaffe bombers 
attacking waves ships are sunk 

889
00:47:21,300 --> 00:47:24,800
before they can load troops. 
The harbor is unusable men 

890
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:26,900
weighed into the surfing to be 
picked up. 

891
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:28,800
Then something remarkable 
happens. 

892
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,500
Hundreds of Civilian boats, 
cross the channel fishing boats,

893
00:47:32,500 --> 00:47:35,600
pleasure, Yachts, river, barges 
anything that can float. 

894
00:47:36,500 --> 00:47:39,100
Their civilian Crews navigate 
through bombs and shells to 

895
00:47:39,100 --> 00:47:42,000
reach the beaches they Ferry 
soldiers from short. 

896
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:45,000
To the waiting warships, the 
little ship's of Duncan Kirk 

897
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:49,600
become Legend. 
Against All Odds, over 300,000 

898
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:52,500
men are evacuated, it is not a 
victory. 

899
00:47:52,500 --> 00:47:56,500
The British army has lost all 
its heavy equipment, but the men

900
00:47:56,500 --> 00:48:01,200
are saved to fight another day. 
Winston warns the nation not to 

901
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:02,800
mistake a Deliverance for 
Triumph. 

902
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:07,300
Wars are not won by evacuation 
but Britain has bought time to 

903
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:11,300
continue the fight. 
France is doomed, German forces 

904
00:48:11,300 --> 00:48:13,800
reach Paris in mid-june. 
The French government. 

905
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:17,300
Collapses Winston flies to 
France, repeatedly, trying to 

906
00:48:17,300 --> 00:48:20,500
stiffen their results. 
You accompany him to desperate 

907
00:48:20,500 --> 00:48:23,400
meetings with French leaders. 
They are defeated men. 

908
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:27,400
They speak of armistice Winston,
argues passionately for 

909
00:48:27,400 --> 00:48:30,600
continuing the fight his words 
fall on deaf ears. 

910
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:36,100
On June 22nd France signs, an 
Armistice with Germany, Britain 

911
00:48:36,100 --> 00:48:38,900
stands alone, the United States 
is neutral. 

912
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:41,300
The Soviet Union has a pact with
Hitler. 

913
00:48:41,300 --> 00:48:45,500
The British Empire faces, Nazi 
Germany, without allies, the 

914
00:48:45,500 --> 00:48:49,000
situation looks hopeless. 
Many expect Britain to seek 

915
00:48:49,000 --> 00:48:51,400
terms. 
Surely fighting on a loan is 

916
00:48:51,408 --> 00:48:54,500
suicide. 
Winston never considers 

917
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:58,100
surrender. 
On June, 4th after Dunkirk, he 

918
00:48:58,100 --> 00:49:00,800
delivers another great speech to
Parliament you. 

919
00:49:00,800 --> 00:49:03,900
Listen as his voice fills the 
chamber even though large tracts

920
00:49:03,900 --> 00:49:06,100
of Europe have fallen into the 
grip of the Gestapo. 

921
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:09,400
We shall not flag or fail. 
We shall go on to the end. 

922
00:49:09,400 --> 00:49:13,800
We shall fight on the seasons. 
We shall fight on the beaches we

923
00:49:13,800 --> 00:49:16,200
shall fight on the Hills we 
shall Never Surrender. 

924
00:49:16,200 --> 00:49:18,200
The words are more than 
rhetoric. 

925
00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:20,800
They are a declaration of 
Britain's will to resist. 

926
00:49:21,500 --> 00:49:24,500
Winston is committing the nation
to fight until Victory or an 

927
00:49:24,500 --> 00:49:27,100
Annihilation. 
There will be no compromise with

928
00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:29,400
evil. 
The speeches broadcast around 

929
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:33,300
the world in occupied countries.
People huddle around illegal 

930
00:49:33,300 --> 00:49:36,300
radios and weep with hope. 
Britain has not give up. 

931
00:49:36,300 --> 00:49:40,100
Hitler expects to seek peace. 
When no offer comes. 

932
00:49:40,100 --> 00:49:43,800
He begins planning an invasion 
Operation Sea Lion will land 

933
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,500
German forces on the English 
Coast, but first Germany must 

934
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:51,100
control the air The lift. 
Buffer launches a campaign to 

935
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:54,000
destroy the Royal Air Force. 
The Battle of Britain begins in 

936
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:56,700
July and reaches its climax in 
August and September. 

937
00:49:56,700 --> 00:50:00,200
You stand in fighter command 
headquarters watching the battle

938
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,000
unfold Plot show. 
German formations crossing the 

939
00:50:03,008 --> 00:50:06,500
channel young RAF Pilots 
scrambled to intercept 

940
00:50:06,500 --> 00:50:10,600
dogfights, swirl across the 
Summer Sky, smoke Trails, Mark, 

941
00:50:10,600 --> 00:50:14,300
falling aircraft, the odds favor
Germany, they have more planes 

942
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:17,900
and Pilots, but the RAF has 
advantages, they are fighting 

943
00:50:17,900 --> 00:50:21,200
over home territory, downed 
pilots, who survived can return 

944
00:50:21,200 --> 00:50:24,300
to duty? 
The British have radar to 

945
00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:27,500
provide early warning and they 
have the Spitfire and hurricane 

946
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:29,900
Fighters that can match the 
German aircraft. 

947
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:33,600
Winston visits fighter stations 
you accompany him. 

948
00:50:33,608 --> 00:50:36,400
As he meets young Pilots between
missionaries, they are boys, 

949
00:50:36,408 --> 00:50:39,700
really like 19 and 20 years old 
their faces are drawn with 

950
00:50:39,700 --> 00:50:42,000
exhaustion. 
They fly multiple sorties. 

951
00:50:42,000 --> 00:50:44,200
Each day many will not survive 
the week. 

952
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,100
Winston shakes their hands and 
thanks them. 

953
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:50,000
His eyes are bright with unshed 
tears. 

954
00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:54,200
The battle reaches crisis. 
In late, August German bombers 

955
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:55,600
attack. 
RAF airfields. 

956
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:59,500
Hangers and runways are created.
Fighter production, cannot keep 

957
00:50:59,500 --> 00:51:03,100
Pace with losses. 
The RAF is being ground down a 

958
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:05,400
few more weeks of this and air 
superiority will pass to 

959
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:07,600
Germany. 
Then Invasion becomes possible. 

960
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:09,600
Then Hitler makes a crucial 
mistake. 

961
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:14,000
After British bombers hit 
Berlin, he orders the luftwaffe 

962
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:16,800
to attack London, instead of 
continuing to Target airfields. 

963
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:21,600
The change in strategy, gives 
the RAF breathing Space, Fighter

964
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,800
strength, begins to recover. 
You stand in London as the bombs

965
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:28,500
fall night after night, 
buildings burn, civilians, die. 

966
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:33,700
But the RAF survives By late 
September, it is clear, Germany 

967
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:37,000
has lost the Battle of Britain. 
The RAF is still operational. 

968
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:40,500
Hitler's bones. 
And then cancels Operation Sea 

969
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:42,800
Lion, Britain will not be 
invaded. 

970
00:51:43,700 --> 00:51:45,600
Winston gives credit where it is
due. 

971
00:51:45,600 --> 00:51:48,800
Never in the field of human 
conflict was so much owed by so 

972
00:51:48,800 --> 00:51:52,800
many to so few The fighter 
pilots have saved the nation, 

973
00:51:52,800 --> 00:51:56,500
but the blitz continues German 
bombers come every night. 

974
00:51:56,500 --> 00:52:01,100
London Burns Coventry is 
devastated cities, throughout 

975
00:52:01,100 --> 00:52:04,200
Britain suffer, you walk through
rubblestone streets with 

976
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:07,900
Winston, he tours bombed areas 
to show solidarity with victims,

977
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:11,900
people recognized him and call 
out his presence, heartlands 

978
00:52:11,900 --> 00:52:13,900
them, if Winston can face the 
bombs. 

979
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,700
So can they Winston's own life 
is in constant danger. 

980
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:21,600
German intelligence knows his 
movements bombs fall near 

981
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:24,000
wherever he goes. 
He refuses to hide. 

982
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,500
He appears on rooftops watching 
the raids, he visits 

983
00:52:27,500 --> 00:52:29,500
anti-aircraft batteries and 
Bombshells. 

984
00:52:29,500 --> 00:52:32,000
His courage is not Reckless 
Bravada. 

985
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,100
It is a calculated decision to 
share the risks. 

986
00:52:35,100 --> 00:52:38,700
Ordinary People face His daily 
routine is exhausting. 

987
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:41,200
You Shadow him through endless 
days. 

988
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:44,300
He wakes late having worked past
midnight. 

989
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:48,300
He takes a bath while dictating 
memos he works in bed through 

990
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:50,500
the morning. 
A brief nap after lunch. 

991
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,800
Then more meetings phone calls 
and paperwork until the small 

992
00:52:54,808 --> 00:52:57,700
hours, he consumes enormous 
amounts of champagne and 

993
00:52:57,700 --> 00:53:01,200
whiskey, the staff Marvels that 
he can function at all, but 

994
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:04,900
Winston thrives Under Pressure, 
the responsibility energizes 

995
00:53:04,900 --> 00:53:08,600
rather than crushes him. 
This is what he was born for all

996
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:10,600
his life has been preparation 
for this moment. 

997
00:53:11,700 --> 00:53:14,900
Leading Britain through its 
Darkest Hour requires exactly 

998
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:18,700
his combination of Courage 
eloquence and indomitable will. 

999
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:23,100
He is finally in the right place
at the right time, his speeches 

1000
00:53:23,100 --> 00:53:26,600
become weapons. 
On radio broadcasts, Winston 

1001
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:29,900
addresses, not just Britain, but
the whole world, his voice 

1002
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:33,600
becomes the voice of resistance 
in occupied Europe, people risk 

1003
00:53:33,600 --> 00:53:37,100
death to listen in America. 
His words, build sympathy for 

1004
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:41,000
Britain's cause Winston Paints. 
The struggle in civilizational 

1005
00:53:41,000 --> 00:53:43,600
terms. 
This is not just about territory

1006
00:53:43,600 --> 00:53:46,300
or politics. 
It is a fight between light and 

1007
00:53:46,300 --> 00:53:50,500
darkness, freedom, and slavery. 
He cultivates the relationship 

1008
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:54,300
with America obsessively. 
President Roosevelt is 

1009
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:56,900
sympathetic but hampered by 
neutrality laws and public 

1010
00:53:56,900 --> 00:53:59,700
opinion. 
Winston writes him long letters 

1011
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,300
laying out. 
Britain's needs destroyers 

1012
00:54:02,300 --> 00:54:06,800
aircraft, weapons supplies, 
America becomes the arsenal of 

1013
00:54:06,808 --> 00:54:09,600
democracy shipping War material 
to Britain. 

1014
00:54:10,300 --> 00:54:13,100
Winston, or begins developing a 
personal relationship with 

1015
00:54:13,100 --> 00:54:16,600
Roosevelt. 
The exchange of messages, the 

1016
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:19,800
tone becomes warm and familiar, 
Winston signs himself. 

1017
00:54:19,800 --> 00:54:23,900
As a former Naval person 
Roosevelt responds in, kind the 

1018
00:54:23,900 --> 00:54:26,300
friendship between the two 
leaders, become a Cornerstone of

1019
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:29,100
the alliance that will 
eventually win the war money is 

1020
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:31,500
running out. 
Britain is spending its golden 

1021
00:54:31,500 --> 00:54:33,600
dollar Reserves at an 
unsustainable rate. 

1022
00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:38,500
By late 1940. 
Bankruptcy looms Winston, lays 

1023
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:41,400
the situation before rows of 
Roosevelt without American help.

1024
00:54:41,400 --> 00:54:45,000
Britain cannot continue fighting
Roosevelt responds with lent, 

1025
00:54:45,000 --> 00:54:47,600
lease and America, will lend 
Britain, the weapons and 

1026
00:54:47,600 --> 00:54:51,100
supplies it needs payment can be
deferred until after the war. 

1027
00:54:52,100 --> 00:54:55,100
Lendlease is a Lifeline he keeps
Brittany in the fight through 

1028
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:59,300
1941, but Winston knows. 
Britain cannot win alone and 

1029
00:54:59,300 --> 00:55:02,500
America must enter the war. 
He watches anxiously as 

1030
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:04,200
Roosevelt. 
Navigate to American domestic 

1031
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:06,700
politics. 
Isolationist sentiment remained 

1032
00:55:06,700 --> 00:55:09,000
strong getting America into the 
war. 

1033
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,200
Seems impossible. 
Then on December the 7th 1941 

1034
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:16,400
Japan attacks Pearl Harbor. 
America is finally, at War. 

1035
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,200
Winston hears, the news with 
overwhelming relief. 

1036
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:23,900
You are with him. 
When he learns, he goes to bed 

1037
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:25,600
that night, knowing Britain is 
saved. 

1038
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:29,900
America's industrial, might will
tip the balance Victory is now 

1039
00:55:29,908 --> 00:55:33,700
possible though, it may take 
years Winston immediately 

1040
00:55:33,700 --> 00:55:36,700
travels to Washington. 
You accompany him on the voyage 

1041
00:55:36,700 --> 00:55:39,400
across the Atlantic. 
He works constantly preparing 

1042
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:43,300
for meetings with Roosevelt. 
When he arrives, the two leaders

1043
00:55:43,300 --> 00:55:46,600
established an instant Rapport, 
they talk for hours about 

1044
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:50,100
strategy and coordination. 
The alliance is forged in these 

1045
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:53,200
meetings. 
Winston addresses Congress on 

1046
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:56,100
December 26th. 
You sit in the gallery as he 

1047
00:55:56,100 --> 00:55:59,200
speaks to American lawmakers. 
He acknowledges that his mother 

1048
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,100
was American. 
If my father had been American 

1049
00:56:02,100 --> 00:56:06,400
and my mother British in the 
other way around, I might have 

1050
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,500
gotten here on my own. 
Laughter fills the chamber. 

1051
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,400
Winston has Charmed them 
completely, but he also delivers

1052
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:16,400
serious warnings. 
The wall will be long and hard. 

1053
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:19,200
Japan's early victories in the 
Pacific are just beginning. 

1054
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:21,000
Dark Days. 
Liar head. 

1055
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,500
Before the dawn Winston does not
sugarcoat reality. 

1056
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:28,300
But he projects, absolute 
confidence in Ultimate Victory. 

1057
00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:31,600
The forces arrayed against the 
Axis powers are overwhelming 

1058
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:35,300
tyranny, cannot Prevail against 
the combined, might of free 

1059
00:56:35,300 --> 00:56:39,400
people's the years 1942, and 43 
of a hinge of the war. 

1060
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:42,400
You stand with Winston as the 
balance slowly tips. 

1061
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:45,100
Early defeats giveaway to hard 
won victories. 

1062
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,400
The Tide is turning though. 
The end remains distant. 

1063
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:50,600
North Africa becomes a critical 
theater. 

1064
00:56:51,900 --> 00:56:54,900
British forces under General 
Montgomery face, German troops 

1065
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:59,000
led by Rommel the Desert War 
swings, back and forth Winston 

1066
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:02,400
follows every battle anxiously, 
you sit with him in the map 

1067
00:57:02,400 --> 00:57:04,200
room. 
Studying intelligence reports. 

1068
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:08,100
He moves pins representing 
divisions and brigades the fate 

1069
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:10,300
of Egypt and the sewers Canal 
hangs in the balance. 

1070
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:15,700
In October, 1942 Montgomery 
attacks, at LL mean, for 12 days

1071
00:57:15,700 --> 00:57:17,300
the battle rages across the 
desert. 

1072
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:20,100
Finally Rommels forces break and
Retreat. 

1073
00:57:20,100 --> 00:57:22,500
It is Britain's first clear, 
victory over. 

1074
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,200
Germany Winston is jubilant. 
This is not the end. 

1075
00:57:26,200 --> 00:57:30,000
It is not even the beginning of 
the end, but it is perhaps the 

1076
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:33,800
end of the beginning. 
Across the world America wins a 

1077
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:38,200
crucial naval battle at Midway 
Japanese expansion is checked in

1078
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:40,500
Russia. 
German forces a lot in brutal 

1079
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:44,100
combat at Starling Grand Theft 
is learning that the Soviet 

1080
00:57:44,100 --> 00:57:46,000
Union cannot be easily 
conquered. 

1081
00:57:46,000 --> 00:57:49,700
The Axis powers are stretched 
thin across multiple fronts, 

1082
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:53,400
Winston Works to coordinate 
allied strategy. 

1083
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,900
He travels constantly despite 
his age. 

1084
00:57:56,600 --> 00:58:00,100
You accompany him to conferences
and Casablanca, Quebec Cairo, 

1085
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:04,300
and Tehran meetings are 
exhausting, Churchill Roosevelt 

1086
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:07,700
and Stalin debate. 
How to defeat the axis tensions 

1087
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:11,700
flare over strategy and post-war
plans, but they maintain Unity 

1088
00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:14,900
against the common enemy. 
The relationship with Stalin is 

1089
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:18,100
particularly complex Winston 
despises communism. 

1090
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:21,800
But he recognizes the Soviet 
Union is bearing the heaviest 

1091
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:24,500
burden. 
Russian casualties dwarf, those 

1092
00:58:24,500 --> 00:58:27,400
of other allies. 
Starling demands a second front 

1093
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,500
in Western Europe to draw German
forces away from Russia. 

1094
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:34,100
Winston argues for attacking 
Germany, through Italy and the 

1095
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:38,500
Balkans first, The American 
supports darling's position at 

1096
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:41,400
Tehran. 
In November 1943, the decision 

1097
00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:45,400
is made Operation Overlord. 
Will invade France in 1944 

1098
00:58:45,400 --> 00:58:49,200
American and British forces will
land on the beaches of Normani. 

1099
00:58:49,200 --> 00:58:52,000
It will be the largest 
amphibious operation in history.

1100
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:56,600
Winston has reservations about 
the plan, he fears a bloodbath, 

1101
00:58:56,600 --> 00:59:00,200
but he bows to the combined 
Judgment of Roseville to start 

1102
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:02,900
in. 
Back in Britain preparation for 

1103
00:59:02,900 --> 00:59:07,100
DD dominates. 1944, you walk 
with Winston among troops 

1104
00:59:07,100 --> 00:59:09,800
training for the invasion. 
They are young and fit and 

1105
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:12,500
confident. 
Winston envies, their youth. 

1106
00:59:13,200 --> 00:59:16,700
Approaching 70, the years of 
stress and overwork are taking 

1107
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:20,100
their toll and he cannot slow 
down the war demands. 

1108
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:25,800
Everything he has On June 6th 
1944 Allied Forces land in 

1109
00:59:25,800 --> 00:59:29,400
Normandy, The Invasion succeeds 
despite Fierce German 

1110
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:32,300
resistance. 
Winston desperately wanted to 

1111
00:59:32,300 --> 00:59:35,800
observe from a ship offshore, 
his military advisors talked him

1112
00:59:35,800 --> 00:59:37,900
out of it. 
The risk was too great. 

1113
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:41,200
Winston salts but accept their 
judgment. 

1114
00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:45,000
You stand with him in the war 
room as reports stream in The 

1115
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:47,800
Landings are succeeding. 
The second front has opened 

1116
00:59:47,800 --> 00:59:51,400
Paris is liberated in August. 
He walked the streets with 

1117
00:59:51,400 --> 00:59:55,700
Winston as he visits the newly 
freed City prisons mob him with 

1118
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:57,600
joy. 
They remember his broadcast 

1119
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:00,600
during the dark Year's his voice
kept hope alive. 

1120
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:03,600
Winston is moved to Tears. 
By the reception. 

1121
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:06,700
He has waited years to see Paris
free again. 

1122
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:11,700
But new Horrors are emerging 
reports reached London of Nazi 

1123
01:00:11,700 --> 01:00:14,500
death camps. 
The systematic murder of Jews 

1124
01:00:14,500 --> 01:00:16,300
and other groups on an 
industrial scale. 

1125
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:19,500
Winston has known for years, 
that terrible things were 

1126
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:22,500
happening but the full scope of 
the Holocaust is only now 

1127
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:25,400
becoming clear, the Revelation, 
second him. 

1128
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:27,900
This is what Britain has been 
fighting against. 

1129
01:00:28,600 --> 01:00:32,700
Pure Evil. 
The war in Europe grinds, toward

1130
01:00:32,700 --> 01:00:36,100
conclusion through late 1944 and
early 1945. 

1131
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:40,300
German forces retreat, but 
fights stubbornly Hitler. 

1132
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:42,600
Refuses to surrender. 
The destruction. 

1133
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:46,800
Continues cities are reduced to 
Rubble Millions more die. 

1134
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:49,900
He walked through devastated 
German towns with Winston. 

1135
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:52,700
The scale of Destruction is 
overwhelming. 

1136
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:57,200
Winston's Health suffers he 
catches pneumonia after the 

1137
01:00:57,200 --> 01:01:00,900
altar conference in February 
1945, For days. 

1138
01:01:00,900 --> 01:01:04,400
His life, hangs in the balance, 
doctors fear for the 70 year. 

1139
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:07,600
Old prime minister, But 
Winston's Constitution is 

1140
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,200
strong. 
He recovers and returns to work.

1141
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:13,500
There is too much to do. 
He cannot rest yet. 

1142
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:18,100
In April, Rosevelt dies, Winston
is grief-stricken. 

1143
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:20,600
He has lost a great friend and 
partner. 

1144
01:01:20,600 --> 01:01:25,000
Harry Truman becomes president. 
Winston must now build a 

1145
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:26,700
relationship with a man. 
He barely knows. 

1146
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:30,300
The transition adds uncertainty 
at a crucial moment. 

1147
01:01:30,300 --> 01:01:35,600
Germany finally surrenders on 
May 8th, 1945 victory in Europe,

1148
01:01:35,600 --> 01:01:38,800
day, brings Jubilation 
throughout Britain you stand 

1149
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:41,500
with Winston on the balcony of 
Buckingham Palace alongside the 

1150
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:44,900
royal family enormous crowds 
fill the streets below. 

1151
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:48,400
They cheer themselves. 
Hoarse Winston gives his famous 

1152
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:51,500
V for victory sign. 
The moment is triumph and 

1153
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:54,400
vindication. 
But Winston's thoughts are 

1154
01:01:54,400 --> 01:01:58,500
already turning to the piece. 
The Soviet Union is tightening 

1155
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:01,000
its grip on Eastern Europe. 
Starling shows. 

1156
01:02:01,000 --> 01:02:04,100
No inclination to allow free 
elections in Poland and other 

1157
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:07,500
countries. 
Winston fears, a new tyranny is 

1158
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,000
replacing the old. 
He warns of an iron curtain 

1159
01:02:10,000 --> 01:02:14,400
descending across Europe. once 
again, he is prophetic, the cold

1160
01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:17,900
war is beginning in July 
Britain, holds its first general

1161
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:22,000
election since 1935 Winston 
campaigns but without 

1162
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:26,000
enthusiasm, he is exhausted. 
The Labour party promises 

1163
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,900
sweeping social reforms, they 
can campaign on building, a 

1164
01:02:28,908 --> 01:02:30,900
better Britain, not on past 
glories. 

1165
01:02:30,900 --> 01:02:33,300
You watched the returns coming 
with Winston. 

1166
01:02:33,300 --> 01:02:35,700
The result is stunning, Labour 
wins. 

1167
01:02:35,700 --> 01:02:38,200
A landslide Winston is voted out
of office. 

1168
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:41,200
The rejection wounds him deeply,
he led Britain through its 

1169
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:44,000
darkest hour. 
Now with Victory achieved, the 

1170
01:02:44,000 --> 01:02:47,200
people turned to someone else. 
Winston tries to accept the 

1171
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:49,400
decision. 
Gracefully, democracy has 

1172
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:53,300
spoken, but privately he has 
devastated, you see him struggle

1173
01:02:53,300 --> 01:02:54,800
with depression in the months 
that follow. 

1174
01:02:55,900 --> 01:02:59,700
He is 70 years old. 
Most men would retire Winston. 

1175
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:01,400
Instead becomes leader of the 
opposition. 

1176
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:05,200
He continues fighting in 
Parliament, he delivers speeches

1177
01:03:05,200 --> 01:03:09,600
warning about Soviet expansion. 
The famous Iron Curtain Speech 

1178
01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:13,808
is given in Fulton, Missouri, in
March 1946 from stettin in the 

1179
01:03:13,816 --> 01:03:17,000
Baltic to Trieste in the 
Adriatic, an iron curtain has 

1180
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:20,400
descended across the continent. 
The speeches, controversial, 

1181
01:03:20,400 --> 01:03:23,000
some accused Winston of 
warmongering again. 

1182
01:03:23,900 --> 01:03:27,200
But events proof him, right? 
The Cold War comes the defining,

1183
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:30,700
struggle of the post-war era, 
Winston's warning helped shape 

1184
01:03:30,700 --> 01:03:34,400
Western policy toward the Soviet
Union containment rather than a 

1185
01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:38,300
peasant becomes the strategy. 
He writes his warm Memoirs six, 

1186
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,100
massive volumes detailing, the 
conflict, from his perspective, 

1187
01:03:41,100 --> 01:03:44,300
the books are magisterial works 
of history and literature. 

1188
01:03:44,300 --> 01:03:48,800
They meant Winston's reputation 
and interpretation of events as 

1189
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:51,800
he says, history will be kind to
him because he intends to write 

1190
01:03:51,808 --> 01:03:55,100
it. 
The Memoirs, win the Nobel Prize

1191
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:58,700
for literature. 
In 1953 Winston returns as prime

1192
01:03:58,700 --> 01:04:03,200
minister in 1951 at age 76, you 
walk with him back into 10, 

1193
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,000
Downing Street, he has achieved 
something almost unprecedented 

1194
01:04:06,000 --> 01:04:09,800
dismissed by voters, he has 
returned to power, but this 

1195
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:12,300
second term lacks, the drama of 
his wartime leadership. 

1196
01:04:12,300 --> 01:04:16,200
He is older and slower. 
The great battles have been 

1197
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:18,900
fought and won. 
He suffers a serious stroke. 

1198
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:23,500
In June 1953, the government 
covers up the severity, Winston 

1199
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:26,400
gradually recovers. 
But his diminished, his mental 

1200
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:30,000
sharpness, comes and goes, he 
should resign, but cannot bear 

1201
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:34,300
to let go. 
Finally, in April 1955 he steps 

1202
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:38,400
down, he is a 80 years old, his 
political career spanning 55 

1203
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:42,200
years is over Winston, remains 
in Parliament, as a backbencher 

1204
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:46,100
until 1964. 
He rarely speaks his presence is

1205
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:48,900
mostly symbolic. 
He is a living Monument to 

1206
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:53,000
Britain's Finest Hour, People 
come just to see him in his 

1207
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:56,000
familiar spot. 
The Old Lion, nearly death and 

1208
01:04:56,000 --> 01:04:59,300
increasingly frail that still 
present his final years 

1209
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,800
acquired, he spends time at 
Chartwell painting and feeding 

1210
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,600
his fish. 
Clementine Remains by his side. 

1211
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:08,700
Their marriage has endured 
everything, she knows him better

1212
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:11,100
than anyone. 
She sees past the Public Image 

1213
01:05:11,100 --> 01:05:14,200
to the vulnerable manees. 
Winston dies. 

1214
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:18,600
On January 24th. 1965 he is 90 
years old. 

1215
01:05:18,600 --> 01:05:20,300
You're there in his final 
moments. 

1216
01:05:20,300 --> 01:05:22,600
The great voice is still at 
last. 

1217
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:26,700
The indomitable will has finally
surrendered to time Britain 

1218
01:05:26,700 --> 01:05:29,700
Mourns its greatest son. 
His funeral is the grandest 

1219
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:32,700
state ceremony in British 
history, world leaders attend 

1220
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:36,100
from dozens of Nations, the 
cortege moves through London to 

1221
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:39,300
Saint, Paul's Cathedral hundreds
of thousands line, the streets 

1222
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:42,700
in tribute. 
You walk among the crowds faces,

1223
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:46,300
a wet with tears, people have 
lost more than a leader, they 

1224
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:48,200
have lost a symbol of courage 
and defiance. 

1225
01:05:49,500 --> 01:05:52,500
Winston is buried at Blenheim 
near the palace where he was 

1226
01:05:52,500 --> 01:05:54,600
born. 
The journey has come full 

1227
01:05:54,600 --> 01:05:57,200
circle. 
The boy born two months early in

1228
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:00,000
a small ground floor room became
the man who saved Western 

1229
01:06:00,000 --> 01:06:02,800
Civilization his legacy will 
endure. 

1230
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:04,900
As long as people value Freedom 
over tyranny. 

1231
01:06:05,600 --> 01:06:07,200
What made Winston Churchill 
matter? 

1232
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:11,000
You Ponder this as Knight 
settles around, you part of it 

1233
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:13,700
was circumstance. 
He lived at the right moment to 

1234
01:06:13,700 --> 01:06:16,800
make Maximum Impact. 
Britain needed exactly his 

1235
01:06:16,800 --> 01:06:20,400
qualities in 1940. 
Another time his flaws might 

1236
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:23,700
have overshadowed his gifts. 
But Winston also made his own 

1237
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:27,400
destiny, his Relentless ambition
drove him through Decades of 

1238
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:30,900
setback and failure. 
Lesser men, would have quit 

1239
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:35,100
Winston kept fighting. 
He believed in himself even when

1240
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,400
no one else did. 
That self-belief sustained him 

1241
01:06:38,400 --> 01:06:41,200
through the Wilderness years 
until the moment arrived. 

1242
01:06:41,200 --> 01:06:44,400
His command of language gave him
power beyond any office. 

1243
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:47,600
Winston understood that words 
shaped reality. 

1244
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:52,100
His speeches did not just 
described events They made 

1245
01:06:52,100 --> 01:06:55,700
people willing to endure 
unendurable, things his rhetoric

1246
01:06:55,700 --> 01:06:58,200
became a weapon as important as 
any gun or tank. 

1247
01:06:58,200 --> 01:07:02,000
He made terrible mistakes, 
Gallipoli, haunted, him forever,

1248
01:07:02,000 --> 01:07:05,300
his views on Empire and race 
were products of Victorian 

1249
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:07,600
Prejudice. 
He could be cruel and thought 

1250
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:10,600
list to those around him, his 
drinking and depression could 

1251
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:13,800
have destroyed him. 
Winston was never a blast to 

1252
01:07:13,808 --> 01:07:16,900
Saint. 
He was profoundly human flaws 

1253
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:21,300
and all But when the ultimate 
test came Winston Rose to meet 

1254
01:07:21,300 --> 01:07:24,800
it. 
In 1940, Britain needed a 

1255
01:07:24,800 --> 01:07:26,800
leader. 
Who would never surrender, they 

1256
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:29,400
needed someone who could make 
people believe victory was 

1257
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:33,300
possible against all evidence. 
They needed Winston Churchill. 

1258
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:36,800
And he was there. 
His legacy is complex, 

1259
01:07:36,800 --> 01:07:41,400
conservatives claim him as one 
of their own Liberals point, to 

1260
01:07:41,400 --> 01:07:44,800
his social reforms, imperialists
celebrate, his defense of 

1261
01:07:44,808 --> 01:07:48,300
Empire, anti-fascists, honor his
stand against Hitler. 

1262
01:07:49,300 --> 01:07:53,500
Winston contains multitudes he 
cannot be reduced to simple 

1263
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:55,600
categories, perhaps that is 
fitting. 

1264
01:07:56,600 --> 01:07:59,700
Great figures are rarely simple.
Winston was brilliant, and 

1265
01:07:59,700 --> 01:08:03,300
foolish, generous and selfish, 
Visionary, and blind. 

1266
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:07,600
He saved democracy while holding
views that seem undemocratic he 

1267
01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:09,700
championed Freedom while 
defending Empire. 

1268
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:13,400
The contradictions are part of 
who he was, what endures his 

1269
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:15,700
courage, physical bravery and 
War. 

1270
01:08:15,700 --> 01:08:18,500
Moral courage. 
In speaking truth, political 

1271
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:22,500
courage, in standing alone when 
necessary Winston showed that 

1272
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:25,800
individuals can matter 
enormously one person with 

1273
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:29,399
conviction can change the course
of history, he also showed the 

1274
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:33,500
power of never giving up. 
Winston face more failures than 

1275
01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:36,800
most people experience. 
Each time, he picked himself up 

1276
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:40,200
and kept going. 
His career was a testament to 

1277
01:08:40,200 --> 01:08:43,399
resilience success came. 
Not from avoiding failure, but 

1278
01:08:43,399 --> 01:08:45,200
from refusing to be defeated by 
it. 

1279
01:08:46,700 --> 01:08:49,100
As you drift towards sleep. 
Winston's voice. 

1280
01:08:49,100 --> 01:08:51,800
Echoes one final time. 
Never give in. 

1281
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:54,399
Never give in never, never 
never. 

1282
01:08:56,200 --> 01:08:59,399
And nothing great or small large
or Petty. 

1283
01:09:00,399 --> 01:09:03,000
Never give in except to 
convictions of honor and good 

1284
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:05,600
sense. 
The words were spoken to 

1285
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:09,500
students at harrow in 1941. 
They summarize his entire 

1286
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:12,600
philosophy of life. 
The boy who was born too early 

1287
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:15,500
and sent away, too young, became
the man who stood firm when the 

1288
01:09:15,500 --> 01:09:18,899
world was falling apart. 
Winston Churchill Changed 

1289
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,899
History, because he refused to 
accept defeat that spirit that 

1290
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:26,500
stubborn insistence on fighting 
for what is Right, remains his 

1291
01:09:26,500 --> 01:09:29,600
greatest gift. 
The story of his life is 

1292
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,600
ultimately hopeful. 
It says that courage matters. 

1293
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,399
That words have power that one 
person can make a difference 

1294
01:09:36,399 --> 01:09:41,600
that setbacks need not be final.
That Redemption is possible that

1295
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:43,600
the fight for freedom is always 
worth it. 

1296
01:09:43,600 --> 01:09:46,500
You close your eyes. 
As the first light of dawn 

1297
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:50,500
touches the Horizon, the World 
Winston helps save continues 

1298
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:53,899
turning new challenges. 
Arise new leaders will be 

1299
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:56,400
tested. 
But the example, he said he 

1300
01:09:56,400 --> 01:10:00,900
endures When darkness threatens,
someone will remember the 

1301
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:02,800
British prime minister who never
surrendered. 

1302
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:06,600
Someone will find courage. 
In his words, someone will 

1303
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:08,500
choose to fight rather than 
submit. 

1304
01:10:09,300 --> 01:10:12,300
Winston Churchill's Legacy lives
on, not just in history books, 

1305
01:10:12,300 --> 01:10:16,200
but in the hearts of everyone 
who refuses to give up, his 

1306
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:19,100
story reminds us that Ordinary 
People can achieve extraordinary

1307
01:10:19,100 --> 01:10:24,100
things that our Finest Hours. 
May lie ahead not behind that. 

1308
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:28,200
Hope is always Justified, even 
in the darkest night sleep. 

1309
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:31,100
Now, knowing that courage and 
determination can overcome 

1310
01:10:31,100 --> 01:10:34,700
seemingly impossible odds, the 
spirit that saved Britain in 

1311
01:10:34,700 --> 01:10:39,600
1940 lives on in all of us. 
We carry forward, the torch 

1312
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:42,800
Winston Held High when the world
needed, light most desperately 

1313
01:10:42,800 --> 01:10:47,000
his voice Falls silent but his 
message Echoes Through the Ages,

1314
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:50,800
Never Surrender. 
Never give in always believed 

1315
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:53,500
that Dawn will break no matter 
how long the night. 

1316
01:11:06,000 --> 01:11:09,000
You stand on a wooden deck that 
moves beneath your feet like a 

1317
01:11:09,000 --> 01:11:13,000
living thing, watching the coast
of Spain faded into mist and 

1318
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:17,000
memory. 
The year is 1500 and 2027, and 

1319
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:20,200
you have signed articles to sale
Westwood across an ocean that 

1320
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:22,900
most of Europe, still considers 
more room than reality. 

1321
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:27,700
What follows is not an adventure
of discovering Glory? 

1322
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:31,600
Quieter stranger truth of what 
it meant to live for months. 

1323
01:11:31,600 --> 01:11:35,200
On a floating. 
Wooden box suspended Between Two

1324
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:37,600
Worlds that might as well have 
been on different planets. 

1325
01:11:38,600 --> 01:11:40,600
The smell hits you before 
anything else. 

1326
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:44,000
When you first climb aboard, A 
combination of tar. 

1327
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:47,000
Wet rope bilge water and 
something else. 

1328
01:11:47,000 --> 01:11:49,500
You cannot quite name but we'll 
come to know, intimately. 

1329
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:53,800
It is the smell of wood that has
been damp for years of salt. 

1330
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:57,600
That has worked its way into 
every fiber and grain of men. 

1331
01:11:57,600 --> 01:12:01,300
Living in close quarters with no
privacy and limited washing 

1332
01:12:01,300 --> 01:12:04,100
water. 
Few weeks, you will stop 

1333
01:12:04,100 --> 01:12:06,000
noticing it. 
In a few months. 

1334
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:09,600
You will smell it in your 
dreams, your Sea Chest sits in 

1335
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:11,100
the space. 
You have been allotted below 

1336
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:14,700
deck, which is not really a 
space at all, but rather the 

1337
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:16,300
absence of someone else's 
belongings. 

1338
01:12:17,500 --> 01:12:20,700
You have roughly two feet of 
width to call your own wedge 

1339
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:23,700
between a Carpenters, mate from 
Seville who snores, like a 

1340
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:27,000
wounded bull, and a young wrote 
maker from Cadiz, who was 

1341
01:12:27,000 --> 01:12:30,600
already been sick three times 
and you have not yet cleared the

1342
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:35,200
harbor, the ceiling deck, you 
must learn to call it a deck. 

1343
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:38,400
Hangs so low that you cannot 
stand upright. 

1344
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:42,100
You will spend the next several 
months, either crouching or 

1345
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:46,100
lying down except when you are 
top side performing, the endless

1346
01:12:46,100 --> 01:12:51,900
tasks that keep a ship moving. 
The first night you lie in the 

1347
01:12:51,908 --> 01:12:56,100
darkness, listening to the ship.
She creaks and groans like an 

1348
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:59,000
old house in a windstorm, but 
these sounds are alive and 

1349
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,800
conversational. 
The Timbers speak to each other 

1350
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:06,200
and squeaks and moans the ropes 
hummed different notes depending

1351
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:09,900
on their attention water slaps 
against the hull in rhythms, 

1352
01:13:09,900 --> 01:13:12,100
that change with every shift in 
the Wind. 

1353
01:13:13,000 --> 01:13:16,600
Around you, 30 other men, 
breathe and snore and 

1354
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:18,400
occasionally cry out in their 
sleep. 

1355
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:20,800
Someone is quietly. 
Weeping. 

1356
01:13:20,800 --> 01:13:25,200
Someone else's praying. 
Most are simply trying to find a

1357
01:13:25,200 --> 01:13:27,500
position where they can sleep 
with without rolling into their 

1358
01:13:27,500 --> 01:13:29,700
neighbor. 
When the ship tilts, you have 

1359
01:13:29,708 --> 01:13:31,300
been issued your rations for the
week. 

1360
01:13:31,300 --> 01:13:35,400
Ship's Biscuit, the has already 
harder than roof tiles, salt, 

1361
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:38,400
pork that has a faintly greenish
tinge and certain light. 

1362
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:42,700
Dried peas that rattle like 
pebbles in their sack and a 

1363
01:13:42,700 --> 01:13:44,400
rationale of wine that tastes 
like vinegar. 

1364
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:46,500
Someone forgot in a barrel for 
several years. 

1365
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:51,000
The biscuit. 
You discover must be soaked in 

1366
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,300
wine or water before you can eat
it without risking your teeth. 

1367
01:13:54,300 --> 01:13:58,600
Even then it has the texture of 
salted cardboard and about as 

1368
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:00,500
much flavor. 
The pork is better. 

1369
01:14:00,500 --> 01:14:03,400
If you don't think about how 
long it's been preserved or 

1370
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:04,800
what's growing in the salt 
crust. 

1371
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:08,800
Your first morning watch begins 
at 4:00, which means being 

1372
01:14:08,800 --> 01:14:11,700
shaken away in darkness. 
So complete, you cannot see your

1373
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:14,900
hand in front of your face. 
You stumble topside with the 

1374
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:18,700
others, still half asleep and 
report to the boats in who 

1375
01:14:18,700 --> 01:14:20,600
assigns you to help. 
Adjust the sails. 

1376
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,000
This sounds simple enough and 
until you actually climbing the 

1377
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:28,300
rigging in the dark with the 
ship rolling beneath you and the

1378
01:14:28,300 --> 01:14:31,400
rope's rough enough to sand the 
skin from your palms. 

1379
01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:35,600
The experienced Sailors. 
Move Like Spiders, comfort and 

1380
01:14:35,600 --> 01:14:38,200
quick. 
You move like a drunk man. 

1381
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:39,700
Climbing a ladder during an 
earthquake. 

1382
01:14:39,700 --> 01:14:43,100
The Horizon stretches in every 
direction. 

1383
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:46,400
Empty and Gray in the pre-dawn 
light. 

1384
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:50,200
There are something deeply 
unsettling about this emptiness,

1385
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:54,500
that you are not prepared for. 
On land, even in the most 

1386
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:59,200
desolate places, there are 
features a distant Hill, a tree,

1387
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:02,300
a rock formation here, there is 
nothing. 

1388
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:05,600
The sea and sky meeting a line. 
So, perfect. 

1389
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:09,200
It looks drawn with a ruler and 
between that line in the ship 

1390
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:11,500
there is absolutely nothing 
worth looking at. 

1391
01:15:12,400 --> 01:15:15,200
This nothingness will be your 
view for the next two to three 

1392
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:19,000
months weather permitting. 
By the end of the first week, 

1393
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:21,500
your hands are covered in 
blisters that have burst and 

1394
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,400
reformed and burst again. 
Your shoulders ache from hauling

1395
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:29,300
ropes, your back hurts from the 
constant crouching below deck, 

1396
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:32,700
you've discovered that your 
stomach which you had always 

1397
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:36,600
considered quite reliable on 
land as opinions about constant 

1398
01:15:36,600 --> 01:15:38,800
motion that it never bothered to
share before. 

1399
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:43,100
You're not properly seasick, not
like poor Rodriguez, the Rope 

1400
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,700
maker, who cannot keep down even
water, but you're not entirely 

1401
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:48,200
well either. 
Food. 

1402
01:15:48,200 --> 01:15:51,600
Sits uneasily. 
Sleep comes and strange shallow 

1403
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:54,200
waves. 
You feel perpetually slightly 

1404
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:55,900
dizzy. 
As if you have been drinking 

1405
01:15:55,900 --> 01:16:00,700
since noon, the ship's hierarchy
reveals itself quickly at the 

1406
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:04,500
top, is the captain who you see 
perhaps twice a day, and who 

1407
01:16:04,500 --> 01:16:07,300
seems to exist in a different 
world from the rest of you. 

1408
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:09,800
He has a cabin. 
He has privacy. 

1409
01:16:09,800 --> 01:16:12,600
He eats food. 
That does not come from a common

1410
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:15,800
Barrel. 
Below him is the master who 

1411
01:16:15,800 --> 01:16:18,800
actually runs the ship and knows
more about navigation and 

1412
01:16:18,800 --> 01:16:22,800
sailing than anyone else aboard.
Then come the boats, and the 

1413
01:16:22,800 --> 01:16:25,900
carpenter, and the various mate 
and specialists. 

1414
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:31,200
At the bottom, a common Sailors,
like yourself interchangeable, 

1415
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:35,100
and numerous expected to do 
whatever needs doing whenever it

1416
01:16:35,100 --> 01:16:37,900
needs doing, which turns out to 
be approximately all the time. 

1417
01:16:37,900 --> 01:16:42,000
There is no single moment. 
When you realize you're truly at

1418
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:47,300
Sea, no dramatic Severance from 
Land instead, it happens 

1419
01:16:47,300 --> 01:16:53,300
gradually like falling asleep. 
On a clear day, you can still 

1420
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,500
make out the mountains of the 
Spanish Coast as a smudge on the

1421
01:16:56,500 --> 01:16:59,700
horizon. 
The next day they are gone and 

1422
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:03,800
in their place is more water and
then more water beyond that you 

1423
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:06,500
have stepped off the edge of the
world you knew and there is no 

1424
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,700
going back until the wind and 
current decide to carry you to 

1425
01:17:09,708 --> 01:17:13,600
the other side. time at Sea 
operates differently than time 

1426
01:17:13,600 --> 01:17:18,600
on land on land days, are marked
by changing scenery by different

1427
01:17:18,600 --> 01:17:22,000
tasks and by the movement of 
people and animals and seasons, 

1428
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:26,000
At Sea. 
Every day is nearly identical to

1429
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:29,100
the one before. 
It distinguished only by minor 

1430
01:17:29,100 --> 01:17:33,200
variations in wind direction and
the slow decoration of the food 

1431
01:17:33,200 --> 01:17:37,200
supply. 
You wait you work, you eat, you 

1432
01:17:37,200 --> 01:17:41,100
sleep, and the ship continues, 
its endless rocking motion 

1433
01:17:41,100 --> 01:17:44,500
regardless of whether you are 
conscious to experience it. 

1434
01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:48,600
The ship's Bell marks, the 
passing of watches, each 

1435
01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:51,800
four-hour period wrung out in a 
pattern of Chimes. 

1436
01:17:51,800 --> 01:17:53,800
That becomes the heartbeat of 
your existence. 

1437
01:17:54,600 --> 01:17:58,900
One Bell means the first half 
hour of the watch as passed two 

1438
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:02,600
Bells, Mark, the first hour by 
eight Bells four hours have 

1439
01:18:02,600 --> 01:18:05,500
elapsed and a new watch. 
Begins, you learn to wake 

1440
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:08,900
automatically at certain bells 
and to judge the time by the 

1441
01:18:08,900 --> 01:18:11,800
pattern of sound, even before 
you fully open your eyes. 

1442
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:16,100
The bells become more reliable 
than any other measure of time 

1443
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,800
more trustworthy than the sun, 
which hides behind clouds for 

1444
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:23,400
days are distraction. 
Your duty is rotate through a 

1445
01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:26,400
predictable cycle, there is 
always a sale to be adjusted, 

1446
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:30,200
always rope to be spliced and 
always something that needs holy

1447
01:18:30,200 --> 01:18:34,900
stoning or scraping or retiring.
The deck must be swapped each 

1448
01:18:34,900 --> 01:18:38,200
morning, which sounds simple and
you are doing it in a cold rain 

1449
01:18:38,200 --> 01:18:40,900
with water. 
Sloshing over the side and your 

1450
01:18:40,900 --> 01:18:43,000
hands. 
So numb you can barely grip the 

1451
01:18:43,000 --> 01:18:46,600
mop The rigging must be 
inspected constantly for where 

1452
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,300
the barrels in. 
The hold must be checked and 

1453
01:18:49,300 --> 01:18:51,400
rotated. 
The bilge must be pumped. 

1454
01:18:52,500 --> 01:18:55,100
The bilge pumping is everyone's 
least favorite task though. 

1455
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:58,100
No, one complains, because 
complaining as pointless and 

1456
01:18:58,100 --> 01:19:00,700
also because there is a shared 
understanding that some 

1457
01:19:00,700 --> 01:19:04,800
experiences are two universally 
miserable to require comment. 

1458
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:08,400
The bilge is where all the water
that seeps into the ship 

1459
01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:12,100
collects rainwater. 
Seawater that splashes over the 

1460
01:19:12,100 --> 01:19:16,600
sides condensation and various 
other liquids you prefer not to 

1461
01:19:16,608 --> 01:19:21,500
identify This water must be 
pumped out regularly or the ship

1462
01:19:21,500 --> 01:19:24,500
will slowly sink under its own 
accumulated dampness. 

1463
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:29,100
The pump is operated by hand. 
Requiring two men to work 

1464
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,200
Handles in a rhythm while a 
third ensures the leather 

1465
01:19:32,200 --> 01:19:36,600
gaskets are properly seated 
smell that rises from the build.

1466
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:39,000
When you open it is something 
you wish you could unknow. 

1467
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:43,400
It is Decay and rot and sourness
all combined into a visible 

1468
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:45,600
miasma. 
That seems to cling to your 

1469
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:50,200
clothes for days afterward. 
Food, preparation happens, twice

1470
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:54,600
daily weather permitting, the 
ship's cook a one-eyed man from 

1471
01:19:54,600 --> 01:19:56,500
Galicia. 
Whose name, no one can pronounce

1472
01:19:56,500 --> 01:19:58,900
correctly. 
Presides over a firebox. 

1473
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:01,400
That is more dangerous than it 
has any right to be. 

1474
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:04,800
Building a fire on a wooden ship
in the middle of an ocean 

1475
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,500
requires. 
A special kind of optimism or 

1476
01:20:07,500 --> 01:20:11,800
Insanity, possibly both. the 
Firebox sits on a bed of sand 

1477
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:15,500
and surrounded by buckets of 
water, but everyone understands 

1478
01:20:15,500 --> 01:20:18,400
that, if a fire ever got loose 
below deck, you would all die 

1479
01:20:18,400 --> 01:20:22,300
screaming long before you could 
lower a boat, The cook boils 

1480
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:24,700
everything. 
Peas are boiled until they 

1481
01:20:24,700 --> 01:20:26,700
disintegrate into a grayish 
paste. 

1482
01:20:27,500 --> 01:20:30,600
Salt pork is boiled until it 
achieves a texture somewhere 

1483
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:34,700
between leather and rubber. 
On good days when the seas are 

1484
01:20:34,700 --> 01:20:37,900
calm enough and the supplies 
hold out, you might get a stew 

1485
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:41,500
made from the ship's biscuit 
pounded into crumbs boiled with 

1486
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:44,400
pork fat and whatever dried 
vegetables have survived the 

1487
01:20:44,400 --> 01:20:47,500
damp. 
This concoction is grandly 

1488
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:50,500
called Lobster's and it's 
supposed to be nourishing. 

1489
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:54,900
It tastes like wallpaper paste 
mixed with regret Your daily 

1490
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:58,000
wine rationing is distributed at
noon and in the evening. 

1491
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,400
Why if you can call it that, 
let's turn to vinegar and then 

1492
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:05,000
evolved Beyond vinegar into 
something that might strip 

1493
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:07,400
paint. 
You drink it anyway because 

1494
01:21:07,400 --> 01:21:09,500
water stored in wooden barrels 
for weeks. 

1495
01:21:09,500 --> 01:21:14,000
Develops interesting properties,
including a greenish tinge and 

1496
01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:17,000
small swimming things. 
You try not to examine Too Close

1497
01:21:17,000 --> 01:21:21,000
closely, The wine. 
However vial is at least 

1498
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:23,200
reliably violin ways, you 
understand. 

1499
01:21:24,300 --> 01:21:26,600
First is supposed to be 
different because thirsty is 

1500
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:30,000
meat day on Thursdays. 
You receive your full ration of 

1501
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:32,600
salt pork. 
Whereas on other days you make 

1502
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:37,100
with peas and biscuit The 
anticipation of Thursday, pork 

1503
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,500
becomes absurdly important. 
You find yourself thinking about

1504
01:21:40,500 --> 01:21:43,600
it days in advance, remembering 
the taste of meat. 

1505
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:47,500
However, preserved and however, 
boiled as if it was some 

1506
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,800
delicacy in a chunk of pig, that
has been sitting in a barrel for

1507
01:21:50,800 --> 01:21:54,800
the better part of a year. 
Between watches during the brief

1508
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:56,700
periods. 
When you're neither working nor 

1509
01:21:56,700 --> 01:22:01,200
sleeping you exist in a strange 
limbo, there is nothing to do. 

1510
01:22:01,200 --> 01:22:04,700
There is no where to go, you 
cannot take a walk. 

1511
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:07,600
You cannot visit a friend in 
another part of town. 

1512
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:10,700
You cannot even really have a 
proper conversation because the 

1513
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,800
wind and waves create constant 
background noise that makes 

1514
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:18,900
talking exhausting. so, you sit,
you stare at the water, you 

1515
01:22:18,900 --> 01:22:23,300
watch the clouds, you count the 
barrels, lash to the deck, you 

1516
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:26,800
examine your hands and notice 
how the calluses have calluses 

1517
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:29,800
now, You think about food you've
eaten on land? 

1518
01:22:30,700 --> 01:22:32,800
You remember what it felt like 
to walk on ground? 

1519
01:22:32,800 --> 01:22:37,400
That didn't move some men carve.
They make small figures from 

1520
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,000
scraps of wood. 
Will they practice fancy not 

1521
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:44,100
work with bits of rope? 
Some men gamble using dried peas

1522
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:47,200
as currencies since actual money
is useless aboard ship. 

1523
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:51,700
Some men sleep whenever possible
banking rest against the next 

1524
01:22:51,700 --> 01:22:55,000
storm or emergency. 
A few men have brought books, 

1525
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:58,400
which they read until the pages,
begin to separate from The Damp.

1526
01:22:58,400 --> 01:23:01,100
And then they read them again 
because there is nothing else. 

1527
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:05,400
You discover that boredom has 
depths you never suspected. 

1528
01:23:06,100 --> 01:23:09,600
There is surface boredom a kind 
you feel waiting for something 

1529
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:12,200
specific to happen. 
Below. 

1530
01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:16,900
That is a deeper boredom. 
A kind of gray mental fog where 

1531
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:20,600
you stopped even wishing for 
stimulation and simply exist in 

1532
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,200
a state of numb acceptance 
below. 

1533
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:26,400
That is something else. 
Strange place where your mind 

1534
01:23:26,400 --> 01:23:29,900
starts generating its own 
entertainment from nothing where

1535
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:32,800
you can spend 20 minutes, 
watching a particular wave and 

1536
01:23:32,800 --> 01:23:34,600
finding it, genuinely 
interesting. 

1537
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:38,600
And where the way light hits the
sale becomes a source of actual 

1538
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:43,200
fascination You understand that 
the ship is being navigated but 

1539
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:46,300
the actual process remains 
mysterious and somewhat magical 

1540
01:23:46,300 --> 01:23:48,900
to you and most of the common 
sailors. 

1541
01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:53,000
The officers possess instruments
that they consult with great 

1542
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:58,400
seriousness across staffed, an 
astrolabe and a compass that 

1543
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:00,400
sits in a special Box near the 
helm. 

1544
01:24:01,800 --> 01:24:05,200
They take measurements of the 
sun's height at noon making 

1545
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:08,300
marks on charts and Performing 
calculations that involve 

1546
01:24:08,300 --> 01:24:10,900
numbers larger than you ever 
learned in the Village School, 

1547
01:24:10,900 --> 01:24:13,200
where you spent three Winters 
learning to read and write. 

1548
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:16,300
The compass at least makes basic
sense. 

1549
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:21,700
The needle Points North always 
north drawn, by some invisible 

1550
01:24:21,700 --> 01:24:24,400
force toward the top of the 
world at night. 

1551
01:24:24,400 --> 01:24:28,100
When the clouds clear, you can 
see the North Star holding its 

1552
01:24:28,100 --> 01:24:31,200
position while the other stars 
wheel around it like dancers. 

1553
01:24:32,200 --> 01:24:35,600
The officers, use this start of 
verify the compass taking 

1554
01:24:35,600 --> 01:24:38,000
sightings and making adjustments
to their charts. 

1555
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,700
But how they determine where you
are on the vast blank ocean, how

1556
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,500
they know whether you are 200 
miles from your destination or 

1557
01:24:45,500 --> 01:24:49,100
2000. 
This remains as opaque to you as

1558
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:53,400
Church Latin. 
The captain guard, his charts 

1559
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:58,700
like holy relics keeping them in
his cabin, wrapped in oil cloth.

1560
01:24:59,600 --> 01:25:02,800
you have Glimpse, the once when 
delivering a message and they 

1561
01:25:02,808 --> 01:25:06,200
looked less like, Maps than 
like, artistic interpretations 

1562
01:25:06,200 --> 01:25:10,700
of maps with sea monsters drawn,
in the empty spaces and Compass 

1563
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:15,300
Rose's blooming, like flowers, 
The coastlines are approximate, 

1564
01:25:15,300 --> 01:25:18,700
the distances are approximate 
everything about Ocean Travel. 

1565
01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:20,800
You are coming to understand is 
approximate. 

1566
01:25:21,400 --> 01:25:23,300
Dead reckoning. 
Is the primary method of 

1567
01:25:23,300 --> 01:25:26,200
navigation, which sounds ominous
until you learn. 

1568
01:25:26,200 --> 01:25:30,100
It simply means calculating your
position based on your speed 

1569
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:35,700
direction and time traveled. 
The ship speed is measured by 

1570
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:38,200
throwing a log. 
Tied to a knotted rope over the 

1571
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:41,100
stern and Counting. 
How many knots pass through your

1572
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:45,500
hands in a specific time period.
This gives you your speed in. 

1573
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:47,700
What will eventually be called 
Nots, though? 

1574
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:51,200
Right now it is just called 
making good way or barely moving

1575
01:25:51,200 --> 01:25:53,100
depending on the number of rope 
sections. 

1576
01:25:53,100 --> 01:25:56,400
That slip by Direction comes 
from the compass. 

1577
01:25:56,400 --> 01:26:00,200
Assuming the compass is working 
correctly and has not been 

1578
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:04,300
confused by lightning or the 
mysterious magnetic variations 

1579
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:06,200
that occur in certain parts of 
the ocean. 

1580
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:10,900
Time comes from The Hourglass 
which must be turned every half 

1581
01:26:10,900 --> 01:26:13,800
hour by Whoever has been 
assigned glass watching duty. 

1582
01:26:13,800 --> 01:26:17,700
If the glass Watcher falls 
asleep or forgets or simply does

1583
01:26:17,700 --> 01:26:22,000
not care your entire navigation 
system, slides into an accuracy.

1584
01:26:23,000 --> 01:26:25,900
This happens more often than the
office as would like to admit. 

1585
01:26:26,900 --> 01:26:29,700
Given these methods and they're 
obvious potential for error. 

1586
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:34,100
It is remarkable that ships ever
arrive anywhere near their 

1587
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:39,300
intended destination and indeed 
many do not The ocean bottom is 

1588
01:26:39,300 --> 01:26:42,600
littered with ships, that 
miscalculated that thought they 

1589
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:46,600
were far from Land than they 
were far from rocks or that 

1590
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:49,000
simply got lost in the 
featureless blue and ran out of 

1591
01:26:49,000 --> 01:26:50,900
food before finding anything 
solid. 

1592
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:55,300
Your captain claims to have sale
this route before, which is 

1593
01:26:55,300 --> 01:26:59,200
reassuring Until you realize 
that before was seven years ago,

1594
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,600
and ocean, currents change and 
coastlines. 

1595
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,300
In the new world are still being
discovered and what he 

1596
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,100
remembers. 
As a reliable Landmark might 

1597
01:27:08,100 --> 01:27:11,400
have been a different Island in 
entirely, or possibly a cloud 

1598
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:13,100
for nation. 
That looked like an island 

1599
01:27:13,100 --> 01:27:15,400
navigation at this point in 
history. 

1600
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:20,100
As part science, parties 
experience, part luck and part 

1601
01:27:20,100 --> 01:27:24,200
wishful thinking the lead line 
provides the only reliable 

1602
01:27:24,200 --> 01:27:27,200
information about your location,
but only when you are close 

1603
01:27:27,208 --> 01:27:30,500
enough to shore for the bottom 
to be reachable, The line is 

1604
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:33,400
marked at various depths with 
different materials, leather 

1605
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:36,900
cloth bits of rope. 
So the man throwing it, can call

1606
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:41,000
out the depth even in darkness. 
When the Leeds man begins to 

1607
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:46,100
find bottom at 100 fathoms, then
80 then 60, everyone knows. 

1608
01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:48,700
Land is approaching even if you 
cannot see it yet. 

1609
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:52,800
The spacing of these soundings 
tells the officers about the 

1610
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:56,300
shape of the sea floor, which 
can indicate proximity to 

1611
01:27:56,300 --> 01:28:01,000
certain known Harbors or Shoals.
But in the deep ocean, the lead 

1612
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,600
finds nothing. 
The line runs out its full 200 

1613
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:06,700
fathoms and still touches. 
No bottom. 

1614
01:28:06,700 --> 01:28:09,900
You are suspended over. 
Depths that would swallow 

1615
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:11,700
Cathedrals and still have room 
for more. 

1616
01:28:11,700 --> 01:28:15,400
This knowledge sits uneasily in 
your mind during night watches 

1617
01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,300
when you're alone with your 
thoughts and the Dark Water. 

1618
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:23,500
Hissing past the hole Beneath 
You miles beneath, you is a 

1619
01:28:23,500 --> 01:28:26,400
world. 
You will never see populated by 

1620
01:28:26,400 --> 01:28:29,600
creatures. 
No one as ever imagined in 

1621
01:28:29,600 --> 01:28:32,400
darkness. 
So complete that no light has 

1622
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:34,100
touched it since the world was 
made. 

1623
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:38,400
Whether it's sea is not the same
as whether on land where you can

1624
01:28:38,400 --> 01:28:41,700
go inside when it rains or build
a fire when it gets cold. 

1625
01:28:42,700 --> 01:28:46,100
At Sea, whether is the 
environment, the entirety of 

1626
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,300
your existence, something you 
cannot Escape or ignore. 

1627
01:28:49,300 --> 01:28:53,800
Wait out in Comfort. 
When it rains, you get wet and 

1628
01:28:53,800 --> 01:28:55,900
stay wet because there is no way
dry. 

1629
01:28:56,500 --> 01:29:00,600
When the Sun beats down you burn
because there is no shade except

1630
01:29:00,600 --> 01:29:03,000
below deck. 
And below deck is dark and 

1631
01:29:03,000 --> 01:29:06,100
airless and somehow hotter than 
topside despite being out of 

1632
01:29:06,108 --> 01:29:09,800
direct sunlight. 
The wind is your master and your

1633
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:13,200
servant simultaneously too 
little wind and you sit 

1634
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:17,300
motionless, wallowing and swells
that make everyone sick going. 

1635
01:29:17,300 --> 01:29:21,800
Nowhere, consuming Supply is 
while making no progress, Too 

1636
01:29:21,800 --> 01:29:25,000
much wind and you are 
overpowered forced to reduce 

1637
01:29:25,000 --> 01:29:28,300
sale sometimes Force to run 
before the storm with bear 

1638
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:30,600
poles. 
Hoping the whole can take the 

1639
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:34,100
battering, hoping the mask can 
handle the strain and hoping 

1640
01:29:34,100 --> 01:29:38,100
everyone remembers how to type 
proper knots because now is when

1641
01:29:38,100 --> 01:29:42,900
it matters Storms announced 
themselves and subtle ways that 

1642
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:46,000
they experienced Sailors 
recognized long before you do. 

1643
01:29:46,900 --> 01:29:50,900
The light changes taking on a 
peculiar yellow gray quality. 

1644
01:29:52,000 --> 01:29:55,500
Clouds, building specific 
formation that mean nothing to 

1645
01:29:55,500 --> 01:29:58,800
you, but calls the boats in to 
start checking the lashings on 

1646
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,600
everything moveable. 
The wind shifts Direction and 

1647
01:30:01,600 --> 01:30:04,000
picks up speed and there is a 
smell to it. 

1648
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:08,100
Charged electric smell, that 
makes the hair on your arms, 

1649
01:30:08,100 --> 01:30:11,400
stand up. 
When a storm hits properly, it 

1650
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:13,900
is nothing like thundershowers 
on land. 

1651
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:16,800
This is not rain. 
You can watch from the window. 

1652
01:30:16,800 --> 01:30:19,800
This is water coming from every 
direction. 

1653
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:25,000
At once, from above from the 
sides, over the rails and up 

1654
01:30:25,000 --> 01:30:29,100
through the deck seams the ship 
tilts at angles, that seem 

1655
01:30:29,100 --> 01:30:32,500
geometrically impossible. 
You cling to whatever you can 

1656
01:30:32,500 --> 01:30:36,600
grip and try to follow shouted 
orders, you can barely hear over

1657
01:30:36,600 --> 01:30:39,600
the winds Roar. 
The sails that you do not take 

1658
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:42,900
down in time tear themselves to 
pieces with sounds like Canon 

1659
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:45,700
fire. 
Waves break over the bow. 

1660
01:30:45,700 --> 01:30:48,700
With enough Force to knock a man
off his feet and wash him 

1661
01:30:48,700 --> 01:30:50,100
overboard. 
If he's not secured. 

1662
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,600
The worst part of storms is not 
the fear though, there is plenty

1663
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:57,700
of that. 
The worst part is the 

1664
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:00,600
helplessness. 
There is nothing you can really 

1665
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:05,400
do except hold on and wait, you 
cannot fight a storm cannot 

1666
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,400
negotiate with it. 
You cannot even hide from it. 

1667
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:11,900
Affectively you can only endure 
and hope the ship is strong 

1668
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:14,300
enough. 
The officer skilled enough and 

1669
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:16,200
luck favorable enough to see it 
through. 

1670
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:23,100
After a storm passes, the work 
begins there are always repairs 

1671
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,008
torn. 
Sails to be replaced rope to be 

1672
01:31:26,016 --> 01:31:30,600
response and deck cargo to be 
re-secured There are always 

1673
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:33,700
injuries to be tendered though. 
The ship surgeon, is more 

1674
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:37,200
enthusiastic than qualified and 
his preferred treatment for 

1675
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:38,600
almost. 
Everything is bleeding. 

1676
01:31:39,400 --> 01:31:41,700
Which seems counterproductive 
for men who are already 

1677
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:44,900
exhausted and battered. 
And there is always the 

1678
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:47,400
inventory of what was lost 
barrels. 

1679
01:31:47,400 --> 01:31:50,700
Washed overboard, Provisions 
ruined by seawater. 

1680
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,300
Sometimes men who were there 
yesterday, and are not there 

1681
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:59,000
anymore, simply gone taken by a 
wave, or a falling spa, or the 

1682
01:31:59,008 --> 01:32:02,600
Seas casual violence. 
But there are also days of 

1683
01:32:02,608 --> 01:32:06,100
perfect weather days when the 
wind is steady from the right 

1684
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,500
quarter and the Sun is warm, but
not scorching. 

1685
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:14,300
And the sea is that impossible 
deep blue that does not exist on

1686
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:17,100
land. 
On these days, the ship seems to

1687
01:32:17,108 --> 01:32:21,000
sail herself, requiring, only 
Minor Adjustments to the helm 

1688
01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:25,100
the crews mood lifts. 
Someone singing Someone Else 

1689
01:32:25,100 --> 01:32:28,300
tells a story, The Cook makes 
something almost Deadpool. 

1690
01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:31,500
You remember why people have 
been going to see for thousands 

1691
01:32:31,500 --> 01:32:33,300
of years? 
Despite all the evidence of 

1692
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:34,900
suggesting? 
This is a terrible idea. 

1693
01:32:36,100 --> 01:32:38,700
The doldrums are worse than 
storms in their own way. 

1694
01:32:39,400 --> 01:32:43,100
When the wind dies completely 
and the ship sits motionless on 

1695
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:47,100
glassy water, everything becomes
urgent, and nothing can be done.

1696
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:51,700
Your consuming supplies, your 
drinking water and eating food, 

1697
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:55,300
but you're going nowhere, making
no progress toward the 

1698
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:58,400
destination that holds the 
promise of fresh provisions, and

1699
01:32:58,400 --> 01:33:02,200
Solid Ground. 
The heat becomes oppressive, the

1700
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:05,900
ship stinks worse than usual 
because the air does not move. 

1701
01:33:05,900 --> 01:33:10,300
Tempers Frey, small 
disagreements become arguments, 

1702
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:13,800
arguments become grudges that 
will last the entire voyage. 

1703
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:18,000
During one stretch of calm that 
lasts six days, you watch a 

1704
01:33:18,000 --> 01:33:21,800
barrel floating in the distance 
noting with growing unease that 

1705
01:33:21,800 --> 01:33:24,300
its position relative to the 
ship does not change. 

1706
01:33:25,400 --> 01:33:28,600
Six entire days you make no 
progress whatsoever. 

1707
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:32,600
The barrel mocks you floating 
there in the same spot on the 

1708
01:33:32,608 --> 01:33:35,300
horizon. 
The wooden reminded that forward

1709
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:39,200
movement is not a given but a 
gift from wind and current that 

1710
01:33:39,200 --> 01:33:43,900
can be withdrawn without notice 
life on a ship creates, its own 

1711
01:33:43,900 --> 01:33:48,500
peculiar Society, a small 
floating village where everyone 

1712
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,000
knows everyone else far too 
well. 

1713
01:33:51,000 --> 01:33:54,900
And there is no possibility of 
privacy or escape from people, 

1714
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:58,900
you have come to dislike. 
Friendships form quickly and 

1715
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:03,900
intensely enmities form just as 
quickly and can last entire 

1716
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:07,100
voyages over incidents. 
That would be forgotten in a day

1717
01:34:07,100 --> 01:34:09,900
on land. 
There is the carpenter from 

1718
01:34:09,900 --> 01:34:11,800
Seville in the space next to 
yours. 

1719
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:16,700
The one who snores. 
His name is Miguel and he is 40.

1720
01:34:16,700 --> 01:34:20,100
Something years old with hands 
scarred from Decades of working 

1721
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:22,100
with tools. 
He has sale. 

1722
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:26,000
This route 5 times before and 
treats the ocean with the Casual

1723
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:29,200
familiarity of someone, who 
knows exactly how dangerous it 

1724
01:34:29,200 --> 01:34:31,200
is. 
But a stopped being impressed by

1725
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:33,900
the danger. 
He shares his tobacco with you 

1726
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:36,900
sometimes and you share the 
dried, figs your mother pressed 

1727
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:41,100
into your hand before you left. 
Neither of you says much, but 

1728
01:34:41,100 --> 01:34:42,900
there is a companionship in the 
silent. 

1729
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:47,100
Rodriguez, the young wrote maker
who started the voyage sick 

1730
01:34:47,100 --> 01:34:50,500
recovers by the second week and 
reveals himself to be 

1731
01:34:50,508 --> 01:34:54,600
relentlessly cheerful in a way 
that should be annoying, but 

1732
01:34:54,600 --> 01:35:00,400
somehow is not he is a 18 years 
old and has never been farther 

1733
01:35:00,400 --> 01:35:04,200
from Cadiz, the Barcelona 
Everything about this Voyage 

1734
01:35:04,200 --> 01:35:08,000
amazes him. 
Size of the ways, the depth of 

1735
01:35:08,000 --> 01:35:11,600
the water, and the speed at, 
which dolphin swim alongside the

1736
01:35:11,600 --> 01:35:14,700
ship. 
His enthusiasm is infectious 

1737
01:35:14,700 --> 01:35:17,900
enough that even the silliest 
Sailors find themselves 

1738
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:21,100
explaining things to him, 
showing him not telling him 

1739
01:35:21,100 --> 01:35:23,600
stories. 
The boats and is a different 

1740
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:27,300
sort entirely. 
He is perhaps 35 Broad 

1741
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:30,300
shouldered and perpetually 
sunburned with a voice that 

1742
01:35:30,300 --> 01:35:33,800
could cut through a hurricane. 
His job is to enforce order and 

1743
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:36,500
maintain discipline which he 
does with a combination of 

1744
01:35:36,508 --> 01:35:41,300
shouted commands and creative 
profanity that could blister But

1745
01:35:41,300 --> 01:35:44,900
he is also fair in his way. 
Expecting everyone to work hard,

1746
01:35:44,900 --> 01:35:47,300
but expecting no more than he 
himself does. 

1747
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:50,800
When a spa breaks during a storm
and needs to be replaced 

1748
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:53,600
immediately in conditions that 
are frankly terrifying. 

1749
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:56,900
He is up in the rigging 
alongside everyone else working 

1750
01:35:56,900 --> 01:36:01,800
as hard as the youngest sailor, 
The Cook the one-eyed, Galician 

1751
01:36:01,800 --> 01:36:05,400
speaks Spanish, so heavily 
accented that half the crew 

1752
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:08,300
cannot understand him which 
might be just as well. 

1753
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:11,300
Given that most of what he says,
appears to be complaints about 

1754
01:36:11,300 --> 01:36:14,600
the quality of the provisions. 
He is expected to transform into

1755
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:17,200
meals. 
He's been sailing since before 

1756
01:36:17,200 --> 01:36:19,500
you were born and has opinions 
about everything. 

1757
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:23,600
The correct way to store salt 
pork, the uselessness of 

1758
01:36:23,600 --> 01:36:27,500
Portuguese navigation, methods 
and the superiority of Galician 

1759
01:36:27,500 --> 01:36:29,700
wine over the vinegar you are 
currently drinking. 

1760
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:33,900
He is also you discover an 
excellent singer and sometimes 

1761
01:36:33,900 --> 01:36:36,600
in the evening he sings Old 
ballads in a language. 

1762
01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:40,800
That might be Gleason or might 
be something older songs about 

1763
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:44,200
Sailors who never came home and 
women who waited for ships that 

1764
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:48,000
never returned. 
There is a boy of board, perhaps

1765
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:51,300
14 years old, who serves as 
Cabin Boy to the captain and 

1766
01:36:51,300 --> 01:36:55,500
runs messages between officers. 
He's quick and clever and 

1767
01:36:55,500 --> 01:36:58,900
learning navigation from the 
master and everyone knows he'll 

1768
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:02,800
be an officer himself in a few 
years if he survives He treats 

1769
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:05,900
this Voyage as an educational 
asking questions about 

1770
01:37:05,900 --> 01:37:10,200
everything, examining the charts
when allowed and practicing his 

1771
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:14,300
not during spare moments. 
His optimism about the voyage 

1772
01:37:14,300 --> 01:37:17,100
and about the sea in general, 
makes you feel ancient and 

1773
01:37:17,100 --> 01:37:20,200
cynical at 26. 
There are tensions. 

1774
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:23,500
Of course, the ship this size 
cannot hold this many men. 

1775
01:37:23,500 --> 01:37:26,900
This long without friction, 
someone is always snoring too 

1776
01:37:26,900 --> 01:37:29,900
loud or taking up too much space
or shirking duties or stealing 

1777
01:37:29,900 --> 01:37:33,800
food from the common stores. 
The Sailor, everyone calls 

1778
01:37:33,800 --> 01:37:36,400
Portuguese Euro even though 
there are three other 

1779
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:40,400
Portuguese, Sailors aboard has a
habit of forgetting his turn at 

1780
01:37:40,400 --> 01:37:42,500
the bilge pump. 
This has been noticed. 

1781
01:37:42,500 --> 01:37:45,000
There are muttered conversations
about this for getting. 

1782
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:48,500
It will eventually be addressed,
probably not pleasantly. 

1783
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:53,100
Two men Sailors, who signed on 
together from the same Village. 

1784
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:56,000
Have not spoken to each other in
three weeks over. 

1785
01:37:56,000 --> 01:37:57,900
Some dispute about a woman back 
home. 

1786
01:37:57,900 --> 01:38:00,700
They work alongside each other 
in complete silence 

1787
01:38:00,700 --> 01:38:03,800
communicating only through 
eloquent klairs. 

1788
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:06,500
This could continue for the 
entire voyage. 

1789
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:10,700
To happen before the officers 
occupied, a different world, 

1790
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:14,400
eating separately, sleeping 
separately, and making decisions

1791
01:38:14,400 --> 01:38:17,600
that affect everyone without 
consultation or explanation. 

1792
01:38:17,600 --> 01:38:21,000
This creates a natural 
resentment, but it is also 

1793
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:23,000
understood that someone needs to
be in charge. 

1794
01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:26,800
Someone needs to maintain 
Authority or the whole system 

1795
01:38:26,800 --> 01:38:30,600
falls apart. 
Ship operates on a hierarchy as 

1796
01:38:30,600 --> 01:38:33,300
rigid as anything in church or 
aristocracy. 

1797
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:37,700
And while you might not like it,
you understand its necessity. 

1798
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:41,100
Around the fourth week, 
something shifts in your mind. 

1799
01:38:42,000 --> 01:38:45,000
The initial strangeness of being
at sea, has worn off. 

1800
01:38:45,800 --> 01:38:48,700
You no longer wake up. 
Surprised to find yourself on a 

1801
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:51,700
moving wooden platform. 
Surrounded by endless water. 

1802
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:56,100
The routine has become 
automatic. you can tie half the 

1803
01:38:56,100 --> 01:38:59,700
knots in your sleep now, 
literally having woken yourself 

1804
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,300
up several times going through 
the motions But with the 

1805
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:06,700
acceptance of routine, Comes A 
peculiar kind of isolation. 

1806
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:11,400
You start to forget what Solid 
Ground feels like when you close

1807
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:13,400
your eyes. 
And try to remember, walking on 

1808
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:18,200
land, the memory feels distant 
almost dreamlike did the ground,

1809
01:39:18,200 --> 01:39:21,700
really stay still. 
Was there really a horizon with 

1810
01:39:21,700 --> 01:39:24,400
trees and buildings? 
Your mother's face is getting 

1811
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:28,300
harder to recall clearly the 
smell of your village would 

1812
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:30,200
smoke and animal manure and 
whatever. 

1813
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:33,600
The baker was making seems like 
something you invented rather 

1814
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:35,600
than something you actually 
experienced. 

1815
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:39,900
Time distorts. 
Days. 

1816
01:39:39,900 --> 01:39:43,200
Blend together into a continuous
present that has no clear 

1817
01:39:43,200 --> 01:39:46,700
beginning or end. you know, 
intellectually that weeks of 

1818
01:39:46,708 --> 01:39:50,200
past but experientially, it 
feels like one very long day, 

1819
01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:55,400
that never quite Finishes, the 
sameness of the routine, the 

1820
01:39:55,400 --> 01:39:59,600
unchanging view, the repetitive 
tasks, all of it creates a 

1821
01:39:59,600 --> 01:40:02,200
mental fog where past and future
become less. 

1822
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:06,100
Real than the immediate moment 
of hauling rope or swapping deck

1823
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:10,200
or choking down ships biscuit. 
You find yourself thinking about

1824
01:40:10,200 --> 01:40:14,000
land in ways that surprise you. 
Not Grand thoughts about 

1825
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:17,800
exploration or Discovery, all 
the glory of reaching the new 

1826
01:40:17,800 --> 01:40:23,000
world. instead, you think about 
small things with an intensity 

1827
01:40:23,000 --> 01:40:27,300
that seems disproportionate You 
think about Apple's, you spend 

1828
01:40:27,300 --> 01:40:30,800
an entire watch in imagining 
biting into a fresh Apple, the 

1829
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:34,300
way the skin breaks under your 
teeth, the sweet juice and the 

1830
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:37,500
crisp white flesh. 
You can almost taste it. 

1831
01:40:37,500 --> 01:40:41,200
And they almost taste is somehow
worse than not thinking about it

1832
01:40:41,200 --> 01:40:43,900
at all. 
You think about walking just 

1833
01:40:43,900 --> 01:40:47,500
walking on ground? 
That does not move in a straight

1834
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:50,400
line for more than 50 feet 
without having to turn around or

1835
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:54,000
climb over something. 
The ship is perhaps, 70, feet 

1836
01:40:54,000 --> 01:40:58,100
long, and every day you walk its
length hundreds of times and 

1837
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:00,900
every time you reach the end you
have to turn around and walk 

1838
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:03,800
back. 
The concept of Walking In One 

1839
01:41:03,800 --> 01:41:07,200
Direction for miles of choosing 
to walk to a different village, 

1840
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:11,400
just to see what it looks like 
becomes fantastically appealing.

1841
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,900
The night sky at least provides 
some comfort on clear nights 

1842
01:41:16,900 --> 01:41:20,000
when you're not on Watch and can
lie on Deck. 

1843
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:23,600
Looking up the stars are more 
numerous and brighter than they 

1844
01:41:23,600 --> 01:41:27,400
ever were on land without the 
smoke of cooking fires and 

1845
01:41:27,400 --> 01:41:29,900
candles. 
Without the lights of villages, 

1846
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:34,500
the sky reveals itself in its 
full Glory, You can see the 

1847
01:41:34,500 --> 01:41:37,300
Milky Way as a luminous River 
across the darkness. 

1848
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:40,500
You can watch shooting stars are
cross the heavens. 

1849
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:44,100
You can find the constellations,
the Master's taught you. 

1850
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:47,300
The one Sailors used for 
navigation, but also the ones 

1851
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:50,900
that are just their ancient 
patterns Trace by Greeks and 

1852
01:41:50,900 --> 01:41:52,900
Romans and Phoenicians before 
them. 

1853
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:56,800
There was something deeply 
unsettling about the ocean at 

1854
01:41:56,800 --> 01:42:00,500
night during the day. 
At least you can see, you can 

1855
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:04,300
watch the waves spot, potential 
problems and take comfort in the

1856
01:42:04,300 --> 01:42:07,000
visible presence of your 
Shipmates and the ship herself. 

1857
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:11,100
but at night, Especially on 
moonless nights. 

1858
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:16,000
The darkness is absolute. 
The ocean becomes a presence, 

1859
01:42:16,000 --> 01:42:19,700
you can only hear the endless 
slap and hiss of water against 

1860
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:24,000
the hull, the groan of Timbers, 
and the singing of wind through 

1861
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:26,700
rigging. 
You are suspended in darkness 

1862
01:42:26,700 --> 01:42:29,800
over depth. 
You cannot see cannot comprehend

1863
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,700
trusting that the ship will 
continue to float. 

1864
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:35,200
That the Navigator knows where 
you're going. 

1865
01:42:35,200 --> 01:42:39,100
And that Dawn, will eventually 
come some men handle this 

1866
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:43,300
isolation better than others. 
Rodriguez continues, his 

1867
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,600
cheerful chatter apparently 
unfazed by the monotony. 

1868
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:51,200
Miguel, simply accepts it having
done this enough times that. 

1869
01:42:51,200 --> 01:42:53,800
He knows it will end eventually 
and there is no point 

1870
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:55,600
complaining about what cannot be
changed. 

1871
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:58,200
But others withdraw into the 
cells. 

1872
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:02,700
He watched Men become quieter 
Weak by weak speaking only when 

1873
01:43:02,700 --> 01:43:05,100
necessary spending their free 
time. 

1874
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:08,800
Staring at the water with 
expression of profound absents, 

1875
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:12,100
there is one sailor. 
An older man from Portugal. 

1876
01:43:12,100 --> 01:43:15,200
Whose name, you never learned 
who stops speaking entirely 

1877
01:43:15,200 --> 01:43:18,500
around weak 5. 
Not because anything dramatic 

1878
01:43:18,500 --> 01:43:21,600
happened. 
No argument no injury, no 

1879
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:24,100
incident. 
He simply stopped talking. 

1880
01:43:24,100 --> 01:43:28,500
He still does his work. 
He still eats his rationals, but

1881
01:43:28,500 --> 01:43:31,700
he has retreated somewhere 
inside himself where words are 

1882
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:33,400
not needed or of stopped making 
sense. 

1883
01:43:34,700 --> 01:43:37,700
The officers noticed, but do 
nothing as long as he continues 

1884
01:43:37,700 --> 01:43:41,200
working. 
Silence is not against any rule,

1885
01:43:41,200 --> 01:43:43,300
though. 
It unsettles, the other Sailors 

1886
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:44,700
in ways. 
They do not discuss. 

1887
01:43:44,700 --> 01:43:48,300
You develop small rituals to 
Mark the passage of time and 

1888
01:43:48,300 --> 01:43:51,000
maintain your sense of self. 
Every morning. 

1889
01:43:51,000 --> 01:43:54,700
You count your remaining small 
store of figs even though the 

1890
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:57,900
number decreases by predictable 
increments and Counting them. 

1891
01:43:57,900 --> 01:44:01,100
Serves no purpose except to 
confirm that time is passing. 

1892
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:05,100
You keep a small pebble from 
home in your pocket and touch 

1893
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:07,600
it. 
Periodically as if maintaining 

1894
01:44:07,600 --> 01:44:10,900
contact with this small piece of
solid earth will keep you 

1895
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:14,700
anchored to the reality of land.
You will be your own name to 

1896
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:18,400
yourself, sometimes, just to 
hear it to remind yourself, that

1897
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:20,800
you are still you. 
And not just another pair of 

1898
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,000
hands hauling rope, the 
psychological weight of the 

1899
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:26,200
Void. 
Accumulates slowly like water 

1900
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:29,700
seeping into the bilge each day.
Adds only a little to the 

1901
01:44:29,708 --> 01:44:33,500
burden, but weak after week, the
accumulated weight becomes 

1902
01:44:33,500 --> 01:44:38,000
significant You are tired in 
ways that sleep does not fix 

1903
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:41,200
your lonely. 
Despite being surrounded by men.

1904
01:44:41,200 --> 01:44:44,300
Your home sick for places and 
people you are not even 

1905
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:46,300
particularly fond of before 
leaving. 

1906
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:50,200
The Village Baker, who always 
short-changed everyone on 

1907
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:52,800
Broadway. 
Now seems like a Charming 

1908
01:44:52,800 --> 01:44:55,700
character. 
You would give anything to argue

1909
01:44:55,700 --> 01:45:00,400
with again. by week 6, the food 
situation has become genuinely 

1910
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:04,300
concerning the ship's biscuit 
has developed an ecosystem. 

1911
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:08,700
Small, gray, weevils live in the
barrels and the biscuit pieces 

1912
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:10,700
are often more hole than 
substance. 

1913
01:45:11,600 --> 01:45:14,700
The accepted practice is to tap 
your biscuit against the table 

1914
01:45:14,700 --> 01:45:18,000
before eating it, which 
dislodges some of the weevils, 

1915
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:21,700
not all of them that would be 
impossible but enough that you 

1916
01:45:21,700 --> 01:45:24,900
can eat it without the texture 
being overwhelmingly squirming. 

1917
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:27,800
You have stopped thinking of the
remaining Weavers as 

1918
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:31,200
contamination and started 
thinking of them as protein, 

1919
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:34,100
which is either pragmatic or 
deeply worrying. 

1920
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:38,000
Depending on your perspective, 
the salt Port has transformed 

1921
01:45:38,000 --> 01:45:41,300
from merely an appetizing to 
actively questionable. 

1922
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:45,000
The meat that is supposed to be 
pink under its salt crust as 

1923
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:48,200
taken on a greenish machine and 
it smells like something that 

1924
01:45:48,200 --> 01:45:50,400
died and was not discovered for 
several days. 

1925
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,200
The cook insists. 
This is normal that salt pork. 

1926
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:56,100
Always smells like death and 
disappointment. 

1927
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:00,500
He boils it for hours which does
reduce the smell to merely 

1928
01:46:00,500 --> 01:46:02,500
nausea eating rather than 
actively offense. 

1929
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:06,400
If The resulting meat has the 
texture of shoe leather and 

1930
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:10,500
about the same amount of flavor,
but it is protein and your body.

1931
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:14,500
Craves it enough that you chew 
through it without complaint The

1932
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:18,200
peas have held up better than 
most Provisions, possibly, 

1933
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:20,300
because they were already 
essentially Immortal. 

1934
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:24,100
When loaded aboard boiled into 
submission, they form a greyish 

1935
01:46:24,100 --> 01:46:27,000
paste that sticks to your ribs 
and requires no chewing. 

1936
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:31,400
This is good because your teeth 
are starting to hurt your gums 

1937
01:46:31,400 --> 01:46:34,400
are getting soft and chewing has
become an activity. 

1938
01:46:34,400 --> 01:46:38,200
You avoid when possible, Cook 
says, this is normal. 

1939
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:43,000
That it is just scurvy, starting
that everyone gets it on Long 

1940
01:46:43,000 --> 01:46:45,200
voyages and that it will get 
better. 

1941
01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:47,800
Once you reach land and can eat 
fresh food again. 

1942
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:53,200
This is not particularly 
reassuring, the wine has passed 

1943
01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:56,500
through several stages of 
vinegar and has now achieved a 

1944
01:46:56,500 --> 01:46:58,700
state that might best be 
described as aggressive. 

1945
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:01,400
As acidity. 
It could probably be used to 

1946
01:47:01,400 --> 01:47:05,000
clean rust off metal. 
You drink it anyway, holding 

1947
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:07,800
your breath, and swallowing 
quickly because the alternative 

1948
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:10,600
is water that has turned green 
in the barrels and hosts. 

1949
01:47:10,600 --> 01:47:13,900
Small swimming creatures, that 
were definitely not present when

1950
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:16,500
the water was first. 
Stored some men have started 

1951
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:19,900
catching rainwater during 
storms, holding up cups and 

1952
01:47:19,900 --> 01:47:22,500
trying to collect clean water 
before it runs across the deck 

1953
01:47:22,500 --> 01:47:25,900
and picks up the taste of tar 
and wood and whatever else makes

1954
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:30,900
deck water undrinkable. 
Protein becomes an obsession you

1955
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:34,600
dream about meat, not the salt 
pork that you're eating, but 

1956
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:36,700
real meat. 
Fresh meat. 

1957
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:40,200
The kind you remember from 
festivals and Market Days, 

1958
01:47:40,200 --> 01:47:45,100
roasted chicken, grilled fish 
beef stew with actual 

1959
01:47:45,100 --> 01:47:47,800
vegetables, that are not dried 
and reconstituted. 

1960
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:51,400
You're waking thoughts, 
increasingly revolve around food

1961
01:47:51,400 --> 01:47:55,200
during watches when there is 
little to, do you mentally 

1962
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:58,000
catalog every meal? 
You remember eating in the last 

1963
01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:02,200
year, examining each one in 
detail, remembering flavors and 

1964
01:48:02,200 --> 01:48:05,000
textures with an intensity that 
seems almost religious. 

1965
01:48:06,400 --> 01:48:10,800
The ship stores or include rice,
which sounds promising until you

1966
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:12,300
taste. 
The rice that has been sitting 

1967
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:16,000
in a damp hold for six weeks. 
It has absorbed various flavors 

1968
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,300
from its environment creating a 
taste profile that could 

1969
01:48:19,300 --> 01:48:23,200
generously be described as 
complex and more accurately 

1970
01:48:23,200 --> 01:48:27,500
described as musty. 
The cook attempts to improve it 

1971
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:30,700
by boiling it with some of the 
salt pork fat, which does make 

1972
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:33,300
it more edible in the sense that
everything tastes like salt, 

1973
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:36,000
pork fat, which at least is a 
familiar flavor. 

1974
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:39,900
There are also dried fish, which
seemed like a good idea when 

1975
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:42,300
they were loaded aboard. 
And have since become an 

1976
01:48:42,300 --> 01:48:46,200
argument against phishing 
General, The drawing process is 

1977
01:48:46,200 --> 01:48:48,700
concentrated, the fishiness to 
levels that are almost 

1978
01:48:48,700 --> 01:48:52,000
weaponized. 
When the cook opens a barrel of 

1979
01:48:52,008 --> 01:48:54,900
dried fish, everyone within 20 
feet knows. 

1980
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:58,400
It immediately, the resulting 
meal tastes exactly like you 

1981
01:48:58,400 --> 01:48:59,800
would. 
Imagine fish would taste, if 

1982
01:48:59,800 --> 01:49:03,000
fish were a form of punishment, 
you eat it because not eating 

1983
01:49:03,000 --> 01:49:06,500
means being hungry, and being 
hungry means being weak and 

1984
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:08,500
being weak. 
On a ship means, not being able 

1985
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:12,100
to do your work and not doing 
your work, means the boats and 

1986
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:14,900
becomes interested in your 
welfare in ways that are not 

1987
01:49:14,908 --> 01:49:20,300
pleasant. 
There is a moment about seven 

1988
01:49:20,300 --> 01:49:23,900
weeks in when you're eating your
evening ration of boiled, peas 

1989
01:49:23,900 --> 01:49:27,700
and weave in enhance biscuit and
questionable salt pork. 

1990
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:30,500
When you realize you've 
forgotten what being fully 

1991
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:34,000
satisfied. 
After a meal feels like You're 

1992
01:49:34,000 --> 01:49:36,000
always hungry. 
Not starving. 

1993
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:38,900
The Russians are calculated to 
keep men working. 

1994
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:41,500
If not comfortable, but never 
satisfied. 

1995
01:49:42,400 --> 01:49:46,200
Your stomach is always a little 
empty, your body is always 

1996
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:49,700
wanting more. 
This Perpetual low level hunger 

1997
01:49:49,700 --> 01:49:52,700
becomes as much a part of your 
existence as the motion of the 

1998
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:57,000
ship or the sound of the ways. 
The few luxuries that were 

1999
01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:59,300
brought aboard, have long since 
been consumed? 

2000
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:02,400
The dried figs your mother gave 
you a gun. 

2001
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:06,600
Someone's wheels of cheese have 
been distributed and eaten the 

2002
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:09,200
small stores of honey and 
preserved fruits that were 

2003
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:12,400
supposed to make the voyage more
bearable lasted, perhaps three 

2004
01:50:12,400 --> 01:50:16,700
weeks before being depleted. 
Now, you are down to the basics 

2005
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:21,900
biscuit, pork peas, and 
aggressive wine, and you will be

2006
01:50:21,900 --> 01:50:25,500
eating these same things in the 
same combinations for however 

2007
01:50:25,508 --> 01:50:27,600
many more weeks. 
It takes to reach land. 

2008
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:32,600
Ironically, you are surrounded 
by food fish, jump alongside the

2009
01:50:32,600 --> 01:50:35,400
ship regularly Birds land in the
rigging. 

2010
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:38,700
The ocean contains more fish 
than you could eat in a 

2011
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:42,700
lifetime, but catching them is 
difficult. fishing lines are 

2012
01:50:42,700 --> 01:50:45,700
deployed when weather permits 
and occasionally, someone hauls 

2013
01:50:45,700 --> 01:50:49,100
up something edible These fish 
are distributed among the crew 

2014
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:52,000
and devoured with a desperate 
and enthusiasm that surprises. 

2015
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:57,400
Everyone who experiences it? 
Fresh fish even small ones, even

2016
01:50:57,400 --> 01:51:01,100
ones that are mostly bones. 
Taste like the finest delicacy 

2017
01:51:01,100 --> 01:51:03,200
after weeks of salt, pork and 
weevils. 

2018
01:51:04,700 --> 01:51:07,600
One more mourning, someone 
catches a sea bird that made the

2019
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:10,400
mistake of landing on a yardarm 
within grabbing range. 

2020
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:14,600
There's a serious discussion 
about cooking it, the cook 

2021
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:18,300
points out that seabirds taste 
terrible, that they eat fish and

2022
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:19,900
other things. 
You do not want to think about 

2023
01:51:19,900 --> 01:51:22,500
that. 
Even boiling one for hours will 

2024
01:51:22,500 --> 01:51:24,900
not improve, the fundamental 
fishiness of the meat. 

2025
01:51:25,700 --> 01:51:30,200
This argument is ignored. 
The bird is plucked cleaned and 

2026
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:32,900
boiled. 
The cook is proven correct. 

2027
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,300
It tastes like fish flavored 
chicken in the worst possible 

2028
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:38,600
way. 
But everyone eats their share 

2029
01:51:38,600 --> 01:51:43,200
anyway because it is meat and it
is different from salt pork and 

2030
01:51:43,200 --> 01:51:46,400
variety matters when you've been
eating the same thing for weeks.

2031
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:49,800
You're becoming a different 
person though. 

2032
01:51:49,800 --> 01:51:52,000
The changes. 
So gradual, you barely notice 

2033
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:54,700
it. 
Your hands, which were soft when

2034
01:51:54,700 --> 01:51:57,000
you started. 
This Voyage are now covered in, 

2035
01:51:57,000 --> 01:52:00,100
calluses thick enough that you 
can grip rough rope without much

2036
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:05,300
pain. tie knots without thinking
about them bow lines clove 

2037
01:52:05,300 --> 01:52:09,400
hitches and Sheet bends, each 
one flowing from your fingers in

2038
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,100
the correct sequence, even when 
you're half asleep or fully 

2039
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:16,600
exhausted, These knots will stay
with you for life, muscle memory

2040
01:52:16,600 --> 01:52:20,300
written so deeply that you could
probably tie them as an old man.

2041
01:52:20,300 --> 01:52:23,300
Even if you forgot your own 
name, you have learned to walk 

2042
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:25,400
on a moving deck without 
thinking about it. 

2043
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:29,700
The first few weeks, you 
stumbled constantly reaching out

2044
01:52:29,700 --> 01:52:31,900
to grab rails and ropes for 
balance. 

2045
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:35,500
Now, your body automatically 
adjusts to the ship's motion 

2046
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:39,400
shifting your weight without 
conscious thought moving across 

2047
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:42,500
the deck with a rolling gate 
that would look absurd on land 

2048
01:52:42,500 --> 01:52:46,000
but is perfectly suited to a 
tilting swaying platform 

2049
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:49,700
suspended on water. 
When you do return to land, you 

2050
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:53,500
will find yourself still swaying
still adjusting for motion, that

2051
01:52:53,500 --> 01:52:57,200
is not there, your inner ear, 
confused by the Stillness of 

2052
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:00,200
solid ground. 
You have learned to sleep 

2053
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:04,000
anywhere in any position in 
almost any weather. 

2054
01:53:05,000 --> 01:53:09,400
First weeks, you need a darkness
and quiet and relative Comfort 

2055
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:11,900
to sleep. 
Now, you can fall asleep, 

2056
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:16,400
sitting up leaning, against a 
masked with rain falling on your

2057
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:18,500
head. 
Because when you are tired 

2058
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:22,300
enough, sleep happens, 
regardless of conditions you 

2059
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:25,100
have learned to wake instantly 
when your name is called, or a 

2060
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:27,600
bell rings or someone shakes, 
your shoulder going from 

2061
01:53:27,600 --> 01:53:31,000
unconscious to working in 
seconds because there is no room

2062
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:33,600
aboard ship for grogginess or 
gradual waking. 

2063
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,700
You have learned to judge the 
weather from subtle signs, the 

2064
01:53:37,700 --> 01:53:41,800
smell of the air, the shape of 
clouds, the behavior of birds, 

2065
01:53:41,800 --> 01:53:43,900
and the feel of the wind on your
skin. 

2066
01:53:44,900 --> 01:53:47,900
You cannot predict storms as 
well as the experienced Sailors,

2067
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:51,100
but you are learning. 
You notice when the barometer 

2068
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:54,500
drops, when the light takes on 
that particular, yellow quality,

2069
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,800
and when the swells begin to 
organize themselves into 

2070
01:53:57,800 --> 01:53:59,800
patterns, that mean, bad weather
is coming. 

2071
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:04,400
This knowledge is bought with 
experience with time spent 

2072
01:54:04,400 --> 01:54:06,800
watching and learning and 
occasionally being caught by 

2073
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:08,600
surprise when you miss the 
signs. 

2074
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:10,800
You have learned the ships 
language. 

2075
01:54:10,800 --> 01:54:14,700
The particular creaks and 
groans, that mean she is working

2076
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:18,100
normally versus the sound. 
That indicates something is 

2077
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:20,800
wrong. 
The rhythmic squeaking of the 

2078
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:24,400
rudder-post is normal. 
The sharp crack of wood under 

2079
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:27,500
strain, might mean a Timber is 
splitting, the singing of 

2080
01:54:27,500 --> 01:54:29,700
overtype. 
Rigging means you need to ease 

2081
01:54:29,700 --> 01:54:34,600
off before something breaks. 
Ship talks constantly, and you 

2082
01:54:34,600 --> 01:54:38,700
have learned to listen to 
interpret and to respond to what

2083
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:41,700
she is telling you. 
You've learned to work a loft 

2084
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:45,200
climbing, the rigging to adjust 
sales while the ship rolls 

2085
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:49,100
beneath you, and the deck looks 
impossibly small and far away. 

2086
01:54:49,100 --> 01:54:51,900
The first time you had to go up 
in rough weather, you were 

2087
01:54:51,900 --> 01:54:54,500
terrified. 
Now, you are merely carefully. 

2088
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,400
Respectful of the height of the 
danger, you understand? 

2089
01:54:57,400 --> 01:55:00,800
That one hand is for the ship 
and one hand is for yourself, 

2090
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,500
but you check every grip before 
trusting your weight to it. 

2091
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:08,500
And that you move deliberately 
and never quickly because quick 

2092
01:55:08,500 --> 01:55:12,300
movements are lost to lead to 
Falls and Falls, lead to death 

2093
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:14,400
or injury that amounts to the 
same thing. 

2094
01:55:14,400 --> 01:55:17,000
When you're weaks from any 
doctor, worth the name. 

2095
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:21,000
You have learned to splice rope.
Skill. 

2096
01:55:21,000 --> 01:55:25,200
That seemed impossibly complex 
when first demonstrated Now, 

2097
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:29,100
your fingers can tease apart the
strands weave them together in 

2098
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:32,600
the correct pattern and create a
splice stronger than the Rope 

2099
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:36,200
itself. 
You take pride in this in the 

2100
01:55:36,200 --> 01:55:39,700
neat uniform appearance of your 
splices and in the fact that 

2101
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:42,200
experienced Sailors. 
Now sometimes ask you to help 

2102
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:45,900
with particularly difficult 
splice in work, You have learned

2103
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:50,000
patience of a kind, you never 
knew existed on land on land. 

2104
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:54,000
If you were hungry, you ate. 
If you were tired, you slept, if

2105
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:56,100
you are uncomfortable, you 
adjusted your position. 

2106
01:55:56,900 --> 01:55:59,000
Let's see, you cannot control 
these things. 

2107
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:03,000
You are hungry but the next meal
comes when it comes not before 

2108
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:07,000
you are tired, but your watch 
has three more hours before you 

2109
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:09,900
can sleep. 
You are uncomfortable, but there

2110
01:56:09,900 --> 01:56:11,800
is no comfortable position to be
found. 

2111
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:16,100
So you exist in discomfort until
it becomes normal and you stop 

2112
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:19,400
noticing it as much. 
You have learned the value of 

2113
01:56:19,400 --> 01:56:22,800
small things, the dry pair of 
socks is treasure. 

2114
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:25,200
A cup of water that does not 
taste. 

2115
01:56:25,200 --> 01:56:28,600
Actively foul is a luxury, a 
night of sleep. 

2116
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:32,200
Uninterrupted by emergencies or 
rough weather is a gift. 

2117
01:56:33,200 --> 01:56:36,400
These small Comforts which you 
would not have noticed on land, 

2118
01:56:36,400 --> 01:56:39,600
become the highlights of your 
existence you hoard them in 

2119
01:56:39,600 --> 01:56:42,900
memory recalling the time two 
weeks ago when you slept six 

2120
01:56:42,900 --> 01:56:46,200
hours straight or that morning, 
when the cook made a biscuit 

2121
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:48,400
that was actually crispy in 
stead of soggy. 

2122
01:56:49,400 --> 01:56:52,100
You have learned that you are 
stronger than you thought, both 

2123
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:55,900
physically and mentally. 
Before this Voyage, you would 

2124
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:58,200
not have believed. 
You could work a full watch on 

2125
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:01,600
minimal sleep, in bad food. 
Then work another half watch 

2126
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:04,600
because the weather demanded it.
You would not have believed. 

2127
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:08,000
You could climb swaying rigging 
in a storm, you would not have 

2128
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:11,000
believed, you could endure weeks
of monotony without going mad. 

2129
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:14,800
But here you are doing all of 
these things, surviving in an 

2130
01:57:14,800 --> 01:57:16,200
environment that would have 
broken. 

2131
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:18,300
The person you were before 
boarding this ship. 

2132
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:21,800
By the 8th week. 
You have stopped asking how much

2133
01:57:21,800 --> 01:57:25,100
father everyone has stopped 
asking how much farther. 

2134
01:57:25,700 --> 01:57:28,900
The officers do not know with 
any precision and asking only 

2135
01:57:28,900 --> 01:57:31,700
reminds everyone that you are 
still nowhere near land. 

2136
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:35,900
The Voyage takes, as long as it 
takes the wind determines, the 

2137
01:57:35,900 --> 01:57:40,400
speed, the current, determine 
the root, your passengers on a 

2138
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:43,400
journey, whose duration cannot 
be known in advance. 

2139
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:47,800
Only endured until completion. 
The ship herself is showing the 

2140
01:57:47,808 --> 01:57:50,700
strain of the voyage. 
Sales, that were new. 

2141
01:57:50,700 --> 01:57:54,500
When you departed, and now 
patched in multiple places, the 

2142
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,800
neat squares of canvas visible 
as slightly different shades of 

2143
01:57:57,808 --> 01:58:00,800
white. 
Ropes, a fraying and being 

2144
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:05,100
replaced section by section. 
The deck planking is worn smooth

2145
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:09,000
in the high traffic areas. 
Everything, wooden is swelling, 

2146
01:58:09,000 --> 01:58:11,800
and shrinking, and warping with 
the constant damp. 

2147
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:16,600
The carpenter, spend his days 
making repairs fixing problems 

2148
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,800
before they become emergencies 
and occasionally, discovering 

2149
01:58:19,800 --> 01:58:22,400
problems that have already 
become emergents is without 

2150
01:58:22,400 --> 01:58:25,800
anyone noticing You're all 
showing strain as well. 

2151
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:30,100
Everyone has lost weight. 
A combination of hard work and 

2152
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:34,000
inadequate nutrition means your 
clothes, hang loose, your belt 

2153
01:58:34,000 --> 01:58:36,600
needs new holes and your face 
has become gaunt. 

2154
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:38,600
Your gums are definitely 
bleeding. 

2155
01:58:38,600 --> 01:58:41,800
Now when you eat the hard 
biscuit leaving, pink stains 

2156
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:45,700
that you try not to examine too 
closely Several men have 

2157
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:49,000
developed sores, that do not 
heal properly, the early signs 

2158
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,800
of serious scurvy. 
The ship surgeon bleeds them, 

2159
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:55,800
which helps nothing, but at 
least gives the appearance of 

2160
01:58:55,800 --> 01:58:59,100
medical intervention. 
Tempers are shorter. 

2161
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:02,600
The small irritations that were 
amusing in week. 2 are 

2162
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:07,200
infuriating in week 8. 
Portuguese Yuans continued for 

2163
01:59:07,200 --> 01:59:10,500
getting of his bilge Duty. 
Finally comes to a head when two

2164
01:59:10,500 --> 01:59:14,100
Sailors confront him directly, 
there is shouting, there is 

2165
01:59:14,100 --> 01:59:17,000
shoving. 
The boats were intervenes before

2166
01:59:17,000 --> 01:59:21,100
it becomes actual fighting and 
Duo is a signed double-billed 

2167
01:59:21,100 --> 01:59:24,100
Duty for the next week. 
This is considered fair by 

2168
01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:27,600
everyone except while who sults 
but complies because the 

2169
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:31,400
alternative is worse. 
The silence between the two. 

2170
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:33,300
Sailors. 
From the same Village, has 

2171
01:59:33,300 --> 01:59:36,700
evolved from Angry silence to 
something more like weary 

2172
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:40,000
acceptance of Silence, they will
probably never speak again, 

2173
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:44,000
their friendship, whatever it 
was has been killed by proximity

2174
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:47,200
in Grudge and the particular 
kind of ossification that 

2175
01:59:47,200 --> 01:59:50,900
happens when you see the same 
person every day for months with

2176
01:59:50,900 --> 01:59:54,500
no escape from their presence. 
New friendships of formed 

2177
01:59:54,500 --> 01:59:57,500
though, you and Miguel and 
Rodriguez have become a sort of 

2178
01:59:57,500 --> 02:00:01,600
unit eating together when 
possible sharing tobacco and 

2179
02:00:01,600 --> 02:00:04,000
stories and working alongside 
each other. 

2180
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:08,000
When the duty rotation allows 
These friendships are 

2181
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:11,800
circumstantial formed by 
proximity and shared misery. 

2182
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:16,600
That they feel real nonetheless.
You suspect, you will remember 

2183
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:20,000
these men for the rest of your 
life, even if you never see them

2184
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:23,700
again after making port. 
The younger Sailors talk about 

2185
02:00:23,700 --> 02:00:26,300
what they will do. 
When they reach land, they will 

2186
02:00:26,300 --> 02:00:28,900
eat fresh bread. 
They will drink clean water from

2187
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,100
a well, they will sleep on 
ground. 

2188
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:34,200
That does not move. 
They will walk in straight lines

2189
02:00:34,200 --> 02:00:37,100
for Miles. 
Their plans are elaborate and 

2190
02:00:37,100 --> 02:00:41,300
specific and touching. 
As if the new world is simply 

2191
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:44,300
Spain. 
Relocated across an ocean rather

2192
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,100
than a genuinely different place
with different challenges. 

2193
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:51,100
The older Sailors, the ones who 
have done this before, say less,

2194
02:00:51,100 --> 02:00:54,300
they know that reaching land 
means the beginning of different

2195
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:58,800
hardships, the work of unloading
cargo the negotiations overpay 

2196
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,400
the temptation to spend all your
wages in the first Port Tab, and

2197
02:01:02,400 --> 02:01:05,700
the eventual necessity of 
signing onto another ship. 

2198
02:01:05,700 --> 02:01:07,900
Because what else you qualify to
do now. 

2199
02:01:08,800 --> 02:01:11,200
But they do not share these 
thoughts with the younger men. 

2200
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:15,100
Let them have their dreams of 
fresh bread and stable ground. 

2201
02:01:15,100 --> 02:01:18,100
The master takes son sightings 
every day. 

2202
02:01:18,108 --> 02:01:22,100
At noon weather permitting, 
using his cross staff to measure

2203
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:26,500
the sun's angle of the Horizon. 
He makes calculations consults 

2204
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:29,700
his charts and announces that 
you are making good progress. 

2205
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:32,200
This is encouraging Until you 
realize. 

2206
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,400
He's been announcing good 
progress for weeks and you are 

2207
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,900
still nowhere near land. 
Good progress and you are 

2208
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:42,800
learning are relative Concepts. 
Birds begin appearing more 

2209
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:47,200
frequently which is taken as a 
positive sign, Lan Birds. 

2210
02:01:47,200 --> 02:01:50,400
The master explains do not 
Venture far from Shore their 

2211
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:54,000
presence suggests proximity to 
Solid ground though how much 

2212
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:58,100
proximity remains unclear. 
Could be a day away could be a 

2213
02:01:58,100 --> 02:02:01,200
week. 
The ocean is large and bird. 

2214
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,600
Flight Rangers variable and 
everything about navigation is 

2215
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,300
approximate. 
You start having dreams about 

2216
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:11,800
land with increasing frequency. 
Not coherent dreams with plots 

2217
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:15,300
but sensory fragments the smell 
of pine trees. 

2218
02:02:15,300 --> 02:02:19,400
The sound of a stream, the 
feeling of grass, under bare 

2219
02:02:19,400 --> 02:02:23,800
feet, the taste of fresh milk 
You wake from these dreams with 

2220
02:02:23,800 --> 02:02:26,200
a physical ache. 
A homesickness. 

2221
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:27,900
So intense. 
It is almost painful. 

2222
02:02:27,900 --> 02:02:31,400
You have been at Sea so long 
that land has become a mythical 

2223
02:02:31,400 --> 02:02:33,700
Place. 
Something you remember but are 

2224
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:38,100
not entirely sure, still exists.
The first sign that land is 

2225
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:42,800
genuinely, close comes from the 
leading bottom at 100 fathoms. 

2226
02:02:42,800 --> 02:02:46,100
The announcement sends a ripple 
of excitement through the entire

2227
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:49,100
crew for weeks. 
The lead has found nothing but 

2228
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:53,600
depth now, there is something 
down there, something solid, 

2229
02:02:53,600 --> 02:02:57,600
which means the seabed is 
rising, which means a coastline 

2230
02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:03,100
is approaching the mood aboard 
ship shifts noticeably men work 

2231
02:03:03,100 --> 02:03:06,500
with more energy conversations 
become more animated. 

2232
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:10,000
Even the food seems slightly 
less awful when he can with the 

2233
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:11,800
knowledge that better food is 
coming soon. 

2234
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:15,400
The second sign is the 
watercolor. 

2235
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:19,500
The deep blue of mid-ocean is 
giving way to a greenish tint. 

2236
02:03:19,500 --> 02:03:23,300
That indicates shallower water. 
Floating debris, appears, 

2237
02:03:23,300 --> 02:03:27,800
branches, leave and things that 
could only have come from Land, 

2238
02:03:27,800 --> 02:03:30,500
someone spots. 
What might be a bird or might be

2239
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:33,300
a piece of bark, but either way,
it is something that is not just

2240
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:35,400
empty ocean and that is 
progress. 

2241
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:40,600
Third sign is the smell. 
On a morning, watch you catch a 

2242
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:42,700
scent on the wind. 
That makes you stop mid task. 

2243
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:47,800
It is the smell of Earth. 
The vegetation of land. 

2244
02:03:48,800 --> 02:03:50,700
It's so faint, you're not 
entirely. 

2245
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:54,600
Sure you're not imagining it. 
But others smell it too and the 

2246
02:03:54,608 --> 02:03:58,700
master confirms it. 
Lands smells can carry far over 

2247
02:03:58,700 --> 02:04:00,100
water under the right 
conditions. 

2248
02:04:00,100 --> 02:04:05,200
You are closed now. 
Not there but close The next 

2249
02:04:05,200 --> 02:04:09,000
day, the lookout in the Crow's 
Nest calls out the word everyone

2250
02:04:09,000 --> 02:04:11,400
has been waiting to hear. 
Land. 

2251
02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:15,200
The announcement is greeted with
a cheer that probably frightened

2252
02:04:15,200 --> 02:04:18,900
fish from Mi you rushed to the 
rail, along with everyone else, 

2253
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:21,900
straining to see what the 
Lookouts heighted as revealed. 

2254
02:04:22,700 --> 02:04:27,500
That first, you see nothing then
as the ship Rises on a swell, 

2255
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:31,100
you Glimpse it? 
Thin dark line on the horizon. 

2256
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:35,800
So fainted could be a cloud, but
it is not moving like a cloud 

2257
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:39,300
move. 
It is land, it is real. 

2258
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:42,600
You're not going to spend the 
rest of your life on this wooden

2259
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:45,000
box off. 
After all, the approach to land 

2260
02:04:45,000 --> 02:04:48,300
is slower than anyone wants the 
coast is visible. 

2261
02:04:48,300 --> 02:04:51,700
But distant the wind, which was 
favorable for crossing, the 

2262
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,200
ocean is now coming from the 
wrong direction, for easy entry 

2263
02:04:55,200 --> 02:04:58,600
to the harbor. 
Ship must tack back and forth, 

2264
02:04:58,600 --> 02:05:03,600
making zigzag progress, gaining 
a mile and losing half a mile 

2265
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:07,700
over and over. 
This is infuriating when land is

2266
02:05:07,700 --> 02:05:10,800
in sight. 
Seems to get no closer, you have

2267
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:14,100
traveled, thousands of miles 
across open ocean and now these 

2268
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,500
last few miles are taking hours 
but eventually finally the 

2269
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,100
harbor mouth approaches. 
You can see buildings. 

2270
02:05:20,100 --> 02:05:23,900
Now you can see trees, you can 
see people moving on the shore, 

2271
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,700
tiny figures engaged in normal 
and activities. 

2272
02:05:26,700 --> 02:05:30,700
That seem impossibly exotic 
after two months at Sea, the 

2273
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:32,800
ship Glides into Harbor with a 
ceremony. 

2274
02:05:32,800 --> 02:05:37,200
That feels both significant and 
anti-climactic The anchor drops 

2275
02:05:37,200 --> 02:05:39,000
with a splash and a rattle of 
chain. 

2276
02:05:39,000 --> 02:05:43,800
The Voyages over accepted is not
quite over because you cannot 

2277
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:47,400
just leave. 
There are four Maltese customs 

2278
02:05:47,400 --> 02:05:50,900
and spectrums health, checks and
official permission's. 

2279
02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:55,300
The harbor officials come aboard
and spend hours examining papers

2280
02:05:55,300 --> 02:05:57,600
and cargo while you and the 
other Sailors. 

2281
02:05:57,600 --> 02:06:00,600
Wait, so close to land, you can 
smell it properly. 

2282
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:04,400
Now Earth and vegetation and 
cooking fires and human 

2283
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:06,900
habitation, but still trapped on
the ship. 

2284
02:06:07,900 --> 02:06:11,100
When you're finally allowed to 
disembark, stepping onto the 

2285
02:06:11,100 --> 02:06:14,700
dock is profoundly. 
Disorienting, the ground does 

2286
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:18,800
not move your body, which has 
spent two months adjusting to 

2287
02:06:18,800 --> 02:06:21,000
constant. 
Motion keeps adjusting for 

2288
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:22,500
motion. 
That is not happening. 

2289
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:26,800
You stagger like a drunk 
reaching out, steady yourself on

2290
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:29,300
stable ground that does not need
steadying. 

2291
02:06:29,300 --> 02:06:32,700
Other Sailors are having the 
same problem walking with 

2292
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:36,900
exaggerated caution trying to 
convince their in ears that the 

2293
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:41,600
world has changed. 
The first fresh food you eat. 

2294
02:06:42,400 --> 02:06:45,200
A piece of bread. 
Purchased from a dock Fender is 

2295
02:06:45,200 --> 02:06:48,200
so overly delicious. 
You actually close your eyes 

2296
02:06:48,200 --> 02:06:52,300
while chewing it. 
It is just bread ordinary bread,

2297
02:06:52,300 --> 02:06:55,000
probably not even particularly 
good bread. 

2298
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:58,100
But after two months of 
Weaverville infested ship's 

2299
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:01,500
biscuit, It tastes like 
something Angels would eat. 

2300
02:07:02,300 --> 02:07:04,900
You eat it. 
Slowly savoring, every bite. 

2301
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:08,600
Making it lasts while your 
stomach are used to fresh food. 

2302
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:11,600
Sends up confused signals about 
what is happening. 

2303
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,900
Fresh water from a well tastes 
clean impossibly? 

2304
02:07:16,900 --> 02:07:19,900
Incredibly clean. 
No slime. 

2305
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:23,800
No floaters. 
No taste of wood or Barrel, just

2306
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:26,900
water cold, and pure and 
perfect. 

2307
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:29,500
You drink until you feel 
slightly sick. 

2308
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:33,300
Then drink more unable to 
believe that water can taste 

2309
02:07:33,300 --> 02:07:35,300
this good. 
That you took this for granted 

2310
02:07:35,300 --> 02:07:40,400
all those years before sailing. 
That night sleeping in an actual

2311
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:42,100
bed in a shorefront boarding 
house. 

2312
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:45,900
That caters to Sailors you lie 
awake, despite your exhaustion, 

2313
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:50,800
the bed is to still the room is 
too quiet, the absence of the 

2314
02:07:50,800 --> 02:07:53,900
ship's constant motion and sound
feels wrong somehow. 

2315
02:07:55,100 --> 02:07:58,500
You have spent two months 
adapting to life at Sea and now 

2316
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:02,000
you must adapt back to life on 
land and the transition is 

2317
02:08:02,000 --> 02:08:05,900
strange. 
You think about what the voyage 

2318
02:08:05,900 --> 02:08:08,600
has changed in you? 
You're physically different 

2319
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:14,300
lighter harder, more scarred. 
But the mental changes are 

2320
02:08:14,300 --> 02:08:17,400
harder to quantify. 
You have experienced something. 

2321
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:21,500
Most people never will seem 
Horizon's most people never see 

2322
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:25,300
and survived conditions, that 
would terrify your former self. 

2323
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:28,200
You have learned that you are 
capable of more than you 

2324
02:08:28,200 --> 02:08:31,500
believed both in terms of 
endurance and in terms of 

2325
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:36,500
adaptation, You think about the 
crew dispersed now, to various 

2326
02:08:36,500 --> 02:08:40,100
boarding houses and taverns 
pursuing their own version of 

2327
02:08:40,100 --> 02:08:42,700
the fresh food and stable 
ground, they have craved for 

2328
02:08:42,700 --> 02:08:45,600
weeks. 
You will probably never see most

2329
02:08:45,600 --> 02:08:48,700
of them again. 
Ships, scatter their Crews with 

2330
02:08:48,700 --> 02:08:52,700
each Voyage picking up new 
Sailors, and losing old ones to 

2331
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:55,800
other ships, or other ports or 
other Fates. 

2332
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:59,300
But you will remember them, 
Miguel with his casual 

2333
02:08:59,300 --> 02:09:02,200
competence, Rodriguez, with his 
unflagging. 

2334
02:09:02,200 --> 02:09:05,900
Enthusiasm, and the cook with 
his songs in languages, you 

2335
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:10,500
could not identify You think 
about the ocean itself, which 

2336
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,000
you have come to know in ways 
that are impossible to explain 

2337
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:14,700
to people who have not 
experienced it. 

2338
02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:17,800
The ocean is not one thing but 
many things. 

2339
02:09:17,800 --> 02:09:22,900
Beautiful, and terrifying were 
not in surprising life-giving 

2340
02:09:22,900 --> 02:09:27,000
and deadly often simultaneously.
It is vast Beyond human 

2341
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:30,300
comprehension yet intimate in 
the way it surrounds and 

2342
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:32,600
contains and defines life of 
bored ship. 

2343
02:09:33,600 --> 02:09:36,000
You have spent two months 
suspended over depths you 

2344
02:09:36,000 --> 02:09:38,400
cannot. 
Imagine trusting your life to 

2345
02:09:38,400 --> 02:09:41,700
Wood and rope and wind and the 
skill of men who were strangers.

2346
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:44,900
When you started The Voyage is 
giving you stories. 

2347
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:48,100
You will tell for years, though 
you suspect, they will sound 

2348
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:50,400
more dramatic in the telling 
than they fell in the living. 

2349
02:09:51,400 --> 02:09:54,600
The truth about long ocean 
voyages is that they are mostly 

2350
02:09:54,600 --> 02:09:58,000
boring. 
The dramatic moments storms 

2351
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:03,400
dangers crises a real but brief.
The vast majority of the time is

2352
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,900
spent doing routine work in 
routine ways while slowly 

2353
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:09,400
traveling across a featureless 
expanse of water. 

2354
02:10:10,400 --> 02:10:12,400
But that is the story. 
No one wants to hear. 

2355
02:10:13,200 --> 02:10:15,200
People want, drama and 
adventure. 

2356
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:19,100
Not the reality of Weevil, 
filled biscuits and endless rope

2357
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:22,100
splicing. 
You wonder if you will do this 

2358
02:10:22,100 --> 02:10:25,400
again. 
Right now lying in a real bed on

2359
02:10:25,400 --> 02:10:28,100
the stable ground. 
You cannot imagine voluntarily 

2360
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:31,300
getting back on a ship. 
The memory of constant, dampness

2361
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:34,200
and bad food and endless watches
is too fresh. 

2362
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:38,500
But you know, that memory Fades.
The discomforts will become less

2363
02:10:38,500 --> 02:10:42,000
Vivid over time while the sense 
of accomplishment of having 

2364
02:10:42,000 --> 02:10:45,100
done, something difficult and 
survived, it will remain. 

2365
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:50,300
A few months when your savings 
run low and you need work, the 

2366
02:10:50,300 --> 02:10:53,500
sea will call again. 
It always does for men who have 

2367
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,100
Syed. 
The ocean gets into your blood 

2368
02:10:56,100 --> 02:10:57,400
in ways. 
You cannot explain. 

2369
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:00,400
Do not fully understand until 
you have experienced it. 

2370
02:11:01,100 --> 02:11:04,100
You think about time and how it 
is operated differently during 

2371
02:11:04,100 --> 02:11:06,800
the voyage? 
Two months at celt 

2372
02:11:06,800 --> 02:11:10,700
simultaneously, endless and 
briefed each day felt long in 

2373
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:13,400
its monotony. 
Yet weeks passed in a blur of 

2374
02:11:13,408 --> 02:11:16,400
similar days. 
You left Spain, in one season 

2375
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:20,000
and arrived in the New World in 
another, you departed as one 

2376
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:22,900
version of yourself and arrived 
as a slightly different version 

2377
02:11:22,900 --> 02:11:26,600
shaped by experience and 
hardship and the peculiar 

2378
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:30,700
demands of Life Of God ship. 
The sounds of the port drift 

2379
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:33,800
through your window. 
Men shouting in Spanish and 

2380
02:11:33,800 --> 02:11:37,700
Portuguese and languages. 
You do not recognize carts 

2381
02:11:37,700 --> 02:11:41,800
rumbling on cobblestones music 
from a nearby Tavern, and the 

2382
02:11:41,800 --> 02:11:43,700
ordinary sounds of human 
habitation. 

2383
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:47,800
After two months of hearing, 
only wind and waves and the 

2384
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:51,400
creaking of your own ship, these
sounds are almost overwhelming 

2385
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:55,400
in their variety and complexity.
The world on land is so full of 

2386
02:11:55,408 --> 02:11:59,500
things, so crowded with stimuli 
and activity and options. 

2387
02:12:00,200 --> 02:12:02,100
Let's see. 
Life was simple. 

2388
02:12:02,100 --> 02:12:05,300
Even when it was hard, there 
were only, so many things, you 

2389
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:08,100
could do only so many places you
could go. 

2390
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,000
Constraints were absolute but 
also freeing in their way. 

2391
02:12:13,000 --> 02:12:16,900
You drift towards sleep, your 
body finally beginning to accept

2392
02:12:16,900 --> 02:12:21,700
that Solid Ground is real and 
will be here tomorrow, you will 

2393
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:24,800
report back to the ship for 
unloading duty tomorrow. 

2394
02:12:24,800 --> 02:12:26,800
You will learn where the next 
Voyage is going. 

2395
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:30,100
And when it departs, tomorrow, 
you will begin the process of 

2396
02:12:30,100 --> 02:12:32,200
forgetting. 
The discomforts of this Voyage 

2397
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:34,700
while the memories of 
accomplishment settling into 

2398
02:12:34,700 --> 02:12:38,600
place. 
But tonight, your simply here on

2399
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:43,600
land in a bed that doesn't move,
listening to sounds, that are 

2400
02:12:43,600 --> 02:12:47,600
not wind and water tasting, are 
that doesn't smell like, salt 

2401
02:12:47,600 --> 02:12:51,800
and tar and build. 
And despite everything of voyage

2402
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:57,500
contained, the hardship, the 
danger, the border of the fear. 

2403
02:12:58,400 --> 02:13:01,500
Your satisfied with yourself in 
ways, you have never quite felt 

2404
02:13:01,500 --> 02:13:03,600
before. 
You have crossed an ocean. 

2405
02:13:04,300 --> 02:13:08,000
You've endured what needed? 
Enduring you have learned what? 

2406
02:13:08,000 --> 02:13:10,900
Needed learning. 
You have become in some 

2407
02:13:10,908 --> 02:13:14,400
fundamental way, a different 
person than you were when you 

2408
02:13:14,408 --> 02:13:16,500
boarded that ship in Spain, two 
months ago. 

2409
02:13:17,500 --> 02:13:18,800
And whether or not you ever 
sail. 

2410
02:13:18,800 --> 02:13:22,900
Again, this will remain true. 
The ocean is marked you taught 

2411
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:26,700
you and changed you in ways that
will last long after the 

2412
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,000
calluses fade and the Rope Burns
heal. 

2413
02:13:29,900 --> 02:13:32,300
Outside your window, the ship 
rocks. 

2414
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,200
Gently at anchor. 
Already preparing for her. 

2415
02:13:35,200 --> 02:13:39,300
Next Voyage already forgetting 
This Crew in anticipation of the

2416
02:13:39,300 --> 02:13:42,100
next. 
But you will remember her and 

2417
02:13:42,100 --> 02:13:46,900
the journey and the impossible 
endlessness of water and sky and

2418
02:13:46,900 --> 02:13:49,900
the slow transformation that 
happens when you spend enough 

2419
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:52,100
time suspended Between Two 
Worlds. 

2420
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:58,100
Belonging fully to neither and 
with that thought, finally, you 

2421
02:13:58,100 --> 02:14:07,900
sleep Your earliest ancestors 
were performing before Netflix 

2422
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:11,600
before Broadway and before 
anyone even considered charging 

2423
02:14:11,600 --> 02:14:15,200
for entertainment. 
Imagine a cave from 40,000 years

2424
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:19,000
ago, the fire is crackling. 
Someone begins to tell a story 

2425
02:14:19,000 --> 02:14:21,900
about the day's, Mammoth hunt, 
and the dishes are finished 

2426
02:14:21,900 --> 02:14:25,000
while there weren't dishes, but 
you get the idea. 

2427
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,500
The interesting part though, is 
that they did more than merely 

2428
02:14:28,500 --> 02:14:31,100
recount the tale. 
Oh no, that would be too easy. 

2429
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:34,300
Someone took a mammoth hide and 
began to play the role of the 

2430
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:37,000
mammoth someone else posed as 
the courageous Hunter. 

2431
02:14:37,700 --> 02:14:39,500
To symbolize the shaman, who 
blessed the hunt. 

2432
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,600
A third person, picked up some 
berries and painted stripes on 

2433
02:14:42,600 --> 02:14:45,500
their face before. 
You know it, you have the first 

2434
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:48,800
dinner theater in human history.
Complete with method acting 

2435
02:14:48,800 --> 02:14:51,400
reel, costumes, and a small 
intimate setting. 

2436
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:55,700
Remember these weren't just any 
old Shenanigans directors of 

2437
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:58,300
contemporary Community. 
Theater would be envious of the 

2438
02:14:58,300 --> 02:15:01,500
practical uses of these early 
Productions, importance of 

2439
02:15:01,508 --> 02:15:03,600
survival knowledge. 
Such as which berries won't kill

2440
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:05,200
you. 
And how to avoid becoming 

2441
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:08,100
something else's dinner was 
passed down, thanks to them. 

2442
02:15:08,100 --> 02:15:11,400
They strengthen ties within the 
community because nothing unites

2443
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:14,500
people like seeing Uncle grok 
perform his encounter with a 

2444
02:15:14,500 --> 02:15:17,000
saber-tooth tiger for the 15th 
time. 

2445
02:15:17,000 --> 02:15:20,400
Complete with homemade sound 
effects and increasingly complex

2446
02:15:20,400 --> 02:15:22,700
mind work. 
The irony is that we were 

2447
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:24,000
already. 
Formulating, what would 

2448
02:15:24,000 --> 02:15:26,300
eventually become the 
fundamental principle of all 

2449
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:28,400
performance? 
Is the audience must 

2450
02:15:28,400 --> 02:15:31,200
voluntarily? 
Suspend their disbelief everyone

2451
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:33,500
gathered around that fire was 
well aware that it wasn't 

2452
02:15:33,500 --> 02:15:36,300
actually a mammoth, but rather 
Bob in a first suit. 

2453
02:15:36,300 --> 02:15:39,500
His hands. 
Up to his mouth, making trumpet 

2454
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:43,400
like noises, however they 
consented to comply allowing 

2455
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,200
themselves to be drawn into the 
narrative, even though the 

2456
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:48,900
costumes have become much more 
elaborate and the venues are 

2457
02:15:48,900 --> 02:15:51,600
much less likely to be overrun 
by real wild animals. 

2458
02:15:51,600 --> 02:15:55,200
That is the magic contract 
between the performer and the 

2459
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:57,000
audience that still exists 
today. 

2460
02:15:57,000 --> 02:15:59,800
These early performance is also 
appear to have been more than 

2461
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:02,100
casual Affairs. 
According to archaeological 

2462
02:16:02,100 --> 02:16:04,800
evidence figures wearing or 
Nate, headdresses, and 

2463
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:08,000
participating in ritualistic 
activities, are depicted in 

2464
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:10,600
cave, paintings from lascaux, 
and other locations. 

2465
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:12,500
In what seemed to be ceremonial 
poses. 

2466
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:16,300
Certain cave formation According
to some researchers were picked 

2467
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:20,300
a for their acoustic qualities, 
natural amphitheaters, where 

2468
02:16:20,300 --> 02:16:23,300
Tales could be told and retold 
with the most dramatic effect. 

2469
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:26,400
These early societies 
performance, Traditions evolved 

2470
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,700
along with them coming of age, 
rituals successful hunts, 

2471
02:16:29,700 --> 02:16:32,700
territorial agreements and 
seasonal celebrations of the 

2472
02:16:32,700 --> 02:16:35,600
solstice's all became occasions 
for Evermore. 

2473
02:16:35,600 --> 02:16:38,799
Complicated theatrical 
performance is The shaman or 

2474
02:16:38,808 --> 02:16:41,500
tribal Storyteller developed 
into something like a director 

2475
02:16:41,500 --> 02:16:44,600
directing group activities and 
maintaining the customs of 

2476
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:48,200
telling some stories, a few 
thousand years later you're in 

2477
02:16:48,200 --> 02:16:51,000
ancient Egypt, where someone had
the brilliant notion that if 

2478
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:54,200
ordinary stories were good, then
stories about pharaohs and gods 

2479
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:58,000
must be fantastic with intricate
costumes makeup techniques that 

2480
02:16:58,000 --> 02:17:01,100
would make a contemporary drag 
queen, weep with admiration and 

2481
02:17:01,100 --> 02:17:06,400
scripts, hieroglyphic ones, of 
course, the Egyptians transform,

2482
02:17:06,400 --> 02:17:09,299
the Primal human urge to perform
into something that approached 

2483
02:17:09,299 --> 02:17:12,500
professional theater. 
In essence Egyptian, religious 

2484
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:14,900
ceremonies were high stakes 
theatrical Productions. 

2485
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:18,500
If you fumbled your lines, you 
risked up setting, a god, which 

2486
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:20,900
was far worse than receiving a 
poor review in the local 

2487
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:23,700
papyrus. 
Nor were these solemn quiet 

2488
02:17:23,700 --> 02:17:27,200
Services, they were Grand events
with hundreds of participants, 

2489
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,500
intricate processions and 
special effects that must have 

2490
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:33,400
appeared completely magical to 
viewers who are unaware of their

2491
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:37,100
workings, the story of the Gods 
death and Resurrection was 

2492
02:17:37,100 --> 02:17:40,400
narrated over several days of 
performances that swept across 

2493
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:44,299
entire cities during the yearly 
Osiris festivals which were 

2494
02:17:44,299 --> 02:17:47,299
especially theatrical parts. 
Of the story would be assigned 

2495
02:17:47,299 --> 02:17:50,000
to different neighborhoods. 
Resulting in a theatrical 

2496
02:17:50,000 --> 02:17:53,299
experience that stretched 
throughout the entire city and 

2497
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:56,299
made contemporary sites, 
specific theater appear, 

2498
02:17:56,299 --> 02:17:58,900
positively modest. 
The fact that Egyptian 

2499
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:01,900
performance created numerous 
Customs, that still exists today

2500
02:18:01,900 --> 02:18:06,299
is what makes it so fascinating.
They created complex methods for

2501
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:08,600
implying Supernatural happenings
on stage. 

2502
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:12,600
Such as trapdoors for Gods to 
come and go or Nate masses and 

2503
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:16,100
costumes to turn human actors 
into gods and meticulously 

2504
02:18:16,100 --> 02:18:18,100
planned movements. 
That gave the appearance of 

2505
02:18:18,100 --> 02:18:22,200
Supernatural strength, the idea 
of a theatrical season linked to

2506
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:24,799
Agricultural. 
And religious calendars was also

2507
02:18:24,799 --> 02:18:28,299
invented by the Egyptians, a 
year-round cycle of theatrical 

2508
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:30,299
activity that kept audiences 
interested. 

2509
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:33,900
And performers employed was 
created by the various festivals

2510
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:36,400
that held various kinds of 
performance is throughout the 

2511
02:18:36,400 --> 02:18:38,200
year. 
They realized something that 

2512
02:18:38,200 --> 02:18:41,400
contemporary theater produces 
are still discovering audience. 

2513
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:43,700
Loyalty is increased by 
consistent programming. 

2514
02:18:44,600 --> 02:18:46,400
Pyre and Egyptian tomb 
paintings. 

2515
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,200
Also, demonstrate that these 
performances weren't stuffy or 

2516
02:18:49,208 --> 02:18:51,500
overly solemn. 
There was a place for comedy 

2517
02:18:51,500 --> 02:18:54,600
frequently in the form of minor 
characters and servants who 

2518
02:18:54,608 --> 02:18:57,000
offered light-hearted relief 
from the more somber Divine 

2519
02:18:57,000 --> 02:19:00,600
drama, the Egyptians recognized 
that audiences needed a few 

2520
02:19:00,600 --> 02:19:02,500
laughs to keep things from 
becoming too serious. 

2521
02:19:02,500 --> 02:19:06,200
Even entails about life, death, 
and eternal judgment. 

2522
02:19:06,200 --> 02:19:09,900
We now travel to ancient Greece,
where someone had the brilliant 

2523
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:13,799
idea to elevate, storytelling to
a formal activity, complete with

2524
02:19:13,808 --> 02:19:17,400
regulations contests, and the 
kind of critical thinking that 

2525
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:20,100
would make graduate students 
today feel completely at home. 

2526
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:23,400
It was impossible for the 
Greeks, blessed them to Simply 

2527
02:19:23,400 --> 02:19:27,700
appreciate a good story, he had 
to classify it evaluate it and 

2528
02:19:27,700 --> 02:19:30,299
then most likely compose a 
philosophical Treatise on 

2529
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,200
whether or not it effectively 
elicited catharsis through fear 

2530
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:36,799
and pity the Greeks created what
is now known as formal drama 

2531
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:39,600
during religious festivals? 
Celebrating Dionysus? 

2532
02:19:39,600 --> 02:19:42,700
The god of wine, which explains 
a lot about theater's 

2533
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:44,500
relationship with altered state 
of conscious. 

2534
02:19:45,200 --> 02:19:49,200
In the sixth Century, BCE 
picture, the scene throngs of 

2535
02:19:49,208 --> 02:19:52,000
people gathered in massive 
outdoor, amphitheaters carved. 

2536
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:55,200
Into the sides of Hills 
listening to actors and flowing,

2537
02:19:55,200 --> 02:19:58,400
robes and ornate masks narrate, 
Tales of Heroes gods. 

2538
02:19:58,400 --> 02:20:01,500
And the occasional dysfunctional
family that would make 

2539
02:20:01,500 --> 02:20:04,100
contemporary soap operas appear,
positively, restrained. 

2540
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:07,400
Let's take a moment to discuss 
those amphitheaters though, as 

2541
02:20:07,400 --> 02:20:10,000
they were engineering Wonders, 
that contemporary Architects, 

2542
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:14,100
continue to admire about 17,000,
people could fit in Athens 

2543
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,300
theater of Dionysus and the 
Acoustics was so well designed 

2544
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:19,800
that a whisper from the stage 
could be heard in the back row. 

2545
02:20:19,800 --> 02:20:23,000
Excellent knowledge of sound and
space without the use of 

2546
02:20:23,000 --> 02:20:26,500
microphones or amplification, 
every audience member had an 

2547
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:28,700
unhindered view of the action, 
thanks to the seating 

2548
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:31,400
arrangement, which was set up in
a perfect semicircle. 

2549
02:20:31,400 --> 02:20:35,100
By the way, the masks weren't 
merely decorative, the person in

2550
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:37,400
the back row, who is likely 
squinting in questioning? 

2551
02:20:37,400 --> 02:20:39,800
Whether they should have brought
their Antiquated equivalent of 

2552
02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:43,400
opera glasses, needed something 
to help project emotion in those

2553
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:46,300
enormous amphitheaters. 
These masks were artistic 

2554
02:20:46,300 --> 02:20:49,900
Creations carved to symbolize 
various character types and 

2555
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:55,400
emotions, happy sad, angry 
confused, all the emotions you 

2556
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:58,100
go through on a normal Monday 
morning, but artistically 

2557
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:00,200
captured in plaster wood and 
linen. 

2558
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:02,500
That would make contemporary 
designers cry. 

2559
02:21:02,500 --> 02:21:05,500
The Greeks are credited with 
creating the idea of the tragic 

2560
02:21:05,500 --> 02:21:08,500
hero, but they also 
unintentionally created stage 

2561
02:21:08,500 --> 02:21:10,700
fright. 
His name lives on in the word 

2562
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:12,900
thespian, though. 
I'm sure he never imagined 

2563
02:21:12,900 --> 02:21:15,500
future actors would use it to 
sound more important at dinner 

2564
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:18,200
parties. 
Imagine poor thespis, who was 

2565
02:21:18,200 --> 02:21:21,900
frequently regarded as the first
actor, standing alone on stage 

2566
02:21:21,900 --> 02:21:24,700
for the first time and likely 
thinking, what have I gotten 

2567
02:21:24,700 --> 02:21:28,600
myself into yesterday? 
I participated in a chorus and 

2568
02:21:28,600 --> 02:21:31,700
now suddenly everyone is staring
at me, expecting me to be 

2569
02:21:31,700 --> 02:21:34,800
engaging on my own Greek 
tragedy, dealt with serious 

2570
02:21:34,800 --> 02:21:38,300
issues, such as Justice fate, 
family, honor, and whether or 

2571
02:21:38,300 --> 02:21:40,100
not the gods were amused at 
human expense. 

2572
02:21:40,100 --> 02:21:43,600
Spoiler alert, they usually were
escaloes created, what were 

2573
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:46,800
effectively ancient Areas with 
greater production values and 

2574
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:50,500
more divine intervention through
his trilogies which examined a 

2575
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,400
single theme across several 
plays in order to create that 

2576
02:21:53,400 --> 02:21:57,300
delicious tension that keeps you
wriggling in your seat Sophocles

2577
02:21:57,300 --> 02:22:00,800
perfected, the art of dramatic 
irony in which the audience 

2578
02:22:00,800 --> 02:22:02,700
knows something that the 
characters do not. 

2579
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:06,400
However, the Greeks also 
provided us with comedy and it 

2580
02:22:06,408 --> 02:22:09,400
was Politically Incorrect and 
delightfully crude in ways that 

2581
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:12,400
would make audiences today. 
Gasp and then giggle in private 

2582
02:22:12,400 --> 02:22:15,700
because Aristophanes plays were 
full of political satire, 

2583
02:22:15,700 --> 02:22:18,800
bathroom humor and the kind of 
jokes that made respectable 

2584
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:21,700
citizens, clutch, their togas 
and pretend to be scandalized 

2585
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:23,200
while actually enjoying every 
minute. 

2586
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:26,000
He would have thrived on social 
media. 

2587
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:29,600
It is impossible to exaggerate 
how competitive Greek Theater is

2588
02:22:29,600 --> 02:22:33,600
playwrights actors and choruses,
competed for prizes and public 

2589
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,800
recognition during the dramatic 
festivals, which were more than 

2590
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:39,400
just parties think of the 
Olympics for the theater 

2591
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:41,800
complete. 
With all the political scheming,

2592
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:44,700
artistic competitions, and 
heated public arguments over the

2593
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:48,200
While losers likely went home 
and grumbled about the judges, 

2594
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:51,800
not appreciating their artistic 
Vision winners Rose to fame 

2595
02:22:51,800 --> 02:22:54,600
throughout the Greek world. 
The chorus was the center of 

2596
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,900
these Productions, despite being
frequently disregarded in 

2597
02:22:57,900 --> 02:22:59,700
contemporary discussions of 
Greek Theater. 

2598
02:22:59,700 --> 02:23:02,708
They were talented performers 
who represented the voice of the

2599
02:23:02,716 --> 02:23:05,700
community and the play by 
dancing singing and commenting 

2600
02:23:05,700 --> 02:23:08,700
on the action, they weren't 
merely background singers. 

2601
02:23:08,700 --> 02:23:12,500
A production success or failure 
depended on its chorus, and 

2602
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:14,200
training, one required months of
rigorous. 

2603
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:16,300
Rehearsal? 
When the Romans saw Greek 

2604
02:23:16,300 --> 02:23:18,600
Theater, they thought this is 
nice. 

2605
02:23:18,600 --> 02:23:22,100
But what if we made it bigger 
more spectacular and through in 

2606
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:24,900
some Gladiators? 
Because if the Romans were good 

2607
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:27,800
at anything, it was taking 
someone else's brilliant idea 

2608
02:23:27,800 --> 02:23:31,200
and making it much better with 
more marble, more violent and 

2609
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:32,300
much better. 
Engineering. 

2610
02:23:32,300 --> 02:23:35,400
Roman Theater was entertainment 
on a scale that would make 

2611
02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:38,700
contemporary production company 
shiver with fear and jealousy. 

2612
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:42,500
They constructed massive 
theater's some of which could 

2613
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:46,300
accommodate up to 40000 people. 
Can you imagine Packing a 

2614
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:48,500
theater that big today for a 
single dramatic performance 

2615
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:53,200
rather than a sporting event or 
Rock concert Rome's. 20,000 seat

2616
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:56,200
theater of Marcellus was so 
exquisitely, designed that 

2617
02:23:56,200 --> 02:23:59,600
portions of it still stand today
and are used as the base for 

2618
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:03,100
Renaissance palaces that were 
erected on its Remains, the 

2619
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:05,300
Romans changed theatrical 
technology in ways that would 

2620
02:24:05,300 --> 02:24:08,000
not be matched until the modern 
era that they didn't stop at 

2621
02:24:08,000 --> 02:24:10,500
size. 
They featured, elaborate set 

2622
02:24:10,500 --> 02:24:13,200
pieces, that could be changed 
between acts using sophisticated

2623
02:24:13,200 --> 02:24:15,400
Machinery. 
Hidden beneath the stage floor. 

2624
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,100
Hoists, that could lift actors 
into the air to represent gods 

2625
02:24:19,100 --> 02:24:22,700
or flying creatures, and trapped
doors, that were controlled by 

2626
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:25,300
intricate mechanical systems, 
special effects. 

2627
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:27,800
That wouldn't look out of place 
in a contemporary theme park. 

2628
02:24:27,800 --> 02:24:29,800
Roman Theater engineering 
produced. 

2629
02:24:29,800 --> 02:24:33,100
The first retractable awnings to
Shield Spectators from the Sun 

2630
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:36,800
and Rain intricate Subterranean 
spaces beneath the stage for the

2631
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:40,300
storage of equipment and sets 
and even crude air conditioners 

2632
02:24:40,300 --> 02:24:42,400
that cool. 
The air on hot days using 

2633
02:24:42,400 --> 02:24:46,000
Aqueduct water instead of 
relying on ideal whether they 

2634
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:49,700
made going to the theater, a 
cozy year-round activity From a 

2635
02:24:49,700 --> 02:24:52,200
social point of view. 
This is where Roman Theater 

2636
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,500
becomes truly fascinating. 
The Romans viewed theater more 

2637
02:24:55,500 --> 02:24:58,600
like we do television today. 
Popular entertainment for the 

2638
02:24:58,600 --> 02:25:01,500
masses supported by the 
government or wealthy sponsors. 

2639
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:04,700
And intended to keep the 
populace content and distracted.

2640
02:25:04,700 --> 02:25:08,100
This is in contrast to the 
Greeks who sought theater as 

2641
02:25:08,100 --> 02:25:11,000
both entertainment and a 
spiritual experience connected 

2642
02:25:11,000 --> 02:25:14,300
to religious festivals. 
Free admission was provided by 

2643
02:25:14,300 --> 02:25:17,900
wealthy individuals, seeking 
social status or politicians. 

2644
02:25:17,900 --> 02:25:20,900
Hoping to win over voters. 
The shows had to be suitable for

2645
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:23,500
everyone from Senators to Doc 
workers. 

2646
02:25:23,500 --> 02:25:26,100
In order to appeal, to the 
widest possible audience. 

2647
02:25:26,100 --> 02:25:29,200
This Democratic approach to 
entertainment, gave rise to 

2648
02:25:29,200 --> 02:25:32,300
storytelling innovations that 
put Mass Appeal ahead of 

2649
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:34,700
creative. 
Experimentation the clever 

2650
02:25:34,700 --> 02:25:36,500
servant who was always smarter 
than his master. 

2651
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,000
The young lover who was 
attractive but not very 

2652
02:25:39,000 --> 02:25:41,700
intelligent. 
Irascible old man, who 

2653
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:44,900
stinginess caused most of the 
plot complications and the 

2654
02:25:44,900 --> 02:25:48,700
cunning parasite, who flattered 
wealthy Patron, in exchange for 

2655
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:51,400
food, and favors, were all 
examples of stock characters 

2656
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:54,500
that audiences would instantly 
recognize in Roman comedies. 

2657
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:57,100
Does that sound familiar even 
today? 

2658
02:25:57,100 --> 02:25:59,900
These character types can be 
found in sitcoms and romantic 

2659
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:02,400
comedies. 
The Ensemble comedy model that 

2660
02:26:02,400 --> 02:26:05,800
we still use today, 2000 years 
later was essentially 

2661
02:26:05,800 --> 02:26:08,900
established by the Romans. 
It is impossible to overestimate

2662
02:26:08,900 --> 02:26:11,500
the impact of Roman comedy on 
subsequent theatrical 

2663
02:26:11,500 --> 02:26:14,200
Traditions, throughout the 
Middle Ages, and into the 

2664
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:17,400
Renaissance plays by plows, and 
Terrence was studied and copied 

2665
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:20,500
Shakespeare directly. 
Appropriated, Roman story lines 

2666
02:26:20,500 --> 02:26:23,200
and character types. 
Roman Theater is the source of 

2667
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:26,300
the fundamental framework of 
romantic comedy, which consists 

2668
02:26:26,300 --> 02:26:28,300
of young lovers, kept apart by 
obstacles. 

2669
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:31,900
Complications involving the 
station identities and a 

2670
02:26:31,900 --> 02:26:33,600
resolution in which everyone 
gets married. 

2671
02:26:33,600 --> 02:26:37,000
However, the idea of theater as 
a spectacle for public, 

2672
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:40,700
Amusement was also invented by 
the Romans, Their successful 

2673
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,500
Productions traveled from City 
to city across the empire. 

2674
02:26:44,300 --> 02:26:47,300
Establishing the first 
theatrical touring circuit to 

2675
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:49,500
bring professional entertainment
to provincial towns. 

2676
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:52,000
That might never otherwise. 
See anything more sophisticated 

2677
02:26:52,000 --> 02:26:55,500
than local festivals picture. 
The logistics of transporting, 

2678
02:26:55,500 --> 02:26:59,300
entire acting companies, 
elaborate sets and costumes 

2679
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:02,100
across hundreds of miles of 
Roman roads. 

2680
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:05,300
Roman audiences were infamously 
picking outspoken about what 

2681
02:27:05,300 --> 02:27:08,200
they liked. 
They had no qualms about vocally

2682
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:10,000
and instantly expressing their 
disapproval. 

2683
02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:12,800
If they didn't enjoy a 
performance, both positive and 

2684
02:27:12,800 --> 02:27:15,400
negative effects on the 
development of theater resulted 

2685
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:18,900
from this as is established a 
culture in which popularity and 

2686
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:22,000
entertainment value of value, 
more highly than artistic 

2687
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:24,300
ambition the first celebrity 
culture. 

2688
02:27:24,300 --> 02:27:28,200
Centered on performers was also 
created by the Romans actors, 

2689
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:31,600
who achieve success became well 
known throughout the Empire and 

2690
02:27:31,600 --> 02:27:34,300
rumors and conjecture. 
Surrounded their private lives. 

2691
02:27:34,300 --> 02:27:37,600
Does that sound familiar? 
They invented the idea of a 

2692
02:27:37,608 --> 02:27:40,600
touring star, who could attract 
audience's just by virtue of 

2693
02:27:40,600 --> 02:27:43,600
their reputation. 
Going from City to City to play 

2694
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:46,700
their most well-liked aparts. 
You might assume that theater 

2695
02:27:46,700 --> 02:27:49,400
simply put on its masks and went
home for a few centuries. 

2696
02:27:49,400 --> 02:27:52,700
After the fall of Rome, it had 
to be extremely inventive about 

2697
02:27:52,700 --> 02:27:54,300
where it lived and how it 
survived. 

2698
02:27:54,300 --> 02:27:57,800
But not quite the early 
Christian church had conflicting

2699
02:27:57,800 --> 02:27:59,500
opinions about theatrical 
performance. 

2700
02:27:59,500 --> 02:28:02,900
Is on the one hand, they 
disapproved of Roman Theatres 

2701
02:28:02,900 --> 02:28:06,500
connection to violence Pagan 
festivals in general IMM. 

2702
02:28:07,200 --> 02:28:10,000
However they soon discovered 
that religious stories could be 

2703
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:12,300
effectively taught through 
performance to those who are 

2704
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:16,000
illiterate which was the 
majority of the population as a 

2705
02:28:16,000 --> 02:28:17,300
result. 
Theater found a new home in 

2706
02:28:17,308 --> 02:28:20,200
churches, beginning with 
straightforward Bible story 

2707
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:23,500
reenactments during Services. 
Imagine that during Easter 

2708
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:25,900
morning Services, members of the
congregation would pretend that 

2709
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:27,600
Christ. 
Empty tomb had been discovered, 

2710
02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:30,700
this would likely involve 
improvised costumes and a good 

2711
02:28:30,708 --> 02:28:33,000
deal of nervous. 
Laughter from amateur actors who

2712
02:28:33,000 --> 02:28:36,500
had never performed on stage 
before since Latin the churches 

2713
02:28:36,500 --> 02:28:39,400
official language was typically 
used for these early liturgical.

2714
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,800
Dramas, the majority of the 
audience was more interested in 

2715
02:28:42,800 --> 02:28:46,000
the spectacle than in fully 
comprehending, every word, this 

2716
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:49,000
resulted in increasingly 
complex, visual presentations, 

2717
02:28:49,000 --> 02:28:52,700
that you staging costume and 
action, rather than speak to 

2718
02:28:52,700 --> 02:28:55,800
convey narrative and emotion. 
Easter story was briefly 

2719
02:28:55,800 --> 02:28:59,400
dramatized in the Ken Caritas 
Trope, which is frequently cited

2720
02:28:59,400 --> 02:29:02,500
as the origin of all medieval, 
drama it began as a 

2721
02:29:02,508 --> 02:29:05,100
straightforward call and 
response between a clergyman who

2722
02:29:05,100 --> 02:29:08,200
represented the angel at the 
tomb and Another clergyman who 

2723
02:29:08,200 --> 02:29:10,600
represented the three mayores 
searching for Christ. 

2724
02:29:10,600 --> 02:29:12,600
Body. 
Jesus of Nazareth. 

2725
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:14,800
He is not. 
Here he is risen. 

2726
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:18,600
Whom do you seek? 
This is where medieval theater, 

2727
02:29:18,600 --> 02:29:21,100
becomes wonderfully, human and 
charmingly chaotic. 

2728
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:24,300
These religious performances 
outgrew, the churches as they 

2729
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:27,600
became more elaborate and well 
liked entire communities 

2730
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:30,400
participated in large-scale 
Productions known as morality 

2731
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:33,700
plays which were essentially 
medieval after school specials 

2732
02:29:33,700 --> 02:29:37,600
with titles like every man and 
the castle of perseverance or 

2733
02:29:37,600 --> 02:29:39,900
mystery plays. 
Which told biblical stories, 

2734
02:29:39,900 --> 02:29:42,900
these local Productions were 
pulled by wagons known as 

2735
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:46,300
pageant wagons, which would move
around a town, stopping at 

2736
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,000
various stations. 
During the day, the Carpenters 

2737
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:51,000
would be in charge of Noah's Ark
naturally. 

2738
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,900
The Bakers would be in charge of
the miracle of the Loaves and 

2739
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:55,900
Fishes. 
The metal workers would likely 

2740
02:29:55,900 --> 02:29:59,300
be stuck with any scene that 
required armor or weapons and 

2741
02:29:59,300 --> 02:30:02,100
the goldsmiths guild would 
usually be in charge of the 

2742
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:05,500
scenes involving the three wise 
men and their pricey gifts part 

2743
02:30:05,500 --> 02:30:07,700
of what made medieval theater. 
So Charming, was that the 

2744
02:30:07,700 --> 02:30:10,800
outcomes were frequently 
hilariously uneven imagined 

2745
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:13,300
going to a play where Noah's Ark
was constructed by real 

2746
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:17,800
carpenters and looked amazing. 
And then right after There's a 

2747
02:30:17,800 --> 02:30:20,100
scene where the angels are, 
obviously, just the apprentices 

2748
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:23,700
of the baker dressed in bed, 
sheets and their desperately 

2749
02:30:23,700 --> 02:30:26,100
trying not to trip over their 
makeshift wings. 

2750
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:29,200
For one day's performance, The 
Guild of shipwrights would make 

2751
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:30,700
an ark that could actually 
float. 

2752
02:30:30,700 --> 02:30:34,100
The Guild of Weavers might make 
costumes that were works of art 

2753
02:30:34,100 --> 02:30:37,100
and the Guild of blacksmiths 
would Forge armor. 

2754
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:40,300
That was entirely authentic the 
way that medieval performance 

2755
02:30:40,300 --> 02:30:42,100
combined the sacred and the 
ridiculous. 

2756
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,300
Without seeming to care about 
tonal consistency was one of its

2757
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:48,800
most delightful features comic 
relief, characters would appear 

2758
02:30:48,800 --> 02:30:52,400
everywhere even in the most 
religious Productions in 

2759
02:30:52,400 --> 02:30:54,600
Nativity plays. 
The Shepherds were frequently. 

2760
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:57,800
Portrayed as foolish country, 
people offered Amusement in 

2761
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:00,900
between the more somber scenes 
in the midst of a tale about 

2762
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:04,400
Divine judgment and salvation. 
There is slapstick humor because

2763
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:07,900
Noah's wife was traditionally, a
shrewish character, who refused 

2764
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:09,300
to board the ark without a 
fight. 

2765
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,200
One of the most well known 
medieval drama's, the second 

2766
02:31:12,200 --> 02:31:15,400
Shepherds play as a subplot 
about a sheep Thief who attempts

2767
02:31:15,400 --> 02:31:17,200
to conceal his stolen sheep by 
pausing. 

2768
02:31:17,200 --> 02:31:20,600
It to his newborn child. 
With his wife, cradling it, and 

2769
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,300
saying, it only has a peculiar 
complexion. 

2770
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:27,100
This fast parallels, the 
Nativity Story resulting in a 

2771
02:31:27,100 --> 02:31:29,900
play that serves as both popular
entertainment and religious 

2772
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:33,300
instruction, we sometimes forget
that medieval audiences 

2773
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,200
recognized that a little humor 
helped, make difficult spiritual

2774
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:38,600
subjects easier to understand 
and more memorable. 

2775
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:42,000
They were being pragmatic, not 
disrespectful. 

2776
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:44,800
You need to give them something 
to laugh at and something to 

2777
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:47,000
think about, if you want them to
remember the lessons in your 

2778
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:50,300
play. 
Medieval drama was staged in a 

2779
02:31:50,300 --> 02:31:52,100
way that was both inventive and 
useful. 

2780
02:31:52,100 --> 02:31:54,900
The majority of performances 
were held outside in 

2781
02:31:54,900 --> 02:31:58,400
marketplaces or town squares. 
So, portable and weatherproof 

2782
02:31:58,400 --> 02:32:01,700
stage designs were required, the
pageant wagon system, made it 

2783
02:32:01,708 --> 02:32:04,700
possible for several plays to be
presented at various venues at 

2784
02:32:04,700 --> 02:32:07,900
the same time resulting in a 
festival like atmosphere that 

2785
02:32:07,900 --> 02:32:11,800
persisted for days. 
Some communities created staging

2786
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:14,900
systems that were even more 
complex in order to follow the 

2787
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:17,600
entire biblical story from 
creation to Judgment Day 

2788
02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:19,900
audiences. 
Moved between the Chester 

2789
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:22,900
mystery plays which were 
presented on a number of fixed 

2790
02:32:22,900 --> 02:32:26,300
stages spread out across the 
city in order to create enormous

2791
02:32:26,300 --> 02:32:29,300
outdoor festivals that attracted
people from hundreds of miles 

2792
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:31,700
away. 
Other communities, constructed 

2793
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:34,400
makeshift amphitheaters in 
fields outside of town, 

2794
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:37,900
theatrical aspirations, grew in 
tandem with the prosperity of 

2795
02:32:37,900 --> 02:32:40,900
medieval society and the 
societies of urban centers 

2796
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:45,100
Productions became more complex 
in the 14th and 15th, centuries,

2797
02:32:45,100 --> 02:32:47,800
pushing the limits of what was 
possible with medieval 

2798
02:32:47,800 --> 02:32:51,400
technology, hundreds of actors 
and crew members participated in

2799
02:32:51,400 --> 02:32:53,900
these enormous multi-day, 
passionate plays during this 

2800
02:32:53,900 --> 02:32:56,600
time, period. 
We can get a sense of the scale.

2801
02:32:56,600 --> 02:33:00,000
These Productions could reach 
from the 1634 started 

2802
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:03,500
oberammergau Passion. 
Play medieval adaptations were 

2803
02:33:03,500 --> 02:33:07,400
frequently even more ornate. 
With casts, that included entire

2804
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:11,300
communities numerous stages and 
sophisticated special effects 

2805
02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:14,300
equipment. 
The technology used for staging 

2806
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:17,800
Advanced biblical Miracles were 
cleverly addressed by medieval 

2807
02:33:17,800 --> 02:33:20,300
stage. 
Managers who created intricate 

2808
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:24,200
mechanisms for parting Seas or 
simulating Divine fire flying 

2809
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:27,800
rigs for Angelica appearances 
and trapdoors for Resurrection 

2810
02:33:27,800 --> 02:33:31,300
scenes and evil stage designers 
developed a specialty for 

2811
02:33:31,300 --> 02:33:33,500
depicting. 
The mouth of Hell which is 

2812
02:33:33,500 --> 02:33:37,100
frequently a massive dragon head
with a movable jaw that can 

2813
02:33:37,100 --> 02:33:39,400
swallow the Damned while 
belching smoke and Flames. 

2814
02:33:39,400 --> 02:33:42,700
Medieval theater, had a 
significant economic component, 

2815
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:46,700
investing heavily in costumes 
materials and specialized craft 

2816
02:33:46,700 --> 02:33:48,900
work was necessary for large 
Productions. 

2817
02:33:48,900 --> 02:33:52,800
Gilts would train for their 
designated seen for months and 

2818
02:33:52,800 --> 02:33:55,900
the Rivalry between them to 
produce the best show became a 

2819
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,700
source of artistic Innovation 
and civic pride. 

2820
02:33:58,700 --> 02:34:02,600
According to records from York 
England, the mystery Place cycle

2821
02:34:02,600 --> 02:34:05,900
in the city involved, 48, 
different wagons and most of the

2822
02:34:05,900 --> 02:34:08,400
adult population as organizers 
crafts. 

2823
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:12,100
People or performers the plays 
economic impact was so great 

2824
02:34:12,100 --> 02:34:15,500
that they Popular tourist 
destinations bringing in large 

2825
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:17,900
sums of money for nearby 
merchants and innkeepers, 

2826
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:22,100
humanism literacy and the 
radical notion that perhaps just

2827
02:34:22,100 --> 02:34:24,500
possibly, the average person 
should have access to 

2828
02:34:24,508 --> 02:34:26,400
entertainment. 
That wasn't solely concerned 

2829
02:34:26,400 --> 02:34:29,500
with their Eternal souls and 
moral advancement were all 

2830
02:34:29,508 --> 02:34:31,800
introduced during the 
Renaissance professional 

2831
02:34:31,800 --> 02:34:35,000
Theater, As We Know It began. 
During this time, with permanent

2832
02:34:35,000 --> 02:34:38,400
companies, specially constructed
theaters, and the groundbreaking

2833
02:34:38,400 --> 02:34:41,300
idea that actors could earn a 
living doing what they did 

2834
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:44,400
without having to become 
Carpenters or Farmers with stock

2835
02:34:44,400 --> 02:34:47,300
characters that wore 
recognizable masks and costumes 

2836
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:50,200
that have become so iconic that 
they are still instantly 

2837
02:34:50,200 --> 02:34:53,000
recognizable. 
Today, the comedian de la in 

2838
02:34:53,000 --> 02:34:56,100
Italy was perfecting 
improvisational comedy with 

2839
02:34:56,100 --> 02:34:58,600
exaggerated features that 
allowed actors to project 

2840
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:01,700
personality even to audiences 
seated close enough to see their

2841
02:35:01,700 --> 02:35:03,300
eyes through the masks 
eye-holes. 

2842
02:35:03,300 --> 02:35:07,000
These were not your somber Greek
masks made to project emotion 

2843
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:10,200
across enormous amphitheaters 
instead, they were made for 

2844
02:35:10,200 --> 02:35:12,900
intimate comedy. 
The fundamental character Types,

2845
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:16,400
pantalone, the wealthy old 
Merchant who was constantly 

2846
02:35:16,400 --> 02:35:20,200
being conned out of his money. 
He'll Capitano the Blustery 

2847
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:23,500
soldier who talked endlessly 
about his military exploits, but

2848
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:26,400
turned out to be a coward when 
faced with real danger. 

2849
02:35:26,400 --> 02:35:30,000
Al Aquino, the cunning servant 
who was always smarter than his 

2850
02:35:30,000 --> 02:35:33,100
supposed betters and the young 
lovers who were typically 

2851
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:35,600
beautiful, but not particularly 
blessed with common sense, 

2852
02:35:35,600 --> 02:35:39,000
became so popular that they 
spread throughout Europe more 

2853
02:35:39,000 --> 02:35:41,200
quickly than Renaissance pasta 
recipes. 

2854
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:45,000
Commedia Dell is a special 
endearing because, although the 

2855
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:47,600
fundamental story lines, and 
character types were the same 

2856
02:35:47,608 --> 02:35:50,800
for all acting companies. 
A large portion of the dialogue 

2857
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:53,900
was improvised over the course 
of years, or even decades, 

2858
02:35:53,900 --> 02:35:56,000
actors would hone their 
characters. 

2859
02:35:56,000 --> 02:36:00,000
Coming up with unique, vocal 
patterns, physical gestures and 

2860
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:02,300
running jokes, that viewers 
would find entertaining. 

2861
02:36:02,300 --> 02:36:05,400
The audience expected, the same 
character to appear in each 

2862
02:36:05,400 --> 02:36:08,500
performance or be it with 
slightly different circumstances

2863
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,300
and complications. 
So it was similar to watching a 

2864
02:36:11,308 --> 02:36:13,500
Renaissance. 
Take on improvisational comedy. 

2865
02:36:13,500 --> 02:36:16,900
The basic plot outlines or 
scenarios were handed down from 

2866
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,400
one company to another. 
And grew more complex mistaken 

2867
02:36:20,400 --> 02:36:23,400
identities young lovers 
attempting to outsmart their 

2868
02:36:23,400 --> 02:36:27,000
parents servants who are 
simultaneously assisting and 

2869
02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:29,700
impeding their masters and 
enough physical humor to keep 

2870
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,600
audiences laughing even when 
they couldn't fully follow the 

2871
02:36:32,600 --> 02:36:35,600
plot complications are all 
common elements of commedia 

2872
02:36:35,600 --> 02:36:39,400
dell'arte performances with 
their own costumes props musical

2873
02:36:39,400 --> 02:36:41,800
instruments and specialized 
equipment for outdoor 

2874
02:36:41,800 --> 02:36:44,400
performances. 
These traveling companies were 

2875
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:47,600
effectively small businesses. 
They kept their main character 

2876
02:36:47,600 --> 02:36:50,300
types and scenarios while 
traveling from town to town 

2877
02:36:50,300 --> 02:36:52,400
throughout Italy and eventually 
throughout Europe. 

2878
02:36:53,100 --> 02:36:56,900
Tailoring their performance to 
local languages and tastes at 

2879
02:36:56,900 --> 02:36:58,700
the same time. 
Something remarkable was taking 

2880
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:01,100
place in England that would 
forever alter the field of 

2881
02:37:01,108 --> 02:37:03,800
theatrical literature. 
However, let's face it, 

2882
02:37:03,800 --> 02:37:07,400
Elizabethan theater was not the 
reverent hushed experience, you 

2883
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:10,000
might expect from something. 
We now study with such academic 

2884
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,700
seriousness, the Elizabethan era
produced, what many consider the

2885
02:37:13,700 --> 02:37:16,000
greatest flowering of dramatic 
literature in the English 

2886
02:37:16,000 --> 02:37:18,300
language. 
Unlike the calm reflective 

2887
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:20,100
settings. 
We now associate with serious 

2888
02:37:20,100 --> 02:37:24,300
drama Elizabethan Theatres were 
noisy, boisterous spaces that 

2889
02:37:24,300 --> 02:37:27,200
functioned more like a hybrid of
a social club and a sporting 

2890
02:37:27,200 --> 02:37:29,100
event because they were on 
ground level. 

2891
02:37:29,100 --> 02:37:31,500
The audience known as 
Groundlings stood in the pit, 

2892
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:33,800
and felt completely free to 
applaud Heroes. 

2893
02:37:33,800 --> 02:37:36,800
His villains and her objects of 
performers. 

2894
02:37:36,800 --> 02:37:39,700
They didn't like in general, 
they treated the performance as 

2895
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:42,900
an interactive experience, they 
consumed food, while the show 

2896
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:46,100
was going on vendors, offered 
beer, Apple's and nuts. 

2897
02:37:46,100 --> 02:37:49,400
They went to the theater to see 
and be seen in London, Society 

2898
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:52,900
made business deals and flirted 
with possible, love interests, 

2899
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:56,300
They told the actors bluntly for
play was dull sometimes to the 

2900
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:59,600
extent that actors would act out
of character to argue with loud 

2901
02:37:59,600 --> 02:38:02,700
audience members within the 
limitations of Elizabethan 

2902
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:05,800
economics and Technology. 
The theater's themselves were 

2903
02:38:05,800 --> 02:38:09,500
marvels of practical design They
were open to the sky in the 

2904
02:38:09,508 --> 02:38:11,300
middle. 
So performance is relied on 

2905
02:38:11,308 --> 02:38:13,200
favorable weather and natural 
light. 

2906
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:17,100
They were mostly made of wood 
and had thatched, roofs fire was

2907
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:20,400
a constant worry the Globe 
Theater burned down in 1613. 

2908
02:38:20,400 --> 02:38:23,500
When a Canon affect went wrong 
during a performance of Henry, 

2909
02:38:23,500 --> 02:38:26,300
the 8th, the weather and 
daylight hours dictated the 

2910
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:28,700
performance schedules winter 
meant earlier. 

2911
02:38:28,700 --> 02:38:31,800
Start times or shorter plays, 
even though some theaters had 

2912
02:38:31,800 --> 02:38:34,300
enough covered seating to 
continue with smaller audiences 

2913
02:38:34,300 --> 02:38:36,900
during light. 
Precipitation rain could 

2914
02:38:36,900 --> 02:38:40,500
completely cancel performance, 
is it was a straightforward yet.

2915
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:44,300
Elegant stage design an intimacy
that is hard to attain in 

2916
02:38:44,300 --> 02:38:47,400
contemporary, procino theaters 
where the audience is Seated. 

2917
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:50,700
On one side of the action was 
created by the main platform 

2918
02:38:50,700 --> 02:38:53,000
protruding into the audience 
Hamlet. 

2919
02:38:53,000 --> 02:38:55,500
Stood a few feet away from some 
audience members during a 

2920
02:38:55,500 --> 02:38:58,500
soliloquies allowing him to 
observe their distinct phases, 

2921
02:38:58,500 --> 02:39:00,700
and determine how they responded
to his remarks. 

2922
02:39:00,700 --> 02:39:04,100
Depending on the needs of the 
play, The Gallery above the main

2923
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,300
stage could symbolize Heaven 
castle, walls, or balconies. 

2924
02:39:08,200 --> 02:39:11,200
Trapdoors allowed Supernatural 
characters to emerge from Hell. 

2925
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:14,900
A space beneath the stage. 
There was a curtain Space by the

2926
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:18,100
stage that could be used as a 
cave and in a room or anything 

2927
02:39:18,100 --> 02:39:19,900
else. 
The script called for these 

2928
02:39:19,900 --> 02:39:22,400
theater's relied on the 
imagination of the audience and 

2929
02:39:22,400 --> 02:39:25,500
the playwrights words to create 
atmosphere and location because 

2930
02:39:25,500 --> 02:39:28,400
they had little scenery and no 
lighting effects. 

2931
02:39:29,100 --> 02:39:32,300
You are aware that we would 
eventually arrive 400 years 

2932
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,300
later, high school students. 
Still complain about having to 

2933
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:38,400
read William Shakespeare and 
theater professionals are still 

2934
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:41,100
trying to understand how he was 
able to be so consistently 

2935
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:44,900
brilliant, while managing a 
theater company and likely 

2936
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:48,000
worrying about paying the rent. 
Shakespeare was writing popular 

2937
02:39:48,000 --> 02:39:51,300
entertainment for a wide range 
of readers, not literature for 

2938
02:39:51,300 --> 02:39:54,400
future English classes. 
This is the aspect of 

2939
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:57,200
Shakespeare, that is frequently 
overlooked in all the, scholarly

2940
02:39:57,200 --> 02:40:00,300
analysis and reverent treatment.
He worked as a playwright. 

2941
02:40:00,300 --> 02:40:02,800
In a fiercely competitive 
commercial theater, setting 

2942
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:06,300
producing plays on short notice 
for audience's, who could not 

2943
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:09,300
stand pretense, and who had 
plenty of other things to do. 

2944
02:40:09,300 --> 02:40:11,200
If his Productions didn't hold 
their attention. 

2945
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:14,700
Shakespeare's genius, lay in his
ability to work on several 

2946
02:40:14,700 --> 02:40:17,800
levels at once without making 
anyone feel condescending or 

2947
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:21,000
excluded, sword fights puns and 
obscene jokes. 

2948
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,100
That would make a contemporary 
rating committed. 

2949
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:25,700
Blush, were all part of the 
experience for the Groundlings 

2950
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:28,500
who paid a penny to stand in the
pit sophisticated. 

2951
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:32,900
Word play classical references 
and intricate psychological 

2952
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:35,100
insights. 
That unveiled new layers upon. 

2953
02:40:35,100 --> 02:40:38,400
Repeated viewing were provided 
to the educated nobility who 

2954
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:40,100
paid more for seats in the 
galleries. 

2955
02:40:40,100 --> 02:40:43,500
Everyone heard gripping, Tales 
of betrayal, power struggles, 

2956
02:40:43,500 --> 02:40:47,200
love dysfunctional families. 
And the Spartacus appearance of 

2957
02:40:47,200 --> 02:40:49,600
ghosts, to add even more 
difficulty to an already 

2958
02:40:49,600 --> 02:40:52,900
challenging circumstance, his 
comedies, which were full of 

2959
02:40:53,200 --> 02:40:57,000
Identifications cross-dressing 
characters romantic confusion 

2960
02:40:57,000 --> 02:41:00,600
that degenerates into delightful
chaos, and the kind of wordplay 

2961
02:41:00,600 --> 02:41:03,600
that makes you laugh and loan at
the same time, we're truly funny

2962
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:05,600
in ways that are still relevant 
today. 

2963
02:41:05,600 --> 02:41:08,300
With a villain plot that 
primarily provides the other 

2964
02:41:08,300 --> 02:41:11,300
characters with interesting 
things to react to and enough 

2965
02:41:11,300 --> 02:41:15,300
clever dialogue to fuel several 
contemporary sitcoms Much Ado 

2966
02:41:15,300 --> 02:41:18,300
About Nothing is essentially a 
romantic comedy about two 

2967
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:21,700
couples who approached love from
entirely different perspectives.

2968
02:41:21,700 --> 02:41:25,600
His history is transformed dull 
political events which the 

2969
02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:28,600
majority of his audience only 
knew in passing into exciting 

2970
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:31,200
Adventures. 
Full of endearing characters who

2971
02:41:31,200 --> 02:41:33,300
seemed more real than the 
historical figures. 

2972
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:36,300
They purportedly represented 
through stirring, battle 

2973
02:41:36,300 --> 02:41:38,100
speeches and character 
interactions. 

2974
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:41,700
Henry the 5th turns a medieval 
military campaign into a 

2975
02:41:41,700 --> 02:41:44,900
reflection on leadership 
accountability and the price of 

2976
02:41:44,900 --> 02:41:47,400
political ambition. 
This keeps audience is 

2977
02:41:47,400 --> 02:41:49,000
interested. 
Even if they are not very 

2978
02:41:49,000 --> 02:41:52,300
interested in English, foreign 
policy in the 14th century and 

2979
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:56,600
his misfortune Yes, they are 
tragic but in the most 

2980
02:41:56,600 --> 02:42:00,000
fulfilling sense of the word, 
they deal with major themes, 

2981
02:42:00,000 --> 02:42:03,500
like fate ambition, love and 
retribution. 

2982
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:08,100
But they do so by showing flawed
complex characters, making 

2983
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:11,700
decisions that have terrible 
outcomes in addition to being a 

2984
02:42:11,700 --> 02:42:14,100
play about a prince who must 
exact revenge on his father. 

2985
02:42:14,100 --> 02:42:18,100
Hamlet is also about a person 
attempting to live honorably in 

2986
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:21,500
a corrupt society and how the 
Quest for perfect Justice can 

2987
02:42:21,500 --> 02:42:23,600
destroy everything, your 
attempting to defend 

2988
02:42:23,600 --> 02:42:26,400
Shakespeare's comprehension of 
human psychology. 

2989
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:29,600
And all its contradictory 
complexity was what truly made 

2990
02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:33,000
him unique because his 
characters like real people have

2991
02:42:33,000 --> 02:42:36,700
internal contradictions. 
They seem authentic frequently 

2992
02:42:36,700 --> 02:42:39,800
in the same scene, Hamlet 
exhibits, both decisiveness and 

2993
02:42:39,800 --> 02:42:43,100
indecision, bravery and 
cowardice and cruelty. 

2994
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:47,000
And love Lady, Macbeth is a 
fiercely ambitious and extremely

2995
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:50,400
vulnerable person who can both 
plan murder and be destroyed by 

2996
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:52,800
guilt. 
Yoga was incredibly cunning and 

2997
02:42:52,800 --> 02:42:56,000
strangely Petty driven by 
resentments, that don't fully. 

2998
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:59,600
Excuse the complex retaliation. 
He plans Shakespeare was also 

2999
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:02,100
more aware of the desire of 
audience's for variety. 

3000
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:04,400
In a single evening's 
entertainment than most play. 

3001
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,600
Before, or since his plays 
combined Court scenes and Tavern

3002
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:12,500
scenes, High poetry and everyday
prose and comedy and tragedy. 

3003
02:43:12,500 --> 02:43:15,800
All within single stories that 
managed to remain cohesive. 

3004
02:43:15,800 --> 02:43:21,000
Despite their complex, tones 
drama comedy action, philosophy,

3005
02:43:21,000 --> 02:43:23,800
and poetry are all combined into
one experience that somehow 

3006
02:43:23,800 --> 02:43:27,000
feels cohesive. 
Rather than dispersed making it 

3007
02:43:27,000 --> 02:43:30,100
similar to receiving a full 
entertainment package Hamlet 

3008
02:43:30,100 --> 02:43:32,600
contains a variety of content, 
including a ghost story. 

3009
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:35,900
A political thriller, a family 
drama, a romantic tragedy. 

3010
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:39,000
A Revenge plot a play within a 
play sword. 

3011
02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:42,400
Fights, philosophical 
soliloquies caught in tree. 

3012
02:43:42,400 --> 02:43:45,900
And some of the most hilarious 
Grave Digger scenes and dramatic

3013
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:48,100
literature. 
Shakespeare managed to make that

3014
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:50,800
list function as a single 
seamless experience. 

3015
02:43:50,800 --> 02:43:54,000
But any contemporary 
entertainment executive would 

3016
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:57,000
insist on dividing it into at 
least three distinct products. 

3017
02:43:57,000 --> 02:44:00,100
Shakespeare was essentially 
creating Modern English as he 

3018
02:44:00,100 --> 02:44:02,400
wrote. 
So the language merits special 

3019
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:06,300
attention Shakespeare created, 
First used, many of the words 

3020
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:09,000
and expressions we use on a 
daily basis in his plays. 

3021
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:12,300
He intuitively saw that language
could be both poetic and 

3022
02:44:12,300 --> 02:44:16,000
conversational elegant and 
approachable and beautiful and 

3023
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:18,300
useful. 
His characters speech sounds 

3024
02:44:18,300 --> 02:44:21,100
both heightened and natural 
poetic and realistic. 

3025
02:44:21,100 --> 02:44:24,600
Dramatic development was as much
influenced by the actual theater

3026
02:44:24,600 --> 02:44:27,300
locations, as it was by the 
playwrights and performers who 

3027
02:44:27,300 --> 02:44:31,200
performed there, a microcosm of 
Elizabethan society and a device

3028
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:33,900
built to produce particular 
types of theatrical experiences,

3029
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:37,200
the Globe Theater was more than 
just a place where many of 

3030
02:44:37,200 --> 02:44:39,300
Shakespeare's plays had their 
world premieres. 

3031
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,100
The globe, social geography 
provides us with a wealth of 

3032
02:44:42,108 --> 02:44:45,100
information about Elizabethan 
views on community entertainment

3033
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:48,800
and class the Groundlings stood 
in the pit for a penny, which 

3034
02:44:48,800 --> 02:44:50,600
was less expensive than a loaf 
of bread. 

3035
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:54,400
And the least expensive form of 
entertainment in London, a seat 

3036
02:44:54,400 --> 02:44:56,700
in the galleries where you would
be shielded from the elements 

3037
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:59,500
and have a better view of the 
action would cost an additional 

3038
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:01,300
Penny. 
Although they most likely 

3039
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:04,300
couldn't hear much conversation 
and undoubtedly disrupted the 

3040
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:06,600
Stag. 
The most expensive seats were 

3041
02:45:06,600 --> 02:45:10,100
actually on the stage itself 
where affluent patrons could see

3042
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,300
and be seen by the rest of the 
audience, it was revolutionary 

3043
02:45:13,300 --> 02:45:15,700
to bring together people from 
different social classes. 

3044
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:18,200
In one place, where else could a
pickpocket? 

3045
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,000
A nobleman, and a shopkeeper, 
all enjoy the same entertainment

3046
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:24,700
in the same place at the same 
time, in the strict hierarchical

3047
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:28,600
Elizabethan Society in London 
theater, emerged as one of the 

3048
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,000
few genuinely Democratic 
establishments where individuals

3049
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:34,600
from wildly disparate 
backgrounds could share similar 

3050
02:45:34,600 --> 02:45:37,900
experiences and responses. 
It's easy to ignore the ways in 

3051
02:45:37,900 --> 02:45:39,500
which the architecture of these 
theaters. 

3052
02:45:39,500 --> 02:45:42,900
Impacted dramatic writing plays 
had to be performed during the 

3053
02:45:42,900 --> 02:45:44,800
day because there was no 
artificial lighting. 

3054
02:45:44,800 --> 02:45:47,900
So night scene had to be 
completely set up through 

3055
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:51,400
staging and dialogue, the actors
must use their words and deeds 

3056
02:45:51,400 --> 02:45:54,200
alone to persuade a daytime 
audience that it is night time. 

3057
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:57,800
When Romeo ascends to Juliet's, 
balcony as playwrights, learn to

3058
02:45:57,800 --> 02:46:00,500
use words, to create Vivid 
images rather than lighting 

3059
02:46:00,500 --> 02:46:03,000
effects. 
This limitation produced some of

3060
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:06,000
the most Exquisite descriptive 
language In English literature 

3061
02:46:06,000 --> 02:46:09,000
with the platform extending far 
into the audience area. 

3062
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:11,800
The thrust stage Arrangement 
produced an intimacy. 

3063
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:13,900
That is difficult for 
contemporary theaters to 

3064
02:46:13,900 --> 02:46:17,100
replicate every performance felt
immediate and intimate because 

3065
02:46:17,100 --> 02:46:19,600
the actors were literally 
surrounded by audience members 

3066
02:46:19,600 --> 02:46:22,200
on three sides. 
Instead of being performed to 

3067
02:46:22,200 --> 02:46:25,900
the back wall of the theater, or
to empty are soliloquies were 

3068
02:46:25,900 --> 02:46:28,300
shared directly with audience 
members, who could touch them, 

3069
02:46:28,300 --> 02:46:31,500
fostering a sense of mutual 
confidence and conspiracy 

3070
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:33,800
between the performer and the 
audience. 

3071
02:46:33,800 --> 02:46:36,000
Shakespeare, and his 
contemporaries had to use 

3072
02:46:36,000 --> 02:46:38,800
dialogue, costumes, and small 
props to create setting and 

3073
02:46:38,800 --> 02:46:42,600
atmosphere, because there was a 
dearth of all, Nate scenery, a 

3074
02:46:42,600 --> 02:46:45,500
bed could turn the stage into a 
bedroom, a throne signified, a 

3075
02:46:45,508 --> 02:46:49,100
palace, and a few branches 
suggested a forest instead of 

3076
02:46:49,108 --> 02:46:50,900
just showing viewers preset 
images. 

3077
02:46:50,900 --> 02:46:54,200
This economy of means, compelled
playwrights to be resourceful 

3078
02:46:54,200 --> 02:46:58,000
and audience is to be creative 
resulting in a collaborative. 

3079
02:46:58,000 --> 02:47:01,700
Theatrical experience that 
stimulated viewers creativity 

3080
02:47:01,700 --> 02:47:04,000
actors. 
Had to be incredibly adaptable 

3081
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:06,700
because Elizabeth Theater 
companies, use a Repertory 

3082
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,400
system in a week, a single 
company may present six 

3083
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:13,700
different plays, requiring 
actors to learn and play dozens 

3084
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:17,500
of roles at once with little 
rehearsal time, the top actor in

3085
02:47:17,500 --> 02:47:19,000
a company such as Shakespeare's 
company. 

3086
02:47:19,000 --> 02:47:22,700
The Lord Chamberlain's men would
have to be ready to play a 

3087
02:47:22,700 --> 02:47:25,700
variety of characters and 
styles, such as King Lear on 

3088
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:29,400
Wednesday, Benedict in Much Ado,
About Nothing on Tuesday and 

3089
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:31,800
Hamlet on Monday. 
Additionally, because of this 

3090
02:47:31,800 --> 02:47:34,400
system plays were written with 
particular actors in mind. 

3091
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,500
Shakespeare customized roles for
each member of his company based

3092
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:42,300
on their individual strengths 
weaknesses and peculiarities 

3093
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:45,700
will kempe and Robert Armin, 
both of whom had distinct 

3094
02:47:45,700 --> 02:47:48,600
comedic philosophies and 
Specialties with the intended, 

3095
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,900
recipients of the clown Parts, 
the tragic parts were written 

3096
02:47:51,900 --> 02:47:53,900
for Richard. 
Burbage who apparently had a 

3097
02:47:53,908 --> 02:47:57,800
regular ability to bring people 
to tears English theater started

3098
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:01,900
to undergo minor but important 
changes in 1603 when James the 

3099
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:05,000
first came to power the 
emergence of private indoor 

3100
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:08,000
theaters that catered to more 
affluent audiences coincided 

3101
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:10,800
with the reign of the new king 
who was more interested in 

3102
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:14,200
lavish Court entertainment than 
in public theater Shakespeare's 

3103
02:48:14,200 --> 02:48:16,400
company started. 
Its winter performance is at the

3104
02:48:16,400 --> 02:48:19,300
black Friday's Theater, which 
was a far cry from the public 

3105
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:21,800
amphitheaters. 
It was more intimate smaller 

3106
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:25,100
artificially candlelit, and 
admission was much pricier. 

3107
02:48:25,100 --> 02:48:27,700
Playwrights were inspired to 
experiment with more 

3108
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:31,200
psychologically, complex 
material and advanced theatrical

3109
02:48:31,200 --> 02:48:33,700
techniques as a result of the 
more affluent and educated 

3110
02:48:33,700 --> 02:48:36,000
audience. 
This attracted Themes of 

3111
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,300
corruption, insanity and moral 
ambiguity were explored in 

3112
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:42,300
Darker, more psychologically, 
complex plays written by 

3113
02:48:42,300 --> 02:48:44,600
playwrights. 
Such as John Webster, Thomas 

3114
02:48:44,600 --> 02:48:48,300
Middleton and John Ford with 
their graphic violence, sexual 

3115
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:51,000
transgression. 
And moral complexity, The 

3116
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,300
Duchess of malfi, the white 
devil and tis, pity. 

3117
02:48:54,300 --> 02:48:57,400
She's a whore challenge, the 
conventions of what was 

3118
02:48:57,400 --> 02:48:59,800
appropriate for staging, an 
outdoor amphitheaters during the

3119
02:48:59,808 --> 02:49:02,100
day. 
More advanced staging methods 

3120
02:49:02,100 --> 02:49:05,400
were also made possible by the 
indoor theaters opportunities 

3121
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:09,100
for atmospheric effects, abrupt 
illuminations and the type of 

3122
02:49:09,108 --> 02:49:11,700
chiaroscuro lighting that 
painters of the era were 

3123
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:14,600
employing to produce striking 
visual effects were made 

3124
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,800
possible by candlelight when 
audience is were unable to see 

3125
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:19,200
all of the mechanical 
operations. 

3126
02:49:19,200 --> 02:49:22,500
Clearly trapdoors and flying 
Machinery, could be used more 

3127
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,800
successful in indoor. 
Theater's music has grown in 

3128
02:49:25,800 --> 02:49:28,200
significant as a means of 
providing entertainment in 

3129
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:31,100
between acts as well as an 
accompaniment to the action. 

3130
02:49:31,100 --> 02:49:34,000
The development of what would 
eventually become theatrical 

3131
02:49:34,000 --> 02:49:37,200
orchestration as an artist. 
Discipline and more subdued 

3132
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:39,700
musical effects was made 
possible by the Acoustics of 

3133
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:43,600
enclosed spaces, English theater
achieved unprecedented levels of

3134
02:49:43,600 --> 02:49:46,200
sophistication and artistic 
achievement during Charles the 

3135
02:49:46,200 --> 02:49:50,200
first Reign, but it also began 
to temporarily decline Court 

3136
02:49:50,200 --> 02:49:53,700
musks evolved into increasingly 
complex, spectacles that fuse, 

3137
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:58,200
dance music theater and visual 
arts in Productions that were 

3138
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:01,300
expensive and primarily used to 
showcase the wealth and power of

3139
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:05,400
the monarchy playwrights such as
John Ford, Philip messenger, and

3140
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:09,500
James Shirley produced works of 
significant artistic value and 

3141
02:50:09,500 --> 02:50:13,000
public theater flourished. 
However, a confrontation that 

3142
02:50:13,000 --> 02:50:15,200
would temporarily put an end to 
professional theater in. 

3143
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,100
England was being sparked by the
growing Puritan opposition to 

3144
02:50:18,100 --> 02:50:22,000
theater as politically dangerous
and morally, corrupting one of 

3145
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:24,900
the greatest eras in English. 
Dramatic literature came to an 

3146
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:28,800
end in 1642 when parliament 
passed, an ordinance banning all

3147
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:31,100
public. 
Theater's actors and playwrights

3148
02:50:31,100 --> 02:50:34,500
were forced underground or into 
Exile during England. 18 year 

3149
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:37,400
ban on professional. 
Theater the theatrical impulse 

3150
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:39,700
and human nature. 
However, have a wonderful 

3151
02:50:39,700 --> 02:50:42,800
quality that makes it impossible
to eradicate theater through 

3152
02:50:42,800 --> 02:50:46,500
legislation. 
Theatrical activity, persisted 

3153
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:49,500
in disguised, forms throughout 
the Commonwealth era, the 

3154
02:50:49,500 --> 02:50:51,800
theatrical tradition was 
maintained through private 

3155
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:53,700
performances in aristocratic 
homes. 

3156
02:50:53,700 --> 02:50:57,000
Traveling entertainers, who were
careful not to identify as 

3157
02:50:57,000 --> 02:50:58,500
actors. 
And even some public 

3158
02:50:58,500 --> 02:51:01,100
performances that were passed 
off as musical concerts or 

3159
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:05,000
instructional demonstrations at 
fairs and markets, drill 

3160
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,300
performances brief, comedic, 
excerpts taken from longer plays

3161
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:12,000
were presented frequently with 
actors prepared to disperse. 

3162
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:15,100
If officials showed up by 
offering moral instruction that 

3163
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:16,800
coincidentally involved 
costumed. 

3164
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:20,200
Actors in acting better stories.
Some theatrical entrepreneurs 

3165
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:22,500
came up with inventive ways to 
get around the bands. 

3166
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:27,100
When the monarchy was reinstated
in 1660 theater made a comeback 

3167
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,100
to England, but with some 
notable modifications, that 

3168
02:51:30,100 --> 02:51:31,600
would permanently alter to the 
art form. 

3169
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:34,700
For the first time, women were 
allowed to act on professional 

3170
02:51:34,700 --> 02:51:36,900
stages. 
Which seems like such an obvious

3171
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:39,600
Innovation that you wonder why 
it took so long to occur to 

3172
02:51:39,608 --> 02:51:41,900
anyone. 
In the past young men were cast 

3173
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:45,200
in all female roles, which 
created some Intriguing 

3174
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:47,600
theatrical complications when 
characters and stories, 

3175
02:51:47,600 --> 02:51:49,200
pretended to be the opposite 
gender. 

3176
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:52,800
The ability to see real women 
portraying women opened up new 

3177
02:51:52,800 --> 02:51:55,800
avenues for dramatic 
characterization, and romantic 

3178
02:51:55,800 --> 02:51:58,200
comedy. 
Additionally, male audience 

3179
02:51:58,200 --> 02:52:00,300
members occasionally showed 
greater interest in the 

3180
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:03,200
actresses than in the plays. 
They were performing which led 

3181
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:06,600
to new issues the most well, 
known restoration actress Nell. 

3182
02:52:06,600 --> 02:52:09,400
Gwynn is a prime example of this
shifted advantages and 

3183
02:52:09,400 --> 02:52:12,800
disadvantages this conflict 
between artistic success. 

3184
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:16,300
And personal Fame would haunt 
actresses for centuries, as they

3185
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:19,300
benefited from professional 
opportunities, while confronting

3186
02:52:19,300 --> 02:52:22,000
social stigmas that did not 
apply to their male 

3187
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:24,700
counterparts. 
She was a truly gifted performer

3188
02:52:24,700 --> 02:52:27,200
who could handle comedy and 
tragedy with the equal skill, 

3189
02:52:27,200 --> 02:52:29,600
which she is more famous today 
for being King. 

3190
02:52:29,600 --> 02:52:32,700
Charles, the second's mistress 
comedy of manners and other 

3191
02:52:32,700 --> 02:52:35,300
sophisticated plays about the 
social intrigues of the upper 

3192
02:52:35,300 --> 02:52:37,800
classes. 
Also gained popularity during 

3193
02:52:37,800 --> 02:52:41,300
the restoration era in stead of 
being broad physical comedies. 

3194
02:52:41,300 --> 02:52:44,000
These were clever verbal 
entertainments that deftly 

3195
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:46,100
parody. 
Romantic pretenses and social 

3196
02:52:46,100 --> 02:52:49,100
norms, consider them the 
forerunners of contemporary 

3197
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:52,900
romantic comedies, albeit with 
tighter corsets, more complex 

3198
02:52:52,900 --> 02:52:56,300
language and a markedly more 
pessimistic outlook on marriage 

3199
02:52:56,300 --> 02:52:58,800
and faithfulness. 
Perhaps the best example of 

3200
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:01,700
restoration, comedy as William 
Congress The Way of the World. 

3201
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:05,100
Which features characters who 
navigate romantic and financial 

3202
02:53:05,100 --> 02:53:08,000
complexities with well-crafted 
epigrams. 

3203
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:11,600
That only true intelligence can 
understand there is a lot of wit

3204
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:14,600
in the conversation but it is 
used as a weapon in complex 

3205
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:18,100
social Warfare where reputation 
and wealth are at stake compared

3206
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:20,700
to their Elizabethan forebears 
restoration. 

3207
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:22,800
Theaters. 
Evolved into more elegant spaces

3208
02:53:22,800 --> 02:53:26,000
that increase in catered to 
affluent, patrons prepare to 

3209
02:53:26,000 --> 02:53:29,400
Shell out more cash for Cozier, 
surroundings imported from 

3210
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:32,000
Italian architecture the 
proscenium arch theater. 

3211
02:53:32,000 --> 02:53:34,800
Improved the audience performer 
relationship by separating, the 

3212
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,400
two in subtle, yet significant 
ways, with painted, backdrops 

3213
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:40,200
and Wing flats. 
That could be switched between 

3214
02:53:40,200 --> 02:53:42,000
acts to imply different 
locations. 

3215
02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:45,600
The scenery grew increasingly 
ornate, although, it also meant 

3216
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:48,700
that plays relied Less on the 
imagination of the audience and 

3217
02:53:48,700 --> 02:53:52,000
more on visual spectacle. 
This marked a shift toward 

3218
02:53:52,000 --> 02:53:55,600
theatrical illusionism that 
would rule stage design for the 

3219
02:53:55,600 --> 02:53:58,000
next two centuries 
sentimentalism. 

3220
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:00,800
The groundbreaking notion that 
viewers should be emotionally 

3221
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:03,700
affected by what they saw, 
rather than merely amused or 

3222
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:06,400
intellectually. 
Stimulated was introduced to 

3223
02:54:06,400 --> 02:54:10,600
theater in the 1700s, domestic 
tragedy and plays about common 

3224
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:13,900
middle-class, people dealing 
with moral quandaries as opposed

3225
02:54:13,900 --> 02:54:16,600
to Kings and Nobles handling 
state affairs, and divine 

3226
02:54:16,600 --> 02:54:20,000
intervention became more popular
during this time with its 

3227
02:54:20,000 --> 02:54:23,100
emphasis on a Young Apprentice 
whose moral decline is caused by

3228
02:54:23,100 --> 02:54:27,200
common human frailties, rather 
than Fatale Character defects or

3229
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:30,500
Supernatural intervention. 
George lillo's, the London 

3230
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:34,000
Merchant was revolutionary by 
establishing the idea that 

3231
02:54:34,000 --> 02:54:36,700
theater could and should 
represent the experience of its 

3232
02:54:36,700 --> 02:54:39,800
audience rather than merely 
offering Escapist entertainment 

3233
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:42,900
about exotic people in 
extraordinary circumstances, 

3234
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:47,200
this move toward emotional 
realism and relatable characters

3235
02:54:47,200 --> 02:54:50,600
set the foundation for modern 
drama emotional responsive. 

3236
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:54,700
And moral sensitivity would give
new significance by The Cult of 

3237
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:57,000
sensibility. 
That ruled 18th century Society 

3238
02:54:57,000 --> 02:55:00,000
touching scenes were supposed to
make audiences cry. 

3239
02:55:00,000 --> 02:55:02,800
The number of handkerchiefs 
needed in the theater on any 

3240
02:55:02,800 --> 02:55:05,300
given night was frequently used 
to gauge a place success. 

3241
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:08,300
Although, this may seem too 
sentimental by today's 

3242
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:11,300
standards, it was a significant 
acknowledgment that theater 

3243
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,300
could be used to explore 
emotional and moral complexity. 

3244
02:55:14,300 --> 02:55:18,200
In addition, to offering obscene
entertainment by creating a more

3245
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,100
naturalistic performance style 
that prioritized psychological 

3246
02:55:21,100 --> 02:55:24,800
realism over exclamatory 
technique David Garrick, 

3247
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:28,100
transformed acting during this 
time Garrick researched human 

3248
02:55:28,100 --> 02:55:31,000
behavior and attempted to 
replicated authentically on 

3249
02:55:31,000 --> 02:55:33,200
stage, rather than posing. 
In giving speeches. 

3250
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:37,100
In a formal oratorical way, his 
portrayal of Hamlet received 

3251
02:55:37,100 --> 02:55:39,500
accolades from not looking like 
an actor, giving well known 

3252
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:43,100
speeches, but rather like a real
person dealing with real 

3253
02:55:43,100 --> 02:55:46,500
psychological issues. 
In addition Garrick invented a 

3254
02:55:46,500 --> 02:55:48,800
number of theatrical techniques 
that are now commonplace. 

3255
02:55:48,800 --> 02:55:52,400
He was one of the first A demand
that hole Productions, not just 

3256
02:55:52,400 --> 02:55:56,600
individual scenes, undergo 
lengthy, rehearsals he created, 

3257
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:59,800
cohesive artistic Visions for 
his Productions by coordinating 

3258
02:55:59,800 --> 02:56:03,400
staging costumes and scenery in 
order to create atmospheric 

3259
02:56:03,400 --> 02:56:06,300
illumination that increased the 
emotional impact of scenes. 

3260
02:56:06,300 --> 02:56:10,000
He even experimented with stage 
lighting effects, using 

3261
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,700
reflective surfaces and hidden 
lamps with periodicals like The 

3262
02:56:13,700 --> 02:56:16,500
Spectator and the tatler 
reviewing plays And discussing 

3263
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:19,300
Aesthetics the 18th century also
witnessed. 

3264
02:56:19,300 --> 02:56:21,900
The emergence of what is now 
known as theater criticism. 

3265
02:56:21,900 --> 02:56:24,600
This led to a more 
self-conscious theatrical 

3266
02:56:24,600 --> 02:56:27,500
culture where a more 
sophisticated audience examined 

3267
02:56:27,500 --> 02:56:29,200
and discussed artistic 
decisions. 

3268
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:32,600
The development of theatrical 
celebrity culture as we know it 

3269
02:56:32,600 --> 02:56:35,600
today began in the late 18th 
century performers. 

3270
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:38,400
Such as Sarah, siddens Rose to 
Fame in Britain and Europe. 

3271
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:42,200
Their private lives, the focus 
of public interest and their 

3272
02:56:42,200 --> 02:56:45,100
creative interpretations of 
important roles discussed with 

3273
02:56:45,100 --> 02:56:47,700
the same further that 
contemporary audiences reserved 

3274
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,500
for athletes people, traveled 
hundreds of miles to see siddens

3275
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:53,700
Lady Macbeth performed. 
The sleepwalking scene because 

3276
02:56:53,700 --> 02:56:56,100
she was so well. 
Known her departure from the 

3277
02:56:56,100 --> 02:56:59,300
stage was viewed as a loss to 
the nation's culture and her 

3278
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:02,300
performance of the part, became 
the Benchmark by which all other

3279
02:57:02,300 --> 02:57:05,200
actresses were judged. 
She was the first actress to 

3280
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:07,800
receive a statue. 
In Westminster Abbey, something 

3281
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:10,200
that would have been 
unimaginable for a performer, 

3282
02:57:10,200 --> 02:57:13,400
only a century before the 
development of the theater was 

3283
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:15,900
impacted by this celebrity 
culture in both positive and 

3284
02:57:15,900 --> 02:57:19,700
negative ways on the plus side. 
Well, known actors could ensure 

3285
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:22,000
that shows have audiences and 
draw funding to theater 

3286
02:57:22,000 --> 02:57:24,600
businesses. 
Their notoriety contributed to 

3287
02:57:24,600 --> 02:57:27,000
the development of theater as a 
legitimate art form. 

3288
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,600
Deserving of significant 
cultural consider On the 

3289
02:57:30,608 --> 02:57:33,400
downside, the star system 
started to skew theatrical 

3290
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:36,300
production with play selected, 
more for their ability to 

3291
02:57:36,300 --> 02:57:39,500
Showcase specific actors. 
Then for their inherent artistic

3292
02:57:39,500 --> 02:57:43,000
value, this resulted in a custom
of star vehicles that 

3293
02:57:43,000 --> 02:57:45,900
prioritized individual skills 
over balanced, dramatic 

3294
02:57:45,900 --> 02:57:51,000
construction and Ensemble acting
everything including theater was

3295
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:52,900
altered by the Industrial 
Revolution. 

3296
02:57:52,900 --> 02:57:56,500
In ways that continue to shape 
our perceptions of live 

3297
02:57:56,500 --> 02:57:59,100
performances. 
Theater was transformed from an 

3298
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:01,800
afternoon Amusement to an 
evening event that could rival 

3299
02:58:01,800 --> 02:58:04,800
other nightlife activities. 
Thanks to advancements in 

3300
02:58:04,800 --> 02:58:07,900
lighting, technology that 
allowed indoor performance is to

3301
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:11,500
last well, into the evening. 
When gaslighting was first used 

3302
02:58:11,500 --> 02:58:14,200
in the early 1800s, it 
completely changed the 

3303
02:58:14,200 --> 02:58:18,000
possibility for theater. 
The first time stage lighting 

3304
02:58:18,000 --> 02:58:20,900
could be precisely adjusted to 
be brightened for dramatic 

3305
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:23,500
climaxes, and dimmed for 
intimate scenes. 

3306
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:26,900
More complex atmospheric effects
were made possible, and 

3307
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:29,600
filmmakers were equipped with 
new means of, directing viewers,

3308
02:58:29,600 --> 02:58:33,800
attention and evoking strong 
feelings by putting performers 

3309
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:36,700
in the Limelight, and enabling 
the type of dramatic 

3310
02:58:36,700 --> 02:58:40,400
illumination that could isolate 
individual characters or produce

3311
02:58:40,400 --> 02:58:44,200
amazing visual effects 
Limelight, which is made by 

3312
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:48,500
heating lime with oxygen and 
hydrogen Flames was introduced. 

3313
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:50,500
Resulting in the first powerful 
Spotlight. 

3314
02:58:50,500 --> 02:58:53,900
Effects actors would literally 
position themselves to catch the

3315
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:57,400
most flattering light during 
this time, which is where the 

3316
02:58:57,400 --> 02:59:00,200
well-known expression stealing 
the spotlight originated. 

3317
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,500
As urban populations increased. 
In the middle class grew 

3318
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:06,500
theater, had to expand to 
accommodate their Leisure Time 

3319
02:59:06,500 --> 02:59:09,300
and entertainment budget. 
Several thousand people could 

3320
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:11,700
fit in some of the theater's 
constructed during this time. 

3321
02:59:11,700 --> 02:59:15,200
Necessitating Innovative staging
and performance technique that 

3322
02:59:15,200 --> 02:59:19,600
could successfully Project to 
such sizable crowds melodrama, a

3323
02:59:19,600 --> 02:59:22,500
theatrical genre that focused on
Stark moral contrasts 

3324
02:59:22,500 --> 02:59:26,200
breathtaking, special effects 
and poignant scenarios that were

3325
02:59:26,200 --> 02:59:29,500
understandable and enjoyable, 
even in large theaters was born 

3326
02:59:29,500 --> 02:59:32,300
as a result. 
The plots of melodramas included

3327
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:35,100
enough, physical action and 
visual spectacle to keep 

3328
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:38,200
audiences interested, even when 
they couldn't hear every word of

3329
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:41,600
dialogue, while the heroes were 
entirely good and the villains 

3330
02:59:41,600 --> 02:59:44,200
were completely evil 
melodramatic plots with 

3331
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:47,300
thrilling for audiences of the 
time but delightfully absurd, by

3332
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:49,700
today's standards and Family 
Farms. 

3333
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,100
Villains, threatened for closure
Heroes Swang on roped across 

3334
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:57,000
burning buildings, heroines were
tied to railroad tracks and evil

3335
02:59:57,000 --> 02:59:59,800
was always severely. 
Punished, usually in a 

3336
02:59:59,800 --> 03:00:02,500
spectacular way. 
While virtue was always 

3337
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:05,400
rewarded. 
However, melodrama fulfilled 

3338
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:08,800
significant social roles that 
went beyond simple Amusement, in

3339
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:10,900
order to help viewers 
comprehend, the Swift changes, 

3340
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:14,500
taking place in their society, a
number of melodramas addressed, 

3341
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:18,300
modern social issues such Such 
as urbanization, class conflict 

3342
03:00:18,300 --> 03:00:21,600
industrialization and shifting 
family structures. 

3343
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:24,500
The most well known American 
play of the 19th century. 

3344
03:00:24,500 --> 03:00:28,600
Uncle Tom's Cabin employed 
melodramatic devices to make 

3345
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:30,300
anti-slavery points to 
audiences. 

3346
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:32,400
That political speeches and 
newspaper. 

3347
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,800
Editorials might not have been 
able to reach, additionally, 

3348
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:38,500
touring Productions, that could 
reach audiences in smaller 

3349
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:41,500
cities and towns gained 
popularity in the 19th century. 

3350
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:45,300
As railroad networks expanded, 
it became financially viable to 

3351
03:00:45,300 --> 03:00:48,800
transport, entire Productions, 
complete with sets costumes, and

3352
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:51,800
entire acting companies to 
locations across the nation. 

3353
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:53,900
This made it possible for 
audiences. 

3354
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:57,000
In far-flung, places to see the 
same place that were performed 

3355
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,200
in large cities. 
Establishing the first genuinely

3356
03:01:00,200 --> 03:01:03,900
National theatrical culture with
theatrical syndicates planning. 

3357
03:01:03,900 --> 03:01:07,500
Tours, reserving venues and 
standardizing production values 

3358
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:11,000
across several locations theater
emerged as a significant 

3359
03:01:11,000 --> 03:01:13,200
industry. 
During this time, the majority 

3360
03:01:13,200 --> 03:01:15,800
of America's major theater as 
well under the control of the 

3361
03:01:16,200 --> 03:01:19,300
Theatrical Syndicate, which was 
established in 1896. 

3362
03:01:20,300 --> 03:01:24,300
That booking choices have the 
power to make or ruin careers a 

3363
03:01:24,300 --> 03:01:26,800
parallel movement that would 
transform dramatic literature 

3364
03:01:26,800 --> 03:01:29,700
and lay the foundation for many 
of the tenets that still 

3365
03:01:29,700 --> 03:01:31,900
governs. 
Serious theater today was 

3366
03:01:31,900 --> 03:01:34,900
emerging at the same time that 
popular theater was embracing 

3367
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:37,500
spectacle and wide emotional 
appeal. 

3368
03:01:37,500 --> 03:01:41,800
Henry Gibson, August strindberg 
and Anton Chekhov were among the

3369
03:01:41,800 --> 03:01:44,300
first playwrights to tackle 
contemporary social issues 

3370
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:47,500
through the experience of 
likable characters and familiar 

3371
03:01:47,500 --> 03:01:50,400
settings because it addressed 
marriage and women's rights 

3372
03:01:50,400 --> 03:01:53,200
honestly and in ways that went 
against ingrained social norms, 

3373
03:01:53,200 --> 03:01:56,700
its adolf's, house, sparked 
scandals across Europe. 

3374
03:01:56,700 --> 03:01:59,900
Some theater's refused to 
present the plays contentious 

3375
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:03,300
ending in which Nora abandoned 
her husband, and kids to find 

3376
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,300
her own identity without, 
including a more traditional 

3377
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:09,700
conclusion in which she resumes 
her responsibility to her 

3378
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:12,300
family, but the controversy was 
precisely the point. 

3379
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:16,100
It in his peers that theater 
should provoke viewers to 

3380
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:18,800
reflect deeply on moral issues 
and societal issues. 

3381
03:02:18,800 --> 03:02:22,100
In addition, to providing a 
amusement, this marked a return 

3382
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:25,100
to theater's long-standing role 
as a platform for discussing 

3383
03:02:25,100 --> 03:02:27,800
significant topics. 
But with a particularly 

3384
03:02:27,800 --> 03:02:30,900
contemporary emphasis on 
psychological realism and 

3385
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,500
current social issues, check off
Master, the art of naturalistic 

3386
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:37,800
drama by crafting plays in which
characters discuss significant 

3387
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:41,000
topics without directly 
addressing them in which the 

3388
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:43,900
most poignant emotional moments 
frequently occur in silence. 

3389
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:47,700
And in which the overall impact 
relies on minute details rather 

3390
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:51,300
than dramatic climaxes, although
the Cherry Orchard is supposedly

3391
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:53,800
about an aristocratic family 
losing their estate. 

3392
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:58,000
Is really about how hard it is 
to adjust to social change and 

3393
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:01,200
how impossible it is to cling to
the past, these playwrights 

3394
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:04,200
developed new techniques for 
creating psychological depth and

3395
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:07,300
emotional authenticity, that 
would influence theatrical 

3396
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:10,900
writing for the next century and
beyond their plot centered on 

3397
03:03:10,900 --> 03:03:13,900
internal conflicts and slow 
Revelation rather than external 

3398
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:17,100
action and dramatic 
confrontations and their 

3399
03:03:17,100 --> 03:03:21,400
characters spoke and acted more 
like real people and Theatrical 

3400
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:24,600
archetypes, more changes, to 
theater occurred in the 20th 

3401
03:03:24,600 --> 03:03:27,700
century than in any other 
because of two World Wars, the 

3402
03:03:27,700 --> 03:03:30,900
emergence of television and film
shifting, social mores and new 

3403
03:03:30,900 --> 03:03:33,900
technological advancements. 
As naturalistic acting 

3404
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:36,700
techniques gained popularity in 
the early part of the century 

3405
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:40,000
actors attempted to act as 
naturally as possible on stage. 

3406
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:42,900
The more clamorous 
presentational style that a 

3407
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,500
dominated theater for centuries 
was drastically different from 

3408
03:03:45,500 --> 03:03:48,500
this by using their own 
emotional experiences and 

3409
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:51,600
creating intricate cycle 
backstories for their characters

3410
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:55,700
konstantin stanislavski created.
Article techniques to assist 

3411
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,000
actors in creating believable 
characters, modern actor, 

3412
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:01,500
training was built on the 
interpretation and modification 

3413
03:04:01,500 --> 03:04:04,300
of the stanislavski method by 
American instructors. 

3414
03:04:04,300 --> 03:04:08,600
Such as Lee Strasberg, Stella 
Adler and Sanford, Meisner the 

3415
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:11,500
notion that actors should live 
truthfully under imaginary 

3416
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:14,800
circumstances, transformed 
performance and created 

3417
03:04:14,800 --> 03:04:17,500
guidelines that are still 
studied and used by the majority

3418
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:20,500
of actors today. 
Meanwhile, experimental theater 

3419
03:04:20,500 --> 03:04:23,000
artists were pushing in 
completely different directions,

3420
03:04:23,000 --> 03:04:26,600
rejecting naturalistic 
representation entirely in favor

3421
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:29,600
of more abstract symbolic or 
ritualistic forms of 

3422
03:04:29,608 --> 03:04:31,200
performance. 
In Russia. 

3423
03:04:31,200 --> 03:04:34,800
Several odd, Meyer hold created 
biomechanical acting methods 

3424
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:37,700
that prioritize stylized 
movement and physical accuracy 

3425
03:04:37,700 --> 03:04:40,400
over psychological realism the 
theater of Cruelty. 

3426
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:43,900
That Anton envisioned would 
directly affect audience's 

3427
03:04:43,900 --> 03:04:47,100
emotions and spirituality. 
While challenging their rational

3428
03:04:47,100 --> 03:04:50,600
defense is through powerful. 
Sensory experience is despite 

3429
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:53,600
his own Productions frequent 
failures with modern audience's 

3430
03:04:54,400 --> 03:04:57,600
Series shaped experimental 
theater for decades in order to 

3431
03:04:57,600 --> 03:05:00,000
keep audiences from getting 
emotionally engrossed in 

3432
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:01,900
Theatrical, illusion. 
Bertolt. 

3433
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:05,300
Brecht created Epic Theater 
techniques in order for the 

3434
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:08,100
audience to critically, consider
the social and political issues 

3435
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:11,100
his plays addressed. 
He wanted them to keep a 

3436
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:13,500
critical distance from the 
action political theater. 

3437
03:05:13,500 --> 03:05:16,400
All across the world was 
impacted by brexit alienation 

3438
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:20,300
effects which included direct 
address to the audience songs 

3439
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:22,700
that made commentary on the 
action and staging. 

3440
03:05:22,700 --> 03:05:25,000
That purposefully exposed 
theatrical artifice. 

3441
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:28,200
American Theater was creating 
its own unique traits and 

3442
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:31,300
contributions to the art form 
while European theater was 

3443
03:05:31,300 --> 03:05:34,100
battling, modernist Innovations 
and political upheavals. 

3444
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:38,000
The rise of uniquely American 
dramatic voices that wrote about

3445
03:05:38,000 --> 03:05:41,100
uniquely American issues and 
experiences occurred in the 

3446
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:44,800
early 20th century. 
The first American playwright to

3447
03:05:44,808 --> 03:05:47,800
receive widespread Acclaim for 
his serious dramatic Works. 

3448
03:05:47,800 --> 03:05:51,100
Was Eugene O'Neil. 
His early plays of working class

3449
03:05:51,100 --> 03:05:54,200
characters, and in industrial 
settings that in ways never 

3450
03:05:54,200 --> 03:05:56,500
before. 
Seen on stage, reflected the 

3451
03:05:56,500 --> 03:06:00,100
reality of American Life later 
pieces, like the Iceman, Cometh,

3452
03:06:00,100 --> 03:06:03,100
and Long days journey into night
examined. 

3453
03:06:03,100 --> 03:06:06,500
Personal failure, and family 
dysfunction with a psychological

3454
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:08,100
depth. 
That was comparable to anything 

3455
03:06:08,100 --> 03:06:10,800
being written in Europe, who 
Neil experimented with 

3456
03:06:10,800 --> 03:06:13,100
theatrical methods, that went 
beyond what was typically 

3457
03:06:13,100 --> 03:06:15,400
expected of theatrical 
entertainment in the United 

3458
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:17,900
States. 
And strange interlude. 

3459
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:20,300
There were lengthy aside 
passages where characters 

3460
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,400
Express their thoughts out. 
Loud masks were employed by the 

3461
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:27,100
great God, Brown to symbolize 
various facets of his Persona by

3462
03:06:27,100 --> 03:06:30,100
adapting, Greek tragedy to an 
American setting during the 

3463
03:06:30,100 --> 03:06:33,300
Civil War mourning becomes 
Electra produced a Trilogy that 

3464
03:06:33,300 --> 03:06:36,000
used classical dramatic 
structures to analyze American 

3465
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:38,000
history. 
The only time in American 

3466
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:40,800
history that the federal 
government directly subsidized 

3467
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:43,800
theatrical production was during
the federal theater project, 

3468
03:06:43,800 --> 03:06:46,300
which was a component of the New
Deal initiatives. 

3469
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,300
During the Great Depression, 
thousands of theater 

3470
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:52,500
professionals were employed by 
the project between 1935 and 

3471
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:57,600
1939 and 100 of Productions were
produced Nationwide, including 

3472
03:06:57,600 --> 03:07:00,200
the groundbreaking living 
newspaper Productions, that 

3473
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:04,100
dramatized current events and 
social concerns, even though the

3474
03:07:04,100 --> 03:07:06,600
federal theater project was 
eventually shut down because of 

3475
03:07:06,608 --> 03:07:09,000
political concerns about its 
left-leaning content. 

3476
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:14,000
It showed that seriously engaged
theater was in high demand 

3477
03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:16,500
Across the Nation. 
Not just in large cities. 

3478
03:07:17,000 --> 03:07:20,600
The creation of the integrated 
musical which fused songs dances

3479
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:23,700
and dramatic scenes into 
cohesive, artistic experiences, 

3480
03:07:23,700 --> 03:07:26,000
rather, than merely 
entertainment reviews. 

3481
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:29,300
With well-known performers was 
perhaps American theaters, most 

3482
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:31,700
notable contribution to World 
drama. 

3483
03:07:31,700 --> 03:07:34,700
With songs that developed 
organically from the character 

3484
03:07:34,700 --> 03:07:37,600
and Circumstance, rather than 
being added a specialty numbers.

3485
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:42,500
Showboat, 1927 is frequently 
regarded as the first fully 

3486
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:46,000
integrated American Musical. 
The production addressed weighty

3487
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:48,300
topics like racial Prejudice and
the passing of time 

3488
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:51,400
demonstrating that musical 
theater, could tackle important 

3489
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:53,600
issues while still offering 
mainstream entertainment. 

3490
03:07:53,600 --> 03:07:58,500
Alright, 1943 transformed 
musical theater by introducing 

3491
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:01,900
dance sequences that progressed 
the plot and revealed character 

3492
03:08:01,900 --> 03:08:03,600
rather than merely offering 
spectacle. 

3493
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:06,500
And by starting with a single 
character singing alone on 

3494
03:08:06,500 --> 03:08:09,500
stage, instead of a large 
chorus, Number Richard Rodgers 

3495
03:08:09,500 --> 03:08:12,500
and Oscar Hammerstein, the 
second partnership, created a 

3496
03:08:12,500 --> 03:08:15,700
model for musical theater design
that shape the genre for many 

3497
03:08:15,708 --> 03:08:18,400
years through. 
Complex music and choreography 

3498
03:08:18,400 --> 03:08:21,500
that produced theatrical 
experiences unmatched in any 

3499
03:08:21,500 --> 03:08:26,500
other medium Westside Story, 
1957 showed that musical theater

3500
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:29,900
could address modern social 
issues, like gang violence 

3501
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:33,900
racial tension and urban 
poverty, classical jazz and 

3502
03:08:33,900 --> 03:08:36,300
popular music were all 
incorporated into Leonard, 

3503
03:08:36,300 --> 03:08:38,400
Bernstein score and Jerome 
Robbins. 

3504
03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:41,500
Choreography turned dance from a
decorative elements to a crucial

3505
03:08:41,500 --> 03:08:45,100
part of the narrative Broadway 
musicals Heyday, which spanned 

3506
03:08:45,100 --> 03:08:49,400
roughly the 1940s to the 1960s. 
Produced works that shaped 

3507
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:52,500
American culture songs from 
these shows entered, the popular

3508
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:55,400
repertoire and the shows 
themselves established Broadway,

3509
03:08:55,400 --> 03:08:58,300
as a major cultural export that 
influenced musical, theater 

3510
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:01,400
development, worldwide 
alternative, theater's arose to 

3511
03:09:01,408 --> 03:09:04,000
accommodate more experimental, 
work, and give up and coming 

3512
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:06,000
artists. 
A platform as Broadway, 

3513
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,900
commercial and costly originally
characterized by their smaller 

3514
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:13,500
size and cheaper ticket costs. 
Off-Broadway Theatres evolved 

3515
03:09:13,500 --> 03:09:16,600
into hubs for theatrical 
Innovation and platforms for 

3516
03:09:16,600 --> 03:09:18,400
work. 
That were unable to find a home 

3517
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:22,200
in commercial settings, Julian 
Beck and Judith Molina founded, 

3518
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:25,300
the living Theater, which 
pioneered confrontational and 

3519
03:09:25,300 --> 03:09:27,800
interactive theater. 
That dismantled the conventional

3520
03:09:27,800 --> 03:09:29,800
divided between audiences and 
performers. 

3521
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:32,700
In addition to challenging 
preconceived, notions about 

3522
03:09:32,700 --> 03:09:35,800
social norms and Theatrical 
Behavior, their production of 

3523
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:37,900
paradise. 
Now, invited audience members to

3524
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:40,700
participate in the performance 
instead of adhering to 

3525
03:09:40,700 --> 03:09:42,600
Conventional hierarchical 
structures. 

3526
03:09:42,600 --> 03:09:46,000
The open Theater Under the 
direction of Joseph Chaikin 

3527
03:09:46,000 --> 03:09:49,000
developed on sambal based 
creation techniques in which 

3528
03:09:49,000 --> 03:09:52,600
actors directors and writers 
work together throughout the 

3529
03:09:52,600 --> 03:09:56,600
creative process, their work 
which placed a strong emphasis 

3530
03:09:56,600 --> 03:09:58,600
on vocal and physical 
experimentation. 

3531
03:09:58,600 --> 03:10:02,000
Produced performance styles that
had an international impact on 

3532
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:05,400
experimental theater, an actor 
training as a separate field. 

3533
03:10:05,400 --> 03:10:08,000
Performance art rejected, many 
of the conventions of the 

3534
03:10:08,000 --> 03:10:10,100
theater while drawing 
inspiration from. 

3535
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,100
It solo performance is by 
artists like Laurie Anderson, 

3536
03:10:13,100 --> 03:10:16,300
Spalding Gray and Karen Finley 
Blended storytelling. 

3537
03:10:16,900 --> 03:10:20,300
Jewel, art music and theater in 
ways that defied, easy, 

3538
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:23,400
classification, as art, a 
decentralized theatrical culture

3539
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:26,200
was produced by the founding of 
regional theater companies 

3540
03:10:26,200 --> 03:10:30,800
across the United States in the 
1960s and 1970s which lessened 

3541
03:10:30,800 --> 03:10:34,000
New York's hegemony and offered 
chances for theatrical growth. 

3542
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:37,900
Outside of conventional, hubs 
organizations. 

3543
03:10:37,900 --> 03:10:41,200
Such as the Arena Stage in 
Washington, DC, the American 

3544
03:10:41,200 --> 03:10:44,200
Conservatory theater in San 
Francisco and the Guthrie 

3545
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:47,100
Theater in Minneapolis formed 
unique creative personalities 

3546
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:50,500
while giving back to their 
communities Regional Theaters 

3547
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,700
emerged as crucial, venues for 
creating original works and 

3548
03:10:53,700 --> 03:10:56,100
bringing classic plays back to 
life for modern audiences. 

3549
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,500
In addition to creating 
audiences for serious theater in

3550
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:02,500
communities Across the Nation, 
they offered jobs to theater 

3551
03:11:02,500 --> 03:11:05,700
professionals, who wish to work 
regularly without vying for the 

3552
03:11:05,700 --> 03:11:08,800
few Broadway, openings, the 
growth of playwright development

3553
03:11:08,800 --> 03:11:11,000
programs, which supported up and
coming. 

3554
03:11:11,000 --> 03:11:14,300
Authors through workshops, 
reading's and developmental 

3555
03:11:14,300 --> 03:11:17,700
Productions was also encouraged 
by the Theater movement. 

3556
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:21,000
The Works of many of the most 
significant American playwrights

3557
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:24,900
of the late 20th century such as
David Mamet, Sam, Shepard, and 

3558
03:11:24,900 --> 03:11:27,600
Langford Wilson were developed 
in Regional Theaters. 

3559
03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:31,500
The theater of today is part of 
a complex ecosystem, that also 

3560
03:11:31,500 --> 03:11:35,200
includes social media video 
games, streaming services, 

3561
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:39,000
television and movies. 
Instead of being supplanted by 

3562
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:42,100
these more recent entertainment,
mediums theater has managed to 

3563
03:11:42,108 --> 03:11:44,800
integrate their Innovations 
while preserving its fundamental

3564
03:11:44,800 --> 03:11:47,100
qualities as a live social 
event. 

3565
03:11:47,100 --> 03:11:50,200
Diversity is embraced by modern 
theater in ways that were 

3566
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:54,100
Unthinkable in early at times on
contemporary stages stories from

3567
03:11:54,100 --> 03:11:56,100
various cultures. 
Previously, marginalized 

3568
03:11:56,100 --> 03:11:59,700
viewpoints and experimental 
forms that defy conventional. 

3569
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:03,500
Notions of what theater, can be 
co-exist playwrights such as 

3570
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:07,500
Tony Kushner, Lin Manuel Miranda
and Susan Lurie Parks have 

3571
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:10,600
produced plays that broaden the 
theatrical Canon while appealing

3572
03:12:10,600 --> 03:12:13,300
to new audience's. 
The fundamental components of 

3573
03:12:13,300 --> 03:12:16,600
theatrical performance have been
improved by technology, rather 

3574
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:20,000
than replaced. 
Nowadays sound design is a 

3575
03:12:20,000 --> 03:12:23,200
highly developed art form, that 
produces oral Landscapes that 

3576
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:26,600
were not possible in the past 
computer controls systems are 

3577
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:29,000
used in lighting design to 
produce effects that are only 

3578
03:12:29,008 --> 03:12:32,600
constrained by the designers 
creativity real-time visual 

3579
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:35,500
environments that adapt to live.
Performances are made possible 

3580
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:37,700
by digital effects and video 
projection. 

3581
03:12:37,700 --> 03:12:40,700
However, these technological 
advancements support, 

3582
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:43,800
conventional theatrical 
functions, such as narrating, 

3583
03:12:43,800 --> 03:12:47,800
stories setting the mood and 
drawing in viewers, realizing 

3584
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:50,200
that theaters power is in the 
direct interaction between 

3585
03:12:50,200 --> 03:12:53,300
actors and audiences. 
The most successful, modern 

3586
03:12:53,300 --> 03:12:56,300
Productions used technology, to 
complement live performance, 

3587
03:12:56,300 --> 03:12:59,900
rather, than to replace it, some
elements of theater of stayed, 

3588
03:12:59,900 --> 03:13:03,200
remarkably consistent, over 
thousands of years, despite all 

3589
03:13:03,200 --> 03:13:06,600
these changes, the fundamental 
bond between an Entertainer and 

3590
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:09,900
Their audience, the Enchantment 
of live performance is and the 

3591
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:13,100
potency of group storytelling, 
have withstood all social 

3592
03:13:13,100 --> 03:13:16,300
changes and technological, 
advancements, being in the same 

3593
03:13:16,300 --> 03:13:19,400
room as live performers. 
Experiencing the energy of the 

3594
03:13:19,400 --> 03:13:22,900
crowd and realizing that this 
specific performance will never 

3595
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:25,200
be precisely. 
Duplicated are still 

3596
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:28,200
incomparable, live? 
Performances are unpredictable 

3597
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,100
and crucial in ways that 
recorded entertainment can never

3598
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:34,500
match with subtle variations 
brought about, by the audience's

3599
03:13:34,500 --> 03:13:38,100
mood, the performers energy, the
weather, and countless other 

3600
03:13:38,100 --> 03:13:41,600
small factors our cave-dwelling 
ancestors gathered around their 

3601
03:13:41,600 --> 03:13:43,600
Fires. 
For many of the same purposes 

3602
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:45,100
that theater still fulfills 
today. 

3603
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:48,800
It gives difficult feelings and 
complicated concepts are 

3604
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:52,000
tangible form. 
And a common context which AIDS 

3605
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:54,300
in their processing. 
I offering experience is that 

3606
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:58,500
people can talk about debate and
remember together, it Fosters a 

3607
03:13:58,500 --> 03:14:01,900
sense of community. 
It allows each generation to 

3608
03:14:01,900 --> 03:14:04,200
reinterpret stories, and 
cultural values for their 

3609
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:06,800
current relevance. 
While preserving them theater, 

3610
03:14:06,800 --> 03:14:09,500
gives us the opportunity to 
investigate various viewpoints 

3611
03:14:09,500 --> 03:14:12,600
and options in a secure setting 
where we can experience 

3612
03:14:12,600 --> 03:14:15,900
repercussions without, actually 
going through them, observe 

3613
03:14:15,900 --> 03:14:18,900
other people's decisions and 
consider, how we might act in 

3614
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:22,600
comparable situations through 
the experience of characters who

3615
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:24,700
represent various facets of 
human nature. 

3616
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:28,900
It offers a forum for discussing
ethical issues, societal issues 

3617
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:32,300
and interpersonal conflicts, 
indeed theater, serves many 

3618
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:35,400
important, artistic and social 
purposes, but it's also 

3619
03:14:35,400 --> 03:14:38,300
important to remember that. 
It's just for fun, the small 

3620
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:42,200
Pleasures, the shared gasp of 
surprise, and unexpected plot 

3621
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,500
twists, the laughter that breaks
out during a well-timed, comedy 

3622
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:47,800
sequence, the shared intake of 
breath. 

3623
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:52,200
During a moment of transcendent 
Beauty directly connect to every

3624
03:14:52,200 --> 03:14:56,000
audience, as ever assembled to 
witness other people posing as 

3625
03:14:56,000 --> 03:14:59,300
someone else's humanity, is what
makes it so appealing. 

3626
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:02,600
In contrast to television or 
movies which show are still 

3627
03:15:02,608 --> 03:15:05,300
photos of actors who played 
their parts weeks or months ago,

3628
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:09,400
theater shows us real people 
performing live right in front 

3629
03:15:09,408 --> 03:15:11,900
of us, the tear shed by a 
theater performer. 

3630
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:16,200
Are genuine when they laugh, 
it's real laughter they must 

3631
03:15:16,200 --> 03:15:17,200
immediately. 
Correct? 

3632
03:15:17,200 --> 03:15:20,700
Their mistakes in front of the 
audience, no other art form can 

3633
03:15:20,700 --> 03:15:24,400
compare to the sense of danger 
and urgency this evokes during a

3634
03:15:24,400 --> 03:15:27,200
live performance. 
Anything can happen and actor, 

3635
03:15:27,200 --> 03:15:31,000
may forget their lines, a set 
piece may break or a costume May

3636
03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:34,600
tear at a pivotal point. 
How the actors respond to these 

3637
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:36,100
situations. 
Becomes part of the 

3638
03:15:36,100 --> 03:15:39,100
entertainment for the evening by
agreeing to overlook small 

3639
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:42,400
errors and recognizing the skill
needed to produce convinced in 

3640
03:15:42,408 --> 03:15:45,400
characters and gripping 
narrative, under such immediate 

3641
03:15:45,400 --> 03:15:47,400
pressure. 
The audience completely 

3642
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:50,700
maintains, the theatrical 
illusion with theatrical 

3643
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,000
Traditions from all over the 
world influencing one. 

3644
03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:55,800
Another in ways that were not 
feasible in the past, modern 

3645
03:15:55,800 --> 03:15:58,000
theater has a genuinely Global 
reach. 

3646
03:15:58,900 --> 03:16:02,100
Western experimental theaters 
influenced by Japanese Noh and 

3647
03:16:02,100 --> 03:16:04,900
Kabuki techniques. 
Modern American playwriting is 

3648
03:16:04,900 --> 03:16:07,900
influenced by African 
storytelling Traditions, Asian 

3649
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:10,900
Productions of Western Classics.
Adopt European directing 

3650
03:16:10,900 --> 03:16:14,100
techniques by broadening the 
scope of methods themes and 

3651
03:16:14,100 --> 03:16:16,000
approaches accessible to Modern 
artists. 

3652
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:18,500
This cross-pollination has 
enhanced theater. 

3653
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,700
As artists strive to respect 
traditional forms while bringing

3654
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:25,300
them up to date for contemporary
audiences, as well as negotiate 

3655
03:16:25,300 --> 03:16:29,500
issues of cultural appropriation
and genuine representation, it 

3656
03:16:29,500 --> 03:16:32,100
is also brought forth. 
New difficulties, theater 

3657
03:16:32,100 --> 03:16:35,300
Innovations, are now widely 
disseminated across National and

3658
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:38,200
cultural borders through the 
Festival circuit festivals in 

3659
03:16:38,200 --> 03:16:41,500
Adelaide Edinburgh Avenue and 
numerous other cities offer 

3660
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:44,300
venues for artists from various 
Traditions to exchange their 

3661
03:16:44,300 --> 03:16:46,600
work and have an impact on one 
another's growth. 

3662
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:49,700
This International Exchange has 
been sped up by digital 

3663
03:16:49,700 --> 03:16:52,500
communication, which has made it
possible for theater 

3664
03:16:52,500 --> 03:16:56,300
professionals to collaborate on 
projects, share techniques and 

3665
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:59,800
reach audiences around the world
in ways that were Earlier 

3666
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:02,800
Generations, although live 
streaming of theatrical, 

3667
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:05,600
performance is grown in 
sophistication and popularity, 

3668
03:17:05,600 --> 03:17:09,300
it still serves as an addition 
to live theater experiences, 

3669
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,600
rather than as a substitute for 
them, theater keeps changing 

3670
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:14,600
while retaining its fundamental 
qualities. 

3671
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,200
As we look to the Future, 
although they haven't yet 

3672
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:19,500
completely altered. 
The fundamental theatrical 

3673
03:17:19,500 --> 03:17:22,200
experience of live performers, 
working with live audiences 

3674
03:17:22,200 --> 03:17:25,500
virtual and augmented reality 
Technologies. 

3675
03:17:25,500 --> 03:17:28,200
Present new opportunities for 
staging and audience. 

3676
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:30,900
Interaction theater operations 
are being impacted by 

3677
03:17:30,900 --> 03:17:33,500
environmental concerns. 
As many businesses are 

3678
03:17:33,500 --> 03:17:37,100
implementing sustainable, set 
construction, energy, use and 

3679
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:40,900
touring Logistics practices as 
audiences funding sources and 

3680
03:17:40,900 --> 03:17:43,100
distribution. 
Strategies shift in response to 

3681
03:17:43,100 --> 03:17:45,400
more General Social and 
technological advancements. 

3682
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:49,900
Theaters economics, continue to 
change the same urgent subject 

3683
03:17:49,900 --> 03:17:52,500
matter that has always inspired 
the most compelling. 

3684
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:55,400
Dramatic work is available to 
theater today in the form of 

3685
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:59,600
climate change political 
polarization economic in quality

3686
03:17:59,600 --> 03:18:03,100
and technological disruption 
emerging playwrights of today. 

3687
03:18:03,100 --> 03:18:05,700
A figuring out how to deal with 
these issues while respecting 

3688
03:18:05,700 --> 03:18:09,700
theater's historical advantages 
and investigating fresh avenues 

3689
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:12,700
for artistic expression tens of 
thousands of years ago. 

3690
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:16,200
The first storytellers gathered 
around the fires and began a 

3691
03:18:16,200 --> 03:18:19,100
tradition that today's Young 
performers are carrying on their

3692
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:21,300
learning from teachers who 
learned from teachers who can 

3693
03:18:21,300 --> 03:18:24,000
trace their ancestry back 
through centuries of theatrical.

3694
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:27,400
Traditional An unbroken line of 
knowledge and technique that 

3695
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:29,800
links actors of today to actors 
of the past. 

3696
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:33,000
However, there are also 
developing new formats and 

3697
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,700
inventive storytelling 
techniques that appeal to 

3698
03:18:35,700 --> 03:18:38,700
audiences in the modern era who 
are confronted with previously 

3699
03:18:38,700 --> 03:18:40,700
unheard of possibilities and 
challenges. 

3700
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:43,500
They are performing for 
audiences that include people 

3701
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:46,700
from all over the world working 
in theaters that are equipped 

3702
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:50,300
with new technology and tackling
artistic and social issues that 

3703
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:51,900
were Unthinkable for earlier 
Generations. 

3704
03:18:51,900 --> 03:18:56,300
Theater adapts without losing 
its core which is why endures 

3705
03:18:56,300 --> 03:19:00,200
and flourishes while embracing 
new technologies, it keeps its 

3706
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:02,900
emphasis on interpersonal 
connections and in-person 

3707
03:19:02,900 --> 03:19:05,800
communication. 
It explores the Timeless themes.

3708
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:07,600
That have always fueled dramatic
literature. 

3709
03:19:07,600 --> 03:19:11,200
While incorporating shifting 
social perspectives, In addition

3710
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:13,300
to developing new narratives 
that represent modern 

3711
03:19:13,300 --> 03:19:16,100
experience. 
It discovers novel ways to tell 

3712
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:20,000
old Tales the value of theaters 
emphasis on community presence 

3713
03:19:20,000 --> 03:19:23,700
and shared experience increases 
rather than decreases. 

3714
03:19:23,700 --> 03:19:26,900
In our increasingly digital 
remote and fast-paced world. 

3715
03:19:26,900 --> 03:19:29,700
The experience of sitting in a 
theater with hundreds of other 

3716
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:32,700
people, all of whom are focused 
on the same life, performance 

3717
03:19:32,700 --> 03:19:36,000
feels more valuable and unique 
as more of our entertainment 

3718
03:19:36,000 --> 03:19:37,900
becomes personalized and 
customizable. 

3719
03:19:37,900 --> 03:19:41,400
Theater serves as a reminder, 
that humans are social beings 

3720
03:19:41,400 --> 03:19:44,200
who require opportunities to 
come together in physical 

3721
03:19:44,200 --> 03:19:48,600
settings, where we can laugh cry
and discuss what it means to be 

3722
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:50,600
human. 
It offers a break from The 

3723
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:52,600
NeverEnding stimulation of 
digital media. 

3724
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:55,900
In favor of the more profound 
rewards of focused attention, 

3725
03:19:55,900 --> 03:20:00,100
emotional, involvement, and 
group contemplation for the next

3726
03:20:00,100 --> 03:20:01,700
few hours. 
You become a part of something 

3727
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:05,000
bigger than yourself, part of 
the ongoing dialogue between the

3728
03:20:05,000 --> 03:20:08,700
past and present between artists
and audience's and between 

3729
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:10,300
personal experience and 
Collective. 

3730
03:20:10,500 --> 03:20:13,300
Understanding that has been 
going on for as long as people 

3731
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:16,300
have been Gathering to tell 
stories, this begins when the 

3732
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:19,600
curtain Rises and the first 
actor enters the spotlight, you 

3733
03:20:19,600 --> 03:20:22,600
take part in one of the oldest 
and most enduring traditions in 

3734
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:26,000
human history and that dimly lit
theater with strangers who 

3735
03:20:26,000 --> 03:20:27,800
momentarily become your 
companions. 

3736
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:31,000
As you watch a story unfold 
together with everyone else 

3737
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:34,900
present, you can sent to believe
the story being told and allow 

3738
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:37,600
yourself to be moved by the 
experiences of fictional 

3739
03:20:37,600 --> 03:20:40,300
characters who are portrayed by 
actual people. 

3740
03:20:40,300 --> 03:20:43,900
Just a few feet away from you 
and when the lights come up and 

3741
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:47,000
the Applause subsides you take a
little bit of that experience 

3742
03:20:47,000 --> 03:20:50,600
back into your everyday life, 
memories of things that shocked 

3743
03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:54,200
touched or challenged. 
You questions prompted by the 

3744
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:56,900
story. 
You've seen connections drawn 

3745
03:20:56,900 --> 03:21:00,400
between the experience of the 
characters and your own life and

3746
03:21:00,400 --> 03:21:03,200
the pure joy of spending time 
with people who have chosen to 

3747
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:07,300
congregate in that specific 
location at that specific moment

3748
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:10,400
to partake in the age-old 
Enchantment of Life performance.

3749
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:13,700
Because it fulfills needs that 
technology cannot and offers 

3750
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:15,800
experiences that no, other art 
form can match. 

3751
03:21:15,800 --> 03:21:18,900
Theater has endured. 
There, will always be theaters, 

3752
03:21:18,900 --> 03:21:21,500
where actors and audiences 
gather to discuss what it means 

3753
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:25,300
to be alive in any given time. 
And location as long as people 

3754
03:21:25,300 --> 03:21:29,000
have a need for stories, a 
desire for connection, and a 

3755
03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:30,500
search for meaning and shared 
experiences. 

3756
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:35,100
So let's celebrate theater, it's
absurd aspirations and deep 

3757
03:21:35,100 --> 03:21:39,300
fulfillments, its age-old wisdom
and modern inventions and its 

3758
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:43,900
capacity to make us laugh cry. 
And think often all in one 

3759
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:46,900
evening, cheers to the actors 
who dedicate their lives to 

3760
03:21:46,900 --> 03:21:49,400
playing different roles. 
The directors who transformed 

3761
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:52,000
unfinished material into 
meaningful experiences. 

3762
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:55,900
The designers who build worlds 
out of plywood and Imagination 

3763
03:21:55,900 --> 03:21:59,500
and the audience is who 
consistently turn up night after

3764
03:21:59,500 --> 03:22:03,000
night willing to believe 
whatever Stories being told the 

3765
03:22:03,000 --> 03:22:06,000
custom is upheld. 
The curtain is raised and the 

3766
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:08,500
never-ending dialogue between 
the performer and the audience, 

3767
03:22:08,500 --> 03:22:11,600
the story and The Listener and 
the Imagination. 

3768
03:22:11,600 --> 03:22:14,700
And the real world continues. 
May your own performance is 

3769
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:18,000
whether on stage or in the 
everyday theater of Life, the 

3770
03:22:18,000 --> 03:22:21,800
full of the ideal ratio of humor
and drama knowledge, and, or an 

3771
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:25,700
individual expression and group 
Harmony sweet dreams. 

3772
03:22:31,400 --> 03:22:35,000
Picture yourself standing in any
European city of that era. 

3773
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:38,700
Streets would be narrower than 
any Ally. 

3774
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:41,800
You'd feel comfortable walking 
down today packed with wooden 

3775
03:22:41,800 --> 03:22:44,700
houses that lean toward each 
other like gossiping Neighbors. 

3776
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:49,200
The smell would hit you first a 
mixture of wood smoke horses, 

3777
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:51,600
unwashed wool, and chamber pots 
being emptied from upper 

3778
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:55,300
windows. 
People bathed in frequently not 

3779
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,700
because they enjoyed being 
dirty, but because hauling and 

3780
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:00,300
heating water was exhausting 
work. 

3781
03:23:01,200 --> 03:23:03,900
The population was still 
recovering from the Black Death.

3782
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,600
Swept through a century and a 
half earlier, like a terrible 

3783
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:11,000
storm, taking perhaps a third of
Europe's people with it. 

3784
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:14,900
Cities felt emptier than they 
should with the band and 

3785
03:23:14,900 --> 03:23:17,100
buildings standing like gaps in 
a smile. 

3786
03:23:18,100 --> 03:23:21,400
But paradoxical this tragedy had
created opportunities. 

3787
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:26,600
With fewer people, competing for
resources wages, Rose social 

3788
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:29,600
Mobility increased. 
An ordinary folks began to 

3789
03:23:29,608 --> 03:23:31,900
imagine lives. 
Their grandparents never could 

3790
03:23:31,900 --> 03:23:36,700
have dreamed of Spain in 1492 
was having what we might call a 

3791
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:39,100
moment? 
For nearly 8 centuries the 

3792
03:23:39,100 --> 03:23:43,100
Iberian Peninsula. 
Iberian had been a patchwork of 

3793
03:23:43,100 --> 03:23:46,600
Christian and Muslim kingdoms. 
Sometimes, fighting sometimes 

3794
03:23:46,600 --> 03:23:50,600
trading, always influencing each
other in ways that created one 

3795
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:52,700
of medieval Europe's Most 
sophisticated. 

3796
03:23:52,700 --> 03:23:56,400
Cultures, But that January 
something. 

3797
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:59,800
Dramatic happened. 
Catholic monarchs Ferdinand, 

3798
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:01,800
Ferdinand, and Isabella 
Isabella. 

3799
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:05,800
Finally? 
Conquered Grenada, Grenada the 

3800
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,800
last Muslim Kingdom in Spain. 
this wasn't just a military 

3801
03:24:09,800 --> 03:24:13,400
Victory, it was the culmination 
of what the Spanish called, the 

3802
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:20,000
Reconquista raycon Keys, tar, 
meaning reconquest For third in 

3803
03:24:20,000 --> 03:24:22,800
underneath an Isabella. 
This moment marks, Bane's 

3804
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:26,200
transformation from a collection
of squabbling kingdoms into 

3805
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:28,300
something approaching a unified 
Nation. 

3806
03:24:29,500 --> 03:24:33,500
They were feeling confident, and
ambitious, and perhaps a bit in 

3807
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:35,000
toxicated with their own 
success. 

3808
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:39,700
This matters for our story 
because confident monox and more

3809
03:24:39,700 --> 03:24:42,500
likely to fund risky. 
Ventures that sensible, people 

3810
03:24:42,500 --> 03:24:46,100
would avoid The economic 
situation in Europe, was getting

3811
03:24:46,100 --> 03:24:49,200
complicated in ways that would 
sound oddly familiar to you. 

3812
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:52,900
It was an international trade 
imbalance that kept everyone up 

3813
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:55,300
at night. 
European Nobles. 

3814
03:24:55,300 --> 03:24:59,600
Wanted spices from Asia. 
Pepper cinnamon nutmeg and 

3815
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:02,700
cloves with the kind of 
desperate longing. 

3816
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,100
You might reserve your favorite 
comfort food. 

3817
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:09,600
These spices weren't just about 
making food taste better though.

3818
03:25:09,600 --> 03:25:12,800
That was certainly part of it. 
They were status symbols 

3819
03:25:12,800 --> 03:25:16,500
preservatives and sometimes 
medicines having A well-stocked 

3820
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,500
spice. 
Cabinet was like driving a 

3821
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:20,700
luxury car today. 
But here's the problem. 

3822
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:24,400
These spices came from Asia 
through a complex network of 

3823
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:27,600
middlemen. 
Arab Merchants controlled much 

3824
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:31,200
of the trade, moving Goods 
through the Middle East, then 

3825
03:25:31,200 --> 03:25:33,900
Venetian and genoese Traders, 
would buy them at marked up 

3826
03:25:33,900 --> 03:25:37,300
prices and sell them at even 
higher prices throughout Europe.

3827
03:25:37,300 --> 03:25:41,100
By the time, pepper reached your
dinner table, it had passed 

3828
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:43,800
through so many hands that it 
was literally worth its 

3829
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:46,900
weighting gold. 
Wealthy Europeans were 

3830
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:50,500
essentially hemorrhaging money 
Eastwood the seemed to be no way

3831
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:53,500
to stop it. 
The traditional route to Asia 

3832
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:55,900
went Overland through 
territories controlled by the 

3833
03:25:55,908 --> 03:25:58,500
Ottoman Empire which had 
recently conquered 

3834
03:25:58,500 --> 03:26:02,900
Constantinople, Constantinople 
in 1453. 

3835
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:06,100
The Ottomans weren't 
particularly interested in 

3836
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:09,900
making trade easy for European 
Christians, they added their own

3837
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:14,400
fees, imposed restrictions and 
generally made the whole process

3838
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,000
as expensive and frustrating as 
possible. 

3839
03:26:17,900 --> 03:26:22,400
This created what economists 
would call a supply problem and 

3840
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:24,700
what everyone else would call a 
massive headache. 

3841
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:28,400
European merchants and monarchs 
began wondering. 

3842
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:31,100
Wasn't there. 
Another way to reach Asia. 

3843
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:34,600
Couldn't someone find a route 
that bypassed all these middle 

3844
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:39,400
men and their inflated prices? 
The Portuguese Portuguese had 

3845
03:26:39,400 --> 03:26:41,300
been working on one answer for 
decades. 

3846
03:26:41,300 --> 03:26:45,400
They were methodically sailing 
down the African Coast mapping 

3847
03:26:45,400 --> 03:26:48,600
every Inlet and Ireland 
gradually working their way 

3848
03:26:48,600 --> 03:26:50,300
toward the southern tip of 
Africa. 

3849
03:26:50,300 --> 03:26:54,900
It was slow methodical work. 
The maritime equivalent of 

3850
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:58,000
carefully, painting a house, one
section at a time. 

3851
03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:06,400
By 1488 had finally rounded the 
Cape of Good Hope. 

3852
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:09,800
Proving that there was a sea 
route to Asia around Africa. 

3853
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:13,800
But this route was long and 
dangerous and required multiple 

3854
03:27:13,800 --> 03:27:16,300
stops for supplies. 
Surely. 

3855
03:27:16,300 --> 03:27:18,900
Some people thought there must 
be a shorter way. 

3856
03:27:20,100 --> 03:27:23,300
What if you could sail directly 
west across the Atlantic and 

3857
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:27,700
reach Asia from the other side, 
The world was round after all 

3858
03:27:27,700 --> 03:27:30,900
educated Europeans had known 
this for centuries. 

3859
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:34,000
Despite what your Elementary 
School teacher might have told 

3860
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:36,200
you about Columbus proving the 
Earth was round. 

3861
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:40,900
The question wasn't, whether the
world was round, but how round 

3862
03:27:40,900 --> 03:27:43,900
it was and what laid between 
Europe and Asia? 

3863
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:47,900
Into this world of economic 
anxiety, geographical 

3864
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:50,500
speculation and post Conquest 
confidence. 

3865
03:27:50,500 --> 03:27:53,700
Walked a man with an idea that 
most people thought was 

3866
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:57,000
ridiculous. 
But before we meet him properly,

3867
03:27:57,000 --> 03:27:59,900
let's understand. 
Just how vast his Ambitions were

3868
03:27:59,900 --> 03:28:03,200
and how many people told him he 
was absolutely out of his mind. 

3869
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:07,500
Christopher Columbus or 
Christopher Columbus, 

3870
03:28:07,500 --> 03:28:12,400
Christopher O'Connor in his 
native Italian or Cristobal 

3871
03:28:12,400 --> 03:28:15,900
Colon Cristobal. 
Lorne in the Spanish. 

3872
03:28:15,900 --> 03:28:18,400
He adopted was not the kind of 
person. 

3873
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:20,200
You'd expect to change world 
history. 

3874
03:28:21,400 --> 03:28:26,600
He was born around 1451 in 
general, are a bustling Italian 

3875
03:28:26,600 --> 03:28:28,900
port city to a family of wolves 
Weavers. 

3876
03:28:29,500 --> 03:28:32,400
Not poor exactly. 
But definitely working class by 

3877
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,600
the standards of the day. 
Young Christopher didn't want to

3878
03:28:35,608 --> 03:28:37,300
spend his life working with 
wool. 

3879
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:41,300
He was drawn to the sea with the
kind of magnetic attraction that

3880
03:28:41,300 --> 03:28:43,200
some people feel for certain 
callings. 

3881
03:28:44,200 --> 03:28:48,000
By his twenties, he was working 
as a merchant sailor, traveling 

3882
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:51,100
the Mediterranean, and learning 
the Practical, realities of 

3883
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:54,800
navigation, where the patterns, 
and how to keep a wooden ship 

3884
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:58,600
from sinking, which was a 
surprisingly complicated task. 

3885
03:29:00,200 --> 03:29:02,700
What may Columbus different from
other Sailors wasn't. 

3886
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:05,900
His navigational skill though, 
he was certainly competent. 

3887
03:29:05,900 --> 03:29:09,400
But rather his obsessive 
conviction that he had figured 

3888
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:11,300
something out that everyone else
had missed. 

3889
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:15,100
He believed he could reach Asia 
by sailing west across the 

3890
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:18,400
Atlantic and that this route 
would be shorter and easier than

3891
03:29:18,400 --> 03:29:22,300
going around Africa. 
Now, here's where things get 

3892
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,000
interesting. 
Columbus wasn't exactly wrong 

3893
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:28,400
about the world being round, but
he was spectacularly. 

3894
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:31,600
Wrong about its size. 
He had studied various 

3895
03:29:31,600 --> 03:29:35,000
geographical texts, including 
the works of the ancient Greek 

3896
03:29:35,000 --> 03:29:38,800
astronomer Ptolemy tolerate, and
the medieval traveler Marco 

3897
03:29:38,800 --> 03:29:40,300
Polo. 
Marco Polo. 

3898
03:29:41,600 --> 03:29:45,200
Based on his reading and a fair 
bit of Wishful Thinking Columbus

3899
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:48,500
calculated that the distance 
from the Canary Islands to Japan

3900
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:53,800
was about 2,400 nautical miles. 
The actual distance is more like

3901
03:29:53,800 --> 03:29:58,000
12,000 nautical miles, Columbus 
was off by a factor of five, 

3902
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:00,400
which in navigation, terms is 
like thinking. 

3903
03:30:00,400 --> 03:30:04,000
Your local grocery store is a 
5-minute walk when it's actually

3904
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:07,300
in a different state most 
educated people of the time. 

3905
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:09,400
New Columbus's calculations were
wrong. 

3906
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:12,800
When he first pitched his idea 
to Portuguese King John the 

3907
03:30:12,808 --> 03:30:16,300
second the king assembled, a 
committee of mathematical and 

3908
03:30:16,300 --> 03:30:19,500
geographical experts who 
basically told him, thanks. 

3909
03:30:19,500 --> 03:30:22,200
But this gentleman has no idea 
what he's talking about. 

3910
03:30:23,500 --> 03:30:26,600
The Portuguese were polite about
it but their message was clear. 

3911
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:30,700
Columbus's plan would result in 
ships, running out of food and 

3912
03:30:30,700 --> 03:30:34,800
water long before reaching Asia 
leading to the crew dying 

3913
03:30:34,800 --> 03:30:36,500
miserably in the middle of the 
ocean. 

3914
03:30:37,400 --> 03:30:39,400
Not the kind of investment, that
makes sense. 

3915
03:30:40,500 --> 03:30:42,800
Undeterred and Columbus was 
nothing. 

3916
03:30:42,800 --> 03:30:45,700
If not stubborn, he took his 
proposal to Spain. 

3917
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:51,200
This was around 1485 and Spain 
was still busy with the Granada 

3918
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:54,400
campaign. 
Ferdinand and Isabella heard him

3919
03:30:54,408 --> 03:30:55,300
out. 
But weren't immediately 

3920
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:57,800
convinced. 
They formed their own Committee 

3921
03:30:57,800 --> 03:31:02,100
of experts who spent years 
studying Columbus's proposal and

3922
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:05,000
came to essentially the same 
conclusion as the Portuguese. 

3923
03:31:05,000 --> 03:31:07,900
The man's geography was deeply 
flawed. 

3924
03:31:08,800 --> 03:31:11,500
But here's where Columbus's 
personality becomes crucial to 

3925
03:31:11,500 --> 03:31:14,100
our story. 
He wasn't the kind of person who

3926
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:18,600
accepted know as a final answer.
He kept pushing kept refining. 

3927
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:22,300
His pitch and kept showing up at
Court like that one relative who

3928
03:31:22,300 --> 03:31:24,700
won't stop talking about their 
business idea, at family, 

3929
03:31:24,700 --> 03:31:29,100
gatherings, He was persistent to
the point of being annoying, but

3930
03:31:29,100 --> 03:31:32,200
that persistent was precisely 
what his plan required. 

3931
03:31:33,100 --> 03:31:36,600
Columbus, spent years in Spain, 
waiting petitioning and 

3932
03:31:36,600 --> 03:31:40,000
gradually making connections. 
He wasn't wealthy or 

3933
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:43,500
particularly, well born, but he 
had a gift for self-promotion. 

3934
03:31:43,500 --> 03:31:46,600
That would make modern Marketing
Executives jealous. 

3935
03:31:47,300 --> 03:31:49,300
He dressed. 
Well carried himself with 

3936
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:52,700
confidence and spoke about his 
plans with such conviction. 

3937
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:56,000
That some people started to 
believe him despite the 

3938
03:31:56,000 --> 03:31:58,000
mathematical evidence suggesting
otherwise. 

3939
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:02,100
During these years of waiting 
Columbus developed a quasi, 

3940
03:32:02,100 --> 03:32:05,500
religious interpretation of his 
mission. he began to see 

3941
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:09,100
himself, not just as an Explorer
seeking a shorter trade route, 

3942
03:32:09,100 --> 03:32:12,600
but as someone destined to 
spread Christianity to distant 

3943
03:32:12,600 --> 03:32:17,000
lands, this wasn't unusual for 
the time religious and 

3944
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,000
Commercial motivations were 
thoroughly mixed in 15th century

3945
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:24,400
European thinking. 
But for Columbus, this religious

3946
03:32:24,400 --> 03:32:26,600
Dimension became increasingly 
important. 

3947
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:30,600
He was in his own mind, doing 
God's work as much as the 

3948
03:32:30,600 --> 03:32:34,200
monarchs work. 
The Breakthrough came in 1492 

3949
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:38,000
shortly after Granada fell. 
With the Reconquista complete 

3950
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:41,600
Ferdinand and Isabella suddenly 
had time attention. 

3951
03:32:41,600 --> 03:32:44,000
And perhaps some surplus funds 
available. 

3952
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:48,400
More importantly, they were in 
that dangerous cycle state where

3953
03:32:48,400 --> 03:32:51,100
recent success makes you more 
willing to take risks. 

3954
03:32:52,000 --> 03:32:54,700
They just accomplished something
that had taken their ancestors 

3955
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:57,600
centuries. 
Maybe this generally sailor with

3956
03:32:57,608 --> 03:33:01,300
his grand, plan wasn't so crazy.
After all the terms Columbus, 

3957
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:05,400
negotiated reveal either, 
tremendous self-confidence or 

3958
03:33:05,400 --> 03:33:08,400
spectacular or dacy depending on
your perspective. 

3959
03:33:09,700 --> 03:33:12,100
He demanded. 
Not just funding for the voyage 

3960
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,200
but also titles and privileges 
that seemed absurdly 

3961
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:18,700
presumptuous. 
He wanted to be named admiral of

3962
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:21,400
the ocean, sea governor of any 
land. 

3963
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:25,500
He discovered and received 10% 
of all wealth generated from his

3964
03:33:25,500 --> 03:33:28,400
discoveries. 
And he wanted these privileges 

3965
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:31,800
to be hereditary passing to his 
children and grandchildren. 

3966
03:33:32,700 --> 03:33:35,100
Most people approaching monarchs
with a business proposal. 

3967
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:39,600
Don't start by demanding Noble 
titles and a significant cut of 

3968
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:43,700
hypothetical future profits. 
But Columbus wasn't most people 

3969
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:48,300
and somehow remarkably Ferdinand
and Isabella agreed to his 

3970
03:33:48,308 --> 03:33:50,400
terms. 
Perhaps, they figured that if 

3971
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:53,000
the voyage fail the titles would
be meaningless anyway. 

3972
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:58,700
If it succeeded, well, they deal
with the consequences there by 

3973
03:33:58,700 --> 03:34:01,500
April 1492. 
Everything was in Place. 

3974
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:05,400
Columbus, had his commission, 
his titles and most importantly,

3975
03:34:05,400 --> 03:34:08,800
his funding Now, can the 
Practical work of actually 

3976
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:12,000
assembling an expedition capable
of sailing into the unknown, 

3977
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,300
Atlantic Ocean, and hopefully 
returning to tell about it. 

3978
03:34:16,800 --> 03:34:19,300
Imagine you've just been given 
permission to attempt something 

3979
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:21,300
that most experts think is 
impossible. 

3980
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:24,900
Will probably kill you and 
requires convincing other people

3981
03:34:24,900 --> 03:34:27,400
to come along and risk their 
lives on your questionable 

3982
03:34:27,400 --> 03:34:30,800
mathematics. 
That was Columbus's situation in

3983
03:34:30,800 --> 03:34:33,900
the spring of 1492 and he 
approached it with the 

3984
03:34:33,908 --> 03:34:37,600
methodical efficiency of someone
who spent decades preparing for 

3985
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:41,800
exactly this opportunity. 
The first challenge was ships, 

3986
03:34:41,800 --> 03:34:45,300
Columbus needed vessels that 
were seaworthy enough to handle 

3987
03:34:45,300 --> 03:34:48,400
Atlantic conditions, large 
enough to carry supplies for 

3988
03:34:48,400 --> 03:34:51,700
what might be a very long Voyage
yet small enough to be 

3989
03:34:51,700 --> 03:34:54,700
maneuvered and maintained by 
relatively small Crews. 

3990
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:58,900
After some searching, he secured
three ships from the port? 

3991
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,400
Town of Palos p. 
A h l, o, s. 

3992
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:08,200
The largest was the Santa Maria 
Santa Maria, which served as 

3993
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:10,800
Columbus's Flagship. 
She was a Now. 

3994
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:14,700
Now, a type of cargo vessel that
was sturdy but not particularly 

3995
03:35:14,700 --> 03:35:18,200
fast or maneuverable. 
The Santa Maria was probably 

3996
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:21,900
around 60 feet long, about the 
length of a modern bowling lane 

3997
03:35:21,900 --> 03:35:25,600
and could carry perhaps 40 crew 
members along with months of 

3998
03:35:25,600 --> 03:35:28,600
supplies. 
She wasn't Beautiful by anyone's

3999
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:31,200
standards. 
Medieval ships were built for 

4000
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,900
function rather than elegant 
with high Castle's at the bow 

4001
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:39,400
and Stern that made them look 
Top heavy and awkward. the other

4002
03:35:39,408 --> 03:35:44,200
two ships were caravels 
caravels, the Pinter Pinta and 

4003
03:35:44,200 --> 03:35:50,100
the caravels were smaller and 
faster than now with triangular 

4004
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:54,000
Latin sails that allowed them to
sail closer to the wind, they 

4005
03:35:54,000 --> 03:35:57,500
were the sports cars of 15th 
century, Maritime technology 

4006
03:35:57,500 --> 03:36:01,500
quicker, more responsive. 
And generally more fun to sail 

4007
03:36:01,500 --> 03:36:04,500
though, less spacious and 
comfortable than larger vessels.

4008
03:36:05,600 --> 03:36:09,000
Finding ships was relatively 
easy compared to finding Crews? 

4009
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:12,200
Word had gotten around Palos 
that some Jenna. 

4010
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,400
We sailor wanted to recruit men 
for avoid into the Atlantic with

4011
03:36:15,400 --> 03:36:19,000
no clear destination. 
This was not an attractive job 

4012
03:36:19,000 --> 03:36:21,900
posting. 
Sailors of the era were tough 

4013
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:25,900
experience men who made their 
living understanding risk, and 

4014
03:36:25,900 --> 03:36:29,200
most of them thought Columbus's 
plans, sounded like an elaborate

4015
03:36:29,200 --> 03:36:33,200
form of suicide. 
Columbus had helped recruiting 

4016
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:37,300
though from the pins on pinzone 
Brothers, particularly Martin 

4017
03:36:37,300 --> 03:36:42,800
Lawrence on Martina Zone and 
experience, local Captain whose 

4018
03:36:42,800 --> 03:36:47,200
reputation helped legitimize the
expedition When pins on agreed 

4019
03:36:47,200 --> 03:36:50,600
to Captain the Pinter, other 
Sailors started to reconsider. 

4020
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:54,800
If someone is capable as pins on
thought, this Voyage was worth 

4021
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:57,300
attempting. 
Perhaps, it wasn't complete 

4022
03:36:57,300 --> 03:37:00,600
Madness. 
The crews they assembled were a 

4023
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:02,500
fascinating. 
Cross-section of late medieval 

4024
03:37:02,500 --> 03:37:05,500
Society. 
There were experienced Sailors 

4025
03:37:05,500 --> 03:37:08,400
who had spent their lives, 
reading weather and waves, young

4026
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:10,400
men seeking adventure and 
wealth. 

4027
03:37:10,900 --> 03:37:13,900
A few minor criminals who had 
been offered pardons in exchange

4028
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:17,400
for joining the voyage. 
And Specialists like the fleet 

4029
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:21,200
surgeon Carpenter and Cooper. 
A person who maintained the 

4030
03:37:21,200 --> 03:37:24,500
water barrels, which was an 
absolutely critical job. 

4031
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:27,000
Provisions for the voyage 
required. 

4032
03:37:27,000 --> 03:37:31,800
Careful calculation, two little 
food and they'd starve too much 

4033
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:34,500
and the ships would be 
dangerously overloaded. 

4034
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:38,700
They loaded ship's biscuit a 
rock hard bread. 

4035
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:41,800
That could last for months 
without spoiling though. 

4036
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:44,900
It tended to develop weevils 
that crunch between your teeth. 

4037
03:37:45,800 --> 03:37:49,800
There were barrels of salted. 
Meat and Fish dried legumes 

4038
03:37:49,800 --> 03:37:52,600
cheese, olive oil, wine and 
water. 

4039
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:56,400
Fresh food was impossible to 
preserve for long voyages. 

4040
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,100
So after a few weeks at Sea, 
everyone would be living on 

4041
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:04,800
preserved foods that tasted 
increasingly unappealing The 

4042
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:08,300
ships also carried live animals,
chickens for fresh eggs. 

4043
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,400
A few pigs in case they needed 
fresh meat and the ships cats 

4044
03:38:12,400 --> 03:38:16,900
whose job was killing rats. 
Medieval ships, always had rats,

4045
03:38:16,900 --> 03:38:20,500
which ate stored food, chewed 
through ropes and generally made

4046
03:38:20,500 --> 03:38:24,400
nuisances of themselves. 
The cats were valued crew, 

4047
03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:26,900
members whose contributions to 
the voyage were just as 

4048
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,400
important as any sailors. 
Navigation equipment, was 

4049
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:32,300
relatively simple. 
By modern standards. 

4050
03:38:33,200 --> 03:38:36,300
Columbus had magnetic compasses 
for determining Direction 

4051
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:38,300
though. 
Everyone knew they didn't point 

4052
03:38:38,300 --> 03:38:41,300
exactly North and you had to 
adjust for this era. 

4053
03:38:42,300 --> 03:38:46,800
For determining latitude, how 
far, north or south you were, he

4054
03:38:46,800 --> 03:38:51,100
could use an asteroid Asus true 
labor quadrant to measure the 

4055
03:38:51,108 --> 03:38:53,900
angle of the Sun or north star 
above the horizon. 

4056
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,200
These instruments required clear
skies and steady hands. 

4057
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:01,600
And even when used perfectly, 
they were only accurate to 

4058
03:39:01,608 --> 03:39:05,900
within a degree or two. 
Determining longitude how far 

4059
03:39:05,900 --> 03:39:09,800
east or Westwood travel was 
essentially impossible with 15th

4060
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:12,700
century technology. 
The best you could do was 

4061
03:39:12,700 --> 03:39:16,300
estimate based on your speed and
direction the technique called 

4062
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:19,200
dead reckoning, that required 
educated guessing and 

4063
03:39:19,200 --> 03:39:22,900
accumulated errors rapidly. 
Columbus would be sailing into 

4064
03:39:22,900 --> 03:39:26,600
the unknown with only a vague 
idea of where he was and no 

4065
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:28,800
reliable way to know how far 
he'd gone. 

4066
03:39:29,600 --> 03:39:32,700
The expedition was scheduled to 
depart from Palos on, August, 

4067
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:36,700
3rd, 1492. 
In the days before departure 

4068
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:41,000
there must have been a strange 
mixture of excitement, anxiety, 

4069
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:46,100
and last minute preparations. 
Sailor said goodbye to families.

4070
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:49,900
They might never see again. 
Supplies were loaded and checked

4071
03:39:49,900 --> 03:39:53,900
and loaded again. 
Columbus reviewed his charts and

4072
03:39:53,908 --> 03:39:56,400
calculations one more time 
though. 

4073
03:39:56,400 --> 03:39:59,000
By this point he probably had 
the memorized. 

4074
03:40:00,000 --> 03:40:03,800
Night before departure Columbus 
and his men attended a final 

4075
03:40:03,800 --> 03:40:06,800
Mass asking for divine 
protection on their Journey. 

4076
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:09,700
This wasn't just religious 
convention. 

4077
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:12,200
They were genuinely afraid of 
what layer ahead. 

4078
03:40:13,000 --> 03:40:14,900
The Atlantic Ocean was known to 
Europeans. 

4079
03:40:14,900 --> 03:40:16,800
Mostly through rumors and 
occasional. 

4080
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:19,500
Fishing Expeditions, that didn't
Venture far from Shore. 

4081
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:23,500
What Columbus proposed was 
sailing directly into that. 

4082
03:40:23,500 --> 03:40:27,700
Vast blue mystery, trusting the 
eventually they'd find land on 

4083
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:32,000
the other side. on the morning 
of August 3rd with the tide 

4084
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,400
turning favorable and wind from 
the right direction, the three 

4085
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:38,400
ships raised their anchors and 
began moving toward the harbor 

4086
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:43,100
mouth Families gathered on Shore
to watch them leave waving and 

4087
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:46,500
probably praying. 
The ships were small enough that

4088
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:49,300
you could still see individual 
people on Deck as they passed 

4089
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:53,200
into the open ocean and turned 
South toward the Canary Islands 

4090
03:40:53,200 --> 03:40:55,900
their last stop before heading 
into the unknown. 

4091
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:59,900
And with that the voyage that 
would change world history began

4092
03:40:59,900 --> 03:41:04,500
not with drama or Fanfare, but 
with creaking wood snapping 

4093
03:41:04,500 --> 03:41:08,600
canvas and the ordinary work of 
sailing that these men had done 

4094
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:11,900
hundreds of times before except 
this time. 

4095
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:15,700
They were sailing toward a 
destination that existed only in

4096
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:20,200
Columbus's imagination. 
The journey to the Canary 

4097
03:41:20,200 --> 03:41:23,400
Islands was routine. 
These were well known Waters 

4098
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:26,100
that Spanish and Portuguese 
Sailors have been navigating for

4099
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:28,900
decades. 
The three ships reached the 

4100
03:41:28,900 --> 03:41:32,100
islands in about a week and 
there they stopped for repairs 

4101
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:35,800
and final preparation. 
The Pinter had developed Rudder 

4102
03:41:35,800 --> 03:41:39,200
problems that needed fixing and 
everyone wanted to make sure all

4103
03:41:39,200 --> 03:41:42,200
equipment was in perfect 
condition before heading into 

4104
03:41:42,200 --> 03:41:45,800
the true unknown. 
They Departed the Canary Islands

4105
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:49,400
on September 6th. 
Sailing west in to the Atlantic 

4106
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:53,300
with favorable winds filling 
their sails for you sitting 

4107
03:41:53,300 --> 03:41:56,900
comfortably in the 21st century.
It's hard to imagine what those 

4108
03:41:56,900 --> 03:42:00,400
first days must have felt like 
these men were leaving behind 

4109
03:42:00,400 --> 03:42:03,900
everything familiar and sailing 
toward nothing certain. 

4110
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:08,000
The last sight of land 
disappeared behind them and a 

4111
03:42:08,000 --> 03:42:09,800
head. 
Lay only water extending to the 

4112
03:42:09,808 --> 03:42:14,600
Horizon in every direction. 
The Rhythm of Life at Sea in, 

4113
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:17,100
4092 had a certain Timeless 
quality. 

4114
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:21,600
Days began Before Dawn, when the
nightwatch would be relieved by 

4115
03:42:21,608 --> 03:42:24,600
fresh sailors. 
The ships boy, would turn the 

4116
03:42:24,600 --> 03:42:29,900
Ampere litter and Paul yeastar. 
The half-hour glass that marked 

4117
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:32,600
time. 
And sing out a traditional verse

4118
03:42:32,600 --> 03:42:35,900
to Mark the new watch. 
Breakfast might be ships and 

4119
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:39,200
biscuits softened in wine 
perhaps with some cheese or 

4120
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:41,700
olives. 
If you were lucky, During the 

4121
03:42:41,700 --> 03:42:44,800
day, there was always work to be
done sales needed. 

4122
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:49,100
Adjusting as win conditions 
changed ropes, required constant

4123
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:54,500
attention, they stretched frayed
and needed replacing The ship's 

4124
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:57,200
Hull had to be pumped regularly 
because Wooden Ships, always 

4125
03:42:57,200 --> 03:42:59,300
leaked. 
At least a little and that water

4126
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:01,400
had to be removed before it 
accumulated. 

4127
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:06,000
Men took turns at these tasks 
breaking, the monotony of 

4128
03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:09,500
sailing with the satisfaction of
keeping their vessel in good 

4129
03:43:09,500 --> 03:43:11,100
order. 
Columbus. 

4130
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:14,800
Maintained a careful of the 
voyage noting wind conditions, 

4131
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:19,400
estimated distance is traveled 
and anyone unusual observations.

4132
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:24,400
Interestingly kept two versions 
of his Reckoning one that showed

4133
03:43:24,400 --> 03:43:28,400
his true estimate of how far 
they traveled and another short 

4134
03:43:28,400 --> 03:43:30,200
of version that he shared with 
the crew. 

4135
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,100
The idea was to prevent them 
from becoming too anxious about 

4136
03:43:34,100 --> 03:43:35,600
how far they'd ventured from 
home. 

4137
03:43:36,800 --> 03:43:40,200
Whether this deception actually 
fooled, anyone is debatable 

4138
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:43,200
experienced Sailors, could judge
distances. 

4139
03:43:43,200 --> 03:43:46,600
Pretty accurately, just by 
watching the water slide past 

4140
03:43:46,600 --> 03:43:49,200
the hull. 
The weather during those first 

4141
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:53,900
weeks was remarkably Cooperative
the trade winds, reliable, 

4142
03:43:53,900 --> 03:43:57,200
easterly winds, that blow across
the Atlantic at certain 

4143
03:43:57,200 --> 03:43:59,100
latitudes. 
Push them. 

4144
03:43:59,100 --> 03:44:03,000
Steadily Westward. 
The ocean was relatively calm 

4145
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:06,400
with gentle swells, that rock 
the ships but didn't threaten 

4146
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:09,000
them. 
For Sailors accustomed to the 

4147
03:44:09,008 --> 03:44:12,100
temperamental Mediterranean or 
the storm in North Atlantic. 

4148
03:44:12,100 --> 03:44:17,000
This steady mild weather must 
have seemed almost suspiciously 

4149
03:44:17,000 --> 03:44:20,100
Pleasant. 
But as days turned into weeks, 

4150
03:44:20,100 --> 03:44:23,700
with no sign of land anxiety, 
began to grow. 

4151
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,000
By late September, they'd been 
sailing west for nearly three 

4152
03:44:28,000 --> 03:44:32,100
weeks longer than most Sailors 
had ever been completely out of 

4153
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,500
sight of land. 
The crew started noticing small 

4154
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:38,700
signs and interpreting them as 
evidence that land must be near.

4155
03:44:39,500 --> 03:44:43,000
A bird flying past, became proof
that land was just over the 

4156
03:44:43,000 --> 03:44:46,000
horizon. 
Floating seaweed suggested 

4157
03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:50,400
nearby Shores, even changes in 
cloud formations were analyzed 

4158
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:53,600
for hints of land. 
Columbus was careful to note. 

4159
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,800
These signs in his log, 
sometimes with more optimism 

4160
03:44:56,800 --> 03:45:00,600
than the evidence warranted. 
part of this was genuine belief,

4161
03:45:00,600 --> 03:45:05,000
he expected to reach Asia any 
day now based on his faulty 

4162
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:08,900
calculations part was 
leadership, keeping the crews 

4163
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,100
hopeful and focused on the goal 
rather than their growing fears.

4164
03:45:13,100 --> 03:45:15,500
Food remained adequate but was 
becoming monotonous. 

4165
03:45:16,500 --> 03:45:18,500
Fresh Provisions. 
From the Canary Islands were 

4166
03:45:18,500 --> 03:45:21,200
long gone. 
Everyone was living on ship's 

4167
03:45:21,200 --> 03:45:22,900
biscuit. 
Salted meat that had to be 

4168
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:26,900
soaked in water before. 
It was chewable dried beans and 

4169
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:29,800
endless water that tasted 
increasingly of the wooden 

4170
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,800
barrels that held it. 
There was wine too though. 

4171
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:36,200
It was carefully rationed. 
Trunk Sailors, were dangerous 

4172
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:38,900
Sailors, especially when you 
were in the middle of an ocean 

4173
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:42,700
with no landmarks. 
Ships maintained visual contact 

4174
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:46,000
with each other during the day. 
Sailing close enough to see each

4175
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:50,000
other sails at night, they would
hang lanterns to mark their 

4176
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:52,800
positions. 
Columbus had give him strict 

4177
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:54,600
orders that the ship should stay
together. 

4178
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:58,800
If one developed problems or 
made an important Discovery, the

4179
03:45:58,800 --> 03:46:00,200
others needed to know 
immediately. 

4180
03:46:01,200 --> 03:46:04,000
Sometimes in the evening when 
weather permitted Sailors would 

4181
03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:07,500
shout back and forth between 
vessels, sharing news and 

4182
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:09,900
maintaining the social 
connections that help preserve 

4183
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,400
morale. 
As October arrived and they 

4184
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,700
entered their fifth week at Sea.
The mood was becoming tense. 

4185
03:46:16,700 --> 03:46:19,800
There had been false alarms 
where someone thought they saw 

4186
03:46:19,800 --> 03:46:22,000
land. 
Only to realize it was just 

4187
03:46:22,000 --> 03:46:25,000
clouds on the horizon or trick 
of light on water. 

4188
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:28,400
Each disappointment, made the 
next alarm less credible. 

4189
03:46:29,200 --> 03:46:31,700
Men began to wonder quietly at 
first. 

4190
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:35,700
Then more openly for the 
Columbus actually knew where he 

4191
03:46:35,708 --> 03:46:38,400
was going. 
Columbus himself must have been 

4192
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:40,500
experienced in private doubts, 
though. 

4193
03:46:40,500 --> 03:46:43,700
He couldn't show them. 
Leaders in crisis, can't afford 

4194
03:46:43,700 --> 03:46:46,600
the luxury of openly questioning
their own decisions. 

4195
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:50,900
Each day, he would take his 
readings, consult his charts. 

4196
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:55,100
Make his calculations and assure
everyone that Asia must be 

4197
03:46:55,108 --> 03:47:00,800
closed now very close any day 
now. ships were well-built and 

4198
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:04,000
well maintained, but they were 
experiencing the normal wear 

4199
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,800
that any vessel endures after 
weeks at sea, Small leaks. 

4200
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,700
Required more frequent pumping. 
Sales developed tears, that 

4201
03:47:11,700 --> 03:47:15,700
needed, patching, ropes 
stretched, and frayed nothing 

4202
03:47:15,700 --> 03:47:18,400
catastrophic. 
But the cumulative effect 

4203
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:21,600
reminded everyone, that these 
were old wooden vessels held 

4204
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:25,500
together with tar, rope and hope
carrying them across an ocean 

4205
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:27,300
whose extent. 
They had severely 

4206
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:31,700
underestimated. 
On October 10th more than a 

4207
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:35,000
month after leaving the 
canaries, there was a kind of 

4208
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:38,600
confrontation with crew members 
demanding, that they turn back. 

4209
03:47:39,600 --> 03:47:42,600
Columbus's response. 
According to his log was to 

4210
03:47:42,600 --> 03:47:45,400
promise that if they didn't find
land in the next few days, they 

4211
03:47:45,400 --> 03:47:49,000
would indeed return home. 
Whether This Promise was genuine

4212
03:47:49,000 --> 03:47:51,200
or just to stalling tactic is 
unclear. 

4213
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:54,900
What is clear is that Columbus 
bought himself a little more 

4214
03:47:54,900 --> 03:47:57,900
time and that time would prove 
to be exactly enough. 

4215
03:47:58,600 --> 03:48:02,400
The night of October 11th was 
clear with a Moon bright enough 

4216
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:05,900
to illuminate the ocean. 
The ship's continued sailing 

4217
03:48:05,900 --> 03:48:09,800
west on a Full Sail, pushed by 
Steady Tradewinds, that had 

4218
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:13,600
barely varied in the weeks. 
The watch was changed regularly 

4219
03:48:13,600 --> 03:48:17,200
with fresh Sailors, taking their
positions while tired ones went 

4220
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:20,000
below to rest. 
So probably few men were 

4221
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:23,100
actually sleeping. 
Everyone sensed that something 

4222
03:48:23,100 --> 03:48:26,000
was about to happen. 
Around 10 p.m. 

4223
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:29,600
Columbus thought he saw a light 
in the distance, something like 

4224
03:48:29,600 --> 03:48:33,700
a candle moving up and down. 
He called others to look but the

4225
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:36,500
light disappeared before anyone 
could confirm what it might have

4226
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:39,600
been. 
Was it real or just wishful 

4227
03:48:39,600 --> 03:48:42,900
thinking? 
Columbus, noted it in his log 

4228
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:44,900
but didn't make any dramatic 
announcements. 

4229
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:49,400
A leader who cried land, too. 
Often would lose all 

4230
03:48:49,400 --> 03:48:53,200
credibility. 
The real Discovery came at 2 

4231
03:48:53,200 --> 03:48:58,200
a.m. on October 12th. 
Rodrigo de Triana Rodrigo de 

4232
03:48:58,200 --> 03:49:01,900
tree, Anna, a sailor. 
Keeping watch on the Pinter saw 

4233
03:49:01,900 --> 03:49:03,900
something darker than the night.
Sky ahead. 

4234
03:49:04,700 --> 03:49:07,100
A solid shadow that didn't move 
like waves. 

4235
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,200
He shouted, the words that 
everyone had been waiting to 

4236
03:49:10,200 --> 03:49:14,800
hear. 
Tiara Tiara land land land. 

4237
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:19,800
The Pinter fired a cannon to 
Signal the other ships that boom

4238
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:22,200
echoing across. 
The Dark Water must have, woken,

4239
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:24,900
anyone who was sleeping and sent
everyone else. 

4240
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:26,700
Rushing to the rails to see for 
themselves. 

4241
03:49:26,708 --> 03:49:30,600
Yes. 
There it was and unmistakable 

4242
03:49:30,600 --> 03:49:34,500
dark Mass ahead of them, the 
silhouette of land against the 

4243
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:37,700
Starlit sky. 
Columbus immediately ordered the

4244
03:49:37,700 --> 03:49:41,800
sales reduced in darkness. 
Approaching unknown Shores was 

4245
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:45,500
extremely dangerous. 
There might be reefs sand bars 

4246
03:49:45,500 --> 03:49:48,300
or rocks that could tear open a 
ship's Hull in seconds. 

4247
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:52,300
Better to heave to, and wait for
Dawn than risk everything when 

4248
03:49:52,300 --> 03:49:53,600
they were so close to their 
goal. 

4249
03:49:54,800 --> 03:49:58,000
So the three ships bobbed in the
gentle swells, just offshore 

4250
03:49:58,000 --> 03:50:02,500
everyone awakened excited, 
waiting for Sunrise to reveal 

4251
03:50:02,500 --> 03:50:05,800
what they had found. 
As Dawn broke on October the 

4252
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:10,200
12th 1492. 
The crews of the Santa Maria 

4253
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:13,800
Pinter and Nina saw before them 
alone. 

4254
03:50:13,800 --> 03:50:16,500
Green Island, fringed with white
beaches. 

4255
03:50:17,400 --> 03:50:20,900
The water was a brilliant 
turquoise so clear, you could 

4256
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,700
see the Sandy Bottom palm trees 
swayed in the warm breeze. 

4257
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:29,100
Birds weed overhead. 
After more than a month of 

4258
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:32,100
seeing nothing but ocean, the 
sight of land. 

4259
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:37,500
Any land must have seemed almost
miraculous What they had found 

4260
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:40,400
was a small island in what we 
now, call the Bahamas. 

4261
03:50:41,400 --> 03:50:46,400
The native people called it. 
Guanahani, guanahani. 

4262
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:50,800
Local Columbus would rename it. 
San Salvador, San Salvador. 

4263
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:53,100
Meaning. 
Holy Savior in Spanish. 

4264
03:50:54,100 --> 03:50:56,500
The Spanish lowered boats, and 
rowed ashore. 

4265
03:50:57,300 --> 03:51:00,300
Columbus dressed in his finest 
clothing and carrying the Royal 

4266
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:03,700
Banner stepped onto the beach 
and formally claimed the island 

4267
03:51:03,700 --> 03:51:07,800
for Ferdinand and Isabella. 
The planted across and had a 

4268
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:10,500
notary record the entire 
proceeding in proper legal 

4269
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:13,300
language. 
From the Spanish perspective. 

4270
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,500
This ceremony transformed 
unknown Wilderness into Spanish 

4271
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:19,700
territory though. 
Of course, the Taino people who 

4272
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:21,600
had been living there for 
Generations, might have had 

4273
03:51:21,600 --> 03:51:24,200
opinions about this if anyone 
had bothered to ask them. 

4274
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,400
speaking of the Taino, they 
emerged from the forest 

4275
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:31,400
cautiously curious about these 
strange visitors who had arrived

4276
03:51:31,400 --> 03:51:35,800
in enormous boats with white 
wings, The time now were a 

4277
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:39,200
sophisticated people with their 
own complex culture, Agriculture

4278
03:51:39,200 --> 03:51:42,800
and social organization, the 
wall little clothing, the 

4279
03:51:42,800 --> 03:51:46,600
Caribbean climate didn't require
it and decorated their bodies 

4280
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:50,900
with paint and ornaments. 
To Spanish Eyes, accustomed to 

4281
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:54,700
layers of wool and leather this 
seemed exotic and somewhat 

4282
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:56,200
shocking. 
Columbus. 

4283
03:51:56,200 --> 03:51:59,400
Tried to communicate through 
gestures establishing that you 

4284
03:51:59,408 --> 03:52:02,200
can convey basic ideas without 
shared language. 

4285
03:52:03,000 --> 03:52:05,800
The understanding anything 
complex or nuanced was 

4286
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,700
impossible. 
Taino were friendly and curious 

4287
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:13,600
bringing Gifts of parrots, 
cotton thread and darts to trade

4288
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:16,600
for the glass beads and Brass 
Bells the Spanish offered. 

4289
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:20,100
Both sides thought they were 
getting a tremendous bargain, 

4290
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:24,200
the Taino valued the novel 
European Goods, while Columbus, 

4291
03:52:24,200 --> 03:52:26,800
thought the cotton thread and 
gold ornaments. 

4292
03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:29,400
The Taino war was signs of 
greater wealth nearby. 

4293
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:33,700
Over the following days and 
weeks, Columbus would Island hop

4294
03:52:33,700 --> 03:52:36,700
through the Bahamas and along 
the coast of Cuba and 

4295
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:40,000
Hispaniola. 
Panola now Haiti and the 

4296
03:52:40,008 --> 03:52:42,700
Dominican Republic. 
Always searching for the 

4297
03:52:42,700 --> 03:52:45,200
wealthy. 
Asian civilization, he expected 

4298
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:48,800
to find. 
He kept asking in gestures where

4299
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:53,200
he could find gold spice's and 
the great cities he'd read about

4300
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:56,900
in Marco Polo's accounts. 
The Taino kept pointing him 

4301
03:52:56,900 --> 03:52:59,600
onward to other Islands, 
possibly, because they had some 

4302
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:02,700
gold or because they were 
diplomatically trying to send 

4303
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:04,400
these persistent strangers 
somewhere else. 

4304
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:08,500
Columbus interpreted every 
gesture as confirmation that he 

4305
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:11,300
was getting closer to the wealth
of Asia, though. 

4306
03:53:11,300 --> 03:53:14,700
In reality, he was exploring 
Islands whose inhabitants lived 

4307
03:53:14,700 --> 03:53:18,100
in sustainable balance with 
their environment and had little

4308
03:53:18,100 --> 03:53:21,000
interest in accumulating the 
kind of mineral wealth that 

4309
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:24,700
obsessed Europeans. 
The landscape Columbus explored 

4310
03:53:24,700 --> 03:53:27,600
was beautiful in ways that his 
European experience hadn't 

4311
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:31,700
prepared him for. 
The Caribbean in October is warm

4312
03:53:31,700 --> 03:53:35,200
but not oppressively hot with a 
reliable trade, winds, that keep

4313
03:53:35,200 --> 03:53:38,200
the air moving. 
The water is remarkably clear. 

4314
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:42,400
Teeming with colorful fish that 
must have amazed Sailors 

4315
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:46,200
accustomed to the murky Waters 
of European coasts. 

4316
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:49,200
The forest was dense with 
vegetation. 

4317
03:53:49,200 --> 03:53:53,000
That was simultaneously exotic. 
And Vaguely Familiar. 

4318
03:53:54,000 --> 03:53:58,500
Palm trees they recognized but 
also plants that had no European

4319
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,700
equivalents. 
Columbus's log from this period 

4320
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:04,800
reveal Someone caught between 
one at what he seeing and 

4321
03:54:04,800 --> 03:54:08,500
frustration that it doesn't 
match his expectations, the 

4322
03:54:08,500 --> 03:54:10,900
islands of beautiful. 
Yes, but where are the great 

4323
03:54:10,900 --> 03:54:15,200
cities, the sophisticated 
Commerce, the warehouses full of

4324
03:54:15,208 --> 03:54:19,600
spices, He kept expecting to 
round the next Headland and find

4325
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:21,800
something that looked like his 
imagined Asia. 

4326
03:54:21,800 --> 03:54:26,200
But instead found more Islands, 
more forest and more Villages of

4327
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:28,500
friendly but not particularly 
wealthy people. 

4328
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:32,200
On Christmas Day. 
The Santa Maria ran aground on 

4329
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:36,500
the North Coast of Hispaniola. 
Ship couldn't be saved, though. 

4330
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,000
The crew, and most of the 
supplies were rescued without 

4331
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:41,900
loss of life. 
Columbus took this as a sign 

4332
03:54:41,908 --> 03:54:43,600
that he should establish a 
settlement there. 

4333
03:54:43,600 --> 03:54:50,500
Which he called La Navidad, La 
Navidad the nativity He left 39,

4334
03:54:50,500 --> 03:54:53,500
Men Behind with supplies and 
instructions to build a fort and

4335
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:56,100
search for gold. 
While he prepared to return to 

4336
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:57,900
Spain in the two remaining 
ships. 

4337
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:01,800
The decision to return was 
driven by practical necessity. 

4338
03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:06,100
He needed more supplies, more 
men and needed to report his 

4339
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:08,100
discoveries to Third and 
Isabella. 

4340
03:55:09,100 --> 03:55:11,600
But it was also driven by 
growing concerns about crew 

4341
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:14,400
morale and the seaworthiness of 
his remaining vessels. 

4342
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:19,200
The Nino and Pinter had been at 
sea, for months now and needed. 

4343
03:55:19,200 --> 03:55:21,500
Proper maintenance that could 
not be done on a beach in the 

4344
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:24,400
Caribbean. 
The return Voyage began in 

4345
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:27,800
January 1493 and it was 
immediately clear. 

4346
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:30,100
This wouldn't be as pleasant as 
the outbound Journey. 

4347
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,200
The Tradewinds that had pushed 
them so reliably West were now 

4348
03:55:34,208 --> 03:55:37,700
blowing against them. 
Columbus had to sail North first

4349
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:41,300
to reach the westerlies winds 
that blow from west to east at 

4350
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:44,300
higher latitudes. 
Which meant more time at Sea and

4351
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:47,700
more. 
Wear on already tired, ships and

4352
03:55:47,700 --> 03:55:51,000
cruise. 
The crews were exhausted, the 

4353
03:55:51,000 --> 03:55:54,000
ships were showing their age and
everyone was surviving on 

4354
03:55:54,000 --> 03:55:56,100
increasingly unappetizing 
provisions. 

4355
03:55:56,900 --> 03:55:59,400
But morale was better than on 
the outbound voyage. 

4356
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:03,500
Because now they knew land 
existed out there, they had seen

4357
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:06,300
it and walked on it, and they 
were going home with proof of 

4358
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:09,100
their discoveries. 
Columbus had loaded. 

4359
03:56:09,100 --> 03:56:12,700
The ships with samples of 
plants, including pineapples and

4360
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:15,500
tobacco leaves, as well as live 
parrots. 

4361
03:56:15,500 --> 03:56:18,300
Whose colorful plumage into 
mimics sounds made them. 

4362
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:22,700
Perfect ambassadors from the new
world it also brought several 

4363
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:26,300
Taino people with him, some 
voluntarily and some very much 

4364
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:30,700
not This was standard practice 
for 15th century explorers 

4365
03:56:30,700 --> 03:56:33,700
bringing back. 
Native people to demonstrate to 

4366
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:36,700
monox what you'd found and to 
potentially trained as 

4367
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:41,500
interpreters for future voyages.
The morality of this practice is

4368
03:56:41,500 --> 03:56:45,000
deeply troubling by modern 
standards, but Columbus, didn't 

4369
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:48,900
see it that way. 
In his mind he was introducing 

4370
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:52,500
these people to Christianity in 
European civilization which he 

4371
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,200
believed was self-evidently, 
beneficial for everyone 

4372
03:56:55,200 --> 03:56:57,800
involved. 
The return Voyage was rougher 

4373
03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:00,600
than the journey out. 
February in the North Atlantic 

4374
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:04,800
is not pleasant sailing weather.
ships encountered storms, that 

4375
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:10,000
toss them, like toys testing 
every joint and seal There were 

4376
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:12,900
days when the crew could do 
little besides hold on and pray 

4377
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:15,900
while waves crashed over the 
decks and wind tore at the 

4378
03:57:15,908 --> 03:57:18,900
rigging. 
Medieval ships were remarkably 

4379
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:22,700
resilient, but they weren't 
comfortable and in heavy whether

4380
03:57:22,700 --> 03:57:27,100
they were genuinely frightening.
During one, particularly Fierce 

4381
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:29,400
storm. 
Columbus had a moment of panic 

4382
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:31,700
that the Expeditions discoveries
might be lost. 

4383
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:35,000
If both ships, sank. 
He wrote a brief account of his 

4384
03:57:35,000 --> 03:57:38,700
discoveries sealed it in a cast 
and threw it overboard. 

4385
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,900
Hoping that if the worst 
happened, someone would have 

4386
03:57:41,900 --> 03:57:43,800
eventually, find the cast in 
Spain. 

4387
03:57:43,800 --> 03:57:45,600
Would at least know what he 
accomplished. 

4388
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:50,700
The cast was never found but the
gesture reveals how uncertain he

4389
03:57:50,700 --> 03:57:52,600
was about surviving the Voyage 
Home. 

4390
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:57,500
They made landfall in the Azores
whose Wars Portuguese islands in

4391
03:57:57,500 --> 03:58:01,300
the Mid-Atlantic in mid-February
taking on fresh water and 

4392
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:04,900
Provisions. 
The Portuguese authorities there

4393
03:58:04,900 --> 03:58:07,600
were suspicious of the Spanish 
ships returning from, who knows 

4394
03:58:07,600 --> 03:58:11,600
where and there were some tense 
moments involving accusations of

4395
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:15,600
unauthorized exploration, But 
Columbus managed to navigate 

4396
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:18,800
these political complications 
and continued towards Spain. 

4397
03:58:19,900 --> 03:58:22,900
The Final Approach to the 
Iberian Peninsula, brought more 

4398
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:25,900
storms and the Pinter Nina were 
separated. 

4399
03:58:26,700 --> 03:58:30,200
Columbus in the Nina was blown 
to Portugal while the Pinta 

4400
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:33,100
under Martina launcher on headed
directly for Spain. 

4401
03:58:34,000 --> 03:58:37,300
Both ships survived though. 
Pinson exhausted. 

4402
03:58:37,300 --> 03:58:40,600
And Ill from The Voyage would 
die shortly after reaching home.

4403
03:58:41,500 --> 03:58:45,100
Columbus landed in Lisbon on 
March 4th and had to explain to 

4404
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:47,400
the Portuguese. 
King why he was showing up in a 

4405
03:58:47,400 --> 03:58:50,500
Spanish ship after making 
discoveries in water's the 

4406
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:52,800
Portuguese considered within 
their sphere of influence. 

4407
03:58:52,800 --> 03:58:56,100
It must have been a delicate 
conversation but Columbus, 

4408
03:58:56,100 --> 03:58:59,200
handled it diplomatically and 
was eventually allowed to 

4409
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:03,000
continue to Spain. 
He finally reached Palace on 

4410
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:08,200
March 15th, 1493 more than seven
months after departing. 

4411
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:11,600
The entire town turned out to 
welcome the returning. 

4412
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:15,100
Explorers here were men who'd 
sailed into the Western Ocean 

4413
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:19,100
and somehow returned alive 
bringing parrots and plants and 

4414
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:21,800
stories that seemed almost too 
incredible to believe. 

4415
03:59:22,800 --> 03:59:25,500
Was it true? 
They'd reached Asia Columbus, 

4416
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:28,400
certainly seem to think so 
though some of observers 

4417
03:59:28,400 --> 03:59:32,000
probably had doubts. 
News of the discovery spread 

4418
03:59:32,000 --> 03:59:34,900
across Spain with the speed of 
all, really good gossip. 

4419
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:39,100
Within days, Ferdinand and 
Isabella knew that Columbus had 

4420
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:41,600
returned with Tales of finding 
land fast. 

4421
03:59:41,600 --> 03:59:45,200
The West They summoned him to 
Barcelona Barcelona. 

4422
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:48,900
Where the Royal Court was 
currently residing to present 

4423
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:52,800
his findings formally. 
Columbus made this journey into 

4424
03:59:52,800 --> 03:59:56,900
a kind of triumphal procession. 
He brought his Taino companions 

4425
03:59:56,900 --> 04:00:00,100
dressed them in European style 
clothing and paraded them 

4426
04:00:00,100 --> 04:00:03,700
through towns along the way. 
He displayed the parrots, the 

4427
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:06,200
gold ornaments and the exotic 
plants. 

4428
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:10,000
People gathered to stare at 
these wonders and Columbus. 

4429
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:13,000
Played the role of Conquering 
Hero with evident enjoyment. 

4430
04:00:14,000 --> 04:00:16,900
The formal reception of the 
Barcelona court was everything. 

4431
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:20,700
Columbus could have hoped for 
Ferdinand and Isabella received 

4432
04:00:20,700 --> 04:00:24,200
him with great honor, had him 
sit in their presents, a 

4433
04:00:24,200 --> 04:00:28,000
significant gesture of Royal 
favor and listen to his accounts

4434
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,600
with evident interest. 
The court was dazzled by the 

4435
04:00:31,600 --> 04:00:35,500
parrots and exotic Goods 
impressed by the gold Farm pools

4436
04:00:35,500 --> 04:00:39,700
and intrigued by the Taino 
people in Columbus presented as 

4437
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:42,900
proof of the sophisticated 
population's heeding countered. 

4438
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:46,700
In Columbus's telling his 
discoveries were everything, 

4439
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:50,500
he'd promised and more. 
He had reached Asia or at least 

4440
04:00:50,508 --> 04:00:53,600
islands off the Asian Coast. 
He had found friendly 

4441
04:00:53,600 --> 04:00:56,100
populations ready to embrace 
Christianity. 

4442
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,700
There was gold available and 
surely greater wealth. 

4443
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:03,600
Lay just a little further west, 
All Spain needed to do was 

4444
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:07,100
support a second larger 
Expedition and the riches of the

4445
04:01:07,100 --> 04:01:10,800
East would flow directly into 
Spanish coffers bypassing all 

4446
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,400
those expensive Middle Men. 
Third, Man and Isabella were 

4447
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:16,400
convinced. 
Within months. 

4448
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:19,900
They were organizing a second 
voyage with 17 ships and over 

4449
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:24,300
1000 men. 
Settlers soldiers priests and 

4450
04:01:24,300 --> 04:01:28,000
artists who were establish a 
permanent Spanish presence in 

4451
04:01:28,008 --> 04:01:30,900
these new lands. 
Columbus would lead this much 

4452
04:01:30,900 --> 04:01:34,300
larger Expedition back across 
the Atlantic to follow up on his

4453
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:38,600
initial discoveries. 
The speed with which this second

4454
04:01:38,600 --> 04:01:41,800
expedition, was organized 
reveals how important Columbus's

4455
04:01:41,800 --> 04:01:43,800
Discovery seemed to Spanish 
monks. 

4456
04:01:44,700 --> 04:01:47,900
They were just interested in 
exotic plants and friendly 

4457
04:01:47,900 --> 04:01:50,500
Islanders. 
They saw an opportunity to 

4458
04:01:50,500 --> 04:01:53,800
establish Spanish power in new 
territories and hopefully gain 

4459
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:58,300
direct access to Asian wealth. 
Columbus's Discovery had opened 

4460
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:02,200
a door and Spain was determined 
to walk through it before anyone

4461
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,200
else could. 
But there was also anxiety 

4462
04:02:05,200 --> 04:02:09,100
beneath the celebration. the 
Portuguese were understandably 

4463
04:02:09,100 --> 04:02:12,400
concerned about Spanish, 
Expeditions sailing into Waters,

4464
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:17,000
they considered their territory,
To prevent conflict between two 

4465
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:20,400
Catholic kingdoms, Pope 
Alexander, the sixth, who 

4466
04:02:20,400 --> 04:02:23,500
happened to be Spanish, drew a 
line on the map of the Atlantic 

4467
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:26,800
the Treaty of Tordesillas toward
a sea. 

4468
04:02:26,800 --> 04:02:32,100
Yes, in 1494 dividing the 
non-european world between Spain

4469
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:34,900
and Portugal. 
Everything east of the line 

4470
04:02:34,900 --> 04:02:37,800
would be Portuguese. 
Everything West would be 

4471
04:02:37,800 --> 04:02:40,800
Spanish. 
It was an audacious Act of 

4472
04:02:40,800 --> 04:02:45,300
cartographic imperialism, two 
European kingdoms and the pope 

4473
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:47,700
calmly dividing up the entire 
world between them. 

4474
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:51,500
Of course, neither the Taino 
people, or any of the other 

4475
04:02:51,500 --> 04:02:55,000
populations living in these 
discovered territories had been 

4476
04:02:55,000 --> 04:02:58,000
consulted about this 
arrangement. from their 

4477
04:02:58,000 --> 04:03:01,200
perspective, these strange 
visitors in big ships had shown 

4478
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,700
up uninvited and were now 
claiming ownership of everything

4479
04:03:04,700 --> 04:03:08,700
they saw It was a fundamental 
misunderstanding that would have

4480
04:03:08,700 --> 04:03:11,200
tragic consequences in the 
coming decades. 

4481
04:03:12,000 --> 04:03:15,200
Now as you settle deeper into 
your blanket with perhaps that 

4482
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:18,800
second cup of tea. 
Let's talk about what Columbus 

4483
04:03:18,800 --> 04:03:24,200
is 1492 Voyage actually meant. 
Because the reality is more 

4484
04:03:24,200 --> 04:03:27,500
complicated and more interesting
than the simplified version you 

4485
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:30,500
might remember from school. 
First let's address what 

4486
04:03:30,500 --> 04:03:33,200
Columbus didn't do. 
He didn't prove the Earth was 

4487
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:37,400
round educated Europeans had 
known that for over 1,000 years.

4488
04:03:38,300 --> 04:03:40,900
He didn't discover America in 
any meaningful sense. 

4489
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:45,400
People had been living there for
at least 15,000 years and Viking

4490
04:03:45,400 --> 04:03:48,300
explorers had visited North 
America centuries before 

4491
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:51,000
Columbus. 
He didn't even set out to 

4492
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:54,900
discover a new continent. 
He was trying to reach Asia and 

4493
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:57,500
remained convinced until his 
death that he had succeeded. 

4494
04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:02,100
What Columbus actually did was 
establish a permanent connection

4495
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,700
between two hemispheres that had
developed separately for 

4496
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:09,700
thousands of years? 
This connection which historians

4497
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:13,600
call the Columbian Exchange 
transformed both sides in ways 

4498
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:15,300
that nobody involved could have 
predicted. 

4499
04:04:16,500 --> 04:04:20,000
From the Americas to Europe 
Africa and Asia came crops, that

4500
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:21,900
would reshape agriculture 
worldwide. 

4501
04:04:22,900 --> 04:04:26,100
Potatoes became a staple food in
Ireland and Northern Europe 

4502
04:04:26,100 --> 04:04:29,000
supporting population growth. 
That wouldn't have been 

4503
04:04:29,000 --> 04:04:32,100
possible. 
Otherwise Tomatoes transformed 

4504
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:36,100
Italian cuisine though Italians 
were initially suspicious of 

4505
04:04:36,100 --> 04:04:39,800
these strange red fruits. 
Korn became crucial for feeding 

4506
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:43,200
both people and animals 
throughout the world. chocolate 

4507
04:04:43,200 --> 04:04:47,600
and vanilla created entirely new
categories of flavor Tobacco 

4508
04:04:47,600 --> 04:04:51,700
spread globally with affects 
both social and medical that are

4509
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:55,000
still with us today. 
From Europe Africa and Asia to 

4510
04:04:55,000 --> 04:04:59,800
the Americas came wheat rice 
sugarcane and bananas along with

4511
04:04:59,800 --> 04:05:04,800
livestock including horses 
cattle pigs chickens and sheep. 

4512
04:05:05,800 --> 04:05:08,800
These animals and plants 
transformed American Landscapes 

4513
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:12,500
and Indigenous ways of life. 
The horse in particular 

4514
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:15,500
revolutionized life for many 
Native American people's 

4515
04:05:15,500 --> 04:05:18,900
specially on the Great Plains 
where mounted hunting 

4516
04:05:18,900 --> 04:05:23,000
transformed entire cultures. 
But the exchange also carried 

4517
04:05:23,000 --> 04:05:26,000
diseases and this is where the 
story becomes tragic. 

4518
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:31,100
European diseases smallpox 
measles typhus and others 

4519
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:35,500
devastated indigenous American 
population who had no immunity 

4520
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:39,100
to these illnesses. 
Within a century of Columbus's, 

4521
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:42,600
first voyage the native 
population of the Caribbean was 

4522
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:45,200
essentially extinct and 
Mainland. 

4523
04:05:45,200 --> 04:05:48,200
Populations had suffered 
mortality rates that are almost 

4524
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:53,000
impossible to comprehend. 
Some estimates suggest that 90% 

4525
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:57,200
of indigenous Americans died 
from introduced diseases within 

4526
04:05:57,200 --> 04:06:01,800
a century of first Contact. 
This wasn't intentional genocide

4527
04:06:01,800 --> 04:06:04,900
in most cases, people in the 
15th and 16th. 

4528
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,900
Centuries didn't understand how 
diseases spread or how immunity 

4529
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:11,900
worked. 
But the effect was genocide or 

4530
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:16,000
regardless of intent and it 
facilitated European conquest 

4531
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:19,600
and colonization in ways that 
wouldn't have been possible if 

4532
04:06:19,600 --> 04:06:22,600
native population's had remained
at pre-contact levels. 

4533
04:06:24,000 --> 04:06:27,200
The Americas were conquered and 
not primarily by Spanish steel 

4534
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:30,500
and gunpowder. 
But by invisible microscopic 

4535
04:06:30,500 --> 04:06:34,300
organisms, that traveled 
alongside the Explorers The 

4536
04:06:34,300 --> 04:06:38,100
discovery also sparked, what we 
might call the first true age of

4537
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:41,400
globalization. 
Within Decades of Columbus's 

4538
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:47,100
Voyage, Spanish Portuguese, 
English French, and Dutch 

4539
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:49,500
explorers. 
Criss crossing, the ocean's 

4540
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:53,500
mapping, coastlines, and 
establishing trade networks, 

4541
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:56,000
that connected distant regions 
for the first time. 

4542
04:06:57,200 --> 04:07:02,000
Products ideas, people and 
diseases began flowing around 

4543
04:07:02,000 --> 04:07:05,300
the world in patterns that had 
never existed before. 

4544
04:07:06,400 --> 04:07:10,700
This globalization had profound 
economic effects, the influx of 

4545
04:07:10,708 --> 04:07:14,300
American silver into Europe. 
Particularly from the minds of 

4546
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:19,300
Potosi Potosi in modern Bolivia 
caused inflation and economic 

4547
04:07:19,300 --> 04:07:22,200
disruption while also funding 
European expansion. 

4548
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:25,800
The plantation economies 
established in the Americas 

4549
04:07:25,800 --> 04:07:29,600
created demand for enslaved, 
African labor leading to the 

4550
04:07:29,600 --> 04:07:33,000
horrific Atlantic slave trade 
that would transport millions of

4551
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:35,500
people in Chains across the 
ocean, over the following 

4552
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:40,600
centuries. environmental impacts
were equally profound European 

4553
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:43,900
farming practices animal 
husbandry and land, use 

4554
04:07:43,900 --> 04:07:48,400
patterns, transformed American, 
Landscapes, Forests were cleared

4555
04:07:48,400 --> 04:07:50,400
for agriculture. 
Native species. 

4556
04:07:50,400 --> 04:07:54,400
Were displaced by introduced 
ones and ecosystems that had 

4557
04:07:54,400 --> 04:07:57,800
existed for Millennia were 
fundamentally altered within 

4558
04:07:57,800 --> 04:08:00,100
Generations. 
For Spain. 

4559
04:08:00,100 --> 04:08:03,400
Columbus's, discoveries marked. 
The beginning of a vast American

4560
04:08:03,400 --> 04:08:05,600
Empire that would last for over 
three centuries. 

4561
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,700
At its height, Spanish, America 
stretched from California, to 

4562
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:16,800
Tierra del Fuego t. 
E r Vue Go, including most of 

4563
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:22,000
South America Central, America, 
Mexico, the Caribbean and 

4564
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:24,600
significant portion of what is 
now, the United States. 

4565
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:29,600
This Empire generated enormous 
wealth for Spain though. 

4566
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:33,200
Interestingly that wealth didn't
translate into lasting Economic 

4567
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:37,100
Development? 
Spain in 1800 was arguably less 

4568
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:41,400
economically Dynamic than it. 
Had been in 1500 suggesting that

4569
04:08:41,400 --> 04:08:45,200
sometimes sudden wealth can be 
as disruptive as it is 

4570
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,500
beneficial. 
Columbus himself made three more

4571
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:50,700
voyages to the Americas after 
1492. 

4572
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:56,100
Exploring more of the Caribbean 
the coast of Central America and

4573
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:57,800
the northern coast of South 
America. 

4574
04:08:58,700 --> 04:09:01,500
Each Voyage brought new 
discoveries but also increasing 

4575
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:04,500
frustration. 
He never found the wealthy Asian

4576
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:08,100
civilizations. 
He expected. the settlements he 

4577
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:11,800
established struggled with 
disease, hunger and conflict 

4578
04:09:11,800 --> 04:09:15,600
with indigenous people's His 
administrative abilities. 

4579
04:09:15,600 --> 04:09:18,400
As Governor didn't match his 
skills as Navigator and 

4580
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:21,700
Explorer. 
Columbus's, latest years were 

4581
04:09:21,700 --> 04:09:25,700
marked by declining Royal favor.
Legal battles over the 

4582
04:09:25,700 --> 04:09:28,400
Privileges. 
He'd been promised and growing 

4583
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:31,200
bitterness about not receiving 
what he felt, he deserved. 

4584
04:09:32,100 --> 04:09:36,600
He died in 1506 still believe in
he'd reached Asia. 

4585
04:09:36,600 --> 04:09:39,500
Never understanding that he'd 
actually encountered two. 

4586
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:42,100
Continents entirely on known to 
European geography. 

4587
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:47,600
His reputation has fluctuated 
wildly over the centuries in the

4588
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:50,200
19th century. 
He was celebrated as a Visionary

4589
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:54,600
hero, who opened a new world. 
In recent decades, he's been 

4590
04:09:54,600 --> 04:09:57,700
more critically examined as 
someone whose voyages initiated 

4591
04:09:57,700 --> 04:10:01,700
Conquest colonization and 
cultural destruction. 

4592
04:10:02,800 --> 04:10:06,400
Both views contain truth though.
Neither captures the full 

4593
04:10:06,400 --> 04:10:08,200
complexity of what actually 
happened. 

4594
04:10:09,100 --> 04:10:12,500
Perhaps the most accurate way to
think about Columbus is as 

4595
04:10:12,500 --> 04:10:16,100
someone who was simultaneously. 
Braves, stubborn Visionary and 

4596
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:19,000
deeply flawed. 
Someone whose achievement was 

4597
04:10:19,000 --> 04:10:21,400
real. 
But, whose understanding of what

4598
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:25,500
he'd moved was limited and whose
voyages had consequences, far 

4599
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:27,800
beyond anything he intended or 
could have imagined. 

4600
04:10:28,800 --> 04:10:31,700
The 1492 Voyage was the end of a
story. 

4601
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:35,700
But the beginning of many 
stories, stories of exploration 

4602
04:10:35,700 --> 04:10:39,100
and exploitation cultural 
exchange and cultural 

4603
04:10:39,100 --> 04:10:43,800
destruction economic 
transformational change. 

4604
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:46,300
The stories are still playing 
out today. 

4605
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:50,600
When you eat a Tomatoes ride, a 
horse or use a word borrowed 

4606
04:10:50,600 --> 04:10:54,300
from a Native American language,
your participating in exchanges 

4607
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:58,200
that began with Columbus's 
voyage across the Atlantic, As 

4608
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:00,600
we approach the end of our 
journey through 1492. 

4609
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:04,700
Let's slow down and consider 
some of the small human details.

4610
04:11:04,700 --> 04:11:08,000
That often get lost in the 
grand, historical narrative. 

4611
04:11:08,700 --> 04:11:11,500
Because understanding The Voyage
isn't just about dates and 

4612
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:13,500
roots. 
It's about imagining. 

4613
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:16,500
What the experience was actually
like for the people who lived 

4614
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:19,100
through it. 
Think about what it meant to be 

4615
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:24,200
at sea for 33 days in 1492. 
There was no privacy on these 

4616
04:11:24,200 --> 04:11:27,100
small ships. 
You slept in shifts on the deck 

4617
04:11:27,100 --> 04:11:31,300
or in cramped spaces below 
surrounded by the same few dozen

4618
04:11:31,300 --> 04:11:35,100
men day after day. 
You couldn't shower or properly,

4619
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:39,200
bathe your clothes became stiff 
with salt spray and sweat. 

4620
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:43,200
The constant motion of the ship 
meant you were never fully still

4621
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:47,400
even when trying to rest. 
Your hands would be rough with 

4622
04:11:47,400 --> 04:11:50,900
rope Burns and calluses. 
The sun would beat down during 

4623
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:52,800
the day. 
And at night, the temperature 

4624
04:11:52,800 --> 04:11:55,200
would drop enough that you'd be 
grateful for any covering you 

4625
04:11:55,200 --> 04:11:57,600
could find. 
Food was always slightly 

4626
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,600
unpleasant. 
Ship's biscuit was hard enough 

4627
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:03,900
to break teeth, and was usually 
full of weevils that you learned

4628
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:05,800
to ignore because protein is 
protein. 

4629
04:12:06,700 --> 04:12:09,200
The Salted meat had been 
preserved for months. 

4630
04:12:10,300 --> 04:12:14,500
Tasted predominantly of salt, 
requiring hours of soaking 

4631
04:12:14,500 --> 04:12:18,600
before it was remotely edible. 
Water from the barrels developed

4632
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:22,500
an increasingly unpleasant taste
as the voyage progressed taking 

4633
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:24,800
on flavors from the wood and 
whatever. 

4634
04:12:24,800 --> 04:12:28,900
Had been stored in those barrels
before wine, helped Mask The 

4635
04:12:28,900 --> 04:12:31,400
Taste. 
But why rations were carefully 

4636
04:12:31,400 --> 04:12:34,900
controlled The sounds of the 
voyage would become a constant 

4637
04:12:34,900 --> 04:12:38,700
backdrop, the creaking of wood 
as the ship flexed in the waves,

4638
04:12:38,700 --> 04:12:43,000
the snap of canvas, as wind, 
filled the sails, the splash of 

4639
04:12:43,008 --> 04:12:46,400
water against the hull and the 
squeal of ropes under tension. 

4640
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:49,400
At night. 
These sounds would be punctuated

4641
04:12:49,400 --> 04:12:52,300
by the calls of the watch 
marking time and the occasional 

4642
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:55,200
shout as someone spotted 
something in the darkness, 

4643
04:12:55,200 --> 04:12:58,300
usually nothing but imagination 
playing tricks. 

4644
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:02,100
The sailors would have developed
rituals and superstitions to 

4645
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:05,500
manage their anxiety. 
Seeing a shark following, the 

4646
04:13:05,500 --> 04:13:07,800
ship might be interpreted as a 
bad omen. 

4647
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:11,300
Birds appearing would be taken a
signs of nearby land. 

4648
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:15,900
Changes in watercolor floating 
seaweed or shifts and wind 

4649
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:20,100
direction, would all be analyzed
and discussed endlessly. when 

4650
04:13:20,100 --> 04:13:24,200
you have nothing to do but sale 
and worry every detail becomes 

4651
04:13:24,200 --> 04:13:28,100
significant Columbus himself. 
Probably slept a little during 

4652
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:30,600
the voyage. 
As Commander, he felt 

4653
04:13:30,600 --> 04:13:34,000
responsible, for every decision,
every course correction and 

4654
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,000
every interpretation of wind and
weather. 

4655
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,200
His cabin on the Santa Maria was
probably barely large enough to 

4656
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,400
lie down in and he would have 
spent most of his time on Deck 

4657
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:47,300
Consulting with his Pilots, 
checking instruments and 

4658
04:13:47,300 --> 04:13:50,300
projecting confidence, even when
he might have felt doubt. 

4659
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:54,800
The moment when Rodrigo de 
Triana spotted, land must have 

4660
04:13:54,800 --> 04:13:59,300
been Electric. after weeks of 
tension and increasing doubt, 

4661
04:13:59,300 --> 04:14:03,800
suddenly there it was Proof that
Columbus's calculations. 

4662
04:14:03,800 --> 04:14:07,700
However, flawed had led them to 
land rather than Doom. 

4663
04:14:08,900 --> 04:14:10,000
The relief must have been 
overwhelming. 

4664
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:15,000
Men who had been contemplating 
newly Vindicated for continuing.

4665
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:18,300
The Impossible had become real 
visible on the horizon. 

4666
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:23,500
Walking On Solid Ground after 33
days at Sea produces. 

4667
04:14:23,500 --> 04:14:27,700
A strange sensation, your body 
has adapted to constant motion 

4668
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,400
and suddenly, the Earth feels 
like it's swaying. 

4669
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:34,700
Even though its perfectly still.
this phenomenon which Sailors 

4670
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:37,800
call land legs, would have made 
those first steps on the beach 

4671
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,800
of San Salvador, feel unsteady 
and dreamlike The sand would 

4672
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:45,400
have felt impossibly soft 
compared to wooden decks the 

4673
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:47,900
smell of vegetation and Earth 
would have been almost 

4674
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:50,600
overwhelming after weeks of 
smelling nothing. 

4675
04:14:50,600 --> 04:14:55,300
But salt water and unwashed Men.
The encounter with the Taino 

4676
04:14:55,300 --> 04:14:57,300
people must have been profound 
for both groups. 

4677
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:01,600
Imagine being a teeno person on 
guanahani, that October morning.

4678
04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:05,400
you're going about your usual 
activities, when suddenly you 

4679
04:15:05,400 --> 04:15:09,000
see something impossible, 
Floating houses with enormous 

4680
04:15:09,000 --> 04:15:10,700
white Wings, approaching your 
Island. 

4681
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:14,100
People emerge from these 
floating houses dressed in 

4682
04:15:14,100 --> 04:15:16,600
bizarre. 
Colorful clothing, that covers 

4683
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:20,200
their entire bodies. 
They have hair on their faces, 

4684
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:22,700
which seems strange and somewhat
unsettling. 

4685
04:15:23,800 --> 04:15:26,600
The carry metal objects that 
shine in the sun, like nothing 

4686
04:15:26,600 --> 04:15:29,700
you've ever seen. 
These strangers make sound that 

4687
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:32,000
aren't quite language. 
They don't know any of the 

4688
04:15:32,008 --> 04:15:34,000
words, you know? 
And you don't know any of 

4689
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:36,000
theirs. 
They seem friendly. 

4690
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:39,200
But also what aggressive 
claiming ownership of things 

4691
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:41,000
that clearly already belong to 
your people? 

4692
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:45,300
They're fascinated by small 
amounts of gold that you wear as

4693
04:15:45,300 --> 04:15:48,200
ornaments, but seemed 
uninterested in things that have

4694
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:52,100
real value in your culture. 
From the Spanish perspective, 

4695
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:56,000
the time of seemed to be living 
in a kind of Eden, warm, 

4696
04:15:56,000 --> 04:16:00,700
climate, abundant food, no 
obvious poverty, or Warfare. 

4697
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:05,100
But they also seemed naive and 
unsophisticated by European 

4698
04:16:05,100 --> 04:16:08,800
standards lacking. 
The metal tools complex 

4699
04:16:08,800 --> 04:16:12,000
architecture and obvious 
accumulation of wealth that 

4700
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:16,500
Europeans associated with 
civilization, This initial 

4701
04:16:16,500 --> 04:16:19,500
impression would shape European 
attitudes toward indigenous 

4702
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:22,500
Americans for Centuries with 
tragic consequences. 

4703
04:16:23,700 --> 04:16:25,800
The parrots that Columbus 
brought back to Spain. 

4704
04:16:25,800 --> 04:16:29,900
Must have caused a sensation. 
Imagine being a Spanish peasant 

4705
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:33,200
who never left your village. 
Who'd never seen any bird more 

4706
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:36,800
exotic than a peacock suddenly 
seeing these brilliantly colored

4707
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:38,800
creatures. 
That could mimic human speech. 

4708
04:16:39,600 --> 04:16:43,100
Who would have seemed like magic
like proof that the world 

4709
04:16:43,100 --> 04:16:45,500
contained wonders. 
You'd never imagined. 

4710
04:16:46,300 --> 04:16:48,600
The Taino people Columbus 
brought back experienced. 

4711
04:16:48,600 --> 04:16:52,100
Even more profound displacement,
They went from tropical 

4712
04:16:52,100 --> 04:16:56,800
Caribbean islands to the Cold 
Stone cities of Spain, from a 

4713
04:16:56,800 --> 04:16:58,300
society. 
They understood to one where 

4714
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:00,800
everything was strange and often
incomprehensive. 

4715
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:05,400
They were displayed at court 
like, curiosity's, baptized as 

4716
04:17:05,400 --> 04:17:08,400
Christians, whether they 
understood what that meant and 

4717
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,700
most of them properly died, far 
from home, the victims of 

4718
04:17:11,708 --> 04:17:15,100
European diseases, or simply the
stress of total cultural 

4719
04:17:15,100 --> 04:17:18,300
displacement. 
As we near the end of our time 

4720
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:21,100
together tonight, it's worth 
acknowledging, that despite 

4721
04:17:21,100 --> 04:17:23,900
centuries of scholarship, 
they're still much about the 

4722
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:26,900
1492. 
Voyage that remains uncertain or

4723
04:17:26,900 --> 04:17:30,100
contested. 
History isn't as tidy as we 

4724
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:32,300
sometimes. 
Pretend an honest historians 

4725
04:17:32,300 --> 04:17:34,900
admit, what they don't know, 
alongside what they do. 

4726
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:38,400
We don't know exactly which 
island, Columbus first landed 

4727
04:17:38,400 --> 04:17:40,900
on. 
San Salvador is the traditional 

4728
04:17:40,900 --> 04:17:43,800
identification, but some 
Scholars argue, for other 

4729
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:46,600
islands, in the Bahamas, based 
on different interpretations of 

4730
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:50,400
Columbus's descriptions. 
The landmarks he described don't

4731
04:17:50,400 --> 04:17:53,500
perfectly match, any single 
Island hospital because 

4732
04:17:53,500 --> 04:17:56,700
coastlines of change over five 
centuries or because his 

4733
04:17:56,700 --> 04:18:00,400
observations were as precise as 
we'd like or because translation

4734
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,300
and transmission have introduced
errors in to the surviving 

4735
04:18:03,300 --> 04:18:06,200
texts. 
We don't know exactly how many 

4736
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:08,800
people lived in the Americas 
before European contact. 

4737
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:13,200
System at range from perhaps 50 
million to over 100 million. 

4738
04:18:13,900 --> 04:18:16,900
The pre-contact population 
figures are notoriously 

4739
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:20,400
difficult to establish. 
We know the population collapse 

4740
04:18:20,400 --> 04:18:24,100
catastrophically after contact. 
But we're less certain about 

4741
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:26,000
what it was before that 
collapse. 

4742
04:18:26,800 --> 04:18:29,700
We don't fully understand what 
Columbus was thinking during his

4743
04:18:29,700 --> 04:18:32,600
later years. 
His writing from that period, 

4744
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:36,300
combine religious mysticism 
bitter complaints about not 

4745
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:40,300
receiving his promised rewards 
and continued insistence that 

4746
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:44,100
he'd reached Asia. 
He genuinely convinced he'd 

4747
04:18:44,100 --> 04:18:47,300
found the end is, or did he 
gradually come to suspect? 

4748
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,900
He'd found something else I 
couldn't admit it without 

4749
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:54,800
undermining his own claims. 
We'll probably never know for 

4750
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:56,700
certain. 
We also don't know what the 

4751
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:59,400
Taino people really thought 
about the Spanish arrival 

4752
04:18:59,400 --> 04:19:02,000
because we only have Spanish 
accounts of these early 

4753
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:05,400
encounters. 
The Taino had no writing system 

4754
04:19:05,400 --> 04:19:09,000
and Spanish observers 
interpreted Taino reactions 

4755
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:10,500
through their own cultural 
assumptions. 

4756
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:15,300
When the Taino seemed friendly 
and generous, was that their 

4757
04:19:15,300 --> 04:19:18,600
genuine response or a diplomatic
strategy for dealing with 

4758
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:22,900
potentially dangerous strangers.
When they pointed Columbus 

4759
04:19:22,900 --> 04:19:26,600
toward other Islands were they 
genuinely directing him toward 

4760
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:31,000
gold or trying to send him away.
The team of voice is largely 

4761
04:19:31,000 --> 04:19:33,500
absent from historical records 
though. 

4762
04:19:33,500 --> 04:19:36,200
Archaeologists and 
anthropologists continue working

4763
04:19:36,200 --> 04:19:38,800
to reconstruct their culture 
from Material evidence. 

4764
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:42,300
There's also ongoing debate 
about whether Columbus should be

4765
04:19:42,308 --> 04:19:44,800
celebrated condemned or 
something in between. 

4766
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:47,600
This isn't just an academic 
question. 

4767
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:52,500
It affects how we name holidays?
What we teach in schools and how

4768
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:56,100
we think about the origins of 
the modern Americas, Some people

4769
04:19:56,108 --> 04:20:00,300
emphasize his courage and 
navigational skill his role in 

4770
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:02,400
connecting previously isolated 
hemispheres. 

4771
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:06,000
Others emphasize the devastating
consequences. 

4772
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:08,500
His voyages had for indigenous 
peoples. 

4773
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:11,800
The beginning of centuries of 
conquest and exploitation. 

4774
04:20:13,000 --> 04:20:15,700
Perhaps the most honest answer 
is that Columbus was neither 

4775
04:20:15,700 --> 04:20:19,900
hero nor villain but something 
more, human and complicated. 

4776
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:23,500
Someone who achieved something, 
remarkable through a combination

4777
04:20:23,500 --> 04:20:28,200
of skill stubbornness and 
favorable circumstances, whose 

4778
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:31,600
achievement had consequences, 
far beyond anything he intended 

4779
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:34,200
or understood. 
He wasn't trying to destroy 

4780
04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:37,600
indigenous civilizations or 
transform Global ecosystems. 

4781
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:40,900
He was trying to find a shortcut
to Asia and make his fortune. 

4782
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:44,900
But intention and consequences 
are different things and we have

4783
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:48,200
to Grapple with both. 
As you prepare to drift off to 

4784
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:51,900
sleep, he is a final thought 
about the 1492 voyage. 

4785
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:55,100
It's real significance. 
Wasn't in what Columbus 

4786
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:59,600
intended, but in what he 
accidentally started, Intended 

4787
04:20:59,600 --> 04:21:02,500
to reach Asia. 
He accidentally encountered two 

4788
04:21:02,500 --> 04:21:04,200
continents. 
That Europeans didn't know 

4789
04:21:04,200 --> 04:21:07,100
existed. 
He intended to establish a quick

4790
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:10,700
trade route for spices. 
He accidentally initiated 

4791
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:14,800
centuries of cultural, exchange 
conflict, and transformation, 

4792
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:19,200
that reshaped the entire world. 
He intended to make his fortune 

4793
04:21:19,200 --> 04:21:23,300
and secure his legacy. 
He partially succeeded at both 

4794
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,500
though. 
Not in ways, he expected and his

4795
04:21:26,500 --> 04:21:29,600
legacy remains deeply contested 
five centuries. 

4796
04:21:29,600 --> 04:21:33,200
Later, the voyage reminds us 
that human actions often have 

4797
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:36,600
unintended consequences and that
the most historically 

4798
04:21:36,600 --> 04:21:39,700
significant events aren't always
the ones that people at the time

4799
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:43,800
thought were most important. 
Those 90 Sailors departing 

4800
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:48,100
Palace in August 1492. 
Probably thought they were 

4801
04:21:48,100 --> 04:21:50,200
embarking on a risky trading 
Expedition. 

4802
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:53,100
That would either make them rich
or killed them. 

4803
04:21:54,300 --> 04:21:56,300
They had no idea. 
They were beginning a process 

4804
04:21:56,300 --> 04:21:58,600
that would transform the entire 
human world. 

4805
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:02,900
It's humbling in a way. 
We make our decisions based on 

4806
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:06,600
our limited understanding, our 
immediate goals and the 

4807
04:22:06,608 --> 04:22:10,000
knowledge of available to us. 
We can't predict how those 

4808
04:22:10,000 --> 04:22:12,500
decisions will echo through time
or what their long-term 

4809
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:15,900
consequences will be. 
Columbus couldn't have predicted

4810
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:18,900
that his voyage would lead to 
the potato, becoming a staple 

4811
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:22,200
food in Ireland. 
All the horses were transformed 

4812
04:22:22,200 --> 04:22:24,400
life for Plains Indians all 
that. 

4813
04:22:24,408 --> 04:22:27,400
The mixing of human populations 
from different continents, would

4814
04:22:27,400 --> 04:22:29,900
create the diverse Society is 
that exists today. 

4815
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,100
But here's something more 
hopeful while we can't predict 

4816
04:22:34,100 --> 04:22:36,700
consequences. 
We can think about the values 

4817
04:22:36,700 --> 04:22:40,600
that guide our decisions. 
Columbus was motivated primarily

4818
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:44,200
by ambition wealth and religious
conviction. 

4819
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:47,900
We might choose different 
motivations, curiosity 

4820
04:22:47,900 --> 04:22:50,300
compassion, sustainability and 
justice. 

4821
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:54,700
We can't control what happens 
centuries after we're gone, but 

4822
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:57,400
we can try to make choices that 
reflect what we think is 

4823
04:22:57,400 --> 04:23:01,800
important. 
Story of 1492 is ultimately a 

4824
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:05,200
story about humans of venturing 
into uncertainty, with 

4825
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:08,800
incomplete information and 
making decisions that seem 

4826
04:23:08,800 --> 04:23:11,700
reasonable at the time but have 
unpredictable results. 

4827
04:23:12,400 --> 04:23:14,500
That's not just history that's 
life. 

4828
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:18,800
Every day all of us make small 
decisions that have Ripple 

4829
04:23:18,800 --> 04:23:20,400
effects. 
We can't fully anticipate. 

4830
04:23:21,200 --> 04:23:24,700
We do our best with what we know
and hope that our best is good 

4831
04:23:24,700 --> 04:23:27,000
enough. 
So as you close your eyes 

4832
04:23:27,000 --> 04:23:30,600
tonight, you might think about 
those three small ships sailing 

4833
04:23:30,600 --> 04:23:34,700
west across an ocean that seemed
endless carrying, people who are

4834
04:23:34,700 --> 04:23:37,800
frightened and hopeful and 
determined heading toward a 

4835
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:40,400
destination. 
They completely misunderstood, 

4836
04:23:40,400 --> 04:23:43,700
but reached anywhere, it's a 
reminder that sometimes things 

4837
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:46,700
work out despite our 
misunderstanding and that the 

4838
04:23:46,700 --> 04:23:49,600
journey itself. 
However, uncomfortable and 

4839
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,800
uncertain, Can be a significant 
as the destination. 

4840
04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:56,700
The Atlantic Ocean still 
connects Europe and the Americas

4841
04:23:56,700 --> 04:24:00,100
cross. 
Now by planes in hours rather 

4842
04:24:00,100 --> 04:24:05,400
than ships in weeks, Fundamental
Human Experience of venturing 

4843
04:24:05,400 --> 04:24:10,000
into uncertainty hoping for the 
best and dealing with unexpected

4844
04:24:10,000 --> 04:24:13,300
consequences remains remarkably 
unchanged. 

4845
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:17,500
We're all in our own ways 
sailing into unknown, Waters 

4846
04:24:17,500 --> 04:24:21,900
Guided by imperfect knowledge 
and hoping will find land on the

4847
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:24,900
other side. 
Sweet dreams fellow traveler 

4848
04:24:24,900 --> 04:24:27,600
may, your own Voyage is whatever
they might be. 

4849
04:24:27,600 --> 04:24:31,700
Bring you safely to Shores your 
happy to discover and may the 

4850
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:34,200
consequences of your Journeys. 
Be once you can live with 

4851
04:24:34,200 --> 04:24:38,800
peacefully. 
The story of 1492 is over but 

4852
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:42,300
your own story continues and who
knows what new worlds you might 

4853
04:24:42,300 --> 04:24:45,200
discover in the days ahead. 
Rest. 

4854
04:24:45,200 --> 04:24:49,700
Well tomorrow is another Voyage 
but tonight you can simply drift

4855
04:24:49,700 --> 04:24:53,400
on gentle wave toward the 
peaceful shores of sleep knowing

4856
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:57,100
that humans have always ventured
into the unknown and somehow 

4857
04:24:57,100 --> 04:25:08,300
remarkably kept moving forward. 
You stand at the threshold of 

4858
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,400
your new life. 
Feeling the salt wind push 

4859
04:25:11,400 --> 04:25:14,100
against your coat. 
Like an insistent hand, trying 

4860
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:15,700
to turn you back towards 
civilization. 

4861
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:19,500
Behind you. 
The supply boat is already 

4862
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:22,800
growing smaller heading back 
toward the mainland Village that

4863
04:25:22,800 --> 04:25:25,500
will now exist only as a 
collection of distant lights 

4864
04:25:25,500 --> 04:25:30,100
after sunset. before you rise is
your Lighthouse, a White Tower 

4865
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:34,300
standing 70 feet, tall against 
the grain of Ember Skye of 1887,

4866
04:25:34,300 --> 04:25:37,700
this is your new home the 
calling it home feels like 

4867
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:42,200
calling the ocean upon The light
house occupies a rocky 

4868
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,400
Promontory that juts into the 
Atlantic, like, a defiant finger

4869
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:49,100
surrounded on three sides by 
water that changes color with 

4870
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:52,600
the weather. 
Today, it's the color of pewter 

4871
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:55,900
tomorrow. 
It might be emerald green and 

4872
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:59,300
during storms, it turns almost 
black Though, you don't know 

4873
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:02,000
that yet. 
You will learn the Seas, moods 

4874
04:26:02,000 --> 04:26:03,700
the way other people. 
Learn their spouse's 

4875
04:26:03,700 --> 04:26:06,300
Expressions. 
The light house itself is 

4876
04:26:06,300 --> 04:26:09,200
surprisingly graceful, 
considering its utilitarian 

4877
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:12,300
purpose. 
The tower is built from Granite 

4878
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:14,600
blocks. 
Each one, weighing several 

4879
04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:17,400
hundred pounds, and fitted 
together with the kind of 

4880
04:26:17,408 --> 04:26:19,500
precision. 
That suggests the builders 

4881
04:26:19,500 --> 04:26:22,500
understood that lives were 
depend on their craftsmanship. 

4882
04:26:23,400 --> 04:26:27,800
The exteriors painted white and 
shows signs of the constant 

4883
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:30,500
maintenance required to 
withstand salt spray and wind. 

4884
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:35,100
At the top the lantern room 
gleams with hundreds of glass 

4885
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:39,200
panes refracting the afternoon 
light into scattered diamonds 

4886
04:26:39,200 --> 04:26:43,200
attached to the base of the 
tower is the keepers dwelling a 

4887
04:26:43,200 --> 04:26:46,300
two-story Stone building that 
looks almost cozy compared to 

4888
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:48,100
the towers or steer 
functionality. 

4889
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:52,700
Smoke rises from the chimney 
evidence that the previous 

4890
04:26:52,700 --> 04:26:55,600
keeper followed protocol and 
left the stove burning to 

4891
04:26:55,600 --> 04:26:57,900
prevent dampness from setting 
into the walls. 

4892
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:01,500
In a few hours that previous 
keeper will finish explaining 

4893
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:05,100
your duties and depart on the 
supply boats return trip leaving

4894
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:08,300
you alone with your new 
responsibilities the path from 

4895
04:27:08,300 --> 04:27:11,000
The Landing to the lighthouse is
paved with stones that have been

4896
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:13,200
worn Smooth by countless 
footsteps. 

4897
04:27:13,900 --> 04:27:17,500
Alongside, it runs a wooden rail
currently decorated with dried 

4898
04:27:17,500 --> 04:27:20,200
salt crystals that sparkle in 
the weak sunlight. 

4899
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:24,100
You'll learn to appreciate that 
rail during winter storms when 

4900
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:27,700
the wind tries to pluck your 
feet and send you tumbling into 

4901
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:30,500
the Rocks below. 
Your appointment is a system 

4902
04:27:30,500 --> 04:27:33,000
Lighthouse Keeper came through 
the light house bored after 

4903
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:35,000
months of paperwork and 
reference's. 

4904
04:27:35,800 --> 04:27:40,800
The position pays $40 per month.
Not a fortune, but steady 

4905
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:44,000
employment in an era when 
economic depressions come as 

4906
04:27:44,000 --> 04:27:48,100
regularly as seasons. 
More importantly, it offers 

4907
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:49,900
something that's increasingly 
rare. 

4908
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,400
Clear purpose. 
Every ship captain. 

4909
04:27:53,400 --> 04:27:55,500
Who safely navigates past this 
Promontory. 

4910
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:57,900
Willow. 
Their success partly to your 

4911
04:27:57,900 --> 04:28:00,400
diligence, though? 
They'll never know your name. 

4912
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:03,800
The isolation is already 
palpable and you've been here 

4913
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:06,700
less than an hour. 
The nearest Village is 6 miles 

4914
04:28:06,700 --> 04:28:10,700
by water 12, by the coastal road
that becomes impassable during 

4915
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:13,800
winter storms. 
The supply boat comes once a 

4916
04:28:13,800 --> 04:28:16,900
month where the permitting 
during bad Winter's, you might 

4917
04:28:16,908 --> 04:28:19,800
go 10 weeks without seeing 
another human face beyond your 

4918
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:22,500
head keeper. 
For some people, this would feel

4919
04:28:22,500 --> 04:28:24,500
like imprisonment. 
For you. 

4920
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:27,400
It feels like an escape from the
increasingly crowded and 

4921
04:28:27,400 --> 04:28:31,200
complicated world of the 1880s 
were cities grow faster than 

4922
04:28:31,200 --> 04:28:34,200
anyone can manage them, and 
Telegraph wires, connect 

4923
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:38,800
everything, to everything else. 
In ways that make privacy feel 

4924
04:28:38,800 --> 04:28:42,200
obsolete, the previous keeper 
emerges, from the dwelling 

4925
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:46,100
wiping, his hands on his apron, 
he's a Weatherman in his 60s 

4926
04:28:46,100 --> 04:28:49,600
whose face has been carved by 
wind, and Sun into something. 

4927
04:28:49,600 --> 04:28:51,700
Resembling, the surrounding rock
formation. 

4928
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:56,000
His name is Jeremiah and he 
spent the last 15 years of this 

4929
04:28:56,000 --> 04:28:59,300
station. 
Now his rumor is grown too 

4930
04:28:59,300 --> 04:29:03,100
severe for the constant climbing
that the position requires and 

4931
04:29:03,100 --> 04:29:05,800
he's been transferred to a 
Harbor Light with shorter stairs

4932
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:08,700
and more medical access. 
He gestures for you to follow 

4933
04:29:08,700 --> 04:29:14,400
him and your education begins. 
The first lesson he explains is 

4934
04:29:14,400 --> 04:29:17,200
understanding that the light 
house is not just a building. 

4935
04:29:17,200 --> 04:29:21,800
It's a machine a living system 
that requires constant attention

4936
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:25,200
and care. 
Every component depends on every

4937
04:29:25,200 --> 04:29:29,100
other component and neglecting 
any single element can mean 

4938
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:32,700
disaster for ships depending on 
your light you climb the towers 

4939
04:29:32,700 --> 04:29:37,100
interior spiral staircase your 
footsteps echoing off the curved

4940
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:40,400
iron walls. 
The stairs are Steep and narrow 

4941
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:43,600
designed to fit within the 
towers tapering structure. 

4942
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:48,700
There are 93 steps from bottom 
to top and Jeremiah informs you 

4943
04:29:48,700 --> 04:29:51,900
that your climb them at least 
six times per day more during 

4944
04:29:51,900 --> 04:29:54,500
storms when you need to monitor 
the light more frequently. 

4945
04:29:55,300 --> 04:29:58,300
Your legs will hurt for the 
first month, then they'll adapt.

4946
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:02,700
Strong in ways that surprise you
when you eventually visit town 

4947
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:06,000
and find you can walk up hills 
that wind other people the rooms

4948
04:30:06,000 --> 04:30:08,100
within the tower are 
surprisingly cozy. 

4949
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:11,700
There's a small storage area for
lamp oil another for cleaning 

4950
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:15,200
supplies and a third that serves
as a workshop for repairs 

4951
04:30:15,200 --> 04:30:18,900
everything smells of oil and 
metal and the particular 

4952
04:30:18,900 --> 04:30:21,800
mustiness that comes from Stone 
buildings near the sea. 

4953
04:30:22,500 --> 04:30:25,800
The walls are thick enough that 
the Roar of waves become muted 

4954
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:29,100
to a steady background Rhythm 
like, living inside a large 

4955
04:30:29,100 --> 04:30:32,500
seashell at the top, you emerge 
into the lantern room and the 

4956
04:30:32,508 --> 04:30:35,600
views, whatever, breathe, The 
Climb hasn't already taken. 

4957
04:30:36,400 --> 04:30:40,300
Glass around you on all sides 
offering a panoramic Vista of 

4958
04:30:40,308 --> 04:30:44,000
oceans sky and the rocky 
Coastline stretching in both 

4959
04:30:44,008 --> 04:30:47,600
directions. 
The fresnel lens, dominates, the

4960
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:50,600
center of the room, a 
magnificent, arrangement of 

4961
04:30:50,600 --> 04:30:54,400
glass prisms that stands taller 
than you and represents the 

4962
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:58,400
Pinnacle of 19th century. 
Optical engineering, Jeremiah 

4963
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:01,400
explains that this particular 
lens is a third order. 

4964
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:05,900
For now with 186 separate glass 
prisms, arranged in concentric 

4965
04:31:05,900 --> 04:31:07,700
rings around the lamp at its 
Center. 

4966
04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:11,900
The lens rotate on A Clockwork 
mechanism, powered by weights 

4967
04:31:11,900 --> 04:31:15,400
that descend through the 
Towering rewinding, every four 

4968
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:18,000
hours. 
When properly maintained and 

4969
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:21,700
lit, this lens can amplify the 
light of a single lamp to be 

4970
04:31:21,708 --> 04:31:25,600
visible for 15 miles at sea. 
Beacon, that can mean the 

4971
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:27,900
difference between safe passage 
and shipwreck. 

4972
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:31,600
The lamp itself Burns, coals or 
oil derived from rapeseed. 

4973
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:35,300
It requires careful trimming of 
the wick, every few hours to 

4974
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:38,000
prevent smoking, which would 
blackened the lens and 

4975
04:31:38,000 --> 04:31:41,200
diminished the light. 
The lens must be cleaned daily 

4976
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:44,400
with special polishing cloths. 
That never quite lose, the smell

4977
04:31:44,400 --> 04:31:47,600
of the cleaning solution. 
The Clockwork mechanism needs 

4978
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:50,700
weekly oiling. 
The windows require constant 

4979
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:54,700
washing to remove salt deposits.
The list of Maintenance tasks, 

4980
04:31:54,700 --> 04:31:58,100
feels endless, but Jeremiah 
shows you that they'll soon 

4981
04:31:58,100 --> 04:32:00,900
become second nature As Natural 
as breathing. 

4982
04:32:00,900 --> 04:32:04,500
You spend the afternoon, 
learning these tasks, your hands

4983
04:32:04,500 --> 04:32:06,900
Awkward on equipment that 
Jeremiah handles with 

4984
04:32:06,900 --> 04:32:09,900
unconscious Grace. 
He shows you how to judge when 

4985
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:13,100
the wick needs trimming by the 
color of the flame, how to wind 

4986
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,500
the Clockwork with exactly, the 
right tension and how to clean 

4987
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:18,900
the lens without leaving 
streaks, that will scatter the 

4988
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:22,400
light in efficiently. 
Each task has been refined 

4989
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:24,900
through Decades of keeper 
experience into something 

4990
04:32:24,900 --> 04:32:27,400
approaching ritual as the sun 
begins. 

4991
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:30,900
Its descent toward the Western 
Horizon and Jeremiah checks his 

4992
04:32:30,908 --> 04:32:34,300
pocket watch and nods. 
It's time for the most important

4993
04:32:34,300 --> 04:32:37,300
moment of the keepers day. 
The lighting ceremony. 

4994
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:40,700
You follow him through the 
preparation opening the 

4995
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,900
ventilators to prevent heat 
buildup, checking the oil 

4996
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:46,300
reserves of war, and adjusting 
the wick to the proper height. 

4997
04:32:47,400 --> 04:32:51,500
then as the sun touches the 
Horizon, Jeremiah liked to match

4998
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:55,100
and applies it to the wick, the 
lamp catches with a soft whoosh 

4999
04:32:55,100 --> 04:32:59,300
and immediately, the lens begins
working its magic The simple 

5000
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:03,000
flame becomes something else. 
Entirely a brilliant beam of 

5001
04:33:03,000 --> 04:33:05,000
light. 
That sweeps across the darkening

5002
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:08,700
sea as the lens rotates. 
Standing in the lantern room, 

5003
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:12,300
you're surrounded by moving 
patterns of Illumination as if 

5004
04:33:12,300 --> 04:33:14,400
you somehow stepped inside a 
kaleidoscope. 

5005
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:17,707
It's beautiful enough that you 
forget to breathe for a moment. 

5006
04:33:17,716 --> 04:33:20,400
Jeremiah allows himself a small 
smile. 

5007
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:26,099
This he says never gets old. 
For 15 years, he's lit this lamp

5008
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,500
and it still feels like a small 
miracle every time. 

5009
04:33:30,200 --> 04:33:33,000
Then he reminds you that the 
miracle requires constant, 

5010
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,800
vigilance, the lamp must, never 
go out between sunset and 

5011
04:33:36,800 --> 04:33:39,400
sunrise. 
Never flicker never fail. 

5012
04:33:40,300 --> 04:33:44,400
Ships are depending on it and 
ships carry, human lives that 

5013
04:33:44,400 --> 04:33:46,200
night. 
You take your first watch, 

5014
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:49,400
sitting in the land of room 
while the lens rotates and the 

5015
04:33:49,400 --> 04:33:52,599
lamp burn steady. 
Through the Windows, you can see

5016
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:55,400
nothing. 
But Darkness punctuated by stars

5017
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:57,700
and the occasional 
phosphorescent Wavecrest. 

5018
04:33:58,500 --> 04:34:00,200
You understand? 
Now, why Lighthouse? 

5019
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:02,900
Keepers develop a particular 
philosophy about their work. 

5020
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,200
Your responsible for something 
larger than yourself a light 

5021
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:09,000
that guides strangers. 
Through danger. 

5022
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:13,599
It's both humbling and oddly 
comforting as midnight, 

5023
04:34:13,599 --> 04:34:15,800
approaches. 
You climb down to wake. 

5024
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:19,599
Jeremiah for his watch shift. 
Tomorrow, he'll depart and this 

5025
04:34:19,599 --> 04:34:23,000
light house will become your 
soul responsibility, shared only

5026
04:34:23,000 --> 04:34:26,000
with the head keeper. 
You have not yet met Tomorrow, 

5027
04:34:26,000 --> 04:34:30,200
your new life, truly begins at 
the edge of the world where the 

5028
04:34:30,200 --> 04:34:32,900
most important thing you'll do 
each day is simply keep a light 

5029
04:34:32,900 --> 04:34:36,000
burning through the darkness. 
The head Keepers alarm clock 

5030
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:40,700
sounds at 4:45 a.m. which in 
December means, you're waking in

5031
04:34:40,700 --> 04:34:42,900
full Darkness. 
Your room in the keepers 

5032
04:34:42,900 --> 04:34:47,099
dwelling is small, but adequate 
about 10 feet square with a 

5033
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:51,000
narrow bed, a dresser a wash 
stand and a hook for hanging 

5034
04:34:51,000 --> 04:34:54,200
your coat. 
The walls are whitewashed stone 

5035
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,500
that stays cool in summer and 
holds Winter's chill like a 

5036
04:34:57,500 --> 04:35:00,099
grudge. 
You've learned to sleep in wool 

5037
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,500
socks and under multiple 
blankets, you like the bedside 

5038
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:06,000
candle from The Embers, you 
banked in your small stove 

5039
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,500
before retiring. 
Flame struggles briefly in the 

5040
04:35:09,508 --> 04:35:12,599
cold air. 
Before steadying casting Shadows

5041
04:35:12,599 --> 04:35:14,099
that make the room feel even 
smaller. 

5042
04:35:15,500 --> 04:35:17,400
Outside. 
You can hear the Eternal 

5043
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:21,200
conversation between Wind and 
Sea. though, after two months 

5044
04:35:21,200 --> 04:35:24,599
here, you barely notice it, 
unless the weather turns violent

5045
04:35:24,599 --> 04:35:28,599
dressing requires efficiency in 
the cold, You pull on wool 

5046
04:35:28,599 --> 04:35:31,700
trousers over your long 
underwear at a flannel shirt. 

5047
04:35:31,700 --> 04:35:35,000
A wool vest and Keepers uniform 
jacket. 

5048
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:40,099
The jacket is regulation dark 
blue Wool with brass buttons 

5049
04:35:40,099 --> 04:35:42,300
bearing. 
The lighthouse board insignia. 

5050
04:35:43,099 --> 04:35:45,500
You're supposed to wear it 
whenever you might encounter 

5051
04:35:45,500 --> 04:35:48,500
visitors though, out here, 
visits a rare enough that you 

5052
04:35:48,508 --> 04:35:50,099
mostly wear it to remind 
yourself. 

5053
04:35:50,099 --> 04:35:52,700
That you have a real job with 
real Authority. 

5054
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:56,900
Even if your kingdom is only 70 
feet of Tower and a few Acres of

5055
04:35:56,900 --> 04:36:00,800
rock, the water in your wash 
stand, has a thin skin of ice 

5056
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:02,599
that cracks. 
When you push your finger 

5057
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:07,700
through you face quickly, 
gasping at the cold, then dry 

5058
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,800
with a rough towel. 
Your reflection in the small 

5059
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:12,900
mirror shows. 
Someone, whose face is already 

5060
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,300
changing from two months of wind
and weather. 

5061
04:36:16,200 --> 04:36:19,700
Skin slightly rougher eyes 
adapted to constantly. 

5062
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:23,800
Scaning her eyes and a general, 
air of competence that wasn't 

5063
04:36:23,800 --> 04:36:26,500
there. 
When you arrived downstairs, the

5064
04:36:26,500 --> 04:36:30,000
head keeper is already staking 
the kitchen stove, coaxing last 

5065
04:36:30,000 --> 04:36:33,000
night's, coals back in to flames
and adding split wood from the 

5066
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:36,900
box beside the half. 
His name is Samuel and he's been

5067
04:36:36,900 --> 04:36:39,800
a keeper for 20 years, the last 
five at this station. 

5068
04:36:40,700 --> 04:36:43,300
He's a methodical man in his 
forties who approaches 

5069
04:36:43,300 --> 04:36:45,800
Lighthouse, keeping the way, a 
good watchmaker approaches 

5070
04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:50,099
timepieces with absolute 
attention to detail and a 

5071
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:52,200
conviction that proper 
maintenance prevents most 

5072
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:54,500
problems. 
The kitchen is the heart of the 

5073
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:58,800
dwelling warm and practical. 
There's the cast, iron stove, a 

5074
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:02,700
sturdy table with two chairs, 
open shelves, holding dishes and

5075
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:06,300
dry goods and windows Facing 
East to catch morning, light, 

5076
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:10,300
when it eventually arrives. 
A kettle perpetually sits on the

5077
04:37:10,308 --> 04:37:13,099
stove. 
Ready for tea or coffee, and the

5078
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:15,300
room smells of wood smoke. 
Yes. 

5079
04:37:15,300 --> 04:37:18,800
To this fish stew and the yeasty
center of the bridge you bake 

5080
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:21,500
two days ago. 
Samuel nods is greeting. 

5081
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:24,400
He's not a morning talker and 
You Begin your part of the 

5082
04:37:24,400 --> 04:37:26,900
routine. 
Coffee goes into the pot. 

5083
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:30,800
Rough grounds measured by Ai and
water from the system that 

5084
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:34,500
collects rainwater from the 
roof. while it Brews you slice 

5085
04:37:34,500 --> 04:37:38,400
bread from the loaf and set out 
butter jam, and the smoke 

5086
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:42,000
tearing That's been a breakfast 
staple since the supply boats 

5087
04:37:42,000 --> 04:37:45,700
last visit three weeks ago. 
Breakfast is functional rather 

5088
04:37:45,700 --> 04:37:49,300
than elaborate the smoked 
Herring is salty enough to wake 

5089
04:37:49,300 --> 04:37:53,300
your mouth, the bread is dense 
and filling, and the coffee is 

5090
04:37:53,300 --> 04:37:56,200
strong enough that you can feel 
your thoughts organizing 

5091
04:37:56,200 --> 04:38:01,000
themselves with each sip Samuel 
reads yesterday's newspaper, 

5092
04:38:01,000 --> 04:38:05,599
already four days old, when the 
supply boat delivered it now a 

5093
04:38:05,599 --> 04:38:09,200
week old, but still your primary
connection to the larger world 

5094
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:12,700
You learn that President 
Cleveland has made some 

5095
04:38:12,700 --> 04:38:16,000
pronouncement about tariffs. 
That there's been another labor 

5096
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:18,700
dispute in Pittsburgh and that 
the weather in New York has been

5097
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:21,200
unseasonably warm after 
breakfast. 

5098
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:24,200
Comes the morning inspection, 
which Samuel treats with the 

5099
04:38:24,200 --> 04:38:28,099
seriousness of a military drill.
You both donned your coats and 

5100
04:38:28,108 --> 04:38:31,400
step into the pre-dawn darkness,
where the light from your 

5101
04:38:31,400 --> 04:38:34,599
Lantern room, still switches 
across the sea in its endless 

5102
04:38:34,599 --> 04:38:37,700
rotation. 
The path of the tower is 

5103
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:39,400
familiar enough. 
Now that you could walk it 

5104
04:38:39,400 --> 04:38:42,700
blindfolded though your careful 
anyway, the stones can be 

5105
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:46,000
slippery with overnight content.
Sensational inside the tower, 

5106
04:38:46,000 --> 04:38:48,700
you climb the 93 steps with the 
ease of repetition. 

5107
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:52,000
Your legs no longer Burn. 
By the time you reach the top 

5108
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:56,500
and you stopped counting steps 
weeks ago In the land of room, 

5109
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:59,700
that lamps still burn steady 
tended, during the 

5110
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:02,800
night-watches. 
The first task is extinguishing 

5111
04:39:02,800 --> 04:39:05,900
it properly waiting until dawn 
is fully established. 

5112
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:09,800
Then carefully reducing the wick
before, extinguishing the flame.

5113
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:14,800
The timing matters extinguished 
too early and a ship might be 

5114
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:18,200
approaching in the last 
Darkness, too late and you're 

5115
04:39:18,200 --> 04:39:20,599
wasting expensive oil with the 
lamp out. 

5116
04:39:20,599 --> 04:39:23,800
You open the ventilators to 
clear accumulated, heat and 

5117
04:39:23,808 --> 04:39:26,000
fumes. 
Then begin the cleaning routine.

5118
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:30,900
The lens is your primary 
concern, dust, salt, crystals, 

5119
04:39:30,900 --> 04:39:34,500
and any such from the lamp must 
be removed to maintain optimal, 

5120
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:38,400
light transmission. 
You use special cloths dampened 

5121
04:39:38,400 --> 04:39:41,000
with cleaning solution. 
Working, methodically through 

5122
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:42,800
each section of the fresnel 
lens. 

5123
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:47,100
The prisms catch and Scatter. 
The dawn like as you work 

5124
04:39:47,100 --> 04:39:51,400
throwing rainbow patterns across
the lantern room walls, Samuel 

5125
04:39:51,400 --> 04:39:55,000
inspects the Clockwork mechanism
while you clean checking for 

5126
04:39:55,000 --> 04:39:58,100
anywhere in the gears ensuring 
the weights moves smoothly 

5127
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:01,000
during the night. 
And adding tiny drops of oil to 

5128
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:04,800
pivot Points. 
The mechanism is remarkably 

5129
04:40:04,800 --> 04:40:08,300
precise but also remarkably 
unforgiving of neglect. 

5130
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:11,500
A few missed maintenance 
sessions, could lead to a 

5131
04:40:11,500 --> 04:40:15,100
regular rotation and a regular 
rotation means ships, might not 

5132
04:40:15,100 --> 04:40:17,100
see the lighter expected 
intervals. 

5133
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:20,600
After the lantern room, you 
descend to check the oil storage

5134
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:22,200
noting. 
The current level in the 

5135
04:40:22,208 --> 04:40:25,500
reservoir and calculating how 
many more days before you'll 

5136
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:27,900
need to transfer oil. 
From the storage barrels. 

5137
04:40:27,900 --> 04:40:32,700
Everything is recorded in the 
Keeper's log oil levels, weather

5138
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,800
conditions, visibility any ship,
sighted, maintenance performed, 

5139
04:40:36,800 --> 04:40:41,300
and even notable bird. 
Sightings The Lighthouse board 

5140
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:43,300
reviews. 
These logs during inspections 

5141
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:46,100
and keepers have been dismissed 
for an adequate record. 

5142
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:50,000
Keeping the fog Bell gets 
checked next even though fog is 

5143
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:52,300
unlike in the current crisp 
December weather. 

5144
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:56,800
The Bell mechanism uses a wound 
spring to strike at regular 

5145
04:40:56,800 --> 04:40:59,700
intervals, during low visibility
like everything else. 

5146
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:04,900
It requires regular maintenance 
You test it, briefly the Deep, 

5147
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:09,000
clang Echoes across the rocks 
and sea, a sound, both mournful 

5148
04:41:09,000 --> 04:41:11,700
and reassuring. 
By the time, you complete the 

5149
04:41:11,700 --> 04:41:14,400
morning inspection real Dawn as 
arrived. 

5150
04:41:15,100 --> 04:41:19,000
The sun rises over the ocean, 
turning the water from black to 

5151
04:41:19,000 --> 04:41:23,000
gray to Bluegreen revealing the 
endless texture of waves. 

5152
04:41:24,000 --> 04:41:26,000
Fishing Schooner is visible to 
the South. 

5153
04:41:26,000 --> 04:41:29,100
Probably heading back to Port 
after a night's work. 

5154
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:34,000
You make a note in the log. 
One vessel sighted Schooner 

5155
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:35,900
rigged. 
Coarse approximately Northwest 

5156
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:39,100
distance, 3 miles back in the 
dwelling. 

5157
04:41:39,100 --> 04:41:42,500
You and Samuel divide, the day's
work, you'll handle the 

5158
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:45,700
paperwork and begin repairs, on 
the supply sheds roof, which 

5159
04:41:45,700 --> 04:41:48,500
leaked during the last storm, 
you'll manage the daily 

5160
04:41:48,500 --> 04:41:51,200
maintenance tasks and start 
preparing tomorrow's bread. 

5161
04:41:51,200 --> 04:41:54,700
There's also laundry that needs 
doing the lighthouse board is 

5162
04:41:54,700 --> 04:41:57,400
particular about Keepers, 
maintaining neat appearances, 

5163
04:41:57,400 --> 04:42:01,200
and that means regular washing, 
despite the extra work involved 

5164
04:42:01,200 --> 04:42:04,200
the rest of the morning unfolds 
and productive routine. 

5165
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,100
You refill oil, lamps Suite. 
Floors. 

5166
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:10,400
Check the rain system. 
Level an inventory supplies 

5167
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:12,200
against the list. 
You're preparing for the next 

5168
04:42:12,200 --> 04:42:15,200
supply boat. 
There's a meditative quality to 

5169
04:42:15,200 --> 04:42:17,900
these tasks. 
Each one contributing to the 

5170
04:42:17,908 --> 04:42:20,100
smooth operation of your small 
domain. 

5171
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:22,700
Your responsible for 
infrastructure. 

5172
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:27,200
Safety, navigation and record, 
keeping which makes you part 

5173
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:31,300
engineer part, bureaucrat, and 
part guardian of Travelers. 

5174
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:34,500
You'll never meet around. 
Mid-morning you start bread 

5175
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:39,000
dough mixing flour, salt, yeast 
and water in proportions. 

5176
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:40,500
You've learned to judge by 
field. 

5177
04:42:41,300 --> 04:42:44,300
The dough is sticky and 
resistant at first then 

5178
04:42:44,300 --> 04:42:47,400
gradually becomes smooth and 
elastic under your kneading. 

5179
04:42:48,100 --> 04:42:51,200
You set it to rise near the 
stove, covered with a damp 

5180
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,400
cloth, knowing it will double in
size by afternoon. 

5181
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:58,300
There's something satisfying 
about bread, making the way 

5182
04:42:58,300 --> 04:43:01,100
basic ingredients. 
Transformed through patient work

5183
04:43:01,100 --> 04:43:04,500
into something essential lunch 
is simple yesterday. 

5184
04:43:04,500 --> 04:43:08,400
Stewie heated, more bread and 
tea, the stew is improved with 

5185
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:10,400
time. 
The waist used do all the 

5186
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:13,700
flavors meld in together. 
Samuel mentioned that he'll 

5187
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:15,200
likely transfer to a land 
station. 

5188
04:43:15,200 --> 04:43:18,700
Next year, his wife is tired of 
the isolation and wants to be 

5189
04:43:18,708 --> 04:43:21,900
near their grandchildren. 
This means you might become 

5190
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:25,900
headkeeper here or transfer to 
another station or possibly 

5191
04:43:25,900 --> 04:43:28,900
train, a new assistance. 
In Lighthouse, keeping 

5192
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:31,800
everything is temporary, except 
the lights themselves. 

5193
04:43:31,800 --> 04:43:35,500
After lunch comes more 
maintenance, there's always more

5194
04:43:35,500 --> 04:43:38,200
maintenance. 
He cleaned Windows trim lamp 

5195
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:42,700
Wicks polish brass fittings. 
Check the storm shutters inspect

5196
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:46,300
roofing shingles and performer, 
doesn't other small tasks, that 

5197
04:43:46,300 --> 04:43:48,300
collectively. 
Ensure the light house remains 

5198
04:43:48,300 --> 04:43:51,600
functional and presentable. 
The light house bored sends 

5199
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:55,100
inspectors without warning and 
Keepers who fail inspection can 

5200
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:59,100
be demoted or dismissed by 
mid-afternoon, you've earned a 

5201
04:43:59,100 --> 04:44:01,600
brief rest. 
You sit on the bench outside the

5202
04:44:01,600 --> 04:44:03,700
dwelling drinking tea and 
watching the sea. 

5203
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:06,200
The fishing schooner from this 
morning is returning. 

5204
04:44:06,200 --> 04:44:09,500
Probably successfully given how 
low it sits in the water. 

5205
04:44:10,500 --> 04:44:13,800
A few gulls wheel overhead, 
their cries mixing with the 

5206
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:16,100
Wind. 
The bread dough has risen 

5207
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:19,000
properly and now sits in the 
oven filling the dwelling with 

5208
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:22,600
yeasty warmth. 
This is your life now routine 

5209
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:26,900
and responsibility isolation and
purpose, and the endless cycle 

5210
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:30,700
of Maintenance and vigilance 
It's not the life you imagine in

5211
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:33,700
your youth, but it's proven to 
be the life you needed. 

5212
04:44:34,500 --> 04:44:37,600
Here at the edge of the world. 
Things are simple, if not easy, 

5213
04:44:37,600 --> 04:44:41,200
the light must burn, the 
Machinery, must work and the 

5214
04:44:41,208 --> 04:44:43,600
ship must be guided safely 
through the night. 

5215
04:44:44,500 --> 04:44:48,100
Everything else is just details.
The fresnel lens that dominates 

5216
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:51,200
your land of room represents. 
Decades of optical research 

5217
04:44:51,200 --> 04:44:56,400
compressed into crystalline 
precision, Before August right 

5218
04:44:56,400 --> 04:44:57,700
now. 
Revolutionized Lighthouse 

5219
04:44:57,700 --> 04:45:01,200
technology in the 1820s 
Lighthouse is used simple, 

5220
04:45:01,200 --> 04:45:03,500
reflectiz, that wasted most of 
their light. 

5221
04:45:04,400 --> 04:45:08,600
Fornells Innovation, arranging 
prisms and consent trickles to 

5222
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:11,700
capture and focus light. 
That would otherwise scatter 

5223
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:15,000
uselessly. 
Transformed Maritime navigation.

5224
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:17,900
Standing before your third order
lens. 

5225
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:20,600
You're looking at technology 
that's essentially unchanged 

5226
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:24,200
since fresnel's original designs
because sometimes the first 

5227
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:26,100
solution is also the perfect 
solution. 

5228
04:45:26,100 --> 04:45:31,100
Your lens consists of 186 
individual, glass prisms, held 

5229
04:45:31,100 --> 04:45:34,200
in a bronze framework that 
rotates around the central lamp.

5230
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:38,700
The innermost ring features the 
largest prisms called bullseyes.

5231
04:45:38,700 --> 04:45:42,100
Each one hand, ground and 
Polished tolerances measured in 

5232
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:45,600
fractions of millimeters 
surrounding these are smaller 

5233
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:49,300
refracting prisms that capture 
light traveling at Angles and 

5234
04:45:49,300 --> 04:45:53,500
redirect it toward the horizon. 
The entire assembly weighs 

5235
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:57,200
nearly two tons yet floats on a 
Mercury Bar that allows the 

5236
04:45:57,200 --> 04:46:00,000
Clockwork mechanism to rotate it
with remarkable. 

5237
04:46:00,000 --> 04:46:03,400
Smoothness understanding the 
lens means, understanding light 

5238
04:46:03,400 --> 04:46:06,900
itself, you've learned that 
light travels in straight lines,

5239
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:10,600
until something makes it changed
Direction, which is exactly what

5240
04:46:10,600 --> 04:46:12,900
each prism does with exquisite 
precision. 

5241
04:46:14,400 --> 04:46:17,900
The bullseye's concentrate the 
lamps output into focused beams.

5242
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:20,300
That sweep across the sea as the
lens rotates. 

5243
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,600
Ships captains can identify your
light house by counting the 

5244
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:29,200
interval between flashes. 
Your station produces one, flash

5245
04:46:29,200 --> 04:46:34,000
every 30 seconds, a signature is
distinct as a fingerprint the 

5246
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:37,100
lamp at the lens is heart is 
simpler than you'd expect given 

5247
04:46:37,100 --> 04:46:38,800
the sophisticated Optics 
surrounding it. 

5248
04:46:39,500 --> 04:46:43,400
It's essentially just a fancy 
oil lamp, a brass Reservoir 

5249
04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:46,900
holding culture oil, a circular 
Wick that can be raised or 

5250
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:49,900
lowered and a chimney to direct 
fumes upward. 

5251
04:46:50,600 --> 04:46:52,300
But getting that simple lamp to 
burn. 

5252
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,600
Steadily for 12, winter hours, 
requires attention that borders 

5253
04:46:55,600 --> 04:46:58,200
on meditation. 
You've learned to read the flame

5254
04:46:58,200 --> 04:47:00,200
like a language, a yellow 
orange. 

5255
04:47:00,200 --> 04:47:02,600
Flame means the wick is too high
or needs trimming. 

5256
04:47:02,600 --> 04:47:05,100
A blue, white flame means its 
perfect. 

5257
04:47:05,900 --> 04:47:09,100
A flickering flame suggests 
draft problems or contaminated 

5258
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:12,200
oil. 
The wick itself is cotton tape 

5259
04:47:12,200 --> 04:47:14,900
about two inches wide and it 
needs trimming every four hours 

5260
04:47:14,900 --> 04:47:19,000
to remove the carbon buildup 
that accumulates as it burns too

5261
04:47:19,000 --> 04:47:20,500
much trimming and you'll use up 
the wick. 

5262
04:47:20,500 --> 04:47:23,300
Prematurely two little and 
smoke. 

5263
04:47:23,300 --> 04:47:26,100
Will blacken your beautiful 
lands, trimming the wick 

5264
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:29,100
requires small scissors designed
specifically for the purpose, 

5265
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:33,700
Sharp enough to cut cleanly 
through, Chardon small enough to

5266
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,000
maneuver in the confined space 
around the lamp. 

5267
04:47:36,800 --> 04:47:39,400
You wait until the flame is at 
its lowest safely. 

5268
04:47:39,400 --> 04:47:42,400
Then carefully. 
Snip away the black and Edge, 

5269
04:47:42,400 --> 04:47:47,600
creating a smooth circular cut. 
The flame responds immediately, 

5270
04:47:47,600 --> 04:47:52,900
burning brighter and cleaner. 
It's a small satisfaction but 

5271
04:47:52,900 --> 04:47:57,500
satisfaction nonetheless, the 
oil itself comes in 50 gallon, 

5272
04:47:57,500 --> 04:48:00,700
barrels delivered by the supply 
boat each Barrel, weighing over 

5273
04:48:00,708 --> 04:48:04,000
400 pounds you. 
And Samuel roll them from The 

5274
04:48:04,008 --> 04:48:07,600
Landing, to the oil storage room
using a wooden track, then to 

5275
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:09,700
Camp the oil into smaller 
containers for daily. 

5276
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:14,300
Use the oil has a faintly 
vegetable smell and a viscosity 

5277
04:48:14,300 --> 04:48:17,900
that varies with temperature, 
thinner in summer, thicker and 

5278
04:48:17,900 --> 04:48:21,300
winter in extreme cold. 
You sometimes need to warm the 

5279
04:48:21,300 --> 04:48:25,000
oil slightly before adding it to
the lamps of War, cleaning the 

5280
04:48:25,000 --> 04:48:28,900
lens, as your favorite task, the
calling it to task, doesn't 

5281
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:33,300
capture the ritualistic quality 
at acquired. you work in the 

5282
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:35,900
early morning, after 
extinguishing the lamp, when 

5283
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:39,000
sunlight streams, through the 
lantern room windows and turns 

5284
04:48:39,000 --> 04:48:42,800
the lens, into a sculpture of 
light, Your cleaning, cloths are

5285
04:48:42,800 --> 04:48:46,000
soft flannel dampened with a 
solution of alcohol, and 

5286
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:48,800
distilled water. 
You work systematically 

5287
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:53,300
cleaning, one prism at a time 
buffing until no streaks remain.

5288
04:48:53,300 --> 04:48:57,800
Each prism reveals its 
personality during cleaning Some

5289
04:48:57,800 --> 04:49:00,200
collect dust preferentially on 
their upper surfaces. 

5290
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:04,600
Others show salt, crystals at 
their edges where spray somehow 

5291
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:06,700
penetrates the lanterns 
weatherproofing. 

5292
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:10,100
The bullseyes require extra 
attention because any 

5293
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:12,900
imperfection in their surfaces 
will scatter light and weaken 

5294
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:15,100
the beam. 
You've learned that the best 

5295
04:49:15,100 --> 04:49:18,400
technique is small circular 
motions, followed by vertical 

5296
04:49:18,400 --> 04:49:22,100
buffing and that checking your 
work against sunlight reveals 

5297
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:24,000
streaks that are invisible in 
other conditions. 

5298
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:27,900
The Clockwork mechanism that 
rotates, the lens is Victorian 

5299
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:32,100
engineering at its finest. 
Brass gears steel cables and 

5300
04:49:32,100 --> 04:49:35,900
iron weights, working in concert
to produce perfectly consistent 

5301
04:49:35,900 --> 04:49:38,900
rotation. 
The weights, descend through the

5302
04:49:38,900 --> 04:49:42,700
towers Center connected by 
cables that wrap around a drum 

5303
04:49:42,700 --> 04:49:44,100
can connected to the lens 
assembly. 

5304
04:49:45,200 --> 04:49:48,700
As the weights fall, they turn 
the drum, which rotates the lens

5305
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:51,400
through a series of reduction 
gears that slowed the rotation 

5306
04:49:51,400 --> 04:49:55,000
to the prescribed speed winding.
The Clockwork happens, every 

5307
04:49:55,000 --> 04:49:59,400
four hours regardless of whether
or fatigue You open the access 

5308
04:49:59,400 --> 04:50:03,100
panel in the lantern room floor,
grass, The Windlass handle and 

5309
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,900
begin cranking. 
The weights rise slowly through 

5310
04:50:06,900 --> 04:50:10,600
the towers Hollow core 
accompanied by clicking sounds 

5311
04:50:10,600 --> 04:50:12,900
as the ratchet mechanism 
prevents reverse motion. 

5312
04:50:14,000 --> 04:50:17,800
Your arms learned quickly. 
To judge the proper Rhythm too 

5313
04:50:17,800 --> 04:50:21,600
fast and you'll exhaust 
yourself, too slow in your waist

5314
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:25,300
time the full winding takes 
about 15 minutes and leaves your

5315
04:50:25,300 --> 04:50:27,200
shoulders. 
Feeling pleasantly worked. 

5316
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:29,700
Occasionally usually during 
storms. 

5317
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:33,600
Something goes wrong, a gear 
tooth might chip a cable might 

5318
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:35,900
Fray? 
Or the Mercury bath, might 

5319
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:39,600
develop a regularity. these 
problems transformed from 

5320
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:43,600
abstract possibilities into 
urgent crises because the light 

5321
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:47,100
must keep turning You've learned
to perform repairs while the 

5322
04:50:47,100 --> 04:50:49,900
system continues operating 
working around. 

5323
04:50:49,900 --> 04:50:53,500
Moving Parts with tools held in 
hands that can't afford to shake

5324
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:57,800
once during a January nor Easter
the Clockwork began grinding 

5325
04:50:57,800 --> 04:51:01,700
ominously around two a.m. during
your watch, You discovered that 

5326
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:05,800
moisture at somehow penetrated 
the gear housing causing rust to

5327
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:09,300
bind one of the reduction gears.
Samuel joined you, in the 

5328
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:12,600
Lambton room and together you 
performed emergency field 

5329
04:51:12,600 --> 04:51:14,800
maintenance. 
Disassembling. 

5330
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,600
The mechanisms section by 
section while manually rotating 

5331
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,900
the lens to keep the light 
sweeping properly cleaning, each

5332
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:25,900
gear, applying fresh oil, and 
reassembling everything before. 

5333
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:29,400
The next rotation interval, the 
repair took three hours and 

5334
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:30,700
left. 
You both exhausted and 

5335
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:33,700
exhilarated. 
When the Clockwork, resumed, its

5336
04:51:33,700 --> 04:51:36,100
smooth operation. 
Samuel actually smiled. 

5337
04:51:36,100 --> 04:51:38,200
And said, this was why 
Lighthouse? 

5338
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:41,300
Keeping wasn't for everyone. 
It required, people who could 

5339
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:44,400
solve problems at 2 a.m. during 
storms while maintaining a light

5340
04:51:44,408 --> 04:51:48,400
that ships were depending on You
felt a pride that had nothing to

5341
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:52,900
do with ego and everything to do
with competence validated the 

5342
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:56,700
lens has taught you patience. 
You cannot Rush its cleaning 

5343
04:51:56,700 --> 04:51:59,900
without leaving streaks. 
You cannot force the Clockwork 

5344
04:51:59,900 --> 04:52:01,600
to wind faster than its 
mechanics. 

5345
04:52:01,600 --> 04:52:04,800
Allow you cannot make the lamp 
burn brighter than it is 

5346
04:52:04,808 --> 04:52:08,400
designed permits. 
Instead you work within 

5347
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,600
constraints achieving, 
excellent, through consistent 

5348
04:52:11,600 --> 04:52:13,900
attention, rather than dramatic 
intervention. 

5349
04:52:14,700 --> 04:52:17,300
It's a philosophy that applies 
Beyond Lighthouse keeping 

5350
04:52:17,300 --> 04:52:20,200
though, you don't often have 
time to contemplate such 

5351
04:52:20,200 --> 04:52:23,700
connections, sometimes during 
quiet after noon's. 

5352
04:52:23,700 --> 04:52:26,100
When all maintenance is complete
in the sea as calm. 

5353
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,400
You simply sit in the lantern 
room and watch light move 

5354
04:52:29,400 --> 04:52:32,800
through glass. 
The sun strikes prisms at 

5355
04:52:32,800 --> 04:52:36,700
changing angles as a crosses, 
the sky creating patterns that 

5356
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:41,600
shift with geometric precision. 
You understand now why fernel 

5357
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:43,900
devoted years to developing this
technology? 

5358
04:52:44,700 --> 04:52:47,700
There's something profound about
shaping like with such Precision

5359
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:51,700
about taking something as 
ephemeral as photons and bending

5360
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:55,000
them to human purpose. 
The lens will Outlast you. 

5361
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,600
It was here before you arrived 
and will remain after you depart

5362
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:02,100
serving keeper after Keeper in 
its patient mission of guiding 

5363
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:05,800
ships through Darkness. 
This isn't Melancholy. 

5364
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:09,900
It's comforting. 
You're part of a Continuum, a 

5365
04:53:09,900 --> 04:53:12,200
link in a chain of 
responsibility that extends 

5366
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:15,800
backward through decades and 
forward into an unimaginable 

5367
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:18,500
future. 
Your job is simply to maintain 

5368
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:22,200
your link, keeping it strong and
bright for whoever comes next. 

5369
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:25,300
The sunset approaches, and you 
prepare to like the lamp for 

5370
04:53:25,300 --> 04:53:27,200
another night, you run through 
the checklist. 

5371
04:53:27,200 --> 04:53:31,900
That's become second, nature 
ventilators, open oil reservoir 

5372
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:35,000
full Wick trimmed and positioned
Clockwork. 

5373
04:53:35,000 --> 04:53:37,900
Wound, cleaning completed and 
log entries. 

5374
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:41,500
Current Then you strike the 
match and touch it to the wick. 

5375
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:45,200
And once again, the machine 
comes to life, transforming a 

5376
04:53:45,208 --> 04:53:48,600
simple flame into a beacon 
visible from miles, across the 

5377
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:52,900
darkening, sea, the light sweeps
outward and somewhere beyond 

5378
04:53:52,900 --> 04:53:55,500
your horizon. 
A ship's Captain sees it and 

5379
04:53:55,500 --> 04:53:57,100
marks their position with 
relief. 

5380
04:53:58,000 --> 04:54:00,300
You'll never meet that captain 
or know their name. 

5381
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:02,800
But for this moment, you're 
connected through the 

5382
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:07,100
intermediary of light and glass,
it's enough, it's everything. 

5383
04:54:07,100 --> 04:54:10,700
The isolation accumulates 
gradually like snow on a 

5384
04:54:10,700 --> 04:54:12,800
rooftop. 
The first week felt like a 

5385
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:16,400
peaceful Retreat from city 
crowds and social obligations. 

5386
04:54:16,400 --> 04:54:19,400
The second week introduced 
moments of Silence. 

5387
04:54:19,400 --> 04:54:21,400
So complete, you could hear your
own heartbeat. 

5388
04:54:22,200 --> 04:54:25,000
By the third month, you've 
learned that Solitude isn't 

5389
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:29,800
simply the absence of people its
own presence as tangible as wind

5390
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:32,200
or weather. 
Samuel is good company. 

5391
04:54:32,200 --> 04:54:34,900
But Lighthouse, keeping doesn't 
encourage extent of 

5392
04:54:34,900 --> 04:54:38,000
conversation. 
You work parallel rather than 

5393
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:42,100
together, each managing assigned
tasks, with practice deficiency.

5394
04:54:43,100 --> 04:54:45,700
Meals a brief and functional 
evening's. 

5395
04:54:45,700 --> 04:54:48,700
Find you both absorbed in 
separate Pursuits him. 

5396
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:50,100
Reading or doing. 
Repairs. 

5397
04:54:50,100 --> 04:54:52,800
You writing letters or 
maintaining personal equipment. 

5398
04:54:53,700 --> 04:54:56,900
The dwelling has become like a 
ship where two Sailors share 

5399
04:54:56,900 --> 04:54:59,800
space while respecting each 
other psychological territory, 

5400
04:54:59,800 --> 04:55:03,000
you've discovered that Solitude 
changes, how you think? 

5401
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:07,500
Without constant social input. 
Your mind develops his own 

5402
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:11,400
rhythms and preoccupations you 
find yourself contemplating 

5403
04:55:11,400 --> 04:55:13,900
questions. 
That would seem absurd in City. 

5404
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:18,800
Contexts, Whether the gulls 
recognize individual humans, how

5405
04:55:18,800 --> 04:55:22,700
fish experience storms and what 
percentage of waves break 

5406
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,600
without anyone watching them? 
These aren't practical questions

5407
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:30,700
but they occupy the mental space
that social obligations 

5408
04:55:30,700 --> 04:55:34,400
previously filled the sea 
itself, becomes a companion of 

5409
04:55:34,400 --> 04:55:37,500
sorts though. 
An impersonal one, it has moods 

5410
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:40,200
but no intentions patterns but 
no purposes. 

5411
04:55:41,100 --> 04:55:44,500
You've learned to read its 
Changing Faces, the long rolling

5412
04:55:44,500 --> 04:55:48,600
swells that signal, distance 
storms, the sharp chop, that 

5413
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:51,700
means local wind shifts. 
And the glassy calm that 

5414
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:55,200
precedes where the changes. 
Each condition creates its own 

5415
04:55:55,200 --> 04:56:00,100
sound track, gentle lapping 
against rocks, explosive crashes

5416
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:04,700
against Cliffs, all the peculiar
hissing sound of spray suspended

5417
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:08,300
in strong, winds, winter storms,
transformed the light house in 

5418
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:10,100
to something between a fortress 
and a prison. 

5419
04:56:10,900 --> 04:56:14,400
When nor Easter's blow in from 
the Atlantic waves, reach 

5420
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:17,900
Heights that seem impossible 
until you witness them. water 

5421
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:21,000
explodes against rocks with 
force, that makes the tower 

5422
04:56:21,000 --> 04:56:24,300
vibrate sending spray high 
enough to coat the lantern room 

5423
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:28,700
glass with salt despite its 70 
foot elevation During these 

5424
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:30,900
storms, you cannot leave the 
lighthouse grounds. 

5425
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:33,700
Even the short walk between 
dwelling in Tower. 

5426
04:56:33,700 --> 04:56:36,300
Becomes dangerous as wind tries 
to lift you off your feet. 

5427
04:56:36,300 --> 04:56:38,400
You've learned to prepare for 
storms. 

5428
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:39,900
The way squirrels prepare for 
winter. 

5429
04:56:39,900 --> 04:56:44,400
When the barometer drops and 
clouds Mass on the horizon, you 

5430
04:56:44,400 --> 04:56:48,500
and Samuel spring into action, 
Storm shutters get secured over 

5431
04:56:48,500 --> 04:56:52,000
dwelling Windows. 
Extra oil gets, hold up to the 

5432
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:55,700
lantern room. 
Fog Bell mechanism gets checked 

5433
04:56:55,700 --> 04:56:58,700
and double-checked. 
Freshwater containers, get 

5434
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:02,200
filled from the system. 
Firewood gets stacked inside 

5435
04:57:02,200 --> 04:57:05,400
near the stove. 
Then you wait knowing that. 

5436
04:57:05,400 --> 04:57:08,400
The next few days will test both
the light house as construction 

5437
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:11,900
and your own endurance. 
The worst storm hit in February.

5438
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:15,100
A three-day Tempest that made 
previous storms seem like 

5439
04:57:15,100 --> 04:57:17,500
rehearsals waves reached 
Heights. 

5440
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:19,500
That seemed to violate natural 
laws. 

5441
04:57:19,500 --> 04:57:22,300
Sending green water crashing 
over rocks. 

5442
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:24,200
You thought was safely above sea
level. 

5443
04:57:24,900 --> 04:57:28,100
The wind howled with voices that
sounded Almost Human. 

5444
04:57:28,100 --> 04:57:30,800
Finding every Gap. 
In the light house is 

5445
04:57:30,800 --> 04:57:32,400
weatherproofing and exploiting 
it. 

5446
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,400
You and Samuel took two, our 
watches and of four. 

5447
04:57:36,400 --> 04:57:39,000
Because the strain of 
maintaining the light during 

5448
04:57:39,000 --> 04:57:42,500
such conditions exhausted 
concentration faster than normal

5449
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:45,100
during that storm. 
You discovered depths of 

5450
04:57:45,100 --> 04:57:48,500
fatigue, you hadn't known 
existed, Your watch shifts 

5451
04:57:48,500 --> 04:57:50,800
became exercises in sustained 
Focus. 

5452
04:57:50,800 --> 04:57:55,200
Despite overwhelming tiredness 
wind noise and the towers 

5453
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:58,300
constant motion as waves, 
hammered its foundation. 

5454
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:03,500
You learn to climb the 93 steps 
in a zombie-like state respond 

5455
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:06,800
to routine problems, through 
muscle memory alone and stay 

5456
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:10,100
alert enough to catch actual 
emergencies, through the fog of 

5457
04:58:10,100 --> 04:58:13,500
exhaustion, when the storm 
finally broke and the Sea 

5458
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:16,200
calmed, you and Samuel emerged 
into brilliant. 

5459
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:18,800
Sunshine that made the violence 
of the preceding days. 

5460
04:58:18,800 --> 04:58:22,900
Seem like a loosen Nation. 
The Rocks were scoured, cleaner 

5461
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:25,500
vegetation Driftwood, littered 
the grounds. 

5462
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:28,700
Several Windows had cracked, 
despite their storm shutters, 

5463
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:31,400
but the lighted burned steadily 
throughout. 

5464
04:58:31,400 --> 04:58:35,900
And that was the only measure of
success that mattered Solitude 

5465
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:38,900
or so brings unexpected 
encounters with Wildlife that 

5466
04:58:38,900 --> 04:58:43,800
shares this Rocky promontory. 
Seals haul out on rocks, below 

5467
04:58:43,800 --> 04:58:46,600
the light house. 
Their barking carrying up on 

5468
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:50,300
quiet, evening's Harbor, 
porpoises sometimes pass. 

5469
04:58:50,300 --> 04:58:52,100
Close enough that you can hear 
their breathing. 

5470
04:58:53,400 --> 04:58:57,600
During spring and fall migration
bird stopped to rest warblers. 

5471
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:01,300
Thrushes and even wild-eared 
looking wood duck. 

5472
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:04,300
That seemed to surprise to find 
itself here as you were to see 

5473
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:07,600
it the Birds teach you about 
navigation and determination. 

5474
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:12,300
The small ones, weighing barely,
an ounce somehow cross hundreds 

5475
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:14,000
of miles of ocean during 
migration. 

5476
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:18,000
Occasionally they're drawn to 
the lighthouse beam during foggy

5477
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:20,700
nights. 
Circling the lantern room in 

5478
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:23,400
confusion. 
You've learned to extinguish the

5479
04:59:23,400 --> 04:59:26,800
lamp briefly during these events
allowing Birds to escape the 

5480
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,600
Fatal Attraction. 
Then relight it once they've 

5481
04:59:29,600 --> 04:59:33,400
Departed The lighthouse board 
doesn't officially sanction this

5482
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:37,400
practice, but you suspect most 
Keepers do it anyway, you've 

5483
04:59:37,400 --> 04:59:41,100
also become a pointed with the 
resident, gulls three pairs that

5484
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:43,800
nest on the rocks, each spring, 
and maintain territories year 

5485
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:46,900
round. 
One pair which you've mentally 

5486
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,100
named Friedrich and Clara for no
particular. 

5487
04:59:49,100 --> 04:59:52,300
Reason has grown accustomed to 
your presence enough that they 

5488
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:54,900
don't immediately flee when you 
emerge from the dwelling. 

5489
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:58,700
They've learned your routines 
and appear expectantly when you 

5490
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:03,000
dispose of fish scraps. 
It's not exactly friendship but 

5491
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:07,600
it's a relationship of sorts the
cycle weight of isolation varies

5492
05:00:07,600 --> 05:00:10,900
with seasons and weather. 
Summerfields easier to despite 

5493
05:00:10,900 --> 05:00:14,400
longer watches because decent 
weather allows outdoor work that

5494
05:00:14,400 --> 05:00:18,600
provides Variety in sunshine. 
Winter compresses life into 

5495
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:20,500
smaller spaces with shorter 
days. 

5496
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:24,800
Intensifying the sense of being 
contained in a small Stone box 

5497
05:00:24,800 --> 05:00:28,600
at the edge of civilization. 
You've learned to recognize the 

5498
05:00:28,600 --> 05:00:32,500
warning signs in your self and 
Samuel increasing irritability, 

5499
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:37,000
attention, lapses, sleep, 
disturbances and to address them

5500
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:38,600
through. 
Deliberate routine changes 

5501
05:00:38,600 --> 05:00:41,700
before they become serious. 
Problems letters become 

5502
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:45,900
lifelines during deep winter. 
The supply boat brings male 

5503
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:48,200
monthly when weather permits, 
and you've developed 

5504
05:00:48,200 --> 05:00:51,700
correspondences with family, 
friends, and even other 

5505
05:00:51,700 --> 05:00:55,000
Lighthouse keepers. 
Writing letters forces 

5506
05:00:55,000 --> 05:00:58,700
articulation of experiences that
might otherwise remain wordless 

5507
05:00:58,700 --> 05:01:01,600
impressions. 
Reading letters brings news of 

5508
05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:05,100
the outside world, though, their
content often highlights how 

5509
05:01:05,100 --> 05:01:08,000
different your daily concerns of
become from those of City 

5510
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:11,200
dwellers your mother writes 
about church, socials and 

5511
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:13,400
neighborhood. 
Gossip difficulties with 

5512
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:16,100
servants and the rising cost of 
groceries. 

5513
05:01:16,100 --> 05:01:20,200
Your brother described his work 
at the bank and his concerns 

5514
05:01:20,200 --> 05:01:21,800
about his eldest son's 
education. 

5515
05:01:22,900 --> 05:01:25,600
These letters arrive from a 
world that feels increasingly 

5516
05:01:25,600 --> 05:01:28,500
foreign despite having left it 
only months ago. 

5517
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:33,500
You write back with descriptions
of Storms, and seals lens 

5518
05:01:33,500 --> 05:01:36,700
maintenance and supply boat 
visits, and wonder if you're 

5519
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:38,800
life, seems a strange to theirs 
as theirs. 

5520
05:01:38,800 --> 05:01:42,400
Now seems to you, you've 
discovered that Solitude sharp 

5521
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:44,600
and certain perceptions while 
darling others. 

5522
05:01:45,400 --> 05:01:48,100
You've become exquisitely, 
attuned to whether patterns 

5523
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:53,200
mechanical sounds and the oceans
moods but you've noticed your 

5524
05:01:53,200 --> 05:01:57,100
social skills growing Rusty 
during the supply boat Captain's

5525
05:01:57,100 --> 05:01:59,700
monthly visits you sometimes 
struggle with casual 

5526
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:03,300
conversation having grown on a 
custom to the rapid fire 

5527
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:06,300
exchanges that characterize 
normal social interaction. 

5528
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:09,800
You find yourself Talking Too 
Long about topics. 

5529
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:13,200
The captain clearly finds boring
or falling silent when social 

5530
05:02:13,200 --> 05:02:15,100
conventions suggests you should 
respond. 

5531
05:02:15,100 --> 05:02:18,600
But there are compensations. 
You've learned to find 

5532
05:02:18,600 --> 05:02:21,500
entertainment in things City 
dwellers would consider mundane 

5533
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:25,200
watching sunset colors. 
Change minute by minute, across 

5534
05:02:25,200 --> 05:02:28,500
the water, tracking cloud 
formation, and predicting. 

5535
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:31,600
The next days weather, Observing
how different wins. 

5536
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:34,300
Create different patterns in 
Grass, that's managed to rout 

5537
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:37,500
itself between rocks. 
These aren't substitutes for 

5538
05:02:37,500 --> 05:02:41,100
human interaction, but their 
sources of genuine interest that

5539
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:45,100
expand rather than diminish. 
Your experience Solitude has 

5540
05:02:45,100 --> 05:02:47,800
also Force self-reliance in ways
that proved surprisingly, 

5541
05:02:47,800 --> 05:02:52,100
satisfying, When equipment 
breaks you repair, it yourself, 

5542
05:02:52,100 --> 05:02:56,000
or improvised Solutions when 
Food Supplies, run low, before 

5543
05:02:56,000 --> 05:03:00,300
the supply boat arrives, you get
creative with what remains when 

5544
05:03:00,300 --> 05:03:02,800
loneliness threatens to 
overwhelm you develop 

5545
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:06,300
strategies. 
Vigorous physical work detailed 

5546
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:09,000
letter writing. 
Self-assigned projects that 

5547
05:03:09,000 --> 05:03:12,300
restore psychological balance 
the sea continues. 

5548
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:14,300
Its Eternal conversational with 
the Rocks. 

5549
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:16,500
A sound. 
So constant, it's become 

5550
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:19,100
silenced. 
You've learned that isolation 

5551
05:03:19,100 --> 05:03:20,600
isn't the absence of 
stimulation. 

5552
05:03:20,600 --> 05:03:23,500
It's a different quality of 
Engagement with the world. 

5553
05:03:24,500 --> 05:03:27,700
Instead of the scattered 
attention demanded by City Life 

5554
05:03:27,700 --> 05:03:32,800
you've developed sustained focus
on narrower concerns instead of 

5555
05:03:32,800 --> 05:03:35,100
superficial interactions with 
many people. 

5556
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:39,100
You've built deeper 
relationships with Place purpose

5557
05:03:39,100 --> 05:03:42,300
and the handful of individuals 
who share this isolated 

5558
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,000
existence. 
A spring approaches and Ice 

5559
05:03:45,000 --> 05:03:48,700
finally Retreats from the Rocks.
You find yourself anticipating 

5560
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:51,100
rather than dreading another 
season at the light. 

5561
05:03:51,900 --> 05:03:55,200
The isolation that initially 
felt like deprivation has become

5562
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:59,900
a kind of Freedom here, stripped
of social performance and urban 

5563
05:03:59,900 --> 05:04:02,500
distraction. 
You've discovered a version of 

5564
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:05,500
yourself that perhaps more 
authentic than the person who 

5565
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:07,700
navigated City street 6 months 
ago. 

5566
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:12,600
It's not a discovery, you'd have
made anywhere else, and while 

5567
05:04:12,600 --> 05:04:15,400
you occasionally Miss 
civilizations comforts, you 

5568
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:17,500
wouldn't trade this knowledge 
for an easier life. 

5569
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:21,300
The supply boats arrival is 
always an event even after 

5570
05:04:21,300 --> 05:04:23,400
multiple experiences with the 
routine. 

5571
05:04:24,100 --> 05:04:27,800
You spot it while making 
afternoon rounds, a dark shape, 

5572
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,700
materializing from Coastal Haze 
gradually resolving into the 

5573
05:04:31,700 --> 05:04:35,200
familiar lines of the lighthouse
tender that serves this section 

5574
05:04:35,200 --> 05:04:38,200
of coast. 
Samuel sees it, too and a 

5575
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:39,600
remarks. 
The captain Morrison is making 

5576
05:04:39,600 --> 05:04:41,700
good time. 
Despite yesterday's rough Seas. 

5577
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:44,500
You both head down to The 
Landing, carrying the outgoing 

5578
05:04:44,500 --> 05:04:47,100
mail and your acquisition list 
from X-Men supplies. 

5579
05:04:47,800 --> 05:04:50,600
The Landing is a stone platform 
built into the most sheltered 

5580
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:54,800
section of rocks with iron rings
set in the stone for securing 

5581
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:57,600
boats. 
Even in calm weather, the tender

5582
05:04:57,600 --> 05:05:01,200
doesn't dock directly Morrison 
anchors offshore and send 

5583
05:05:01,200 --> 05:05:03,900
supplies in on a smaller Dory 
Road by his assistant. 

5584
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:08,400
Asta, turn main native named 
Webb, who can read waves, the 

5585
05:05:08,408 --> 05:05:11,200
way you read lamp Flames the 
Dory arrives. 

5586
05:05:11,200 --> 05:05:15,400
Loaded with crates, barrels and 
canvas bags, you and Samuel help

5587
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:16,800
haul everything up to The 
Landing. 

5588
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:19,800
While Morrison himself comes 
ashore to conduct his monthly 

5589
05:05:19,800 --> 05:05:22,800
inspection. 
He's required to verify that the

5590
05:05:22,800 --> 05:05:24,200
lighthouse meets Lighthouse 
board. 

5591
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:26,200
Standards. 
Check the keepers logs and 

5592
05:05:26,200 --> 05:05:29,800
Report any deficiencies. 
In practice, he's also your 

5593
05:05:29,800 --> 05:05:32,400
primary connection to the 
outside world bringing 

5594
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:36,400
newsletters, occasional treats 
and the simple presence of 

5595
05:05:36,400 --> 05:05:39,400
someone new to talk with 
Morrison has been running this 

5596
05:05:39,400 --> 05:05:43,200
Supply route for 12 years and 
knows every light housekeeper on

5597
05:05:43,208 --> 05:05:45,000
his Circuit by name and 
temperament. 

5598
05:05:45,800 --> 05:05:49,500
He is a compact man in his 50s 
with weathered hands and the 

5599
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:52,500
kind of practical competence 
that inspires confidence. 

5600
05:05:53,400 --> 05:05:56,100
While you and Samuel unload 
supplies, he performs his 

5601
05:05:56,100 --> 05:05:58,800
inspection with the thoroughness
of someone who takes 

5602
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,400
bureaucratic responsibilities, 
seriously, but isn't looking to 

5603
05:06:02,400 --> 05:06:06,600
create problems unnecessarily, 
he climbs, the tower checks, the

5604
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:11,100
lens and lamp examines the fog, 
Bell mechanism and reviews, your

5605
05:06:11,100 --> 05:06:12,600
login entries for the past 
month. 

5606
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,700
Everything passes inspection as 
you knew it would. 

5607
05:06:17,600 --> 05:06:20,400
Samuel runs two Titus station 
for things to slip. 

5608
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,400
Morrisons signs, the log to 
indicate his approval, then 

5609
05:06:24,400 --> 05:06:27,200
produces letters and newspapers 
from his coat pocket. 

5610
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:30,500
You resist the urge to tear into
the immediately. 

5611
05:06:30,500 --> 05:06:34,100
Maintaining the social courtesy 
of offering Morrison tea before 

5612
05:06:34,100 --> 05:06:36,700
he departs. 
Over tea in the dwellings kit 

5613
05:06:36,700 --> 05:06:41,000
and Morrison shares news from 
his light house stations, The 

5614
05:06:41,000 --> 05:06:44,000
Keeper at Portsmouth Harbor, 
Light is retiring after 30 

5615
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:46,500
years. 
There was a rescue at Baker's 

5616
05:06:46,500 --> 05:06:47,800
Island during the February 
storm. 

5617
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:51,300
A fishing boat driven onto 
rocks, all crus saved. 

5618
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:53,700
Thanks to the keeper, spotting 
their distress signals. 

5619
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:57,100
The new assistant. 
Keeper at Cape Ann Lite is 

5620
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:00,500
apparently struggling with the 
isolation and might not complete

5621
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:03,600
his probation period. 
He also shares news from The 

5622
05:07:03,600 --> 05:07:05,900
Wider World. 
Filtered through his own 

5623
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:09,800
perspective, the economy is 
improving the fishing, remains 

5624
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:12,800
difficult. 
There's talk of new light house 

5625
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:16,400
construction further up the 
coast, some inventor claims to 

5626
05:07:16,400 --> 05:07:19,200
be working on an electric light.
That might eventually replace 

5627
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:21,600
oil lamps though, Morris, and 
his skeptical. 

5628
05:07:21,600 --> 05:07:25,200
He seemed too many innovations 
that looked good on paper, but 

5629
05:07:25,200 --> 05:07:28,000
fail in real conditions. 
You save her. 

5630
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,300
This conversation even though 
Morrisons topics Ordinary by 

5631
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:35,200
City standards after weeks of 
only Samuel's company. 

5632
05:07:35,200 --> 05:07:39,400
Anyone newest fascinating you 
find yourself listening to 

5633
05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:43,300
Morrison's stories about routine
Supply runs as if they're hired 

5634
05:07:43,300 --> 05:07:46,900
Venture which probably says more
about your isolation than about 

5635
05:07:46,900 --> 05:07:50,500
the stories, actual interest 
level Morris and all so brings 

5636
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:53,200
small luxuries that aren't on 
the official supply list. 

5637
05:07:53,900 --> 05:07:57,800
Fresh apples from his own 
Orchard, a tin of fancy tea and 

5638
05:07:57,800 --> 05:07:59,800
recent issues of Harper's 
Weekly. 

5639
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:04,700
These gifts are technically 
outside regulations, but they're

5640
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:07,200
part of the informal economy 
that makes Lighthouse life, 

5641
05:08:07,200 --> 05:08:09,800
bear. 
In return, you give him fresh 

5642
05:08:09,808 --> 05:08:12,300
baked bread and smoked fish 
items. 

5643
05:08:12,300 --> 05:08:15,100
That Morrison will appreciate 
during a Supply runs to other 

5644
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:18,200
stations after an hour Morrison 
prepares to depart. 

5645
05:08:19,100 --> 05:08:21,700
The Tide is turning and he wants
to make his next station before 

5646
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:24,100
dark. 
You help carry empty barrels 

5647
05:08:24,100 --> 05:08:26,400
back to the Dory. 
These will be cleaned and 

5648
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:28,000
refilled for next month's 
delivery. 

5649
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:31,500
Web loads them efficiently. 
While Morrison does a final 

5650
05:08:31,500 --> 05:08:33,100
check that he hasn't forgotten 
in anything. 

5651
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:36,000
The Dory pulls away from The 
Landing and you watch it 

5652
05:08:36,000 --> 05:08:39,300
returned to the tender. 
Morrison ways from the deck as 

5653
05:08:39,300 --> 05:08:43,100
the tenders engine costs to life
and the vessel turns back toward

5654
05:08:43,100 --> 05:08:46,300
the mainland. 
Within minutes, it's disappeared

5655
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:49,900
into the same Coastal, Hazard 
emerge from and you're left with

5656
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:52,800
the supplies to sort and the 
letters to read and the renewed 

5657
05:08:52,800 --> 05:08:55,300
awareness that you won't see 
another human face for at least 

5658
05:08:55,308 --> 05:08:58,200
four weeks late. 
March brings, whether that can't

5659
05:08:58,200 --> 05:08:59,600
decide what season it wants to 
be. 

5660
05:09:00,400 --> 05:09:03,600
One Day offers spring Sunshine, 
warm enough for shirt sleeves. 

5661
05:09:03,600 --> 05:09:07,100
The next brings freezing rain 
that coat, everything and 

5662
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:10,100
treacherous ice. 
The barometer has been falling 

5663
05:09:10,100 --> 05:09:13,200
steadily for two days. 
The sky is taken on that 

5664
05:09:13,200 --> 05:09:15,800
peculiar. 
Yellowish quality that 

5665
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:18,700
experienced Keepers recognized 
as a storm. 

5666
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:22,000
Warning Samuel checks the 
barometer again, and notes the 

5667
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:25,600
reading in the log, 29.2 inches 
and dropping. 

5668
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:29,700
The window shifted to the 
Northeast and the swells are 

5669
05:09:29,700 --> 05:09:31,900
building with the slow powerful 
Rhythm. 

5670
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:36,300
That indicates a major storm 
system approaching You both know

5671
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:40,300
what's coming, a spring nor 
Easter potentially worse than 

5672
05:09:40,300 --> 05:09:42,800
winter storms, because the 
temperature contrast between 

5673
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:46,300
systems create additional 
violence, storm. 

5674
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:50,400
Preparation begins with a kind 
of practice, urgently you secure

5675
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:52,600
everything that could blow away 
or get damaged? 

5676
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:58,500
Tools spare parts, anything left
outside gets moved into storage.

5677
05:09:59,600 --> 05:10:02,900
Storm shutters go up over the 
dwellings, Windows, plunging, 

5678
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:05,000
the interior into premature 
Twilight. 

5679
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:09,200
Extra lamp oil gets hold up to 
the lantern room along with 

5680
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:12,600
spare Wix cleaning supplies and 
Emergency Equipment. 

5681
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:16,200
The fog Bell gets a thorough 
check because low visibility is 

5682
05:10:16,200 --> 05:10:20,100
virtually, guaranteed. 
You test the mechanism oil, the 

5683
05:10:20,100 --> 05:10:23,700
moving parts and verify that the
spring tension is correct. 

5684
05:10:24,600 --> 05:10:28,300
The bell's, deep tone, Echoes 
across the rocks, and gulls 

5685
05:10:28,300 --> 05:10:31,000
scatter from their roosting 
spots in apparent, irritation at

5686
05:10:31,000 --> 05:10:34,800
the noise food, preparation 
comes next, you bake extra 

5687
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:36,800
bread. 
Knowing that the stove may be 

5688
05:10:36,808 --> 05:10:40,100
needed continuously for heat and
that you won't want to deal with

5689
05:10:40,100 --> 05:10:44,400
baking during the storm's Peak. 
Samuel makes a large pot of stew

5690
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:46,800
enough for several days of 
reheating. 

5691
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:51,800
Fresh water containers, get 
filled from the system candles 

5692
05:10:51,800 --> 05:10:54,800
and matches get staged where 
they'll be accessible if the 

5693
05:10:54,800 --> 05:10:58,100
storm knocks out your ability to
move freely between buildings. 

5694
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:02,500
Storm arrives that evening 
announcing itself with wind that

5695
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,100
goes from fresh to Violent in 
less than an hour. 

5696
05:11:06,000 --> 05:11:09,400
Rain comes horizontally finding 
every tiny Gap. 

5697
05:11:09,400 --> 05:11:12,600
In the light House's, 
weatherproofing, Waves begin 

5698
05:11:12,600 --> 05:11:15,000
their assault on the rocks. 
With increasing Fury. 

5699
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:17,800
Sending spray high enough that 
you can hear it. 

5700
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:20,800
Hit the land and room glass 7ft 
above sea. 

5701
05:11:20,800 --> 05:11:24,100
Level your watch begins at 8 
p.m. and climbing. 

5702
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:27,300
The tower is already. 
Noticeably more difficult. the 

5703
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:30,500
wind makes the iron Stars 
vibrate and you can feel the 

5704
05:11:30,500 --> 05:11:35,400
tower swaying slightly within 
its design parameters but still 

5705
05:11:35,408 --> 05:11:39,600
disconcerting in the lantern 
room, the lamp burn steadily, 

5706
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:43,500
despite the chaos outside The 
lens rotates with its usual 

5707
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:47,300
Precision, sending beams of 
light out into the storm though.

5708
05:11:47,300 --> 05:11:49,400
You wonder if any ships are 
close enough to see it through 

5709
05:11:49,400 --> 05:11:54,000
the rain and spray, the noises 
extraordinary wind howls through

5710
05:11:54,000 --> 05:11:56,800
the lanterns ventilators. 
With a sound varies from 

5711
05:11:56,808 --> 05:11:59,600
whistling to shrieking depending
on wind direction. 

5712
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:04,000
Waves, crash against the rocks 
with reports, like Canon fire. 

5713
05:12:04,700 --> 05:12:07,900
Rain hammers, the glass with 
such force that you worry about 

5714
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:11,200
cracks though, the thick pains 
are designed to withstand 

5715
05:12:11,200 --> 05:12:14,400
exactly this abuse. 
Through the Windows when 

5716
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,400
lightning flashes you catch 
glimpses of seas. 

5717
05:12:17,400 --> 05:12:19,800
So wild they look like moving 
mountains. 

5718
05:12:19,800 --> 05:12:22,800
You perform your watch duties 
with extra attention. 

5719
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:26,700
The lamp needs checking every 30
minutes and stead of every hour.

5720
05:12:27,600 --> 05:12:30,900
Wind driven variation of the 
ventilator air flow can affect 

5721
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:33,900
the flame stability. 
The Clockwork requires 

5722
05:12:33,900 --> 05:12:36,700
monitoring because temperature 
changes from the violent weather

5723
05:12:36,700 --> 05:12:40,500
can affect its precision. 
The windows need constant 

5724
05:12:40,500 --> 05:12:42,200
inspection for any signs of 
water. 

5725
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:45,700
Infiltration that could threaten
the lamp or damage the lens 

5726
05:12:45,700 --> 05:12:49,000
around midnight, you notice 
water beginning to pool on the 

5727
05:12:49,000 --> 05:12:52,300
lantern room floor, beneath the 
East and windows, this shouldn't

5728
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:54,400
happen. 
The weatherproofing is supposed 

5729
05:12:54,408 --> 05:12:58,400
to prevent any significant 
infiltration, you investigate 

5730
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:01,600
and discover that wind-driven 
spray has found a tiny Gap where

5731
05:13:01,600 --> 05:13:05,000
the window frame meets the wall 
and the sheer volume of water, 

5732
05:13:05,000 --> 05:13:06,900
hitting the light house has 
overwhelmed. 

5733
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:10,100
The normal drainage you stuff 
the Gap with Rags from your 

5734
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:13,400
cleaning supplies which slows 
but doesn't stop the leak. 

5735
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:16,900
The water is coming in faster 
than it can drain through the 

5736
05:13:16,900 --> 05:13:20,700
floors intended drainage holes. 
If it accumulates enough to 

5737
05:13:20,700 --> 05:13:24,100
reach the lens mechanism, it 
could cause damage or freeze the

5738
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:26,800
rotation. 
You grab every of available 

5739
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:30,800
cloth and begin a cycle of 
mopping up, water ringing out, 

5740
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:35,000
cloths and repeating all while 
maintaining your watch duties 

5741
05:13:35,000 --> 05:13:38,100
and monitoring the lamp. 
By the time, Samuel comes to 

5742
05:13:38,100 --> 05:13:40,400
relieve. 
You at 2, a.m. your exhausted 

5743
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:42,500
and soaked, despite your oil 
Skin's. 

5744
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,400
You explain the leak situation 
and he nods Grimley. 

5745
05:13:47,100 --> 05:13:49,900
This storm is testing the light 
house in ways that routine 

5746
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:54,000
whether doesn't you dissent the 
dwelling change into dry clothes

5747
05:13:54,000 --> 05:13:56,700
and try to sleep. 
Despite wind noise that 

5748
05:13:56,700 --> 05:14:00,200
penetrates even through thick 
stone walls, four hours later, 

5749
05:14:00,200 --> 05:14:04,300
Samuel wakes, you early The 
leakers worsened and he needs 

5750
05:14:04,308 --> 05:14:06,900
help. 
You climb back up to find the 

5751
05:14:06,908 --> 05:14:09,400
lantern room floor, covered in a
quarter inch of water. 

5752
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:13,700
Despite Samuel's efforts 
Together you work out a system 

5753
05:14:13,708 --> 05:14:17,300
one person constantly mops, 
while the other maintains the 

5754
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:21,300
watch duties and tends the lamp.
You trade off every 30 minutes, 

5755
05:14:21,300 --> 05:14:25,100
to prevent exhaustion, the storm
continues through the next day 

5756
05:14:25,100 --> 05:14:28,700
and into the following night. 
You and Samuel fall into a 

5757
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:32,000
rhythm of work refreshed and 
more work. 

5758
05:14:32,800 --> 05:14:36,400
Meals become Hasty, Affairs of 
bread, and cold Stewart, and 

5759
05:14:36,400 --> 05:14:39,300
standing up. 
Sleep comes in two hour chunks. 

5760
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:42,800
Between watches, the leak 
remains manageable, but requires

5761
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:46,800
constant attention. 
The lamp burn steadily, the lens

5762
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:50,400
keeps rotating, and that's what 
matters on the third day. 

5763
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:54,400
The wind finally begins to 
decrease the rain continues. 

5764
05:14:54,400 --> 05:14:59,000
But without the driving force of
gale force winds, the waves 

5765
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:02,200
gradually diminish from 
terrifying to merely dangerous 

5766
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:05,400
to Simply rough. 
You and Samuel repair the leak 

5767
05:15:05,400 --> 05:15:08,100
properly using materials from 
the maintenance supplies. 

5768
05:15:08,100 --> 05:15:11,700
Sealing it with open and tar, 
that should withstand any future

5769
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:14,100
storms. 
When the storm finally ends? 

5770
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:17,400
You both emerge into a world 
that's been scrubbed clean, the 

5771
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:19,900
Rocks. 
Gleam in returning Sunshine, the

5772
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:23,600
sea still agitated, but no 
longer violent shows, colors. 

5773
05:15:23,600 --> 05:15:25,900
You'd almost forgotten during 
the storms gray chaos. 

5774
05:15:26,800 --> 05:15:29,800
Driftwood is scattered 
everywhere, including a massive 

5775
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:31,700
Timber that must have come from 
a ship somewhere. 

5776
05:15:31,700 --> 05:15:36,300
You make a note in the log to 
report it as it might indicate a

5777
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:38,200
wreck. 
The dwelling shows, minor 

5778
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:42,000
damage, several roof shingles 
missing one window cracked 

5779
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:45,100
despite its storm shutter and 
water stains on the ceiling 

5780
05:15:45,100 --> 05:15:47,100
where rain found gaps in the 
roofing. 

5781
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,500
The lighthouse Tower itself is 
essentially undamaged. 

5782
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:53,700
It's been standing here for 40 
years and will probably stand 

5783
05:15:53,700 --> 05:15:56,400
for another 40. 
Built by people who understood 

5784
05:15:56,400 --> 05:16:00,300
what forces it would need to 
withstand your both exhausted in

5785
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:02,100
a way that goes beyond physical 
tiredness. 

5786
05:16:02,100 --> 05:16:05,900
Three days of heightened, 
alertness irregular, sleep and 

5787
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:08,100
constant work of depleted 
reserves. 

5788
05:16:08,100 --> 05:16:12,400
You didn't know you were using. 
There's also satisfaction the 

5789
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:16,500
storm tested you and you passed.
The light burned steadily 

5790
05:16:16,500 --> 05:16:19,500
throughout. 
Any ship that needed guidance 

5791
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,900
received it. 
You did your job, Samuel makes 

5792
05:16:22,900 --> 05:16:24,800
proper coffee. 
The good kind. 

5793
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:27,800
He reserves for special 
occasions and you sit together 

5794
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:31,000
in the kitchen, not talking 
much, but sharing the quiet 

5795
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:34,300
satisfaction of people who 
weathered something difficult to

5796
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:37,500
gather. 
Outside the gulls of return to 

5797
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:40,300
their usual spots. 
Apparently, on bothered by 

5798
05:16:40,300 --> 05:16:42,900
having spent three days, 
hunkered down in whatever 

5799
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:45,800
shelter, they'd fail. 
And the next supply boat visit 

5800
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:48,600
is still two weeks away. 
You've already started the 

5801
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,300
mental list of items you'll need
to prepare storm damage. 

5802
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:57,100
More roof shingles window, glass
Occam and tar, and paint for 

5803
05:16:57,100 --> 05:16:58,200
areas. 
Where the storm. 

5804
05:16:58,208 --> 05:17:01,400
Stripped it away. 
The list is long but manageable 

5805
05:17:01,400 --> 05:17:05,300
storm damage is part of 
Lighthouse life as routine as 

5806
05:17:05,308 --> 05:17:08,300
daily maintenance. 
Even if the specific damage 

5807
05:17:08,300 --> 05:17:12,300
varies that night lighting, the 
lamp feels different than usual.

5808
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:16,300
You go through the same physical
motions, checking oil trimming 

5809
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:19,900
Wick, adjusting ventilators 
striking the match. 

5810
05:17:19,900 --> 05:17:23,400
But with renewed appreciation, 
for the ritual significance. 

5811
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:27,300
This lamp has burned through 
worst storms in your probably 

5812
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:30,200
ever experienced It will 
continue burning long. 

5813
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:33,400
After you've moved on to another
station or retired from Light 

5814
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:37,400
House service entirely the lens,
catches the flame and transforms

5815
05:17:37,400 --> 05:17:40,000
it into beams that sweep out 
across the darkening. 

5816
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:42,400
Sea Somewhere beyond your 
horizon. 

5817
05:17:42,400 --> 05:17:46,800
A ship's Captain Marks their 
position and continue safely on 

5818
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:50,200
their course, the storm is over 
the light. 

5819
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:54,600
Burns on all his well, Samuel 
receives, his transfer orders in

5820
05:17:54,600 --> 05:17:58,100
late April, he'll be moving to a
harbor like closer to his family

5821
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:01,600
by the end of May. 
The news arrives in a letter 

5822
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:05,200
from the lighthouse board formal
and impersonal as all official 

5823
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:07,800
correspondents. 
He reads it aloud over 

5824
05:18:07,800 --> 05:18:10,200
breakfast. 
His tone neutral, though. 

5825
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,800
You detect relief underneath 
He's been at this isolated 

5826
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:17,800
station for five years and while
he's never complained, you know,

5827
05:18:17,808 --> 05:18:20,300
his wife's letters, have grown 
increasingly urgent about 

5828
05:18:20,300 --> 05:18:23,500
wanting him closer to home. 
This means changes for you, as 

5829
05:18:23,508 --> 05:18:25,900
well. 
The lighthouse board offers you 

5830
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:29,200
the position of head keeper, 
which comes with a modest, pay 

5831
05:18:29,200 --> 05:18:31,600
increase and full responsibility
for the station. 

5832
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:34,400
You'll also receive a new 
assistant keeper. 

5833
05:18:34,400 --> 05:18:37,900
A young man named Thomas, who is
completing his training at a 

5834
05:18:37,900 --> 05:18:42,100
more accessible station and will
arrive when Samuel departs, you 

5835
05:18:42,100 --> 05:18:45,700
accept the promotion with mixed 
feelings on one hand, it's 

5836
05:18:45,700 --> 05:18:48,900
recognition of competence and a 
step forward in the lighthouse 

5837
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:52,200
service career. 
Structure on the other hand, it 

5838
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:55,500
means losing Samuel's steady 
presence and experienced 

5839
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:58,000
judgment. 
You've learned to read his 

5840
05:18:58,000 --> 05:19:02,000
moods, trust his decisions and 
appreciate his particular 

5841
05:19:02,000 --> 05:19:06,000
approach to light housekeeping. 
Breaking in a new assistant will

5842
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:08,700
require patience and attention. 
You're not certain you have 

5843
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:11,300
Samuel spends his remaining 
weeks. 

5844
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:13,700
Training you in aspects of 
headkeeper responsibilities. 

5845
05:19:13,700 --> 05:19:16,700
You haven't handled? 
There's more paperwork than the 

5846
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:21,100
new realized monthly reports to 
the lighthouse board, Inventory,

5847
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,300
management, Supply recognitions 
and personal evaluations. 

5848
05:19:24,300 --> 05:19:29,100
There's all the weight of final 
Authority As assistant keeper 

5849
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:32,900
you could always defer difficult
decisions to Samuel as 

5850
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:35,600
headkeeper. 
Those decisions will be solely 

5851
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:37,700
yours. 
He also shares wisdom. 

5852
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:42,300
That isn't in any manual. how to
judge when someone's isolation 

5853
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:45,300
difficulties or a temporary 
adjustment versus a genuine 

5854
05:19:45,300 --> 05:19:48,800
unsuitability for Lighthouse 
work how to balance necessary 

5855
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,600
discipline with the flexibility 
required when two people must 

5856
05:19:52,600 --> 05:19:56,500
live and work in very close 
quarters how to represent the 

5857
05:19:56,500 --> 05:19:59,200
lighthouse service properly 
during the rare occasions when 

5858
05:19:59,200 --> 05:20:02,700
outside is visit These lessons 
come through stories and 

5859
05:20:02,700 --> 05:20:06,100
observations rather than 
lectures Samuels preferred 

5860
05:20:06,100 --> 05:20:09,100
teaching method one evening 
sharing Tobacco on the bench 

5861
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:11,300
outside. 
The dwelling Samuel tells you 

5862
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:15,200
about his first station a remote
light where he served under a 

5863
05:20:15,200 --> 05:20:18,000
head keeper would be light 
housekeeping for 30 years. 

5864
05:20:19,200 --> 05:20:21,500
That keeper had taught Samuel 
something that proved more 

5865
05:20:21,500 --> 05:20:23,300
valuable than any Technical 
Training. 

5866
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,200
Light housekeeping isn't really 
about maintaining equipment or 

5867
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:30,500
following procedures. 
It's about maintaining your self

5868
05:20:30,500 --> 05:20:34,400
your alertness your judgment 
your sense of purpose because 

5869
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:38,100
everything else depends on the 
keepers reliability, you ask 

5870
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:41,100
what happens when you can't 
maintain yourself when the 

5871
05:20:41,100 --> 05:20:44,400
isolation or exhaustion or sheer
routine where is udown? 

5872
05:20:45,500 --> 05:20:49,100
Samuel takes a long draw on his 
pipe and says, that's when you 

5873
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,600
either find new ways to stay 
engaged or you request to 

5874
05:20:52,600 --> 05:20:55,400
transfer. 
There's no shame in recognizing 

5875
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,300
your Limits. 
The Shame is in staying at a 

5876
05:20:58,300 --> 05:21:00,900
station, you can no longer 
manage properly because then 

5877
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:03,500
ships are depending on someone 
who's no longer Dependable, 

5878
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:06,700
Thomas arrives on the same 
supply boat that takes Samuel 

5879
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:12,300
away, he's 23 eager and clearly 
nervous about this posting You 

5880
05:21:12,300 --> 05:21:14,800
remember feeling similar 
nervousness six months ago, 

5881
05:21:14,800 --> 05:21:18,800
which now seems like years? 
Samuel introduces. 

5882
05:21:18,800 --> 05:21:21,600
You both hands. 
You a formal letter, confirming 

5883
05:21:21,600 --> 05:21:24,800
your promotion and says, he'll 
write once he settled at his new

5884
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:27,800
station. 
Then he is in the Dory heading 

5885
05:21:27,800 --> 05:21:30,600
toward the tender and you're 
alone with your new assistance. 

5886
05:21:30,600 --> 05:21:34,400
Thomas has that scrubbed. 
Ernest, look of someone who 

5887
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:38,100
spent more time studying manuals
than actually working His 

5888
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:41,700
uniform is pristine is 
equipment, is new and his 

5889
05:21:41,700 --> 05:21:44,000
questions reveal. 
That he's memorized procedures 

5890
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:46,100
without yet. 
Understanding why they matter 

5891
05:21:46,100 --> 05:21:49,500
you recognize this because you 
are not long ago. 

5892
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:52,500
Time and experience will season 
him. 

5893
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:56,100
Your job is ensuring he survives
long enough to gain that 

5894
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:58,500
experience. 
You start his training the same 

5895
05:21:58,508 --> 05:22:01,400
day because Lighthouse work 
doesn't pause for transitions. 

5896
05:22:01,400 --> 05:22:04,500
The afternoon's tasks become 
teaching opportunities. 

5897
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:07,800
You demonstrate proper lens 
cleaning while explaining why 

5898
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:11,100
technique matters, you show him 
how to read the barometer and 

5899
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:15,000
what different patterns indicate
you have him practice Wick 

5900
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:18,300
trimming until he can do it 
smoothly, each task comes with 

5901
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:22,200
context, that connects procedure
to purpose, Thomas is quick to 

5902
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:24,900
learn mechanical tasks, but 
struggles with the isolation 

5903
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:27,900
psychological aspects, After a 
week. 

5904
05:22:27,908 --> 05:22:30,300
He admits that the silence 
bothers him. 

5905
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:34,300
He's from Boston accustomed to 
constant noise and activity. 

5906
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:38,300
The light house is quietness 
feels oppressive, and he is 

5907
05:22:38,308 --> 05:22:41,500
having trouble sleeping because 
the wind and wave sound too loud

5908
05:22:41,500 --> 05:22:45,400
in the absence of City sound. 
You remember feeling similarly 

5909
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:47,300
disoriented by the acoustic 
environment. 

5910
05:22:48,300 --> 05:22:51,200
You suggest strategies that 
helped you focusing on the 

5911
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:54,600
natural rhythms treating. 
The sounds as information rather

5912
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:57,800
than noise and understanding 
that adjustment takes time. 

5913
05:22:57,800 --> 05:23:01,800
You also share something Samuel 
taught you that some people 

5914
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:05,300
adapt to isolation and others 
don't and there's no predicting 

5915
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:07,700
which type someone is until 
they're actually living it. 

5916
05:23:07,700 --> 05:23:10,700
The first storm you whether with
Thomas reveals, both his 

5917
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:14,800
potential and his gaps, he 
handles the watch duties. 

5918
05:23:14,800 --> 05:23:17,100
Well staying alert and following
procedures. 

5919
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:21,000
He becomes anxious in ways. 
That interfere with judgment. 

5920
05:23:22,000 --> 05:23:25,900
When the fog Bell mechanism jams
during the storm's Peak Thomas 

5921
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:29,100
panics and wants to wake you 
immediately you're already 

5922
05:23:29,100 --> 05:23:31,500
awake. 
No experience keeper sleep 

5923
05:23:31,500 --> 05:23:35,500
soundly during storms and you 
took him through diagnosing and 

5924
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:37,900
fixing the problem himself. 
Afterward. 

5925
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:41,000
You explain that Lighthouse, 
keeping requires a particular 

5926
05:23:41,000 --> 05:23:45,500
kind of calm Emergencies will 
happen often at the worst 

5927
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:49,400
possible moments panicking, 
waste time and clouds judgement.

5928
05:23:50,200 --> 05:23:52,900
The solution is trusting your 
training, working 

5929
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:55,800
systematically. 
And knowing when to ask for help

5930
05:23:55,800 --> 05:24:00,500
versus when to solve problems 
independently, Thomas nods. 

5931
05:24:01,200 --> 05:24:03,000
But you can see he still 
processing. 

5932
05:24:03,000 --> 05:24:06,300
This experience will be his real
teacher. 

5933
05:24:06,300 --> 05:24:08,700
You're also learning lessons 
about leadership. 

5934
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:11,400
That didn't seem important when 
you were assisting keeper. 

5935
05:24:12,100 --> 05:24:14,300
You discover that different 
people required different 

5936
05:24:14,300 --> 05:24:17,800
management, approaches Thomas 
responds, well to Patient 

5937
05:24:17,800 --> 05:24:22,200
explanation but poorly to 
criticism even constructive 

5938
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:25,700
criticism, he needs explicit. 
Praise for good work. 

5939
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:29,700
Whereas Samuel operated on the 
assumption that no comment meant

5940
05:24:29,700 --> 05:24:33,000
satisfactory performance. 
You find yourself thinking about

5941
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:37,100
how Samuel managed you his mixed
of giving you responsibility 

5942
05:24:37,100 --> 05:24:38,900
while remaining available for 
questions. 

5943
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:41,900
His way of correcting mistakes, 
without making you feel 

5944
05:24:41,900 --> 05:24:44,800
incompetent and his patients 
with your adjustment to 

5945
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:48,300
isolation. 
You try to emulate this approach

5946
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,000
with Thomas while developing 
your own leadership style, 

5947
05:24:51,000 --> 05:24:54,500
letters from Samuel arrived. 
Monthly, with the supply boat. 

5948
05:24:54,500 --> 05:24:58,600
He settling well at his new 
station, enjoying being closer 

5949
05:24:58,600 --> 05:25:02,100
to his grandchildren but admits 
missing the clean Simplicity of 

5950
05:25:02,108 --> 05:25:05,100
the remote lighthouse. 
Harbor Lights have more 

5951
05:25:05,100 --> 05:25:08,800
visitors, more bureaucracy, and 
more distractions from the 

5952
05:25:08,800 --> 05:25:11,800
essential work. 
He asks, how Thomas is 

5953
05:25:11,800 --> 05:25:15,400
developing and offers advice on 
managing a young assistant's 

5954
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:18,600
enthusiasm, without crushing his
Spirit, you write back with 

5955
05:25:18,600 --> 05:25:22,000
updates and questions grateful 
for the continued mentorship. 

5956
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:25,600
Even a distance, Samuels 
letters, become a kind of 

5957
05:25:25,600 --> 05:25:29,100
professional development 
resource offering perspectives. 

5958
05:25:29,100 --> 05:25:32,200
You can't get from manuals or 
even from direct experience. 

5959
05:25:33,200 --> 05:25:36,400
His teaching you to see patterns
across situations, rather than 

5960
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:40,800
treating, each challenges unique
as summer arrives, you and 

5961
05:25:40,800 --> 05:25:42,500
Thomas settle into a functional 
partnership. 

5962
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:46,500
He is growing more comfortable 
with isolation developing his 

5963
05:25:46,500 --> 05:25:49,900
own routines and interests. 
He's revealed a talent for 

5964
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:54,000
sketching and fills notebooks 
with drawing of birds waves, 

5965
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,200
cloud, formations, and 
Lighthouse equipment. 

5966
05:25:57,100 --> 05:26:00,800
His mechanical skills improve 
with practice and is panic. 

5967
05:26:00,800 --> 05:26:03,800
Responses diminish as experience
builds confidence. 

5968
05:26:03,800 --> 05:26:07,400
You've also discovered 
unexpected satisfaction in 

5969
05:26:07,400 --> 05:26:11,200
teaching, helping Thomas develop
competence feels meaningful in 

5970
05:26:11,200 --> 05:26:14,900
ways that simply maintaining the
lighthouse doesn't You're not 

5971
05:26:14,908 --> 05:26:18,000
just keeping a light burning 
your training, someone who 

5972
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:19,800
continue the work after you move
on. 

5973
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:24,100
It's a kind of immortality 
passing skills and knowledge 

5974
05:26:24,100 --> 05:26:26,100
forward through generations of 
Keepers. 

5975
05:26:26,100 --> 05:26:29,500
One evening, Thomas asks, why 
you became a Lighthouse Keeper, 

5976
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:33,400
you realize you've never 
articulated this clearly even to

5977
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:36,000
yourself. 
After thinking, you say 

5978
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:39,300
something about wanting work 
that matters that has a clear 

5979
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:43,500
purpose and measurable results. 
You want to be responsible for 

5980
05:26:43,500 --> 05:26:46,500
something important but not be 
crushed by administrative 

5981
05:26:46,500 --> 05:26:48,200
complexity or social 
performance. 

5982
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:51,100
Like housekeeping offered 
honest, work. 

5983
05:26:51,100 --> 05:26:54,100
Where competence is obvious and 
where your effort directly 

5984
05:26:54,100 --> 05:26:57,700
affects other safety Thomas. 
Considers this and admits. 

5985
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:00,100
He became a keeper partly to 
escape family. 

5986
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:04,000
Pressure to join his father's 
business. light housework seemed

5987
05:27:04,000 --> 05:27:08,700
adventurous, romantically, even 
The reality has been harder and 

5988
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:12,400
less romantic than he imagined, 
but also more satisfying. 

5989
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:15,700
There's something real about 
this work that his father's 

5990
05:27:15,700 --> 05:27:18,900
import business lacked. 
You understand exactly what he 

5991
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:21,600
means. 
Modern Life in the 1880s feels 

5992
05:27:21,600 --> 05:27:25,900
increasingly abstract money 
represents, labor contracts, 

5993
05:27:25,900 --> 05:27:29,400
represent relationships and 
cities represent communities. 

5994
05:27:29,400 --> 05:27:34,200
That deliver anonymity, Here, at
the Lighthouse, everything is 

5995
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:38,200
concrete the Lighty the burns or
it doesn't the lenses either 

5996
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:41,200
clean or isn't ships. 
Either pass safely or they 

5997
05:27:41,200 --> 05:27:43,600
don't. 
There's Clarity here that's 

5998
05:27:43,600 --> 05:27:46,900
increasingly rare in a world 
growing more complex by the year

5999
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:49,900
as you and Thomas, share, 
tobacco and watch Sunset color. 

6000
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:53,400
The water you realize you've 
become what Samuel was to you. 

6001
05:27:54,200 --> 05:27:57,100
A bridge between the lighthouse 
Services institutional 

6002
05:27:57,100 --> 05:28:00,300
requirements and the human 
reality of doing this work. 

6003
05:28:00,300 --> 05:28:03,500
It's a role you never sought but
of apparently accepted. 

6004
05:28:04,500 --> 05:28:07,500
You'll no longer just keeping a 
light house, you're keeping a 

6005
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:11,100
tradition when maintaining a 
skill set and preparing the Next

6006
05:28:11,100 --> 05:28:14,400
Generation to continue the work,
the light will Outlast. 

6007
05:28:14,400 --> 05:28:18,200
You both serving Keepers you'll 
never meet and guide ships that 

6008
05:28:18,200 --> 05:28:22,500
haven't been yet. 
But for now in this moment you 

6009
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:25,700
and Thomas are its Guardians. 
You're doing work that matters 

6010
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:30,000
in a place that demands your 
best with a purpose that needs 

6011
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:32,400
no justification. 
It's enough. 

6012
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,800
He inspector arrives in August 
without warning which is 

6013
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:37,500
precisely how the light house 
board. 

6014
05:28:37,500 --> 05:28:40,800
Prefers it You spot his boat 
approaching on a Tuesday 

6015
05:28:40,800 --> 05:28:44,900
morning, not the regular Supply 
tender but a smaller vessel that

6016
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:47,100
carries only the inspector and 
his assistant. 

6017
05:28:47,800 --> 05:28:49,600
You have about 15 minutes to 
ensure. 

6018
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:51,500
Everything is presentable 
though. 

6019
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:53,600
Samuels training has made you 
meticulous enough. 

6020
05:28:53,600 --> 05:28:56,500
That the light house is always 
inspection ready. 

6021
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,400
The inspector is a career 
Lighthouse service man named 

6022
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:02,600
Henderson. 
Severe and thorough in ways that

6023
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,600
make you understand why Keepers 
sometimes dread these visits. 

6024
05:29:06,500 --> 05:29:10,300
He examined everything running 
white gloved, fingers along 

6025
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:14,200
windowsills, to check for dust 
testing, the fog Bell mechanism.

6026
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,800
Repeatedly scrutinizing log, 
entries for any irregularities 

6027
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:21,600
and measuring oil consumption 
against your reported usage. 

6028
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,700
Thomas's visibly nervous but 
you've learned that the best 

6029
05:29:25,700 --> 05:29:28,700
approach to inspection is quiet 
confidence in your work. 

6030
05:29:28,700 --> 05:29:33,100
Henderson finds minor issues. 
Some brass fittings could be 

6031
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:36,300
more polished and your login 
trees, occasionally lack detail,

6032
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,400
he'd prefer to see. 
But nothing that suggests 

6033
05:29:39,400 --> 05:29:42,800
inadequate performance. 
He signs your station log to 

6034
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:44,800
indicate satisfactory 
inspection. 

6035
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:48,600
Then does something unexpected. 
He asked to talk with you 

6036
05:29:48,600 --> 05:29:52,200
privately in the lantern room, 
once their Henderson severity 

6037
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,600
softened slightly, he explains 
that he's been inspecting 

6038
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:59,100
lighthouses for 20 years 
visiting every station from 

6039
05:29:59,100 --> 05:30:02,200
Maine to Maryland. 
He's seen excellent Keepers, 

6040
05:30:02,200 --> 05:30:05,300
adequate Keepers, and Keepers 
who should never have been 

6041
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:09,900
assigned to isolated stations. 
You, he says a developing into 

6042
05:30:09,900 --> 05:30:12,700
an excellent keeper. 
Your station is well, 

6043
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:16,400
maintained, your assistant is 
progressing properly, and your 

6044
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:20,200
log entries, demonstrate the 
kind of attention to detail that

6045
05:30:20,200 --> 05:30:23,600
prevents problems, rather than 
merely responding to them, then 

6046
05:30:23,600 --> 05:30:25,600
Henderson shares. 
Something that stays with you 

6047
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:28,100
for years. 
He says that light housekeeping 

6048
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,900
is entering a transitional 
period, electricity is coming. 

6049
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:35,700
Not this year or next but within
your career Life Time. 

6050
05:30:36,600 --> 05:30:40,200
When it arrives, it will change 
everything about how lights are 

6051
05:30:40,200 --> 05:30:43,500
maintained and operated. 
The lighthouse service will need

6052
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:45,700
Keepers. 
Who can adapt to new technology 

6053
05:30:45,700 --> 05:30:49,300
while maintaining the core 
values of vigilant and 

6054
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:52,600
responsibility that have always 
defined the profession. 

6055
05:30:52,600 --> 05:30:57,900
He sees that adaptability in you
more importantly, he sees 

6056
05:30:57,900 --> 05:31:00,600
someone who understands that 
light housekeeping isn't really 

6057
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,100
about technology. 
It's about maintaining 

6058
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:07,400
reliability and systems that 
others depend on that 

6059
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:10,000
understanding will remain 
relevant regardless of whether 

6060
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:13,900
lights burn oil or electricity, 
He's recommending you for 

6061
05:31:13,900 --> 05:31:16,900
Advanced Training when it 
becomes available, preparing you

6062
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:20,300
for eventual promotion to 
inspector or to manage multiple 

6063
05:31:20,300 --> 05:31:23,200
stations. 
This conversation transforms how

6064
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,200
you think about your work. 
You'd been viewing Lighthouse, 

6065
05:31:26,200 --> 05:31:29,800
keeping as an honest job at 
civilizations Edge, a way to 

6066
05:31:29,800 --> 05:31:32,700
escape modern complexity 
Henderson. 

6067
05:31:32,700 --> 05:31:36,000
Helps you see it differently as 
participation in a critical 

6068
05:31:36,000 --> 05:31:39,500
infrastructure that enables 
Maritime Commerce, military 

6069
05:31:39,500 --> 05:31:42,900
operations and safe passage for 
anyone who Ventures onto the 

6070
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:46,300
sea. 
Your Lighthouse is one node in a

6071
05:31:46,300 --> 05:31:48,700
network of lights, that 
collectively make Ocean Travel 

6072
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:51,200
safer than its ever been in 
human history. 

6073
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:54,800
After Henderson departs, you 
find yourself looking at the 

6074
05:31:54,800 --> 05:31:59,100
light house differently, The 
tower is 70 feet of granite but 

6075
05:31:59,100 --> 05:32:03,000
it's also an idea made physical.
The idea that humans have a 

6076
05:32:03,000 --> 05:32:05,100
responsibility to help each 
other navigate Danger. 

6077
05:32:06,100 --> 05:32:10,000
The lenses, two tons of glass 
and bronze, but it's also a 

6078
05:32:10,008 --> 05:32:13,200
commitment that darkness and 
distance don't absolve as of 

6079
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:14,800
Duty to strangers who will never
know. 

6080
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:18,000
Our name's you share some of 
Henderson's comets with Thomas 

6081
05:32:18,000 --> 05:32:20,100
over dinner though. 
Not the part about your 

6082
05:32:20,100 --> 05:32:22,700
potential advancement. 
That feels like ghosting. 

6083
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:27,100
But you tell him about the 
coming changes about electricity

6084
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:30,500
and modernization and about the 
need to balance tradition with 

6085
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:33,400
adaptation. 
Thomas listens carefully and 

6086
05:32:33,400 --> 05:32:36,100
asks, intelligent questions 
about how electrical lights 

6087
05:32:36,100 --> 05:32:39,700
might work and whether they'll 
still require constant tending, 

6088
05:32:39,700 --> 05:32:43,600
the truth is you don't know. 
you've read articles about 

6089
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:47,200
Edison's electric lights in New 
York City, but applying that 

6090
05:32:47,208 --> 05:32:50,100
technology to lighthouses 
involves challenges, you can 

6091
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:53,400
barely imagine Will electric 
lights. 

6092
05:32:53,400 --> 05:32:55,400
Need the same kind of focused 
lenses. 

6093
05:32:56,200 --> 05:32:58,400
Will they burn a steadily as oil
lamps? 

6094
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:01,200
Will they require different 
maintenance skills? 

6095
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:04,900
These questions are above your 
pay grade, but there are 

6096
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:08,600
increasingly relevant to your 
professions future has Autumn 

6097
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:10,800
arrives. 
You notice changes in your own 

6098
05:33:10,800 --> 05:33:14,700
perspective, on Lighthouse, 
keeping The work hasn't changed 

6099
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:18,300
the same daily maintenance the 
same. 

6100
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:21,600
Watch rotations. 
The same endless attention to 

6101
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:24,500
detail. 
But you're understanding has 

6102
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:27,600
deepened. 
See connections between tasks 

6103
05:33:27,600 --> 05:33:31,300
that once seemed separate, you 
anticipate problems before they 

6104
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:34,600
develop, you've internalized, 
The rhythms of this place. 

6105
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:37,900
So completely that you can sense
when something slightly wrong 

6106
05:33:37,900 --> 05:33:40,700
even before you consciously 
identify. 

6107
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:43,900
What Thomas is developing 
similarly, though. 

6108
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:46,300
He's months behind where you 
were at his stage. 

6109
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:48,700
He no longer panics during 
routine. 

6110
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:52,600
Problems has learned to read 
weather signs and can clean the 

6111
05:33:52,600 --> 05:33:55,700
lens without your supervision. 
He is also growing more 

6112
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:58,800
comfortable with isolation, 
having found his own ways to 

6113
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:01,400
stay engaged through his artwork
and let her writing. 

6114
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:04,000
He'll make a good head keeper 
someday. 

6115
05:34:04,000 --> 05:34:06,900
Probably sooner than he expects 
give them the Light House 

6116
05:34:06,900 --> 05:34:09,500
services constant need for 
qualified Personnel. 

6117
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:12,400
Why not October evening. 
A vessel passes close enough 

6118
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:15,300
that you can see Crew moving on 
Deck, they're probably 

6119
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:18,100
repositioning after a day's 
fishing heading back to Port 

6120
05:34:18,100 --> 05:34:21,200
while daylight Remains The 
Vessel is completely 

6121
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:25,400
unremarkable, a working Schooner
like dozens you've seen but 

6122
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:28,100
watching it you're suddenly 
aware of your role in this 

6123
05:34:28,100 --> 05:34:31,300
safety that crew trust that your
light will burn tonight. 

6124
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:33,700
They've probably never thought 
about it. 

6125
05:34:33,700 --> 05:34:36,800
Consciously Lighthouse, is just 
part of the maritime landscape 

6126
05:34:36,800 --> 05:34:43,000
like tides and prevailing winds.
But their trust is real if your 

6127
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:46,800
light fails if you make a 
mistake and maintenance or if 

6128
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:50,100
you fall asleep during watch 
their vessel could run onto 

6129
05:34:50,100 --> 05:34:55,000
these rocks their lives their 
families their Futures all of 

6130
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:58,400
them depend partly on your 
vigilance this recognition 

6131
05:34:58,400 --> 05:35:02,700
carries, no drama or grand 
emotion it simply true. 

6132
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:07,900
The way mathematics is true your
work matters not in abstract 

6133
05:35:07,900 --> 05:35:11,300
theoretical ways, but in 
concrete life and death terms 

6134
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:15,300
ships Captain who safely 
navigate past your light does 

6135
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:18,900
not owe you thanks though you 
competence which you provide 

6136
05:35:18,900 --> 05:35:21,200
through attention to tasks that 
have become routine. 

6137
05:35:21,200 --> 05:35:24,800
But remain crucial you've also 
begun to understand your place 

6138
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,500
in the Continuum of Keepers who 
have maintained this light. 

6139
05:35:28,200 --> 05:35:32,100
The first keeper lit in 1847 
when your parents were children.

6140
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:36,100
Since then dozens of keepers of 
performed the same tasks you 

6141
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:39,500
perform maintaining the same 
light through similar storms and

6142
05:35:39,500 --> 05:35:44,000
identical daily routines. 
After you leave others will 

6143
05:35:44,000 --> 05:35:45,600
continue the work using 
techniques. 

6144
05:35:45,600 --> 05:35:47,000
You're currently teaching 
Thomas. 

6145
05:35:47,000 --> 05:35:51,600
This continuity is the real 
Legacy not any individual keeper

6146
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:54,300
service, but The Unbroken chain 
of responsibility that keeps 

6147
05:35:54,300 --> 05:35:58,800
lights burning year after year 
decade after decade your 

6148
05:35:58,800 --> 05:36:02,000
maintaining that chain adding 
your link while preparing the 

6149
05:36:02,000 --> 05:36:05,700
next keeper to add theirs. 
It's work that lacks Glory but 

6150
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:09,800
possesses genuine dignity winter
returns with its shorter days 

6151
05:36:09,800 --> 05:36:12,500
and longer watches. 
The cold is familiar. 

6152
05:36:12,500 --> 05:36:14,800
Now. 
The isolation is normal and the 

6153
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,500
routines have become so 
ingrained that you could perform

6154
05:36:17,500 --> 05:36:21,300
them while half asleep. 
Thomas is fully adapted and no 

6155
05:36:21,300 --> 05:36:24,700
longer needs close supervision. 
You've developed the kind of 

6156
05:36:24,700 --> 05:36:27,800
functional partnership that 
allows two people to share small

6157
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:31,800
spaces without friction each 
person occupying their own 

6158
05:36:31,800 --> 05:36:36,600
psychological territory while 
contributing to Shared goals the

6159
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:38,600
supply boat brings news of 
changes throughout the 

6160
05:36:38,600 --> 05:36:41,700
lighthouse service. 
Two new light houses are under 

6161
05:36:41,700 --> 05:36:43,200
construction further up the 
coast. 

6162
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,700
Several older lights are being 
upgraded with more powerful 

6163
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,500
lenses. 
There's talk of establishing a 

6164
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,600
training center where keeper 
candidates would receive formal 

6165
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:54,800
instruction before station 
assignments. 

6166
05:36:55,600 --> 05:36:59,400
The service is professionalizing
becoming more systematic and 

6167
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:02,400
less dependent on informal 
knowledge transmission. 

6168
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:05,200
You wonder how this will change 
the keeper experience. 

6169
05:37:06,300 --> 05:37:09,100
We'll formal training replace 
the apprenticeship model where 

6170
05:37:09,100 --> 05:37:10,900
experienced Keepers teach 
newcomers. 

6171
05:37:11,700 --> 05:37:15,000
Will standardization eliminate 
the local variations and 

6172
05:37:15,000 --> 05:37:18,500
individual techniques that 
currently characterize different

6173
05:37:18,500 --> 05:37:22,000
stations progress seems 
inevitable, but you hope 

6174
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,300
something essential isn't lost 
in the modernization on the 

6175
05:37:25,300 --> 05:37:28,400
winter solstice the longest 
night of the year you stand 

6176
05:37:28,408 --> 05:37:30,400
alone in the lantern room during
your evening. 

6177
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:34,000
What? 
The lamp burn steadily the lens 

6178
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:38,400
rotates with its precise Rhythm 
and the beam sweeps out across 

6179
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:40,800
darkness. 
That seems especially absolute 

6180
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:44,400
tonight below the dwellings 
Windows glow with Thomas's 

6181
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:47,500
Lamplight. 
Beyond that there's only sea and

6182
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:50,300
stars and the distant lights of 
other vessels navigating through

6183
05:37:50,300 --> 05:37:54,500
the night your 32 years old in 
excellent Health with 

6184
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,500
potentially 20 more years of 
light housekeeping ahead of you.

6185
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:01,000
You could eventually manage 
multiple stations train new 

6186
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:04,900
inspectors or maybe participate 
in the transition to electrical 

6187
05:38:04,900 --> 05:38:08,900
lights that Henderson mentioned.
Future is uncertain, but not 

6188
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:11,100
frightening. 
You've learned to be comfortable

6189
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,100
with uncertainty in this 
profession where weather and 

6190
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:17,200
mechanical failures. 
Provide constant reminders, that

6191
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:20,900
control is limited and temporary
what you know with certainty is 

6192
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:23,900
that tonight tomorrow night and 
every night for. 

6193
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:27,100
As long as you're assigned to 
this station, the light will 

6194
05:38:27,100 --> 05:38:30,800
burn ships. 
Will pass safely captains, will 

6195
05:38:30,800 --> 05:38:33,200
mark their positions and 
continue their voyages. 

6196
05:38:34,100 --> 05:38:37,700
This work will continue long 
after your gone, maintained by 

6197
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:39,400
Keepers who learn the same 
lessons. 

6198
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:43,000
You've learned face similar 
challenges and find similar 

6199
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:46,600
satisfactions in work, that 
demands their best, the lens 

6200
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:48,700
catches, the Lamplight and send 
it out. 

6201
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:51,700
Across the Dark Water Somewhere 
Beyond Your Horizon. 

6202
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:53,800
Someone sees it and knows where 
they are. 

6203
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:56,500
That's enough, that's 
everything. 

6204
05:38:56,500 --> 05:39:00,700
The legacy of the light isn't 
written in records or celebrated

6205
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:04,700
in ceremonies, its written in 
safe, passages in ships that 

6206
05:39:04,700 --> 05:39:08,000
reach port and in cruise, that 
returned home to families, who 

6207
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:11,700
never knew they were in danger. 
You check the oil reservoir trim

6208
05:39:11,700 --> 05:39:15,700
the wick and wine, the Clockwork
mechanism, The routines continue

6209
05:39:15,700 --> 05:39:19,900
because the need continues Dawn 
is still 8 hours away and the 

6210
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:23,100
light must burn until then and 
through every night that 

6211
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:26,400
follows. 
This is your work your purpose 

6212
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:30,400
your contribution to the slower 
accumulation of human efforts 

6213
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:34,800
that make the world's slightly 
safer slightly more navigable 

6214
05:39:34,800 --> 05:39:38,500
and slightly more survivable for
those who Venture into dangerous

6215
05:39:38,500 --> 05:39:42,400
places the light sweeps across 
the sea regular as a heartbeat 

6216
05:39:42,400 --> 05:39:46,800
reliable as a sunrise you stand 
watch through another night at 

6217
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:50,200
the edge of the world guardian 
of a flame that guides strangers

6218
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:53,400
through Darkness. 
Its work that requires no 

6219
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:56,700
applause because it provides its
own meaning and that meaning is 

6220
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:57,000
enough.