What Was It Like to Eat in an Old English Pub (and How People Dined Long Ago) | Boring History

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:01,700
What is popping my sleepy 
friends. 

2
00:00:02,400 --> 00:00:05,800
Tonight we're not visiting 
battlefields or Royal courts but

3
00:00:05,800 --> 00:00:09,200
somewhere far more intimate and 
welcoming the heart of English 

4
00:00:09,200 --> 00:00:13,900
community life, where ale flowed
freely hearty food, filled 

5
00:00:13,900 --> 00:00:16,800
wooden bowls and the warmth of 
companionship. 

6
00:00:16,800 --> 00:00:20,800
Kept the cold world at Bay This 
is the story of The English Pub 

7
00:00:20,800 --> 00:00:22,800
in the meals that sustained 
Generations. 

8
00:00:22,800 --> 00:00:26,400
So before we begin, as always, 
please take a moment to like the

9
00:00:26,400 --> 00:00:30,000
video and subscribe, as it helps
us, and let me know where you're

10
00:00:30,000 --> 00:00:31,500
tuning in from, and what time it
is for you. 

11
00:00:32,299 --> 00:00:35,400
Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable and prepare to drift

12
00:00:35,400 --> 00:00:41,900
off with history. 
Now close your eyes for a moment

13
00:00:41,900 --> 00:00:44,600
and imagine stepping through a 
low doorway into another world. 

14
00:00:45,900 --> 00:00:49,700
The year doesn't matter much, it
could be 1650 or 1850. 

15
00:00:50,500 --> 00:00:52,400
Because something's about 
English pubs remained 

16
00:00:52,400 --> 00:00:54,400
beautifully consistent to cross 
the centuries. 

17
00:00:54,400 --> 00:00:57,400
The first thing that would 
strike you as the light or 

18
00:00:57,400 --> 00:01:00,700
rather the particular quality of
dimness punctuated by warm spots

19
00:01:00,700 --> 00:01:04,099
of Illumination. 
Before electricity transformed, 

20
00:01:04,099 --> 00:01:07,200
our Knights Inn to Perpetual Day
pub, lighting came from 

21
00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:11,200
fireplaces, candles and later 
oil lamps. 

22
00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:14,900
This wasn't the harsh Revealing 
Light Of Modern Life. 

23
00:01:14,900 --> 00:01:18,900
That shows every imperfection 
This was light that softened 

24
00:01:18,900 --> 00:01:23,700
edges created pools of Shadow 
and made faces glow Amber in the

25
00:01:23,708 --> 00:01:26,400
firelight. 
The dancing Flames cast moving 

26
00:01:26,400 --> 00:01:30,600
Shadows on walls, darkened by 
centuries of smoke, creating an 

27
00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:33,300
atmosphere that was less about 
seeing clearly and more about 

28
00:01:33,300 --> 00:01:36,000
feeling safe. 
The ceiling would be lower than 

29
00:01:36,000 --> 00:01:39,700
your accustomed to low enough. 
That tall visitors sometimes 

30
00:01:39,700 --> 00:01:42,000
needed to duck. 
Beneath the heavy Oak beams. 

31
00:01:42,000 --> 00:01:45,600
These beams blackened with age 
and smoke had often been 

32
00:01:45,600 --> 00:01:48,900
salvaged from old ships or human
from ancient forests, running 

33
00:01:48,900 --> 00:01:51,300
your hand along them. 
You'd feel the rough texture of 

34
00:01:51,308 --> 00:01:53,700
wood that had witnessed 
generations of stories, 

35
00:01:53,700 --> 00:01:56,700
arguments, celebrations and 
quiet. 

36
00:01:56,700 --> 00:01:59,800
Contemplation the air itself 
would tell you stories. 

37
00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:02,900
If you paid attention, there was
always the foundational Center 

38
00:02:02,900 --> 00:02:05,700
of Woodsmoke. 
Not the clean outdoorsy smell of

39
00:02:05,700 --> 00:02:09,600
a campfire, but something richer
mixed with centuries of tobacco 

40
00:02:09,600 --> 00:02:13,000
spilled, ale, damp wall. 
And the accumulated essence of 

41
00:02:13,000 --> 00:02:16,500
human presence on cold days. 
You'd smell wet dog as well. 

42
00:02:16,500 --> 00:02:19,900
Because dogs were welcome 
companions in most pubs lying 

43
00:02:19,900 --> 00:02:22,600
contentedly by the fire, while 
their owners conducted business 

44
00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:26,400
or simply passed time. 
The furniture bore, the marks of

45
00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:31,400
hard use and genuine age tables.
Were thick slabs of wood, their 

46
00:02:31,400 --> 00:02:34,400
surfaces worn, Smooth by 
countless elbows and scarred 

47
00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:37,600
with the initials of patrons, 
long dead benches, and settles 

48
00:02:37,600 --> 00:02:40,100
lined the walls. 
Their backs high enough to block

49
00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:43,500
drafts and create semi-private 
spaces where conversations could

50
00:02:43,500 --> 00:02:46,700
unfold without the whole room. 
Listening the wealthiest 

51
00:02:46,700 --> 00:02:49,200
establishments might have a few 
chairs but benches would 

52
00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:51,700
Democratic. 
They accommodated however many 

53
00:02:51,700 --> 00:02:54,700
people, squeezed together, 
regardless of social standing 

54
00:02:54,700 --> 00:02:57,200
sound would envelop, you 
differently than in modern 

55
00:02:57,200 --> 00:03:01,000
spaces without the constant hum 
of refrigeration air 

56
00:03:01,000 --> 00:03:02,700
conditioning or electronic 
devices. 

57
00:03:02,700 --> 00:03:06,500
The acoustic texture of a pub 
was entirely human and organic. 

58
00:03:06,500 --> 00:03:08,300
There was the crackle of the 
fire. 

59
00:03:08,300 --> 00:03:12,100
The clink of pewter tankards, 
the scrap of benches on Warren 

60
00:03:12,100 --> 00:03:15,500
floorboards and the murmur of 
conversation that Rose and fell 

61
00:03:15,500 --> 00:03:18,700
like a tide. 
Laughter would burst forth 

62
00:03:18,700 --> 00:03:22,700
suddenly then fade back into the
general whom someone might be 

63
00:03:22,700 --> 00:03:25,500
singing in the corner. 
Not performing, but simply 

64
00:03:25,500 --> 00:03:27,600
singing because that's what 
people did when they felt 

65
00:03:27,600 --> 00:03:29,600
content and slightly warm from 
ale. 

66
00:03:30,600 --> 00:03:34,100
The fireplace dominated most Pub
rooms and it was genuinely 

67
00:03:34,100 --> 00:03:35,800
necessary rather than 
decorative. 

68
00:03:35,800 --> 00:03:39,300
English weather has never been 
known for warmth and buildings 

69
00:03:39,300 --> 00:03:42,000
before modern insulation, were 
only marginally better than 

70
00:03:42,000 --> 00:03:45,000
being outside. 
The fire was where new arrivals 

71
00:03:45,000 --> 00:03:47,700
gravitated. 
First holding cold hands toward 

72
00:03:47,700 --> 00:03:50,700
the flames and stamping feeling 
back into feet that had walked 

73
00:03:50,700 --> 00:03:53,300
muddy roads. 
The Hearth was also where food 

74
00:03:53,300 --> 00:03:56,200
was cooked, filling the room 
with smells that made your 

75
00:03:56,200 --> 00:03:57,800
stomach. 
Remember how hungry you were? 

76
00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:01,400
You'd notice that everyone 
seemed to know everyone else or 

77
00:04:01,400 --> 00:04:04,400
at least everyone knew the 
Publican The Keeper of the 

78
00:04:04,400 --> 00:04:06,200
establishment, wasn't just a 
bartender. 

79
00:04:06,200 --> 00:04:09,100
In the modern sense they were a 
community Banker information 

80
00:04:09,100 --> 00:04:13,200
Hub, amateur councilor and 
sometimes Peacekeeper, they knew

81
00:04:13,200 --> 00:04:16,200
who could be trusted for a loan,
whose crops had failed which 

82
00:04:16,200 --> 00:04:19,399
families were feuding, and were 
a traveler might find work or 

83
00:04:19,399 --> 00:04:21,899
logging. 
The public existed in a 

84
00:04:21,899 --> 00:04:24,600
particular relationship with 
time that we've largely lost. 

85
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:27,900
It wasn't a place you visited 
for exactly one hour for a 

86
00:04:27,900 --> 00:04:30,000
scheduled meeting before rushing
to the next appointment. 

87
00:04:31,000 --> 00:04:33,700
Time in a pub was elastic 
expandable. 

88
00:04:33,700 --> 00:04:36,400
You might stop in for a quick Al
and find yourself there. 

89
00:04:36,400 --> 00:04:39,200
Three hours later, not because 
anything particular happened. 

90
00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,400
But, because the warmth and 
companionship made leaving Sea 

91
00:04:42,400 --> 00:04:44,700
unnecessary, this wasn't wasted 
time. 

92
00:04:44,700 --> 00:04:47,900
It was time spent maintaining 
the social bonds that held 

93
00:04:47,900 --> 00:04:51,400
communities together. 
To understand the English pub. 

94
00:04:51,400 --> 00:04:54,900
We need to go back to its roots 
which stretch deeper into 

95
00:04:54,900 --> 00:04:57,900
history than you might imagine 
the tradition of public drinking

96
00:04:57,900 --> 00:04:59,600
houses in England. 
Predates. 

97
00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,800
Even the Norman Conquest 
reaching back to Anglo-Saxon 

98
00:05:02,800 --> 00:05:06,800
times when ale was safer, to 
drink than water and every 

99
00:05:06,800 --> 00:05:08,600
village needed someone who could
Brew it properly. 

100
00:05:08,600 --> 00:05:12,800
The word Pub itself is simply a 
shortened form of Public House. 

101
00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:16,400
but this doesn't fully capture 
what these places meant in 

102
00:05:16,400 --> 00:05:19,200
medieval England, there were 
actually three types of drinking

103
00:05:19,200 --> 00:05:23,000
establishments and the 
distinctions mattered Ale House 

104
00:05:23,000 --> 00:05:25,900
is were basic often. 
Just someone's front room where 

105
00:05:25,900 --> 00:05:28,300
they sold the allay. 
They'd brood taverns were 

106
00:05:28,300 --> 00:05:31,600
slightly more upscale and served
wine, as well as ale ins were 

107
00:05:31,600 --> 00:05:35,300
the most substantial offering 
food, drink and accommodation 

108
00:05:35,300 --> 00:05:38,200
for travelers. 
The early stale House's were 

109
00:05:38,200 --> 00:05:40,300
marked by a simple. 
But effective advertising 

110
00:05:40,300 --> 00:05:43,300
method, a pole, or bush stuck 
out from the building. 

111
00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:46,900
This ale Pole or ale State 
tradition, dates, back to Roman 

112
00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:48,900
times. 
And it served, the Practical 

113
00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:51,900
purpose of alerting people who 
couldn't read, which was most 

114
00:05:51,900 --> 00:05:53,600
people, the Dale was available 
here. 

115
00:05:53,600 --> 00:05:56,200
The saying good wine needs, no 
Bush. 

116
00:05:56,200 --> 00:05:59,400
Comes from the tradition 
suggesting that quality products

117
00:05:59,400 --> 00:06:03,400
advertised themselves. 
In these earlier establishments,

118
00:06:03,400 --> 00:06:06,800
the person brewing and selling 
ale was often a woman an 

119
00:06:06,800 --> 00:06:09,600
Alewife. 
Brewing was considered domestic 

120
00:06:09,600 --> 00:06:12,600
work like baking bread and 
women. 

121
00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:14,300
Dominated the trade for 
centuries. 

122
00:06:14,300 --> 00:06:17,100
The image of a witch with a 
pointed hat and broomstick 

123
00:06:17,100 --> 00:06:20,500
actually evolved partly from the
traditional costume of alewives 

124
00:06:20,500 --> 00:06:23,600
who were tall hats. 
So customers could spot them in 

125
00:06:23,600 --> 00:06:26,900
crowds and use broomsticks to 
Signal when a new batch of Ale 

126
00:06:26,900 --> 00:06:29,900
was ready. 
The hell itself would be quite 

127
00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:31,500
different from anything. 
You'd drink today. 

128
00:06:31,500 --> 00:06:35,100
It was thick nutritious and 
relatively low in alcohol, more 

129
00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:38,500
like liquid bread than modern 
beer, people drank it because 

130
00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:41,000
the Brewing process killed the 
bacteria that made water 

131
00:06:41,000 --> 00:06:43,200
dangerous. 
And it provided calories that 

132
00:06:43,200 --> 00:06:47,300
supplemented often meager diets 
children drank it, pregnant 

133
00:06:47,300 --> 00:06:51,400
women drank it and monks drank 
it with every meal, It wasn't 

134
00:06:51,408 --> 00:06:54,100
about getting drunk. 
It was about staying alive. 

135
00:06:56,000 --> 00:06:58,000
Medieval ale houses were 
governed by laws. 

136
00:06:58,000 --> 00:07:01,700
That seemed charmingly specific 
to modernize the size of Ale 

137
00:07:01,700 --> 00:07:05,600
established in 1267, regulated 
prices and quality within 

138
00:07:05,600 --> 00:07:09,300
specters, called ale tasters who
had the official duty of testing

139
00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,800
each batch? 
These were not wine snob types, 

140
00:07:11,800 --> 00:07:14,300
swirling and sniffing. 
They were local officials. 

141
00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:17,000
Who would literally sit in a 
puddle of Ale poured on a wooden

142
00:07:17,000 --> 00:07:19,200
bench. 
If their leather, breeches stuck

143
00:07:19,200 --> 00:07:22,100
to the bench when they tried to 
stand the allay contain too much

144
00:07:22,108 --> 00:07:24,000
sugar and the Brewer would be 
fine. 

145
00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:28,700
By the 14th and 15th centuries 
in the devolved into 

146
00:07:28,708 --> 00:07:31,800
sophisticated operations that 
serve the emerging networks of 

147
00:07:31,800 --> 00:07:34,800
Commerce and travel. 
These weren't romantic Highway 

148
00:07:34,800 --> 00:07:37,700
stops with roaring fires and 
jovial innkeepers. 

149
00:07:37,700 --> 00:07:41,400
Well, some were, but most were 
practical businesses. 

150
00:07:41,400 --> 00:07:43,300
That filled a crucial economic 
function. 

151
00:07:43,300 --> 00:07:47,100
An inn was where a merchant 
could Stable horses store Goods 

152
00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:50,800
overnight conduct business over 
dinner and sleep without fear of

153
00:07:50,800 --> 00:07:53,000
being robbed. 
The Pistons essentially 

154
00:07:53,000 --> 00:07:55,800
functioned as medieval hotels 
and restaurants combined. 

155
00:07:56,600 --> 00:07:59,200
The food served in these early 
establishments reflected, both 

156
00:07:59,200 --> 00:08:01,700
the limitations and the 
surprising sophistication of 

157
00:08:01,700 --> 00:08:04,400
medieval Cuisine. 
Forget the image of peasants 

158
00:08:04,400 --> 00:08:06,500
knowing on turkey legs at the 
Renaissance fair. 

159
00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:10,100
Real medieval in food was often 
remarkably well prepared, 

160
00:08:10,100 --> 00:08:13,100
because in Keepers knew their 
reputation depended on it, 

161
00:08:13,100 --> 00:08:16,400
Travelers would specifically 
seek out ins known for good food

162
00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:18,900
and that reputation could make 
or break a business. 

163
00:08:19,800 --> 00:08:21,700
A typical meal at a decent 
medieval in. 

164
00:08:21,700 --> 00:08:25,300
Might include pottage a thick 
stew that was the foundation of 

165
00:08:25,300 --> 00:08:28,300
English Cuisine for centuries. 
This wasn't the watery 

166
00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:30,400
flavorless gruel of popular 
imagination. 

167
00:08:30,400 --> 00:08:33,000
Good. 
Portage was complex made with 

168
00:08:33,000 --> 00:08:36,100
whatever meets vegetables and 
Grains were available and 

169
00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:38,500
simmered for hours until 
everything melted into 

170
00:08:38,500 --> 00:08:40,700
something. 
That was simultaneously simple 

171
00:08:40,700 --> 00:08:43,400
and sophisticated the pot was 
rarely empty. 

172
00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,400
Completely new ingredients were 
added each day creating a 

173
00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:50,000
continuously evolving dish. 
That might technically have been

174
00:08:50,000 --> 00:08:53,500
cooking for months. 
Brett accompanied everything and

175
00:08:53,500 --> 00:08:57,100
its quality indicated, the 
establishments standards the 

176
00:08:57,100 --> 00:09:00,200
finest white bread made from 
wheat was for the wealthy. 

177
00:09:00,900 --> 00:09:04,200
Most people ate darker breads 
made from Rye barley or mixed 

178
00:09:04,200 --> 00:09:06,200
grains. 
The very poorest ate bread. 

179
00:09:06,200 --> 00:09:09,600
So course it was barely 
palatable innkeepers learned to 

180
00:09:09,600 --> 00:09:12,500
judge their customers quickly 
and serve accordingly, there was

181
00:09:12,508 --> 00:09:15,400
no point in wasting expensive, 
white bread on someone who'd be 

182
00:09:15,400 --> 00:09:18,500
satisfied with Rye. 
The serving vessels, tell their 

183
00:09:18,500 --> 00:09:21,700
own story about these earlier 
establishments, before mass 

184
00:09:21,700 --> 00:09:25,200
production, every cup plate, and
Bowl was individually made and 

185
00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:29,500
relatively valuable wooden 
trenches thick, slices of stale 

186
00:09:29,500 --> 00:09:31,300
bread. 
That served as edible plates. 

187
00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:33,200
Were common for ordinary 
customers. 

188
00:09:33,200 --> 00:09:35,200
Better establishments used 
wooden. 

189
00:09:35,200 --> 00:09:38,200
Oar pewter dishes. 
Only the finest ins could afford

190
00:09:38,200 --> 00:09:42,200
Pottery or rarely glass. 
Let's step away from the ends 

191
00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:44,400
and Ale, House's for a moment, 
to understand what ordinary 

192
00:09:44,400 --> 00:09:45,700
English. 
People were eating at home 

193
00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:48,700
because this context makes pub 
food more meaningful. 

194
00:09:48,700 --> 00:09:51,800
The diet of common folk was 
dictated by the seasons. 

195
00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,400
In ways we can barely comprehend
in our era of year. 

196
00:09:54,400 --> 00:09:56,500
Round strawberries and imported 
asparagus. 

197
00:09:57,300 --> 00:10:01,600
Winter was the hardest time 
fresh food was scarce and people

198
00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:05,400
relied on what could be stored 
preserved or kept alive until 

199
00:10:05,400 --> 00:10:08,500
needed. 
Root vegetables, turnips 

200
00:10:08,500 --> 00:10:10,700
parsnips and carrots kept 
relatively. 

201
00:10:10,700 --> 00:10:14,300
Well in Cold Storage cabbage 
could be harvested late into the

202
00:10:14,308 --> 00:10:18,600
season, onions and garlic hung 
in bundles from Rafters dried 

203
00:10:18,600 --> 00:10:21,700
peas and beans provided protein.
When fresh meat was beyond reach

204
00:10:21,700 --> 00:10:25,700
or forbidden by religious 
dietary laws, salted smoked, and

205
00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:28,800
dried meat sustained families 
through cold months, when fresh 

206
00:10:28,800 --> 00:10:31,500
Slaughter was impossible. 
The Autumn Pig killing was a 

207
00:10:31,500 --> 00:10:35,000
crucial event in every rural 
household and every part of the 

208
00:10:35,000 --> 00:10:37,700
animal was used with a 
practicality born of necessity. 

209
00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:42,500
Hams and bacon were salted and 
smoked sausages were made from 

210
00:10:42,500 --> 00:10:45,300
scraps and organs blood became 
black pudding. 

211
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:48,100
Even the bladder was useful as a
storage container. 

212
00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:52,500
Spring brought what was called 
The Hungry Gap that period when 

213
00:10:52,500 --> 00:10:54,800
winter storms were depleted. 
But new crops hadn't yet 

214
00:10:54,800 --> 00:10:57,200
matured. 
This was when people relied most

215
00:10:57,200 --> 00:11:01,400
heavily on wild Foods, Nettles 
dandelion, greens wild garlic 

216
00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,500
and whatever could be foraged 
from hedgerows and Fields the 

217
00:11:04,500 --> 00:11:06,200
arrival of the first fresh 
vegetables. 

218
00:11:06,200 --> 00:11:08,400
On herbs was celebrated with 
genuine relief. 

219
00:11:09,300 --> 00:11:12,600
Summer and Autumn were times of 
relative, abundance, when fresh 

220
00:11:12,600 --> 00:11:15,400
vegetables, fruits and berries, 
were available to supplement the

221
00:11:15,400 --> 00:11:18,700
basic diet of bread and pottage 
people preserved everything, 

222
00:11:18,700 --> 00:11:23,100
they could making Jam pickling 
vegetables, drying fruit because

223
00:11:23,100 --> 00:11:25,500
they knew winter would come. 
Again with its limitations 

224
00:11:25,500 --> 00:11:28,600
cheese was more important in the
English diet than we often 

225
00:11:28,600 --> 00:11:30,700
realize. 
It was protein that could be 

226
00:11:30,700 --> 00:11:35,300
stored for months improving with
age rather than spoiling Every 

227
00:11:35,300 --> 00:11:36,900
region had its traditional 
cheese. 

228
00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,800
And people took Fierce pride in 
local varieties, a piece of 

229
00:11:40,808 --> 00:11:43,800
cheese, some bread and an onion 
constituted a meal that 

230
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:47,100
satisfied both stomach and soul,
dairy products, in general 

231
00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:51,000
played a crucial role. 
Butter cream milk and cheese 

232
00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,900
weren't luxuries but Staples 
that made the difference between

233
00:11:53,900 --> 00:11:57,400
adequate nutrition and hunger, 
the phrase bread and butter 

234
00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,100
wasn't just an idiom, it 
literally described. 

235
00:12:00,100 --> 00:12:02,600
What many people ate for 
breakfast, every single day? 

236
00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:06,700
Meat consumption varied 
enormously by class and season. 

237
00:12:07,500 --> 00:12:10,500
Well, he people ate meat 
regularly sometimes multiple 

238
00:12:10,500 --> 00:12:13,000
times a day. 
Paul laborers, might taste fresh

239
00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:16,100
meat, only a few times a year. 
Usually at festivals or 

240
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:19,200
celebrations. 
Game Rabbits birds. 

241
00:12:19,200 --> 00:12:22,200
And deer was theoretically 
reserved for landowners. 

242
00:12:22,200 --> 00:12:25,300
But poaching was common enough 
that many families, supplemented

243
00:12:25,300 --> 00:12:31,600
their diet with accidentally 
acquired protein The spice trade

244
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:34,700
had profound effects on English 
Cuisine though, not always in 

245
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:36,800
the ways. 
You might imagine contrary to 

246
00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:39,300
popular beliefs. 
Spices weren't primarily used to

247
00:12:39,300 --> 00:12:42,900
mask, the taste of rotten meat. 
Food preservation was too 

248
00:12:42,900 --> 00:12:45,200
important for people to 
deliberately eat spoiled food 

249
00:12:45,200 --> 00:12:49,000
instead, spices were status 
symbols and flavor enhancers 

250
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:51,700
that wealthy people used to 
demonstrate sophistication and 

251
00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:54,700
worldliness. 
Common folk had their own 

252
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:58,700
flavoring Arsenal herbs from the
garden, or Hedgerow, Parsley, 

253
00:12:58,700 --> 00:13:01,700
Sage Thyme, and rosemary weren't
just a pretty song. 

254
00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:04,000
They were the foundation of 
English seasoning. 

255
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:07,400
These herbs grew readily in the 
English climate and transformed 

256
00:13:07,400 --> 00:13:09,500
simple dishes into something 
more interesting. 

257
00:13:09,500 --> 00:13:13,200
A pot of beans cooked with an 
onion and some time became a 

258
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,600
meal worth anticipating rather 
than just enduring. 

259
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:18,800
Cooking methods reflected both 
technology and fuel 

260
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:21,600
availability. 
Open half fires were standard 

261
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:24,900
until remarkably recently. 
Even in the late 18th century, 

262
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:27,500
many homes, still cooked 
everything over an open flame, 

263
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:30,700
this required. 
Genuine skill, you couldn't just

264
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:32,100
turn a dial to adjust 
temperature. 

265
00:13:32,100 --> 00:13:35,400
You learned to judge Heat by 
holding your hand above the fire

266
00:13:35,400 --> 00:13:38,900
to arrange, coals for different 
cooking temperatures and to use 

267
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:41,500
the ambient heat of the hearth 
for slow cooking, while using 

268
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:46,100
direct Flames for faster work. 
Baking was often done communally

269
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:48,800
because few households have 
their own ovens Village. 

270
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:51,200
Bakery would bake bread for 
families who brought their own 

271
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:54,400
doe or families would bring 
prepared dishes to be cooked in 

272
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:56,500
the baker's oven. 
After the day's bread was done 

273
00:13:56,500 --> 00:13:59,900
this created a community Rhythm,
where certain days were baking 

274
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:02,800
days and the smell of fresh 
bread, would fill the village 

275
00:14:04,100 --> 00:14:06,700
Fast forward to the 18th and 
19th centuries. 

276
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:10,000
An English pubs had evolved into
something, we'd recognize more 

277
00:14:10,000 --> 00:14:13,200
readily today while still 
maintaining connections to their

278
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,800
medieval Roots, the Georgian and
Victorian era saw pubs become 

279
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:20,400
increasingly sophisticated 
differentiated and Central to 

280
00:14:20,400 --> 00:14:25,000
social life across all classes. 
George and pubs those operating 

281
00:14:25,000 --> 00:14:29,100
during the Reigns of the forking
George from 1714 to 1830 

282
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:32,100
developed distinct 
personalities, based on their 

283
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:34,500
clientele in London and other 
cities. 

284
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:38,100
You'd find pubs that catered 
specifically to Merchants others

285
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,000
to laborers and still others to 
the growing middle class. 

286
00:14:41,800 --> 00:14:44,900
This wasn't enforced 
segregation, but organic, social

287
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,400
sorting people gravitated toward
establishments, where they felt 

288
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,200
comfortable, where their 
occupation and social standing 

289
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:55,200
aligned with other patrons. 
The food served in Georgian pubs

290
00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:58,900
reflected England's, growing 
prosperity and expanding global 

291
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:02,100
trade coffee, House's had 
emerged as competitors to 

292
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:05,400
traditional alehouses and pubs 
responded by improving their 

293
00:15:05,400 --> 00:15:08,400
food offerings. 
A respectable Georgian Pub might

294
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,600
serve meat pies, that would 
genuinely worth ordering not 

295
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:15,000
just fuel to soak up alcohol, 
roast beef was becoming the dish

296
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:18,400
that defined English identity 
served in thick slices with 

297
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,700
Yorkshire pudding and gravy. 
Victorian pubs took this 

298
00:15:21,700 --> 00:15:25,200
Evolution further often becoming
quite Grand establishments with 

299
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:29,700
etched glass polished brass and 
multiple rooms serving different

300
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:32,300
purposes. 
The Snug was a small private 

301
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:34,500
room. 
Often used by women who are 

302
00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,400
increasingly accepted as Pub. 
Patrons though, still somewhat 

303
00:15:37,400 --> 00:15:39,100
segregated from the main 
drinking area. 

304
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:42,600
The Saloon bar was slightly more
upscale than the public Bar, 

305
00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:45,600
charging a penny or two more per
drink in exchange for better, 

306
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:47,900
seating and more refined 
surroundings. 

307
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,800
Food in Victorian pubs range, 
from basic to surprisingly, 

308
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,900
sophisticated the humblest, 
offerings included, bread and 

309
00:15:54,900 --> 00:15:56,600
cheese. 
Perhaps with pickled onions or 

310
00:15:56,600 --> 00:15:59,000
chutney. 
Many pubs served, a simple 

311
00:15:59,008 --> 00:16:01,900
ordinary a set meal at a fixed 
price. 

312
00:16:01,900 --> 00:16:04,900
Usually featuring, whatever the 
kitchen had made that day. 

313
00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:10,000
This might be stew, pie sausages
with mashed potatoes, all the 

314
00:16:10,008 --> 00:16:14,500
Eternal favorite fishing chips. 
Actually, let's pause on fish 

315
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:17,300
and chips for a moment because 
this dish tells us something 

316
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:19,800
important about Victorian 
England and Pub culture. 

317
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:23,100
Fried fish had been sold by 
Street vendors for decades. 

318
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:26,100
While chips thick cut fried 
potatoes were a separate, 

319
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:28,900
traditional, The Genius of 
combining them emerged in the 

320
00:16:28,908 --> 00:16:32,800
1860s, creating a meal that was 
hot filling, cheap and could be 

321
00:16:32,808 --> 00:16:36,100
eaten with without utensils 
while wrapped in newspaper pubs 

322
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,500
quickly adopted this combination
and it became as fundamental to 

323
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:41,600
English identity as tea, or the 
monarchy. 

324
00:16:42,500 --> 00:16:45,900
Quality of pub food. 
Varied wildly victorians 

325
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:49,000
developed codes for evaluating 
establishments a pub. 

326
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:50,900
With sawdust. 
On the floor was marking itself 

327
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:53,800
as basic. 
The sawdust soaked up spills and

328
00:16:53,800 --> 00:16:57,100
was swept out daily. 
Bare floorboards, suggested 

329
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,800
slightly, higher, aspirations 
carpet, indicated, genuine 

330
00:17:00,800 --> 00:17:03,800
pretensions to gentility. 
These were not arbitrary 

331
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:06,700
markers, but practical signals 
about what kind of experience 

332
00:17:06,700 --> 00:17:08,700
and what kind of food quality 
you could expect. 

333
00:17:09,900 --> 00:17:13,000
Pub kitchens in the Victorian 
era, were gradually modernizing 

334
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,599
though, they remained far from 
today's standards. 

335
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:18,000
Coal-fired ranges were replacing
open. 

336
00:17:18,000 --> 00:17:20,900
Halves allowing more precise, 
temperature control, and 

337
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:23,000
multiple dishes to be cooked 
simultaneously. 

338
00:17:23,000 --> 00:17:25,900
Refrigeration was still 
primitive or non-existent. 

339
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,300
So pubs relied on cool sellers 
daily deliveries of fresh 

340
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,500
ingredients and cooking methods,
that preserved food through heat

341
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,500
or preservation. 
The pub lunch became an 

342
00:17:35,500 --> 00:17:38,500
institution in Victorian 
England, particularly in cities,

343
00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,700
office workers, shop, assistants
and laborers would stream into 

344
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:45,900
pubs at midday for a quick meal 
and perhaps a pint before 

345
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:49,000
returning to work. 
This wasn't the leisurely public

346
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,300
experience of an evening. 
It was efficient practical, 

347
00:17:52,300 --> 00:17:55,400
eating the Publican who could 
serve decent food, quickly 

348
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:58,200
earned steady daytime business 
that supplemented evening, 

349
00:17:58,200 --> 00:18:01,600
drinking trade, certain dishes 
became Pub Classics during this 

350
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:05,500
period and many remained. 
So today plowman's lunch though,

351
00:18:05,500 --> 00:18:08,600
it wasn't called that until the 
20th century was essentially the

352
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,200
portable field meal of 
agricultural workers brought 

353
00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:16,500
indoors, bread cheese, pickles, 
and perhaps cold meat Scotch 

354
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,100
eggs, which despite the name are
probably English in origin, 

355
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:24,000
became Pub Staples, Pork Pies, 
sausage rolls and various Savory

356
00:18:24,000 --> 00:18:28,100
pastries, filled the role that 
sandwiches filtered today The 

357
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:30,800
Victorian Pub also became the 
center of an emerging tradition.

358
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,500
Lyon Mass shop culture that 
paralleled dining, the 

359
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:37,700
specialized establishments 
served meat pies with mashed 

360
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:41,000
potatoes and a parsley sauce 
that locals called liquor. 

361
00:18:41,900 --> 00:18:45,300
While technically not pubs. 
They served similar functions 

362
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:49,000
and often shared customers with 
nearby public houses drinks had 

363
00:18:49,000 --> 00:18:52,400
evolved Beyond Simple ale 
Porter, a dark beer that was 

364
00:18:52,400 --> 00:18:55,000
easier to store and transport 
than traditional ale. 

365
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,000
Became hugely popular in the 
18th century and its stronger. 

366
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:02,600
Cousin Stout followed, Kennedy 
gone from cheap destructive 

367
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:06,100
mother's ruin to a more 
respectable Spirit often mixed 

368
00:19:06,100 --> 00:19:08,700
with tonic water. 
Wine was available in better 

369
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:11,600
establishments though beer 
remained the Democratic drink of

370
00:19:11,600 --> 00:19:16,100
choice across all classes, To 
truly understand Pub dining. 

371
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:19,000
We need to see it in context 
with how people ate at home 

372
00:19:19,000 --> 00:19:22,500
because the pub was never 
separate from me domestic life. 

373
00:19:22,500 --> 00:19:25,800
But rather an extension of it, 
the rhythm of daily, meals at 

374
00:19:25,800 --> 00:19:28,900
home, created the framework that
made Pub culture meaningful for 

375
00:19:28,900 --> 00:19:31,500
most of English History. 
The majority of people ate two 

376
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:34,300
main meals a day, rather than 
three breakfast was often, 

377
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:37,100
simple bread with butter or 
dripping, perhaps some cheese 

378
00:19:37,100 --> 00:19:38,800
washed down with small beer or 
milk. 

379
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:42,300
This was fuel for the days work 
consumed quickly before heading 

380
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,900
to Fields, shops or factories. 
The main meal of the day was 

381
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:49,000
traditionally called dinner and 
eaten anywhere from noon to 

382
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:51,600
early afternoon. 
This was the substantial meal. 

383
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:55,100
The one where families gathered 
if work allowed For Rural 

384
00:19:55,100 --> 00:20:00,100
laborers, Diner might be brought
to the fields bread cheese, cold

385
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:03,800
meat of available and a drink to
wash it down for those who work 

386
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,500
near home, Dina meant returning 
to a hot meal prepared by 

387
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:10,000
whoever managed the household. 
These home dinners centered 

388
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:12,600
around the same potages stews, 
and pies that we've mentioned 

389
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,200
because these dishes made 
economic sense. 

390
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:18,500
You could cook them in one pot, 
they improved with time. 

391
00:20:18,500 --> 00:20:21,600
And they stretched expensive 
ingredients like meat by 

392
00:20:21,600 --> 00:20:24,900
combining them with cheaper 
vegetables and Grains a skilled 

393
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:26,800
cook could make a small amount 
of meat flavor. 

394
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,300
An entire pot of stew. 
That would feed a family for 

395
00:20:29,300 --> 00:20:32,100
days. 
Supper was lighter often, just 

396
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:35,600
bred and cheese. 
Perhaps with ale, or tea as tea 

397
00:20:35,600 --> 00:20:37,500
became more affordable in the 
18th and 19th. 

398
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:42,500
Centuries it transformed English
eating habits. tea time emerged 

399
00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:45,700
as a distinct meal, particularly
among the middle and upper 

400
00:20:45,700 --> 00:20:49,400
classes but for working people T
was often supper bread and 

401
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:52,300
butter with a cup of tea, maybe 
with an egg, if times were good,

402
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,500
The kitchen half was the literal
and metaphorical Center of home 

403
00:20:56,500 --> 00:21:00,300
life even as cold stoves became 
more common, many homes kept 

404
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:02,700
their open halves because they 
provided heat as well. 

405
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:05,600
As cooking capability. 
The fire was never allowed to go

406
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,500
completely out if it could be 
helped because restarting it 

407
00:21:08,508 --> 00:21:12,300
from scratch was laborious. 
Instead it was banked at night, 

408
00:21:12,300 --> 00:21:15,600
covered with Ash to preserve 
coals, that could be coaxed back

409
00:21:15,600 --> 00:21:18,600
to flame in the morning. 
Cooking equipment was minimal by

410
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:24,500
modern standards a pot, a pan, a
griddle, some Wooden Spoons and 

411
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:26,800
a knife or two. 
Wealthy households might have 

412
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,800
specialized equipment for 
specific dishes but ordinary 

413
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,000
families made with Basics. 
This limitation actually 

414
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:36,500
produced creativity Cooks 
learned to make diversity's 

415
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:39,700
using the same simple tools 
bearing ingredients and 

416
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:42,100
techniques rather than relying 
on different equipment. 

417
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:46,100
Food storage was its own 
challenge without Refrigeration.

418
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:48,700
Fresh food needed to be used, 
quickly or preserved 

419
00:21:48,700 --> 00:21:51,500
immediately. 
The Larder a cool room or 

420
00:21:51,500 --> 00:21:55,300
cabinet often on a north-facing 
wall kept dairy in meat from 

421
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:59,000
spoiling for a few days. 
Mesh safes protected food from 

422
00:21:59,000 --> 00:22:03,200
flies and mice salting smoking, 
pickling and drying remained 

423
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:05,100
essential skills. 
Well into the 20th century. 

424
00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,200
The weekly shopping Rhythm 
structured home cooking Market 

425
00:22:09,200 --> 00:22:12,600
Days brought fresh produce Meat 
and Fish to towns and Villages 

426
00:22:12,600 --> 00:22:16,200
Savvy Shoppers learn to time 
their purchases arrive, too 

427
00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:18,900
early and prices were high 
arrived near closing and 

428
00:22:18,900 --> 00:22:21,200
selection was poor. 
But Bargains could be found 

429
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:23,200
whatever you bought on Market 
Day. 

430
00:22:23,200 --> 00:22:25,100
Determined what you eat for the 
next week. 

431
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:28,500
Seasonal, eating wasn't a 
lifestyle choice, but none 

432
00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:33,900
avoidable reality, spring lamb 
summer berries or Maples winter 

433
00:22:33,900 --> 00:22:36,500
root vegetables. 
The year rotated through its 

434
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:38,400
ingredients with rigid 
predictability. 

435
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:42,800
This created anticipation that 
we've largely lost the first 

436
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:45,300
strawberries of Summer, 
genuinely meant something when 

437
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:48,200
you hadn't eaten, anything, 
fresh and sweet for months, the 

438
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,300
first automata Apple's were 
celebrated because they 

439
00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:53,000
represented abundance after the 
hungry gap of late summer. 

440
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,700
Baking day was a weekly ritual 
in homes that had ovens. 

441
00:22:56,700 --> 00:23:00,300
Bread was baked and quantity 
enough loaves to last a week 

442
00:23:00,300 --> 00:23:04,100
growing increasingly stale. 
But remaining edible pie is both

443
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:06,600
sweet and savory were baked for 
eating throughout the week. 

444
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:09,500
Cakes and biscuits were luxuries
for special occasions. 

445
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,900
But when they appeared they 
marked celebrations worth 

446
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:15,800
remembering. 
The communal nature of food 

447
00:23:15,800 --> 00:23:19,100
extended Beyond individual 
households neighbors, shared, 

448
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:22,400
surpluses too many eggs, extra 
milk, a glut of garden 

449
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:24,800
vegetables. 
This wasn't charity but 

450
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:27,200
practical Mutual support you 
shared. 

451
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:29,900
When you had extra knowing 
others would share with you when

452
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:33,300
your circumstances reversed 
these informal networks of food,

453
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:36,300
sharing built and maintained 
Community bonds that were, as 

454
00:23:36,300 --> 00:23:39,800
important as the food itself. 
Understanding these home rhythms

455
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:43,500
helps explain why people went to
pubs, it wasn't primarily about 

456
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:45,300
the food. 
Most people could feed 

457
00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:48,200
themselves more cheaply at home.
Hubs offered something else 

458
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:51,200
warmth without using your own 
fuel light. 

459
00:23:51,200 --> 00:23:54,500
Without burning your own candles
companionship, beyond your 

460
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:58,900
immediate family news from The 
Wider World entertainment, and a

461
00:23:58,908 --> 00:24:02,700
break from the domestic routine,
that structured so much of life.

462
00:24:03,800 --> 00:24:07,200
The way people ate the Customs 
traditions and unspoken rules 

463
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,600
that governed meals, tells us as
much about English life as what 

464
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:14,200
they ate these Traditions 
evolved over centuries mixing 

465
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,000
practical necessity with social 
meaning, to create eating 

466
00:24:17,000 --> 00:24:19,600
customs that shape how people 
understood their place in the 

467
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:22,200
world. 
Table manners in England 

468
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:24,400
developed gradually from 
medieval times onward. 

469
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:27,900
But they weren't the rigid 
anxious Affairs that Victorian 

470
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:31,100
etiquette books might suggest 
most people's table manners. 

471
00:24:31,100 --> 00:24:33,900
Were simply habitual practices 
passed down through families, 

472
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,900
designed to make communal eating
work smoothly rather than to 

473
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:42,100
exclude anyone. 
The concept of courses separate 

474
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:45,500
dishes, served in sequence was 
initially an upper-class 

475
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:49,100
practice that slowly filtered 
down through Society in ordinary

476
00:24:49,100 --> 00:24:51,200
homes, everything appeared on 
the table at once. 

477
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,800
The stew will joint of meat the 
vegetables, the bread and the 

478
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:57,500
cheese, you helped yourself to 
whatever you wanted in. 

479
00:24:57,500 --> 00:25:00,200
Whatever order made sense. 
This wasn't chaos. 

480
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,500
But a different organizational 
principle abundance. 

481
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:06,800
Displayed simultaneously rather 
than rationed sequentially. 

482
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,000
Eating utensils evolved more 
slowly than you might. 

483
00:25:10,008 --> 00:25:12,900
Imagine Forks, didn't become 
common in England, until the 

484
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:16,600
17th century, and even then many
people can continue eating with 

485
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:20,100
a knife and spoon using bread to
push food onto the spoon. 

486
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:24,800
The fork was initially seen as 
affected, even a feminine real 

487
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:27,600
English people didn't need 
fancy, Italian implements to eat

488
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:31,300
their dinner, but gradually 
Forks proved their utility and 

489
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,000
by the Victorian era. 
Elaborate place setting with 

490
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:37,200
multiple specialized Forks, had 
become status symbols, the 

491
00:25:37,200 --> 00:25:40,200
proper way to hold utensils 
varied by class and period. 

492
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:45,000
Continental style Falcon left 
hand knife in right tines down 

493
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:47,700
was considered more 
sophisticated than switching 

494
00:25:47,700 --> 00:25:51,200
hands after cutting. 
But in pubs and ordinary homes 

495
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:53,500
people ate, however, was 
comfortable and effective. 

496
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:57,100
The anxiety about correct 
utensil use was largely a 

497
00:25:57,100 --> 00:25:59,800
middle-class preoccupation as 
the aspiring. 

498
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:02,800
Middle-class is used etiquette, 
as a way, to distinguish 

499
00:26:02,800 --> 00:26:06,200
themselves, from working classes
below and demonstrate their 

500
00:26:06,200 --> 00:26:08,000
Fitness for higher Social 
Status. 

501
00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:12,200
Grace, before meals was 
standard, practice across most 

502
00:26:12,200 --> 00:26:15,500
of English society though, the 
elaborate, as varied in 

503
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:18,000
religious households, Grace 
might be a formal prayer 

504
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,800
thanking God for providing 
sustenance in less devout homes.

505
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:25,400
It might be a quick mumbled 
formula, more habit than 

506
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,700
heartfelt devotion, but the 
pause before eating the 

507
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:31,900
acknowledgment that food was not
to be taken for granted nearly 

508
00:26:31,900 --> 00:26:36,200
Universal Toasting traditions in
pubs develop their own complex 

509
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,500
Customs. 
The simple Act of raising 

510
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:41,100
glasses before drinking became 
layered with meaning. 

511
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:44,700
And ritual you made eye contact 
while toasting to skip. 

512
00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:47,800
This was considered bad luck or 
even an insult, you never 

513
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:50,900
toasted with an empty glass and 
you never toasted with water. 

514
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,200
This Superstition came from the 
belief that toasting with water,

515
00:26:54,200 --> 00:26:58,000
condemned the recipient to a 
watery death The round system 

516
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:01,400
where each person in a group, 
takes turns, buying drinks for 

517
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,500
everyone became fundamental to 
English pub culture. 

518
00:27:04,500 --> 00:27:07,500
This wasn't just about fairly 
Distributing costs. 

519
00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:10,800
It was a social bonding 
mechanism that kept groups 

520
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:14,100
together and created obligations
of reciprocity leaving before 

521
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,100
you'd bought your round was a 
serious breach of Pub, etiquette

522
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:19,000
that marked you as 
untrustworthy. 

523
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,200
Seasonal Foods came with their 
own traditions and meanings 

524
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:28,000
Goose at michaelmas, September 
29th, oysters in months with an 

525
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:29,900
R. 
Hot Cross Buns on. 

526
00:27:29,900 --> 00:27:33,700
Good Friday, Pancakes on Shroff 
Tuesday, these were just 

527
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:37,200
culinary customs, but ways of 
marking time, connecting to the 

528
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:40,700
agricultural, calendar and 
participating in communal 

529
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:43,300
rituals that transcended 
individual households. 

530
00:27:43,900 --> 00:27:45,800
Christmas dinner. 
Traditions, evolved over 

531
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:47,400
centuries into the elaborate 
meal. 

532
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,500
We recognize today, the 
centerpiece shifted from peacock

533
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:54,100
to Swan to Goose and finally, to
Turkey as these birds became 

534
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,200
available in affordable but the 
principal remained constant 

535
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:00,700
Christmas was when you ate 
better than any other day of the

536
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:03,500
year, when even poor families, 
tried to provide something 

537
00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:06,000
special. 
And when the usual scarcity was 

538
00:28:06,000 --> 00:28:10,700
temporarily suspended in favor 
of deliberate, abundance, The 

539
00:28:10,700 --> 00:28:13,800
tradition of cold collation for 
Sunday supper reflected 

540
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:16,300
religious prohibitions against 
working on the Sabbath. 

541
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:20,100
Since cooking counted as work, 
Saturdays, cooking provided cold

542
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:23,900
meats pies and other dishes that
could be eaten Sunday without 

543
00:28:23,900 --> 00:28:27,100
further preparation, this 
practical religious, observance 

544
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:29,800
created its own distinct Cuisine
of cold dishes that were meant 

545
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:31,200
to be delicious at room 
temperature. 

546
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:35,300
Funeral Foods the meal served 
after bearing, the dead 

547
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:38,900
followed, their own traditions 
and was common and practical 

548
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:41,600
because it could be prepared 
ahead and sew served cold to 

549
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:43,500
any. 
Number of mourners the funeral 

550
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:45,900
meal wasn't about elaborate 
cooking but about Gathering 

551
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:49,400
Community sharing grief, and 
acknowledging that life 

552
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,000
continued, despite death food at
these occasions, served social 

553
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,500
purposes Beyond near nutrition. 
Harvest Traditions brought 

554
00:28:56,500 --> 00:28:59,300
communities together around 
shared meals, that celebrated 

555
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:02,800
successful Gathering of crops 
Harvest suppers though declining

556
00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:05,900
by the Victorian era. 
Had been Central to Rural Life 

557
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:09,000
for centuries. 
The farmer who employed Harvest 

558
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:12,700
workers was expected to provide 
a feast at Harvest end, not from

559
00:29:12,700 --> 00:29:15,100
generosity. 
But from obligation, these 

560
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:17,400
meals, acknowledge the 
interdependence of farmer and 

561
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:21,600
laborer, land and community. 
The pub fit into all these 

562
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,300
Traditions as a space where 
communal eating and drinking 

563
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:27,800
could occur outside the home. 
It was where Harvest suppers, 

564
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:29,300
might be held. 
If the farmers Barn was 

565
00:29:29,308 --> 00:29:31,700
inadequate where workers could 
celebrate. 

566
00:29:31,700 --> 00:29:35,700
Completion of a project, where 
Community organizations met over

567
00:29:35,700 --> 00:29:38,700
meals, and where Travelers could
participate in local food 

568
00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:43,300
Customs, even though they were 
strangers, As you finish your 

569
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:44,900
tea and prepare to drift into 
sleep. 

570
00:29:44,900 --> 00:29:48,100
Let's Trace how these old 
traditions Echo into our 

571
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:50,900
presenting. 
How we eat and drink in ways. 

572
00:29:50,900 --> 00:29:54,500
We rarely recognized the pub and
its Associated food culture 

573
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:57,200
aren't just historical 
Curiosities, their Living 

574
00:29:57,200 --> 00:29:59,500
Traditions, that continue 
evolving while maintaining 

575
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:03,600
connections to centuries passed.
The modern Pub meal allows 

576
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,200
obvious debts to its ancestors 
fish and chips, meet pies 

577
00:30:07,200 --> 00:30:09,100
plowman's lunch and Sunday 
roast. 

578
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:12,300
These dishes survived because 
they genuinely work. 

579
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:16,300
They're satisfying relatively 
economical and compatible with 

580
00:30:16,300 --> 00:30:19,300
the social atmosphere that 
defines Pub dining, but they've 

581
00:30:19,300 --> 00:30:22,500
also evolved modern pub food, 
often includes International 

582
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:25,200
influences, that would have 
bewildered 18th century 

583
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,700
publicans Curry pasta and 
burgers. 

584
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:32,800
These additions exist alongside 
traditional dishes, creating a 

585
00:30:32,800 --> 00:30:35,400
menu that honors history while 
acknowledging contemporary 

586
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:39,600
tastes The gastro pub movement 
of recent decades represents 

587
00:30:39,600 --> 00:30:43,400
both change and continuity. 
These establishments Elevate, 

588
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,600
traditional, pub, food, using 
refined techniques and quality 

589
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:49,200
ingredients. 
But the underlying concept 

590
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,800
gathering in a public house to 
eat well prepared food while 

591
00:30:52,800 --> 00:30:56,300
enjoying drinks and 
companionship remains unchanged 

592
00:30:56,300 --> 00:31:00,100
from medieval ale houses, your 
great-great-great-grandparents 

593
00:31:00,100 --> 00:31:03,200
would understand the appeal even
if they'd be confused by the 

594
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,600
foam garnishes. 
Certain eating rhythms persist 

595
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:10,400
despite massive social changes. 
The Sunday roast though, 

596
00:31:10,400 --> 00:31:14,000
threatened by modern Lifestyles 
remains an institution in many 

597
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:17,200
families and pubs it connects 
contemporary English people to 

598
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:20,700
centuries of tradition. 
Same desire for a substantial 

599
00:31:20,700 --> 00:31:23,700
communal meal, that marks the 
week's transition from work to 

600
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,900
rest. 
The specific dishes may vary but

601
00:31:26,900 --> 00:31:30,400
the underlying pattern endures, 
the round system in pubs 

602
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:32,600
continues though, younger 
Generations. 

603
00:31:32,600 --> 00:31:36,700
Sometimes resist its obligations
This tradition survives because 

604
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:39,400
it serves social functions 
Beyond economic fairness. 

605
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,100
It creates structure for group 
drinking establishes, trust 

606
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:46,600
through reciprocity and turns 
casual Pub, visits into small, 

607
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:48,800
ceremonies of friendship, the 
anxiety. 

608
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,700
Some people feel about keeping 
up with the Realms, reflects the

609
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:54,100
serious social weight. 
This seemingly simple custom 

610
00:31:54,100 --> 00:31:58,500
carriers, Seasonal eating, which
for our ancestors was, an 

611
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:01,400
unavoidable. 
Necessity has become a conscious

612
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:04,100
choice for some Modern heaters 
seeking connection to 

613
00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:07,700
agricultural reality, farmers 
markets, seasonal menus and 

614
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:10,800
local food movements all 
represent attempts to recreate 

615
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:13,300
the seasonal Rhythm. 
That once governed all eating, 

616
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:15,400
we've chosen to recreate 
constraints. 

617
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:17,400
Our ancestors would have gladly 
escaped. 

618
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:20,400
Because we've learned that those
constraints created a 

619
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:23,400
relationship with food that felt
more meaningful than our current

620
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:27,700
abundance sometimes provides The
physical spaces of pubs 

621
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:29,200
continue. 
Evolving while maintaining 

622
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:32,500
recognizable connections to 
their past many old pubs 

623
00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:35,900
genuinely are old buildings that
have served drinks for two three

624
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,300
or even five centuries their 
floorboards worn by countless 

625
00:32:39,300 --> 00:32:41,200
feet. 
Their walls soaked with 

626
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,400
accumulated atmosphere others 
are modern constructions 

627
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,700
designed to evoke historical 
Ambience through exposed beams 

628
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,900
fireplaces and Architectural 
details that reference 

629
00:32:50,900 --> 00:32:54,700
traditional Pub design. 
What's remarkable is, how people

630
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:58,200
still use these spaces for 
fundamentally similar purposes? 

631
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,400
You go to a pub to escape home, 
temporarily to see friends to 

632
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:05,800
Mark occasions, both significant
and trivial and to participate 

633
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:07,800
in community. 
Life beyond your immediate 

634
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:10,600
family, the medieval Alewife 
would recognize these 

635
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,200
motivations instantly even if 
the specific manifestations of 

636
00:33:14,208 --> 00:33:17,800
changed the language of food, 
and drink preserves historical, 

637
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:21,500
Echoes pub-grub acknowledges 
that pub food isn't oat Cuisine 

638
00:33:21,500 --> 00:33:24,700
but something more basic and 
satisfying last orders. 

639
00:33:24,700 --> 00:33:27,700
References Licensing Laws that 
once strictly regulated Pub 

640
00:33:27,700 --> 00:33:31,000
hours lock in refers to the 
technically illegal, but widely 

641
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:34,100
practiced customer of pubs. 
Continuing to serve drinks. 

642
00:33:34,100 --> 00:33:36,900
After official closing time with
doors locked against outside 

643
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:39,400
observation. 
These linguistic fossils carry 

644
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:41,300
historical meaning into present 
usage. 

645
00:33:42,000 --> 00:33:45,200
British Foods International 
reputation For Better or Worse. 

646
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,700
Stems partly from the pub and 
home tradition. 

647
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:51,500
We've explored the emphasis on 
heartiness, over a fine, mint on

648
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:54,600
substance over presentation and 
on familiar Comfort. 

649
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:57,700
Over adventurous novelty, 
reflects centuries of English 

650
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:01,500
eating patterns, British food 
isn't bad, it's designed for 

651
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:04,500
different priorities than say 
French cuisine with its emphasis

652
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:08,100
on technical Perfection or 
Italian cuisine with its focus 

653
00:34:08,100 --> 00:34:12,300
on Prime ingredients simply 
prepared. the working class food

654
00:34:12,300 --> 00:34:16,100
traditions, we've discussed The 
meat pie is the fish and chips, 

655
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:19,800
the hearty stews have achieved a
cultural status that transcends 

656
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:22,699
class, boundaries, wealthy 
people, eat these dishes, not 

657
00:34:22,699 --> 00:34:26,300
from necessity, but from Choice,
finding in them connections to 

658
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:29,600
broader English identity, this 
democratization of once. 

659
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,900
Slowly Foods mirrors larger, 
social changes while also 

660
00:34:32,900 --> 00:34:35,400
honoring Traditions that 
sustained Generations, 

661
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,000
immigration and globalization 
have transformed English eating 

662
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:41,699
while often working through 
existing Pub structures. 

663
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:44,900
Indian and Chinese restaurants 
are now as fundamental to 

664
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,300
British food culture as pubs 
themselves but many pubs have 

665
00:34:48,300 --> 00:34:50,699
Incorporated these influences 
into their menus. 

666
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:53,300
Curry Knight at the pub 
represents a fusion of 

667
00:34:53,308 --> 00:34:56,100
traditional English. 
Social space with adopted 

668
00:34:56,100 --> 00:34:59,700
culinary Traditions, creating 
something new while maintaining 

669
00:34:59,700 --> 00:35:02,700
continuity. 
The decline of cooking skills, 

670
00:35:02,700 --> 00:35:06,300
that characterize much of the 
20th century, when convenience 

671
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:09,700
Foods, replaced home, cooking, 
as partly, reversed as younger 

672
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:11,800
Generations. 
Rediscovered traditional dishes 

673
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:14,600
and techniques. 
This is an simple Nostalgia, but

674
00:35:14,600 --> 00:35:17,600
a recognition that the old ways 
of preparing food often produced

675
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:21,000
results that mass-produced 
Alternatives can't match your 

676
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:23,300
grandmother's stew. 
Recipe passed down through 

677
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:26,000
generations. 
Connects you to centuries of 

678
00:35:26,008 --> 00:35:28,800
English Cooks solving the same 
problems of making modest 

679
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,300
ingredients delicious. 
Even the aesthetic of pub food, 

680
00:35:32,300 --> 00:35:36,200
persists that brown, hearty 
slightly monochrome appearance 

681
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:38,900
that critics. 
Sometimes mock actually reflects

682
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:42,700
authentic food, traditions Foods
designed to sustain work, 

683
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,900
provide warmth and satisfy 
hunger rather than photograph 

684
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:49,800
well for social media. 
There's honesty and a properly 

685
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,300
made steak and kidney pudding 
that transcends visual appeal. 

686
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:56,000
The communal aspects of Pub. 
Dining have become more precious

687
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,500
as Modern Life increasingly 
isolates as in private spaces. 

688
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:03,000
The pub remains one of the few 
truly public spaces in English 

689
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:06,000
life, where strangers can easily
interact where chance 

690
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:09,000
conversations happen naturally 
and where you're expected to 

691
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,800
share space and sometimes tables
with people, you don't know this

692
00:36:12,800 --> 00:36:15,600
function creating Community 
across social boundaries 

693
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,500
matters, more as other such 
spaces, disappear. 

694
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:22,600
Forward pubs face challenges, 
that would have been 

695
00:36:22,600 --> 00:36:24,800
incomprehensible to earlier 
Generations. 

696
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,500
Smoking bans, drink driving 
laws, changing social habits, 

697
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:30,500
economic pressures, and 
competition from home 

698
00:36:30,500 --> 00:36:33,400
entertainment, all threatened, 
the traditional Pub model. 

699
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:35,200
Yep. 
Pubs persist because they 

700
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:37,800
provide something that Holmes 
restaurants and bars, don't 

701
00:36:37,800 --> 00:36:40,800
quite replicate. 
That particular combination of 

702
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,200
informality tradition, 
community, and comfort. 

703
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:45,900
That makes them distinctly and 
enduringly English. 

704
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,400
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, perhaps your dream of 

705
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:53,400
stepping into that warm dim Pub.
We visited at the beginning. 

706
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:57,500
Finding yourself welcomed by 
firelight and the smell of 

707
00:36:57,500 --> 00:36:59,800
something Savory cooking 
joining. 

708
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:03,500
The centuries of people who've 
sought the same simple Comforts 

709
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:07,300
of good food, decent, drink and 
companionship, that made the 

710
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:10,100
cold world, feel a little warmer
and a little more manageable. 

711
00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:13,500
The old English pub and its food
traditions matter. 

712
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:16,200
Not because their quaint 
historical Curiosities, but 

713
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,800
because they represent an 
enduring human need for spaces 

714
00:37:19,800 --> 00:37:22,000
that are neither purely private 
nor purely public. 

715
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:26,000
For food that satisfies without 
pretension and for traditions, 

716
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:28,600
that can connect us to the past 
while remaining relevant to the 

717
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:31,600
present. 
Your great-great-grandparents 

718
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:35,100
knew this and so do you even if 
you've never consciously thought

719
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:37,600
about it? 
When you seek out a cosy Pub On 

720
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,400
A Rainy afternoon, when he 
ordered a fish and chips because

721
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,800
it feels right when you linger 
over a pint longer than you plan

722
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:46,800
because the conversation is good
and the fire is warm, your 

723
00:37:46,800 --> 00:37:49,800
participating in Traditions that
stretch back through the 

724
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,200
centuries, connecting you to 
generations of English people 

725
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:55,500
who found the same comfort in 
the same. 

726
00:37:55,500 --> 00:37:59,200
Simple Pleasures. 
In our journey through English 

727
00:37:59,200 --> 00:38:02,400
pub, history, and the meals that
Define daily life. 

728
00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:06,000
We've traveled from medieval 
hell, houses to Victorian, 

729
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,800
establishments from Humble 
potages to elaborate Sunday 

730
00:38:08,800 --> 00:38:11,200
roasts. 
We've seen how people adapted to

731
00:38:11,208 --> 00:38:15,300
scarcity, celebrated, abundance 
and created Traditions, that 

732
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:17,400
gave meaning to the simple Act 
of eating together. 

733
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:21,300
Story of English. 
Pub food is ultimately a story 

734
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:24,400
about community and resilience 
in a world where life was often 

735
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:28,000
harsh, where Winters were long 
and work was hard and where most

736
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:30,000
people had limited control over 
their circumstances. 

737
00:38:30,000 --> 00:38:34,000
The pub offered a democratic 
space where everyone could find 

738
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:36,400
warmth sustenance and 
connection. 

739
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,500
The food served, there wasn't 
about culinary Innovation or 

740
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,700
gastronomic Excellence. 
It was about providing reliable 

741
00:38:42,700 --> 00:38:47,100
comfort in uncertain times. 
Think about the continuity 

742
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:50,000
represented by a pub that has 
been operating for 300 years. 

743
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:53,100
The building itself has 
sheltered countless thousands of

744
00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:56,700
people each with their own 
worries celebrations and daily 

745
00:38:56,700 --> 00:38:59,400
concerns. 
The same half has warmed 

746
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:03,300
multiple Generations. 
The same basic dishes refined 

747
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:06,000
and adapted. 
But recognizably continuous of 

748
00:39:06,000 --> 00:39:08,600
satisfied hunger across 
centuries, that kind of 

749
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,000
institutional memory embedded in
physical space, and culinary 

750
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:15,200
tradition creates a sense of 
permanence that our modern world

751
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,300
rarely provides. 
The meals we've discussed. 

752
00:39:19,200 --> 00:39:22,300
Jews and pies, the roasts and 
puddings, the bread and cheese 

753
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,600
and I'll weren't just fuel. 
They were expressions of 

754
00:39:25,608 --> 00:39:29,000
Ingenuity making the most of 
limited ingredients through 

755
00:39:29,000 --> 00:39:31,900
skill and patience. 
They were demonstrations of 

756
00:39:31,908 --> 00:39:34,200
care. 
Whether in the Alewife brewing, 

757
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:36,100
a wholesome batch of ale, or the
pub. 

758
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:37,700
Cook preparing, a proper meat 
pie. 

759
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:40,800
They were vehicles for 
tradition, connecting people to 

760
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:44,000
their parents and grandparents. 
And the long chain of ordinary 

761
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:45,600
folk stretching back into 
history. 

762
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:49,800
What's beautiful about pub food,
traditions is their essential 

763
00:39:49,800 --> 00:39:53,000
democracy, unlike Haute Cuisine,
which is always been the 

764
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:56,200
province of the wealthy pub food
was available to anyone who 

765
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:59,200
could afford a few pennies, the 
labourer and the merchants might

766
00:39:59,200 --> 00:40:02,400
sit at different tables but they
were eating in the same room 

767
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:06,200
drinking from similar tankers 
and sharing the same basic 

768
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,700
experience food in the pub was a
leveling Force reminding, 

769
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:11,100
everyone of their shared 
Humanity. 

770
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,600
The seasonal rhythms, we've 
explored created a relationship 

771
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:16,700
with time. 
That Modern Life has largely 

772
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:19,200
erased. 
Our ancestors lived, intimate 

773
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:20,800
connection with the agricultural
year. 

774
00:40:20,800 --> 00:40:24,900
Experience in real hunger in 
late winter and genuine relief. 

775
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:28,000
When spring vegetables appeared 
they understood in their bodies.

776
00:40:28,000 --> 00:40:30,900
What we mostly know 
intellectually that food comes 

777
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:33,300
from the earth requires labor 
and time. 

778
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:36,700
And that abundance is never 
guaranteed this knowledge 

779
00:40:36,700 --> 00:40:39,600
shaped, not just what they ate, 
but how they thought about life 

780
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:43,900
itself, The domestic cooking. 
We've discussed the careful 

781
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:47,700
management of limited resources.
The skill required to feed a 

782
00:40:47,700 --> 00:40:49,200
family from a single pot over an
open. 

783
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,900
Fire the preservation techniques
that made summer abundance last 

784
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:56,100
through, winter, scarcity, 
represents a form of expertise 

785
00:40:56,100 --> 00:40:59,000
that is rapidly disappearing. 
These weren't simple people, 

786
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,200
making simple food, they were 
highly skilled practitioners 

787
00:41:02,200 --> 00:41:04,700
managing complex challenges with
limited tools. 

788
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:08,000
The dismissal of traditional 
English cooking as boring or 

789
00:41:08,000 --> 00:41:11,100
unrefined often reflects 
ignorance about what those Cooks

790
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:12,900
were accomplishing under 
difficult circumstances. 

791
00:41:14,400 --> 00:41:17,800
The customs and traditions 
surrounding meals, The Graces 

792
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,100
and toasts the seasonal dishes 
and communal feasts. 

793
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:24,400
The elaborate etiquette and 
simple Curtis's created 

794
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:26,000
structure and meaning around 
eating. 

795
00:41:26,000 --> 00:41:28,700
They transformed mere 
consumption into something 

796
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,600
richer. 
Ritual celebration community, 

797
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:34,100
building and cultural 
transmission. 

798
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,200
When you raise a glass in a 
toast or share a Sunday, roast 

799
00:41:37,200 --> 00:41:40,200
with family, you're not just 
eating and drinking your 

800
00:41:40,200 --> 00:41:43,100
participating in practices that 
can connect you to centuries of 

801
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,100
human culture. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

802
00:41:46,100 --> 00:41:49,600
consider what a privilege it is 
to have these stories to 

803
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:52,300
understand, even a little of how
your ancestors lived, an eight, 

804
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:55,800
the medieval Alewife, the 
Georgian Publican, the Victorian

805
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:59,300
cook, and the countless Ordinary
People Who brewed ale baked 

806
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:02,600
breaded fires and created meals 
under circumstances. 

807
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:05,700
We can barely imagine they 
weren't so different from us. 

808
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:10,700
They wanted warmth security, 
good food, companionship, and a 

809
00:42:10,700 --> 00:42:13,200
sense that their lives mattered.
They found these things. 

810
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:17,100
In many of the same ways we do. 
By gathering, together, sharing 

811
00:42:17,100 --> 00:42:20,700
meals, maintaining traditions, 
and creating spaces where 

812
00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:24,200
Community could flourish. 
The English pub with its worn 

813
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:28,200
floors and scarred tables, its 
traditional dishes and Timeless 

814
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:31,000
atmosphere represents continuity
in a changing world. 

815
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,700
It's a reminder that some human 
needs remain constant across 

816
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:36,800
centuries. 
The Need to Escape home 

817
00:42:36,800 --> 00:42:40,600
occasionally to see friends, to 
Mark the passage of time with 

818
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:43,400
small ceremonies and to 
experience the particular 

819
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:46,700
comfort that comes from familiar
food, in a familiar Place. 

820
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:49,300
Surrounded by people who share 
your understanding of how things

821
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,600
should be. 
Modern threats to pubs economic 

822
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:55,800
pressures, changing habits 
generational, shifts matter 

823
00:42:55,800 --> 00:42:59,000
because they threaten not just 
businesses, but living links to 

824
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,200
the past when an Old Pub 
closest, it's not just a 

825
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:04,800
commercial Failure, Its the 
severing of connections that 

826
00:43:04,800 --> 00:43:06,400
have been maintained for 
Generations. 

827
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,700
The silencing of stories that 
those walls have held and the 

828
00:43:09,708 --> 00:43:12,300
ending of traditions that have 
sustained communities through 

829
00:43:12,300 --> 00:43:16,600
Wars plagues and countless, 
personal tragedies and triumphs,

830
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:20,200
but Pub survive adapting as they
always have the gastropubs the 

831
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:22,600
renovated, traditional pubs. 
And even the modern 

832
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:25,900
establishments, that reference 
pub, traditions, all represent 

833
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:28,700
the continuing evolution of an 
institution that has proven 

834
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:32,200
remarkably resilient as long as 
people want to gather in public 

835
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:35,700
spaces to share food and drink 
and to participate in 

836
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:37,800
Traditions, that connect them to
something larger than 

837
00:43:37,800 --> 00:43:40,000
themselves. 
The pub in some form, will 

838
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:44,500
endure The legacy of Old English
heating, extends Beyond specific

839
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,600
dishes or establishments. 
It's embedded in language, 

840
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:50,900
social Customs, cultural 
identity, and Collective memory.

841
00:43:50,900 --> 00:43:54,200
It shapes how English people 
think about Hospitality 

842
00:43:54,200 --> 00:43:57,800
community and the proper 
relationship between public and 

843
00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:00,300
private life. 
It influences what feels like 

844
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:03,400
Comfort, what tastes like home 
and what seems like an 

845
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,200
appropriate way to Market 
occasions both momentous and 

846
00:44:06,200 --> 00:44:10,100
mundane. 
Understanding this history, 

847
00:44:10,100 --> 00:44:14,000
enriches your own eating 
experiences that Pub meal you 

848
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,400
enjoyed last month connects to 
centuries of tradition this 

849
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:18,800
Sunday. 
Roast, you make for family 

850
00:44:18,800 --> 00:44:21,400
participates in rituals that 
have defined English weekends 

851
00:44:21,400 --> 00:44:23,800
for Generations. 
The cup of tea or perhaps 

852
00:44:23,800 --> 00:44:26,400
holding right now links you to 
the transformation of English. 

853
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:29,400
Drinking habits that occurred in
the 18th and 19th. 

854
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:33,800
Centuries, nothing you, eat 
exists in isolation, every dish,

855
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:36,900
every meal, every food, 
tradition carries history within

856
00:44:36,900 --> 00:44:41,000
it, As you sink deeper into your
pillow, let your mind drift 

857
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,000
through the scenes. 
We visited the medieval Ale 

858
00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:46,700
House with its Earthen floor and
simple ale. 

859
00:44:46,700 --> 00:44:50,800
The Georgian inn with its 
roaring fire and savory pies the

860
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:54,400
Victorian Pub with its etched 
glass and elaborate dishes and 

861
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:57,200
the countless homes were 
Ordinary People performed daily 

862
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:01,400
miracles of transforming modest 
ingredients into satisfying 

863
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:03,300
meals. 
Imagine the hands that needed 

864
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:05,200
bread. 
Stirred pottage poor Dale and 

865
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:08,500
tended fires, imagine the 
conversations, the laughter, the

866
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:11,700
tears, and the countless moments
of human connection, that 

867
00:45:11,700 --> 00:45:15,200
occurred around food and drink. 
These people are your ancestors 

868
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:19,900
if not by Blood, then by 
culture, their Ingenuity shaped 

869
00:45:19,900 --> 00:45:22,100
the world. 
You inherited their Traditions, 

870
00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:25,300
informed practices, you follow 
without thinking their struggles

871
00:45:25,300 --> 00:45:28,600
and solutions created foodways 
that still sustain both body and

872
00:45:28,608 --> 00:45:31,000
spirit in understanding their 
lives. 

873
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:33,500
You understand something 
essential about human resilience

874
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:37,200
creativity and the Eternal 
importance of gathering together

875
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:38,400
to share. 
Sustenance. 

876
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:41,700
Sleep. 
Well and may you dream of warm 

877
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:45,300
fires hearty meals and the 
comforting certainty that some 

878
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:48,900
things Hospitality Community the
simple pleasure of good food 

879
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:52,100
shared with others, remain 
constant even as everything else

880
00:45:52,100 --> 00:45:55,200
changes tomorrow. 
When you eat breakfast, when you

881
00:45:55,208 --> 00:45:57,900
prepare lunch, when you perhaps 
stopped at a pub for dinner, 

882
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:01,700
you'll carry these stories with 
you seeing in your own meals, 

883
00:46:01,700 --> 00:46:06,100
Echoes of centuries of English 
eating The Warm Glow of the Old 

884
00:46:06,100 --> 00:46:09,300
English pub, whether you find it
in an actual historical 

885
00:46:09,300 --> 00:46:12,300
establishment or simply in the 
traditions and dishes that have 

886
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:15,800
survived into the present. 
Remains a beacon of human warmth

887
00:46:15,800 --> 00:46:18,800
in a sometimes cold world. 
It reminds us that we're not 

888
00:46:18,808 --> 00:46:21,900
alone that others have faced the
same challenges we face. 

889
00:46:21,900 --> 00:46:25,100
And that the simple acts of 
eating drinking and Gathering 

890
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:27,800
Together, have sustained 
Humanity through, everything 

891
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:32,900
history has thrown at us. 
And so, we raise a final toast 

892
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:36,800
to the alwives in Keepers, the 
cooks and publicans, the farmers

893
00:46:36,800 --> 00:46:39,600
and Bakers, and the countless 
Ordinary People Who skill and 

894
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:42,900
Care gave us the traditions. 
We cherish to the pubs that have

895
00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:46,200
sheltered us across centuries to
the meals that have sustained us

896
00:46:46,200 --> 00:46:50,000
to the Customs that connect us 
to the past that lives on in 

897
00:46:50,000 --> 00:46:53,400
every familiar dish. 
Every race to Glass and every 

898
00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:54,800
Gathering of friends and 
strangers. 

899
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:56,600
In that peculiarly English 
space. 

900
00:46:56,600 --> 00:46:59,600
Where everyone is welcome, May 
those Traditions continue 

901
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,300
evolving but never entirely 
disappearing. 

902
00:47:02,300 --> 00:47:05,300
Connecting future generations to
the wisdom and warmth of the 

903
00:47:05,300 --> 00:47:09,300
passed and may, you find 
whenever you need it, a cosy pub

904
00:47:09,300 --> 00:47:12,800
with a warm fire, good food and 
the kind of companionship that 

905
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:15,600
reminds you what really matters 
in this brief precious life. 

906
00:47:16,600 --> 00:47:19,100
Rest. 
Well the fire is banked, the 

907
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:21,200
doors are locked and tomorrow is
another day. 

908
00:47:21,200 --> 00:47:24,400
But tonight you've traveled 
through time and returned safely

909
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,400
home carrying with you, the 
stories of how your ancestors, 

910
00:47:27,400 --> 00:47:31,400
lived, eight and found comfort 
in a world very different from 

911
00:47:31,400 --> 00:47:35,900
ours, yet fundamentally the same
sweet dreams and may you always 

912
00:47:35,908 --> 00:47:47,700
find a warm, welcome in any Pub,
you enter Picture yourself on a 

913
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:52,600
hillside in central Italy around
312, BCE watching something 

914
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:54,300
amazing happen in the valley 
below. 

915
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:57,900
Hundreds of workers are moving 
in a way that is similar to how 

916
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:00,400
ants, build something much 
bigger than themselves. 

917
00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:03,000
They're building. 
What will become the Via appear,

918
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:06,000
the first big Roman Road and 
they have no idea that they're 

919
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,800
making a model that will last 
for 1000s of years, you can 

920
00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:12,000
smell the Limestone dust in the 
air along with the sweat of 

921
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:14,300
workers and the smell of freshly
turned soil. 

922
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:18,800
The sound is steady hammers, 
hitting Stone bosses calling out

923
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:21,800
measurements and carts creaking 
as they bring materials. 

924
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:25,200
It's the sound of civilization 
literally Paving the way for the

925
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,600
future. 
But let's take a step back from 

926
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,000
this building site and think 
about what roads meant to 

927
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:32,500
ancient empires. 
We usually think of them as 

928
00:48:32,500 --> 00:48:35,500
basic transportation systems. 
Like the highways you drive on 

929
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,900
to visit family or get to work 
but old roads were much more 

930
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:40,500
than that. 
They were the physical 

931
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:44,100
embodiment of political power, 
economic systems and cultural 

932
00:48:44,100 --> 00:48:48,400
identity all at the same time. 
When an empire built a road, it 

933
00:48:48,400 --> 00:48:52,000
was making a big deal out of it.
It was saying we have complete 

934
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:53,900
control over this land so we can
change it. 

935
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:57,300
We have the power, the 
resources, and the organization 

936
00:48:57,300 --> 00:49:00,000
to move mountains, or at least 
make paths through them. 

937
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:03,300
Every mile of paved Road, was an
investment, not only in getting 

938
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:07,200
around, but also in the idea of 
Empire itself, think of Roads as

939
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:10,700
the heart and blood vessels of 
ancient civilizations like your 

940
00:49:10,700 --> 00:49:13,600
body needs blood vessels to get 
oxygen and nutrients to every 

941
00:49:13,600 --> 00:49:17,100
cell Empires needed roads to 
move soldiers, Goods 

942
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:20,100
information, and ideas, to every
part of their land. 

943
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:23,200
You don't really notice your 
circulation when it's working, 

944
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:25,200
right? 
Everything starts to break down 

945
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:28,700
when it doesn't work, the Roman 
Empire probably understood this 

946
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:31,300
better than any other 
civilization before or since 

947
00:49:32,300 --> 00:49:37,200
Rome had about 250,000 miles of 
roads at its peak, which is 

948
00:49:37,208 --> 00:49:39,400
enough to go around the world 
ten times. 

949
00:49:39,400 --> 00:49:42,400
These weren't just dirt paths 
that people had walked on a lot 

950
00:49:42,408 --> 00:49:44,800
and worn down. 
They were engineering wonders 

951
00:49:44,800 --> 00:49:48,500
built with such care that some 
are still in use today more than

952
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:51,700
2,000 years later. 
But Rome wasn't the only Empire 

953
00:49:51,700 --> 00:49:53,300
that was crazy about building 
roads. 

954
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:56,400
The Inca Empire in South 
America, built a road Network 

955
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:00,200
that stretched over 25,000 miles
across, some of the hardest 

956
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:02,500
terrain on Earth. 
They built roads through 

957
00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:06,400
mountains that would make modern
Engineers cry across deserts. 

958
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:09,800
Where water was more valuable 
than gold and through jungles 

959
00:50:09,800 --> 00:50:12,600
that seemed determined to 
destroy any human construction 

960
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:15,500
within weeks. 
The Assyrian Empire built roads 

961
00:50:15,500 --> 00:50:18,300
in Mesopotamia, that connected 
their capitals to the farthest 

962
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:21,300
parts of their territory. 
They also build a postal system,

963
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:24,200
that was so fast that it could 
send messages faster than any 

964
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:27,000
other Communication System until
the telegraph was invented. 

965
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:30,700
Thousands of years later, 
imagine Royal Messengers riding 

966
00:50:30,700 --> 00:50:34,000
through the night switching. 
Horses at stations exactly one 

967
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,600
day's ride apart and carrying 
sealed clay tablets with news 

968
00:50:37,600 --> 00:50:39,000
that could change the fate of 
cities. 

969
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,700
The Persian Royal Road was over 
1,500 miles long and connected, 

970
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:47,100
Susa to Sardis. 
It was so well kept that Royal 

971
00:50:47,100 --> 00:50:49,100
carriers could make the trip in 
just seven days. 

972
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:51,600
While it would take people 
walking 90 days. 

973
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:54,500
That's about the same as the 
difference between walking from 

974
00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:56,500
New York to Los Angeles and 
flying there. 

975
00:50:57,200 --> 00:50:59,800
They did it with only horses. 
Determination and careful 

976
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,100
planning. 
These roads weren't just about 

977
00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:06,100
getting their quickly or easily,
they were about having power, an

978
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:08,000
Empire that could move its 
armies quickly could stop 

979
00:51:08,000 --> 00:51:10,500
threats from turning into 
revolts an Empire. 

980
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:12,300
That could move Goods quickly 
could make money. 

981
00:51:12,300 --> 00:51:15,600
That could be used to grow even 
more an Empire that could build 

982
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:18,600
paved roads to spread its 
language and culture could bring

983
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,600
people together across 
differences, you start to see 

984
00:51:21,608 --> 00:51:23,700
roads in a different way when 
you think about them. 

985
00:51:23,700 --> 00:51:27,000
This way that Old Stone path you
might see on a hike in Europe 

986
00:51:27,000 --> 00:51:30,100
isn't just old pavement. 
It's a fossil of political 

987
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:33,500
power, a physical reminder that 
someone wants had enough power 

988
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:35,500
to change the landscape to suit 
their needs. 

989
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:39,300
Let's go back to that building 
site in ancient Italy but this 

990
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:41,800
time let's get closer. 
Let's get down on your knees 

991
00:51:41,800 --> 00:51:43,200
next. 
To one of the Roman Engineers 

992
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:46,600
who they called mentores and see
how they are really building 

993
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:48,700
this road. 
The first thing that stands out 

994
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:50,700
to you is that they aren't 
starting with the surface. 

995
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:54,100
They are digging down and making
a trench that could be three or 

996
00:51:54,100 --> 00:51:56,700
four feet deep. 
This doesn't make sense at first

997
00:51:56,700 --> 00:51:59,300
but once you understand how 
Romans thought about 

998
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,700
engineering, you'll see that The
road is like an iceberg with 

999
00:52:02,700 --> 00:52:04,800
most of its mass hidden beneath 
the surface. 

1000
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:07,600
You walk on the workers are now 
putting down the first layer, 

1001
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:09,900
which is made up of big stones 
that are packed, tightly 

1002
00:52:09,908 --> 00:52:12,600
together. 
This is the stratum which is the

1003
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:14,300
bottom layer that will hold up 
everything else. 

1004
00:52:14,300 --> 00:52:17,400
The Romans are putting these 
stones in place with the same 

1005
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,100
care that people used to put 
together a three-dimensional 

1006
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:22,600
puzzle. 
Making sure that each piece fits

1007
00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:25,500
perfectly with the ones next to 
it to make a stable base. 

1008
00:52:25,500 --> 00:52:28,700
You can hear the foreman walking
across the foundation and 

1009
00:52:28,700 --> 00:52:32,000
listening for any Hollow sounds.
That might mean it is weak in 

1010
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:34,100
ancient times. 
Your ears were just as important

1011
00:52:34,100 --> 00:52:36,500
as your eyes. 
When building an experienced 

1012
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:39,500
engineer could hear structural 
problems just like a mechanic 

1013
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:42,700
can hear problems with a car's 
engine on top of the statue and 

1014
00:52:42,700 --> 00:52:45,300
they're putting down a layer of 
smaller Stones mixed with 

1015
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:48,500
mortar. 
This is called the rudus heavy. 

1016
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:49,900
Wooden. 
Mallets are being used to 

1017
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:52,500
compact this layer and the 
workers are moving in time with 

1018
00:52:52,500 --> 00:52:53,700
each other like they are 
dancing. 

1019
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:59,000
The sound Echoes through the 
valley, thud each blow pushes 

1020
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:01,400
the materials together, making 
them more solid. 

1021
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:05,500
The nucleus is a layer of gravel
and sand that is sometimes mixed

1022
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:08,900
with lime to make a kind of 
ancient concrete and Paul large 

1023
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:11,100
Stone cylinders over this layer 
to smooth it out. 

1024
00:53:11,100 --> 00:53:13,600
And the animal strain against 
their harnesses. 

1025
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:16,500
While their handlers guide them 
with skill, the smell of The 

1026
00:53:16,500 --> 00:53:20,900
Oxen, which is earthy musky. 
And clearly animal, like mixes 

1027
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,900
with the smell of crushed stone,
which is mineral like, Last but 

1028
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:27,400
not least, the top layer, the 
summer dorsum. 

1029
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:31,100
This means that big flat paving 
stones that fit perfectly with 

1030
00:53:31,100 --> 00:53:34,100
each other are needed for 
important roads, like the Via 

1031
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:36,800
Appia. 
The Romans are so picky about 

1032
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,500
this fit that you couldn't even 
fit a knife blade between most 

1033
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,000
of the stones. 
They're making a surface, that 

1034
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:43,700
will shed water last a long 
time. 

1035
00:53:43,700 --> 00:53:47,600
And give both iron shod Hooves 
and sandaled feet a safe place 

1036
00:53:47,600 --> 00:53:50,200
to stand. 
But here's the really amazing 

1037
00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:52,600
part. 
The Romans are not just making 

1038
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:55,400
the road flat. 
They're making a subtle Crown by

1039
00:53:55,400 --> 00:53:57,900
raising the middle of the road a
little higher than the edges. 

1040
00:53:57,900 --> 00:54:01,600
This is only a few inches across
a width of 15 or 20 feet. 

1041
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:04,800
This small detail means that 
water will run off to the side 

1042
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:06,200
instead of pooling on the 
surface. 

1043
00:54:06,200 --> 00:54:09,500
In the winter. 
The water would freeze expand 

1044
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:12,400
and break the paving stones 
apart there, even more 

1045
00:54:12,400 --> 00:54:14,800
impressive because they're 
putting in Drainage Systems next

1046
00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:17,400
to the road. 
There are Stone line to channels

1047
00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:20,000
that run next to the pavement to
move rainwater away from the 

1048
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:23,300
foundation, culverts go under 
the road at regular interval, so

1049
00:54:23,300 --> 00:54:25,500
that streams can cross without 
damaging the road. 

1050
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,900
These old Engineers knew more 
about hydrology than most modern

1051
00:54:28,900 --> 00:54:30,500
contractors. 
They need that. 

1052
00:54:30,500 --> 00:54:33,200
If you don't give water a place 
to go, it will destroy any 

1053
00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:36,900
human-made structure over time. 
The focus on details goes all 

1054
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:38,200
the way through the building 
process. 

1055
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,500
The Romans are using groma, 
which are vertical poles with 

1056
00:54:41,500 --> 00:54:45,100
horizontal crossbars, that are 
marked at exact right angles to 

1057
00:54:45,100 --> 00:54:48,500
look at the route, they can make
roads that go straight for Miles

1058
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:50,700
with these simple tools and the 
rules of geometry. 

1059
00:54:50,700 --> 00:54:53,900
They only make small changes 
when they have to to get around 

1060
00:54:53,900 --> 00:54:57,200
obstacles. 
Engineers are very careful when 

1061
00:54:57,200 --> 00:54:59,800
they figure out the slope of the
road when it has to go up hills.

1062
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:03,100
If the slope is too steep carts 
with loads, won't be able to 

1063
00:55:03,108 --> 00:55:05,500
make it up. 
If it's too gradual, the road 

1064
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:08,700
will take longer than it needs. 
To their goal is grades, that 

1065
00:55:08,708 --> 00:55:12,300
don't go above 5% very often, 
which is about the same as what 

1066
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:15,500
modern Highway standards say for
mountain passes, the building 

1067
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:17,100
process gets even more 
complicated. 

1068
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:19,800
When the ground is wet or marshy
workers. 

1069
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:20,900
Are driving. 
Wooden piles. 

1070
00:55:20,900 --> 00:55:23,700
Deep into the soft ground to 
make fake foundations. 

1071
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:26,700
That can hold up the stone 
layers above in some places. 

1072
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:29,500
They're actually building the 
road on a raise in bank called 

1073
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:32,100
an agar that lifted above the 
ground around it. 

1074
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:35,400
This keeps the surface dry and 
passable, even during spring 

1075
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,700
floods, the Incas who built 
their roads hundreds of years 

1076
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:40,100
later, and halfway around the 
world. 

1077
00:55:40,100 --> 00:55:43,800
Had even bigger engineering 
problems to deal with Inca 

1078
00:55:43,800 --> 00:55:46,500
Engineers carved. 
Steps directly into living rock 

1079
00:55:46,500 --> 00:55:49,600
on Mountainside. 
So steep that modern hikers need

1080
00:55:49,600 --> 00:55:53,300
both hands free to climb. 
They built suspension, bridges 

1081
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,000
out of woven grass, ropes to 
cross. 

1082
00:55:55,000 --> 00:55:58,100
Valleys these Bridges swayed. 
A lot in the wind, but they 

1083
00:55:58,100 --> 00:56:00,500
could hold the weight of llama, 
Caravans, and Messengers 

1084
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:02,800
running. 
What all these old Engineers 

1085
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:05,000
knew that modern infrastructure 
planners sometimes? 

1086
00:56:05,000 --> 00:56:07,200
Forget, is that roads aren't 
just for the here? 

1087
00:56:07,200 --> 00:56:10,000
And now, a road that is built 
well will last for many years, 

1088
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:13,900
or even hundreds of years, the 
total cost of constant, repairs 

1089
00:56:13,900 --> 00:56:16,200
is always higher than the cost 
of building things, right? 

1090
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:19,500
The first time standing on the 
hillside and watching the Via 

1091
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:21,900
Appia takes shaped Stone by 
Stone is a deep experience. 

1092
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:24,800
Most of the names of these 
workers have been lost to 

1093
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,300
history, but they are building 
infrastructure that will still 

1094
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:30,100
be useful long after their 
civilization has become a 

1095
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:32,700
legend. 
Some of them may know this, most

1096
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:35,000
likely they just want to finish 
their shift and go home for 

1097
00:56:35,000 --> 00:56:37,200
dinner. 
Now picture yourself next to a 

1098
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,100
big Roman Road at the height of 
the Empire. 

1099
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:43,700
Let's say around 150 CE when 
Rome's power stretched from 

1100
00:56:43,700 --> 00:56:46,700
Britain to Mesopotamia. 
The first Travelers of the day 

1101
00:56:46,700 --> 00:56:48,500
are already on the road as Dawn 
breaks. 

1102
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:51,600
The first sound you hear are the
bells of a merchant Caravan. 

1103
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:55,000
These are small chime that tied 
to the lead animals so that 

1104
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:57,300
people can hear them coming in 
the dark Before Dawn. 

1105
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,400
The merchants have been on the 
road since before Dawn. 

1106
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:04,000
When it was the coolest time of 
day, you can smell their cargo 

1107
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:07,000
before you see them. 
It spices from the East and the 

1108
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:09,000
smell is so strong and 
complicated that it makes your 

1109
00:57:09,000 --> 00:57:11,100
nose. 
Tingle the more light there is 

1110
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:13,600
the more traffic. 
There is a military Courier 

1111
00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:16,700
rides by on Horseback and the 
sound of his horses hooves 

1112
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:20,000
hitting the stone pavement is 
sharp and staccato fading 

1113
00:57:20,000 --> 00:57:23,000
quickly into the distance. 
He has messages sealed with the 

1114
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:25,300
governor's Mark and he will 
switch horses at the next 

1115
00:57:25,300 --> 00:57:29,100
mansio, which is a mix of an 
inn, a post office and a 

1116
00:57:29,100 --> 00:57:31,200
government building. 
That is exactly one day's travel

1117
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:34,700
away, a group of merchants on 
foot follows him their goods. 

1118
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:36,300
Loaded onto donkeys that walk 
slowly. 

1119
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:38,900
As if they have done this trip, 
many times before. 

1120
00:57:39,900 --> 00:57:42,400
They are talking to each other 
in a mix of Latin and the local 

1121
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:44,900
dialect. 
They are talking about prices in

1122
00:57:44,900 --> 00:57:47,800
the next town and complaining 
about taxes which is what 

1123
00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:50,900
merchants have always done. 
You see a covered wagon moving 

1124
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:54,300
slowly and the people inside, a 
hidden behind leather curtains, 

1125
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:57,500
this could be a rich family 
going to their country estate or

1126
00:57:57,500 --> 00:57:59,600
a provincial official being 
moved to a new job. 

1127
00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:02,800
The wheels of the wagon are made
of iron and make a grinding 

1128
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:04,800
rumbling noise. 
As they roll over the stone 

1129
00:58:04,800 --> 00:58:07,000
surface. 
This noise travels far in the 

1130
00:58:07,008 --> 00:58:10,300
morning are a tinker, has set up
a temporary stall, near a 

1131
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:13,500
milestone, which is one of the 
stone markers that Romans put up

1132
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:16,700
every thousand Paces to show how
far they had traveled and 

1133
00:58:16,700 --> 00:58:19,000
reminded people of which Emperor
built or fixed. 

1134
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,400
This part of the road. 
He'll fix sandals sharpen knives

1135
00:58:22,400 --> 00:58:24,800
or sell food to Travelers who 
forgot to bring enough food with

1136
00:58:24,800 --> 00:58:27,800
them. 
Smell of cooking food like bread

1137
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:30,000
and salted fish makes your 
stomach. 

1138
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:31,500
Remind you that you didn't eat 
breakfast. 

1139
00:58:31,500 --> 00:58:33,900
The road is really busy by 
mid-morning. 

1140
00:58:33,900 --> 00:58:37,800
Farmers are bringing their goods
to Market, their carts are full 

1141
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:40,500
of vegetables, and four of wine 
and sacks of grain. 

1142
00:58:40,500 --> 00:58:43,800
They go slowly and often pull 
over to let faster cars. 

1143
00:58:43,800 --> 00:58:46,900
Go by most, Roman roads were 
wide enough for two carts to 

1144
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:51,400
pass easily about 12 to 15 feet.
The also had shoulders on either

1145
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:54,300
side where slower traffic could 
yield, you see a group of 

1146
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:56,900
students with their teacher on 
their way to study, in a bigger 

1147
00:58:56,900 --> 00:58:59,500
city, some of them are reading 
from Scrolls as they walk. 

1148
00:58:59,500 --> 00:59:02,500
While others are arguing about 
philosophical issues with the 

1149
00:59:02,500 --> 00:59:04,800
confidence of young people who 
have just learned about them, 

1150
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,500
you can hear them clearly in the
open are talking about what 

1151
00:59:07,500 --> 00:59:10,900
virtue is and whether it can be 
taught the afternoon brings 

1152
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:13,700
different people who are 
traveling a religious procession

1153
00:59:13,700 --> 00:59:17,100
goes by with pilgrims on their 
way to a temple or holy site. 

1154
00:59:17,100 --> 00:59:20,200
Their voice is make harmonies 
that rise and fall with the 

1155
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:23,000
gentle bumps in the road as they
sing hymns, that bounce off the 

1156
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,100
stone pavement. 
Some people bring gifts like 

1157
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:30,700
flowers small statues or jars of
oil that slosh around as they 

1158
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,400
walk the road. 
Surface itself has been used for

1159
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:35,500
hundreds of years and show signs
of wear. 

1160
00:59:35,500 --> 00:59:39,000
You can see grooves warning into
the stone pavement by countless 

1161
00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:41,200
ironed Wheels. 
Where traffic is heavy, 

1162
00:59:42,100 --> 00:59:44,800
Specially on Hills, where 
animals are pulling heavy loads.

1163
00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,400
These ruts which are up to 
several inches deep, actually 

1164
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:51,300
make it easier for wagon drivers
to get around because their 

1165
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:53,500
wheels naturally, follow the 
grooves, that are already there 

1166
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:56,800
along the road, you can see 
small shrines, where Travelers 

1167
00:59:56,800 --> 00:59:58,800
have left things like coins 
flowers or bread. 

1168
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:02,500
These marked places where 
someone died in accident, where 

1169
01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:05,900
a soldier fell while protecting 
the road from Bandits or just 

1170
01:00:05,900 --> 01:00:08,500
where the view is, so beautiful 
that it seems to deserve 

1171
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:12,100
recognition of the Divine. 
Traffic patterns change again. 

1172
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:15,100
As nightfalls people from the 
area who have been working in 

1173
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:17,400
Far Away, fields are going home 
with their tools over their 

1174
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:20,500
shoulders and looks of 
exhaustion on their faces from 

1175
01:00:20,500 --> 01:00:23,300
working in the sun kids run 
along the side of the road 

1176
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:25,900
playing games where they try, 
not to step on the edge of the 

1177
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,400
paving stones or jump from one 
Milestone to the next people who

1178
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:31,600
are traveling and won't get to 
their destination before 

1179
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:33,900
nightfall start looking for 
places to stay. 

1180
01:00:33,900 --> 01:00:37,000
Some people are lucky enough to 
have access to official matches 

1181
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:38,900
but these are only for 
government officials. 

1182
01:00:38,900 --> 01:00:42,000
And people who carry the curse 
as publicus, which is the 

1183
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:45,200
Imperial seal that lets people 
use state funded for facilities.

1184
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:47,300
Everyone else has to stay in 
private in. 

1185
01:00:47,300 --> 01:00:50,800
These can be anything from nice 
places with hot meals and clean 

1186
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:54,300
beds to places that make modern 
Budget Motels look like luxury 

1187
01:00:54,300 --> 01:00:56,700
hotels. 
You can tell these insert by 

1188
01:00:56,700 --> 01:01:00,000
their signs, which are usually 
pictures painted on wood and 

1189
01:01:00,000 --> 01:01:02,200
hung from a poll because many 
Travelers can't read. 

1190
01:01:03,000 --> 01:01:05,900
A bed means there is a place to 
stay a cup. 

1191
01:01:05,900 --> 01:01:09,300
Means that wine is for sale. 
A Sheaf of grain means that food

1192
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:12,400
is available some places show. 
All three hoping to show that 

1193
01:01:12,400 --> 01:01:15,400
they can meet the needs of every
Traveler The road doesn't 

1194
01:01:15,400 --> 01:01:18,600
completely clear when it gets 
dark, you might see processions 

1195
01:01:18,600 --> 01:01:21,300
of people with torches. 
These could be soldiers moving 

1196
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:24,400
at night to avoid the heat of 
the day or a rich traveler with 

1197
01:01:24,400 --> 01:01:27,600
enough slaves, to light his way 
and keep thieves away the 

1198
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,100
Torches that flicker make 
dramatic Shadows that dance 

1199
01:01:30,100 --> 01:01:33,100
across the stone surface, making
the road that, you know, seem 

1200
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,800
strange and a little scary. 
The daily flow of traffic, the 

1201
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:39,600
mixing of different social 
classes and jobs and the 

1202
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:42,900
constant movement of goods and 
ideas, will what roads really 

1203
01:01:42,900 --> 01:01:46,100
meant to ain't ancient empires. 
They weren't just projects in 

1204
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:48,400
engineering. 
They were places where all the 

1205
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:50,100
complexities of human life 
happened. 

1206
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:53,900
For example, a Senators 
daughter, might pass a farmer's 

1207
01:01:53,900 --> 01:01:57,000
cart or ideas from far away. 
Province's might travel with 

1208
01:01:57,000 --> 01:02:00,600
trade goods, the Empire's great 
diversity could be seen in the 

1209
01:02:00,600 --> 01:02:04,900
Stream of faces going both ways.
Let's skip ahead to about 400 

1210
01:02:04,900 --> 01:02:07,100
CEO, you're still on that Roman 
Road. 

1211
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:10,800
But things have changed in ways 
that are both small and big. 

1212
01:02:10,800 --> 01:02:14,600
The pavement is still there, 
Roman construction was too good.

1213
01:02:14,700 --> 01:02:16,400
To disappear in just a few 100 
years. 

1214
01:02:16,400 --> 01:02:20,000
But if you look closely, you can
see small signs of neglect. 

1215
01:02:20,000 --> 01:02:23,100
There is a pothole near the edge
of the road where water has 

1216
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:26,700
gotten under a Paving Stone and 
frozen over many Winters slowly,

1217
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:30,800
loosening the stone. 
During the Empire's Heyday, a 

1218
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:31,800
maintenance crew would have 
fixed this. 

1219
01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:33,900
In a matter of weeks, it's been 
there. 

1220
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:36,900
Long enough for grass to grow in
the Gap and carts that go by 

1221
01:02:36,900 --> 01:02:38,900
have worn a path around it into 
the shoulder. 

1222
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:41,800
The Milestone you're near also 
shows its age. 

1223
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,500
Someone has chipped away at the 
inscription, this was probably 

1224
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:48,200
done during one of the many 
civil wars in the third century.

1225
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,800
When each new emperor wanted to 
erase any evidence that his 

1226
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,800
predecessor had been there, 
people still use the stone to 

1227
01:02:54,800 --> 01:02:57,800
Mark distance, but no one 
remembers, which emperor put it 

1228
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:00,100
there. 
When the way traffic flows as 

1229
01:03:00,100 --> 01:03:03,600
changed, you don't see as many 
military units or official, 

1230
01:03:03,600 --> 01:03:06,600
couriers the merchant Caravans 
are smaller and have more 

1231
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:08,700
guards. 
This is because the Empire's 

1232
01:03:08,700 --> 01:03:12,000
ability to keep its Road safe as
gone down, which has led to more

1233
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:14,900
banditry for safety. 
Some Travelers are going in big 

1234
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:17,400
groups even if they're not all 
going to the same place. 

1235
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:20,900
What you're seeing is the start 
of a process that will take 100 

1236
01:03:20,900 --> 01:03:24,200
of years, the slow breakdown of 
the infrastructure that kept the

1237
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:27,000
Roman empire together. 
This fall wasn't sudden or 

1238
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:30,100
dramatic, there wasn't a single 
moment when the road stopped 

1239
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:32,100
working. 
It was more like watching a 

1240
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:34,700
coastline a road. 
With each wave taking away a 

1241
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:37,100
little more sand until one day. 
You realize the beach has 

1242
01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:40,300
completely changed shape. 
The vampires fall apart. 

1243
01:03:40,300 --> 01:03:42,800
So do roads. 
This is because roads need 

1244
01:03:42,800 --> 01:03:46,600
something that Empires can't 
give regular organized 

1245
01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:50,600
maintenance paid for by stable 
tax revenues and done by skilled

1246
01:03:50,600 --> 01:03:53,100
administrators who expect to 
still be in their jobs next 

1247
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:55,400
year. 
Consider what it really takes to

1248
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:57,700
keep the roads in good shape 
Engineers. 

1249
01:03:57,700 --> 01:04:00,300
Need to check the infrastructure
and find problems before they 

1250
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:03,200
get out of hand. 
You need quarries to make new 

1251
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:05,000
Stones. 
You need workers. 

1252
01:04:05,000 --> 01:04:06,800
Who know how to build things on 
a good at it. 

1253
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:09,300
You need animals and carts to 
move things. 

1254
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:12,700
You need money to pay for 
everything and you need a way to

1255
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:15,600
organize these things over. 
Thousands of miles of land. 

1256
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:18,500
As the Western, Roman Empire 
started to fall apart in the 

1257
01:04:18,500 --> 01:04:21,300
third and fourth centuries. 
It got harder to meet all of 

1258
01:04:21,300 --> 01:04:25,400
these needs as the economy 
slowed down and province's broke

1259
01:04:25,400 --> 01:04:28,000
away. 
Tax revenue went down the 

1260
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:30,600
currently lost, so much value. 
That skilled workers asked to be

1261
01:04:30,600 --> 01:04:35,100
paid in Goods or food in stead 
of worthless coins. people try 

1262
01:04:35,100 --> 01:04:37,500
to avoid administrative jobs, 
that used to be seen as 

1263
01:04:37,500 --> 01:04:40,900
prestigious the Empire needed, 
the roads more than ever as they

1264
01:04:40,900 --> 01:04:44,900
got worse, which is ironic With 
more Barbarian invasions and 

1265
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:48,400
usurpers trying to take over the
empire, being able to move arm 

1266
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:51,200
is quickly was literally a 
matter of life and death, but 

1267
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:53,300
the same problems that made 
roads necessary. 

1268
01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:55,500
Also made it impossible to keep 
them in good shape. 

1269
01:04:56,300 --> 01:04:59,700
You can see this in the records 
of archeology Road, repairs 

1270
01:04:59,700 --> 01:05:02,600
become less, and less skilled in
layers that date back to the 4th

1271
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:04,900
and 5th centuries. 
Instead of properly lifting, the

1272
01:05:04,908 --> 01:05:07,800
paving stones and rebuilding the
layers of the foundation below 

1273
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:10,000
workers. 
Just dumped gravel into the 

1274
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:13,500
holes, they didn't replace 
broken stones with perfectly cut

1275
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:16,100
new ones. 
Instead they filled in the gaps 

1276
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,300
with whatever they could find 
like broken pottery pieces of 

1277
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:22,500
building Rubble or even just 
dirt that had been compacted. 

1278
01:05:22,500 --> 01:05:26,000
These quick fixes worked for a 
while but didn't last so they 

1279
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:27,700
had to be done over and over 
again. 

1280
01:05:28,500 --> 01:05:30,500
Putting a bandage on a wound 
that really needs. 

1281
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,000
Stitches is like putting a 
bandage on a wound that really 

1282
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:35,500
needs stitches. 
It might stop the bleeding for a

1283
01:05:35,508 --> 01:05:37,100
while but it won't fix the 
problem. 

1284
01:05:37,100 --> 01:05:40,000
People who lived through this 
time must have been deeply 

1285
01:05:40,000 --> 01:05:42,900
affected by the cycle of effects
of watching infrastructure. 

1286
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:45,200
Fall apart. 
Imagine seeing roads that your 

1287
01:05:45,200 --> 01:05:47,600
great grandparents, remembered 
being built to last forever, 

1288
01:05:47,600 --> 01:05:51,100
slowly fall apart, even though 
everyone is doing their best to 

1289
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:53,800
keep them in, good shape, it 
would feel like the very 

1290
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,600
foundations of reality were 
shaking in some areas local 

1291
01:05:57,600 --> 01:05:59,300
communities. 
Try to keep the roads in good 

1292
01:05:59,308 --> 01:06:01,300
shape when the central 
government could not anymore, 

1293
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:06,000
they charge Travelers tolls set 
up, volunteer work parties or 

1294
01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:08,200
made local land, owners, 
responsible for keeping the 

1295
01:06:08,200 --> 01:06:10,000
roads in good shape as a civic 
duty. 

1296
01:06:10,000 --> 01:06:13,900
These efforts sometimes worked 
for decades, making islands of 

1297
01:06:13,908 --> 01:06:15,700
working infrastructure and 
Landscape. 

1298
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:17,300
That was becoming more and more 
broken up. 

1299
01:06:18,100 --> 01:06:20,500
But the people who are in charge
of local maintenance have their 

1300
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,900
own problems, the road might be 
in good shape in one Community, 

1301
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:26,900
but if the next Community 
couldn't, or didn't want to do 

1302
01:06:26,900 --> 01:06:31,300
the same, the whole Road became 
unsafe, it's like having a chain

1303
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:34,400
with some strong links and some 
that are rusting through the 

1304
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:35,700
weakest parts of the chain, are 
what? 

1305
01:06:35,708 --> 01:06:39,100
Keep it from being too strong. 
The end of long-distance trade 

1306
01:06:39,100 --> 01:06:41,800
made roads worse faster in a 
vicious cycle. 

1307
01:06:41,800 --> 01:06:45,100
Merchant stopped traveling long 
distances because the roads 

1308
01:06:45,100 --> 01:06:48,100
weren't as reliable. 
This meant less traffic, which 

1309
01:06:48,100 --> 01:06:50,800
meant less economic reason to 
keep the roads in good shape 

1310
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:53,800
which made them worse, which 
made people less likely to 

1311
01:06:53,800 --> 01:06:56,800
travel in a few Generations 
roads that used to connect 

1312
01:06:56,800 --> 01:06:59,500
different parts of the Empire 
might only see traffic between 

1313
01:06:59,500 --> 01:07:02,600
nearby Villages. 
A lot of Roman roads were hard 

1314
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:04,200
to tell apart by the sixth 
Century. 

1315
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:08,100
The paving stones could still be
there but they might be buried 

1316
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:10,300
under dirt and plants that have 
grown over time. 

1317
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:13,500
The drainage systems were 
blocked which caused flooding. 

1318
01:07:13,500 --> 01:07:16,800
That weakened the foundation's 
bridges fell down and worked 

1319
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:19,300
fixed in. 
Places with a lot of trees, the 

1320
01:07:19,300 --> 01:07:22,000
roots of the trees pushed apart,
the carefully fitted pavement 

1321
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,100
that Roman Engineers had put 
together, but the roads never 

1322
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:28,000
completely went away. 
Even after the pavement broke up

1323
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,000
the roots themselves, the paths 
they made across the lab and 

1324
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:33,700
were still useful. 
They were still known by Traders

1325
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:37,200
armies and people in the area 
who used them to get to nearby 

1326
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:39,800
towns. 
The physical infrastructure made

1327
01:07:39,800 --> 01:07:42,700
deteriorate yet the awareness of
connectivity endures and 

1328
01:07:42,700 --> 01:07:46,100
cultural memory. 
Let's go to that same road 

1329
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:50,200
around 800 CE, which historian 
sometimes called the Dark Ages, 

1330
01:07:50,200 --> 01:07:53,200
people who live through them 
would have been confused by that

1331
01:07:53,200 --> 01:07:55,200
name, because their days seemed 
bright enough to them. 

1332
01:07:55,200 --> 01:07:58,800
The changes amazing. 
There are still some parts of 

1333
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:02,100
the Roman pavement but now it is
only the middle of a much wider 

1334
01:08:02,100 --> 01:08:05,200
less formal path. 
There are tracks worn into the 

1335
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:07,900
ground by people and animals on 
either side of the Old Stone 

1336
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:11,600
surface, when it's dry, the side
parts are probably easier to 

1337
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:14,700
walk on than the old Roman 
Stones, which have become uneven

1338
01:08:14,700 --> 01:08:16,800
over the years as the block 
settled or Tilted. 

1339
01:08:16,800 --> 01:08:19,700
You see that people have been 
looking for building materials 

1340
01:08:19,700 --> 01:08:22,000
on the road. 
Someone has taken the paving 

1341
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:24,800
stones that have come loose. 
Probably during the Spring thaw.

1342
01:08:24,800 --> 01:08:28,600
When frosted pushed them up and 
use them to build a barn, line, 

1343
01:08:28,600 --> 01:08:31,899
a well, or make a half these 
Stones, which were cut with 

1344
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:35,700
great care by Roman Engineers, a
two valuable to just sit around 

1345
01:08:35,700 --> 01:08:38,300
on an old road when they could 
be used to build things that are

1346
01:08:38,300 --> 01:08:40,899
useful right away. 
You can see that someone built a

1347
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:43,500
small wooden Church near where a
roadside Temple used to be. 

1348
01:08:43,500 --> 01:08:46,700
They used some stones from the 
old Roman building to do this. 

1349
01:08:47,600 --> 01:08:50,500
The Christian cross on top of 
the church stands where a statue

1350
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:52,899
of a pagan, God used to be both 
of these things. 

1351
01:08:52,899 --> 01:08:55,800
Made this a special place where 
Travelers would naturally stop 

1352
01:08:55,800 --> 01:08:57,700
and think about something other 
than their Journey. 

1353
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,600
The old mansio, which was a 
Roman weigh station, has been 

1354
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:03,899
turned into a small fortified 
Manor House. 

1355
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:07,399
The original Roman walls are 
still there but wooden buildings

1356
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:10,100
have been added on top of them, 
along with the defensive 

1357
01:09:10,100 --> 01:09:12,600
Palisade that wasn't needed. 
When the empire was at its 

1358
01:09:12,600 --> 01:09:15,600
height, the new Lord of this man
says, he has power, because he 

1359
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:18,700
controls this part of the road. 
This is not in the old Roman 

1360
01:09:18,700 --> 01:09:20,300
sense of keeping it up for the 
public good. 

1361
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:23,100
But in the more direct medieval 
sense of being able to charge 

1362
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:26,200
tolls to anyone who passes 
through and people still go 

1363
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:29,200
through the road, may not look 
like what Roman Engineers would 

1364
01:09:29,200 --> 01:09:30,500
have built, but it's still a 
road. 

1365
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:34,200
You see a merchant with a small 
cart, his goods are covered in 

1366
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:37,600
oil, leather to keep them dry in
the rain, a group of pilgrims 

1367
01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:39,700
walks by on their way to a 
distant Shrine. 

1368
01:09:39,700 --> 01:09:42,899
Their Journey will probably take
weeks longer than it would have 

1369
01:09:42,899 --> 01:09:45,500
in Roman times but they are 
going to the same place. 

1370
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:48,800
The social contract around the 
road is what makes it different.

1371
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:52,600
The government in maintain the 
roads in Roman times and anyone 

1372
01:09:52,600 --> 01:09:55,900
could use them for free. 
Now, the law is less clear about

1373
01:09:55,900 --> 01:09:58,200
roads. 
This local Lord says he is 

1374
01:09:58,500 --> 01:10:00,400
College of this area. 
The next Village. 

1375
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:02,900
Might think that the road that 
goes through their land belongs,

1376
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:06,400
to everyone a monastery, 20 
miles down the road might keep 

1377
01:10:06,400 --> 01:10:09,900
their section as a way to help 
others hoping for prayers and of

1378
01:10:09,900 --> 01:10:12,900
tolls in return because there 
are so many different 

1379
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:16,100
jurisdictions each with its own 
rules and expectations 

1380
01:10:16,100 --> 01:10:18,500
traveling. 
Any significant distances 

1381
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,700
difficult, it's like trying to 
drive through a modern country 

1382
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:25,200
where each county has its own 
set of traffic laws. 

1383
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:28,600
It's possible but you have to 
pay attention and change your 

1384
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:31,700
plans all the time in some 
places, especially close to 

1385
01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:33,800
cities that have kept some Roman
administrative. 

1386
01:10:33,800 --> 01:10:37,600
Practices roads are actually 
being fixed and kept up but not 

1387
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:39,600
in a way that would make a Roman
engineer cry. 

1388
01:10:39,600 --> 01:10:43,000
Instead of properly rebuilding, 
the foundation layers workers 

1389
01:10:43,000 --> 01:10:45,500
are just filling in the holes 
with whatever they can find. 

1390
01:10:45,500 --> 01:10:48,800
The surface is Bumpy and uneven 
and needs to be taken care of 

1391
01:10:48,800 --> 01:10:52,500
all the time, but it keeps the 
worst holes filled and works to 

1392
01:10:52,500 --> 01:10:55,200
some extent. 
Some parts of the road have been

1393
01:10:55,200 --> 01:10:58,800
changed on purpose to serve new 
purposes in places where a 

1394
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:00,100
straight Roman Road crosses 
land. 

1395
01:11:00,100 --> 01:11:01,700
That is now disputed by two 
laws. 

1396
01:11:01,700 --> 01:11:05,200
Local people have sometimes 
purposely destroyed parts of the

1397
01:11:05,200 --> 01:11:07,500
road to make it harder for 
troops to move around. 

1398
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:11,900
They've dug trenches across the 
road, taking down Bridges or put

1399
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:13,900
up barriers that make it 
impossible to get around 

1400
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:16,400
quickly. 
On the other hand, some 

1401
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:18,500
communities have made their 
roads better than what the 

1402
01:11:18,500 --> 01:11:21,400
Romans required. 
If a villagers economy, depends 

1403
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:24,400
on being able to get to a nearby
Market, the people who live 

1404
01:11:24,400 --> 01:11:26,800
there might have used local 
materials and methods to make 

1405
01:11:26,800 --> 01:11:30,300
the road wider had passing 
places or build new Bridges. 

1406
01:11:30,300 --> 01:11:32,900
These improvements don't look 
Roman. 

1407
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:36,100
They're usually made of wood 
instead of stone and a more 

1408
01:11:36,100 --> 01:11:39,100
practical than Grand. 
But they often fit better with 

1409
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:42,200
what we need now. 
Bridges are the most interesting

1410
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,800
adaptations. 
Roman Bridges were amazing, 

1411
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:47,400
feats of engineering. 
They were arched structures. 

1412
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:49,800
That could hold a lot of weight 
and span long distances. 

1413
01:11:50,800 --> 01:11:52,500
The keeping a stone bridge in 
good shape. 

1414
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:56,100
Takes a lot of money and special
skills and a Roman bridge fell 

1415
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:58,600
down either because it was not 
taking care of because of 

1416
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:01,100
flooding. 
Or on purpose, medieval 

1417
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:03,500
communities often built simpler 
bridges in its place. 

1418
01:12:03,500 --> 01:12:06,900
You might see a wooden beam 
bridge held up by Stone pilings 

1419
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:09,800
that were taken from the 
original Roman building, or a 

1420
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:12,800
Ford where people can just Wade 
across the stream with the ruins

1421
01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:15,500
of the old bridge. 
Just Upstream, a reminder of 

1422
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:17,800
what used to be possible in some
cases. 

1423
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:21,600
Enterprising locals run fairies 
and charge travelers to cross 

1424
01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:23,900
places where they could have 
walked freely across Roman 

1425
01:12:23,900 --> 01:12:26,500
engineering. 
Because the old Drainage Systems

1426
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:29,500
don't work anymore, a lot of 
Roads flood during the rainy 

1427
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:32,400
season people in the area have 
learned which parts to stay away

1428
01:12:32,400 --> 01:12:35,100
from when it rains and made 
seasonal routes that go around 

1429
01:12:35,100 --> 01:12:38,000
trouble spots. 
This local knowledge which has 

1430
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:41,200
been passed down through the 
years and shared by Travelers is

1431
01:12:41,200 --> 01:12:43,000
now just as important as the 
road itself. 

1432
01:12:43,000 --> 01:12:46,000
What's amazing, is that the 
roads are still doing their main

1433
01:12:46,000 --> 01:12:48,500
job of connecting places and 
letting people move around. 

1434
01:12:48,500 --> 01:12:51,900
Even with all these changes, 
they're not as good at what they

1435
01:12:51,908 --> 01:12:54,600
do, as they used to be, when the
Romans were in charge, and 

1436
01:12:54,600 --> 01:12:56,900
travel is definitely slower and 
less reliable. 

1437
01:12:56,900 --> 01:13:00,100
But the basic structure, The 
Roots themselves which were 

1438
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:03,100
carved into the land and are 
still in people's minds remains 

1439
01:13:03,100 --> 01:13:05,100
this time. 
Period teaches us something 

1440
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,200
important about infrastructure 
without central maintenance. 

1441
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:10,900
People will find ways to fix 
things based on what they need 

1442
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:13,600
right now. 
And what they have these fixes 

1443
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:16,200
may not be pretty or 
long-lasting, but they do keep 

1444
01:13:16,200 --> 01:13:18,700
things working. 
It turns out that human 

1445
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:22,500
creativity can make up for a lot
but not forever and not without 

1446
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,900
cost. 
Let's go ahead to about 1200 CE 

1447
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:29,200
again, you'll still on that 
road, but the experience is very

1448
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:31,700
different. 
Now, the original Roman pavement

1449
01:13:31,700 --> 01:13:35,000
is mostly hidden under dirt 
organic matter and the fact that

1450
01:13:35,000 --> 01:13:38,200
Landscapes tend to take back. 
What people build, you might see

1451
01:13:38,200 --> 01:13:41,400
a Paving Stone sticking out of 
the ground in some places like a

1452
01:13:41,400 --> 01:13:43,800
tooth. 
That hasn't fully erupted, this 

1453
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:47,400
is a sign of What Lies Beneath 
It's interesting how the road is

1454
01:13:47,400 --> 01:13:50,000
still changing the landscape, 
even though it's broken. 

1455
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,900
Even though most Travelers, 
don't know why this root stays 

1456
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:55,800
drier than the land around it or
why some parts are easier to 

1457
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:57,900
walk. 
On the Roman Engineers built 

1458
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:00,000
their road base on a slightly 
higher path. 

1459
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:01,700
That is still the best place to 
walk. 

1460
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:05,100
There are trees along the road 
in some places, but if you look 

1461
01:14:05,100 --> 01:14:07,700
closely, you'll see that they're
not growing in a random way. 

1462
01:14:08,600 --> 01:14:11,700
Many people walk along the old 
Roman drainage ditches which 

1463
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:13,600
used to carry water away from 
the road. 

1464
01:14:13,600 --> 01:14:17,400
Some of these trees of years old
and they are unintentionally 

1465
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:20,400
marking the limits of Roman 
engineering, making a visible 

1466
01:14:20,400 --> 01:14:23,000
outline of infrastructure that 
the people who planted the 

1467
01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:25,100
trees. 
Never saw, the Roman Road has 

1468
01:14:25,108 --> 01:14:28,300
become a property line in some 
places farmers in the Middle 

1469
01:14:28,300 --> 01:14:30,800
Ages used the old road as 
natural marker when they split 

1470
01:14:30,800 --> 01:14:33,800
up their land, you might now see
a fence running along the length

1471
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:36,300
of the road with fields on 
either side that followed 

1472
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:39,400
pattern set by Roman surveyors, 
more than 1,000 years ago. 

1473
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:43,200
The fence itself might have 
Roman Milestone as fence posts. 

1474
01:14:43,200 --> 01:14:46,700
The inscription on the stones 
have been worn Smooth by wind 

1475
01:14:46,700 --> 01:14:48,808
and rain. 
These ruins have a lot of 

1476
01:14:48,816 --> 01:14:51,900
meaning that goes beyond their 
use people in the Middle Ages 

1477
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:54,500
saw Roman roads as proof of a 
civilization that could do 

1478
01:14:54,508 --> 01:14:57,400
things that we can't do now, 
they thought of it as a lost 

1479
01:14:57,400 --> 01:14:59,800
golden age when roads ran 
straight and true across whole 

1480
01:14:59,800 --> 01:15:02,900
continents, when Empires could 
move armies from Britain to 

1481
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:04,900
Persia. 
And when the world was more 

1482
01:15:04,900 --> 01:15:08,400
connected and maybe even easier 
to understand, you can see this 

1483
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:11,900
Kind of symbolism in medieval 
art and literature stories about

1484
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,300
ancient roads. 
Often show them as ways to find 

1485
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:18,300
Adventure links to a more 
glorious past or reminders of 

1486
01:15:18,300 --> 01:15:20,900
the Imperial power that existed 
before the current political 

1487
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:24,600
landscape fell apart. 
In romances Knights, often go on

1488
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:27,700
quests along Old Roman roads. 
As if the roads still have some 

1489
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:30,100
magic left over from the 
civilization that built them. 

1490
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:33,300
Churches and monasteries are 
often built close to Old Roman 

1491
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:35,800
roads. 
On purpose, both for practical 

1492
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,200
reasons. 
And for symbolic Reasons, by 

1493
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:41,200
building near these remnants of 
Roman Glory medieval 

1494
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:43,500
institutions show that they are 
The Heirs of classical 

1495
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:46,200
civilization. 
This suggests that there is a 

1496
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,000
connection between the ancient 
past and the Christian present, 

1497
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:52,100
the ruins are all so quarries, 
but not just for physical 

1498
01:15:52,100 --> 01:15:54,600
things. 
Engineers from the Middle Ages, 

1499
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:57,100
look at how the Romans built 
roads to learn how to make 

1500
01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:00,300
things that last some of this 
knowledge is being used in new 

1501
01:16:00,300 --> 01:16:02,700
buildings. 
The best medieval roads are 

1502
01:16:02,700 --> 01:16:05,500
based on Roman engineering ideas
that have been changed to fit 

1503
01:16:05,500 --> 01:16:07,300
the materials and needs of the 
time. 

1504
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:11,400
But these ruins also have a sad 
quality to the when you stand on

1505
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:14,300
a crumbling Roman Road and look 
at paving stones that have moved

1506
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:17,400
until tilted bridges that have 
turned into Foundation stones 

1507
01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:21,200
and Milestones with unreadable 
inscription, you are facing. 

1508
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:25,100
The fact that human achievement 
is not permanent, the Roman's 

1509
01:16:25,100 --> 01:16:28,200
things that would last forever. 
But forever, as longer than even

1510
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:31,700
the best engineering can handle.
This sadness isn't just about 

1511
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:34,400
love, it had real-world effects 
on society. 

1512
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:38,200
In the Middle Ages, if Rome the 
largest Empire in history with 

1513
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:40,900
more resources and better 
organization than we have now 

1514
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:43,800
couldn't keep it infrastructure 
going forever. 

1515
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:47,500
What hope does smaller poorer 
kingdoms have of building? 

1516
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:50,900
Anything that lasts this 
acknowledgment leads to a new 

1517
01:16:50,908 --> 01:16:54,300
way of building Roman Builders 
built monuments that would last 

1518
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:56,700
for centuries, thinking that 
they would always be 

1519
01:16:56,700 --> 01:16:59,400
well-maintained, medieval 
builders on the other hand, 

1520
01:16:59,400 --> 01:17:02,100
often built things with the idea
that maintenance might not be 

1521
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:06,000
possible, they build things that
can gracefully fall apart that 

1522
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:09,600
only need to last a generational
to Insider of years, and that 

1523
01:17:09,608 --> 01:17:12,600
can be fixed easily with local 
materials and basic skills. 

1524
01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:15,700
But strangely, some medieval 
buildings last longer than 

1525
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:17,900
expected because they were built
with low expectations. 

1526
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:21,400
A wooden bridge that is meant to
last 20 years. 

1527
01:17:21,400 --> 01:17:25,300
Might last 50 with little care a
road made of local Stone could 

1528
01:17:25,300 --> 01:17:28,700
last for many generations. 
Without the Romans desire to 

1529
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:31,500
build monuments that would last 
forever medieval Engineers 

1530
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:34,100
sometimes built things that 
worked because they were humble 

1531
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:37,000
instead of grand living. 
Among these ruins has a 

1532
01:17:37,000 --> 01:17:39,600
psychological effect on people, 
that is hard to fully understand

1533
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:43,100
from our modern point of view, 
you grow up with proof that the 

1534
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:44,800
people who came before you could
do things. 

1535
01:17:44,800 --> 01:17:46,800
You can't. 
You walk on roads. 

1536
01:17:46,800 --> 01:17:50,000
They build see buildings, they 
build and use tools that are 

1537
01:17:50,000 --> 01:17:53,100
based on their designs. 
You can also see these wonders 

1538
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:55,700
falling apart even though 
everyone is trying their best to

1539
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:57,700
keep them in. 
Good shape, this creates a 

1540
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:00,700
certain way of seeing the world 
one that values keeping 

1541
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:03,700
Knowledge from the past that 
looks back as much as it looks 

1542
01:18:03,700 --> 01:18:05,900
forward. 
And that compares the present to

1543
01:18:05,900 --> 01:18:08,700
a lost golden age. 
It's a way of thinking that is 

1544
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:11,700
very different from how we think
today, where each generation 

1545
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:15,000
expects to do better than the 
last in 1200 CE. 

1546
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:18,200
When you stand on this road, 
very few people alive, will 

1547
01:18:18,200 --> 01:18:20,800
remember seeing it when it was 
at its best, as a Roman Road, 

1548
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,800
the smooth, Paving the good 
drainage and the regular 

1549
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:26,800
upkeeper all just stories that 
educated monks and Scholars tell

1550
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:28,700
each other. 
The road is now partly 

1551
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:31,400
legendary. 
It is a physical object, whose 

1552
01:18:31,400 --> 01:18:34,200
true nature is better understood
through tradition than direct 

1553
01:18:34,200 --> 01:18:36,700
experience. 
As we near the end of our 

1554
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:39,100
journey. 
Let's take one last walk down 

1555
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:43,400
this old road, but this time in 
our own time, the experience is 

1556
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:46,400
like looking at a palimpsest 
where different texts have been 

1557
01:18:46,408 --> 01:18:50,100
written on the same parchment 
each one, partially erases but 

1558
01:18:50,100 --> 01:18:53,100
never completely hides. 
What came before the road may 

1559
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:55,600
now be paved with asphalt and 
serve as a rural Highway 

1560
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:57,500
connecting. 
Small towns that were villages 

1561
01:18:57,500 --> 01:19:00,800
in Roman times and may not have 
even existed when the road was 

1562
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:03,800
first built. 
But the root hasn't changed much

1563
01:19:03,800 --> 01:19:07,100
modern Engineers looked at the 
land and chose the same path. 

1564
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:10,500
That Roman surveyors did 2000 
years ago because the way the 

1565
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:13,900
land shape is always the same, 
you might find Roman paving 

1566
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:17,100
stones that farmers of dug up 
over the years and piled along 

1567
01:19:17,100 --> 01:19:19,200
the property line. 
If you pull over and walk into 

1568
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:22,600
the field, next door, these 
Stones each cut and fitted with 

1569
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:25,000
such care. 
Now, make a rustic fence for a 

1570
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,700
wall that holds things in place,
kids play on them without 

1571
01:19:27,700 --> 01:19:30,500
realizing that Roman Engineers 
wants measured and placed each 

1572
01:19:30,500 --> 01:19:32,400
stone with the same care that 
people use. 

1573
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:36,000
When building for eternity. 
You might see Roman milestones 

1574
01:19:36,000 --> 01:19:39,000
in town as historical artifacts 
their worn out. 

1575
01:19:39,000 --> 01:19:41,900
Surfaces are protected by glass 
or built into modern monuments. 

1576
01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:45,100
Archaeologists are now studying 
the inscriptions which used to 

1577
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:48,300
be clear statements of Imperial 
power to try to piece together 

1578
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:52,100
ancient political histories from
bits of carved Latin some parts 

1579
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:54,800
of Roman roads have been left 
alone on purpose so that they 

1580
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:56,600
can be studied by 
archaeologists. 

1581
01:19:56,600 --> 01:20:00,300
You can walk on the original 
pavement see how it was built in

1582
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:03,600
cross-section displays and read 
signs that explain how the 

1583
01:20:03,608 --> 01:20:06,500
engineering works. 
These preserve parts are like 

1584
01:20:06,500 --> 01:20:09,000
outdoor museums that teach 
people about a way of building 

1585
01:20:09,000 --> 01:20:12,500
things that is better than ours 
in some ways modern highways. 

1586
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,800
Often Run next to Roman roads 
but they are separated by a few 

1587
01:20:15,800 --> 01:20:18,300
hundred yards. 
You can still see the old road 

1588
01:20:18,300 --> 01:20:21,000
from the new one, but they are 
far enough apart that each 

1589
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:23,900
serves its own purpose. 
The Old Road might be used by 

1590
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:26,300
people who live nearby site 
lists and hikers. 

1591
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:29,300
While the new highway is used by
people who are just passing 

1592
01:20:29,300 --> 01:20:32,000
through quickly. 
Both exist to meet different 

1593
01:20:32,000 --> 01:20:34,400
needs and each has reflection of
the way people. 

1594
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:38,300
Connected places in its time, 
the legacy of Roman roads goes 

1595
01:20:38,300 --> 01:20:41,400
beyond, just the physical 
remains when building roads, 

1596
01:20:41,400 --> 01:20:44,100
that will last for decades, 
instead of needing to be rebuilt

1597
01:20:44,100 --> 01:20:46,500
every few years. 
Modern, civil engineers. 

1598
01:20:46,500 --> 01:20:49,300
Still use Roman methods. 
Layered construction. 

1599
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:53,500
Good drainage and crowned 
surfaces are all Roman ideas 

1600
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,700
that are still used today. 
Roman roads had a big impact on 

1601
01:20:56,700 --> 01:20:58,900
the geography of Europe that can
still be seen today. 

1602
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:02,100
A lot of modern cities are where
they are because they were on 

1603
01:21:02,100 --> 01:21:04,800
Roman roads. 
Roman Engineers often built 

1604
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:07,700
roads that became political 
boundaries, trade routes, 

1605
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:10,200
cultural exchanges, and 
migration routes still follow 

1606
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:13,000
the same paths that were first 
set up, when Rome ruled the 

1607
01:21:13,000 --> 01:21:16,400
Mediterranean The way we talk 
about roads is influenced by 

1608
01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:21,000
Latin in Latin, Mi comes from 
Mila passes, which means a 1000 

1609
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:23,300
Paces. 
The word Street comes from the 

1610
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:26,900
Latin word via strata which 
means, paved Road, Romans 

1611
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:29,700
improved and standardized the 
way they built roads, which is 

1612
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:32,800
how we got the ideas of 
infrastructure maintenance and 

1613
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,800
civic duty but maybe the most 
important Legacy is 

1614
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:38,700
psychological not physical. 
Roman roads represented, a 

1615
01:21:38,700 --> 01:21:40,700
specific conception of 
civilization. 

1616
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:44,600
The belief that human creativity
can transform the natural world.

1617
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:47,800
That meticulous planning and 
Engineering can address 

1618
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:50,600
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and that the 

1619
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:53,600
integration of diverse 
individuals and locale's 

1620
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:55,400
generate greater value than 
Solitude. 

1621
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:58,600
This vision is still alive in 
every modern Highway project, 

1622
01:21:58,600 --> 01:22:02,300
every infrastructure project. 
And every effort to link small 

1623
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,900
towns to bigger networks, when 
we talk about how much to spend 

1624
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:09,200
on infrastructure how to keep 
current systems running or 

1625
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:11,600
whether to build new 
connections, we're dealing with 

1626
01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:14,100
the same problems that Romans 
did 2000 years. 

1627
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:17,800
Ago, the story of why ancient 
roads fell apart teaches us an 

1628
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:20,400
important lesson. 
Infrastructure needs more than 

1629
01:22:20,400 --> 01:22:24,300
just being built, it needs to be
maintained the decline of Roman 

1630
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:25,800
roads. 
Wasn't mostly due to bad 

1631
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:27,900
engineering. 
Many of those roads were built 

1632
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:30,200
well enough that they still look
like they did back then. 

1633
01:22:30,200 --> 01:22:33,500
It was about institutions 
failing, which meant that the 

1634
01:22:33,500 --> 01:22:36,400
administrative and economic 
systems needed to keep complex 

1635
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:38,300
infrastructure running over time
fell apart. 

1636
01:22:39,300 --> 01:22:41,700
Modern societies have to deal 
with the same problems. 

1637
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:44,900
We need to keep spending money 
on repairs and maintenance for 

1638
01:22:44,900 --> 01:22:47,300
our roads, Bridges and 
utilities. 

1639
01:22:48,100 --> 01:22:50,900
The case starts, when economic 
or political problems take 

1640
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:53,800
resources away from this 
unglamorous work, it might not 

1641
01:22:53,800 --> 01:22:57,000
be clear right away. 
Infrastructure gets worse over 

1642
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:59,800
time with each small failure. 
Adding to the last one. 

1643
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:03,308
Until one day, you look around 
and see that systems you used to

1644
01:23:03,316 --> 01:23:06,700
trust, aren't working anymore. 
The Romans would get what we're 

1645
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:08,000
talking about. 
When we argue about 

1646
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:11,000
infrastructure, they had to deal
with the same problems of 

1647
01:23:11,000 --> 01:23:13,500
balancing short-term savings 
with long term investments, 

1648
01:23:13,500 --> 01:23:16,800
political expedience, with 
engineering assess, tea and 

1649
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:18,700
local, needs with system wide 
needs. 

1650
01:23:18,700 --> 01:23:21,500
Their roads fell apart, not 
because they didn't know how to 

1651
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:23,600
build them, right. 
But because keeping them up, 

1652
01:23:23,600 --> 01:23:26,300
took more resources and 
dedication than their society. 

1653
01:23:26,300 --> 01:23:29,300
Could give, let's take a break 
for a moment on a particularly 

1654
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:32,400
beautiful stretch of preserved, 
Roman Road, it might be in the 

1655
01:23:32,408 --> 01:23:35,200
English Countryside where the 
old Stones run straight to cross

1656
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:38,000
a green hillsides, and the 
landscape on either side looks 

1657
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:39,800
like a painting of pastoral 
happiness. 

1658
01:23:39,800 --> 01:23:43,300
The stones under your feet are 
still strong after almost 2000 

1659
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:45,700
years. 
Some have faint marks on them 

1660
01:23:45,700 --> 01:23:47,500
from ironed wheels that went 
over them. 

1661
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:50,300
When Emperor's ruled you might 
have learned their names in 

1662
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:52,100
school but can't quite remember 
them. 

1663
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:55,500
Others show how the weather has 
changed over many seasons with 

1664
01:23:55,500 --> 01:23:59,400
smooth slightly rounded surfaces
from rain wind and millions of 

1665
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:01,700
footsteps. 
You can see how well these 

1666
01:24:01,700 --> 01:24:03,900
Stones fit together in the low 
light of the afternoon. 

1667
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,500
Even after hundreds of years of 
frost heaving root growth and 

1668
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:10,600
Nature's General chaos, trying 
to take apart human buildings, 

1669
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:14,300
most stones still touch each 
other with only a fingers of 

1670
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:16,600
space between them. 
It's the kind of craftsmanship 

1671
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:19,200
that makes you feel bad about 
the Shelf you put up last 

1672
01:24:19,200 --> 01:24:22,500
weekend that wobbles If you 
close your eyes and really 

1673
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,800
listen, The Sounds around, you 
aren't that different from what 

1674
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:28,700
people traveling, in Rome would 
have heard birds are singing in 

1675
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:31,900
the hedgerows that Mark, the 
edges of the modern field wind 

1676
01:24:31,900 --> 01:24:35,000
blowing through the grass, the 
sound of sheep bleeding, in the 

1677
01:24:35,008 --> 01:24:38,500
distance, these sheep of the 
descendants of flocks, that may 

1678
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:41,000
have walked along the road when 
it was new, the English 

1679
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:44,400
Countryside, stays the same, 
even as things change, but if 

1680
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,300
you look more closely, you'll 
see that the landscape tells a 

1681
01:24:47,300 --> 01:24:50,000
story of its own. 
The road is, in a slight dip, 

1682
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:51,900
but not because the Romans built
it that way. 

1683
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:55,500
Stead the land around it has 
been slowly up by years of 

1684
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,600
farming, with each Year's leaves
and organic matter, adding 

1685
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:00,400
microscopic thickness to the 
soil. 

1686
01:25:01,300 --> 01:25:03,000
The world has risen around the 
road. 

1687
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:06,100
Not the other way around, you 
can see that some of the stones 

1688
01:25:06,100 --> 01:25:09,300
have wildflowers growing between
them, these aren't invasive, 

1689
01:25:09,300 --> 01:25:11,100
weeds, that are ruining old 
buildings. 

1690
01:25:11,100 --> 01:25:14,200
They're part of a unique 
ecosystem that can only be found

1691
01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:16,800
in places like this. 
Some of these plants are very 

1692
01:25:16,808 --> 01:25:19,700
rare and only live in the 
specific conditions that Roman 

1693
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:22,800
engineering made botanists. 
Sometimes look at old Roman 

1694
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:25,300
roads, because they keep 
ecological conditions that have 

1695
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:28,800
disappeared in other places, a 
modern hiker walks by on a trail

1696
01:25:28,808 --> 01:25:30,700
that includes this part of the 
Roman Road. 

1697
01:25:31,500 --> 01:25:35,000
She's using GPS to find her way 
following a Ruchi downloaded to 

1698
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:37,800
her smartphone, but she's 
walking on roads that were built

1699
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:40,700
2000 years. 
Before electricity, the mix of 

1700
01:25:40,700 --> 01:25:44,000
older, new isn't jarring. 
It feels natural as if the road 

1701
01:25:44,000 --> 01:25:46,000
is taking in the technology of 
each time period. 

1702
01:25:46,000 --> 01:25:48,800
Without losing its basic 
character, you come across a 

1703
01:25:48,800 --> 01:25:51,100
part of the road that 
archaeologists have partially 

1704
01:25:51,100 --> 01:25:54,400
dug up further down the path. 
They've carefully dug out, dirt 

1705
01:25:54,400 --> 01:25:57,300
from one side, showing the cross
section of Roman construction. 

1706
01:25:57,300 --> 01:25:59,600
Like a slice through a layer 
cake. 

1707
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:03,600
You can see each layer, the big 
stones that make up the base, 

1708
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:07,400
the mixed gravel and mortar 
above the sand levels, the 

1709
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:09,400
surface. 
And finally, the paving stones 

1710
01:26:09,400 --> 01:26:12,700
on top there is an interpretive 
sign that tells you what you're 

1711
01:26:12,700 --> 01:26:15,300
looking at, but the building 
itself is so clear that it 

1712
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:18,200
doesn't need words. 
This is how to make something 

1713
01:26:18,200 --> 01:26:21,300
that will last, this is how you 
build infrastructure that will 

1714
01:26:21,300 --> 01:26:23,700
last for 100s of years. 
And of just decades. 

1715
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:27,200
This is how you show future 
Generations that you had faith 

1716
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:29,700
in the future and did what you 
could to make it happen. 

1717
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:34,100
But this exposed cross-section 
is also very sad, if it feels 

1718
01:26:34,100 --> 01:26:37,300
like seeing the bones of the 
Earth itself, the skeleton that 

1719
01:26:37,300 --> 01:26:40,700
lies under the skin of the land,
it was never meant for people to

1720
01:26:40,700 --> 01:26:43,400
see the road like this. 
It's strength was supposed to 

1721
01:26:43,400 --> 01:26:47,300
come from everything working 
together as one taking apart. 

1722
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:50,700
Its internal structure shows us 
how it works, but it also makes 

1723
01:26:50,700 --> 01:26:54,000
it less useful turning a useful 
piece of infrastructure into an 

1724
01:26:54,000 --> 01:26:56,900
anatomical specimen. 
You might find things in the 

1725
01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,900
nearby museum that were found 
along this road like coins. 

1726
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:03,700
That Travelers dropped pieces of
pottery that used to hold oil or

1727
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:07,600
wine and a bronze figurine that 
someone lost 2000 years ago and 

1728
01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:10,100
never found. 
Each thing is a small tragedy 

1729
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:13,500
and a small connection. 
Someone's lost is our gain and 

1730
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:15,300
we can think about the moment 
that was lost. 

1731
01:27:16,100 --> 01:27:19,500
The simplest things are often 
the most moving the toy cart for

1732
01:27:19,500 --> 01:27:22,700
a child. 
A hairpin for a woman or a worn 

1733
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:25,700
sandal sole these common things.
Make the road, feel more like a 

1734
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:27,800
person than military or 
architectural history. 

1735
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,400
Can they remind us that this 
road was used by more than just 

1736
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:34,300
armies and trade goods. 
It was also used by families 

1737
01:27:34,300 --> 01:27:38,100
visiting relatives craftspeople 
going to Market children seeing 

1738
01:27:38,100 --> 01:27:41,300
the world for the first time. 
An old people making one last 

1739
01:27:41,300 --> 01:27:43,100
trip to places. 
They loved when they were young.

1740
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:46,100
Roman roads were built for 
useful things like moving troops

1741
01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:49,900
making trade easier and keeping 
the government in check, but 

1742
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:53,100
they ended up serving a more 
basic need, the need to connect 

1743
01:27:53,100 --> 01:27:56,400
with others to move and to see 
what's over the next Hill. 

1744
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,200
And the one after that. 
This is why roads are important 

1745
01:27:59,200 --> 01:28:02,500
for more than just their 
engineering specifications or 

1746
01:28:02,500 --> 01:28:06,500
they usefulness to the economy. 
They meet a basic need in all of

1747
01:28:06,500 --> 01:28:08,400
us. 
Our constant need to be 

1748
01:28:08,408 --> 01:28:11,100
somewhere else and see more than
one place can offer, 

1749
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:14,500
archaeologists and geographers. 
Have found something amazing. 

1750
01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,500
Even when the physical roads 
were gone, the paths they made 

1751
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:20,700
across the land. 
Often stayed in people's minds 

1752
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:24,500
and practices for hundreds of 
years picture, a part of a Roman

1753
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:26,700
road where all signs of 
construction of disappeared. 

1754
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:29,200
The stones that were quarried 
for medieval buildings. 

1755
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,200
The foundation layers that were 
spread out by centuries of 

1756
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:34,200
farming. 
And even the road itself, have 

1757
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:36,900
all been plowed under and grown 
over there doesn't seem to be 

1758
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:38,600
anything left at the Casual 
Observer. 

1759
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:42,100
But if you map out the trade 
routes from the Middle Ages, the

1760
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:44,700
Paz that villagers used to get 
from one settlement to another 

1761
01:28:44,700 --> 01:28:47,000
or the property lines that 
farmer set up. 

1762
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,800
You'll often find that they 
follow the same line as the 

1763
01:28:49,808 --> 01:28:52,200
Roman Road, that is no longer 
there. 

1764
01:28:52,200 --> 01:28:55,700
This persistent occurs because 
pathways through the landscape 

1765
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:58,800
are not random, Roman Engineers 
chose their paths, for good 

1766
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:02,400
reasons, these were the easiest 
Hills to cross the most direct 

1767
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,300
routes between important points.
The best place is to build 

1768
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:08,000
bridges over rivers. 
And the best place is to cross. 

1769
01:29:08,000 --> 01:29:09,400
Valleys where travel was 
possible. 

1770
01:29:09,400 --> 01:29:12,700
When the Roman Road went away, 
people found the same best 

1771
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:15,100
routes on their own. 
They weren't following the road.

1772
01:29:15,400 --> 01:29:18,400
As they could see it, they were 
retracing it because geography 

1773
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,600
still gave them the same answers
to the same problems even when 

1774
01:29:21,600 --> 01:29:23,800
people have built things on the 
land it still remembers. 

1775
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:27,100
This is still true in modern 
Britain, where many of today's 

1776
01:29:27,100 --> 01:29:30,600
highways follow the same paths 
as Roman roads, which often 

1777
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:33,100
followed the same paths as 
Celtic trackways that came 

1778
01:29:33,100 --> 01:29:35,500
before them. 
The Roman Watling Street runs 

1779
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:39,400
along, most of the A5 highway 
from London to Wales the A1, 

1780
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,800
which is the longest numbered 
road in the UK follows, a path 

1781
01:29:42,808 --> 01:29:45,600
that has been used since 
prehistoric times and was made 

1782
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,500
official by the Romans. 
The modern highway system in 

1783
01:29:48,500 --> 01:29:51,500
France, still uses Roman roads 
for both routes and names. 

1784
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:55,000
French Engineers built their 
modern Road Network in the 18th 

1785
01:29:55,000 --> 01:29:57,600
and 19th centuries. 
And when they could, they 

1786
01:29:57,600 --> 01:30:00,200
followed Roman roots, they 
thought of themselves as 

1787
01:30:00,200 --> 01:30:02,700
restoring old infrastructure 
rather than replacing it. 

1788
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,200
The Inca Road system in South 
America is another example of 

1789
01:30:06,200 --> 01:30:09,800
something that lasts the Inca 
empire fell apart in the 16th 

1790
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:12,200
century and their roads fell 
into disrepair. 

1791
01:30:13,000 --> 01:30:16,500
However, many modern Peruvian 
highways following carrots. 

1792
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:20,100
Modern roads, wind along the 
same paths as the Incas carved 

1793
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:23,000
steps into Mountainside. 
This is because the geography 

1794
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:25,800
hasn't changed. 
These are still the best ways to

1795
01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:27,800
get through some of the most 
difficult terrain on Earth. 

1796
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:31,600
This persistence teaches us 
something deep about how 

1797
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:35,000
human-made things and natural 
landscapes work together, we 

1798
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:37,500
like to think of our roads and 
buildings as things that get in 

1799
01:30:37,500 --> 01:30:40,600
the way of nature, as things 
that people change the world to 

1800
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:44,900
fit their needs but in reality 
infrastructure works best when 

1801
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:47,200
it works with the landscape 
instead of against it. 

1802
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:50,500
The roads that last whether in 
the physical world or in the 

1803
01:30:50,508 --> 01:30:53,500
minds of people are the ones 
that find the easiest way 

1804
01:30:53,500 --> 01:30:55,100
through the land and don't fight
it. 

1805
01:30:55,800 --> 01:30:58,500
There is a more profound lesson 
here, regarding the essence of 

1806
01:30:58,500 --> 01:31:01,700
civilization itself. 
We often think of civilizations 

1807
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:04,200
as completely new things that 
come after what came before. 

1808
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:07,300
For example, the Romans took 
over what was their before? 

1809
01:31:07,300 --> 01:31:11,300
Medieval kingdoms took over row?
And modern Nations took over 

1810
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:14,300
medieval structures. 
But human geography shows that 

1811
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:17,200
things have stayed the same more
than these political stories. 

1812
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,400
Say People keep living in the 
same places because they have 

1813
01:31:20,400 --> 01:31:22,600
good water. 
Good places to defend 

1814
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:26,100
themselves, good soil and easy, 
access to trade routes. 

1815
01:31:26,100 --> 01:31:28,800
They keep going the same way 
because the mountains haven't 

1816
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:32,400
moved and the rivers still flow 
the same way, political systems 

1817
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:35,400
come and go, but the basic link 
between human settlements and 

1818
01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:37,400
the landscape changes much more 
slowly. 

1819
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:40,800
This is why archaeologists can 
sometimes guess where they will 

1820
01:31:40,808 --> 01:31:44,200
find old roads or settlements 
just by looking at the land and 

1821
01:31:44,200 --> 01:31:47,300
geography, there are only a few 
passes that don't require 

1822
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:49,400
mountaineering gear. 
If you need to cross a mountain 

1823
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:52,300
range, there are only a few 
places where the banks and 

1824
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:55,600
current make it possible to 
cross a river, ancient engineers

1825
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,900
knew this and they pick the same
place as that modern Engineers 

1826
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:00,700
would pick if they were starting
from scratch. 

1827
01:32:00,700 --> 01:32:03,900
The fact that Roots stay the 
same over time is another reason

1828
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:06,700
why some City stay important for
thousands of years While others 

1829
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:10,100
fade away. 
Romans located at a key Crossing

1830
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:12,800
on the Tiber River, which 
controls north south travel, 

1831
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:15,900
through Italy, the Ancients who 
first settled there. 

1832
01:32:15,900 --> 01:32:18,800
The Romans who built their 
empire from it, the Medieval 

1833
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:21,800
popes, who kept it as a 
political Center and modern 

1834
01:32:21,800 --> 01:32:24,800
Italy, which made it their 
Capital all cared about this 

1835
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,800
Geographic Advantage attempts 
Narrows in London, which is why 

1836
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:31,100
the city is. 
There it is the best place to 

1837
01:32:31,100 --> 01:32:33,800
cross the river. 
Paris grew on an island in the 

1838
01:32:33,808 --> 01:32:37,108
sand that was easy to defend 
Istanbul, which used to be 

1839
01:32:37,116 --> 01:32:39,800
called Byzantium. 
And then Constantinople, is that

1840
01:32:39,800 --> 01:32:42,900
the most important point where 
Europe and Asia meet, These 

1841
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:45,900
aren't random choices or 
accidents, their places, where 

1842
01:32:45,900 --> 01:32:49,200
the landscape almost requires 
people to live and build the 

1843
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:52,000
story of Roman roads is just one
part of a much longer Story. 

1844
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,500
Once you understand this, those 
roads were just one part of a 

1845
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:58,500
long history of people trying to
get around quickly connect the 

1846
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:01,600
places we've chosen to live and 
get around the problems that 

1847
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,800
geography puts in our way. 
The Romans did a great job of 

1848
01:33:04,800 --> 01:33:07,400
telling the story on a large 
scale but they were not the 

1849
01:33:07,400 --> 01:33:09,400
first or last to work on this 
old project. 

1850
01:33:10,700 --> 01:33:13,700
As we near the end of our trip 
down these old roads, let's 

1851
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:16,500
think about what we've learned 
and how it affects us. 

1852
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:19,900
Now, you're back in your 
comfortable spot and your team 

1853
01:33:19,900 --> 01:33:22,200
may have cooled down, but 
hopefully your mind is still 

1854
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:25,800
busy thinking about roads, ruins
and the long history of human 

1855
01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:28,200
effort. 
The story of Old Road shows us, 

1856
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:30,800
that infrastructure is always 
made up of both people and 

1857
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:34,400
things the stone and mortar are 
important but they only work in 

1858
01:33:34,400 --> 01:33:37,500
a network of Institutions 
economic systems and cultural 

1859
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:40,400
practices that give them meaning
and keep them useful. 

1860
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,200
Even the best-built physical 
infrastructure will fail. 

1861
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:46,600
Eventually if the supporting 
structure falls apart, this is 

1862
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:48,600
very important. 
For today's society is 

1863
01:33:48,600 --> 01:33:52,100
infrastructure like roads 
Bridges, Water Systems, 

1864
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:54,800
electrical grids and 
Telecommunications networks is 

1865
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:57,500
all around us and we mostly take
it for granted. 

1866
01:33:57,500 --> 01:33:59,100
Granted until something goes 
wrong. 

1867
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:02,100
We think that someone is taking 
care of these systems and that 

1868
01:34:02,100 --> 01:34:04,200
there are other right 
institutions in place to make 

1869
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:07,000
sure they keep working. 
We also think that future 

1870
01:34:07,000 --> 01:34:09,600
Generations will have the same 
working infrastructure that we 

1871
01:34:09,600 --> 01:34:13,000
do but The Roman experience 
shows that these ideas can be 

1872
01:34:13,000 --> 01:34:16,300
very dangerous. 
Structure needs constant care 

1873
01:34:16,300 --> 01:34:20,100
enough money, Technical know-how
and a commitment from the 

1874
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:23,000
community. 
Decay starts when one of these 

1875
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:27,600
parts gets weaker at first. 
It happens slowly, but it speeds

1876
01:34:27,600 --> 01:34:29,900
up as small problems turn into 
bigger ones. 

1877
01:34:29,900 --> 01:34:34,200
The Romans built roads that 
could last for 2000 years but 

1878
01:34:34,200 --> 01:34:36,500
they weren't able to build 
institutions that could keep 

1879
01:34:36,500 --> 01:34:38,000
those roads in good shape 
forever. 

1880
01:34:38,000 --> 01:34:40,700
The main problem is that 
physical infrastructure can last

1881
01:34:40,700 --> 01:34:43,700
a long time but the social 
infrastructure needed to keep it

1882
01:34:43,700 --> 01:34:46,400
up is weak and depends on 
stable, government enough 

1883
01:34:46,400 --> 01:34:48,500
resources and cultural 
continuity. 

1884
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:51,500
It wasn't engineering failure, 
that caused Roman roads to fall 

1885
01:34:51,500 --> 01:34:53,200
apart. 
It was the collapse of the 

1886
01:34:53,208 --> 01:34:55,600
government. 
The Empire couldn't keep up with

1887
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:57,500
the tax money, it needed to pay 
for repairs. 

1888
01:34:57,500 --> 01:35:01,900
Administrative systems, stopped,
working making it impossible for

1889
01:35:01,900 --> 01:35:04,600
the organization to coordinate 
repairs over large areas. 

1890
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:08,200
When skilled workers died 
without properly training their 

1891
01:35:08,200 --> 01:35:10,300
successes they lost technical 
knowledge. 

1892
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:13,500
People's cultural priorities 
change from keeping old 

1893
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:16,600
infrastructure up to date to 
just getting through immediate 

1894
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:19,000
crises, all of these things are 
still true today. 

1895
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,800
Countries have a hard time 
paying for infrastructure up, 

1896
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:24,500
keep because it's easier for 
politicians to cut funding for 

1897
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:26,600
repairs. 
That aren't very glamorous than 

1898
01:35:26,600 --> 01:35:28,100
for new projects that are very 
visible. 

1899
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,400
When people look down on 
government jobs, in respecting 

1900
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:33,600
them, the government's ability 
to do its job. 

1901
01:35:33,600 --> 01:35:37,100
Suffers, when Society, don't 
value skilled trades. 

1902
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:40,300
They lose technical. 
Know-how cultural attention is 

1903
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:43,000
on short term issues in stead of
long-term sustainability. 

1904
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:48,100
But the story of old roads also 
gives us hope people kept roads 

1905
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:50,100
working. 
Even after Empires fell apart 

1906
01:35:50,100 --> 01:35:53,300
and formal maintenance stopped, 
they did this through local 

1907
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:57,500
initiative, creative adaptation 
and practical improvisation The 

1908
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:00,200
roads may not have been as good 
as they used to be, but they 

1909
01:36:00,200 --> 01:36:02,900
still did their main job of 
connecting people and places. 

1910
01:36:02,900 --> 01:36:06,500
This strength shows that 
infrastructure once built adds 

1911
01:36:06,500 --> 01:36:10,300
value that lasts, even during 
tough times, the road matters. 

1912
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:13,300
Even when the pavement breaks up
even when the journey gets 

1913
01:36:13,300 --> 01:36:15,200
harder, the connection is still 
important. 

1914
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:19,500
The concept of a road ingrained 
in landscape and cultural memory

1915
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:22,100
endures Beyond any tangible 
structure. 

1916
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:26,000
This means that infrastructure 
investment is important for more

1917
01:36:26,000 --> 01:36:29,600
than just its immediate use in 
today's society infrastructure 

1918
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:31,700
that works well creates 
connections that affect 

1919
01:36:31,700 --> 01:36:34,100
geography, the economy and 
culture for many years. 

1920
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:39,000
The initial cost may seem high 
but the long-term benefits, some

1921
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:41,800
of which are hard to measure or 
predict make the investment 

1922
01:36:41,800 --> 01:36:43,900
worth it. 
It also says that we should 

1923
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:46,600
build infrastructure with the 
idea of graceful degradation in 

1924
01:36:46,600 --> 01:36:49,200
mind. 
Roman roads, worked well, when 

1925
01:36:49,200 --> 01:36:52,200
they were well maintained, but 
they also worked partially for 

1926
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,000
hundreds of years. 
After maintenance stopped modern

1927
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:57,000
infrastructure. 
Is often more fragile because it

1928
01:36:57,000 --> 01:36:59,700
is made to work perfectly only 
under certain conditions. 

1929
01:37:00,400 --> 01:37:03,000
If those conditions aren't met 
it can break down completely, 

1930
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:06,700
what would it mean to build 
roads Bridges and utilities that

1931
01:37:06,700 --> 01:37:09,900
could handle less maintenance 
without any problems that could 

1932
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:11,400
keep providing important 
Services? 

1933
01:37:11,400 --> 01:37:13,800
Even if money or knowledge 
became hard to find. 

1934
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:16,300
That could be fixed with 
materials and skills that are 

1935
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:19,000
available in the area rather 
than needing special ones. 

1936
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:21,300
These aren't just hypothetical 
questions. 

1937
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:24,700
The real issues for any society 
that wants its infrastructure to

1938
01:37:24,708 --> 01:37:27,800
last through short-term 
problems, the story of Roman 

1939
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:29,500
roads. 
Also reminds us to think about 

1940
01:37:29,500 --> 01:37:32,000
infrastructure in both practical
and symbolic ways. 

1941
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:36,100
Roads are a symbol of 
civilization connection and 

1942
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:39,000
possibility. 
People think their society works

1943
01:37:39,000 --> 01:37:41,300
and that the people in charge 
are smart when the roads are 

1944
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:44,700
well kept, It seems like 
Civilization is falling apart 

1945
01:37:44,700 --> 01:37:47,500
when roads get worse. 
This symbolic aspect is 

1946
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:50,200
important because infrastructure
affects how people see their 

1947
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:52,100
relationships with each other 
and with the government. 

1948
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:56,700
Good infrastructure is a sign of
good government and social Unity

1949
01:37:56,700 --> 01:37:59,000
infrastructure. 
That doesn't work shows that 

1950
01:37:59,000 --> 01:38:01,700
people aren't competent and 
things are broken up these 

1951
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:05,300
Perceptions in turn affect how 
much political support there is 

1952
01:38:05,300 --> 01:38:08,500
for the institutions that keep 
infrastructure running which can

1953
01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:12,500
lead to good or bad Cycles. 
Romans understood this symbolic 

1954
01:38:12,500 --> 01:38:14,200
part of things on an instinctive
level. 

1955
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:18,100
They built their roads to be big
and impressive not just to get 

1956
01:38:18,108 --> 01:38:21,600
people where they needed to go. 
Milestones told people which 

1957
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:23,700
emperor had built or fixed each 
part. 

1958
01:38:23,700 --> 01:38:27,200
Turning road work into 
propaganda the Via Appia wasn't 

1959
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:29,500
just a road that connected Rome 
to Southern Italy. 

1960
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:33,700
It was also a sign of Roman 
strength and stability people in

1961
01:38:33,700 --> 01:38:35,900
modern societies. 
Sometimes, forget this lesson 

1962
01:38:35,900 --> 01:38:38,200
and treat infrastructure as just
a tool. 

1963
01:38:38,208 --> 01:38:41,200
They wonder why people don't 
appreciate the complicated 

1964
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:43,200
systems that make Modern Life 
possible. 

1965
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,300
But infrastructure is never just
about how it works. 

1966
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:50,300
It's about who you are, your 
pride, and how social values 

1967
01:38:50,300 --> 01:38:53,400
show up in the real world as we 
reach the end of our Journey 

1968
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:55,800
Through Time. 
And over ancient stone, think 

1969
01:38:55,800 --> 01:38:58,400
about what it means to literally
walk in the footsteps of. 

1970
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:01,600
So many people who came before 
us every Old Road, that is 

1971
01:39:01,608 --> 01:39:05,100
still, there has this quality of
deep time this feeling of being 

1972
01:39:05,100 --> 01:39:08,200
connected to a huge human story 
that goes far beyond your own 

1973
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:10,400
life. 
When you walk on Roman paving 

1974
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:13,500
stones, your walking where Roman
soldiers marched, where 

1975
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:16,500
Merchants drove their cars, 
where Messengers ran with 

1976
01:39:16,500 --> 01:39:19,300
important news where families 
moved to new homes. 

1977
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:23,500
A pilgrims looked for God's 
favor and where Exiles left 

1978
01:39:23,500 --> 01:39:25,100
their homes and maybe never came
back. 

1979
01:39:25,100 --> 01:39:29,100
Each of those people was just as
real as you are with hopes and 

1980
01:39:29,100 --> 01:39:32,000
fears and small daily problems 
that took up their time just 

1981
01:39:32,000 --> 01:39:34,700
like yours do now, they were 
worried about their health, 

1982
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:37,900
their families, their money. 
And whether they had made the 

1983
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:40,900
right choice in life, the roads 
saw it all. 

1984
01:39:41,400 --> 01:39:45,000
Countless human dramas playing 
out on its unchanging surface. 

1985
01:39:45,000 --> 01:39:47,800
This is why parts of old roads 
that have been preserved. 

1986
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:50,900
Often feel almost sacred, even 
to people who aren't very 

1987
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:53,900
religious, you're standing in a 
place where the line between the

1988
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:57,600
past and the present is thin and
you can almost feel the presence

1989
01:39:57,600 --> 01:39:59,500
of all the lives that no longer 
there. 

1990
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:03,200
The stones are proof, that those
people lived that they are 

1991
01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:05,800
civilization was real. 
And that they did things that 

1992
01:40:05,800 --> 01:40:08,400
still matter, the ruins of old 
roads. 

1993
01:40:08,400 --> 01:40:11,100
Also, remind us that things 
don't last forever, which is 

1994
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:12,900
somehow comforting instead of 
sad. 

1995
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:16,200
Yes, even the strongest Empires 
will fall apart. 

1996
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:18,400
Yes. 
Even the best built 

1997
01:40:18,400 --> 01:40:21,200
infrastructure will eventually 
need more upkeep than anyone can

1998
01:40:21,200 --> 01:40:22,400
give. 
Yes. 

1999
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:25,400
Everything that people do is 
only temporary when compared to 

2000
01:40:25,408 --> 01:40:28,800
geological time scales, but that
doesn't mean that what people do

2001
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:31,200
doesn't matter. 
The roads were important to the 

2002
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:34,500
people who build them and the 
people who used them, they had a

2003
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,100
big impact on the growth of 
civilizations, the success of 

2004
01:40:37,100 --> 01:40:40,400
cities, the movement of armies, 
and the flow of trade goods. 

2005
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:44,200
Legacy lives on in the geography
of today in the places where 

2006
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,400
cities are in the paths of 
Highways and in the shape of the

2007
01:40:47,408 --> 01:40:50,700
world, we live in now, the Roman
engineer who carefully placed 

2008
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:53,700
paving stones on the Via. 
Appia, probably never thought 

2009
01:40:53,700 --> 01:40:56,100
that those stones would still be
there 2000 years later. 

2010
01:40:56,100 --> 01:40:59,200
He probably also never thought 
that people with technology. 

2011
01:40:59,200 --> 01:41:01,900
We can't even imagine would 
study and preserve his work. 

2012
01:41:01,900 --> 01:41:05,100
Or that children who weren't 
even born yet would someday run 

2013
01:41:05,100 --> 01:41:08,400
their hands over the surface he 
made, but here we are, the 

2014
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:11,200
stones are still there. 
This makes me think that we 

2015
01:41:11,200 --> 01:41:13,600
should see ourselves as links in
a long chain. 

2016
01:41:14,300 --> 01:41:18,000
The infrastructure we build keep
up or let fall apart will affect

2017
01:41:18,000 --> 01:41:19,300
the world that future 
Generations. 

2018
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:22,700
Get the decisions we make about 
how to use our resources. 

2019
01:41:22,700 --> 01:41:26,300
How to keep things running and 
how to teach the next generation

2020
01:41:26,300 --> 01:41:30,200
of Engineers and Crafts People 
all have effects that lasts long

2021
01:41:30,200 --> 01:41:31,000
after. 
We're gone. 

2022
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:33,800
We don't know how the next 
Generations will see our 

2023
01:41:33,800 --> 01:41:36,300
decisions. 
We can't say, for sure, which of

2024
01:41:36,300 --> 01:41:39,200
our buildings will still be 
standing in 2000 years and which

2025
01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:41,000
ones will have disappeared 
Without a Trace. 

2026
01:41:41,000 --> 01:41:44,900
But we can try to build with the
same care and ambition that 

2027
01:41:44,900 --> 01:41:48,300
drove the best Roman Engineers 
making things that will last 

2028
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:52,000
using materials that are better 
than what we need right now and 

2029
01:41:52,000 --> 01:41:54,400
spending money on things that 
will be useful in the future, 

2030
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:57,800
even if it seems like a lot. 
The funny thing is that the 

2031
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:00,500
Romans who are so sure that 
their empire would last forever 

2032
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:03,800
would be shocked to learn that 
their roads lasted longer than 

2033
01:42:03,800 --> 01:42:06,400
their civilization? 
They probably would have liked 

2034
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,200
it better if their empire state 
the same instead of Justice 

2035
01:42:09,200 --> 01:42:12,200
infrastructure. 
But from where we stand the fact

2036
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,800
that Roman roads are still there
makes Rome Feel more not less 

2037
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:19,300
Eternal as you finish your warm 
drink and get ready for bed, 

2038
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:22,400
think about how this story could
help you as you go about your 

2039
01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:25,100
day. 
When you drive on a highway or 

2040
01:42:25,100 --> 01:42:28,700
walk down a street, think about 
the history that Lies Beneath 

2041
01:42:28,700 --> 01:42:31,200
the surface. 
I wonder who walked this path 

2042
01:42:31,200 --> 01:42:34,200
before it was paved, what 
natural features made this route

2043
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,200
and what stories could be told 
about all the trips that have 

2044
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:39,600
happened here. 
Think about the people who keep 

2045
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:42,500
our modern infrastructure 
running, they do unglamorous 

2046
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:45,300
work, like filling in potholes, 
clearing drains, and fixing 

2047
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:47,800
bridges. 
In terms of work, they are the 

2048
01:42:47,800 --> 01:42:50,600
direct descendants of the Roman 
engineers and maintenance Crews.

2049
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:53,100
They were using better 
technology to solve the same 

2050
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:56,100
basic problem, but it's the same
basic problem. 

2051
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:59,300
Keeping paths open, so that 
people and things can move. 

2052
01:43:00,100 --> 01:43:02,900
Don't just see ruins like old 
Roman roads or empty. 

2053
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,700
Modern highways, as failures. 
Also, see them as proof that 

2054
01:43:06,700 --> 01:43:08,900
people keep trying building and 
connecting. 

2055
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:11,900
Think of them as proof that 
we're all part of a long story 

2056
01:43:11,900 --> 01:43:14,100
that started before we were born
and will go on after. 

2057
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:16,300
We're gone. 
The last Light in your room is 

2058
01:43:16,300 --> 01:43:19,800
fading and you're probably 
getting sleepy, which is exactly

2059
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:21,900
what should happen. 
When you read a bedtime story, 

2060
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:25,700
you've been with me on trips to 
ancient building sites, medieval

2061
01:43:25,700 --> 01:43:29,400
manor houses, busy Imperial, 
highways and overgrown, ruins 

2062
01:43:29,400 --> 01:43:31,200
that the forest is slowly taking
back. 

2063
01:43:31,200 --> 01:43:34,100
You walked on pavement that 
people have been walking on for 

2064
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:37,508
2000 years and you thought about
what it means that their work is

2065
01:43:37,516 --> 01:43:39,300
still there. 
Even though their civilization 

2066
01:43:39,300 --> 01:43:42,900
is gone, you've thought about 
why roads are important how they

2067
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:46,100
are made, how they work and what
happens when the systems that 

2068
01:43:46,100 --> 01:43:49,200
keep them up fail, but most 
importantly you've tapped into 

2069
01:43:49,200 --> 01:43:50,800
something basic about being 
human. 

2070
01:43:50,800 --> 01:43:54,700
I need to move connect and get 
past the things that keep us 

2071
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:56,200
from getting to the people and 
places. 

2072
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,600
We want to go roads are one of 
the most basic technologies that

2073
01:43:59,600 --> 01:44:00,400
people. 
Made. 

2074
01:44:00,400 --> 01:44:03,100
They make paths permanent and 
Roots, reliable. 

2075
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:05,300
Because they meet this basic 
need. 

2076
01:44:05,300 --> 01:44:08,200
Every culture in history has 
made them in some way. 

2077
01:44:08,208 --> 01:44:11,500
The old roads that fell apart 
when Empires fell, show us that 

2078
01:44:11,500 --> 01:44:14,900
being strong isn't enough 
infrastructure, needs constant 

2079
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:18,600
care, enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment to the

2080
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:21,800
community, even the best made 
roads will eventually break down

2081
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:25,800
due to water plants Frost, and 
the slow work of nature to 

2082
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:28,200
reclaim them but those same old 
roads. 

2083
01:44:28,200 --> 01:44:30,600
Also, show us how to be strong 
root. 

2084
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:32,600
Stay the same. 
Even when the pavement goes 

2085
01:44:32,600 --> 01:44:35,600
away, local communities, find 
ways to stay connected. 

2086
01:44:35,600 --> 01:44:39,300
Even when the central government
fails and the memory that roads 

2087
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:42,400
used to run straight and true 
across whole continents, gives 

2088
01:44:42,400 --> 01:44:45,500
people hope that they can do the
same things in the future as you

2089
01:44:45,508 --> 01:44:48,300
drift off to sleep. 
You might dream of old roads 

2090
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:50,900
that run through your dreams 
like perfectly straight. 

2091
01:44:50,900 --> 01:44:55,000
Roman highways Mountain paths 
made by Inca engineers and 

2092
01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:57,500
Persian postal routes where 
Messengers ride through the 

2093
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:00,100
night in dreams. 
These roads, might All Connect 

2094
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:03,100
making a network, that goes 
through time and space and 

2095
01:45:03,100 --> 01:45:06,300
connects the Past with the 
present, Rome with now and what 

2096
01:45:06,300 --> 01:45:08,700
has been done with. 
What could be done tomorrow, 

2097
01:45:08,700 --> 01:45:11,300
when you get up and start your 
day, you'll be on the road. 

2098
01:45:11,300 --> 01:45:14,500
You could be Drive-In walking or
even just looking out your 

2099
01:45:14,508 --> 01:45:17,500
window at the street. 
Those roads are part of the 

2100
01:45:17,500 --> 01:45:19,200
same, long story. 
We've been talking about 

2101
01:45:19,200 --> 01:45:22,700
tonight, their modern chapters 
in a story that started when the

2102
01:45:22,700 --> 01:45:25,300
first people decided, that one 
paths could be made better. 

2103
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:28,900
The Roots could be kept up and 
the connection was worth the 

2104
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:31,400
money. 
The old roads have fallen apart,

2105
01:45:31,400 --> 01:45:33,600
but new ones have been built 
some of the roads. 

2106
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:36,700
We used today were last longer 
than our civilization, just like

2107
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:40,700
Roman roads did, some will be 
gone in a few decades, their 

2108
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:43,100
materials were used and their 
paths lost. 

2109
01:45:43,100 --> 01:45:46,600
We can't tell, which is which 
just like Roman Engineers 

2110
01:45:46,600 --> 01:45:48,700
couldn't tell, which of their 
roads, would still be there. 

2111
01:45:48,700 --> 01:45:52,400
2000 years later, but we can 
build carefully, keep it up. 

2112
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:54,900
And remember, that 
infrastructure is always a gift.

2113
01:45:54,908 --> 01:45:56,500
We leave for people will never 
meet. 

2114
01:45:56,500 --> 01:45:58,500
It's a gift that future 
Generations. 

2115
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:02,000
May value, or take for granted, 
but it will always shape their 

2116
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,300
world. 
Your part of this long human 

2117
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:07,800
story of roads and ruins 
connection and Decay building 

2118
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,300
and rebuilding sleep. 
Well, the Journey of Tomorrow is

2119
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,200
waiting for you on roads, that 
link your present all the past 

2120
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:15,700
and future that have come 
before. 

2121
01:46:15,700 --> 01:46:19,300
And Will come off after. 
The road keeps going even though

2122
01:46:19,300 --> 01:46:22,900
some of the roads are falling 
apart, the journey goes on even 

2123
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,300
when people stopped to rest, the
link between the past and the 

2124
01:46:26,300 --> 01:46:30,200
future stays strong though, in 
stone memory and the human 

2125
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:38,600
desire to see what's over the 
next Hill. the first voice came 

2126
01:46:38,600 --> 01:46:42,000
not with thunderous Clarity, but
as a whisper easily mistaken for

2127
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:46,400
Wind Through the garden, I was 
13 Gathering herbs behind my 

2128
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:48,300
father, Jacques house in Dormer,
Ami. 

2129
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:51,800
Most people remember me? 
Describing the voice as 

2130
01:46:51,800 --> 01:46:55,300
appearing with blinding light at
noon, but the truth differs it 

2131
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:58,700
was actually dusk the hour when 
Shadows transform into something

2132
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:01,100
else entirely. 
Jehan. 

2133
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:04,000
It said my name in the old 
tongue. 

2134
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:07,300
It was familiar. 
Not commanding or frightening 

2135
01:47:07,300 --> 01:47:09,300
like someone who had known me 
before. 

2136
01:47:09,300 --> 01:47:13,000
I knew myself, I dropped my 
basket herb scattering across 

2137
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:15,300
soil. 
Still warm from the day's son. 

2138
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,900
no one had prepared me for this 
moment, even though our priest, 

2139
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:22,600
father of a Franti frequently 
spoke about Saints and visions, 

2140
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,400
People imagine I was overcome 
with religious Ecstasy, but my 

2141
01:47:26,400 --> 01:47:29,800
initial reaction was irritation.
I had chores to finish before 

2142
01:47:29,800 --> 01:47:31,800
dark. 
And mother would scold me for 

2143
01:47:31,800 --> 01:47:34,000
dallying only, when the voice 
came again. 

2144
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:36,400
Three days later while I tended 
our sheep, did I begin to 

2145
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:38,400
understand. 
It was Michael, the Archangel 

2146
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,800
though he did not announce 
himself, grandly he simply began

2147
01:47:41,800 --> 01:47:44,100
speaking as if he were 
continuing along established 

2148
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,600
conversation. 
Our village existed in Perpetual

2149
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:50,800
anxiety, the English and 
burgundians raided regularly 

2150
01:47:50,800 --> 01:47:53,200
forcing us to flee with our 
livestock to the nearby 

2151
01:47:53,200 --> 01:47:57,100
fortified island of vocular. 
My father served as a village 

2152
01:47:57,100 --> 01:47:59,500
official Dean. 
They called him and I watched 

2153
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:02,700
how the weight of protecting 
others bet his shoulders, when 

2154
01:48:02,700 --> 01:48:05,000
he returned from bearing, 
neighbors killed in raids. 

2155
01:48:06,500 --> 01:48:11,100
He'd sit silently by our half. 
Staring at nothing. 

2156
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:15,400
This was the inheritance of 
every child in Lorraine. 

2157
01:48:15,400 --> 01:48:18,300
The knowledge that safety was 
temporary violence. 

2158
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:22,400
Inevitable. 
The voices Catherine and 

2159
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:25,200
Margaret joined, Michael. 
Eventually did not immediately 

2160
01:48:25,200 --> 01:48:29,000
speak of saving France. 
They spoke of me how I must 

2161
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:31,200
remain pure, how I must listen 
carefully. 

2162
01:48:32,200 --> 01:48:36,000
People think I was a simple girl
but Simplicity was impossible in

2163
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:40,600
our border region where language
loyalty and custom blurred. 

2164
01:48:40,600 --> 01:48:43,200
We spoke a dialect that was 
neither purely French. 

2165
01:48:43,200 --> 01:48:47,100
Norman we pledged allegiance to 
Lords whose names changed with 

2166
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,000
the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

2167
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:52,700
They told me once though I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

2168
01:48:52,700 --> 01:48:55,200
and had never seen nobility 
safer, occasional passing 

2169
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:58,800
nights, how and quiet my 
ignorance weighing heavily. 

2170
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:03,000
On my mind you will know was all
they answered mother taught me 

2171
01:49:03,008 --> 01:49:05,700
to sow and spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

2172
01:49:05,700 --> 01:49:07,900
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

2173
01:49:08,700 --> 01:49:11,900
Father, taught me to manage our 
few acres and to recognize when 

2174
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:15,900
rain threatened the hay Harvest.
These mundane lessons proved as 

2175
01:49:15,900 --> 01:49:17,800
crucial as anything the voices 
imparted. 

2176
01:49:18,500 --> 01:49:22,200
I hid the voices from everyone. 
Especially my dear friend or 

2177
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:24,400
Viet. 
We gathered flowers for the 

2178
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:27,400
church altars together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

2179
01:49:27,400 --> 01:49:31,000
waded in the Meuse River. 
During Summers heat normalcy 

2180
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:34,200
became my disguise when my 
mother spoke of arranging a 

2181
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,100
marriage with the son of a 
nearby farmer, I neither agreed.

2182
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:39,900
Nor objected though, the voice 
is had already commanded my 

2183
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:44,600
virginity be preserved I simply 
continue spinning wool, kneading

2184
01:49:44,600 --> 01:49:47,700
bread and appearing unchanged 
while something profound 

2185
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:50,300
transformed. 
Within me the summer, it turned 

2186
01:49:50,300 --> 01:49:53,200
16 English forces. 
Pushed deeper into our region. 

2187
01:49:53,200 --> 01:49:55,400
I watched refugees stream 
through. 

2188
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:59,300
Domini women carrying whatever 
possessions they could save men 

2189
01:49:59,300 --> 01:50:02,100
with haunted eyes and children 
to exhausted to cry. 

2190
01:50:02,100 --> 01:50:05,500
They brought stories of 
villages, burned of harvest 

2191
01:50:05,500 --> 01:50:08,900
destroyed and of casual 
cruelties in by mercenary 

2192
01:50:08,900 --> 01:50:11,100
soldiers, who fought for coin 
rather than calls. 

2193
01:50:11,900 --> 01:50:14,300
One night while our family 
sheltered in the church during a

2194
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:16,600
raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

2195
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:20,100
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

2196
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:23,700
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

2197
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:25,800
resolve that matched the voices 
growing urgency. 

2198
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:28,900
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

2199
01:50:28,900 --> 01:50:32,100
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

2200
01:50:32,108 --> 01:50:35,400
kingdom crumbles. 
I am a girl who cannot read. 

2201
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:37,700
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

2202
01:50:38,400 --> 01:50:40,800
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

2203
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:44,700
I laughed aloud at this 
absurdity earning a questioning 

2204
01:50:44,700 --> 01:50:47,100
look from my brother Pierre as 
we gathered kindling in the 

2205
01:50:47,100 --> 01:50:51,200
forest. you were chosen before 
birth Margaret, added not for 

2206
01:50:51,200 --> 01:50:55,300
your knowledge, but for your 
heart, As winter approached 

2207
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:57,900
burgundy and soldiers burned 
part of our village. 

2208
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:00,600
I helped neighbors. 
Salvage what remained of their 

2209
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:03,600
homes by digging through Ash for
cooking pots and for anything 

2210
01:51:03,600 --> 01:51:05,700
usable. 
The voice is grew more. 

2211
01:51:05,700 --> 01:51:09,000
Insistent speaking, not just in 
Quiet Moments, but during daily 

2212
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:12,400
tasks during mass and during 
rare moments of Village 

2213
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:16,900
celebration, go to Learners, 
they commanded Specter, Robert 

2214
01:51:16,900 --> 01:51:21,000
de Boudreaux, the name the 
Garrison Commander, a Gruff 

2215
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:23,700
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 
off are what? 

2216
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:26,200
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

2217
01:51:26,200 --> 01:51:28,800
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

2218
01:51:28,800 --> 01:51:31,900
Only I could hear, but the voice
is left, no room for doubt. 

2219
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:35,600
I would go, I would speak. 
I would begin this impossible 

2220
01:51:35,600 --> 01:51:38,400
Journey. 
So, I planted my hair one. 

2221
01:51:38,400 --> 01:51:39,700
Final time before. 
Cutting it away. 

2222
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,600
Trading A daughter's life for 
something without precedent. 

2223
01:51:42,600 --> 01:51:45,400
My cousin Doohan, Les swath 
thought I was insane. 

2224
01:51:45,400 --> 01:51:47,200
When I asked him to escort me to
vocular. 

2225
01:51:47,800 --> 01:51:50,900
A practical man with calloused 
hands and a Perpetual Furrow 

2226
01:51:50,900 --> 01:51:52,300
between his brows nonetheless 
agreed. 

2227
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:55,600
Perhaps out of curiosity about 
what a transformed his once 

2228
01:51:55,600 --> 01:51:59,400
quiet, cousin into someone who 
spoke with unnerving certainty. 

2229
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:02,000
Three times. 
You will knock on the captain's 

2230
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:04,100
door. 
Catherine told me twice. 

2231
01:52:04,100 --> 01:52:06,700
He will refuse you. 
The third time. 

2232
01:52:06,700 --> 01:52:10,100
He will listen. 
During the January journey to 

2233
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:13,900
vakula, my feet became numb from
wearing worn, leather shoes, 

2234
01:52:13,900 --> 01:52:18,200
Frost glazed the bare trees, 
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 

2235
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:20,600
bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

2236
01:52:20,600 --> 01:52:23,700
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage. 

2237
01:52:24,600 --> 01:52:27,100
Jerome filled silence is with 
nervous chatter about his 

2238
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:28,800
Vineyard and about Village 
gossip. 

2239
01:52:28,800 --> 01:52:31,500
Carefully, avoiding questions 
about my purpose until we 

2240
01:52:31,500 --> 01:52:35,100
crested the final Hill. 
What exactly will you say to 

2241
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:37,300
him? 
He finally asked as vocalists 

2242
01:52:37,300 --> 01:52:40,700
stonewall's, came into view. 
The truth seemed both too simple

2243
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:42,900
and too. 
Extraordinary voice is from 

2244
01:52:42,900 --> 01:52:45,400
Heaven commanded me to seek an 
audience with the Garrison 

2245
01:52:45,400 --> 01:52:48,400
Commander so that I could 
eventually lead the dofan to his

2246
01:52:48,400 --> 01:52:52,700
coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

2247
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:56,200
wishes me to say. 
Boudreaux cause guards snickered

2248
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:58,600
at the sight of me a peasant, 
girl, in a home. 

2249
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:00,900
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander, 

2250
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:03,900
but something in my demeanor 
made them hesitate to Simply 

2251
01:53:03,900 --> 01:53:06,800
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

2252
01:53:06,800 --> 01:53:09,300
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

2253
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:12,900
They brought record to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

2254
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:16,200
me to his quarters, a public 
humiliation intended to 

2255
01:53:16,200 --> 01:53:20,000
discourage further persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

2256
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:21,700
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

2257
01:53:21,700 --> 01:53:25,300
I announced boring formality. 
I'd never needed indomie. 

2258
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:29,600
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

2259
01:53:29,600 --> 01:53:32,600
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

2260
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:35,600
But with the weariness of a man 
besieged by people claiming 

2261
01:53:35,600 --> 01:53:37,700
special knowledge in Desperate 
Times. 

2262
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,700
Returned to your father child, 
he said, learn to improve your 

2263
01:53:41,700 --> 01:53:44,000
thread, spinning skills and of 
telling stories. 

2264
01:53:44,900 --> 01:53:48,200
I did not argue the voices had 
prepared me for rejection. 

2265
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,400
Your own looked relieved as we 
left believing the matter 

2266
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:54,900
concluded, but I remained in 
vocalo, staying with distant 

2267
01:53:54,900 --> 01:53:56,900
relatives. 
The kindly wheel, right? 

2268
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,500
Honoree in his wife Catherine 
larae who took me in despite 

2269
01:54:00,500 --> 01:54:01,900
their confusion about my 
purpose. 

2270
01:54:03,000 --> 01:54:04,900
Daily. 
I attended mass at the chapel of

2271
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:07,300
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 
floors. 

2272
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:10,600
That bruised, my knees. 
Townspeople began noticing. 

2273
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:13,200
The strange girl, who prayed 
with unusual intensity. 

2274
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:16,900
Some mocked me others. 
Sensing something Beyond 

2275
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:20,200
ordinary Faith, began asking for
blessings, for prayers, specific

2276
01:54:20,200 --> 01:54:23,400
to their troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

2277
01:54:23,400 --> 01:54:25,800
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

2278
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:30,400
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

2279
01:54:30,400 --> 01:54:33,700
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through papery skin 

2280
01:54:33,700 --> 01:54:37,300
and prayed anyway. 
When the fever broke three days 

2281
01:54:37,300 --> 01:54:39,300
later, whispers about me changed
10. 

2282
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:41,800
Her, I was back at boudreau's 
door six days. 

2283
01:54:41,800 --> 01:54:45,400
After my initial rejection this 
time, he received me properly in

2284
01:54:45,400 --> 01:54:48,300
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

2285
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:51,100
town. 
Stood before his massive oak 

2286
01:54:51,100 --> 01:54:54,000
desk, my shadow small against 
the stone wall behind me. 

2287
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:57,700
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

2288
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:01,700
greeting, not claims truth. 
The steadiness in my voice 

2289
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:03,600
surprised even me. 
Today. 

2290
01:55:03,600 --> 01:55:09,000
Nearly all are forces of 
suffered defeat, a skirmish near

2291
01:55:09,000 --> 01:55:12,300
a place, called Revere the 
Ambush targeted, men carrying 

2292
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:14,500
Lenten, fish and Provisions for 
the besieged. 

2293
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:17,700
You will receive confirmation of
the situation in days. 

2294
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:21,100
I had not known these words 
would come from my mouth until 

2295
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,300
they emerged the voices had 
whispered to the moments before 

2296
01:55:24,300 --> 01:55:27,800
I understood and his chamber. 
Boudreaux's expression changed 

2297
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:29,900
from skepticism to guarded 
caution. 

2298
01:55:29,900 --> 01:55:33,600
If the story proves true, he 
began. 

2299
01:55:33,600 --> 01:55:37,900
When it proves true, I corrected
you will provide me an escort to

2300
01:55:37,900 --> 01:55:41,800
she know, He dismissed me 
without commitment Messengers, 

2301
01:55:41,800 --> 01:55:44,900
confirmed the battle of the 
herrings four days later while 

2302
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:47,300
my prediction was not 
particularly detailed its 

2303
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:49,900
verification startled, Boudreaux
into taking me. 

2304
01:55:49,900 --> 01:55:54,400
Seriously, on my third visit, he
listened fully I must dress as a

2305
01:55:54,400 --> 01:55:58,000
man, I explained the journey is 
dangerous and I have been 

2306
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:01,300
promised protection. 
If I maintain my virtue, what I 

2307
01:56:01,300 --> 01:56:03,700
didn't say is that the voice is 
sometimes revealed to me, 

2308
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:07,000
glimpses of what awaited road 
crawling with Gun. 

2309
01:56:07,000 --> 01:56:10,300
Dim patrols English archers and 
Forest clearings and rivers 

2310
01:56:10,300 --> 01:56:14,100
swollen with winter melt A woman
traveling would face dangers, 

2311
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:17,400
Beyond enemy soldiers. 
The voice is Promised safety, 

2312
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:20,300
but required Prudence Boudreaux 
commission. 

2313
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:24,100
Male clothing for me, a dark, 
Woolen tunic leggings and a 

2314
01:56:24,100 --> 01:56:25,800
boots that needed stuffing at 
the toes. 

2315
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:28,400
Border. 
Cut my hair even shorter 

2316
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:31,800
cropping it close to my scalp 
when I dressed in these garments

2317
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:34,300
for the first time, the Hawaii 
watched with troubled, 

2318
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:38,100
Fascination, Honore crossed 
himself, Catherine white tears. 

2319
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:42,000
You look honestly, started 
unable to find appropriate 

2320
01:56:42,000 --> 01:56:44,300
words. 
Like God's instrument. 

2321
01:56:44,300 --> 01:56:48,100
I finished for him, though. 
I felt only like myself, simply 

2322
01:56:48,100 --> 01:56:51,400
clad differently, Jeanette, and 
bertrande. 

2323
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:55,500
Pulan G two of boudreau's men. 
Volunteered to accompany me to 

2324
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:57,700
chinon. 
Both later claimed divine 

2325
01:56:57,700 --> 01:56:59,500
inspiration, moved them to offer
an escort. 

2326
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:02,000
But I saw more Earthly 
calculation in their eyes 

2327
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:05,000
curiosity about whether the 
strange girl might truly have 

2328
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:07,700
Heavenly favor whether their 
fortunes might Rise by 

2329
01:57:07,700 --> 01:57:11,400
proximity. 
The night before, departure Bode

2330
01:57:11,400 --> 01:57:15,100
recourse summoned, me once more,
the chambers single candle cast,

2331
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:16,600
dramatic Shadows across his 
face. 

2332
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:18,700
Deepening already severe 
features. 

2333
01:57:19,800 --> 01:57:23,100
If you are deceiving us, if you 
lead my men into danger, through

2334
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,300
false prophecy he let the threat
hang unfinished. 

2335
01:57:27,100 --> 01:57:30,000
I move only as directed I 
answered your men. 

2336
01:57:30,000 --> 01:57:33,900
Safety is precious to heaven. 
He handed me a sword, then not 

2337
01:57:33,900 --> 01:57:36,900
ceremoniously, but with a 
practicality that acknowledge 

2338
01:57:36,900 --> 01:57:39,400
the dangers ahead. 
Can you use this? 

2339
01:57:40,300 --> 01:57:42,700
I had never held a sword before.
It's wait. 

2340
01:57:42,700 --> 01:57:45,200
Surprise me. 
The cool against my palm. 

2341
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:49,400
I will not need to I said, 
others will fight. 

2342
01:57:49,400 --> 01:57:54,300
I carry the standard. 
This answer so specific yet, so 

2343
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:58,400
odd seemed to finally convince 
him, he nodded once, reclaim the

2344
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:01,700
sword and uttered words that 
would become famous, despite 

2345
01:58:01,700 --> 01:58:04,300
their lack of theatrical Flair 
in their actual delivery. 

2346
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:09,400
Go then and let come what comes?
The following morning, February 

2347
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:14,300
23rd, I departed vocular, with 
my small escort, townspeople 

2348
01:58:14,300 --> 01:58:17,200
gathered to watch some, touching
my garments as if I were already

2349
01:58:17,200 --> 01:58:20,200
a saint a woman pressed a rosary
into my hand. 

2350
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:24,300
A blacksmith crossed himself. 
As I passed, I did not look back

2351
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:27,300
at the town's gate, even though 
homesickness was already pulling

2352
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:31,300
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for
a Simplicity that I had now 

2353
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:35,100
irrevocably lost. 
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 

2354
01:58:35,100 --> 01:58:38,400
travel through enemy territory 
and beyond that challenges. 

2355
01:58:38,400 --> 01:58:41,900
I could scarcely imagine but 
Michael's voice accompanied me 

2356
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:46,000
Steady as my heartbeat. 
France is Liberation begins with

2357
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:48,900
each step. 
You take the journey to Shin on 

2358
01:58:48,908 --> 01:58:50,800
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

2359
01:58:50,800 --> 01:58:54,400
We traveled mainly at night 
avoiding main roads, where 

2360
01:58:54,400 --> 01:58:57,500
English and begun Patrol sought 
travelers to Rob or Ransom 

2361
01:58:57,500 --> 01:59:00,500
during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

2362
01:59:00,500 --> 01:59:05,400
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Genre Mets and pulan G insisted 

2363
01:59:05,400 --> 01:59:08,300
I sleep separate from them to 
protect my virtue but 

2364
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:10,700
practicality soon, dissolved 
such courtesies. 

2365
01:59:10,700 --> 01:59:14,900
We huddled together for warmth 
in February's biting, cold my 

2366
01:59:14,900 --> 01:59:17,600
male attire and their owner 
providing sufficient barriers. 

2367
01:59:18,500 --> 01:59:21,500
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

2368
01:59:21,500 --> 01:59:24,500
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

2369
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:27,500
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

2370
01:59:27,500 --> 01:59:31,400
should have intercepted us. 
The wind shifted pooling gear 

2371
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:33,900
remarked, not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

2372
01:59:33,908 --> 01:59:38,300
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

2373
01:59:38,300 --> 01:59:40,500
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

2374
01:59:40,500 --> 01:59:44,400
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

2375
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:47,400
Ford. 
My escorts exchanged meaningful 

2376
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:50,600
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

2377
01:59:50,600 --> 01:59:52,600
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

2378
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:57,100
Will you truly recognize the 
Doha Jean asked one evening as 

2379
01:59:57,100 --> 01:59:58,700
we warmed. 
Our hands over a small 

2380
01:59:58,700 --> 02:00:02,300
carefully, shielded fire They 
say, he often hides among his 

2381
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:06,200
courtiers to test visitors. 
God will identify his anointed. 

2382
02:00:06,200 --> 02:00:09,300
I answered though, privately, I 
wondered how this recognition 

2383
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:11,900
would manifest. 
The voices remained 

2384
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:14,200
frustratingly. 
Vague on practical details. 

2385
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:18,600
We reached Shin on March 6th, 
but two more days passed before 

2386
02:00:18,600 --> 02:00:21,700
gaining entrance to the castle, 
we lodged in the town below 

2387
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:24,700
where I endured the first of 
many examinations by Church 

2388
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:27,600
officials balls and sent to 
determine whether my claims were

2389
02:00:27,600 --> 02:00:31,300
divine inspiration, demonic 
influence, or simple Madness. 

2390
02:00:32,100 --> 02:00:33,800
How can we know God speaks 
through. 

2391
02:00:33,800 --> 02:00:36,100
You demanded. 
An elderly priest, with 

2392
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:39,200
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 
sour from fasting. 

2393
02:00:40,300 --> 02:00:42,000
By the signs that follow. 
I replied. 

2394
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:43,700
Remembering Catherine's 
coaching. 

2395
02:00:44,600 --> 02:00:47,500
God does not ask for Blind 
Faith, but provides confirmation

2396
02:00:47,500 --> 02:00:50,000
for those who truly seek. 
What? 

2397
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:51,800
Signs have you performed? 
None. 

2398
02:00:51,800 --> 02:00:53,700
Yet signs. 
Are not tricks. 

2399
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:55,200
Of The Conjurer performed on 
demand. 

2400
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:59,200
They unfold as needed. 
He seemed satisfied with this 

2401
02:00:59,200 --> 02:01:02,100
answer, which surprised me. 
Later. 

2402
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:05,500
I learned he reported favorably 
on my Orthodoxy noting I 

2403
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:09,100
answered questions about faith 
with simple Clarity rather than 

2404
02:01:09,100 --> 02:01:11,200
elaborate theological 
constructions, that might 

2405
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:15,500
suggest educated heretical 
influences when I eventually 

2406
02:01:15,500 --> 02:01:18,700
gained entry to the castle. 
I faced a plan challenge 

2407
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:22,500
Charles, not yet, crowned and 
increasingly doubtful of his 

2408
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:24,900
legitimacy. 
Had a range for another man to 

2409
02:01:24,900 --> 02:01:28,300
sit on the throne while he stood
among dozens of richly dressed 

2410
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:30,400
courtiers. 
The Great Hall. 

2411
02:01:30,400 --> 02:01:34,000
Blazed, with hundreds of 
candles, they're like reflecting

2412
02:01:34,000 --> 02:01:36,800
off, dueled fingers and Golden 
Threads woven through Noble 

2413
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:39,300
garments. 
The assembled Court, watched 

2414
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:42,800
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

2415
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:45,800
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

2416
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:49,500
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment, my confidence 

2417
02:01:49,500 --> 02:01:53,100
wavered, these were people whose
everyday garments cost more than

2418
02:01:53,100 --> 02:01:56,500
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance brought me here. 

2419
02:01:57,200 --> 02:02:00,400
Then Margaret whispered not in 
my ear but directly within my 

2420
02:02:00,408 --> 02:02:03,300
mind. 
Remember your purpose, you are 

2421
02:02:03,300 --> 02:02:05,700
not sent to be dazzled by 
Earthly riches. 

2422
02:02:06,800 --> 02:02:09,500
Without hesitation, I walked 
directly through the crowd 

2423
02:02:09,500 --> 02:02:12,000
toward a plainly Dressed Man 
Standing among the courtiers 

2424
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:14,900
kneeling before him. 
I said what the voice is 

2425
02:02:14,900 --> 02:02:17,900
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory, 

2426
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:21,300
gentle dofa. 
Charles's face registered shock 

2427
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:23,900
quickly, controlled I am not the
king. 

2428
02:02:23,900 --> 02:02:26,500
He protested. 
Maintaining the charade. 

2429
02:02:27,200 --> 02:02:28,900
I did not call you King. 
I answered. 

2430
02:02:28,900 --> 02:02:33,100
You are the dofa but you will be
king when properly consecrated 

2431
02:02:33,100 --> 02:02:37,900
at his God's will. the court 
mermaid, Charles gestured for 

2432
02:02:37,900 --> 02:02:40,700
seclusion, guiding me to a 
window ledge where we could 

2433
02:02:40,700 --> 02:02:44,700
Converse discreetly If you truly
come from God, he said, quietly 

2434
02:02:44,700 --> 02:02:47,700
tell me something, only Divine 
knowledge could reveal. 

2435
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:51,100
I repeated words, Michael had 
given me during our journey. 

2436
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:53,700
You made a private prayer at All
Saints. 

2437
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:56,800
Last November asking God, for 
confirmation of your right to 

2438
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,700
the throne questioning, whether 
your mother's reputation, spoke 

2439
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:01,900
truth, about your birth, God 
answers. 

2440
02:03:01,900 --> 02:03:05,800
Now you are the legitimate heir 
to France, your suffering is 

2441
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:09,800
seen your doubts are understood,
but you must claim what heaven 

2442
02:03:09,800 --> 02:03:14,600
has preserved for you. 
Charles paled visibly he later 

2443
02:03:14,600 --> 02:03:17,100
confirmed that he had prayed 
this prayer in solitude. 

2444
02:03:17,800 --> 02:03:20,200
That I knew its contents 
convinced him when nothing else 

2445
02:03:20,200 --> 02:03:22,900
might have. 
Yet, despite this private 

2446
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:25,800
conviction, Charles remained 
publicly cautious. 

2447
02:03:25,800 --> 02:03:29,500
I was subjected to further 
examinations including three 

2448
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:32,000
weeks of questioning by 
theologians at poitiers who 

2449
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:34,900
probed for heretical beliefs or 
signs of demonic influence. 

2450
02:03:36,000 --> 02:03:39,200
They examined my body for 
witches marks, questioned by 

2451
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,300
insistence on mayor and tested 
my knowledge of Christian 

2452
02:03:42,300 --> 02:03:45,600
doctrine, what history rarely 
records, is the humiliation of 

2453
02:03:45,600 --> 02:03:48,000
these examinations and the 
indignity of learning men 

2454
02:03:48,000 --> 02:03:52,100
debating, whether my virginity 
indicated Divine protection, or 

2455
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:55,300
simply lack of opportunity. 
As well as whether my voice is 

2456
02:03:55,300 --> 02:03:59,300
were Angels or clever demons, 
One elderly, Theologian 

2457
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:01,100
suggested. 
I might simply suffer from 

2458
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:05,100
female hysteria due to my 
unmarried State perhaps a 

2459
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:08,500
replied evenly but does hysteria
typically predict military 

2460
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:12,800
outcomes or recognized Kings? 
During these weeks of 

2461
02:04:12,800 --> 02:04:16,800
examination, I grew increasingly
frustrated by delays Allie on 

2462
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:19,300
remained Under Siege, its 
situation deteriorating. 

2463
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:23,200
The voices became more urgent. 
Sometimes waking me from sleep 

2464
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:27,400
with commands to move quickly. 
Time Slips Away, Michael warned,

2465
02:04:27,400 --> 02:04:30,600
Francis heart weakens with each 
passengers passing day. 

2466
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:34,400
I petition Charles repeatedly 
for Action, facing resistance 

2467
02:04:34,400 --> 02:04:38,000
from his advisor, Jorge de La 
Crema who viewed me as a threat 

2468
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:41,000
to his influence. 
The maid makes Bold claims. 

2469
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:44,200
He told Charles within my 
hearing yet, prophecies are 

2470
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:47,500
cheap while soldiers lives a 
dire prophecies, may be cheaper 

2471
02:04:47,500 --> 02:04:51,300
it, but the price of ignorance 
is the fall of your kingdom. 

2472
02:04:52,200 --> 02:04:54,700
Charles wavered between 
believing my Divine mandate and 

2473
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,400
fearing the consequences of 
following an unproven visionary.

2474
02:04:58,200 --> 02:05:01,700
What finally convinced him was 
pragmatism all conventional 

2475
02:05:01,700 --> 02:05:05,500
military strategies had failed. 
His treasury emptied while 

2476
02:05:05,500 --> 02:05:07,300
English territory in France 
expanded. 

2477
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:10,600
What harm could come from, 
allowing me to attempt, lifting 

2478
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:12,400
The Siege at all. 
Should I fail? 

2479
02:05:12,400 --> 02:05:15,100
My losses would be minimal 
compared to the Daily losses 

2480
02:05:15,100 --> 02:05:17,900
already. 
Incurred. if I succeeded, the 

2481
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:22,300
reward was in calculable in 
late, April after nearly seven 

2482
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:25,400
weeks of delay in examination. 
Charles, finally granted me my 

2483
02:05:25,400 --> 02:05:28,000
mission. 
I was provided armor made to my 

2484
02:05:28,008 --> 02:05:31,300
measurements lightweight plate, 
that nonetheless felt foreign 

2485
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:34,000
against my body. 
The sword given to me, was 

2486
02:05:34,000 --> 02:05:36,800
servable, but ordinary not the 
special blade. 

2487
02:05:36,800 --> 02:05:40,600
I described seeing in my vision.
There is a sword Meant For Me, 

2488
02:05:40,600 --> 02:05:44,900
Explain to Charles buried behind
the altar at Saint Catherine de 

2489
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:47,100
fierbois. 
It Bears five crosses on its 

2490
02:05:47,100 --> 02:05:49,600
blade and has Lain there since 
Charles martel's time. 

2491
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:52,600
Charles still testing the limits
of My Strange. 

2492
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:54,700
Knowledge. 
Sent men to investigate this 

2493
02:05:54,700 --> 02:05:57,600
oddly specific claim. 
They indeed found an ancient 

2494
02:05:57,600 --> 02:06:01,500
sword buried exactly where 
described its existence unknown 

2495
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:04,800
to the local priests, this sword
became my physical token of 

2496
02:06:04,808 --> 02:06:07,800
divine sanction. 
However, I primarily carried a 

2497
02:06:07,800 --> 02:06:09,400
standard instead of wielding 
weapons. 

2498
02:06:09,400 --> 02:06:13,900
The standard was my design, a 
White Field adorned with fleur 

2499
02:06:13,900 --> 02:06:17,200
de lis bearing. 
The name's Jesus Maria and 

2500
02:06:17,200 --> 02:06:20,200
depicting, God, holding the 
world with angels at his side. 

2501
02:06:20,900 --> 02:06:23,700
This Banner would proceed me 
into battle a visible. 

2502
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,000
Reminder that are caused 
Heavenly blessing. 

2503
02:06:27,100 --> 02:06:30,200
Before departing on. 
I dictated a letter to the 

2504
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:31,900
English commanders surrounding 
Orleans. 

2505
02:06:31,900 --> 02:06:34,300
Warning them to depart from 
France or face. 

2506
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:37,600
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 
Who recorded my words kept 

2507
02:06:37,600 --> 02:06:40,500
glancing up in disbelief as 
increasingly forceful language 

2508
02:06:40,500 --> 02:06:42,300
flowed from The Peasant, girl 
before him. 

2509
02:06:43,300 --> 02:06:46,500
Surrender to the maid sent by 
God, the king of Heaven, you 

2510
02:06:46,500 --> 02:06:48,700
will not hold the kingdom of 
France from God, the king of 

2511
02:06:48,708 --> 02:06:51,800
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,
Charles the true heir. 

2512
02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:57,200
Will hold it for God wills it. 
When read aloud afterward, the 

2513
02:06:57,200 --> 02:07:01,400
word sounded strange to my ears,
both mine and not mine, carrying

2514
02:07:01,400 --> 02:07:03,600
an authority. 
I'd never possessed in domini, 

2515
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:07,000
the courtyards exchanged, 
troubled glances uncertain, 

2516
02:07:07,000 --> 02:07:09,700
whether they witnessed inspired 
prophecy or dangerous delusion. 

2517
02:07:10,800 --> 02:07:14,300
However, Charles had chosen to 
support my journey, Charles had 

2518
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:16,000
gathered equipment and assembled
troops. 

2519
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:18,100
The Impossible campaign was 
about to begin. 

2520
02:07:19,300 --> 02:07:22,500
On the evening before our 
departure for all, I stood alone

2521
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,300
on the castle. 
Ramparts watching spring Stars 

2522
02:07:25,300 --> 02:07:29,800
emerge. home sickness washed 
over me unexpectedly, not for my

2523
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:33,100
Village specifically, but for 
anonymity for the piece of 

2524
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:37,400
tending sheep on quiet Hillside 
Having doubts, Catherine asked 

2525
02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:41,300
her voice gentle within my mind.
No doubts I answered silently. 

2526
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:44,900
Simply a conscious understanding
of what you can't take back. 

2527
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:49,700
The path Narrows before you. 
Shingled remember, why you were 

2528
02:07:49,700 --> 02:07:53,600
chosen not for skill with sword 
or strategy, but for perfect 

2529
02:07:53,600 --> 02:07:56,800
faith in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

2530
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:58,900
No human eyes witness this 
private exchange. 

2531
02:07:59,900 --> 02:08:03,200
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to danger 

2532
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:07,100
or an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

2533
02:08:07,100 --> 02:08:10,700
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

2534
02:08:10,700 --> 02:08:13,600
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

2535
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:17,100
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

2536
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,000
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

2537
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:22,000
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

2538
02:08:22,000 --> 02:08:23,800
between military commanders and 
me. 

2539
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:26,200
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

2540
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:31,500
The Army's veteran captains 
genre and Etienne de Vil. 

2541
02:08:31,500 --> 02:08:33,600
Regarded me with open 
skepticism. 

2542
02:08:33,600 --> 02:08:36,500
They had weathered years of 
defeats and developed cautious. 

2543
02:08:36,500 --> 02:08:41,300
Strategies avoid confrontation 
preserve remaining forces and 

2544
02:08:41,300 --> 02:08:43,400
accept that all Leon would 
eventually fall like other 

2545
02:08:43,400 --> 02:08:47,200
strongholds before it God did 
not send me to follow cautious 

2546
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:49,200
men. 
I informed them during our first

2547
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:51,500
Council. 
Alliance will not fall. 

2548
02:08:51,500 --> 02:08:53,700
We will not merely deliver 
supplies. 

2549
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:55,600
We will break The Siege 
entirely. 

2550
02:08:56,600 --> 02:09:00,100
La here. 
A notorious Soldier known for 

2551
02:09:00,100 --> 02:09:03,000
Creative profanity. 
Stared at me in disbelief. 

2552
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:06,600
With what divine wind to blow 
the English away. 

2553
02:09:06,600 --> 02:09:10,000
They outnumber us, they have 
secured their positions. 

2554
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:12,200
They outnumbered David against 
Goliath. 

2555
02:09:12,200 --> 02:09:15,400
I replied numbers mean nothing 
against God's will. 

2556
02:09:16,900 --> 02:09:20,500
These exchanges established our 
working relationship, they plan 

2557
02:09:20,500 --> 02:09:23,500
according to military experience
and I insisted on more 

2558
02:09:23,500 --> 02:09:26,100
aggressive action than 
conventional wisdom suggested 

2559
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:29,500
was prudent, the compromise that
emerged involved, approaching 

2560
02:09:29,500 --> 02:09:32,800
all Leo from an unexpected 
Direction, crossing the Loire, 

2561
02:09:32,800 --> 02:09:35,200
rather than confronting the 
stronger English positions 

2562
02:09:35,200 --> 02:09:38,200
directly. 
This decision portrayed in 

2563
02:09:38,200 --> 02:09:41,100
Chronicles as my strategic 
Brilliance actually resulted 

2564
02:09:41,100 --> 02:09:44,000
from practical necessity 
combined with fortunate timing. 

2565
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:47,900
Spring rains had made the river 
higher than usual, limiting 

2566
02:09:47,900 --> 02:09:50,600
Crossing points, but also 
focusing English defensive 

2567
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:55,000
positions, my inspiration to 
approach from the East simply 

2568
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:57,800
utilized terrain. 
The English had deemed too 

2569
02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:00,800
difficult to defend heavily We 
reached the Louis. 

2570
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:04,300
Southern Bank on April 29th, 
where I dictated another letter 

2571
02:10:04,300 --> 02:10:07,100
to the English commanders. 
This one delivered by Harold 

2572
02:10:07,100 --> 02:10:10,600
directly to their lines. 
You men of England who have no 

2573
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:14,000
right in this Kingdom of France,
go away into your country, in 

2574
02:10:14,000 --> 02:10:16,800
God's name. 
And if you do not do this, wait 

2575
02:10:16,800 --> 02:10:20,000
Tiding from the maid who will 
come to see you shortly to your 

2576
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,600
very great injury. 
The English soldiers who heard 

2577
02:10:23,600 --> 02:10:26,300
this message? 
Reportedly laughed asking if the

2578
02:10:26,300 --> 02:10:29,700
French had grown so desperate, 
they now sent girls to fight 

2579
02:10:29,700 --> 02:10:32,300
their battles. 
William, Glasgow their Commander

2580
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:35,300
sent back a message, threatening
to burn me as a witch, and hang 

2581
02:10:35,300 --> 02:10:38,100
those who followed me. 
As Heretics of captured, fear, 

2582
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:40,800
clenched, my stomach upon 
hearing this not of burning 

2583
02:10:40,800 --> 02:10:44,300
specifically, but a failure of 
leading others to death, through

2584
02:10:44,300 --> 02:10:48,000
misplaced confidence. that 
night, I prayed longer than 

2585
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:51,500
usual seeking reassurance from 
my voices, who had grown 

2586
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:54,800
somewhat quietus, since my 
departure from shinyo, The 

2587
02:10:54,800 --> 02:10:57,600
English threatened fire. 
I whispered to the darkness of 

2588
02:10:57,600 --> 02:10:59,800
my tent. 
All human flesh. 

2589
02:10:59,800 --> 02:11:02,600
Fears Flames Margaret answered 
compassionately. 

2590
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:06,900
But remember, the true fire is 
God's purpose burning through. 

2591
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:10,100
You it consumes doubt and 
illuminates the path. 

2592
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:14,600
On April 30th, we successfully 
transported supplies into all 

2593
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:18,000
Leon via river barges bringing 
desperately needed Provisions to

2594
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:21,200
the city's Defenders. 
I entered that evening during a 

2595
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:24,500
rainstorm soaked and physically 
exhausted, but filled with 

2596
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:28,300
strange exhilaration citizens 
line, the narrow streets, 

2597
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:32,100
despite the weather, reaching to
touch my armor or standard as if

2598
02:11:32,100 --> 02:11:36,400
I carried a tangible blessing. 
Jack Bouchee, the city treasurer

2599
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:40,100
offered his home for my lodging.
His daughter, Charlotte closest 

2600
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:43,900
to my age among the household 
helped remove my armor that the 

2601
02:11:43,900 --> 02:11:46,600
first evening. 
She gasped, sing bruises, 

2602
02:11:46,600 --> 02:11:49,300
already forming Where Metal and 
pressed against my skin during 

2603
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,000
the long ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

2604
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:55,100
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

2605
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:58,000
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered. 

2606
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:00,300
The truth was. 
I barely noticed. 

2607
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:03,200
Physical discomfort. 
My focus had narrowed to a 

2608
02:12:03,208 --> 02:12:05,100
single purpose. 
Fulfilling. 

2609
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:08,500
What the voice is promised. 
Following day is brought 

2610
02:12:08,500 --> 02:12:12,100
increasing frustration. 
Military commanders insisted on 

2611
02:12:12,100 --> 02:12:16,000
gradual approaches small gains 
and careful conservation of 

2612
02:12:16,000 --> 02:12:19,000
resources. 
I demanded immediate decisive 

2613
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:21,900
action against key, English 
fortifications. 

2614
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:25,600
Each wall Council became a 
battle itself, me against 

2615
02:12:25,600 --> 02:12:30,600
experienced soldiers, who saw my
urgency as naivete on May 4th 

2616
02:12:30,600 --> 02:12:32,400
while commanders deliberated 
yet. 

2617
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:36,500
Another cautious plan, I napped 
briefly in the chamber within 

2618
02:12:36,500 --> 02:12:39,500
dreamlike moments, Michael 
appeared with unusual clarity. 

2619
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:43,800
They attack the Eastern Gate. 
He stated without Preamble now. 

2620
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:48,300
I woke instantly calling for my 
Squire to help with armor. 

2621
02:12:48,900 --> 02:12:51,300
Charlotte who had been mending 
nearby looked startled. 

2622
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:53,800
At my sudden urgency what 
happens. 

2623
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:56,900
She asked. 
Eastern Gate was all. 

2624
02:12:56,900 --> 02:12:59,500
I managed while struggling 
through my padded undergarment 

2625
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:01,800
fighting has begun. 
Indeed. 

2626
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:04,700
While commanders plan English 
forces, had launched a surprise 

2627
02:13:04,700 --> 02:13:07,500
assault against South Loop, one 
of the Cities Eastern 

2628
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:11,100
fortifications, By the time I 
reached the area French 

2629
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:13,300
Defenders were already 
retreating and disarray. 

2630
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:15,600
Without waiting for formal 
orders. 

2631
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,600
I rode directly toward the 
conflict with the standard race 

2632
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:20,000
High. 
Soldiers. 

2633
02:13:20,000 --> 02:13:22,900
Later described the events as 
miraculous noting, how 

2634
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:26,300
retreating men turned back upon 
seeing me and how their broken 

2635
02:13:26,300 --> 02:13:28,800
courage transformed into a 
determined Advance. 

2636
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:32,200
The reality was less mystical, 
but no, less effective. 

2637
02:13:33,300 --> 02:13:36,300
In the confusion of battle, a 
symbolic focal point. 

2638
02:13:37,200 --> 02:13:40,200
Distinctive figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakable Banner, 

2639
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:43,100
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

2640
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:46,500
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

2641
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:49,100
I called my voice carrying 
surprisingly. 

2642
02:13:49,100 --> 02:13:53,000
Well, across the den of combat 
forward, God has delivered them 

2643
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:57,800
into our hands. 
The battle turned by evening. 

2644
02:13:57,800 --> 02:14:01,400
Saint Luke had fallen to our 
forces this Victory while modest

2645
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:05,600
in strategic terms, transformed 
perceptions soldiers, who had 

2646
02:14:05,608 --> 02:14:09,300
doubted began viewing me with 
superstitious or commanders who 

2647
02:14:09,300 --> 02:14:12,400
had dismissed my Council became 
more willing to listen yet 

2648
02:14:12,400 --> 02:14:14,300
challenges to Authority 
continued. 

2649
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:18,200
On May the 5th June Noir, 
attempted to exclude me from 

2650
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:20,400
councils planning operations, 
without my knowledge. 

2651
02:14:20,400 --> 02:14:23,300
Upon discovering this, I 
confronted him directly. 

2652
02:14:23,300 --> 02:14:27,000
Do you believe you can conceal 
God's battle from his messenger?

2653
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:29,400
I demanded interrupting their 
clothes meeting. 

2654
02:14:30,200 --> 02:14:32,300
Why do you plot in Shadows? 
When Heaven watches are 

2655
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:36,700
regardless, Juno intelligent 
politically astute recognize the

2656
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:40,100
changing mood among troops? 
We sought only to spare you the 

2657
02:14:40,100 --> 02:14:43,200
technical details. 
He offered diplomatically Spare 

2658
02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:46,000
me nothing. 
I counted, I was not sent to be 

2659
02:14:46,008 --> 02:14:50,200
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

2660
02:14:50,200 --> 02:14:52,700
on Saint, John LeBlanc and the 
Augustana Fortress took place. 

2661
02:14:52,700 --> 02:14:56,000
This incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

2662
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:57,700
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

2663
02:14:57,700 --> 02:15:00,800
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

2664
02:15:00,808 --> 02:15:03,700
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

2665
02:15:03,700 --> 02:15:07,300
the deadly reign of arrows. 
I wrote forward alone, standard 

2666
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,100
Held High. 
And arrow struck her armor 

2667
02:15:10,100 --> 02:15:13,700
Witnesses later, reported, yet 
she continued as if untouched. 

2668
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:17,600
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate, bruising but 

2669
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:20,300
not penetrating. 
More significant than this, 

2670
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:23,800
minor miracle. 
The psychological effect of my 

2671
02:15:23,800 --> 02:15:27,000
advanced. 
Soldiers Shame by girls courage.

2672
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:30,100
Surged forward, the 
fortification fell by evening 

2673
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:33,600
May 7th brought the decisive 
assault against lateral. 

2674
02:15:33,600 --> 02:15:38,000
The main Fortress controls river
crossing here my Legend and 

2675
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:41,500
reality most dramatically 
intercept, historical accounts 

2676
02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:43,500
described me, taking an arrow to
the shoulder. 

2677
02:15:43,500 --> 02:15:47,200
Having predicted this injury the
previous day, the wound was 

2678
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:49,100
real. 
An English Longbow Arrow, 

2679
02:15:49,100 --> 02:15:52,400
penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

2680
02:15:52,400 --> 02:15:56,300
had been more General Blood will
be drawn tomorrow but not all of

2681
02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:56,800
it. 
French. 

2682
02:15:57,900 --> 02:15:59,700
The pain nearly caused 
unconsciousness. 

2683
02:15:59,700 --> 02:16:03,200
I was pulled from Battle briefly
while the arrow was removed, not

2684
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:06,600
ceremoniously as depicted in 
romantic paintings but with 

2685
02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:10,200
brutal efficiency by a field 
surgeon who feared wound fever 

2686
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:13,800
would set in if the barbed head 
remained embedded He poured 

2687
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:16,300
boiling oil into the wound to 
cauterize, the bleeding pain, 

2688
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:17,900
that exceeded the original 
injury. 

2689
02:16:18,700 --> 02:16:20,400
Wine. 
I gasped afterward. 

2690
02:16:21,200 --> 02:16:24,900
Just a little. 
Instead of wine, they gave me 

2691
02:16:24,908 --> 02:16:28,300
consecrated bread communion 
without formal ceremony 

2692
02:16:28,300 --> 02:16:32,400
Battlefield sacrament. 
The pain receded enough that I 

2693
02:16:32,407 --> 02:16:35,100
could stand again though using 
my right arm remained 

2694
02:16:35,100 --> 02:16:37,200
impossible. 
Military commanders. 

2695
02:16:37,200 --> 02:16:39,500
Seeing my condition, ordered a 
retreat for the day. 

2696
02:16:39,500 --> 02:16:41,400
The assault would resume 
tomorrow. 

2697
02:16:41,400 --> 02:16:43,299
They decided without consulting 
me. 

2698
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:46,500
I heard this decision while 
having my wound bandaged. 

2699
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:50,500
Know, I can't demanded 
struggling back in to partial 

2700
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:53,299
armor despite Charlotte's 
protests, we finished today, 

2701
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:57,200
English resolved wyndalls with 
each passing hour returning to 

2702
02:16:57,200 --> 02:16:59,299
battle with the wound. 
Still fresh became the defining 

2703
02:16:59,299 --> 02:17:02,299
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 
the injured made refusing 

2704
02:17:02,299 --> 02:17:04,799
Retreat standard transferred to 
my left hand. 

2705
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:08,100
While my right arm useless 
rallying troops for the final 

2706
02:17:08,100 --> 02:17:11,700
push as daylight began fading 
What's rarely recorded is how 

2707
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:15,000
fever already began clouding. 
My thoughts, how each movement 

2708
02:17:15,000 --> 02:17:17,900
sent waves of nausea through me 
and how the voices seemed to 

2709
02:17:17,907 --> 02:17:21,400
speak from an increasingly 
enormous distance yet? 

2710
02:17:21,400 --> 02:17:24,500
Purpose carried me forward, when
physical strengths should have 

2711
02:17:24,500 --> 02:17:26,600
failed. 
The English Commander glass, 

2712
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:30,200
Dale, who had promised to burn 
me as a witch died during this 

2713
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:32,200
final assault. 
When a makeshift Bridge 

2714
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:35,900
collapsed beneath him, he 
drowned in the Loire weighed 

2715
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:38,700
down by the very armored meant 
to protect him soldiers. 

2716
02:17:38,700 --> 02:17:41,100
On both sides viewed, his death 
as Divine judgment. 

2717
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:43,799
Superstitious fear spreading 
through remaining, English 

2718
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:47,400
forces by Nightfall, laterale 
had fallen. 

2719
02:17:47,400 --> 02:17:50,799
The Siege that had strangled all
day off for 7 months broke. 

2720
02:17:50,799 --> 02:17:52,600
In just four days of concerted 
action. 

2721
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:56,600
The following morning May 8th 
remaining English troops 

2722
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:58,900
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

2723
02:17:58,900 --> 02:18:01,799
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

2724
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:06,600
All your erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

2725
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:10,200
citizens who had expected either
the starvation or mastercorp 

2726
02:18:10,200 --> 02:18:13,100
instead found themselves. 
Liberated, they credited the 

2727
02:18:13,100 --> 02:18:15,799
maid The Peasant girl from 
Dahmer, who had promised 

2728
02:18:15,799 --> 02:18:18,799
deliverance and against all 
rational, expectation delivered 

2729
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:22,000
it. 
That night fevered and weak from

2730
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:25,000
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

2731
02:18:25,000 --> 02:18:27,500
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

2732
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:31,000
through me, I had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

2733
02:18:31,000 --> 02:18:34,200
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

2734
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:38,299
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

2735
02:18:38,299 --> 02:18:40,100
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

2736
02:18:41,000 --> 02:18:44,600
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

2737
02:18:44,600 --> 02:18:48,200
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling me lepus 

2738
02:18:48,200 --> 02:18:50,900
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

2739
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:52,200
that would follow me through 
history. 

2740
02:18:53,100 --> 02:18:57,400
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching 

2741
02:18:57,400 --> 02:19:01,000
feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

2742
02:19:01,000 --> 02:19:03,299
commands might require by 
Nightfall. 

2743
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:07,799
Lateral had fallen The Siege 
that had strangled all day off 

2744
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:10,600
for seven months broken, just 
four days of concerted action. 

2745
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:14,500
Following morning, May 8th. 
Remaining English troops 

2746
02:19:14,500 --> 02:19:16,900
retreated from positions. 
They'd held since October, 

2747
02:19:16,900 --> 02:19:19,700
abandoning equipment and 
supplies in their haste. 

2748
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:24,600
Allele erupted in Celebration 
Church bells, rang continuously 

2749
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:28,400
citizens who had expectedly the 
starvation or master in Stead 

2750
02:19:28,400 --> 02:19:31,000
found themselves. 
Liberated, they credited the 

2751
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:33,799
maid The Peasant girl, from 
domini who had promised 

2752
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,700
deliverance and against all 
rational expectation delivered 

2753
02:19:36,700 --> 02:19:39,900
it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

2754
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:42,900
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

2755
02:19:42,900 --> 02:19:45,500
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

2756
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:49,000
through me who had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

2757
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:52,200
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

2758
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:56,200
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

2759
02:19:56,200 --> 02:19:58,100
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

2760
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,600
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

2761
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:06,100
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling the lepus

2762
02:20:06,100 --> 02:20:08,900
El door. 
Lear the maid of Orleans a title

2763
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:10,100
that would follow me through 
history. 

2764
02:20:10,100 --> 02:20:15,300
Yet alone in prayer that night, 
I remained simply Jean aching. 

2765
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:19,000
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

2766
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:21,500
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

2767
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:25,300
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

2768
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:28,800
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

2769
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:30,800
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

2770
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:35,000
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices commands traveling 

2771
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:38,100
with thousands of soldiers. 
While I identify female invited 

2772
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:41,100
dangers, obvious to any woman 
Divine protection, not 

2773
02:20:41,100 --> 02:20:44,900
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

2774
02:20:44,900 --> 02:20:47,700
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

2775
02:20:47,700 --> 02:20:49,900
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

2776
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:56,600
We reached Rams on July 16th 
without resistance, its citizens

2777
02:20:56,600 --> 02:20:59,200
lining streets to witness. 
What many had thought impossible

2778
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:02,000
months earlier? 
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 

2779
02:21:02,000 --> 02:21:04,900
that same day, urging 
reconciliation with Charles 

2780
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:08,000
calling on him to make good 
piece, that will last with the 

2781
02:21:08,000 --> 02:21:10,700
rightful King. 
This letter received no 

2782
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:13,200
immediate response but 
represented my growing political

2783
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:15,200
involvement Beyond Battlefield 
leadership. 

2784
02:21:15,200 --> 02:21:19,200
The coronation ceremony on July.
The 17th exists in popular 

2785
02:21:19,200 --> 02:21:21,800
imagination. 
As a triumphant culmination, the

2786
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:25,300
maid standing proudly beside her
King as Divine prophecy as 

2787
02:21:25,300 --> 02:21:28,600
fulfilled. 
Reality contained more nuanced. 

2788
02:21:28,600 --> 02:21:31,700
Indeed, stood near the older 
holding my standard, but 

2789
02:21:31,700 --> 02:21:35,400
experience the ceremony with 
complicated emotions, initially 

2790
02:21:35,400 --> 02:21:38,100
relief. 
Predominated, I had accomplished

2791
02:21:38,100 --> 02:21:40,000
the primary mission of the 
voices had given me. 

2792
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:43,500
Charles knelt before the 
Archbishop received sacred 

2793
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:46,400
anointing from the holy ampulla 
and Rose as King. 

2794
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:49,000
Charles the seventh, his 
legitimacy, no longer 

2795
02:21:49,000 --> 02:21:51,600
questionable. 
As the Archbishop placed the 

2796
02:21:51,600 --> 02:21:54,800
crown on his head, I 
spontaneously broken into tears.

2797
02:21:54,800 --> 02:21:59,100
Now God's work is accomplished. 
I told him afterward during the 

2798
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:01,600
celebration Feast where I was 
granted a position of Honor. 

2799
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:05,200
You are the true king of France 
by holy coronation as well as by

2800
02:22:05,200 --> 02:22:07,900
birth. 
Charles emotionally moved, 

2801
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,600
despite his typically. 
Reserved nature asked, what 

2802
02:22:10,600 --> 02:22:13,900
reward I desired for my service 
courteous leaned forward, 

2803
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:18,100
anticipating requests for titles
lands and wealth, the normal 

2804
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:22,200
currency of Royal gratitude. 
Grant tax exemption to Dom Remi,

2805
02:22:22,200 --> 02:22:25,600
I requested instead my people 
are poor and have suffered much 

2806
02:22:25,600 --> 02:22:29,600
from the war's Passage. 
This modest request enhanced my 

2807
02:22:29,608 --> 02:22:32,900
reputation for saintly 
disinterest, in worldly gain as 

2808
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:35,200
it costs the crown, almost 
nothing and showed my lack of 

2809
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,800
personal ambition. 
The voice is never promised a 

2810
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:40,800
personal reward for completing 
Heaven's tasks. 

2811
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:44,200
My future remained conspicuously
absent from their pronouncements

2812
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:47,700
that evening alone in Chambers 
provided within the archbishop's

2813
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:51,500
palace experience. 
Something unprecedented Silence 

2814
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:55,400
from the voices that had guided 
me since age 13 I prayed for 

2815
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:58,900
hours, seeking their familiar 
presence but encountered only 

2816
02:22:58,900 --> 02:23:02,200
ordinary Stillness. 
Have I failed in some manner. 

2817
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:06,500
I finally asked aloud desperate 
for a response Catherine's voice

2818
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:09,500
when it finally came sounded 
distant as if speaking across 

2819
02:23:09,500 --> 02:23:12,400
enormous separation. 
The path, divides. 

2820
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,400
Before You One Direction, leads 
to Earthly Glory. 

2821
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:18,400
But spiritual Peril, the other 
is bodily suffering, but 

2822
02:23:18,400 --> 02:23:21,500
Heavenly Triumph. 
Which should I choose? 

2823
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:25,100
I begged but receive no answer. 
The voice is diminishing 

2824
02:23:25,100 --> 02:23:27,100
Clarity. 
Troubled, me deeply as we 

2825
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:30,400
departed Rams on July 20th for 
years. 

2826
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:32,500
They had provided unmistakable 
Direction. 

2827
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:36,800
Now at the moment of greatest 
public Acclaim, their guidance, 

2828
02:23:36,800 --> 02:23:40,500
grew ambiguous precisely when 
political complexity demanded, 

2829
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:44,300
the clearest understanding 
Charles and his advisors favored

2830
02:23:44,300 --> 02:23:47,900
consolidating recent gains 
negotiating with burgundy and 

2831
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:50,700
avoiding confrontation with 
primary English forces. 

2832
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:54,800
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

2833
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:56,400
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

2834
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:58,600
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

2835
02:23:58,600 --> 02:24:02,300
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

2836
02:24:02,300 --> 02:24:05,700
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking in political 

2837
02:24:05,700 --> 02:24:07,800
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

2838
02:24:07,800 --> 02:24:11,400
And me, still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

2839
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:15,000
forces from France in entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

2840
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:17,600
all Leon so you could stop 
halfway to complete Liberation. 

2841
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:21,900
I argued during counsel's Paris 
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 

2842
02:24:21,900 --> 02:24:23,500
it and the English position 
collapses. 

2843
02:24:24,600 --> 02:24:27,000
What I couldn't share was my 
growing fear that time was 

2844
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:30,200
running out, and that the fading
of the voices signaled, an 

2845
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:34,200
impending end to Divine favor, 
This created urgency, I couldn't

2846
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:36,600
fully explain to military 
commanders, accustomed to 

2847
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:39,600
deliberate campaigns. 
As we traveled through recently,

2848
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:42,500
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

2849
02:24:42,500 --> 02:24:45,600
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

2850
02:24:45,600 --> 02:24:47,500
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

2851
02:24:48,600 --> 02:24:51,600
Women wept openly seeing in me 
something that transcended 

2852
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:55,300
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

2853
02:24:55,300 --> 02:24:57,600
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

2854
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:01,500
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

2855
02:25:01,500 --> 02:25:04,800
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte Dale Brett, a 

2856
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:07,000
noblewoman who had joined our 
traveling court and attempted to

2857
02:25:07,008 --> 02:25:09,000
collect my discarded. 
Garments, as relics. 

2858
02:25:09,000 --> 02:25:11,800
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in myself. 

2859
02:25:12,600 --> 02:25:15,800
Yet, God chose you. 
She countered that distinction 

2860
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,900
itself, makes you extraordinary.
this growing Cult of Personality

2861
02:25:19,900 --> 02:25:23,400
served immediate political 
purposes, rallying support, for 

2862
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:27,400
Charles, demonstrating Divine 
favor for his rule, but created 

2863
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,300
complications, I was ill 
equipped to navigate Each 

2864
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:34,600
miraculous attribution each 
story embellished in retelling 

2865
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:37,800
placed me further from the 
simple girl who had left on Remy

2866
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:40,400
leaving Heaven's instructions 
were straightforward. 

2867
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:44,200
By Late July Charles had begun 
secret negotiations with 

2868
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:47,300
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 
resolution, while publicly 

2869
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:50,900
maintaining military pressure. 
This strategy made political 

2870
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:52,600
sense. 
But contradicted, the voices 

2871
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:55,500
increasingly sporadic. 
Instructions for complete 

2872
02:25:55,500 --> 02:25:57,000
Liberation through direct 
action. 

2873
02:25:58,200 --> 02:26:00,700
The resulting tension manifested
and Council debates. 

2874
02:26:00,700 --> 02:26:03,000
Where my previously, decisive 
guidance. 

2875
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:06,500
Now competed with experienced 
political advisors offering 

2876
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:10,400
conventional alternatives. you 
are not sent to negotiate 

2877
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:14,000
half-measures, Michael told me 
during rare communication, we 

2878
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:18,100
must fully cleanse France of 
foreign presence Yet when I 

2879
02:26:18,100 --> 02:26:21,100
repeated such sentiments to 
Charles and his counselors, they

2880
02:26:21,100 --> 02:26:23,500
increase increasingly regarded 
them as military unrealistic and

2881
02:26:23,500 --> 02:26:26,300
politically naive. 
The maid had served her purpose 

2882
02:26:26,300 --> 02:26:29,700
in delivering coronation now 
practical, governance required, 

2883
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:32,900
comprises Heaven seemed 
unwilling to acknowledge this 

2884
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:36,400
Divergence would soon lead to 
Paris and decisions that would 

2885
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,400
alter my path. 
Irrevocably August found us 

2886
02:26:39,400 --> 02:26:41,700
advancing incrementally toward 
Paris while Charles 

2887
02:26:41,700 --> 02:26:45,200
simultaneously pursued, 
negotiation with burgundy, this 

2888
02:26:45,200 --> 02:26:48,400
contradictory approach military 
pressure paired with diplomatic 

2889
02:26:48,400 --> 02:26:52,300
Outreach created, strategic 
confusion, Well, we truly 

2890
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:55,600
attempting to recapture Paris or
merely demonstrating military 

2891
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,300
capability to strengthen 
Charles's negotiating position. 

2892
02:26:59,400 --> 02:27:02,200
The Duke of Bedford English 
Regent for their child, King 

2893
02:27:02,200 --> 02:27:05,900
Henry, the sick recognized our 
momentum and retreated from 

2894
02:27:05,900 --> 02:27:08,900
direct confrontation reinforcing
Paris. 

2895
02:27:08,900 --> 02:27:11,000
While yielding smaller 
surrounding territories. 

2896
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:15,400
On August 14th. 
Charles signed a 15-day truce 

2897
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:18,400
with burgundy, supposedly, 
creating space for peace 

2898
02:27:18,400 --> 02:27:21,400
negotiations, while actually 
providing English forces. 

2899
02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:23,800
Critical time to strengthen 
paris's defenses. 

2900
02:27:23,800 --> 02:27:27,600
I oppose this truce vehemently 
sensing opportunities slipping 

2901
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,000
away. 
While you exchange Pleasant 

2902
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:32,800
messages are enemies, rebuild 
walls, and restore courage. 

2903
02:27:32,800 --> 02:27:36,800
I warned Charles the moment for 
decisive action passes with each

2904
02:27:36,800 --> 02:27:41,700
day of delay, The voices though.
Less frequent reinforced. 

2905
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:45,300
This urgency. 
Paris must not remain in enemy 

2906
02:27:45,300 --> 02:27:47,400
hands, Margaret insisted during 
prayer. 

2907
02:27:47,400 --> 02:27:50,600
The city's, Liberation will 
break English resolved 

2908
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:54,800
completely Charles wavered 
between my continued insistence 

2909
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:57,800
on Divine mandate and his 
counselors emphasis on political

2910
02:27:57,800 --> 02:28:00,500
reality. 
The compromised that emerged 

2911
02:28:00,500 --> 02:28:04,100
satisfied, no one our forces 
would advance to paris's 

2912
02:28:04,100 --> 02:28:05,800
outskirts but avoid full of 
salt. 

2913
02:28:05,800 --> 02:28:09,400
While negotiations continued by 
late August, we established 

2914
02:28:09,400 --> 02:28:13,100
positions at sandini within 
sight of paris's Northern walls.

2915
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:15,500
The city's proximity affected 
me. 

2916
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:18,400
Strangely after months of 
campaigning focused on the 

2917
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:22,000
subjective actually seeing its 
towers and spires created an 

2918
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:24,800
almost physical yearning to 
complete what the voice is had 

2919
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:27,700
promised. 
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 

2920
02:28:27,700 --> 02:28:31,000
along positions facing the city 
studying defenses planning 

2921
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:33,900
approaches and praying for Clear
instruction that came with 

2922
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,800
decreasing reliability. 
The truce with burgundy expired 

2923
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:40,300
without meaningful agreement on 
September 8th. 

2924
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:42,800
I convinced our commanders to 
attempt an assault against 

2925
02:28:42,800 --> 02:28:46,100
paris's defenses near the Sant 
honorary gate despite Charles 

2926
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:48,100
withholding full support for the
operation. 

2927
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:51,500
This partial commitment meant 
attacking with insufficient 

2928
02:28:51,500 --> 02:28:54,600
forces against prepared 
positions, a military mistake 

2929
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:56,900
Justified only by my 
increasingly desperate 

2930
02:28:56,900 --> 02:29:00,000
insistence that heaven would 
provide necessary advantage. 

2931
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,100
God will blind their Gunners. 
I promised troops assembled for 

2932
02:29:04,100 --> 02:29:06,500
the assault. 
Divine protection, covers us as 

2933
02:29:06,500 --> 02:29:10,900
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 
The attack commenced at noon 

2934
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:14,100
initial progress. 
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 

2935
02:29:14,100 --> 02:29:16,900
We reached the outer moat with 
minimal casualties and 

2936
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:18,900
established positions within 
bow. 

2937
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:22,000
Range of the walls. 
Led a contingent testing depth 

2938
02:29:22,000 --> 02:29:24,800
that the inner emote seeking 
Crossing points, while carrying 

2939
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:27,000
my standard forward as visible 
inspiration. 

2940
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:31,600
Then reality asserted itself. 
Brutally Paris is Defenders had 

2941
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,000
prepared thoroughly during the 
negotiation delays. 

2942
02:29:34,000 --> 02:29:38,900
Canon and crossbow, fire rain 
down upon exposed positions the 

2943
02:29:38,900 --> 02:29:42,400
moat proved deeper than expected
is bottom studded with sharp and

2944
02:29:42,408 --> 02:29:44,200
Stakes. 
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 

2945
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:47,600
men died, attempting Crossing 
that proved impossible without 

2946
02:29:47,600 --> 02:29:51,300
proper equipment. 
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 

2947
02:29:51,300 --> 02:29:53,500
bolt. 
Struck my thigh penetrating 

2948
02:29:53,500 --> 02:29:56,400
deeply. 
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 

2949
02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:58,400
wound immediately incapacitated 
me. 

2950
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:01,800
I continued shouting 
encouragement from where I fell.

2951
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:05,400
Insisting the attack continued 
despite my condition but 

2952
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:08,400
commanders ordered Retreat upon 
seeing the standard Bearer down.

2953
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:12,500
Soldiers carried me from the 
battlefield as Darkness fell our

2954
02:30:12,500 --> 02:30:14,100
forces with drawing and 
frustration. 

2955
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:17,700
Rather than defeat we had never 
established positions from which

2956
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:21,000
Victory was possible. 
The wound itself, while painful 

2957
02:30:21,000 --> 02:30:24,200
would heal cleanly, the 
spiritual injury, proved more 

2958
02:30:24,200 --> 02:30:27,700
significant for the first time I
had promised divine intervention

2959
02:30:27,700 --> 02:30:32,100
that fail to materialize. why I 
whispered that night, while 

2960
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:34,900
surgeons extracted the bolt 
using methodical cruelty 

2961
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:38,700
necessary to prevent festering, 
Why was Paris denied to us? 

2962
02:30:38,700 --> 02:30:42,100
When all he was granted. 
The voices remained silent 

2963
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,500
through hours of pain, there are
absence felt more painful than 

2964
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:48,200
physical harm had. 
They abandoned me due to some 

2965
02:30:48,208 --> 02:30:51,200
failure, had I misunderstood 
Heaven's intent all along. 

2966
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:56,100
Charles receiving news of the 
failed, assault ordered 

2967
02:30:56,100 --> 02:30:58,200
immediate withdrawal from 
paris's facility. 

2968
02:30:59,100 --> 02:31:02,200
In my view, this sensible 
military decision, represented a

2969
02:31:02,200 --> 02:31:04,900
personal betrayal. 
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 

2970
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:08,400
in favor of political 
convenience, When I was finally 

2971
02:31:08,400 --> 02:31:11,500
permitted an audience, three 
days later, I found that he was 

2972
02:31:11,500 --> 02:31:14,000
already reframing recent events 
for the courtiers. 

2973
02:31:14,700 --> 02:31:17,000
There made accomplished what God
sent her to do. 

2974
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,900
He explained smoothly? 
All Leon liberated coronation 

2975
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:23,300
achieved. 
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 

2976
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:26,800
paris's immediate recovery. 
You speak for heaven. 

2977
02:31:26,800 --> 02:31:29,900
Now a challenge him struggling 
to stand straight. 

2978
02:31:29,900 --> 02:31:32,800
Despite the pain in my bandaged 
leg the mission remains 

2979
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:35,400
incomplete while Englishman 
occupy, French soil. 

2980
02:31:35,400 --> 02:31:39,300
Charles regarded me with the 
complex emotion, gratitude for 

2981
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:42,600
past service tempered by growing
political inconvenience of my 

2982
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:45,800
unyielding position. 
France's restoration will 

2983
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:49,800
require years, not months. 
He said, gently Even Heaven, 

2984
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:52,800
Must recognize Earthly 
limitations this exchange 

2985
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:54,300
marked. 
A fundamental shift in our 

2986
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:57,600
relationship where Charles had 
once needed my perceived Divine 

2987
02:31:57,600 --> 02:32:01,700
sanction to legitimize his rule 
successful coronation, now 

2988
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:04,900
provided independent Authority. 
The maid remained useful 

2989
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:08,200
symbolically, but increasingly 
problematic practically as 

2990
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,200
military campaigns transition 
toward diplomatic Solutions, 

2991
02:32:11,200 --> 02:32:13,400
requiring compromise and voices 
prohibited. 

2992
02:32:14,100 --> 02:32:17,500
Through Autumn a company, the 
Royal Court as it with Drew to 

2993
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:19,100
safer territories along the 
Loire. 

2994
02:32:19,100 --> 02:32:22,200
My wound healed gradually. 
While my position diminished 

2995
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:25,400
subtly, Still honored 
ceremonially but increasingly 

2996
02:32:25,400 --> 02:32:27,200
excluded from meaningful 
councils. 

2997
02:32:28,100 --> 02:32:30,400
Charles granted me Noble. 
Status in December. 

2998
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:33,400
Providing arms depicting. 
A sword supporting the crown 

2999
02:32:33,400 --> 02:32:35,400
beneath the fleur de lis 
recognition. 

3000
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:39,000
That pacified my supporters, 
while effectively sidelining me 

3001
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:42,600
from direct military command. 
This period marked my most 

3002
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:46,500
difficult spiritual challenge, 
the voices returned into Mitty. 

3003
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:50,400
But spoke with disturbing and 
consistency, Michael demanded 

3004
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:54,100
aggressive action while 
Catherine, counseled patience. 

3005
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:57,600
Margaret sometimes suggested 
accepting, a ceremonial role 

3006
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:00,800
within Charles's court, but she 
also insisted that my work 

3007
02:33:00,800 --> 02:33:04,000
remained unfinished. 
These contradictions created 

3008
02:33:04,000 --> 02:33:06,100
profound out. 
I had never experienced during 

3009
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:09,000
the clarity of early 
missionaries had some of the 

3010
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:10,800
voices. 
I heard been false all along 

3011
02:33:10,800 --> 02:33:13,000
was. 
I now miss hearing Divine 

3012
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,400
instruction, or was Heaven 
itself. 

3013
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:17,600
Divided on France's proper path 
forward. 

3014
02:33:18,400 --> 02:33:22,200
Christmas 1429 found me in 
ceremonial attendance at court 

3015
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:25,500
celebrations, outwardly honored,
but inwardly conflicted. 

3016
02:33:25,500 --> 02:33:28,700
I watched a labret. 
Pageantry commemorating 

3017
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,000
Charles's coronation 
performance. 

3018
02:33:31,000 --> 02:33:34,200
Is that already Incorporated 
stylized depiction of the maid 

3019
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,900
as a semi mythical figure. 
Guiding France's resurgence. 

3020
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:42,500
The actual jahani still bandaged
increasingly isolated observed, 

3021
02:33:42,500 --> 02:33:45,400
her transformation into a symbol
with growing discomfort. 

3022
02:33:46,200 --> 02:33:49,000
That Knight kneeling alone in 
the castle Chapel long after 

3023
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:52,100
formal Services concluded. 
I experienced the voices with 

3024
02:33:52,100 --> 02:33:54,500
unusual Clarity after months of 
ambiguity. 

3025
02:33:55,400 --> 02:33:58,200
Your time grows short. 
Michael stated without Preamble,

3026
02:33:58,200 --> 02:34:01,400
you must continue the fight, 
while Freedom remains yours. 

3027
02:34:02,200 --> 02:34:03,900
The king no longer heeds, my 
counsel. 

3028
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:07,000
I protested commanders, follow 
his Direction, not mine. 

3029
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:09,300
Then you must act in 
dependently. 

3030
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:12,600
Viewer came the reply better 
capture by enemies than 

3031
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:14,400
surrender to comfortable 
irrelevance. 

3032
02:34:14,400 --> 02:34:17,400
Well though troubling this 
guidance, offered direction that

3033
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:22,300
I had been lacking for months. 
As 1429 ended her to escape the 

3034
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:25,200
increasingly gilded, constraints
of Court life and returned to 

3035
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:27,800
direct action. 
Even without Royal sanction, 

3036
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,300
this decision tactically 
questionable politically naive 

3037
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:34,500
would determine my fate in ways.
The voice is never clearly 

3038
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:36,700
revealed the New Year began with
me. 

3039
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:39,600
Effectively sidelined at court 
while Charles pursued diplomatic

3040
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:43,600
arrangements, with burgundy. 
I chafed at inactivity sensing 

3041
02:34:43,600 --> 02:34:46,700
precious time wasting, while the
voice is growing, increasingly 

3042
02:34:46,700 --> 02:34:51,500
urgent about continuing France's
liberation By March 1430. 

3043
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:55,900
I could best ceremonial 
confinement, no longer Without 

3044
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:59,100
Royal permission. 
Technically desertion though my 

3045
02:34:59,100 --> 02:35:02,100
status remained ambiguous, I 
departed secretly with a small 

3046
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:05,400
company of loyal followers. 
We rode for compean, 

3047
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:08,300
strategically, vital Town, 
threatened by The Burgundian 

3048
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:11,600
forces north of Paris. 
This decision reflected both 

3049
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:15,100
military logic and the voices 
insistence that action could not

3050
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:18,500
await Royal convenience. 
My departure created political 

3051
02:35:18,500 --> 02:35:21,900
complications for Charles, who 
neither officially commend nor 

3052
02:35:21,900 --> 02:35:24,900
endorsed by independent 
operation, this ambiguity, 

3053
02:35:24,900 --> 02:35:27,900
proved ultimately fatal had I 
remained clearly under Royal 

3054
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:30,200
protection. 
Subsequent events might have 

3055
02:35:30,200 --> 02:35:35,000
unfolded differently. 
We reached compean April, where 

3056
02:35:35,000 --> 02:35:38,400
the town's Governor gilo de la 
vie, welcome to reinforcement 

3057
02:35:38,400 --> 02:35:41,900
despite its unofficial nature 
begun forces. 

3058
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:45,000
Under Luxembourg had been 
methodically isolating, the town

3059
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:49,600
capturing surrounding positions 
Our arrival boosted Defender, 

3060
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:52,100
morale temporarily. 
But the Strategic situation 

3061
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:56,700
remained precarious. 
On May the 23rd, I led a sortie 

3062
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,400
against positions at marketing 
initially achieving surprise. 

3063
02:36:01,200 --> 02:36:03,400
However, enemy reinforcements 
arrived quickly. 

3064
02:36:03,400 --> 02:36:07,100
Forcing retirement toward the 
town as our forces retreated 

3065
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:09,700
across the single Bridge into 
comprehend disaster. 

3066
02:36:09,700 --> 02:36:12,800
Struck the drawbridge raised. 
Prematurely stranding. 

3067
02:36:12,800 --> 02:36:17,200
Rear guard Defenders, including 
my sieve outside the walls. 

3068
02:36:18,300 --> 02:36:21,500
Accounts of this moment, very 
dramatically some claim 

3069
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:24,900
deliberate betrayal by flavy who
supposedly ordered early closure

3070
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:27,900
knowing I would be captured 
others suggested simple 

3071
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:30,300
miscommunication during confused
withdrawal. 

3072
02:36:30,300 --> 02:36:34,100
The voices had warned of 
betrayal for months, trust, Only

3073
02:36:34,100 --> 02:36:37,300
Heaven not changeable men. 
Michael had cautioned 

3074
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:40,400
repeatedly, but provided no 
specific protection against this

3075
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:43,000
development. 
The Gundy and soldiers, 

3076
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,600
surrounded me. 
And after a brief battle, they 

3077
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:49,700
pulled me from my horse. 
A mine and nobleman Lionel of 

3078
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:51,100
one. 
Donnie claim. 

3079
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:53,300
My surrender. 
Technically, capturing Me by 

3080
02:36:53,300 --> 02:36:56,300
laying hand on my leg, according
to contemporary accounts. 

3081
02:36:57,000 --> 02:36:59,600
My sword raised to continue 
resistance lowered, upon 

3082
02:36:59,600 --> 02:37:01,700
recognition. 
That futile struggle would only 

3083
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:04,800
result in unnecessary deaths 
among my few remaining 

3084
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:08,200
companions. 
I am worth more alive for ransom

3085
02:37:08,200 --> 02:37:10,400
than dead. 
I told one Dawn in a practical 

3086
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:13,100
manner, even though I knew that 
the ransom would likely never 

3087
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:15,600
materialize. 
The voice is had never 

3088
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:18,800
specifically predicted capture. 
That had indicated, great 

3089
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:21,100
suffering layer ahead as part of
Heaven's plan. 

3090
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:25,800
Initially captivity seemed 
relatively benign, Luxembourg 

3091
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:28,100
treated me as a valuable 
prisoner rather than a criminal 

3092
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:30,600
housing. 
Me reasonably at his castle at 

3093
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:32,900
boulier. 
I made one escape attempt, 

3094
02:37:32,900 --> 02:37:36,100
nearly succeeding by squeezing 
between wooden bars before being

3095
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:38,600
recaptured and transferred. 
To more secure confinement. 

3096
02:37:38,600 --> 02:37:42,900
At borova Castle there 
luxembourg's aren't Jan and wife

3097
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:45,400
Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

3098
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:48,200
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentle 

3099
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:51,300
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

3100
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:55,900
Their compassion, the first 
feminine companionship I'd 

3101
02:37:55,900 --> 02:37:59,500
experienced since leaving domme 
tempted me toward compromise, I 

3102
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:03,000
knew the voices would forbid. 
Why must I maintain a male 

3103
02:38:03,000 --> 02:38:04,800
appearance now that fighting has
ended? 

3104
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:08,700
I asked during prayer, receiving
Catherine's uncompromising 

3105
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:12,700
response, your mission hasn't 
changed, with capture male 

3106
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:16,300
attire remains both practical 
protection and a visible sign of

3107
02:38:16,300 --> 02:38:18,400
a Divine exception to worldly 
constraints. 

3108
02:38:19,700 --> 02:38:22,600
News reached me at borova the 
comprehension situation. 

3109
02:38:22,600 --> 02:38:26,700
Worsen daily in desperation. 
I attempted a second Escape in 

3110
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:30,200
October this time jumping from 
the tower window, approximately 

3111
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:33,800
70 feet above ground. 
The fall should have proof fatal

3112
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:36,400
that I survived with only 
bruising and temporary. 

3113
02:38:36,400 --> 02:38:39,900
Unconsciousness was later 
presented as either a miracle or

3114
02:38:39,900 --> 02:38:43,600
evidence of demonic protection. 
Depending on The Interpreter. 

3115
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:47,100
By November political 
machinations surrounding my 

3116
02:38:47,100 --> 02:38:50,900
captivity clarified horribly. 
The English recognizing my 

3117
02:38:50,900 --> 02:38:54,200
symbolic value arranged a 
purchase from Luxembourg for 

3118
02:38:54,208 --> 02:38:58,200
10,000 Libras a substantial. 
Sum indicating my importance to 

3119
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:01,000
their strategy. 
Charles made no counter offer. 

3120
02:39:01,000 --> 02:39:03,400
Effectively abandoning me to the
enemies judgment. 

3121
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:06,700
The English faced a dilemma 
regarding my disposition. 

3122
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:10,100
Simple, execution of a captured 
enemy combatant would risk. 

3123
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:12,500
Martyred him potentially 
strengthening French Resistance 

3124
02:39:12,500 --> 02:39:16,400
rather than weakening it. 
A more complex strategy emerged.

3125
02:39:16,400 --> 02:39:19,400
Systematic, destruction of my 
Divine claims through 

3126
02:39:19,400 --> 02:39:21,800
ecclesiastical condemnation for 
heresy. 

3127
02:39:21,800 --> 02:39:25,600
This approach would not only 
eliminate me physically but more

3128
02:39:25,600 --> 02:39:29,900
importantly, delegitimize. 
Everything I represented Divine 

3129
02:39:29,900 --> 02:39:33,100
sank, for Charles's Rule and 
Heaven, support for French 

3130
02:39:33,100 --> 02:39:35,000
Resurgence against English 
occupational. 

3131
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:38,200
In December 1430. 
They transferred me to rule 

3132
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:41,500
firmly within English, 
controlled territory conditions,

3133
02:39:41,500 --> 02:39:44,400
deteriorated immediately. 
I was placed in secular prison 

3134
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:48,100
rather than ecclesiastical 
custody normally accorded, those

3135
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:51,900
facing religious charges 
confined in Iron shackles and 

3136
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:54,900
guarded continuously by Common 
soldiers, whose Behavior range 

3137
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:57,400
from verbal abuse to attempted 
assault. 

3138
02:39:58,200 --> 02:39:59,800
Why does heaven permit such 
treatment? 

3139
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:02,300
I asked during increasingly. 
Desperate prayers. 

3140
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:04,700
What purpose does this suffering
serve? 

3141
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:10,500
remember Christ before Pilate 
Margaret answered truth remains 

3142
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:15,700
truth, even when power condemns 
it, The trial officially began. 

3143
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:19,200
February 21st 1431, and a bishop
Pierre. 

3144
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:22,000
Kacchan, whose appointment 
revealed the proceedings 

3145
02:40:22,000 --> 02:40:25,100
predetermined nature. 
He was a known English 

3146
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:28,000
sympathizer with personal 
animosity toward me. 

3147
02:40:28,800 --> 02:40:31,400
Assessors and judges were 
carefully selected to ensure the

3148
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:34,000
desired outcome though. 
It was technically an 

3149
02:40:34,000 --> 02:40:36,500
ecclesiastical Court. 
The proceedings were entirely 

3150
02:40:36,500 --> 02:40:38,600
controlled by English 
authorities. 

3151
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:42,500
Looking Back Now across times 
distance, I see legal 

3152
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:45,900
complexities, I couldn't 
recognize then my request for 

3153
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:48,500
balanced representation from 
both English, and French. 

3154
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:52,400
Clerics, was denied my appealed 
to the pope technically my 

3155
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,000
right? 
Under Church law was ignored 

3156
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:56,600
most Crawley. 
Highly Educated theologians 

3157
02:40:56,600 --> 02:41:00,700
denied, me Council, twisting, 
simple statements into heretical

3158
02:41:00,700 --> 02:41:03,900
formulation. 
Do you believe yourself to be in

3159
02:41:03,900 --> 02:41:05,800
God's grace call? 
Sean asked early in the 

3160
02:41:05,808 --> 02:41:08,700
proceedings? 
A theological trap answering? 

3161
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:12,000
Yes, would imply a presumption 
that is condemned by church 

3162
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:15,100
doctrine while answering. 
No, would indicate an admission 

3163
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:17,300
of guilt. 
If I'm not. 

3164
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:20,900
May God put me there. 
I replied after a moment's 

3165
02:41:20,900 --> 02:41:23,900
thought. 
If I am, may God, keep me there.

3166
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:28,300
This answer frustrated the 
interrogators, but I simply 

3167
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:30,400
expressed my actual 
understanding, showing, 

3168
02:41:30,400 --> 02:41:34,000
unexpected, theological 
sophistication, Grace remained, 

3169
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:35,900
God's Province, not mine to 
claim. 

3170
02:41:35,900 --> 02:41:39,500
Absolutely. 
For five months interrogation, 

3171
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:43,400
continued, sometimes publicly 
before a full tribunal sometimes

3172
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:46,500
in private prison questioning, 
my male attire became the 

3173
02:41:46,508 --> 02:41:50,000
central Focus providing tangible
evidence of defiance against 

3174
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:52,700
Natural order. 
Voices were dissected. 

3175
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:55,100
Endlessly, were they Angels or 
demons? 

3176
02:41:55,100 --> 02:41:58,700
Why did they speak to an 
uneducated girl rather than 

3177
02:41:58,700 --> 02:42:00,600
through the established church 
hierarchy? 

3178
02:42:01,400 --> 02:42:04,800
I recorded an examined each of 
my answers for inconsistencies 

3179
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,800
and potential heresies. 
What records don't capture the 

3180
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:10,900
physical deterioration during 
this period. 

3181
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:14,500
Prison conditions. 
Continuous shackling, poor 

3182
02:42:14,500 --> 02:42:18,200
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 
God's harassment, gradually 

3183
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:20,800
weakened a body already 
compromised by previous wounds 

3184
02:42:20,800 --> 02:42:23,600
and hardship. 
By may I suffered recurring 

3185
02:42:23,600 --> 02:42:26,400
fevers dramatic weight loss and 
periods of confusion during 

3186
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:30,100
longer integration's the voices,
remained present, but changed 

3187
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:32,600
character. 
Less commanding more comforting.

3188
02:42:32,600 --> 02:42:35,700
They spoke increasingly of 
heavenly reward rather than 

3189
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:38,800
Earthly Victory preparing me for
an outcome that seemed 

3190
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:41,700
increasingly inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

3191
02:42:41,700 --> 02:42:43,800
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

3192
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:46,600
The body is temporary, Catherine
answered. 

3193
02:42:46,600 --> 02:42:49,000
Gently. 
What matters is truth maintained

3194
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,800
until the end? 
On May the 24th I was taken to 

3195
02:42:52,800 --> 02:42:56,300
the rule on Cemetery where 
scaffolds had been erected one 

3196
02:42:56,300 --> 02:42:58,800
holding officials, who would 
witness my anticipated? 

3197
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,900
Recantation, another displaying 
instruments of execution. 

3198
02:43:01,900 --> 02:43:05,400
Should I refuse? 
Exhausted physically and 

3199
02:43:05,400 --> 02:43:08,600
isolated completely. 
I briefly wavered when presented

3200
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:11,300
with a document, I was told 
contained a simple app, duration

3201
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:14,100
of male clothing and independent
interpretation of voices. 

3202
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:17,700
What I was unaware of was that 
the actual document contained, a

3203
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:21,700
comprehensive admission of fraud
demonic influence and heretical 

3204
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:23,900
intent. 
Completely repudiating. 

3205
02:43:23,900 --> 02:43:28,100
Everything I had experienced and
represented Unable to read, I 

3206
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:31,200
trusted partial translations 
provided by clerics, whose 

3207
02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:33,400
deception served their 
predetermined purpose. 

3208
02:43:33,400 --> 02:43:36,900
I signed with a simple cross 
mark unaware that I was giving 

3209
02:43:36,900 --> 02:43:38,600
my enemies exactly what they 
needed. 

3210
02:43:38,600 --> 02:43:42,300
And apparent admission that 
everything I had about Divine 

3211
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:46,100
guide and was false. 
This temporary weakness, a 

3212
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:49,000
product of extreme duress rather
than a genuine change of heart 

3213
02:43:49,000 --> 02:43:53,300
provided legal justification For
What followed Return to prison 

3214
02:43:53,300 --> 02:43:55,700
rather than transferred to 
ecclesiastical custody as 

3215
02:43:55,708 --> 02:43:58,100
promised. 
I found myself still surrounded 

3216
02:43:58,100 --> 02:44:00,600
by hostile guards. 
Still denied female 

3217
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:02,500
companionship. 
That would have made feminine 

3218
02:44:02,500 --> 02:44:04,000
clothing, practically 
sustainable. 

3219
02:44:05,000 --> 02:44:07,900
When my clothes were taken while
I stepped and only male attire 

3220
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:10,400
was left available. 
I faced an impossible Choice 

3221
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,700
remain naked among male guards 
or Dawn. 

3222
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:16,000
Forbidden. 
Garments, the voices spoke with 

3223
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:20,000
unusual Clarity that morning 
better modest impropriety than 

3224
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,700
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

3225
02:44:23,700 --> 02:44:27,200
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemy 

3226
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:30,900
sought when judges returned to 
document this transgression, I 

3227
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:33,100
formally recanted my previous 
app duration. 

3228
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:37,300
Stating clearly, that voices 
were indeed Divine, that the 

3229
02:44:37,300 --> 02:44:40,200
mission had been Heaven Sent and
that temporary weakness had 

3230
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,500
betrayed truth. 
I would rather do Penance once 

3231
02:44:43,500 --> 02:44:48,100
with death and bear imprisonment
suffering continuously. 

3232
02:44:48,100 --> 02:44:51,500
I told them with renewed Clarity
despite knowing the consequence 

3233
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:56,100
On May the 30th 1431. 
The final sentence was announced

3234
02:44:56,100 --> 02:45:00,500
declared a relapsed heretic. 
I would face public execution, 

3235
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:03,400
by burning the most painful, 
death authorities could legally,

3236
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:07,200
impose deliberately chose and to
create maximum suffering they 

3237
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:11,100
hoped would produce a final 
public confession. that morning,

3238
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:13,900
I made a final confession to a 
sympathetic priest and received 

3239
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:17,400
communion, despite being 
formally excommunicated, a small

3240
02:45:17,400 --> 02:45:20,300
Act of compassionate Defiance by
a cleric who recognized 

3241
02:45:20,300 --> 02:45:24,200
Injustice unfolding, Wearing the
traditional long, white garment 

3242
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:27,500
for heresy executions. 
A cart transported me through 

3243
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:30,600
Rouen streets toward the old 
marketplace, where executioner 

3244
02:45:30,600 --> 02:45:33,300
waited, The crowds mood 
surprised me. 

3245
02:45:33,300 --> 02:45:37,400
Not triumphant, but somber, many
openly weeping. 

3246
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:41,100
These were not my French 
compatriots but Norman subjects,

3247
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:44,000
under English rule, yet 
something about my situation, 

3248
02:45:44,000 --> 02:45:47,900
transcended, political loyalty. 
later accounts would claim 

3249
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:50,400
English authorities, grew 
concerned that sympathy might 

3250
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:53,600
transform into riots and that 
marted him was being created, 

3251
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:57,300
despite their careful, legal 
maneuvering, At the execution. 

3252
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,400
Ground officials had me a final 
opportunity to recount before 

3253
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:03,200
tying me to a tall. 
Stake erected atop a substantial

3254
02:46:03,200 --> 02:46:06,900
pyre, the method was deliberate 
slow death by Suffocation and 

3255
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:09,400
burning rather than quicker 
execution methods of available. 

3256
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:12,900
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

3257
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:16,200
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

3258
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:18,600
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

3259
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:20,700
name that had guided my journey 
from its beginning. 

3260
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:24,900
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

3261
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:29,100
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

3262
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:33,900
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

3263
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,200
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

3264
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,000
ashes afterward. 
A symbolic detail probably 

3265
02:46:40,000 --> 02:46:42,400
invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

3266
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:46,200
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

3267
02:46:46,200 --> 02:46:49,500
wasn't physical preservation but
the truth maintained until the 

3268
02:46:49,500 --> 02:46:53,200
end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

3269
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:56,500
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, work through unlikely 

3270
02:46:56,500 --> 02:47:00,800
instruments, 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

3271
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:04,100
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

3272
02:47:04,100 --> 02:47:06,400
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

3273
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:11,900
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

3274
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:14,400
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

3275
02:47:14,400 --> 02:47:17,400
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited, nearly five. 

3276
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:20,400
Centuries until May the 16th 
1920. 

3277
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:23,800
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

3278
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:26,300
recognition that voices, 
condemned, his demonic had 

3279
02:47:26,300 --> 02:47:30,300
indeed, been Divine history. 
Remembers outcomes early on 

3280
02:47:30,300 --> 02:47:32,900
relieved. 
Charles, crowned France, 

3281
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:35,100
eventually liberated from the 
English occupational. 

3282
02:47:35,100 --> 02:47:39,400
These visible victories obscure,
the internal Journey that began 

3283
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:42,800
with a garden whisper, an ended 
in Marketplace, Flames. 

3284
02:47:42,800 --> 02:47:46,000
The voice is never promised, 
Earthly, reward or personal 

3285
02:47:46,000 --> 02:47:48,000
Glory. 
They offered only purpose 

3286
02:47:48,000 --> 02:47:51,000
Direction and the chance to 
serve as an instrument for 

3287
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:54,500
something larger than myself. 
They called me made of all Leon 

3288
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:57,800
dubbed me a miracle. 
Worker labeled me a witch and a 

3289
02:47:57,808 --> 02:48:00,500
heretic, an eventually 
recognized me as a saint. 

3290
02:48:01,300 --> 02:48:04,100
Yet, through all the 
Transformations, I remained 

3291
02:48:04,100 --> 02:48:07,400
Johannes from Dormer Ami. a 
simple girl who aren't answered 

3292
02:48:07,400 --> 02:48:11,100
when voices called who held a 
truth heard within more firmly 

3293
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:14,800
than to comfort offered without 
Perhaps that represents the most

3294
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:18,200
enduring Legacy that 
extraordinary purpose, May 

3295
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:21,900
inhabit ordinary lives that 
Divine participation in human 

3296
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:24,100
history, rarely follows expected
channels. 

3297
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:27,400
But in Stead Works through 
unlikely vessels willing to say 

3298
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:29,400
simply here. 
Am I send me? 

3299
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:39,000
To this, you're settling into 
your favorite chair, after a 

3300
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:41,400
long day. 
Maybe with a warm cup of tea 

3301
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:44,500
steaming beside you. 
Now imagine if in stead of 

3302
02:48:44,500 --> 02:48:47,600
relaxing your feet suddenly 
decided they had other plans 

3303
02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:50,900
entirely Not just a little 
restless leg syndrome. 

3304
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:53,000
Mind you, but full-blown, can't 
stop. 

3305
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,300
Won't Stop Dancing. 
That's essentially what happened

3306
02:48:56,300 --> 02:48:57,800
to the good people of 
Strasbourg. 

3307
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:00,800
In July 1518, though, they 
didn't have the luxury of 

3308
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:04,700
calling it quirky. 
It started with frat a woman 

3309
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:06,800
whose name has echoed through 
history for all the wrong 

3310
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,600
reasons, on a perfectly ordinary
summer morning. 

3311
02:49:09,600 --> 02:49:12,600
She stepped out of her 
half-timbered house onto the 

3312
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,400
Cobblestone of Strasbourg and 
began to dance. 

3313
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:18,800
Her dancing was not the kind you
might do at a wedding after a 

3314
02:49:18,800 --> 02:49:22,000
few glasses of wine, but an 
urgent desperate kind of 

3315
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:26,200
movement that seemed to possess 
her entire being You have to 

3316
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:28,000
understand this wasn't 
Renaissance. 

3317
02:49:28,000 --> 02:49:31,900
Flash mob material. 
Proud to Affair danced as if her

3318
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:35,900
life relied on it. 
And in fact, it did Her feet 

3319
02:49:35,900 --> 02:49:39,000
moved in patterns that made no 
musical sense and her arms 

3320
02:49:39,000 --> 02:49:41,500
flailed in rhythms, that 
belonged to no earthly song. 

3321
02:49:42,900 --> 02:49:45,500
The townspeople gathered around 
her initially amused. 

3322
02:49:45,500 --> 02:49:48,800
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

3323
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:52,300
Entertainment. 
But as the hours ticked by their

3324
02:49:52,300 --> 02:49:57,300
smiles, began to fade like paint
in the rain, Faucet dancing. 

3325
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:00,800
During the midday heat. 
When sensible people, sought 

3326
02:50:00,800 --> 02:50:05,100
shade and cool drinks Frau 
continued to dance during the 

3327
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,300
dinner hour. 
The aroma of roasted meat and 

3328
02:50:07,300 --> 02:50:09,700
fresh bread, should have 
beckoned any sensible individual

3329
02:50:09,700 --> 02:50:12,500
home during the evening. 
Her feet should have been 

3330
02:50:12,500 --> 02:50:15,100
expressing gratitude for her 
decision to finally sit down. 

3331
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:19,200
The cobblestones beneath her 
feet told their story warned 

3332
02:50:19,200 --> 02:50:21,200
Smooth by centuries of 
cartwheels and horse. 

3333
02:50:21,200 --> 02:50:25,700
Now, witness to this strange, 
new Rhythm, you can almost hear 

3334
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:27,800
them. 
Those ancient Stones Whispering 

3335
02:50:27,800 --> 02:50:30,300
among themselves about this 
peculiar turn of events. 

3336
02:50:31,100 --> 02:50:35,900
They'd seen plague and War feast
and famine, but never anything 

3337
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:39,800
quite like this. 
By Nightfall for our trophy was 

3338
02:50:39,808 --> 02:50:42,500
still moving though. 
Her dance had transformed from 

3339
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:44,800
something almost graceful into 
something more. 

3340
02:50:44,800 --> 02:50:47,200
Akin to a marionette with 
tangled strings. 

3341
02:50:47,900 --> 02:50:50,800
Her neighbors brought her water,
which he drank without stopping 

3342
02:50:50,800 --> 02:50:53,100
her movement. 
They offered food which she 

3343
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,300
barely managed to consume 
between steps, they pleaded with

3344
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:58,500
her to rest, but she seemed as 
unable to stop. 

3345
02:50:58,500 --> 02:51:00,100
As you might be unable to stop 
breathing. 

3346
02:51:01,200 --> 02:51:04,300
The local Authority scratched 
their heads and consulted, their

3347
02:51:04,300 --> 02:51:07,400
limited medical knowledge. 
Perhaps it was a fever, they 

3348
02:51:07,400 --> 02:51:10,200
reasoned fevers could make 
people act strangely. 

3349
02:51:11,200 --> 02:51:14,200
But Fowler showed, no signs of 
illness, Beyond this compulsive 

3350
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:16,400
movement, her skin was not 
flushed. 

3351
02:51:16,400 --> 02:51:20,200
Her eyes were glassy she simply 
could not stop dancing. 

3352
02:51:21,500 --> 02:51:24,300
As you lie there, tonight, 
comfortable in your bed. 

3353
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:27,800
Imagine the bewilderment of 
those medieval Minds trying to 

3354
02:51:27,800 --> 02:51:31,200
process this impossibility. 
They lived in a world where 

3355
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:35,400
everything had a place in a 
purpose, cows gave milk chickens

3356
02:51:35,400 --> 02:51:38,400
laid eggs and people danced only
when there was music and 

3357
02:51:38,400 --> 02:51:41,300
merriment. 
But here was Frau trophy. 

3358
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:44,800
The natural order with every 
unwilling step. 

3359
02:51:45,700 --> 02:51:48,900
The night Watchman took turns 
observing her partly out of 

3360
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:51,200
concern and partly out of morbid
fascination. 

3361
02:51:52,300 --> 02:51:55,300
They'd seen plenty of odd things
during their midnight rounds. 

3362
02:51:55,300 --> 02:51:59,400
Drunken revelry is that lasted 
too long lovers quarrels that 

3363
02:51:59,408 --> 02:52:02,900
spilled into the streets and the
occasional Sleepwalker stumbling

3364
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,300
about in their night clothes? 
But nothing had prepared them 

3365
02:52:06,300 --> 02:52:09,100
for the sight of a middle-aged 
woman dancing alone under the 

3366
02:52:09,100 --> 02:52:11,200
stars. 
Her Shadow performing, an 

3367
02:52:11,200 --> 02:52:15,500
endless exhausting ballet on the
moonlit Stones as Dawn 

3368
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:18,400
approached bringing with it the 
promise of a new day for our 

3369
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:22,300
trophy was still dancing. 
Her movement had slowed but they

3370
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:25,800
hadn't stopped it was as if some
invisible Puppeteer had taken 

3371
02:52:25,800 --> 02:52:28,100
control of her strings and 
forgotten how to let go. 

3372
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:31,300
Now, you might assume that the 
sensible citizens of stress 

3373
02:52:31,300 --> 02:52:33,600
would have shunned for after 
Fair, after witnessing her 

3374
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:35,500
bizarre predicament for a full 
day and night. 

3375
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:39,100
You'd be wrong, of course 
because people have always been 

3376
02:52:39,100 --> 02:52:42,800
magnetically drawn to the 
inexplicable like moths to a 

3377
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:46,300
particularly puzzling flame 
instead of backing away, small 

3378
02:52:46,300 --> 02:52:49,000
crowds began to gather regularly
around trout Fair. 

3379
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:51,500
They brought their morning bread
and ate it. 

3380
02:52:51,500 --> 02:52:54,500
While watching her dance, they 
discussed her condition over 

3381
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:57,800
their midday meals, gesturing 
with chicken legs and chunks of 

3382
02:52:57,800 --> 02:53:00,600
cheese, they turned her 
suffering into a form of 

3383
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:02,500
communal entertainment all 
though. 

3384
02:53:02,500 --> 02:53:05,200
None of them would have openly 
acknowledged it in those exact 

3385
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:08,000
terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

3386
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:08,900
turn. 
That would make even the most 

3387
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:11,000
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

3388
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:16,000
Within a week of Frou traf first
involuntary, step others, began 

3389
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:18,100
to join her. 
Not voluntarily. 

3390
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:20,600
You understand. 
These weren't copycat dancers, 

3391
02:53:20,600 --> 02:53:23,300
or attention Seekers. 
These were Ordinary People Who 

3392
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:25,600
suddenly found their feet. 
Betraying them in the most 

3393
02:53:25,600 --> 02:53:28,100
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

3394
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:31,500
The baker was kneading dough. 
When it started his hands which 

3395
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:34,000
had shaped thousands of loaves 
with methodical Precision, 

3396
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:36,300
suddenly began. 
Moving to a different rhythm 

3397
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,800
Before he knew it, his whole 
body had joined the dance. 

3398
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:43,600
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 
of half-formed bread and a wife 

3399
02:53:43,608 --> 02:53:45,800
who thought he'd finally succumb
to the summer heat. 

3400
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,500
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 
Loom, mid thread when her feet 

3401
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:53,200
decided, they had more important
things to do than operate. 

3402
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:54,900
The pedals in their usual, 
measured way. 

3403
02:53:56,000 --> 02:53:58,400
The half finished cloth remained
stretched on the frame for 

3404
02:53:58,400 --> 02:54:00,200
weeks, a testament to the 
moment. 

3405
02:54:00,200 --> 02:54:02,300
When normal life simply stopped 
making sense. 

3406
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:04,900
You can picture the scene, can't
you? 

3407
02:54:06,000 --> 02:54:08,600
The Town Square that had once 
been a place of orderly Commerce

3408
02:54:08,600 --> 02:54:12,500
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 
children playing simple games, 

3409
02:54:12,500 --> 02:54:16,300
Merchants, negotiating deals 
transformed into something 

3410
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:19,900
resembling a fever dream. 
Except the fever seemed to be 

3411
02:54:19,908 --> 02:54:24,200
catching spreading from person 
to person like a yawn in A Worn 

3412
02:54:24,200 --> 02:54:27,400
Out, congregational The dancing 
wasn't Beautiful Mind you. 

3413
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:30,700
This wasn't some spontaneous 
celebration of life and joy. 

3414
02:54:31,900 --> 02:54:35,400
The dancers moved with a 
desperate urgency, their faces 

3415
02:54:35,400 --> 02:54:37,400
etched with exhaustion and 
confusion. 

3416
02:54:37,400 --> 02:54:40,600
The clothes became tattered from
the constant motion. 

3417
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:43,700
Their shoes were thin against 
the unforgiving cobblestones. 

3418
02:54:44,300 --> 02:54:48,000
Some danced until their feet 
bled, leaving small red marks on

3419
02:54:48,000 --> 02:54:50,400
the stones like some Macabre 
breadcrumb Trail. 

3420
02:54:52,000 --> 02:54:54,000
The local Physicians were 
summoned naturally. 

3421
02:54:54,000 --> 02:54:57,100
These learned men arrived with 
their leather satchels, full of 

3422
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:00,300
mysterious remedies and their 
heads full of medieval medical 

3423
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:02,600
wisdom. 
They observed the dancers with 

3424
02:55:02,600 --> 02:55:05,300
the same intensity, you might 
observe a puzzle that's missing.

3425
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:09,100
Several crucial pieces. 
They took notes, they consulted 

3426
02:55:09,100 --> 02:55:12,000
their texts and they stroked 
their beards thoughtfully. 

3427
02:55:12,800 --> 02:55:15,600
Their diagnosis, when it came 
reflected, the medical 

3428
02:55:15,600 --> 02:55:18,900
understanding of the time, they 
declared that the dancers had a 

3429
02:55:18,908 --> 02:55:22,400
condition known as hot blood. 
Therefore, the solution was to 

3430
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:25,200
encourage more dancing until the
heat dissipated from their 

3431
02:55:25,200 --> 02:55:27,600
systems. 
It was rather like suggesting 

3432
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,100
that someone with hiccups should
hiccup more vigorously until 

3433
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,100
they stopped, but it seemed 
logical within the framework of 

3434
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:36,400
16th century medicine. 
Therefore, the authorities 

3435
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:40,000
Guided by their immense wisdom, 
chose to combat the issue 

3436
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:43,600
head-on, they hired musicians to
play for the dancers reasoning, 

3437
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:45,900
that proper music might help 
regulate their chaotic 

3438
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,500
movements. 
They cleared larger spaces for 

3439
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:51,800
the dancing, moving Market, 
stalls and redirecting, cart 

3440
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:54,000
traffic. 
They even built a stage thinking

3441
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:56,600
that perhaps the dancers would 
feel more dignified, performing 

3442
02:55:56,600 --> 02:56:00,300
on an elevated platform, the 
irony would have been delicious 

3443
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:03,600
if it weren't so tragic. 
Instead of curing, the dancers 

3444
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:06,400
the music and attention seemed 
to attract more victims. 

3445
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:09,500
The dancing seemed to have 
transformed into a seductive 

3446
02:56:09,500 --> 02:56:13,300
Melody appealing to a profound 
concealed fragility within the 

3447
02:56:13,300 --> 02:56:15,800
human soul by the end of the 
second week. 

3448
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:19,000
Nearly 40 people were dancing in
the streets of Strasbourg. 

3449
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:22,000
Their individual rhythms 
creating a chaotic Symphony of 

3450
02:56:22,008 --> 02:56:25,500
movement, The families of the 
dancers, tried everything, they 

3451
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:28,900
could think of, they brought 
favorite foods hoping to tempt, 

3452
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:30,600
their loved ones to stop and eat
properly. 

3453
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,700
They Carried chairs and stools 
placing them hopefully in the 

3454
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:37,400
dancers paths. 
They also brought pillows and 

3455
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,400
blankets, believing that if they
could persuade, the dancers to 

3456
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:42,400
take a moment's rest, the spell 
might be broken. 

3457
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:46,700
But nothing worked. 
The dancers danced on day and 

3458
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:49,800
night their movements becoming 
more frantic as their bodies 

3459
02:56:49,800 --> 02:56:52,000
grew weaker. 
It was like watching people 

3460
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:55,700
slowly drown in are struggling 
against an invisible. 

3461
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:58,200
Current that only. 
They could feel by the third 

3462
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:01,600
week of this peculiar epidemic, 
the city of Strasbourg could 

3463
02:57:01,600 --> 02:57:05,300
transformed into something. 
Unrecognizable, you know, how a 

3464
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:07,800
familiar room can suddenly feel 
strange when you move just one 

3465
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:11,700
piece of furniture? 
Well, imagine an entire city 

3466
02:57:11,700 --> 02:57:14,200
where the fundamental rules of 
human behavior had been 

3467
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:17,900
Rewritten overnight. 
The marketplace which had 

3468
02:57:17,900 --> 02:57:20,300
operated according to centuries 
old rhythms of buying and 

3469
02:57:20,300 --> 02:57:22,500
selling. 
Now, resembled something between

3470
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,700
a medical ward and a carnival. 
Even in the face of 

3471
02:57:25,708 --> 02:57:28,300
impossibility vendors still set 
up their stalls each morning, 

3472
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,700
but their attention was divided 
between their Wares and the 

3473
02:57:31,700 --> 02:57:34,500
growing number of dancers who 
wove between the displays like 

3474
02:57:34,500 --> 02:57:38,500
exhausted ghosts. children, who 
had initially found the whole 

3475
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:42,200
spectacle entertaining, began to
grow frightened there's 

3476
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:44,400
something unsettling about, 
seeing adults lose control, 

3477
02:57:44,400 --> 02:57:47,900
especially when those adults, 
include your neighbor's, your 

3478
02:57:47,900 --> 02:57:50,900
teacher, or your aunt, who 
always remember your birth day, 

3479
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:55,100
the dancing had crossed the line
from Curious novelty to 

3480
02:57:55,100 --> 02:57:57,900
something darker and more 
threatening. the dancers 

3481
02:57:57,900 --> 02:58:01,200
themselves had begun to show 
serious signs of wear their 

3482
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:04,500
clothes hung in tatters, their 
faces, gaunt, from exhaustion, 

3483
02:58:04,500 --> 02:58:07,900
and irregular eating Some had 
collapsed and been carried home,

3484
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:11,200
only to rise and begin dancing 
again, as soon as they were 

3485
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:14,700
gained consciousness. 
It was as if rest only stored up

3486
02:58:14,700 --> 02:58:18,600
energy for more frantic movement
Maria, the seamstress developed 

3487
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:20,300
a particularly heartbreaking 
pattern. 

3488
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:23,900
She would dance for hours then 
suddenly stop mid-step and look 

3489
02:58:23,900 --> 02:58:27,900
around with clear confused eyes 
as if waking from a dream she 

3490
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:31,100
would recognize her surroundings
call out to friends and family 

3491
02:58:31,100 --> 02:58:33,800
and even sit down for a few 
minutes to drink water or nibble

3492
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:36,500
bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

3493
02:58:36,500 --> 02:58:39,300
compulsion would return, he 
would leap to her feet and 

3494
02:58:39,300 --> 02:58:42,900
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

3495
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:44,700
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

3496
02:58:45,200 --> 02:58:48,300
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense, the dancers 

3497
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:51,300
knew what was happening to them,
they simply couldn't stop it. 

3498
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:54,200
Imagine being trapped in your 
own body. 

3499
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:56,400
Watching yourself perform 
actions. 

3500
02:58:56,400 --> 02:58:59,700
You never chose to perform like 
being a passenger in a vehicle 

3501
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:02,900
whose steering wheel. 
You can't reach. the city's 

3502
02:59:02,900 --> 02:59:06,000
records kept by meticulous 
scribes, who documented 

3503
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,500
everything from grain prices to 
weather patterns began to read 

3504
02:59:09,500 --> 02:59:13,300
like something from a fever 
dream item, the dancing sickness

3505
02:59:13,300 --> 02:59:17,500
continues item Johan, the Cooper
joins the dancers this morning 

3506
02:59:17,500 --> 02:59:21,300
item, the musicians have been 
paid for another week of playing

3507
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:25,100
item three, more dancers 
collapsed today but resumed upon

3508
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:29,400
waking, After admire those 
record Keepers, really faced 

3509
02:59:29,400 --> 02:59:31,700
with something completely 
outside their experience. 

3510
02:59:31,700 --> 02:59:35,100
They did what bureaucrats have 
always done, they wrote it down 

3511
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:37,100
carefully, and hoped someone 
else would figure out what it 

3512
02:59:37,108 --> 02:59:39,000
all meant. 
The religious authorities. 

3513
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:41,800
Meanwhile were having 
theological debate, that would 

3514
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:43,300
have been fascinating if they 
were not. 

3515
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:47,000
So urgent, was this Divine 
punishment for some collective 

3516
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:48,900
sin? 
A test of faith? 

3517
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:53,100
Was this a manifestation of 
malevolent spirits Different 

3518
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:55,900
priests offered different 
interpretations and their 

3519
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,500
congregations split accordingly.
Some organized prayer, vigils 

3520
02:59:59,500 --> 03:00:01,600
others called for public 
confessions. 

3521
03:00:01,600 --> 03:00:05,100
And a few suggested that perhaps
God was simply enjoying some 

3522
03:00:05,100 --> 03:00:07,200
Cosmic entertainment at human 
expense. 

3523
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:10,600
The dancers themselves became 
unwilling celebrities. 

3524
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:14,000
People traveled from neighboring
towns to witness the phenomenon 

3525
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,300
turning Strasburg into an 
accidental tourist, destination.

3526
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:21,300
Merchants arrived to sell food 
and trinkets to the crowds 

3527
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:23,800
street performers. 
Came to compete for attention 

3528
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:26,000
though. 
Their conventional acts seemed 

3529
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:27,900
almost quaint compared to the 
desperate dancing. 

3530
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:31,400
Happening all around the 
however, the locals were growing

3531
03:00:31,400 --> 03:00:34,900
tired of the novelty living in 
the middle of an ongoing crisis,

3532
03:00:34,900 --> 03:00:37,000
has a way of exhausting. 
Even the most patient 

3533
03:00:37,000 --> 03:00:40,900
communities families were 
disrupted businesses, struggled 

3534
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:43,600
to function, normally and 
everyone walked around with the 

3535
03:00:43,600 --> 03:00:46,100
nervous energy of people waiting
for the other shoe to drop. 

3536
03:00:46,100 --> 03:00:50,000
Except in this case, the shoes 
never stopped moving. 

3537
03:00:51,400 --> 03:00:54,200
The dancers families organized 
themselves into an informal 

3538
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:57,100
support network. 
They took turns bringing food 

3539
03:00:57,100 --> 03:01:00,000
and water alternated in watching
over their Afflicted. 

3540
03:01:00,000 --> 03:01:02,800
Relatives and shared the burden 
of worry, that comes from 

3541
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,100
loving, someone who is slowly 
wearing themselves down. 

3542
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,000
It was Community Care borne from
desperation, but it was 

3543
03:01:09,008 --> 03:01:12,500
beautiful in its way some of the
dancers had begun to develop 

3544
03:01:12,500 --> 03:01:16,100
their own individual styles. 
Otto, the blacksmith danced with

3545
03:01:16,108 --> 03:01:19,500
heavy rhythmic movements, that 
echoed his hammering, motions at

3546
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:22,000
the forge Liesel, the baker's 
daughter. 

3547
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:25,800
Spun and twisted as if needing 
invisible dough their bodies. 

3548
03:01:25,800 --> 03:01:28,000
Even in the grip of the strange 
compulsion. 

3549
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:31,300
Remember their daily work and 
transformed it into movement. 

3550
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:35,700
By now, the city authorities 
were beginning to panic, what 

3551
03:01:35,700 --> 03:01:38,300
had started as a curious. 
Local phenomenon was threatening

3552
03:01:38,300 --> 03:01:40,500
to become a complete breakdown 
of civil order. 

3553
03:01:40,500 --> 03:01:44,200
More importantly, people were 
starting to die death. 

3554
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:47,800
When it finally came to, the 
dancers arrived, not with drama,

3555
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:49,900
but with a kind of merciful 
exhaustion. 

3556
03:01:50,700 --> 03:01:52,300
Similar to a candle nearing. 
Its end. 

3557
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:54,900
The dance has struggled to 
maintain the constant energy 

3558
03:01:54,900 --> 03:01:57,200
their body's required, it was 
close. 

3559
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:00,000
The Miller who went first 
collapsing in the middle of what

3560
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:02,900
had been a particularly vigorous
sequence of spin's and somehow 

3561
03:02:02,900 --> 03:02:06,800
failing to rise again? 
The site of clouds lying still 

3562
03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:09,700
on those worn cobblestones 
created a strange silence in the

3563
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:12,400
Square. 
Even the other dancers seem to 

3564
03:02:12,400 --> 03:02:15,700
pause as if some invisible 
conductor had finally give them 

3565
03:02:15,700 --> 03:02:17,100
the permission for a moment's 
rest. 

3566
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:21,000
However, only a brief moment 
passed before the surviving 

3567
03:02:21,000 --> 03:02:24,300
dancers, resumed their endless 
movement carefully stepping 

3568
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:27,100
around their fallen friend, as 
if he were merely another 

3569
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,000
obstacle in their path. 
You might wonder what goes 

3570
03:02:30,000 --> 03:02:32,900
through a community's mind when 
the impossible becomes deadly. 

3571
03:02:33,600 --> 03:02:36,200
The people of Strasbourg were 
experiencing something that 

3572
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:39,100
challenged every assumption 
they'd ever made about how the 

3573
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:41,400
world worked. 
They were practical people 

3574
03:02:41,400 --> 03:02:44,400
accustomed to practical problems
with practical Solutions. 

3575
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:48,900
Crop failures could be endured 
diseases, could be treated or at

3576
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,600
least understood and Wars could 
be fought and ended. 

3577
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:55,400
But this dancing plague defied 
every category they had, for 

3578
03:02:55,400 --> 03:02:59,300
making sense of suffering. 
The Physicians those learned men

3579
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:01,400
with their impressive 
collections of books and 

3580
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:04,400
instruments were beginning to 
admit privately that their hot 

3581
03:03:04,400 --> 03:03:06,200
blood theory might need some 
adjustment. 

3582
03:03:07,300 --> 03:03:10,100
Several had observed the darks 
as closely enough to notice that

3583
03:03:10,100 --> 03:03:13,000
they weren't sweating 
excessively despite their 

3584
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:17,000
constant motion, their skin 
remained relatively cool and 

3585
03:03:17,000 --> 03:03:19,000
their breathing wasn't as 
labored as it should have been 

3586
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:21,900
given their activity level. 
Their bodies appeared to 

3587
03:03:21,900 --> 03:03:23,900
function under entirely 
different rules. 

3588
03:03:24,900 --> 03:03:28,400
Dr. Hermon the most respected 
physician in the region, spent 

3589
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:30,800
three full days and nights of 
observing the dancers. 

3590
03:03:31,600 --> 03:03:34,200
He took careful notes about 
their movements, their eating 

3591
03:03:34,200 --> 03:03:36,900
and drinking patterns and their 
brief moments of rest. 

3592
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:40,300
What he discovered puzzled him 
even more than the original 

3593
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:42,900
phenomenon. 
The dancers seem to be in a 

3594
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:44,700
state that was neither fully 
conscious nor unconscious 

3595
03:03:44,700 --> 03:03:48,100
neither sick, nor healthy and 
neither voluntary, nor 

3596
03:03:48,100 --> 03:03:52,300
completely involuntary. 
It is he wrote in his journal as

3597
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,400
if they are sleepwalking, while 
awake or perhaps Awakening, 

3598
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:58,200
while they sleep. 
They respond to their names and 

3599
03:03:58,200 --> 03:04:00,900
can speak coherently when 
directly addressed yet. 

3600
03:04:00,900 --> 03:04:02,300
They cannot choose to stop 
moving. 

3601
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,500
It is as though, some part of 
their will has been Borrowed by 

3602
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:09,200
an unknown Force The families of
the dancers were developing 

3603
03:04:09,200 --> 03:04:11,700
their own expertise. 
Born from Desperate necessity, 

3604
03:04:11,700 --> 03:04:14,600
they learned to anticipate when 
their loved ones were most 

3605
03:04:14,600 --> 03:04:16,200
likely to collapse from 
exhaustion. 

3606
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:19,800
They discovered which foods the 
dancers could manage to eat 

3607
03:04:19,800 --> 03:04:22,500
while moving and they developed 
techniques for helping them 

3608
03:04:22,500 --> 03:04:24,700
drink water without breaking 
their rhythm. 

3609
03:04:25,300 --> 03:04:27,700
They became amateur medical 
attendance, though. 

3610
03:04:27,700 --> 03:04:29,600
No medical school could have 
prepared them for this 

3611
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:32,500
particular. 
Hannah, whose husband had been 

3612
03:04:32,500 --> 03:04:35,700
dancing for nearly a month. 
Described the experience in 

3613
03:04:35,700 --> 03:04:39,400
terms that still echo across the
centuries, he is there, and not 

3614
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:43,200
there, his body dances, yet his 
eyes at me with a profound 

3615
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:46,700
sadness as if he finds himself 
imprisoned behind glass. 

3616
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:49,900
Occasionally, I think he's 
trying to tell me something with

3617
03:04:49,900 --> 03:04:53,100
his movements, but I cannot 
understand the language is fetus

3618
03:04:53,100 --> 03:04:55,100
speaking. 
The community was starting to 

3619
03:04:55,100 --> 03:04:58,400
feel the effects of the constant
music, which they had initially 

3620
03:04:58,400 --> 03:05:01,600
perceived as beneficial. 
The Hired musicians were 

3621
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:05,100
exhausted from playing for weeks
on end and their Melodies are 

3622
03:05:05,100 --> 03:05:08,300
taken on a repetitive almost 
hypnotic quality that seemed to 

3623
03:05:08,308 --> 03:05:12,700
make some listeners feel dizzy. 
Several people reported feeling 

3624
03:05:12,700 --> 03:05:14,800
an uncomfortable urge to move 
their feet in time. 

3625
03:05:14,808 --> 03:05:17,100
With the music though, they 
managed to resist. 

3626
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:19,900
The compulsion. 
The dancing itself was evolving.

3627
03:05:21,200 --> 03:05:24,200
What had started? 
As individual isolated movements

3628
03:05:24,200 --> 03:05:26,400
was becoming something more 
coordinated. 

3629
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:29,100
The dancers seemed to be 
responding to each other 

3630
03:05:29,100 --> 03:05:32,700
creating patterns and formations
without any apparent conscious 

3631
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:35,800
intent. 
They would form circles, then 

3632
03:05:35,800 --> 03:05:38,900
lines scatter and reform in 
different configurations. 

3633
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:42,200
It was like watching a flock of 
birds or a school of fish. 

3634
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:45,400
Except these were human beings. 
Who should have been making 

3635
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:48,700
deliberate choices about their 
movements, some of the dancers 

3636
03:05:48,700 --> 03:05:51,300
have begun to show signs of what
we might now recognized as 

3637
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:53,500
trance. 
State's their eyes would roll 

3638
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:56,400
back, their breathing would 
become shallow and rapid and 

3639
03:05:56,400 --> 03:05:58,500
they would move with an 
intensity that seemed to come 

3640
03:05:58,500 --> 03:06:00,200
from somewhere outside the 
cells. 

3641
03:06:01,000 --> 03:06:03,500
During these episodes they 
appeared completely unreachable 

3642
03:06:03,500 --> 03:06:06,700
as if they had temporarily left 
their bodies behind entirely. 

3643
03:06:07,400 --> 03:06:09,900
The religious community was 
fracturing under the weight of 

3644
03:06:09,900 --> 03:06:13,600
competing interpretations. 
Father filem, preached that the 

3645
03:06:13,600 --> 03:06:16,600
dancing was a form of divine 
ecstasy, similar to what? 

3646
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:18,300
Mystics experienced during 
prayer. 

3647
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:21,900
Father, Johann, argued it was 
clearly demonic possession and 

3648
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:25,500
called for exorcisms. 
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest

3649
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:28,400
priest suggested that God was 
teaching them about the nature 

3650
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:31,400
of human will and the body's 
relationship to the soul. 

3651
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:34,700
The debates were becoming 
increasingly heated and the 

3652
03:06:34,708 --> 03:06:37,900
congregation was choosing sides 
based as much on their fears as 

3653
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:40,200
on their faith. 
It's remarkable. 

3654
03:06:40,200 --> 03:06:43,600
How quickly theological 
certainty can crumble when faced

3655
03:06:43,600 --> 03:06:47,000
with something that doesn't fit 
neatly into existing categories 

3656
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:50,000
of understanding. 
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on

3657
03:06:50,000 --> 03:06:53,300
their numbers fluctuating as 
some collapsed and others were 

3658
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:54,800
mysteriously called to join 
them. 

3659
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:57,200
The city had become a living 
laboratory. 

3660
03:06:57,200 --> 03:07:01,700
The questions that nobody knew 
how to ask let alone answer when

3661
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:04,800
faced with the inexplicable. 
Humans, have a tendency to 

3662
03:07:04,800 --> 03:07:07,400
multiply explanations rather 
than admit ignorance. 

3663
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:10,400
By the fourth week of the 
dancing plague. 

3664
03:07:10,400 --> 03:07:13,600
Strasbourg had attracted more 
experts than a modern medical 

3665
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:16,500
conference each arriving, with 
their own pet, theories and 

3666
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:20,200
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 
from the University of Basil, 

3667
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:23,600
brought an impressive collection
of astrological charts and 

3668
03:07:23,600 --> 03:07:25,200
announced that the dancing was 
clearly. 

3669
03:07:25,200 --> 03:07:27,100
The result of planetary 
malignant. 

3670
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:29,900
Mercury. 
He explained with considerable 

3671
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:33,700
Authority, was in an unfortunate
conjunction with Mars, creating 

3672
03:07:33,700 --> 03:07:36,700
an excess of kinetic energy and 
susceptible individuals. 

3673
03:07:37,500 --> 03:07:41,100
His solution involved complex 
calculations of when the planets

3674
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:43,300
would return to a more 
harmonious configuration. 

3675
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:46,900
Roughly six months. 
Hence brother Augustine from the

3676
03:07:46,900 --> 03:07:48,900
monastery at multimed. 
Had a different interpretation 

3677
03:07:48,900 --> 03:07:51,500
entirely. 
He arrived with a cart full of 

3678
03:07:51,508 --> 03:07:54,900
holy relics, and proclaimed that
the dancers were experiencing a 

3679
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:58,300
form of religious ecstasy, like 
Watson, Vitus himself had 

3680
03:07:58,300 --> 03:08:02,600
experienced The solution. 
He insisted was pilgrimage to 

3681
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:05,900
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where
the dancers could Channel their 

3682
03:08:05,900 --> 03:08:08,400
divinely inspired movement into 
proper worship. 

3683
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:12,200
You can imagine the scene 
learned men with their Scrolls 

3684
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:14,600
and instruments. 
Religious authorities with their

3685
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:17,900
crosses and holy water, all 
standing around debating the 

3686
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:20,900
finer points of their theories. 
While 40 exhaust, people can 

3687
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:24,800
continue their endless, dance, 
mere feet away, It was like 

3688
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:28,100
convening a panel of experts to 
discuss the nature of rain while

3689
03:08:28,100 --> 03:08:29,500
standing in the middle of a 
thunderstorm. 

3690
03:08:29,500 --> 03:08:33,500
The city council meanwhile was 
dealing with increasingly 

3691
03:08:33,500 --> 03:08:37,800
practical concerns, the dancing,
had disrupted commas attracted 

3692
03:08:37,800 --> 03:08:40,700
unwanted attention from 
neighboring regions and was 

3693
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,100
beginning to strain. 
The city's resources, they 

3694
03:08:43,100 --> 03:08:46,900
needed Solutions, not Theory, 
but every expert who arrived 

3695
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:48,800
seemed to bring more questions 
than answers. 

3696
03:08:49,800 --> 03:08:52,700
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 
become famous for his 

3697
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:55,100
revolutionary. 
Medical ideas made a brief 

3698
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:57,900
appearance during this period. 
His assessment was 

3699
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:01,600
characteristically blunt, These 
learned men speak of hot blood 

3700
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:04,500
and planetary influences, while 
people die before their eyes. 

3701
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:07,500
Perhaps the sickness is not in 
the dancers bodies. 

3702
03:09:07,500 --> 03:09:11,000
But in our understanding of what
bodies can do, he was 

3703
03:09:11,008 --> 03:09:13,400
particularly critical of the 
decision to provide music for 

3704
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,600
the dancers, you might as well. 
Give wine to a drunkard and call

3705
03:09:16,608 --> 03:09:19,200
it medicine. 
He observed, the music feeds, 

3706
03:09:19,200 --> 03:09:22,400
the compulsion rather than 
curing it occasionally, the 

3707
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:25,500
kindest treatment is to remove 
what seems helpful, but proves 

3708
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:30,000
harmful his words carried weight
and action began to form around 

3709
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,900
the idea of trying complete 
silence in stead of constant 

3710
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:35,600
music. 
It was a radical departure from 

3711
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:38,500
the established treatment, but 
then again, the existing 

3712
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:40,000
treatment wasn't working 
particularly. 

3713
03:09:40,000 --> 03:09:42,800
Well, the families of the 
dancers were developing their 

3714
03:09:42,800 --> 03:09:46,300
own theories, based on intimate 
observation, they noticed that 

3715
03:09:46,300 --> 03:09:49,200
their loved ones seem to dance 
more frantically when crowds 

3716
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:53,400
gathered as if performing for an
audience, they couldn't see They

3717
03:09:53,400 --> 03:09:56,200
observed that certain types of 
music triggered more intense 

3718
03:09:56,200 --> 03:09:59,000
movements, While others seem to 
calm the dance of slightly. 

3719
03:10:00,100 --> 03:10:03,000
They discovered that the dancers
movements, sometimes echoed 

3720
03:10:03,000 --> 03:10:05,800
their daily work routines, a 
pattern, that none of the 

3721
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:07,600
Learned experts have bothered to
document. 

3722
03:10:08,600 --> 03:10:11,200
Elizabeth, whose teenage 
daughter had been dancing for 

3723
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:13,700
three weeks. 
Made a particularly astute 

3724
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:16,100
observation. 
She dances like she's trying to 

3725
03:10:16,108 --> 03:10:18,900
escape from something, but also,
like she's trying to reach 

3726
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:20,800
something. 
Her movements aren't random, 

3727
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:23,800
they're searching, but I cannot 
tell what she's searching for 

3728
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:27,400
this idea of the dance as a form
of searching resonated. 

3729
03:10:27,400 --> 03:10:30,200
With other families. 
They began to notice that their 

3730
03:10:30,200 --> 03:10:33,000
dancers appeared to be moving, 
either towards something or away

3731
03:10:33,000 --> 03:10:35,300
from it, though. 
The nature of that something 

3732
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:36,800
remained invisible to everyone 
else. 

3733
03:10:37,600 --> 03:10:40,400
It was as if the dancers could 
see a landscape that existed 

3734
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:42,900
only for them. 
The younger members of the 

3735
03:10:42,900 --> 03:10:45,100
community were having their 
reactions to the prolonged 

3736
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:48,500
crisis children who had 
initially been fascinated. 

3737
03:10:48,500 --> 03:10:51,200
When now having nightmares about
being unable to stop moving. 

3738
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,800
Teenagers were avoiding the 
areas where dancers congregated 

3739
03:10:54,800 --> 03:10:58,100
afraid that the compulsion might
somehow reach out and grab them,

3740
03:10:58,100 --> 03:11:00,600
too. 
Young adults were leaving the 

3741
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:04,300
city entirely unwilling to risk 
being caught up in whatever was 

3742
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:07,400
happening. 
But perhaps most tellingly some 

3743
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:10,200
people were beginning to report,
feeling a strange sympathy with 

3744
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:12,600
the dancers. 
They would watch the endless 

3745
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:15,300
movement and find their feet. 
Tapping in voluntarily. 

3746
03:11:15,300 --> 03:11:18,800
They were dream of dancing and 
wake up with their legs Tangled 

3747
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:22,000
in bed sheets. 
Few even reported brief moments 

3748
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:24,500
of feeling an almost 
irresistible urge to join the 

3749
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:27,000
dancers though. 
They managed to fight off the 

3750
03:11:27,000 --> 03:11:30,000
compulsion. 
Their experience is raised 

3751
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,100
disturbing questions about the 
nature of the condition. 

3752
03:11:32,100 --> 03:11:36,100
Was it truly random or some 
people more susceptible than 

3753
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,800
others? 
Was it a hidden contagion or a 

3754
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:40,600
dormant part of the human 
psyche? 

3755
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:43,600
Dr. Hermon who had been 
observing the dancers? 

3756
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:45,600
Since the beginning was 
developing a theory that was 

3757
03:11:45,600 --> 03:11:48,400
both simpler and more complex 
than the others being proposed. 

3758
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:51,800
He suspected that the dancing 
might be a physical expression 

3759
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:55,200
of something psychological A 
kind of breaking point where 

3760
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:57,700
individual human will simply 
gave up trying to maintain 

3761
03:11:57,700 --> 03:12:00,200
control over an increasingly 
uncontrollable world. 

3762
03:12:01,600 --> 03:12:05,100
Perhaps he wrote in his private 
notes, the dancers are not sick,

3763
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:07,100
but rather more honest than the 
rest of us. 

3764
03:12:07,100 --> 03:12:10,200
They are showing us what it 
looks like when the human Spirit

3765
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:13,100
can no longer pretend that, it 
has Mastery over the body, it 

3766
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:15,700
inhabits. 
It was a radical idea for its 

3767
03:12:15,700 --> 03:12:18,800
time suggesting that the 
boundary between mind and body. 

3768
03:12:18,800 --> 03:12:21,100
Might be more porous than anyone
had imagined. 

3769
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:24,500
Sometimes the most profound 
shifts happen, not with dramatic

3770
03:12:24,500 --> 03:12:28,000
Revelations but with quiet 
observations made by exhausted, 

3771
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:30,200
people who have run out of 
clever theories. 

3772
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,700
It was for Alberta, the baker's 
wife, who had been caring for 

3773
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:36,500
three different dancers, who 
first noticed the pattern that 

3774
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:38,500
would eventually lead to the 
plagues resolution. 

3775
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:42,400
She observed that the dancers 
seemed calmer though they never 

3776
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:46,000
stopped moving entirely when 
they were in smaller groups away

3777
03:12:46,000 --> 03:12:47,700
from the crowds and the constant
music. 

3778
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:51,300
More importantly, she noticed 
that they danced differently in 

3779
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:54,200
the early morning hours before 
the city fully awakened. 

3780
03:12:54,900 --> 03:12:57,800
Their movements were still 
compulsive but they seem less 

3781
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:00,900
frantic more like people walking
in their sleep than people 

3782
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:04,500
fleeing from invisible demons. 
It's the watching. 

3783
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:06,900
She told doctor Herman one 
morning after a, particularly 

3784
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:10,200
long night of observation, they 
dance harder when people watch 

3785
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:12,200
them, not because they want 
attention. 

3786
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:14,400
But because something about 
being watched to make the 

3787
03:13:14,400 --> 03:13:18,000
dancing worse. 
This Insight led to a quiet 

3788
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:20,400
experiment. 
A few families began taking 

3789
03:13:20,400 --> 03:13:23,800
their dancing relatives to more 
secluded locations, quiet 

3790
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:27,900
Courtyards Guardians outside the
city walls even private homes 

3791
03:13:27,900 --> 03:13:30,600
with large rooms. 
The results were subtle. 

3792
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:33,900
But unmistakable away from 
audience's and musicians, the 

3793
03:13:33,900 --> 03:13:36,900
dancers movements became less 
violent, less desperate. 

3794
03:13:38,200 --> 03:13:40,400
Doctor, Herman documented, these
changes carefully. 

3795
03:13:40,400 --> 03:13:43,600
The dancer still couldn't stop 
moving, but their movements 

3796
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,700
became more flowing, less like 
convulsion and more like a 

3797
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:50,200
strange form of sleepwalking. 
Some even began to show brief 

3798
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:54,200
moments of genuine rest, not 
collapse from exhaustion, but 

3799
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:55,500
actual pause is in their 
movement. 

3800
03:13:55,500 --> 03:13:58,700
The religious authorities were 
initially resistant to this 

3801
03:13:58,700 --> 03:14:01,400
approach, brother. 
All Guston argued that removing 

3802
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,800
the dancers from public view was
tantamount to hiding God's work 

3803
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:08,100
from the faithful. but for the 
Klaus, the elderly priest who 

3804
03:14:08,100 --> 03:14:11,000
had been quietly observing 
throughout the crisis, supported

3805
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:15,600
the experiment, Perhaps he 
suggested what these Souls need 

3806
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:17,900
is not more attention, but more 
piece. 

3807
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:22,300
The city council pragmatic has 
always, was simply relived to 

3808
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:24,900
have the disruption moved away 
from the main commercial areas. 

3809
03:14:24,900 --> 03:14:28,200
They officially sanctioned the 
creation of quiet spaces where 

3810
03:14:28,200 --> 03:14:30,900
dancers could be cared for away 
from crowds though. 

3811
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:34,000
They were careful. 
Not to call it to cure gradually

3812
03:14:34,000 --> 03:14:37,300
as they relocated the dancers to
more peaceful environments and 

3813
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:40,500
unexpected event occurred. 
Without the stimulation of 

3814
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:43,800
constant music and crowds their 
individual personalities began 

3815
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:48,200
to reassert themselves. 
Maria, the seamstress started 

3816
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:51,300
incorporating recognizable, 
gestures from her work in her 

3817
03:14:51,300 --> 03:14:54,400
dance. 
Not the Frantic mimicry that had

3818
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,000
characterized her earlier 
movements but something more 

3819
03:14:57,000 --> 03:15:00,000
like a conversation between her 
conscious and unconscious minds.

3820
03:15:01,000 --> 03:15:04,000
Otto the blacksmith's movements 
began to follow the rhythm of 

3821
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,100
breathing rather than some 
internal drum beat that no one 

3822
03:15:07,100 --> 03:15:10,000
else could hear. 
His dance became less about 

3823
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:13,900
desperate energy and more about 
a kind of patient endurance as 

3824
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:16,500
if he were waiting for something
to finish cooling in his Forge. 

3825
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,600
The families caring for the 
dancers developed new routines. 

3826
03:15:19,600 --> 03:15:22,900
Based on these observations, 
they created spaces that were 

3827
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:25,300
comfortable. 
But not stimulating provided 

3828
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:27,100
simple Foods at regular 
intervals. 

3829
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,200
And most importantly, they learn
to be present without being 

3830
03:15:30,200 --> 03:15:33,700
intrusive. they discovered that 
the dancers seemed to respond to

3831
03:15:33,700 --> 03:15:37,300
quite companionship in ways they
hadn't responded to Medical 

3832
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:41,200
interventions, or religious 
ceremonies Anna, whose husband 

3833
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:42,700
had been dancing for over a 
month. 

3834
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:45,900
Described the change. 
He still moves constantly but 

3835
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:48,500
now it's like he's dancing with 
something instead of fighting 

3836
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:51,700
against something. 
I can see him in there behind 

3837
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,500
his eyes waiting. 
This sense of waiting became a 

3838
03:15:55,500 --> 03:15:57,900
common theme in how families 
described their dancing 

3839
03:15:57,900 --> 03:16:00,500
relatives. 
The dancers appeared to be in a 

3840
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,800
state of flux neither fully 
present or fully absent and 

3841
03:16:03,800 --> 03:16:08,000
neither completely sick nor 
completely well Dr. Hermon began

3842
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:10,400
to theorize that the dancing 
might represent a form of 

3843
03:16:10,400 --> 03:16:12,000
healing. 
Instead of being, merely a sign 

3844
03:16:12,008 --> 03:16:14,800
of sickness, though. 
He couldn't specify what it was 

3845
03:16:14,800 --> 03:16:18,100
healing from. 
Perhaps he wrote, there are 

3846
03:16:18,108 --> 03:16:20,900
injuries to the human spirit. 
That can only be mended through 

3847
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:23,200
movement. 
Just as there are injuries to 

3848
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:25,300
the body that can only be healed
through rest. 

3849
03:16:26,200 --> 03:16:29,600
The idea was revolutionary that 
the dancing might be a cure 

3850
03:16:29,600 --> 03:16:33,100
rather than a disease a 
necessary process rather than a 

3851
03:16:33,100 --> 03:16:36,200
pathological condition. 
It's suggested that the dancers 

3852
03:16:36,200 --> 03:16:38,900
bodies might possess a wisdom 
that their conscious Minds could

3853
03:16:38,900 --> 03:16:41,500
not access. 
As word of the quieter 

3854
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:44,000
approached bread. 
Some of the original experts 

3855
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:45,600
began to reconsider their 
theories. 

3856
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:49,300
Master Johan from barcel 
admitted that his planetary 

3857
03:16:49,300 --> 03:16:51,700
calculations might need to 
account for environmental 

3858
03:16:51,700 --> 03:16:54,500
factors. 
Brother, Augustine suggested 

3859
03:16:54,500 --> 03:16:56,700
that perhaps the saint was 
working through peaceful 

3860
03:16:56,700 --> 03:16:59,700
contemplation rather than public
demonstration. 

3861
03:16:59,700 --> 03:17:02,300
Even paracelsus in his final 
notes. 

3862
03:17:02,300 --> 03:17:05,200
On the case, acknowledged that 
the solution had come not from 

3863
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:08,300
learning intervention but from 
careful observation by people 

3864
03:17:08,300 --> 03:17:10,800
who cared more about helping 
than about being right. 

3865
03:17:12,000 --> 03:17:14,000
The families discovered, what we
experts missed. 

3866
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,200
He wrote sometimes healing 
requires not doing more but 

3867
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:20,000
doing less. 
The number of new cases, had 

3868
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:22,800
already begun to slow their 
whether the decline was due to 

3869
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:25,300
the change to approach or simply
the natural progression of the 

3870
03:17:25,300 --> 03:17:28,800
phenomenon remained unclear. 
What was clear was that the 

3871
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:30,800
desperate? 
Frantic quality of the dancing 

3872
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:33,700
was gradually, giving way to 
something that looked more like 

3873
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:37,400
a strange form of prayer or 
meditation, the city itself was 

3874
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:40,700
slowly returning to something 
resembling normal life, though. 

3875
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:43,200
The experience had changed 
everyone who lived through it. 

3876
03:17:43,200 --> 03:17:46,900
People walked more carefully as 
if testing whether their feet 

3877
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:49,600
would obey their intentions. 
They looked at each other 

3878
03:17:49,600 --> 03:17:52,300
differently with the new 
awareness of how little control.

3879
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:54,600
Any of them really had over 
their own bodies and Minds. 

3880
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:58,400
You know, how some storms end 
not with the dramatic crash of 

3881
03:17:58,400 --> 03:18:01,600
Thunder, but with a gradual 
lessening of wind and rain until

3882
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:03,800
you realize the silence as 
returned. 

3883
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:08,400
The dancing plague of Strathmore
ended in much the same way. 

3884
03:18:08,400 --> 03:18:11,800
So, gradually that nobody could 
say exactly, when it stopped 

3885
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:15,400
being an emergency, and started 
being a memory, For outrage, 

3886
03:18:15,400 --> 03:18:18,000
who'd started it all with her 
first involuntary. 

3887
03:18:18,000 --> 03:18:20,300
Step was among the last to find 
Stillness. 

3888
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:24,200
For six weeks, she had been the 
unwilling Pioneer of this 

3889
03:18:24,200 --> 03:18:26,900
strange territory. 
Where human will met its 

3890
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:30,000
mysterious limits? 
When she finally stopped moving,

3891
03:18:30,000 --> 03:18:33,900
it wasn't with collapse or drama
but with a simple pause that 

3892
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:37,500
gradually extended into rest. 
She was sitting in the garden 

3893
03:18:37,500 --> 03:18:40,300
behind the baker's house where 
her family had moved her to 

3894
03:18:40,308 --> 03:18:42,200
escape the crowds and the 
constant music. 

3895
03:18:43,100 --> 03:18:45,900
The morning sun was filtering 
through Apple leaves and she'd 

3896
03:18:45,900 --> 03:18:48,400
been moving in slow gentle 
circles for hours. 

3897
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:52,400
Then as naturally as a person 
might stop humming a tune. 

3898
03:18:52,400 --> 03:18:55,500
She simply sat down on a wooden 
bench and stayed there. 

3899
03:18:56,300 --> 03:18:58,900
Her sister who had been watching
anxiously, from the kitchen 

3900
03:18:58,900 --> 03:19:01,100
window almost didn't believe it 
at first. 

3901
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,300
She waited several minutes 
before approaching Aid that any 

3902
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:07,400
attention might restart the 
compulsive movement. 

3903
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:11,300
Butler, Fair remained seated. 
Looking around the garden with 

3904
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:14,600
clear present eyes as if she was
seeing it for the first time in 

3905
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:16,500
weeks. 
I'm tired. 

3906
03:19:16,500 --> 03:19:19,700
She said, simply and her sister 
began to weep with relief. 

3907
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:23,800
Over the following days, the 
other dancers found their ways 

3908
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:27,000
back to Stillness. 
Some stopped during sleep and 

3909
03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:30,200
simply didn't resume when they 
woke others came to rest. 

3910
03:19:30,200 --> 03:19:33,400
Gradually their movements 
slowing like music boxes. 

3911
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:36,000
Winding down. 
A few experienced. 

3912
03:19:36,000 --> 03:19:38,800
Their final dance is something 
beautiful rather than desperate.

3913
03:19:39,400 --> 03:19:41,800
A kind of Celebration or 
completion, that left them 

3914
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:45,600
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 
Not everyone survived the 

3915
03:19:45,600 --> 03:19:49,300
experience, the official records
show that several dancers died 

3916
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,800
from exhaustion or related 
complications though. 

3917
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:56,200
The exact number was never 
precisely documented, those who 

3918
03:19:56,200 --> 03:19:58,800
lived carried the memory of 
those weeks in their bodies for 

3919
03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:01,400
the rest of their lives. 
They walked differently 

3920
03:20:01,400 --> 03:20:04,200
afterward with a kind of 
conscious gratitude for their 

3921
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:06,300
ability to choose when and how 
to move. 

3922
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:09,800
Dr. Hermon spent months in to 
viewing the recovered dancers, 

3923
03:20:09,800 --> 03:20:12,700
trying to understand what they 
had experienced during their 

3924
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,800
weeks of compulsive movement. 
Their descriptions were 

3925
03:20:15,800 --> 03:20:19,400
remarkably consistent in some 
ways, and completely individual 

3926
03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:22,300
in others. 
Most remembered feeling trapped 

3927
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:24,200
in their body's aware of what 
was happening. 

3928
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:27,800
But unable to control it. 
But they also described odd 

3929
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:31,400
moments of Peace as if dancing 
had taken them to places, they 

3930
03:20:31,400 --> 03:20:35,100
couldn't reach on purpose. 
It was like being carried by a 

3931
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:36,700
river. 
Maria seems just told him 

3932
03:20:36,700 --> 03:20:40,400
frightening because I couldn't 
swim to shore but also sometimes

3933
03:20:40,400 --> 03:20:43,400
beautiful because I could see 
things from the water that I 

3934
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:44,800
never would have seen from the 
bank. 

3935
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:48,000
Otto, the blacksmith had a 
different metaphor. 

3936
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:51,800
It was like being a piece of 
metal on my Anvil being shaped 

3937
03:20:51,800 --> 03:20:54,700
by hammers. 
I couldn't see it hurt but 

3938
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:56,900
something in me knew the 
hammering was necessary. 

3939
03:20:56,900 --> 03:21:00,200
These interviews revealed that 
the dancers had made more 

3940
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:02,000
awareness than anyone had 
suspected. 

3941
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:06,000
They had been conscious of their
families care grateful for the 

3942
03:21:06,000 --> 03:21:09,000
quiet spaces and aware of the 
changes in their movement 

3943
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:11,700
patterns. 
They'd simply been powerless to 

3944
03:21:11,700 --> 03:21:14,300
communicate this awareness while
the dancing continued. 

3945
03:21:15,800 --> 03:21:18,300
The city of Strasbourg, 
gradually returned to its normal

3946
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:20,600
rhythms though. 
The memory of those summer 

3947
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:24,000
weeks, left permanent changes, 
the authorities developed better

3948
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:27,600
protocols for caring for people 
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 

3949
03:21:27,600 --> 03:21:29,800
and observation over dramatic 
interventions. 

3950
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:33,300
The Physicians Incorporated, new
ideas about the relationship 

3951
03:21:33,300 --> 03:21:36,400
between mind and body into their
practice, the religious 

3952
03:21:36,400 --> 03:21:39,000
community developed, a more 
complex conception of how the 

3953
03:21:39,000 --> 03:21:41,200
sacred might manifest in Human 
Experience. 

3954
03:21:42,000 --> 03:21:44,500
Perhaps the most lasting change 
was in how the people of 

3955
03:21:44,508 --> 03:21:47,500
Strasbourg understood the nature
of human control and human 

3956
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:49,800
vulnerability. 
They had witnessed something 

3957
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:51,900
that challenged fundamental 
assumptions. 

3958
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:54,600
About how much power individuals
have over their bodies and 

3959
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,200
choices? 
They had learned that sometimes 

3960
03:21:57,200 --> 03:22:00,500
the most caring response to 
someone's crisis, is not to try 

3961
03:22:00,500 --> 03:22:03,100
to fix them, but to stay 
present, while they work through

3962
03:22:03,100 --> 03:22:05,500
whatever, healing process, 
they're more profound wisdom, 

3963
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,600
has initiated The cobblestones 
in the Town Square. 

3964
03:22:08,600 --> 03:22:11,300
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

3965
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:13,600
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

3966
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:17,300
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors telling 

3967
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:20,500
abbreviated version of the story
that emphasized the strangeness 

3968
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:23,700
while missing the deeper lessons
about Community Care and the 

3969
03:22:23,700 --> 03:22:27,300
Mystery of human resilience. 
Years later when other 

3970
03:22:27,300 --> 03:22:31,000
communities experienced similar 
outbreaks of dancing Mania, and 

3971
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:33,700
there were several throughout 
Medieval Europe, some 

3972
03:22:33,700 --> 03:22:35,500
remembered, the lessons of 
Strasbourg. 

3973
03:22:35,500 --> 03:22:39,200
They learned to provide quiet 
spaces rather than public stages

3974
03:22:39,200 --> 03:22:42,400
to offer patient presence, 
rather than dramatic cures. 

3975
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:45,400
And to trust that sometimes 
healing looks different from 

3976
03:22:45,400 --> 03:22:48,800
what we expect. 
The dancing plague of 1518 

3977
03:22:48,800 --> 03:22:52,600
remains one of history's, most 
puzzling medical Mysteries, but 

3978
03:22:52,600 --> 03:22:55,300
it's also a story about how 
communities can learn to care 

3979
03:22:55,300 --> 03:22:58,600
for members who are experiencing
something Beyond ordinary 

3980
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:01,500
understanding. 
It reminds us that the human 

3981
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:04,500
body and spirit capable of 
experiences that exceed our 

3982
03:23:04,500 --> 03:23:07,800
ability to categorize or control
them and that sometimes the 

3983
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:11,300
wisest response to mystery is 
not to solve it but to honor it.

3984
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,000
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, you might think about 

3985
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:18,100
Frou Trophy and her fellow 
dancers and about the families 

3986
03:23:18,100 --> 03:23:20,300
who learn to love them through 
their strange Journey. 

3987
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:24,000
You might contemplate the 
delicate boundary that sometimes

3988
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:27,900
exists between what we perceive 
as normal and what we perceive 

3989
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:30,400
as impossible and how much 
healing occurs not through 

3990
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,400
expert intervention. 
But through the patient presence

3991
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:37,200
of individuals who care enough 
to remain and observe what ever 

3992
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:39,800
unfolds. 
The dance is always there. 

3993
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:43,600
Just beneath the surface of our 
ordered lives waiting to teach 

3994
03:23:43,600 --> 03:23:47,000
us something about surrender 
about community, and about the 

3995
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:50,800
beautiful terrifying, mystery of
Being Human in a body that is 

3996
03:23:50,800 --> 03:23:52,500
never entirely under our 
control. 

3997
03:24:00,400 --> 03:24:03,500
Boy, who would reshape 
continents took his first breath

3998
03:24:03,500 --> 03:24:05,000
in the shadow of the altai 
mountains. 

3999
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:09,900
Kublai Khan came into the world 
in 1215, not as the obvious are 

4000
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,900
to power, but as the fourth son 
of tolu and saw how many Becky 

4001
03:24:14,700 --> 03:24:17,900
while his grandfather Genghis, 
Khan carved an Empire with blood

4002
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:21,600
and Thunder, Young lies 
education took a different path 

4003
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:24,500
one, that would eventually 
redefine what it meant to rule, 

4004
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:26,800
the largest contiguous land 
Empire in history. 

4005
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:30,700
Unlike his brothers who mastered
horseback archery before they 

4006
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:32,800
could properly speak. 
Kublai. 

4007
03:24:32,800 --> 03:24:35,200
Found his early calling in the 
quieter, Pursuits of the Mind. 

4008
03:24:36,100 --> 03:24:40,300
SOG hagad Thani his nestorian 
Christian mother made a 

4009
03:24:40,300 --> 03:24:42,100
calculated decision. 
That history would later 

4010
03:24:42,100 --> 03:24:45,500
vindicate While ensuring her 
son, possessed, the riding and 

4011
03:24:45,500 --> 03:24:47,700
shooting skills expected of 
Mongol nobility. 

4012
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:50,908
She also engaged Chinese 
Scholars to tutor him in 

4013
03:24:50,916 --> 03:24:54,200
Confucian, Classics Buddhist 
philosophy, and the 

4014
03:24:54,208 --> 03:24:56,900
sophisticated administrative 
techniques of sedentary 

4015
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:00,000
civilizations. 
This unconventional upbringing 

4016
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:02,100
wasn't merely academic 
Indulgence. 

4017
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:06,300
It was strategic foresight. 
Saga, Connie, recognized that 

4018
03:25:06,300 --> 03:25:09,500
conquering China the wealthiest 
and most complex society on 

4019
03:25:09,500 --> 03:25:12,000
Earth would require more than 
military might. 

4020
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:15,400
It would demand cultural 
understanding and administrative

4021
03:25:15,400 --> 03:25:17,900
finesse that no Calm before had 
possessed. 

4022
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,600
The bow conquers, the throne 
when an old Mongol saying but 

4023
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:26,100
ink preserves it. 
Kublai internalized. 

4024
03:25:26,100 --> 03:25:29,500
This wisdom in ways his 
predecessors never had While his

4025
03:25:29,500 --> 03:25:31,900
grandfather and uncle's ruled 
from horseback and felt most 

4026
03:25:31,908 --> 03:25:35,000
comfortable in the open steppe 
Kublai developed a fascination 

4027
03:25:35,000 --> 03:25:37,200
with urban life and permanent 
structures. 

4028
03:25:37,200 --> 03:25:40,900
As a young man, he constructed 
in an experimental Chinese style

4029
03:25:40,900 --> 03:25:43,900
Palace in the Mongolian 
Heartland, a move that 

4030
03:25:43,908 --> 03:25:46,700
scandalized traditionalists who 
saw dwelling in anything but 

4031
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:49,200
felt tense and a front to their 
nomadic identity. 

4032
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:52,800
This cultural flexibility 
extended to religion as well 

4033
03:25:52,800 --> 03:25:56,500
though, raised by a Christian 
mother Kublai never fully 

4034
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,000
embraced her face. 
Instead he developed an 

4035
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:01,600
intellectuals appreciation for 
philosophical Buddhism while 

4036
03:26:01,600 --> 03:26:04,600
maintaining traditional shamanic
practices for political 

4037
03:26:04,600 --> 03:26:07,400
expediency. 
This religious pragmatism would 

4038
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:09,700
later become a Cornerstone of 
his Imperial policy. 

4039
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:13,000
What's often overlooked, is how 
cool is early governance in 

4040
03:26:13,000 --> 03:26:15,500
northern China served as a 
laboratory for his later 

4041
03:26:15,500 --> 03:26:18,600
Imperial vision. 
Appointed as Vice Roy to Chinese

4042
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:22,400
territories in 1251 by his 
brother, monka Khan Kublai 

4043
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,100
surrounded himself with advisors
from diverse backgrounds. 

4044
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:29,500
The Tibetan Lama, Dragon became 
a spiritual mentor. 

4045
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:32,800
While Chinese Confucian 
Scholars, like looping Jong 

4046
03:26:32,800 --> 03:26:35,500
helped him navigate The 
Labyrinth theme, traditions of 

4047
03:26:35,508 --> 03:26:39,400
Chinese bureaucracy. 
In these formative years, kubal 

4048
03:26:39,400 --> 03:26:42,300
lies governance style emerged, 
where other Mongol, princes 

4049
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,000
treated conquered, territories, 
merely a sources of plunder and 

4050
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:47,700
tax revenue. 
He attempted to integrate local 

4051
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:51,200
Elites into his administration 
and adapt governance to Regional

4052
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:53,700
conditions. 
This approach provoked criticism

4053
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:57,000
from Mongol traditionalists who 
viewed such accommodation as 

4054
03:26:57,000 --> 03:26:59,400
weakness. 
Yet it laid the groundwork for 

4055
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:02,200
his later ability to maintain 
control over vastly different 

4056
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:05,200
cultural regions. 
Perhaps most telling about 

4057
03:27:05,200 --> 03:27:08,000
Cuba's character was his 
relationship with chabi. 

4058
03:27:08,000 --> 03:27:11,700
His principal wife, unlike the 
purely political marriage, as 

4059
03:27:11,700 --> 03:27:15,300
common among Mongol nobility 
their partnership evolved into a

4060
03:27:15,300 --> 03:27:16,500
genuine intellectual 
collaboration. 

4061
03:27:17,600 --> 03:27:20,500
Historical records suggest 
Chubby's influence moderated. 

4062
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:23,500
Some of his harsher Tendencies 
and encouraged his interest in 

4063
03:27:23,500 --> 03:27:26,300
Chinese culture. 
She advocated for policies 

4064
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:29,900
protecting Chinese civilians 
during military campaigns an 

4065
03:27:29,900 --> 03:27:32,200
influenced appointments of 
moderate officials in his early 

4066
03:27:32,200 --> 03:27:35,600
Administration. 
The Mongol Empire faced a 

4067
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:39,700
pivotal moment when moncur 
unexpectedly passed away in 1259

4068
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:44,000
Kublai yungba brother, Eric 
Booker sees the opportunity to 

4069
03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:47,300
play the great Khan, 8 rallying 
traditionalists, who resented, 

4070
03:27:47,300 --> 03:27:49,300
Kublai perceived cultural 
apostasy. 

4071
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,000
What followed was not merely a 
succession dispute but an 

4072
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:55,200
ideological battle for the 
Empire's soul. 

4073
03:27:55,900 --> 03:27:58,200
With the Mongols remain, 
conquerors, who ruled from 

4074
03:27:58,200 --> 03:28:01,100
horseback or transformed into 
administrators of a multi-ethnic

4075
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:04,200
Empire. 
The ensuing Civil War, 

4076
03:28:04,200 --> 03:28:08,100
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 
patience rather than immediately

4077
03:28:08,100 --> 03:28:10,800
marching on the Mongolian 
Heartland where Eric's 

4078
03:28:10,800 --> 03:28:12,000
traditionalist support was 
strongest. 

4079
03:28:12,900 --> 03:28:16,100
He can solidated power in 
northern China, securing 

4080
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,100
agricultural resources and tax 
revenues, that would eventually 

4081
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:22,800
find out his campaign. 
This decision, prioritizing, 

4082
03:28:22,800 --> 03:28:26,100
economic infrastructure over 
symbolic, homelands revealed the

4083
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:28,900
pragmatic ruler. 
He was becoming the boy, who 

4084
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:32,200
would reshape continents took 
his first breath in the shadow 

4085
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:35,400
of the altai mountains. 
Kublai Khan came into the world 

4086
03:28:35,400 --> 03:28:39,700
in 1215, not as the obvious are 
to power, but as the fourth son 

4087
03:28:39,700 --> 03:28:44,500
of Tuli and Soggy Becky, while 
his grandfather Genghis, Khan 

4088
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:48,200
carved an Empire with blood and 
Thunder, Young Kublai is 

4089
03:28:48,200 --> 03:28:51,100
education took a different path,
one, that would eventually 

4090
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:53,900
redefine what it meant to rule, 
the largest contiguous land 

4091
03:28:53,900 --> 03:28:57,600
Empire in history. 
Unlike his brothers who mastered

4092
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:00,900
horseback archery before they 
could properly speak kubai found

4093
03:29:00,900 --> 03:29:03,200
his early calling, in the 
quieter, Pursuits of the Mind. 

4094
03:29:04,200 --> 03:29:08,400
SOG Tani is nestorian. 
Christian mother made a 

4095
03:29:08,400 --> 03:29:10,400
calculated decision. 
That history would later 

4096
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:13,700
vindicate While ensuring her 
son, possessed, the riding and 

4097
03:29:13,700 --> 03:29:16,000
shooting skills expected of 
Mongol nobility. 

4098
03:29:16,000 --> 03:29:19,400
She also engaged Chinese 
Scholars to tutor him in 

4099
03:29:19,400 --> 03:29:22,600
Confucian, Classics Buddhist 
philosophy, and the 

4100
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,100
sophisticated administrative 
techniques of sedentary 

4101
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:28,200
civilizations. 
This unconventional upbringing 

4102
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:30,300
wasn't merely academic 
Indulgence. 

4103
03:29:30,300 --> 03:29:34,400
It was strategic foresight. 
Soaker than he recognized that 

4104
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,600
conquering China, the wealthiest
and most complex society on 

4105
03:29:37,600 --> 03:29:40,100
Earth would require more than 
military might. 

4106
03:29:40,100 --> 03:29:43,500
It would demand cultural 
understanding and administrative

4107
03:29:43,500 --> 03:29:46,000
finesse that no Khan before had 
possessed. 

4108
03:29:47,100 --> 03:29:50,800
The bow conquers, the throne 
when an old Mongol saying but 

4109
03:29:50,800 --> 03:29:54,200
ink preserves it. 
Kublai internalized. 

4110
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:57,400
This wisdom in ways his 
predecessors never had while his

4111
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,000
grandfather and uncles ruled 
from horseback and felt most 

4112
03:30:00,008 --> 03:30:03,100
comfortable in the open steppe 
Kublai developed a fascination 

4113
03:30:03,100 --> 03:30:05,300
with urban life and permanent 
structures. 

4114
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:09,000
As a young man, he constructed 
an experimental Chinese style 

4115
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:12,000
Palace in the Mongolian 
Heartland, a move that 

4116
03:30:12,000 --> 03:30:14,800
scandalized traditionalists who 
saw dwelling in anything but 

4117
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:17,200
felt tense as a front to their 
nomadic identity. 

4118
03:30:18,200 --> 03:30:20,900
This cultural flexibility 
extended to religion as well 

4119
03:30:20,900 --> 03:30:24,700
though, raised by a Christian 
mother Kublai, never fully 

4120
03:30:24,700 --> 03:30:27,200
embraced her faith. 
Instead he developed an 

4121
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:29,800
intellectuals appreciation for 
philosophical Buddhism while 

4122
03:30:29,800 --> 03:30:32,700
maintaining traditional Mongol 
shamanic practices for political

4123
03:30:32,700 --> 03:30:36,200
expediency, this religious 
pragmatism would later become a 

4124
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:37,900
Cornerstone of his Imperial 
policy. 

4125
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,200
What's often overlooked is how 
Kublai early governance in 

4126
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,600
northern China served as a 
laboratory for his later 

4127
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:46,800
Imperial vision. 
Appointed as Viceroy to Chinese 

4128
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:49,500
territories in 1251 by his 
brother monka Khan? 

4129
03:30:50,200 --> 03:30:52,700
Kublai surrounded himself with 
advisors from diverse 

4130
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:54,900
backgrounds. 
The Tibetan Lama. 

4131
03:30:54,900 --> 03:30:59,600
Dragon, a spiritual mentor. 
While Chinese Confucian 

4132
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:02,400
Scholars, like looping Jong 
helped him navigate The 

4133
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:04,600
Labyrinth theme, traditions of 
Chinese bureaucracy. 

4134
03:31:05,600 --> 03:31:09,500
In these formative years, koalas
governance style emerged where 

4135
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:12,300
other Mongol Prince's treated 
conquered, territories, merely a

4136
03:31:12,300 --> 03:31:15,100
sources of plunder and tax 
revenue, the attempted to 

4137
03:31:15,100 --> 03:31:18,300
integrate local Elites in his 
administration and adapt 

4138
03:31:18,300 --> 03:31:19,700
governance to Regional 
conditions. 

4139
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:23,500
This approach provoked criticism
from Mongol traditionalists who 

4140
03:31:23,500 --> 03:31:25,500
viewed such accommodation as 
weakness. 

4141
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:28,800
Yet it laid the groundwork for 
his later ability to maintain 

4142
03:31:28,800 --> 03:31:32,700
control over vastly different 
cultural regions, perhaps most 

4143
03:31:32,700 --> 03:31:36,100
telling about Kublai character 
was his relationship with chabi.

4144
03:31:36,100 --> 03:31:39,600
His principal wife, unlike the 
purely political marriages, 

4145
03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:43,400
common among Mongol nobility 
their partnership evolved into a

4146
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:44,500
genuine intellectual 
collaboration. 

4147
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:48,700
Historical records suggest 
Chubby's influence moderated 

4148
03:31:48,700 --> 03:31:51,400
some of Kublai harsher 
Tendencies and encouraged his 

4149
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,500
interest in Chinese culture. 
She advocated for policies 

4150
03:31:54,500 --> 03:31:57,800
protecting Chinese civilians, 
during military campaigns and 

4151
03:31:57,800 --> 03:32:00,300
influenced appointments of 
moderate officials in his early 

4152
03:32:00,300 --> 03:32:03,800
Administration. 
The Mongol Empire faced a 

4153
03:32:03,800 --> 03:32:07,100
pivotal moment when monka 
unexpectedly passed away in 

4154
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:10,000
1259. 
Kublai younger brother, Eric 

4155
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:14,100
Booker seized the opportunity to
the great khanate, rallying 

4156
03:32:14,100 --> 03:32:16,700
traditionalists, who resented, 
Kube, lies, perceived, cultural 

4157
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:20,700
apostasy, What followed was not 
merely a succession dispute but 

4158
03:32:20,700 --> 03:32:23,200
an ideological battle for the 
Empire's soul. 

4159
03:32:24,000 --> 03:32:26,300
With the Mongols remain, 
conquerors, who ruled from 

4160
03:32:26,300 --> 03:32:29,200
horseback or transformed into 
administrators of a multi-ethnic

4161
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:32,300
Empire. 
The ensuing Civil War, 

4162
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:36,200
demonstrated Kublai, strategic 
patience rather than immediately

4163
03:32:36,200 --> 03:32:38,900
marching on the Mongolian 
Heartland where Eric's 

4164
03:32:38,900 --> 03:32:40,100
traditionalist support was 
strongest. 

4165
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:44,200
He Consolidated power in 
northern China, securing 

4166
03:32:44,200 --> 03:32:47,200
agricultural resources and tax 
revenues, that would eventually 

4167
03:32:47,200 --> 03:32:50,900
find his campaign. 
This decision, prioritizing, 

4168
03:32:50,900 --> 03:32:54,200
economic infrastructure over 
symbolic, homelands revealed the

4169
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,200
pragmatic ruler. 
He was becoming the tellywood 

4170
03:32:57,200 --> 03:32:59,200
Civil War that erupted after 
monka's death. 

4171
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:02,400
Pitted not just brother against 
brother, but competing Visions 

4172
03:33:02,400 --> 03:33:05,500
for the Mongol future. 
While most historical accounts 

4173
03:33:05,500 --> 03:33:08,500
frame this conflict through 
military campaigns, the deeper 

4174
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:11,000
struggle occurred in the halls 
of governance and finance. 

4175
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:15,200
Kublai four-year campaign 
against Eric Burke featured an 

4176
03:33:15,200 --> 03:33:18,200
innovation that distinguished it
from previous Mongol succession 

4177
03:33:18,200 --> 03:33:22,100
disputes, the systematic use of 
economic Warfare controlling the

4178
03:33:22,100 --> 03:33:24,100
agricultural Heartland of 
northern China. 

4179
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,200
Kublai restricted grain 
shipments to the Mongolian 

4180
03:33:27,200 --> 03:33:30,700
steppe where Eric supporters 
struggled to feed their families

4181
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,600
and livestock. 
This approach minimized direct 

4182
03:33:33,600 --> 03:33:36,600
military confrontation, while 
steadily eroding his opponent's 

4183
03:33:36,600 --> 03:33:39,300
base of support. 
Throughout to this conflict 

4184
03:33:39,300 --> 03:33:42,900
Kublai, demonstrated unexpected,
restraint toward captured 

4185
03:33:42,900 --> 03:33:46,100
enemies. 
After his final victory in 1264,

4186
03:33:46,100 --> 03:33:50,800
he spared Eric's life, a mercy 
uncommonly extended in Mongol 

4187
03:33:50,800 --> 03:33:53,800
politics though, there are Rick 
would die mysteriously just two 

4188
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:55,500
years later while in Kublai 
custody. 

4189
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:58,500
This initial Clemente was 
notable for a man, whose 

4190
03:33:58,500 --> 03:34:01,000
grandfather had created 
Mountains of Skulls across 

4191
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:04,000
Central Asia. 
The wars resolution left kubai 

4192
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:07,400
as great Khan in name, but the 
Empire's fracturing had begun, 

4193
03:34:07,400 --> 03:34:11,800
the Western K8, the golden horde
in Russia, the chagatai Khan in 

4194
03:34:11,800 --> 03:34:15,700
Central Asia and the alkan 
Persia acknowledged position 

4195
03:34:15,700 --> 03:34:20,300
with decreasing sincerity each 
pursuing independent policies, 

4196
03:34:20,300 --> 03:34:23,200
rendering the title of great 
Khan more symbolic than 

4197
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:27,200
practical Beyond East Asia. 
This reality shaped Kublai 

4198
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:30,900
Vision rather than exhausting 
resources trying to reimpose 

4199
03:34:30,900 --> 03:34:32,700
Central Authority across the 
sprawling. 

4200
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:36,400
Mongol domains, he focused 
Eastward turning his 

4201
03:34:36,400 --> 03:34:40,000
grandfather's Conquest into 
something, new, a chinese-style 

4202
03:34:40,000 --> 03:34:44,200
dynasty with Mongol 
characteristics in 1271 at the 

4203
03:34:44,200 --> 03:34:47,700
age of 56 Kublai made this 
transformation official, by 

4204
03:34:47,700 --> 03:34:52,000
proclaiming the UN Dynasty. 
The name itself, meaning origin 

4205
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:54,200
or beginning in Chinese 
signaled. 

4206
03:34:54,200 --> 03:34:57,100
His intent to establish, not 
just a continuation of Mongol 

4207
03:34:57,100 --> 03:35:00,200
rule but a legitimate Chinese 
Imperial regime. 

4208
03:35:01,100 --> 03:35:03,600
This declaration came with a 
comprehensive adoption of 

4209
03:35:03,600 --> 03:35:06,800
Chinese Imperial institutions 
from six administrative 

4210
03:35:06,800 --> 03:35:10,700
Ministries to elaborate Court 
rituals yet beneath the Chinese 

4211
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:14,500
Imperial facade Kublai 
maintained distinctly Mongol, 

4212
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:17,500
power structures. 
He instituted what historians 

4213
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:20,800
later called the four class 
system arranging his subjects in

4214
03:35:20,800 --> 03:35:24,600
a strict hierarchy Mongols at 
the top, followed by Central 

4215
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,600
Asian Muslims and other 
non-chinese people's the cemu 

4216
03:35:27,600 --> 03:35:31,200
then Northern Chinese. 
And finally Southern Chinese at 

4217
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:35,000
the bottom This system, ensured 
Mongol military and political 

4218
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:38,000
dominance while incorporating 
useful talents from all groups, 

4219
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,200
Kube lies administrative, 
Innovations were practical 

4220
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,700
responses to governance, 
challenges, unable to read, 

4221
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:48,800
Chinese himself, he commissioned
the creation of the phage 

4222
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:53,100
script, a writing system that 
could transcribe multiple 

4223
03:35:53,100 --> 03:35:55,800
languages including Mongolian 
and Chinese. 

4224
03:35:55,800 --> 03:36:00,300
This script appeared on official
seals and currency allowing 

4225
03:36:00,300 --> 03:36:02,700
communication across linguistic 
divides within his 

4226
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:06,100
administration. 
His legal system represented a 

4227
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,900
similar hybrid approach rather 
than imposing Mongol customary 

4228
03:36:09,900 --> 03:36:13,400
law, universally or adopting 
Chinese legal Traditions, 

4229
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:17,000
wholesale Kublai created a 
tiered system where different 

4230
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:19,700
ethnic groups were judged 
according to different legal 

4231
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:22,600
standards. 
Mongols answered to traditional 

4232
03:36:22,600 --> 03:36:27,100
Mongol law Muslims to Islamic 
law and Chinese to modify Tang. 

4233
03:36:27,100 --> 03:36:30,400
Dennis coats. 
Perhaps most revealing of Kublai

4234
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,100
intellectual character, was his 
establishment of the Muslim, 

4235
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:37,400
astronomical observatory in 
Beijing. while previous rulers 

4236
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:40,900
might have consulted astrologers
before campaigns Kublai 

4237
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:43,800
assembled a multicultural 
scientific team including 

4238
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:48,500
Chinese Muslim and even European
scholars to improve calendar 

4239
03:36:48,500 --> 03:36:52,300
systems, develop navigational, 
tools and study Celestial 

4240
03:36:52,300 --> 03:36:55,900
phenomena This institution 
reflected his genuine 

4241
03:36:55,900 --> 03:36:59,200
intellectual curiosity and 
recognition that Knowledge from 

4242
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:01,700
diverse Traditions could serve 
practical governance. 

4243
03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:06,000
The Khan's personal habits, 
similarly Blended traditions. 

4244
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:09,700
While maintaining the Mongol 
custom of Hunting Expeditions 

4245
03:37:09,700 --> 03:37:12,000
Kublai. 
Transformed these into elaborate

4246
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:15,000
Affairs, combining Chinese 
Imperial, pageantry with step 

4247
03:37:15,000 --> 03:37:18,400
Traditions. 
His Hunting Park at Xanadu made 

4248
03:37:18,400 --> 03:37:20,500
famous centuries later by 
coleridge's. 

4249
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:23,900
Poem featured, not only game 
reserves but also agricultural 

4250
03:37:23,900 --> 03:37:27,200
demonstrations and Botanical 
collections reflecting his 

4251
03:37:27,200 --> 03:37:31,200
interest in Natural Sciences. 
By the time, he Consolidated his

4252
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:35,300
position as emperor of China. 
Kublai Khan had evolved from a 

4253
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:37,800
Mongol Prince with Chinese 
tutors into something history 

4254
03:37:37,800 --> 03:37:40,700
had not seen before. 
A ruler equally comfortable 

4255
03:37:40,700 --> 03:37:44,500
discussing, Confucian, ethics 
Buddhist cosmology, and the 

4256
03:37:44,500 --> 03:37:46,600
Practical Logistics of Cavalry 
Warfare. 

4257
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:50,300
Perhaps most revolutionary was 
Daddy's religious landscape. 

4258
03:37:50,300 --> 03:37:53,900
Previous Chinese capitals, had 
hierarchically arranged temples 

4259
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:58,000
reflecting Imperial Orthodoxy 
Kublai instead created what 

4260
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:00,200
might be considered the world's 
first deliberately 

4261
03:38:00,200 --> 03:38:01,800
multi-religious imperial 
capital? 

4262
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:05,400
Buddhist temples stood alongside
Taoist sanctuaries. 

4263
03:38:05,400 --> 03:38:09,900
Confucian Academy is Muslim 
mosques nestorian. 

4264
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:12,800
Christian churches. 
And even a Jewish synagogue, 

4265
03:38:12,800 --> 03:38:15,100
this Arrangement was not merely 
tolerant. 

4266
03:38:15,100 --> 03:38:18,600
It was strategically 
pluralistic, allowing the 

4267
03:38:18,600 --> 03:38:21,000
emperor to draw, just to see 
from multiple religious 

4268
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:24,400
Traditions simultaneously. 
The city's demographic 

4269
03:38:24,400 --> 03:38:26,900
composition reflected equally 
revolutionary thinking. 

4270
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:30,700
While traditional Chinese 
capitals, segregated foreigners 

4271
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:34,300
in designated quarters Dadu 
integrated multiple ethnic 

4272
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:35,900
neighborhoods throughout its 
Urban fabric. 

4273
03:38:35,900 --> 03:38:39,300
Specialized craft districts 
developed where Artisans from 

4274
03:38:39,300 --> 03:38:43,000
across the Empire. 
We call a paper makers Persian 

4275
03:38:43,000 --> 03:38:46,100
astronomers, Tibetan, thangka 
painters, and Chinese. 

4276
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,900
Porcelain Masters lived and 
worked in proximity. 

4277
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:53,100
Creating unprecedented cultural 
Exchange Security, 

4278
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,700
considerations shape, the city 
in distinctive ways, unlike 

4279
03:38:56,700 --> 03:38:59,900
previous Chinese capitals, where
the Imperial Precinct stood at 

4280
03:38:59,908 --> 03:39:02,500
the center. 
Daddy's, Palace complex was 

4281
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:05,600
positioned against the northern 
wall allowing for an emergency 

4282
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:08,100
escape route, to the Mongol 
heartlands of rebellion 

4283
03:39:08,100 --> 03:39:10,700
threatened. 
The Imperial Hunting Preserve 

4284
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:14,400
adjacent to the city. 
So dual purposes Recreation for 

4285
03:39:14,400 --> 03:39:17,200
the court and a buffer zone that
could be rapidly militarized in 

4286
03:39:17,200 --> 03:39:19,600
crisis. 
What's rarely appreciated about 

4287
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:21,300
dead. 
Oh is how its construction 

4288
03:39:21,300 --> 03:39:23,400
stimulated technological 
innovation? 

4289
03:39:24,100 --> 03:39:26,700
The massive demand for building 
materials accelerated. 

4290
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:28,900
The development of mass 
production techniques for 

4291
03:39:28,900 --> 03:39:31,100
standardized bricks and roof 
tiles. 

4292
03:39:31,100 --> 03:39:34,200
The need to transport these 
materials efficiently, prompted 

4293
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:36,600
improvements in Canal, boat 
design and lock systems. 

4294
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,500
The Imperial workshops 
established to furnish the 

4295
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:43,100
palace complex became facilities
for technical exchange, where 

4296
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,200
Persian glass-blowing techniques
merged with Chinese porcelain 

4297
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:49,700
Traditions by the time foreign 
visitors like Mark Polo arrived 

4298
03:39:49,700 --> 03:39:52,600
at kubilai court. 
Dad, who had already transformed

4299
03:39:52,600 --> 03:39:55,500
from construction project to a 
functioning imperial capital. 

4300
03:39:55,500 --> 03:39:59,900
Its population surpassed half a 
million making it among the 

4301
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:03,200
world's largest cities. 
Its markets offered goods from 

4302
03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:05,800
as far away as Madagascar and 
Scandinavia. 

4303
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:11,000
It's library's house texts in 
dozens of languages and at its 

4304
03:40:11,000 --> 03:40:13,200
Center satira, whose very 
environment. 

4305
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:16,500
Now reflected his unique 
position, neither fully Mongol, 

4306
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:19,400
nor Chinese, but something 
history had never witnessed 

4307
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:21,900
before. 
While Kublai Khan's, Continental

4308
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:24,000
conquests and prominent 
attention in. 

4309
03:40:24,100 --> 03:40:27,500
Most historical accounts his 
Maritime Ambitions and their 

4310
03:40:27,500 --> 03:40:31,000
spectacular failures reveal. 
Perhaps more about the 

4311
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:33,600
limitations of his Imperial 
Vision than his successes on 

4312
03:40:33,600 --> 03:40:36,100
land ever. 
Could the Khan who conquered the

4313
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:38,000
Song? 
Dynasty did not simply inherit 

4314
03:40:38,000 --> 03:40:41,600
China's existing Naval capacity,
he dramatically expanded it, 

4315
03:40:41,600 --> 03:40:43,800
creating the largest Maritime 
Force. 

4316
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:48,500
Asia had seen up to that point. 
By 1274 Kublai controlled over 

4317
03:40:48,508 --> 03:40:52,500
5,000 ships, from River, Patrol 
vessels to massive ocean-going 

4318
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:55,700
warships, his shipyards along 
the Yangtze and in Korea, 

4319
03:40:55,700 --> 03:40:58,000
constructed vessels that 
dwarfed. 

4320
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:00,900
Anything found in European 
Waters during the same period. 

4321
03:41:00,900 --> 03:41:03,800
What drove? 
This Continental ruler toward by

4322
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:07,700
a maritime expansion. 
The answer lies partly, an 

4323
03:41:07,700 --> 03:41:11,800
economic calculation by the 
1270s maritime trade routes, 

4324
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:15,300
connected East, Asia with 
southeast Asia, India and the 

4325
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:18,000
Middle East in a network that 
transported more than the 

4326
03:41:18,008 --> 03:41:21,400
traditional Silk Road ever had 
controlling these sea Lanes, 

4327
03:41:21,400 --> 03:41:23,900
promised greater Revenue than 
taxing Caravan trade. 

4328
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:28,200
Additionally, Kublai recognized 
that Naval power could outflank 

4329
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:31,900
Regional Rivals who might block 
land routes The Expeditions 

4330
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:35,600
against Japan in 1274 and 1281 
represent more than failed 

4331
03:41:35,600 --> 03:41:37,700
conquests. 
They marked critical turning 

4332
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:39,200
points in East Asian military 
history. 

4333
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:43,100
The first Invasion Fleet, 
comprised approximately 900 

4334
03:41:43,100 --> 03:41:47,500
ships carrying an estimated 
23,000 troops including Mongol, 

4335
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:52,300
Chinese and Korean contingents. 
Contemporary Japanese accounts, 

4336
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:54,300
described these vessels 
employing Technologies. 

4337
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,900
Unfamiliar to Japanese 
Defenders, including early, 

4338
03:41:57,900 --> 03:42:01,100
explosive weapons, derived from 
Chinese gunpowder developments. 

4339
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:04,800
What seldom acknowledged is, how
these invasions accelerated 

4340
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:07,200
military technology transfer 
across East Asia. 

4341
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:10,500
The Korean ship rights. 
Drafted into kubali service, 

4342
03:42:10,500 --> 03:42:13,100
brought their distinctive hole 
designs and sailing techniques 

4343
03:42:13,100 --> 03:42:16,800
into Chinese shipyards Mongol. 
Cavalry tactics were adapted for

4344
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:19,200
marine Landings. 
Chinese Siege Engineers 

4345
03:42:19,200 --> 03:42:21,600
developed floating platforms for
their trebuchets. 

4346
03:42:21,600 --> 03:42:25,400
This cross-cultural military 
synthesis created entirely new 

4347
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:29,600
approaches to Naval Warfare. 
The infamous Kamikaze or divine,

4348
03:42:29,600 --> 03:42:33,000
wind typhoons that scattered. 
Both Invasion fleets have become

4349
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:35,900
Central to The Narrative of 
Kube, lies Japanese campaigns. 

4350
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:40,300
However, evidence suggests the 
second expedition in 1281, face 

4351
03:42:40,300 --> 03:42:43,200
significant problems even before
the storm struck. 

4352
03:42:44,000 --> 03:42:46,200
Coordination between the Korean 
and Southern Chinese. 

4353
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,800
Fleet components proved nearly 
impossible due to different 

4354
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:52,200
Maritime traditions and command 
structures ships designed for 

4355
03:42:52,200 --> 03:42:55,400
different Waters, the relatively
protected Korean Coast vs. 

4356
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:58,500
The open East China Sea found 
themselves, inappropriately 

4357
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:02,500
deployed, Archaeological. 
Excavations of the invasion, 

4358
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:04,900
Fleet wrecks near takashima 
Island. 

4359
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,300
Have revealed fascinating 
details about Kube, lies Naval 

4360
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:10,900
technology. 
The recovered vessels show a 

4361
03:43:10,900 --> 03:43:13,100
surprising standardization of 
construction techniques. 

4362
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:16,100
Suggesting mass production 
methods, that anticipated 

4363
03:43:16,100 --> 03:43:18,600
European shipbuilding approaches
by centuries. 

4364
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:22,400
Recovered weapons include 
sophisticated composite bows. 

4365
03:43:22,400 --> 03:43:25,700
Designed specifically, for 
Marine combat and early grenades

4366
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:28,600
with ceramic casings 
technologies that would not 

4367
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:31,000
appear in European Naval Warfare
until much later. 

4368
03:43:32,100 --> 03:43:34,700
Less known than the Japanese 
campaigns were cooped in Naval 

4369
03:43:34,700 --> 03:43:39,400
expeditions to South East, Asia 
between 1278 and 1287 he 

4370
03:43:39,400 --> 03:43:41,900
dispatched multiple fleets to 
various parts of what are now 

4371
03:43:41,908 --> 03:43:45,300
Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar and 
Indonesia. 

4372
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:49,400
These Expeditions face 
challenges different from those 

4373
03:43:49,400 --> 03:43:53,300
in Japan, tropical diseases, 
decimated northern troops and 

4374
03:43:53,300 --> 03:43:55,900
dense river. 
Systems negated the mobility 

4375
03:43:55,900 --> 03:43:59,200
advantages of Mongol Cavalry. 
Once they landed the campaign 

4376
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:01,600
against Java in 1293 
represented. 

4377
03:44:01,600 --> 03:44:05,900
The farthest extension of Cuba 
lies Maritime reach nearly 3500 

4378
03:44:05,900 --> 03:44:09,300
miles from his capital and 
encountered unique difficulties.

4379
03:44:10,400 --> 03:44:14,000
Local understanding of monsoon 
timing gave Javanese forces. 

4380
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,500
A decisive Advantage. 
When Kublai is Fleet arrived, 

4381
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,600
they found Harbors. 
Empty of trading vessels, they 

4382
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:24,700
had hoped to capture and coastal
areas already harvested a Food 

4383
03:44:24,708 --> 03:44:27,900
Supplies. 
The 1293 Expedition ultimately 

4384
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:30,700
returned with tribute but to 
establish last and control 

4385
03:44:30,700 --> 03:44:34,300
demonstrating the logistical 
limitations of projecting power 

4386
03:44:34,300 --> 03:44:38,000
across such distances. 
What truly distinguished, Kube 

4387
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:40,200
lies Maritime Ventures from 
previous Chinese Naval 

4388
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:42,300
operations was their hybrid 
nature. 

4389
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:45,500
His fleets Incorporated 
personnel and techniques from 

4390
03:44:45,500 --> 03:44:48,400
multiple Traditions, Chinese 
navigational, knowledge. 

4391
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,800
Korean shipbuilding Mongol 
command structures and even 

4392
03:44:51,800 --> 03:44:54,600
Muslim Navigators familiar with 
Indian Ocean. 

4393
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:58,100
Conditions ships carried 
multiple types of Provisions to 

4394
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,500
accommodate diverse Crews 
including kumis, fermented 

4395
03:45:01,500 --> 03:45:05,000
mayor's milk for Mongol offers 
alongside rice for Chinese 

4396
03:45:05,000 --> 03:45:08,200
Sailors. 
Perhaps most tellingly, these 

4397
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:10,400
Naval Expeditions altered Kublai
himself. 

4398
03:45:11,300 --> 03:45:13,900
Court records, describe him 
becoming increasingly fascinated

4399
03:45:13,900 --> 03:45:17,000
with Maritime Technologies. 
He personally interviewed 

4400
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:20,200
returning captains collected 
nautical maps and commissioned 

4401
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:22,100
treatises on Southern Ocean 
navigation. 

4402
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:25,600
The Khan who had begun his 
career as a step Horseman 

4403
03:45:25,600 --> 03:45:28,700
eventually developed such 
appreciation for maritime 

4404
03:45:28,700 --> 03:45:31,100
Affairs, that he established 
specialized schools for 

4405
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:33,100
navigational. 
Astronomy and map, making in his

4406
03:45:33,108 --> 03:45:36,800
Capital, yet despite these 
Innovations kubilai, Maritime 

4407
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:39,800
Ambitions, ultimately 
represented Imperial overreach 

4408
03:45:39,800 --> 03:45:42,900
the failed campaigns consumed. 
Enormous resources. 

4409
03:45:42,900 --> 03:45:46,600
The second Japanese Expedition 
alone is estimated to have cost 

4410
03:45:46,600 --> 03:45:49,500
nearly two years, tax revenue 
from all of Korea. 

4411
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,100
These are compensators combined 
with the massive costs of 

4412
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:56,300
building and maintaining Dadu 
Place strains on the Imperial 

4413
03:45:56,300 --> 03:45:58,600
treasury, that would have 
long-term consequences for un 

4414
03:45:58,600 --> 03:46:01,600
Dynasty stability. 
Among the Overlook dimensions of

4415
03:46:01,608 --> 03:46:03,400
Kublai. 
Khan's rule was his pioneering 

4416
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:07,100
use of food as an instrument of 
statecraft, the Imperial Kitchen

4417
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:11,000
became a microcosm of his 
broader Imperial project a space

4418
03:46:11,000 --> 03:46:14,200
where cultural synthesis was not
merely symbolic, but tangibly 

4419
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,300
experience through daily ritual 
and sustenance. 

4420
03:46:17,300 --> 03:46:19,600
The courts dining practices, 
reflected Kube. 

4421
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:22,700
Lies complex cultural 
positioning unlike previous 

4422
03:46:22,700 --> 03:46:25,700
Mongol rulers, who maintained 
strict nomadic eating habits 

4423
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,000
even after conquests. 
Kublai orchestrated, elaborate 

4424
03:46:29,000 --> 03:46:31,500
cullinary performance. 
Is that strategically deployed 

4425
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:33,200
Traditions from across his 
domains? 

4426
03:46:34,000 --> 03:46:35,800
Court, Banquets featured 
carefully. 

4427
03:46:35,800 --> 03:46:38,300
Choreographed sequences of 
dishes, representing different 

4428
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,600
territories. 
Step cumis, followed by Northern

4429
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:45,500
Chinese wheat buns, Southern 
rice preparations, Central Asian

4430
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:50,200
pilaf and Persian sweets. 
Archaeological excavations at 

4431
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:52,000
the UN Palace complex have 
revealed. 

4432
03:46:52,000 --> 03:46:54,800
Specialized kitchen areas for 
different culinary Traditions 

4433
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:58,100
each with distinct equipment and
dedicated staff. 

4434
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:02,400
The Imperial Food Service 
employed over 12,000 people, 

4435
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:07,800
including Hunters Farmers 
butchers Cooks servers and food 

4436
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:09,800
tasters. 
Making it one of the largest 

4437
03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:12,400
Court departments. 
This elaborate system. 

4438
03:47:12,400 --> 03:47:16,300
Served both practical and 
symbolic functions in the Khan 

4439
03:47:16,300 --> 03:47:18,000
security through careful food. 
Preparation. 

4440
03:47:18,000 --> 03:47:21,600
While demonstrating his dominion
over diverse resources and 

4441
03:47:21,600 --> 03:47:24,500
traditions. 
Kublai maintained certain 

4442
03:47:24,500 --> 03:47:27,700
Mongol, dietary Customs, that 
visibly, distinguished him from 

4443
03:47:27,700 --> 03:47:30,600
Chinese Emperors. 
He continued the step tradition 

4444
03:47:30,600 --> 03:47:34,200
of the white Feast featuring 
dairy products, alongside the 

4445
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:38,100
red Feast featuring meat. 
His preference for mayor's, milk

4446
03:47:38,100 --> 03:47:41,900
are Rag and dried meat, strips 
proclaimed, his Mongol identity 

4447
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:45,900
even as he adopted Chinese 
administrative practices yet. 

4448
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:48,900
He strategically Incorporated, 
Chinese Imperial food Customs 

4449
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:52,500
when politically expedient 
Particularly during ceremonies 

4450
03:47:52,500 --> 03:47:56,300
attended by Chinese officials. 
What distinguished Cube lies 

4451
03:47:56,300 --> 03:47:59,000
approach, from simple, cultural 
accommodation was its systematic

4452
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:02,300
nature court records detail, 
elaborate protocols for 

4453
03:48:02,300 --> 03:48:04,900
determining, which culinary 
Traditions would be featured at 

4454
03:48:04,900 --> 03:48:08,100
which events with specific Foods
functioning as diplomatic 

4455
03:48:08,100 --> 03:48:11,600
signals when receiving 
emissaries from Tibet, the court

4456
03:48:11,600 --> 03:48:14,800
served butter tea prepared in 
the Tibetan style, despite the 

4457
03:48:14,800 --> 03:48:18,600
Khan's personal dislike for it. 
Muslim, diplomats were presented

4458
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:21,600
with meals prepared. 
According to Halal requirements 

4459
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:24,900
overseen, by Muslim Cooks 
maintained specifically for such

4460
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:27,800
occasions. 
The Khan's personal dining 

4461
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:30,100
regimen, combined, medical 
theories from multiple 

4462
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:32,600
traditions. 
His Physicians included, 

4463
03:48:32,600 --> 03:48:36,600
practitioners of Chinese meds, 
and Islamic, unani medson, and 

4464
03:48:36,600 --> 03:48:39,800
traditional Mongolian shamanic, 
healing each contributed, 

4465
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:43,000
dietary recommendations that 
were synthesized into the Khan's

4466
03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:46,000
eating plan. 
Contemporary accounts described 

4467
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:49,400
medicinal, soups, combining, 
Chinese herbs, Central Asian 

4468
03:48:49,400 --> 03:48:53,100
spices and ingredients from as 
far as India prepared. 

4469
03:48:53,100 --> 03:48:55,400
According to schedule's, 
aligning with both Chinese 

4470
03:48:55,400 --> 03:48:58,200
cosmological calendars and 
Islamic medical timing. 

4471
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:00,800
Kublai is famous Hunting 
Expeditions. 

4472
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:03,300
It is summer. 
Capital of Xanadu, shangdu 

4473
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:05,400
featured. 
Elaborate outdoor. 

4474
03:49:05,400 --> 03:49:09,000
Feasting that merged Mongol 
Traditions with Imperial Chinese

4475
03:49:09,000 --> 03:49:11,600
ritual. 
These events which could involve

4476
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,400
Tar Heels and steals to 
participants followed precisely 

4477
03:49:14,400 --> 03:49:17,600
choreographed sequences. 
The Khan would first honor, his 

4478
03:49:17,608 --> 03:49:20,300
ancestors with traditional 
Mongol offerings, then 

4479
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:24,000
participated in the hunt itself.
Culminating in a feast where 

4480
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:27,300
animals killed during the hunt 
were prepared using techniques 

4481
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:30,400
from multiple culinary 
Traditions, the Multicultural 

4482
03:49:30,400 --> 03:49:33,800
composition of Kube, lies Court,
created unprecedented culinary 

4483
03:49:33,800 --> 03:49:36,200
Exchange. 
Chinese techniques for 

4484
03:49:36,208 --> 03:49:38,800
fermenting vegetables. 
Spread Northwood into Mongolia 

4485
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:41,700
Mongol methods for preserving 
meat influence. 

4486
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:44,800
Chinese practices Persian fruit,
cultivation techniques, 

4487
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:46,700
transformed Guardians around 
Dadu. 

4488
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:50,200
This cross-cultural exchange 
accelerated at the development 

4489
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:52,900
of, what would later be 
recognized as distinct Regional 

4490
03:49:52,900 --> 03:49:55,700
Chinese Cuisines. 
Some of Kublai most effective 

4491
03:49:55,700 --> 03:49:58,700
diplomatic deployments of food 
occur during his interactions 

4492
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,700
with foreign emissaries. 
According to Marco Polo's 

4493
03:50:01,700 --> 03:50:03,900
account. 
Visitors were first served 

4494
03:50:03,900 --> 03:50:05,600
familiar foods from their home 
lands. 

4495
03:50:05,600 --> 03:50:08,300
Prepared by Cooks who 
specifically researched foreign 

4496
03:50:08,300 --> 03:50:11,200
technique's before being 
gradually introduced to Mongol 

4497
03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:14,300
and Chinese Delicacies. 
This culinary progression 

4498
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:16,200
mirrored. 
The broader diplomatic process 

4499
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:20,800
of establishing Comfort before 
negotiation One of Kublai most 

4500
03:50:20,800 --> 03:50:23,000
significant culinary. 
Innovations was the development 

4501
03:50:23,000 --> 03:50:25,900
of Imperial food supply chains 
that connected distant 

4502
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:29,000
ecological zones. 
Specialized Imperial farms 

4503
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:32,500
around Dadu, cultivated fruits 
and vegetables from across 

4504
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:36,500
Eurasia Fast horse relay 
stations, primarily developed 

4505
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:39,800
for military and administrative 
communication were adapted to 

4506
03:50:39,800 --> 03:50:43,700
transport perishable Delicacies 
court records notes, shipments 

4507
03:50:43,700 --> 03:50:45,400
of fresh seafood, from the 
Yellow Sea. 

4508
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:49,200
Reaching the Imperial table, 
within days of harvest and 

4509
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:52,100
fruits, from tropical Southern 
provinces arriving in edible 

4510
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:55,700
condition at the northern 
capital, Archaeological evidence

4511
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:59,600
from un Dynasty Elite tombs 
reveals the material culture. 

4512
03:50:59,600 --> 03:51:01,700
Supporting this culinary 
cosmopolitanism. 

4513
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:05,800
Burial goods include Persian 
influenced metal serving vessels

4514
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:08,600
alongside Chinese porcelain and 
Mongol ceremonial cups. 

4515
03:51:09,300 --> 03:51:12,200
This material hybridization 
reflected the lived experience 

4516
03:51:12,200 --> 03:51:15,300
of dining at koobies court. 
Where the vessels themselves, 

4517
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:17,600
communicated. 
Political messages about 

4518
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:20,000
cultural synthesis and Imperial 
reach. 

4519
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:24,900
By the later years of his Reign 
couples Court, Cuisine had 

4520
03:51:24,900 --> 03:51:27,500
evolved into something 
distinctly different from both 

4521
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,500
traditional Mongol fair, and 
Chinese Imperial dining. 

4522
03:51:31,300 --> 03:51:35,000
It represented a third 
tradition, a uncaught Cuisine, 

4523
03:51:35,000 --> 03:51:37,900
that embodied, an edible form, 
the Khan's vision of universal 

4524
03:51:37,900 --> 03:51:41,600
rule, transcending, ethnic, and 
cultural boundaries a sensory, 

4525
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:44,600
embodiment of his new type of 
Empire Beyond his military 

4526
03:51:44,600 --> 03:51:47,400
campaigns and Architectural, 
Ambitions Kublai Khan's. 

4527
03:51:47,400 --> 03:51:50,300
Most enduring Innovation may 
have been his transformation of 

4528
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:53,600
how information moved through 
and shaped his vast domains 

4529
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,900
under his Direction. 
The Mongol Empire of all from a 

4530
03:51:56,908 --> 03:52:00,000
conquest State into an 
information Empire whose 

4531
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:02,700
administrative sophistication 
would influence East Asian 

4532
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:05,800
governance for centuries. 
The Cornerstone of this 

4533
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:09,000
transformation was Kublai to 
development of the world's most 

4534
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:13,400
extensive postal relay system. 
Building upon the Mongol yam 

4535
03:52:13,400 --> 03:52:17,200
Network established by Genghis. 
Khan Kublai systematically 

4536
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:20,000
expanded and formalized this 
Communications infrastructure 

4537
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:24,000
until it encompassed over 1400, 
postal stations across East 

4538
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:26,800
Asia. 
Unlike earlier iterations, that 

4539
03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:28,500
primarily served military 
coordination. 

4540
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:31,100
Kublai. 
As Postal System, became a 

4541
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:33,100
comprehensive Information. 
Network supporting 

4542
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,300
administrative governance. 
What made this system 

4543
03:52:36,300 --> 03:52:39,500
revolutionary was its 
unprecedented speed and 

4544
03:52:39,500 --> 03:52:42,600
reliability. 
Official Communications could 

4545
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:46,900
travel up to 250 miles per day. 
A pace unmatched anywhere else 

4546
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:50,000
in the Medieval World. 
This goal was achieved through a

4547
03:52:50,000 --> 03:52:53,700
precisely organized relay 
system, where stations were 

4548
03:52:53,700 --> 03:52:57,800
positioned approximately, 25 to 
30 miles apart the distance. 

4549
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:00,600
A horse could Gallop at speed 
before, requiring replacement. 

4550
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:05,900
Special passport tablets Piza 
issued in silver gold or 

4551
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,300
platinum indicated the bearers 
Authority level and determined. 

4552
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:11,900
How many horses they could 
requisition and how quickly 

4553
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:13,500
local stations needed to 
respond. 

4554
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:16,600
The scale of this. 
Operation was staggering. 

4555
03:53:17,300 --> 03:53:20,500
Historical records indicate that
at its peak the system 

4556
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:24,400
maintained approximately 300,000
horses employed tens of 

4557
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:27,200
thousands of riders and station 
personnel and delivered. 

4558
03:53:27,200 --> 03:53:30,700
Not just messages but also 
officials tax shipments and 

4559
03:53:30,700 --> 03:53:32,800
Commercial Goods. 
Deemed important to Imperial 

4560
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:36,100
interests, the entire system 
operated under the jurisdiction 

4561
03:53:36,100 --> 03:53:39,700
of a specialized Ministry, whose
records documented every horse 

4562
03:53:39,700 --> 03:53:42,500
rider and pass in motion across 
the empire. 

4563
03:53:43,400 --> 03:53:45,600
This Communications 
infrastructure enabled another 

4564
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,100
of kabiz. 
Innovations standardized 

4565
03:53:48,100 --> 03:53:51,400
administrative reporting. 
Local officials throughout the 

4566
03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:54,200
realm were required to submit 
regular reports on population. 

4567
03:53:54,200 --> 03:53:58,600
Agricultural production, weather
conditions and local events, 

4568
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:00,400
according to standardized 
formats. 

4569
03:54:01,100 --> 03:54:03,800
These reports flowed upward 
through provincial centres to 

4570
03:54:03,800 --> 03:54:06,100
the Capitol creating what? 
Historians? 

4571
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:09,100
Now recognizes one of History's 
first systematic government 

4572
03:54:09,100 --> 03:54:13,000
information gathering 
operations, The bureaucracy Cube

4573
03:54:13,000 --> 03:54:15,600
layer established a process. 
This information was equally 

4574
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:19,000
Innovative unable to staff the 
entire Administration with 

4575
03:54:19,000 --> 03:54:23,000
Mongols who lacked experience in
managing sedentary populations. 

4576
03:54:23,000 --> 03:54:26,500
He created a multi-ethnic civil 
service, that included Chinese, 

4577
03:54:26,500 --> 03:54:30,900
scholar officials weigh, her 
financial experts, Persian 

4578
03:54:30,900 --> 03:54:33,700
astronomers, and Tibetan 
religious administrators. 

4579
03:54:34,800 --> 03:54:38,100
Most notably, he established 
specialized training academy is 

4580
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:40,200
where officials from different 
backgrounds learned, 

4581
03:54:40,200 --> 03:54:44,400
standardized administrative 
methods, creating institutional 

4582
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:47,400
knowledge that transcended 
individual cultural traditions. 

4583
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:51,000
Particularly significant was 
Kublai as approached to language

4584
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:54,400
within this bureaucracy. 
Rather than imposing a single 

4585
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:57,100
Imperial language as most. 
Conquering regimes. 

4586
03:54:57,100 --> 03:55:00,300
Did he developed a sophisticated
translation system? 

4587
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:04,300
Key documents were produced in 
multiple scripts including 

4588
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:09,400
Chinese Mongolian facts script. 
We go Persian and Tibetan. 

4589
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,300
The Imperial Secretariat 
included, dedicated translation 

4590
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:17,100
bureaus for each major language 
group within the Empire ensuring

4591
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:19,900
that directives from the center 
could be accurately implemented 

4592
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:23,200
across diverse regions the 
wealth of data flowing into 

4593
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:25,400
Dadu. 
Enabled novel approaches to 

4594
03:55:25,400 --> 03:55:28,100
governance. 
Kublai pioneered large-scale 

4595
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:31,400
statistical compilation to 
monitor agricultural production 

4596
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:35,200
population, Trends and tax 
collection efficiency. 

4597
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:39,800
When unusual patterns appeared 
such as unexpected, population, 

4598
03:55:39,800 --> 03:55:42,900
declines or harvest yields. 
Specialized investigators would 

4599
03:55:42,900 --> 03:55:45,800
be dispatched by the postal 
system to assess conditions 

4600
03:55:45,800 --> 03:55:48,700
directly. 
This feedback loop created a 

4601
03:55:48,700 --> 03:55:51,300
more responsive Imperial 
Administration than previous 

4602
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:55,100
Chinese dynasties had achieved. 
Perhaps most remarkable was 

4603
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:57,800
Kublai to development of paper 
currency as an instrument of 

4604
03:55:57,800 --> 03:56:01,100
economic integration. 
While paper money had existed in

4605
03:56:01,100 --> 03:56:03,700
China. 
Previously, Kublai expanded its 

4606
03:56:03,700 --> 03:56:06,400
use and standardized its 
implementation across his 

4607
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:09,000
territories. 
The notes issued under his 

4608
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:12,000
authority backed by silver 
reserves and carrying stern, 

4609
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:15,300
warnings against counterfeiting.
Facilitated Commerce across 

4610
03:56:15,300 --> 03:56:17,500
regions with different 
traditional currencies and 

4611
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:20,800
commodity standards these notes 
represented more than an 

4612
03:56:20,800 --> 03:56:23,400
economic policy. 
They were information technology

4613
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:26,900
that allowed the center to 
influence distant markets, like 

4614
03:56:26,900 --> 03:56:29,100
in the quantity of currency in 
circulation. 

4615
03:56:30,000 --> 03:56:32,500
The Khan's Financial ministers 
could respond to Regional 

4616
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:34,700
economic conditions more quickly
than physical. 

4617
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:38,500
The commodity money would allow 
When Marco Polo described these 

4618
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:41,000
paper that passes for money to 
European audiences? 

4619
03:56:41,000 --> 03:56:43,400
He was documenting. 
Not just a curious foreign 

4620
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:46,700
practice, but one of history's 
most advanced economic Control 

4621
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:49,100
Systems. 
The information infrastructure 

4622
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:52,500
extended Beyond government 
Administration into the realm of

4623
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,800
scientific knowledge. 
Kublai established specialized 

4624
03:56:55,800 --> 03:56:59,000
bureaus for astronomical 
observation, cartography, 

4625
03:56:59,000 --> 03:57:02,200
historical, documentation and 
medical research. 

4626
03:57:03,100 --> 03:57:05,300
Each was tasked with 
systematically collecting and 

4627
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:07,500
synthesizing Knowledge from 
across Eurasia. 

4628
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:11,900
The astronomical Bureau, for 
instance, combined Chinese 

4629
03:57:11,900 --> 03:57:15,200
calendrical traditions with 
Islamic mathematical techniques 

4630
03:57:15,200 --> 03:57:18,500
and Tibetan astrological 
Concepts to create more accurate

4631
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:21,600
predictive systems by the middle
of Cube's Reign. 

4632
03:57:21,600 --> 03:57:24,600
This multifaceted information 
system had transformed 

4633
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:28,300
governance, across East Asia 
Officials who might never travel

4634
03:57:28,300 --> 03:57:31,000
to the capital, nevertheless, 
operated within standardized, 

4635
03:57:31,000 --> 03:57:34,100
protocols established, their 
Regional variations in 

4636
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:36,000
administration. 
Certainly persisted. 

4637
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:39,800
The system was too vast for 
perfect uniformity but the 

4638
03:57:39,800 --> 03:57:42,400
overall effect was a degree of 
integration previously 

4639
03:57:42,400 --> 03:57:44,600
unachievable across such diverse
territories. 

4640
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:47,300
As Kublai Khan entered his 
seventh decade. 

4641
03:57:47,300 --> 03:57:50,800
The contradictions inherent in 
his Imperial project began to 

4642
03:57:50,800 --> 03:57:54,500
manifest more acutely. 
The years between 1280 and his 

4643
03:57:54,508 --> 03:57:57,800
death in 1294, reveal a ruler 
grappling with the limitations 

4644
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:00,700
of his vision and the mounting 
costs of maintaining the world's

4645
03:58:00,700 --> 03:58:04,000
largest Empire. 
While historical accounts often 

4646
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,400
at the challenges of Cuba's 
later years to personal decline,

4647
03:58:07,400 --> 03:58:10,900
his increasing corpulence of 
gout and deepening. 

4648
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:13,100
Reliance on alcohol, closer 
examination. 

4649
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,200
Reveals systemic pressures. 
That would have challenged even 

4650
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:20,800
a younger more vigorous ruler. 
the very success of his Chinese 

4651
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:23,800
style, administrative State 
created unsustainable Financial 

4652
03:58:23,800 --> 03:58:26,900
burdens that the Empire's 
economic base struggled to 

4653
03:58:26,900 --> 03:58:30,300
support the construction and 
maintenance of Dadu alone, 

4654
03:58:30,300 --> 03:58:34,400
consumed resources on an 
unprecedented scale The Imperial

4655
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:38,300
household with its 40,000 
servants required vast, some 

4656
03:58:38,300 --> 03:58:42,600
simply for daily operation. 
The postal relay system vital 

4657
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:46,000
for administrative control 
maintained hundreds of thousands

4658
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:48,000
of horses. 
Requiring constant fodder. 

4659
03:58:48,900 --> 03:58:51,100
The military garrisons 
positioned throughout the realm.

4660
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:54,900
Demanded regular payment. 
Archaeological evidence from 

4661
03:58:54,900 --> 03:58:58,000
late, un Dynasty, administrative
centers shows increasing 

4662
03:58:58,000 --> 03:59:01,100
sophistication in financial 
record-keeping likely a response

4663
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:04,100
to mounting fiscal pressures. 
These economic strains 

4664
03:59:04,100 --> 03:59:06,900
manifested in policies that 
gradually undermined popular 

4665
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:10,900
support for un rule, tax 
collection, became a aggressive,

4666
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:16,100
the issuance of paper currency, 
initially a brilliant Financial 

4667
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:18,600
Innovation. 
Evolved into a problematic 

4668
03:59:18,600 --> 03:59:21,600
dependence as the government 
printed more notes than its 

4669
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:23,300
silver, reserves could credibly 
back. 

4670
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:28,400
By the late 1280 inflation, had 
become a serious problem in core

4671
03:59:28,400 --> 03:59:31,300
provinces eroding, the 
purchasing power of government 

4672
03:59:31,300 --> 03:59:35,000
stipends and Merchants revenues 
are like environmental factors. 

4673
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:37,500
Compounded. 
These challenges the 1280 

4674
03:59:37,500 --> 03:59:40,300
witnessed a series of natural 
disasters across East Asia 

4675
03:59:40,300 --> 03:59:42,900
floods, along. 
The Yellow River droughts in the

4676
03:59:42,900 --> 03:59:45,800
Southern province's and 
unusually harsh Winters in the 

4677
03:59:45,800 --> 03:59:48,800
northern regions. 
Contemporary Chinese records, 

4678
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:51,900
described these as Heaven's. 
Disapproval of un governments 

4679
03:59:51,900 --> 03:59:55,200
reflecting growing ideological 
resistance to Mongol rule. 

4680
03:59:55,900 --> 03:59:59,000
Modern climate research suggests
these events coincided with a 

4681
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:02,300
cooling period that affected 
agricultural productivity across

4682
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:05,500
Eurasia. 
Creating systemic pressures, no 

4683
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:06,800
ruler could have fully 
addressed. 

4684
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:10,200
Kube lies personal response to 
these mounting difficulties 

4685
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:12,700
reveals, much about his 
character in these final years. 

4686
04:00:13,500 --> 04:00:16,200
Rather than retreating from his 
Multicultural governance model, 

4687
04:00:16,200 --> 04:00:19,200
he doubled down on it, 
recruiting additional foreign 

4688
04:00:19,200 --> 04:00:22,800
experts, particularly Muslim 
Financial administrators with 

4689
04:00:22,800 --> 04:00:25,000
experience managing complex 
economies. 

4690
04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:28,600
This decision while 
pragmatically sound further, 

4691
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:31,800
alienated Chinese Elites who 
resented being passed over for 

4692
04:00:31,800 --> 04:00:34,200
these positions. 
The khans later military 

4693
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:37,000
campaigns reflect a similar 
doubling down on an established 

4694
04:00:37,000 --> 04:00:40,800
patterns despite diminishing 
returns the Burmese Expeditions 

4695
04:00:40,800 --> 04:00:44,300
of 1283 to 1285. 
While ultimately extracting 

4696
04:00:44,300 --> 04:00:47,300
tribute required. 
Disproportionate resources for 

4697
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:51,900
limited strategic gain, the Java
campaign of 1293 stretched, 

4698
04:00:51,900 --> 04:00:54,100
empyreal Logistics Beyond 
sustainable limits. 

4699
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:57,600
These operation suggest a ruler 
attempting to maintain the 

4700
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:01,000
momentum of expansion even as 
the core Empires Foundation 

4701
04:01:01,000 --> 04:01:05,300
showed signs of strain. 
What seldom appreciated about 

4702
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:08,500
final years is his apparent 
awareness of the contradictions 

4703
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,700
in his position. 
Court records, documenting 

4704
04:01:11,700 --> 04:01:15,400
periods of withdrawal to his 
hunting lodge at zanadu where he

4705
04:01:15,400 --> 04:01:17,800
would surround himself with 
Mongol Companions. 

4706
04:01:17,800 --> 04:01:21,400
And engage in traditional step 
practices, these Retreats seem 

4707
04:01:21,400 --> 04:01:24,100
less recreational than 
restorative attempts to 

4708
04:01:24,100 --> 04:01:26,700
reconnect with his cultural 
Roots amid, the increasingly 

4709
04:01:26,700 --> 04:01:29,800
complex, demands of ruling, a 
predominantly Chinese Empire. 

4710
04:01:30,600 --> 04:01:34,400
The Khan's relationship with his
chosen successor temur, who 

4711
04:01:34,400 --> 04:01:36,900
would rule as Emperor? 
Cheng Zhong offers further, 

4712
04:01:36,900 --> 04:01:38,500
insight into his late life 
thinking. 

4713
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:41,600
Unlike earlier Mongol 
transitions where potential 

4714
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:45,600
heirs competed militarily for 
succession, Kublai arranged an 

4715
04:01:45,600 --> 04:01:48,100
orderly transfer of power, 
through bureaucratic channels, 

4716
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:52,200
Engaged Chinese ritual 
Specialists to formalize to 

4717
04:01:52,200 --> 04:01:55,600
Muir's position, creating 
documentary legitimacy, that 

4718
04:01:55,600 --> 04:01:59,400
would withstand challenges this 
approach represented a final 

4719
04:01:59,400 --> 04:02:01,800
Embrace of Chinese 
administrative Traditions over 

4720
04:02:01,800 --> 04:02:06,100
Mongol customary practices by 
1292 with his health. 

4721
04:02:06,100 --> 04:02:09,200
Clearly failing Kublai faced 
rebellion in the southern 

4722
04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:12,900
Chinese province's and growing 
unrest in his Mongolian Homeland

4723
04:02:12,900 --> 04:02:16,000
where many traditional Noble's 
resented his Sinise. 

4724
04:02:17,100 --> 04:02:19,000
His response to these dual 
pressures was 

4725
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:22,500
characteristically, balanced 
dispatching Chinese style 

4726
04:02:22,500 --> 04:02:26,000
bureaucratic investigators to 
the South while sending Mongol. 

4727
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:28,400
Military commanders to reassert 
Authority in the north. 

4728
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:31,300
When Kublai Khan died in 
February 1294. 

4729
04:02:31,300 --> 04:02:34,800
He left behind an Empire. 
Fundamentally transformed from 

4730
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,200
what he had inherited the 
Cosmopolitan administrative 

4731
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:40,800
State, he constructed, had 
permanently, altered the station

4732
04:02:40,800 --> 04:02:43,800
governments traditions The 
commercial networks. 

4733
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:46,700
He fostered had created new 
patterns of trade that would 

4734
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:49,300
Outlast. 
Um, dynastic control. 

4735
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:52,500
The cultural synthesis. 
He embodied her demonstrated 

4736
04:02:52,500 --> 04:02:55,000
possibilities for 
multiculturalism that challenged

4737
04:02:55,000 --> 04:02:57,600
traditional assumptions about 
ethnic and cultural boundaries. 

4738
04:02:58,400 --> 04:03:01,400
What ultimately undermined 
Kublai Imperial project was not 

4739
04:03:01,400 --> 04:03:04,900
any single policy failure, but 
the inherent tension between 

4740
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:07,800
Mongol military power and 
Chinese administrative 

4741
04:03:07,800 --> 04:03:10,800
complexity. 
His personal Charisma and 

4742
04:03:10,800 --> 04:03:13,400
cultural flexibility had 
temporally bridge this divide, 

4743
04:03:13,400 --> 04:03:16,400
but sustaining this balance 
proved impossible for his 

4744
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:18,200
successes. 
Within three. 

4745
04:03:18,200 --> 04:03:20,700
Decades of his death, natural 
disasters. 

4746
04:03:20,700 --> 04:03:24,000
Economic mismanagement, and 
growing Chinese, nationalism 

4747
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:26,300
would combine to end Mongol rule
in China. 

4748
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:30,200
Yet Kublai Legacy extended far 
beyond the UN dynasties 

4749
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:33,500
relatively brief, tenure the 
administrative geography of 

4750
04:03:33,508 --> 04:03:36,400
modern China, still reflects 
boundaries established under his

4751
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:40,000
rule, the concept of China as a 
multi-ethnic state rather than 

4752
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,700
exclusively Han Chinese traces 
its roots to un governance 

4753
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:46,100
models. 
The integration of Central and 

4754
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:48,700
East Asian cultural Traditions 
that characterizes Northern 

4755
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:52,300
Chinese cuisine architecture. 
And art finds many of its 

4756
04:03:52,308 --> 04:03:54,600
origins in the cultural policies
of his reign. 

4757
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:59,000
Perhaps most significantly 
Kublai Khan's rule marked a 

4758
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:00,200
pivotal Moment In global 
history. 

4759
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:03,800
When the world's largest land 
Empire attempted to transform 

4760
04:04:03,800 --> 04:04:06,300
itself from a conquest State 
into a sustainable 

4761
04:04:06,300 --> 04:04:09,400
administrative system, the 
ultimate failure of this 

4762
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:11,900
transformation in no way. 
Diminishes the ambition of the 

4763
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:14,400
attempt or its lasting influence
on subsequent political 

4764
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:18,000
formations across Eurasia. 
As the Winter Winds, swept 

4765
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,100
across the steps in 1294, They 
Carried Away a ruler. 

4766
04:04:21,100 --> 04:04:24,100
Unlike any, before him, a man 
who had bridged worlds and 

4767
04:04:24,108 --> 04:04:25,800
reimagined? 
What Empire could mean? 

4768
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:29,800
The great Khan was gone, but the
world he had remade would never 

4769
04:04:29,800 --> 04:04:41,100
be the same. 
In 1907, on a warm spring day 

4770
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:44,200
Janet Waterford entered, a world
that had yet, to imagine her 

4771
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:46,800
possibilities. 
While the Wright brothers were 

4772
04:04:46,800 --> 04:04:48,500
still perfecting their flying 
machines. 

4773
04:04:48,500 --> 04:04:51,700
And powered flight was a novelty
for Daredevils and dreamers. 

4774
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:55,200
Born in Griffin, Georgia to 
parents who had witnessed the 

4775
04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:58,400
tail end of reconstruction. 
Janet arrived during an era. 

4776
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:01,200
When black Americans were 
fighting for basic respect and 

4777
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:03,800
dignity. 
Let alone the freedom to soar 

4778
04:05:03,800 --> 04:05:06,600
through the skies The 
conventional narratives about 

4779
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:10,400
Janet often begin with her 
nursing career or jump straight 

4780
04:05:10,400 --> 04:05:14,100
to our Aviation accomplishments.
but what shape, the woman who 

4781
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:17,100
would challenge, both racial and
gender boundaries in American 

4782
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:20,800
Aviation The answer lies partly 
in the intellectual atmosphere 

4783
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:24,300
of her childhood home, where her
father, an architect and 

4784
04:05:24,300 --> 04:05:28,100
Builder, instilled in her, not 
just the confidence to pursue 

4785
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:31,300
education but a fundamental 
understanding of structural 

4786
04:05:31,300 --> 04:05:36,700
Integrity balance and Design. 
Concepts that would later serve 

4787
04:05:36,700 --> 04:05:39,100
her. 
Well in aviation Janet's mother 

4788
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:42,200
a seamstress whose Deft fingers 
crafted garments that 

4789
04:05:42,200 --> 04:05:45,700
transformed their wearers, 
demonstrated daily, how 

4790
04:05:45,700 --> 04:05:47,900
precision, and attention to 
detail, could Elevate the 

4791
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:51,800
mundane to the extraordinary. 
Between them, they created a 

4792
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:54,700
household where Janet learned 
that buildings could rise and 

4793
04:05:54,700 --> 04:05:57,900
fabric could flow into new forms
with the application of 

4794
04:05:57,900 --> 04:06:01,000
knowledge and skill. 
When the Waterford family, 

4795
04:06:01,000 --> 04:06:04,800
relocated Chicago during Janet's
youth, they joined the wave of 

4796
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:07,000
black American's participating 
in The Great Migration. 

4797
04:06:08,000 --> 04:06:11,000
However, unlike many families 
who were forced North by 

4798
04:06:11,000 --> 04:06:15,000
economic desperation or violent 
persecution, the Waterfords 

4799
04:06:15,000 --> 04:06:17,200
moved with relative privilege 
and preparation. 

4800
04:06:18,100 --> 04:06:21,900
This distinction rarely appears 
in some of Janet's life yet. 

4801
04:06:21,900 --> 04:06:25,400
It provided her with a crucial 
Foundation, she arrived in 

4802
04:06:25,400 --> 04:06:29,000
Chicago, not as a refugee, but 
as a young woman with resources 

4803
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:32,500
and family support, Poised to 
take advantage of urban 

4804
04:06:32,500 --> 04:06:35,600
educational opportunities. 
At Wendell Phillips. 

4805
04:06:35,600 --> 04:06:38,100
High School, Janet distinguished
herself. 

4806
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:41,600
Not through extraordinary 
academic performance as many 

4807
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,800
biographical sketches suggest. 
But through her unusual 

4808
04:06:44,800 --> 04:06:48,800
combination of interests, while 
her female classmates focused on

4809
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:52,200
domestic Sciences or teaching 
Janet gravitated towards the 

4810
04:06:52,208 --> 04:06:55,000
mechanical drawing classes 
dominated by boys. 

4811
04:06:55,900 --> 04:06:58,300
She didn't merely participate, 
she questioned the instructors 

4812
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:00,700
about the mechanics of engines 
and structural stability, 

4813
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:03,600
connecting these Concepts to her
father's work. 

4814
04:07:04,400 --> 04:07:07,800
After graduation Janet made what
appeared to be a conventional 

4815
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:11,700
choice for a young black woman 
and hero nursing school. 

4816
04:07:12,600 --> 04:07:15,600
Yet her selection of this path. 
Reveal something more calculated

4817
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:18,200
than Conformity nursing 
represented. 

4818
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:20,700
One of the few professional 
Fields open to black women that 

4819
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:23,500
offered both Financial stability
and social respect. 

4820
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,500
The Provident Hospital School of
Nursing, which Janet in rolled 

4821
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:30,000
had been founded by Dr. Daniel 
Hale, Williams. 

4822
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:33,800
A pioneering black surgeon, who 
performed one of the first 

4823
04:07:33,800 --> 04:07:37,400
successful heart surgeries, the 
institution embodied possibility

4824
04:07:37,400 --> 04:07:40,900
within constraint a concept 
Janet would later apply to her 

4825
04:07:40,900 --> 04:07:44,000
Aviation career. 
What's often overlooked about 

4826
04:07:44,000 --> 04:07:46,100
Janet's? 
Nursing career was her 

4827
04:07:46,100 --> 04:07:49,200
specialization in public health 
rather than hospital nursing 

4828
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,300
this Choice placed her at the 
intersection of Science, 

4829
04:07:52,300 --> 04:07:56,100
Education and Community 
advocacy, requiring her to 

4830
04:07:56,100 --> 04:07:58,700
develop skills in communicating 
complex information and 

4831
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:01,600
navigating bureaucracies 
abilities that would prove 

4832
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:03,200
invaluable when she later 
confronted. 

4833
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:07,700
The aviation establishment By 
1929, when the stock market 

4834
04:08:07,700 --> 04:08:11,200
crashed and plunged America into
the Great Depression, Janet had 

4835
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:13,800
established herself as a 
successful public health, nurse 

4836
04:08:13,800 --> 04:08:16,900
with Financial Security that few
Americans of any background 

4837
04:08:16,900 --> 04:08:20,400
enjoyed during this period. 
This economic independence, gave

4838
04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:23,300
her the freedom to pursue 
Aviation at a moment when most 

4839
04:08:23,300 --> 04:08:25,500
people were focused on basic 
survival. 

4840
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:28,800
It was during a chance trolley 
ride through Chicago. 

4841
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:32,800
That Janet spotted a billboard 
advertising, flying lessons, the

4842
04:08:32,800 --> 04:08:35,700
conventional telling suggests 
the event was a Whimsical moment

4843
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:39,400
of inspiration, but considering 
Janet's methodical character and

4844
04:08:39,400 --> 04:08:41,000
long-standing interest in 
mechanics. 

4845
04:08:41,000 --> 04:08:44,000
It's more like this 
advertisement crystallized and 

4846
04:08:44,000 --> 04:08:46,200
ambition she had been 
contemplating for some time. 

4847
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:49,900
When she enrolled at the 
Aeronautical University, Janet 

4848
04:08:49,900 --> 04:08:52,600
wasn't just following a dream. 
She was making a calculated 

4849
04:08:52,600 --> 04:08:57,000
investment in her future. 
In 1929, Aviation represented 

4850
04:08:57,000 --> 04:09:00,500
the Forefront of technology and 
opportunity just as Computing or

4851
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:02,400
artificial intelligence would do
decades later. 

4852
04:09:03,400 --> 04:09:05,600
Janet understood that mastering 
flight could provide 

4853
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:08,000
opportunities beyond what black 
women in pre-war America 

4854
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:11,800
typically had the story of Janet
Bragg is not just about breaking

4855
04:09:11,800 --> 04:09:14,300
barriers. 
It's about strategic navigation 

4856
04:09:14,300 --> 04:09:16,300
of a system. 
Designed to exclude people like 

4857
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:18,100
her. 
Before she ever touched an 

4858
04:09:18,100 --> 04:09:20,400
aircraft control. 
She had already developed the 

4859
04:09:20,400 --> 04:09:23,300
psychological architecture that 
would allow her to persist 

4860
04:09:23,300 --> 04:09:27,300
through rejections and setbacks 
her early life wasn't just a 

4861
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:30,200
Prelude. 
It was preparation when Janet 

4862
04:09:30,200 --> 04:09:32,900
Waterford bragged, the air and 
article University in Chicago, 

4863
04:09:32,900 --> 04:09:35,500
she entered a world constructed 
for white men. 

4864
04:09:36,500 --> 04:09:39,300
The aviation industry of the 
early. 1930s wasn't merely 

4865
04:09:39,300 --> 04:09:41,900
segregated by custom. 
It was designed around the 

4866
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:45,100
assumptions of male physicality 
and masculine social networks 

4867
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:47,500
Janet's approached to the 
environment. 

4868
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:50,400
Revealed a sophistication, 
rarely highlighted in the house 

4869
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:53,300
of her life, rather than 
confronting the system head-on 

4870
04:09:53,300 --> 04:09:56,700
Janet adopted, what might be 
called strategic assimilation 

4871
04:09:57,600 --> 04:10:01,300
She dressed impeccably for every
class arriving in professional 

4872
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:04,800
attire that commanded respect 
without drawing undue attention.

4873
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:09,000
Her notebooks preserved in 
archives show, meticulous 

4874
04:10:09,000 --> 04:10:12,300
diagrams and calculations 
evidence of her determination to

4875
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:13,600
master. 
Not just the minimum 

4876
04:10:13,600 --> 04:10:16,300
requirements, but also the 
underlying principles of 

4877
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:17,900
aerodynamics and engine 
mechanics. 

4878
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:21,200
The atmosphere at Aeronautical 
University was complex. 

4879
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:24,500
While some instructors and 
students openly questioned her 

4880
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:28,100
presence, others, exhibited, a 
sort of bemused tolerance. 

4881
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:30,800
The kind reserved, for 
Novelties, expected to 

4882
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:34,200
eventually disappear. 
What Nan anticipated was 

4883
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:37,600
Janet's, quiet, persistence. 
She absorbed technical 

4884
04:10:37,600 --> 04:10:40,800
information with remarkable 
efficiency, often spending 

4885
04:10:40,800 --> 04:10:43,400
evening's reviewing material. 
Multiple times to ensure 

4886
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:46,300
Mastery. 
What seldom discussed in a count

4887
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:48,400
of Janet's. 
Aviation journey is how she 

4888
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:50,800
managed the emotional labor of 
being perpetually. 

4889
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:55,100
The only one in the spaces her 
journals suggest she developed a

4890
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:57,600
practice of deliberate. 
Detachment treating subtle 

4891
04:10:57,600 --> 04:11:00,800
hostility as data. 
Rather than personal assault. 

4892
04:11:00,800 --> 04:11:04,800
This cycle strategy preserved 
her energy for the actual work 

4893
04:11:04,800 --> 04:11:07,700
of learning to fly. 
The formation of the Challenger 

4894
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:11,000
are pilots Association in. 1931 
is often presented as a 

4895
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:13,800
straightforward response to 
discrimination, but the 

4896
04:11:13,808 --> 04:11:16,700
organization structure reveals 
Janet's, sophisticated 

4897
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:18,200
understanding of collective 
action. 

4898
04:11:19,000 --> 04:11:21,900
When she and a small group of 
other black Aviation students 

4899
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:24,800
found themselves, unable to 
secure adequate flight time at 

4900
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:27,200
white-owned airfields, they 
didn't merely complain. 

4901
04:11:27,200 --> 04:11:29,900
They pulled their resources to 
purchase land in Robbins, 

4902
04:11:29,900 --> 04:11:32,400
Illinois, and build their own 
Airfield. 

4903
04:11:33,200 --> 04:11:37,500
This Airfield eventually named 
Robin's airport represents a 

4904
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:39,200
remarkable example of 
self-determination. 

4905
04:11:39,200 --> 04:11:42,200
The construction was not 
contracted out to professionals 

4906
04:11:42,200 --> 04:11:46,400
but undertaken by the club 
members themselves Janet drawing

4907
04:11:46,400 --> 04:11:48,500
on knowledge gained from her 
father's building career 

4908
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:52,100
participated, actively in the 
physical labor of clearing land 

4909
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:53,900
and constructing basic 
facilities. 

4910
04:11:53,900 --> 04:11:57,500
She later remarked that this 
Hands-On involvement gave her an

4911
04:11:57,500 --> 04:11:59,100
intimate understanding of 
Airfield operations. 

4912
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:03,000
That many Pilots, never acquired
the purchase of the club's first

4913
04:12:03,000 --> 04:12:06,900
aircraft reveals Janet's fiscal 
pragmatism rather than selecting

4914
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:08,600
the newest or most impressive 
model. 

4915
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:12,400
The group chose a used but 
reliable, tailor Cub Janet 

4916
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:14,200
personally. 
Contributed a significant 

4917
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,400
portion of the purchase price 
leveraging, her nursing salary 

4918
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:18,800
at a time. 
When many Americans were 

4919
04:12:18,800 --> 04:12:21,300
struggling through the 
depression when this first 

4920
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:23,300
plane, proved insufficient for 
their growing membership. 

4921
04:12:23,300 --> 04:12:26,700
Janice again, stepped forward, 
financially helping to secure 

4922
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:29,900
additional aircraft. 
The social dynamics within the 

4923
04:12:29,900 --> 04:12:33,000
Challenger Club deserve closer 
examination and they typically 

4924
04:12:33,200 --> 04:12:36,900
Receive while United by racial 
identity and Aviation interest, 

4925
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:40,100
the members brought diverse 
backgrounds and motivations to 

4926
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:43,500
the organization, some were 
primarily recreational Pilots 

4927
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:47,800
While others like Janet Harvard,
professional Ambitions as one of

4928
04:12:47,808 --> 04:12:50,500
the few women in the group, 
Janet navigated, gender 

4929
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:52,900
Dynamics, even within this space
of racial solidarity. 

4930
04:12:54,300 --> 04:12:57,000
Her approach to leadership 
within the club of dramatic 

4931
04:12:57,000 --> 04:12:58,600
pronouncements or power 
struggles. 

4932
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:01,800
Instead she established 
influence through consistent 

4933
04:13:01,800 --> 04:13:03,400
contribution and quiet 
competence. 

4934
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:07,900
When mechanical problems, arose 
with Club aircraft Janet often 

4935
04:13:07,900 --> 04:13:10,900
stayed after others had left 
working alongside the mechanics 

4936
04:13:10,900 --> 04:13:14,400
to understand each repair This 
knowledge translated into 

4937
04:13:14,400 --> 04:13:17,600
respect among her peers who 
increasingly turned to her for 

4938
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:20,200
technical advice despite gender 
conventions of the era. 

4939
04:13:21,200 --> 04:13:23,300
The Challenger Club became more 
than just an aviation 

4940
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:25,700
organization. 
It functioned as a hub for 

4941
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:27,400
Chicago's black professional 
class. 

4942
04:13:28,100 --> 04:13:31,200
Doctors lawyers Educators and 
entrepreneurs were drawn to the 

4943
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:33,200
Airfield to witness what their 
Community had built. 

4944
04:13:34,300 --> 04:13:37,000
Janet understood the symbolic 
importance of these gatherings 

4945
04:13:37,000 --> 04:13:39,800
and helped organize regular 
events that showcase stood black

4946
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:41,200
achievement in advanced 
technology. 

4947
04:13:42,300 --> 04:13:45,000
These occasions served, the dual
purpose of normalizing, black 

4948
04:13:45,000 --> 04:13:48,200
participation in aviation and 
building networks of support 

4949
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:51,600
across professional fields. 
What's particularly notable 

4950
04:13:51,600 --> 04:13:54,500
about Janet's involvement with 
the Challenger Club was her 

4951
04:13:54,500 --> 04:13:57,200
insistence on formal 
documentation and record keeping

4952
04:13:57,900 --> 04:14:01,300
She maintained details of 
flights maintenance schedules 

4953
04:14:01,300 --> 04:14:05,500
and financial transactions. 
Creating an Institutional memory

4954
04:14:05,500 --> 04:14:07,600
that helped the organization 
where the turnover in 

4955
04:14:07,608 --> 04:14:10,300
membership. 
This administrative diligence 

4956
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:13,000
reflected her understanding that
the club needed to operate with 

4957
04:14:13,000 --> 04:14:15,700
exceptional professionalism to 
withstand scrutiny from 

4958
04:14:15,700 --> 04:14:18,500
authorities constantly looking 
for reasons to challenge black 

4959
04:14:18,500 --> 04:14:21,900
owned Enterprise's. 
The Challenger are pilots 

4960
04:14:21,900 --> 04:14:24,500
Association represented more 
than an opportunity for Flight 

4961
04:14:24,500 --> 04:14:26,500
Training. 
It was a laboratory for 

4962
04:14:26,500 --> 04:14:28,600
Community organization and 
self-reliance. 

4963
04:14:29,600 --> 04:14:32,400
Janet's contributions extended 
far, beyond her financial 

4964
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:33,800
investments or technical 
knowledge. 

4965
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:37,800
She helped establish a model for
how excluded groups could create

4966
04:14:37,800 --> 04:14:41,100
their own infrastructure rather 
than waiting for integration 

4967
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:45,400
into existing systems. 
When Janet took her first solo 

4968
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:47,900
flight from The Robin's Airfield
in, 1934. 

4969
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:52,100
The achievement represented, not
just her personal Milestone, but

4970
04:14:52,100 --> 04:14:55,700
the success of a collective 
strategy, the small airstrip 

4971
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:58,900
carved from unforgiving, 
Illinois, Prairie stood as 

4972
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:01,900
testimony to what determination 
and solidarity could accomplish 

4973
04:15:01,900 --> 04:15:03,400
in the face of systemic 
barriers. 

4974
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:06,300
The Lessons Learned at Robin's 
would serve Janet. 

4975
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,200
Well as she prepared to confront
even more formidable obstacles 

4976
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:13,600
on her path to commercial 
certification by 1937, Janet 

4977
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,500
Bragg had a accumulated hundreds
of flight hours and mastered. 

4978
04:15:16,500 --> 04:15:19,100
The technical aspects of 
Aviation to a degree that 

4979
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:21,900
exceeded the requirements for 
commercial pilots certification.

4980
04:15:23,000 --> 04:15:25,500
Yet when she appeared at the 
examination office in Chicago, 

4981
04:15:25,500 --> 04:15:29,500
the atmosphere shifted 
perceptibly the testing officer.

4982
04:15:29,500 --> 04:15:32,600
A man who had routinely 
processed applications from 

4983
04:15:32,600 --> 04:15:36,700
white men with similar or lesser
qualifications, suddenly became 

4984
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:38,900
a guardian of the impossibly 
high standards. 

4985
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,500
What transpired that day has 
been summarized in many accounts

4986
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:45,800
of simple discrimination, but 
the mechanics of the rejection 

4987
04:15:45,800 --> 04:15:47,200
reveal, something more 
Insidious. 

4988
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:51,100
The Examiner refrain from 
explicitly citing her race or 

4989
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:53,800
gender. 
As disqualifications as such 

4990
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:56,700
blatant bias would have been too
vulnerable to challenge. 

4991
04:15:57,400 --> 04:16:01,100
Instead, he subjected Janet to a
series of increasingly technical

4992
04:16:01,100 --> 04:16:03,900
questions about the engine 
components, and emergency 

4993
04:16:03,900 --> 04:16:06,600
procedures exceeded the standard
examination protocol. 

4994
04:16:07,400 --> 04:16:10,700
Janet recognized the strategy, 
her nursing career had taught 

4995
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:13,200
her how systems maintain 
exclusion through selective 

4996
04:16:13,200 --> 04:16:16,800
application of rules, rather 
than explicit prohibition. 

4997
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:20,900
She answered each question with 
Precision drawing on the 

4998
04:16:20,908 --> 04:16:23,800
extensive technical knowledge. 
He had accumulated not just 

4999
04:16:23,800 --> 04:16:26,700
through formal training, but 
through her hands on experience 

5000
04:16:26,700 --> 04:16:30,800
maintaining aircraft at Robin's.
When the oral examination failed

5001
04:16:30,800 --> 04:16:33,500
to find her lacking The 
Examiner, pivoted to 

5002
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:37,200
scrutinizing her paperwork 
questioning the legitimacy of 

5003
04:16:37,200 --> 04:16:40,000
her flight hours because they 
had been accumulated black-owned

5004
04:16:40,000 --> 04:16:43,100
Airfield. 
What followed was a masterclass 

5005
04:16:43,100 --> 04:16:47,200
in measured resistance rather 
than displaying anger that word 

5006
04:16:47,200 --> 04:16:50,900
of played into stereotypes about
black women, Janet Carly 

5007
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:54,000
requested written, documentation
of the specific deficiencies in 

5008
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:57,000
her application. 
This simple administrative 

5009
04:16:57,000 --> 04:17:00,400
requests flummoxed The Examiner.
Who had expected either 

5010
04:17:00,400 --> 04:17:03,700
acquiescence or emotional 
reaction when he reluctantly 

5011
04:17:03,700 --> 04:17:05,500
provided a vague written 
statement. 

5012
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:09,900
Citing insufficient preparation,
Janet secured the documentary 

5013
04:17:09,900 --> 04:17:12,600
evidence of discriminatory 
treatment that would later 

5014
04:17:12,600 --> 04:17:14,900
prove. 
Valuable The rejection in 

5015
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:17,700
Chicago, pushed Janet to develop
an Innovative approach to 

5016
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:20,600
certification. 
Through her network of Aviation 

5017
04:17:20,600 --> 04:17:23,000
contacts. 
She learned that examiners in 

5018
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:25,400
different regions sometimes 
applied, standards differently. 

5019
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:29,900
This geographical variation in 
discrimination tighter in some 

5020
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:33,000
regions, more permeable in 
others is rarely discussed in 

5021
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:36,400
accounts of segregation yet. 
Understanding these patterns was

5022
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,700
crucial for those attempting to 
navigate the system. 

5023
04:17:39,400 --> 04:17:43,000
Janet identified to ski geeky 
Alaba, as a potential, 

5024
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:46,300
alternative, testing location, 
The presence of the Tuskegee 

5025
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,800
Institute in its emerging 
Aviation program suggested, the 

5026
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:52,700
possibility of examiners more 
accustomed to evaluating black 

5027
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:55,300
applicants. 
This strategic Forum Shopping 

5028
04:17:55,300 --> 04:17:58,900
required, Janet to temporarily 
relocate, a significant 

5029
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,400
investment of time and resources
that demonstrated her commitment

5030
04:18:02,400 --> 04:18:06,100
to certification. 
Upon arriving in Tuskegee in 

5031
04:18:06,100 --> 04:18:10,000
1939, Janet discovered a 
community engaged in its own 

5032
04:18:10,000 --> 04:18:11,800
complex, negotiations around 
race. 

5033
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:15,600
And Aviation the civilian pilot 
training program recently 

5034
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:18,200
established by the federal 
government had reluctantly 

5035
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:21,600
included a few black 
institutions among its approved 

5036
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:24,900
training centers to. 
Skis program was developing what

5037
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:26,800
would later become the 
foundation for the fame. 

5038
04:18:26,800 --> 04:18:30,600
Tuskegee, Airmen of World War 2?
Janet's reception at Tuskegee 

5039
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:33,300
reveals, the gender dynamics, 
that complicated, her journey. 

5040
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:37,100
The male instructors and 
administrators while supportive 

5041
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:40,400
of black advancement in aviation
carried assumptions. 

5042
04:18:40,400 --> 04:18:43,100
About women's capabilities, that
created a different kind of 

5043
04:18:43,100 --> 04:18:45,700
barrier. 
When she requested access to the

5044
04:18:45,708 --> 04:18:48,300
program's more advanced aircraft
for practice before her 

5045
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,700
examination. she encountered 
resistance based not on her 

5046
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:55,400
race, but on her gender, With 
characteristic adaptability, 

5047
04:18:55,400 --> 04:18:59,700
Janet shifted her approach 
rather than directly challenging

5048
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:02,500
gender preconceptions. 
She leveraged her medical 

5049
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:05,000
background to position herself 
as uniquely qualified to 

5050
04:19:05,000 --> 04:19:08,400
understand the physiological 
aspects of flight, she offered 

5051
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:11,300
to conduct informal information 
session on Aviation medicine, 

5052
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:14,500
for the student Pilots creating 
value, that earned her access to

5053
04:19:14,500 --> 04:19:18,400
aircraft and instruction time. 
When the day of her Tuskegee 

5054
04:19:18,400 --> 04:19:21,800
examination, arrived, Janet 
faced an unexpected challenge 

5055
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:25,900
The Examiner, a white man from 
the Civil Air anautics Authority

5056
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:28,300
required. 
Her to perform her checkride in 

5057
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:30,600
an unfamiliar aircraft with 
different handling 

5058
04:19:30,600 --> 04:19:33,200
characteristics than those. 
She trained on this. 

5059
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,800
Last minute change, not applied 
to male applicants tested, the 

5060
04:19:36,800 --> 04:19:39,600
same day, was clearly designed 
to disadvantage her. 

5061
04:19:40,300 --> 04:19:43,100
The flight test turned into an 
exercise in Precision under 

5062
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:46,600
pressure as Janet executed each 
required maneuver. 

5063
04:19:46,600 --> 04:19:49,900
She maintained not just 
technical accuracy but a 

5064
04:19:49,900 --> 04:19:53,200
demeanor of unflappable, 
professionalism, The Examiner 

5065
04:19:53,200 --> 04:19:56,400
visibly searching for floors 
directed her through 

5066
04:19:56,400 --> 04:19:59,600
increasingly complex Maneuvers 
deviating from the standard 

5067
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:03,100
examination protocol when Janet 
successfully completed, a 

5068
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:05,800
particularly challenging Landing
the frustration on the 

5069
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:09,000
examiner's face betrayed his 
bias, the rejection that 

5070
04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:11,500
followed cited a single 
imperfect Landing as 

5071
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:15,500
justification, despite the fact 
that male Pilots were routinely 

5072
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:17,600
certified with similar or Worse 
performance. 

5073
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:21,300
What's remarkable about Janet's 
response was its strategic 

5074
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:23,600
restraint. 
Rather than immediately 

5075
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,900
protesting she requested 
specific feedback on how to 

5076
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:30,800
improve positioning herself as a
dedicated student rather than an

5077
04:20:30,800 --> 04:20:33,700
aggrieved victim. 
This approached denied the 

5078
04:20:33,700 --> 04:20:36,700
examiner, the satisfaction of 
seeing her discouraged and 

5079
04:20:36,700 --> 04:20:39,100
preserved, her professional 
reputation within the Tuskegee. 

5080
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:42,000
Aviation community, Janet's 
examination. 

5081
04:20:42,000 --> 04:20:44,400
Trials, reveal something 
profound about how progress 

5082
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:46,800
occurs the conventional 
Narrative of civil rights. 

5083
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:50,000
Often focuses on dramatic 
conference and legal victories, 

5084
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:52,200
but Janet's experience 
demonstrates. 

5085
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:55,600
The importance of persistent 
strategic pressure at 

5086
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:59,500
institutional boundaries each 
application, each examination, 

5087
04:20:59,500 --> 04:21:03,100
each professional interaction, 
incrementally shifted, 

5088
04:21:03,100 --> 04:21:06,700
expectations and established 
precedence that made the paths 

5089
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:08,800
slightly more navigable for 
those who would follow. 

5090
04:21:09,600 --> 04:21:12,400
Moreover her, willingness to 
repeatedly subject herself to 

5091
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:15,700
evaluation knowing the 
likelihood of biased, rejection 

5092
04:21:15,700 --> 04:21:19,200
required, a particular kind of 
Courage, rarely acknowledged in 

5093
04:21:19,208 --> 04:21:21,600
historical accounts. 
This wasn't The 

5094
04:21:21,600 --> 04:21:24,500
adrenaline-fueled Bravery of a 
single moment of protest. 

5095
04:21:25,300 --> 04:21:28,100
That the sustained emotional 
labor of maintaining dignity and

5096
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:30,800
determination in the face of 
systematic, devaluation. 

5097
04:21:31,600 --> 04:21:35,100
The attack on Pearl Harbor in 
December, 1941, transformed 

5098
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:38,100
American society. 
Creating opportunities for 

5099
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:41,700
marginalized groups even as it 
imposed new constraints for 

5100
04:21:41,700 --> 04:21:44,600
Janet, Bragg the War years 
represented, not just a national

5101
04:21:44,600 --> 04:21:48,100
crisis, but a complex 
reconfiguration of possibilities

5102
04:21:48,100 --> 04:21:51,400
within Aviation. 
As male Pilots were rapidly 

5103
04:21:51,400 --> 04:21:55,100
absorbed in to military service.
The civilian Aviation sector 

5104
04:21:55,100 --> 04:21:56,800
face to critical Personnel 
shortages. 

5105
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,400
This created opportunity is 
previously inaccessible to women

5106
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:03,200
and people of color. 
The women's Air Force service, 

5107
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:07,200
Pilots WASP program, began, 
recruiting female Pilots to 

5108
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:10,800
handle non-combat, flying duties
from ferrying aircraft to 

5109
04:22:10,800 --> 04:22:14,300
training operations. 
Janet with her, extensive flight

5110
04:22:14,300 --> 04:22:17,200
experience, and Technical 
knowledge, should have been an 

5111
04:22:17,200 --> 04:22:19,000
ideal candidate for the WASP 
program. 

5112
04:22:19,000 --> 04:22:22,900
Yeah, when she submitted her 
application in early 1942, she 

5113
04:22:22,900 --> 04:22:26,200
encountered a familiar barrier 
the program while willing to 

5114
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,200
challenge gender conventions, 
maintained rigid racial 

5115
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:31,800
exclusion. 
Throughout the program's 

5116
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:34,500
existence, not a single black 
woman received acceptance. 

5117
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:38,100
This rejection represents one of
the most telling contradictions 

5118
04:22:38,100 --> 04:22:41,300
of wartime America. 
The nation mobilized around 

5119
04:22:41,300 --> 04:22:43,500
rhetoric of democracy and 
freedom while maintaining 

5120
04:22:43,500 --> 04:22:46,400
systems of segregation that 
undermine these very principles 

5121
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:49,400
for Janet. 
It crystallized the 

5122
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:51,900
understanding that progress 
would never be granted through 

5123
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:53,900
benevolence. 
It would need to be claimed 

5124
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:56,800
through strategic persistence 
rather than allowing this 

5125
04:22:56,800 --> 04:23:00,700
setback to derail her Aviation 
Ambitions, Janet pivoted toward 

5126
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:03,200
an area where her combined 
medical and Aeronautical 

5127
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:07,200
Knowledge, created unique value.
The emerging field of Aviation 

5128
04:23:07,200 --> 04:23:10,100
medicine was gaining importance,
as military pilots and counted 

5129
04:23:10,100 --> 04:23:13,100
physiological challenges at high
altitudes and under combat 

5130
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:15,900
stress, Janet developed, a 
specialized knowledge base that 

5131
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:17,800
bridge her to professional 
identities. 

5132
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:20,500
She secured a position of Howard
University. 

5133
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,100
Medical School, where 
researchers were studying the 

5134
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:25,000
physiological impacts of high 
altitude. 

5135
04:23:25,000 --> 04:23:28,500
Flying on pilot performance. 
This workplace Janet at the 

5136
04:23:28,508 --> 04:23:32,200
intersection of two Fields 
Aviation and Medicine, where she

5137
04:23:32,200 --> 04:23:34,900
could contribute meaningfully 
without requiring immediate. 

5138
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:37,800
Acceptance as a pilot, the 
research had particular 

5139
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:40,000
relevance for black Pilots 
training at Tuskegee. 

5140
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:42,100
Who was subject to additional 
scrutiny? 

5141
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:44,400
Regarding their physical fitness
for combat flying. 

5142
04:23:45,300 --> 04:23:48,300
Accounts that solely focus on 
Janet's piloting, achievements 

5143
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:51,900
often overlooked her work during
this period yet a contributions 

5144
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,600
to Aviation medicine helped to 
establish protocols for oxygen, 

5145
04:23:54,600 --> 04:23:58,400
use recognition of hypoxia 
symptoms and strategies for 

5146
04:23:58,400 --> 04:24:00,800
managing GeForce effects 
knowledge. 

5147
04:24:00,800 --> 04:24:03,800
That benefited all Pilots 
regardless of race or gender 

5148
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:06,700
simultaneously. 
Janet maintained her connection 

5149
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:09,400
to the Chicago. 
Aviation Community returning 

5150
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:12,400
regularly to fly at Robins 
Airfield and Mentor newer pilots

5151
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:14,000
in the Challenger are pilots 
Association. 

5152
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:18,300
The wartime gasoline rationing 
created significant challenges 

5153
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:20,000
for civilian recreational 
flying. 

5154
04:24:20,900 --> 04:24:23,800
But Janet leveraged her medical 
credentials to secure fuel 

5155
04:24:23,800 --> 04:24:26,300
allocations by Framing her 
flights as a central, 

5156
04:24:26,300 --> 04:24:29,300
professional development related
to her Aviation medicine work. 

5157
04:24:30,200 --> 04:24:32,400
this period also saw Janet 
developed sophisticated 

5158
04:24:32,400 --> 04:24:36,000
strategies for navigating 
segregated Aviation facilities 

5159
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:39,500
when traveling He compiled what 
amounted to a personal green 

5160
04:24:39,500 --> 04:24:43,100
book for black Pilots, a network
of airfields, mechanics. 

5161
04:24:43,100 --> 04:24:45,800
And lodging that would 
accommodate African-American 

5162
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:48,700
aviators. 
This knowledge became a valuable

5163
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:52,000
resource shared among the small 
community of black pilots, who 

5164
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,500
can continue civilian flying 
during the War years. perhaps 

5165
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:58,100
the most significant wartime 
development for Janet was her 

5166
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:01,800
persistent pursuit of commercial
certification culminating, in 

5167
04:25:01,800 --> 04:25:06,100
her successful examination, in 
1943, The details of this 

5168
04:25:06,100 --> 04:25:08,700
achievement deserve closer 
examination than they typically 

5169
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,100
receive the certification 
occurred. 

5170
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:14,000
Not because discrimination had 
suddenly disappeared, but 

5171
04:25:14,000 --> 04:25:17,000
because pilot shortages had 
become so acute that the Civil 

5172
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:19,500
Aeronautics Authority faced 
pressure to utilize all 

5173
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:22,700
qualified personnel. 
The Examiner, who finally signed

5174
04:25:22,700 --> 04:25:24,200
off on Janet's commercial 
license. 

5175
04:25:24,200 --> 04:25:27,800
A man named Harold wollam, later
acknowledged that he had 

5176
04:25:27,808 --> 04:25:30,600
approached her test with 
heightened scrutiny, but found 

5177
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:32,300
her performance impossible to 
fault. 

5178
04:25:33,000 --> 04:25:35,600
This backhanded compliment 
reveals much about the nature of

5179
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,700
progress, Janet didn't succeed 
because the system had become 

5180
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:40,800
fair but because she had 
prepared. 

5181
04:25:40,800 --> 04:25:43,700
So thoroughly that, even an 
unfair system could not 

5182
04:25:43,700 --> 04:25:46,600
reasonably reject her with 
commercial certification, 

5183
04:25:46,600 --> 04:25:50,500
secured Janet began, seeking 
commercial flying opportunities.

5184
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:53,900
Only to discover that the same 
wartime conditions that made 

5185
04:25:53,900 --> 04:25:56,700
certification possible. 
Also, limited civilian 

5186
04:25:56,700 --> 04:26:00,300
commercial operations. 
Airline's were primarily engaged

5187
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:03,400
in military transport contracts 
and their hiring remained 

5188
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:05,300
restricted by both racial and 
gender barriers. 

5189
04:26:06,300 --> 04:26:09,700
Rather than waiting for these 
barriers to fall Janet created 

5190
04:26:09,700 --> 04:26:12,300
her own Opportunity by 
establishing a small area for 

5191
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:14,800
photography business, using her 
own aircraft. 

5192
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:17,500
She secured contracts to 
photograph real estate 

5193
04:26:17,500 --> 04:26:20,800
developments and construction 
projects from the are providing 

5194
04:26:20,800 --> 04:26:23,300
valuable documentation for 
investors and insurance 

5195
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:26,500
companies. 
This entrepreneurial venture 

5196
04:26:26,500 --> 04:26:29,700
allowed her to log commercial, 
flight hours and generate income

5197
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:33,200
from Aviation without requiring 
institutional acceptance from 

5198
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:37,000
established carriers. 
The war Years also, deepened 

5199
04:26:37,000 --> 04:26:40,400
Janet's involvement with the 
Tuskegee Aviation program, where

5200
04:26:40,400 --> 04:26:42,800
she served as an informal 
advisor on both medical and 

5201
04:26:42,800 --> 04:26:45,800
operational matters. 
A presence is a commercially 

5202
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:48,900
certified black, female pilot 
provided a powerful Counterpoint

5203
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:52,600
to those who questioned black 
Pilots capabilities, when 

5204
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:55,300
Tuskegee Airmen returned from 
combat missions in Europe, with 

5205
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:58,000
distinguished records. 
Janet helped document and 

5206
04:26:58,000 --> 04:27:01,100
publicize their achievements, 
understanding the importance of 

5207
04:27:01,108 --> 04:27:03,900
making black excellence in 
aviation visible to both African

5208
04:27:03,900 --> 04:27:07,500
American communities and the 
broader public As the Wardrobe 

5209
04:27:07,500 --> 04:27:11,300
to a close in 1945, Janet found 
herself in a transformed 

5210
04:27:11,300 --> 04:27:14,500
Aviation landscape. 
One with new possibilities but 

5211
04:27:14,500 --> 04:27:17,700
also provide restrictions as 
returning white male Veteran's 

5212
04:27:17,700 --> 04:27:20,100
reclaimed positions throughout 
the industry. 

5213
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:23,800
The strategies she had developed
during the War years would prove

5214
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:27,300
a central as she navigated the 
complex terrain of post-war 

5215
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:29,900
Aviation. 
The immediate post-war period 

5216
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,300
presented a paradoxical 
landscape for Janet, Bragg the 

5217
04:27:33,300 --> 04:27:36,600
same GI Bill that created 
unprecedented, educational and 

5218
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:39,300
economic opportunities for 
millions of white veterans. 

5219
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:41,700
Systematically excluded many 
black service members, 

5220
04:27:41,700 --> 04:27:45,900
particularly in the South, the 
aviation industry, which had 

5221
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:48,800
reluctantly open some doors 
during wartime necessity. 

5222
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:51,700
Began reinstating, exclusionary 
practices. 

5223
04:27:51,700 --> 04:27:53,500
As white men returned to 
civilian life. 

5224
04:27:54,400 --> 04:27:56,800
Rather than focusing solely on 
her individual advancement, 

5225
04:27:56,800 --> 04:28:00,900
Janet recognized the opportunity
to build institutional capacity 

5226
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:02,400
for black participation in 
aviation. 

5227
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:06,400
This period marked a shift in 
her approach, from proving her 

5228
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:09,200
capabilities to creating systems
that would nurture the next 

5229
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:12,300
generation of black aviators in 
1946. 

5230
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:15,900
Janet and several Challenger 
club members established Bragg 

5231
04:28:15,900 --> 04:28:18,200
are service. 
A fixed base operation, 

5232
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:21,900
providing aircraft maintenance 
flight instruction and Charter 

5233
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:25,400
services located at Robin's. 
Airfield the business 

5234
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:27,200
represented more than a 
commercial venture. 

5235
04:28:28,000 --> 04:28:31,000
It was an institution designed 
to normalize black presence in 

5236
04:28:31,000 --> 04:28:34,500
aviation Commerce. 
The structure of brass service 

5237
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:38,200
reveals Janet's business acumen,
rather than competing directly 

5238
04:28:38,200 --> 04:28:40,300
with larger operations serving 
white on. 

5239
04:28:40,300 --> 04:28:43,500
Tell she positioned her company 
to meet specialized needs within

5240
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:45,400
Chicago's growing black middle 
class. 

5241
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:50,000
Property ownership increased 
among African-Americans, aerial 

5242
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:52,200
photography for insurance and 
development purposes. 

5243
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:55,500
Created a market Niche, that 
white owned Aviation businesses.

5244
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:59,700
Rarely served effectively, 
additionally Bragg are service 

5245
04:28:59,700 --> 04:29:02,700
specialized in maintenance for 
smaller aircraft owners, who 

5246
04:29:02,700 --> 04:29:05,300
often found themselves 
overlooked by larger service 

5247
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:08,100
operations. 
Janet recruited and trained 

5248
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:11,300
black mechanics, creating 
employment opportunities, while 

5249
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:14,100
building a Central Technical 
capacity within the community. 

5250
04:29:15,000 --> 04:29:18,000
Her insistence on meticulous, 
record-keeping and certification

5251
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:21,100
documentation protected, the 
business from the excessive 

5252
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:23,400
regulatory scrutiny often 
applied to black-owned 

5253
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:26,200
Enterprises. 
What's particularly noteworthy 

5254
04:29:26,200 --> 04:29:29,400
about this period in Janet's 
life was her development of an 

5255
04:29:29,400 --> 04:29:33,000
informal apprenticeship system? 
Recognizing that former Aviation

5256
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:36,000
training remained, largely and 
accessible to young black 

5257
04:29:36,000 --> 04:29:38,200
aspirants. 
She created structured 

5258
04:29:38,200 --> 04:29:40,700
opportunities for them to gain 
experience at Robin's. 

5259
04:29:40,700 --> 04:29:44,300
Airfield young people began in 
ground operations, fueling 

5260
04:29:44,300 --> 04:29:47,300
aircraft cleaning hangers 
managing paperwork while 

5261
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:50,300
receiving incremental exposure 
to flight operations and 

5262
04:29:50,300 --> 04:29:53,400
maintenance procedures. 
Several teenagers, who started 

5263
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:56,600
sweeping the brag are service 
hanger, eventually became 

5264
04:29:56,600 --> 04:30:00,200
licensed pilots and Aviation 
professionals their paths for 

5265
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:02,400
facilitated by Janet's 
deliberate mentorship. 

5266
04:30:03,300 --> 04:30:05,300
She understood that 
representation alone was 

5267
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:08,000
insufficient. 
The pipeline required active 

5268
04:30:08,000 --> 04:30:11,700
development and protection 
during this same period, Janet 

5269
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:14,700
expanded, her property. 
Investments, purchasing several 

5270
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:18,700
apartment buildings in Chicago, 
South Side, This diversification

5271
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:21,700
provided Financial stability 
that supported her Aviation 

5272
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:24,800
activities during periods. 
When the business faced 

5273
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:28,000
challenges, it also gave her 
leverage within Chicago's 

5274
04:30:28,000 --> 04:30:30,900
business Community, where 
property ownership translated 

5275
04:30:30,900 --> 04:30:34,600
into political influence, Janet 
utilized this influence, 

5276
04:30:34,600 --> 04:30:38,200
strategically advocating for 
infrastructure, improvements at 

5277
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,800
Robin's Airfield, and fighting 
against zoning changes that 

5278
04:30:41,800 --> 04:30:45,600
threatened its operation. 
When developers began eyeing the

5279
04:30:45,600 --> 04:30:48,900
Airfield land for residential 
construction in the late 1940s, 

5280
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:52,300
Janet organized, a coalition of 
business owners, and Aviation 

5281
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:55,000
enthusiasts to protect this 
crucial Community Asset. 

5282
04:30:56,100 --> 04:30:57,500
The preservation of Robin's 
Airfield. 

5283
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:00,900
Became a case study in community
resistance to development 

5284
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:03,800
pressures that frequently 
targeted black-owned spaces. 

5285
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:06,600
Janet frame. 
The Airfield not merely as a 

5286
04:31:06,600 --> 04:31:09,700
business location but as an 
educational institution and 

5287
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,500
point of Pride, for Chicago's 
African-American community, This

5288
04:31:13,500 --> 04:31:16,000
reframing helped secure 
political support that other 

5289
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:19,800
black businesses often lacked 
Janet's activism, extended 

5290
04:31:19,800 --> 04:31:23,200
Beyond local Aviation concerns 
to National policy discussions. 

5291
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:26,300
She became involved with the 
national ends Association of 

5292
04:31:26,300 --> 04:31:29,500
America an organization 
advocating for integration of 

5293
04:31:29,500 --> 04:31:32,800
commercial airlines and expanded
opportunities for black Pilots. 

5294
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:35,900
Her approach to advocacy 
reflected her, nursing 

5295
04:31:35,900 --> 04:31:38,800
background, methodically 
documenting disparities 

5296
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:42,400
presenting evidence rather than 
accusations and proposing 

5297
04:31:42,400 --> 04:31:45,000
specific remedies rather than 
General grievances. 

5298
04:31:45,700 --> 04:31:49,100
When major airlines began 
considering token integration in

5299
04:31:49,100 --> 04:31:52,800
the late 1940s, Janet positioned
herself as a resource for 

5300
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:54,900
companies navigating unfamiliar 
territory. 

5301
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:57,800
Rather than adopting. 
An adversarial stance. 

5302
04:31:57,800 --> 04:32:00,700
She offered her expertise in 
managing the complexities of 

5303
04:32:00,708 --> 04:32:03,600
integration. 
Drawing parallels to processes. 

5304
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:05,300
She had observed in healthcare 
settings. 

5305
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:08,700
This strategic positioning 
allowed her to influence hiring 

5306
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:10,700
discussions, without being 
dismissed as merely 

5307
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:14,300
self-interested simultaneously. 
Janet continued, her own 

5308
04:32:14,300 --> 04:32:17,500
professional development, 
securing additional rating and 

5309
04:32:17,500 --> 04:32:20,200
certifications that enhance her 
credibility within Aviation 

5310
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:22,400
circles. 
She obtained instrument and 

5311
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:25,800
multi-engine ratings, completing
training at facilities that had 

5312
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:29,700
previously excluded black 
Pilots. credential, she added 

5313
04:32:29,700 --> 04:32:32,800
signified, not only her personal
accomplishments, but also 

5314
04:32:32,800 --> 04:32:37,300
another breach in the system of 
segregation, By 1950, Janet had 

5315
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:40,700
built a multifaceted career, 
that spanned Aviation Healthcare

5316
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:44,700
and real estate an unusual 
portfolio, that provided both 

5317
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:48,200
Financial Security, and multiple
platforms for advancing equity. 

5318
04:32:49,300 --> 04:32:50,900
What makes her approach during 
this period? 

5319
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,400
Particularly instructive was her
recognition that progress 

5320
04:32:54,400 --> 04:32:57,000
required both persistent 
individual excellence, and 

5321
04:32:57,000 --> 04:33:00,700
institutional development, she 
understood that proving black 

5322
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:04,200
capability was necessary, but 
insufficient the creation of 

5323
04:33:04,207 --> 04:33:07,900
sustaining structures was 
equally essential The aviation 

5324
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:10,900
Community Janet helped build at 
Robins became more than a 

5325
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:12,000
collection of pilots and 
mechanics. 

5326
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:15,500
It, functioned as an educational
ecosystem where knowledge 

5327
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:18,599
circulated freely, across 
generational and experiential, 

5328
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:22,800
boundaries veteran, Pilots 
mentored newcomers mechanics, 

5329
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:26,099
shared specialized knowledge and
Janet ensured that business 

5330
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,800
skills bookkeeping customer 
service Regulatory. 

5331
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:33,500
Compliance were transmitted 
alongside technical Aviation 

5332
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:35,800
skills. 
This holistic approach to 

5333
04:33:35,800 --> 04:33:38,500
community capacity, building 
represented a sophisticated 

5334
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:42,700
response to systemic exclusion. 
rather than focusing exclusively

5335
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:46,400
on individual achievements or 
symbolic firsts Janice invested 

5336
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:49,300
in creating an environment where
black excellence in aviation 

5337
04:33:49,300 --> 04:33:53,200
could become self-sustaining and
continuously regenerating The 

5338
04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:56,000
dawn of the organized civil 
rights movement in the 1950s 

5339
04:33:56,000 --> 04:33:59,200
presented Janet Bragg with both 
new opportunities and complex 

5340
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:02,800
choices as public attention 
increasingly focused on racial 

5341
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:05,800
discrimination. 
Janet found herself navigating 

5342
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:08,400
the delicate balance between her
established strategies of 

5343
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:11,599
incremental progress and this 
movements growing emphasis on 

5344
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:13,700
direct action and visible 
protest. 

5345
04:34:14,599 --> 04:34:17,200
Janet's approached to civil 
rights advocacy was shaped by 

5346
04:34:17,207 --> 04:34:20,400
her experiences in both Aviation
and Healthcare Fields. 

5347
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:23,700
Were Precision, careful, 
preparation and attention to 

5348
04:34:23,700 --> 04:34:25,400
detail what matters of life and 
death. 

5349
04:34:26,200 --> 04:34:29,400
Rather than participating in 
March or demonstrations, she 

5350
04:34:29,400 --> 04:34:32,200
leveraged her professional 
standing to challenge 

5351
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:34,700
discrimination through 
institutional channels that were

5352
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:37,700
often invisible to the public, 
but nonetheless effective in 

5353
04:34:37,700 --> 04:34:41,900
creating concrete change. 
In 1954, when the landmark Brown

5354
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:44,900
vs Board of Education decision, 
theoretically ended segregation 

5355
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:48,599
in the public education, Janet 
recognized implications for 

5356
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:50,700
Aviation training that few 
others identified. 

5357
04:34:51,599 --> 04:34:54,099
She immediately began compiling 
evidence of continuing 

5358
04:34:54,099 --> 04:34:57,000
discrimination in federally 
funded flight training programs.

5359
04:34:57,000 --> 04:34:59,500
Documenting incidents were 
qualified. 

5360
04:34:59,500 --> 04:35:02,099
Black applicants were rejected 
from programs that received 

5361
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:04,800
government support. 
Working through professional 

5362
04:35:04,800 --> 04:35:06,800
networks rather than public 
campaigns. 

5363
04:35:06,800 --> 04:35:10,200
Janitor arranged meetings with 
Federal Aviation Administration,

5364
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:11,500
officials to present her 
findings. 

5365
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:15,200
Her presentation style was 
characteristically, strategic 

5366
04:35:15,200 --> 04:35:19,000
framing, the issue, not as moral
outrage, but as regulatory 

5367
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,400
non-compliance that exposed the 
agency to Legal liability and 

5368
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,700
negative publicity. 
This behind the scenes, advocacy

5369
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:28,700
contributed to policy revisions,
requiring Aviation training 

5370
04:35:28,700 --> 04:35:31,099
programs, receiving federal 
funds to document their 

5371
04:35:31,099 --> 04:35:33,200
admissions decisions. 
And demonstrate 

5372
04:35:33,200 --> 04:35:37,200
non-discrimination, While less 
dramatic than televised protests

5373
04:35:37,200 --> 04:35:40,099
these administrative changes 
created accountability 

5374
04:35:40,099 --> 04:35:42,700
mechanisms that gradually 
increased black access to 

5375
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:46,400
professional Flight Training. 
Simultaneously Janet maintained 

5376
04:35:46,400 --> 04:35:49,599
her connection to the Tuskegee. 
Aviation Community, which was 

5377
04:35:49,599 --> 04:35:51,900
undergoing, its own transition 
as military service 

5378
04:35:51,900 --> 04:35:54,200
opportunities, expanded for 
black Pilots. 

5379
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:57,500
Following President Truman's, 
1948, executive order 

5380
04:35:57,500 --> 04:36:01,400
desegregating the Armed Forces. 
She developed a remarkable 

5381
04:36:01,400 --> 04:36:04,099
pattern of support for young 
black men entering Air Force 

5382
04:36:04,099 --> 04:36:07,599
training, creating an informal 
Network that connected to ski 

5383
04:36:07,599 --> 04:36:11,200
veterans with new recruits. 
This mentorship took practical 

5384
04:36:11,200 --> 04:36:14,300
forms, Janet regularly hosted 
Gatherings were experienced 

5385
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:17,200
Pilots shared strategies for 
navigating military. 

5386
04:36:17,200 --> 04:36:20,599
Aviation culture with newcomers.
These sessions addressed, not 

5387
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:23,700
just technical flying skills, 
but the cycle aspects of 

5388
04:36:23,707 --> 04:36:26,700
Performing under the heightened 
scrutiny that black military 

5389
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:30,099
aviators still face despite 
formal desegregation. 

5390
04:36:31,200 --> 04:36:34,300
Janet Chicago Apartment became a
way station for black Pilots 

5391
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:38,400
traveling between assignments, 
providing not just logging but a

5392
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:41,000
crucial sense of community and 
continuity in a field where 

5393
04:36:41,000 --> 04:36:45,200
isolation often compounded other
challenges This role as 

5394
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:47,800
Community anchor rarely appears 
in official histories but 

5395
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:50,700
emerges, consistently in the 
personal reminiscences of black 

5396
04:36:50,700 --> 04:36:55,500
aviators from this period. 
By the late 1950s, Janet had 

5397
04:36:55,500 --> 04:36:58,000
developed a sophisticated 
understanding of how integration

5398
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:00,099
functioned in practice rather 
than Theory. 

5399
04:37:00,800 --> 04:37:03,800
She observed that mere removal 
of explicit exclusionary 

5400
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:07,099
policies, rarely translated into
meaningful inclusion without 

5401
04:37:07,099 --> 04:37:11,300
additional structural changes. 
Drawing on this Insight, she 

5402
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:14,200
began advocating for specific 
reforms in commercial Aviation 

5403
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:18,300
hiring, including blind initial 
application, reviews and 

5404
04:37:18,300 --> 04:37:20,500
standardized technical 
assessment procedures. 

5405
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:25,099
Janice approached United 
Airlines in 1958, with a 

5406
04:37:25,099 --> 04:37:27,700
proposal for advising their 
pilot hiring process. 

5407
04:37:28,400 --> 04:37:31,099
Positioning her suggestions as 
improvements in merit-based 

5408
04:37:31,099 --> 04:37:33,500
selection, rather than diversity
initiatives. 

5409
04:37:33,500 --> 04:37:38,599
This framing, which emphasized 
operational excellence, rather 

5410
04:37:38,599 --> 04:37:41,900
than social justice, proved 
effective in an industry where 

5411
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:46,099
safety concerns could override 
even entrenched Prejudice while 

5412
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:48,700
United didn't immediately 
Implement her recommendations 

5413
04:37:48,700 --> 04:37:51,099
the dialogue. 
She initiated contributed to 

5414
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:54,500
gradual reforms over subsequent 
years throughout this period, 

5415
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,500
Janet maintained, her 
multifaceted professional 

5416
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:01,400
identity, continuing her nursing
career while operating bragas 

5417
04:38:01,400 --> 04:38:03,500
service and managing her real 
estate Investments. 

5418
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:07,000
This diversification provided 
not just Financial stability, 

5419
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:10,200
but multiple platforms from 
which to advance Equity goals. 

5420
04:38:10,900 --> 04:38:14,300
When direct progress in aviation
stalled, she could shift Focus 

5421
04:38:14,300 --> 04:38:16,700
to healthcare integration or 
Community Development through 

5422
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:20,300
her Property Holdings. 
Civil Rights Movement gained 

5423
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:24,300
momentum in the early 1960s 
Janet faced questions about her 

5424
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:26,500
relatively low profile in public
activism. 

5425
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:29,599
Some younger Advocates, 
criticized her incremental 

5426
04:38:29,599 --> 04:38:32,900
approach as insufficiently bold,
suggesting her professional 

5427
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:36,200
success had distanced her from 
the urgency of racial Justice. 

5428
04:38:36,900 --> 04:38:38,500
Janet's response to such 
criticism. 

5429
04:38:38,500 --> 04:38:41,700
Revealed her strategic, thinking
about social change. 

5430
04:38:42,500 --> 04:38:46,099
In a 1960s speech to the Negro 
Airmen International Convention,

5431
04:38:46,099 --> 04:38:49,700
she articulated what might be 
called a theory of specialized 

5432
04:38:49,700 --> 04:38:53,000
contribution. 
Not everyone can or should be on

5433
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:56,099
the front lines of protest. 
Some of us must work within 

5434
04:38:56,099 --> 04:38:59,500
systems to bring about changes 
from the inside, some must build

5435
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,099
alternative structures that 
demonstrate what is possible. 

5436
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:05,599
Some must document and preserve 
our achievements so they cannot 

5437
04:39:05,599 --> 04:39:08,700
be arrayed. 
This perspective reflected her 

5438
04:39:08,700 --> 04:39:11,800
understanding that movements 
required diverse tactics and 

5439
04:39:11,800 --> 04:39:13,500
multiple points of pressure to 
succeed. 

5440
04:39:13,500 --> 04:39:16,300
Janet wasn't opposed to direct 
action. 

5441
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:19,300
She provided financial support 
to several civil rights 

5442
04:39:19,300 --> 04:39:22,599
organizations and opened her 
property to activists needing 

5443
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:25,200
safer, accommodation during 
Chicago campaigns. 

5444
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:28,599
But she recognized that her most
effective contribution came 

5445
04:39:28,599 --> 04:39:32,000
through different channels. 
The 1963 March on Washington 

5446
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:35,599
represented, a pivotal moment, 
in Janet's relationship with the

5447
04:39:35,599 --> 04:39:38,900
broader Civil Rights Movement. 
though, she attended the March, 

5448
04:39:38,900 --> 04:39:41,600
she participated not as an 
individual, but as a 

5449
04:39:41,600 --> 04:39:44,500
representative of black Aviation
professionals carrying 

5450
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:47,500
documentation of the fields, 
racial disparities to distribute

5451
04:39:47,500 --> 04:39:50,300
to Congressional offices, While 
others gathered at the Lincoln 

5452
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:54,600
Memorial, This characteristic 
approach leveraging moments of 

5453
04:39:54,600 --> 04:39:57,300
high visibility to Advanced 
specific policy objectives. 

5454
04:39:57,300 --> 04:39:59,800
Typified Janet's, pragmatic 
activism. 

5455
04:40:00,500 --> 04:40:03,100
While others created a Central 
Public pressure through Mass 

5456
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:06,300
mobilization, she worked to 
translate that pressure into 

5457
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:09,100
concrete Regulatory and 
institutional changes that would

5458
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:10,800
Outlast any single 
demonstration. 

5459
04:40:12,000 --> 04:40:15,700
By the mid-1960s as the Civil 
Rights Movement achieved 

5460
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:18,800
legislative victories with the 
Civil Rights Act of 1964. 

5461
04:40:18,800 --> 04:40:22,700
And the Voting Rights Act of 
1965 Janet turned her attention 

5462
04:40:22,700 --> 04:40:25,200
to ensuring effective 
implementation in aviation 

5463
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:28,100
contexts. 
She developed monitoring systems

5464
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:30,300
to track hiring patterns at 
airline's and training 

5465
04:40:30,300 --> 04:40:33,500
institutions, creating 
accountability through data 

5466
04:40:33,500 --> 04:40:35,500
rather than relying solely on 
legal mandates. 

5467
04:40:36,300 --> 04:40:39,100
This period also saw Janet 
increased her focus on gender 

5468
04:40:39,100 --> 04:40:42,800
Equity, within Aviation, 
recognizing that racial barriers

5469
04:40:42,800 --> 04:40:45,000
were often compounded by gender 
discrimination. 

5470
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:48,500
She began formerly mentoring 
young, black women interested in

5471
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:51,800
aviation careers, helping them 
navigate the distinct challenges

5472
04:40:51,800 --> 04:40:54,400
created by the intersection of 
race and gender bias. 

5473
04:40:55,200 --> 04:40:58,600
Janet's navigation of the Civil 
Rights era, demonstrates a 

5474
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:01,500
sophisticated understanding of 
how social change occurs. 

5475
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:04,900
Not just through visible moments
of Confrontation and legislative

5476
04:41:04,900 --> 04:41:07,500
victories, but through 
persistent pressure on multiple 

5477
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,800
fronts, including the 
unglamorous work of policy, 

5478
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:12,700
implementation, and 
institutional reform. 

5479
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:16,900
As Janet, Bragg entered her 
later years, she confronted a 

5480
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:19,600
challenge for milia to many 
pioneers the risk of having her 

5481
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:22,900
contributions minimized or 
forgotten as the very barriers. 

5482
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:25,300
She helped dismantle became less
visible to subsequent 

5483
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:28,000
Generations. 
Her response to this challenge, 

5484
04:41:28,000 --> 04:41:30,600
reveals as much about her 
character as her early 

5485
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:33,700
achievements. 
Rather than focusing on securing

5486
04:41:33,700 --> 04:41:37,200
personal recognition, Janet 
dedicated herself to documenting

5487
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:40,500
the broader history of black 
Aviation throughout the 1970s, 

5488
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:43,800
she systematically collected 
photographs, logbooks, 

5489
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:45,800
correspondents, and oral 
history. 

5490
04:41:45,800 --> 04:41:48,200
From aging members of the 
Challenger are pilots 

5491
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:50,900
Association and other early 
black aviators. 

5492
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:53,100
She conducted this archival 
work. 

5493
04:41:53,100 --> 04:41:54,500
With the same methodical 
attention. 

5494
04:41:54,500 --> 04:41:58,000
She'd give to her nursing and 
flying careers Janet understood 

5495
04:41:58,000 --> 04:41:59,300
that preservation of this 
history. 

5496
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:02,900
Served multiple purposes, it 
provided validation for those 

5497
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:05,800
who had struggled against 
overwhelming odds, created, 

5498
04:42:05,800 --> 04:42:08,300
educational resources for young 
people who might otherwise 

5499
04:42:08,300 --> 04:42:12,000
assume Aviation had always been 
accessible and established an 

5500
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:15,000
evidentiary record that 
prevented historical revisionism

5501
04:42:15,000 --> 04:42:17,400
about when and how integration 
had occurred. 

5502
04:42:18,400 --> 04:42:22,700
In 1976 as the nation celebrated
doublets Bicentennial with 

5503
04:42:22,700 --> 04:42:25,200
numerous historical exhibitions 
and publications. 

5504
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:29,300
Janet noticed the near total 
absence of black aviators from 

5505
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:32,400
these commemorations. 
Rather than merely protesting 

5506
04:42:32,400 --> 04:42:35,100
this emission she developed a 
traveling exhibition. 

5507
04:42:35,100 --> 04:42:39,000
Entitled, black wings featuring 
photographs and artifacts from 

5508
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:42,100
her growing collection. 
What made this exhibition 

5509
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:44,700
remarkable was Janet's? 
Insistence that it appear not 

5510
04:42:44,700 --> 04:42:48,200
just in traditionally black 
institutions, but in mainstream 

5511
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,700
Aviation museums and events when
the Experimental Aircraft 

5512
04:42:51,700 --> 04:42:54,800
Association, initially declined 
to host, the exhibition at its 

5513
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,700
annual are Venture gathering in 
Oshkosh Wisconsin, Janet didn't 

5514
04:42:58,700 --> 04:43:01,900
accept the rejection. 
Instead, she enlisted support 

5515
04:43:01,900 --> 04:43:03,700
from several prominent white 
Pilots. 

5516
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:06,900
She had befriended over decades 
in aviation, creating the 

5517
04:43:06,900 --> 04:43:09,200
external pressure needed to 
reverse the decision. 

5518
04:43:10,200 --> 04:43:14,000
The exhibitions appearance are 
Venture in 1977 marked a turning

5519
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:16,800
point in public, recognition of 
black contributions to aviation 

5520
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,200
history. 
Thousands of Aviation 

5521
04:43:19,200 --> 04:43:22,000
enthusiasts and countered. 
This History For the First Time.

5522
04:43:22,000 --> 04:43:25,500
Many expressing surprise at its 
depth and significance. 

5523
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:28,900
Janet personally, guided special
tours for Aviation journalists 

5524
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:32,000
ensuring the exhibition received
coverage in the industry 

5525
04:43:32,000 --> 04:43:34,200
publication that reached 
audiences Beyond those 

5526
04:43:34,200 --> 04:43:38,200
physically attending the event. 
This period also saw Janet 

5527
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:39,500
emerge as a sought after 
speaker. 

5528
04:43:40,400 --> 04:43:42,700
Particularly as women's 
increasing entry into Aviation 

5529
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:44,700
created interest in female 
pioneers. 

5530
04:43:45,700 --> 04:43:48,500
Her presentations were notable, 
not for dramatic oratory, but 

5531
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:52,200
for their precision and 
evidentiary approach. rather 

5532
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,600
than telling her personal story 
in isolation, she consistently 

5533
04:43:55,600 --> 04:43:58,800
placed her experience as within 
broader historical, contexts, 

5534
04:43:58,800 --> 04:44:01,200
connecting individual 
achievements to Collective 

5535
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:05,600
struggles for equality, in 
academic settings, Janet became 

5536
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:08,400
an important primary source for 
a researchers studying aviation 

5537
04:44:08,400 --> 04:44:11,800
history, women's history, and 
African-American history. 

5538
04:44:12,700 --> 04:44:15,800
Her meticulous record-keeping 
proved invaluable to Scholars 

5539
04:44:15,800 --> 04:44:18,700
who had previously struggled to 
document aspects of black 

5540
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:22,400
aviation history, obscured by 
institutional neglect, and 

5541
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,700
deliberate Erasure Janet's 
relationship with younger black 

5542
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:27,300
aviators. 
During this period deserves 

5543
04:44:27,300 --> 04:44:30,700
particular attention, As 
commercial airlines finally 

5544
04:44:30,700 --> 04:44:33,700
began hiring black pilots in 
meaningful numbers during the 

5545
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:37,300
1970s and 1980s. 
Many sought out, Janet for 

5546
04:44:37,300 --> 04:44:39,300
guidance on navigating 
predominantly white 

5547
04:44:39,300 --> 04:44:42,300
institutions. 
Her advice reflected Decades of 

5548
04:44:42,308 --> 04:44:44,800
accumulated wisdom about when to
challenge discrimination 

5549
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:48,200
directly and went to focus on 
Excellence as its form of 

5550
04:44:48,200 --> 04:44:51,000
resistance. 
Several pilots who would later 

5551
04:44:51,000 --> 04:44:53,800
reach senior positions at Major 
carriers, sighted Janet's 

5552
04:44:53,800 --> 04:44:56,400
mentorship as crucial to their 
ability to persist through 

5553
04:44:56,400 --> 04:45:00,100
difficult early experiences. 
Her apartment in Chicago. 

5554
04:45:01,200 --> 04:45:04,000
It remained a gathering place, 
where multiple generations of 

5555
04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:07,400
black Aviation professionals 
could share strategies and 

5556
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:12,800
support across experiential. 
Divides. in 1986, Janet received

5557
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:15,700
belated recognition, from the 
Federal Aviation Administration 

5558
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:19,500
with their Pioneer award 
acknowledging her contributions 

5559
04:45:19,500 --> 04:45:22,300
to American Aviation, the 
ceremony brought together, 

5560
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:25,300
Aviation officials who had once 
to deny her opportunities with 

5561
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,600
younger administrators, who had 
benefitted from the changes, she

5562
04:45:28,600 --> 04:45:32,300
helped create This juxtaposition
might have invited bitterness, 

5563
04:45:32,300 --> 04:45:35,500
but Janet approached, the 
occasional with characteristic 

5564
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:39,100
Grace and strategic Focus. 
She used her acceptance speech, 

5565
04:45:39,100 --> 04:45:42,500
not for personal Vindication, 
but to highlight continuing 

5566
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:45,400
disparities in aviation access 
and employment. 

5567
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:49,600
By presenting current statistics
alongside historical context. 

5568
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,900
She made clear that while 
progress had occurred the work 

5569
04:45:52,900 --> 04:45:56,200
remained unfinished, This 
approached transformed, What 

5570
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:58,700
Might Have Been merely 
commemorative into a call for 

5571
04:45:58,700 --> 04:46:02,300
ongoing commitment to equity. 
There's Janet entered her 90s. 

5572
04:46:02,300 --> 04:46:05,100
She began the process of 
ensuring her collection, would 

5573
04:46:05,100 --> 04:46:08,400
remain accessible after her 
lifetime, rather than waiting 

5574
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:10,000
for institutions to approach 
her. 

5575
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:15,100
Actively research bore potential
repositories evaluating their 

5576
04:46:15,100 --> 04:46:18,100
commitment to making materials 
available to both Scholars and 

5577
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:21,100
community members. 
She ultimately divided her 

5578
04:46:21,100 --> 04:46:24,200
papers between the Smithsonian 
National Air and Space Museum in

5579
04:46:24,200 --> 04:46:27,100
the Atlanta University Center 
archives, creating multiple 

5580
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:30,900
access points to this crucial 
history, Janet bragged passed 

5581
04:46:30,908 --> 04:46:34,500
away in 1993 at the age of 86, 
having witnessed 

5582
04:46:34,500 --> 04:46:37,000
transformations. 
In American Aviation, that would

5583
04:46:37,000 --> 04:46:39,700
have seemed impossible when she 
took her first flight lessons in

5584
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:43,000
1933. 
At the time of her death, black 

5585
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:46,400
Pilots commanded jumbo jets for 
major carriers served as 

5586
04:46:46,400 --> 04:46:49,400
astronauts in the space program,
and held leadership positions in

5587
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:52,300
aviation organizations that had 
once excluded them entirely. 

5588
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:55,400
Yet Janet's. 
Most profound Legacy, May lie 

5589
04:46:55,400 --> 04:46:57,200
not in these visible markers of 
progress. 

5590
04:46:57,200 --> 04:47:00,000
But in the approach to change, 
she embodied throughout her 

5591
04:47:00,000 --> 04:47:03,700
life. he demonstrated that 
effective advocacy requires, not

5592
04:47:03,700 --> 04:47:06,700
just courage and persistence but
strategic thinking about where 

5593
04:47:06,700 --> 04:47:10,300
and how to apply pressure She 
understood that systems, change 

5594
04:47:10,300 --> 04:47:13,100
through multiple mechanisms 
legal, challenges, policy, 

5595
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:16,600
reforms, economic leverage, 
cultural shifts, an individual 

5596
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:18,800
Excellence, all playing 
necessary roles. 

5597
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:23,100
Perhaps most importantly, Janet 
Bragg's, life illustrates that. 

5598
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:25,900
History is not merely something 
that happens to people, but 

5599
04:47:25,900 --> 04:47:28,800
something that actively shape 
through deliberate choices and 

5600
04:47:28,800 --> 04:47:32,000
sustained commitment. 
She didn't simply participate in

5601
04:47:32,000 --> 04:47:33,700
the evolution of American 
Aviation. 

5602
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,700
She helped direct its course 
through strategic action at Key 

5603
04:47:37,700 --> 04:47:48,500
moments. 
Close your eyes and imagine a 

5604
04:47:48,500 --> 04:47:52,600
time before Forks, existed. 
Before napkins, before anyone 

5605
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,300
ever told you to keep your 
elbows off the table, we're 

5606
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:58,900
going back, roughly 300,000 
years to when your ancient 

5607
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:01,500
ancestors, were just trying to 
figure out this whole Being 

5608
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:05,500
Human thing and table manners, 
ranked somewhere below, avoid 

5609
04:48:05,500 --> 04:48:08,800
being eaten by large cats on 
their list of concerns. 

5610
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:13,800
Picture early humans gather 
around a fire as the sunset's. 

5611
04:48:13,800 --> 04:48:18,000
Casting orange light across the 
landscape, there's no table 

5612
04:48:18,000 --> 04:48:22,000
obviously that Innovation is 
still tens of thousands of years

5613
04:48:22,000 --> 04:48:26,300
away. 
Instead people croutch will sit 

5614
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:29,100
on the ground. 
Probably, on whatever Flat Rock,

5615
04:48:29,100 --> 04:48:30,600
seemed most comfortable that 
day. 

5616
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:34,300
Meal is simple. 
Perhaps some roasted meat from 

5617
04:48:34,300 --> 04:48:37,600
the day's hunt, Maybe Roots or 
berries, gathered from the 

5618
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:40,700
surrounding area, all eaten with
the original utensils. 

5619
04:48:40,700 --> 04:48:44,100
Your hands. 
There's a certain poetry to the 

5620
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:48,300
Simplicity, no one worried about
which Fork to use because Forks,

5621
04:48:48,300 --> 04:48:50,900
didn't exist. 
No one stressed about proper 

5622
04:48:50,900 --> 04:48:53,300
posture because there were no 
chairs to slouch in. 

5623
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:57,400
The biggest etiquette concern 
was probably making sure 

5624
04:48:57,400 --> 04:49:01,000
everyone got their fair share. 
which is actually a form of 

5625
04:49:01,000 --> 04:49:03,900
table manners when you think 
about it, What's the most 

5626
04:49:03,908 --> 04:49:07,300
fundamental kind? 
Fire, crackle. 

5627
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:10,600
Softly, someone tears off a 
piece of meat and passes it 

5628
04:49:10,600 --> 04:49:14,500
along fingers, get greasy and 
that's perfectly fine. 

5629
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:17,900
Because the concept of finger 
bowls won't be invented for 

5630
04:49:17,900 --> 04:49:21,000
another several millennia. 
When you're done eating, you 

5631
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:24,500
might wipe your hands on grass, 
or simply lick them clean the 

5632
04:49:24,500 --> 04:49:26,400
evening areas. 
Cool, and belly is a full and 

5633
04:49:26,400 --> 04:49:30,500
that's really all that matters. 
There's thousands of years drift

5634
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:34,100
by like lazy clouds. 
Humans start to developing small

5635
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:38,600
rituals around eating, not rules
exactly buttons. 

5636
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:43,500
Maybe the eldest person, eats 
first, maybe certain foods are 

5637
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:45,300
shared While others are 
individually. 

5638
04:49:46,100 --> 04:49:49,200
These aren't written guidelines,
righting hasn't been invented 

5639
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:52,200
yet but they're the seeds of 
what will eventually become 

5640
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:55,300
table manners. 
The rhythm of communal eating 

5641
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:57,900
develops, its own. 
Gentle Cadence, there's 

5642
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:01,500
something deeply soothing about 
eating together, sharing food 

5643
04:50:01,500 --> 04:50:05,100
prepared over the same fire. 
You can almost hear the soft 

5644
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:09,800
sounds of prehistoric meals. 
The crackle of flames the murmur

5645
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:13,700
of voices in early languages. 
We'd never recognized and the 

5646
04:50:13,700 --> 04:50:17,000
simple satisfaction of full 
stomachs and warm companionship 

5647
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:22,600
in caves across Europe, Africa, 
and Asia, similar scenes play 

5648
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:26,400
out night after night. 
The details vary different 

5649
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:30,100
foods, different Landscapes, 
different faces around different

5650
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:35,100
fires, but the essence remains 
constant humans eating together,

5651
04:50:35,100 --> 04:50:38,700
developing the first social 
bonds that would eventually lead

5652
04:50:38,700 --> 04:50:42,200
to civilization. 
Table manners in their most 

5653
04:50:42,200 --> 04:50:44,900
primitive form. 
A really just the codification 

5654
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:48,600
of respect and sharing. 
There's no stress in these 

5655
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:51,300
ancient meals. 
No, one wondering if you are 

5656
04:50:51,300 --> 04:50:54,200
using the right spoon or whether
your napkin should go on your 

5657
04:50:54,200 --> 04:50:57,600
left or right. 
Just the simple Act of eating 

5658
04:50:57,600 --> 04:51:01,700
together as Darkness. 
Settles in around the fires Warm

5659
04:51:01,700 --> 04:51:04,700
Glow. 
Let that Simplicity wash over, 

5660
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:08,000
you like a warm bath. 
Now we're going to fast forward 

5661
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:12,500
and you can feel time flowing 
like honey slow and sweet to 

5662
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:17,600
around 3,000 BCE when 
civilizations in Mesopotamia and

5663
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:20,300
Egypt started getting Fancy with
their eating Arrangements. 

5664
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:23,300
This is where things start 
getting interesting and a 

5665
04:51:23,300 --> 04:51:26,300
wonderfully drowsy sort of way 
the Sumerians. 

5666
04:51:26,300 --> 04:51:29,400
Those clever people who invented
writing and the wheel and beer 

5667
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:34,400
truly Humanity's Greatest Hits 
also began developing the first 

5668
04:51:34,400 --> 04:51:38,400
real dining customs. 
Imagine a wealthy Sumerian 

5669
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:40,800
household where low tables 
appear for the first time. 

5670
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:45,100
People still sit on the floor or
on, cushions, but now there's a 

5671
04:51:45,108 --> 04:51:49,300
designated surface for food. 
It's a small change that makes a

5672
04:51:49,300 --> 04:51:51,800
big difference. 
Like the first time someone 

5673
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,400
decided beds were better than 
sleeping on bare ground. 

5674
04:51:55,300 --> 04:51:58,700
In these early Mesopotamian, 
homes bred served as both food 

5675
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:01,300
and plate. 
You tear off a piece of 

5676
04:52:01,308 --> 04:52:04,900
flatbread and use it to scoop 
up, stews, vegetables, and 

5677
04:52:04,900 --> 04:52:07,900
meats, when you finish eating, 
you could eat your plate. 

5678
04:52:07,900 --> 04:52:12,300
It's brilliantly, efficient and 
remarkably tidy, no dishes to 

5679
04:52:12,300 --> 04:52:15,200
wash off afterward. 
The warm bread in your hands 

5680
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:17,000
slightly oily from whatever it 
had. 

5681
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:20,200
Scooped still, radiating gentle 
heat from the oven. 

5682
04:52:21,300 --> 04:52:24,800
Egyptian dining Customs evolved 
along similar lines, but with 

5683
04:52:24,800 --> 04:52:28,900
their own special flourishes. 
The wealthy Egyptians loved, a 

5684
04:52:28,900 --> 04:52:32,200
good feast and they developed 
elaborate protocols around these

5685
04:52:32,200 --> 04:52:36,500
meals. servants would bring 
water and Natron and naturally 

5686
04:52:36,500 --> 04:52:39,700
occurring salt for guests to 
wash their hands before eating 

5687
04:52:40,700 --> 04:52:44,300
It's the first recorded instance
of Premier hand washing which 

5688
04:52:44,300 --> 04:52:49,700
means somewhere around 2500 BCE.
Someone decided Clean Hands made

5689
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:52,900
for better dining. 
Picture yourself at an Egyptian,

5690
04:52:52,900 --> 04:52:55,700
banquet. 
The rumors cool, despite the 

5691
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:58,300
desert heat outside. 
Thanks to thick, mud brick, 

5692
04:52:58,300 --> 04:53:02,800
walls palm fronds wave, gently 
overhead, creating shifting 

5693
04:53:02,800 --> 04:53:06,900
patterns of Shadow and Light. 
Your Seated on a low stool and 

5694
04:53:06,900 --> 04:53:10,700
before you as a small table 
Laden with food, roasted duck. 

5695
04:53:10,700 --> 04:53:14,600
Fresh figs bread. 
Still warm from the oven and 

5696
04:53:14,600 --> 04:53:17,500
beer in a clay vessel that stays
surprisingly cool. 

5697
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:21,500
Servant approaches with a bowl 
of water and a clean cloth. 

5698
04:53:21,500 --> 04:53:23,500
You dip your fingers in the 
water. 

5699
04:53:23,500 --> 04:53:27,500
It's been infused with flower 
petals and it smells faintly of 

5700
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:31,600
Lotus blossoms. 
Cloth is soft linen woven. 

5701
04:53:31,600 --> 04:53:35,100
So finally, it feels like a 
whisper against your skin. 

5702
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:39,700
This is civilizations, way of 
saying, before we eat together, 

5703
04:53:39,700 --> 04:53:43,600
let's be clean together. 
It's a small gesture that 

5704
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:48,200
carries enormous meaning. 
The Egyptians also pioneered the

5705
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:50,800
concept of dining in courses 
rather than having everything 

5706
04:53:50,800 --> 04:53:54,100
presented at once. 
First might come fruits and 

5707
04:53:54,108 --> 04:53:58,400
vegetables, then fish then meet 
each course, arriving with its 

5708
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:01,800
own subtle ceremony. 
There's a rhythm to this kind of

5709
04:54:01,808 --> 04:54:05,100
eating a gentle progression. 
That mirrors, the flow of the 

5710
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:12,400
Nile itself, steady predictable 
soothing In ancient China around

5711
04:54:12,400 --> 04:54:15,800
the same period entirely 
different dining Customs were 

5712
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:18,500
emerging. 
The Chinese developed the use of

5713
04:54:18,508 --> 04:54:22,500
Chopsticks around 1200 BCE and 
with them came, a whole 

5714
04:54:22,500 --> 04:54:26,300
philosophy of eating Chopsticks 
required patience, precision and

5715
04:54:26,300 --> 04:54:29,100
practice. 
They slowed down the eating 

5716
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:32,300
process, which the Chinese sages
believed was healthy for 

5717
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:34,800
digestion and better for social 
interaction. 

5718
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:38,600
Confucius that wise teacher 
whose thoughts would influence 

5719
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:42,000
Asian culture for Melania? 
Had strong opinions about 

5720
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:44,600
dining. 
He believed that the way you ate

5721
04:54:44,600 --> 04:54:47,900
revealed your character. 
Food should be cut into small 

5722
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:49,500
manageable pieces in the 
kitchen. 

5723
04:54:49,500 --> 04:54:53,100
Never at the table, where knives
might suggest violence. 

5724
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:57,300
Meals should be eaten slowly 
with attention to Flavors and 

5725
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:00,700
textures conversation. 
Should be gentle and thoughtful,

5726
04:55:00,700 --> 04:55:04,200
can you feel how these ancient 
practices were already moving 

5727
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:07,800
toward mindfulness? 
The Egyptians with their ritual 

5728
04:55:07,800 --> 04:55:11,600
hand washing, the Chinese with 
their deliberate Chopsticks and 

5729
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:14,800
the Mesopotamians with their 
orderly progression of courses. 

5730
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:17,600
All of them were discovering 
that eating could be more than 

5731
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:21,300
just fuel consumption. 
It could be meditation, ceremony

5732
04:55:21,300 --> 04:55:25,200
or art. 
In ancient Greece, symposiums 

5733
04:55:25,200 --> 04:55:29,500
the height of civilized dining. 
Men would recline on couches. 

5734
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:34,100
Yes, lying down while eating the
Greeks really knew how to relax 

5735
04:55:34,100 --> 04:55:37,500
and enjoy course after course of
food, while discussing 

5736
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:42,400
philosophy poetry and politics 
Why was mixed with water in 

5737
04:55:42,400 --> 04:55:45,800
special vessels called craters. 
And there were specific 

5738
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:49,300
protocols for how much water to 
add depending on the seriousness

5739
04:55:49,300 --> 04:55:52,900
of the discussion. 
The gentle clinking of ceramic 

5740
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:56,800
cups, the soft Russell of robes 
is Danish shifted on their 

5741
04:55:56,800 --> 04:56:00,100
couches and the murmur of 
thoughtful conversation 

5742
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:03,700
punctuated by laughter Greek, 
dining rooms must have had a 

5743
04:56:03,708 --> 04:56:07,100
wonderfully peaceful energy. 
Even the occasional heated 

5744
04:56:07,100 --> 04:56:09,700
debate, would eventually smooth 
out into philosophical 

5745
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:13,600
contemplation as the evening 
wore on and the wine to water 

5746
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:17,400
ratio shifted. 
Romans never wants to be outdone

5747
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:21,900
by Greeks took the concept of 
elaborate dining and expanded it

5748
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:25,900
to almost absurd levels. 
A wealthy Roman dinner party 

5749
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:30,000
called a convivium could last 
for hours featuring dozens of 

5750
04:56:30,000 --> 04:56:33,400
courses, entertainment between 
dishes and social. 

5751
04:56:33,400 --> 04:56:36,000
Rituals that made a modern 
etiquette look simple by 

5752
04:56:36,000 --> 04:56:38,400
comparison. 
But here's what's lovely about 

5753
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:42,600
Roman dining Customs, despite 
all the elaborate protocols, the

5754
04:56:42,600 --> 04:56:44,400
underlying goal was comfort and 
pleasure. 

5755
04:56:45,200 --> 04:56:48,900
Couches were cushioned with the 
softest Fabrics rooms were 

5756
04:56:48,900 --> 04:56:51,600
designed to catch cooling 
breezes in summer and retain 

5757
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:56,000
warmth in winter. 
Servants moved silently ensuring

5758
04:56:56,000 --> 04:56:57,700
guests. 
Never had to reach for anything.

5759
04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:01,600
The entire experience was 
engineered to help diners, 

5760
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:05,100
relax, completely. 
Imagine reclining on one of 

5761
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,500
those Roman dining couches. 
Propped up on your left elbow. 

5762
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:11,900
As was customary leaving your 
right hand free for eating. 

5763
04:57:12,700 --> 04:57:15,600
The cushions beneath you are 
stuffed with wool and covered in

5764
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:17,600
linen, as being washed so many 
times. 

5765
04:57:17,600 --> 04:57:22,300
It feels like Silk The room 
smells of olive oil herbs and 

5766
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:24,700
the faint smokiness of the 
kitchen fires. 

5767
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:27,200
Someone is playing a liar in the
corner. 

5768
04:57:27,200 --> 04:57:31,000
Very softly, just loud enough to
fill the silence between 

5769
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:34,400
conversations. 
These ancient civilizations were

5770
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:36,500
discovering something profound 
that. 

5771
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,100
How we eat together shapes who 
we become together? 

5772
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:42,500
Table manners weren't just 
arbitrary rules. 

5773
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:46,100
They were Frameworks for 
connection opportunities, for 

5774
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:51,100
Artistry, and Pathways to peace.
As you drift deeper into 

5775
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:54,400
relaxation, let that 
understanding settle over. 

5776
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:58,900
You like a warm gentle blanket. 
We're moving forward now through

5777
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:03,800
time like a slow River arriving 
in medieval Europe around 1,000 

5778
04:58:03,800 --> 04:58:06,600
CE. 
This is when table manners 

5779
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:10,400
started becoming truly codified 
written down in manuscripts, 

5780
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,700
that Nobles would study with the
same seriousness, we might apply

5781
04:58:13,700 --> 04:58:17,300
to learning a new language. 
The medieval period is 

5782
04:58:17,300 --> 04:58:20,700
fascinating for table manners 
because it represents a kind of 

5783
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:24,000
bridge between ancient and 
formality and modern refinement.

5784
04:58:24,900 --> 04:58:29,000
Castle's and manor houses had 
great Halls where dozens, or 

5785
04:58:29,000 --> 04:58:32,700
even hundreds of people might 
eat together creating a need for

5786
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:34,900
Clear. 
Social rules about how to behave

5787
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:37,300
when you're sharing a trestle 
table with everyone, from 

5788
04:58:37,300 --> 04:58:40,900
knights to Kitchen staff. 
You're a great hall on a winter 

5789
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,500
evening torches and candles. 
Provide flickering light, that 

5790
04:58:44,500 --> 04:58:46,400
makes Shadows danced on stone 
walls. 

5791
04:58:47,200 --> 04:58:50,900
The fire in the central, half 
crackles and Pops sending 

5792
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:55,600
occasional Sparks upward. 
Long wooden tables, run the 

5793
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:58,500
length of the hall and people 
are beginning to gather for the 

5794
04:58:58,500 --> 04:59:01,900
evening meal. 
The air smells of wood smoke 

5795
04:59:01,900 --> 04:59:06,100
roasting meat and the musty 
scent of the rushes scattered on

5796
04:59:06,108 --> 04:59:09,100
the floor. 
Your Seated on a wooden bench, 

5797
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:12,100
chairs with backs are still 
mostly reserved for the very 

5798
04:59:12,100 --> 04:59:13,500
important people at the high 
table. 

5799
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:18,800
Before you is a trencher, which 
is a thick slice of stale bread 

5800
04:59:18,800 --> 04:59:22,000
that serves as your plate, it's 
going to soak up juices and 

5801
04:59:22,000 --> 04:59:25,000
gravies from your meal, and by 
the end of dinner, it will be 

5802
04:59:25,008 --> 04:59:27,000
thoroughly, saturated and 
delicious. 

5803
04:59:27,900 --> 04:59:30,600
Sometimes trenches would give 
them to the poor after meals. 

5804
04:59:30,600 --> 04:59:33,500
Other times, they were eaten by 
the diners themselves. 

5805
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:38,300
Waste not want not Medieval 
table, manners, were spelled out

5806
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:42,600
in text with wonderfully 
Specific Instructions. 13th 

5807
04:59:42,600 --> 04:59:45,200
century guide. 
Advised do not touch your ears 

5808
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:48,800
or nose with your bare hands 
while eating another suggested 

5809
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:51,500
refrain from picking your teeth 
with your knife. 

5810
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:54,300
These instructions, tell us 
something important. 

5811
04:59:54,300 --> 04:59:56,600
They wouldn't need to write 
these rules down. 

5812
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:59,900
If people weren't doing these 
things medieval dining was 

5813
04:59:59,900 --> 05:00:03,700
clearly a work in progress. 
The concept of sharing was 

5814
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:07,200
Central to Medieval eating. 
You didn't have your own cup, 

5815
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:08,800
you shared one with your 
neighbor. 

5816
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,200
Large serving dishes called 
messes, were placed along the 

5817
05:00:12,200 --> 05:00:15,600
table, and groups of four to six
people would eat from the same 

5818
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:18,700
mess. 
This required cooperation, and a

5819
05:00:18,700 --> 05:00:22,500
certain amount of consideration.
Taking too much meant your mess 

5820
05:00:22,500 --> 05:00:23,500
mates. 
Would go hungry. 

5821
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:27,100
Hawking the shared cup. 
Meant thirsty neighbors, 

5822
05:00:27,100 --> 05:00:30,800
etiquette manuals from this 
period emphasized cleanliness 

5823
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:32,900
with an almost desperate 
urgency. 

5824
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:37,800
Wash your hands before eating. 
They insist wipe your mouth 

5825
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:39,500
before drinking from the shared 
cup. 

5826
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:43,300
Don't put food back into the 
communal dish after you've 

5827
05:00:43,300 --> 05:00:46,000
beaten it. 
Reading between the lines, you 

5828
05:00:46,000 --> 05:00:49,800
can send medieval people trying 
very hard to make communal 

5829
05:00:49,800 --> 05:00:52,900
dining more pleasant while 
working with limited resources. 

5830
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:56,600
Forks were virtually unknown in 
medieval Europe. 

5831
05:00:56,600 --> 05:01:00,300
They wouldn't become common 
until the Renaissance instead, 

5832
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:03,800
you ate with a knife and your 
fingers, which required a 

5833
05:01:03,800 --> 05:01:06,800
certain delicacy. he was 
supposed to be with your thumb 

5834
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:10,800
index and middle fingers, only 
using all five fingers was 

5835
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:15,000
considered boorish, It's oddly 
specific, but when you think 

5836
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:19,200
about it, eating with, just 
three fingers does require more 

5837
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:23,500
precision and care and grabbing 
food with your whole hand, The 

5838
05:01:23,500 --> 05:01:26,400
rhythm of a medieval meal had 
its own soothing quality. 

5839
05:01:27,000 --> 05:01:30,500
First servants, brought basins 
of water around, for hand 

5840
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:34,200
washing, then bread was placed 
on the table, not just the 

5841
05:01:34,200 --> 05:01:36,600
trenches, but fresh bread for 
eating. 

5842
05:01:38,200 --> 05:01:41,400
Then came the first course. 
Usually something in a source 

5843
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:42,800
that could be scooped up with 
bread. 

5844
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:47,400
Between courses, there might be 
entertainment a Minstrel singing

5845
05:01:47,400 --> 05:01:51,300
a jug of Performing or simply 
conversation, flowing up and 

5846
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:54,400
down the long tables. 
Drinking Customs have their own 

5847
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:58,100
gentle ceremony. 
When you wanted wine or ale, you

5848
05:01:58,100 --> 05:02:00,200
didn't just grab the shared cup 
and drink. 

5849
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,000
You were supposed to wipe your 
mouth first so you wouldn't 

5850
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:07,800
leave food residue on the rim, 
then you drank white, The Rim 

5851
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:09,800
Clean and passed the cup to your
neighbor. 

5852
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:14,300
He created a rhythm white during
White Pass. 

5853
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,000
Cup was making its way around 
the table, like a slow 

5854
05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:20,700
companionable dance. 
One. 

5855
05:02:20,700 --> 05:02:24,600
Particularly Charming medieval 
custom was the voider a bowl 

5856
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:27,600
placed on the table for bones 
shells and other inedible 

5857
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,600
scraps. 
The name itself is wonderfully 

5858
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:33,100
descriptive. 
It's where food goes to be 

5859
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:36,200
voided from the meal. 
Servants would periodically 

5860
05:02:36,200 --> 05:02:39,600
empty the void and bring fresh 
ones, keeping the table 

5861
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:43,100
relatively tidy despite the 
absence of individual plaits. 

5862
05:02:43,800 --> 05:02:46,200
As the evening progressed and 
the meal move through its 

5863
05:02:46,200 --> 05:02:48,800
courses. 
The Great Hall would grow warmer

5864
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:51,800
from all the bodies and the fire
louder from wine and 

5865
05:02:51,800 --> 05:02:55,000
conversation and somehow more 
intimate despite the crowds. 

5866
05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:58,800
There's something about sharing 
food from communal dishes and 

5867
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:02,800
drinking from shared cups that 
breaks down social barriers even

5868
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:05,000
in higher archaical medieval 
Society. 

5869
05:03:06,500 --> 05:03:09,900
The highest ranking people sat 
at the high table, which was 

5870
05:03:09,900 --> 05:03:12,900
literally elevated on a platform
so everyone could see them. 

5871
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:17,700
This created a theater of 
dining, the noble family, eating

5872
05:03:17,700 --> 05:03:20,800
and full view, while the rest of
the hall watched and tried to 

5873
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:23,900
emulate Their Manners. 
It was etiquette as performance 

5874
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:26,600
art teaching, by example, rather
than lecture. 

5875
05:03:27,400 --> 05:03:30,400
By the end of a medieval, Feast 
the trenchers would be soggy 

5876
05:03:30,400 --> 05:03:33,500
with gravy the void as full and 
the shared cups. 

5877
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:37,000
While circulated more water 
would be brought for hand 

5878
05:03:37,000 --> 05:03:41,000
washing even more important. 
Now than before the meal herbs 

5879
05:03:41,000 --> 05:03:44,800
might be chewed to freshen 
breath Some households provided 

5880
05:03:44,800 --> 05:03:48,500
finger bowls centered with rose 
water a small luxury that made 

5881
05:03:48,500 --> 05:03:51,000
the cleanup process. 
Feel less like a chore and more 

5882
05:03:51,000 --> 05:03:55,800
like a ritual. as you imagine 
all of this, the Wormhole the 

5883
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:59,500
friendly chaos, the shared 
dishes and cups, the gentle 

5884
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:03,600
rhythm of medieval dining, let 
yourself relax into the communal

5885
05:04:03,600 --> 05:04:07,300
nature of it all There's 
something deeply comforting 

5886
05:04:07,300 --> 05:04:11,200
about eating together like this 
connected by shared vessels and 

5887
05:04:11,200 --> 05:04:14,300
shared spaces. 
All of you experiencing the same

5888
05:04:14,300 --> 05:04:17,700
meal in the same moment. 
Drift forward with me now 

5889
05:04:17,700 --> 05:04:22,400
through the 1400 and into the 
1500s as Europe, awakens from 

5890
05:04:22,400 --> 05:04:24,600
its medieval Slumber into the 
Renaissance. 

5891
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:28,900
This is where table manners 
transformed from practical 

5892
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,600
guidelines for group eating in 
to an elaborate code that 

5893
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,800
signaled education status and 
sophistication. 

5894
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:40,400
Its also when dining becomes 
genuinely beautiful, in ways 

5895
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:42,700
that would have seemed 
impossibly fantasy to our 

5896
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:46,600
medieval ancestors, the 
Renaissance began in Italy, and 

5897
05:04:46,600 --> 05:04:50,900
so did many dining innovation's.
Italian Noble's flush with 

5898
05:04:50,900 --> 05:04:54,600
wealth from trade and banking 
again competing to host the most

5899
05:04:54,600 --> 05:04:58,100
impressive dinner parties. 
This competition, drove 

5900
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:01,700
innovation in everything from 
table settings to menu planning 

5901
05:05:01,700 --> 05:05:04,000
to the physical act of eating 
itself. 

5902
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:08,500
Imagine being invited to a 
dinner to Florentine Palazzo, in

5903
05:05:08,500 --> 05:05:11,300
1550. 
You enter a room that's been 

5904
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:14,800
transformed into a work of art. 
The walls are hung with 

5905
05:05:14,800 --> 05:05:17,200
tapestries depicting classical 
scenes. 

5906
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:22,200
The ceiling has been painted 
with clouds and cherubs Candles,

5907
05:05:22,200 --> 05:05:27,600
expensive wax, candles not, 
Smoky Tallow provide warm steady

5908
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:31,800
light from Silver candelabras. 
the table itself makes you 

5909
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:36,000
pause, it's covered with white 
linen so fine you can almost see

5910
05:05:36,000 --> 05:05:40,500
through it and the cloth drapes 
to the floor in perfect folds on

5911
05:05:40,500 --> 05:05:44,500
this pristine white canvas an 
entire landscape of dishes has 

5912
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:48,700
been arranged Silver platters 
ceramic bowls, painted with 

5913
05:05:48,700 --> 05:05:52,100
intricate designs and glass 
vessels that catch the 

5914
05:05:52,100 --> 05:05:55,300
candlelight and throw rainbow 
sparkles across the tablecloth. 

5915
05:05:55,300 --> 05:05:59,600
And here's something new. 
Each guest has their own plate. 

5916
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:04,400
Not a bread trencher, but an 
actual plate made of pewter or 

5917
05:06:04,400 --> 05:06:07,800
ceramic individual. 
Plates were a Renaissance in 

5918
05:06:07,800 --> 05:06:10,500
Innovation that changed 
everything about how people ate.

5919
05:06:11,200 --> 05:06:15,000
Even more revolutionary, you 
have your own Cup made of glass 

5920
05:06:15,000 --> 05:06:18,100
perhaps or silver. 
If you're host is particularly 

5921
05:06:18,100 --> 05:06:21,300
wealthy. 
It sits to your right and it's 

5922
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:26,700
yours alone for the entire meal,
no more wiping and passing, you 

5923
05:06:26,700 --> 05:06:29,100
can drink whenever you want 
without coordination or 

5924
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:32,600
consideration for others. 
It's a small change that 

5925
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,200
represents a massive shift in 
dining philosophy. 

5926
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:39,400
From communal to individual from
shared to personal. 

5927
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:43,000
But the most significant 
Innovation sits beside your 

5928
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:46,200
plate looking Innocent but 
carrying revolutionary 

5929
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:50,500
implications a fork. 
The fork had existed for 

5930
05:06:50,500 --> 05:06:53,900
centuries in the bazante and 
Empire and parts of the Middle 

5931
05:06:53,900 --> 05:06:57,400
East, but it was Catherine de 
Medici, who really popularized 

5932
05:06:57,400 --> 05:07:00,500
it in Western Europe when she 
brought the custom from Italy to

5933
05:07:00,500 --> 05:07:05,200
France and 1533. 
At first people thought Forks 

5934
05:07:05,200 --> 05:07:10,100
were pretentious even sinful 
after all God Gave You fingers 

5935
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:13,300
for eating? 
But slowly the forks 

5936
05:07:13,300 --> 05:07:16,200
practicality won out using a 
fork. 

5937
05:07:16,200 --> 05:07:18,400
Required learning entirely new 
skills. 

5938
05:07:18,400 --> 05:07:21,100
You couldn't just stab at your 
food randomly. 

5939
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:23,000
There was a right way and a 
wrong way. 

5940
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:27,400
The fork went in your left hand,
the knife in your right, use the

5941
05:07:27,400 --> 05:07:30,400
knife to cut and the fork to 
spear and lift your mouth. 

5942
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:34,100
It was a kind of dance, a 
coordination of both hands 

5943
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:37,100
working together. 
Mastering it marked you as 

5944
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:41,400
educated and refined Palion. 
Etiquette manuals from this 

5945
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:45,100
period are wonderfully detailed.
They explain not just what to do

5946
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,500
but why? 
Don't blow on your food to cool 

5947
05:07:48,500 --> 05:07:50,700
it. 
Wait patiently for it to cool 

5948
05:07:50,700 --> 05:07:53,400
naturally. 
Don't make noise when you eat. 

5949
05:07:54,300 --> 05:07:58,100
Chew quietly and deliberately 
don't just your wildly with your

5950
05:07:58,108 --> 05:08:01,500
hands while talking. 
Keep your movements controlled 

5951
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:06,000
and graceful every action should
demonstrate restraint patients 

5952
05:08:06,000 --> 05:08:09,900
and consideration. 
The Renaissance obsession with 

5953
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:12,300
classical Antiquity extended to 
dining. 

5954
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:16,800
Wealthy host, tried to recreate 
Roman, Banquets with similar, 

5955
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:19,100
reclining, couches, and 
elaborate courses. 

5956
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:24,200
But they also added new elements
printed menus describing each 

5957
05:08:24,200 --> 05:08:28,300
course, decorative, sculptures 
made of sugar or marzipan and 

5958
05:08:28,300 --> 05:08:31,200
even mechanical devices that 
move dishes around the table. 

5959
05:08:32,000 --> 05:08:34,700
Dining became the theater 
spectacle and art. 

5960
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:38,400
Picture yourself at one of these
elaborate Renaissance dinners. 

5961
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,900
The first course arrives a 
delicate soup served in painted 

5962
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:45,500
bowls. 
You notice everyone picking up 

5963
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:48,900
the bulk carefully, bringing it 
to their lips to sip rather than

5964
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:53,400
slurping from a spoon, the 
warmth of the soup, the subtle 

5965
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:57,100
flavors of herbs and cream. 
The gentle clink of ceramic 

5966
05:08:57,100 --> 05:09:01,200
against the table. 
It's all very refined, very 

5967
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:05,100
controlled. 
Between courses servants appear 

5968
05:09:05,100 --> 05:09:08,400
with water and cloths for hand 
washing, even though you're 

5969
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:11,400
using utensils and theoretically
not getting your hands dirty. 

5970
05:09:12,300 --> 05:09:14,200
It's become more ritual than 
necessity. 

5971
05:09:14,200 --> 05:09:18,000
A pause in the meal that allows 
for conversation and digestion. 

5972
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:23,100
The water is centered perhaps 
with lavender or lemon and the 

5973
05:09:23,108 --> 05:09:26,500
cloths are warmed. 
Even the Practical aspects of 

5974
05:09:26,508 --> 05:09:30,200
dining have become luxurious. 
The French Court, took Italian 

5975
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:34,200
refinement, and elevated, it 
further under Louis, the 14th 

5976
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:36,600
dining at verse. 
I became so elaborate that it 

5977
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:40,800
required guide books, The Sun 
King dined in public like a 

5978
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:44,400
medieval Lord, but with such 
ceremony that watching him eat 

5979
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:48,000
was considered entertainment. 
There were officials, whose only

5980
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:51,300
job was to carry the king's 
napkin others who tasted his 

5981
05:09:51,300 --> 05:09:54,300
food and still others, who 
managed the progression of 

5982
05:09:54,300 --> 05:09:57,400
courses. 
French etiquette introduced the 

5983
05:09:57,408 --> 05:10:02,700
concept of service French 
service where all the dishes for

5984
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:06,200
each course were placed on the 
table simultaneously creating an

5985
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:10,200
impressive display. 
You didn't simply eat you, 

5986
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:13,000
surveyed the options made 
choices and constructed your own

5987
05:10:13,000 --> 05:10:16,500
meal from the available dishes. 
It required, both 

5988
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:19,800
decision-making and restraint, 
you couldn't try everything 

5989
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:23,700
without appearing greedy. 
Napkins evolved during this 

5990
05:10:23,700 --> 05:10:26,100
period into something 
approaching what we used today. 

5991
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:29,600
Renaissance napkins were large 
square of linen. 

5992
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:33,400
Often embroidered with family 
crests or decorative patterns. 

5993
05:10:33,400 --> 05:10:37,600
They had multiple uses wiping 
your fingers and a mouth 

5994
05:10:37,608 --> 05:10:41,000
protecting your clothing and 
even being tied around your 

5995
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:43,900
neck, like a bib for 
particularly Saucy dishes. 

5996
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:47,300
Some etiquette manuals 
suggested, elaborate napkin 

5997
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:50,300
folds the could take servants 
hours to perfect. 

5998
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:53,900
The seating arrangement at 
Renaissance dinners, followed 

5999
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:56,100
strict. 
Protocols, the most important 

6000
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:59,600
guests sat to the hosts, right? 
The second most important to 

6001
05:10:59,600 --> 05:11:03,000
their left and so on down the 
table in descending order of 

6002
05:11:03,008 --> 05:11:07,200
rank. where you sat announce 
your social status to everyone, 

6003
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:11,100
present this created a physical 
representation of social 

6004
05:11:11,100 --> 05:11:15,000
hierarchy, with the table 
itself, becoming a map of power 

6005
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:19,100
and prestige, Music, often 
accompany these elaborate meals 

6006
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,000
but it was carefully chosen to 
be soothing rather than 

6007
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:26,500
stimulating. 
Soft lute, music, perhaps or a 

6008
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:28,800
small Ensemble playing gentle 
madrigals. 

6009
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:32,400
The music filled the space is 
between conversation without 

6010
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:35,700
overwhelming it like a Sonic 
table cloth underneath the 

6011
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:39,200
sounds of dining. 
Even the music was refined 

6012
05:11:39,200 --> 05:11:43,600
controlled, and perfectly 
pitched to enhance rather than 

6013
05:11:43,600 --> 05:11:46,600
dominate. 
As you imagine yourself in this 

6014
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,900
Renaissance, dining room, the 
candlelight the music, the 

6015
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:54,100
careful, choreography of 
utensils and horses, notice how 

6016
05:11:54,100 --> 05:11:56,000
much more deliberate everything 
has become. 

6017
05:11:57,000 --> 05:11:59,600
Medieval dying was communal and 
energetic. 

6018
05:11:59,600 --> 05:12:02,800
Renaissance, dining is 
individual and contemplative. 

6019
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:06,800
Both have their charms, but 
there's something particularly 

6020
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:10,100
peaceful about this new approach
where every movement is 

6021
05:12:10,100 --> 05:12:12,600
considered every gesture 
meaningful. 

6022
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,300
Let the refinement of it all 
wash overview. 

6023
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:18,300
Careful placement of forks and 
knives. 

6024
05:12:18,300 --> 05:12:22,500
The gentle rhythm of courses, 
the soft candle light, 

6025
05:12:22,500 --> 05:12:26,900
reflecting off polished silver, 
This is dining as meditation, 

6026
05:12:26,900 --> 05:12:31,100
eating as an art form, close 
your eyes and breathe in the 

6027
05:12:31,100 --> 05:12:34,300
lavender scented water. 
From the finger Bowl, feel the 

6028
05:12:34,300 --> 05:12:38,500
smooth linen of the napkin and 
hear the quiet, clink of silver 

6029
05:12:38,500 --> 05:12:41,600
against ceramic. 
Everything is designed to create

6030
05:12:41,600 --> 05:12:46,800
peace, Beauty and harmony. 
Now, we're moving into the 19th 

6031
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:49,300
century, and if you thought 
Renaissance dining was 

6032
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:53,500
elaborate, just wait. 
The Victorian era took table 

6033
05:12:53,500 --> 05:12:56,200
manners and transformed them 
into something approaching 

6034
05:12:56,200 --> 05:12:59,100
rocket science. 
This was the peak of dining 

6035
05:12:59,100 --> 05:13:02,800
complexity when knowing which 
Fork to use could make or break 

6036
05:13:02,800 --> 05:13:05,900
your social standing. 
Settled deeper into your 

6037
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,600
comfortable spot because 
understanding Victorian table 

6038
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,400
manners requires a kind of 
relaxed attention. 

6039
05:13:12,600 --> 05:13:15,600
Try to hard to follow all the 
rules, you'll just get confused 

6040
05:13:15,600 --> 05:13:19,200
better to let them wash over. 
You like a gentle very 

6041
05:13:19,200 --> 05:13:24,300
particular way of In Victorian 
Britain and America, the middle 

6042
05:13:24,300 --> 05:13:28,500
class was expanding rapidly. 
Suddenly people who would grow 

6043
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:30,300
up eating simple meals from 
simple. 

6044
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:33,800
Dishes, found themselves with 
enough, money to host in a 

6045
05:13:33,800 --> 05:13:37,500
parties but having money wasn't 
enough, he needed to know how to

6046
05:13:37,500 --> 05:13:41,300
behave properly. 
This created a massive market 

6047
05:13:41,300 --> 05:13:45,000
for etiquette books, which 
multiplied like rabbits and 

6048
05:13:45,000 --> 05:13:48,100
filled pages with increasingly 
Specific Instructions. 

6049
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:52,300
The Victorian dinner table was a
Marvel of organization. 

6050
05:13:53,100 --> 05:13:55,700
At a formal dinner, you might 
have six or seven different 

6051
05:13:55,700 --> 05:13:58,200
Forks. 
Each designed for a specific 

6052
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:00,800
course. 
There was the fish fork with its

6053
05:14:00,800 --> 05:14:04,400
slightly wider tines. 
The salad fork is smaller than 

6054
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:07,300
the dinner Fork. 
The oyster Fork tiny and 

6055
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,800
specialized the placement of 
these utensils communicated. 

6056
05:14:10,800 --> 05:14:14,000
The menu, you could read the 
table like a map of the meal to 

6057
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:16,000
come. 
But Forks, were just the 

6058
05:14:16,000 --> 05:14:20,800
beginning, he had multiple 
knives, a button knife, a fish 

6059
05:14:20,808 --> 05:14:23,300
knife, a dinner knife, and a 
cheese knife. 

6060
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:29,400
Multiple spoons, soup spoon, 
desserts bun and Demi spoon for 

6061
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:33,300
coffee. 
Multiple glasses, water goblet 

6062
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:38,800
red, wine glass, white wine 
glass, Sherry glass and 

6063
05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:41,500
champagne flute. 
Fully set. 

6064
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:44,400
Victorian table could have 20 
pieces of silverware and 

6065
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:47,200
glassware per person. 
The rule for using. 

6066
05:14:47,200 --> 05:14:50,200
All these utensils was actually 
quite simple though. 

6067
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:52,100
Memorizing. 
What went where was complex 

6068
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:55,200
start from the outside and work 
your way in? 

6069
05:14:56,100 --> 05:14:59,500
The outermost Fork was for the 
first course, the next one in 

6070
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,900
for the second course. 
And so on this meant, you didn't

6071
05:15:02,900 --> 05:15:04,900
need to know what each utensil 
was called. 

6072
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:09,000
You just needed to know the 
sequence picture yourself at a 

6073
05:15:09,000 --> 05:15:11,700
Victorian dinner party. 
You're wearing formal clothing 

6074
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:15,400
that slightly uncomfortable 
corsets for women tight collars 

6075
05:15:15,400 --> 05:15:18,100
for men. 
The dining room is elaborately 

6076
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:22,300
decorated with heavy curtains or
make furniture and multiple 

6077
05:15:22,300 --> 05:15:26,600
layers of table Linens. 
The table itself is a landscape 

6078
05:15:26,600 --> 05:15:30,800
of China, Crystal and silver all
gleaming in the light from a 

6079
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:34,200
chandelier overhead. 
The meal begins with soup served

6080
05:15:34,200 --> 05:15:36,900
by gloved servants, who Moved 
silently around the table. 

6081
05:15:37,800 --> 05:15:40,900
You pick up your soup spoon, the
largest spoon at your place 

6082
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:43,100
setting, and here's where it 
gets specific. 

6083
05:15:44,100 --> 05:15:47,500
You're supposed to spoon, soup 
away from you, not toward you, 

6084
05:15:47,500 --> 05:15:50,600
this prevents drips from falling
on your clothing. 

6085
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:54,000
You sit from the side of the 
spoon, not the tip. 

6086
05:15:54,000 --> 05:15:59,100
You never ever blow on the soup 
to cool it, no matter how hot it

6087
05:15:59,100 --> 05:16:01,700
is. 
When you finish your soup, you 

6088
05:16:01,700 --> 05:16:04,600
place the spoon on the plate, 
beneath the bowl handled 

6089
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:06,200
pointing to the four clock 
position. 

6090
05:16:07,400 --> 05:16:09,900
This signals to the servants 
that you're done and they can 

6091
05:16:09,900 --> 05:16:13,100
clear your place. 
Every position of the utensils 

6092
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:16,900
communicated, something resting 
position meant you are pausing 

6093
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:19,300
and finished position meant, 
they could clear. 

6094
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:22,900
Between each course, servants 
would change, not just the 

6095
05:16:22,900 --> 05:16:26,700
plates, but also the utensils. 
What you'd eaten fish with? 

6096
05:16:26,700 --> 05:16:29,100
Would be replaced with fresh 
implements for the next course. 

6097
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:34,200
This created a rhythm to the 
meal, eat pause while the table 

6098
05:16:34,200 --> 05:16:38,200
is cleared and reset, eat the 
next course pause again. 

6099
05:16:39,200 --> 05:16:42,600
The pauses were for conversation
which was as choreographed as 

6100
05:16:42,608 --> 05:16:45,500
the eating. 
Victorian conversation rules 

6101
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:48,500
were elaborate you're supposed 
to talk to the person on your 

6102
05:16:48,500 --> 05:16:51,700
right during some courses and 
the personal on your left during

6103
05:16:51,700 --> 05:16:54,000
others. 
Topics were carefully 

6104
05:16:54,000 --> 05:16:57,200
circumscribed. 
Nothing too political religious 

6105
05:16:57,200 --> 05:16:59,200
or personal. 
The weather was safe. 

6106
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:02,200
Recent books were acceptable 
garden. 

6107
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:05,600
Design was perfect. 
The goal was pleasant 

6108
05:17:05,600 --> 05:17:10,600
uncontroversial conversation 
that helped digestion rather 

6109
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:14,600
than hindering it. 
Napkin use it evolved into an 

6110
05:17:14,600 --> 05:17:17,300
art form. 
When you sat down, you unfolded 

6111
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:19,300
your napkin and placed it across
your lap. 

6112
05:17:19,300 --> 05:17:22,100
Never tucked into your collar, 
like a bib. 

6113
05:17:22,100 --> 05:17:25,100
You used it to dab. 
Your mouth, not white 

6114
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:28,100
vigorously. 
If you needed to leave the table

6115
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:30,900
temporarily you place the napkin
on your chair. 

6116
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:33,800
Only when the meal was 
completely finished? 

6117
05:17:33,800 --> 05:17:37,100
Did you put the napkin on the 
table and even then, you didn't 

6118
05:17:37,100 --> 05:17:40,200
Fold It neatly. 
That might suggest you expected 

6119
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,400
to use the same napkin again. 
Implying, your host didn't have 

6120
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:45,100
enough clean napkins for every 
meal. 

6121
05:17:46,600 --> 05:17:49,700
The Victorian era introduced, 
what the French called service 

6122
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,500
salaries, Russian service, which
replaced the French style. 

6123
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:56,200
Instead of all dishes appearing 
at once. 

6124
05:17:56,200 --> 05:17:59,900
Russian service brought one 
course at a time already plated.

6125
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:03,700
This was more practical for 
homes without large staffs of 

6126
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:07,400
servants and created a more 
controlled sequential dining 

6127
05:18:07,400 --> 05:18:10,800
experience. 
The meal became like a story 

6128
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:14,800
unfolding chapter by chapter. 
Women's etiquette books had 

6129
05:18:14,800 --> 05:18:17,400
additional rules. 
You were never supposed to 

6130
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,700
appear too hungry. 
You should eat slowly in small 

6131
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,400
bites, showing restraint and 
delicacy. 

6132
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:28,600
Foods that required messy eating
lobster artichokes whole fruits 

6133
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:33,300
should be approached with 
extreme care or avoided entirely

6134
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:36,900
informal situations. 
The goal was to eat sufficiently

6135
05:18:36,900 --> 05:18:40,200
without appearing to actually 
need food which is quite the 

6136
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:42,400
mental gymnastics when you think
about it. 

6137
05:18:43,100 --> 05:18:46,500
Alcohol consumption was 
carefully regulated by social 

6138
05:18:46,500 --> 05:18:48,900
rules. 
Gentlemen, could drink more 

6139
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:52,200
freely but even they were 
expected to maintain perfect 

6140
05:18:52,200 --> 05:18:54,800
composure. 
Ladies might have a glass of 

6141
05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:57,900
wine with dinner but were 
encouraged to dilute it with 

6142
05:18:57,908 --> 05:19:02,900
water and sip rather than drink.
Toasting was a complex ritual 

6143
05:19:02,900 --> 05:19:07,600
with its own protocols who could
propose toasts when and how 

6144
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:11,300
everyone should respond? 
The length of Victorian formal 

6145
05:19:11,300 --> 05:19:15,500
dinners could be astonishing. 7 
or 8 courses, spread over three 

6146
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:17,500
or four hours. 
Wasn't unusual for an important 

6147
05:19:17,500 --> 05:19:20,700
in a party. 
This required enormous stamina 

6148
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:24,800
from both hosts and guests. 
You had to pace yourself eating 

6149
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:28,100
enough to be polite, but not so 
much that you'd be uncomfortably

6150
05:19:28,100 --> 05:19:31,900
full before the meal ended. 
Imagine how these long dinners 

6151
05:19:31,900 --> 05:19:35,300
must have felt the initial 
excitement of arriving and 

6152
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:37,000
seeing the beautifully set 
table. 

6153
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:40,500
The careful attention required 
for the first few courses, 

6154
05:19:40,500 --> 05:19:44,000
making sure you use the right 
utensils and followed all the 

6155
05:19:44,000 --> 05:19:47,100
rules. 
The gradual relaxation as wine 

6156
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:51,000
and conversation flowed. 
The slight fatigue set in around

6157
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:54,600
course, 5 or 6. 
The gentle relief when desert 

6158
05:19:54,600 --> 05:19:57,200
finally appeared signaling the 
approaching end. 

6159
05:19:58,700 --> 05:20:01,600
What's interesting about 
Victorian table, manners is how 

6160
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:04,700
much they were about 
demonstrating control over your 

6161
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:08,700
appetite, your emotions your 
movements and your conversation.

6162
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:13,200
Every aspect of dining became an
opportunity to show that you are

6163
05:20:13,200 --> 05:20:16,600
civilized educated and refined 
enough to belong in polite 

6164
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:19,500
Society. 
It was exhausting, but it was 

6165
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:23,700
also strangely meditative. 
When every action is prescribed,

6166
05:20:23,700 --> 05:20:26,400
you stop worrying about what to 
do and simply follow the 

6167
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:30,300
pattern. as you drift in that 
Pleasant space between waking 

6168
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:35,100
and sleeping and imagine the 
soft clink of Fine China, the 

6169
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:38,700
gentle murmur of appropriate 
conversation and The Gleam of 

6170
05:20:38,708 --> 05:20:42,900
Candlelight on crystal Victorian
dining rooms must have been 

6171
05:20:42,900 --> 05:20:44,600
peaceful and their own formal 
way. 

6172
05:20:44,600 --> 05:20:48,600
Everyone following the same 
elaborate choreography, moving 

6173
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:51,800
through the meal, like dancers 
who all know the steps. 

6174
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:55,900
Let that formality relax you 
rather than stress you. 

6175
05:20:55,900 --> 05:20:59,800
This is something soothing about
knowing exactly what is expected

6176
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:02,800
about moving through prescribed 
patterns. 

6177
05:21:03,800 --> 05:21:06,700
Victorian table manners might 
have been complex, but they 

6178
05:21:06,700 --> 05:21:09,900
created a framework that made 
social interaction predictable 

6179
05:21:09,900 --> 05:21:13,300
and therefore in its way 
peaceful. 

6180
05:21:14,600 --> 05:21:17,600
As we move into the 20th 
century, something wonderful 

6181
05:21:17,600 --> 05:21:21,200
happens to table manners. 
They start absorbing influences 

6182
05:21:21,200 --> 05:21:24,500
from around the world. 
The elaborate European rules 

6183
05:21:24,500 --> 05:21:26,300
that are dominated for 
centuries. 

6184
05:21:26,300 --> 05:21:31,000
Begin mixing with Customs from 
Asia Africa, the Middle East and

6185
05:21:31,000 --> 05:21:35,400
the Americas creating a richer 
more diverse understanding of 

6186
05:21:35,400 --> 05:21:39,000
how people can eat together. 
Let your mind drift across the 

6187
05:21:39,000 --> 05:21:43,000
globe now, visiting different 
dining Traditions each with its 

6188
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:47,000
own Beauty and logic. 
Will travel gently like a slow 

6189
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:50,900
boat on a calm sea stopping at 
various ports to observe and 

6190
05:21:50,900 --> 05:21:55,000
appreciate. 
In Japan table manners, revolve 

6191
05:21:55,000 --> 05:21:58,700
around respect for the food for 
those who prepared it and for 

6192
05:21:58,700 --> 05:22:03,500
your dining companions. 
For eating you say itadakimas, 

6193
05:22:03,500 --> 05:22:08,000
which roughly translates to. 
I humbly receive this food, it 

6194
05:22:08,000 --> 05:22:10,700
acknowledges the plants and 
animals that gave their lives, 

6195
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:14,300
the people who prepared the meal
and the natural forces that made

6196
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,600
it all possible. 
This single word, turns eating 

6197
05:22:17,600 --> 05:22:21,000
into gratitude Chopstick. 
Etiquette in Japan is 

6198
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:24,300
wonderfully specific. 
Never stick Chopsticks 

6199
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,200
vertically into rice. 
That's how food is offered to 

6200
05:22:27,208 --> 05:22:30,100
the Dead. 
Never pass food from Chopstick 

6201
05:22:30,100 --> 05:22:33,300
to Chopstick, that resembles a 
funeral ritual. 

6202
05:22:34,300 --> 05:22:37,700
Never Point Chopsticks at people
or wave them around while 

6203
05:22:37,700 --> 05:22:40,000
talking the rules aren't 
arbitrary. 

6204
05:22:40,000 --> 05:22:43,400
They all connect to deeper 
cultural meanings about respect 

6205
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:46,800
and awareness. 
Picture a Japanese meal. 

6206
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:51,100
You're sitting on a tatami mat 
perhaps with a low table before 

6207
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:54,500
you Multiple small dishes are 
arranged beautifully. 

6208
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:56,900
Each one a miniature work of 
art. 

6209
05:22:56,900 --> 05:23:01,400
There's rice in a lacquered 
bowl, miso soup steaming gently 

6210
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:04,500
carefully arranged vegetables, 
and perhaps some fish. 

6211
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:08,800
You pick up your chopsticks, 
hold them correctly, which takes

6212
05:23:08,800 --> 05:23:13,100
practice and begin eating slowly
appreciating each flavor 

6213
05:23:13,100 --> 05:23:15,700
separately. 
The pace of a traditional 

6214
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:19,500
Japanese meal is beautifully. 
Meditative small portions mean, 

6215
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:23,100
you eat slowly, the variety of 
dishes means your constantly 

6216
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:27,300
experience in new flavors and 
textures. slurping noodles is 

6217
05:23:27,300 --> 05:23:31,600
not just acceptable, but 
encouraged cools the new Noodle 

6218
05:23:31,600 --> 05:23:35,200
and enhances the flavor. 
Sound of slurping. 

6219
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:36,900
Noodles in a Japanese 
restaurant. 

6220
05:23:36,900 --> 05:23:40,400
Is the sound of appreciation, 
pleasure and enjoyment. 

6221
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:45,000
Travel with me now to India 
where eating with your hands is 

6222
05:23:45,000 --> 05:23:47,500
not only common but also 
considered preferable for 

6223
05:23:47,500 --> 05:23:51,300
certain foods. there's a 
technique to it, you use your 

6224
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:55,700
right hand only and specifically
your fingers, not your palm, you

6225
05:23:55,700 --> 05:23:59,800
mix the rice or bread with curry
or Dal forming a small ball and 

6226
05:23:59,800 --> 05:24:02,300
lift it to your mouth with your 
thumb pushing from behind. 

6227
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,700
This isn't careless or messy, 
it's actually quite precise. 

6228
05:24:06,700 --> 05:24:10,900
The temperature of the food, the
texture, the way flavors 

6229
05:24:10,900 --> 05:24:14,800
combine, all of this is enhanced
by the tactile experience of 

6230
05:24:14,800 --> 05:24:18,000
eating with your hands Western 
utensils. 

6231
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:22,200
Create a barrier between you and
your food Indian eating customs.

6232
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:26,400
Remove that barrier making the 
meal more intimate and immediate

6233
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:30,700
Indian dining etiquette 
emphasizes Hospitality about 

6234
05:24:30,700 --> 05:24:33,400
almost. 
Everything else guests have 

6235
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:36,500
served first and encouraged to 
eat their fill refusing. 

6236
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:40,700
Food is considered insulting to 
The Host There's a phrase in 

6237
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:45,000
Hindi, a teethy devote, which 
means the guest is God. 

6238
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:48,500
This philosophy shapes 
everything about how meals are 

6239
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:52,100
served and shared. 
Drift now to Ethiopia, where 

6240
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:54,900
communally, eating reaches a 
beautiful extreme with the 

6241
05:24:54,900 --> 05:24:59,200
practice of eating from a shared
platter in jera a spongy 

6242
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:03,600
flatbread covers, a large plate 
and various stews and vegetables

6243
05:25:03,600 --> 05:25:06,700
are spooned onto it. 
Everyone eats from the same 

6244
05:25:06,700 --> 05:25:10,400
platter tearing off pieces of 
injera to scoop up the food. 

6245
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:15,000
There are no individual plates, 
no personal portions, just 

6246
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:19,200
shared abundance, there's even a
practice called gersha where you

6247
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:22,600
tear off a piece of injera with 
food and feed it directly to 

6248
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:25,600
someone else at the table, 
usually a guest or someone you 

6249
05:25:25,608 --> 05:25:29,300
want to honor This intimate Act 
of feeding. 

6250
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:31,800
Another person is a gesture of 
love and respect. 

6251
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:35,900
It breaks down barriers between 
people more effectively than any

6252
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:39,600
formal etiquette rule. 
Could In the Middle East, 

6253
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:43,400
hospitality and generosity 
defined dining Customs. 

6254
05:25:43,400 --> 05:25:46,100
Coffee service. 
Becomes an elaborate ritual 

6255
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:50,100
involving multiple rounds and 
specific protocols, Meals. 

6256
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,400
Often begin with medzi small 
dishes of appetizers. 

6257
05:25:53,400 --> 05:25:56,400
That encourage lingering tasting
and conversation. 

6258
05:25:57,400 --> 05:26:00,300
The pace is unhurried. 
Russian through a meal would 

6259
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:02,300
insult both the food and your 
companions. 

6260
05:26:03,400 --> 05:26:05,100
Traditional Middle Eastern 
dining. 

6261
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:08,400
Often happens on floor. 
Cushions around a low table or 

6262
05:26:08,400 --> 05:26:12,500
cloth spread on the ground. 
The posture itself sitting 

6263
05:26:12,500 --> 05:26:15,800
cross-legged or with legs to the
side creates a relaxed 

6264
05:26:15,800 --> 05:26:18,800
atmosphere. 
You can't eat formal course. 

6265
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:21,800
After formal course, when you're
lounging on, cushions the 

6266
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:23,800
environment encourages ease and 
comfort? 

6267
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:28,900
Mexican dining Customs, blend 
indigenous and Spanish 

6268
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:30,900
influences into something 
unique. 

6269
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:35,000
The concept of sobre Mesa the 
time. 

6270
05:26:35,000 --> 05:26:36,900
Spent lingering at the table 
after a meal. 

6271
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:39,600
Is Central to Mexican food 
culture? 

6272
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:44,200
The meal itself might last an 
hour, the sober Mesa could last 

6273
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:47,000
two or three, this isn't wasted 
time. 

6274
05:26:47,000 --> 05:26:51,000
It's when real conversation 
happens when relationships 

6275
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:53,000
deepen. 
And when the community 

6276
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:57,000
strengthens, Chinese, Banquets 
introduced The Lazy. 

6277
05:26:57,000 --> 05:27:01,100
Susan a rotating platform in the
center of the table that makes 

6278
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:05,000
sharing dishes effortless. 
Everyone can access everything 

6279
05:27:05,000 --> 05:27:07,400
without reaching or asking for 
things to be passed. 

6280
05:27:08,200 --> 05:27:12,200
His both practical and symbolic 
representing the circular nature

6281
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:16,500
of community and the idea that 
everyone has equal access to 

6282
05:27:16,500 --> 05:27:20,300
Shared resources. 
Korean dining brings side 

6283
05:27:20,300 --> 05:27:24,500
dishes, called banchan, small, 
portions of kimchi, vegetables 

6284
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:26,600
and other items that accompanied
the main meal. 

6285
05:27:27,500 --> 05:27:29,800
These are communal and 
replenished throughout the meal.

6286
05:27:29,800 --> 05:27:33,100
The number of ban, Chan reflects
the formality of the occasion. 

6287
05:27:33,100 --> 05:27:35,208
More. 
Banjan means more honor to the 

6288
05:27:35,216 --> 05:27:37,400
guests. 
It's a quantifiable 

6289
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:39,200
demonstration of respect and 
care. 

6290
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:42,300
What's beautiful about 
experiencing all these different

6291
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:45,600
Traditions is realizing that 
table manners aren't about 

6292
05:27:45,600 --> 05:27:48,600
arbitrary European rules. 
There are about creating 

6293
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:52,300
Frameworks for connection 
respect and community. 

6294
05:27:53,100 --> 05:27:56,600
Japanese Chopstick etiquette, 
Indian hand eating techniques, 

6295
05:27:56,600 --> 05:28:00,600
Ethiopian communal platters and 
Middle Eastern Hospitality. 

6296
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:03,900
There are all saying the same 
thing in different languages 

6297
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:07,800
eating together matters and how 
we do it shapes who we become 

6298
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:10,700
together. 
The 20th century saw these 

6299
05:28:10,700 --> 05:28:14,300
Traditions increasingly interact
as travel became easier. 

6300
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:17,600
An immigration, brought new 
communities to new places. 

6301
05:28:18,600 --> 05:28:22,100
A child growing up in London, 
might experience Chopsticks at a

6302
05:28:22,100 --> 05:28:24,900
Chinese restaurant. 
Eat with their hands at an 

6303
05:28:24,900 --> 05:28:28,100
Indian friend house, and use a 
knife and fork at home. 

6304
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:32,400
This mixing created people who 
were fluent in multiple dining 

6305
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,600
languages, an able to move 
comfortably between different 

6306
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:38,000
food. 
Cultures, what emerges from this

6307
05:28:38,000 --> 05:28:41,500
Global exchange as a kind of 
meta, etiquette the 

6308
05:28:41,500 --> 05:28:44,000
understanding that different 
situations call for different 

6309
05:28:44,000 --> 05:28:47,700
manners and that being polite 
means adapting to the customs of

6310
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:50,500
your hosts rather than insisting
on your own habits. 

6311
05:28:51,300 --> 05:28:54,300
If you're invited to a Japanese 
home, you remove your shoes and 

6312
05:28:54,300 --> 05:28:57,200
sit on the floor. 
If you're eating Ethiopian food,

6313
05:28:57,200 --> 05:28:59,100
you share from the communal 
platter. 

6314
05:28:59,900 --> 05:29:02,600
Flexibility becomes the highest 
form of good manners. 

6315
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:06,300
This also means that the rigid 
Victorian Rules start loosening.

6316
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:10,500
Yes, there are still formal 
dinners with specific protocols 

6317
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:14,300
but they're increasingly seen as
one option among many rather 

6318
05:29:14,300 --> 05:29:15,900
than the only correct way to 
eat. 

6319
05:29:16,700 --> 05:29:19,800
A casual meal with friends, 
might involve Pizza eaten with 

6320
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:23,500
hands straight from the box. 
A business lunch might be solid 

6321
05:29:23,500 --> 05:29:26,700
at a desk, a celebration dinner,
might be an elaborate 

6322
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:30,400
multi-course affair. 
Each context has its appropriate

6323
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:34,100
customs and navigate them 
successfully requires awareness,

6324
05:29:34,100 --> 05:29:38,300
rather than memorization. 
As you imagine yourself moving 

6325
05:29:38,300 --> 05:29:42,000
between these different dining 
cultures the tatami mats of 

6326
05:29:42,000 --> 05:29:44,100
Japan. 
The cushioned floor of a 

6327
05:29:44,100 --> 05:29:47,300
Moroccan home, the communal 
table of an Ethiopian 

6328
05:29:47,300 --> 05:29:50,000
restaurant. 
The formal dining room of a 

6329
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,400
European style dinner party. 
Feel how each environment 

6330
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:55,400
invites? 
A different kind of presents. 

6331
05:29:56,100 --> 05:30:00,700
Some of meditative and precise 
others are warm and communal and

6332
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:02,100
still. 
Others are formal and 

6333
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:05,400
structured. 
All of them are valid, all of 

6334
05:30:05,400 --> 05:30:09,200
them have something to teach the
blending of global influences. 

6335
05:30:09,200 --> 05:30:13,000
Also, brings new foods to new 
places and with those Foods come

6336
05:30:13,000 --> 05:30:14,500
new challenges for table 
manners. 

6337
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:18,300
How do you eat sushi? 
Politely Is it okay to use your 

6338
05:30:18,300 --> 05:30:21,200
hands for tacos? 
What's the proper way to 

6339
05:30:21,200 --> 05:30:24,400
approach Poe with its 
complicated combination of 

6340
05:30:24,408 --> 05:30:27,000
noodles broth herbs and 
condiments? 

6341
05:30:27,800 --> 05:30:30,800
These questions don't have 
single answers, they depend on 

6342
05:30:30,800 --> 05:30:33,500
context company and cultural 
sensitivity. 

6343
05:30:34,500 --> 05:30:37,300
What's delightful is watching 
how different cultures handle 

6344
05:30:37,300 --> 05:30:38,800
the? 
Same practical problems in 

6345
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:41,500
different ways. 
Everybody needs to clean their 

6346
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:46,100
hands before and after eating, 
The Japanese use ocean bori hot 

6347
05:30:46,100 --> 05:30:49,800
damp towels. 
Middle Eastern cultures offer 

6348
05:30:49,800 --> 05:30:54,700
rose water in beautiful bowls. 
Europeans provide finger bowls 

6349
05:30:54,700 --> 05:30:57,600
with Lemmon American's might 
just gesture toward the 

6350
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:01,100
bathroom, same need different 
elegant Solutions. 

6351
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:04,900
Similarly, every culture has 
developed ways to show respect 

6352
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:09,400
for food, and those who prepared
it saying, grace before meals 

6353
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:11,700
offering the first portion to 
Elders. 

6354
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:15,300
Complementing, the cook and 
leaving a small amount on your 

6355
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:16,800
plate show. 
You've been well fed. 

6356
05:31:17,600 --> 05:31:22,100
These Customs vary in detail. 
But unite in purpose they all 

6357
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:24,400
acknowledge that eating is more 
than just a biological 

6358
05:31:24,400 --> 05:31:27,900
necessity. 
It's a spiritual and social Act.

6359
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:31,800
Let yourself relax into this 
beautiful diversity. 

6360
05:31:32,600 --> 05:31:36,700
There's no single right way to 
eat, no universal code of table,

6361
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:38,200
manners, that applies 
everywhere. 

6362
05:31:38,200 --> 05:31:43,600
Instead, there's a rich tapestry
of Customs, each reflecting the 

6363
05:31:43,600 --> 05:31:46,900
values environment and history 
of the people who practice them.

6364
05:31:47,800 --> 05:31:51,100
Understanding, this can be 
liberating, you don't need to 

6365
05:31:51,100 --> 05:31:55,800
know every rule, just the 
willingness to observe adapt and

6366
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:59,200
show respect. 
As we drift into the 21st 

6367
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:03,800
century, your time, the present 
moment table, manners, find the 

6368
05:32:03,800 --> 05:32:05,300
cells in an interesting 
position. 

6369
05:32:06,500 --> 05:32:09,800
The elaborate Victorian rules 
still exist in certain contexts,

6370
05:32:09,800 --> 05:32:13,100
but then no longer the default 
to assumption for every meal. 

6371
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:18,300
Instead modern table, manners 
are situational flexible and 

6372
05:32:18,300 --> 05:32:21,400
increasingly focused on 
practical considerations rather 

6373
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:25,400
than arbitrary status markers. 
The pace of modern life has 

6374
05:32:25,400 --> 05:32:29,000
changed how we eat in 
fundamental ways, quick. 

6375
05:32:29,000 --> 05:32:31,700
Lunches at desks scrapping 
dinner, between activities. 

6376
05:32:31,700 --> 05:32:35,700
Eating while commuting, these 
were not options in previous 

6377
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:38,200
eras. 
This creates tension between 

6378
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:41,300
traditional, Notions of proper 
dining and the reality of 

6379
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:44,800
contemporary schedules. 
The result is a kind of 

6380
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:48,100
bifurcation. 
Some meals are formal and 

6381
05:32:48,100 --> 05:32:52,100
traditional others are pragmatic
and casual and navigating 

6382
05:32:52,100 --> 05:32:54,300
between them requires a 
different, kind of social 

6383
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:57,300
intelligence. 
Think about your own meals over 

6384
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,500
the past week. 
Probably some were you can 

6385
05:32:59,508 --> 05:33:03,000
quickly maybe while doing 
something else perhaps you had 

6386
05:33:03,000 --> 05:33:06,000
breakfast standing at the 
counter lunch at your desk and 

6387
05:33:06,000 --> 05:33:08,800
dinner in front of the 
television. these meals have 

6388
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:12,300
their own informal etiquette, 
not the kind written in books, 

6389
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:15,100
but the kind that emerges from 
shared understanding about 

6390
05:33:15,100 --> 05:33:18,400
what's acceptable, But then, 
maybe you all had a meal, that 

6391
05:33:18,400 --> 05:33:22,100
felt more significant dinner 
with family, where everyone sat 

6392
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:25,700
down together, lunch with a 
friend at a restaurant, a 

6393
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:27,700
holiday gathering with extended 
family. 

6394
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:33,100
For these meals, different rules
applied, not necessarily formal 

6395
05:33:33,100 --> 05:33:37,500
rules but rules nonetheless. 
Probably put your phone away 

6396
05:33:37,500 --> 05:33:41,700
engaged in conversation and paid
attention to your eating Pace 

6397
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,400
relative to others. 
This is the dance of modern 

6398
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:48,900
table manners, knowing when to 
apply which standards 

6399
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:52,300
understanding the unspoken 
expectations of different 

6400
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:57,200
situations and being able to 
shift gears smoothly, It's 

6401
05:33:57,200 --> 05:33:59,900
actually more complex than 
Victorian etiquette, in some 

6402
05:33:59,908 --> 05:34:02,900
ways because at least victorians
knew the rules were always the 

6403
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:05,700
same. 
Modern diners need to read 

6404
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:10,200
contexts and adapt constantly. 
Smartphone is introduced 

6405
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,900
entirely new etiquette 
questions, is it okay to check 

6406
05:34:13,900 --> 05:34:16,800
your phone during dinner to 
photograph your food? 

6407
05:34:16,800 --> 05:34:20,900
To scroll through social media 
between courses, the answers 

6408
05:34:20,900 --> 05:34:23,200
depend on, who you are, and what
the situation is. 

6409
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:27,200
A casual lunch with close 
friends, might include phones on

6410
05:34:27,208 --> 05:34:29,500
the table. 
A formal business dinner. 

6411
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:32,500
Definitely wouldn't. 
We're still collectively 

6412
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:35,700
negotiating. 
These Norms food photography has

6413
05:34:35,700 --> 05:34:38,900
become its own phenomenon. 
Millions of people photograph 

6414
05:34:38,900 --> 05:34:40,600
their meals and share them 
online. 

6415
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,600
Turning every plate into 
potential content. 

6416
05:34:44,500 --> 05:34:47,400
Traditional etiquette would 
probably faint at this practice 

6417
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:52,200
taking pictures of food before 
eating it delaying a hot meal to

6418
05:34:52,200 --> 05:34:55,900
get the right lighting. 
But modern manners are evolving 

6419
05:34:55,900 --> 05:34:59,100
to accommodate this new reality 
with some restaurants, even 

6420
05:34:59,100 --> 05:35:00,800
designing dishes to be 
photogenic. 

6421
05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:05,200
The rise of dietary restrictions
and food preferences as also 

6422
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:09,000
changed table, manners. 
Vegetarians vegans people with 

6423
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:11,700
allergies and religious dietary 
requirements. 

6424
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:15,200
All of these create situations 
that require new forms of 

6425
05:35:15,200 --> 05:35:18,400
consideration. 
Good hosts asked about dietary 

6426
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:20,300
restrictions before planning 
menus. 

6427
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:24,000
Good guests communicate their 
needs clearly and appreciate 

6428
05:35:24,000 --> 05:35:27,800
efforts made on their behalf. 
It's old-fashioned consideration

6429
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:31,800
applied to new situations. 
Environmental Consciousness is 

6430
05:35:31,800 --> 05:35:36,200
influencing table manners too. 
Reducing food waste is become a 

6431
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:39,800
form of politeness using 
reusable containers instead of 

6432
05:35:39,800 --> 05:35:42,900
disposables. 
Choosing sustainable Foods. 

6433
05:35:42,900 --> 05:35:46,600
These might seem like personal 
choices rather than etiquette 

6434
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:50,200
but their increasingly seen as 
part of being a considerate 

6435
05:35:50,200 --> 05:35:55,000
Diner in Community member The 
concept of mindful eating has 

6436
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:57,800
introduced meditative practices 
to Meal Time. 

6437
05:35:58,500 --> 05:36:02,600
Eating slowly paying attention 
to Flavors and textures and 

6438
05:36:02,600 --> 05:36:05,300
being present with your food, 
rather than distracted by 

6439
05:36:05,300 --> 05:36:09,000
devices or thoughts, these 
practices borrow from Buddhist 

6440
05:36:09,000 --> 05:36:11,000
traditions, and, contemporary 
Wellness culture. 

6441
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:14,300
They're not quite table manners 
in the traditional sense. 

6442
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,900
But there definitely etiquette 
for how to relate to food and 

6443
05:36:17,900 --> 05:36:21,100
the act of eating. 
Tipping culture creates its own 

6444
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:25,200
complex, etiquette varying 
dramatically by country and even

6445
05:36:25,200 --> 05:36:28,300
by City. 
In some places tipping is 

6446
05:36:28,308 --> 05:36:30,900
essential and expected in 
others. 

6447
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,600
It's insulting. 
The amounts, vary, the 

6448
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:37,600
situations where it's 
appropriate, vary and even the 

6449
05:36:37,600 --> 05:36:41,500
method of tipping varies, it's a
Minefield of social expectations

6450
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,900
that somehow, everyone is 
expected to navigate without 

6451
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:48,400
explicit instruction. 
Family dinner tables have 

6452
05:36:48,400 --> 05:36:51,900
changed dramatically. 
Where Victorian families might 

6453
05:36:51,900 --> 05:36:54,700
have formal dinners every night 
modern families. 

6454
05:36:54,700 --> 05:36:57,400
Are lucky to gather everyone for
meals a few times a week. 

6455
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:01,800
This scarcity makes shared meals
more precious but also less 

6456
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:06,000
practiced children might grow up
with fewer examples of table, 

6457
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:09,500
manners, learning them in fits 
and starts rather than through 

6458
05:37:09,500 --> 05:37:12,600
daily repetition. 
Yet there's all a counter 

6459
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:14,100
movement toward reclaiming, the 
dinner table. 

6460
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,500
Slow food movements Farm to 
Table restaurants, cooking 

6461
05:37:18,500 --> 05:37:23,000
classes, and Mill kit Services. 
All of these represent people 

6462
05:37:23,000 --> 05:37:26,500
trying to make eating together 
more intentional, more valued 

6463
05:37:26,500 --> 05:37:30,700
and more ceremonial. 
It's as if having gone through a

6464
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:34,600
period of extreme casualisation,
we're collectively realizing 

6465
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:37,000
that something important was 
lost and trying to get it back. 

6466
05:37:37,900 --> 05:37:42,200
Restaurant etiquette has evolved
too the rise of casual fine. 

6467
05:37:42,200 --> 05:37:45,400
Dining has created spaces, where
you might encounter amazing food

6468
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:49,800
without formal dress codes or 
elaborate protocols, you can eat

6469
05:37:49,800 --> 05:37:52,300
Michelin starred Cuisine while 
wearing jeans. 

6470
05:37:53,000 --> 05:37:56,100
This democratization of fancy 
food is made high quality, 

6471
05:37:56,100 --> 05:37:58,900
dining more accessible but also 
more confusing. 

6472
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:01,800
How formal should you be in 
these spaces? 

6473
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:05,800
Food delivery in takeout of 
created new situations with 

6474
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:09,200
their own Unwritten rules. 
Do you tip delivery drivers? 

6475
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:10,800
The same as a restaurant 
servers? 

6476
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:13,000
How do you tip for pickup 
orders? 

6477
05:38:13,000 --> 05:38:16,800
What's appropriate when ordering
through apps vs calling 

6478
05:38:16,800 --> 05:38:20,900
directly? 
These questions didn't exist 20 

6479
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:24,200
years ago, now their part of 
every day, dining life. 

6480
05:38:25,200 --> 05:38:29,400
Pandemic added another layer of 
complexity introducing Concepts,

6481
05:38:29,400 --> 05:38:33,100
like outdoor dining, takeout, 
cocktails, and virtual dinner 

6482
05:38:33,100 --> 05:38:35,800
parties. 
Some of these Innovations will 

6483
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:39,500
probably fade others, might 
become permanent parts of how we

6484
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:42,700
share meals table. 
Manners are adapting in real 

6485
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,100
time. 
We're all participating in 

6486
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:49,500
creating the new norms What's 
interesting about modern table 

6487
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,100
manners is that they're more 
democratic than they've ever 

6488
05:38:52,100 --> 05:38:54,700
been. 
Victorian etiquette was 

6489
05:38:54,700 --> 05:38:58,400
explicitly about class 
distinction knowing the rules 

6490
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:01,900
marked you as upper-class not 
knowing them, marked you as an 

6491
05:39:01,900 --> 05:39:04,500
outsider. 
Modern etiquette is more about 

6492
05:39:04,500 --> 05:39:08,100
context and consideration. 
The goal isn't to demonstrate 

6493
05:39:08,100 --> 05:39:10,900
Superior breeding but to make 
everyone comfortable and show 

6494
05:39:10,900 --> 05:39:15,900
respect for the situation, This 
shift reflects broader, social 

6495
05:39:15,900 --> 05:39:20,400
changes, we're less hierarchical
than victorians more Global than

6496
05:39:20,400 --> 05:39:23,400
medieval Europeans and more 
diverse than Renaissance 

6497
05:39:23,400 --> 05:39:25,900
Italians. 
Our table manners. 

6498
05:39:25,900 --> 05:39:29,100
Need to accommodate all of that 
complexity while still serving, 

6499
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:33,000
the fundamental purpose of 
making shared meals, Pleasant 

6500
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:36,400
and meaningful. 
As you think about your own 

6501
05:39:36,400 --> 05:39:39,100
relationship to table? 
Manners, notice how much 

6502
05:39:39,100 --> 05:39:42,200
unconscious knowledge, you 
actually have you probably know 

6503
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:45,800
when to use formal manners, and 
when to relax, you like, clear 

6504
05:39:45,800 --> 05:39:48,900
adapt your behavior based on who
you're eating with and where 

6505
05:39:48,900 --> 05:39:52,200
you're eating, You've 
internalized thousands of small 

6506
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:54,500
rules without ever explicitly 
learning them. 

6507
05:39:54,500 --> 05:39:58,700
This is how etiquette has always
worked, really, the written 

6508
05:39:58,700 --> 05:40:02,200
rules are just the tip of the 
iceberg beneath them as an ocean

6509
05:40:02,200 --> 05:40:06,700
of unspoken understanding about 
consideration, respect and 

6510
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:10,100
social harmony. 
Modern table manners, might seem

6511
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:13,400
chaotic compared to Victorian 
rigidity, but they're actually 

6512
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:16,600
quite sophisticated in their 
flexibility and adaptiveness. 

6513
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:21,000
Let that understanding settle 
over you like a soft blanket. 

6514
05:40:22,000 --> 05:40:25,000
You already know how to navigate
these situations, you've been 

6515
05:40:25,008 --> 05:40:27,300
doing it. 
Your whole life learning and 

6516
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:30,700
adapting and reading social cues
table. 

6517
05:40:30,700 --> 05:40:32,500
Manners aren't a test. 
You need to pass. 

6518
05:40:32,500 --> 05:40:35,900
There are dance. 
You already know how to do even 

6519
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:38,100
if you've never formally, 
studied the steps. 

6520
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:41,200
As we approach the end of our 
journey, through the history of 

6521
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:43,500
table. 
Manners, let's pause to consider

6522
05:40:43,500 --> 05:40:45,600
what all of this reveals about 
human nature. 

6523
05:40:46,600 --> 05:40:49,500
Because table manners, when you 
really think about them, are 

6524
05:40:49,500 --> 05:40:53,100
about much more than knowing, 
which Fork to use at their core 

6525
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:55,300
table. 
Manners are about transforming a

6526
05:40:55,300 --> 05:40:59,100
biological necessity, eating 
into an opportunity for 

6527
05:40:59,100 --> 05:41:04,000
connection Beauty and meaning 
every culture that has ever 

6528
05:41:04,000 --> 05:41:07,600
existed has developed some form 
of dining etiquette, which 

6529
05:41:07,600 --> 05:41:09,800
suggests that this 
transformation is something 

6530
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:14,000
human's fundamentally need We're
not content to Simply fuel our 

6531
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:16,300
bodies. 
We want to make the process 

6532
05:41:16,300 --> 05:41:19,200
meaningful. 
Think about what table manners 

6533
05:41:19,200 --> 05:41:21,800
actually accomplish? 
They slow us down. 

6534
05:41:21,800 --> 05:41:26,300
Making us eat more deliberately 
They create predictable patterns

6535
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:30,500
that reduce social anxiety when 
everyone follows the same rules,

6536
05:41:30,500 --> 05:41:32,900
there's less uncertainty about 
how to behave. 

6537
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,900
They demonstrate respect for 
food, for those who prepared it 

6538
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:41,100
and for our dining companions. 
They turn eating from a solitary

6539
05:41:41,100 --> 05:41:45,300
act into a communal ritual. 
The evolution of table, manners 

6540
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:47,600
mirrors, the evolution of 
civilization itself. 

6541
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:51,800
The society became more complex 
table manners, became more 

6542
05:41:51,800 --> 05:41:55,800
elaborate AS Global Connections 
increased table manners, 

6543
05:41:55,800 --> 05:41:57,500
absorbed more diverse 
influences. 

6544
05:41:58,600 --> 05:42:01,700
A social hierarchy is shifted 
table manners became more 

6545
05:42:01,700 --> 05:42:06,400
democratic the history of how we
eat together is in miniature, 

6546
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:08,600
the history of how we've learned
to live together. 

6547
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:11,700
There's something deeply 
comforting about this 

6548
05:42:11,700 --> 05:42:15,100
continuity. 
Your medieval ancestors worried 

6549
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:18,100
about table manners, your 
Victorian great, great 

6550
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:20,200
grandparents memorized Fork 
placement. 

6551
05:42:21,100 --> 05:42:23,700
Your parents taught you to chew 
with your mouth closed. 

6552
05:42:24,500 --> 05:42:28,100
This chain of transmission, 
stretching back, thousands of 

6553
05:42:28,100 --> 05:42:32,000
years, connect you to, every 
human, who has ever shared a 

6554
05:42:32,000 --> 05:42:34,400
meal and wondered about the 
right way to do it. 

6555
05:42:35,300 --> 05:42:37,600
The anxiety. 
Many people feel about table 

6556
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:40,500
manners worrying about doing 
something wrong, feeling 

6557
05:42:40,500 --> 05:42:44,300
uncertain, informal dining 
situations is actually evidence 

6558
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:47,900
of how much we care about 
connection and belonging we 

6559
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:51,100
worry because we want to show 
respect because we want to be 

6560
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:54,700
included and because we 
recognize that how we behave at 

6561
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:59,000
the table signal, something 
important about Who We Are. but 

6562
05:42:59,008 --> 05:43:02,000
here's the beautiful secret that
becomes clear, when you study 

6563
05:43:02,000 --> 05:43:06,200
table manners across, cultures 
and centuries, Specific rules 

6564
05:43:06,200 --> 05:43:08,800
matter, much less than the 
spirit behind them. 

6565
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,400
Victorian silver rangements and 
Japanese Chopstick. 

6566
05:43:12,400 --> 05:43:15,400
Protocols look completely 
different but they're both 

6567
05:43:15,400 --> 05:43:19,500
expressing the same values. 
Respect consideration, 

6568
05:43:19,500 --> 05:43:24,400
mindfulness and community. 
You can follow every rule 

6569
05:43:24,400 --> 05:43:26,900
perfectly and still be a 
terrible dinner companion. 

6570
05:43:26,900 --> 05:43:28,900
If you lack those underlying 
values. 

6571
05:43:29,700 --> 05:43:32,200
This means that good table 
manners are ultimately about 

6572
05:43:32,200 --> 05:43:36,800
awareness of the food of your 
fellow diners of the context and

6573
05:43:36,800 --> 05:43:40,100
of your own behavior. 
Whether you're using a fork or 

6574
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,100
Chopsticks or your hands doesn't
matter as much as whether you're

6575
05:43:43,100 --> 05:43:45,700
being thoughtful, considerate 
and present. 

6576
05:43:46,600 --> 05:43:49,800
The most important table manner,
the one that transcends all 

6577
05:43:49,800 --> 05:43:53,400
cultural variations and 
historical changes might simply 

6578
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:57,100
be this pay attention. 
Pay attention to what you're 

6579
05:43:57,100 --> 05:44:00,700
eating savoring flavors rather 
than mindlessly consuming. 

6580
05:44:01,700 --> 05:44:04,900
Pay attention to who you're 
eating with engaging with them 

6581
05:44:04,900 --> 05:44:08,500
rather than being distracted. 
Pay attention to the moment 

6582
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:13,100
recognizing that this meal like 
all meals is temporary and 

6583
05:44:13,100 --> 05:44:15,600
therefore precious. 
When you think about it this 

6584
05:44:15,600 --> 05:44:18,600
way, table manners become a form
of meditation. 

6585
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:22,800
The careful placement of 
utensils, the deliberate pace of

6586
05:44:22,800 --> 05:44:25,100
eating and the mindful 
conversation. 

6587
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:28,200
All of these, create a 
structured opportunity to be 

6588
05:44:28,208 --> 05:44:31,700
fully present in a world that 
constantly demands, our 

6589
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:35,700
attention and fragments are 
Focus mealtimes, offer a rare 

6590
05:44:35,700 --> 05:44:39,800
chance to be completely here. 
Now engaged with the physical 

6591
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:42,300
and social reality immediately 
in front of us. 

6592
05:44:43,200 --> 05:44:46,400
This is perhaps why so many 
spiritual Traditions include 

6593
05:44:46,400 --> 05:44:49,200
ritual meals. 
The Jewish Sabbath dinner 

6594
05:44:49,200 --> 05:44:53,600
Christian communion, Islamic 
iftar, and Buddhist monks meals.

6595
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:57,100
All of these use food and 
communally eating as vehicles 

6596
05:44:57,100 --> 05:45:01,100
for something transcendent. 
Table manners at their best 

6597
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:03,300
point toward this same 
Transcendence. 

6598
05:45:03,300 --> 05:45:07,000
They elevate the ordinary Act of
eating into something sacred 

6599
05:45:07,000 --> 05:45:10,300
even, casual modern meals, can 
carry this quality. 

6600
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:13,800
If we let them that quick lunch 
with a colleague becomes an 

6601
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,600
opportunity to strengthen a 
relationship, That family dinner

6602
05:45:17,600 --> 05:45:20,600
even if everyone slightly 
distracted and someone's 

6603
05:45:20,600 --> 05:45:23,000
checking their phone, still 
creates a moment of 

6604
05:45:23,000 --> 05:45:25,600
togetherness. 
That solo meal. 

6605
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:29,200
If eaten mindfully becomes a 
practice of self-care and 

6606
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,000
presence. 
The future of table, manners is 

6607
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:34,800
still being written. 
Will we return to more formal 

6608
05:45:34,800 --> 05:45:36,500
dining? 
As a reaction against modern 

6609
05:45:36,500 --> 05:45:39,700
casualness, will new 
technologies, create entirely 

6610
05:45:39,700 --> 05:45:42,500
new eating situations that 
require new etiquette. 

6611
05:45:43,400 --> 05:45:46,600
Will global integration create a
universal set of table. 

6612
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,500
Manners, or will we maintain our
beautiful diversity of customs? 

6613
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:54,200
Probably all of these things 
will happen in different ways in

6614
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:55,800
different places for different 
people. 

6615
05:45:56,700 --> 05:45:59,500
Table manners will continue to 
evolve because they've always 

6616
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:03,100
evolved adapting to new 
circumstances while maintaining 

6617
05:46:03,100 --> 05:46:06,400
their fundamental purpose. 
Making the act of eating 

6618
05:46:06,400 --> 05:46:11,400
together, more meaningful, more 
pleasant and more human. as you 

6619
05:46:11,400 --> 05:46:14,500
lie there and comfort, full of 
new knowledge about how humans 

6620
05:46:14,500 --> 05:46:16,900
have tried to make eating 
civilized across the Millennia, 

6621
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:20,408
let yourself appreciate the 
simple fact that you're part of 

6622
05:46:20,416 --> 05:46:24,500
this long tradition, Every meal 
you share with others where the 

6623
05:46:24,500 --> 05:46:27,600
formal or casual, whether you 
follow every rule or make it up 

6624
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:30,500
as you go. 
Connects you to every human who 

6625
05:46:30,500 --> 05:46:32,500
has ever broken bread with 
another person. 

6626
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:37,000
Your table manners, whatever. 
They are a part of an ongoing 

6627
05:46:37,000 --> 05:46:39,700
human conversation about how we 
should live together. 

6628
05:46:40,500 --> 05:46:44,000
And that conversation that 
continuous attempt to transform 

6629
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:47,400
biological, necessity into 
social, art is one of the things

6630
05:46:47,400 --> 05:46:50,500
that makes us most human. 
Let's end where we began 

6631
05:46:50,500 --> 05:46:54,700
imagining a meal but now with 
all the accumulated wisdom of 

6632
05:46:54,700 --> 05:46:56,500
human history and forming our 
vision. 

6633
05:46:57,400 --> 05:47:00,800
Pick the perfect meal, combining
everything. 

6634
05:47:00,800 --> 05:47:05,700
We've learned it takes place at 
a table, maybe High, maybe low. 

6635
05:47:05,700 --> 05:47:09,000
Maybe not a table at all, but a 
cloth on the ground. 

6636
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:12,500
The setting is comfortable, 
whether that means formal 

6637
05:47:12,500 --> 05:47:14,800
chairs, or floor, cushions or 
something in between. 

6638
05:47:16,200 --> 05:47:20,000
The important thing is that you 
feel at ease able to relax into 

6639
05:47:20,000 --> 05:47:25,100
the experience. the lighting is 
gentle candles, perhaps or 

6640
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:29,300
natural light, filtering through
windows or the soft glow of a 

6641
05:47:29,300 --> 05:47:33,600
Setting Sun, Nothing harsh or 
clinical, just enough light to 

6642
05:47:33,600 --> 05:47:35,300
see the food and your companions
clearly. 

6643
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:39,800
The temperature is perfectly 
comfortable, not too hot or cold

6644
05:47:39,800 --> 05:47:43,200
with just enough air movement to
feel fresh without being drafty.

6645
05:47:44,500 --> 05:47:48,800
for you is food that someone 
prepared with care, maybe it's 

6646
05:47:48,800 --> 05:47:52,500
simple, maybe elaborate Maybe it
came from a cross, the world, 

6647
05:47:52,500 --> 05:47:56,900
maybe from just down the road. 
The specifics don't matter as 

6648
05:47:56,900 --> 05:47:58,700
much as the attention that went 
into it. 

6649
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:02,300
Someone thought about what would
nourish and please and then made

6650
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:04,900
it happen. 
You have the right implements 

6651
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:08,700
for eating, whatever those are 
for this particular meal, fork 

6652
05:48:08,700 --> 05:48:12,600
and knife Chopsticks, a piece of
flatbread, your hands. 

6653
05:48:12,600 --> 05:48:16,200
It doesn't matter because, you 
know how to use them and they 

6654
05:48:16,200 --> 05:48:19,600
feel natural in your grass. 
The table is set appropriately 

6655
05:48:19,600 --> 05:48:23,100
for the occasion with everything
you need within easy, reach 

6656
05:48:23,100 --> 05:48:25,600
around the table of people, you 
care about. 

6657
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:30,300
They might be family, friends 
colleagues or even strangers who

6658
05:48:30,300 --> 05:48:33,800
will become friends by meals. 
And The presence makes the food 

6659
05:48:33,800 --> 05:48:37,800
taste better the experience 
richer and the moment more 

6660
05:48:37,800 --> 05:48:40,800
complete. 
You can see their faces, clearly

6661
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:44,600
hear their voices easily and 
feel their presence without 

6662
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:48,200
crowding. 
The meal begins with some 

6663
05:48:48,200 --> 05:48:50,600
acknowledgment, perhaps formal 
Grace. 

6664
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:54,600
Perhaps a simple toast. 
Perhaps just a moment of shared 

6665
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:56,600
appreciation before the first 
bite. 

6666
05:48:57,500 --> 05:49:01,000
This brief pause creates a 
threshold marking the transition

6667
05:49:01,000 --> 05:49:05,200
from ordinary time to meal time 
from scattered activity to 

6668
05:49:05,200 --> 05:49:08,500
Shared Focus. 
You eat slowly enough to taste 

6669
05:49:08,500 --> 05:49:12,100
what you're eating. 
The flavors register fully, salt

6670
05:49:12,100 --> 05:49:16,000
and Sweet Bitter and sour and 
the complex middle notes that 

6671
05:49:16,000 --> 05:49:20,800
make food, interesting. 
Textures matter to crisp and 

6672
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:25,100
soft, smooth and rough, and the 
way different foods play against

6673
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:28,000
each other in your mouth. 
You're not just consuming 

6674
05:49:28,000 --> 05:49:30,400
calories your experience in 
something. 

6675
05:49:32,100 --> 05:49:35,000
The conversation, flows, 
naturally with space for both 

6676
05:49:35,000 --> 05:49:38,000
talking and eating. 
No one dominates everyone 

6677
05:49:38,000 --> 05:49:42,100
contributes. 
Topics range freely but stay 

6678
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:43,900
Pleasant. 
This isn't the place for 

6679
05:49:43,900 --> 05:49:47,000
argument or stress though. 
Real discussion is welcome. 

6680
05:49:47,800 --> 05:49:51,200
Laughter comes easily along with
the comfortable silences of 

6681
05:49:51,200 --> 05:49:54,100
people who don't need to fill 
every moment with noise. 

6682
05:49:55,000 --> 05:49:58,200
The pace is unhurried. 
If there are multiple courses, 

6683
05:49:58,200 --> 05:50:01,000
they arrived with enough time 
between them for digestion and 

6684
05:50:01,000 --> 05:50:05,000
conversation. 
If it's a single course everyone

6685
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:08,400
eats at roughly the same speed 
with no one feeling rushed or 

6686
05:50:08,400 --> 05:50:12,400
held back. 
Time becomes elastic expanding 

6687
05:50:12,400 --> 05:50:16,500
to fill, whatever space the 
meal, needs your present, not 

6688
05:50:16,500 --> 05:50:20,000
thinking about what comes next. 
Not dwelling on what came 

6689
05:50:20,000 --> 05:50:22,900
before, just hear in this 
moment, with this food. 

6690
05:50:22,900 --> 05:50:26,600
And these people, your phone is 
somewhere else, or at least 

6691
05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:30,800
silenced and ignored the outside
world can wait right now. 

6692
05:50:30,800 --> 05:50:35,600
There's only this table, this 
meal this company. when the meal

6693
05:50:35,600 --> 05:50:39,200
ends and all meals must end, 
eventually it ends gently 

6694
05:50:40,200 --> 05:50:43,600
There's no abrupt transition, no
rushed clearing of plates. 

6695
05:50:43,600 --> 05:50:47,400
Perhaps there's coffee or tea, 
perhaps just a lingering at the 

6696
05:50:47,400 --> 05:50:50,400
table. 
Extending the experience of few 

6697
05:50:50,400 --> 05:50:53,100
more precious minutes. 
It acknowledgment that it's 

6698
05:50:53,100 --> 05:50:55,300
ending. 
Makes the last moment sweeter. 

6699
05:50:56,100 --> 05:50:59,000
You leave the table satisfied 
but not overstuffed. 

6700
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:02,900
Nourished in body and spirit and
grateful for the food and the 

6701
05:51:02,900 --> 05:51:06,900
company and the time. the memory
of this meal will settle into, 

6702
05:51:06,900 --> 05:51:10,700
you becoming part of the 
accumulated experience of all 

6703
05:51:10,700 --> 05:51:14,800
good meals you've ever had all 
the moments when eating together

6704
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:18,900
created something larger than 
the sum of its parts This 

6705
05:51:18,900 --> 05:51:22,100
perfect meal doesn't require 
perfect manners in the Victorian

6706
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:24,000
sense. 
It doesn't need elaborate 

6707
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:26,500
settings or expensive 
ingredients or impeccable 

6708
05:51:26,500 --> 05:51:29,400
protocol. 
What it needs is a tension 

6709
05:51:29,400 --> 05:51:34,600
consideration and presence. 
Everything else, the specific 

6710
05:51:34,600 --> 05:51:39,400
Customs, the particular Foods, 
the exact setting are just 

6711
05:51:39,400 --> 05:51:43,000
variations on these fundamental 
themes and here's the wonderful 

6712
05:51:43,000 --> 05:51:46,000
secret. 
You can create this perfect meal

6713
05:51:46,000 --> 05:51:50,700
or something close to it. 
Almost any time you choose, it 

6714
05:51:50,700 --> 05:51:53,500
doesn't require well or special 
knowledge or ideal 

6715
05:51:53,500 --> 05:51:57,300
circumstances, it just requires 
deciding that this meal. 

6716
05:51:57,300 --> 05:52:01,100
This moment matters enough to 
give it your full attention. 

6717
05:52:02,300 --> 05:52:05,400
As you drift now towards sleep. 
Let yourself hold the image of 

6718
05:52:05,400 --> 05:52:08,500
that perfect meal. 
Feel the contentment of a good 

6719
05:52:08,500 --> 05:52:12,700
meal shared with good company. 
Taste the flavors hear the 

6720
05:52:12,708 --> 05:52:15,800
gentle conversation and feel the
warmth of connection. 

6721
05:52:16,900 --> 05:52:21,500
Let it all settle into you like 
satisfaction after eating that 

6722
05:52:21,500 --> 05:52:25,300
sense of being well-fed. 
In every way that matters All 

6723
05:52:25,300 --> 05:52:27,200
around the world at this very 
moment. 

6724
05:52:27,200 --> 05:52:28,600
People are gathering to eat 
together. 

6725
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:32,700
The using different utensils. 
Following different customs and 

6726
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:36,100
eating different foods. but 
they're all doing the same 

6727
05:52:36,100 --> 05:52:39,200
essential thing transforming, 
the act of eating into an 

6728
05:52:39,200 --> 05:52:42,600
opportunity for connection 
Beauty and meaning You're part 

6729
05:52:42,608 --> 05:52:46,000
of that Global community of 
eaters that vast, Human family 

6730
05:52:46,000 --> 05:52:49,200
that has always gathered around 
fires and tables and floors and 

6731
05:52:49,200 --> 05:52:52,000
picnic blankets to share food 
and lives. 

6732
05:52:52,700 --> 05:52:56,200
Your table manners, whatever 
they are, are your contribution 

6733
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:59,900
to this ongoing human project of
making eating together matter. 

6734
05:53:00,800 --> 05:53:02,600
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that tomorrow, 

6735
05:53:02,600 --> 05:53:05,200
there will be more meals, more 
opportunities to practice 

6736
05:53:05,200 --> 05:53:07,600
presents and consideration and 
more. 

6737
05:53:07,600 --> 05:53:11,000
Chances to turn the simple Act 
of eating in to something 

6738
05:53:11,000 --> 05:53:15,100
approaching art. the history of 
table manners is still being 

6739
05:53:15,100 --> 05:53:19,100
written and you're one of its 
authors dream of Feasts and 

6740
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:21,500
quiet. 
Dinners of Perfect moments 

6741
05:53:21,500 --> 05:53:25,300
around imperfect tables of all 
the meals yet to come and all 

6742
05:53:25,300 --> 05:53:28,700
the ways, they'll connect you to
your self and others. dream of 

6743
05:53:28,708 --> 05:53:32,300
Humanity's long journey from 
eating raw food with our fingers

6744
05:53:32,300 --> 05:53:36,000
around, prehistoric fires to 
whatever beautiful new dining 

6745
05:53:36,000 --> 05:53:41,300
Customs, the future will bring 
And when you wake, remember the 

6746
05:53:41,300 --> 05:53:43,800
next meal is a fresh opportunity
to make that history. 

6747
05:53:43,800 --> 05:53:48,000
Just a little bit more peaceful,
a little bit more Mindful and a 

6748
05:53:48,000 --> 05:53:49,900
little bit more human. 
Sleep. 

6749
05:53:49,900 --> 05:53:51,800
Well, the table is always 
waiting.