The History of Sugarcane and How It Is Grown and Produced | Boring History For Sleep

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What is good? 
My late-night sugar inspectors, 

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who definitely didn't need a 
snack five minutes ago. 

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I'm glad you decided to tune in 
with the best sleep aid. 

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Ever is glowing low. 
And steady around here, the kind

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of warmth that makes slow work 
feel even slower. 

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This is as always a carefully 
researched and thoughtfully 

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written sleep story built from 
historical records and real 

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agricultural practices designed 
to be accurate and easy to 

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unwind with. 
Tonight we're easing into the 

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history of sugarcane and how 
it's grown and produced The Long

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Fields steady harvests and 
patient steps that turned 

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something simple into something 
people have relied on for 

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Generations. 
If this slow-paced boring 

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content helps, you relax. 
You're welcome to follow along, 

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leave a like and share where 
your listening from, and what 

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time it is for you. 
Each episode here is carefully, 

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put together to bring Real 
History, into a calm sleep 

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friendly space, without rushing 
through it. 

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Now, he's a little deeper into 
your spot, grab that blanket, 

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and let the steady warmth of the
fire carry you quietly into the 

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rest of the story. 
You're about to embark on a 

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journey through 10,000 years of 
human history. 

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All contained within the Humble 
Store of a grass that changed 

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the world. 
Tonight, you will follow the 

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path of sugarcane from the 
Misty. 

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Highlands of New Guinea to the 
gleaming refineries of the 

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Modern Age discovering along the
way, how this simple plant 

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shaped Empires crossed oceans 
and eventually found its way to 

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your morning coffee. 
The air in the New Guinea, 

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Highlands hangs thick with 
moisture even Before Dawn. 

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You stand Barefoot in the soil, 
watching the Eastern sky, like 

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from Deep Purple to a softer 
shade of gray around. 

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You tall, grass is Sway in the 
Morning Breeze. 

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Their stalks thick as your wrist
and taller than your head. 

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These are not the wild grasses, 
your ancestors ignored for 

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Generations, these are 
different. 

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Someone discovered the secret. 
Perhaps 9,000 years ago though 

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the exact moment is lost to time
a person bit into one of these 

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stalks and tasted something that
changed everything. 

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The Woody exterior gave way to 
fibrous flesh and that flesh 

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released, a juice sweeter than 
anything. 

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The Tropical World had yet, 
offered hunting was rare. 

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Fruit was seasonal, but these 
grasses grew reliably in the 

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warm wet climate of the island. 
The first of cultivators learned

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by trial and observation they 
noticed that certain storks 

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produce sweeter juice than 
others. 

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They saved these stalks and 
planted them in cleared patches 

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near their settlements. 
Over centuries, they selected 

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for sweetness for stalk 
thickness, for plants that grew 

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quickly and resisted the 
occasional dry spell. 

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They did not understand genetics
but they practiced it anyway. 

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The selection process itself was
methodical despite lacking 

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written records experienced 
Growers. 

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Could assess cane quality by 
touch alone. 

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They ran their hands along 
stalks feeling for the perfect 

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combination of firmness. 
And flexibility, they squeeze 

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sections between their fingers, 
judging moisture content and 

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fiber density. 
The best storks made a 

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particular sound. 
When struck sharply a Halo thunk

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that indicated optimal sugar 
development. 

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These subtle cues were passed 
from generation to generation 

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through demonstration of 
practice. 

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You can imagine the work 
involved in these early 

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gardeners. 
The land needed clearing which 

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meant hours spent cutting back. 
Jungle growth with stone tools. 

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The sound of stone striking 
would echoed Through The Valleys

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as men and women worked side by 
side children, learned by 

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watching first, helping with 
small tasks and gradually taking

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on more responsibility as their 
skills developed. 

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Physical transformation of 
jungle into Garden was profound.

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Dense vegetation gave way to 
ordered Rose, where sunlight 

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could reach the ground. 
Bird species changed as habitat 

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shifted, new, insects arrive to 
feed on the cane itself. 

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The soil required turning mixing
in Ash, from controlled Burns to

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enrich the Earth. 
The burns themselves were 

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carefully. 
Managed Affairs, not the 

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wildfires that could destroy 
entire, valleys, small sections 

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were cleared. 
And dried then ignited, on calm 

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days when the smoke would rise 
straight up rather than drifting

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into living areas. 
The ash that remained was rich 

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in minerals that the cane would 
later draw upon the Earth. 

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Smelled different after burning 
sharper and more mineral than 

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the usual green center of jungle
soil. 

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Each sugarcane cutting had to be
planted at the right depth 

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watered, regularly, and 
protected from wild pigs that 

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found the sweet stalks as 
irresistible as humans did. 

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The pigs were cunning out 
adversaries. 

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They learned the locations of 
Kane. 

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Patches and return nightly if 
not deterred communities built 

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fences, from split bamboo 
erected platforms for 

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nightwatchers, and sometimes 
trained dogs to sound alarms. 

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When Pigs approached the 
conflict between farmer and pig 

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has continued for 9,000 years, 
wherever sugar cane grows 

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ancient struggle with no 
permanent Victor. 

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The Harvest came after 12 to 18 
months of patient, waiting 

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workers, cut the mature stalks 
near the ground, using sharp, 

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and bamboo or stone blades. 
The work was hard on the hands 

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and back, the stalks were heavy 
and the fields extended across 

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hillsides, were footing was 
uncertain yet the reward 

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Justified, the effort Fresh 
sugar cane juice. 

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Became a valued part of 
community celebrations offered 

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to honored guests and consumed 
during festivals. 

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The timing of the Harvest 
required. 

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Careful judgment, too early and 
the storks contained, mostly 

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water with minimal. 
Sweetness, too late and pests, 

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might damage the crop or 
tropical storms could flatten 

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entire fields. 
Experienced Growers, examined, 

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the cane closely in the weeks 
before Harvest. 

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They checked the color of the 
stalks looking for a particular,

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deepening from green to Golden 
that indicated Peak maturity. 

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They tested random storks by 
cutting and tasting, developing 

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a sense memory for the exact 
level of sweetness. 

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That meant redness The Harvest 
itself was a communal event in 

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many early societies extended 
families, neighboring groups 

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would gather to help knowing 
that their own harvests would 

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receive similar support. 
The work began at first light, 

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when the air was still cool. 
Sharp cools and laughter echoed 

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across the fields, as people 
organized themselves into teams,

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some cut, some carried, some 
processed, the division of labor

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of evolved naturally based on 
strength and skill. 

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The method of extraction was 
beautiful, simple workers 

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Stripped Away. 
The hard outer layer of each 

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stalk to expose the soft pith. 
Inside this stripping required 

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technique rather than mere 
strength. 

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A skilled worker used a sharp 
edge to score the tough exterior

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lengthwise then peeled it away 
in Long strips that fell to the 

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ground. 
The exposed interior was pale, 

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yellow or white, slightly 
translucent and visibly moist. 

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pressing a thumbnail into this 
pith would release a bead of 

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juice that tasted intensely 
sweet They cut this pith into 

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manageable sections and crushed 
it between stones or pounded it 

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with wooden mallets. 
The crushing Stones were often 

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paired, one flat, and one 
rounded positioned. 

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So, gravity and leverage did 
most of the work. 

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A worker would Place cane 
sections on the flat stone and 

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roll the rounded Stone over them
with firm steady pressure. 

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The sound was rhythmic a wet 
crunch repeated hundreds of 

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times as the fibers broke down 
and released their treasure. 

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The juice that ran out was 
cloudy and pale green. 

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Nothing. 
Like the clear liquid, you might

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expect it carried bits of fiber 
and had a slightly vegetable 

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smell underlying, the sweetness 
fresh from the crushing. 

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It was barely cool taking the 
ambient temperature of the 

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tropical air. 
The first taste was always 

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remarkable the sweetness, hit 
your tongue immediately but it 

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came with complexity. 
There were grassy notes a 

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faintness and a clean finish 
that invited another sip. 

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This used did not keep well in 
the tropical heat, it began 

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fermenting within hours, 
bubbling and developing a sharp 

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alcoholic Edge that was not 
entirely unpleasant. 

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The fermentation was visible, 
and audible small bubbles Rose 

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to the surface, creating a light
foam. 

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The liquid made tiny popping 
sounds as carbon dioxide 

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escaped, the smell shifted from 
purely sweet to, something more.

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Complex with fruity Esters 
developing as yeasts began their

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work. 
Some communities Embrace this 

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transformation, creating the 
world's first sugarcane wines 

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others. 
Preferred their juice, fresh and

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developed. 
Rituals, around immediate 

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consumption children receive 
small amounts as treats Heelers.

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Mixed it with medicinal herbs to
make bitter remedies more 

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palatable The sugarcane plant 
itself became woven into the 

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cultural fabric of New. 
Guinea societies, its leaves 

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long and blade like found uses 
roofing material for temporary 

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shelters, the bagasse or crushed
by the left. 

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After juice extraction, dried 
into a useful fuel for cooking 

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fires. 
Even the thick stalks. 

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Once, their juice was depleted, 
could be split and woven into 

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rough baskets or temporary 
fencing. 

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Archaeological evidence suggests
that sugarcane cultivation, 

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spread slowly across the island 
carried by trading networks and 

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marriage alliances between 
different groups. 

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A successful harvest. 
In one Valley, would Inspire 

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Neighbors in the next Valley to 
try their own plantings 

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knowledge passed from one 
generation to the next, through 

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observation and oral 
instruction. 

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There were no written manuals, 
no Agricultural Extension 

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Services. 
Just patient teachers showing 

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attentive students, which stalks
to choose when to plant and how 

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to recognize a field ready for 
Harvest. 

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The plant thrived in its native 
environment. 

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New Guinea offered everything 
sugarcane needed temperatures, 

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stayed, warm year round Rainfall
was abundant, but not 

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overwhelming the volcanic soil 
provided Rich. 

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Nutrients sugarcane had found 
its perfect home. 

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And, for thousands of years, it 
stayed there unknown to The 

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Wider world. 
Then Traders began to notice the

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Outrigger Canoe rides low in the
water, heavy with cargo. 

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You sit among bundles of dried 
fish stone tools, and carefully 

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wrapped sections of sugarcane 
stalk. 

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The journey from New Guinea to 
the islands of south East. 

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Asia will take weeks following 
established trade routes that 

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connect distant people's through
the exchange of goods stories 

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and agricultural knowledge. 
Sugarcane cutting's. 

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Traveled, well to the many other
plants unlike seeds that might 

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spoil or fail to germinate in 
foreign soil. 

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These thick sections of stork 
contained, everything needed to 

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start a new plant. each node 
along the stork held a dormant 

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Bud, that could Sprout roots and
shoots when planted trade as 

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raped the cuttings in damp 
leaves to keep them alive during

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sea voyages. 
The success rate was 

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surprisingly High Island 
communities in what we now call 

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Indonesia received sugarcane 
with interest around 5,000 years

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ago, The plant adapted readily 
to new homes across the 

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archipelago. 
Each island, offered slightly 

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different growing conditions and
the cane responded by developing

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local variations, some 
varieties, grew taller, others 

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developed thicker stalks or 
sweeter juice. 

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Pharma selected for traits that 
match, their specific needs and 

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environments. 
The cultivation techniques. 

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Evolved along with the plant 
Indonesian Farmers developed 

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more sophisticated irrigation 
systems channeling water from 

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Mountain Streams to their cane 
Fields through carefully 

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constructed, ditches, and bamboo
pipes. 

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They learned to time planting to
take advantage of seasonal 

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rainfall patterns. 
They discovered that Ash from 

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volcanic eruptions while 
devastating to existing crops in

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Rich the soil and led to 
exceptional growth in subsequent

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plantings India received 
sugarcane sometime around. 4,000

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years ago, though pinpointing 
the exact date remains 

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impossible. 
The plant arrived via trade 

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networks, that connected South 
East Asian islands with the 

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Indian subcontinent. 
In Indian Farmers recognized, 

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its potential immediately. 
The warm climate of the Ganges 

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River Valley, proved ideal for 
cultivation and sugarcane 

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Fields, spread rapidly across 
the region. 

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Here in India. 
Something remarkable happened. 

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Someone discovered that sugar 
cane juice. 

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Could be boiled down into a 
concentrated syrup and that 

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syrup could be dried into crude 
crystals. 

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This was not a sudden 
Revelation, but rather a gradual

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process of experimentation. 
Perhaps a pot of juice was left 

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too long. 
Over a fire. 

234
00:12:07,700 --> 00:12:10,100
Perhaps someone noticed that 
spilled juice when dried by the 

235
00:12:10,100 --> 00:12:14,100
sun left behind a sweet residue,
however, it occurred, the 

236
00:12:14,100 --> 00:12:16,600
discovery of crystallization 
changed, everything. 

237
00:12:18,200 --> 00:12:20,600
The process of arriving at 
workable crystallization 

238
00:12:20,600 --> 00:12:24,200
techniques, took Generations. 
Earlier attempts must have 

239
00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:27,400
resulted in burned batches 
sticky messes, that refused to 

240
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,700
solidify and crystals. 
So impure, they barely resembled

241
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:33,100
sugar. 
But persistence paid off, 

242
00:12:33,100 --> 00:12:37,100
careful, observation revealed, 
the critical factors, the Jews 

243
00:12:37,100 --> 00:12:39,400
had to be boiled to precisely 
the right consistency. 

244
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:42,200
Thick enough to crystallize, but
not so thick. 

245
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,000
It burned the cooling had to 
happen at the right speed. 

246
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:49,000
Not so fast that the crystals 
remained tiny in useless, not so

247
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:50,800
slow. 
That the syrup spoiled before 

248
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,100
solidifying. 
The temperature control was the 

249
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:58,000
trickiest part ancient Indian 
sugar makers had no thermometers

250
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:00,800
only experienced and tests 
passed down through 

251
00:13:00,800 --> 00:13:03,300
apprenticeship. 
They would dip a finger into the

252
00:13:03,308 --> 00:13:07,300
boiling syrup then quickly touch
it to water the way the syrup 

253
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:09,000
behaved in. 
The water told them, everything 

254
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:12,900
too thin, and it would dissolve 
immediately too thick and it 

255
00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:16,000
would form hard balls that were 
difficult to work with the 

256
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:19,200
perfect consistency. 
Formed soft threads, that could 

257
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:20,900
be stretched between finger and 
thumb. 

258
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:24,600
This Thread test became 
foundational knowledge for sugar

259
00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,700
makers across the centuries that
followed the early sugar 

260
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:29,700
production was small-scale and 
labor. 

261
00:13:29,700 --> 00:13:32,700
Intensive workers cut and 
crushed the cane. 

262
00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:34,800
Then boiled the juice in clay 
pots. 

263
00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:37,800
So over wood fires the pots 
themselves were specialized 

264
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,900
vessels wide at the mouth to 
maximize surface area for 

265
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:45,500
evaporation and thick walled to 
distribute heat evenly a single 

266
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:47,400
pot. 
Might hold ten or 20 gallons of 

267
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:50,200
juice. 
Larger operations used multiple 

268
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:53,300
pots arranged around a central 
fire allowing workers to monitor

269
00:13:53,300 --> 00:13:55,700
several batches at different 
stages simultaneously. 

270
00:13:56,400 --> 00:13:59,900
The liquid reduced slowly 
thickening as water evaporated. 

271
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:05,100
Process took hours and required 
constant attention if the fire 

272
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:08,600
burned too hot, the sugar would 
caramelize prematurely turning 

273
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:10,200
dark and developing bitter 
notes. 

274
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:13,500
If the fire died down too much, 
the juice would cool and the 

275
00:14:13,500 --> 00:14:16,400
process would stall. 
Workers learned to read the 

276
00:14:16,408 --> 00:14:19,400
smoke, the sound of the boiling 
liquid and the color of the 

277
00:14:19,400 --> 00:14:21,800
syrup. 
These cues told them when to add

278
00:14:21,808 --> 00:14:24,900
wood, when to reduce heat and 
when the batch approached 

279
00:14:24,900 --> 00:14:27,500
Readiness, when the 
concentration reached the right 

280
00:14:27,500 --> 00:14:30,800
Point workers poured, the syrup 
into shallow molds, where it 

281
00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:33,900
cooled and hardened into dark 
sticky crystals, that bore 

282
00:14:33,900 --> 00:14:35,800
little resemblance to the 
refined white sugar. 

283
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,800
You know, today, The molds were 
often. 

284
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,100
Nothing ending more than half 
coconut shells or shallow clay 

285
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:44,500
dishes. 
The cooling syrup contracted 

286
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,800
slightly, as it hardened making 
removal from the molds easier 

287
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:51,200
once the process completed. 
The resulting blocks were crude 

288
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,500
studded with impurities and 
varied in color from light brown

289
00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,200
to nearly black, depending on 
the skill of the maker and the 

290
00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,800
quality of the original juice. 
These early crystals were called

291
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:04,300
Guru or jaggery, names that 
persist in South Asian languages

292
00:15:04,300 --> 00:15:07,000
to this day. 
The product was crude but 

293
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:09,300
revolutionary unlike fresh 
juice. 

294
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:11,600
These crystals could be stored 
for months. 

295
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,900
Without spoiling, they survived,
Monsoon humidity, that would 

296
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:18,500
ruin grain, they resisted the 
insects that played other stored

297
00:15:18,500 --> 00:15:22,000
Foods, the crystalline structure
itself provided protection, 

298
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,000
creating an environment. 
So dry and energy rich, that 

299
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:26,900
might crawl organisms, could not
gain a foothold. 

300
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:30,300
They could be transported long 
distances without losing their 

301
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:33,400
sweetness. 
They could be traded taxed and 

302
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:37,000
turned into wealth. 
Sanskrit texts from around 2000 

303
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:39,600
years ago, contain the first 
written references to sugar 

304
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:43,400
production the arthashastra, an 
ancient Indian treaters on 

305
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:46,700
statecraft and economics 
mentions sugar as a commodity 

306
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:50,600
subject to taxation. 
Medical texts describe its use 

307
00:15:50,600 --> 00:15:54,200
in various preparations. 
Religious writings reference it 

308
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,500
in rituals and offerings. 
Sugar had moved from being a 

309
00:15:57,500 --> 00:15:59,900
simple treat to an important 
part of Economic and cultural 

310
00:15:59,908 --> 00:16:02,000
life. 
Indian sugar production 

311
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:03,800
techniques, continue to improve 
over. 

312
00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:07,100
Centuries workers, discovered 
that adding lime to The Boiling 

313
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:09,200
juice. 
Helped clarify it removing 

314
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:12,500
impurities and producing lighter
colored crystals, they learn to 

315
00:16:12,500 --> 00:16:15,800
use, multiple boiling stages. 
Each one producing sugar of 

316
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,600
different qualities. 
The darkest least refined 

317
00:16:18,600 --> 00:16:21,800
product went to Common People, 
the lighter more refined, 

318
00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:24,300
crystals were reserved for 
wealthy households and religious

319
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:27,200
institutions. 
The knowledge, spread Westwood 

320
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,900
with remarkable speed, Persian 
Traders, carried sugar to their 

321
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:32,300
Homeland around the sixth 
Century. 

322
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:35,900
They brought not just the 
finished product but also the 

323
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:38,700
knowledge of how to grow the 
Kane and extract its sweetness. 

324
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:43,700
The Persian word for sugar 
Chicago entered Arabic, Asuka 

325
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:46,200
and eventually became the sugar 
you use in English today. 

326
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:49,500
Arab Merchants recognized a 
profitable opportunity. 

327
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:52,700
They established sugarcane 
plantations across their 

328
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:55,500
expanding territories from North
Africa to Spain. 

329
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,200
The Islamic Golden Age. 
Saw significant improvements in 

330
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,800
Sugar processing technology. 
Arab Engineers designed more 

331
00:17:03,800 --> 00:17:07,800
efficient Mills for crushing 
cane using animal power of human

332
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,099
muscle. 
They developed better furnaces 

333
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:13,300
for boiling juice achieving 
higher temperatures and faster 

334
00:17:13,300 --> 00:17:16,200
evaporation. 
They refine the crystallization 

335
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:19,700
process producing pure sugar in 
Greater quantities. 

336
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:23,900
The Crusades brought European 
soldiers into contact with Arab 

337
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:26,900
sugar production. 
These warriors were accustomed 

338
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:29,700
to honey as their primary 
sweetener in countered sugar in 

339
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:32,500
the Middle Eastern cities, they 
perceived and briefly occupied, 

340
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:34,700
they brought the taste home with
them. 

341
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:38,400
Creating demand in European 
markets Venice, became the 

342
00:17:38,400 --> 00:17:40,600
primary trading port for sugar 
entering Europe. 

343
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:43,500
And Venetian Merchants crew 
wealthy facilitating. 

344
00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:46,900
This trade sugar remained 
expensive in medieval Europe, 

345
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,300
affordable, only to the nobility
and Wealthy Merchant class. 

346
00:17:51,200 --> 00:17:54,200
Single pound of sugar might cost
as much as several days wages 

347
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,700
for a common laborer. 
It was used sparingly mostly for

348
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,200
medicinal purposes or as a 
display of wealth at elaborate 

349
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,900
banquet, the high cost, created 
strong incentives to find ways 

350
00:18:04,900 --> 00:18:07,600
to produce sugar more cheaply 
and close to European markets. 

351
00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:11,300
Portuguese, explorers carried 
sugarcane to the Atlantic 

352
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:13,200
Island. 
They colonized in the 15th 

353
00:18:13,200 --> 00:18:16,700
century Madeira and the Canary 
Islands proved suitable for 

354
00:18:16,700 --> 00:18:18,500
cultivation though. 
Not ideal. 

355
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:21,000
The climate was adequate but not
perfect. 

356
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:25,000
Still these plantations produced
enough sugar to slightly reduce 

357
00:18:25,000 --> 00:18:28,200
prices in European markets and 
wet appetites for more. 

358
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:32,000
Then came the discovery of the 
Americas and everything changed 

359
00:18:32,000 --> 00:18:34,600
again. 
The Caribbean sunlight hits 

360
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:36,800
differently than any light you 
have experienced. 

361
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:41,300
It bounces off, turquoise water 
and white sand with an intensity

362
00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:43,300
that makes you squint even in 
early morning. 

363
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:46,500
The islands. 
Columbus encountered in 1492 

364
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:49,900
seemed like paradise to European
eyes, but they lacked one 

365
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:52,800
crucial element, they had no 
sugar cane. 

366
00:18:53,600 --> 00:18:56,100
Christopher Columbus, brought 
Kane cutting on his second 

367
00:18:56,100 --> 00:19:00,600
voyage to the new world in 1493.
The plant took to Caribbean soil

368
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:04,200
with enthusiasm, that surprised 
even optimistic Planters, the 

369
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,500
combination of tropical heat, 
abundant rainfall and Rich 

370
00:19:07,500 --> 00:19:11,900
volcanic soil created perfect 
growing conditions Kane planted 

371
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:14,800
in Haiti, grew fast, and sweeter
than Kane, in the Atlantic 

372
00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:16,800
Islands, the Harvest came 
sooner. 

373
00:19:16,800 --> 00:19:20,200
The yields were higher, the 
sugar content, exceeded anything

374
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,600
seen in the old world. 
The Spanish established the 

375
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:26,700
first Caribbean sugar. 
Plantations on Hispaniola in the

376
00:19:26,708 --> 00:19:29,800
early 1500s. 
The Portuguese brought sugar 

377
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:33,200
came to Brazil around the same 
time, the Dutch English and 

378
00:19:33,200 --> 00:19:35,900
French soon. 
Followed each colonial power 

379
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,600
establishing plantations, on 
whichever Islands, they could 

380
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:43,000
claim By 1600, the Caribbean had
become the world's primary sugar

381
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:46,000
producing region a position. 
It would hold for centuries. 

382
00:19:46,800 --> 00:19:50,100
Scale of these operations 
dwarfed anything seen before a 

383
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:53,000
single Caribbean Plantation 
might contains of Acres of 

384
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,000
sugarcane far, larger than the 
modest fields of India. 

385
00:19:56,000 --> 00:20:00,200
All the scattered plots of New 
Guinea, This expansion required 

386
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:04,300
labor enormous amounts of Labor 
and that requirement led to one 

387
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:08,400
of History's darkest chapters. 
Transatlantic slave trade, grew 

388
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:10,000
directly from European demand 
for sugar. 

389
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,100
You should know this history, 
uncomfortable, as it is. 

390
00:20:13,100 --> 00:20:16,600
Millions of Africans were 
forcibly transported across the 

391
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,700
Atlantic to work sugar. 
Plantation's the conditions, 

392
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:23,100
they endured were brutal beyond 
measure sugar production in the 

393
00:20:23,100 --> 00:20:26,400
Caribbean became synonymous with
human suffering on an industrial

394
00:20:26,400 --> 00:20:28,600
scale. 
The sweet christel's that 

395
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:31,600
European stirred into their tea.
Carried the bitter taste of 

396
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:35,000
slavery. 
The plantation work, followed a 

397
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,800
Relentless Rhythm Fields. 
Needed constant, attention 

398
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:42,500
workers, planted New Cane. 
We did existing Fields irrigated

399
00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:46,300
during dry spells and harvested 
mature stalks in a cycle that 

400
00:20:46,300 --> 00:20:48,900
never truly ended. 
The harvest season, brought the 

401
00:20:48,900 --> 00:20:53,300
most intense labor Kane had to 
be cut transported to the mill 

402
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:56,300
and processed quickly before the
juice content declined. 

403
00:20:57,000 --> 00:21:00,300
Workers labored in shifts around
the clock during Harvest working

404
00:21:00,300 --> 00:21:03,300
by Torchlight. 
When darkness fell The Cutting 

405
00:21:03,300 --> 00:21:07,000
itself, was backbreaking work, a
skilled cutter could Harvest a 

406
00:21:07,000 --> 00:21:10,600
ton of Kane per day but the 
physical toll was severe workers

407
00:21:10,600 --> 00:21:13,900
bent at the waist for hours 
swinging machetes, to severe 

408
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:17,200
thick stalks near the ground. 
The Kane leaves had sharp edges 

409
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,300
that cut Exposed Skin. 
The Tropical Sun, Beat Down, 

410
00:21:20,300 --> 00:21:23,100
without Mercy. 
Dehydration was constant 

411
00:21:23,100 --> 00:21:27,100
injuries, were common Once cut 
the Kane had to reach the mill 

412
00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:30,300
within 24 hours or the sugar 
content would begin to drop 

413
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:33,500
workers bundled, the stalks, and
loaded them onto carts. 

414
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:37,200
Pulled by oxen, or mules on 
larger, plantations, Narrow 

415
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:40,000
Gauge Railways, eventually 
transported, Kane from distant 

416
00:21:40,000 --> 00:21:41,900
fields to central processing 
facility. 

417
00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:45,600
Speed mattered every hour of 
delay in the Lost profit. 

418
00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:48,300
The Mills themselves were 
impressive pieces of engineering

419
00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:51,000
for their time. 
Early version's used animal 

420
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,400
power, with oxen or horses 
walking in circles to turn the 

421
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,400
crushing mechanism. 
Later, Mills employed water 

422
00:21:57,400 --> 00:22:00,700
wheels where geography permitted
or wind power on flatter 

423
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:02,900
Islands. 
The crushing rollers were 

424
00:22:02,900 --> 00:22:06,600
massive, cylinders of hardwood 
or iron that pressed the cane 

425
00:22:06,600 --> 00:22:10,800
stalks squeezing out the juice. 
The bagasse that fibrous 

426
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:14,100
material left after crushing 
found immediate uses fuel for 

427
00:22:14,100 --> 00:22:17,200
the boiling house furnaces. 
This was elegant recycling. 

428
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600
The waste product from one 
process, powered the next step 

429
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700
in production. 
Large plantations burned badass 

430
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:26,800
as their primary fuel source. 
Requiring minimal additional 

431
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,800
wood or coal. 
The boiling house was the 

432
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:32,100
hottest place on any Plantation,
Imagine along Building. 

433
00:22:32,100 --> 00:22:33,600
Open on the side for 
ventilation. 

434
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,200
Containing a series of copper 
kettles. 

435
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,600
Arranged over brick furnaces the
kettles. 

436
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:41,700
Decreased in size, starting with
large vessels that might hold 

437
00:22:41,700 --> 00:22:45,500
hundreds of gallons and ending 
with smaller ones used for final

438
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,300
concentration. 
This Arrangement called the 

439
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:51,200
Jamaica train became standard 
across the Caribbean. 

440
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:54,300
The building itself was designed
around the process. 

441
00:22:54,300 --> 00:22:57,400
The roof was high to allow hot 
air and steam to rise and 

442
00:22:57,400 --> 00:22:59,900
escape. 
The floor was Stone or brick, 

443
00:22:59,900 --> 00:23:02,600
chosen for durability and ease 
of cleaning. 

444
00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:06,900
The furnaces were built from 
local materials often, Coral 

445
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:09,500
Rock or clay, brick with 
carefully constructed. 

446
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:11,700
Flus that Drew smoke away from 
the work area. 

447
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:16,500
The heat was tremendous even 
with the open walls workers near

448
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:18,400
the final kettles labored in 
temperatures. 

449
00:23:18,400 --> 00:23:21,900
That approached unbearable their
skin slick with sweat that 

450
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:26,100
evaporated almost as quickly as 
it formed The process began when

451
00:23:26,100 --> 00:23:30,100
fresh cane juice flowed into the
first Kettle called the Grand 

452
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:33,000
copper. 
This initial vessel was massive,

453
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:35,800
sometimes six feet across and 
three feet deep. 

454
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:39,400
The juice arrived through wooden
or bamboo pipes directly from 

455
00:23:39,400 --> 00:23:42,700
the mill, entering the kettle in
a steady stream that workers 

456
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:46,100
monitored constantly. 
Too fast and the kettle would 

457
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,700
overflow too slow and the batch 
would burn before enough volume 

458
00:23:49,700 --> 00:23:52,900
accumulated. 
Workers maintained, a constant 

459
00:23:52,900 --> 00:23:55,800
fire beneath bringing the juice 
to a rolling boil. 

460
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,400
Was badass from the mill that 
crushed fiber left after juice 

461
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,700
extraction. 
It burned hot, but fast required

462
00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:06,700
constant feeding, a worker 
assigned to fire Duty. 

463
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:09,800
Spent the entire shift carrying 
arm, loads of the gas from the 

464
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,700
mill to the furnaces, 
maintaining temperature through 

465
00:24:12,700 --> 00:24:16,700
sheer persistence, The glow of 
the fires turned the boiling 

466
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:18,700
house. 
Orange at night visible from 

467
00:24:18,700 --> 00:24:22,300
miles away. 
The light Drew insects which 

468
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:25,100
perished in the Heat or fell 
into the boiling liquid below. 

469
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:29,300
As water evaporated, they Ladle.
The concentrating syrup into the

470
00:24:29,308 --> 00:24:32,500
next Kettle in line. 
And then the next each one 

471
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:35,900
smaller and hotter than the 
last, the transfer required 

472
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:39,800
skill and nerve Workers used 
long handled copper, ladles 

473
00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,700
plunging them into boiling 
liquid and transferring heavy 

474
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:46,000
Scoops to the next Kettle. 
Without spilling, Burns were 

475
00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:48,700
common. 
Splash of thick sticky syrup 

476
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,700
adhered to skin and continued 
burning until scraped away. 

477
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:55,500
Experienced workers bought scars
on their forearms and hands 

478
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:58,700
marks of apprenticeship earned 
through painful lessons. 

479
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:02,600
The entire sequence took hours 
with workers monitoring 

480
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:25,300
carefully to prevent burning.'. 
Appeared frantic and chaotic 

481
00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:28,700
with small bubbles, breaking 
rapidly and foam threatening to 

482
00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:31,300
overflow the kettle. 
The addition of lime helped 

483
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,600
clarify the juice causing 
impurities to coagulate and 

484
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:36,600
Float to the top where they can 
be skimmed away. 

485
00:25:37,500 --> 00:25:40,900
The lime arrived as quicklime 
calcium oxide produced by 

486
00:25:40,900 --> 00:25:44,700
burning Coral, or limestone. 
Mixed with water, it became 

487
00:25:44,700 --> 00:25:48,200
calcium hydroxide acoustic 
substance that required careful 

488
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:50,400
handling. 
Workers learned through 

489
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,000
experience, how much lime each 
batch needed too little, and the

490
00:25:54,008 --> 00:25:57,800
clarification was incomplete too
much and the sugar developed, an

491
00:25:57,800 --> 00:26:00,900
unpleasant taste, the optimal 
amount varied with the quality 

492
00:26:00,900 --> 00:26:03,200
of the cane and the mineral 
content of local water. 

493
00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:07,000
The skimming process removed the
scum that formed as impurities. 

494
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:11,200
Rows workers used perforated 
copper skimmers wide shallow, 

495
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:13,500
ladles with holes. 
That allowed liquid to drain 

496
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:14,900
while retaining the solid 
material. 

497
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:20,000
The scum itself was a mix of 
plant waxes, proteins, soil, 

498
00:26:20,000 --> 00:26:22,100
particles, and crystallized 
minerals. 

499
00:26:22,100 --> 00:26:25,900
It had no commercial value and 
was usually discarded though. 

500
00:26:25,900 --> 00:26:28,700
Some plantations fed to pigs or 
spread it on Garden, Gardens as 

501
00:26:28,700 --> 00:26:32,800
fertilizer. the color range from
pale green to dark brown 

502
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:36,500
depending on the impurities, 
present, Skill lay in knowing 

503
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:39,500
exactly when the syrup reached 
the right consistency for 

504
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:43,300
crystalization too soon. 
And the sugar would be grainy 

505
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:47,000
and incomplete too long, and it 
would caramelize turning dark 

506
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:49,800
and bitter experience workers, 
judged by. 

507
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,300
I watching how the spirit 
behaved when a small amount was 

508
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:56,600
dropped onto a cool surface. 
when the moment came they 

509
00:26:56,600 --> 00:27:00,000
removed the final Kettle from 
heat and poured, the thick syrup

510
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:04,700
into cooling trays As the syrup 
cooled, sugar crystals, formed 

511
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:07,700
surrounded by a dark, liquid 
called molasses. 

512
00:27:08,500 --> 00:27:11,200
Workers separated the two by 
draining the Molasses through 

513
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:15,000
perforated containers, leaving 
behind raw sugar, crystals, that

514
00:27:15,000 --> 00:27:18,700
were Brown sticky and far from 
the refined product. 

515
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:22,500
You know, this raw sugar was 
called muscovado and it was the 

516
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:24,600
main export product of Caribbean
plantations. 

517
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:27,900
Some plantations attempted 
further refining. 

518
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:31,100
Boiling the raw sugar again with
water and lime to remove 

519
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,600
impurities the process was 
imperfect? 

520
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,100
But produced lighter, colored 
sugar that commanded higher 

521
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:39,700
prices in European markets. 
The truly white sugar, you take 

522
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:42,800
for granted required additional 
refining in specialized 

523
00:27:42,800 --> 00:27:46,400
facilities in Europe itself. 
Adding another step and another 

524
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:48,100
layer of profit to the supply 
chain. 

525
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:50,300
The Caribbean sugar. 
Boom. 

526
00:27:50,300 --> 00:27:51,900
Transformed global trade 
patterns. 

527
00:27:51,900 --> 00:27:55,100
Sugar became the most valuable 
commodity in transatlantic 

528
00:27:55,100 --> 00:27:58,700
Commerce surpassing tobacco 
cotton and coffee. 

529
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:03,500
Port cities like Bristol, 
Liverpool or not grew well on 

530
00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:06,300
sugar profits. 
The sweetener that had once been

531
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,500
a luxury reserved for royalty, 
became affordable to the working

532
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:13,500
classes of European coffee. 
Drinking exploded in popularity.

533
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:17,200
Both beverages made palatable, 
by generous, editions of sugar, 

534
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:20,600
this democratization of 
sweetness changed, European 

535
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:24,700
diets, fundamentally Sugar 
consumption in England increased

536
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:28,400
from near zero in 1500 to about 
4 pounds per person. 

537
00:28:28,400 --> 00:28:34,600
Annually by 1700 and 280 pounds 
per person by 1800 the human 

538
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,300
appetite for sweetness. 
Once satisfied only occasionally

539
00:28:37,300 --> 00:28:41,000
buy honey, or fruit now had 
access to unlimited supplier. 

540
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:44,000
Decreasing cost, the 
environmental impact was severe 

541
00:28:44,000 --> 00:28:47,400
virgin forests were cleared to 
make room for cane Fields. 

542
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:51,100
Entire Island, ecosystems were 
transformed into agricultural 

543
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:54,400
monocultures, the intensive, 
cultivation depleted, soil 

544
00:28:54,400 --> 00:28:58,600
nutrients, requiring constant 
expansion into new areas, the 

545
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,100
sugar economy was fundamentally 
extractive, taking wealth from 

546
00:29:02,100 --> 00:29:05,500
land and people while giving 
little back Yet sugarcane 

547
00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:09,100
cultivation, spread beyond the 
Caribbean Portuguese, Brazil 

548
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:12,200
became a sugar Powerhouse, and 
one point producing more than 

549
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,500
all the Caribbean islands 
combined, the French colony of 

550
00:29:15,508 --> 00:29:18,400
Sandman. 
Now, Haiti was the world's 

551
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,600
largest sugar producer before 
the slave revolution of the late

552
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:24,700
1700s, destroyed the plantation 
system there. 

553
00:29:25,500 --> 00:29:28,200
Spanish Cuba Rose to prominence 
in the 1800s. 

554
00:29:28,200 --> 00:29:31,300
Becoming the last major sugar 
producer to abolish slavery 

555
00:29:31,300 --> 00:29:36,100
finally doing so only in 1886, 
The Industrial Revolution 

556
00:29:36,100 --> 00:29:38,000
brought new technologies to 
sugar production. 

557
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:42,500
Steam-powered Mills, replaced 
animal and water power vacuum. 

558
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:45,200
Evaporation systems allowed 
boiling at lower temperatures, 

559
00:29:45,200 --> 00:29:47,800
preserving more sugar, and 
improving efficiency. 

560
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:52,800
Centrifuges spun raw sugar at 
high speeds separating crystals 

561
00:29:52,800 --> 00:29:55,800
from molasses far better than 
the old Gravity Drainage method.

562
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:59,300
These Innovations increased 
output while reducing labor 

563
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:01,100
requirements per ton of sugar 
produced. 

564
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:05,200
The abolition of slavery across 
European colonies in the 1800s, 

565
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:08,900
forced another transformation. 
Plantation owners turn to 

566
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,700
indentured labourers from India 
and China, people who were 

567
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:13,800
technically free but worked 
under contracts. 

568
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:17,400
That barely differed from 
bondage, the suffering continued

569
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,300
under new legal Arrangements. 
Through all these changes 

570
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:23,300
through centuries of human drama
played out in Kane fields and 

571
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:26,300
boiling House's the plant itself
remained constant. 

572
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:30,600
Sugarcane still grew, best in 
tropical heat, it still required

573
00:30:30,600 --> 00:30:34,400
a abundant water and rich soil. 
It still needed cutting by hand 

574
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,100
at least until mechanical 
Harvesters arrived in the 

575
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:40,200
mid-20th century. 
The fundamental nature of the 

576
00:30:40,200 --> 00:30:43,400
crop shape the societies that 
depended on it, creating 

577
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:46,600
patterns that persist to this 
day in Sugar producing regions 

578
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:48,700
Dorn. 
Arrives differently on a modern 

579
00:30:48,708 --> 00:30:51,500
sugar cane plantation. 
There are no conch shells. 

580
00:30:51,500 --> 00:30:53,900
Summoning workers. 
No overseers with whips. 

581
00:30:53,900 --> 00:30:56,900
Now, enslaved people dragging 
themselves to another day of 

582
00:30:56,900 --> 00:31:00,600
forced labor. 
Instead diesel engines cough to 

583
00:31:00,600 --> 00:31:04,500
life mechanical Harvesters, warm
their systems GPS satellites 

584
00:31:04,500 --> 00:31:07,500
track positions. 
To within inches, the sugarcane 

585
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,500
industry has entered the 21st 
century though, much of the 

586
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:13,600
developing world, still relies 
on traditional methods, you 

587
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:15,300
stand at the edge of a field in 
Brazil. 

588
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:18,800
The world's largest sugar 
producer the plantation 

589
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,100
stretches to the Horizon, 
thousands of Acres of Kane in 

590
00:31:22,100 --> 00:31:25,700
various stages of growth. 
The organization is immediately 

591
00:31:25,700 --> 00:31:30,000
apparent fields are divided into
neat blocks each planted at 

592
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,500
different times to ensure 
continuous Harvest throughout 

593
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,100
the season. 
Roads, cut through at regular 

594
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:39,000
intervals, providing access for 
equipment irrigation pipes, 

595
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:41,900
snake along the edges. 
Ready to deliver water during 

596
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:44,900
dry periods. 
The variety growing here is not 

597
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:47,000
the same Kane that ancient New 
Guinea's. 

598
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:50,300
Cultivated modern sugarcane is 
the product of intensive 

599
00:31:50,300 --> 00:31:53,400
breeding programs that have 
created hybrids optimized for 

600
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,600
sugar content disease, 
resistance and mechanical 

601
00:31:56,600 --> 00:31:59,700
harvesting scientist crossed 
different varieties. 

602
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:03,600
Test thousands of Offspring and 
select the rare individuals that

603
00:32:03,600 --> 00:32:05,200
show improvement over their 
parents. 

604
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,100
A successful new variety might 
take 10 years or more to 

605
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,500
develop. 
But the payoff in increased 

606
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:15,000
productivity is substantial. 
Planting begins with stem 

607
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:17,400
cuttings. 
Just as it did 9,000 years ago 

608
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:21,300
though, everything else has 
changed Modern, plantations, use

609
00:32:21,300 --> 00:32:24,400
mechanical planters, that dig 
furrows, Place cuttings at 

610
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:28,100
precise intervals, cover them 
with soil and apply, fertilizer 

611
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:32,500
in a single pass, the field. 
The efficiency is remarkable a 

612
00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:34,300
crew that once planted a few 
acres per day. 

613
00:32:34,300 --> 00:32:37,600
Now, plants dozens the machines 
themselves are sophisticated 

614
00:32:37,600 --> 00:32:41,300
agricultural equipment, They 
operate with multiple functions,

615
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:45,000
integrated into one chassis. 
The front section Cuts furrows 

616
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:48,600
using angled discs that slice 
through soil and push it aside. 

617
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,200
The depth is controlled 
hydraulically maintaining 

618
00:32:52,200 --> 00:32:55,200
consistency. 
Even as terrain varies behind 

619
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:57,300
the Faro Cutters a conveyor 
system. 

620
00:32:57,300 --> 00:32:59,900
Feeds Cain. 
Cutting from a hopper dropping 

621
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:01,900
them into the furrow of 
programmed in tools. 

622
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,200
Sensors verify. 
That each cutting lands properly

623
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:07,900
positioned. 
If a cutting jams or Falls 

624
00:33:07,900 --> 00:33:11,400
incorrectly, the system alerts 
the operator who can stop and 

625
00:33:11,400 --> 00:33:13,800
correct the problem. 
The cutting's come from 

626
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:17,800
dedicated seed Nursery, not from
the main crop, these Nursery 

627
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:21,400
maintain pure strains of each 
variety free from diseases and 

628
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,300
pests. 
Workers inspect each cutting 

629
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:27,400
before it leaves, the nursery, 
ensuring quality control that 

630
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,000
would have amazed earlier 
generations of cane farmers. 

631
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,800
The attention to detail, 
reflects the economic Stakes, a 

632
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,400
plantation might invest hundreds
of thousands of dollars in 

633
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:40,200
planting a single field and poor
quality seed. 

634
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,200
Stock could jeopardize that 
entire investment. 

635
00:33:42,200 --> 00:33:45,800
The nurseries themselves are 
carefully, managed environments,

636
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:49,100
irrigation is precise and 
scheduled pest. 

637
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:52,700
Monitoring is constant any sign 
of disease results in quarantine

638
00:33:52,700 --> 00:33:54,400
and destruction of affected 
plants. 

639
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:57,200
The cuttings, taken for 
propagation come from Mother 

640
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,000
plants that have been tested and
verified disease-free. 

641
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,400
This system prevents the spread 
of viruses and other pathogens 

642
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:05,400
that can devastate sugar cane 
crops. 

643
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,400
Some diseases have no cure want 
to established prevention 

644
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:11,600
through certified. 
Clean planting material is the 

645
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:15,300
only reliable defense, once 
planted the cutting Sprout, 

646
00:34:15,300 --> 00:34:17,800
within two to three weeks. 
If conditions are favorable 

647
00:34:18,500 --> 00:34:21,800
First comes a single green 
shoot, then more until each 

648
00:34:21,800 --> 00:34:24,500
cutting, produces a cluster of 
stems called a stool. 

649
00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:28,600
These stems grow rapidly in the 
tropical climate, adding several

650
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,699
inches per day, during Peak 
growth periods, the growth is 

651
00:34:31,699 --> 00:34:34,000
visible. 
If you watch long enough, a 

652
00:34:34,000 --> 00:34:36,199
field that was Bare soil. 
In the morning, shows green 

653
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,900
shoots by evening within a week.
The transformation is dramatic 

654
00:34:39,900 --> 00:34:43,199
the young plants of vulnerable 
during the establishment phase. 

655
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:46,699
They need consistent moisture, 
but not waterlogging, which 

656
00:34:46,699 --> 00:34:49,699
promotes root rot. 
They require protection from 

657
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:51,699
weeds. 
That would compete for light and

658
00:34:51,699 --> 00:34:53,600
nutrients. 
They need defense against 

659
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:55,699
insects that Target tender young
growth. 

660
00:34:56,500 --> 00:34:59,200
Modern Plantation, managers 
address these challenges through

661
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,900
integrated Management systems 
that combine multiple approaches

662
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:06,200
rather than relying on any 
single method within four 

663
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:08,500
months. 
The field transforms from bare 

664
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:13,500
soil to a forest of Cain 8 feet 
tall. by Harvest Time, 12 to 18 

665
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:17,200
months after planting the cane 
Towers 12 to 16 feet high, 

666
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:21,300
sometimes more The leaves at the
top, create a canopy that Shades

667
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,200
the ground below suppressing, 
weeds and moderating soil. 

668
00:35:24,200 --> 00:35:27,900
Temperature walking through a 
mature cane Fields like entering

669
00:35:27,900 --> 00:35:30,300
a green tunnel. 
The air is cooler than in the 

670
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:32,700
open. 
Sound is muffled by the density 

671
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:35,500
of vegetation. 
The smell is intensely 

672
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:40,000
vegetable, a rich green scent. 
That fills your lungs, modern 

673
00:35:40,000 --> 00:35:44,600
plantations, manage Fields with 
scientific precision, Soil test 

674
00:35:44,600 --> 00:35:46,900
determining exactly which 
nutrients are deficient. 

675
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,100
Fertilizer applications are 
tailored to address. 

676
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,900
Those specific needs this 
targeted approach prevents waste

677
00:35:53,900 --> 00:35:57,700
and reduces environmental impact
excess nitrogen that the crop 

678
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:00,300
cannot use washes into waterways
causing pollution. 

679
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:04,900
Excess phosphorus accumulates in
soil and also eventually reaches

680
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:07,900
water bodies, Precision 
agriculture, applies. 

681
00:36:07,900 --> 00:36:09,700
Only what the crop needs when it
needs it. 

682
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,100
Irrigation is scheduled based on
weather forecasts and soil 

683
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,300
moisture, sensors Pest 
Management uses integrated 

684
00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:19,500
approaches that combined 
biological controls cultural 

685
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:22,200
practices and minimal pesticide 
application. 

686
00:36:22,200 --> 00:36:25,600
The goal is maximum sugar 
production while minimizing 

687
00:36:25,600 --> 00:36:29,300
environmental impact and input 
costs, The harvests Remains the 

688
00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:32,900
most critical period in some 
countries, particularly in 

689
00:36:32,900 --> 00:36:35,800
developing regions workers. 
Still cut Cane by hand. 

690
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:39,200
Using machetes, the technique 
has been refined over centuries,

691
00:36:39,200 --> 00:36:43,100
a skilled cutter grips, the 
stalk near the base, swing the 

692
00:36:43,100 --> 00:36:46,900
machete in a smooth Arc to 
several cleanly, then tops the 

693
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,100
stalk by removing the leafy 
portion, that contains little 

694
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:54,400
sugar The cut Kane falls into 
piles that other workers gather 

695
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,300
and load onto trucks. 
Hand harvesting continues in 

696
00:36:57,300 --> 00:37:00,800
areas where labor is cheap. 
Terrain is difficult or small 

697
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,800
farm sizes make mechanical 
harvesting honeycomb. 

698
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:07,600
The work remains as physically 
demanding, as ever the 

699
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,400
protective equipment and labor 
laws have improved conditions in

700
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,300
many countries. 
A good cutter can still Harvest 

701
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:15,300
two to three tons of Cain per 
day. 

702
00:37:15,300 --> 00:37:19,100
Respectable output by any 
measure mechanical harvesting 

703
00:37:19,100 --> 00:37:22,300
dominates in developed countries
like Australia the United States

704
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:26,000
and parts of Brazil. 
The Harvesters are engineering 

705
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:29,500
Marvels, massive machines that 
cost hundreds of thousands of 

706
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:33,200
dollars each, but can replace 
dozens of human Cutters, a 

707
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,300
single Harvester, Cuts tops, and
chops, cane into short sections 

708
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:39,500
called billets, all while moving
steadily through the field. 

709
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,100
The billets fall into a bin that
dumps into a company trucks. 

710
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:47,400
When full a modern Harvester can
protest 30 to 40 tons of Kane 

711
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,000
per hour working day and night 
during peak season. 

712
00:37:51,000 --> 00:37:53,800
The machines do have 
limitations, they struggle on 

713
00:37:53,800 --> 00:37:56,900
steep slopes and in muddy 
conditions, they cannot match 

714
00:37:56,900 --> 00:38:00,900
human Cutters for selectivity 
sometimes damaging immature cane

715
00:38:00,900 --> 00:38:03,700
or leaving Short stumps that 
complicate the next crop cycle. 

716
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:07,300
They require skilled operators 
and regular maintenance, but 

717
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,900
their productivity is undeniable
and they use continues to expand

718
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:14,800
wherever conditions permit. 
The harvested Kane begins losing

719
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:18,100
sugar, content immediately, the 
cut ends dry out. 

720
00:38:18,900 --> 00:38:21,500
Enzymes break down. 
Sucrose into simpler sugars, 

721
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,400
bacteria and yeasts. 
Begin fermentation. 

722
00:38:24,400 --> 00:38:28,400
This deterioration accelerates 
in hot weather to minimize 

723
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:30,300
losses. 
Modern, plantations have strict 

724
00:38:30,300 --> 00:38:32,600
rules. 
Kane must reach the mill, within

725
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,300
12 to 24 hours of cutting. 
Trucks run continuously during 

726
00:38:36,300 --> 00:38:39,500
harvest season, creating a 
steady stream from field to 

727
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:42,200
Factory at the Mill. 
Entrance, trucks drive onto 

728
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:44,600
scales. 
The incoming weight is recorded,

729
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:47,800
then the truck proceeds to the 
unloading area here. 

730
00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:50,600
Different systems operate 
depending on the mill design. 

731
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,400
Some use cranes with grappling 
hooks to lift. 

732
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,500
Kane, from truck beds. 
Others have tip platforms that 

733
00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:59,700
hydraulically tilt entire 
trucks, dumping their loads onto

734
00:38:59,700 --> 00:39:01,800
conveyors, the most modern 
facilities. 

735
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:04,400
Use automated systems that 
require minimal human 

736
00:39:04,400 --> 00:39:07,200
intervention. 
Kane moves along, conveyors to 

737
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,600
the preparation area here, 
revolving knives, Shred the 

738
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:12,900
stalks into smaller pieces 
crushes. 

739
00:39:12,900 --> 00:39:15,400
Then pound these pieces 
rupturing, the cell walls, and 

740
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:19,000
releasing the juice inside. 
This preparation increases the 

741
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:21,300
efficiency of the subsequent 
extraction process. 

742
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:24,200
The preparation equipment 
operates at impressive, speeds 

743
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:26,400
the revolving. 
Knives are arranged on 

744
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:29,500
horizontal drums, that spin at 
100 of revolution's per minute 

745
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:32,400
as Kane passes through the 
knives. 

746
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:35,000
Slice it into ribbons thin 
enough that your hand could 

747
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:39,700
crush the Sound is tremendous a 
roaring shriek of metal through 

748
00:39:39,700 --> 00:39:42,500
fibrous material that requires 
hearing protection for workers 

749
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:45,400
nearby. 
The shredded Kane emerges, as a 

750
00:39:45,408 --> 00:39:49,000
matter of fibrous strip still 
damp with juice, but vastly 

751
00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:50,800
easier to process than whole 
storks. 

752
00:39:51,500 --> 00:39:54,100
The crushes that follow a 
massive Hammer Mills fitted with

753
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:56,200
hardened steel, hammers that 
swing on pivots. 

754
00:39:56,900 --> 00:40:00,100
As the shredded cane enters, the
Hammers Beat It repeatedly, 

755
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,600
pulverizing the structure and 
rupturing the cells that contain

756
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:07,300
sugar the violence of this 
treatment ensures maximum juice 

757
00:40:07,300 --> 00:40:09,400
release. 
In the subsequent Milling, the 

758
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:12,400
energy consumption is 
substantial a large Mill. 

759
00:40:12,400 --> 00:40:15,100
Might use several megawatts of 
power, just for cane 

760
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:18,100
preparation, equivalent to the 
electricity needs of a small 

761
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,300
town. 
The prepared cane enters the 

762
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:22,400
mill, train a series of heavy 
rollers. 

763
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:26,400
That press progressively harder.
First Mill removes most of the 

764
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:30,800
juice the crushed material 
called by gase passes to a 

765
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,400
second Mill where water is added
and the pressing repeated this 

766
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:36,500
extracts additional sugar from 
the fiber. 

767
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,700
Some mils have four or five 
stages. 

768
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,000
Each one squeezing out a little 
more juice until the bagger 

769
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,200
emerges nearly dry. 
Each Mill in the train consists 

770
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:49,600
of three massive role as a 
triangular pattern, The Kane. 

771
00:40:49,600 --> 00:40:52,300
Matt passes between the top 
roller and the two lower 

772
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:55,000
rollers, which squeeze it from 
both sides simultaneously. 

773
00:40:56,700 --> 00:40:59,900
Pressure applied measures in 
tons, per linear inch enough to 

774
00:40:59,900 --> 00:41:02,800
compress the fibrous material to
a fraction of its original 

775
00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:05,500
thickness. 
Hydraulic systems maintain 

776
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,300
constant pressure even as the 
thickness of the cane Matt 

777
00:41:08,300 --> 00:41:10,900
varies. 
Sensors detect, any unusual 

778
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,100
resistance that might indicate a
metal object or other foreign 

779
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:15,500
material that could damage the 
rollers. 

780
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:18,500
The rollers themselves are 
engineering accomplishments. 

781
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:21,500
Each one weighs, many tons and 
is machined to tolerances, 

782
00:41:21,500 --> 00:41:23,300
measured in thousands of an 
inch. 

783
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:26,800
The surface has a pattern of 
grooves that help grip, the cane

784
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:31,100
and force it through the mill. 
Over time the surface wears and 

785
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:32,800
requires resurfacing or 
replacement. 

786
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:36,800
A complete roller replacement is
a major undertaking requiring, 

787
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:39,900
specialized equipment and 
several days of downtime. 

788
00:41:39,900 --> 00:41:42,800
So Mills schedule, such 
maintenance carefully during 

789
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:46,200
offseason periods, the juice 
extracted runs out into 

790
00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:49,500
collections and flows by gravity
to the clarification plant. 

791
00:41:50,400 --> 00:41:53,300
The Bugis continues on conveyors
to the boiler house, where it 

792
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:57,200
becomes fuel, this elegant Loop 
where waste from extraction 

793
00:41:57,200 --> 00:41:59,300
Powers. 
The processing is one reason, 

794
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:02,600
sugarcane facilities can operate
with minimal external energy, 

795
00:42:02,600 --> 00:42:06,500
input a well-designed mill. 
Produces all its own power from 

796
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,200
bagasse combustion with Surplus 
electricity. 

797
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:13,300
Often sold to the local grid, 
the extracted juices cloudy and 

798
00:42:13,300 --> 00:42:16,900
greenish contaminated with bits 
of fiber soil and various 

799
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:20,300
organic compounds. 
It looks unappetizing nothing 

800
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:22,300
like the clear liquid you 
associate with sugar. 

801
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:24,500
The color comes from 
chlorophyll. 

802
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,400
Leached from crushed leaves from
Iron compounds dissolved from 

803
00:42:28,408 --> 00:42:31,700
the soil and from other plant 
pigments that give cane in its 

804
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:34,900
characteristic appearance. 
Allowing this juice to settle 

805
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,200
would eventually produce some 
clarification, but the process 

806
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,100
would take hours and still leave
substantial impurities. 

807
00:42:41,900 --> 00:42:44,600
The first step in cleaning. 
It is screening passing the 

808
00:42:44,600 --> 00:42:47,100
juice through fine mesh to 
remove large particles. 

809
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:51,400
The screens are continuous Loops
of woven metal mesh, similar to 

810
00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:54,400
large conveyor belts. 
The juice flows onto the moving 

811
00:42:54,400 --> 00:42:57,000
screen, which allows liquid to 
drip through while carrying 

812
00:42:57,000 --> 00:42:59,500
solid material to a collection 
point for disposal. 

813
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:03,700
The screening moves, the bulk of
the fibrous material, reducing 

814
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:06,000
the load on subsequent 
clarification steps. 

815
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:09,200
Then comes clarification 
traditionally done by adding 

816
00:43:09,200 --> 00:43:12,200
lime and heating the juice. 
The chemistry involved is 

817
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:16,300
elegant lime or calcium. 
Hydroxide raises the pH of the 

818
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:19,200
juice from slightly acidic to 
slightly alkaline. 

819
00:43:19,200 --> 00:43:23,500
This pH change causes proteins 
and other organic compounds to 

820
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:26,700
denature and form larger 
molecules that aggregate into 

821
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:30,100
visible particles. 
Adding heat accelerates this 

822
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,500
process and causes additional 
coagulation of materials. 

823
00:43:33,500 --> 00:43:37,200
That would otherwise remain 
dissolved. the lime raises the 

824
00:43:37,208 --> 00:43:40,600
pH causing proteins and other 
impurities to coagulate into 

825
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,400
particles that settle out when 
the juices allowed to stand 

826
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:47,900
Modern Mills, use clarifiers 
large tanks where the juice flow

827
00:43:47,900 --> 00:43:50,600
slowly, giving solids time to 
sink to the bottom. 

828
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,000
The clear juices drawn off from 
the top. 

829
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:56,100
While the muddy sediment at the 
bottom is pressed to recover any

830
00:43:56,100 --> 00:44:01,000
remaining sugar, then discarded.
Clarifiers are typically 30 to 

831
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:03,500
50 feet, in diameter and 10 to 
15 feet. 

832
00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:07,000
Deep juice centers at the center
and flows slowly outward toward 

833
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:09,900
the rim, taking an hour, or more
to Traverse the tank. 

834
00:44:10,800 --> 00:44:14,000
This slow movement allows even 
small particles to settle under 

835
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,800
Gravity rakes rotating slowly. 
At the bottom of gather, the 

836
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:20,300
settled solids and move them 
toward a central collection 

837
00:44:20,300 --> 00:44:23,600
point from their pumps. 
Transfer, the mud to filter 

838
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,500
presses that squeeze out. 
The last drops of juice before 

839
00:44:26,500 --> 00:44:29,800
the solid material is discarded,
or used as fertilizer on nearby 

840
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:32,000
fields. 
The clarified juice. 

841
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:36,300
Now a pale amber color proceeds 
to the evaporation stage here is

842
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:39,300
where the real work begins, 
where water must be driven off 

843
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:42,800
to concentrate the sugar. 
Modern Mills, use multiple 

844
00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:46,200
effective operators, clever 
devices that reuse heat energy 

845
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:49,700
to improve efficiency. 
The principle is elegant in its 

846
00:44:49,700 --> 00:44:53,700
Simplicity boil juice in one 
vessel and the steam produced 

847
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:55,900
can heat another vessel 
operating at lower pressure. 

848
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,100
That steam can heat a third 
vessel at even lower pressure. 

849
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:03,400
And so on a 5 effect evaporator 
essentially gets five times. 

850
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:05,500
The heating for the same initial
energy input. 

851
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:09,500
The juice passes through these 
evaporators and sequence growing

852
00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:11,500
thicker and darker as water 
evaporates. 

853
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,800
By the final stage, it has 
become a heavy syrup containing 

854
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:18,700
about 60% sugar. 
This syrup, not yet, 

855
00:45:18,700 --> 00:45:20,800
crystallized proceeds to the 
vacuum pans. 

856
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:24,100
Vacuum pans are where the 
crystallization, magic happens. 

857
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:27,900
These are large vessels that 
operate under reduced pressure. 

858
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:30,500
Allowing water to boil off at 
lower temperatures. 

859
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:34,300
This is crucial because high 
heat can break down sucrose into

860
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:36,200
other sugars. 
Reducing the yield of 

861
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:39,400
recoverable crystals. 
The syrup is boiled under 

862
00:45:39,400 --> 00:45:42,700
vacuum, until it reaches super 
saturation, the point, where it 

863
00:45:42,700 --> 00:45:45,500
contains more dissolved sugar 
than the laws of chemistry say 

864
00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:48,600
it should. 
At this critical moment, workers

865
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,200
introduce seed, crystals, tiny 
particles of pure sugar. 

866
00:45:52,200 --> 00:45:55,900
That give the dissolved sugar 
something to cling to the Sea 

867
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:58,200
crystals grow, as more sugar 
molecules arrange themselves 

868
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:00,600
into the orderly. 
Lattice structure of a crystal 

869
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:05,300
The operator skill, determines 
the final Crystal size too much 

870
00:46:05,308 --> 00:46:08,000
seeding. 
Produces small crystals, too, 

871
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:11,700
little produces large irregular,
crystals the ideal is uniform 

872
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:14,400
medium-sized crystals that drain
well and pack efficiently. 

873
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:18,100
When crystallization is 
complete, the thick mixture of 

874
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:20,300
crystals and molasses is called 
Massacre. 

875
00:46:20,300 --> 00:46:24,600
It it flows from the vacuum pans
to centrifuges machines that 

876
00:46:24,608 --> 00:46:27,600
spin at high speeds, to separate
crystals from the surrounding 

877
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:31,100
liquid, the Molasses flings out 
through screens while the 

878
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:34,100
crystals too large to pass 
through, collect in the basket. 

879
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:38,100
After spinning, the raw sugar, 
crystals emerged, damp at 

880
00:46:38,100 --> 00:46:41,500
relatively clean. 
This raw sugar is Golden Brown. 

881
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:44,900
Still containing a film of 
molasses and various impurities.

882
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:49,200
Some markets accepted as his 
valuing the subtle molasses 

883
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,000
flavor. 
Most modern consumers prefer 

884
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:53,900
white sugar, which requires 
further refining. 

885
00:46:53,900 --> 00:46:57,900
The raw sugar is dissolved again
in water treated with phosphoric

886
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:01,400
acid and lime to precipitate 
impurities filtered through bone

887
00:47:01,400 --> 00:47:05,000
Char or synthetic resins to 
remove color and requested. 

888
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:09,800
The result is the pure white 
crystals, you know, 199.9% 

889
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:12,100
across with minimal tastes 
Beyond sweetness. 

890
00:47:13,100 --> 00:47:16,100
The process seems wasteful 
dissolving and recrystallizing 

891
00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:19,400
multiple times but it achieves 
the Purity that modern food 

892
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:22,200
processing demands. 
White sugar is chemically 

893
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,900
consistent completely 
predictable in cooking and 

894
00:47:24,900 --> 00:47:28,400
baking it stores indefinitely 
without change it. 

895
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:30,000
Dissolves, cleanly and 
beverages. 

896
00:47:30,000 --> 00:47:31,700
Without cloudiness, or off 
flavors. 

897
00:47:31,700 --> 00:47:35,600
These qualities invisible to 
ancient sugar makers are now 

898
00:47:35,608 --> 00:47:39,308
expected by consumers worldwide.
The sugarcane stalk in your 

899
00:47:39,316 --> 00:47:41,700
hand. 
Appears simple, just a thick 

900
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:44,100
grass. 
Stem filled with sweet Juice yet

901
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:47,300
inside this stem operates, a 
chemical Factory of remarkable 

902
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:49,600
sophistication. 
Understanding what makes 

903
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,100
sugarcane sweet requires diving 
into the molecular world, where 

904
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:56,100
sunlight becomes sugar through a
process that still impresses 

905
00:47:56,100 --> 00:47:59,500
scientists who study it. 
Photosynthesis drives, 

906
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:03,300
everything the cane leaves, 
broaden green, capture sunlight,

907
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:06,100
using chlorophyll, molecules 
this light energy. 

908
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:10,100
Splits water molecules releasing
oxygen as a byproduct and 

909
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:13,500
providing energy to combine 
carbon dioxide from the air with

910
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:15,400
hydrogen from water to form 
glucose. 

911
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:19,500
The chemical equation is 
deceptively simple, the reality 

912
00:48:19,500 --> 00:48:22,700
involves dozens of intermediate 
steps and specialized enzymes 

913
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:26,400
working in perfect coordination.
Most plants stop there using 

914
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,700
glucose for immediate energy or 
converting it to start for 

915
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:32,800
long-term storage. 
Sugarcane takes an additional 

916
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:35,500
step. 
It links glucose molecules in 

917
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,500
pairs, to form sucrose, a 
disaccharide that consists of 

918
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:41,500
one glucose molecule bonded, to 
one, fructose molecule. 

919
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,700
This across dissolves in the sap
that flows through the stem, 

920
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:48,700
creating a concentrated sugar 
solution that can reach 20% by 

921
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:53,200
weight in Prime cane, Why does 
the plant bother making sucrose 

922
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:55,700
instead of storing starch like 
wheat or rice? 

923
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:58,200
The answer lies in tropical 
biology. 

924
00:48:59,000 --> 00:49:01,900
Sugarcane grows in hot, humid 
climates, where fungal and 

925
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:03,800
bacterial attacks are constant 
threats. 

926
00:49:04,500 --> 00:49:06,900
Starch granules are easy, 
targets for these microbes 

927
00:49:06,900 --> 00:49:09,500
sucrose. 
Dissolved in liquid is harder to

928
00:49:09,500 --> 00:49:12,400
access an easier to defend with 
antimicrobial compounds. 

929
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:15,700
The plants choice of storage 
form, reflects its evolutionary,

930
00:49:15,700 --> 00:49:18,700
history and disease, prone 
environments, the sucrose 

931
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:22,000
concentration, varies along the 
stork the bottom sections, 

932
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,400
oldest and most mature contain 
the most sugar, the top 

933
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,600
sections, still growing, 
actively contain less sugar and 

934
00:49:28,600 --> 00:49:31,000
more water. 
This gradient matters to 

935
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:34,300
Harvesters who top the cane to 
remove the leafy low sugar 

936
00:49:34,300 --> 00:49:37,400
portion of in hand harvesting 
workers learned to judge. 

937
00:49:37,400 --> 00:49:40,900
The Cutting Point by feel and 
appearance mechanical Harvesters

938
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:43,600
use less precise methods. 
Accepting some loss of 

939
00:49:43,608 --> 00:49:47,100
efficiency for the sake of speed
temperature, affects sugar, 

940
00:49:47,100 --> 00:49:50,700
accumulation dramatically 
sugarcane grows best with warm 

941
00:49:50,700 --> 00:49:53,800
days and slightly cooler nights.
The warmth promotes 

942
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,900
photosynthesis while the cooler 
nights, slow respiration, 

943
00:49:56,900 --> 00:50:00,300
allowing the plant to accumulate
sugar rather than burning it for

944
00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:02,800
energy. 
In regions with distinct Seasons

945
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:06,400
sugar content Peaks just before 
Harvest as cooler weather 

946
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:08,400
reduces growth and respiration 
rates. 

947
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,800
Water availability plays an 
equally important role too much 

948
00:50:12,808 --> 00:50:15,300
water dilutes. 
The juice reducing sugar 

949
00:50:15,300 --> 00:50:17,400
concentration, too, little 
water. 

950
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,500
Stresses, the plant reducing 
overall growth and Juice 

951
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,100
production. 
The ideal is plentiful water 

952
00:50:23,100 --> 00:50:26,200
during the growth phase. 
Followed by a dryer before 

953
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:29,500
Harvest, that concentrates the 
sugar without severely limiting 

954
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:33,200
photosynthesis, irrigation 
Management in modern plantations

955
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,700
tries to mimic this pattern. 
The soil beneath the cane 

956
00:50:36,700 --> 00:50:38,000
matters more than you might 
think. 

957
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:42,400
Sugarcane is a heavy feeder, 
extracting large quantities of 

958
00:50:42,400 --> 00:50:45,100
nitrogen, phosphorus and 
potassium from the soil. 

959
00:50:45,900 --> 00:50:48,900
A crop that yields 100 tons of 
Kane per hectare removes 

960
00:50:48,900 --> 00:50:51,500
nutrients equivalent to what 
several grain crops would take 

961
00:50:51,500 --> 00:50:55,000
without replenishment. 
The soil becomes exhausted 

962
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,300
within a few seasons. 
This is why sugar plantations, 

963
00:50:58,300 --> 00:51:02,200
historically, expanded into new 
lands, leaving depleted, soils 

964
00:51:02,200 --> 00:51:04,900
behind. 
Modern agriculture addresses 

965
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:08,100
this through, fertilization 
returning nutrients to maintain 

966
00:51:08,100 --> 00:51:11,500
productivity. 
The relationship between Kane 

967
00:51:11,500 --> 00:51:14,200
and soil microbes remained in 
completely understood. 

968
00:51:15,200 --> 00:51:18,200
Certain bacteria, colonized 
sugarcane Roots fixing 

969
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:22,300
atmospheric nitrogen into forms.
The plant can use these bacteria

970
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:25,700
receive sugars from the plant in
exchange a mutually beneficial 

971
00:51:25,700 --> 00:51:28,300
Arrangement that reduces 
fertilizer requirements. 

972
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:32,600
Micrel fungi extend the root 
system effectively helping the 

973
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:35,800
plant access phosphorus and 
water from a larger soil volume.

974
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:39,100
managing these invisible 
Partners is becoming part of 

975
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,300
sustainable sugarcane, 
agriculture Pest Management 

976
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:46,600
challenges every grower Dozens 
of insect species attacks. 

977
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,000
Sugarcane from boras that tunnel
into storks to aphids, that 

978
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:54,200
sucks sap from leaves each pest.
Species has its preferred Kane 

979
00:51:54,200 --> 00:51:56,100
variety and environmental 
conditions. 

980
00:51:56,100 --> 00:51:59,500
Some become major problems. 
Only in certain regions or 

981
00:51:59,500 --> 00:52:02,400
Seasons chemical. 
Control was once the default 

982
00:52:02,400 --> 00:52:05,700
response but environmental 
concerns and pest resistance. 

983
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:08,800
Have pushed the industry toward 
integrated Pest Management 

984
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:12,600
strategies, these strategies 
combined multiple approaches 

985
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:15,700
plant breeders, develop 
resistant varieties that pests 

986
00:52:15,700 --> 00:52:17,700
find less attractive or harder 
to damage. 

987
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:20,400
Cultural practices like field, 
sanitation. 

988
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:24,200
Remove pests, breeding site, 
biological controls introduced 

989
00:52:24,200 --> 00:52:26,700
natural, predators that keep 
pest population in check 

990
00:52:26,700 --> 00:52:30,500
selective pesticides, Target 
specific pests while sparing 

991
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:32,900
beneficial insects. 
The goal is stable. 

992
00:52:32,900 --> 00:52:36,500
Manageable pest pressure rather 
than complete eradication, which

993
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:38,600
is neither possible nor 
ecologically wise. 

994
00:52:39,300 --> 00:52:42,700
Disease management. 
Poses, similar challenges fungal

995
00:52:42,700 --> 00:52:46,600
rusts, turn leaves orange and 
reduce photosynthesis, smut 

996
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:49,100
fungi, produce whip-like 
structures, instead of normal 

997
00:52:49,100 --> 00:52:51,400
stalks eliminating sugar 
production. 

998
00:52:52,200 --> 00:52:56,100
Viral diseases, stunt growth and
yellow leaves once established 

999
00:52:56,100 --> 00:52:58,300
in a field. 
Many diseases are impossible to 

1000
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:02,000
eliminate, only managed, This is
why disease-free planting 

1001
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,400
material from certified. 
Nurseries is so, important 

1002
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:08,900
prevention is far easier than 
cure climate change is altering 

1003
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:10,600
the calculus of sugarcane 
production. 

1004
00:53:11,500 --> 00:53:13,900
Rising temperatures favored 
growth in some regions while 

1005
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:17,000
making others too hot. 
Changing rainfall patterns 

1006
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:19,900
create water stress in 
historically, reliable areas. 

1007
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:23,900
More intense storms damage, 
standing cane, complicating 

1008
00:53:23,900 --> 00:53:26,700
Harvest, and causing lodging 
where stocks fall over and wrote

1009
00:53:26,700 --> 00:53:29,600
increased atmospheric. 
Carbon dioxide might boost 

1010
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:32,800
photosynthesis but could also 
favored weeds that compete with 

1011
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:35,500
the crop. 
Researchers are developing Kane 

1012
00:53:35,500 --> 00:53:39,100
varieties adapted to these new 
conditions, drought tolerant 

1013
00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:42,300
varieties that maintain sugar 
content with less water heat 

1014
00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:44,900
tolerant varieties that 
photosynthesize efficiently at 

1015
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:47,800
higher temperatures storm 
resistant varieties with 

1016
00:53:47,800 --> 00:53:49,600
stronger stalks and better route
and courage. 

1017
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:53,500
These breeding efforts take 
years to yield results but they 

1018
00:53:53,508 --> 00:53:55,900
represent the industry's best 
hope for maintaining 

1019
00:53:55,900 --> 00:53:57,600
productivity as the climate 
shifts. 

1020
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:00,600
The science extends beyond the 
field to the factory, 

1021
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:04,400
understanding the chemistry of 
juice clarification allows 

1022
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:08,000
Engineers to design better 
processes. knowing how sugar 

1023
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:11,000
crystals form enables operators 
to control Crystal size 

1024
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:14,700
precisely recognizing the 
thermal properties of molasses 

1025
00:54:14,700 --> 00:54:16,700
helps optimize evaporator 
design. 

1026
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:20,500
Modern sugar production is as 
much applied chemistry, as 

1027
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:23,600
agriculture one, fascinating 
area of research involves 

1028
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,400
turning sugar into things other 
than sweetener the same sarcos 

1029
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:29,000
molecules can be. 
Starting materials for 

1030
00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:32,500
biodegradable Plastics, 
pharmaceutical compounds and 

1031
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:36,000
Industrial chemicals. 
Fermentation of sugar produces 

1032
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,300
ethanol which Brazil is used as 
vehicle fuel for decades. 

1033
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:43,500
The vision is a sugarcane 
bio-refinery, that produces not 

1034
00:54:43,500 --> 00:54:47,100
just sugar, but a range of 
valuable products maximizing, 

1035
00:54:47,100 --> 00:54:49,400
the value extracted, from each 
hectare planted. 

1036
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:52,800
The environmental footprint of 
sugar production is under 

1037
00:54:52,800 --> 00:54:55,900
increasing scrutiny. 
Growing Kane requires water 

1038
00:54:55,900 --> 00:55:00,200
fertilizer and often pesticides 
processing, consumes energy and 

1039
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,200
produces waste. 
Yet sugarcane is relatively 

1040
00:55:03,200 --> 00:55:06,600
efficient compared to many 
crops, it captures solar energy.

1041
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:10,300
Well, produces high yields per 
hectare and the baggis provides 

1042
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:14,400
renewable fuel for processing. 
Life cycle analysis suggests 

1043
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:17,800
that Sugar from Kane has lower 
environmental impact than sugar 

1044
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:20,000
from beets. 
The other major sugar crop 

1045
00:55:20,000 --> 00:55:22,300
improving this footprint further
as possible. 

1046
00:55:22,300 --> 00:55:25,100
More efficient irrigation 
systems reduce water. 

1047
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:27,600
Use Precision. 
Agriculture applies. 

1048
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,100
Fertilizers only when needed in 
the amounts needed. 

1049
00:55:30,800 --> 00:55:33,900
Biological pest controls reduce 
pesticide requirements, 

1050
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:37,700
factories recover, more energy 
from bagasse and investing 

1051
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:41,400
cleaner Technologies. 
The economics increase in these 

1052
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:44,900
improvements as resource costs 
rise and environmental 

1053
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:48,200
regulations. 
Tighten Story of sugar. 

1054
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:51,800
From a molecular perspective, is
one of elegant efficiency. 

1055
00:55:51,800 --> 00:55:56,000
Sunlight becomes glucose becomes
sucrose becomes crystals becomes

1056
00:55:56,000 --> 00:55:59,700
the sweetness on your tongue. 
Each step involves precise 

1057
00:55:59,700 --> 00:56:02,300
chemistry occurring at room 
temperature without harsh 

1058
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:05,600
reagents or high pressures. 
The plant does most of the work 

1059
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,800
human Ingenuity, simply extracts
and purifies. 

1060
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:11,900
What the Kane produces, the 
Sugar Bowl on your breakfast, 

1061
00:56:11,900 --> 00:56:14,900
table contains, no hint of the 
history inside it. 

1062
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:17,900
The white crystals could have 
come from Brazil, India, 

1063
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:21,000
Thailand, or any of dozens of 
producing countries. 

1064
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,300
They might have been extracted 
from Kane, or from sugar, beets 

1065
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,100
the European crop that 
eventually challenged Kane's 

1066
00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:31,100
dominance The only certainty is 
that somewhere recently a plant 

1067
00:56:31,108 --> 00:56:34,300
photosynthesis Sunshine into 
sweetness, and Industrial 

1068
00:56:34,300 --> 00:56:37,200
processes transform that 
sweetness into the pure 

1069
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:39,400
crystalline form. 
You casually spoon into your 

1070
00:56:39,408 --> 00:56:41,800
coffee, your annual sugar 
consumption. 

1071
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:46,000
If you are average amounts to 
about 60 pounds, this is down 

1072
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:49,000
from the peak in the late 20th 
century, but still far more than

1073
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:51,100
any pre-industrial person 
consumed. 

1074
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:54,900
Some of the sugar you add 
directly sweetening beverages or

1075
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:58,100
sprinkling on cereal, most of it
arrives hidden in processed 

1076
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:01,900
foods, bread contains sugar 
pasta sauce, contains sugar, 

1077
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:06,000
yogurt salad, dressing and can 
soup all contain sugar. 

1078
00:57:06,000 --> 00:57:09,100
The food industry, discovered 
long ago, that a touch of 

1079
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:12,100
sweetness, makes almost 
everything more palatable and 

1080
00:57:12,100 --> 00:57:15,600
keeps customers coming back. 
The health implications of this 

1081
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:18,300
High consumption have become 
impossible to ignore. 

1082
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:23,200
Excess sugar contributes to 
obesity, diabetes tooth decay 

1083
00:57:23,200 --> 00:57:25,500
and possibly cardiovascular 
disease. 

1084
00:57:25,500 --> 00:57:29,200
Public Health Advocates call for
reduced consumption and 

1085
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,300
restrictions on marketing sugary
products. 

1086
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:34,900
The sugar industry defends its 
product and disputes the 

1087
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,700
strength of the evidence. 
The debate rages, while 

1088
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:41,100
consumption, patterns slowly 
shift toward less, sugar, and 

1089
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:44,700
more, artificial sweeteners. 
Yet Sugar's role, in food. 

1090
00:57:44,700 --> 00:57:47,600
Preservation, deserves 
recognition high sugar 

1091
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,300
concentrations, prevent 
microbial growth through a 

1092
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:52,800
process called osmotic pressure 
bacteria. 

1093
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:56,700
Fungi need water to survive in 
concentrated, sugar Solutions, 

1094
00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,100
water molecules bond to sugar 
molecules becoming unavailable 

1095
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:03,000
to microbes. 
This is why jams, jellies and 

1096
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,300
candied fruits last from months.
Without Refrigeration before 

1097
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:08,800
Refrigeration became common 
sugar preservation. 

1098
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,700
Kept fruits available year-round
Baking relies on sugar for more 

1099
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,800
than sweetness sugar. 
Tenderizes dough by interfering 

1100
00:58:15,800 --> 00:58:18,700
with gluten formation. 
It helps cakes Brown through 

1101
00:58:18,700 --> 00:58:21,300
caramelization and mayard 
reactions. 

1102
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:24,200
It retains moisture. 
Keeping baked goods fresh 

1103
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:26,700
longer. 
It provides food for yeast in 

1104
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:28,300
bread, making speeding 
fermentation. 

1105
00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:32,200
Pastry chefs could list a dozen 
additional functions that Sugar 

1106
00:58:32,200 --> 00:58:35,500
performs in their craft. 
Replacing sugar in recipes, 

1107
00:58:35,500 --> 00:58:37,800
rarely simple because it does so
many things simultaneously. 

1108
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:41,700
The beverage industry, consumes 
enormous, quantities of sugar, 

1109
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:45,300
Single 12-ounce soft drink 
contains about 40 grams of 

1110
00:58:45,300 --> 00:58:49,700
sugar, roughly 10 teaspoons. 
Multiply this by billions of 

1111
00:58:49,700 --> 00:58:52,200
servings worldwide and you begin
to grasp the scale. 

1112
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:54,600
Soft. 
Drink manufacturers are among 

1113
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:58,200
the largest industrial sugar 
buyers purchasing on contract 

1114
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:01,600
months or years in advance to 
secure Supply and stabilize 

1115
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,100
prices. 
The shift toward diet beverages 

1116
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:07,300
using artificial sweeteners has 
reduced but not eliminated, this

1117
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:10,900
demand many consumers still 
prefer the taste of real sugar. 

1118
00:59:10,900 --> 00:59:14,500
Some markets particularly in 
developing countries show 

1119
00:59:14,500 --> 00:59:17,400
Growing rather than declining 
soft drink consumption. 

1120
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:21,900
The industry projects continued 
strong demand for decades 

1121
00:59:21,900 --> 00:59:24,300
though. 
Growth rates of slowed in health

1122
00:59:24,300 --> 00:59:28,300
conscious developed markets. 
Sugars industrial uses extend. 

1123
00:59:28,300 --> 00:59:32,200
Well beyond food pharmaceutical 
companies, use it as a base for 

1124
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:34,200
syrups and an recipient in 
tablets. 

1125
00:59:34,200 --> 00:59:37,400
The Cosmetics industry 
incorporate it into scrubs and 

1126
00:59:37,400 --> 00:59:40,500
exfoliant chemical 
manufacturers, fermented into 

1127
00:59:40,500 --> 00:59:44,700
acids alcohols and polymers. 
These non-food uses represent a 

1128
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:47,700
small percentage of total 
production but demonstrate 

1129
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:51,600
sugars versatility as a chemical
feedstock. the economics of 

1130
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:55,000
sugar are complex and often 
political Many countries, 

1131
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:57,400
protect domestic sugar 
Industries with tariffs and 

1132
00:59:57,408 --> 01:00:00,700
quotas, the United States 
maintains a price support system

1133
01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:04,000
that keeps domestic sugar prices
well above World Market levels. 

1134
01:00:04,700 --> 01:00:08,500
The European Union, subsidizes 
beet Growers, these policies, 

1135
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:12,100
distort markets, creating 
winners and losers, that Lobby 

1136
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:14,100
furiously to maintain or change 
the rules. 

1137
01:00:14,100 --> 01:00:17,700
World sugar prices fluctuate, 
based on harvest outcomes in 

1138
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:21,000
major producing countries. 
A drought in Brazil, sends 

1139
01:00:21,000 --> 01:00:23,500
prices spiking bumper. 
Crops in India, send them 

1140
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:27,500
tumbling Traders speculate on 
future prices buying and selling

1141
01:00:27,500 --> 01:00:29,500
contracts in global commodity 
markets. 

1142
01:00:30,500 --> 01:00:33,100
The price volatility creates 
risk for both Growers and 

1143
01:00:33,100 --> 01:00:36,400
consumers though, Futures 
markets, offer hedging, tools 

1144
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,500
for those sophisticated enough 
to use them, small, holder 

1145
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:42,200
farmers in developing countries.
Often struggle in this system, 

1146
01:00:42,200 --> 01:00:45,700
they produce sugar on a few 
Acres, lack bargaining power 

1147
01:00:45,700 --> 01:00:48,600
with Mills and receive prices, 
barely covering production 

1148
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,300
costs. 
Fair trade initiatives, try to 

1149
01:00:51,308 --> 01:00:54,000
address this by guaranteeing 
minimum prices and providing 

1150
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:57,000
technical support. 
The impact is real, but limited 

1151
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:59,700
affecting only a small fraction 
of Global Production. 

1152
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:03,100
Large-scale, plantations, 
particularly those owned by 

1153
01:01:03,100 --> 01:01:06,700
multinational corporations have 
economic advantages that small 

1154
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:09,900
farmers cannot match. 
They achieve economies of scale 

1155
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:12,900
in planting harvesting and 
processing, they can afford 

1156
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:16,200
modern equipment and Technology.
They have access to credit and 

1157
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,500
expertise. 
The result is an industry Trend 

1158
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:23,000
toward consolidation with 
production concentrating, in 

1159
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:24,700
larger, more efficient 
operations. 

1160
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:28,300
The labor situation has improved
from slavery and indentured 

1161
01:01:28,300 --> 01:01:32,200
servitude, but challenges remain
cane cutting were still done by 

1162
01:01:32,208 --> 01:01:34,700
hand. 
Remains dangerous and poorly 

1163
01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:37,600
paid in many countries. 
Workers face heat, stress, 

1164
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,100
repetitive motion injuries and 
exposure to agricultural 

1165
01:01:41,100 --> 01:01:44,300
chemicals. 
Labor rights organizations, push

1166
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:48,600
for better conditions and wages.
Progress happens slowly often 

1167
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:51,400
following scandals that expose, 
particularly egregious 

1168
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,900
situations mechanization 
eliminates, many of these jobs 

1169
01:01:54,900 --> 01:01:58,700
creating a different problem. 
For McCain, workers often with 

1170
01:01:58,700 --> 01:02:02,000
limited education and fuel 
alternative skills, struggled to

1171
01:02:02,008 --> 01:02:05,300
find new employment rural 
communities that depended on 

1172
01:02:05,300 --> 01:02:07,700
harvest season jobs face, 
economic decline. 

1173
01:02:08,500 --> 01:02:11,300
The transition from labor 
intensive to Capital intensive 

1174
01:02:11,300 --> 01:02:13,000
production creates winners and 
losers. 

1175
01:02:13,000 --> 01:02:15,800
And the losers rarely have 
political voice to shape 

1176
01:02:15,800 --> 01:02:20,200
outcomes in mental activists 
focus on different issues, water

1177
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:22,800
pollution from fertilizer. 
Runoff damages rivers and 

1178
01:02:22,808 --> 01:02:27,700
coastal areas pesticide use 
harms non-target species habitat

1179
01:02:27,700 --> 01:02:31,800
Destruction for Kane plantations
reduces biodiversity burning 

1180
01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:34,200
Fields before Harvest still 
practiced. 

1181
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:37,100
In some countries, produces air 
pollution and carbon emissions 

1182
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,900
the industry responds with 
sustainability initiatives, some

1183
01:02:40,900 --> 01:02:42,900
genuine and some merely public 
relations. 

1184
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:46,400
The potential for sugarcane as a
renewable energy source, 

1185
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:50,100
complicates the environmental 
assessment, Brazil demonstrates,

1186
01:02:50,100 --> 01:02:52,800
the cane ethanol can replace 
Petroleum in transportation. 

1187
01:02:53,700 --> 01:02:56,600
But Gasser can generate 
electricity potentially with 

1188
01:02:56,600 --> 01:03:00,500
Surplus for sale to the grid. 
These uses reduced dependence on

1189
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:04,000
fossil fuels and lower net. 
Carbon emissions, whether sugar 

1190
01:03:04,000 --> 01:03:06,600
or fuel is the better use of 
Cain is a question. 

1191
01:03:06,608 --> 01:03:10,400
Each Country Must answer based 
on its own circumstances and 

1192
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:14,200
priorities looking forward 
Global sugar, consumption 

1193
01:03:14,200 --> 01:03:17,600
continues to rise driven by 
population, growth and economic 

1194
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:21,600
development in Asia and Africa. 
China, India and Indonesia are 

1195
01:03:21,600 --> 01:03:25,300
major growth markets per capita 
consumption in these countries 

1196
01:03:25,300 --> 01:03:29,300
remains below Western levels, 
but is increasing Meeting this 

1197
01:03:29,300 --> 01:03:32,400
demand will require expanded 
production or improved 

1198
01:03:32,400 --> 01:03:36,300
efficiency or both genetic 
modification offers One path. 

1199
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:40,300
To higher yields researchers 
have developed GM Kane varieties

1200
01:03:40,300 --> 01:03:43,200
within enhanced disease. 
Resistance, herbicide tolerance 

1201
01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:47,200
and sugar content. 
However, public resistance to GM

1202
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:50,400
crops limits their adoption. 
Only a few countries, allow 

1203
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:53,500
commercial cultivation, of GM 
sugarcane and consumer, 

1204
01:03:53,500 --> 01:03:56,600
acceptance remains uncertain 
even where cultivation is legal.

1205
01:03:57,600 --> 01:04:00,700
Traditional breeding continues 
to deliver steady improvements 

1206
01:04:00,700 --> 01:04:04,300
new varieties, yield more sugar 
per hectare than those of a 

1207
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:06,900
generation ago. 
They require less water and 

1208
01:04:06,900 --> 01:04:10,500
tolerate more variable, whether 
these gains accumulate slowly. 

1209
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:13,100
But steadily raising 
productivity without the 

1210
01:04:13,108 --> 01:04:17,800
controversy surrounding genetic 
modification, the sugar industry

1211
01:04:17,800 --> 01:04:21,200
faces, a future of adaptation. 
Climate change resource 

1212
01:04:21,200 --> 01:04:24,200
scarcity, changing consumer 
preferences, and evolving 

1213
01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:26,900
regulations. 
All demand responses the 

1214
01:04:26,900 --> 01:04:29,700
companies and countries that 
adapt successfully will Thrive. 

1215
01:04:29,700 --> 01:04:33,000
Those that cling to Old methods 
and assumptions will struggle, 

1216
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:37,200
The plant itself that remarkable
grass from New Guinea will 

1217
01:04:37,200 --> 01:04:41,000
continue doing what it is done 
for 9,000 years, converting 

1218
01:04:41,000 --> 01:04:44,200
sunlight into sweetness. 
Regardless of the human drama 

1219
01:04:44,200 --> 01:04:47,600
surrounding it, the darkness 
outside your window is complete.

1220
01:04:47,600 --> 01:04:51,000
Now, story of sugarcane has 
carried you from ancient 

1221
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:55,200
Highlands to Modern trees, from 
simple, crushing between stones 

1222
01:04:55,200 --> 01:04:58,900
to Industrial scale refineries 
You have followed this plant to 

1223
01:04:58,900 --> 01:05:01,900
cross Ocean's and through 
centuries watching it shape, 

1224
01:05:01,900 --> 01:05:05,600
economies and alter landscapes. 
The sweetness in your tea 

1225
01:05:05,600 --> 01:05:07,500
tomorrow morning. 
Connects you to this vast 

1226
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:09,900
history though. 
You likely will not think of it.

1227
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:13,500
While you sit sugarcane remains 
one of the most important crops 

1228
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:17,800
on Earth grown on more than 26 
million hectares worldwide, it 

1229
01:05:17,800 --> 01:05:23,100
produces over 1.9 billion tons 
of Kane annually About 80% of 

1230
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:25,600
global sugar comes from cane 
with beets. 

1231
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:30,500
Providing the remainder. 
Brazil, India, China, Thailand 

1232
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,300
and Pakistan. 
Are the top producers though, 

1233
01:05:33,300 --> 01:05:35,100
dozens of countries grow at 
commercially. 

1234
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:38,300
The plant that began in New 
Guinea has adapted to conditions

1235
01:05:38,300 --> 01:05:42,500
from sea level to Mountain. 
Slopes from Monsoon climates to 

1236
01:05:42,500 --> 01:05:46,000
irrigated deserts varieties. 
Now exists for almost every 

1237
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:47,600
tropical and subtropical 
environment. 

1238
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:50,900
Plant breeders, continue 
developing new varieties. 

1239
01:05:50,900 --> 01:05:53,800
And showing that sugarcane 
remains productive in changing 

1240
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:56,700
conditions. 
Pace of improvement has actually

1241
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,900
accelerated with modern genetic 
tools and better understanding 

1242
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,400
of plant biology. 
Processing technology continues 

1243
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:06,900
to advance as well newmill. 
Designs extract more juice with 

1244
01:06:06,900 --> 01:06:10,800
less energy, crystallization 
methods, produce pure sugar with

1245
01:06:10,800 --> 01:06:14,500
higher yields Waste Management 
Systems, turn by products into 

1246
01:06:14,500 --> 01:06:17,200
valuable materials, rather than 
environmental problems. 

1247
01:06:17,200 --> 01:06:19,800
The industry becomes more 
efficient to each year. 

1248
01:06:19,800 --> 01:06:23,200
Producing more sugar from each 
hectare planted in each ton of 

1249
01:06:23,208 --> 01:06:25,900
Cain crushed. 
Yet for all this modernization, 

1250
01:06:25,900 --> 01:06:30,000
something essential remains 
unchanged Sugar cane is still a 

1251
01:06:30,008 --> 01:06:31,900
grass that photosynthesize 
sunlight. 

1252
01:06:31,900 --> 01:06:35,100
It still requires planting 
nurturing and harvesting. 

1253
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,500
It still yields its sweetness 
through the same basic processes

1254
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:41,900
used thousands of years ago, 
just at much larger scale and 

1255
01:06:41,900 --> 01:06:45,700
higher efficiency. 
The fundamental persist beneath 

1256
01:06:45,700 --> 01:06:48,900
the technological overlay, the 
human relationship with 

1257
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:52,900
sweetness predates sugarcane. 
We evolved to Crave sweet taste 

1258
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:55,200
because they signaled 
calorie-rich Foods in 

1259
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:56,900
environments. 
Where calories were often? 

1260
01:06:56,900 --> 01:07:01,400
Scarce ripe, fruit, honey, and 
sweet, Roots provided quick 

1261
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:05,500
energy, that improves survival. 
This biological Drive made sugar

1262
01:07:05,500 --> 01:07:09,300
instantly appealing when humans.
First encountered it, the plants

1263
01:07:09,300 --> 01:07:12,000
simply offered a way to satisfy 
a craving built into our 

1264
01:07:12,008 --> 01:07:15,700
neurology that craving has led 
us on a remarkable Journey. 

1265
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:18,700
We have bred the plant into 
varieties are ancestors. 

1266
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:22,000
Would not recognize we have 
built Industries around it. 

1267
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,400
That employ Millions we've 
created Cuisines that depend on 

1268
01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:28,000
its presence. 
The fought Wars partially 

1269
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,200
motivated by control of sugar 
supplies, few plants have 

1270
01:07:31,200 --> 01:07:34,000
influenced human history as 
profoundly as this humble grass.

1271
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:37,700
the future of sugar production 
will likely involve continued 

1272
01:07:37,700 --> 01:07:41,700
efficiency improvements and 
gradual expansion in developing 

1273
01:07:41,700 --> 01:07:44,700
countries where demand is 
growing Climate change will 

1274
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:48,100
shift production geography, 
favoring some regions, While 

1275
01:07:48,100 --> 01:07:51,400
disadvantaging others. 
Water skis to May limit 

1276
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:54,000
expansion in areas that 
historically, relied on 

1277
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:57,500
irrigation labor costs and 
availability will continue 

1278
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:01,100
driving mechanization. 
Where conditions permit The 

1279
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:03,600
health debates around sugar 
consumption will persist and 

1280
01:08:03,600 --> 01:08:07,600
probably intensify. evidence, 
linking excessive sugar intake 

1281
01:08:07,600 --> 01:08:11,100
to various health problems 
continues accumulating Public 

1282
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:15,100
policy responses from soda taxes
to labeling, requirements will 

1283
01:08:15,100 --> 01:08:18,899
affect consumption patterns. 
The industry will adapt like by 

1284
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:21,899
diversifying into producing 
sugar, alcohols natural 

1285
01:08:21,899 --> 01:08:25,100
sweeteners from other plants and
non-food products from Kane. 

1286
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,800
Biomass sustainability will 
become increasingly important as

1287
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:32,000
consumers and Regulators demand 
more environmentally friendly 

1288
01:08:32,000 --> 01:08:35,300
production. 
Organic sugar already, occupies 

1289
01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:37,200
a small, but growing Market 
niche. 

1290
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:40,899
Carbon neutral production, where
emissions from growing and 

1291
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:43,800
processing are offset by carbon 
sequestration in soils, and 

1292
01:08:43,800 --> 01:08:46,200
plants may become a marketing 
Advantage. 

1293
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:49,600
Water efficient production 
methods will be essential in 

1294
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:50,500
water. 
Scarce regions. 

1295
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:55,000
The developing world will likely
see the most change as countries

1296
01:08:55,000 --> 01:08:58,500
like India, Brazil and Thailand.
Continue modernizing their sugar

1297
01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:00,700
Industries. 
Smallholder farmers face 

1298
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:04,399
difficult choices Consolidated 
into larger more efficient 

1299
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:06,899
operations or exit. 
The industry entirely. 

1300
01:09:06,899 --> 01:09:10,300
This transition will reshape 
rural communities across the 

1301
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:13,600
tropics creating winners and 
losers on a massive scale. 

1302
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,000
The developed world has already 
completed much of this 

1303
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:20,500
transition sugar production in 
the United States, Australia, 

1304
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:23,899
and Europe is highly mechanized 
and dominated by large 

1305
01:09:23,899 --> 01:09:26,800
operations. 
Further efficiency gains are 

1306
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:29,600
possible, but incremental. 
These countries will likely 

1307
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:33,100
maintain production levels while
slowly reducing the labor force 

1308
01:09:33,100 --> 01:09:34,600
through Automation and 
attrition. 

1309
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:38,600
One intriguing possibility is 
sugar production moving into new

1310
01:09:38,600 --> 01:09:42,100
regions as climate change. 
Alter suitability areas 

1311
01:09:42,100 --> 01:09:45,100
currently too cool for sugarcane
might become viable in coming 

1312
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:47,300
decades. 
This could redistribute 

1313
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:50,700
production geographically 
creating new sugar Industries in

1314
01:09:50,700 --> 01:09:53,800
unexpected places while 
traditional regions face 

1315
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:55,600
challenges from heat stress and 
water. 

1316
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,200
Scarce City, the science of 
sugar will advance in 

1317
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:01,900
researchers. 
Study, everything from improving

1318
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:05,300
photosynthesis efficiency to 
engineering microbes, that 

1319
01:10:05,300 --> 01:10:08,900
produce sugar from cellulose, 
Some Envision, a future where 

1320
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,800
sugar comes from genetically 
modified bacteria, growing 

1321
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,500
infirmation tanks, rather than 
from fields of Kane whether such

1322
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:17,700
radical changes occur remains on
certain. 

1323
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:21,900
But the research continues what 
seems certain is that humans 

1324
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:25,200
will continue craving sweetness 
and some form of sugar will 

1325
01:10:25,200 --> 01:10:30,000
continue satisfying that craving
Whether from Cain beats 

1326
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:34,700
engineered microbes or as yet 
unknown sources sugar and some 

1327
01:10:34,700 --> 01:10:36,400
form will remain part of the 
human diet. 

1328
01:10:37,200 --> 01:10:40,900
The specific plant may change 
but the fundamental relationship

1329
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:44,000
between humans and sweetness 
seems likely to persist. 

1330
01:10:45,400 --> 01:10:49,000
Story of sugarcane is ultimately
a story about human Ingenuity 

1331
01:10:49,000 --> 01:10:51,800
and desire. 
We took a wild grass and 

1332
01:10:51,800 --> 01:10:54,000
transformed it into an 
industrial commodity. 

1333
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,500
We spread it across the world 
and built civilizations around 

1334
01:10:57,500 --> 01:10:59,900
its production. 
We developed sophisticated 

1335
01:10:59,900 --> 01:11:04,100
processing methods to extract 
its sweetness we created uses 

1336
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:06,200
for it far beyond simple 
consumption. 

1337
01:11:06,200 --> 01:11:10,200
All this effort sprang from a 
basic biological craving for 

1338
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:12,000
sweet. 
Tastes tomorrow morning. 

1339
01:11:12,000 --> 01:11:15,000
When you add sugar to your 
coffee, you participate in a 

1340
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:17,700
ritual that connects you to 
billions of people across time 

1341
01:11:17,700 --> 01:11:21,000
and space. 
The person in Ancient India, who

1342
01:11:21,000 --> 01:11:25,100
first boiled juice into crystals
the enslaved African Force to 

1343
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,400
harvest Cain in the Caribbean. 
The modern Brazilian, farmer, 

1344
01:11:28,400 --> 01:11:32,400
managing hundreds of hectares, 
with GPS guided equipment, The 

1345
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,400
factory worker monitoring 
crystallization in a vacuum pan.

1346
01:11:35,400 --> 01:11:39,200
All of you are part of the same 
story separated by time and 

1347
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:42,300
Circumstance but United by 
involvement with this remarkable

1348
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:46,400
plant The sweetness on your 
tongue is 9,000 years of History

1349
01:11:46,400 --> 01:11:49,900
condensed into a crystal. 
It is sunlight captured and 

1350
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:53,500
concentrated transformed from 
photons into molecules through 

1351
01:11:53,500 --> 01:11:57,100
biological processes. 
We barely understand it is human

1352
01:11:57,100 --> 01:11:59,800
desire. 
May tangible a craving satisfied

1353
01:11:59,800 --> 01:12:01,600
through Agriculture and 
Industry. 

1354
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:06,200
Working in concert It is, in its
way a small miracle that we take

1355
01:12:06,200 --> 01:12:09,100
for granted because it happens a
billion times a day across the 

1356
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:10,400
world. 
So sleep. 

1357
01:12:10,400 --> 01:12:13,800
Well tonight, dear friend, let 
the story of sugarcane carry, 

1358
01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:17,700
you gently into rest tomorrow, 
the sun will rise again and 

1359
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:21,000
somewhere fields of Kane will 
grow and the ancient cycle will 

1360
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:25,300
continue The plant that changed 
the world grows on converting 

1361
01:12:25,300 --> 01:12:29,000
light into sweetness. 
Staining Industries shaping, 

1362
01:12:29,000 --> 01:12:33,200
Landscapes and satisfying that 
fundamental human craving for 

1363
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:35,100
just a little more sugar in our 
lives. 

1364
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:39,800
Sweet dreams await, you as sweet
as the cane juice that flowed 

1365
01:12:39,800 --> 01:12:44,300
from crushed, stalks 9,000 years
ago and a sweet as the refined 

1366
01:12:44,300 --> 01:12:47,800
crystals that sweeten your 
morning coffee rest now, and 

1367
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:50,400
thank you for sharing this 
Journey Through Time and across 

1368
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:52,900
continents. 
If you enjoyed wandering, 

1369
01:12:52,900 --> 01:12:56,000
through the fields of history 
with me tonight, I hope you will

1370
01:12:56,000 --> 01:13:06,100
return for another story soon. 
Picture yourself standing at the

1371
01:13:06,108 --> 01:13:08,900
edge of a vast Frozen plane 
somewhere in. 

1372
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:10,800
What will one day be called 
Siberia? 

1373
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,200
The year is approximately 15,000
BCE though. 

1374
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:17,200
Calendars won't exist for 
thousands of years yet. 

1375
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,700
The landscape stretches 
endlessly before you a rolling 

1376
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:26,500
expanse, of tundra, grass, 
patches of snow and Scattered 

1377
01:13:26,500 --> 01:13:29,700
stands of Hardy pine trees. 
That somehow survived the brutal

1378
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,800
cold. 
The air bites at your Exposed 

1379
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,100
Skin with a sharpness that makes
your eyes water. 

1380
01:13:35,100 --> 01:13:39,600
And when you exhale, your breath
crystallizes, instantly into 

1381
01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:41,800
tiny, ice particles that drift 
away. 

1382
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:45,200
Like mint just Stars, this is 
the place to see people. 

1383
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:48,000
The great ice age that has 
gripped. 

1384
01:13:48,000 --> 01:13:52,100
The Earth for millennia Massive.
Glaciers some more than a mile, 

1385
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:54,400
thick cover much of the northern
hemisphere. 

1386
01:13:55,300 --> 01:13:58,100
But you're not standing on Ice, 
you're in one of the Refuge 

1387
01:13:58,100 --> 01:14:01,500
zones, the areas between the 
glaciers, where life cling 

1388
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:05,300
stubbornly to existence. 
The sun, hangs low on the 

1389
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:06,700
horizon. 
Even at midday. 

1390
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:10,000
Casting everything, in a 
peculiar amber light. 

1391
01:14:10,000 --> 01:14:13,000
That makes the snow Sparkle like
scattered diamonds. 

1392
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:16,800
You clothing, is a Masterwork of
survival technology though. 

1393
01:14:16,800 --> 01:14:17,900
You wouldn't think of it that 
way? 

1394
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:22,100
You're wrapped in carefully 
prepared, animal hides reindeer 

1395
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,200
primarily with the fur turned 
inward for warmth. 

1396
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:29,300
Your boots are stuffed with 
dried grass for insulation and 

1397
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:31,700
your hands are covered in 
mittens made from the winter 

1398
01:14:31,700 --> 01:14:35,600
coat of a woolly mammoth calf. 
Every piece of clothing 

1399
01:14:35,600 --> 01:14:41,000
represents hours of work. 
Scraping tanning and sowing with

1400
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:44,900
needles made from bird bones and
thread made from animal sinew 

1401
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:48,000
around. 
You the Ice Age megafauna go 

1402
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:50,700
about their business with the 
Casual indifference of creatures

1403
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:52,200
who've never learned to fear 
humans. 

1404
01:14:53,500 --> 01:14:56,800
A small herd of woolly mammoths 
moved slowly across the plain 

1405
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:00,000
about half a mile away to Shaggy
rust. 

1406
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:02,600
Colored coats swaying with each 
ponderous step. 

1407
01:15:03,500 --> 01:15:06,400
They're smaller than modern 
elephants, actually only about 

1408
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,100
nine feet tall at the shoulder 
but they're enormous curved 

1409
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:13,500
tusks some reaching 16 feet in 
length. 

1410
01:15:13,500 --> 01:15:16,900
Make them look like creatures 
from a fever dream, The 

1411
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:20,800
Matriarch uses her trunk to 
sweep away snow exposing the 

1412
01:15:20,800 --> 01:15:23,300
dried grass beneath and the 
others follow. 

1413
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:26,900
Her lead creating a scattered 
pattern of feeding spots. 

1414
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:30,300
Across the white expanse. 
Further out, you spot a woolly 

1415
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:32,900
rhinoceros. 
It's two horns, catching the low

1416
01:15:32,900 --> 01:15:35,300
sunlight. 
It's a solitary creature. 

1417
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:39,500
This one methodically working 
its way of the tundra in search 

1418
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:42,600
of the Woody shrubs it prefers 
its wool. 

1419
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:47,100
Hangs in ragged strips not a 
sign of poor health but simply 

1420
01:15:47,100 --> 01:15:50,000
the normal appearance of an 
animal whose coat has evolved to

1421
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:52,900
survive temperatures that would 
kill most modern mammals within 

1422
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:57,400
hours ahead of Step by son, the 
ancestors of modern American 

1423
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:02,100
Bison but larger with horns 
spanning six feet across grazes 

1424
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:04,900
in the middle distance. 
Their darker than the snow 

1425
01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:08,500
around the breath, creating 
small clouds that hang in the 

1426
01:16:08,508 --> 01:16:12,600
still cold air. 
One of them paused at the ground

1427
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:15,700
breaking through the snow crust,
to reach the vegetation below 

1428
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,500
and the sound carries clearly 
across the Frozen landscape. 

1429
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:23,800
Sharp crack followed by the 
softer sound of ice crystals 

1430
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:27,100
falling but it's not the 
megafauna that you're watching. 

1431
01:16:27,100 --> 01:16:28,900
Most carefully. 
It's the Wolves. 

1432
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:31,900
They're everywhere in this 
landscape, though? 

1433
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:33,400
You have to know how to look for
them. 

1434
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:37,400
Unlike the megafauna Wolves of 
learn to be cautious around 

1435
01:16:37,400 --> 01:16:39,400
humans. 
They're Not Afraid. 

1436
01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:42,600
Exactly. 
Not yet but they're careful. 

1437
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,500
You spot one. 
Now about 300 yards away, 

1438
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:50,700
sitting on a small rise. 
It's watching the mammoth heard 

1439
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:54,200
with professional interests, but
you notice that it occasionally 

1440
01:16:54,200 --> 01:16:58,200
glances in your direction, too. 
It's coat is longer and thicker 

1441
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:01,800
than the Wolves of a warmer 
climates a magnificent blend of 

1442
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:05,600
grey black and white, that makes
it nearly invisible against the 

1443
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,000
mixed landscape of snow and bare
ground. 

1444
01:17:08,000 --> 01:17:11,300
These Ice Age walls are slightly
larger than their modern 

1445
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:15,300
descendants will be. 
More robust for bringing down 

1446
01:17:15,300 --> 01:17:17,800
prey that outweighs them by 
thousands of pounds. 

1447
01:17:18,900 --> 01:17:22,600
This particular wolf, probably 
weighs around 120 pounds with 

1448
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:25,200
massive Jaws capable of crushing
bone. 

1449
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:29,100
It's Amber eyes Miss. 
Nothing constantly scanning the 

1450
01:17:29,100 --> 01:17:31,100
environment for opportunity or 
danger. 

1451
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:35,800
You're part of a small band 
about 25 people ranging from 

1452
01:17:35,800 --> 01:17:39,600
infants to Elders in their 
forties that might sound young 

1453
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:43,300
for an elder but in this world 
reaching 40 is an achievement 

1454
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:46,400
worthy of respect. 
Your people have been following 

1455
01:17:46,400 --> 01:17:49,600
the reindeer herds for weeks now
and you've set up a temporary 

1456
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:52,800
camp in a sheltered area where a
rocky outcrop provides some 

1457
01:17:52,800 --> 01:17:56,200
protection from the wind, the 
camp itself is a collection of 

1458
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:59,900
sturdy structures. 
Not quite tense, not quite huts.

1459
01:18:00,700 --> 01:18:04,100
You've created them by setting 
up Frameworks of Mammoth bones 

1460
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:07,700
and tusks then covering these 
Frameworks with layers of animal

1461
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:10,100
hides. 
The largest structure. 

1462
01:18:10,100 --> 01:18:14,100
The communal dwelling uses. 
The skull of a mammoth as part 

1463
01:18:14,100 --> 01:18:16,900
of its entrance. 
Inside the temperature is 

1464
01:18:16,900 --> 01:18:19,200
bearable, not warm, but 
survivable. 

1465
01:18:19,200 --> 01:18:22,300
Thanks to a carefully maintained
fire at the center. 

1466
01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:26,500
The smoke escapes through a gap 
at the top and the highs are 

1467
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,300
arranged so that the wind 
doesn't blow directly inside. 

1468
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:32,100
Your band is preparing for a 
hunt though. 

1469
01:18:32,100 --> 01:18:35,000
Preparing might be too formal a 
word. 

1470
01:18:35,000 --> 01:18:39,100
It's more like a slow practiced 
Gathering of the necessary tools

1471
01:18:39,100 --> 01:18:41,800
and people. 
Several Hunters are checking 

1472
01:18:41,800 --> 01:18:44,100
their Spears. 
Not the throwing Spears that 

1473
01:18:44,108 --> 01:18:47,200
will be invented later. 
But heavy thrusting Spears with 

1474
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:51,500
fire hardened wooden tips or for
the lucky few precious stone 

1475
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:54,200
points that were traded from 
another band two summers ago. 

1476
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:57,300
One of your cousins is working 
on a new atlatl. 

1477
01:18:58,200 --> 01:19:00,600
Spear thrower, that will 
multiply the force behind a 

1478
01:19:00,600 --> 01:19:02,900
throne, spear, its new 
technology. 

1479
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,100
This atlatl having been 
invented, just a few Generations

1480
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:10,200
back. the older Hunters were 
skeptical at first but the young

1481
01:19:10,200 --> 01:19:13,800
people have proven its worth 
Your cousin is shaping the wood 

1482
01:19:13,800 --> 01:19:17,600
with a piece of sharp Flint. 
Occasionally pausing to cite 

1483
01:19:17,600 --> 01:19:20,600
along its length. 
Checking for straightness the 

1484
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:23,300
Target. 
Today is not the mammoths, the 

1485
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:26,300
two dangerous, and two, large 
require requiring, more planning

1486
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,800
and more Hunters than your band 
can spare right now. instead, 

1487
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:34,200
your hoping to Ambush a reindeer
that strayed from its herd He 

1488
01:19:34,200 --> 01:19:37,100
spotted one yesterday, a young 
buck, that seems to have 

1489
01:19:37,100 --> 01:19:39,700
injured. 
Its leg slightly In the harsh 

1490
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:44,100
mathematics of Ice Age survival,
that slight injury marks it as 

1491
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:47,300
your best chance for success. 
But as you move out with the 

1492
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:49,900
hunting party, you notice 
something unusual. 

1493
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:52,400
There are more wolves around the
normal. 

1494
01:19:52,400 --> 01:19:55,800
They're keeping their distance, 
but they're definitely watching.

1495
01:19:56,900 --> 01:20:00,300
Count at least six of them 
scattered across the landscape 

1496
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:02,100
in positions. 
That suggests, they're not 

1497
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:05,800
together, not a pack but 
individual wolves or small 

1498
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:08,500
family groups. 
Each pursuing their own Survival

1499
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:11,200
strategy, one wolf in 
particular, catches your 

1500
01:20:11,200 --> 01:20:13,600
attention, it's smaller than the
others. 

1501
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:16,400
With a slightly reddish tint to 
its grey coat. 

1502
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:20,300
Unlike the other wolves which 
are carefully maintaining their 

1503
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,300
distance. 
This one seems less concerned 

1504
01:20:23,300 --> 01:20:25,300
with the usual safety, 
protocols. 

1505
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:30,200
It may be 200 yards away. 
Sitting calmly on its haunches, 

1506
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:33,700
watching your hunting party with
an expression that almost looks 

1507
01:20:33,700 --> 01:20:37,100
curious, rather than cautious, 
you've seen wolves. 

1508
01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:40,700
Follow hunting parties before. 
It's not uncommon, They've 

1509
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:43,600
learned that human Hunters 
sometimes, leave behind scraps, 

1510
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:48,400
a gut pile, bones and pieces of 
hide to damage to be used for. 

1511
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:53,100
In a world where every calorie 
counts were a harsh, winter can 

1512
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,700
mean the difference between 
survival and starvation, those 

1513
01:20:56,700 --> 01:21:00,000
scraps represent opportunity. 
But this feels different 

1514
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:03,200
somehow, this will isn't just 
following a careful distance. 

1515
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:08,500
It's observing learning the hunt
itself unfolds in the Timeless 

1516
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:12,600
pattern of predator and prey. 
Your party spreads out moving 

1517
01:21:12,600 --> 01:21:15,300
slowly up wind toward where the 
injured reindeer was. 

1518
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:20,600
Last seen the snow muffles your 
footsteps and you've rubbed your

1519
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:23,300
cells with the leaves of 
aromatic plants to mask your 

1520
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:27,600
human scent, the cold air helps 
too scent doesn't carry as well.

1521
01:21:27,608 --> 01:21:31,300
In extreme cold you spot. 
The reindeer browsing in a small

1522
01:21:31,300 --> 01:21:35,000
Hollow using its broad Hooves to
dig through the snow to reach 

1523
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:38,300
the Loken beneath. 
His injured leg is indeed 

1524
01:21:38,300 --> 01:21:40,400
causing problems. 
You can see it. 

1525
01:21:40,400 --> 01:21:44,000
Favoring the other three legs. 
Shifting, its weight constantly.

1526
01:21:45,500 --> 01:21:47,800
From a distance. 
It might not seem like much of 

1527
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:51,200
an impairment, but you know, 
from experience that this slight

1528
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:53,600
imbalance will slow it to escape
just enough. 

1529
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:56,800
The hunters move into position 
with practice deficiency. 

1530
01:21:56,800 --> 01:22:01,300
No, words are spoken. 
Everyone knows their role two 

1531
01:22:01,300 --> 01:22:04,100
hunters will drive the reindeer 
toward a narrow passage between 

1532
01:22:04,100 --> 01:22:08,400
two large boulders. 
Three others, including you are 

1533
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:12,200
positioned at that passage 
Spears ready, the drive Begins 

1534
01:22:12,200 --> 01:22:15,800
the reindeers head snaps up and 
for a moment, it freezes trying 

1535
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:20,300
to identify the threat, then it 
bolts, moving with the fluid 

1536
01:22:20,300 --> 01:22:22,900
Grace, that makes these animals 
so difficult to hunt. 

1537
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:27,600
But injured leg betrays. 
Its slightly just a tiny hitch 

1538
01:22:27,600 --> 01:22:30,700
in its stride and the path of 
the least resistance leads. 

1539
01:22:30,700 --> 01:22:32,800
It exactly where the hunters 
knew it would go. 

1540
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:35,300
Toward the gap between the 
boulders. 

1541
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:37,700
Your muscles tense as it 
approaches. 

1542
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:42,800
Timing is everything too early 
and it will Dodge too late and 

1543
01:22:42,800 --> 01:22:46,400
it will be passed. 
You The reindeer enters the Gap 

1544
01:22:46,400 --> 01:22:49,700
and in that moment of 
constriction, three Spears 

1545
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:54,300
thrust forward simultaneously. 
At least two find their Mark and

1546
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:58,800
the animal stumbles then Falls. 
There's no celebrating the work 

1547
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:01,600
has only begun. 
Within minutes, the animal is 

1548
01:23:01,600 --> 01:23:05,100
being efficiently processed, the
hide is carefully removed. 

1549
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,100
It will be needed for clothing 
or shelter repairs. 

1550
01:23:08,900 --> 01:23:12,600
The meat is butchered into 
manageable pieces, the bones and

1551
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:15,200
antlers are set aside. 
They have a dozen uses. 

1552
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:18,900
Even the sinews are carefully 
extracted for making cordage and

1553
01:23:18,908 --> 01:23:22,100
thread and throughout this 
entire process, you're aware of 

1554
01:23:22,108 --> 01:23:25,300
the Wolves watching. 
The reddish gray one has crept 

1555
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:29,300
closer. 
Now maybe 150 yards away, it 

1556
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:32,700
sits perfectly still that you 
can see its nostrils flaring 

1557
01:23:32,700 --> 01:23:36,700
centering, the fresh Blood on 
the cold air when your party is 

1558
01:23:36,700 --> 01:23:39,900
ready to head back to Camp 
carrying the butchered reindeer.

1559
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:43,600
You notice something The reddish
gray wolf hasn't left. 

1560
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:47,000
Its following maintaining that 
same distance. 

1561
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:50,800
Its eyes fixed not on the meat, 
you're carrying, but on the gut 

1562
01:23:50,800 --> 01:23:55,200
pile, you've left behind the 
stomach intestines and other 

1563
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:57,400
organs that are too much trouble
to carry back. 

1564
01:23:57,400 --> 01:24:01,100
As soon as your part is about 50
yards away, the wolf trots down 

1565
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:03,900
to the gut pile. 
But instead of the frenzied 

1566
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,400
feeding you might expect in each
quickly and efficiently then 

1567
01:24:07,400 --> 01:24:10,800
Retreats again. 
It's being careful but less 

1568
01:24:10,800 --> 01:24:13,800
careful than the other wolves 
who have an approach to all 

1569
01:24:13,800 --> 01:24:17,800
despite the easy meal that night
in, the communal dwelling with 

1570
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,400
the fire crackling and the wind 
howling outside. 

1571
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:24,400
You think about that wolf? 
There was something different 

1572
01:24:24,400 --> 01:24:27,400
about it. 
A quality can't quite name. 

1573
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:31,100
Not tameless. 
Exactly more like a willingness 

1574
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,900
to cross the usual boundaries 
between species you don't know 

1575
01:24:34,900 --> 01:24:38,200
it yet but you've just witnessed
something extraordinary. 

1576
01:24:38,200 --> 01:24:41,700
You've seen one of the first 
Tiny Steps in a relationship 

1577
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:46,300
that will span Millennia that 
wolf with its slightly reduced 

1578
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:49,400
caution. 
And it's observant nature is on 

1579
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:52,900
the very edge of something 
entirely new, not just for 

1580
01:24:52,900 --> 01:24:56,300
wolves, but for the entire 
trajectory of human and animal 

1581
01:24:56,300 --> 01:24:59,800
life on Earth, outside in the 
darkness, be on the firelight 

1582
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:03,500
the wolf, Circle the camp at a 
respectful distance, it can 

1583
01:25:03,500 --> 01:25:08,000
smell the cooking meat can hear 
the human voices and consents 

1584
01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:11,800
the warmth of the fire, And 
unlike every other wolf in the 

1585
01:25:11,800 --> 01:25:15,900
region, instead of moving on to 
find its own prey, it settles 

1586
01:25:15,900 --> 01:25:18,200
down in the snow of about 100 
yards from the camp. 

1587
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:22,400
It doesn't know why it's staying
Instinct mixed with curiosity, 

1588
01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:25,800
perhaps, or maybe just the 
simple calculus of survival. 

1589
01:25:25,800 --> 01:25:30,300
These humans mean food and in 
the harsh mathematics of the Ice

1590
01:25:30,300 --> 01:25:33,900
Age, any reliable source of 
calories is worth a slight risk.

1591
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:37,200
The Moon Rises over the Frozen 
landscape Illuminating. 

1592
01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:38,900
A world. 
That is both beautiful and 

1593
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:41,700
brutal. 
And in that world, a small 

1594
01:25:41,708 --> 01:25:44,800
change has begun. 
So, subtle, that no one could 

1595
01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:46,900
possibly recognize its 
significant. 

1596
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:51,900
A wolf sits watching a human 
Camp, an inside that camp, a 

1597
01:25:51,900 --> 01:25:55,400
humanize away, thinking about 
wolf, King the reddish gray 

1598
01:25:55,400 --> 01:25:58,100
wolf, become something of a 
fixture over the following days 

1599
01:25:58,100 --> 01:26:01,200
though, fixture implies more 
permanent than his really 

1600
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:03,600
accurate. 
It's more like a recurring 

1601
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:07,400
character in your daily life. 
Peering near the camp at dawn 

1602
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:11,300
following hunting parties at a 
distance, materializing around, 

1603
01:26:11,300 --> 01:26:14,700
butchering site. 
You start to recognize it not 

1604
01:26:14,700 --> 01:26:16,900
just by its coloring, but By Its
Behavior. 

1605
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,900
While other wolves that scavenge
from Human kills Dart, in 

1606
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:22,400
nervously. 
Snatch. 

1607
01:26:22,400 --> 01:26:26,200
What they can and flea. 
This one moves with a peculiar 

1608
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:28,700
confidence, you're not the only 
one who's noticed. 

1609
01:26:29,600 --> 01:26:33,700
One evening as your band gathers
around the fire, your aunt a 

1610
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:37,600
woman of about 35 who survival 
skills, have earned her enormous

1611
01:26:37,600 --> 01:26:41,800
respect in the band. 
Mentions the wolf casually while

1612
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:44,700
working a piece of reindeer hide
with a stone scraper. 

1613
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:46,700
The red one was at the 
butchering site. 

1614
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:49,700
Again she says a hands never 
pausing in their rhythmic 

1615
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:54,500
scraping motion closer than 
before maybe 70 Paces, your 

1616
01:26:54,500 --> 01:26:57,700
uncle sharpening, a spear Point 
grunts acknowledgment, good 

1617
01:26:57,700 --> 01:27:01,200
thing or bad thing neither just 
a thing. 

1618
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:04,700
You aren't holds the hide up to 
the firelight checking her 

1619
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:07,700
progress. 
It's not aggressive, never 

1620
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:12,300
approaches the kills and till 
we're well away just interested.

1621
01:27:12,300 --> 01:27:16,000
This is a typical example of how
your people discuss, the natural

1622
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:20,200
world matter of factly without a
tributing too much meaning but 

1623
01:27:20,200 --> 01:27:23,600
also without dismissing 
observations Every piece of 

1624
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:26,300
information about animal 
behavior, might someday prove 

1625
01:27:26,300 --> 01:27:28,300
useful. 
So it's worth noting and 

1626
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:30,700
remembering two weeks passed, 
then three. 

1627
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:35,500
The Deep cold of winter begins 
its slow grudging transition 

1628
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:37,500
towards something slightly less 
brutal. 

1629
01:27:38,300 --> 01:27:42,000
The sun's Arc across the sky 
grows incrementally longer each 

1630
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:44,700
day. 
Change is subtle enough that you

1631
01:27:44,708 --> 01:27:47,800
might not notice it day to day, 
but over weeks it's 

1632
01:27:47,800 --> 01:27:50,100
unmistakable. 
Your band has remained in the 

1633
01:27:50,108 --> 01:27:53,200
same general area. 
The hunting has been decent and 

1634
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:55,000
the sheltered spot. 
You've chosen off as good 

1635
01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:58,100
protection from the wind and 
through all of this the reddish 

1636
01:27:58,100 --> 01:28:00,200
gray wolf remains part of the 
landscape. 

1637
01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:05,000
You start to notice patterns The
wolf appears most reliably in 

1638
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:08,500
the early morning shortly after 
Dawn and in the evening around 

1639
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,300
dusk. 
During the brightest part of the

1640
01:28:11,300 --> 01:28:15,600
day is usually nowhere to be 
seen off Hunting its own prey. 

1641
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:19,600
Presumably But in those liminal 
times, when the light is soft 

1642
01:28:19,600 --> 01:28:22,100
and the world, feels suspended 
between day and night. 

1643
01:28:22,100 --> 01:28:25,000
There it is. 
One morning, you're awake early 

1644
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:27,700
than usual sitting outside the 
communal dwelling, and watching 

1645
01:28:27,700 --> 01:28:31,200
the sky like in the east. 
The temperature is brutally 

1646
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:34,000
cold, the kind of cold that 
makes the inside of your 

1647
01:28:34,008 --> 01:28:37,200
nostrils stick together when you
breathe in, but the air is 

1648
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:40,500
perfectly still and Stillness 
makes cold more bearable. 

1649
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:45,400
Everything is touched with frost
each blade of grass, each Stone 

1650
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:49,200
outlined in crystalline white. 
You see the wolf emerge from 

1651
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:53,400
behind a distant outcrop. 
Perhaps, 200 yards away, It's 

1652
01:28:53,400 --> 01:28:56,600
moving in that efficient ground 
covering Trot that wolves used 

1653
01:28:56,600 --> 01:29:00,500
to travel long distances. 
Its breath creating rhythmic 

1654
01:29:00,500 --> 01:29:05,200
puffs of vapor in the Frigidaire
then it stops sits and looks 

1655
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:07,900
directly at your camp for 
several long minutes. 

1656
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:11,300
Nothing happens the wolf sits, 
you sit. 

1657
01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:15,400
Sky continues its slow, 
brightening from deep blue to 

1658
01:29:15,400 --> 01:29:18,800
lighter Shades, the hint at the 
eventual arrival of the sun, 

1659
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:22,300
then acting on an Impulse, you 
don't fully understand. 

1660
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:25,800
You toss a small piece of dry 
meat in the wolf's general 

1661
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:29,300
direction. 
Not close to the wolf, you throw

1662
01:29:29,300 --> 01:29:30,900
it. 
Maybe 30 yards out from where 

1663
01:29:30,900 --> 01:29:34,400
you're sitting leaving at about 
170 yards from the wolf. 

1664
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:38,000
It's more of a gesture than 
anything else and acknowledgment

1665
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:41,500
of the wolf's presence, the wolf
watches, the meat Arc, through 

1666
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:45,100
the air and land in the snow. 
It doesn't move for long 

1667
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:47,600
minutes. 
It simply sits their eyes, 

1668
01:29:47,600 --> 01:29:49,900
moving between you and the meat,
then. 

1669
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:52,700
So smoothly that you almost 
missed the transition. 

1670
01:29:52,700 --> 01:29:57,900
It stands trots to the meat, 
picks it up, and Retreats to its

1671
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:00,400
original distance before lying 
down to eat it. 

1672
01:30:00,400 --> 01:30:04,400
Something about this interaction
feels significant though. 

1673
01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:07,700
You couldn't explain why. 
It wasn't fear that made the 

1674
01:30:07,700 --> 01:30:10,300
wolf Retreat. 
It moved too calmly for that. 

1675
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:14,200
It was more like an 
acknowledgment of boundaries a 

1676
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:17,500
mutual understanding of 
appropriate distances, over the 

1677
01:30:17,500 --> 01:30:21,100
following weeks, this becomes an
occasional ritual, not every 

1678
01:30:21,100 --> 01:30:23,300
morning and not with any regular
schedule. 

1679
01:30:23,300 --> 01:30:26,400
But sometimes when you're up 
early, in the wolf appears, 

1680
01:30:26,400 --> 01:30:30,600
you'll toss it to scrap. 
The wolf begins to anticipate 

1681
01:30:30,600 --> 01:30:33,300
this. 
You notice that when it sees you

1682
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:37,700
sitting outside at dawn, it sits
at a particular distance, no 

1683
01:30:37,700 --> 01:30:42,100
longer 200 yards, but more like 
150 and waits to see if you'll 

1684
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:46,200
throw anything not consciously, 
trying to tame the wolf that 

1685
01:30:46,200 --> 01:30:49,200
word doesn't even exist. 
In your vocabulary, you'll 

1686
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:51,700
simply engaging in a kind of 
pragmatic Exchange. 

1687
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:55,400
The wolf cleaned up scraps that 
would otherwise attract less 

1688
01:30:55,400 --> 01:31:00,000
desirable scavengers hyenas. 
For instance, which are not only

1689
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:02,300
more dangerous but at all so 
much less Pleasant to have 

1690
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:07,200
around in return. 
The wolf gets easy meals, it's a

1691
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:10,700
transaction that benefits both 
parties but something else is 

1692
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,000
happening, too, though. 
It's so gradual that you barely 

1693
01:31:13,000 --> 01:31:16,200
notice it. 
The wolf is becoming part of 

1694
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:19,700
your mental landscape. 
Part of the expected patterns of

1695
01:31:19,700 --> 01:31:23,000
daily life. 
When you wake up, now you find 

1696
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:24,900
yourself wondering if the wolf 
will be there. 

1697
01:31:26,200 --> 01:31:29,100
When you're out hunting and you 
spot it following at a distance 

1698
01:31:29,100 --> 01:31:31,800
you feel a tiny flicker of 
recognition. 

1699
01:31:32,800 --> 01:31:35,900
Not quite pleasure that 
something like acknowledgment. 

1700
01:31:37,500 --> 01:31:41,400
Hello again, the feeling seems 
to say you're still here one day

1701
01:31:41,400 --> 01:31:44,400
during a Hunting Expedition. 
Something unusual happens. 

1702
01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:47,400
Your party is tracking a small 
herd of horses. 

1703
01:31:47,400 --> 01:31:52,100
I say horses stocky, and robust 
with thick coats that make them 

1704
01:31:52,100 --> 01:31:54,000
look almost bare like in the dim
light. 

1705
01:31:55,000 --> 01:31:58,500
Tracking has been difficult. 
The horses are wearing the wind 

1706
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:01,300
keeps shifting and twice you've 
gotten so only to have them 

1707
01:32:01,300 --> 01:32:03,500
bolt. 
At the last moment, you're 

1708
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:06,200
taking a brief rest. 
Assessing the situation when you

1709
01:32:06,208 --> 01:32:09,100
notice the reddish gray wolf of 
about 100 yards away. 

1710
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:12,600
Is not looking at you though. 
Is looking in the same 

1711
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,400
direction, you've been heading 
toward where the horses should 

1712
01:32:15,400 --> 01:32:18,000
be, then the wolf does something
extraordinary. 

1713
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:22,400
It moves forward about 50 yards,
stops looks back at you. 

1714
01:32:22,400 --> 01:32:25,900
Then looks forward again, the 
gesture is so clear that it's 

1715
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:29,000
almost comical this way there 
this way. 

1716
01:32:29,000 --> 01:32:33,000
Now it's entirely possible that 
the wolf was simply pursuing its

1717
01:32:33,008 --> 01:32:36,400
own a gender The apparent 
communication was pure 

1718
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:40,000
coincidence. but you've survived
to adulthood in the Ice Age by 

1719
01:32:40,008 --> 01:32:42,900
paying attention to 
environmental cues and this 

1720
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:47,100
feels like a cue you signal to 
the other hunters and the party 

1721
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:49,600
adjusts, its course, slightly 
moving more. 

1722
01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:53,500
In the direction, the wolf 
indicated. 50 minutes later you 

1723
01:32:53,500 --> 01:32:57,400
find the horses in a small 
Hollow perfectly positioned for 

1724
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:00,300
an ambush. 
The Hunt is successful and 

1725
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:02,300
afterward. 
You make sure to leave in a 

1726
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:04,000
specially generous portion of 
the gut pile. 

1727
01:33:04,000 --> 01:33:07,100
The wolf as usual, weights until
you're well away before 

1728
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:10,600
approaching, but you notice that
before it starts eating, it 

1729
01:33:10,600 --> 01:33:13,900
looks towards where your party 
is heading holds that gaze for a

1730
01:33:13,908 --> 01:33:16,700
moment, then begins its meal 
again. 

1731
01:33:16,700 --> 01:33:19,800
You could dismiss this as 
meaningless wolves. 

1732
01:33:19,800 --> 01:33:23,200
Look in all directions 
frequently, but you're starting 

1733
01:33:23,200 --> 01:33:25,400
to suspect. 
That something more complex is 

1734
01:33:25,400 --> 01:33:28,100
happening. 
The wolf isn't just Scavenging 

1735
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:31,400
from your kills any more. 
It's participating in its own 

1736
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:35,400
way, in the hunting process word
of the wolf begins to spread 

1737
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:38,700
within your band. 
Children, especially are 

1738
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:41,200
fascinated by it. 
They've been warned to keep 

1739
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:42,700
their distance. 
It is. 

1740
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:46,400
After all still a wild Predator 
perfectly capable of dangerous 

1741
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:50,400
Behavior But they watch it from 
the safety of the camp and 

1742
01:33:50,400 --> 01:33:52,100
they've given it a name of 
sorts. 

1743
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:55,800
A specific sound that they used 
to refer to it, something 

1744
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:58,500
between a whistle and a Yip 
that's meant to approximate a 

1745
01:33:58,500 --> 01:34:00,800
wolf's vocalization. 
One of the children. 

1746
01:34:00,800 --> 01:34:05,000
A girl of about seven has become
particularly interested in the 

1747
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:07,500
wolf. 
She's the one who most reliably 

1748
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,900
spotted each day who points out 
its location to anyone who 

1749
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:14,600
listen, who saves little scraps 
from a meals to toss out toward 

1750
01:34:14,600 --> 01:34:18,800
where the wolf typically sits. 
her mother allows this partly 

1751
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:22,300
because it keeps the child 
engaged in Camp activities and 

1752
01:34:22,300 --> 01:34:25,900
partly because, well, the wolf 
doesn't seem to pose any actual 

1753
01:34:25,900 --> 01:34:30,000
threat months pass the season 
continues, its slow wheel 

1754
01:34:30,000 --> 01:34:35,000
towards Spring the days grow 
longer, the snow begins to 

1755
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:39,500
develop a different texture, 
becoming wetter heavier and more

1756
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:43,900
crystalline The mammoth start 
moving North following the 

1757
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:46,600
retreating edge of the glaciers 
toward their summer feeding 

1758
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:49,200
grounds. 
The reindeer herds grow 

1759
01:34:49,200 --> 01:34:52,000
wrestlers preparing for their 
own migrations. 

1760
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:55,500
Your band must decide whether to
follow the herds or to stay in 

1761
01:34:55,508 --> 01:34:58,100
this region and switch to 
hunting the animals. 

1762
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:01,900
That remain year-round bison, 
horses and the occasional 

1763
01:35:01,900 --> 01:35:05,000
Mammoth that bucks, the 
migration Trend in the end. 

1764
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:08,300
The decision is made to stay. 
The camp is good. 

1765
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:12,100
The hunting has been reliable 
and the effort required to pack 

1766
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:13,800
everything and move is 
significant. 

1767
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:17,900
The reddish gray wolf stays too.
This surprises, you slightly 

1768
01:35:18,800 --> 01:35:21,300
you'd assume the wolf was 
following the human ban because 

1769
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:24,600
humans meant food and that if 
the major game herds moved on 

1770
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:28,200
the wolf would follow them. 
But it doesn't it remains in the

1771
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:32,300
area, hunting, its own prey. 
You occasionally, see it taking 

1772
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:34,000
down rabbits with impressive, 
efficiency. 

1773
01:35:35,400 --> 01:35:37,900
Continuing its habit of 
appearing near the camp at dawn 

1774
01:35:37,900 --> 01:35:41,800
and dusk the distance between 
wolves and humans continues to 

1775
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:46,200
shrink incrementally. 
Not in any dramatic way, not on 

1776
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:49,200
any single Leap Forward. 
But in tiny adjustments that 

1777
01:35:49,200 --> 01:35:53,300
accumulate over time The wolf 
now sits about 100 yards from 

1778
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:58,200
camp in stead of 150. 
When someone tosses at Food, it 

1779
01:35:58,200 --> 01:36:02,000
no longer Retreats as far before
eating, when it follows hunting 

1780
01:36:02,000 --> 01:36:06,900
parties, the Gap is perhaps 75 
yards instead of 100 one, warm 

1781
01:36:06,900 --> 01:36:10,800
afternoon, genuinely warm. 
Maybe even reaching 40 degrees 

1782
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:13,400
Fahrenheit, which feels like 
summer after The Long Winter, 

1783
01:36:13,400 --> 01:36:16,300
you're working on repairing your
boots outside. 

1784
01:36:16,300 --> 01:36:19,600
The communal dwelling, The wolf 
is lying in its usual. 

1785
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:23,100
Spot about 90 yards away, 
apparently drowsing in the Sun, 

1786
01:36:23,100 --> 01:36:25,900
a raven lands, nearby looking 
for scraps. 

1787
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:28,200
It hops close to where you're 
working. 

1788
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:30,300
Boulders Ravens all his are 
cocking. 

1789
01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:32,300
Its head to examine you with one
bright eye. 

1790
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:37,000
You ignore it Ravens are 
harmless mostly if occasionally 

1791
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:40,200
annoying in their persistence, 
then you notice the wolf is 

1792
01:36:40,200 --> 01:36:42,600
watching The Raven with focused 
intensity. 

1793
01:36:43,500 --> 01:36:47,300
The wolf Rises to its feet, 
stretches in a very dog-like 

1794
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:51,500
manner, then trots toward the 
camp, not directly toward you, 

1795
01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:55,100
but on an angle that will bring 
it near the Raven, The Raven, 

1796
01:36:55,100 --> 01:36:58,600
seeing the wolf of approach, 
squawks and dignity, and flaps 

1797
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:02,400
away the wolf watches it go. 
Then instead of retreating to 

1798
01:37:02,400 --> 01:37:05,400
his usual spot, lies down, maybe
70 yards from where you'll 

1799
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:07,400
siting. 
The message seems clear. 

1800
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:10,100
The Raven was bothering you so I
chased it off. 

1801
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:13,100
Now we're a bit closer than 
before but that's okay. 

1802
01:37:13,100 --> 01:37:16,300
Because I just did you a favor. 
Again, you could argue that this

1803
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:20,300
is anthropomorphization reading 
human motivations into animal 

1804
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:22,500
behavior. 
But whether or not your 

1805
01:37:22,500 --> 01:37:25,700
interpretation is accurate, the 
effect is the same, the 

1806
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:29,000
boundaries between human and 
wolf of shifted again, just 

1807
01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:33,400
slightly, just enough to notice 
that night lying in the communal

1808
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:36,400
dwelling and listening to the 
sounds of the band settling in 

1809
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,100
for sleep. 
You think about the wolf How 

1810
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:42,900
long has this been going on now?
Six months seven. 

1811
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:46,800
Long enough that it's strange to
remember, a time when the wolf 

1812
01:37:46,800 --> 01:37:49,900
wasn't part of the daily 
routine, you don't know what 

1813
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:52,000
your witnessing is. 
The beginning of domestication. 

1814
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:55,400
You have no framework for 
understanding that concept. 

1815
01:37:55,400 --> 01:37:59,400
No way to imagine that this wild
Predators great. 

1816
01:37:59,400 --> 01:38:02,400
Great grandchildren will be so 
thoroughly changed. 

1817
01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:06,200
That they'll sit obediently at 
human commands, will guard human

1818
01:38:06,200 --> 01:38:09,700
homes and will work alongside 
humans in a 1,000 different 

1819
01:38:09,700 --> 01:38:12,100
ways. 
All, you know, is that somewhere

1820
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:15,700
out in the darkness about 90 
yards from where your lying, a 

1821
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:18,900
wolf is curled up in the snow 
sleeping for reasons. 

1822
01:38:18,900 --> 01:38:22,700
You can't fully articulate. 
This knowledge feels comforting 

1823
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:26,400
rather than threatening spring 
arrives, not with a bang but 

1824
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:30,800
with a slow soggy whisper. 
Snow doesn't so much melt as 

1825
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:34,400
gradually, surrendered to Mud, 
creating a landscape of 

1826
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:37,700
startling, messiness, where 
everything was white and 

1827
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:40,500
pristine. 
Now, everything is brown and wet

1828
01:38:41,400 --> 01:38:45,100
The rivers and streams. 
Frozen solid for months, begin 

1829
01:38:45,100 --> 01:38:48,600
to crack and groan. 
Their ice breaking into huge 

1830
01:38:48,600 --> 01:38:50,500
chunks. 
That pile up against the banks 

1831
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:52,400
with sounds like distant 
Thunder. 

1832
01:38:52,400 --> 01:38:56,700
The world becomes louder. 
Birds returned from their winter

1833
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,300
grounds to the South filling the
air with coals and songs. 

1834
01:39:00,300 --> 01:39:03,700
The small mammals that spent 
winter underground emerge 

1835
01:39:03,700 --> 01:39:08,400
blinking in the bright sunlight.
Everything is waking up shaking 

1836
01:39:08,400 --> 01:39:11,900
off the top of winter and 
resuming the Urgent business of 

1837
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:15,500
survival and reproduction, the 
reddish gray wolf disappears for

1838
01:39:15,500 --> 01:39:18,100
several weeks. 
And you find yourself surprised 

1839
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:19,500
by how much you miss its 
presence. 

1840
01:39:20,400 --> 01:39:24,000
The camp feels less complete 
somehow, as if a regular element

1841
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:27,900
of daily life has been removed. 
He catch yourself looking for 

1842
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:30,200
the wolf at dawn in the evening 
and during hunts. 

1843
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:32,800
Where is it? 
Is it all right? 

1844
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,700
Has it moved on to follow some 
other band of humans or return 

1845
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,500
to a fully wild existence there 
more morning as your carrying 

1846
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:42,600
water from the stream back to 
Camp, you see it? 

1847
01:39:43,400 --> 01:39:45,400
The wolf is sitting in his usual
spot. 

1848
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:50,500
Well, the spotted occupied two 
months ago about 100 yards from 

1849
01:39:50,500 --> 01:39:52,700
the camp But there's something 
different. 

1850
01:39:52,700 --> 01:39:56,000
The wolf looks thinner. 
It's coat rougher. 

1851
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:59,300
And as you watch it, stands and 
stretches. 

1852
01:39:59,300 --> 01:40:03,300
And you see the elongated teats 
of a nursing mother, huh? 

1853
01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:06,900
So that's where you've been. 
You think of having puppies, the

1854
01:40:06,900 --> 01:40:10,800
wolf doesn't approach closer. 
It seems wary than before more 

1855
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:12,500
careful about maintaining 
distance. 

1856
01:40:12,500 --> 01:40:16,700
This makes perfect sense a 
mother with dependent young has 

1857
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:20,900
every reason to be cautious. 
You respect this new boundary 

1858
01:40:20,900 --> 01:40:24,600
making no attempt to approach 
simply acknowledging. 

1859
01:40:24,600 --> 01:40:27,900
The wolf's return with a tossed 
piece of dried meat over the 

1860
01:40:27,900 --> 01:40:30,300
following weeks, the wolf's 
visits become a regular, 

1861
01:40:30,300 --> 01:40:34,300
sometimes it appears at dawn 
sometimes, not sometimes it 

1862
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:37,400
follows the hunting parties, 
sometimes, it's nowhere to be 

1863
01:40:37,408 --> 01:40:40,500
seen for days at a time. 
You understand that it's 

1864
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:44,100
dividing its time between its 
den, wherever that is, and the 

1865
01:40:44,108 --> 01:40:46,600
Scavenging opportunities at the 
human Camp. 

1866
01:40:46,600 --> 01:40:49,600
Then one extraordinary morning 
the wolf appears at its usual 

1867
01:40:49,600 --> 01:40:53,500
spot and its not alone. 
He count three puppies though 

1868
01:40:53,500 --> 01:40:55,000
there might be more back at the 
den. 

1869
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:59,900
Perhaps six or seven weeks old 
passed the helpless infant stage

1870
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:03,500
but still clearly young with 
oversized Paws and ears that 

1871
01:41:03,500 --> 01:41:07,200
seem too big for their heads. 
Their coats are fluffier than 

1872
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:10,000
their mothers, giving them a 
roly-poly appearance. 

1873
01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:13,300
That's almost comically cute. 
The mother wolf sits at her 

1874
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:16,100
usual distance, but the puppies 
not yet Having learned 

1875
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:19,000
appropriate caution immediately.
Begin to explore. 

1876
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:23,500
One of them spots, something 
interesting, probably just an 

1877
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:27,600
unusual Rock and pounces on it 
with exaggerated intensity. 

1878
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:32,200
Another tackles its sibling and 
they tumble together in a blur 

1879
01:41:32,200 --> 01:41:36,900
of Grey fur and wagging tails, 
the entire human Camp stops to 

1880
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:39,500
watch. 
Even the most pragmatic adults, 

1881
01:41:39,500 --> 01:41:41,300
find themselves smiling at the 
puppies. 

1882
01:41:41,300 --> 01:41:45,900
Antics the children are in 
trance City at the edge of camp 

1883
01:41:45,900 --> 01:41:48,200
and watching with barely 
contained excitement. 

1884
01:41:48,200 --> 01:41:51,600
One puppy Boulder or more 
Curious than its siblings 

1885
01:41:51,600 --> 01:41:53,500
begins. 
Wandering towards the camp. 

1886
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:57,100
The mother wolf immediately 
gives a sharp bark and the puppy

1887
01:41:57,100 --> 01:41:59,800
freezes then Retreats but the 
message is clear. 

1888
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:02,200
A puppy was interested in the 
camp. 

1889
01:42:02,200 --> 01:42:06,300
Curious about the strange two 
legged creatures, the seven year

1890
01:42:06,300 --> 01:42:08,400
old girl, who has been most 
interested in the wolf. 

1891
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:09,900
Looks at her mother with 
pleading eyes. 

1892
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:14,400
Can I give them food? 
Her mother considers this in the

1893
01:42:14,408 --> 01:42:18,200
Ice Age where survival is, never
guaranteed wasting food on. 

1894
01:42:18,200 --> 01:42:22,300
Wild animals is generally not a 
smart strategy but these are not

1895
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,200
normal times and this is not a 
normal situation. 

1896
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:30,800
Finally, she nods. 
Small pieces, don't go any 

1897
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:33,100
closer. 
Let them come to you if they 

1898
01:42:33,100 --> 01:42:35,500
want to. 
The girl takes a piece of dried 

1899
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:38,100
meat. 
Breaks it into smaller bits and 

1900
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:40,900
tosses them about halfway 
between the camp and where the 

1901
01:42:40,900 --> 01:42:44,400
wolf family sits. 
The puppies watch the meat Ark 

1902
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:46,100
through the air with intense 
Focus. 

1903
01:42:46,100 --> 01:42:50,600
As soon as the piece is land, 
they bound forward all caution 

1904
01:42:50,600 --> 01:42:53,900
forgotten in their enthusiasm, 
the mother wolf tenses but 

1905
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:56,400
doesn't call them back. 
She's watching carefully 

1906
01:42:56,400 --> 01:42:59,500
assessing the situation. 
Is this dangerous? 

1907
01:43:00,500 --> 01:43:03,700
Are the humans a threat, the 
puppies, reach the meat and 

1908
01:43:03,700 --> 01:43:05,400
immediately begins squabbling 
over. 

1909
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:08,900
It play fighting and growling 
with all the ferocity their 

1910
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:11,400
Young Voices can muster which 
isn't much. 

1911
01:43:11,400 --> 01:43:15,400
They sound like tiny squeaky 
toys rather than Fierce and 

1912
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:18,700
predators one puppy, having 
secured a piece of meat larger 

1913
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:22,000
than it can easily eat, tries to
drag it back toward its mother, 

1914
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:26,300
but the meat is larger than 
anticipated and the puppy keeps 

1915
01:43:26,300 --> 01:43:30,100
tripping over it, somersaulting 
in the mud and generally making 

1916
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:34,100
a spectacle of its self. 
Humans watching can't help but 

1917
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:37,500
laugh quiet. 
Laughs not wanting to startle 

1918
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:40,100
the animals, but genuine 
Amusement nonetheless. 

1919
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:43,000
The mother wolf watches all of 
this with what seems like 

1920
01:43:43,000 --> 01:43:46,000
resigned patients. 
Welcome to Parenthood. 

1921
01:43:46,000 --> 01:43:49,800
Her expression seems to say 
they're idiots but they're my 

1922
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:51,600
idiots. 
This becomes a new pattern. 

1923
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:56,100
Every few days, the wolf family 
appears near Camp, the puppies 

1924
01:43:56,100 --> 01:43:58,300
are gradually learning 
appropriate caution from their 

1925
01:43:58,300 --> 01:44:01,800
mother but their Natural 
Curiosity frequently overrides, 

1926
01:44:01,800 --> 01:44:03,600
their developing survival 
instincts. 

1927
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:06,600
Their endlessly entertaining, 
tumbling and playing and 

1928
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:09,300
investigating everything with 
the Boundless Energy of the 

1929
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:11,000
young. 
The boldest puppy. 

1930
01:44:11,000 --> 01:44:14,700
You start to recognize it by 
distinctive marking, a white 

1931
01:44:14,708 --> 01:44:18,300
patch on its chest begins 
approaching closer than its 

1932
01:44:18,300 --> 01:44:20,700
siblings. 
It doesn't come all the way to 

1933
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:24,900
the camp but it gets perhaps 50 
yards away. close enough that 

1934
01:44:24,900 --> 01:44:27,700
you can see its individual 
whiskers and the bright Amber of

1935
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:30,800
its eyes one after noon, you're 
working on fashioning, a new 

1936
01:44:30,808 --> 01:44:34,800
spear shaft sitting outside, the
communal dwelling, The wolf 

1937
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:38,600
family is in the usual spot. 
The puppy is napping and a furry

1938
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:40,100
pile. 
While their mother keeps watch 

1939
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:42,800
The Bold. 
Puppy wakes up, looks around 

1940
01:44:42,800 --> 01:44:46,700
spots you and begins walking 
toward the camp, the mother 

1941
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:48,900
notices immediately and gives a 
warning bark. 

1942
01:44:49,700 --> 01:44:53,100
The puppy stops looks back at 
his mother and then looks at 

1943
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:55,700
you. 
You can almost see the decision 

1944
01:44:55,700 --> 01:44:57,500
making process happening in its 
young. 

1945
01:44:57,500 --> 01:45:02,000
Brain mother says stop. 
That human looks interesting, 

1946
01:45:02,000 --> 01:45:07,300
but mother says stop, but the 
puppy compromises by lying down 

1947
01:45:07,308 --> 01:45:10,500
about 60 yards away. 
Still closer than its mother 

1948
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:12,700
would prefer but not actively 
disobeying. 

1949
01:45:13,400 --> 01:45:16,600
It watches you with intense 
Focus as you work on the spear 

1950
01:45:16,600 --> 01:45:20,400
shaft apparently fascinated, by 
the repetitive motions of your 

1951
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:24,500
hands shaping, the wood you 
decide to test something without

1952
01:45:24,500 --> 01:45:26,800
making. 
Any sudden movements you toss a 

1953
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:28,300
small piece of meat toward the 
puppy. 

1954
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:32,900
Not all the way to it, but about
halfway between you the puppy's 

1955
01:45:32,900 --> 01:45:37,200
head snaps toward the meat, It 
looks at the meat then at its 

1956
01:45:37,200 --> 01:45:41,000
mother then at you the mother 
wolf gives another warning bark 

1957
01:45:41,000 --> 01:45:43,500
but the puppy is already made it
to decision. 

1958
01:45:43,500 --> 01:45:47,800
It's slinks forward, barely low 
to the ground moving carefully 

1959
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:51,100
and snatches the meat. 
But instead of retreating all 

1960
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:54,300
the way back to its mother, it 
only goes about 20 yards away 

1961
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:58,700
before lying down to eat the 
boundary, just shifted again, 70

1962
01:45:58,700 --> 01:46:01,200
yards, became 60 yards which 
became 40 yards. 

1963
01:46:01,200 --> 01:46:06,200
You don't push it further 
Patience is essential here, not 

1964
01:46:06,200 --> 01:46:08,500
because your consciously trying 
to tame this animal. 

1965
01:46:08,500 --> 01:46:12,700
But because you understand 
instinctively, that rushing will

1966
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:15,800
ruin whatever understanding is 
developing the summer 

1967
01:46:15,808 --> 01:46:18,200
progresses. 
The puppies grow rapidly. 

1968
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:21,800
There are oversized features 
gradually becoming proportional.

1969
01:46:21,800 --> 01:46:25,400
They're learning to hunt 
accompanying their mother on 

1970
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:28,500
Expeditions though. 
They're still comically bad at 

1971
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:30,500
it. 
You occasionally, see them 

1972
01:46:30,500 --> 01:46:34,200
trying to catch rabbits bounding
through the grass with enormous,

1973
01:46:34,200 --> 01:46:38,800
enthusiasm and zero technique 
sending their prey fleeing long 

1974
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:41,700
before they get anywhere. 
Close the Bold puppy with the 

1975
01:46:41,708 --> 01:46:45,000
white chest patch continues to 
be the most adventurous. 

1976
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:49,700
It's now regularly coming within
40 yards of the camp close 

1977
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:51,900
enough that the children can 
toss it treats without much 

1978
01:46:51,900 --> 01:46:54,200
effort. 
It hasn't yet allowed anyone to 

1979
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:57,700
touch it, but there's a clear 
sense that it might someday for 

1980
01:46:57,700 --> 01:46:58,900
the approach were made 
carefully. 

1981
01:46:58,900 --> 01:47:01,000
Enough. 
The other two puppies are more 

1982
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:03,100
cautious maintaining the 
distance. 

1983
01:47:03,100 --> 01:47:07,000
Their mother seems to prefer, 
they'll take to tossed food but 

1984
01:47:07,000 --> 01:47:09,200
they're not as interested in the
human's themselves. 

1985
01:47:09,200 --> 01:47:13,700
Their following the traditional 
wolf path, benefiting from Human

1986
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:16,500
proximity but maintaining their 
wild Independence. 

1987
01:47:16,500 --> 01:47:21,100
But the Bold one is different. 
It's crossing a threshold moving

1988
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:24,700
into territory, that no Wolff 
has previously occupied not 

1989
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:27,800
quite wild. 
Not quite tame, but something in

1990
01:47:27,800 --> 01:47:31,600
between a hybrid State that's 
being invented in real time. 

1991
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:35,300
One evening as the sun sets and 
paints the sky and shades of 

1992
01:47:35,308 --> 01:47:39,100
orange and pink your city 
outside watching the day end. 

1993
01:47:40,000 --> 01:47:42,600
The Bold puppy is laying about 
30 yards away. 

1994
01:47:42,600 --> 01:47:46,200
Also watching the sunset or 
possibly just resting. 

1995
01:47:47,200 --> 01:47:50,300
The other members of the wolf 
family of moved off to hunt but 

1996
01:47:50,300 --> 01:47:53,800
this puppy has chosen to stay 
near the human camp for a long 

1997
01:47:53,808 --> 01:47:56,900
time. 
Neither of you moves, You're 

1998
01:47:56,900 --> 01:48:00,200
simply sharing the space, two 
different species, both watching

1999
01:48:00,200 --> 01:48:02,500
the same sky turn from day to 
night. 

2000
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,700
It's a moment of perfect 
peaceful coexistence not 

2001
01:48:06,700 --> 01:48:10,800
dramatic, not particularly 
significant on its own, but part

2002
01:48:10,800 --> 01:48:14,200
of a larger pattern that slowly 
quietly rewriting the rules of 

2003
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:16,100
how different species can relate
to each other. 

2004
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:20,800
A shooting star streaks across 
the sky bright and brief the 

2005
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:23,800
puppies ears perk up. 
As if it heard something though,

2006
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:25,400
of course, the star makes no 
sound. 

2007
01:48:26,400 --> 01:48:29,000
You find yourself wandering, 
what the puppy thinks of the sky

2008
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:31,700
of the stars of this strange 
world? 

2009
01:48:31,700 --> 01:48:34,000
It's been born into, you'll 
never know. 

2010
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:37,300
Of course, the puppies internal 
life remains a mystery. 

2011
01:48:38,100 --> 01:48:40,300
But in this moment, that doesn't
seem to matter. 

2012
01:48:40,300 --> 01:48:43,800
What matters is the simple fact 
of shared space. 

2013
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:48,600
Shared time and shared 
existence, the stars come out 

2014
01:48:48,600 --> 01:48:50,600
one by one. 
Filling the sky with their 

2015
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:54,200
Ancient Light. 
Somewhere in the darkness, a 

2016
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:58,200
mammoth Trumpets, the sound 
caring for miles across the 

2017
01:48:58,200 --> 01:49:01,100
still air. 
Puppies ears swivel toward the 

2018
01:49:01,100 --> 01:49:03,000
sound but it doesn't move from 
its spot. 

2019
01:49:03,000 --> 01:49:05,900
Neither do you. 
You sit together human and 

2020
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:09,800
almost dog as the night deepens 
around you, the Bold puppy which

2021
01:49:09,800 --> 01:49:12,800
you've started thinking of as 
white chest reaches. 

2022
01:49:12,800 --> 01:49:16,500
Adolescence with all the 
awkwardness that implies its 

2023
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:19,900
paws temporarily too large for 
its body, give it a clumsy, 

2024
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:24,400
gait, its voices changing 
producing sometimes a puppy, 

2025
01:49:24,400 --> 01:49:28,100
sometimes an adult bark and 
occasionally an embarrassing 

2026
01:49:28,100 --> 01:49:31,500
crack between the two. 
It goes through a phase where it

2027
01:49:31,500 --> 01:49:35,500
seems to trip over its own feet 
at least once per day, usually 

2028
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:38,200
while trying to impress, the 
watching humans, with some feet 

2029
01:49:38,200 --> 01:49:42,100
of athletic prowess, white chest
is now about seven months old 

2030
01:49:42,100 --> 01:49:44,500
and something remarkable as 
happened. 

2031
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:48,100
The distance between the puppy 
and the nearest humans are 

2032
01:49:48,100 --> 01:49:52,300
shrunk to about 20 yards. 
Some mornings white chest is 

2033
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:54,600
waiting near the camp when 
people emerge from their 

2034
01:49:54,600 --> 01:49:58,100
dwellings tail, whacking, and 
greeting that tail. 

2035
01:49:58,100 --> 01:50:02,400
Whacking is itself noteworthy. 
adult wolves, do wag their tails

2036
01:50:02,400 --> 01:50:05,100
but usually only in specific 
social contexts with other 

2037
01:50:05,100 --> 01:50:09,600
wolves white chest wags, its 
tail at humans constantly when 

2038
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:13,200
it sees people, when it's given 
food and when someone simply 

2039
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:17,100
looks in its direction, it's as 
if the puppy is repurposed a 

2040
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:20,700
wolf to Wolf social signal for 
Wolf to human communication, the

2041
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:23,700
other two puppies from that 
litter are still around but have

2042
01:50:23,700 --> 01:50:26,800
remained more, traditionally 
wolf-like They scavenge from 

2043
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:29,900
Human kills. 
They tolerate human proximity at

2044
01:50:29,900 --> 01:50:33,400
reasonable distances, but they 
show no interest in closer 

2045
01:50:33,400 --> 01:50:36,200
interaction, they becoming 
normal wolves. 

2046
01:50:36,200 --> 01:50:38,700
Following the ancient patterns 
of their species. 

2047
01:50:38,700 --> 01:50:42,500
But white chest is becoming 
something else entirely one 

2048
01:50:42,500 --> 01:50:44,400
break through more than the 
seven year old girl. 

2049
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:48,400
Her name in the sound, your 
language uses is something that 

2050
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:52,100
roughly translates to Bright. 
One approaches closer to white 

2051
01:50:52,100 --> 01:50:53,900
chest than anyone has dared 
before. 

2052
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:57,800
She's holding a particularly 
nice piece of smoked meat and 

2053
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:01,700
she's making soft encouraging 
sounds white chest, watches her 

2054
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:05,600
approach with intense Focus, 
every muscle is tense ready to 

2055
01:51:05,600 --> 01:51:09,900
flee, if necessary but the puppy
doesn't flee when bright one 

2056
01:51:09,900 --> 01:51:13,700
gets within about 10 yards, she 
stops kneels down to make 

2057
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:16,700
herself less threatening and 
extend her hand with the meat 

2058
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:18,900
for long moments. 
Nothing happens. 

2059
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:24,000
Then moving slowly hesitantly 
white chest approaches one. 

2060
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:27,600
Step, two steps three. 
The puppy is now close enough 

2061
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:29,000
that bright. 
One could touch it if she 

2062
01:51:29,000 --> 01:51:31,900
reached out. 
White chest stretches, its neck 

2063
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:35,400
forward, still keeping its body 
at a safe distance ready to 

2064
01:51:35,400 --> 01:51:38,700
bolt. 
Its nose, Twitches sending the 

2065
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:42,100
meat. 
Then in one quick motion, it 

2066
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:45,100
snatches the meat from Bright 
ones hand and Retreats about 

2067
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:47,900
five yards but here's the 
remarkable part. 

2068
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:51,800
Instead of running all the way 
back to the safe distance, white

2069
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:55,400
chest lies down right there, 
five yards away, and each the 

2070
01:51:55,400 --> 01:51:57,900
meat while watching bright one 
with an expression that seems 

2071
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:00,900
almost friendly, right? 
One is beaming. 

2072
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:05,600
He stays kneeling, not moving, 
not trying to push the boundary 

2073
01:52:05,600 --> 01:52:08,500
any further. 
You just watches as white chest 

2074
01:52:08,500 --> 01:52:11,300
finishes, the meat licks, its 
chops thoroughly. 

2075
01:52:11,300 --> 01:52:14,800
And then in a gesture, that 
makes bright one glass with 

2076
01:52:14,800 --> 01:52:17,900
delight yawns and stretches out 
for a nap. 

2077
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:20,700
Right there. 
Five yards from Human. if words,

2078
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,800
spreads quickly through the 
camp, People emerge from their 

2079
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:26,400
dwellings to see this 
extraordinary sight. 

2080
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:31,400
A wolf nearly full-grown now 
sleeping peaceful within easy 

2081
01:52:31,400 --> 01:52:34,400
spear throw of a human 
settlement over the following 

2082
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:37,800
weeks, white chest becomes 
Bolder, the puppy starts 

2083
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,800
following bright one around when
she does her daily tasks 

2084
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:45,200
collecting firewood, hauling 
water and helping prepare hide. 

2085
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:48,000
Its not always closed some 
times. 

2086
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:51,900
It's 20 yards behind sometimes 
30 but it's clearly following 

2087
01:52:51,900 --> 01:52:54,800
clearly choosing to be near the 
particular human. 

2088
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:58,500
The relationship develops. 
What you might call reciprocity,

2089
01:52:58,500 --> 01:53:00,800
though, you have no word for 
this concept. 

2090
01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:04,000
Right. 
One shares food with white chest

2091
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:09,300
and white chest provides 
companionship and increasingly a

2092
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:14,000
kind of early warning system. 
The puppy is a sharp of an human

2093
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:17,200
ears and its nose is infinitely,
more sensitive. 

2094
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:21,600
When white chests attention 
suddenly focuses on something 

2095
01:53:21,600 --> 01:53:24,000
distant? 
People have learned to pay 

2096
01:53:24,008 --> 01:53:26,300
attention. 
More than once. 

2097
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,100
The puppies alertness has given 
warning of approaching animals. 

2098
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:33,700
Sometimes dangerous, predators 
sometimes potential prey one 

2099
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:36,300
afternoon. 
White chest is lying near where 

2100
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:40,000
bright one is working on 
scraping hide The puppy's head 

2101
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,500
suddenly lifts ears, pricked 
forward and body tense. 

2102
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:47,800
It's staring intently toward a 
rocky outcrop about 200 yards 

2103
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:50,500
away, right? 
One follows the puppies gaze but

2104
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,300
sees nothing. 
Still, she's learned to trust 

2105
01:53:53,300 --> 01:53:55,300
white chess census. 
Shed. 

2106
01:53:55,308 --> 01:53:56,700
She calls out a warning to the 
camp. 

2107
01:53:56,700 --> 01:53:59,100
And within seconds. 
Several adults emerge with 

2108
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:01,800
spears for several minutes. 
Nothing happened. 

2109
01:54:01,800 --> 01:54:05,800
Then a Cave Bear a massive 
creature easily. 

2110
01:54:05,800 --> 01:54:09,500
Nine feet tall if it's stood on 
its hind legs with a disposition

2111
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:12,800
that makes modern Grizzly. 
Seemed friendly emerges from 

2112
01:54:12,800 --> 01:54:16,000
behind the rocks. 
It's not approaching the camp 

2113
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:19,800
just passing through the area 
but Cave, Bears and notoriously 

2114
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:22,700
unpredictable. 
Having warning of its presence 

2115
01:54:22,700 --> 01:54:25,000
is the difference between safety
and disaster. 

2116
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:28,800
The bear passes without 
incident, but the humans 

2117
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:33,500
gratitude toward white chest is 
genuine Extra meter share that 

2118
01:54:33,500 --> 01:54:37,600
evening and the puppy for the 
first time is allowed to sleep 

2119
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:41,600
just outside the entrance to the
communal dwelling rather than at

2120
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:45,100
its usual more distance bot 
white chest isn't the only young

2121
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:48,900
wolf showing interest in humans.
As your band moves through its 

2122
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:52,900
seasonal rounds never strength 
too far from the core territory,

2123
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:57,200
but shifting locations as 
resources dictate, you notice 

2124
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:01,600
other Wolves at different sites.
Particularly younger ones that 

2125
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,200
display varying levels of 
boldness around humans. 

2126
01:55:04,200 --> 01:55:08,200
Some are like white chest 
actively seeking proximity 

2127
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:12,000
others are somewhere in the 
middle not avoiding humans, but 

2128
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:15,800
not seeking them out either. 
It's as if there's a spectrum of

2129
01:55:15,800 --> 01:55:19,000
personality types and the wolves
on the boulder end of that 

2130
01:55:19,000 --> 01:55:22,500
Spectrum other ones who keep 
gravitating toward human camps 

2131
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:24,700
your beginning to suspect 
though. 

2132
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:27,800
You have no framework to 
articulate this that some kind 

2133
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:31,100
of selection is happening. 
The boldest walls get the most 

2134
01:55:31,100 --> 01:55:33,500
access to easy food from Human 
scraps. 

2135
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:36,500
The boldest walls are the ones 
learning to cooperate. 

2136
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:40,500
However Loosely with human 
hunting activities The boldest 

2137
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:44,100
wolves are the ones surviving 
best near human settlements and 

2138
01:55:44,100 --> 01:55:47,800
when these bold walls eventually
mate as white chest will in 

2139
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,500
another year or so. 
They're likely produce offspring

2140
01:55:50,500 --> 01:55:52,800
that inherit this tendency 
toward boldness. 

2141
01:55:54,200 --> 01:55:57,700
Generation by Generation The 
Wolves, most comfortable around,

2142
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:00,000
humans are the ones most likely 
to thrive. 

2143
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:02,700
In this new ecological niche 
that humans provide. 

2144
01:56:02,700 --> 01:56:06,500
Meanwhile, the Shire more 
traditionally wolf-like 

2145
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:10,100
individuals continue to do fine 
in the vast Wilderness away from

2146
01:56:10,108 --> 01:56:13,000
human settlements. 
They're not being replaced or 

2147
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:14,800
driven out. 
It's just that two. 

2148
01:56:14,800 --> 01:56:18,800
Populations are slowly. 
Diverging one remaining purely 

2149
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:22,000
wolf one, beginning, the long 
journey toward becoming 

2150
01:56:22,000 --> 01:56:25,500
something else, white chest 
reaches full adult hood. 

2151
01:56:26,300 --> 01:56:29,300
About a year and a half old. 
Now, the puppy awkwardness is 

2152
01:56:29,300 --> 01:56:33,200
gone replaced by the lean 
efficiency of a mature predator.

2153
01:56:34,300 --> 01:56:38,800
White chest now weighs about 75 
pounds smaller than its mother, 

2154
01:56:38,800 --> 01:56:41,700
but still formidable. 
And while the wolf has clearly 

2155
01:56:41,700 --> 01:56:45,300
bonded with bright white and the
rest of the band, it's not in 

2156
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:49,600
any conventional sense. 
It still hunts his own prey, it 

2157
01:56:49,600 --> 01:56:52,800
still maintains some distance, 
it still makes its own decisions

2158
01:56:52,800 --> 01:56:55,700
about when to be near the camp 
and when to disappear into the 

2159
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:59,200
Wilderness for days at a time, 
but something fundamental has 

2160
01:56:59,200 --> 01:57:02,400
changed when white chest returns
from these Wilderness, 

2161
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:06,900
excursions it greets, the 
humans, Specially bright one 

2162
01:57:06,900 --> 01:57:11,000
with obvious, pleasure tail, 
wagging, and body wiggling. 

2163
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:16,200
In a dance of joy. when the band
moves Camp, white chest follows,

2164
01:57:16,200 --> 01:57:20,400
without hesitation, When 
Brightman sits by the fire in 

2165
01:57:20,400 --> 01:57:23,400
the evening. 
White chest lies nearby, close 

2166
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:26,100
enough to be touched. 
Those still wary of sudden 

2167
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:29,600
movements one evening. 
After a successful hunt, the 

2168
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:33,600
band is in good spirits, there's
meter plenty and someone has 

2169
01:57:33,600 --> 01:57:36,700
found a wild berry bush. 
Still holding fruit, despite the

2170
01:57:36,700 --> 01:57:40,000
lateness of the season. 
Children are playing a game that

2171
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:43,200
involves running around the 
camps perimeter and white chest 

2172
01:57:43,200 --> 01:57:46,300
joins in running, alongside them
with obvious enjoyment. 

2173
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:50,000
The adults watch this with 
Expressions ranging from a 

2174
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:52,400
basement, to Amusement, to 
something approaching unease. 

2175
01:57:52,400 --> 01:57:56,900
This is unprecedented while 
predators, don't play with human

2176
01:57:56,900 --> 01:58:01,700
children but here undeniably is 
a wolf doing exactly that. 

2177
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:04,400
Carefully without using its 
teeth. 

2178
01:58:04,400 --> 01:58:08,300
Even in play fighting adjusting 
its strength to accommodate the 

2179
01:58:08,308 --> 01:58:11,900
smaller weaker, humans, bright 
ones, mother watches, her 

2180
01:58:11,900 --> 01:58:15,000
daughter and white chess playing
together and she has a thought 

2181
01:58:15,000 --> 01:58:17,800
that she later tried to express 
to her partner though? 

2182
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:21,300
The language doesn't quite have 
the words for it yet. something 

2183
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:25,600
like, we're watching something 
new being born, not just this 

2184
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:30,000
wolf, but the idea of wolves and
humans together, what we're 

2185
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:33,400
seeing isn't just unusual. 
It's never happened before. 

2186
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:36,500
In all of history. 
She's right though. 

2187
01:58:36,500 --> 01:58:39,700
She doesn't know how right. 
She doesn't know that tens of 

2188
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,200
thousands of years in the future
humans will live alongside 

2189
01:58:42,200 --> 01:58:45,000
millions of descendants of 
wolves like white chest. 

2190
01:58:46,000 --> 01:58:48,100
She doesn't know that these 
descendants will come in 

2191
01:58:48,100 --> 01:58:51,800
bewildering variety. 
Tiny ones that fit in a pocket. 

2192
01:58:51,808 --> 01:58:55,300
Huge ones that stand taller than
wolves ever did. 

2193
01:58:56,100 --> 01:58:59,600
Some bred for hunting, some for 
guarding, and some simply for 

2194
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:02,300
companionship. 
She doesn't know that. 

2195
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:05,200
Humans will develop complex, 
emotional bonds with these 

2196
01:59:05,200 --> 01:59:09,100
animals, treating them as family
members mourning their deaths 

2197
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:13,200
and celebrating their lives. 
All she knows is that right now.

2198
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:16,500
In this moment her daughter is 
playing with a wolf and both of 

2199
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:18,700
them are clearly absolutely 
happy. 

2200
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:23,000
The fire crackles the Stars 
wheel overhead in their Eternal 

2201
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:24,800
patterns. 
A cool breeze. 

2202
01:59:24,800 --> 01:59:28,200
Brings the center of the 
distance Pines and in this small

2203
01:59:28,200 --> 01:59:30,100
corner of the vast Ice Age 
world. 

2204
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:32,500
Something impossible has become 
possible. 

2205
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:36,000
White chess stops running sits 
down to catch. 

2206
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:39,300
Its breath and bright one. 
Impulsively reaches out to touch

2207
01:59:39,300 --> 01:59:43,200
the top of the wolf's head. 
White chest goes very still, 

2208
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:46,800
this is the first time, a human 
has directly touched it. 

2209
01:59:47,600 --> 01:59:49,900
For a moment, the outcome could 
go either way. 

2210
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:54,200
Then white chest leans, into the
touch just slightly and bright. 

2211
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:57,500
One begins, gently scratching 
behind the wolf's ears, white 

2212
01:59:57,500 --> 01:59:59,300
chest, size clothes, in 
contentment. 

2213
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:04,000
One back leg starts twitching 
involuntarily the way dogs legs 

2214
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:05,500
will twitch. 
When you find just the right 

2215
02:00:05,500 --> 02:00:08,800
spot, the bridge between species
has been crossed. 

2216
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:12,900
There's no going back. 
Now, three years of pasts since 

2217
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:16,000
white chest first ventured close
to the human Camp as a bold 

2218
02:00:16,008 --> 02:00:18,300
puppy. 
The wolf though. 

2219
02:00:18,300 --> 02:00:20,900
We increasingly it seems 
incorrect to call it simply a 

2220
02:00:20,900 --> 02:00:25,300
wolf is now a mature adult fully
integrated into the daily life 

2221
02:00:25,300 --> 02:00:28,500
of your band. 
White chest has become for lack 

2222
02:00:28,500 --> 02:00:30,900
of a better term. 
And member of the family, the 

2223
02:00:30,900 --> 02:00:34,600
wolf's daily routine mirrors. 
The humans own rhythms white, 

2224
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:38,300
chess sleeps, near the camp 
entrance at night often beside 

2225
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:42,200
Brighton, sleeping area. 
In the morning, the wolfer 

2226
02:00:42,200 --> 02:00:45,600
company, whoever goes to fetch 
water, trotting alongside them 

2227
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:49,700
investigating, interesting 
smells and occasionally pausing 

2228
02:00:49,700 --> 02:00:54,300
to Mark territory. 
During the day white chest often

2229
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:57,100
joins hunting parties. 
And this is where the 

2230
02:00:57,100 --> 02:01:01,300
relationship has evolved into 
something truly remarkable white

2231
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:04,800
chest has learned to actively 
participate in Hunts the wolf 

2232
02:01:04,800 --> 02:01:07,000
understands somehow what the 
humans are trying to do. 

2233
02:01:08,000 --> 02:01:11,200
When the hunting party is 
stalking prey white chest 

2234
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:13,500
remains silent and stays down 
wind. 

2235
02:01:14,300 --> 02:01:17,700
When it's time to drive game 
toward waiting Hunters white 

2236
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:21,000
chest helps with the drive 
barking and lunging to push the 

2237
02:01:21,000 --> 02:01:25,700
animals in the right direction. 
And critically white chest has 

2238
02:01:25,700 --> 02:01:28,600
learned to wait for its share of
the kill rather than trying to 

2239
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:31,700
claim it immediately. 
This cooperation isn't perfect. 

2240
02:01:32,700 --> 02:01:36,200
Why chest is still a predator 
with predator instincts and 

2241
02:01:36,200 --> 02:01:38,600
occasionally those instincts 
override training? 

2242
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:42,600
Once during a particularly 
exciting Chase of a wounded by 

2243
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:46,700
bison white chest became over 
eager and darted into early 

2244
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:50,600
nearly getting trampled for the 
trouble. the wolf learned from 

2245
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:56,000
this mistake painfully limping 
for several days afterwards, but

2246
02:01:56,000 --> 02:01:59,600
learned nonetheless the human 
hunting success rate has 

2247
02:01:59,600 --> 02:02:03,500
noticeably improved with white 
chest participation the wolf 

2248
02:02:03,500 --> 02:02:08,800
Superior senses help locate prey
that humanized would miss White 

2249
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:12,100
chest presence makes them prey 
animals nervous causing them to 

2250
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:14,600
move in ways that make them 
easier for human Hunters to 

2251
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:17,100
predict. 
And occasionally when hunting 

2252
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:21,000
smaller game like rabbits or 
foxes white chest makes kills 

2253
02:02:21,000 --> 02:02:24,300
entirely independently and 
shares them with the band 

2254
02:02:24,300 --> 02:02:28,100
particularly with bright one, 
but it's not just practical 

2255
02:02:28,100 --> 02:02:29,800
benefits that Define this 
relationship. 

2256
02:02:29,800 --> 02:02:34,200
There's genuine affection here 
genuine companionship. 

2257
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:38,700
Bright one now approaching 11 
years old has formed a bond with

2258
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:40,900
white chest that goes beyond 
utility. 

2259
02:02:41,700 --> 02:02:47,000
The wolf is a constant companion
her Playmate and her confidence.

2260
02:02:48,400 --> 02:02:52,400
When bright one is sad and life 
in the Ice Age provides plenty 

2261
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:57,200
of reasons for sadness white 
chest seems to sense it. closed 

2262
02:02:57,200 --> 02:03:01,800
offering physical Comfort one 
particularly hard winter food 

2263
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:06,500
becomes scarce the band stored 
supplies run low and several 

2264
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,300
difficult weeks pass where 
everyone is hungry most of the 

2265
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:12,500
time. 
During this period white chess 

2266
02:03:12,500 --> 02:03:16,200
continues to hunt independently 
and bring us back small game 

2267
02:03:16,200 --> 02:03:21,200
Rabbits Birds even wants a fox 
and leaves this food near 

2268
02:03:21,200 --> 02:03:25,200
Brighton sleeping area. the wolf
is choosing to share food with a

2269
02:03:25,208 --> 02:03:30,400
human even when food is scarce, 
This behavior is so unusual. 

2270
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:35,300
So contrary to normal Predator 
behavior, that it cements white 

2271
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:39,200
chest status within the band. 
This is not just a useful 

2272
02:03:39,200 --> 02:03:42,100
animal. 
This is family, white chest, 

2273
02:03:42,100 --> 02:03:45,400
isn't the only wolf showing this
new pattern of behavior over 

2274
02:03:45,400 --> 02:03:46,200
these. 
Three years. 

2275
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:49,100
Several other young wolves, have
attached themselves to the band 

2276
02:03:49,100 --> 02:03:51,100
though. 
Nana's completely as white 

2277
02:03:51,100 --> 02:03:54,300
chest. 
There's a larger Shaggy wolf 

2278
02:03:54,300 --> 02:03:57,900
that the hunters called gray 
shoulder who primarily companies

2279
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:00,700
hunting parties, but keeps more 
distant than white chest. 

2280
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:05,200
Does There's a younger female 
with unusual pale coloring light

2281
02:04:05,200 --> 02:04:07,900
coat. 
Seems most interested in staying

2282
02:04:07,900 --> 02:04:10,900
near the camp, and getting 
handouts showing little interest

2283
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:13,100
in hunting, these different 
walls. 

2284
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,600
Displayed different personality 
traits, different preferences, 

2285
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:19,900
and different degrees of 
integration with human society. 

2286
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:23,900
It's becoming clear that not all
wolves, who associate with 

2287
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:26,900
humans do. 
So in the same way, some are 

2288
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:30,300
primarily interested in food. 
Some seem to Crave 

2289
02:04:30,300 --> 02:04:33,100
companionship. 
Some appear to enjoy the 

2290
02:04:33,100 --> 02:04:37,100
Cooperative hunting. 
Each wolf is an individual with 

2291
02:04:37,100 --> 02:04:40,000
its own motivations and 
temperament gray shoulder. 

2292
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:43,100
For instance, is all business, 
the wolf shows up when there's 

2293
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:46,600
hunting to be done participates 
efficiently, takes its share of 

2294
02:04:46,608 --> 02:04:49,700
the kill and then often 
disappears for days at a time, 

2295
02:04:49,708 --> 02:04:53,400
there's no tail wagging know, 
playing with children and no 

2296
02:04:53,400 --> 02:04:56,900
sleeping near the camp. 
But gray shoulder is reliable. 

2297
02:04:56,900 --> 02:05:00,400
When the hunting party sets out,
they can usually count on Gray 

2298
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:04,200
shoulder appearing within a few 
hours ready to work like coat. 

2299
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:07,200
Conversely seems to have no 
interest in hunting whatsoever, 

2300
02:05:08,000 --> 02:05:12,000
This wolf has perfected, the art
of looking pathetic, sitting at 

2301
02:05:12,008 --> 02:05:15,900
the edge of camp with big sad 
eyes until someone takes pity 

2302
02:05:15,900 --> 02:05:17,100
and tosses. 
It food. 

2303
02:05:18,400 --> 02:05:21,300
Like coat is gentle enough that 
even the smallest children can 

2304
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:25,100
approach it safely and the Wolf 
seems to enjoy being petted and 

2305
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:28,900
festered over. 
If wolves could purr like coat 

2306
02:05:28,900 --> 02:05:33,200
would per constantly the variety
in these walls, behaviors is 

2307
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:34,800
teaching your band something 
important. 

2308
02:05:35,600 --> 02:05:38,900
These animals are not all the 
same, they have personalities 

2309
02:05:38,900 --> 02:05:41,100
preferences and individual 
quirks. 

2310
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:45,200
This seems obvious now, but it's
actually a significant shift in 

2311
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:47,900
thinking previously, wolves were
viewed. 

2312
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,200
As a category dangerous, 
predators to be avoided or 

2313
02:05:51,200 --> 02:05:53,900
killed. 
Now, they're being seen as 

2314
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:56,600
individuals. 
This one is friendly. 

2315
02:05:56,600 --> 02:05:59,900
That one is shy. 
This one is a good Hunter, and 

2316
02:05:59,900 --> 02:06:02,400
that one is lazy. 
But sweet natured. 

2317
02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:07,000
One spring, white chest 
disappears for several weeks at 

2318
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:08,600
first. 
No one is particularly 

2319
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:11,300
concerned. 
The wolf has always come and 

2320
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:14,600
gone as it pleased. 
But as the days stretch into 

2321
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:18,700
weeks bright one becomes 
increasingly worried as 

2322
02:06:18,700 --> 02:06:20,000
something happened to white 
chest. 

2323
02:06:20,800 --> 02:06:24,800
Has the wolf been injured killed
by a larger predator or fallen 

2324
02:06:24,800 --> 02:06:27,800
through thin ice. 
Then one morning white chest 

2325
02:06:27,800 --> 02:06:30,900
returns and it's immediately 
obvious what's been happening. 

2326
02:06:31,800 --> 02:06:35,300
the wolf is accompanied by four 
puppies, about six weeks, old 

2327
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:39,000
tumbling and playing and 
exploring everything with that 

2328
02:06:39,000 --> 02:06:42,900
particular, Fearless curiosity 
of the very young, the band is 

2329
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:45,800
astonished White Chester's 
reproduced. 

2330
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:47,800
Of course, it has that what 
animals do. 

2331
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:51,400
But as chosen to bring its 
Offspring to the human Camp 

2332
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:55,000
rather than keeping them safely 
hidden in a den somewhere far 

2333
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:57,600
away. 
This decision speaks volumes 

2334
02:06:57,600 --> 02:06:59,900
about how white chest views, the
relationship with humans. 

2335
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:03,200
The camp isn't just a food 
source or a casual Association 

2336
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:07,300
its home its packed. 
It's the place where white chest

2337
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:10,400
wants to raise its young. 
The puppies are a mixture of 

2338
02:07:10,400 --> 02:07:13,700
traits, two of them. 
Look, almost exactly like 

2339
02:07:13,700 --> 02:07:18,200
traditional wolves with typical 
coloring and build but one puppy

2340
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:22,700
is smaller with softer features 
and a coat that slightly curlier

2341
02:07:22,700 --> 02:07:25,500
than normal. 
And one puppy has distinctive 

2342
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:29,900
markings, a white tip tail and a
blaze of white down its face. 

2343
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:33,100
That make it look quite 
different from any wolf you've 

2344
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:36,300
ever seen these puppies have 
never experienced the wild the 

2345
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:39,000
way their parent did. 
From their earliest memories, 

2346
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:40,900
humans are simply part of the 
landscape. 

2347
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:43,500
No more frightening than trees 
or rocks. 

2348
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:47,700
They approach people with no 
hesitation investigate 

2349
02:07:47,700 --> 02:07:51,100
everything, fearlessly and 
quickly, work out, that humans 

2350
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:54,100
are an excellent source of food 
and entertainment, right? 

2351
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:58,100
One is Enchanted She spent hours
playing with the puppies, 

2352
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:00,900
teaching, them simple games and 
getting them accustomed to being

2353
02:08:00,900 --> 02:08:04,500
handled. 
One puppy in particular, the 

2354
02:08:04,500 --> 02:08:08,400
small one with the curly coat 
becomes a specialty attached to 

2355
02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:12,000
Bright one following her 
everywhere sleeping curled 

2356
02:08:12,000 --> 02:08:15,400
against her at night, the band 
decides to call this puppy, curl

2357
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:18,500
for obvious reasons, and curl 
represents something even more 

2358
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:20,100
significant than white chest 
did. 

2359
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:24,300
White chest was a wild wolf that
chose to associate with humans. 

2360
02:08:24,300 --> 02:08:27,600
Curl is being raised from birth 
as part of a human family. 

2361
02:08:28,600 --> 02:08:32,400
Curl will never know, a purely 
wild existence curl is in 

2362
02:08:32,408 --> 02:08:35,800
essence, the first truly 
domestic dog, even though that 

2363
02:08:35,800 --> 02:08:39,300
word won't exist for thousands 
of years yet, as curl gross, the

2364
02:08:39,308 --> 02:08:41,900
differences from a traditional 
wolf become more pronounced. 

2365
02:08:43,100 --> 02:08:46,800
Curl is smaller than a full wolf
with shorter legs and a more 

2366
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:49,700
rounded skulls ears. 
Don't stand up quite as 

2367
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:52,700
directly. 
Curls, tail curls, over its back

2368
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:55,200
in a way, that would be 
considered a full in a wolf, but

2369
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:56,900
is somehow Charming in this 
context. 

2370
02:08:56,900 --> 02:09:00,500
And Carl's temperament is 
gentler and more tractable than 

2371
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:03,800
any Wolf's curl, never goes 
through the Adolescent period of

2372
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:06,700
testing boundaries, and 
asserting Independence that 

2373
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:10,900
wolves typically experience. 
Curl simply accepts, human 

2374
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:15,400
authority as natural, and right?
When bright one gives curl a 

2375
02:09:15,400 --> 02:09:21,300
command sit, stay calm, curler 
Bay's with eager and enthusiasm.

2376
02:09:22,200 --> 02:09:25,200
Not because curl fears 
punishment but because pleasing 

2377
02:09:25,200 --> 02:09:27,800
bright one is Carl's primary 
motivation in life. 

2378
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:31,900
This eager to please quality is 
something new Under the Sun. 

2379
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:35,800
Wolves can be trained to an 
extent but their cooperation 

2380
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:39,100
always feels like a negotiation 
a transaction. 

2381
02:09:40,300 --> 02:09:42,100
Curls. 
Obedience feels more like 

2382
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,500
devotion. 
He difference between a tamed 

2383
02:09:45,500 --> 02:09:49,300
wolf and a truly domestic dog. 
Other puppies, from White 

2384
02:09:49,300 --> 02:09:52,200
chests, litter show, varying 
degrees of this new temperament.

2385
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:56,800
One is almost indistinguishable 
from a wild wolf eventually 

2386
02:09:56,800 --> 02:09:58,800
leaving the band to live 
independently. 

2387
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:02,700
Two are intermediate friendly 
with humans but retaining 

2388
02:10:02,700 --> 02:10:06,600
significant Independence, but 
curl is fully completely 

2389
02:10:06,600 --> 02:10:09,000
domestic. 
The band begins to see the 

2390
02:10:09,000 --> 02:10:12,400
possibilities. 
If wolves can be raised to be 

2391
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:16,600
this Cooperative, this helpful, 
this companionable, then, 

2392
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:19,600
perhaps this relationship could 
be deliberately cultivated 

2393
02:10:19,600 --> 02:10:23,200
perhaps when white chest, or one
of the other walls has another 

2394
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:25,000
litter. 
The band could keep the 

2395
02:10:25,000 --> 02:10:27,300
friendliest puppies and 
encourage them to mate with 

2396
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:30,100
other friendly wolves. 
This thought represents the 

2397
02:10:30,100 --> 02:10:31,800
beginning of conscience 
selection. 

2398
02:10:32,600 --> 02:10:35,500
Not just accepting wolves that 
happen to be bold enough to 

2399
02:10:35,500 --> 02:10:39,400
approach humans but actively 
choosing which wolves to keep 

2400
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:41,700
and breed based on desirable 
traits. 

2401
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:45,900
It's the shift from passive 
acceptance of a phenomenon to 

2402
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:49,600
active participation in shaping 
it, you don't know that you're 

2403
02:10:49,600 --> 02:10:53,100
inventing animal husbandry, you 
don't know that the same process

2404
02:10:53,100 --> 02:10:55,200
will eventually be applied to 
Wild sheep. 

2405
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:59,700
Wild, cattle, and wild horses. 
Transforming them all into 

2406
02:10:59,700 --> 02:11:03,200
domestic animals, you don't even
really know that what you're 

2407
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:06,300
doing is revolutionary. 
You just know that having curl 

2408
02:11:06,300 --> 02:11:09,200
around makes life better. 
The puppy is cheerful, 

2409
02:11:09,200 --> 02:11:14,200
affectionate helpful in its 
small ways and brings Joy to the

2410
02:11:14,208 --> 02:11:17,700
entire band. 
When you're working on a 

2411
02:11:17,700 --> 02:11:21,300
difficult task and getting 
frustrated, curl seems to sense 

2412
02:11:21,300 --> 02:11:25,400
it and comes over tail. 
Wagging inviting you to take a 

2413
02:11:25,400 --> 02:11:29,000
break and play. 
When the camp is quiet and 

2414
02:11:29,000 --> 02:11:31,100
everyone is feeling the weight 
of survivals. 

2415
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:34,200
Constant demands curl does 
something silly. 

2416
02:11:34,200 --> 02:11:38,600
Chasing its own tail. 
Play bowing to a shadow barking 

2417
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:40,700
at a butterfly and makes 
everyone laugh. 

2418
02:11:41,500 --> 02:11:44,400
In the ice ages hard, it's 
dangerous. 

2419
02:11:44,400 --> 02:11:48,200
It's unpredictable. 
But with a curly coated, little 

2420
02:11:48,200 --> 02:11:51,700
dog curled up against you at 
night, with a wolf dog, bringing

2421
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:55,600
you fresh killed rabbits with a 
gentle pale wolf accepting 

2422
02:11:55,600 --> 02:11:59,000
scratches from your children. 
Some of that hardness feels a 

2423
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:02,200
bit more bearable, the sun sets 
over the tundra, painting 

2424
02:12:02,200 --> 02:12:03,900
everything in shades of gold and
Amber. 

2425
02:12:04,700 --> 02:12:07,700
White chest sits on a rise near 
the camp silhouetted against the

2426
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:10,300
sky. 
Looking out over the landscape. 

2427
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:14,100
Curl sits beside, its parent, 
attempting to match the adults 

2428
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,300
dignified pose, but somewhat 
undermining, the effect by 

2429
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:19,800
occasionally, scratching 
vigorously at his ear. 

2430
02:12:19,800 --> 02:12:22,900
You watch them from the camp and
you feel something that might be

2431
02:12:22,900 --> 02:12:25,000
the Ice Age equivalent of 
contentment. 

2432
02:12:26,000 --> 02:12:30,300
Things change slowly in this 
world, the seasons cycle, the 

2433
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:35,700
herds migrate life continues in,
its ancient patterns but here in

2434
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:39,300
this small detail of wolf dogs, 
it in peace, near a human Camp, 

2435
02:12:39,300 --> 02:12:43,500
something genuinely new is 
happening, the future is being 

2436
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:46,200
born one, whacking tail at a 
time. 

2437
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:50,100
Ten years of passed since white 
chest first approached, the camp

2438
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,100
as a bold puppy and the 
landscape of human wolf 

2439
02:12:53,100 --> 02:12:56,100
relationships as transformed in 
ways that would have seemed 

2440
02:12:56,100 --> 02:12:59,600
impossible back then. 
Your band now lives alongside 

2441
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:04,900
not one or two wolf dogs, but an
entire community of the 15 in 

2442
02:13:04,900 --> 02:13:08,300
total, ranging from very wolf, 
like individuals who maintain 

2443
02:13:08,300 --> 02:13:12,400
significant Independence to 
animals, like curls Offspring, 

2444
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:16,800
who are so thoroughly integrated
into human society that calling 

2445
02:13:16,800 --> 02:13:18,600
them wolves feels completely 
wrong. 

2446
02:13:18,600 --> 02:13:21,300
The terminologies becoming a 
problem actually. 

2447
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:24,600
You need to distinguish between 
the animals that live with you 

2448
02:13:24,600 --> 02:13:27,200
and the wild wolves that still 
roam the tundra. 

2449
02:13:28,200 --> 02:13:31,200
The word your band has settled 
on for the domesticated ones 

2450
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:35,400
roughly translates to hand-fed 
ones or possibly chosen ones 

2451
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:39,500
depending on context it's clunky
but it serves its purpose. 

2452
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:43,900
White chest is now elderly by 
wolf, standards approaching, 11 

2453
02:13:43,900 --> 02:13:47,500
years old with a graying muzzle 
and stiff movements that speak 

2454
02:13:47,500 --> 02:13:51,100
to arthritis in the hips. 
The wolf, no longer companies, 

2455
02:13:51,100 --> 02:13:54,500
hunting parties, spending most 
days, sleeping near the camps 

2456
02:13:54,500 --> 02:13:57,900
warmest spots. 
But white chest remains deeply 

2457
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:01,200
beloved respected as the 
founding member of this new 

2458
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:04,100
relationship. 
The younger wolfdogs treat white

2459
02:14:04,100 --> 02:14:07,000
chest with clear, deference and 
bright one. 

2460
02:14:07,000 --> 02:14:11,300
Now, a woman of 21 with Children
of her own, still sits beside 

2461
02:14:11,300 --> 02:14:14,100
the old wolf in the evening 
stroking, its graying, fur, and 

2462
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:17,800
talking softly, the wolfdogs of 
become essential to the band 

2463
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:21,200
survival strategy. 
Their contributions are multiple

2464
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:25,700
and significant in hunting. 
A well-trained wolf, dog can be 

2465
02:14:25,708 --> 02:14:29,900
worth two human Hunters. 
The animals can run down prey, 

2466
02:14:29,900 --> 02:14:32,500
that would Escape humans. 
And contract wounded animals 

2467
02:14:32,500 --> 02:14:35,900
through terrain, too difficult 
for people to navigate and can 

2468
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:38,200
hold a cornered animal until the
hunters arrive. 

2469
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:41,500
But the wolf dogs provide 
benefits Beyond hunting. 

2470
02:14:41,500 --> 02:14:45,600
They serve as an alarm system 
alerting the camp to approaching

2471
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:50,700
Predators or rival human bands. 
They keep scavengers like hyenas

2472
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:54,900
and foxes away from stored food.
They provide warmth on cold 

2473
02:14:54,900 --> 02:14:57,800
nights, several wolf, dogs 
sleeping in the communal 

2474
02:14:57,800 --> 02:14:59,000
dwelling. 
Raise the temperature. 

2475
02:14:59,000 --> 02:15:02,400
Noticeably And perhaps most 
importantly in the harsh 

2476
02:15:02,400 --> 02:15:05,800
calculus of Ice Age survival, 
they provide psychological 

2477
02:15:05,800 --> 02:15:09,000
comfort. 
Having these animals around 

2478
02:15:09,000 --> 02:15:12,600
makes people feel safer and less
alone in a vast and often 

2479
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:15,400
hostile landscape. 
The different wolf dogs have 

2480
02:15:15,400 --> 02:15:18,600
found different roles within the
human Community playing to their

2481
02:15:18,600 --> 02:15:22,600
individual strengths. 
Their Scout, a lean fast, 

2482
02:15:22,600 --> 02:15:26,300
female, who excels, ranging 
ahead of traveling groups, alert

2483
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:29,900
for danger. 
There's Guardian a massive male 

2484
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:32,300
with a protective temperament 
Who was appointed himself 

2485
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:36,500
defender of the children. 
Even the smallest child can 

2486
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,300
toddler around camps safely with
Guardian following like a 

2487
02:15:39,308 --> 02:15:43,300
patient furry shadow. 
Then there's Hunter descended 

2488
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:46,500
from greater who was inherited 
its ancestors. 

2489
02:15:46,500 --> 02:15:50,400
No Nonsense approach to hunting.
Hunter has little interest in 

2490
02:15:50,400 --> 02:15:53,900
being petted or playing games, 
but when the hunting party goes 

2491
02:15:53,900 --> 02:15:59,100
out, Hunter is all business. 
Efficient tireless and 

2492
02:15:59,100 --> 02:16:02,400
remarkably skilled at 
anticipating where prey animals 

2493
02:16:02,400 --> 02:16:05,400
will run some wolf. 
Dogs have discovered entirely 

2494
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:09,300
unexpected roles warmth a female
with unusually. 

2495
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:12,700
Thick fur, has somehow worked 
out that if she lies down near 

2496
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:15,600
someone who's sick her body 
heat, helps them feel better. 

2497
02:16:15,600 --> 02:16:19,500
She's become the band. 
Unofficial nurse spending her 

2498
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:23,200
time with anyone who's ill or 
injured, providing comfort. 

2499
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:26,000
And warmth that may have real 
therapeutic value. 

2500
02:16:26,000 --> 02:16:29,200
The breeding of these animals is
becoming more deliberate with 

2501
02:16:29,200 --> 02:16:33,700
each generation. when a female 
wolf dog comes into heat, the 

2502
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:37,100
band pays attention to which 
males she's interested in and 

2503
02:16:37,100 --> 02:16:41,299
may actively encourage or 
discourage certain pairings The 

2504
02:16:41,299 --> 02:16:43,900
friendliest animals are 
encouraged to breed with each 

2505
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:46,100
other. 
The best hunters appeared with 

2506
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:49,900
other good Hunters animals with 
health problems or poor. 

2507
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:52,600
Temperaments are discouraged 
from breeding though, this is 

2508
02:16:52,600 --> 02:16:55,299
done Humane Lee. 
This simply watched carefully 

2509
02:16:55,299 --> 02:16:58,100
and potential mates are kept 
separate during the critical 

2510
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,500
time. 
This selective breeding is 

2511
02:17:00,500 --> 02:17:02,299
already producing visible 
results. 

2512
02:17:03,100 --> 02:17:06,299
The wolf dogs of Carl's lineage 
are consistently smaller than 

2513
02:17:06,299 --> 02:17:11,100
full wolves with shorter snouts.
Smaller teeth and more variable 

2514
02:17:11,100 --> 02:17:14,500
coat colors. 
One recent letter produced a 

2515
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:19,200
puppy with floppy ears is that 
never fully stood erect instead 

2516
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:22,799
hanging down in a way that would
be a severe disadvantage for a 

2517
02:17:22,799 --> 02:17:26,000
wild wolf but is merely and 
daring in a domestic animal. 

2518
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,500
Another litter included a puppy 
with a coat pattern, never seen 

2519
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:34,100
in wild, wolves black with 
symmetrical, White markings on 

2520
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:37,400
the chest and Paws, these 
physical changes are accompanied

2521
02:17:37,400 --> 02:17:40,700
by behavioral ones. 
The newest generation of wolf 

2522
02:17:40,700 --> 02:17:44,299
dogs is even more tractable than
their parents more eager to 

2523
02:17:44,308 --> 02:17:47,100
please and more attuned to human
communication. 

2524
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:51,299
Human can point, and these 
animals will look where the 

2525
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:54,500
human is pointing. 
A cognitive skill that wolves 

2526
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,299
rarely demonstrate, but that 
these hand fed ones have 

2527
02:17:57,299 --> 02:18:00,600
developed to a remarkable 
degree, one of Brighton's 

2528
02:18:00,600 --> 02:18:04,299
children, a boy of about seven 
as formed a particularly close 

2529
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:06,299
bond with a young wolf dog named
Swift. 

2530
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:10,600
The two are inseparable and 
their relationship demonstrates.

2531
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:13,900
Just how far this human animal 
partnership has evolved. 

2532
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:18,700
Swift sleeps, with the boy, 
plays with him constantly, and 

2533
02:18:18,700 --> 02:18:22,299
seems to understand the child's 
moods and needs with uncanny 

2534
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:26,000
accuracy. 
When the boy is sad Swift offers

2535
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:28,400
Comfort. 
When the boy is excited. 

2536
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:32,900
Swift matches that excitement 
when the boy wanders, too far 

2537
02:18:32,907 --> 02:18:37,100
from camps with gently hurts him
back using the same techniques. 

2538
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,299
Swift ancestors used for herding
prey. 

2539
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:42,299
This level of interspecies 
communication would have seen 

2540
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:44,700
magical to your band just to 
generation ago. 

2541
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:48,799
Now, it's simply normal. 
Of course, the wolf dogs 

2542
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:52,000
understand pointing, of course, 
they respond to voice commands, 

2543
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:55,500
of course, they integrate 
seamlessly into human social 

2544
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:57,600
structures. 
What else would they do? 

2545
02:18:57,600 --> 02:19:00,000
The wolf? 
Dogs of even begun to adopt 

2546
02:19:00,000 --> 02:19:02,000
human sleeping patterns to some 
degree. 

2547
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:06,400
While wolves are most active at 
dawn and dusk resting during the

2548
02:19:06,400 --> 02:19:09,600
midday and midnight hours. 
But the hand fed ones, 

2549
02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:12,900
increasingly match human 
activity patterns awake. 

2550
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:17,299
When humans are awake sleeping, 
when humans sleep, There are 

2551
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,600
adapting, not just to living 
near humans, but to living as 

2552
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:24,200
humans. 
Do one spring, arrival band not 

2553
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:28,000
hostile exactly, but competing 
for the same resources camps 

2554
02:19:28,000 --> 02:19:32,200
about two days travel from your 
territory, negotiation attempts,

2555
02:19:32,200 --> 02:19:36,000
both bands, need access to the 
river for fishing and the best 

2556
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:38,000
fishing spots. 
Can't support both groups 

2557
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:42,200
simultaneously, your band has an
advantage, the Rival band lacks 

2558
02:19:42,200 --> 02:19:46,700
the wolfdogs When the Rival band
sees, guardian and Hunter and 

2559
02:19:46,700 --> 02:19:48,900
the others. 
When they see how these animals 

2560
02:19:48,900 --> 02:19:52,200
respond to human commands, how 
they coordinate with human 

2561
02:19:52,200 --> 02:19:54,700
Hunters, the balance of power 
shifts. 

2562
02:19:55,500 --> 02:19:58,800
A band with wolf dogs, is simply
more formidable than a band 

2563
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:02,100
without them, the Rival bands, 
leader proposes a solution, 

2564
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:04,800
they'll concede. 
The best fishing spots in 

2565
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:07,900
exchange for two wolf dog, 
puppies, from the next litter, 

2566
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:11,300
It's the first time. 
Wolfdogs have been traded. 

2567
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:14,900
First time they've been 
recognized as having concrete 

2568
02:20:14,900 --> 02:20:19,100
value that can be exchanged. 
Your band agrees though their 

2569
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,300
significant debate about which 
puppies to give away. 

2570
02:20:22,300 --> 02:20:24,100
Should you give them inferior 
puppies? 

2571
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:28,200
The less friendly less trainable
ones, or would that be 

2572
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:31,500
dishonorable? 
Eventually a compromises 

2573
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:33,600
reached. 
You'll give them two good 

2574
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:39,000
puppies from good lineages but 
not the very best The Rival band

2575
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:42,400
leaves satisfied and when 
breeding season arrives, your 

2576
02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:45,300
band carefully, selects two 
puppies that are friendly and 

2577
02:20:45,300 --> 02:20:48,100
healthy. 
But not exceptional, this trade 

2578
02:20:48,100 --> 02:20:52,100
opens, a new chapter within a 
few years, other bands in the 

2579
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:53,900
region. 
Also, keeping wolf dogs. 

2580
02:20:54,500 --> 02:20:57,500
The animals spread across the 
landscape moving from band to 

2581
02:20:57,500 --> 02:20:59,400
band through trade and 
gift-giving. 

2582
02:21:00,100 --> 02:21:03,700
And with each trade, with each 
new home, the wolf dogs adapt 

2583
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,900
further to Human Society. 
But something has been lost, 

2584
02:21:06,900 --> 02:21:09,700
too. 
The earliest wolf dogs like 

2585
02:21:09,700 --> 02:21:14,300
white chest retained significant
Independence, still capable of 

2586
02:21:14,300 --> 02:21:16,100
surviving in the wild if 
necessary. 

2587
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:18,900
The newer Generations are losing
this. 

2588
02:21:19,800 --> 02:21:23,200
So, adapted to human society 
that they would struggle to 

2589
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:27,000
survive alone. 
They've become dependent, not in

2590
02:21:27,000 --> 02:21:30,200
a week or pitiable way, but 
simply as a fact of their 

2591
02:21:30,200 --> 02:21:33,800
Revolution, they've traded 
Independence for partnership 

2592
02:21:33,800 --> 02:21:36,900
Wilderness for home. 
Is this good or bad? 

2593
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:40,400
The question doesn't really 
occur to anyone in your band. 

2594
02:21:40,400 --> 02:21:42,500
This is simply how things are 
developing. 

2595
02:21:43,400 --> 02:21:47,500
The wolfdogs are happy, they 
play, they form bonds and they 

2596
02:21:47,508 --> 02:21:51,800
seem to enjoy their lives. 
Humans are happy, life is easier

2597
02:21:51,800 --> 02:21:55,100
and more secure with Wolfdog 
Partners, what else matters. 

2598
02:21:55,900 --> 02:21:59,600
White chest dies, one cold 
winter morning, simply failing 

2599
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:02,900
to wake up. 
Eth is a constant companion in 

2600
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:06,300
the Ice Age and the band has 
developed rituals for dealing 

2601
02:22:06,300 --> 02:22:09,100
with it. 
White chess body is placed on a 

2602
02:22:09,108 --> 02:22:12,700
rise, overlooking, the camp, 
positioned to face the sunrise. 

2603
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,200
It's a mark of respect, given to
honored band members. 

2604
02:22:16,200 --> 02:22:19,300
Now extended to this animal, who
helped create something 

2605
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:23,600
entirely, New Bright ones, sits 
beside the body for a long time,

2606
02:22:23,600 --> 02:22:26,700
crying openly. 
She's mourning, not just an 

2607
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:29,000
animal. 
But a friend, a companion who's 

2608
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:32,100
been part of her entire life 
from childhood into adulthood 

2609
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:35,200
The other wolf dogs seemed to 
understand that something 

2610
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,200
significant has happened. 
They approach white chest. 

2611
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,400
Body cautiously sniff, it 
carefully and several of them 

2612
02:22:41,400 --> 02:22:45,500
emit low, mournful howls, that 
evening gathered around the 

2613
02:22:45,500 --> 02:22:47,800
fire, the band tell stories 
about white chest. 

2614
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:51,300
How the wolf first approached 
the camp as a bold puppy. 

2615
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:55,200
How it learned to hunt 
cooperatively with humans, how 

2616
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:58,200
it brought its own puppies to be
raised alongside human children.

2617
02:22:59,200 --> 02:23:02,700
The story served multiple 
purposes, honoring the dead 

2618
02:23:02,700 --> 02:23:06,400
passing knowledge to younger 
generations, and processing 

2619
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:10,000
grief through narrative one of 
the elders, speaking slowly, and

2620
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:12,300
thoughtfully says something that
resonates with everyone. 

2621
02:23:13,200 --> 02:23:17,000
White chest changed the world, 
not the whole world may be, but 

2622
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:20,000
our world, our lives are 
different because of that one 

2623
02:23:20,000 --> 02:23:24,100
Brave, curious wolf. 
It's a simple eulogy but it's 

2624
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:28,500
also profoundly true. 
One individual animal acting on 

2625
02:23:28,508 --> 02:23:32,500
Instinct toward boldness and 
curiosity initiated, a 

2626
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,500
relationship that has 
transformed an entire human band

2627
02:23:35,500 --> 02:23:37,900
way of life. 
The wolf dogs who remain 

2628
02:23:37,900 --> 02:23:41,300
continue the partnership. 
White chess began, they hunt 

2629
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:44,300
they guard and they provide 
companionship and warmth. 

2630
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:48,300
And in the spring new puppies 
are born smaller, friendlier and

2631
02:23:48,300 --> 02:23:51,200
more variable in appearance than
their wild ancestors. 

2632
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,600
The transformation continues 
Generation by generation. 

2633
02:23:55,600 --> 02:24:00,100
Moving steadily away from Wolf 
and towards something new in the

2634
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:04,100
distance, a wild wolf howls, one
of white chest contemporaries, 

2635
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,600
perhaps or a descendant of the 
walls who chose to remain Wild. 

2636
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:12,400
The sound is beautiful and Eerie
echoing across the tundra Under 

2637
02:24:12,400 --> 02:24:16,800
the Stars, Guardian lying near 
the fire lift his head and howls

2638
02:24:16,800 --> 02:24:19,800
in response. 
But Guardians, howl is different

2639
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:24,500
from the wild Wolf's shorter 
less sustained and mixed with 

2640
02:24:24,500 --> 02:24:27,400
what almost sounds like a bark, 
two species. 

2641
02:24:27,400 --> 02:24:33,100
Once one to Future's, diverging.
And somewhere in that Divergence

2642
02:24:33,100 --> 02:24:37,100
in that space between wild and 
domestic between Independence 

2643
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:39,400
and partnership. 
Something precious has been 

2644
02:24:39,408 --> 02:24:44,600
created, the fire crackles, the 
Stars wheel overhead and the 

2645
02:24:44,600 --> 02:24:47,000
next generation of wolfdogs 
sleeps peacefully. 

2646
02:24:47,000 --> 02:24:51,600
Dreaming whatever wolfdogs dream
in a world that their ancestors 

2647
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:55,600
courage, helped create 50 years 
of past since white chest first 

2648
02:24:55,600 --> 02:24:57,900
approached, that camp your 
band's. 

2649
02:24:57,900 --> 02:24:59,800
Descendants of moved to new 
territories. 

2650
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:03,400
Following the slowly shifting 
climate as the Ice Age begins, 

2651
02:25:03,400 --> 02:25:07,900
its long gradual retreat. 
The massive Glaciers are melting

2652
02:25:07,900 --> 02:25:12,900
in perceptively slowly creating 
new Rivers, new lakes, and new 

2653
02:25:12,900 --> 02:25:16,300
opportunities for human 
habitation and wherever humans 

2654
02:25:16,300 --> 02:25:20,200
go, the wolfdogs go with them. 
The relationship between humans 

2655
02:25:20,200 --> 02:25:22,200
and these. 
Proto dogs has become so 

2656
02:25:22,200 --> 02:25:25,600
normalized that its difficult to
remember a time when it didn't 

2657
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:28,600
exist. 
Every human ban in the region. 

2658
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:32,400
Now has wolfdogs, they've become
as essential to human survival, 

2659
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:37,000
as fire as tools as language 
itself, the wolfdogs of 

2660
02:25:37,008 --> 02:25:41,000
continued to diversify some 
bands, prefer larger more wolf 

2661
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:44,300
like animals for hunting, large 
game, other bands, favored 

2662
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:47,200
smaller friendly animals. 
Better suited to life in 

2663
02:25:47,200 --> 02:25:49,000
increasingly settled 
communities. 

2664
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:52,600
Some bands, have wolf dogs that 
specialize in guarding stored 

2665
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:55,900
food from pests. 
Others have animals trying to 

2666
02:25:55,908 --> 02:25:58,100
help Drive fish into Nets during
seasonal. 

2667
02:25:58,100 --> 02:26:00,900
Salmon runs this 
diversification, is the 

2668
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:03,300
beginning of what will 
eventually become distinct 

2669
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:06,100
breeds though? 
That concept is far in the 

2670
02:26:06,108 --> 02:26:09,500
future. 
For now it's simply practical 

2671
02:26:09,500 --> 02:26:12,500
adaptation different human 
communities. 

2672
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:16,100
Have different needs and their 
unconsciously selecting for the 

2673
02:26:16,100 --> 02:26:17,700
traits that serve those needs 
best. 

2674
02:26:17,700 --> 02:26:20,900
One, particularly interesting 
development is happening in 

2675
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,200
coastal communities, where 
humans are beginning to exploit 

2676
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:26,100
Marine Resources, more 
systematically. 

2677
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:29,500
The wolf dogs. 
In these communities have 

2678
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:32,500
learned to be fish something. 
Wild wolves. 

2679
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:36,900
Rarely do some of even learn to 
help with fishing diving into 

2680
02:26:36,900 --> 02:26:40,200
shallow water to drive. 
Fish toward waiting Nets or even

2681
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:43,200
catching fish independently, 
these Coastal wolf. 

2682
02:26:43,200 --> 02:26:44,900
Dogs are developing slightly 
different. 

2683
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:48,600
Physical characteristics, more 
webbing between their toes and 

2684
02:26:48,600 --> 02:26:51,100
slightly oilier coats that shed 
water better. 

2685
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:54,400
There are adapting to their 
environment within just a few 

2686
02:26:54,400 --> 02:26:58,400
Generations, demonstrating the 
remarkable, plasticity of the 

2687
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:00,600
wolf dog genome under selective 
pressure. 

2688
02:27:00,600 --> 02:27:04,200
Meanwhile, in the interior 
regions where big game hunting 

2689
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:07,900
Remains the primary survival 
strategy, the wolfdogs remain 

2690
02:27:07,900 --> 02:27:11,700
large and more wolf, like These 
animals need to strengthen 

2691
02:27:11,700 --> 02:27:15,200
endurance to help bring down 
mammoths bison, and other 

2692
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:17,800
megafauna. 
But even these hunting 

2693
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:20,700
Specialists are more tractable 
than their wild ancestors. 

2694
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:24,400
More responsive to human 
Direction and more integrated 

2695
02:27:24,400 --> 02:27:28,500
into human social structures. 
The trade-in wolf dogs has 

2696
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:31,600
become extensive. 
Prized animals might be traded 

2697
02:27:31,600 --> 02:27:35,400
across territories spanning 
hundreds of miles a particularly

2698
02:27:35,400 --> 02:27:36,400
good. 
Hunting dog. 

2699
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:40,700
Might be exchanged for tools for
Furs or for access to prime 

2700
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:44,000
hunting grounds. 
Female wolf dogs in heat are 

2701
02:27:44,000 --> 02:27:46,000
sometimes. 
Taken, long distance is to be 

2702
02:27:46,000 --> 02:27:47,800
bred with males from other 
lineages. 

2703
02:27:47,800 --> 02:27:51,200
Preventing inbreeding and 
introducing new genetic 

2704
02:27:51,200 --> 02:27:53,900
variation. 
This trade, has unexpected 

2705
02:27:53,900 --> 02:27:56,400
benefits. 
It creates connections between 

2706
02:27:56,400 --> 02:28:00,500
human bands facilitating. 
The exchange of knowledge tools 

2707
02:28:00,500 --> 02:28:03,900
and genetic material, both dog 
and human. 

2708
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:08,000
Bands that might previously have
been Rivals, find common ground 

2709
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:09,900
in their shared interest in wolf
dogs. 

2710
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:14,500
A man from one band might travel
to another specifically to breed

2711
02:28:14,500 --> 02:28:17,600
his female wolf dog with a male 
known for its hunting prowess 

2712
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:21,800
and during that visit trade 
other Goods share stories and 

2713
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:24,300
perhaps even arranged marriages 
between the bands. 

2714
02:28:24,300 --> 02:28:29,000
The wolfdogs are becoming a form
of social glue binding human 

2715
02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:32,900
communities together across vast
distances, but the relationship 

2716
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:37,100
isn't uniformly positive some 
bands reject the wolfdogs 

2717
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:40,300
entirely seeing them as an 
unnecessary burden in terms of 

2718
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:44,900
food resources these bands 
continue the old ways hunting 

2719
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:49,100
without animal assistance and 
they do fine humans are 

2720
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:52,300
adaptable enough to thrive with 
or without canine Partners. 

2721
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:56,200
There are all so occasional 
problems a wolfdog might revert 

2722
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:58,100
to more. 
Wild Behavior attacking 

2723
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:01,400
livestock as humans begin 
tentative experiments with 

2724
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,600
keeping other animals captive or
even biting humans. 

2725
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:08,800
These incidents are handled Case
by case, but they serve as 

2726
02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:11,900
reminders that these animals are
still close to their Wild Roots 

2727
02:29:11,900 --> 02:29:16,500
still capable of unpredictable 
Behavior one particularly tragic

2728
02:29:16,500 --> 02:29:19,900
incident involves a wolfdog that
during a harsh winter with 

2729
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:23,900
severe food shortages kills and 
eats a human infant left 

2730
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,500
momentarily unattended. 
The Wolfdog is immediately 

2731
02:29:27,500 --> 02:29:30,600
killed and their serious 
discussion in the band about 

2732
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:33,400
whether the entire experiment 
with keeping these animals is 

2733
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:36,000
worth the risk. 
But ultimately the decision is 

2734
02:29:36,008 --> 02:29:39,300
made to continue the benefits. 
Outweigh the risks. 

2735
02:29:39,300 --> 02:29:42,200
As long as everyone remains 
Vigilant and realistic about 

2736
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:45,700
what these animals are. 
Near the fully wild nor fully 

2737
02:29:45,700 --> 02:29:48,100
tame. 
But something in between that 

2738
02:29:48,100 --> 02:29:52,500
requires constant awareness as 
Generations, pass the wolfdogs 

2739
02:29:52,500 --> 02:29:55,100
become more and more distinct 
from their wild ancestors. 

2740
02:29:55,100 --> 02:30:00,000
The physical changes accumulate 
smaller teeth, shorter snouts 

2741
02:30:00,000 --> 02:30:03,600
and more variable coat colors 
and patterns floppy. 

2742
02:30:03,600 --> 02:30:07,300
Ears appear in multiple lineages
curled, Tails, become common. 

2743
02:30:08,300 --> 02:30:12,200
Some wolf dogs, develop spotted 
coats, or unusual color patterns

2744
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:16,000
or even long silky fur that 
would be impractical for wild 

2745
02:30:16,000 --> 02:30:19,100
wolves but his prized by humans 
for its appearance. 

2746
02:30:19,100 --> 02:30:23,400
The behavioral changes are even 
more pronounced The newest 

2747
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:26,700
generation of wolf dogs are born
with a NATO, understanding of 

2748
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:30,500
human social cues, they 
instinctively defer to human 

2749
02:30:30,500 --> 02:30:33,600
authority. 
If formed strong emotional bonds

2750
02:30:33,600 --> 02:30:37,600
with human families showing 
distress when separated and joy,

2751
02:30:37,600 --> 02:30:41,100
when reunited, they've become 
emotionally domesticated. 

2752
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:44,700
In a way that goes beyond me a 
training, scientists far in the 

2753
02:30:44,708 --> 02:30:48,400
future will identify this as a 
change in the wolf dog genome 

2754
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:53,100
related to stress, hormones, and
social bonding, Specific genetic

2755
02:30:53,100 --> 02:30:56,100
variations that make these 
animals, less fearful of humans,

2756
02:30:56,100 --> 02:31:00,200
more tolerant of close contact 
and more capable of reading, 

2757
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:04,200
human emotions and intentions. 
But your band only knows that 

2758
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:06,400
the puppies. 
Born now somehow sweeter 

2759
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:10,600
friendlier and more lovable than
their ancestors were the wolf 

2760
02:31:10,600 --> 02:31:12,300
dogs. 
Have even begun to participate 

2761
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:16,100
in human spiritual life. when 
the band performs rituals 

2762
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:20,300
thanking the spirits of hunted 
animals celebrating successful 

2763
02:31:20,300 --> 02:31:25,000
births, Mourning the Dead, the 
wolf, dogs are present treated 

2764
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:27,500
as participants rather than mere
Witnesses. 

2765
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:30,900
Some bands are beginning to 
develop stories about how the 

2766
02:31:30,900 --> 02:31:32,800
first wolf dog came to live with
humans. 

2767
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:37,300
Mythologizing white chests, 
descendants into legendary 

2768
02:31:37,300 --> 02:31:39,300
figures. 
Who Bridge the worlds of human 

2769
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:42,300
and animal? 
One story told around, countless

2770
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:44,900
fires across the generations, go
something like this. 

2771
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:49,100
In the ancient time. 
Wolves and humans, were enemies 

2772
02:31:49,100 --> 02:31:51,500
killing each other for food and 
territory. 

2773
02:31:52,400 --> 02:31:56,300
But one wise wolf saw that 
humans had fire and tools things

2774
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:59,600
walls could never have. 
And one wise, human saw that 

2775
02:31:59,600 --> 02:32:02,400
wolves had sharp sentences and 
Cooperative hunting skills that 

2776
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:07,400
humans lacked These two wolf and
human met in a neutral place and

2777
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:11,300
made an agreement. 
Share with us your Fires at the 

2778
02:32:11,308 --> 02:32:15,400
wolf and we'll share with you 
our hunting skill and from that 

2779
02:32:15,400 --> 02:32:19,400
day forward wolves and humans 
have been Partners each making 

2780
02:32:19,400 --> 02:32:22,600
the other stronger. 
It's a myth not history. 

2781
02:32:22,600 --> 02:32:26,400
But like all good myths it 
contains a kernel of Truth. 

2782
02:32:27,400 --> 02:32:30,700
The relationship between humans 
and wolf dogs is indeed a form 

2783
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,900
of partnership a mutual exchange
of benefits that enhances both 

2784
02:32:34,900 --> 02:32:39,800
species chances of survival as 
the Ice Age slowly wane's as the

2785
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:44,200
climate warms and the megaphone 
begin to decline human societies

2786
02:32:44,200 --> 02:32:47,200
are changing, too. 
People are beginning to stay in 

2787
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:49,900
the same place as for longer 
periods building more 

2788
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:53,700
substantial shelters and storing
food more systematically the 

2789
02:32:53,700 --> 02:32:57,000
shift from fully nomadic to semi
settled existence is beginning 

2790
02:32:57,000 --> 02:33:00,900
and the wolfdogs are part of 
this transition in settled camps

2791
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:04,300
with stored food wolf dogs 
proven valuable as guards 

2792
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:07,900
preventing raids by predators 
and rival human groups. 

2793
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:12,700
The alert to approaching danger 
defend territory and provide a 

2794
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:14,900
sense of security that allows 
humans to sleep. 

2795
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:17,900
More soundly at night. 
The wolf dogs are also helping 

2796
02:33:17,900 --> 02:33:22,200
with an entirely new human 
activity, managing other Proto 

2797
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:25,700
domestic animals as humans. 
Begin keeping captured young 

2798
02:33:25,700 --> 02:33:28,800
megafauna, not quite farming 
them yet, but moving in that 

2799
02:33:28,800 --> 02:33:32,600
direction, the wolf dogs help 
control these animals using 

2800
02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:36,100
their herding instincts to keep 
young mammoths or bison from 

2801
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:38,600
wandering off. 
This herding Behavior will 

2802
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:41,000
eventually become one of the 
most important functions of 

2803
02:33:41,000 --> 02:33:44,500
domestic dogs but for now it's a
happy accident. 

2804
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:49,200
The wolfdogs natural prey heard 
in stinks being, redirected 

2805
02:33:49,200 --> 02:33:53,500
toward a new purpose, thousands 
of miles away in different parts

2806
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:55,900
of the world. 
Similar processes are occurring 

2807
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:59,500
independently. 
Wolves near human settlements in

2808
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:02,400
what will become Europe? 
A beginning, their own journey 

2809
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:06,500
toward domestication, wolves in 
East Asia are developing their 

2810
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:08,600
own relationships with human 
communities. 

2811
02:34:09,500 --> 02:34:12,600
Processes isn't uniform, but the
pattern is recognizable. 

2812
02:34:13,400 --> 02:34:15,400
Wherever humans and wolves 
coexist. 

2813
02:34:15,400 --> 02:34:19,100
Some wolves are discovering the 
advantages of cooperation over 

2814
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:22,000
competition, these 
geographically separated, 

2815
02:34:22,000 --> 02:34:24,800
population of Proto dogs, will 
eventually, give rise to 

2816
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:27,100
different. 
Lineages different regional 

2817
02:34:27,100 --> 02:34:30,700
types that reflect both the 
local wolf population's and the 

2818
02:34:30,700 --> 02:34:33,200
specific needs of local human 
communities. 

2819
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:38,000
But all of them share the same 
fundamental transformation from 

2820
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:40,200
Wild Predator to domestic 
partner. 

2821
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:43,900
You don't know any of this. 
Of course your world is limited 

2822
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:46,800
to your band your territory and 
your direct experience. 

2823
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:49,400
But your great. 
Great grandchildren's 

2824
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,500
descendants will spread across 
continents and they'll bring 

2825
02:34:52,500 --> 02:34:56,100
their wolf dogs with them. 
When humans eventually cross the

2826
02:34:56,100 --> 02:34:59,900
land bridge from Asia to the 
Americas wolf dogs will be among

2827
02:34:59,900 --> 02:35:03,200
the first domesticated animals 
to reach the new world. 

2828
02:35:04,100 --> 02:35:07,200
When humans develop boats 
capable of Crossing open, ocean 

2829
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:11,100
wolf, dogs will be in those 
boats heading to Ireland and new

2830
02:35:11,100 --> 02:35:13,500
continents. 
The partnership that began with 

2831
02:35:13,500 --> 02:35:18,200
one curious wolf and one willing
to experiment, human band has 

2832
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:21,200
become a global phenomenon that 
will persist for millennia. 

2833
02:35:22,200 --> 02:35:25,600
Long after the mammoths and 
woolly rhinos and giant sloths 

2834
02:35:25,600 --> 02:35:28,400
of gone. 
Extinct long after the ice age 

2835
02:35:28,400 --> 02:35:30,300
is faded into geological 
history. 

2836
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,200
This relationship will endure 
your band's. 

2837
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:36,000
Current generation of wolf dogs.
Includes a young female named 

2838
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:39,100
Echo. 
Descended from curls, lineage 

2839
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:43,800
through multiple Generations. 
Echo is small barely 60 pounds 

2840
02:35:43,800 --> 02:35:48,500
with a curly coat floppy ears 
and a tale that curl. 

2841
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:50,600
So tightly at almost makes a 
full circle. 

2842
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:55,100
Echoes temperament is gentle and
playful and the animal has 

2843
02:35:55,100 --> 02:35:58,400
become particularly attached to 
the band's children serving as 

2844
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:01,600
an unofficial guardian and 
Playmate one, warm summer 

2845
02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:04,200
evening as the sun sets over a 
landscape. 

2846
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,300
That's noticeably Greener and 
less harsh than the tundra of 

2847
02:36:07,300 --> 02:36:10,400
your ancestors time. 
Echo lies surrounded by 

2848
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:14,600
children. their petting, the 
Wolfdog, telling stories and 

2849
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:17,500
laughing at Echoes clownish 
attempts to catch moths that 

2850
02:36:17,500 --> 02:36:20,600
flutter around the fire, an 
elder watches, this scene with 

2851
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:23,300
satisfaction This elder is the 
great. 

2852
02:36:23,300 --> 02:36:27,500
Great grandchild of bright one, 
carrier of stories passed down 

2853
02:36:27,500 --> 02:36:31,600
through multiple Generations. 
The Elder remembers the tales of

2854
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:36,000
white chest of curl of the early
days when having a wolf dog near

2855
02:36:36,000 --> 02:36:39,000
the camp was strange and 
frightening hard to imagine 

2856
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:41,100
being afraid of the now. 
Elder sister. 

2857
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:44,500
No one in particular speaking 
softly enough, not to disturb 

2858
02:36:44,500 --> 02:36:47,800
the children's play, another 
adult sitting nearby laughs 

2859
02:36:47,800 --> 02:36:50,700
quietly hard to imagine living 
without them. 

2860
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:53,700
What did our ancestors do 
without wolfdogs? 

2861
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:56,500
How did they hunt? 
How did they feel safe at night?

2862
02:36:56,500 --> 02:37:00,000
It's a good question. 
The answer, of course, is that 

2863
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:02,700
human survive for hundreds of 
thousands of years without 

2864
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:05,700
canine partners. 
But now that the partnership 

2865
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:09,000
exists. 
For cult to imagine going back. 

2866
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:13,400
The relationship has become so 
integral to human society that 

2867
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:17,100
its absence would be felt like 
the loss of a limb Echo tired 

2868
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:20,600
from playing with the children 
finally settles down resting its

2869
02:37:20,600 --> 02:37:24,200
head on a child's lap. 
The child Strokes Echoes curly 

2870
02:37:24,200 --> 02:37:28,700
fur and the wolf dogs eyes drift
closed in contentment somewhere 

2871
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:31,900
in the darkness beyond the 
firelight a wild wolf howls 

2872
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:36,100
Echoes ears perk up and the wolf
dog lifts its head briefly, but 

2873
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:40,000
there's no answering how no urge
to run off and join that wild 

2874
02:37:40,000 --> 02:37:45,600
song Echoes world is here with 
these humans by this fire after 

2875
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,200
a moment Echo settles back down 
content with his chosen place in

2876
02:37:49,200 --> 02:37:54,000
the world the stars come out the
same stars that Sean on white 

2877
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:56,300
chest and bright one all those 
Generations ago. 

2878
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:01,100
The fire crackles and Pops 
children's voices mixed with 

2879
02:38:01,100 --> 02:38:05,100
adult laughter and beneath it 
all the steady rhythm of echo's 

2880
02:38:05,100 --> 02:38:09,500
breathing as the wolf dog sleeps
in this moment, peaceful and 

2881
02:38:09,500 --> 02:38:13,200
ordinary yet profound. 
You can see the future taking 

2882
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:15,900
shape. 
These children growing up with 

2883
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:18,600
Echo will never know a world 
without wolfdogs. 

2884
02:38:19,100 --> 02:38:22,500
Their children won't either nor 
their children's children for 

2885
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:26,500
hundreds of generations to come 
what began as one Wolf's 

2886
02:38:26,500 --> 02:38:29,500
curiosity and one humans 
willingness to share has become 

2887
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:33,500
something Timeless a partnership
that will Outlast Empires 

2888
02:38:33,500 --> 02:38:37,500
survived the collapse of 
civilizations and endure through

2889
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:41,000
changes in human society. 
That would be unrecognizable to 

2890
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:43,100
you. 
The wolfdogs will be there when 

2891
02:38:43,100 --> 02:38:44,900
humans build their first 
permanent Villages. 

2892
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,500
They'll be there when humans 
develop agriculture when they 

2893
02:38:48,508 --> 02:38:51,600
domesticate other animals and 
when they create the first 

2894
02:38:51,600 --> 02:38:56,200
cities, they'll pull sleds 
across Frozen waste heard sheep 

2895
02:38:56,200 --> 02:39:00,300
across Mountain sides guard 
palaces and warm the laps of 

2896
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:02,900
empress and peasants alike. 
They'll change. 

2897
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:07,000
Of course, they'll dive into 
forms that would seem impossible

2898
02:39:07,000 --> 02:39:11,400
tiny dogs that fit in a pocket 
giant dogs larger than wolves 

2899
02:39:11,400 --> 02:39:15,300
ever were dogs with pushed in 
phases dogs with legs. 

2900
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:19,500
So short they can barely run and
dogs bred for every conceivable 

2901
02:39:19,500 --> 02:39:22,900
per person from hunting rats to 
guarding temples to Simply being

2902
02:39:22,900 --> 02:39:25,400
beautiful. 
But underneath all those changes

2903
02:39:25,400 --> 02:39:28,700
underneath all that diversity. 
They'll still carry the same 

2904
02:39:28,700 --> 02:39:31,200
essential nature that Echo 
demonstrates to night. 

2905
02:39:31,900 --> 02:39:36,600
Loyalty affection and the 
deep-rooted desire to be part of

2906
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,400
a human family. 
The fire burns low people begin 

2907
02:39:40,400 --> 02:39:45,500
heading to their sleeping areas.
Echo Rises shakes vigorously and

2908
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:47,800
follows the children to the 
shelter where they sleep. 

2909
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:52,200
The Wolfdog settles down among 
them and within moments three 

2910
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:54,800
children are using Echo as a 
pillow outside. 

2911
02:39:54,800 --> 02:39:56,700
The summer night is mild and 
clear. 

2912
02:39:57,500 --> 02:40:00,100
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges new work and new 

2913
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:03,000
adventures, but tonight there's 
just this. 

2914
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:08,500
Humans and wolf dogs sleeping 
peacefully together Partners in 

2915
02:40:08,500 --> 02:40:14,100
the Grand Adventure of survival.
Stars wheel slowly overhead The 

2916
02:40:14,108 --> 02:40:17,800
Moon Rises casting Silverlight 
across a world that has changed 

2917
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:21,600
profoundly even though most of 
those changes are too subtle to 

2918
02:40:21,600 --> 02:40:24,100
see day-to-day. 
But they're there. 

2919
02:40:25,000 --> 02:40:31,300
Cuming genetic shifts behavioral
adaptations and the slow but 

2920
02:40:31,300 --> 02:40:35,100
next Rubble transformation of 
wolf into dog and in the morning

2921
02:40:35,100 --> 02:40:39,900
when the Sun rises Echo will be 
among the first to wake tail 

2922
02:40:39,900 --> 02:40:44,600
already wagging ready to greet 
the new day alongside the humans

2923
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,300
who have become in every 
meaningful sense. 

2924
02:40:48,000 --> 02:40:52,700
Echoes pack the story that began
15,000 years ago with a reddish 

2925
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:56,500
gray wolf watching a human Camp 
continues generation after 

2926
02:40:56,500 --> 02:41:01,100
generation changing slowly, but 
never ending a partnership that 

2927
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:04,600
is enriched both species beyond 
measure and that more than 

2928
02:41:04,608 --> 02:41:08,500
anything else is the Legacy. 
Not just that humans tamed 

2929
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:12,400
wolves, but that together humans
and wolves created something 

2930
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:17,600
entirely new a relationship of 
mutual benefit Mutual affection 

2931
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:20,600
and mutual transformation. 
That is persisted across 

2932
02:41:20,600 --> 02:41:24,200
Millennia and will continue long
into whatever future awaits. 

2933
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:34,700
Or righty. 
Let's drift back to 1720 my 

2934
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:37,600
favorite time period somewhere 
in the hills of Massachusetts. 

2935
02:41:38,700 --> 02:41:41,600
You wake up one December morning
and your breath creates little 

2936
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:44,800
puffs of fog inside your own 
bedroom the water in your wash 

2937
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:47,700
basin has a thin of ice that 
crackles when you touch it 

2938
02:41:47,700 --> 02:41:51,600
outside snow has been falling 
for three days straight and the 

2939
02:41:51,600 --> 02:41:54,100
wind sounds like it's having a 
heated argument with your house 

2940
02:41:54,100 --> 02:41:58,200
your modern self might panic, 
but Colonial you've got this 

2941
02:41:58,200 --> 02:42:01,200
figured out in ways that would 
surprise even yourself the 

2942
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:04,200
secret wasn't just one Brilliant
Invention or technique. 

2943
02:42:04,200 --> 02:42:08,500
It was a whole Symphony of small
clever adaptations that Colonial

2944
02:42:08,500 --> 02:42:12,700
families orchestrated together. 
Think of it like a recipe where 

2945
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:16,000
every ingredient mattered from 
the way they built their homes 

2946
02:42:16,000 --> 02:42:19,500
to the undergarments they wore. 
From the foods they ate to the 

2947
02:42:19,500 --> 02:42:21,600
very way. 
They arrange their daily lives 

2948
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:23,100
around the rhythm of staying 
warm. 

2949
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:25,900
Your Colonial House wasn't 
trying to win any beauty 

2950
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:28,200
contests. 
It was built like a fortress 

2951
02:42:28,200 --> 02:42:31,600
against winter with every beam 
and board placed with survival 

2952
02:42:31,600 --> 02:42:34,000
in mind. 
The first thing you'd notice 

2953
02:42:34,000 --> 02:42:37,500
about Colonial architecture is 
how these homes seem to huddle 

2954
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:40,200
into the cells, like people 
pulling their coats tight 

2955
02:42:40,200 --> 02:42:43,500
against the cold those thick 
wooden walls were just for show 

2956
02:42:43,500 --> 02:42:46,900
Colonial Builders understood 
something that gets lost in our 

2957
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:51,200
age of perfect insulation. 
Thermal Mass your walls were 

2958
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:54,300
often filled with a mixture of 
clay straw and sometimes even 

2959
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:57,900
see weed. 
Yes seaweed that created a 

2960
02:42:57,900 --> 02:42:59,200
natural barrier against the 
cold. 

2961
02:43:00,100 --> 02:43:02,800
The walls breathe just enough to
prevent moisture buildup, but 

2962
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:06,100
hell heat like a grandmother 
holds onto Family Recipes the 

2963
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:08,900
windows were small and you might
think that made the houses dark 

2964
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:12,200
and gloomy the colonial families
knew that large windows were 

2965
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:14,500
just expensive ways to let heat 
Escape. 

2966
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:20,300
Those tiny panes of glass often 
no bigger than your hand were 

2967
02:43:20,300 --> 02:43:23,000
practical gems. 
They let in enough light during 

2968
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:25,400
the short winter days while 
keeping the warmth where it 

2969
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,200
belonged inside with you but 
here's where Colonial Ingenuity 

2970
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:32,700
really shines the way they 
position their rooms your 

2971
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:36,300
kitchen, the heart of Winter 
warmth, sat at the center of the

2972
02:43:36,300 --> 02:43:39,200
house like a beating heart 
pumping, heat through the 

2973
02:43:39,200 --> 02:43:40,900
arteries of hallways and 
doorways. 

2974
02:43:41,800 --> 02:43:44,600
The bedrooms clustered around 
this Central warmth and the 

2975
02:43:44,600 --> 02:43:48,500
coldest rooms like storage areas
or workshops got pushed to the 

2976
02:43:48,500 --> 02:43:51,400
edges where they acted as 
buffers zones, against the 

2977
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:54,100
Winter Winds. 
Those famously low ceilings that

2978
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:58,700
make tall modern visitors bump 
their heads, pure genius, heat 

2979
02:43:58,700 --> 02:44:01,700
rises and Colonial. 
Builders knew that an 8 foot 

2980
02:44:01,700 --> 02:44:04,000
ceiling meant your heat stayed 
where you could feel it. 

2981
02:44:04,000 --> 02:44:07,400
Not floating uselessly above 
your head like hot air balloons 

2982
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,300
of warmth drifting away. 
The colonial fireplace was the 

2983
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:13,300
crown jewel of Home Heating but 
not in the way you might expect.

2984
02:44:13,300 --> 02:44:16,800
These were the decorative 
fireplaces of later eras. 

2985
02:44:16,800 --> 02:44:20,000
They were massive practical 
beasts that could swallow whole 

2986
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:22,600
logs and radiate heat like 
miniature Suns. 

2987
02:44:23,400 --> 02:44:26,300
Your fireplace opening might be 
four feet wide and three feet 

2988
02:44:26,300 --> 02:44:28,500
tall. 
Big enough to roast an entire 

2989
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:31,200
Pig. 
If the mood struck you The thick

2990
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:33,600
stone or brick construction, 
absorbed heat during the day. 

2991
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:37,100
And released it slowly through 
the night, turning your 

2992
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:39,600
fireplace into a thermal 
battery, that kept giving long 

2993
02:44:39,600 --> 02:44:42,900
after the Flames died down. 
Some colonial homes featured, 

2994
02:44:42,900 --> 02:44:46,200
what were called, beehive ovens,
dome-shaped Chambers built into 

2995
02:44:46,200 --> 02:44:49,300
the side of the main fireplace. 
You'd heat these by Building A 

2996
02:44:49,308 --> 02:44:52,200
Fire, right inside the Dome, 
then rake out the coals and 

2997
02:44:52,208 --> 02:44:56,100
slide in your bread, your stew 
or whatever needed slow even 

2998
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:58,700
cooking. 
The thick walls of these ovens 

2999
02:44:58,700 --> 02:45:02,100
held heat for hours turning them
into auxiliary heaters that warm

3000
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:03,700
the kitchen long after dinner 
was done. 

3001
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:07,600
Your relationship with fire and 
colonial times was intimate in a

3002
02:45:07,600 --> 02:45:11,000
way that modern people can 
barely imagine Fire wasn't just 

3003
02:45:11,000 --> 02:45:12,500
something you turned on with a 
switch. 

3004
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:16,400
It was a living thing that you 
fed tended and coaxed Through 

3005
02:45:16,400 --> 02:45:19,700
The Long Winter months. 
Letting your fire die was like 

3006
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,900
letting her beloved pets starve,
except the consequences were 

3007
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:26,300
much more dire the art of fire 
maintenance began before winter 

3008
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:29,000
even arrived in late summer and 
early fall. 

3009
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:31,800
You and your family would spend 
weeks Gathering cutting and 

3010
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:35,500
splitting firewood. 
A typical Colonial Family needed

3011
02:45:35,500 --> 02:45:38,800
somewhere between 15 and 245 
cords of wood to make it through

3012
02:45:38,800 --> 02:45:41,100
winter. 
That's enough wood to fill a 

3013
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:45,700
modern two-car garage floor to 
seeing twice over Every tree 

3014
02:45:45,700 --> 02:45:48,500
that came down was evaluated 
like a job candidate. 

3015
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:53,400
Hardwoods like Oak and maple for
long steady burns softwoods like

3016
02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:56,400
Pine for Quick Heat and kindling
and different Woods for 

3017
02:45:56,400 --> 02:46:00,500
different purposes Hickory 
burned hot and long perfect for 

3018
02:46:00,500 --> 02:46:03,400
those bitter January nights when
the cold seemed to seep through 

3019
02:46:03,400 --> 02:46:07,400
solid walls Applewood gave off a
sweet scent that made the whole 

3020
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:11,300
house smell like a bakery Butch 
bark peeled off in perfect 

3021
02:46:11,300 --> 02:46:14,800
strips that caught fire faster 
than modern paper making it 

3022
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:18,600
precious as kindling you learn 
to read would like a book The 

3023
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:22,700
Grain the moisture content and 
the way it split all telling you

3024
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:25,600
how it would burn and went to 
use it but here's something that

3025
02:46:25,600 --> 02:46:28,700
might surprise you. 
Clonal families rarely let their

3026
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:31,900
fires burn out completely even 
in summer. 

3027
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:36,900
Instead they banked their fires 
covering the coals with Ash to 

3028
02:46:36,900 --> 02:46:40,700
slow the burning to almost 
nothing preserving a seed of 

3029
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:43,000
fire that could be coaxed back 
to life when needed. 

3030
02:46:43,800 --> 02:46:47,100
Banking a fire was an art form 
too much Ash and you'd smother 

3031
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:51,200
it too little and you'd waste 
precious fuel get it, right and 

3032
02:46:51,200 --> 02:46:54,600
your firewood sleep peacefully 
under its blanket of Ash ready 

3033
02:46:54,600 --> 02:46:57,400
to wake up with just a gentle 
stirring and some fresh kindling

3034
02:46:57,400 --> 02:46:59,500
the fireplace tools weren't just
functional. 

3035
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,200
They were the surgical 
instruments of winter survival. 

3036
02:47:03,200 --> 02:47:07,400
Long-handled shovels for moving,
coals for breathing life, into 

3037
02:47:07,400 --> 02:47:11,000
dying Embers and iron dogs. 
Those metal stands that held 

3038
02:47:11,000 --> 02:47:14,100
logs that were positioned, just 
so to create the perfect 

3039
02:47:14,100 --> 02:47:16,700
airflow. 
Your poker wasn't just for 

3040
02:47:16,700 --> 02:47:20,100
stirring, it was for creating 
the architecture of your fire 

3041
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:23,500
building, little log cabins, and
TPS that would burn efficiently 

3042
02:47:23,500 --> 02:47:25,900
and safely. 
Colonial families developed 

3043
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:28,200
enormous mystical, understanding
of fire Behavior. 

3044
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:32,100
They knew that a fire needed to 
breathe that Flames, like to 

3045
02:47:32,100 --> 02:47:35,100
dance upward and outward and 
that different Arrangements of 

3046
02:47:35,108 --> 02:47:36,900
logs created different types of 
heat. 

3047
02:47:37,900 --> 02:47:39,800
Tight stack, burned, slow and 
steady. 

3048
02:47:39,800 --> 02:47:42,300
A loose Arrangement burned, hot 
and fast. 

3049
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:45,900
Greenwood hissed, and sputtered 
and filled the house with smoke.

3050
02:47:45,900 --> 02:47:48,800
While seasoned wood caught 
quickly and burned clean. 

3051
02:47:48,800 --> 02:47:51,600
The most skilled fire. 
Tenders, could keep a fire 

3052
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:55,100
burning for days with minimal 
attention banking it at night 

3053
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:58,200
and coaxing, it back to life 
each morning like conducting a 

3054
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:01,500
daily Resurrection. 
They understood the personality 

3055
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:05,100
of their particular fireplace 
knew how their chimney Drew are,

3056
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:08,000
and could read the color and 
behavior of flames like weather 

3057
02:48:08,000 --> 02:48:11,500
for casters, red clouds. 
When you think about Colonial 

3058
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:14,300
winter clothing, forget 
everything you've seen in movies

3059
02:48:14,300 --> 02:48:18,300
about people, shivering in thin 
Cotton shirts, Colonial clothing

3060
02:48:18,300 --> 02:48:22,000
was engineering and fabric form 
a layered defense system that 

3061
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:23,900
would make modern outdoor gear 
companies. 

3062
02:48:23,900 --> 02:48:27,200
Weep With Envy, you weren't just
getting dressed in the morning. 

3063
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:30,200
You were constructing a personal
environment that would keep you 

3064
02:48:30,200 --> 02:48:31,800
alive and comfortable in 
temperatures. 

3065
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:34,000
That would send Modern people 
running for their cars. 

3066
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:37,200
The foundation of your winter 
wardrobe was linen undergarments

3067
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:40,200
and before you wrinkle your nose
at the thought of scratchy old 

3068
02:48:40,208 --> 02:48:43,000
fabric. 
Understand that Colonial linen 

3069
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:46,600
was often softer than modern 
cotton These base layers weren't

3070
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:48,800
just underwear. 
They were your first line of 

3071
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:50,400
defense against moisture and 
cold. 

3072
02:48:51,500 --> 02:48:54,000
Linen has this remarkable 
property of wicking moisture 

3073
02:48:54,000 --> 02:48:57,800
away from your skin while still 
providing insulation and it got 

3074
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:00,900
softer and more comfortable. 
With every washing over your 

3075
02:49:00,900 --> 02:49:03,600
linen Foundation. 
You'd add layers like building a

3076
02:49:03,600 --> 02:49:07,200
textile Fortress wool was your 
best friend but not the Itchy 

3077
02:49:07,200 --> 02:49:10,200
harsh wool. 
You might imagine Colonial wool 

3078
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:12,000
especially when it was well 
processed. 

3079
02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:13,800
Could be incredibly soft and 
warm. 

3080
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:16,900
Your wool stockings came up to 
your knees and were often 

3081
02:49:16,900 --> 02:49:19,000
knitted with patterns that were 
just decorative. 

3082
02:49:19,800 --> 02:49:22,300
Different stitch patterns, 
created different levels of 

3083
02:49:22,300 --> 02:49:26,200
thickness and insulation, where 
you needed the most women wore 

3084
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,100
multiple petticoats, sometimes 
three or four layers, deep, 

3085
02:49:29,100 --> 02:49:32,400
creating a sort of textile 
balloon that trapped warm air 

3086
02:49:32,408 --> 02:49:35,200
around their legs. 
These weren't the dainty 

3087
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:38,300
petticoats of later eras. 
They were serious winter gear 

3088
02:49:38,300 --> 02:49:41,600
often made from wool or heavy 
linen designed to create 

3089
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,200
insulating air pockets while 
still allowing for movement. 

3090
02:49:45,200 --> 02:49:48,200
The outermost Petticoat might be
made from a tightly woven wool 

3091
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:52,200
that shed water and blocked wind
your stays what we might call a 

3092
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:54,100
corset weren't just about 
fashion. 

3093
02:49:54,100 --> 02:49:57,400
They provided crucial support 
for your back during heavy work 

3094
02:49:57,400 --> 02:50:00,200
and created another layer of 
insulation around your torso 

3095
02:50:00,200 --> 02:50:03,200
made from sturdy linen or 
leather and often lined with 

3096
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:06,300
wool stays were like wearing a 
warm supportive hug all day long

3097
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:09,400
men's clothing followed similar 
principles, but with different 

3098
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:13,800
execution your shirt was long 
extending down to mid-thigh 

3099
02:50:13,800 --> 02:50:16,100
providing extra coverage and 
warmth. 

3100
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:20,400
Over this Cameo waist coat 
essentially a sleeveless jacket 

3101
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:23,800
that provided another insulating
layer around your core your 

3102
02:50:23,800 --> 02:50:26,800
breeches were often made from 
leather or heavy wall and they 

3103
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:30,300
fit snugly to prevent heat loss 
while allowing for the physical 

3104
02:50:30,300 --> 02:50:33,600
work that winter demanded. 
But the Real Genius of colonial 

3105
02:50:33,600 --> 02:50:36,900
winter clothing was in the 
extremities your hands and feet 

3106
02:50:36,900 --> 02:50:40,000
were far from your hearts 
warming in Florence and Colonial

3107
02:50:40,000 --> 02:50:41,500
clothing makers new that 
keeping. 

3108
02:50:41,500 --> 02:50:43,800
These warm was crucial for 
overall comfort. 

3109
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,500
Mittens, were preferred over 
gloves because keeping your 

3110
02:50:47,500 --> 02:50:49,700
fingers together shared, warmth 
more efficiently. 

3111
02:50:50,700 --> 02:50:53,800
These weren't the thin mittens. 
You see today they were often 

3112
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:55,700
made from thick wool or even 
fur. 

3113
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:59,600
Sometimes with leather palms for
durability, Colonial stockings 

3114
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:01,600
were architectural Marvels in 
their own, right? 

3115
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:04,500
Hand knitted from wool. 
They were designed with 

3116
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:07,900
reinforced heels and toes, and 
the best ones were knitted in 

3117
02:51:07,900 --> 02:51:11,100
patterns, that created thicker, 
insulation over the areas, that 

3118
02:51:11,100 --> 02:51:14,400
needed it. 
Most The tops of the stockings 

3119
02:51:14,400 --> 02:51:16,500
were often knitted with 
patterns, that helped them grip.

3120
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:18,900
Your leg. 
Preventing the cold drafts that 

3121
02:51:18,900 --> 02:51:22,100
would sneak in if your stocking 
slip down, your outer, garments 

3122
02:51:22,100 --> 02:51:25,300
will wear Colonial clothing. 
Really showed off Cloaks and 

3123
02:51:25,308 --> 02:51:28,300
great Coats were just large. 
They were designed to create a 

3124
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:30,700
personal microclimate around 
your entire body. 

3125
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:35,000
A properly made cloak could wrap
around you completely creating a

3126
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:37,100
tent like space that held your 
body heat. 

3127
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:41,700
Some cloaks had hoods lined with
fur or soft wool that could seal

3128
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:44,500
around your head and the best 
ones were made from tightly 

3129
02:51:44,500 --> 02:51:48,000
woven wool that shed water and 
blocked wind while still 

3130
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:51,100
allowing your body to breathe. 
The materials themselves were 

3131
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,800
chosen with scientific Precision
wool from different animals had 

3132
02:51:54,800 --> 02:51:58,700
different properties sheeps wool
for General use rabbit fur for 

3133
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:02,800
extreme warmth and beaver fur 
for water resistance Colonial 

3134
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:06,000
families knew that a rabbit fur 
lining in your hat could make 

3135
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:09,000
the difference between comfort 
and misery during a Long Winter 

3136
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:12,600
Walk and that beaver fur trim on
your cloak which shed snow and 

3137
02:52:12,600 --> 02:52:16,200
sleet like armor your Colonial 
Kitchen in Winter wasn't just 

3138
02:52:16,200 --> 02:52:19,000
about cooking. 
It was about strategic fuel 

3139
02:52:19,000 --> 02:52:21,100
management for your body's 
internal furnace. 

3140
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:24,300
Colonial families understood 
something that modern 

3141
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,400
nutritionists are just 
rediscovering that food isn't 

3142
02:52:27,400 --> 02:52:29,900
just about nutrients. 
It's about providing the 

3143
02:52:29,900 --> 02:52:33,400
specific types of energy or body
needs to generate heat and 

3144
02:52:33,400 --> 02:52:36,700
maintain warmth and challenging 
conditions winter meals were 

3145
02:52:36,700 --> 02:52:40,300
Rich hearty Affairs that would 
make modern dietitians clutch 

3146
02:52:40,300 --> 02:52:45,100
their calculators in horror, but
every calorie had a purpose That

3147
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:48,100
wasn't the enemy, it was your 
body's most efficient heating 

3148
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,300
fuel. 
Providing more than twice, the 

3149
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:52,800
energy per gram as protein or 
carbohydrates. 

3150
02:52:52,800 --> 02:52:56,200
Your winter, diet included, 
generous amounts of butter 

3151
02:52:56,200 --> 02:53:00,700
cream, salt pork and beef fat. 
All carefully preserved and 

3152
02:53:00,708 --> 02:53:03,800
stored to provide the high 
energy fuel your body craved in 

3153
02:53:03,800 --> 02:53:06,100
cold weather. 
But Colonial Cooks were too 

3154
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:07,900
smart to just pile on the fat 
randomly. 

3155
02:53:08,600 --> 02:53:11,600
They understood food combining 
in ways that created sustained 

3156
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:13,700
energy released throughout Long 
Cold days. 

3157
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:17,000
Your typical winter, breakfast 
might include cornmeal. 

3158
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:18,500
Mush cooked with milk and 
butter. 

3159
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:21,900
Providing quick carbohydrates 
for immediate energy and fats 

3160
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:25,100
for long-term fuel. 
Add some maple syrup or molasses

3161
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:28,100
and you have a meal that will 
keep your internal fires burning

3162
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:30,500
for hours. 
The preparation methods were as 

3163
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:32,000
important as the ingredients 
themselves. 

3164
02:53:33,000 --> 02:53:35,400
Slow cooked, stews and soups 
weren't just convenient. 

3165
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,200
They were perfectly designed for
cold weather nutrition. 

3166
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:42,000
When you slowly simmer, meet 
bones and vegetables together 

3167
02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:45,100
for hours, you break down tough 
fibers and extract nutrients 

3168
02:53:45,100 --> 02:53:47,500
that your body can easily absorb
and convert to heat. 

3169
02:53:48,300 --> 02:53:51,600
The gelatin from bone broths, 
provided protein that your body 

3170
02:53:51,600 --> 02:53:54,800
could quickly convert to energy.
While the fat that Rose to the 

3171
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:57,800
surface, created a protective 
layer that helped retain heat in

3172
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:00,600
both the pot and your stomach 
root vegetables. 

3173
02:54:00,600 --> 02:54:03,100
Were the unsung heroes of 
colonial winter nutrition 

3174
02:54:03,100 --> 02:54:07,200
potatoes, turn its parsnips and 
carrots weren't just filling. 

3175
02:54:07,200 --> 02:54:10,400
They were packed with complex 
carbohydrates that provided 

3176
02:54:10,400 --> 02:54:12,200
steady sustained energy, 
release. 

3177
02:54:12,900 --> 02:54:15,600
When stored properly and root 
Cellars these vegetables 

3178
02:54:15,600 --> 02:54:18,300
actually got sweeter over the 
winter as their starch is 

3179
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:21,500
converted to sugars making them 
more palatable and easier for 

3180
02:54:21,500 --> 02:54:23,100
your body to convert quick 
energy. 

3181
02:54:23,100 --> 02:54:26,800
Colonial families were masters 
of food preservation and their 

3182
02:54:26,800 --> 02:54:29,400
winter ladders were carefully 
orchestrated systems of stored 

3183
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,000
energy. 
Salt pork and beef weren't just 

3184
02:54:32,008 --> 02:54:35,200
preserved meat they were 
concentrated calorie bombs that 

3185
02:54:35,208 --> 02:54:38,000
could provide the fat and 
protein needed to maintain body 

3186
02:54:38,000 --> 02:54:41,500
heat during the coldest weather.
A few strips of salt pork added 

3187
02:54:41,500 --> 02:54:44,200
to a pot of beans or vegetables 
could transform a simple meal 

3188
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:48,200
into a high energy winter Feast 
dried fruits and nuts provided 

3189
02:54:48,200 --> 02:54:52,200
concentrated nutrition and 
calories in small packages a 

3190
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,200
handful of dried apples or a 
small portion of walnuts could 

3191
02:54:55,200 --> 02:54:58,600
provide the quick energy needed 
for outdoor chores while also 

3192
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:01,400
supplying the vitamins needed to
prevent scurvy and other winter 

3193
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,800
ailments Colonial families knew 
that Variety in their diet 

3194
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:07,800
wasn't just about taste. 
It was about providing all the 

3195
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:10,500
different types of fuel and 
nutrients their body's needed to

3196
02:55:10,500 --> 02:55:13,700
function in harsh conditions. 
The beverages of colonial winter

3197
02:55:13,700 --> 02:55:17,900
were strategic too hotside are 
wasn't just a tasty drink it 

3198
02:55:17,900 --> 02:55:20,800
provided quick sugars for energy
and warmth from the inside out. 

3199
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:24,600
Milk was rich in fats and 
proteins, that helped maintain 

3200
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:26,900
body heat and it was often 
consumed. 

3201
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:30,200
Warm adding to its heating 
effects, even alcoholic 

3202
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,900
beverages served a purpose 
Beyond social lubrication rum, 

3203
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:38,200
Brandy and hard cider provided 
concentrated calories and helped

3204
02:55:38,200 --> 02:55:41,200
dilate blood vessels, to improve
circulation to extremities 

3205
02:55:41,200 --> 02:55:43,900
cooking methods. 
Themselves contributed to Winter

3206
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,900
warmth strategies, roasting 
baking and slow cooking weren't 

3207
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:50,500
just about Flavor. 
They were about maximizing, the 

3208
02:55:50,500 --> 02:55:52,300
heat production from your 
kitchen fire. 

3209
02:55:52,300 --> 02:55:56,400
While creating foods that would 
provide sustained energy, a pot 

3210
02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:59,300
roast, that simmered all day, 
not only created a hearty meal 

3211
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:01,700
but also radiated heat 
throughout the kitchen. 

3212
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:04,200
Making efficient use of precious
fuel. 

3213
02:56:04,200 --> 02:56:06,800
The timing of meals was 
strategic too. 

3214
02:56:06,800 --> 02:56:09,300
Your largest most calorie-dense 
meal. 

3215
02:56:09,300 --> 02:56:12,300
Often came in the middle of the 
day, providing fuel for the 

3216
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:14,300
afternoon's work and helping 
maintain body. 

3217
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:16,100
Temperature through the coldest 
part of the day. 

3218
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:19,700
Evening meals, might be lighter 
but still warm and nourishing 

3219
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:23,100
designed to provide the steady 
energy needed to maintain body 

3220
02:56:23,100 --> 02:56:24,600
heat through The Long Winter 
night. 

3221
02:56:24,600 --> 02:56:28,000
Your Colonial bedroom in Winter 
was a battlefield, where Comfort

3222
02:56:28,000 --> 02:56:31,000
met survival, and losing this 
battle meant shivering through 

3223
02:56:31,000 --> 02:56:33,300
long. 
Miserable nights that left, you 

3224
02:56:33,300 --> 02:56:35,200
exhausted and vulnerable to 
illness. 

3225
02:56:36,600 --> 02:56:39,300
But Colonial families had 
developed an arsenal of 

3226
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:41,700
strategies that turned even 
unheated bedrooms into 

3227
02:56:41,700 --> 02:56:43,700
surprisingly comfortable. 
Sleeping spaces. 

3228
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:47,600
The bed itself was the command 
center of your nighttime, warmth

3229
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:49,900
strategy. 
Colonial beds weren't just 

3230
02:56:49,908 --> 02:56:51,900
furniture. 
They were elaborate heating 

3231
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:54,100
systems disguised as sleeping 
platforms. 

3232
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:58,400
The foundation was often a rope 
bed with thick ropes were woven 

3233
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:00,100
in the grid pattern across the 
bed frame. 

3234
02:57:00,100 --> 02:57:03,300
These ropes could be tightened 
or loosened to adjust the 

3235
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:06,600
firmness of the sleeping surface
and they provided excellent 

3236
02:57:06,600 --> 02:57:09,100
support while allowing air to 
circulate underneath the 

3237
02:57:09,100 --> 02:57:11,300
mattress. 
Preventing moisture build-up 

3238
02:57:11,300 --> 02:57:13,000
that could lead to cold clammy 
sleeping. 

3239
02:57:13,000 --> 02:57:15,600
Conditions, your mattress wasn't
the simpler. 

3240
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:18,900
You might imagine The best 
Colonial mattresses were layered

3241
02:57:18,900 --> 02:57:22,500
systems that created insulation 
while providing Comfort the 

3242
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:26,700
bottom layer, might be straw or 
cornhusks for basic support, an 

3243
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:28,300
insulation from the cold ropes 
below. 

3244
02:57:29,300 --> 02:57:32,000
Above this came a layer of wool 
batting or down feathers for 

3245
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:35,700
warmth and cushioning. 
The top layer was often fine 

3246
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:38,900
linen or cotton ticking filled 
with the softest down or wool 

3247
02:57:38,900 --> 02:57:42,100
creating a sleeping surface that
was both comfortable and warm. 

3248
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,300
But the Real Genius of colonial 
bed warmth was in the warming 

3249
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:47,400
systems bed warmers weren't 
luxuries. 

3250
02:57:47,400 --> 02:57:49,500
They were essential tools for 
survival. 

3251
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:53,300
Your bed warmer was typically a 
long-handled brass or copper pan

3252
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:54,900
that you filled with hot coals 
from the fire. 

3253
02:57:54,900 --> 02:57:57,800
You'd slide this under the 
covers for 10 or 15 minutes 

3254
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:01,000
before bedtime, moving it around
to warm the entire sleeping 

3255
02:58:01,000 --> 02:58:03,600
area. 
The metal pan distributed heat 

3256
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:06,900
evenly and the long handle, kept
your hands safe from both the 

3257
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:10,800
Heat and the coals some families
used heated bricks wrapped in 

3258
02:58:10,800 --> 02:58:14,400
cloth instead of dedicated bed 
warmers These held heat longer 

3259
02:58:14,400 --> 02:58:17,200
than metal pans and could be 
positioned, strategically around

3260
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:19,000
the bed to create zone of 
warmth. 

3261
02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:20,900
Heated. 
Brick at your feet. 

3262
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:23,700
Another at your back. 
And perhaps one more knee or 

3263
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:25,200
hands. 
Could turn even the coldest 

3264
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:26,900
bedroom into a comfortable 
sleeping space. 

3265
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:29,700
Your bedding was a layered 
defense system that would 

3266
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:31,600
impress modern camping gear 
designers. 

3267
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:35,900
The bottom sheet was usually in 
which Wicked moisture away from 

3268
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:38,900
your body while providing a 
smooth comfortable, sleeping 

3269
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:43,600
surface above, this came wool 
blankets often multiple layers 

3270
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:45,300
each serving, a different 
purpose. 

3271
02:58:46,100 --> 02:58:48,900
A lighter wool blanket next to 
your body provided warmth 

3272
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,300
without weight while heavier 
blankets on top trapped, heat 

3273
02:58:52,300 --> 02:58:55,100
and blocked. 
Cold drafts, the top layer of 

3274
02:58:55,100 --> 02:58:58,000
your bedding was often a thick 
comforter or coverlet filled 

3275
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,600
with down or wool. 
These weren't just warm. 

3276
02:59:00,600 --> 02:59:03,500
They were designed to create a 
microclimate around your body 

3277
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:06,500
that held heat while allowing 
enough air circulation to 

3278
02:59:06,500 --> 02:59:09,400
prevent stuffiness. 
The best comforters had 

3279
02:59:09,400 --> 02:59:12,300
removable covers that could be 
washed regularly, keeping your 

3280
02:59:12,300 --> 02:59:15,000
bedding fresh and hygienic even 
during the months when bathing 

3281
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:18,500
was infrequent bed, curtains 
weren't just for privacy, they 

3282
02:59:18,500 --> 02:59:21,600
were essential heating 
equipment, heavy curtains drawn 

3283
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:23,600
around your bed, created a 
smaller space. 

3284
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:26,200
That was easier to warm and 
harder for cold air to penetrate

3285
02:59:27,100 --> 02:59:30,400
These curtains were often made 
from thick wool or heavy linen, 

3286
02:59:30,400 --> 02:59:33,500
sometimes line with additional 
fabric for extra insulation. 

3287
02:59:34,700 --> 02:59:37,400
Drawing your bed curtains was 
like, creating a tent within 

3288
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:40,000
your bedroom. 
A private space that held your 

3289
02:59:40,000 --> 02:59:43,000
body heat and blocked, cold 
drafts from the rest of the 

3290
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:45,300
room, your nightgown or sleeping
shirt. 

3291
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:48,200
Wasn't just sleepwear. 
It was part of your thermal 

3292
02:59:48,200 --> 02:59:51,400
defense system. 
Colonial nightgowns were long. 

3293
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,700
Often reaching to the ankles and
made from soft. 

3294
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:57,400
But warm materials like flannel 
or brushed linen. 

3295
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:00,300
The long sleeves and high neck 
lines. 

3296
03:00:00,300 --> 03:00:03,800
Prevented heat loss from your 
extremities and torso, while the

3297
03:00:03,800 --> 03:00:06,200
loose fit allowed for air 
circulation that prevented 

3298
03:00:06,200 --> 03:00:09,000
overheating and moisture. 
Build-up nightcaps weren't 

3299
03:00:09,000 --> 03:00:11,900
fashion statements, they were 
essential for preventing heat 

3300
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:14,900
loss from your head where a 
significant amount of body heat 

3301
03:00:14,900 --> 03:00:17,500
can escape. 
These were often made from soft 

3302
03:00:17,500 --> 03:00:21,400
wool or cotton sometimes lined 
with silk or fine linen for 

3303
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:23,100
Comfort against your hair and 
scalp. 

3304
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:26,300
A well-made nightcap could make 
the difference between a 

3305
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:29,000
comfortable night's sleep and 
hours of shivering wakefulness. 

3306
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:31,800
The positioning of your bed 
within the room was strategic 

3307
03:00:31,800 --> 03:00:34,600
too Colonial. 
Bedrooms often placed the bed 

3308
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:37,300
away from exterior walls and 
windows by cold. 

3309
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:39,200
Air could seat through gaps and 
Construction. 

3310
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:43,500
In Stead beds were positioned 
near interior walls that shared 

3311
03:00:43,500 --> 03:00:45,300
heat from the kitchen or main 
fireplace. 

3312
03:00:45,300 --> 03:00:48,600
Some colonial homes, had 
bedrooms directly about the 

3313
03:00:48,600 --> 03:00:51,800
kitchen, taking advantage of the
heat that Rose from the cooking 

3314
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:53,900
fires below. 
One of the most ingenious 

3315
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:57,200
aspects of colonial, Winter 
survival was the way families 

3316
03:00:57,200 --> 03:00:59,700
used social dynamics and 
communal living as heating. 

3317
03:00:59,700 --> 03:01:03,000
Strategies Your Colonial home 
wasn't just a building. 

3318
03:01:03,000 --> 03:01:06,200
It was a carefully orchestrated 
system of human cooperation 

3319
03:01:06,200 --> 03:01:10,400
designed to maximize warmth and 
minimize fuel consumption. 

3320
03:01:11,800 --> 03:01:14,700
Privacy was a luxury that few 
could afford when survival 

3321
03:01:14,700 --> 03:01:17,000
depended on sharing body heat 
and resources. 

3322
03:01:17,000 --> 03:01:20,200
Family sleeping Arrangements in 
Winter were practical rather 

3323
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,100
than prudent. 
Children often, shared beds, not

3324
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:26,600
just to save space, but because 
two or three small bodies could 

3325
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:29,400
generate and share warmth far 
more efficiently than each 

3326
03:01:29,400 --> 03:01:32,300
sleeping alone. 
Parents might bring the youngest

3327
03:01:32,300 --> 03:01:34,700
children into their own bed. 
During the coldest nights 

3328
03:01:34,700 --> 03:01:37,900
creating a family warming system
that kept everyone comfortable 

3329
03:01:37,900 --> 03:01:41,300
while conserving precious 
heating fuel, the concept of 

3330
03:01:41,300 --> 03:01:44,900
bundling where courting couples 
would share a bed while fully 

3331
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,000
clothed and sometimes with a 
board between them wasn't just 

3332
03:01:48,000 --> 03:01:51,300
about supervised romance. 
It was a practical heating 

3333
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:54,500
solution that allowed families 
to provide guest accommodation 

3334
03:01:54,500 --> 03:01:57,600
without the expense of heating 
additional rooms or providing 

3335
03:01:57,600 --> 03:01:59,100
extra bedding and warming 
equipment. 

3336
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:03,600
Your body heat was a valuable 
commodity and sharing it wisely 

3337
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:05,300
was a mark of good household 
management. 

3338
03:02:05,300 --> 03:02:09,100
Common rooms served as Gathering
spaces where the entire family's

3339
03:02:09,100 --> 03:02:11,300
body heat contributed to overall
warmth. 

3340
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:14,600
During the coldest weather, 
Normal, privacy, and individual 

3341
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:18,200
space, gave way to practical 
communal, living your family, 

3342
03:02:18,200 --> 03:02:21,400
might spend entire days in the 
kitchen and main room working 

3343
03:02:21,400 --> 03:02:24,300
eating and socializing in the 
warmest parts of the house. 

3344
03:02:24,300 --> 03:02:28,100
While letting the peripheral 
rooms go, cold work, parties, 

3345
03:02:28,100 --> 03:02:30,700
and social Gatherings weren't 
just about Community bonding. 

3346
03:02:30,700 --> 03:02:34,400
They were strategic heating 
events, a barn-raising or 

3347
03:02:34,400 --> 03:02:37,700
quilting bee brought together 
dozens of people whose combined 

3348
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:40,000
body heat could warm even large 
spaces. 

3349
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:43,400
Smart Colonial, families 
scheduled their social events 

3350
03:02:43,400 --> 03:02:46,300
during the coldest parts of 
winter turning necessary 

3351
03:02:46,300 --> 03:02:48,900
Community work into 
opportunities for everyone to 

3352
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:51,400
stay warm while accomplishing 
important tasks. 

3353
03:02:51,400 --> 03:02:54,600
The kitchen half, became the 
social Center of winter, life 

3354
03:02:54,600 --> 03:02:58,200
and Colonial families. 
Their activities to take maximum

3355
03:02:58,200 --> 03:03:01,400
advantage of its warmth. 
Women would do their spinning 

3356
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:03,800
knitting and mending near the 
fire. 

3357
03:03:03,800 --> 03:03:07,300
While men might repair tools or 
work on woodworking projects. 

3358
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:11,100
Children played games and did 
their lessons in the warm circle

3359
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:13,800
around the half. 
This wasn't just about Comfort, 

3360
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:16,500
it was about making efficient 
use of heating fuel. 

3361
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:19,500
While maintaining the social 
bonds that held communities 

3362
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:22,100
together through the harsh 
winter months evening, 

3363
03:03:22,100 --> 03:03:24,600
entertainment was designed 
around warmth, conservation, 

3364
03:03:24,600 --> 03:03:28,400
storytelling, singing and games.
That could be enjoyed while 

3365
03:03:28,400 --> 03:03:30,000
sitting close together near the 
fire. 

3366
03:03:30,600 --> 03:03:32,700
Became the primary forms of 
winter Recreation. 

3367
03:03:34,300 --> 03:03:38,400
These activities served multiple
purposes, they provided mental 

3368
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:40,600
stimulation. 
During The Long Dark evenings, 

3369
03:03:40,600 --> 03:03:44,300
they kept people sedentary and 
close to heat sources and they 

3370
03:03:44,300 --> 03:03:47,000
reinforced the social 
connections that were essential 

3371
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:50,500
for communities survival, even 
religious practices adapted to 

3372
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:54,100
Winter heating realities church 
services in Winter were often 

3373
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:57,500
shorter than summer services and
churches developed strategies 

3374
03:03:57,500 --> 03:04:01,300
like foot warmers small portable
braziers that could be filled 

3375
03:04:01,300 --> 03:04:04,500
with coals from home and carried
to church to provide personal 

3376
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:08,100
heating during long services. 
Some congregations would pack 

3377
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,300
into smaller spaces during 
winter, using their combined 

3378
03:04:11,300 --> 03:04:14,700
body, heat to make worship more 
comfortable community resource 

3379
03:04:14,700 --> 03:04:16,500
sharing was another form of 
social Heating. 

3380
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:20,100
Families would coordinate their 
Heating and cooking schedule, to

3381
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,300
maximize efficiency. 
Perhaps taking turns hosting 

3382
03:04:23,300 --> 03:04:26,400
large meals, that could feed 
multiple families while, 

3383
03:04:26,400 --> 03:04:29,600
requiring only one fire or 
sharing the use of large ovens 

3384
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:31,100
for baking bread or roasting 
meat. 

3385
03:04:31,800 --> 03:04:34,400
These are instruments saved fuel
while strengthening Community 

3386
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:37,400
bonds, the concept of 
neighboring helping nearby 

3387
03:04:37,400 --> 03:04:39,000
families with tasks that were 
easier. 

3388
03:04:39,000 --> 03:04:41,700
Done in groups became a 
specially important during 

3389
03:04:41,700 --> 03:04:46,000
winter, but during woodcutting 
and food preservation were often

3390
03:04:46,008 --> 03:04:48,300
community activities, that 
brought people together for 

3391
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:52,700
warmth efficiency and safety. 
These work parties provided 

3392
03:04:52,700 --> 03:04:55,400
opportunities for social 
interaction during isolated 

3393
03:04:55,400 --> 03:04:57,800
winter months. 
While accomplishing necessary 

3394
03:04:57,800 --> 03:05:00,800
tasks more efficiently than 
individual families, could 

3395
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:03,300
manage a loan. 
Colonial families were Master 

3396
03:05:03,300 --> 03:05:06,500
practitioners of microclimate 
management, understanding how to

3397
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:09,900
create warm zones within larger,
cold spaces and how to use the 

3398
03:05:09,900 --> 03:05:13,500
physics of heat air circulation 
and thermal Mass to their 

3399
03:05:13,500 --> 03:05:16,500
advantage. 
Your Colonial home, wasn't 

3400
03:05:16,500 --> 03:05:19,600
uniformly, heated, instead it 
was a collection of carefully, 

3401
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:23,000
managed thermal zones, the 
prioritized warmth where it was 

3402
03:05:23,000 --> 03:05:24,900
needed. 
Most while allowing less 

3403
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:28,800
critical areas to remain cold. 
The concept of heat layering in 

3404
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:31,200
colonial. 
Homes was sophisticated in ways 

3405
03:05:31,200 --> 03:05:34,600
that modern heating system 
sometimes Miss Heat from your 

3406
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:36,800
central fireplace. 
Didn't just radiates outward 

3407
03:05:36,800 --> 03:05:39,100
randomly. 
It was channeled and directed 

3408
03:05:39,100 --> 03:05:40,900
through strategic architectural 
choices. 

3409
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:44,300
In interior doors, were 
positioned to allow warm air to 

3410
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:47,900
flow from heated, rooms to 
adjacent spaces while exterior. 

3411
03:05:47,900 --> 03:05:51,000
Doors were often double-layered 
with small vestibules that 

3412
03:05:51,000 --> 03:05:53,900
prevented cold air from rushing 
directly into warm spaces, 

3413
03:05:53,900 --> 03:05:56,500
thermal Mass was used, 
strategically throughout 

3414
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,100
colonial homes. 
Large stone, or brick 

3415
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:01,100
fireplaces. 
Absorbed heat during active, 

3416
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:05,200
burning and released its slowly 
over hours acting like massive 

3417
03:06:05,200 --> 03:06:08,300
batteries that stored and 
distributed warmth long after 

3418
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:11,700
the fire died down. 
Some colonial homes featured, 

3419
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:15,300
Stone floors near the half that 
absorbed heat during the day and

3420
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:17,000
radiated it back during the 
night. 

3421
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:19,700
Creating Comfort zones that 
remained warm. 

3422
03:06:19,700 --> 03:06:23,400
Even when the fire was banked 
window management was a precise 

3423
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:26,800
science in colonial, homes 
during sunny winter days. 

3424
03:06:26,800 --> 03:06:30,300
Even small Windows, could 
contribute significant heat gain

3425
03:06:30,300 --> 03:06:33,600
when positioned correctly 
Colonial families understood, 

3426
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:37,300
which Windows would catch 
Morning Sun after noon sun or 

3427
03:06:37,300 --> 03:06:39,600
were positioned to avoid cold 
Northern exposures? 

3428
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:43,100
They would open these windows 
during warm daylight hours to 

3429
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:46,200
capture solar heat, then cover 
them with thick, curtains or 

3430
03:06:46,208 --> 03:06:48,100
shutters. 
As soon as the Sun moved on or 

3431
03:06:48,100 --> 03:06:51,900
set, trapping the captured, 
warmth inside air circulation, 

3432
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:54,000
management, prevented the 
stuffiness that could make 

3433
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:57,200
heated spaces uncomfortable 
while avoiding the drafts that 

3434
03:06:57,200 --> 03:07:00,900
could steal pressure warmth. 
Colonial Builders understood 

3435
03:07:00,900 --> 03:07:04,200
that still are was insulating 
air and they designed their 

3436
03:07:04,200 --> 03:07:08,000
homes to minimize unwanted air 
movement while allowing for the 

3437
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,700
gentle circulation needed to 
distribute heat from fires and 

3438
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:14,900
prevent moisture buildup that 
could lead to cold clammy 

3439
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,500
conditions. 
The Strategic use of textiles, 

3440
03:07:17,500 --> 03:07:20,100
turned colonial homes into 
adjustable, thermal 

3441
03:07:20,100 --> 03:07:23,500
environments, heavy curtains 
tapestries and wall hangings. 

3442
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,700
Weren't just decorative, they 
were movable insulation. 

3443
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:28,500
That could be deployed when 
needed most. 

3444
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:31,500
During the coldest weather, 
families would hang extra, 

3445
03:07:31,500 --> 03:07:35,400
blankets, or quilts to subdivide
large rooms in to smaller more 

3446
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:38,700
easily, heated spaces or to 
block off, unused areas that 

3447
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:40,800
would otherwise steal heat from 
Living Spaces. 

3448
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:44,300
Furniture placement, was another
tool in the colonial management 

3449
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:47,400
toolkit. 
Chairs benches and tables were 

3450
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,600
positioned to create windbreaks 
around seating areas near fires 

3451
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:54,800
while also serving as platforms 
for warming Stones bricks or 

3452
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,600
other thermal Mass objects that 
could store and distribute Heat.

3453
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:01,100
High back chairs and settles 
were just about Comfort. 

3454
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,700
They created personal heat 
reflecting zones that 

3455
03:08:04,700 --> 03:08:07,100
concentrated warmth around. 
In individual family members. 

3456
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:10,600
The timing of daily activities 
was coordinated with thermal 

3457
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:13,800
management, strategies, cooking 
baking, and other heat, 

3458
03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:16,700
generating activities were 
scheduled to provide maximum 

3459
03:08:16,700 --> 03:08:19,400
warming benefit during the 
coldest parts of the day. 

3460
03:08:19,400 --> 03:08:22,900
Laundering might be done during 
the warmest part of winter days,

3461
03:08:22,900 --> 03:08:26,600
taking advantage of both solar 
heat gain and the warmth 

3462
03:08:26,600 --> 03:08:29,900
generated by hot water and 
steam. while also providing 

3463
03:08:29,900 --> 03:08:33,400
humidity that made cold air feel
more comfortable, even personal 

3464
03:08:33,400 --> 03:08:36,900
thermal management was 
sophisticated Colonial families,

3465
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:39,000
understood that, keeping your 
core body temperature. 

3466
03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:42,000
Warm was more efficient than 
trying to heat extremities 

3467
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,500
directly. 
They wore layers that trapped 

3468
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:47,100
warm are close to their torsos 
and major blood vessels. 

3469
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:50,300
Allowing their circulatory 
systems to carry this warmth to 

3470
03:08:50,300 --> 03:08:53,300
hands and feet more efficiently 
than trying to heat these 

3471
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:56,300
extremities externally. 
The management of humidity 

3472
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:58,200
levels was crucial for winter 
comfort. 

3473
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:02,300
Too little humidity made cold 
air feel even colder and could 

3474
03:09:02,300 --> 03:09:06,000
lead to respiratory problems and
dry cracked skin too much 

3475
03:09:06,008 --> 03:09:09,600
humidity made space's feel 
clammy and cold while promoting 

3476
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:12,300
the growth of mold and mildew 
that could cause illness. 

3477
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:16,500
Colonial families used cooking 
breathing and strategic 

3478
03:09:16,500 --> 03:09:18,800
ventilation to maintain humidity
levels. 

3479
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,600
That made their heated spaces, 
feel comfortable and healthy. 

3480
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,800
When winter weather turned, 
truly dangerous, Colonial 

3481
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:27,200
families had emergency, 
protocols, that could mean the 

3482
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:29,100
difference between survival and 
disaster. 

3483
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:33,000
Your Colonial ancestors weren't 
just prepared for normal winter 

3484
03:09:33,000 --> 03:09:37,400
whether they had strategies for 
blizzards ice storms, and the 

3485
03:09:37,400 --> 03:09:40,300
kind of bitter cold that could 
kill unprepared people in hours,

3486
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:43,600
rather than days the most 
critical emergency protocol was 

3487
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:47,300
firing Insurance, maintaining 
multiple heat sources and back 

3488
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:48,500
up. 
Ignition systems. 

3489
03:09:48,500 --> 03:09:52,000
Your main fireplace, might be 
your primary heat Source, but 

3490
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:55,400
Colonial families, always 
maintained, secondary fires or 

3491
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:58,300
heating systems that could take 
over if the main fired. 

3492
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:01,600
This might mean keeping a small 
fire going in a bedroom 

3493
03:10:01,600 --> 03:10:05,800
fireplace maintaining banked 
coals in a kitchen fire pot or 

3494
03:10:05,800 --> 03:10:08,700
keeping emergency. 
Fire starting materials, dry and

3495
03:10:08,700 --> 03:10:10,600
accessible. 
In multiple locations throughout

3496
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:13,500
the house, emergency food, 
protocols were equally 

3497
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:17,700
sophisticated Beyond your normal
winter, food storage, Colonial 

3498
03:10:17,700 --> 03:10:22,000
families maintained, emergency 
food, caches high, energy, long 

3499
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,100
lasting foods that could sustain
life during extended periods, 

3500
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,000
when normal cooking wasn't 
possible. 

3501
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:31,600
These might include parched, 
corn, dried meat, nuts, and 

3502
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:35,300
preserve fruits that required. 
No cooking and provided maximum 

3503
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:39,500
nutrition in small quantities. 
Some families kept emergencies 

3504
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:42,800
Food Supplies in route sellers 
or other cold storage areas 

3505
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:46,200
separate from their main Larder.
Protecting these reserves from 

3506
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:49,300
both spoilage and the temptation
to consume them during normal 

3507
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:53,000
times water security during 
extreme weather was a constant 

3508
03:10:53,000 --> 03:10:55,900
concern. 
Wells could freeze and 

3509
03:10:55,900 --> 03:10:58,800
collecting water from streams or
Springs might become impossible 

3510
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:02,500
during severe storms. 
Colonial Family stored water in 

3511
03:11:02,500 --> 03:11:04,400
multiple containers throughout 
their homes. 

3512
03:11:04,400 --> 03:11:07,400
Often keeping some near heat 
sources to prevent freezing 

3513
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:10,100
while storing larger quantities.
In areas that stayed cool enough

3514
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:13,600
to prevent spoilage Emergency 
water included, not just 

3515
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,600
drinking water, but also 
supplies for cooking, basic 

3516
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:19,600
hygiene, and firefighting of 
chimney fires or other heating 

3517
03:11:19,600 --> 03:11:22,900
related, disasters, occurred 
shelter reinforcement, protocols

3518
03:11:22,900 --> 03:11:24,700
prepared. 
Colonial homes for extreme 

3519
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:28,000
weather conditions this included
securing shutters and storm. 

3520
03:11:28,000 --> 03:11:31,300
Coverings for Windows, 
reinforcing doors against wind 

3521
03:11:31,300 --> 03:11:33,600
and snow loads and preparing 
temporary shelter. 

3522
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:36,600
Spaces within the home of normal
heating areas became unusable 

3523
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:39,800
Some Colonial, families 
prepared, interior rooms, that 

3524
03:11:39,800 --> 03:11:42,100
could be quickly, converted into
survival spaces. 

3525
03:11:42,100 --> 03:11:45,700
Complete with, emergency 
bedding, food water, and Heating

3526
03:11:45,700 --> 03:11:48,100
Supplies. 
Personal emergency preparation 

3527
03:11:48,100 --> 03:11:50,800
included, maintaining emergency 
clothing and bedding that could 

3528
03:11:50,800 --> 03:11:53,200
provide extra warmth during 
extreme conditions. 

3529
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:57,400
This meant keeping extra 
blankets, warm clothing and 

3530
03:11:57,400 --> 03:12:01,100
emergencies dry and accessible 
even if other parts of the home 

3531
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,800
became unusable, Colonial 
families, often maintained, 

3532
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:08,500
emergency clothing, Supply in 
multiple locations, ensuring 

3533
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:11,100
that family members could access
warm dry clothing. 

3534
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:14,200
Even if they became separated 
from their primary belongings. 

3535
03:12:14,200 --> 03:12:18,300
Communication and Community, 
emergency, protocols connected 

3536
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:21,200
individual family survival 
strategies with broader 

3537
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:25,000
Community Support Systems 
Colonial communities developed 

3538
03:12:25,000 --> 03:12:27,200
systems for checking on isolated
families. 

3539
03:12:27,200 --> 03:12:31,500
During extreme weather sharing 
resources during emergencies and

3540
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:34,600
coordinating rescue efforts when
families became stranded or 

3541
03:12:34,600 --> 03:12:38,100
endangered These systems 
included pre-arranged signals 

3542
03:12:38,100 --> 03:12:42,000
shared emergency supplies and 
Community spaces that could 

3543
03:12:42,000 --> 03:12:44,900
serve as warming centers. 
If individual homes became 

3544
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:48,400
uninhabitable medical emergency,
protocols address the health 

3545
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:51,800
crises that extreme cold could 
create Colonial families, 

3546
03:12:51,800 --> 03:12:54,200
maintain supplies and knowledge 
for treating frostbite 

3547
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:58,400
hypothermia and the respiratory 
problems that cold dry air could

3548
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:01,600
cause they understood that 
maintaining body temperature was

3549
03:13:01,600 --> 03:13:04,800
crucial for fighting off illness
and they had strategies for 

3550
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:07,500
caring for sick. 
Family members, the prioritized 

3551
03:13:07,500 --> 03:13:10,100
warmth while providing 
necessary, medical attention 

3552
03:13:10,100 --> 03:13:13,200
recovery, protocols helped 
families, restored normal 

3553
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:17,200
operations after Extreme weather
events, this included procedures

3554
03:13:17,200 --> 03:13:19,400
for safely assessing and 
repairing where the damage 

3555
03:13:19,400 --> 03:13:22,700
restoring normal Heating and 
cooking operations and 

3556
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:25,600
replenishing, emergency supplies
that had been consumed during 

3557
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:27,800
the crisis. 
Colonial families. 

3558
03:13:27,800 --> 03:13:30,700
Understood that surviving one. 
Emergency was only valuable if 

3559
03:13:30,700 --> 03:13:33,700
you were prepared for the next 
one winter warmth and colonial 

3560
03:13:33,700 --> 03:13:35,800
times wasn't just about comfort 
and survival. 

3561
03:13:35,800 --> 03:13:39,500
It was about careful resource 
management and economic 

3562
03:13:39,500 --> 03:13:43,100
strategy, every piece of 
firewood, every calorie of food,

3563
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:46,600
and every hour of Labor spent on
heating had to be balanced 

3564
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:49,000
against other needs. 
And the limited resources that 

3565
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:52,200
had to last through the entire 
winter season fuel, budgeting 

3566
03:13:52,200 --> 03:13:55,000
was as important as food, 
budgeting for Colonial families,

3567
03:13:55,000 --> 03:13:57,700
your wood supply wasn't just a 
pile of logs. 

3568
03:13:57,700 --> 03:14:00,500
It was a carefully. 
Calculated resource that had to 

3569
03:14:00,500 --> 03:14:02,800
be managed with the same 
precision as money in a bank 

3570
03:14:02,808 --> 03:14:05,100
account. 
Families tracked, their would 

3571
03:14:05,100 --> 03:14:08,100
consumption adjusted their 
burning practices based on 

3572
03:14:08,108 --> 03:14:11,500
weather forecasts and remaining 
supplies and made strategic 

3573
03:14:11,500 --> 03:14:14,800
decisions about when to burn 
premium Hardwoods versus when to

3574
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:16,200
make do with less efficient 
fuel. 

3575
03:14:16,200 --> 03:14:19,500
The labor economics of staying 
warm were equally complex. 

3576
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:22,900
Every hour spent cutting 
splitting and stacking firewood 

3577
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:26,300
was an hour that could not be 
spent on other necessary tasks. 

3578
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:30,000
Colonial families had to balance
the immediate need for heating 

3579
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:33,700
fuel against the long-term need 
for food production, Home 

3580
03:14:33,700 --> 03:14:36,400
Maintenance, an income 
generating activities. 

3581
03:14:37,500 --> 03:14:40,800
This led to sophisticated time 
management strategies, that 

3582
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:44,400
maximize the efficiency of 
heating related work resource 

3583
03:14:44,400 --> 03:14:47,400
sharing and bartering created 
Community economies of warmth. 

3584
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,400
families might trade surplus 
firewood for food exchange, 

3585
03:14:51,400 --> 03:14:54,500
labor for heating supplies, or 
share specialized tools and 

3586
03:14:54,500 --> 03:14:58,300
equipment that made heating more
efficient family with Superior 

3587
03:14:58,300 --> 03:15:00,400
would cutting tools. 
Might provide firewood 

3588
03:15:00,400 --> 03:15:03,600
preparation services and 
exchanged for other Goods or 

3589
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:06,200
families with large ovens might 
do community Banking and 

3590
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:08,000
exchange for fuel to heat their 
ovens. 

3591
03:15:08,000 --> 03:15:10,400
The cost benefit analysis of 
different heating. 

3592
03:15:10,400 --> 03:15:13,000
Strategies was constantly 
evolving throughout the winter 

3593
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,400
season early in winter, when 
fuel supplies were abundant 

3594
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:18,800
families. 
Might heat more rooms and 

3595
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:21,900
maintain higher temperatures, a 
supplies dwindled and the 

3596
03:15:21,908 --> 03:15:24,800
coldest weather approached. 
They would Retreat to smaller 

3597
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:27,000
more efficiently. 
Heated space is and lower their 

3598
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,300
overall heating standards to 
stretch remaining fuel through 

3599
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:33,500
the end of winter investment in 
heating efficiency, paid 

3600
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:36,600
long-term dividends for Colonial
families Better Built 

3601
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:39,600
fireplaces. 
Improved chimney design and high

3602
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:42,300
quality heating tools might 
require significant up front 

3603
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,800
investment, but they could 
reduce fuel consumption and 

3604
03:15:45,800 --> 03:15:48,300
labor requirements. 
Over multiple winter seasons. 

3605
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:51,900
Families that could afford these
improvements often found that 

3606
03:15:51,900 --> 03:15:55,200
they could maintain comfort with
less fuel while having Surplus 

3607
03:15:55,200 --> 03:15:58,600
resources to trade or to provide
security against particularly 

3608
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:02,200
harsh Winters the economics of 
clothing and textiles for winter

3609
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:05,800
warmth involved similar 
calculations high quality wool 

3610
03:16:05,800 --> 03:16:08,300
clothing and bedding required 
significant investment in 

3611
03:16:08,300 --> 03:16:11,200
materials and labor, but 
providers Superior warmth and 

3612
03:16:11,208 --> 03:16:13,300
durability compared to cheaper 
alternatives. 

3613
03:16:14,100 --> 03:16:17,000
Colonial families had to decide 
whether to invest time and money

3614
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:20,700
in premium winter clothing that 
would last for many seasons or 

3615
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:22,400
to make do with less expensive 
options. 

3616
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:23,900
That might need frequent 
replacement. 

3617
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:27,300
Foodie economics is intertwined 
with heating economics and 

3618
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:31,200
complex ways high calorie winter
Foods provided the energy needed

3619
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:34,900
to maintain body heat, but they 
were often expensive or required

3620
03:16:34,900 --> 03:16:38,600
significant resources to produce
and preserve families have to 

3621
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,100
balance the cost of heating 
their homes against the cost of 

3622
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:43,600
eating foods that would help 
their bodies generate internal 

3623
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,100
heat often finding that 
strategic combination of both 

3624
03:16:47,100 --> 03:16:50,300
approaches provided the most 
economical Winter survival 

3625
03:16:50,300 --> 03:16:53,400
strategy Colonial families. 
Just following ancient 

3626
03:16:53,400 --> 03:16:55,800
Traditions. 
They were constantly innovating 

3627
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:58,600
adapting and improving their 
Winter survival strategies. 

3628
03:16:59,500 --> 03:17:02,900
Your Colonial ancestors were 
inventors and experimenters, who

3629
03:17:02,900 --> 03:17:05,500
faced the daily challenge of 
staying warm with limited 

3630
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:09,100
resources and Technology leading
to remarkable innovations that 

3631
03:17:09,100 --> 03:17:12,200
often surpassed modern solutions
in efficiency and sustainability

3632
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,400
fireplace design. 
Evolved continuously throughout 

3633
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:18,800
the colonial period as families 
experimented with ways to 

3634
03:17:18,800 --> 03:17:21,300
extract more heat from their 
precious fuel. 

3635
03:17:22,100 --> 03:17:24,900
Some Colonials developed 
fireplace inserts and heat 

3636
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,000
exchanges that captured heat, 
that would otherwise Escape up 

3637
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:31,400
the chimney others experimented 
with fireplace positioning 

3638
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:35,300
angling and airflow patterns 
that maximized heat distribution

3639
03:17:35,300 --> 03:17:38,400
throughout their homes. 
These Innovations were often 

3640
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:41,500
shared between families and 
communities, spreading effective

3641
03:17:41,500 --> 03:17:45,100
improvements throughout entire 
regions, insulation Innovations,

3642
03:17:45,100 --> 03:17:47,600
used locally available materials
and creative ways. 

3643
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:50,100
Families. 
Experimented with different 

3644
03:17:50,100 --> 03:17:53,500
combinations of natural, 
insulation, materials, mixing 

3645
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:57,500
straw with Clay layering 
different types of animal fur or

3646
03:17:57,500 --> 03:18:00,400
using collected bird down in 
ways, that provided maximum 

3647
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:03,600
insulation value. 
Some Colonial families developed

3648
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,300
sophisticated understanding of 
how different insulation 

3649
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,500
materials performed under 
various conditions, leading to 

3650
03:18:09,500 --> 03:18:12,500
custom insulation solutions for 
different parts of their homes, 

3651
03:18:12,500 --> 03:18:15,500
clothing and textile 
Innovations, address specific 

3652
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,500
challenges through Creative 
Design and material use. 

3653
03:18:19,400 --> 03:18:22,700
Colonial seamstresses developed 
techniques for creating garments

3654
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:25,700
that maximized warmth while 
allowing for the physical 

3655
03:18:25,700 --> 03:18:27,600
activity that winter survival 
demanded. 

3656
03:18:28,400 --> 03:18:31,600
This included Innovations in 
layering systems strategic 

3657
03:18:31,600 --> 03:18:34,600
reinforcement of Highway areas 
and the development of 

3658
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:37,400
specialized garments for 
specific winter activities, like

3659
03:18:37,400 --> 03:18:41,200
ice fishing would cutting or 
outdoor Animal Care food 

3660
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:43,700
preservation and preparation 
Innovations extended the 

3661
03:18:43,700 --> 03:18:47,000
effectiveness of winter 
nutrition strategies Colonial 

3662
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:49,700
Cooks developed new techniques 
for preserving high-energy 

3663
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:53,400
Foods, creating concentrated 
nutrition sources and preparing 

3664
03:18:53,400 --> 03:18:56,700
foods that provided maximum 
heating benefit these 

3665
03:18:56,700 --> 03:18:59,200
Innovations often involved 
creative combinations of 

3666
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:01,700
traditional preservation 
techniques with new 

3667
03:19:01,700 --> 03:19:05,600
understanding of nutrition and 
energy requirements heating tool

3668
03:19:05,600 --> 03:19:08,300
Innovations, improve the 
efficiency and safety of fire 

3669
03:19:08,300 --> 03:19:11,900
management Colonial blacksmiths 
and Metal Workers developed 

3670
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:15,500
improved fireplace tools more 
efficient bed warmers and 

3671
03:19:15,500 --> 03:19:18,500
specialized implements that made
fire management easier and more 

3672
03:19:18,500 --> 03:19:21,200
effective. 
Some families created their own 

3673
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:24,300
heating Innovations using 
available materials copper 

3674
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:28,400
warming pans that distributed 
heat more evenly iron firedogs 

3675
03:19:28,400 --> 03:19:30,900
that could be adjusted for 
different log sizes and 

3676
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:33,600
specialized coal containers that
held heat longer while being 

3677
03:19:33,600 --> 03:19:36,600
safe at handle building 
technique Innovations address 

3678
03:19:36,600 --> 03:19:39,500
specific thermal challenges that
Colonial families discovered 

3679
03:19:39,500 --> 03:19:42,700
through experience. 
Some families experimented with 

3680
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:46,100
double wool construction that 
created insulating airspaces. 

3681
03:19:46,100 --> 03:19:49,200
While others developed 
Innovative chimney designs that 

3682
03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:51,500
captured more heat before 
escaped Outdoors. 

3683
03:19:52,400 --> 03:19:55,700
These building Innovations were 
often region-specific adapting 

3684
03:19:55,700 --> 03:19:58,700
to local climate conditions 
available materials and specific

3685
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:01,500
heating challenges. 
Behavioral Innovations were 

3686
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:03,900
perhaps the most important 
category of colonial, winter 

3687
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:07,100
adaptations families, 
continuously refine their daily 

3688
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:10,600
routines, work schedules and 
living patterns to maximize 

3689
03:20:10,600 --> 03:20:12,800
warmth while minimizing fuel 
consumption. 

3690
03:20:12,800 --> 03:20:16,400
This might include Innovations 
in family coordination that 

3691
03:20:16,400 --> 03:20:19,500
ensured fires were tended. 
Efficiently, new approaches to 

3692
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:22,000
task scheduling that took 
advantage of natural heat 

3693
03:20:22,000 --> 03:20:24,800
sources, or Creative Solutions 
for maintaining social 

3694
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:27,800
connections during isolated 
winter months Community 

3695
03:20:27,800 --> 03:20:30,200
Innovations in heating 
strategies, often provided 

3696
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:32,900
solutions that individual 
families couldn't achieve alone.

3697
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:36,500
Some communities developed 
shared heating resources, like, 

3698
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,300
communal, ovens, or warming 
houses that could serve multiple

3699
03:20:39,300 --> 03:20:43,300
families efficiently. others 
created Community fuel sharing 

3700
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,300
systems that helped ensure that 
no family ran out of heating 

3701
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:50,100
fuel during extreme weather, 
These Community Innovations 

3702
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:53,100
required cooperation and 
coordination, but they often 

3703
03:20:53,100 --> 03:20:55,900
provided heating solutions that 
were more efficient and reliable

3704
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:59,300
than individual family efforts. 
The most successful Colonial 

3705
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,900
Innovations, were those that 
addressed multiple challenges 

3706
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,100
simultaneously? 
A design Improvement that made a

3707
03:21:05,108 --> 03:21:08,500
fireplace burn more efficiently 
while also making it safer to 

3708
03:21:08,500 --> 03:21:11,300
operate or a food preservation 
technique that created 

3709
03:21:11,300 --> 03:21:14,600
high-energy winter Foods while 
also reducing storage space 

3710
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:17,500
requirements. 
These multi-benefit Innovations 

3711
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,500
were especially valuable because
they provided improvements 

3712
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:23,500
without requiring additional 
resources or labor colonial 

3713
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:27,100
America wasn't uniform in its 
climate or resources and neither

3714
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:29,300
were the winter survival 
strategies that families 

3715
03:21:29,300 --> 03:21:32,200
developed. 
Your experience staying warm in 

3716
03:21:32,200 --> 03:21:35,200
colonial Massachusetts would be 
quite different from what you'd 

3717
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:38,100
encounter in Virginia, 
Pennsylvania or the Carolinas. 

3718
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:41,300
Each region developed 
specialized approaches to Winter

3719
03:21:41,300 --> 03:21:44,900
warmth that took advantage of 
local resources climate patterns

3720
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:48,500
and cultural Traditions New 
England families facing the 

3721
03:21:48,500 --> 03:21:50,700
longest and coldest winters 
developed. 

3722
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:53,600
Some of the most sophisticated 
heating strategies in colonial 

3723
03:21:53,600 --> 03:21:56,400
America. 
The combination of harsh weather

3724
03:21:56,400 --> 03:22:00,200
abundant forests and strong 
Community Traditions created 

3725
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,300
Innovations, like the famous New
England saltbox house design. 

3726
03:22:04,100 --> 03:22:07,200
Where the long sloping rear roof
provided excellent win 

3727
03:22:07,200 --> 03:22:10,400
protection while the compact 
interior layout maximized 

3728
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:13,400
heating efficiency. 
New England families also 

3729
03:22:13,400 --> 03:22:16,300
developed complex systems for 
managing multiple fireplaces and

3730
03:22:16,300 --> 03:22:19,500
heat sources throughout their 
homes creating thermal zones 

3731
03:22:19,500 --> 03:22:21,900
that could be adjusted based on 
whether conditions and fuel 

3732
03:22:21,900 --> 03:22:25,200
availability the Mid-Atlantic 
colonies with their more 

3733
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:28,500
moderate Winters and diverse 
immigrant populations created 

3734
03:22:28,500 --> 03:22:31,100
heating systems that Blended 
techniques from multiple 

3735
03:22:31,100 --> 03:22:34,400
European traditions. 
German colonists brought 

3736
03:22:34,400 --> 03:22:37,800
knowledge of efficient, stove, 
designs and thermal Mass heating

3737
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:41,100
systems while Dutch families 
contributed Innovations in home 

3738
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:42,800
layout, and insulation 
techniques. 

3739
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:46,300
These Regional adaptations, 
often combine, the best features

3740
03:22:46,300 --> 03:22:49,700
of different approaches creating
heating systems that were more 

3741
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:52,000
sophisticated than what any 
single tradition might have 

3742
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:54,600
produced a loan, southern 
colonies faced different 

3743
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:57,900
challenges with shorter, but 
sometimes surprisingly harsh 

3744
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:01,000
Winters that could catch 
unprepared families off guard. 

3745
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:04,500
Southern Colonial families 
developed heating strategies, 

3746
03:23:04,500 --> 03:23:07,600
that could be quickly deployed 
when needed, but didn't require 

3747
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:09,900
the massive year-round 
investment in fuel and heating 

3748
03:23:09,900 --> 03:23:12,400
infrastructure that Northern 
families needed. 

3749
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:15,900
This led to Innovations like 
portable heating systems, 

3750
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:19,300
flexible rumor rangements that 
could be quickly adapted for 

3751
03:23:19,300 --> 03:23:22,000
cold weather and heating 
strategies that took advantage 

3752
03:23:22,000 --> 03:23:24,600
of the thermal mass of Southern 
building materials, like brick 

3753
03:23:24,600 --> 03:23:28,500
and stone Coastal families 
regardless of their latitude had

3754
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:30,900
to deal with the unique 
challenges of Maritime winter, 

3755
03:23:30,900 --> 03:23:34,500
weather high, winds Salt Air 
that could corrode heating 

3756
03:23:34,500 --> 03:23:38,000
equipment and the humidity that 
made cold air feel even colder. 

3757
03:23:38,900 --> 03:23:41,800
Coastal Colonial families 
developed specialized approaches

3758
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:45,300
to win protection corrosion 
resistant, heating tools, and 

3759
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:47,500
humidity management that kept 
their home's comfortable. 

3760
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:49,200
Despite challenging weather 
conditions. 

3761
03:23:49,200 --> 03:23:53,100
Mountain and Frontier families 
face, the challenge of extreme 

3762
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,400
weather combined with limited 
access to specialized heating 

3763
03:23:56,400 --> 03:24:00,200
equipment and supplies. 
These families became masters of

3764
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:04,300
improvisation and local resource
utilization developing heating 

3765
03:24:04,300 --> 03:24:07,100
systems, that could be built and
maintained using only materials 

3766
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:08,900
available in their immediate 
environment. 

3767
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:13,100
Frontier Innovations, often 
focused on durability and 

3768
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:16,000
repairability, creating heating 
systems that could function 

3769
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,400
reliably even when replacement 
parts and professional repair 

3770
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,600
services were unavailable Urban,
Colonial families, dealt with 

3771
03:24:22,600 --> 03:24:26,100
different constraints, including
limited space for fuel storage. 

3772
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:29,600
Restrictions on certain types of
heating due to fire regulations,

3773
03:24:29,600 --> 03:24:32,700
and the need to coordinate 
heating systems with Neighbors 

3774
03:24:32,700 --> 03:24:36,200
in close proximity. 
Urban Innovations often focused 

3775
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:37,900
on Space efficiency and fuel 
economy. 

3776
03:24:37,900 --> 03:24:41,700
Creating heating solutions that 
provided maximum warmth in 

3777
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:44,200
minimal space while using 
expensive. 

3778
03:24:44,200 --> 03:24:46,700
Urban fuel supplies, as 
efficiently as possible. 

3779
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:50,400
Rural families had different 
advantages and challenges with 

3780
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:52,100
greater access to fuel and 
space. 

3781
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:55,800
But also greater isolation 
during extreme weather Rural 

3782
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:59,400
heating, Innovations often 
focused on self-sufficiently an 

3783
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,600
emergency preparedness creating 
heating systems that could 

3784
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:05,400
function independently for 
extended periods without outside

3785
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,000
support or supplies. 
The interaction between 

3786
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:10,900
different Regional approaches, 
created continuous innovation 

3787
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:14,700
and Improvement in colonial 
heating strategies Families 

3788
03:25:14,700 --> 03:25:17,000
moving between regions, brought 
their heating knowledge, with 

3789
03:25:17,000 --> 03:25:20,100
them leading to 
cross-pollination of techniques 

3790
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:22,800
and the development of hybrid 
approaches that combine the best

3791
03:25:22,800 --> 03:25:26,400
features of different Regional 
Traditions, your daily life in a

3792
03:25:26,400 --> 03:25:28,700
colonial winter, followed 
rhythms that were dictated as 

3793
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:31,500
much by thermal management as by
daylight or traditional 

3794
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:34,100
schedules. 
The need to maintain warmth 

3795
03:25:34,100 --> 03:25:36,900
created a choreography of daily 
activities, that was both 

3796
03:25:36,900 --> 03:25:40,500
practical and surprisingly 
elegant in its efficiency your 

3797
03:25:40,500 --> 03:25:43,000
winter day began. 
Before Dawn, not because you 

3798
03:25:43,000 --> 03:25:45,900
were an early rise by choice, 
but because the fires banked 

3799
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:50,100
overnight needed attention 
before they died completely, In 

3800
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:53,600
the pre-dawn darkness, you'd 
slip from your warm bed, into 

3801
03:25:53,600 --> 03:25:56,000
the shocking cold of the 
unheated bedroom, quickly, 

3802
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:58,400
pulling on clothes, that had 
been warmed by being kept under 

3803
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,700
the covers with you overnight. 
Your first task was always fire 

3804
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:06,200
management, stirring the banked 
coals in the kitchen fireplace, 

3805
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:10,200
adding kindling and fresh wood, 
and coaxing, the sleeping fire 

3806
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:12,900
back to active life. 
The kitchen became your morning 

3807
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:15,800
Command Center and breakfast 
wasn't just about nutrition. 

3808
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,000
It was about warming yourself 
from the inside. 

3809
03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:20,400
While the house fires began to 
take the edge off the indoor 

3810
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:25,800
cold Hot porridge warm bread and
steaming cider or milk weren't 

3811
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:27,900
luxuries. 
They were essential tools for 

3812
03:26:27,900 --> 03:26:30,000
raising your body temperature to
the point where you could 

3813
03:26:30,000 --> 03:26:33,200
function effectively in cold 
conditions morning work was 

3814
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:35,600
planned around the gradual 
warming of your living spaces 

3815
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:39,200
tasks that could be done near 
the kitchen fire took priority 

3816
03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:42,900
meal preparation mending and 
planning the day's activities. 

3817
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,600
As other rooms slowly warmed up 
or as outdoor temperatures rose 

3818
03:26:47,600 --> 03:26:50,600
with the winter sun, you could 
expand your activities to other 

3819
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:53,700
parts of the house or Venture 
Outdoors for a central chores 

3820
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:57,200
the midday period when the 
winter sun provided whatever 

3821
03:26:57,200 --> 03:27:00,500
wants was available from the 
outside became the time for 

3822
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:02,900
activities that required leaving
the warm interior spaces. 

3823
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:07,200
This was when you'd venture out 
to 10 animals collect firewood 

3824
03:27:07,200 --> 03:27:09,900
check on stored supplies or 
visit Neighbors. 

3825
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:13,700
The key was timing these outdoor
activities to take advantage of 

3826
03:27:13,700 --> 03:27:16,500
whatever natural wants was 
available while ensuring you 

3827
03:27:16,500 --> 03:27:19,000
could return to warm spaces 
before the afternoon cold 

3828
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:22,400
setting of new activities 
centered around preparation for 

3829
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:25,400
the evening and night ahead. 
This was when you'd prepare 

3830
03:27:25,400 --> 03:27:28,000
evening meals that would provide
warming nutrition through the 

3831
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:31,400
cold night Bank, additional 
fires in bedrooms, if fuel 

3832
03:27:31,400 --> 03:27:34,900
supplies allowed and prepare the
warming equipment heated bricks 

3833
03:27:34,900 --> 03:27:37,700
bed warmers or warmed clothing, 
that would make nighttime 

3834
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:39,800
comfortable. 
Evening, routines were designed 

3835
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:43,300
around conservation of both 
warmth and fuel as daylight 

3836
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:45,100
faded and outdoor temperatures 
dropped. 

3837
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,300
Your family would consolidate 
into the warmest spaces of your 

3838
03:27:48,300 --> 03:27:50,800
home. 
This was the time for activities

3839
03:27:50,800 --> 03:27:53,300
that could be done while sitting
close together near the fire 

3840
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:57,200
storytelling music games hand 
work or simply quiet 

3841
03:27:57,200 --> 03:28:00,300
conversation that reinforced 
family bonds while conserving 

3842
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:03,700
body heat and heating fuel the 
transition to sleep involved, 

3843
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:06,400
careful thermal management that 
could determine whether you'd 

3844
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:08,800
sleep comfortably or shiver 
through a miserable night. 

3845
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:11,900
Bed preparation wasn't just 
about clean sheets. 

3846
03:28:11,900 --> 03:28:15,200
It was about ensuring that your 
sleeping space would retain the 

3847
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:18,400
warmth generated by heated 
bricks or bed warmers and that 

3848
03:28:18,408 --> 03:28:20,300
your bedding. 
Layers were arranged to trap 

3849
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:23,200
body heat while preventing 
moisture build-up that could 

3850
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:25,900
make you cold and clammy. 
Nighttime brought its own 

3851
03:28:25,900 --> 03:28:27,500
thermal challenges and 
opportunities. 

3852
03:28:27,500 --> 03:28:30,500
Your banked fires needed to 
provide enough heat to prevent 

3853
03:28:30,500 --> 03:28:32,900
interior temperatures from 
dropping to dangerous levels, 

3854
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:35,700
while also conserving enough 
fuel to make it through to 

3855
03:28:35,700 --> 03:28:38,900
morning. 
Some families maintained watch 

3856
03:28:38,900 --> 03:28:40,500
schedules during the coldest 
nights. 

3857
03:28:40,500 --> 03:28:44,500
Ensuring that someone was awake 
to tend fires and address any 

3858
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:47,600
heating, emergencies that might 
arise weekly and seasonal 

3859
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:49,700
rhythms also revolved around 
thermal management. 

3860
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:54,000
Certain tasks like major cooking
projects, laundry or craft work 

3861
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:57,300
was scheduled for the warmest 
days or times when heating 

3862
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:59,400
systems were already operating 
at full capacity. 

3863
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:03,300
Community activities and social 
Gatherings were planned to take 

3864
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:06,400
advantage of shared body heat, 
while accomplishing necessary 

3865
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:08,400
work or maintaining social 
connections. 

3866
03:29:08,400 --> 03:29:11,300
Where the prediction became a 
crucial skill for managing these

3867
03:29:11,300 --> 03:29:14,400
thermal rhythms Colonial, 
families developed sophisticated

3868
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:17,700
abilities, to read weather 
signs, and predict temperature, 

3869
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:20,700
changes, allowing them to adjust
their heating strategies 

3870
03:29:20,700 --> 03:29:24,000
activity, schedules and fuel 
consumption patterns in 

3871
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:25,800
anticipation of changing 
conditions. 

3872
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:29,300
A family that could accurately 
predict a cold snap could 

3873
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,300
prepare their heating systems 
and adjust their routines to 

3874
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:33,900
whether the temperature drop 
comfortably. 

3875
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:36,800
While a family caught off guard,
might struggle through several 

3876
03:29:36,800 --> 03:29:39,800
miserable days of inadequate, 
warmth, Colonial children 

3877
03:29:39,800 --> 03:29:42,200
weren't just smaller adults. 
When it came to Winter survival,

3878
03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:45,200
they required specialized 
heating strategies that took 

3879
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:48,500
into account their higher 
surface area to body mass ratio 

3880
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:52,300
their tendency to lose heat more
quickly than adults and their 

3881
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:54,100
need for protection while still 
learning the skills. 

3882
03:29:54,100 --> 03:29:57,100
Necessary for winter survival, 
your Colonial children's 

3883
03:29:57,100 --> 03:29:59,700
clothing was engineering 
designed for small bodies with 

3884
03:29:59,700 --> 03:30:03,000
different thermal needs. 
Children, winter clothing, often

3885
03:30:03,000 --> 03:30:06,200
included, extra layers, around 
the Torso where vital organs 

3886
03:30:06,200 --> 03:30:09,200
needed protection while allowing
for the active movement that 

3887
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:12,800
children required. 
Small hands and feet being 

3888
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:16,000
farthest from the hearts warming
circulation received special 

3889
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:19,800
attention with multiple layers 
of mittens, and stockings often 

3890
03:30:19,800 --> 03:30:22,300
made from the softest and 
warmest materials, available 

3891
03:30:22,300 --> 03:30:25,600
sleeping arrangements for 
children prioritized warmth over

3892
03:30:25,600 --> 03:30:29,300
privacy. small children, often, 
shared beds, not just for space 

3893
03:30:29,300 --> 03:30:32,600
efficiency, but because they're 
combined body heat provided 

3894
03:30:32,600 --> 03:30:36,900
better warmth than individual 
sleeping space is Parents would 

3895
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:40,200
position children's beds near 
heat sources when possible or 

3896
03:30:40,200 --> 03:30:42,100
bring small children into the 
master bed. 

3897
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:44,700
During the coldest nights using 
parental body. 

3898
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:47,800
Heat, to ensure that developing 
body stayed warm enough to grow.

3899
03:30:47,800 --> 03:30:51,000
And Thrive children's daily 
routines were modified to 

3900
03:30:51,000 --> 03:30:54,000
minimize their exposure, to 
extreme cold while still 

3901
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:55,600
allowing them to learn essential
skills. 

3902
03:30:56,800 --> 03:30:59,500
Young children might be kept in 
the kitchen and Main rooms. 

3903
03:30:59,500 --> 03:31:02,300
During the coldest weather 
learning domestic skills near 

3904
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:05,200
the warmth of fires. 
While older children gradually 

3905
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:07,600
took on outdoor 
responsibilities, as their 

3906
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:10,400
bodies developed, the ability to
handle cold exposure safely, 

3907
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:13,300
educational activities were 
adapted to Winter heating 

3908
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:17,000
realities children, learned 
Reading Writing and arithmetic. 

3909
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:20,300
While sitting close to fires and
many traditional children's 

3910
03:31:20,300 --> 03:31:22,900
games and activities were 
designed to be played in warm 

3911
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:26,900
confined spaces, storytelling, 
singing and memory games. 

3912
03:31:26,900 --> 03:31:30,000
Were just entertainment. 
They were Educational Tools. 

3913
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:32,700
That could be used while the 
entire family huddled together 

3914
03:31:32,700 --> 03:31:35,600
for warmth food, requirements 
for Colonial children during 

3915
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:38,500
winter reflected, their need for
energy to fuel, both growth and 

3916
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:41,600
heat production. 
Children winter diets, often 

3917
03:31:41,600 --> 03:31:45,000
included extra fats and high 
energy foods and parents would 

3918
03:31:45,000 --> 03:31:47,500
ensure that children had access 
to warm foods and drinks 

3919
03:31:47,500 --> 03:31:49,800
throughout the day to help 
maintain their body temperature 

3920
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:52,600
and provide the calories needed 
for proper development. 

3921
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:56,100
Child, safety around heating 
systems, required constant 

3922
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:57,700
vigilance and specialized 
equipment. 

3923
03:31:58,700 --> 03:32:00,800
Fire guards. 
Specialized clothing that 

3924
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:04,200
couldn't easily catch fire and 
careful supervision ensure that 

3925
03:32:04,200 --> 03:32:07,000
children could benefit from 
heating systems without being 

3926
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,400
endangered by them. 
Children learned fire safety and

3927
03:32:10,400 --> 03:32:12,700
heating system management is 
essential life skills. 

3928
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:16,000
But always under clothes adult 
supervision the development of 

3929
03:32:16,000 --> 03:32:17,600
winter survival skills. 
In children. 

3930
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:20,600
Was a gradual process. 
That began early and progressed 

3931
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:22,500
through increasingly complex 
responsibilities. 

3932
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,400
Young children might Begin by 
learning to bank fires or 

3933
03:32:26,400 --> 03:32:29,200
arrange kindling. 
While older children took on 

3934
03:32:29,200 --> 03:32:32,100
more complex tasks like managing
fuel supplies or maintaining 

3935
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:34,900
heating equipment. 
This skill development was 

3936
03:32:34,900 --> 03:32:37,700
essential for preparing children
to eventually manage their own 

3937
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:40,400
Winter survival. 
As adults Community Support 

3938
03:32:40,400 --> 03:32:43,300
Systems often provided 
additional resources for keeping

3939
03:32:43,300 --> 03:32:44,900
children warm during extreme 
weather. 

3940
03:32:45,700 --> 03:32:48,400
Neighbors might take in children
from families facing heating 

3941
03:32:48,400 --> 03:32:51,700
emergencies, and Community 
warming spaces could provide 

3942
03:32:51,700 --> 03:32:54,200
backup heating for families 
within adequate resources. 

3943
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:58,000
These Community, safety nets 
were especially important for in

3944
03:32:58,000 --> 03:33:01,300
the children who are most 
vulnerable to cold, exposure had

3945
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:04,300
access to adequate warmth, even 
during the most challenging 

3946
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:07,500
weather winter Health Management
in colonial times was 

3947
03:33:07,500 --> 03:33:09,700
Inseparable from Heating and 
warmth maintenance. 

3948
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,300
Your Colonial ancestors 
understood that staying warm 

3949
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:16,300
wasn't just about Comfort. 
It was about preventing illness,

3950
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:20,500
maintaining the immune systems 
to fight disease and ensuring 

3951
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:23,000
that existing health conditions 
didn't become life threatening 

3952
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:25,700
during cold weather. 
Respiratory, Health was a 

3953
03:33:25,700 --> 03:33:28,900
primary concern during colonial 
Winters and heating strategies 

3954
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:32,100
were designed to address the dry
cold air that could damage lungs

3955
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,100
and Airways. 
Colonial families used humidity 

3956
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:37,600
management techniques steaming 
pots of water. 

3957
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:41,300
Wet cloths, hung near fires, and
breathing, warm moist air from 

3958
03:33:41,300 --> 03:33:44,400
heated beverages to protect 
their respiratory systems from 

3959
03:33:44,400 --> 03:33:47,700
the harsh dry air. 
That heating fires could create 

3960
03:33:47,700 --> 03:33:50,700
circulation problems. 
Caused by cold, exposure were 

3961
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:53,900
addressed through both external 
warming techniques, an internal 

3962
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:57,400
warming foods and beverages. 
Colonial families understood 

3963
03:33:57,400 --> 03:33:59,700
that maintaining good 
circulation was essential for 

3964
03:33:59,700 --> 03:34:03,300
overall health and they used 
warming Foods, gentle, exercise 

3965
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:05,800
and strategic heating to ensure 
that blood flow reached 

3966
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:09,000
extremities, and vital, organs 
effectively, cold-related 

3967
03:34:09,000 --> 03:34:12,100
injuries like frostbite and 
hypothermia were serious 

3968
03:34:12,100 --> 03:34:14,100
concerns. 
That Colonial families addressed

3969
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:16,700
through both prevention and 
treatment strategies. 

3970
03:34:17,400 --> 03:34:20,600
Prevention focused on proper 
clothing, limited exposure 

3971
03:34:20,600 --> 03:34:24,300
times, and recognition of early,
warning, signs treatment 

3972
03:34:24,300 --> 03:34:26,400
involved. 
Gradual rewarming techniques 

3973
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:28,700
that could restore circulation 
without causing additional 

3974
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:31,400
tissue damage. 
Chronic health, conditions were 

3975
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:34,800
often exacerbated by cold 
weather and Colonial families 

3976
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:37,800
developed specialized heating 
strategies for family members 

3977
03:34:37,800 --> 03:34:41,000
with arthritis. 
Respiratory problems, or other 

3978
03:34:41,000 --> 03:34:44,500
conditions that cold weather 
could worsen this might include 

3979
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:47,400
dedicated heating equipment for 
specific family members, 

3980
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:50,700
specialized clothing, or 
bedding, or modified daily. 

3981
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:53,400
Routines that minimize cold, 
exposure for vulnerable 

3982
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:56,800
individuals, herbal medicine, 
and home remedies were adapted 

3983
03:34:56,800 --> 03:35:00,300
for winter Health maintenance. 
Colonial families used warming 

3984
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,100
herbs and spices, not just for 
flavor, but for their 

3985
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:05,900
therapeutic properties in 
maintaining body heat and 

3986
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:10,100
supporting immune function. 
Hot herbal, teas warming spice 

3987
03:35:10,100 --> 03:35:12,500
combinations, and topical 
treatments made from warming, 

3988
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:15,200
plants helped, support, health, 
during the winter months, 

3989
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:18,100
nutrition for winter Health, 
went beyond simple, calorie 

3990
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:21,300
management to include foods and 
supplements that supported 

3991
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,600
immune function and cold 
resistance, Colonial families, 

3992
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,300
understood which foods provided 
the vitamins and minerals needed

3993
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:29,900
to maintain health during 
limited nutrition winter months.

3994
03:35:29,900 --> 03:35:33,200
And they plan their preserved 
Food Supplies to ensure adequate

3995
03:35:33,200 --> 03:35:34,800
nutrition throughout the winter 
season. 

3996
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:37,800
Mental health considerations 
were important aspects of 

3997
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:42,100
colonial, Winter survival. 
The isolation limited daylight 

3998
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:45,600
and constant focus on Survival, 
could create mental health 

3999
03:35:45,600 --> 03:35:48,000
challenges, that Colonial, 
families addressed through 

4000
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:51,900
social connections, meaningful 
activities, and Community 

4001
03:35:51,900 --> 03:35:54,800
Support Systems. 
Maintaining mental health was 

4002
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:58,300
understood to be essential for 
physical survival, as depression

4003
03:35:58,300 --> 03:36:00,900
or anxiety, could impair 
judgment and decision-making, 

4004
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:04,600
abilities needed, for Effective 
winter management, sleep health,

4005
03:36:04,600 --> 03:36:07,000
during winter required, 
specialized approaches that 

4006
03:36:07,000 --> 03:36:09,600
ensured adequate rest while 
maintaining safe body 

4007
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:11,900
temperature throughout Long Cold
Nights. 

4008
03:36:12,700 --> 03:36:15,700
Colonial families developed 
sophisticated understanding of 

4009
03:36:15,700 --> 03:36:18,700
how to create sleeping 
conditions that promoted healthy

4010
03:36:18,700 --> 03:36:20,200
sleep while preventing the 
temperature. 

4011
03:36:20,200 --> 03:36:22,800
Drops that could interrupt rest 
or create health risks, 

4012
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:25,900
emergency medical care during 
winter presented unique 

4013
03:36:25,900 --> 03:36:27,800
challenges. 
When professional medical help. 

4014
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:29,500
Might be unavailable due to 
weather conditions. 

4015
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:33,900
Colonial families, maintained 
medical supplies and knowledge 

4016
03:36:33,900 --> 03:36:36,500
for treating common winter 
health problems and they 

4017
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:39,400
developed emergency protocols 
for addressing serious health 

4018
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,600
crises when outside help wasn't 
accessible as winter. 

4019
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:45,200
Gradually loosened its grip and 
the first signs of spring 

4020
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:48,400
appeared, Colonial families, 
didn't simply celebrate the end 

4021
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:50,900
of cold weather. 
They began the process of 

4022
03:36:50,900 --> 03:36:52,500
evaluating their Winter 
survival. 

4023
03:36:52,500 --> 03:36:56,000
Strategies replenishing 
depleted, resources and 

4024
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:57,800
preparing for the next year's 
cold season. 

4025
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:02,800
The end of winter was both a 
relief and a beginning, marking 

4026
03:37:02,800 --> 03:37:05,300
the start of preparations that 
were determine how well, the 

4027
03:37:05,300 --> 03:37:07,000
family would survive the next 
winter. 

4028
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:09,800
Your Colonial families. 
Post-winter assessment was 

4029
03:37:09,800 --> 03:37:13,100
thorough and practical, which 
heating strategies had worked 

4030
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,800
well, and which had proven 
inadequate, How much fuel had 

4031
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,600
been consumed and what did that 
suggest about next? 

4032
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:22,800
Year's fuel requirements. 
What equipment had worn out or 

4033
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:25,500
broken and what Replacements or 
repairs would be needed? 

4034
03:37:26,800 --> 03:37:29,700
This evaluation process was 
crucial for continuous 

4035
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:33,100
Improvement in Winter survival 
capabilities, spring cleaning in

4036
03:37:33,100 --> 03:37:35,000
colonial homes, wasn't just 
about Aesthetics. 

4037
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:38,600
It was about restoring heating 
systems and Living Spaces after 

4038
03:37:38,600 --> 03:37:42,300
months of intensive use. 
Fireplaces and chimneys needed 

4039
03:37:42,300 --> 03:37:45,000
thorough cleaning to remove 
Sutton and creosote buildup. 

4040
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:48,700
That could create fire hazards 
clothing in bedding that had 

4041
03:37:48,700 --> 03:37:51,700
provided winter warmth needed. 
Careful cleaning and storage to 

4042
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:54,800
ensure they'd be ready for next 
year's cold weather resource 

4043
03:37:54,800 --> 03:37:57,000
replenishment began. 
As soon as weather permitted 

4044
03:37:57,000 --> 03:38:00,900
firewood cutting and processing 
started early in Spring taking 

4045
03:38:00,900 --> 03:38:03,900
advantage of favorable weather 
in the full growing season to 

4046
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:06,400
ensure adequate fuel supplies 
for the following winter. 

4047
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:10,200
Food preservation and storage 
systems were evaluated and 

4048
03:38:10,200 --> 03:38:13,600
repairs and planing began for 
the crops and preserved foods 

4049
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:16,400
that would provide winter 
nutrition, equipment maintenance

4050
03:38:16,400 --> 03:38:19,100
and replacement addressed the 
wear and tear that intensive 

4051
03:38:19,100 --> 03:38:22,400
went to use placed on heating 
tools, clothing, and household 

4052
03:38:22,400 --> 03:38:25,400
equipment. 
This was the time to repair or 

4053
03:38:25,400 --> 03:38:28,800
replace worn-out bed warmers 
damaged fireplace tools and 

4054
03:38:28,800 --> 03:38:31,000
clothing that had worn thin 
during the winter months 

4055
03:38:31,000 --> 03:38:33,300
investing in equipment 
maintenance. 

4056
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:36,500
During spring ensure the heating
systems would function reliably 

4057
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:39,100
when they were needed, again, 
Community debriefing and 

4058
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:40,600
knowledge. 
Sharing allowed families to 

4059
03:38:40,600 --> 03:38:44,100
learn from each other's winter 
experiences, which families had 

4060
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:46,100
developed new techniques, or 
Innovations. 

4061
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,500
What Community Resources had 
proven? 

4062
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:51,500
Most valuable, how could 
Community cooperation be 

4063
03:38:51,500 --> 03:38:53,100
improved for the next winter 
season? 

4064
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:56,400
This knowledge sharing was 
essential for continuous 

4065
03:38:56,400 --> 03:38:59,400
Improvement in community-wide 
Winter survival capabilities. 

4066
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:03,400
The cycle transition from Winter
survival mode to Spring 

4067
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:06,400
productivity was as important as
the Practical preparation. 

4068
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:10,300
Colonial families had to shift 
from the conservation and 

4069
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:14,200
endurance mindset of winter to 
the growth and expansion mindset

4070
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:17,200
of spring and summer. 
This transition involved, both 

4071
03:39:17,200 --> 03:39:20,200
celebration of survival and 
preparation for the active. 

4072
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:23,500
Season ahead long-term planning 
Incorporated Lessons Learned 

4073
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:27,700
From the winter just survived 
Climate patterns, family needs 

4074
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:30,500
Community Resources and economic
conditions. 

4075
03:39:30,500 --> 03:39:33,500
All factored in to planning for 
future winter seasons. 

4076
03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:37,900
Families that learn from each 
Winter's experience is better 

4077
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:41,300
prepared for future challenges 
and more likely to thrive 

4078
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:44,900
despite harsh weather conditions
as you reflect on the Ingenuity 

4079
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:48,000
resilience and Community 
cooperation that enabled 

4080
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:51,300
Colonial families to survive 
harsh Winters with limited 

4081
03:39:51,300 --> 03:39:54,500
technology and resources you 
might find inspiration for 

4082
03:39:54,500 --> 03:39:58,700
modern challenges. 
The principles they used careful

4083
03:39:58,700 --> 03:40:02,500
Resource Management Community 
cooperation continuous 

4084
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:06,200
innovation and adaptation to 
changing conditions remain 

4085
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:09,100
relevant for anyone facing 
difficult circumstances with 

4086
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:11,900
limited resources. 
The colonial approach to Winter 

4087
03:40:11,900 --> 03:40:14,500
survival wasn't just about 
enduring harsh conditions. 

4088
03:40:14,500 --> 03:40:17,600
It was about creating 
sustainable systems that could 

4089
03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:20,300
provide comfort and security 
year after year. 

4090
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:25,000
Their success came not from any 
single brilliant solution, but 

4091
03:40:25,000 --> 03:40:27,400
from the integration of many 
small Innovations and 

4092
03:40:27,400 --> 03:40:30,900
adaptations into comprehensive 
survival strategies that 

4093
03:40:30,900 --> 03:40:34,800
addressed every aspect of winter
living their Legacy isn't just 

4094
03:40:34,800 --> 03:40:37,900
in the historical record of how 
they survived it's in the 

4095
03:40:37,900 --> 03:40:40,900
demonstration that human 
Ingenuity cooperation and 

4096
03:40:40,900 --> 03:40:44,300
determination can overcome 
seemingly impossible challenges.

4097
03:40:45,500 --> 03:40:47,500
Colonial families. 
Proved that with careful 

4098
03:40:47,500 --> 03:40:51,400
planning community support and 
willingness to adapt and 

4099
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:53,600
innovate. 
People could not just survive 

4100
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,900
but thrive thrive in conditions 
that might seem insurmountable 

4101
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:00,100
to Modern observers as you 
settle back into your warm 

4102
03:41:00,100 --> 03:41:02,500
comfortable. 
Modern home perhaps you can 

4103
03:41:02,508 --> 03:41:06,400
appreciate both how far heating 
technology is Advanced and how 

4104
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:09,800
much wisdom there is in the 
simple, sustainable approaches 

4105
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:13,400
that our ancestors developed. 
Their strategies for staying 

4106
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:15,900
warm through winter were more 
than survival techniques. 

4107
03:41:15,900 --> 03:41:19,600
They were expressions of human 
adaptability Community 

4108
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:22,300
cooperation and the 
determination to not just 

4109
03:41:22,300 --> 03:41:24,600
survive but to create comfort 
and security. 

4110
03:41:24,600 --> 03:41:27,600
Even in the face of Nature's 
harshest, challenges. 

4111
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,800
The next time, you adjust your 
thermostat with the flip of a 

4112
03:41:30,800 --> 03:41:34,000
switch will slip into a warm bed
without thinking about heated 

4113
03:41:34,000 --> 03:41:37,100
bricks or bed warmers. 
You might remember, the colonial

4114
03:41:37,100 --> 03:41:40,000
family who turned the challenge 
of staying warm into an art form

4115
03:41:40,000 --> 03:41:43,600
of survival Innovation, and 
Community cooperation that 

4116
03:41:43,600 --> 03:41:46,400
sustained them through. 
Countless harsh Winters and 

4117
03:41:46,400 --> 03:41:49,100
created the foundation for the 
communities, we know today, 

4118
03:41:49,100 --> 03:41:52,300
their story reminds us that 
human comfort and security, 

4119
03:41:52,300 --> 03:41:54,600
don't depend solely on advanced 
technology. 

4120
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:58,100
They depend on Ingenuity, 
preparation Community 

4121
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:01,500
cooperation and the willingness 
to adapt our methods to meet our

4122
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:04,500
challenges. 
In their success at creating 

4123
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:07,600
warmth and comfort with simple 
tools and natural resources. 

4124
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:12,100
Colonial families, left us a 
legacy of practical wisdom that 

4125
03:42:12,100 --> 03:42:14,700
remains relevant whenever we 
Face the challenge of creating 

4126
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:18,200
security and comfort with 
limited resources and as winter,

4127
03:42:18,200 --> 03:42:20,800
settles around your own home 
tonight and you drift off to 

4128
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:24,400
sleep in the warmth and security
that Modern Heating provides you

4129
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:26,200
can do. 
So with appreciation for both 

4130
03:42:26,200 --> 03:42:29,200
the comfort you enjoy and the 
Ingenuity of those who came 

4131
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:32,500
before, who proved that with 
determination cooperation. 

4132
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:36,400
And creativity humans can create
warmth and Security even in the 

4133
03:42:36,400 --> 03:42:47,700
coldest circumstances. 
Welcome back my tired friends 

4134
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:51,600
settle in, get comfy. 
Tonight, we're going to spend 

4135
03:42:51,600 --> 03:42:54,300
some time with one of the 
strangest and most human stories

4136
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:57,400
in the history of art, which is 
the story of a boy who arrived 

4137
03:42:57,400 --> 03:42:59,300
in the world already. 
Knowing what he was going to do 

4138
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:01,100
with it and spent the rest of 
his life. 

4139
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:05,300
Doing it with an intensity that 
never once let up His first word

4140
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:09,100
was pencil. 
Not Mumma not the Spanish 

4141
03:43:09,100 --> 03:43:12,900
equivalent of whatever Amala 
infant in 1881 typically 

4142
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:16,400
produced first according to his 
mum what the infant Pablo 

4143
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:18,900
reached for with his new mouth 
was the word for the thing. 

4144
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:23,500
He most wanted a shortening of 
the Spanish lapis pencil pits 

4145
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:25,400
peas a demand dressed up as a 
word. 

4146
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:29,800
He was born on the 25th of 
October 1881 in a house on the 

4147
03:43:29,800 --> 03:43:33,800
plaza de la mesa in Malaga on 
the southern coast of Spain and 

4148
03:43:33,800 --> 03:43:36,800
he arrived into a family that 
was already organized around art

4149
03:43:36,800 --> 03:43:38,700
in a way that would have made 
his trajectory probable. 

4150
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:42,000
Even if he had turned out to be 
merely talented which he did not

4151
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:47,400
his father was Jose Ruiz Blasco 
Jose was a painter and a teacher

4152
03:43:47,400 --> 03:43:51,100
of painting a methodical and 
technically accomplished man who

4153
03:43:51,100 --> 03:43:53,600
had spent his career painting 
the kinds of things that the 

4154
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:57,900
academic tradition expected of 
him still life's pigeons birds 

4155
03:43:57,900 --> 03:44:01,200
in general the occasional 
landscape the human figure 

4156
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:05,400
rendered with careful Fidelity. 
He was not a radical he was not 

4157
03:44:05,400 --> 03:44:08,500
chasing anything new. 
He taught at the School of Fine 

4158
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:11,700
Arts in Malaga and he curated 
the city's Municipal Museum. 

4159
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,000
And he painted his pigeons with 
the patient devotion of a man 

4160
03:44:15,000 --> 03:44:17,800
who had found his subject and 
intended to stay with it. 

4161
03:44:17,800 --> 03:44:22,100
He also recognized what he had 
produced by the time Pablo was 

4162
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:25,800
seven Jose had begun teaching 
him formally in the way Jose 

4163
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:28,600
understood teaching which was 
the way the academic tradition 

4164
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:31,800
understood it copy the masters 
draw from plaster. 

4165
03:44:31,800 --> 03:44:35,400
Casts from live models. 
Build the foundation before 

4166
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:38,700
attempting the structure, the 
foundation went in very fast. 

4167
03:44:38,700 --> 03:44:42,300
The boys hand moved with a 
shortness that Jose who 

4168
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:44,500
understood what she was in a 
painter's hand, looked like 

4169
03:44:44,500 --> 03:44:47,500
recognized as something outside 
the normal range. 

4170
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:51,600
He began bringing his son into 
his own work, asking the boy to 

4171
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:54,300
help finish painting's to add 
the legs, to a pigeon, 

4172
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:56,600
composition to complete a 
section of background. 

4173
03:44:57,600 --> 03:44:59,100
The boy was better at it than he
was. 

4174
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:04,900
At some point when Pablo was 
around, 300 painted on a canvas,

4175
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:06,800
he had started and understood 
that. 

4176
03:45:06,800 --> 03:45:09,800
The thing had happened. 
That the child had arrived at a 

4177
03:45:09,808 --> 03:45:12,400
place, he himself had never 
reached and was not going to 

4178
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:16,000
reach the story that has been 
passed down, possibly a 

4179
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:17,900
Pocketful. 
But consistent with the accounts

4180
03:45:17,900 --> 03:45:21,400
of people who knew the family is
that Jose gave his palate and 

4181
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:23,800
his brushes to his son and 
stopped painting. 

4182
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:28,200
Whether the gesture was as clean
and final as the story suggests 

4183
03:45:28,200 --> 03:45:31,400
or whether it happened, more 
gradually in the legend, tidied 

4184
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,300
it into a single moment. 
The underlying fact is 

4185
03:45:34,300 --> 03:45:38,100
documented in what Jose produced
after that point, which was very

4186
03:45:38,100 --> 03:45:40,700
little. 
He had been surpassed by a 13 

4187
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:43,800
year old the 13 year old in 
question had by this point 

4188
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:47,100
already spent several years 
compulsively filling every 

4189
03:45:47,100 --> 03:45:51,200
surface available to him in 
school which he hated with the 

4190
03:45:51,200 --> 03:45:53,900
thoroughness of someone who 
finds the pace of institutional 

4191
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:58,100
learning, genuinely painful, he 
drew in stead of listening. 

4192
03:45:58,900 --> 03:46:01,600
His teacher allowed him to keep 
a pigeon in the classroom alive 

4193
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,200
one because Pablo would not stop
drawing pigeons. 

4194
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:07,300
And the teacher had concluded 
that the easiest path was to 

4195
03:46:07,300 --> 03:46:09,900
provide the subject. 
He drew on the margins of his 

4196
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:12,500
school books. 
He drew on the walls, he drew 

4197
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:14,600
the way other children. 
Breathe, which is to say, 

4198
03:46:14,600 --> 03:46:17,800
without thinking about it as a, 
continuous Baseline activity 

4199
03:46:17,800 --> 03:46:19,400
that ran underneath everything 
else. 

4200
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:23,700
The family moved several times 
during his childhood Malaga 

4201
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:27,000
first, until Pablo was 10. 
And then like arunya on the 

4202
03:46:27,008 --> 03:46:30,000
Northwestern coast of Spain, 
where Jose had taken a 

4203
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:33,900
professorship, Was cooler and 
grayer and less, beautiful than 

4204
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,200
Malaga. 
And Pablo, missed the South, the

4205
03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:39,000
way children missed the specific
textures of the first place they

4206
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:40,900
need new. 
He kept working. 

4207
03:46:41,800 --> 03:46:45,400
The move to LA coruna produced a
small formal Sketchbook in which

4208
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:49,900
he recorded the city around him 
the streets and the faces and 

4209
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:52,500
the harbor with the 
observational Precision of 

4210
03:46:52,500 --> 03:46:55,700
someone who uses drawing the way
other people use language as 

4211
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:57,900
their primary method of 
understanding what they are 

4212
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:01,300
looking at. 
In La coruna, his sister 

4213
03:47:01,300 --> 03:47:03,200
Conchita felt ill with 
diphtheria. 

4214
03:47:03,200 --> 03:47:07,000
She was seven years old Pablo 
made a private bargain with 

4215
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:10,200
himself during her illness the 
kind of bargain that a 13 year 

4216
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:12,900
old makes with the universe when
the universe is not yet 

4217
03:47:12,900 --> 03:47:16,800
demonstrated its terms clearly 
He told himself he was stopped 

4218
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:19,400
drawing if she recovered drawing
was the thing. 

4219
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:23,000
He valued most absolutely the 
only currency he had that felt 

4220
03:47:23,000 --> 03:47:24,500
proportionate to what he was 
asking for. 

4221
03:47:24,500 --> 03:47:29,900
She did not recover. 
She died in January of 1895 and 

4222
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:33,200
Pablo did not stop drawing 
because the bargain had not been

4223
03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:37,800
on the other side and because he
was 13 and the need to draw was 

4224
03:47:37,800 --> 03:47:40,200
deeper than any bargain. 
He could make against it. 

4225
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:43,900
The family moved again that year
to Barcelona. 

4226
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:48,700
Barcelona in 1895 was not what 
Malaga had been or what likoria 

4227
03:47:48,700 --> 03:47:51,800
had been it was a city in the 
middle of something the 

4228
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:54,700
modernist movement that was 
reshaping Catalan architecture 

4229
03:47:54,700 --> 03:47:58,400
and art and intellectual life 
simultaneously and Tony Gaudi 

4230
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:01,800
building his impossible organic 
structures across the city the 

4231
03:48:01,800 --> 03:48:04,400
cafes full of people who were 
arguing about what art was 

4232
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,200
allowed to be and what it was 
not. 

4233
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,600
Jose had taken a post at the 
City School of Fine Arts, the 

4234
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:13,300
yokka and he arranged for his 
son to take the entrance 

4235
03:48:13,300 --> 03:48:16,600
Examination for the advanced 
course in classical art and 

4236
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:18,800
still life. 
The examination normally took 

4237
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:21,800
students a month. 
Pablo completed it in a week. 

4238
03:48:21,800 --> 03:48:25,500
The jury admitted him at 13. 
Looked at what he had produced 

4239
03:48:25,500 --> 03:48:28,500
and admitted him to the advanced
class rather than the standard 

4240
03:48:28,500 --> 03:48:31,200
one, the examiners were 
astonished according to the 

4241
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:33,600
accounts that survived in the 
particular way that 

4242
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:36,200
professionals are astonished. 
When someone young does the 

4243
03:48:36,208 --> 03:48:39,200
thing they have spent their 
careers building toward and does

4244
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:41,300
it without a parent effort, and 
is 13. 

4245
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:45,100
Pico said, later looking back at
these years that he had never 

4246
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:47,500
drawn like a child when he was 
12. 

4247
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:51,600
He said he drew like, Raphael, 
it was a statement about what 

4248
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:55,100
childhood had actually been for 
him, which was not a period of 

4249
03:48:55,100 --> 03:48:57,000
gradual development award 
competence. 

4250
03:48:57,000 --> 03:48:59,400
But a period of refining, 
something that had arrived 

4251
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:02,700
essentially complete. 
He did not yet know he was going

4252
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:05,800
to break it. 
He was 13 years old and living 

4253
03:49:05,800 --> 03:49:10,000
in Barcelona and drawing like 
Raphael and the century he was 

4254
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:14,300
going to reshape was still 17 
years away from ending Barcelona

4255
03:49:14,300 --> 03:49:18,400
in 1899 was a city with Paris on
its mind the modernist movement 

4256
03:49:18,400 --> 03:49:20,800
that had been reshaping its 
architecture and intellectual 

4257
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:24,100
life for the better part of a 
decade was explicitly oriented 

4258
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:26,900
toward what was happening in 
France toward the painters and 

4259
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:30,100
Poets and musicians of Monmouth 
taught the particular 

4260
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:33,400
electricity of a city that had 
decided it was at the center of 

4261
03:49:33,408 --> 03:49:37,100
everything and was conducting 
itself accordingly the artist in

4262
03:49:37,100 --> 03:49:39,900
Barcelona's Bohemian circles 
spoke Catalan rather than 

4263
03:49:39,900 --> 03:49:43,700
Spanish and called themselves 
nationalists, but their hearts 

4264
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:48,200
as one contemporary observe a 
noted was set on Paris they were

4265
03:49:48,200 --> 03:49:50,200
watching from a distance and 
preparing to close it. 

4266
03:49:50,900 --> 03:49:54,000
The castle arrived in this city 
at 15 and understood it 

4267
03:49:54,000 --> 03:49:57,500
immediately. 
He began spending his evening's 

4268
03:49:57,500 --> 03:50:01,800
at Elsa's Catra the four cats a 
Tavern in a neo-gothic building 

4269
03:50:01,800 --> 03:50:05,800
in the gothic quarter that had 
opened in 1897 and advertised 

4270
03:50:05,800 --> 03:50:09,200
itself as an inn for the 
disillusioned. the name referred

4271
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:12,400
both to the four Founders who 
are established it and to lushan

4272
03:50:12,400 --> 03:50:16,000
the famous Bohemian Cabaret in 
Montmartre that had been the 

4273
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,500
model and the aspirational the 
walls of the four cats were hung

4274
03:50:19,500 --> 03:50:23,600
with paintings by Ramon Casas 
and Santiago Russian all two of 

4275
03:50:23,600 --> 03:50:26,700
the founding painters and On Any
Given evening the room contained

4276
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:29,900
writers and Architects and 
musicians and young painters who

4277
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:32,900
were arguing about what art was 
and was not supposed to be doing

4278
03:50:32,900 --> 03:50:35,900
which was the argument that 
Picasso had been waiting his 

4279
03:50:35,900 --> 03:50:38,800
whole short life to be part of 
he made himself useful 

4280
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:42,600
immediately Pere Romero who ran 
the tavern commissioned him to 

4281
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:45,500
design the menu. 
Picasso produced a cover that 

4282
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:48,200
showed a group of clients seated
in front of the building's 

4283
03:50:48,200 --> 03:50:50,900
facade a work that was 
immediately compared to the 

4284
03:50:50,900 --> 03:50:54,300
style of Ramon Casas who was the
most admired painter in the room

4285
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:57,600
and whom Picasso had identified 
as the personal worth studying 

4286
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:01,600
Picasso studied him. 
He also began producing charcoal

4287
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:04,800
portraits of the regulars 
between 50 and 100 and 150 of 

4288
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:08,100
them hung in the main room in 
February of 1900 for what was 

4289
03:51:08,100 --> 03:51:09,900
effectively his first public 
exhibition. 

4290
03:51:09,900 --> 03:51:13,300
The portraits were pen and ink 
and watercolor quick and 

4291
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:17,300
observational caricature edging 
toward genuine like Miss and 

4292
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:20,700
they showed what the next decade
of his work would confirm that 

4293
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:24,100
Picasso saw people the way other
people see surfaces all the way 

4294
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:26,700
in on the first look he was 17 
years old. 

4295
03:51:26,700 --> 03:51:31,100
He met Carlos at Elsa gay in the
spring of 1899. 

4296
03:51:32,200 --> 03:51:35,900
Was a painter and poet the son 
of the American Consul in 

4297
03:51:35,900 --> 03:51:39,500
Barcelona one year old older 
than Picasso and drawn to the 

4298
03:51:39,500 --> 03:51:42,500
same Bohemian experimentation 
that Drew everyone in that room.

4299
03:51:43,400 --> 03:51:45,500
They recognize something in each
other immediately. 

4300
03:51:46,400 --> 03:51:49,300
Particular recognition that 
happens between two people who 

4301
03:51:49,300 --> 03:51:52,300
are both in the early stages of 
becoming something and can sense

4302
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:54,300
the same quality of becoming in 
the other person. 

4303
03:51:54,300 --> 03:52:03,400
They set up a shared Studio at 
riera De Sancho on 17 Decorah 

4304
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:05,400
young artists work. 
When they have found someone who

4305
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:07,700
keeps Pace with them. 
Casa. 

4306
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:10,400
James was funny and Brilliant 
and already in some difficulty 

4307
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:12,800
with himself that his friends 
managed as best they could. 

4308
03:52:13,900 --> 03:52:17,900
In September of 1900, the two of
them left, Barcelona for Paris 

4309
03:52:17,900 --> 03:52:19,900
together. 
This was the thing. 

4310
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:22,900
They had been building toward 
everyone in that room, at the 

4311
03:52:22,900 --> 03:52:25,400
four cats had been building 
toward it and now they were 

4312
03:52:25,400 --> 03:52:30,300
going The universal Exposition 
was open in Paris and Picasso 

4313
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,200
had a painting. 
Excepted for exhibition. 

4314
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:35,400
There, the first time, his work 
had been shown outside Spain, 

4315
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:38,900
they arrived in Monmouth and 
moved into a studio that had 

4316
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:43,100
been vacated by the Catalan 
painter, isidre Noel, a cramped 

4317
03:52:43,100 --> 03:52:46,000
and productive space in which 
they worked and argued and went 

4318
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:49,200
out into Paris and tried to 
absorb as much of it as possible

4319
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:52,700
in the time of available in 
Paris, fell in love. 

4320
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,700
Her name was Jermaine gargallo, 
a model who had become part of 

4321
03:52:56,700 --> 03:53:00,000
their Circle and the love was 
not returned in the wake of 

4322
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:02,700
Sergio must needed it to be. 
He had always been volatile, 

4323
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:06,000
mood swings and depression that 
the people who knew him had 

4324
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:09,300
learned to manage and Jermaine's
refusal opened something in him 

4325
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:12,200
that did not close. 
Picasso watching his friend 

4326
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:15,400
deteriorate suggested, they 
leave Paris for the holidays. 

4327
03:53:15,400 --> 03:53:18,200
Come back to Spain. 
Get some distance from the 

4328
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:20,800
situation. 
They went to Barcelona and then 

4329
03:53:20,800 --> 03:53:24,100
to Malaga where kasama is 
behavior, became erratic enough,

4330
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,600
that Picasso in an act, he would
later struggle with put him on a

4331
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:30,600
boat, back to Barcelona alone 
and went to Madrid to work. 

4332
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:34,900
They never saw each other again.
On the evening of the 17th of 

4333
03:53:34,900 --> 03:53:39,100
February 1901 Casa. 
James organized, a fair World 

4334
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:42,800
dinner at the cafe. 
Delhi Road in Paris. after many 

4335
03:53:42,800 --> 03:53:46,000
rounds of wine and absinthe, he 
asked your main one final time 

4336
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:49,400
if she would marry him when she 
refused she drew a pistol and 

4337
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:53,100
fired at her, the bullet, grazed
her Believing. 

4338
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:56,800
He had killed her castle, James 
turned the gun on himself, and 

4339
03:53:56,800 --> 03:53:58,600
shot himself in the right 
Temple. 

4340
03:53:58,600 --> 03:54:00,800
He died in the hospital that 
night. 

4341
03:54:00,800 --> 03:54:04,900
He was 20 years old, Picasso was
in Madrid when he heard. 

4342
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:08,900
He returned to Paris in May of 
that year and moved back into 

4343
03:54:08,900 --> 03:54:11,200
the studio. 
They had shared lived in the 

4344
03:54:11,200 --> 03:54:14,800
room where his friend had slept 
and eaten and worked and 

4345
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:17,500
descended into the grief that 
had ended at the Hippodrome. 

4346
03:54:17,500 --> 03:54:20,900
He visited the site of the 
shooting, he began painting, 

4347
03:54:20,900 --> 03:54:25,000
Cassie gemus his face, his body 
in the coffin, the scene of his 

4348
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:28,400
death and burial, a series of 
works that were simultaneously 

4349
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:32,200
portraits and an attempt to 
understand what had happened and

4350
03:54:32,200 --> 03:54:34,600
what the Castle's own share of 
responsibility for. 

4351
03:54:34,600 --> 03:54:37,800
It might be In the preliminary 
sketches, for the most 

4352
03:54:37,800 --> 03:54:41,400
significant painting of this 
period, a large allegorical work

4353
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:44,500
called la vie. 
Face of the central male figure 

4354
03:54:44,500 --> 03:54:47,300
was Picasso's own in the 
finished painting. 

4355
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:50,700
He changed it to kasama. 
The grief did not resolve into 

4356
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:53,700
something discreet and 
manageable it went into the work

4357
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,800
changed, the color of the work 
changed, what the work was about

4358
03:54:56,800 --> 03:54:59,600
and who it was about and what 
Picasso thought painting was 

4359
03:54:59,600 --> 03:55:01,500
supposed to be doing in relation
to the people. 

4360
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,600
It depicted. 
The blue period had not yet been

4361
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:08,700
named it was not yet a period. 
It was simply a painter sitting 

4362
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:13,000
in a room in Paris in 1901 
surrounded by the absence of his

4363
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:15,100
friend reaching for the blue end
of the palate. 

4364
03:55:16,000 --> 03:55:20,300
The summer of 1901 started. 
Well, Picasso had an exhibition 

4365
03:55:20,300 --> 03:55:23,300
at the gallery of Ambrose 
vollard in Paris a dealer with 

4366
03:55:23,300 --> 03:55:25,100
an eye. 
For the genuinely new and the 

4367
03:55:25,108 --> 03:55:29,000
show was noticed the critic 
Felician Fergie's reviewed it in

4368
03:55:29,000 --> 03:55:32,300
LA Revue blush and understood 
what he was looking at the 

4369
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:34,000
paintings. 
Picasso produced for that show 

4370
03:55:34,000 --> 03:55:37,300
were bright energetic, full of 
colour depicting. 

4371
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:40,100
The life of Paris with the 
hungry attention of a 20 year 

4372
03:55:40,108 --> 03:55:43,000
old, who had just arrived in the
city, he had been dreaming about

4373
03:55:43,000 --> 03:55:46,500
since the four cats. 
He was young and his friend had 

4374
03:55:46,500 --> 03:55:49,300
just died and the paintings. 
He was making that summer, 

4375
03:55:49,300 --> 03:55:52,500
showed almost none of it. 
The second half of the year was 

4376
03:55:52,500 --> 03:55:55,100
different. 
Picasso psychological State, 

4377
03:55:55,100 --> 03:56:00,500
deteriorated as 1901 war on the 
griefer, moving from fresh shock

4378
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:02,200
in, to something deeper and more
settled. 

4379
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:06,800
And as it did, the palate 
changed not all at once, not as 

4380
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:09,300
a decision. 
The blues came in the way that 

4381
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:13,400
grief itself comes in gradually 
and then all at once and then 

4382
03:56:13,408 --> 03:56:16,800
simply pressed the new Baseline 
condition of things by late. 

4383
03:56:16,800 --> 03:56:20,300
1901, Picasso had painted a 
self-portrait in which he showed

4384
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:23,400
himself at 20 as a man with 
hollowed features and a patched 

4385
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:26,500
coat. 
The face gaunt the eyes in Wood.

4386
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:29,200
No trace of the energy of the 
valid paintings. 

4387
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:31,900
He looked like someone much 
older and much colder. 

4388
03:56:31,900 --> 03:56:35,900
He was all so genuinely poor. 
This is the detail that the 

4389
03:56:35,900 --> 03:56:39,100
retrospective Fame of the blue 
period tends to obscure. 

4390
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:42,000
The paintings from this period 
are now among the most 

4391
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:44,700
reproduced and most beloved in 
the history of Western Art 

4392
03:56:44,700 --> 03:56:48,000
hanging in major museums 
reproduced on everything 

4393
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:50,500
imaginable sold at auction for 
figures. 

4394
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,600
That would have constituted 
several lifetimes of income for 

4395
03:56:53,600 --> 03:56:58,200
the 20 year old, who made them. 
At the time, he could not sell 

4396
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,300
them. 
The critics who had praised the 

4397
03:57:00,308 --> 03:57:03,600
vollard show, retreated, when 
the blue paintings arrived, the 

4398
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:07,100
market did not want to elongated
Beggars and blind old men and 

4399
03:57:07,100 --> 03:57:10,200
emaciated mums, and the quiet 
misery of people on the margins 

4400
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:12,800
of a city. 
Picasso went without food during

4401
03:57:12,800 --> 03:57:16,400
stretches of 1902. 
He burned drawings to stay warm.

4402
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:19,500
He knew what poverty looked like
from the inside, because he was 

4403
03:57:19,500 --> 03:57:21,800
inside it, this shape, what he 
painted. 

4404
03:57:23,400 --> 03:57:26,400
He began visiting the women's 
prison of Saint Lazare in Paris 

4405
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:29,500
where none served as guards, and
women were housed with their 

4406
03:57:29,500 --> 03:57:33,000
nursing infants. 
He went repeatedly drawing the 

4407
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:35,900
women there, the mums with their
children, the particular 

4408
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:38,600
combination of confinement and 
tenderness that the prison 

4409
03:57:38,600 --> 03:57:41,800
produced the visits gave him 
models and material and 

4410
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,300
something else harder to name a 
contact with human suffering at 

4411
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:47,300
his. 
Most unadorned with people, 

4412
03:57:47,300 --> 03:57:50,400
who'd been removed from ordinary
life and place somewhere that 

4413
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:52,600
Stripped Away. 
Everything except the essential 

4414
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:55,900
fact of their existence, The 
paintings that came out of these

4415
03:57:55,900 --> 03:58:00,200
visits the super among them have
the quality of documents not of 

4416
03:58:00,200 --> 03:58:03,200
suffering dramatized but of 
suffering observed with complete

4417
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:06,600
and sober attention the subjects
of the blue period are 

4418
03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:09,500
consistent enough to constitute 
a world Beggars. 

4419
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:14,900
The blind prostitutes old men 
alone at Bear tables mums 

4420
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:18,400
hunched over children figures 
stretched tall and thin against 

4421
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:21,900
empty backgrounds elongated in 
the way that El Greco had 

4422
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,100
elongated his figures for 
centuries earlier a technique 

4423
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:28,300
Picasso had studied in The Prado
and was now applying to the 

4424
03:58:28,300 --> 03:58:30,800
people he saw on the streets of 
Barcelona and Paris. 

4425
03:58:31,800 --> 03:58:34,800
The elongation is not Distortion
in the pejorative sense. 

4426
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:38,400
It is a formal choice that gives
the figures a kind of ghostly 

4427
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:42,500
Grace a presence. 
That is both entirely human and 

4428
03:58:42,500 --> 03:58:46,300
slightly Beyond it. 
The National Gallery of Art 

4429
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:49,700
writing about these Works 
describe the effect as Picasso 

4430
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:53,600
metaphorically allowing his 
subjects to escape their fate to

4431
03:58:53,600 --> 03:58:56,500
occupy something like a utopian 
state of grace. 

4432
03:58:57,400 --> 03:59:00,100
Blindness recurs throughout the 
period with an almost obsessive 

4433
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:04,900
frequency the blinds meal 
painted in 1903 shows a single 

4434
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:09,000
figure at a bare table one hand 
reaching toward a wine jug the 

4435
03:59:09,000 --> 03:59:11,800
face turned slightly away in the
Unseen orientation of the 

4436
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:16,600
permanently blind. 
The old guitarist also 1903 is 

4437
03:59:16,600 --> 03:59:20,400
the most famous of these Works a
hunched old man cradling an 

4438
03:59:20,400 --> 03:59:23,800
enormous instrument the body 
angular and compressed the 

4439
03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:25,900
guitar taking up most of the 
space around him. 

4440
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:29,300
The man himself reduced to the 
bare minimum of presence 

4441
03:59:29,300 --> 03:59:30,900
required to hold the thing and 
play it. 

4442
03:59:32,100 --> 03:59:35,300
The guitar is brown the single 
warm note in a painting 

4443
03:59:35,300 --> 03:59:37,800
otherwise built entirely from 
blue gray cold. 

4444
03:59:38,800 --> 03:59:42,300
X-ray examination of the canvas 
has revealed that other figures 

4445
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:45,400
are painted beneath the surface 
the guitarist laid over them 

4446
03:59:45,400 --> 03:59:48,900
Picasso working through several 
compositions before arriving at 

4447
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:52,000
this one the blindness in these 
paintings was not merely 

4448
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:55,200
descriptive Picasso was aware of
the symbolist movements in 

4449
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:59,100
blindness as a condition that 
opened toward in a vision rather

4450
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:02,700
than closing it the idea that 
those without sight might see 

4451
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,600
something others could not 
whether he subscribed to this 

4452
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:10,100
idea fully or used it as a 
formal resource is a question. 

4453
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:12,100
The painting's do not answer 
cleanly. 

4454
04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:16,500
What they establish painting 
after painting is a sustained 

4455
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:19,100
attention to the people who 
exist at the edge of the social 

4456
04:00:19,100 --> 04:00:22,500
world the people who are present
in cities and invisible in them 

4457
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:26,100
simultaneously and a consistent 
refusal to send to mentalize 

4458
04:00:26,100 --> 04:00:30,100
what he found there. 
La Vie completed in May of 1903 

4459
04:00:30,100 --> 04:00:33,400
is the blue period's most 
ambitious and complicated work. 

4460
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:37,200
It is large nearly two meters 
tall and shows two groups of 

4461
04:00:37,200 --> 04:00:40,300
figures facing each other a 
naked couple on the left and a 

4462
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:43,600
cloaked woman holding a child on
the right with two smaller 

4463
04:00:43,600 --> 04:00:46,900
paintings within the painting 
visible in the background one 

4464
04:00:46,900 --> 04:00:50,400
showing a crouched figure of 
grief and one a couple embracing

4465
04:00:50,400 --> 04:00:54,300
the central male figure has the 
face of Kaze Amos in the 

4466
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:57,000
preliminary sketches. 
That face was Picasso's own. 

4467
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:01,100
What the painting means has been
argued over ever since birth and

4468
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:05,400
death love and its consequences 
the passage between Youth and 

4469
04:01:05,400 --> 04:01:08,900
age the weight of what is owed 
to the living and the dead what 

4470
04:01:08,900 --> 04:01:12,900
it refuses to do is resolved. 
It holds all of these reading 

4471
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:15,600
simultaneously and will not 
choose among them, which is 

4472
04:01:15,600 --> 04:01:18,000
either a weakness or the most 
honest thing the painting could 

4473
04:01:18,000 --> 04:01:19,500
do painting on how you look at 
it. 

4474
04:01:20,600 --> 04:01:23,800
The blue period Ended as 
gradually as it began the cold 

4475
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:27,700
colors warming slowly in late 
1904 as Picasso's circumstances 

4476
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:30,300
changed. 
He settled permanently in Paris 

4477
04:01:30,300 --> 04:01:34,100
moving into the Battle of in 
Montmartre ramshackle building 

4478
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,000
where a community of our artists
lived in overlapping poverty and

4479
04:01:37,000 --> 04:01:40,400
mutual support. 
He met Fernando Olivier, who 

4480
04:01:40,400 --> 04:01:43,300
became His companion? 
The depression that had 

4481
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,200
organized, the previous three 
years began, not to lift. 

4482
04:01:46,200 --> 04:01:48,800
Exactly. 
But to shift the way weather 

4483
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:52,700
shifts the same sky, but a 
different quality of light, the 

4484
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:56,000
paintings changed color. 
The blue period has a strange 

4485
04:01:56,000 --> 04:01:59,500
relationship to its own Fame. 
Picasso struggled to sell these 

4486
04:01:59,500 --> 04:02:02,000
works for years. 
They were not what the market 

4487
04:02:02,000 --> 04:02:04,100
wanted. 
They were not what critics had 

4488
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:06,700
learned to praise. 
They came out of grief and 

4489
04:02:06,700 --> 04:02:09,500
poverty and a sustained 
attention to the people that 

4490
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:12,700
Prosperity tends. 
Not to look at directly now. 

4491
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,100
They are worth fortunes and 
hanging in the world's best 

4492
04:02:15,100 --> 04:02:17,100
museums and a printed on coffee 
mugs. 

4493
04:02:17,800 --> 04:02:21,500
Picasso himself who lived to see
all of this said, almost nothing

4494
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:23,200
about what the period had meant 
to him. 

4495
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:26,100
He had said what he needed to 
say in the paintings, the 

4496
04:02:26,100 --> 04:02:29,700
paintings are still saying it. 
The rose period arrived, the 

4497
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:32,600
way, the blue period had arrived
gradually and without 

4498
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:35,600
announcement. 
The palate warming has Picasso 

4499
04:02:35,600 --> 04:02:38,900
circumstances changed and the 
depression that had organized, 

4500
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:40,600
the previous three years began 
to shift. 

4501
04:02:41,500 --> 04:02:44,700
By 1904, he had settled 
permanently in the Battle of 

4502
04:02:44,700 --> 04:02:48,400
ramshackle building in Monmouth 
and housed a community of 

4503
04:02:48,400 --> 04:02:51,000
artists in overlapping poverty 
and mutual company. 

4504
04:02:51,600 --> 04:02:54,500
Fernando Olivier arrived in his 
life and became His companion 

4505
04:02:54,500 --> 04:02:57,100
and the subjects of his 
paintings change with her 

4506
04:02:57,100 --> 04:03:00,900
presence the emaciated Beggars 
giving way to acrobats and 

4507
04:03:00,900 --> 04:03:04,600
circus performers the cold blue 
replaced by Earth Tones and Rose

4508
04:03:04,600 --> 04:03:06,800
and the particular warm gray of 
a Paris afternoon. 

4509
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:11,000
He was painting the world as a 
place worth inhabiting rather 

4510
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:13,500
than a place worth documenting 
at its margins. 

4511
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:17,500
He was also looking at things 
very carefully Suzanne died in 

4512
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,800
October of 1906 and was honored 
the following year with a major 

4513
04:03:20,800 --> 04:03:24,700
retrospective at the salon. 
Picasso studied it with the 

4514
04:03:24,700 --> 04:03:26,500
attention. 
He brought to everything he 

4515
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:30,200
wanted to understand which was 
total and patient and ultimately

4516
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:33,200
transformative. 
What's his hand had been doing 

4517
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:36,500
with form the way he had broken 
apart the convention that a 

4518
04:03:36,500 --> 04:03:39,100
painting should show you an 
object from a single fixed point

4519
04:03:39,100 --> 04:03:41,600
of view. 
The way he had allowed multiple 

4520
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:45,200
angles and multiple moments to 
coexist in a single image was 

4521
04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:48,900
something Picasso recognized as 
a door and walked through he was

4522
04:03:48,908 --> 04:03:51,800
also looking at the ancient 
Iberian sculptures on display in

4523
04:03:51,800 --> 04:03:55,600
the Louvre recently excavated 
from a sooner in Spain their 

4524
04:03:55,600 --> 04:03:58,900
faces, simplified and archaic 
the features reduced to 

4525
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:01,800
essential forms with an 
authority that had nothing to do

4526
04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:05,200
with the academic tradition. 
He had been trained in He 

4527
04:04:05,200 --> 04:04:07,600
started incorporating. 
What he saw in these phases into

4528
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,100
his own figures. 
The three Central women in the 

4529
04:04:10,108 --> 04:04:12,700
painting, that was building in 
his Studio across the first half

4530
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,300
of 1907. 
Oh, their faces to these 

4531
04:04:15,300 --> 04:04:17,500
sculptures. 
The other two women are 

4532
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:21,300
something else entirely in the 
spring or early summer of 1907, 

4533
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:25,400
Picasso visited the ethnographic
museum at the Paleo Trocadero in

4534
04:04:25,408 --> 04:04:27,700
Paris. 
He described the experience 

4535
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:30,800
himself years later to the 
writer Andre Melrose. 

4536
04:04:31,700 --> 04:04:35,300
The smell reached him first. 
He said, mold and rot and the 

4537
04:04:35,300 --> 04:04:38,400
flea market quality of a place 
that housed objects brought from

4538
04:04:38,400 --> 04:04:40,900
very far away. 
By people who did not understand

4539
04:04:40,900 --> 04:04:44,700
what they were handling. 
He wanted to leave, he stayed 

4540
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:47,400
The Masks. 
He said, were not like any other

4541
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:50,800
piece of sculpture, not at all. 
They were magic things. 

4542
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,600
They were against everything. 
He said against unknown, 

4543
04:04:54,600 --> 04:04:57,800
threatening spirits, He 
understood what they were for 

4544
04:04:57,800 --> 04:05:00,700
what they were doing. 
He understood standing there 

4545
04:05:00,700 --> 04:05:04,300
alone in that awful museum while
he was a painter, he went back 

4546
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:06,900
to his studio and changed, two 
of the faces in the painting. 

4547
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:08,300
He had been working on for 
months. 

4548
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,600
The painting was called at that 
point Le bordel de vigne, the 

4549
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:16,000
brothel of Avignon a reference, 
to the carried, a bingo in 

4550
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:17,500
Barcelona, where Picasso had 
spent time. 

4551
04:05:17,508 --> 04:05:20,700
As a young man later, it would 
be given a more polite name. 

4552
04:05:20,700 --> 04:05:25,000
It shows five nude women, 
confrontational staring directly

4553
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,000
out of the canvas at whoever is 
looking at them. 

4554
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,300
The conventional passivity of 
the female nude entirely 

4555
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:34,100
abandoned the three on the left 
Have Faces, derived from Iberian

4556
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:38,200
sculpture, simplified and flat 
the two on the right have faces 

4557
04:05:38,200 --> 04:05:41,500
that were changed after the 
Trocadero visit angular, and 

4558
04:05:41,500 --> 04:05:45,900
fractured wearing something very
close to African masks, the 

4559
04:05:45,900 --> 04:05:49,200
planes of the face, broken apart
and reassembled in a way that is

4560
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:52,600
simultaneously familiar and 
wrong or rather Wrong by the 

4561
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:54,900
standards of what western 
painting had been doing with 

4562
04:05:54,900 --> 04:05:58,500
faces for several centuries and 
right by some other standard 

4563
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:02,000
that the painting was in the 
process of establishing X-ray 

4564
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:04,900
analysis of the canvas has 
confirmed what this looked like 

4565
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:08,300
before the changes. 
Originally all five figures 

4566
04:06:08,300 --> 04:06:12,000
shared similar, facial features,
the same almond eyes and 

4567
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:14,600
simplified profile that 
characterized the Iberian 

4568
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:17,100
influence. 
The chocolate daro visit 

4569
04:06:17,100 --> 04:06:20,300
produced the rupture that split 
the painting in two, the left 

4570
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:22,700
side, and the right side 
operating by different visual 

4571
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:26,200
logic's, the whole canvas held 
together by the confrontational,

4572
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:29,100
directness of the women's gaze. 
Rather than by any conventional 

4573
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:33,100
compositional, Unity Picasso had
created hundreds of Preparatory,

4574
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:35,500
sketches, and studies across the
previous, nine months. 

4575
04:06:36,400 --> 04:06:38,800
The early versions of the 
composition included a male 

4576
04:06:38,808 --> 04:06:42,100
figure on the left, a medical 
student entering the brothel 

4577
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:44,100
holding a skull, a narrative 
element. 

4578
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:46,900
He eventually removed because 
the story implied would have 

4579
04:06:46,900 --> 04:06:48,800
contained the image rather than 
releasing it. 

4580
04:06:49,600 --> 04:06:53,500
He also removed a sailor on the 
right. what remained when both 

4581
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:57,500
men were gone was pure 
confrontation, five women, and 

4582
04:06:57,500 --> 04:07:00,200
whoever was looking at them, 
nothing between the image and 

4583
04:07:00,208 --> 04:07:03,400
the viewer to absorb all 
mediate, the encounter The 

4584
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:05,800
paintings immediate reception 
was damaging. 

4585
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:09,700
Picasso showed it to his circle 
at the Battle of war and they 

4586
04:07:09,700 --> 04:07:13,500
did not know what to do with it.
George Brack, who would become 

4587
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:16,700
his closest collaborator within 
a year set at first viewing that

4588
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:18,800
it was like eating rope or 
drinking petroleum. 

4589
04:07:19,500 --> 04:07:21,700
Orys. 
His great rival was appalled, 

4590
04:07:21,700 --> 04:07:24,000
the poet. 
Kyouma are who was among 

4591
04:07:24,000 --> 04:07:26,100
Picasso's. 
Most devoted supporters was 

4592
04:07:26,100 --> 04:07:28,700
shaken. 
The dealer, Daniel Henry, Khan. 

4593
04:07:28,700 --> 04:07:32,200
Weiler, who visited the studio 
in July, of 1907 and saw the 

4594
04:07:32,208 --> 04:07:35,200
canvas was at a loss. 
The painting did not go on 

4595
04:07:35,200 --> 04:07:39,800
public display until 1916. in 
the Years between its completion

4596
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:43,400
and its first public exhibition,
the castle kept, it rolled up in

4597
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:46,800
his Studio, what the painting 
had done to him and what it 

4598
04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:49,600
would eventually do to the 
history of painting, was not 

4599
04:07:49,600 --> 04:07:53,000
immediately legal to anyone 
standing in front of it in 1907,

4600
04:07:53,000 --> 04:07:57,300
including Picasso himself, He 
had produced something that did 

4601
04:07:57,300 --> 04:08:01,100
not fit any existing category 
that had broken the expectation 

4602
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:03,800
of what a painting was supposed 
to do when it depicted a human 

4603
04:08:03,800 --> 04:08:06,800
figure that had made the 
question of how to show a body 

4604
04:08:06,808 --> 04:08:09,600
in space into an open problem 
rather than a settled 

4605
04:08:09,600 --> 04:08:13,300
convention. 
The problem once opened could 

4606
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:16,600
not be closed the collaboration 
with BRAC that began almost 

4607
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:19,800
immediately after Laden Mozelle 
the two men working in such 

4608
04:08:19,800 --> 04:08:22,600
proximity that they sometimes 
could not tell which paintings 

4609
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:26,300
were whose would push that open 
problem into what became cubism 

4610
04:08:26,300 --> 04:08:29,100
and cubism would change what 
painting was allowed to attempt 

4611
04:08:29,100 --> 04:08:33,000
for the rest of the century. 
But that is the next chapter at 

4612
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:36,500
this moment in 1907. 
There is only the canvas still 

4613
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:39,700
damp too large to hang his 
easily in the studio showing 

4614
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:42,500
five women who will not look 
away from you their faces 

4615
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:46,300
assembled from Iberian Stone and
African wood and Picasso's own 

4616
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:48,800
particular way of refusing to 
show you things the way you 

4617
04:08:48,800 --> 04:08:51,100
expect them to look he 
understood. 

4618
04:08:51,100 --> 04:08:55,400
He said later that it was his 
first exorcism painting he had 

4619
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:58,200
given formed to the spirits. 
He had become independent of 

4620
04:08:58,200 --> 04:09:00,200
them. 
The question that laid was Al 

4621
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,700
had opened was this if a 
painting does not have to show 

4622
04:09:03,700 --> 04:09:06,900
you what a thing looks like from
a fixed point of view then what 

4623
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:11,100
is it allowed to do in Stead? 
Picasso did not have the answer 

4624
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:13,200
when he finished the painting in
1907. 

4625
04:09:13,200 --> 04:09:15,800
He had the question, which is a 
different thing. 

4626
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:18,700
And in some respects a more 
valuable one, the question 

4627
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:21,600
needed, another person to help 
develop it and that person 

4628
04:09:21,600 --> 04:09:25,400
arrived in November of 1907. 
When the poet kyouma Paulina 

4629
04:09:25,400 --> 04:09:27,800
arranged a meeting between 
Picasso and a young French 

4630
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:31,800
painter named Georges Braque 
Brach had already seen Les 

4631
04:09:31,800 --> 04:09:33,600
demoiselle and his initial 
response. 

4632
04:09:33,600 --> 04:09:36,900
Had been the rope and petroleum 
remark the opinion that the 

4633
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:39,700
painting was as unwelcome to him
as eating rough fiber or 

4634
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:42,300
drinking kerosene, but it 
haunted him, through the winter,

4635
04:09:42,300 --> 04:09:47,400
of 1907 and into 1908, in the 
way that genuinely new things. 

4636
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:50,700
Haunt the people who are capable
of understanding them, not 

4637
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:54,100
pleasantly, and not easily and 
not with any immediate sense of 

4638
04:09:54,100 --> 04:09:58,300
what to do about it. 
He went South to Leicester had 

4639
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,600
worked and spent the summer 
shedding the colors of fauvism 

4640
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:04,600
and working through the 
structural problems that the 

4641
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:07,500
older painter had left 
unresolved and that Picasso had 

4642
04:10:07,500 --> 04:10:11,500
now ripped wide open. 
When he came back to Paris, he 

4643
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:13,900
came back with paintings that 
were doing something Picasso 

4644
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:16,900
recognized. 
The collaboration began almost 

4645
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:19,400
immediately after almost every 
evening. 

4646
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:23,300
Picasso said later either, he 
went to Brax Studio or Brett 

4647
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:25,400
came to his. 
Each of us had to see what the 

4648
04:10:25,400 --> 04:10:27,700
other had done. 
During the day the statement 

4649
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:29,900
which Picasso made in a late 
interview. 

4650
04:10:29,900 --> 04:10:33,000
Sounds almost a domestic in its 
Rhythm, the two painters, 

4651
04:10:33,000 --> 04:10:35,600
checking in with each other 
daily, like colleagues running a

4652
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:38,000
project together which is 
precisely what they were. 

4653
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:41,500
The project was the reinvention 
of what a painting could be. 

4654
04:10:42,300 --> 04:10:45,300
Conducted in the studios of two 
men who were temperamentally 

4655
04:10:45,300 --> 04:10:48,600
almost opposite. 
Picasso intuitive and bold and 

4656
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:52,100
Restless, Brach methodical, and 
reserved and committed to 

4657
04:10:52,100 --> 04:10:54,600
structural precision. 
And whose differences turned out

4658
04:10:54,600 --> 04:10:57,800
to be exactly what the project 
required practice owned 

4659
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:00,400
description of the collaboration
was that they were like two 

4660
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:03,800
Mountaineers roped together. 
What they were building across 

4661
04:11:03,800 --> 04:11:09,200
the years from 1908 to 1914, 
came to be called cubism The 

4662
04:11:09,200 --> 04:11:12,800
name was coined accidentally by 
a French art critic named Louisa

4663
04:11:12,800 --> 04:11:16,100
sale who described Brax 
landscape paintings of lestock 

4664
04:11:16,100 --> 04:11:18,200
as reducing everything to little
cubes. 

4665
04:11:19,000 --> 04:11:23,600
Bizarre Cube beaks, he wrote 
geometrical peculiarity, is he 

4666
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:26,400
meant to the dismissal? 
The artist used the word as a 

4667
04:11:26,400 --> 04:11:29,100
handle and the handle stuck, 
which is how many of the most 

4668
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:30,500
important movements in art 
history. 

4669
04:11:30,500 --> 04:11:33,000
Acquired their names from 
someone who thought they were 

4670
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:37,100
insulting the work The word does
not quite described what the 

4671
04:11:37,100 --> 04:11:39,200
work was doing, but it points at
it. 

4672
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:44,000
What cubism actually did was 
refused the convention that a 

4673
04:11:44,000 --> 04:11:47,200
painting occupies, a single 
moment in time from a single 

4674
04:11:47,200 --> 04:11:51,700
fixed point in space. 
The academic tradition and the 

4675
04:11:51,700 --> 04:11:54,200
entire history of Western 
painting from the Renaissance 

4676
04:11:54,200 --> 04:11:58,400
forward, had built itself. 
On single point perspective, the

4677
04:11:58,400 --> 04:12:01,200
mathematical system that 
produces the illusion of depth 

4678
04:12:01,200 --> 04:12:04,600
on a flat surface by arranging 
everything in relation to a 

4679
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:08,200
single vanishing point. 
It is a powerful system and it 

4680
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:11,900
produces beautiful work. 
It also requires a lie. 

4681
04:12:11,900 --> 04:12:15,000
The lie that the viewer is 
stationary that the world is 

4682
04:12:15,000 --> 04:12:18,500
Frozen that, the object being 
depicted exists in one moment 

4683
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:21,700
from one angle, Suzanne had 
begun to question this with out 

4684
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:25,700
quite abandoning it, A castle 
and Brack abandoned it in the 

4685
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:29,100
paintings of what came to be 
called analytic cubism, which 

4686
04:12:29,100 --> 04:12:31,600
developed from roughly 1909 
through 1912. 

4687
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:34,800
Figure or an object is shown 
from multiple angles 

4688
04:12:34,800 --> 04:12:38,200
simultaneously, the front and 
the side and sometimes the back 

4689
04:12:38,200 --> 04:12:41,400
will present in the same image 
assembled in to a composition 

4690
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:43,800
that is recognizable without 
being illusionistic. 

4691
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:48,300
A guitar becomes a collection of
planes and curves that represent

4692
04:12:48,300 --> 04:12:51,100
the guitar from every angle at 
once, rather than from one. 

4693
04:12:51,100 --> 04:12:54,700
A woman's face shows you the 
profile and the frontal view in 

4694
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:57,000
the same head. 
Both truths present 

4695
04:12:57,000 --> 04:13:01,000
simultaneously rather than 
forced to choose the palate 

4696
04:13:01,000 --> 04:13:04,400
during this phase Narrows to 
graze and Browns and oakers, the

4697
04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:07,100
color deliberately reduced so 
that the structural questions 

4698
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:10,400
stays Central, the investigation
of form kept clear of the 

4699
04:13:10,400 --> 04:13:14,000
destruction of chromatic Beauty.
The subject matter of analytic 

4700
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:16,600
cubism is modest almost to the 
point of Comedy. 

4701
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:23,500
Guitars bottles newspapers a 
pipe a glass musical instruments

4702
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:27,200
of various kinds the things that
sit on tables in studios and 

4703
04:13:27,208 --> 04:13:31,700
cafes the furniture of a working
artist daily life chosen, not 

4704
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:34,600
for symbolic weight, but because
they were present and because 

4705
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:38,000
their forms were complex enough 
to be interesting and simple 

4706
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,400
enough not to overwhelm the 
formal investigation. 

4707
04:13:41,700 --> 04:13:44,700
Brack whose father had been a 
house painter and who had grown 

4708
04:13:44,700 --> 04:13:47,000
up understanding the 
relationship between pattern and

4709
04:13:47,000 --> 04:13:50,600
surface introduced techniques 
from that tradition into the 

4710
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:55,200
Fine Art context stenciled 
letters faux wood grain, the 

4711
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:57,600
deliberate flattening of 
Illusion that house painting 

4712
04:13:57,600 --> 04:14:01,600
requires Picasso who had always 
been interested in everything 

4713
04:14:01,600 --> 04:14:04,700
that could be done with a flat 
surface Incorporated these 

4714
04:14:04,700 --> 04:14:06,000
techniques and pushed them 
further. 

4715
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:11,200
In 1912, they invented collage 
Picasso pasted a piece of oil 

4716
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:14,600
cloth printed with a chair 
caning pattern onto a canvas and

4717
04:14:14,600 --> 04:14:18,300
Drew around it producing a work 
called still life with chair 

4718
04:14:18,300 --> 04:14:21,800
caning that incorporated an 
actual non-art material into the

4719
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:25,200
painting a piece of the real 
world used as representation 

4720
04:14:25,200 --> 04:14:27,800
rather than representation 
standing in for the real world. 

4721
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:32,700
Brock working in parallel, 
introduced papier colle pasted 

4722
04:14:32,700 --> 04:14:36,000
paper, gluing fragments of 
newspaper and wallpaper into 

4723
04:14:36,000 --> 04:14:38,200
compositions alongside drawn and
painted elements. 

4724
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:43,000
The result was synthetic cubism 
which ran from roughly 1912 to 

4725
04:14:43,000 --> 04:14:47,800
1914 and which reversed the 
logic of analytic cubism where 

4726
04:14:47,800 --> 04:14:50,500
analytic cubism had broken 
objects into their component 

4727
04:14:50,500 --> 04:14:53,100
planes. 
Synthetic cubism assembled those

4728
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:56,600
planes into new constructions, 
building a guitar or a figure 

4729
04:14:56,600 --> 04:15:00,100
from geometric fragments rather 
than analyzing an existing one. 

4730
04:15:00,100 --> 04:15:02,800
Down to its geometry. 
The collaboration during these 

4731
04:15:02,800 --> 04:15:05,800
years was so close. 
That even experts, looking at 

4732
04:15:05,800 --> 04:15:08,700
the unsigned paintings from the 
period sometimes cannot 

4733
04:15:08,700 --> 04:15:10,800
determine which of the two men 
made which work. 

4734
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:13,600
The castle and Brack, 
occasionally signed their 

4735
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:15,600
paintings. 
Only with initials or not. 

4736
04:15:15,608 --> 04:15:18,700
At all treating, the work as 
genuinely joined rather than 

4737
04:15:18,700 --> 04:15:22,300
individually attributed. 
This was unusual to the point of

4738
04:15:22,300 --> 04:15:25,600
being unprecedented in the 
history of art two painters of 

4739
04:15:25,608 --> 04:15:29,100
comparable ambition voluntarily 
merging their output to the 

4740
04:15:29,100 --> 04:15:32,900
degree that authorship became 
uncertain art historians have 

4741
04:15:32,900 --> 04:15:35,400
spent decades trying to 
establish precise chronologies 

4742
04:15:35,400 --> 04:15:39,700
debating which idea came from 
whom and when and have 

4743
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:41,900
acknowledged that the 
conversation was so continuous 

4744
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,800
and so reciprocal that the 
question may be unanswerable 

4745
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:47,600
outside. 
Their immediate circle cubism 

4746
04:15:47,600 --> 04:15:51,100
was initially confusing and then
influential in approximately the

4747
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:53,800
way that all genuinely new 
things are confusing and then 

4748
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:57,200
influential with the confusing 
part lasting longer and the 

4749
04:15:57,208 --> 04:16:00,100
influential part being larger 
than anyone involved and 

4750
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:02,700
anticipated. 
Other painters came to it and 

4751
04:16:02,700 --> 04:16:07,200
developed their own version. 
One Greece Fernandez Jeanette 

4752
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:11,400
singer Franciscan All working in
Paris in the years before the 

4753
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:14,700
war each took the formal 
discoveries of Picasso and 

4754
04:16:14,700 --> 04:16:16,800
Braque. 
And applied them to their own 

4755
04:16:16,800 --> 04:16:21,100
concerns and sensibilities. 
Unlike Picasso and Braque who 

4756
04:16:21,100 --> 04:16:24,600
refused to exhibit their Cubist 
Works publicly through most of 

4757
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,600
the collaboration these painters
show their work at the major 

4758
04:16:27,600 --> 04:16:31,100
Paris salon's and it was through
them that cubism became visible 

4759
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,200
to the broader public and to 
critics and to artists in other 

4760
04:16:34,200 --> 04:16:37,300
countries who had not been in 
the Studio's of the battle of 

4761
04:16:37,300 --> 04:16:42,500
War then August of 1914 arrived 
Picasso saw Brock and their 

4762
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:45,500
friend Andre Dwayne off at the 
train station in Avignon as they

4763
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:48,700
left for military service Rock 
later called the moment. 

4764
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:52,500
Picasso recalled it, too saying 
that after seeing Brock off that

4765
04:16:52,500 --> 04:16:55,500
day, he never saw him again. 
Meaning that The Brak of the 

4766
04:16:55,508 --> 04:16:58,300
collaboration, the brat who had 
been his other half, in the most

4767
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:01,900
intense creative partnership in 
the history of Modern Art was 

4768
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:03,900
gone. 
Even if the man himself survived

4769
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:07,200
the war BRAC was wounded at the 
front and did not paint again 

4770
04:17:07,200 --> 04:17:10,000
until 1917. 
The partnership that had 

4771
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:13,000
produced cubism was over Picasso
Spanish. 

4772
04:17:13,000 --> 04:17:16,500
And therefore, not conscripted 
stayed in Paris, he continued to

4773
04:17:16,500 --> 04:17:18,600
work, he always continued to 
work. 

4774
04:17:20,100 --> 04:17:23,000
But the particular quality of 
those six years, the daily 

4775
04:17:23,000 --> 04:17:26,300
Studio visits, the constant 
conversation conducted through 

4776
04:17:26,300 --> 04:17:28,800
canvas. 
The two Mountaineers roped 

4777
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:31,800
together on a face that no one 
had climbed before was finished.

4778
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:35,700
It had lasted long enough to 
change what painting was in 

4779
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,200
January of 1937, the Spanish 
Republican government approached

4780
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:42,100
Picasso with a commission. 
They were building a pavilion 

4781
04:17:42,100 --> 04:17:45,300
for the Paris World's Fair that 
summer and they wanted a mural, 

4782
04:17:45,300 --> 04:17:48,800
something large and significant.
Something that would assert the 

4783
04:17:48,800 --> 04:17:51,800
legitimacy of the Republic at an
International Event in the city 

4784
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,700
where Picasso had lived for most
of his adult life. 

4785
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:58,900
The castle accepted. 
Spain had been in Civil War 

4786
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,900
since July of 1936, when the 
Nationalist General Francisco 

4787
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:05,500
Franco had launched a military 
coup against the elected, 

4788
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:09,300
Republican government and 
Picasso who had not been back to

4789
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:12,900
his birthplace in years and who 
rarely mixed politics in his art

4790
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:15,600
understood that. 
This was not a moment to stay 

4791
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:18,600
out of it. 
For three months, he stared at a

4792
04:18:18,600 --> 04:18:20,200
blank canvas and produced 
nothing. 

4793
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:23,000
The commission had not given him
his subject. 

4794
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:25,300
He had several preliminary 
ideas. 

4795
04:18:25,300 --> 04:18:27,800
None of them convincing. 
None of them finding the 

4796
04:18:27,800 --> 04:18:31,400
particular quality of necessity 
that Picasso required before he 

4797
04:18:31,400 --> 04:18:33,600
could commit himself to a canvas
of this scale. 

4798
04:18:33,600 --> 04:18:35,900
His personal life was in 
turmoil. 

4799
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:40,100
The Civil War was intensifying. 
He was working dispassionately 

4800
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:42,300
on something. 
He did not yet believe in which 

4801
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:44,700
was for Picasso the worst 
possible working condition. 

4802
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:51,200
Then on the 26th of April 1937 
the German Condor Legion bombed 

4803
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:54,300
Guernica. 
Town Satan kilometers from the 

4804
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:58,000
front lines in The Basque 
country in Northern Spain a 

4805
04:18:58,000 --> 04:19:01,300
quiet agricultural community. 
That was the ancient symbolic 

4806
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:04,500
capital of The Basque people the
place where the traditional 

4807
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:06,900
rights and Liberties of the 
Basques were historically 

4808
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:09,500
centered. 
It was a market day Monday, 

4809
04:19:09,500 --> 04:19:13,300
which meant the Town Center was 
full of people the German 

4810
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:15,600
aircraft arrived in the 
afternoon and bombed for 

4811
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,600
approximately two hours. 
They dropped high explosive 

4812
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:22,200
first to break the building's 
open then incendiaries to burn 

4813
04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:25,300
what was exposed. 
The nearest military Target a 

4814
04:19:25,300 --> 04:19:27,900
factory on the town's outskirts 
went through the attack on 

4815
04:19:27,900 --> 04:19:30,900
touched. 
What burned was the town? 

4816
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:35,200
The journalist George steere a 
correspondent for the times of 

4817
04:19:35,200 --> 04:19:37,700
London was nearby and reached 
Guernica shortly after the 

4818
04:19:37,700 --> 04:19:40,000
bombing. 
His account appeared two days 

4819
04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:43,400
later on the front pages of the 
times and the New York Times and

4820
04:19:43,400 --> 04:19:45,600
then in the French paper 
lumanity. 

4821
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:48,900
It described the deliberate 
destruction of an open civilian 

4822
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:52,200
town with no significant 
military value the bodies in the

4823
04:19:52,200 --> 04:19:55,100
streets the animals running 
through the rubble the 

4824
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:58,600
particular completeness of the 
destruction tile roofs and 

4825
04:19:58,600 --> 04:20:01,200
wooden porches burning long 
after the planes had left. 

4826
04:20:02,300 --> 04:20:04,500
Paso read the account in the 
newspaper in Paris. 

4827
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:09,200
He made his first sketch the 
next day the first met he had 

4828
04:20:09,200 --> 04:20:13,200
found his subject What followed 
across the next 35 days is one 

4829
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:16,100
of the most documented creative 
processes in the history of Art.

4830
04:20:16,800 --> 04:20:20,200
Because Picasso's companion and 
fellow artist Dora photographed 

4831
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:23,900
the canvas at multiple stages of
its development. preserving a 

4832
04:20:23,900 --> 04:20:26,000
record of the paintings 
Evolution from initial 

4833
04:20:26,000 --> 04:20:29,700
composition through successive 
revisions There are over 40 

4834
04:20:29,700 --> 04:20:33,100
Preparatory sketches and studies
in addition to Mars photographs.

4835
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,000
The documentation shows a 
painting that changed 

4836
04:20:36,000 --> 04:20:39,500
substantially as it was made not
in its core emotional content 

4837
04:20:39,500 --> 04:20:42,500
which was fixed from the first 
day but in its compositional 

4838
04:20:42,500 --> 04:20:45,900
organization the arrangement of 
the bodies and the symbols and 

4839
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:49,900
the spaces between them. 
The canvas Picasso was working 

4840
04:20:49,900 --> 04:20:53,900
on was enormous three and a half
meters tall and nearly 8 meters 

4841
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:57,500
wide painted in his Studio on 
the Rudy gone, Augustana it 

4842
04:20:57,500 --> 04:20:59,900
required scaffolding to reach 
the upper sections. 

4843
04:20:59,900 --> 04:21:03,600
He chose to work in gray and 
black and white stripping out 

4844
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:05,700
all color. 
A decision that gives the 

4845
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,900
painting, the quality of a news.
Photograph, the documentary 

4846
04:21:08,900 --> 04:21:11,300
authority of something that is 
reporting rather than 

4847
04:21:11,300 --> 04:21:14,200
interpreting. 
He also ordered house paint 

4848
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:18,700
rather than artists painting a 
matte finish the minimum amount 

4849
04:21:18,700 --> 04:21:22,000
of gloss so that the surface 
would have no beauty of material

4850
04:21:22,000 --> 04:21:23,500
to distract from what it was 
saying. 

4851
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:26,700
The painting that emerged shows 
a collection of figures in 

4852
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:29,400
extremists. 
A wounded, horse occupies the 

4853
04:21:29,408 --> 04:21:32,000
center, its mouth open in a 
scream. 

4854
04:21:32,000 --> 04:21:36,300
Stumbling over, a fallen soldier
below it, a bull stand on the 

4855
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:40,200
left facing away from the chaos 
intact, where everything else is

4856
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:43,800
breaking, A woman with a dead 
infant holds the child up in a 

4857
04:21:43,800 --> 04:21:45,700
gesture. 
That is simultaneously a 

4858
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:49,400
cradling and a presentation. 
Her face torn open in grief. 

4859
04:21:50,200 --> 04:21:52,800
And another woman drags a 
wounded leg across the bottom of

4860
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:56,300
the canvas, another liens from a
window holding an oil lamp in to

4861
04:21:56,300 --> 04:21:58,700
the scene. 
A dismembered Soldier lies on 

4862
04:21:58,700 --> 04:22:00,600
the ground. 
A broken sword in his hand 

4863
04:22:00,600 --> 04:22:04,500
beside a flower. 
Flames rise on the right side, a

4864
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:06,800
light bulb shaped like an eye. 
Hangs at the top of the 

4865
04:22:06,800 --> 04:22:10,100
composition, it spiked rays and 
mechanical parody of 

4866
04:22:10,108 --> 04:22:12,800
Illumination. 
The symbols have been argued 

4867
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:16,600
over ever since the Horse 
Picasso said, represented the 

4868
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:20,900
people the bull represented 
brutality and darkness the lamp 

4869
04:22:20,900 --> 04:22:24,000
held by the woman in the window,
was the lamp of Truth or the 

4870
04:22:24,008 --> 04:22:27,400
lamp of the Republic. 
The Broken Sword was resistance 

4871
04:22:27,400 --> 04:22:29,400
that had not surrendered despite
being broken. 

4872
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:33,100
The baby in the mums arms did 
not need explaining to anyone 

4873
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:36,600
who looked at it. 
The casso added at various 

4874
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:40,400
points that the painting meant 
exactly what it showed no more 

4875
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:43,700
and no less, which is the kind 
of statement artists make. 

4876
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:46,700
When they have been asked, one 
too many times to reduce their 

4877
04:22:46,700 --> 04:22:49,800
work to a caption. 
The photographs Dora took during

4878
04:22:49,800 --> 04:22:53,100
the 35-day show, a painting 
trying out different answers to 

4879
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:56,100
the same question, which is how 
to contain this level of 

4880
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,400
suffering in an organized image 
without reducing it without 

4881
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:02,600
making it bearable to look at 
without allowing the view of the

4882
04:23:02,608 --> 04:23:06,300
comfort of aesthetic distance. 
The early stages, show the ball 

4883
04:23:06,300 --> 04:23:08,500
and the horse in different 
positions, different 

4884
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:10,700
proportions, different 
relationships to each other. 

4885
04:23:11,500 --> 04:23:14,600
A raise fist appears in early 
sketches and disappears in the 

4886
04:23:14,600 --> 04:23:17,600
final version. 
Color appears in some studies 

4887
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:21,100
and is stripped away again. 
The compositional logic shifts 

4888
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:27,200
and settles and shifts again. 
On the 4th of June 1937, Picasso

4889
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:30,100
declared it finished. 
It was exhibited at the Spanish 

4890
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:33,800
Pavilion at the Paris, World's 
Fair beginning, in July placed 

4891
04:23:33,800 --> 04:23:36,100
near the entrance so that it was
among the first things visitors 

4892
04:23:36,100 --> 04:23:38,700
saw, the initial reception was 
mixed. 

4893
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,800
The painting was difficult, the 
composition dense, and fractured

4894
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:45,700
the imagery not easily decoded 
by viewers who had not been 

4895
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:48,200
given a key. 
It did not win the public 

4896
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,400
immediately, it was not designed
to be immediate what it was 

4897
04:23:51,400 --> 04:23:55,100
designed to be became clearer as
the painting travel after the 

4898
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,100
World's Fair at Toad and navy 
and England to raise awareness 

4899
04:23:58,100 --> 04:23:59,700
and funds for the Spanish 
Republic. 

4900
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:04,800
In 1939, when the Republic fell 
to Franco's forces, Picasso 

4901
04:24:04,800 --> 04:24:06,900
refused to allow the painting to
go to Spain. 

4902
04:24:06,900 --> 04:24:10,100
He had said before the war was 
lost, that the painting would be

4903
04:24:10,100 --> 04:24:11,600
giving to the Spanish government
the day. 

4904
04:24:11,600 --> 04:24:15,000
The Republic was restored, and 
he held to this position with 

4905
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:17,400
absolute consistency for the 
rest of his life. 

4906
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:21,200
He loaned it instead to the 
Museum of Modern Art in New York

4907
04:24:21,200 --> 04:24:23,900
where it would remain for 42 
years. 

4908
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:28,700
During World War 2, when Paris 
was under German occupation, a 

4909
04:24:28,700 --> 04:24:31,600
German officer visited 
Picasso's, apartment seeing a 

4910
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,000
photograph of Guernica, the 
officer asked, whether Picasso 

4911
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:36,700
had done that. 
Picasso answered that he had not

4912
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:42,400
you did he said the painting 
returned to Spain in 1981 six 

4913
04:24:42,400 --> 04:24:46,000
years after Franco's death and 
eight years after Picasso's in a

4914
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,700
Spain that had become a 
constitutional monarchy rather 

4915
04:24:48,700 --> 04:24:52,600
than the Republic Picasso had 
insisted upon It was displayed 

4916
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:55,000
initially behind bulletproof 
glass at The Prado Museum. 

4917
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:58,800
And then in 1992. 
It was moved to the Museo Reina 

4918
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:03,300
Sofia in Madrid where it now 
hangs approximately 11,000 

4919
04:25:03,300 --> 04:25:07,000
people visited every day gonika 
is three and a half meters tall 

4920
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:11,500
and nearly 8 meters wide and it 
was painted in 35 days by a 55 

4921
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:14,800
year old man who had spent three
months unable to start it and 

4922
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:18,300
found his subject in a newspaper
on the first of May 1937. 

4923
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:23,400
It does not resolve. 
It does not conclude the horses 

4924
04:25:23,400 --> 04:25:26,700
still screaming and the mum is 
still holding the child and the 

4925
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,900
soldiers sword is still broken 
and the lightest still the cold 

4926
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:33,100
mechanical light of the bulb 
rather than the warm light of 

4927
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:36,500
any son. 
It is the most visited painting 

4928
04:25:36,500 --> 04:25:38,700
in Madrid. 
It has been reproduced on 

4929
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:41,500
protest banners in conflicts on 
every inhabited continent. 

4930
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:46,200
It has been quoted referenced 
and adapted by artists working 

4931
04:25:46,200 --> 04:25:48,300
in every medium for nearly 90 
years. 

4932
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:51,600
It has become the thing that 
Picasso most consistently 

4933
04:25:51,600 --> 04:25:55,700
resisted, which is a caption, a 
single image that stands for a 

4934
04:25:55,700 --> 04:25:57,900
single idea. 
He would have been annoyed by 

4935
04:25:57,900 --> 04:26:00,100
this, he also would have 
recognized it. 

4936
04:26:00,100 --> 04:26:03,200
A painting that people reach for
when they are trying to show. 

4937
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:06,100
What war does to the bodies of 
civilians, is a painting that 

4938
04:26:06,100 --> 04:26:09,000
has done its work. 
On the evening of the 7th of 

4939
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:13,100
April. 1973, Pablo Picasso had 
friends to dinner at his 

4940
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:15,900
villains. 
A small town in the hills of 

4941
04:26:15,908 --> 04:26:19,700
cannon in the south of France, 
he was 91 years old after 

4942
04:26:19,700 --> 04:26:22,400
dinner, he went to a studio and 
painted until three in the 

4943
04:26:22,408 --> 04:26:24,300
morning. 
Then he went to bed. 

4944
04:26:25,100 --> 04:26:27,800
He woke up at half past 11:00 in
the next morning and could not 

4945
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:32,300
get up, he died before a doctor 
arrived of heart failure on the 

4946
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:36,800
8th of April 1973. 
He had painted until three in 

4947
04:26:36,808 --> 04:26:38,400
the morning on the last night of
his life. 

4948
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:44,000
This is in some ways the most 
Picasso fact about Picasso, he 

4949
04:26:44,000 --> 04:26:48,000
had said more than once. 
And in more than one way, that 

4950
04:26:48,000 --> 04:26:51,300
he believed work would keep him 
alive that the act of making 

4951
04:26:51,300 --> 04:26:53,500
things was the thing that held 
him to the world. 

4952
04:26:54,400 --> 04:26:57,400
He was superstitious about 
stopping he had painted through 

4953
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:00,400
grief and poverty and two world 
wars and the death of friends 

4954
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:02,400
and the collapse of 
relationships and stomach 

4955
04:27:02,400 --> 04:27:05,100
operations and respiratory 
problems and the ordinary 

4956
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:07,500
deterioration of an 
extraordinary old age. 

4957
04:27:07,500 --> 04:27:10,300
He painted in the last year of 
his life with what his 

4958
04:27:10,300 --> 04:27:14,000
biographers described as frenzy 
a word that appears in multiple 

4959
04:27:14,000 --> 04:27:17,600
accounts of his final period the
same word that appears in 

4960
04:27:17,600 --> 04:27:20,400
accounts of the very beginning 
the seven-year-old at his 

4961
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:23,500
father's side the boy who drew 
in stead of listening in school 

4962
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:25,400
because the drawing could not be
stopped. 

4963
04:27:26,200 --> 04:27:31,500
Between 1968 and 1972 Picasso 
produced more than 100 paintings

4964
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:35,400
and hundreds of Engravings. 
He was 87 years old at the start

4965
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:38,600
of that period the work of these
final years is not what most 

4966
04:27:38,600 --> 04:27:42,200
people picture when they think 
of Picasso it is late work in 

4967
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:45,500
the fullest sense the work of a 
man looking at mortality from 

4968
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:49,100
inside it figurative and often a
erotic and sometimes crude and 

4969
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,300
sometimes Visionary the style 
strip of almost everything 

4970
04:27:52,300 --> 04:27:56,100
except the urgency in 1972 a 
year before his death. 

4971
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:59,200
He produced a series of drawn 
self-portraits and which the 

4972
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:03,000
face is shown as something close
to a skull the eyes normal and 

4973
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:06,400
dark the cheers reduced to their
essential structure. 

4974
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:09,400
He was looking at himself and 
seeing what was coming and 

4975
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:11,800
drawing it. 
Anyway, he is buried at the 

4976
04:28:11,800 --> 04:28:15,200
Chateau of now get near Exxon 
Provence a property. 

4977
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:19,300
He had acquired in 1958. 
The Chateau sits overlooking the

4978
04:28:19,300 --> 04:28:23,100
monsant Victor the mountain that
pulses on painted dozens of 

4979
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:26,400
times and that Picasso had 
studied in the cylinder tan 

4980
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:30,500
retrospective of 1907 the same 
retrospective that had pushed 

4981
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:34,200
him toward what became cubism He
is buried in other words in the 

4982
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:36,200
sight of the mountain that 
belonged to the man. 

4983
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:37,900
He said was the father of the 
mall. 

4984
04:28:37,900 --> 04:28:41,200
This may have been intentional. 
It was certainly not accidental.

4985
04:28:41,200 --> 04:28:45,200
He left behind somewhere between
20,000 and 50,000 Works 

4986
04:28:45,200 --> 04:28:47,200
depending on how the counting is
done. 

4987
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:48,400
And which categories are 
included. 

4988
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:54,100
Paintings drawings sculptures 
Ceramics prints Engravings stage

4989
04:28:54,100 --> 04:28:58,700
designs Illustrated books 
tapestry cartoonz and things 

4990
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,500
that do not fit cleanly into any
of these categories the range of

4991
04:29:02,500 --> 04:29:06,100
medium is itself a statement. 
He worked in whatever was 

4992
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:08,200
available. 
Whatever was interesting, 

4993
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:10,100
whatever. 
He had not yet exhausted. 

4994
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:14,900
He learned ceramic in his 60s 
and produced more than 3,000 

4995
04:29:14,900 --> 04:29:17,900
ceramic Works. 
He made sculptures from bicycle 

4996
04:29:17,900 --> 04:29:21,300
handlebars and Saddles from 
cardboard and wire and string 

4997
04:29:21,300 --> 04:29:24,300
and wood from whatever was in 
the studio and could be made to 

4998
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,600
hold a form scarcity of 
conventional material was never 

4999
04:29:27,600 --> 04:29:30,400
an obstacle because he did not 
Define material conventionally. 

5000
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:36,100
His career spanned more than 76 
years when he was born, the 

5001
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:39,200
Impressionists were still the 
radical edge of painting when he

5002
04:29:39,200 --> 04:29:43,100
died abstract expressionism and 
pop art and minimalism had all 

5003
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:45,300
come and gone. 
He had outlived, most of the 

5004
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:47,700
movements that had positioned 
themselves against him or 

5005
04:29:47,700 --> 04:29:49,900
alongside him and had outlived 
several. 

5006
04:29:49,900 --> 04:29:53,300
That he had helped create He had
watched cubism become a 

5007
04:29:53,300 --> 04:29:55,800
historical period while he was 
still alive to discuss it. 

5008
04:29:56,500 --> 04:29:59,700
He had done things in painting 
that no one had done then moved 

5009
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:01,600
on from them. 
Then watched them become the 

5010
04:30:01,600 --> 04:30:03,400
curriculum of art schools across
the world. 

5011
04:30:03,400 --> 04:30:07,200
Then moved on further still. 
The legacy of what he did to 

5012
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,100
painting is difficult to 
overstate because it is so 

5013
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:12,100
thoroughly embedded. 
In what painting has been 

5014
04:30:12,100 --> 04:30:15,800
allowed to do since 1907? 
That the specifics are hard to 

5015
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:19,300
see clearly cubism changed the 
understanding of how a flat 

5016
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:21,200
surface could represent space 
and time. 

5017
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:24,700
It changed the understanding of 
how multiple truths about an 

5018
04:30:24,700 --> 04:30:26,500
object could co-exist in a 
single image. 

5019
04:30:26,500 --> 04:30:29,400
It opened the question of what 
relationship of painting was 

5020
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,200
required to have with the 
visible world, and the answer 

5021
04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:35,400
that cubism proposed, which was 
that the relationship was 

5022
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:39,200
negotiable was so fundamental 
that it made almost everything 

5023
04:30:39,200 --> 04:30:43,000
that came afterwards possible. 
Abstract expressionism, which 

5024
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:45,900
rejected figuration entirely is 
a response to the question 

5025
04:30:45,900 --> 04:30:49,100
cubism opened. 
Pop Arts engagement with flat 

5026
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:51,700
planes and Commercial imagery 
borrows from the Cubist 

5027
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:55,100
vocabulary. 
The conceptual art movements of 

5028
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:57,800
the second half of the 20th 
century, which pushed the 

5029
04:30:57,808 --> 04:31:00,300
question of what art is allowed 
to be in to entirely new 

5030
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:02,800
territories. 
All passed through the door that

5031
04:31:02,800 --> 04:31:06,500
Picasso and Braque opened in a 
moncher studio between 1908 and 

5032
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:09,200
1914. 
He was aware of this and said 

5033
04:31:09,200 --> 04:31:11,900
very little about it. 
He made statements about art 

5034
04:31:11,900 --> 04:31:15,000
that were a regular and often 
contradictory and sometimes 

5035
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:18,200
deliberately unhelpful as though
he preferred that the work speak

5036
04:31:18,200 --> 04:31:20,600
for itself and found the 
conversation around the work 

5037
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:24,500
slightly beside the point. 
He said painting was a form of 

5038
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:26,900
magic. 
He said it was a lie that told 

5039
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:29,000
the truth. 
He said it took a long time to 

5040
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:31,600
become Young. 
These are not the statements of 

5041
04:31:31,608 --> 04:31:33,000
someone who wanted to explain 
himself. 

5042
04:31:34,100 --> 04:31:37,000
His face became one of the most 
photographed faces of the 20th 

5043
04:31:37,000 --> 04:31:39,200
century. 
He was the first living artist 

5044
04:31:39,200 --> 04:31:42,100
to have a retrospective at the 
Museum of Modern Art in New York

5045
04:31:42,100 --> 04:31:45,800
in 1939. 
He joined the French Communist 

5046
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:49,200
party after the second world war
and was awarded the Lenin Peace 

5047
04:31:49,200 --> 04:31:52,700
Prize in 1962. 
And these affiliations generated

5048
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:56,000
controversy that followed him 
for the rest of his life as did 

5049
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:58,700
his treatment of the women. 
He was involved with which by 

5050
04:31:58,700 --> 04:32:01,700
the accounts of several of those
women range from complicated to 

5051
04:32:01,700 --> 04:32:04,600
harmful. 
The biography is not simple and 

5052
04:32:04,600 --> 04:32:07,600
has not been made simpler by the
passage of time or the scale of 

5053
04:32:07,600 --> 04:32:11,200
the reputation what remains when
all of it is accounted for as 

5054
04:32:11,200 --> 04:32:15,200
the work itself the blue period 
paintings still in the Museum's 

5055
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:17,600
where they have lived for 
decades still doing what they 

5056
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,600
were doing in 1902 when nobody 
wanted to buy them which is 

5057
04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:23,600
looking at suffering without 
sentimentality and without 

5058
04:32:23,600 --> 04:32:27,200
distance Laden was El divinol at
the Museum of Modern Art. 

5059
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:29,800
Still stopping people in the 
gallery the way it stopped 

5060
04:32:29,800 --> 04:32:34,000
everyone who saw it in Picasso 
studio in 1907 still ref. 

5061
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:37,300
Using to show you what you 
expect to be shown Guernica in 

5062
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:41,400
Madrid where 11,000 people a day
come to stand in front of it and

5063
04:32:41,400 --> 04:32:44,400
feel what it feels like to be in
a room with a painting that will

5064
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:49,100
not let Warby abstract the old 
guitarist in Chicago a been told

5065
04:32:49,108 --> 04:32:52,000
man cradling an enormous 
instrument in a room full of 

5066
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:55,900
cold blue the guitar the only 
warm thing playing music for no 

5067
04:32:55,900 --> 04:32:58,800
audience in a painting that was 
made in a period when Picasso 

5068
04:32:58,800 --> 04:33:02,000
could not sell paintings and was
burning drawings to stay warm 

5069
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:03,500
and had just lost his closest 
friend. 

5070
04:33:04,300 --> 04:33:07,099
He was a boy in Malaga who could
draw before he could speak. 

5071
04:33:07,099 --> 04:33:09,400
His first word was the word for 
pencil. 

5072
04:33:09,400 --> 04:33:12,599
He drew pigeons for his father 
and then painted over his 

5073
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:15,700
father's unfinished pigeon and 
his father understood what he 

5074
04:33:15,700 --> 04:33:17,300
was looking at and gave him his 
brushes. 

5075
04:33:17,300 --> 04:33:21,800
He went to Barcelona at 14 and 
passed an entrance examination 

5076
04:33:21,800 --> 04:33:23,500
in a week that was supposed to 
take a month. 

5077
04:33:23,508 --> 04:33:27,500
He went to Paris at 20 and moved
into a leaking building in 

5078
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:31,300
Montmartre and began to work. 
He worked for the next 71 years 

5079
04:33:31,300 --> 04:33:35,000
without stopping except when 
grief stopped him briefly and 

5080
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,800
exhaustion slowed him for a year
and his body fail him and small 

5081
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:41,800
ways that he ignored he painted 
until three in the morning on 

5082
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,400
the last night of his life. 
The work is still here all of it

5083
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:48,400
the pigeons and the Beggars and 
the broken guitars and the 

5084
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,500
fractured faces and the 
screaming horse and the skull 

5085
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:54,599
like self-portrait of a 90 year 
old man looking at what was 

5086
04:33:54,599 --> 04:33:58,300
coming and drawing it anyway. 
If you are still awake my tired 

5087
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:01,900
dumplings that is Pablo Picasso.
If you fell asleep somewhere 

5088
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:05,300
around the blue period or the 
shed in Monmouth or the blue 

5089
04:34:05,300 --> 04:34:08,000
guitar in Chicago, which would 
be a very good place to fall 

5090
04:34:08,000 --> 04:34:10,200
asleep. 
That is exactly what this was 

5091
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:12,700
for. 
If you have a hand free from 

5092
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:16,400
wherever it is a like and a 
subscribe cost you nothing and 

5093
04:34:16,400 --> 04:34:19,400
helps the channel more than you 
would think it is the least 

5094
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:22,300
Barack thing you can do with a 
finger and Picasso would have 

5095
04:34:22,300 --> 04:34:24,200
approved of economy. 
Good night. 

5096
04:34:33,000 --> 04:34:35,800
To yourself standing in a field 
somewhere in northern France 

5097
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:39,000
around the year 950. 
If you'd been there a century 

5098
04:34:39,000 --> 04:34:42,400
earlier you'd be shivering in 
your Woolen cloak watching 

5099
04:34:42,400 --> 04:34:46,300
anxiously as late spring frosts 
threatened The Barley you'd 

5100
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:49,000
carefully planted. 
The growing season would have 

5101
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:52,700
been short and unpredictable. 
A constant gamble against cold 

5102
04:34:52,700 --> 04:34:56,599
and damp that made every Harvest
feel like a minor miracle, but 

5103
04:34:56,599 --> 04:35:00,300
now something has shifted. 
You probably wouldn't notice it 

5104
04:35:00,300 --> 04:35:03,800
in any single year climate 
doesn't announce itself with 

5105
04:35:03,800 --> 04:35:07,000
Fanfare or send advanced notice 
instead. 

5106
04:35:07,000 --> 04:35:10,599
You'd gradually realize that 
your grandfather's stories about

5107
04:35:10,599 --> 04:35:13,800
brutal Winters and faild crops. 
Don't quite match your own 

5108
04:35:13,800 --> 04:35:16,900
experience anymore. 
The frost comes later each 

5109
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:21,000
Autumn, the spring Thor arrives 
a week or two earlier, those 

5110
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:23,500
precious growing days between 
the last frost. 

5111
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:25,700
And the first one stretched just
a bit longer. 

5112
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:30,099
This is how the medieval warm 
period arrived, not with drama, 

5113
04:35:30,099 --> 04:35:34,400
but with the Quiet insistence of
warmer, ocean, currents, and 

5114
04:35:34,400 --> 04:35:37,599
shifting atmospheric patterns 
that nobody in medieval, Europe 

5115
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:40,800
could explain or even properly 
measure They had no 

5116
04:35:40,800 --> 04:35:44,400
thermometers, no weather 
satellites and no climate 

5117
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:47,400
Scientists Publishing papers 
about Atlantic oscillation 

5118
04:35:47,400 --> 04:35:50,700
patterns. 
What they had were fields that 

5119
04:35:50,700 --> 04:35:54,300
suddenly seemed more generous 
Vineyards creeping Northwood 

5120
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:58,000
into territories, where greats 
had never ripened before and a 

5121
04:35:58,000 --> 04:36:01,099
gradual sense that nature had 
shifted into a more forgiving 

5122
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:03,500
mood. 
The change began roughly around 

5123
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:08,300
900 CE and would last until 
about 1300 give or take a few 

5124
04:36:08,308 --> 04:36:11,000
decades depending on which part 
of Europe, you called home. 

5125
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:15,000
scientists now estimate that 
average temperatures during this

5126
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:18,900
period were perhaps one to two 
degrees Celsius warmer than the 

5127
04:36:18,900 --> 04:36:22,800
centuries before and after One 
or two degrees doesn't sound 

5128
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:26,000
like much when you're adjusting 
your thermostat, but in 

5129
04:36:26,000 --> 04:36:30,099
agricultural, terms, in an era 
when survival depended directly 

5130
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:33,400
on what you could coax from the 
soil, those degrees might as 

5131
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:34,700
well. 
Have been a gift from Heaven. 

5132
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:38,500
Imagine the Old Farmers of that 
era, men and women who had spent

5133
04:36:38,500 --> 04:36:41,700
their lives working land, that 
yielded just barely enough to 

5134
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:44,500
survive. 
They must have noticed the 

5135
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:48,599
patterns Shifting, the wheat, 
grew taller, the oats filled out

5136
04:36:48,608 --> 04:36:52,300
more completely vegetables that 
had always been temperamental 

5137
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:55,800
suddenly became reliable. 
And most remarkably in regions 

5138
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:59,200
where farming had always been 
marginal at best communities 

5139
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:02,400
found themselves with actual 
surpluses For the First Time In 

5140
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:05,000
Living memory, the warming 
wasn't uniform. 

5141
04:37:05,000 --> 04:37:09,500
Of course, northern Europe felt 
the effects most strongly places

5142
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:13,200
like England Scandinavia and the
northern reaches of the Holy 

5143
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,099
Roman Empire suddenly found 
their climates becoming 

5144
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,000
surprisingly hospitable. 
The Norse. 

5145
04:37:19,000 --> 04:37:22,300
Those seafaring people. 
We usually associate with cold 

5146
04:37:22,300 --> 04:37:25,900
and Ice discovered, they could 
grow barley in Greenland. 

5147
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:31,300
Think about that for a moment. 
Greenland that massive island of

5148
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,500
ice and rock once had Farms 
producing grain. 

5149
04:37:36,099 --> 04:37:39,700
The name, Greenland wasn't just 
fighting marketing for a few 

5150
04:37:39,707 --> 04:37:40,900
centuries. 
Part of it. 

5151
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:43,800
Actually were green. 
Meanwhile, the Mediterranean 

5152
04:37:43,800 --> 04:37:47,900
regions experienced their own 
transformations, Silly and 

5153
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,099
Southern France. 
Already had favorable climates. 

5154
04:37:50,900 --> 04:37:53,900
But the warmer period brought 
longer growing seasons and more 

5155
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:56,700
predictable weather patterns, 
the olive Groves. 

5156
04:37:56,700 --> 04:38:01,300
Flourished wine production, 
expanded the entire Rhythm Of 

5157
04:38:01,300 --> 04:38:04,900
Agricultural life adjusted to 
this new more generous Tempo. 

5158
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:08,599
But perhaps the most significant
changes occurred in places that 

5159
04:38:08,599 --> 04:38:10,599
had previously been on the edge 
of viability. 

5160
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:15,400
Scottish Highlands those Misty 
Mountains were farming? 

5161
04:38:15,400 --> 04:38:17,300
Had always been a hard-scrabble 
affair. 

5162
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:20,400
Suddenly supported more 
extensive agriculture. 

5163
04:38:21,599 --> 04:38:24,700
Villages appeared in Alpine, 
valleys that had been too cold 

5164
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:28,099
for permanent settlement. 
The tree line crept, higher up, 

5165
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:31,500
Mountain sides, and forests 
reclaimed areas that had been 

5166
04:38:31,500 --> 04:38:34,800
Tundra just Generations. 
Before you have to understand 

5167
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:38,300
medieval people didn't think of 
whether as something variable 

5168
04:38:38,300 --> 04:38:40,800
and cyclical. 
The way we do, they believed 

5169
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:44,400
climate was essentially fixed 
part of God's unchanging 

5170
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:48,700
creation. when whether varied 
they attributed it to Divine 

5171
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:51,900
will or moral cause his A harsh 
winter. 

5172
04:38:51,900 --> 04:38:54,800
Meant God was angry. 
A good harvest meant. 

5173
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:58,599
Their prayers had been answered.
The idea that Global temperature

5174
04:38:58,599 --> 04:39:01,099
patterns could shift over 
centuries without any 

5175
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:04,900
Supernatural cause but have been
almost incomprehensible to them.

5176
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:08,300
So when the weather improved 
medieval Europeans didn't see 

5177
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:11,700
climate change. 
They saw a blessing, they 

5178
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:14,500
interpreted the warmer 
temperatures and better harvests

5179
04:39:14,500 --> 04:39:18,099
as evidence that God was pleased
with Christian civilization. 

5180
04:39:19,099 --> 04:39:22,900
This wasnt just wishful thinking
it was the only framework they 

5181
04:39:22,900 --> 04:39:25,599
had for understanding why their 
world was becoming more 

5182
04:39:25,599 --> 04:39:28,700
abundant. 
Timing of this climatic shift 

5183
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:31,500
coincided with other changes in 
European Society. 

5184
04:39:32,599 --> 04:39:36,000
Chaos of the early medieval 
period those centuries after 

5185
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:39,200
Rome's fall when various 
kingdoms Rose and fell when 

5186
04:39:39,200 --> 04:39:43,000
Viking raids disrupted Coastal 
communities when Central 

5187
04:39:43,000 --> 04:39:46,900
Authority was more aspiration 
than reality was gradually 

5188
04:39:46,900 --> 04:39:49,600
giving way to more stable 
political structures. 

5189
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:53,900
The warming climate didn't cause
this stabilization, but it 

5190
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:57,000
certainly helped. 
It's much easier to build a 

5191
04:39:57,000 --> 04:39:59,400
civilization when you're not 
constantly worried about 

5192
04:39:59,400 --> 04:40:03,400
starving as you lie that night 
consider how differently 

5193
04:40:03,400 --> 04:40:06,000
medieval people experience 
Seasons compared to us. 

5194
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:09,300
You probably interact with 
whether primarily as an 

5195
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:13,900
inconvenience traffic delays 
canceled plans and wardrobe 

5196
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:17,200
decisions. 
For medieval Europeans weather 

5197
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:20,400
was existential. 
A bad growing season didn't mean

5198
04:40:20,400 --> 04:40:23,700
buying more groceries. 
It meant hunger possibly 

5199
04:40:23,700 --> 04:40:26,700
starvation. 
A mild winter didn't mean lower 

5200
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:29,500
heating bills. 
It meant livestock survived 

5201
04:40:29,500 --> 04:40:33,500
fuelwood lasted longer and 
people made it through to spring

5202
04:40:33,500 --> 04:40:37,800
when temperatures Rose by those 
one or two degrees when growing 

5203
04:40:37,800 --> 04:40:41,600
Seasons extended by a week or 
two the effects rippled through 

5204
04:40:41,600 --> 04:40:45,300
every aspect of life. 
More food, meant better 

5205
04:40:45,300 --> 04:40:49,300
nutrition, which meant healthier
people which meant more workers,

5206
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:53,000
which meant more land, could be 
cultivated, which meant even 

5207
04:40:53,000 --> 04:40:57,200
more food. 
It was a virtuous cycle, the 

5208
04:40:57,200 --> 04:41:00,900
kind of positive feedback loop 
that drives historical change in

5209
04:41:00,900 --> 04:41:02,800
ways that are only obvious in 
hindsight. 

5210
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:06,700
The forests of Europe which had 
been slowly recovering since the

5211
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:09,300
Roman period. 
Now, faced a new pressure, 

5212
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,400
Warmer weather meant more people
and more people needed more 

5213
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:17,000
farmland. 
The great medieval deforestation

5214
04:41:17,000 --> 04:41:20,600
began in Earnest during this 
period as community's, cleared 

5215
04:41:20,600 --> 04:41:23,700
Woodland to create Fields 
pastures and settlements. 

5216
04:41:25,000 --> 04:41:27,900
The Primeval Forest that had 
once covered most of Europe, 

5217
04:41:27,900 --> 04:41:30,600
began their long retreat, into 
the pockets of wilderness that 

5218
04:41:30,600 --> 04:41:34,100
survived today, settled deeper 
into your blankets now and 

5219
04:41:34,100 --> 04:41:36,800
imagine your walking through a 
medieval village during Harvest 

5220
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:41,000
Time in the year 1150. 
The smell of cut grain, fills 

5221
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:44,300
the air that Dusty slightly 
sweet scent. 

5222
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:47,000
That only comes when wheat or 
barley is being gathered. 

5223
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:49,900
You hear the rhythmic sound of 
scythes. 

5224
04:41:49,900 --> 04:41:53,200
Through stalks the voice of 
workers calling to each other 

5225
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:55,700
across the fields and somewhere 
nearby. 

5226
04:41:55,700 --> 04:41:59,000
Someone is singing a work song 
whose Melody has been passed 

5227
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:02,600
down through so many generations
that nobody remembers who first 

5228
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:06,100
composed it what your witnessing
is an Agricultural Revolution 

5229
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,400
that happened without anyone 
planning it. without any 

5230
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:13,100
government program or conscious 
Innovation, the medieval warm 

5231
04:42:13,100 --> 04:42:16,700
period created conditions that 
allowed medieval Europeans to 

5232
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:19,900
finally move Beyond subsistence 
farming into something that 

5233
04:42:19,900 --> 04:42:23,300
resembled actual productivity 
the key crop in this 

5234
04:42:23,300 --> 04:42:27,300
transformation was wheat Before 
the warming period much of 

5235
04:42:27,300 --> 04:42:30,600
Northern Europe relied on Hardy 
but less nutritious grains like 

5236
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:34,400
rye and oats which could survive
in poor conditions, but didn't 

5237
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:36,300
provide the same caloric value 
as wheat. 

5238
04:42:37,600 --> 04:42:41,000
Wheat is fussier. 
It needs more warmth better soil

5239
04:42:41,000 --> 04:42:45,100
and more careful timing. but 
when conditions are right, we 

5240
04:42:45,100 --> 04:42:48,800
yields more food per acre than 
almost any other grain crop of 

5241
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:52,400
available to Medieval Farmers as
temperatures Rose the wheat line

5242
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:56,000
moved North fields in England 
that had grown Rye for 

5243
04:42:56,008 --> 04:42:58,100
Generations were replanted with 
wheat. 

5244
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:01,900
French Estates that had 
struggled with Mixed Grain crops

5245
04:43:01,900 --> 04:43:05,800
found they could specialize in 
wheat production the difference 

5246
04:43:05,800 --> 04:43:09,100
wasn't just agricultural. 
It was nutritional and economic 

5247
04:43:09,100 --> 04:43:13,100
wheat to make better bread 
stalls longer and commands 

5248
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:16,800
higher prices at Market 
communities that successfully 

5249
04:43:16,800 --> 04:43:19,800
transitioned to wheat farming 
found themselves with both 

5250
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:23,700
better diets and more valuable 
crops to trade but the real 

5251
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:26,200
Revolution came from the 
combination of warmer weather 

5252
04:43:26,200 --> 04:43:29,400
with several farming innovations
that happened to emerge around 

5253
04:43:29,400 --> 04:43:32,300
the same time. 
The heavy plow which could turn 

5254
04:43:32,300 --> 04:43:34,800
the dense soils of Northern 
Europe far better than the 

5255
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:37,900
Lightroom and scratch plows 
became widespread during this 

5256
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:41,000
period. 
Three field system of crop 

5257
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:44,900
rotation where you plant one 
filled, with winter, crops one 

5258
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:48,900
with spring crops and let the 
third life fallow allowed 

5259
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:50,700
Farmers to keep more land 
productive. 

5260
04:43:50,700 --> 04:43:53,000
Each year. 
These Innovations were new 

5261
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:56,200
inventions during the medieval 
warm period, but they became 

5262
04:43:56,200 --> 04:43:59,400
practical and widespread because
the climate Now supported them. 

5263
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:03,200
A heavy plow is only useful if 
your soil is productive enough 

5264
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:07,200
to justify the investment. 
Three field rotation only makes 

5265
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:10,200
sense if your growing season is 
long enough for both winter and 

5266
04:44:10,200 --> 04:44:13,100
spring. 
Crops to mature reliably The 

5267
04:44:13,100 --> 04:44:15,800
warming temperatures, turned 
agricultural Theory into 

5268
04:44:15,800 --> 04:44:18,900
practical reality. 
You'd see other changes too. 

5269
04:44:18,900 --> 04:44:22,300
Subtle ones that transformed 
daily life in ways that medieval

5270
04:44:22,300 --> 04:44:23,900
people probably didn't fully 
appreciate. 

5271
04:44:25,400 --> 04:44:28,400
Kitchen Gardens became more 
productive, providing 

5272
04:44:28,400 --> 04:44:31,700
vegetables, that added variety 
and nutrition to diets that had 

5273
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:35,300
been monotonously grain-based. 
Fruit trees that had been 

5274
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:38,900
temperamental now produced 
reliable crops herbs for 

5275
04:44:38,908 --> 04:44:42,800
medicine and flavoring thrived. 
In the extended growing Seasons,

5276
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:46,400
be keeping expanded dramatically
during this period. 

5277
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:50,300
And if you've ever tasted real 
honey, you'll understand why 

5278
04:44:50,300 --> 04:44:55,000
this mattered In an era before 
sugar was available to anyone. 

5279
04:44:55,000 --> 04:44:58,700
But the wealthy honey, was the 
only sweetener most people would

5280
04:44:58,700 --> 04:45:01,700
ever taste. 
More temperate, weather meant 

5281
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:05,000
longer flowering Seasons, which 
meant bees could produce more 

5282
04:45:05,000 --> 04:45:07,800
honey. 
Monasteries in particular became

5283
04:45:07,800 --> 04:45:11,100
centers of beekeeping. 
And the demand for beeswax, 

5284
04:45:11,100 --> 04:45:14,600
candles ensured that honey 
production was both spiritually 

5285
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:18,300
and economically valuable the 
warming period also made 

5286
04:45:18,300 --> 04:45:21,900
livestock farming more feasible 
in Northern Region's cattle 

5287
04:45:21,900 --> 04:45:24,600
sheep and pigs could be 
supported in larger numbers 

5288
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:28,200
because winter fodder, lasted 
longer and animals didn't need 

5289
04:45:28,200 --> 04:45:31,900
to burn as many calories just 
staying warm This meant more 

5290
04:45:31,900 --> 04:45:35,900
meat, milk cheese and wool. 
All the products that made 

5291
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:38,700
medieval life slightly more 
comfortable and substantially 

5292
04:45:38,700 --> 04:45:40,700
more. 
Prosperous Dairy production, 

5293
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:43,300
particularly benefitted from the
climatic changes. 

5294
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:46,400
Medieval people didn't drink 
much fresh milk. 

5295
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:50,100
It spoiled to quickly without 
Refrigeration, but they were 

5296
04:45:50,100 --> 04:45:54,800
masked as of dairy preservation.
Cheese butter and fermented milk

5297
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,000
products provided crucial 
protein and fat during winter 

5298
04:45:58,000 --> 04:46:01,400
months, when fresh food was 
scarce. better weather meant 

5299
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:04,200
healthier livestock which meant 
more milk, which meant 

5300
04:46:04,200 --> 04:46:07,300
communities could produce larger
stores of preserved, dairy 

5301
04:46:07,300 --> 04:46:10,900
products, the expansion of sheep
farming in England during this 

5302
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:14,200
period laid the groundwork for 
the medieval trade that would 

5303
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:18,400
eventually make England wealthy 
Sheep are remarkably Hardy 

5304
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:21,400
animals, but they do best in 
moderate climates where they can

5305
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,300
graze year round without 
exhausting themselves fighting 

5306
04:46:24,300 --> 04:46:27,900
cold. 
The medieval warm period created

5307
04:46:27,900 --> 04:46:31,000
ideal conditions for large-scale
sheep farming across Northern 

5308
04:46:31,000 --> 04:46:33,900
England Scotland and the low 
countries if you could have 

5309
04:46:33,900 --> 04:46:37,400
spoken with a medieval farmer 
about these changes and if they 

5310
04:46:37,400 --> 04:46:40,400
had the conceptual framework to 
understand your question. 

5311
04:46:41,200 --> 04:46:44,000
They probably wouldn't have 
described it as an Agricultural 

5312
04:46:44,000 --> 04:46:46,500
Revolution. 
They would have talked about how

5313
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:49,400
their lord had allowed them to 
clear more forest for planting 

5314
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:53,300
or how their Village had pulled 
resources to buy a better plow 

5315
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,400
or how the Harvest had been good
for several years running. 

5316
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:00,100
The systemic nature of the 
changes would have been 

5317
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:04,700
invisible to them obscured by 
the daily work of survival and 

5318
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:08,400
the limited scope of their 
individual experience the step 

5319
04:47:08,400 --> 04:47:12,700
back take the longer view that 
historical distance provides and

5320
04:47:12,700 --> 04:47:16,600
you see something remarkable 
European agricultural production

5321
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:22,700
probably increased by 50 to 70% 
between 900 and 91300. 

5322
04:47:24,100 --> 04:47:28,400
The same land worked by similar 
methods suddenly yielded 

5323
04:47:28,400 --> 04:47:31,800
dramatically more food. 
Some of this came from 

5324
04:47:31,800 --> 04:47:36,600
Innovation, some from expansion 
onto marginal lands but much of 

5325
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:39,600
it came from those one or two 
degrees of warming that made 

5326
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:42,900
everything just slightly easier.
This abundance created 

5327
04:47:42,900 --> 04:47:45,000
possibilities that hadn't 
existed before. 

5328
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:49,000
For the first time since the 
Roman Empire significant numbers

5329
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:51,600
of people could be supported 
without directly, working the 

5330
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,200
land. 
You needed Farmers to produce 

5331
04:47:54,200 --> 04:47:57,600
surplus food, but once you have 
that Surplus, you could support 

5332
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:01,100
craftspeople. 
Merchants Builders Scholars and 

5333
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:04,500
all the other Specialists that 
complex societies require the 

5334
04:48:04,500 --> 04:48:07,200
grain mills that dotted every 
medieval stream and River, 

5335
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:10,900
worked over time during this 
period processing, The increased

5336
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:14,400
Harvest and to flower the 
technology of watermills was 

5337
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:18,300
ancient Romans had used them 
extensively but the medieval 

5338
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:20,800
warm period gave medieval 
Europeans enough. 

5339
04:48:20,800 --> 04:48:23,500
Grain to make Mills economically
viable throughout the 

5340
04:48:23,500 --> 04:48:27,300
countryside. 
Steady slash and grind of milwee

5341
04:48:27,300 --> 04:48:28,800
Wheels. 
Became the background music of 

5342
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:32,800
medieval Rural Life, Vineyards, 
expanded Northwood in one of the

5343
04:48:32,800 --> 04:48:37,200
periods most Visible Changes. 
Wine production which had 

5344
04:48:37,200 --> 04:48:39,200
retreated Southward after the 
Roman period. 

5345
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:43,800
Now crept back in to central 
France the Rhineland and even 

5346
04:48:43,800 --> 04:48:47,500
Southern England. 
Medieval people discovering they

5347
04:48:47,500 --> 04:48:49,900
could grow wine grapes in 
Yorkshire must have felt like 

5348
04:48:49,900 --> 04:48:53,300
residents of Alaska suddenly 
finding they could grow oranges.

5349
04:48:54,100 --> 04:48:58,900
It was unprecedented remarkable 
and highly profitable the 

5350
04:48:58,900 --> 04:49:02,500
expansion of viticulture wasn't 
just about alcohol though. 

5351
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:06,400
Medieval people certainly 
appreciated their wine vineyards

5352
04:49:06,400 --> 04:49:08,900
represented long-term 
agricultural investment. 

5353
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:12,600
You don't plant Great Vines. 
If you expect the climate to 

5354
04:49:12,600 --> 04:49:16,600
turn harsh in a few years Vines 
take time to mature and require 

5355
04:49:16,600 --> 04:49:20,100
consistent conditions. 
The fact that communities were 

5356
04:49:20,100 --> 04:49:23,300
willing to invest in Vineyards 
across northern Europe suggest a

5357
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:26,900
wide-spread if unconscious 
belief that the good weather was

5358
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:29,900
going to last as you nestled 
deeper into your comfortable 

5359
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:32,300
spot. 
Let's visit a medieval village 

5360
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:36,500
at the height of the medieval 
warm period say around 1200. 

5361
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:40,800
This isn't the Grim poverty 
stricken settlement that popular

5362
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:44,400
imagination often conjures. 
This is a village experience in 

5363
04:49:44,400 --> 04:49:47,600
something its residents might 
not have words for but can 

5364
04:49:47,600 --> 04:49:51,200
certainly feel. 
Prosperity The Village sits in a

5365
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,400
valley surrounded by fields that
stretch farther than they did in

5366
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:57,500
your grandfather's time. 
The forest has been pushed back 

5367
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:02,200
by cultivated land divided into 
the long strips of the open 

5368
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:12,300
field system. smoke rises from 
perhaps 40 the church wants a 

5369
04:50:12,300 --> 04:50:15,200
simple wooden structure is being
rebuilt in stone. 

5370
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:19,400
Project that has consumed The 
Villages Surplus wealth for the 

5371
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:23,100
past decade but will stand as a 
testament to their success for 

5372
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:26,300
centuries to come you notice 
that people look different than 

5373
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:29,200
you might expect. 
They're not the skeleton 

5374
04:50:29,200 --> 04:50:32,400
malnourished figures of popular 
medieval stereotypes. 

5375
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:35,900
Better nutrition over several 
Generations has produced a 

5376
04:50:35,900 --> 04:50:39,300
population that's healthier 
taller and more robust. 

5377
04:50:40,500 --> 04:50:43,200
Children play in the village 
common, and there are many of 

5378
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:45,600
them. 
The improved diet has reduced 

5379
04:50:45,600 --> 04:50:47,700
infant mortality and increased 
fertility. 

5380
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:51,600
Population growth during the 
medieval warm period was 

5381
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:55,200
substantial with Europe's 
population roughly doubling 

5382
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:59,700
between a 1000 and 1300 The 
Cottages themselves show signs 

5383
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:04,400
of modest but real Improvement. 
That roofs are better maintained

5384
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:07,100
because there's labor and 
materials to spare for repairs. 

5385
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:12,000
Some houses have actual chimneys
and of simple smoke holes a 

5386
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:14,900
technological advancement that 
might seem trivial until you've 

5387
04:51:14,900 --> 04:51:16,700
spent a winter in a smoke-filled
room. 

5388
04:51:18,100 --> 04:51:22,600
Windows remain small glass is 
still expensive but shutters are

5389
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:25,800
more carefully fitted and some 
households have even acquired 

5390
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:28,900
oil lamps to supplement their 
Rush lights and Tallow candles 

5391
04:51:28,900 --> 04:51:32,600
inside these homes, you'd find 
possessions that suggests a 

5392
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:36,400
level of comfort unknown in 
earlier centuries iron pots and 

5393
04:51:36,400 --> 04:51:41,300
pans wooden plates and bowls 
ceramic jugs for storing ale or 

5394
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:44,900
cider and perhaps even a few 
pewter items for special 

5395
04:51:44,900 --> 04:51:47,700
occasions. 
These aren't wealthy people by 

5396
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:51,000
any means but then no longer 
living at the absolute edge of 

5397
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:53,800
subsistence. 
They have small margins of 

5398
04:51:53,800 --> 04:51:56,600
safety. 
Tiny buffers against disaster 

5399
04:51:56,600 --> 04:52:00,200
that make life incrementally 
more secure the Village Market 

5400
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,900
held weekly has expanded from a 
simple exchange of local Goods 

5401
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:08,400
to a genuine commercial event. 
farmers bring Surplus produce 

5402
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:14,400
vegetables eggs cheese wool and 
the products of their land and 

5403
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:19,000
labor traveling Merchants offer 
goods from distant places Salt 

5404
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:23,300
from Coastal evaporation ponds 
iron tools from Regional forges 

5405
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:27,600
cloth from Flemish Weavers and 
pottery from specialized ceramic

5406
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:30,800
workshops. 
The fact that these markets can 

5407
04:52:30,800 --> 04:52:34,700
sustain regular trade indicates 
that people have enough Surplus 

5408
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:36,400
to buy things. 
They don't strictly need for 

5409
04:52:36,400 --> 04:52:40,200
survival money circulates more 
freely than it did in earlier 

5410
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:42,500
centuries. 
The feudal economy hadn't 

5411
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:46,200
disappeared peasant still owed 
labor services to their Lords 

5412
04:52:46,200 --> 04:52:49,600
and agricultural production was 
still organized around manorial 

5413
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:52,000
Estates. 
But increasingly these 

5414
04:52:52,000 --> 04:52:56,500
obligations could be paid in 
cash rather than in kind a 

5415
04:52:56,500 --> 04:52:59,200
peasant might pay a fee in stead
of working three days a week on 

5416
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:02,700
the Lord's land creating a 
primitive but functional labor 

5417
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:06,200
market where people could sell 
their time for money this 

5418
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:09,100
monetization of the economy 
might sound dry and Technical 

5419
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:13,200
but it represented a fundamental
shift in how medieval people 

5420
04:53:13,200 --> 04:53:17,800
experience daily life. 
Money creates options with cash.

5421
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:21,600
You could hire someone to repair
your roof by a piglet to raise 

5422
04:53:21,600 --> 04:53:24,700
for winter meet or saved toward 
a dowry for your daughter. 

5423
04:53:25,700 --> 04:53:29,200
Without money you were locked 
into a barter economy where 

5424
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:32,700
everything you needed to be 
produced locally or acquired 

5425
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:35,200
through complex webs of 
reciprocal obligation. 

5426
04:53:35,200 --> 04:53:38,800
The Lord's Manor visible on its 
Hill overlooking the village has

5427
04:53:38,800 --> 04:53:41,800
also improved. 
The old wooden Palisade has been

5428
04:53:41,808 --> 04:53:45,300
replaced with stone walls. 
The Great Hall has been expanded

5429
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:48,500
and rumor says the Lord's wife 
has ordered glass windows for 

5430
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:51,900
the solar the private family 
quarters where the nobility 

5431
04:53:51,900 --> 04:53:54,100
retreated from the public life 
of the hall. 

5432
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:58,500
These improvements aren't just 
displays of wealth their 

5433
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,700
Investments made possible by 
increasing agricultural revenues

5434
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:05,500
from lands that now produce 
reliable surpluses, perhaps the 

5435
04:54:05,508 --> 04:54:08,100
most significant change is 
harder to see directly. 

5436
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,700
The slow shift in legal status 
and social relationships that 

5437
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:16,100
Surplus wealth enables. 
When everyone is barely 

5438
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:19,700
surviving social structures 
remain rigid because there's no 

5439
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:23,000
room for negotiation or 
innovation when there's a 

5440
04:54:23,008 --> 04:54:27,300
surplus Things become fluid. 
Some peasants are accumulating 

5441
04:54:27,300 --> 04:54:29,900
enough wealth to buy their 
freedom from feudal obligations.

5442
04:54:29,900 --> 04:54:33,500
Others are specializing in 
particular crafts. 

5443
04:54:34,200 --> 04:54:36,200
Becoming the villages 
acknowledged expert and 

5444
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:39,600
carpentry or smithing or 
leatherwork a few particularly 

5445
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:42,300
successful peasant families are 
even beginning to differentiate 

5446
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:46,300
themselves from their neighbors,
acquiring more land better tools

5447
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:49,600
and the kind of resources that 
Mark the beginning of a rural 

5448
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:53,100
middle class. 
The son of one such family has 

5449
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:56,500
been sent to the monastery to 
learn reading and writing and 

5450
04:54:56,500 --> 04:55:00,000
investment in education. 
That would have been Unthinkable

5451
04:55:00,000 --> 04:55:04,600
when every Pair of Hands was 
needed for basic survival The 

5452
04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:07,400
Village priest often. 
The only literate person in the 

5453
04:55:07,408 --> 04:55:10,900
community has become more than 
just a Spiritual Authority. 

5454
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:15,800
He's an administrator a Record 
Keeper and sometimes a teacher 

5455
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,000
for promising children whose 
families can spare them from 

5456
04:55:19,000 --> 04:55:22,100
farm work. 
The church building itself 

5457
04:55:22,100 --> 04:55:26,700
serves multiple functions a 
place of worship on Sundays a 

5458
04:55:26,700 --> 04:55:29,500
meeting hall for villagers 
assemblies and a secure storage 

5459
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:33,700
space for important documents 
and valuable items Market towns 

5460
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:37,200
began sprouting across Europe 
during this period growing up at

5461
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:41,700
Crossroads River Crossing and 
other strategic locations where 

5462
04:55:41,700 --> 04:55:46,200
trade naturally concentrated. 
These towns occupied a space 

5463
04:55:46,200 --> 04:55:49,700
between the rural Villages and 
the established cities serving 

5464
04:55:49,700 --> 04:55:52,800
as commercial hubs where local 
agricultural Surplus could be 

5465
04:55:52,800 --> 04:55:57,400
converted into Goods services 
and opportunities in these 

5466
04:55:57,400 --> 04:56:00,300
Market towns, you'd find the 
beginnings of specialized 

5467
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,300
medieval crafts. 
Blacksmith who once made 

5468
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:06,600
everything from horseshoes, to 
cooking pots now, focused on 

5469
04:56:06,600 --> 04:56:10,400
specific products, achieving 
levels of skill and efficiency 

5470
04:56:10,400 --> 04:56:15,000
that generalists never could. 
Weavers formed gills to control 

5471
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:18,900
quality and training. 
Tanners, despite the noxious 

5472
04:56:18,900 --> 04:56:21,800
smell of their work, became a 
central suppliers to the leather

5473
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:24,700
goods trade. 
Bakers, ran ovens large enough 

5474
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:28,300
to serve dozens of families 
operating on scales that made 

5475
04:56:28,300 --> 04:56:31,100
economic sense. 
Only when populations were large

5476
04:56:31,100 --> 04:56:32,500
and prosperous enough to support
them. 

5477
04:56:32,500 --> 04:56:37,100
The prosperity wasn't evenly. 
Distributed, of course. life in 

5478
04:56:37,100 --> 04:56:41,400
a medieval village, even during 
the best of times was still life

5479
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:45,300
without modern medicine 
sanitation or personal Liberty, 

5480
04:56:45,300 --> 04:56:49,300
as we understand it, People 
worked long hours at physically 

5481
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,500
demanding labor. 
Disease remained, ever-present 

5482
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:56,100
women died in childbirth with 
frightening regularity. 

5483
04:56:57,200 --> 04:57:00,700
Children grew up expecting to 
follow their parents occupation 

5484
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:04,700
with little opportunity for 
social Mobility beyond what the 

5485
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:07,400
church might offer to 
particularly bright or devout 

5486
04:57:07,400 --> 04:57:10,200
individuals, yet compared to the
centuries before. 

5487
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:13,700
And after the medieval warm 
period, offered something that 

5488
04:57:13,700 --> 04:57:16,100
medieval European had rarely 
experienced. 

5489
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:19,700
Sense, that life was getting 
better than worse. 

5490
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:22,800
That the Next Generation might 
have it easier than the current 

5491
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:25,600
one and that the world was 
expanding rather than 

5492
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:30,400
Contracting This optimism born 
of full granaries and healthy 

5493
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,000
livestock. 
Created a psychological climate 

5494
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:36,300
as important as the physical 
warming that made it possible. 

5495
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:39,700
Let's drift now from The 
Villages of Continental Europe, 

5496
04:57:39,700 --> 04:57:42,600
to something more adventurous 
though, don't worry. 

5497
04:57:42,600 --> 04:57:45,100
We'll keep things suitably 
peaceful and contemplative. 

5498
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:49,700
Picture of the coast of Norway 
around the year 1000 where the 

5499
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:52,100
warming climate was creating 
opportunities that would have 

5500
04:57:52,108 --> 04:57:55,400
been Unthinkable. 
Just a century earlier the Norse

5501
04:57:55,400 --> 04:57:58,800
the seafaring people we often 
call Viking's had always been 

5502
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,600
masterful Sailors but the 
medieval warm period gave them 

5503
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:06,300
something they'd never had 
before ice received for longer 

5504
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:09,900
parts of the year. 
The Arctic Ice that normally 

5505
04:58:09,900 --> 04:58:12,800
choked, the northern Atlantic 
retreated, just enough to open 

5506
04:58:12,800 --> 04:58:16,000
routes that have been 
impossible, creating Maritime, 

5507
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:19,900
highways to territories that had
been Legends or rumors Herrick 

5508
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:23,700
the Reds colonization of 
Greenland around 985 represents 

5509
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:26,300
one of the most remarkable 
episodes of the medieval warm 

5510
04:58:26,300 --> 04:58:28,900
period. 
Greenland that massive Island 

5511
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,600
that's mostly ice even today had
coastal areas that became 

5512
04:58:32,600 --> 04:58:35,200
remarkably habitable during the 
warming centuries. 

5513
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:40,400
Eric and his followers family 
seeking New Opportunities second

5514
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:44,800
Sons with no inheritance people 
fleeing feuds or seeking Fresh 

5515
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:47,500
Starts. 
Established settlements that 

5516
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:51,200
would endure for nearly 500 
years imagine sailing from 

5517
04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:54,900
Iceland toward Greenland in an 
open boat your worldly 

5518
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:58,600
possessions packed around you 
livestock lowing nervously in 

5519
04:58:58,600 --> 04:59:02,600
the hull and children huddled 
against the spray you'd navigate

5520
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:07,300
by sun and stars by the flight 
patterns of birds and by the 

5521
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:11,800
color and temperature of the 
water after days at Sea, you'd 

5522
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:14,900
finally spot the high mountains 
of Greenland rising from the 

5523
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:19,200
ocean their peaks white with 
permanent snow, but their lower 

5524
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:23,200
slopes of Lee green, the north 
greenlanders settled primarily 

5525
04:59:23,200 --> 04:59:27,200
on the South-Western Coast where
fueled cut deep into the island 

5526
04:59:27,200 --> 04:59:30,600
and provided shelter from the 
North Atlantic ferocious storms.

5527
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:35,400
They built Turf House's thick 
walled structures of stone and 

5528
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:39,100
sod that could withstand Arctic 
winds while conserving precious 

5529
04:59:39,100 --> 04:59:43,300
warmth. these weren't temporary 
camps but permanent homesteads 

5530
04:59:43,300 --> 04:59:47,600
complete with barns for 
livestock storage rooms for hay 

5531
04:59:47,600 --> 04:59:50,600
and supplies and all the 
infrastructure of agricultural 

5532
04:59:50,600 --> 04:59:55,300
settlement and they farmed this 
detail, always surprises people 

5533
04:59:55,300 --> 04:59:58,700
who imagine Greenland as an 
eternally Frozen Wasteland. 

5534
04:59:59,400 --> 05:00:03,000
During the medieval warm period,
nor settlers grew, barley, for 

5535
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:06,500
bread and beer. 
They raced cattle sheep and 

5536
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:09,900
goats that grazed on 
surprisingly Lush, some of the 

5537
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:12,500
pastures. 
They hunted seals and Caribou 

5538
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:16,500
for meat and skins, they cut hay
in summer and stored it for 

5539
05:00:16,500 --> 05:00:20,200
winter fodder. 
They even exported walrus Ivory 

5540
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:23,800
and polar bear hides back to 
Europe luxury goods that 

5541
05:00:23,800 --> 05:00:27,600
commanded premium prices in 
Continental markets life in 

5542
05:00:27,600 --> 05:00:31,400
Norse Greenland was never easy 
even during the best climactic 

5543
05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:35,000
conditions. 
Winters remained harsh growing 

5544
05:00:35,000 --> 05:00:38,800
Seasons, stayed short and the 
settlers lived at the absolute 

5545
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:41,200
edge of where medieval 
agriculture could function. 

5546
05:00:42,700 --> 05:00:46,100
But for several centuries, it 
worked archaeological evidence 

5547
05:00:46,100 --> 05:00:49,000
shows that the greenlanders 
maintain trade contacts with 

5548
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:51,200
Europe. 
Imported timber for 

5549
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:55,100
construction, acquired iron, 
tools, and weapons and 

5550
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:57,600
participated in the broader 
medieval economy. 

5551
05:00:57,600 --> 05:01:02,000
Despite their extreme isolation 
from Greenland Norse explorers 

5552
05:01:02,000 --> 05:01:04,900
pushed even farther west 
reaching what they called 

5553
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:08,000
Vineland the northeast coast of 
North America. 

5554
05:01:09,200 --> 05:01:12,800
Leif Erickson's Voyage around 
the year 1000 brought Europeans 

5555
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:16,500
to the Americas 5 centuries 
before Columbus though is 

5556
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,400
settlement didn't last. 
The temporary camp at. 

5557
05:01:19,400 --> 05:01:22,500
Lonzo Meadows in Newfoundland 
stands today as evidence of this

5558
05:01:22,500 --> 05:01:26,000
remarkable voyage. 
Proof that medieval Europeans 

5559
05:01:26,000 --> 05:01:29,100
briefly touched American soil 
before retreating back to 

5560
05:01:29,108 --> 05:01:31,500
Greenland and Iceland the 
warming. 

5561
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:33,900
Climate also opened up new 
possibilities in the North 

5562
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:37,300
Atlantic itself. 
Iceland which have been settled 

5563
05:01:37,300 --> 05:01:41,400
by Norse colonists in the 870s. 
Flourished during the medieval 

5564
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:43,900
warm period. 
The islands, livestock 

5565
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:47,500
population expanded, its fishing
grounds became more productive 

5566
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:51,100
and its position as a way 
station between Scandinavia and 

5567
05:01:51,100 --> 05:01:53,100
Greenland. 
Made it to crucial Link in 

5568
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:55,800
northern trade networks. 
But the North Atlantic 

5569
05:01:55,800 --> 05:01:59,000
Adventure, wasn't just about 
exploring Westwood into new 

5570
05:01:59,000 --> 05:02:01,800
territories. 
It was also about the quotidian 

5571
05:02:01,800 --> 05:02:05,200
reality of living in these 
remote settlements maintaining 

5572
05:02:05,200 --> 05:02:08,400
connections across vast 
stretches of ocean, and building

5573
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:11,500
communities, and environments 
that tested human resilience in 

5574
05:02:11,500 --> 05:02:15,400
ways that more temperate regions
never did consider the logistics

5575
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:19,000
of the Greenland colony. 
Almost everything made of wood 

5576
05:02:19,000 --> 05:02:23,200
Timbers for building and boats. 
Barrel stays for storage 

5577
05:02:23,200 --> 05:02:27,500
firewood, for warmth had to be 
imported from Iceland or Norway.

5578
05:02:28,500 --> 05:02:30,400
Greenland had virtually no 
trees. 

5579
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:34,400
So every plank represented a 
successful trading voyage across

5580
05:02:34,400 --> 05:02:38,300
dangerous Seas. 
Iron was equally precious and 

5581
05:02:38,300 --> 05:02:41,900
skilled crafts people who could 
work metal were valued community

5582
05:02:41,900 --> 05:02:45,200
members. 
Church bells glass windows 

5583
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:48,900
communion wine and countless 
other items required regular 

5584
05:02:48,900 --> 05:02:52,400
trade contact with distant 
Europe the Greenland ignores 

5585
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:54,700
maintained their European 
identity despite their 

5586
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:57,500
isolation. 
They built churches modeled on 

5587
05:02:57,508 --> 05:03:01,000
Scandinavian Designs buried 
their dead in Christian 

5588
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:04,200
graveyards and maintained 
Bishops who reported to 

5589
05:03:04,200 --> 05:03:08,100
ecclesiastical authorities in 
Norway. this connection to 

5590
05:03:08,100 --> 05:03:11,300
broader Christiana mattered 
deeply to the They didn't want 

5591
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:13,900
to be forgotten Outpost but 
recognized members of the 

5592
05:03:13,900 --> 05:03:17,200
European civilization. 
However, remote their location 

5593
05:03:17,200 --> 05:03:20,900
the warming period affected 
North activities in more 

5594
05:03:20,900 --> 05:03:24,000
traditional water's. 
The waters around the Pharaoh 

5595
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:27,500
Islands became more productive. 
Norwegian fishermen could 

5596
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:31,200
Venture father North along the 
coast accessing Cod grounds that

5597
05:03:31,208 --> 05:03:35,700
had been too dangerous or ice 
Bound in early centuries. trade 

5598
05:03:35,700 --> 05:03:38,900
routes across the Baltic 
expanded as ice three periods 

5599
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,200
length and connecting 
Scandinavia with the emerging 

5600
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:46,100
cities of Northern Germany and 
Poland in a delightfully mundane

5601
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:49,800
way the medieval warm period may
see travel less immediately 

5602
05:03:49,800 --> 05:03:55,600
terrifying medieval ships were 
remarkably seaworthy the Norse 

5603
05:03:55,600 --> 05:03:59,600
Nar the primary cargo vessel of 
the North Atlantic could survive

5604
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:03,100
conditions that would sink more 
modern ships, but they were also

5605
05:04:03,100 --> 05:04:05,900
open to the elements 
uncomfortable and dangerous in 

5606
05:04:05,900 --> 05:04:09,600
ways that modern Travelers can 
barely imagine warmer Waters 

5607
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:13,100
meant marginally less 
hypothermia risk for Sailors who

5608
05:04:13,100 --> 05:04:18,300
inevitably got soaked by spray. 
longer ice-free Seasons meant 

5609
05:04:18,300 --> 05:04:23,600
extended trading windows reduced
storm frequency a debated effect

5610
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:27,100
of the warming but suggested by 
some climate reconstructions 

5611
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:32,000
meant fewer shipwrecks and lost 
Cruise the climatic optimism 

5612
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:34,700
that allowed the Norse to 
attempt to Greenland colonize a 

5613
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,700
influenced exploration closer to
home. 

5614
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:41,900
The development of permanent 
fishing stations in Iceland the 

5615
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:45,000
expansion of seal hunting 
operations and the growth of 

5616
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:49,300
Artic in Furs and walrus Ivory 
all reflected confidence that 

5617
05:04:49,300 --> 05:04:51,000
the favorable conditions would 
continue. 

5618
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:54,600
Let's turn now from The 
Adventures of seafaring North to

5619
05:04:54,600 --> 05:04:58,400
something equally ambitious, but
more stationary extraordinary 

5620
05:04:58,400 --> 05:05:01,000
cathedral building. 
Boom that swept across Europe 

5621
05:05:01,000 --> 05:05:04,200
during the medieval warm period 
Get comfortable. 

5622
05:05:04,200 --> 05:05:08,300
We're going to spend time 
thinking about Stone faith and 

5623
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:10,400
what it means. 
When a society has enough 

5624
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,400
Surplus wealth to invest in 
structures, that take 

5625
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:17,100
generations to complete around 
the year. 1000, something 

5626
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:19,300
remarkable began happening 
across Europe. 

5627
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:22,600
Communities that had been making
do with modest. 

5628
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,400
Wooden churches decided to 
rebuild in stone. 

5629
05:05:26,200 --> 05:05:29,300
But they didn't just replace one
building with another of similar

5630
05:05:29,300 --> 05:05:32,800
size. 
They built upward and outward, 

5631
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,600
creating structures of 
unprecedented height and 

5632
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:40,000
ambition. 
The Romanesque and then Gothic 

5633
05:05:40,000 --> 05:05:42,700
Cathedrals that Rose during the 
medieval warm period, 

5634
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,600
represented engineering 
achievements. 

5635
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:49,100
That rivaled anything since the 
Roman Empire Cathedral at 

5636
05:05:49,100 --> 05:05:52,300
Santiago de Compostela in Spain,
began in 1075. 

5637
05:05:53,300 --> 05:05:55,600
Canterbury cathedral in England 
rebuilt. 

5638
05:05:55,600 --> 05:06:01,100
After a fire in 1174, Cathedral 
in France with its magnificent. 

5639
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:05,900
Stained glass was largely 
constructed between 1194 and 12 

5640
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:09,000
and 20. 
Notre Dame de Paris started in 

5641
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:13,800
1163. 
Colon Cathedral begun in 1248. 

5642
05:06:15,100 --> 05:06:18,200
These buildings and hundreds 
like them represented, not just 

5643
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:21,100
religious further but economic 
capacity. 

5644
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:24,900
You don't build Cathedrals when 
you're worried about starving. 

5645
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:29,000
Imagine the construction site of
a major Gothic cathedral in say 

5646
05:06:29,000 --> 05:06:33,700
1200, The scaffolding Rises 
impossibly High wooden 

5647
05:06:33,700 --> 05:06:37,100
structures that Sway alarmingly 
in the wind, but somehow support

5648
05:06:37,100 --> 05:06:40,400
teams of Masons working at 
Heights, that would make modern 

5649
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:44,300
safety inspectors faint. 
Stonecutters shape blocks with 

5650
05:06:44,300 --> 05:06:46,600
hammer and chisel producing 
edges. 

5651
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:49,600
So precise, that mortar becomes 
almost unnecessary. 

5652
05:06:50,700 --> 05:06:53,600
Carpenters, construct the 
complex wooden centering that 

5653
05:06:53,600 --> 05:06:56,100
will support Stone arches until 
the mortar sets. 

5654
05:06:57,000 --> 05:07:00,800
Glass makers crafted Windows, 
the transform sunlight into 

5655
05:07:00,800 --> 05:07:03,900
divine revelation, the 
organization required. 

5656
05:07:03,900 --> 05:07:06,900
For these projects was 
staggering, Quarries, had to be 

5657
05:07:06,900 --> 05:07:09,900
opened or expanded to provide 
suitable Stone. 

5658
05:07:10,600 --> 05:07:13,700
Transportation networks were 
needed to move, massive blocks 

5659
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:17,300
from Quarry to construction 
site, sometimes across dozens of

5660
05:07:17,308 --> 05:07:20,900
miles. 
Skilled Craftsmen Masons. 

5661
05:07:20,900 --> 05:07:24,500
Carpenters, Glaziers metal 
workers had to be recruited 

5662
05:07:24,500 --> 05:07:28,900
house and paid. 
Raw materials from across 

5663
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:31,400
Europe. 
Had to be acquired LED for 

5664
05:07:31,400 --> 05:07:36,400
roofing, iron for reinforcements
Gold Leaf or decoration, and 

5665
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:40,200
precious pigments for painting. 
All of this required Surplus 

5666
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:41,900
wealth. 
On a scale that hadn't existed 

5667
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:43,700
in Europe since the Roman 
period. 

5668
05:07:44,700 --> 05:07:47,700
The agricultural abundance made 
possible by the medieval warm 

5669
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,500
period. 
Created the economic conditions 

5670
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:54,200
for Cathedral construction but 
the decision to actually build 

5671
05:07:54,200 --> 05:07:56,200
these massive structures 
reflected, something else. 

5672
05:07:57,200 --> 05:08:00,300
Confidence in the future. 
Think about what it means to 

5673
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:03,000
start a building project that, 
you know, won't be finished in 

5674
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:06,000
your life time. 
When a community broke ground on

5675
05:08:06,000 --> 05:08:09,100
a cathedral, they understood 
that their grandchildren might 

5676
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:12,900
see it completed or their great 
grandchildren, or possibly 

5677
05:08:12,900 --> 05:08:15,500
never. 
They were investing resources. 

5678
05:08:15,500 --> 05:08:18,700
That could have been spent on 
immediate needs better housing, 

5679
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:23,100
more food, stronger defenses in 
favor of a permanent monument. 

5680
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:25,000
That would serve Generations, 
not yet. 

5681
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:28,800
Born, this long-term thinking 
was itself a luxury made 

5682
05:08:28,800 --> 05:08:33,300
possible by climatic stability? 
When harvests are unreliable and

5683
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:36,600
survival uncertain, you focus on
a media needs. 

5684
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:40,800
When conditions are favorable 
and predictable, you can afford 

5685
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:43,700
to think in terms of centuries 
rather than Seasons. 

5686
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:47,000
The gothic architectural 
Revolution that occurred during 

5687
05:08:47,000 --> 05:08:51,300
this period pointed archers, 
flying buttresses ribbed volts, 

5688
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:53,900
and all the technical 
innovations that allowed 

5689
05:08:53,900 --> 05:08:57,900
buildings to saw higher and 
admit more light Wasn't just 

5690
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:01,500
artistic development. 
These Innovations solved, 

5691
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:04,500
practical problems of building 
tall stone structures. 

5692
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:06,500
That didn't collapse under their
own weight. 

5693
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:09,500
Medieval Masons were 
rediscovering. 

5694
05:09:09,500 --> 05:09:12,900
Structural engineering 
principles, that Romans had 

5695
05:09:12,900 --> 05:09:15,800
known, and that had been largely
forgotten during the early 

5696
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:19,200
medieval period, but if you 
asked a medieval Master Mason, 

5697
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:21,200
why his Cathedral needed to be 
so tall. 

5698
05:09:21,200 --> 05:09:23,600
He wouldn't talk about 
engineering principles. 

5699
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:27,600
He'd talk about reaching toward 
Heaven about creating a physical

5700
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,000
manifestation of divine glory 
and about light streaming 

5701
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:33,900
through stained glass, as a 
metaphor for divine grace, 

5702
05:09:33,900 --> 05:09:38,400
Illuminating the human soul, the
gothic cathedral was theology 

5703
05:09:38,400 --> 05:09:42,500
rendered in stone and glass. 
Three-dimensional argument about

5704
05:09:42,500 --> 05:09:46,700
the nature of God and Humanity's
relationship to the Divine, the 

5705
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,300
stained glass windows deserve 
their own moment of 

5706
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:52,800
contemplation. 
Imagine standing inside shark 

5707
05:09:52,800 --> 05:09:56,600
Cathedral as often known son 
streams through the famous blue 

5708
05:09:56,600 --> 05:10:00,300
Windows transforming ordinary 
daylight in to something that 

5709
05:10:00,300 --> 05:10:02,000
seems to come from another 
world. 

5710
05:10:03,100 --> 05:10:06,300
Medieval people believe these 
windows served an educational 

5711
05:10:06,300 --> 05:10:09,300
purpose. 
They told biblical stories to an

5712
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,700
illiterate population, but they 
also created an atmosphere that 

5713
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:16,600
felt genuinely Transcendent the 
craftsmanship involved in 

5714
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:18,700
medieval stained glass was 
remarkable. 

5715
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:22,600
Glass makers had to produce 
colored glass by adding metallic

5716
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:24,600
oxides during the glassblowing 
process. 

5717
05:10:25,400 --> 05:10:29,200
Each window required thousands 
of individual pieces cut to 

5718
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:33,300
precise shapes and fitted into 
lead caves then assembled into 

5719
05:10:33,300 --> 05:10:38,000
enormous compositions depicting 
everything from Bible stories to

5720
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,800
Saints lives to the trades and 
professions of the town. 

5721
05:10:42,600 --> 05:10:46,100
The major Rose Windows those 
enormous circular windows at the

5722
05:10:46,100 --> 05:10:49,700
end of transepts contained 
enough individual glass pieces 

5723
05:10:49,700 --> 05:10:52,800
that cataloging them all could 
take weeks the social 

5724
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:55,900
organization of Cathedral 
construction created its own 

5725
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:59,200
culture Master Builders, the 
medieval equivalent of 

5726
05:10:59,200 --> 05:11:03,000
Architects move from Project to 
project bringing teams of 

5727
05:11:03,008 --> 05:11:06,900
skilled Masons with them. 
These Master Builders often sign

5728
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:11,300
their work surviving Cathedral 
designs show remarkably detailed

5729
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:14,600
architectural drawings the 
demonstrates a sophisticated 

5730
05:11:14,600 --> 05:11:17,200
understanding of geometry and 
structural mechanics. 

5731
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,600
The workshops attached to Major 
Cathedrals became centers of 

5732
05:11:20,600 --> 05:11:23,300
craft training were skills were 
passed from Master to 

5733
05:11:23,300 --> 05:11:26,300
Apprentice. 
A young man hoping to become a 

5734
05:11:26,308 --> 05:11:30,200
stone Mason might spend Years 
Learning the trade starting with

5735
05:11:30,200 --> 05:11:34,500
simple tasks like mixing mortar 
and gradually advancing to more 

5736
05:11:34,500 --> 05:11:38,000
complex work. 
The lodge the workshop building 

5737
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:41,300
attached to the construction 
site developed its own culture 

5738
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:45,600
customs and even primitive 
union-like organizations 

5739
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:48,800
Cathedral construction. 
Also created demand for 

5740
05:11:48,800 --> 05:11:52,700
specialized trades beyond the 
core building crafts. sculptors 

5741
05:11:52,700 --> 05:11:56,200
decorated for SARS with Biblical
scenes and grotesque figures 

5742
05:11:57,000 --> 05:12:01,300
painters created enormous 
frescoes on interior walls metal

5743
05:12:01,300 --> 05:12:05,300
workers produced decorative iron
work for doors and windows wood 

5744
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:08,900
Carvers crafted choir stalls 
rude screens and elaborate 

5745
05:12:08,900 --> 05:12:12,100
altarpieces. 
Each Cathedral became a focus 

5746
05:12:12,100 --> 05:12:14,800
point for every artistic trade 
in medieval Europe. 

5747
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:18,700
The economic impact of a Majora 
project on its surrounding 

5748
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:22,500
region was substantial 
construction might imply 100s of

5749
05:12:22,508 --> 05:12:27,400
workers directly while secondary
effects feeding workers housing 

5750
05:12:27,400 --> 05:12:32,500
them providing materials 
supported hundreds more towns 

5751
05:12:32,500 --> 05:12:35,600
with major Cathedral projects 
effectively had a permanent 

5752
05:12:35,600 --> 05:12:39,500
job's program that could last 
for Generations providing 

5753
05:12:39,500 --> 05:12:42,500
employment and circulating money
through the local economy 

5754
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:45,600
monasteries, and Abby's went 
through similar building booms 

5755
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:49,700
during this period the sister 
National order founded in 1098, 

5756
05:12:49,700 --> 05:12:53,100
established hundreds of Abby's 
across Europe during the 12th 

5757
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:56,600
and 13th centuries. 
These monasteries weren't just 

5758
05:12:56,600 --> 05:12:59,600
religious centers, but 
agricultural innovators who 

5759
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:04,100
applied systematic thinking to 
farming livestock breeding and 

5760
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:08,300
Land Management. 
Cistercian Abbey's often sat in 

5761
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:11,900
remote valleys where the monks 
had cleared forest and drained 

5762
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:15,700
Wetlands creating productive 
Farmland through organized labor

5763
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:18,800
and Engineering the 
architectural style developed by

5764
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:24,500
the cistercians or steer elegant
emphasizing proportion and light

5765
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:28,100
rather than decoration created 
some of the periods most 

5766
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:31,600
beautiful buildings. 
Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire, 

5767
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:36,400
Fontana, Abby and France and 
probably Abbey in Spain these 

5768
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:40,400
structures combined spiritual 
Purpose with practical design in

5769
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:44,300
ways that still impress visitors
today as you drift towards sleep

5770
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:48,000
consider the ambition it took to
build the structures medieval 

5771
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:52,600
people lacked power tools steel 
reinforcement modern cranes or 

5772
05:13:52,600 --> 05:13:57,100
computer aided design. 
What they had was time skill 

5773
05:13:57,100 --> 05:14:01,600
faith and the economic surplus 
created by a climate that had 

5774
05:14:01,600 --> 05:14:05,100
decided for a few centuries to 
be unusually Cooperative. 

5775
05:14:05,100 --> 05:14:08,400
Let's spend some time. 
Now in the medieval Countryside 

5776
05:14:08,400 --> 05:14:12,100
during what we might call its 
golden age those decades in the 

5777
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:14,800
middle of the medieval warm 
period when the benefits were 

5778
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:18,900
clearest and the eventual ending
still felt impossibly distant. 

5779
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:23,100
Find that perfect spot in your 
blankets and imagine your 

5780
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:27,400
experiencing a full year in 
rural Medieval Europe watching 

5781
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:30,400
the seasons turn in a world 
where nature seemed more 

5782
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:34,100
generous than usual spring 
arrives in early, March earlier 

5783
05:14:34,100 --> 05:14:35,400
than your grandparents 
remembered. 

5784
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,700
The last snow melts quickly 
leaving Fields muddy, but ready 

5785
05:14:39,700 --> 05:14:42,500
for plowing. 
You'd see teams of oxen or 

5786
05:14:42,500 --> 05:14:46,300
horses pulling plows through 
heavy soil opening furrows that 

5787
05:14:46,300 --> 05:14:50,500
will receive this year's crop. 
Plow team is the most valuable 

5788
05:14:50,500 --> 05:14:54,900
asset of villager Jones a talks 
and working together Guided by 

5789
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:58,100
an experienced Plowman who can 
keep his furrows straight by 

5790
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,200
eyeballing landmarks in the 
distance. 

5791
05:15:00,200 --> 05:15:04,300
The plowing takes weeks and 
everyone has opinions about how 

5792
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:07,000
it's going. 
Some fields are being opened for

5793
05:15:07,000 --> 05:15:10,100
the first time former Forest 
that was cleared during the 

5794
05:15:10,100 --> 05:15:14,200
winter and now needs to be 
brought into cultivation other 

5795
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:17,400
fields are returning to service 
after a year line fallow. 

5796
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:19,900
You can see how the soil is 
recovered. 

5797
05:15:20,600 --> 05:15:24,600
Thick with earthworms and 
surprisingly prior Bowl despite 

5798
05:15:24,600 --> 05:15:28,800
its clay content once plowing 
finishes planting begins. 

5799
05:15:29,800 --> 05:15:33,400
Spring wheat or barley goes into
the ground each seed pressed 

5800
05:15:33,400 --> 05:15:37,600
into the soil by hand or broad 
cast of the field in that 

5801
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:40,600
ancient motion that farmers of 
use since agriculture was 

5802
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:44,000
invented. 
Children follow the sewers using

5803
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:48,400
sticks to cover seeds with soil 
simultaneously protecting them 

5804
05:15:48,400 --> 05:15:50,700
from birds and giving them 
better contact with the Earth. 

5805
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:54,400
It's tedious work and your back 
would ache from the constant 

5806
05:15:54,400 --> 05:15:58,000
bending but they're satisfaction
in seeing the neat rows taking 

5807
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:01,600
shape across the field between 
planting and harvest there's 

5808
05:16:01,600 --> 05:16:05,600
constant work. 
Weeding monitoring for pests 

5809
05:16:05,600 --> 05:16:08,500
repairing fences to keep 
livestock from trampling the 

5810
05:16:08,500 --> 05:16:11,700
crops and maintaining drainage 
ditches to prevent water 

5811
05:16:11,700 --> 05:16:14,300
logging. 
Medieval farming was labor 

5812
05:16:14,300 --> 05:16:17,000
intensive in ways that modern 
agriculture hasn't been for 

5813
05:16:17,000 --> 05:16:19,700
centuries. 
But there are also moments of 

5814
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:23,400
relative Leisure times when the 
crops simply needs to grow and 

5815
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:27,000
there's nothing to do but wait 
and Hope Summer brings the hay 

5816
05:16:27,000 --> 05:16:29,400
Harvest one of the years crucial
tasks. 

5817
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:33,200
Hey provides winter fodder for 
livestock and the amount you can

5818
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:35,700
store determines how many 
animals will survive until 

5819
05:16:35,700 --> 05:16:38,800
spring? 
You'd see entire villages in The

5820
05:16:38,800 --> 05:16:42,400
Meadows cutting grass with 
scythes and synchronized Rose 

5821
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,600
turning the cut hated dry. 
Then Gathering it into Haystacks

5822
05:16:46,600 --> 05:16:50,500
that Tower over the workers like
rustic monuments to agricultural

5823
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:52,700
effort. 
The rhythm of sighing is almost 

5824
05:16:52,700 --> 05:16:56,600
hypnotic the long sweep of the 
blade through grass the step 

5825
05:16:56,600 --> 05:17:00,600
forward the next sweep 
experience mowers can work for 

5826
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:04,400
hours with barely Applause their
movement so practiced they seem 

5827
05:17:04,400 --> 05:17:07,700
effortless. 
Behind them come the women and 

5828
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:11,800
children raking the cut grass 
into windrows then turning it 

5829
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:14,700
regularly. 
So all sides dry evenly. 

5830
05:17:15,700 --> 05:17:18,600
If rain threatens before the hay
is completely dry. 

5831
05:17:18,600 --> 05:17:22,700
There's a frantic scramble to 
get it undercover because wet 

5832
05:17:22,700 --> 05:17:25,700
hay can mold or even 
spontaneously combust in the 

5833
05:17:25,708 --> 05:17:29,300
stack the extended growing 
seasons of the medieval warm 

5834
05:17:29,300 --> 05:17:32,000
period meant hay-harvest were 
more abundant than in previous 

5835
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:35,100
centuries. 
Meadows that once yielded one 

5836
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:39,400
cutting per summer now produced 
two sometimes even a third late 

5837
05:17:39,400 --> 05:17:43,600
season Harvest This plus hey 
meant Villages could support 

5838
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:47,200
larger herds, which meant more 
milk more meat and more rocks 

5839
05:17:47,200 --> 05:17:50,700
and for plowing. 
It was another of those virtuous

5840
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:53,900
Cycles where better conditions 
created opportunities that 

5841
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:57,000
reinforced the benefits High 
summer settles over the 

5842
05:17:57,000 --> 05:18:01,200
countryside like a warm blanket.
The grain crops are growing tall

5843
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:04,708
now transforming Fields into 
Seas of green that Ripple in the

5844
05:18:04,716 --> 05:18:07,500
breeze. 
Bali and Oates head out first 

5845
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:11,600
their bearded tops catching the 
sunlight wheat follows later. 

5846
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,500
It seed heads heavy with 
developing grain. 

5847
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:18,500
Walking past these fields you'd 
hear the constant Whisper Of 

5848
05:18:18,508 --> 05:18:22,600
Wind Through storks punctuated 
by Birdsong and the distant 

5849
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:25,900
sounds of village life. 
This is the season of relative 

5850
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:28,800
Plenty when Guardians are 
producing vegetables and 

5851
05:18:28,800 --> 05:18:32,700
everyone's diet improves. 
Fresh peas and beans appear on 

5852
05:18:32,700 --> 05:18:35,400
tables. 
Onions and garlic are pulled as 

5853
05:18:35,400 --> 05:18:38,200
needed. 
Herbs grow thick in every doyard

5854
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:42,200
garden, sage and Thyme and 
rosemary, used for both cooking 

5855
05:18:42,200 --> 05:18:45,200
and basic medicine. 
The Village might have a few 

5856
05:18:45,200 --> 05:18:48,700
beehives humming with activity 
as bees work, the wildflowers in

5857
05:18:48,700 --> 05:18:51,100
The Meadows. 
Livestock are out on pasture 

5858
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:54,400
supervised by Shepherds or cow 
herds who spent a long days in 

5859
05:18:54,400 --> 05:18:58,000
the fields with their charges. 
Its lonely work but not 

5860
05:18:58,000 --> 05:19:01,300
unpleasant during good weather. 
You might see a young Shepherd 

5861
05:19:01,300 --> 05:19:03,100
sitting on a hillside with his 
sheep. 

5862
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:06,600
Scattered across the slope. 
Practicing his carving on a 

5863
05:19:06,600 --> 05:19:10,500
piece of wood or simply watching
clouds drift across, remarkably 

5864
05:19:10,500 --> 05:19:13,100
blue skies. 
August brings the grain harvest.

5865
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:16,300
The years defining event. 
This is where everything comes 

5866
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:19,500
down to whether and timing 
Harvest two early in the grain 

5867
05:19:19,500 --> 05:19:23,200
hasn't fully ripened Harvest, 
too late and a storm might flat 

5868
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:25,800
in the crop or rain might ruin 
it in the field. 

5869
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,600
Medieval Farmers had to judge 
the perfect moment by experience

5870
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:35,100
and Instinct reading signs in 
the wheat heads and watching the

5871
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:38,000
sky with the intense of 
meteorologists who knew their 

5872
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:41,200
lives depended on getting the 
Four cast, right when the 

5873
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:45,300
Harvest begins, it consumes the 
entire Community, everyone who 

5874
05:19:45,300 --> 05:19:49,400
can work, does men cutting the 
grain with sickles or sighs 

5875
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:53,900
women binding, the cuts in to 
sheaves and children Gathering 

5876
05:19:53,900 --> 05:19:58,500
the sheaves in to shocks to dry.
The work continues from dawn to 

5877
05:19:58,500 --> 05:20:02,100
dusk and sometimes Beyond when 
Moonlight allows. 

5878
05:20:02,800 --> 05:20:06,000
There's a desperate urgency to 
get the crop safely gathered 

5879
05:20:06,000 --> 05:20:10,100
before weather or accident can 
destroy months of agricultural 

5880
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:12,300
labor. 
The sound of harvest is 

5881
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:16,900
distinctive the swish of blades 
through stalks the rustle of 

5882
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:20,700
grain being bound and the 
rhythmic thump as sheaves are 

5883
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:24,100
set up right into shocks. 
People call to each other across

5884
05:20:24,100 --> 05:20:27,800
the field coordinating work 
warning about obstacles and 

5885
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:31,000
maintaining the social cohesion 
that makes group of possible. 

5886
05:20:31,800 --> 05:20:34,800
Songs help paste the work and 
someone usually knows dozens of 

5887
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:38,500
verses about harvesting some 
ancient and some improvised for 

5888
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:40,700
the occasion. 
Once the grain is cut and 

5889
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:43,800
shocked it needs to be 
transported to the village and 

5890
05:20:43,800 --> 05:20:46,200
stored in Barns and threshing 
can begin. 

5891
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,100
This is where you'd see the 
Harvest carts sturdy wooden 

5892
05:20:50,100 --> 05:20:54,200
Vehicles pulled by oxen loaded. 
So heavily with sheaves that 

5893
05:20:54,200 --> 05:20:58,500
they seem impossible to move. 
Trip from field to Barn is slow 

5894
05:20:58,500 --> 05:21:01,700
and careful because losing a 
cartload of grain to an 

5895
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:05,400
overturned wagon would be a 
minor disaster threshing begins 

5896
05:21:05,400 --> 05:21:08,600
after harvest finishes and it 
continues through all Autumn and

5897
05:21:08,600 --> 05:21:10,300
into winter whenever weather 
permits. 

5898
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:14,700
Thieves are on a prepared 
threshing floor, usually just 

5899
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:18,100
beaten Earth in a barn or 
Courtyard and beaten with flails

5900
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:22,500
to separate grain from chaff. 
It's exhausting repetitive work 

5901
05:21:22,500 --> 05:21:26,100
that produces clouds of dust and
leaves everyone coughing. 

5902
05:21:26,100 --> 05:21:30,000
The rhythmic sound of flail 
striking grain provides the 

5903
05:21:30,000 --> 05:21:32,600
soundtrack for autumn in every 
medieval village. 

5904
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:37,000
After threshing comes winnowing 
where workers toss the threshed 

5905
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:38,800
grain into the air, so wind can 
carry away. 

5906
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:42,400
The lighter chaff while heavier 
grain kernels fall back down. 

5907
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:45,800
It requires a certain act to get
the tossing motion, right? 

5908
05:21:45,800 --> 05:21:49,000
And it only works when there's 
enough Breeze, but not so much 

5909
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:52,300
that you lose grain. 
What watching skilled Winner's 

5910
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:56,000
at work, has its own aesthetic. 
The graceful Arc of grain 

5911
05:21:56,000 --> 05:22:00,200
through the air, the shower of 
chaff drifting downwind and the 

5912
05:22:00,208 --> 05:22:04,700
steady accumulation of clean 
grain in baskets, Autumn is also

5913
05:22:04,700 --> 05:22:09,700
time for the pig, slaughter, one
of the year's major events Pigs,

5914
05:22:09,700 --> 05:22:12,400
which have spent the summer 
growing fat on food, scraps, and

5915
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:15,000
forests mastered. 
A killed and butchered in a 

5916
05:22:15,008 --> 05:22:16,900
process. 
That transforms them into the 

5917
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:19,900
preserved meat that will sustain
families through winter. 

5918
05:22:21,100 --> 05:22:24,900
Everything from a pig is used. 
The meat is salted or smoked, 

5919
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:29,400
the fat is rendered into lard. 
The blood is made into sausages,

5920
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:33,300
the intestines become sausage 
casing and even the head is 

5921
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:36,600
boiled for Brawn, the work of 
butchering and preserving is 

5922
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:40,200
skilled and communal. 
Families help each other knowing

5923
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:42,800
their turn will come and they'll
receive the same assistance. 

5924
05:22:43,700 --> 05:22:47,400
Smell of smoking meat hangs over
villages in Autumn a scent. 

5925
05:22:47,400 --> 05:22:50,900
That means security you have 
food stored for the lean months 

5926
05:22:50,900 --> 05:22:53,600
ahead later. 
Autumn brings different tasks 

5927
05:22:53,600 --> 05:22:57,200
root vegetables are harvested 
and stored in cool Cellars 

5928
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:01,100
apples are picked and pressed 
for cider or stored in straw 

5929
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,000
lined boxes where they might 
last until spring. 

5930
05:23:05,200 --> 05:23:09,200
The last grazing is finished and
livestock are brought into barns

5931
05:23:09,200 --> 05:23:12,600
or closer pastures where they 
can be monitored during winter. 

5932
05:23:13,700 --> 05:23:16,700
Firewood cut during the summer 
needs to be split and stacked 

5933
05:23:16,700 --> 05:23:21,500
close to houses where it will 
stay relatively dry winter in 

5934
05:23:21,500 --> 05:23:24,700
the medieval warm period was 
milder than in centuries before 

5935
05:23:24,700 --> 05:23:26,900
or after but it was still 
winter. 

5936
05:23:27,700 --> 05:23:31,800
You'd see less outdoor work and 
more indoor tasks weaving tool 

5937
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:34,700
maintenance food preparation and
craft work. 

5938
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:39,300
This is when the social life of 
villages turned inward when 

5939
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:42,200
people gathered in the relative 
warmth of halls or large houses 

5940
05:23:42,200 --> 05:23:46,700
and when storytelling and music 
passed the dark evening's the 

5941
05:23:46,700 --> 05:23:49,800
Christmas season brought its own
Traditions the Yule Log 

5942
05:23:49,800 --> 05:23:52,800
carefully selected and brought 
to the half with ceremony. 

5943
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:57,200
Special Foods were saved for the
celebration, perhaps a goose or 

5944
05:23:57,200 --> 05:23:59,100
even beef if the Harvest had 
been good. 

5945
05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:03,700
Evergreen decorations to remind 
people, that life persists, even

5946
05:24:03,700 --> 05:24:07,600
in the darkest, season mystery 
plays performed by Village 

5947
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:11,600
amateurs retelling biblical 
stories with enthusiasm that 

5948
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:14,200
compensated for any lack of 
professional polish. 

5949
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,400
Throughout all these Seasons, 
you'd notice the background 

5950
05:24:17,400 --> 05:24:20,400
presence of the church marking 
sacred time alongside 

5951
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:24,500
agricultural time. 
Saints days, provided regular 

5952
05:24:24,500 --> 05:24:28,200
interruptions to work, creating 
a rhythm of feast and fasting 

5953
05:24:28,200 --> 05:24:30,900
that structured the year 
religiously and socially. 

5954
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:34,800
The liturgical calendar told 
medieval people where they stood

5955
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:37,800
and salvation history. 
Even as the agricultural 

5956
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:40,700
calendar, told him where they 
stood in the annual cycle of 

5957
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:43,900
planting and harvest, the 
medieval warm period, didn't 

5958
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:45,900
eliminate the hardships of Rural
Life. 

5959
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:50,500
People still worked incredibly 
hard still face dangers from 

5960
05:24:50,500 --> 05:24:54,200
disease and accident and still 
lived within narrow, social and 

5961
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:57,800
economic constraints. but it 
softened, some of the harshness,

5962
05:24:58,600 --> 05:25:02,300
Harvest were more reliable, 
Winter's will less brutal and 

5963
05:25:02,300 --> 05:25:05,900
the margin between sufficiently 
and starvation wide and just 

5964
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:09,300
enough to make life feel less 
desperate in the evening's. 

5965
05:25:09,300 --> 05:25:12,800
When work finally finished, you 
might see people sitting outside

5966
05:25:12,800 --> 05:25:15,000
their Cottages during the long 
summer Twilights. 

5967
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:20,000
Simply enjoying the warmth and 
the relative prosperity children

5968
05:25:20,000 --> 05:25:24,000
play games that have been passed
down through generations adults 

5969
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:27,700
repair tools or spin thread the 
kind of light work that can be 

5970
05:25:27,700 --> 05:25:32,200
done while socializing someone 
might have a simple instrument a

5971
05:25:32,200 --> 05:25:35,900
pipe or a small drum and provide
music for impromptu dancing 

5972
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:39,800
these moments of leisure these 
spaces where life was about more

5973
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:43,800
than mere survival with a real 
gift of the medieval warm period

5974
05:25:44,800 --> 05:25:49,700
the climate didn't just provide 
food it provided time energy and

5975
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:53,000
psychological space for medieval
Europeans to build something 

5976
05:25:53,000 --> 05:25:56,900
Beyond subsistence. 
The cathedrals and Market towns 

5977
05:25:56,900 --> 05:26:00,100
and manuscripts all flowed from 
the fundamental surplus of 

5978
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:04,100
resources and confidence as you 
settle even deeper into Comfort 

5979
05:26:04,100 --> 05:26:06,200
preparing for the final stage of
sleep. 

5980
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:09,400
Let's contemplate something more
melancholic. 

5981
05:26:10,200 --> 05:26:14,000
How the medieval warm period 
ended and what its fading can 

5982
05:26:14,000 --> 05:26:17,600
teach us about climate 
resilience and the fragility of 

5983
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:21,600
even seemingly stable conditions
the end of the medieval warm 

5984
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:25,700
period wasn't dramatic or sudden
there was no catastrophic event.

5985
05:26:25,700 --> 05:26:29,300
No volcanic eruption or meteor 
impact that clearly marked 

5986
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:34,100
transition. 
Instead around 1300 temperatures

5987
05:26:34,100 --> 05:26:38,500
began to gradually decline. 
Growing Seasons shortened year 

5988
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,300
by year. 
So incrementally that no single 

5989
05:26:41,300 --> 05:26:45,200
year felt definitively different
from the one before imagine 

5990
05:26:45,200 --> 05:26:49,200
being a farmer in the year 1310 
noticing that the last frost 

5991
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:52,300
came a bit earlier this Autumn 
than usual then the next year 

5992
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:56,500
spring seemed to arrive late. 
Then a summer that was unusually

5993
05:26:56,500 --> 05:27:00,200
cool and wet with rain at 
Harvest Time that ruined part of

5994
05:27:00,208 --> 05:27:04,200
the crop. individually, these 
were just weather variations of 

5995
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:08,600
the sort that every Agricultural
Society experience is but they 

5996
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:11,200
were accumulating into a pattern
that would eventually be 

5997
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:13,900
recognized as the onset of what 
historians called. 

5998
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:17,400
The little Ice Age the Norse 
colonies in Greenland felt the 

5999
05:27:17,408 --> 05:27:20,900
changes most acutely. 
Those settlements that had 

6000
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:23,900
Thrive for three centuries found
their growing Seasons becoming 

6001
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:27,600
shorter their pastures less 
productive and their hunting 

6002
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:29,800
territory shrinking as ice 
returned. 

6003
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:33,700
The last definite record of the 
Greenland settlements dates to 

6004
05:27:33,700 --> 05:27:37,700
the early 1400s after which the 
simply vanished from history. 

6005
05:27:38,600 --> 05:27:42,200
Whether the inhabitants died 
were evacuated or a simulated 

6006
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:45,500
with the Inuit people who had 
moved into the territory remains

6007
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:49,100
uncertain the fate of these 
Greenland colonies offers a 

6008
05:27:49,100 --> 05:27:51,500
sobering lesson about the 
relationship between climate and

6009
05:27:51,500 --> 05:27:54,600
settlement. 
The North greenlanders had built

6010
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:57,800
an entire Society based on 
conditions that turned out to be

6011
05:27:57,800 --> 05:28:01,600
temporary, their Farms, their 
churches, and their way of life,

6012
05:28:01,600 --> 05:28:04,900
all depended on a climatic 
window that gradually closed. 

6013
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:09,300
When conditions changed, they 
lack the flexibility to adapt. 

6014
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:12,900
They couldn't transform their 
agricultural settlements into 

6015
05:28:12,900 --> 05:28:16,300
hunting societies, like the 
Inuit couldn't abandon their 

6016
05:28:16,300 --> 05:28:19,400
livestock based economy and 
couldn't or wouldn't change the 

6017
05:28:19,400 --> 05:28:21,700
fundamental patterns. 
That had worked for Generations 

6018
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:24,600
archaeological evidence from the
abandoned. 

6019
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:28,100
Greenland settlements is horned 
the last inhabitants are eaten, 

6020
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:30,400
their dogs and cattle suggesting
desperate hunger. 

6021
05:28:31,300 --> 05:28:34,500
But they hadn't adopted Inuit 
hunting techniques or Diet. 

6022
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:38,200
Even as those indigenous people 
thrived in the same environment,

6023
05:28:38,200 --> 05:28:42,200
cultural identity at seams can 
be both a source of resilience 

6024
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:46,000
and a fatal imitation back in 
Europe, the cooling climate 

6025
05:28:46,000 --> 05:28:48,100
created. 
Stresses that contributed to 

6026
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:50,800
what historian sometimes called,
the crisis of the late Middle 

6027
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:56,700
Ages, The Great Famine of 1315, 
struck a population that had 

6028
05:28:56,700 --> 05:28:59,700
grown to level sustainable only 
during optimal climate 

6029
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:03,400
conditions. 
Three years of cold wet weather,

6030
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:07,200
ruined Harvest across, northern 
Europe, and millions died of 

6031
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:11,200
starvation or diseases, that 
thrive when populations are 

6032
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:14,800
weakened by malnutrition the 
Black Death arriving. 

6033
05:29:14,800 --> 05:29:18,900
In 1347 found a European 
population already stressed by 

6034
05:29:18,900 --> 05:29:22,900
Decades of deteriorating climate
and periodic food, shortages, 

6035
05:29:23,900 --> 05:29:27,300
Weather climate change directly 
contributed to the plague spread

6036
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:30,200
remains debated. 
But there's no question that the

6037
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,500
warming periods end had weakened
medieval Europe's resilience to 

6038
05:29:33,500 --> 05:29:36,300
catastrophe yet. 
The story isn't simply one of 

6039
05:29:36,308 --> 05:29:40,100
declined, medieval Europeans, 
proved remarkably adaptive in 

6040
05:29:40,108 --> 05:29:43,300
many ways. 
Agricultural practices evolved 

6041
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:47,000
to suit shorter growing Seasons.
Communities Diversified their 

6042
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:51,200
crops relying Less on wheat, and
more on Hardy a grains. 

6043
05:29:52,100 --> 05:29:55,400
Fishing became more important in
coastal regions, where farming 

6044
05:29:55,400 --> 05:29:58,800
became marginal. 
Trade networks, adjusted to new 

6045
05:29:58,800 --> 05:30:02,800
realities the cathedral building
boom slowed, but didn't entirely

6046
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:05,800
stopped some projects. 
Were completed even as 

6047
05:30:05,800 --> 05:30:07,500
conditions. 
Deteriorated. 

6048
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,800
Institutional momentum and the 
importance people placed on 

6049
05:30:12,800 --> 05:30:16,200
these structures. 
Other Cathedrals remained 

6050
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:19,200
unfinished for centuries. 
They are in complete Towers 

6051
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:21,900
standing as monuments to 
interrupted ambition. 

6052
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:25,300
The end of the medieval, warm 
period reminds us that climate 

6053
05:30:25,300 --> 05:30:28,900
isn't a static backdrop to human
history, but an active force. 

6054
05:30:28,900 --> 05:30:33,200
That shapes what's possible and 
what's difficult Those one or 

6055
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:35,800
two degrees of warming that 
characterized the medieval warm 

6056
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:39,400
period had allowed European 
civilization to expand and 

6057
05:30:39,400 --> 05:30:41,800
flourish. 
The return to cooler 

6058
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:45,000
temperatures constrain that 
expansion and forced adaptation.

6059
05:30:45,000 --> 05:30:48,600
Modern climate science, gives us
tools that medieval people 

6060
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:50,900
lacked. 
We can measure temperature 

6061
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:55,000
changes, precisely model, 
climate systems and predict 

6062
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:57,000
future Trends with reasonable 
accuracy. 

6063
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:01,700
We know that the medieval warm 
period was primarily a regional 

6064
05:31:01,700 --> 05:31:04,100
phenomenon. 
It affected Europe in the North 

6065
05:31:04,100 --> 05:31:07,200
Atlantic strongly, but other 
parts of the world experience, 

6066
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:10,300
different patterns. 
We understand that it was driven

6067
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:15,300
by natural variations in solar 
output and ocean circulation not

6068
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:18,500
by any human activity. 
But we also know that our 

6069
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:20,600
current warming is different 
faster. 

6070
05:31:20,600 --> 05:31:24,900
More Global and driven by human 
greenhouse gas emissions rather 

6071
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:28,700
than natural cycles. 
The medieval warm period offers 

6072
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:32,500
both hope and warning hope 
because it shows that societies 

6073
05:31:32,500 --> 05:31:35,700
can Thrive during warming 
periods and adapt to climate 

6074
05:31:35,700 --> 05:31:39,400
changes and warning because it 
demonstrates the populations and

6075
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:42,600
economies built for one climate 
regime can face serious. 

6076
05:31:42,600 --> 05:31:45,600
Disruption. 
When conditions shift the 

6077
05:31:45,600 --> 05:31:48,600
medieval experience suggests 
that climate change creates 

6078
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:51,700
winners and losers and that the 
impacts are never evenly 

6079
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:55,300
distributed. 
The Norse benefited enormously 

6080
05:31:55,300 --> 05:31:57,600
from warming. 
That open the North Atlantic 

6081
05:31:57,600 --> 05:32:00,400
while other regions experience 
different effects. 

6082
05:32:01,400 --> 05:32:04,500
When cooling returned those same
nor settlements that had 

6083
05:32:04,500 --> 05:32:07,000
flourished during warm 
centuries, were among the first 

6084
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,700
casualties perhaps, the deepest 
lesson is about the human 

6085
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:13,800
tendency to assume that current 
conditions will persist 

6086
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:17,700
indefinitely. 
Medieval Europeans who planted 

6087
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:21,100
Vineyards in England or 
established farms in Greenland 

6088
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:24,200
weren't being naive. 
They were responding rationally 

6089
05:32:24,200 --> 05:32:28,000
to conditions that had persisted
for Generations, but those 

6090
05:32:28,000 --> 05:32:31,600
Generations were blinking 
climatic terms a temporary 

6091
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:35,400
window that felt permanent only 
because human life spans are so 

6092
05:32:35,408 --> 05:32:37,800
brief. 
As you drift towards sleep. 

6093
05:32:37,800 --> 05:32:41,300
Consider how the medieval warm 
period changed everything for 

6094
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:44,800
medieval Europeans without the 
fully understanding what was 

6095
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:47,500
happening? 
The experience the benefits 

6096
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:52,000
better harvests expanding 
populations and ambitious 

6097
05:32:52,000 --> 05:32:54,800
building projects without 
knowing they were living through

6098
05:32:54,800 --> 05:32:59,000
a climatic anomaly. 
The world around conditions that

6099
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:03,300
seemed normal, but were actually
unusual the Cathedral at Tron 

6100
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:08,100
time in Norway begun in 1070 
still stands today nearly a 

6101
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:11,800
thousand years later. 
The north settlement at Beretta 

6102
05:33:11,800 --> 05:33:17,200
lead in Greenland founded around
985 is now just archaeological 

6103
05:33:17,200 --> 05:33:20,200
ruins slowly disappearing under 
advancing ice. 

6104
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:24,700
Both were products of the same 
optimistic here both built by 

6105
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:27,700
people who believed they were 
creating permanent institutions.

6106
05:33:28,600 --> 05:33:32,500
One survived climate change the 
other didn't these outcomes 

6107
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:35,400
weren't inevitable. 
They resulted from countless 

6108
05:33:35,400 --> 05:33:39,700
individual choices institutional
structures geographical 

6109
05:33:39,700 --> 05:33:44,400
advantages and sheer luck. 
The medieval warm period didn't 

6110
05:33:44,400 --> 05:33:47,800
determine medieval history, but 
it shaped the space within which

6111
05:33:47,800 --> 05:33:51,400
that history unfolded creating 
opportunities and imposing 

6112
05:33:51,400 --> 05:33:54,400
constraints that influenced 
everything from agriculture to 

6113
05:33:54,400 --> 05:33:58,700
architecture to exploration a 
sleep draws closer and you're 

6114
05:33:58,700 --> 05:34:01,000
breathing settles in to its 
nocturnal rhythm. 

6115
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,500
Let's take one last, quiet 
moment to reflect on what those 

6116
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,900
warm centuries mean. 
For us, viewing them from the 

6117
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:13,200
comfortable distance of 700 
years, the medieval warm period 

6118
05:34:13,200 --> 05:34:16,300
stands as a reminder, that 
earth's climate is never truly 

6119
05:34:16,300 --> 05:34:20,000
stable that the normal 
conditions we experienced are 

6120
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:23,200
actually temporary States within
longer patterns of variation 

6121
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:27,700
Medieval Europeans couldn't have
known this, they lacked the 

6122
05:34:27,708 --> 05:34:31,100
scientific tools and historical 
perspective to see their time in

6123
05:34:31,100 --> 05:34:34,600
context. 
We have no such excuse we can 

6124
05:34:34,608 --> 05:34:37,600
look back across centuries and 
see how profoundly climate 

6125
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:41,000
shapes human possibilities. 
Those medieval farmers who 

6126
05:34:41,000 --> 05:34:42,300
brought new land under 
cultivation. 

6127
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:44,900
The Norse Sailors who colonized 
Greenland. 

6128
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,300
And the Master Builders who 
designed soaring Cathedrals. 

6129
05:34:48,300 --> 05:34:51,700
They were all responding to 
Opportunities created by 

6130
05:34:51,700 --> 05:34:54,200
climatic conditions. 
They didn't understand and 

6131
05:34:54,200 --> 05:34:57,500
couldn't predict. 
Their successes and failures 

6132
05:34:57,500 --> 05:35:01,400
offer a strange kind of comfort.
Humans have always lived with 

6133
05:35:01,400 --> 05:35:05,000
climate uncertainty and have 
always built civilizations on 

6134
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:07,700
foundations that turned out to 
be more temporary than they 

6135
05:35:07,700 --> 05:35:10,000
imagined. 
The Surplus wealth that made 

6136
05:35:10,008 --> 05:35:11,900
medieval Cathedral culture 
possible. 

6137
05:35:11,900 --> 05:35:16,200
Came ultimately from soil and 
son from the interaction of 

6138
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:19,200
human labor, with environmental 
conditions that happen to be 

6139
05:35:19,200 --> 05:35:22,200
favorable. 
When we admire a Gothic Federal 

6140
05:35:22,200 --> 05:35:26,300
today, we're looking at Frozen 
climate data evidence of what 

6141
05:35:26,300 --> 05:35:29,400
humans can achieve when Nature 
provides an extra margin of 

6142
05:35:29,400 --> 05:35:32,700
resources and time, but we're 
also looking at ambition 

6143
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:36,800
creativity and the human desire 
to create something that 

6144
05:35:36,800 --> 05:35:41,100
transcends the immediate moment.
The medieval Builders knew their

6145
05:35:41,108 --> 05:35:43,700
Cathedrals would Outlast them 
and they were right. 

6146
05:35:44,500 --> 05:35:48,000
Charter and Canterbury and 
cologne still stand still 

6147
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,700
Inspire and still serve purposes
their creators would recognize. 

6148
05:35:52,600 --> 05:35:55,900
Climate made these structures 
possible but human vision and 

6149
05:35:55,900 --> 05:35:58,900
effort made them real The 
Village prosperity of the 

6150
05:35:58,908 --> 05:36:02,900
medieval warm period modest by 
our standards, but real by 

6151
05:36:02,900 --> 05:36:06,700
theirs shows how relatively 
small environmental changes can 

6152
05:36:06,700 --> 05:36:11,000
Cascade through Society. 
An extra week of growing season 

6153
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:14,600
meant more food which meant 
healthier children which meant 

6154
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,000
more workers which meant new 
land could be cleared which 

6155
05:36:18,000 --> 05:36:21,500
created opportunities for 
specialization which enabled 

6156
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:26,100
Market towns which facilitated 
trade which distributed wealth 

6157
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:30,000
more widely. 
Small cores is larger effects 

6158
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:35,100
and when conditions deteriorated
the process reversed. shorter 

6159
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:38,100
growing Seasons, meant smaller 
harvests, which meant less 

6160
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:41,900
Surplus, which meant reduced 
trade, which meant economic 

6161
05:36:41,900 --> 05:36:46,100
contraction, which meant social 
stress, the medieval warm 

6162
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:49,500
periods, end didn't destroy 
European civilization, but it 

6163
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,700
certainly tested. 
It exposing vulnerabilities that

6164
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:56,700
have been masked by favorable 
conditions tonight as you sleep 

6165
05:36:56,708 --> 05:36:59,600
in a climate controlled room 
your comfort maintained by 

6166
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:01,800
Technologies. 
Medieval people couldn't have 

6167
05:37:01,800 --> 05:37:05,200
imagined the story of the 
medieval warm period offers 

6168
05:37:05,200 --> 05:37:08,000
perspective. 
We have capabilities, they 

6169
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:12,100
lacked, we can predict whether 
control indoor, climate 

6170
05:37:12,100 --> 05:37:16,600
transport food globally and 
adapt to environmental changes 

6171
05:37:16,600 --> 05:37:18,500
with resources. 
They never possessed. 

6172
05:37:19,400 --> 05:37:21,700
But we also face challenges at 
Scales. 

6173
05:37:21,700 --> 05:37:25,000
They never encountered with 
climate changing faster than 

6174
05:37:25,000 --> 05:37:28,600
natural systems. 
Can adapt affecting populations 

6175
05:37:28,600 --> 05:37:31,300
far larger than Medieval Europe 
ever supported. 

6176
05:37:31,300 --> 05:37:34,600
The optimism of the cathedral 
Builders believing. 

6177
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:37,300
They were creating permanent 
monuments for a stable future 

6178
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,100
echoes in our own assumptions 
about tomorrow. 

6179
05:37:41,000 --> 05:37:45,100
We build cities on coastlines 
and in deserts plan for futures 

6180
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:48,700
that assume conditions won't 
change dramatically and invest 

6181
05:37:48,700 --> 05:37:51,200
in infrastructure. 
Designed for climate patterns 

6182
05:37:51,200 --> 05:37:54,900
that may already be shifting. 
Perhaps medieval experience 

6183
05:37:54,900 --> 05:37:58,900
offers a gentle warning assume 
less permanence build more 

6184
05:37:58,900 --> 05:38:02,600
flexibility and remember that 
favorable conditions don't last 

6185
05:38:02,600 --> 05:38:05,100
forever. 
But there's also inspiration in 

6186
05:38:05,100 --> 05:38:09,000
those medieval centuries humans 
adapted survived and 

6187
05:38:09,008 --> 05:38:11,300
occasionally thrived through 
climate changes. 

6188
05:38:11,300 --> 05:38:12,600
They couldn't measure or 
predict. 

6189
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:17,400
We have better tools, but face 
larger challenges medieval 

6190
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:20,200
Europeans worked within their 
constraints and created 

6191
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:22,800
remarkable things. 
We can do the same. 

6192
05:38:22,800 --> 05:38:25,400
Hopefully with more foresight 
about the foundations. 

6193
05:38:25,400 --> 05:38:29,000
We're building upon The fields 
that medieval Farmers cleared 

6194
05:38:29,000 --> 05:38:32,000
during the medieval warm period 
still feed us to today. 

6195
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:36,700
Churches, they build still 
shelter congregations the market

6196
05:38:36,700 --> 05:38:38,500
towns. 
They established still service 

6197
05:38:38,500 --> 05:38:40,200
centers of Commerce and 
community. 

6198
05:38:41,400 --> 05:38:44,500
What they created during those 
warm centuries outlasted the 

6199
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,900
climate that made creation 
easier proving that human 

6200
05:38:47,900 --> 05:38:52,600
achievements carefully designed 
and solid can endure through 

6201
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:55,600
changing conditions as you drift
into sleep. 

6202
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,100
Let the story of the medieval 
warm period settle into your 

6203
05:38:59,100 --> 05:39:03,500
thoughts like snow accumulating 
slowly on a winter field quiet 

6204
05:39:03,500 --> 05:39:07,600
gentle covering everything with 
a layer of perspective. 

6205
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:11,500
Those medieval farmers and 
sailors and Builders were people

6206
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:15,300
like you. 
Call ambitious trying to make 

6207
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,400
the best of conditions. 
They inherited hoping to leave 

6208
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:21,900
something valuable for those who
came after they succeeded more 

6209
05:39:21,900 --> 05:39:25,300
than they probably imagined. 
Seventh centuries later, we 

6210
05:39:25,300 --> 05:39:29,300
still study their lives admire 
their achievements and learn 

6211
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:33,400
from their adaptations and their
failures the climate that shaped

6212
05:39:33,400 --> 05:39:37,700
their world has changed changed 
again and is changing still. 

6213
05:39:38,700 --> 05:39:41,700
But the essential human story of
working with what nature 

6214
05:39:41,700 --> 05:39:45,600
provides adapting when 
conditions shift and building 

6215
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:50,100
toward future as we hope for but
can't guarantee continues sleep 

6216
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:54,000
now warm and comfortable and 
perhaps dream of those medieval 

6217
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:57,800
Summers when growing Seasons 
stretched just a bit longer when

6218
05:39:57,800 --> 05:40:01,800
harvests filled Barnes to 
overflowing and when communities

6219
05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:05,000
looked at empty hillside's and 
saw opportunities rather than 

6220
05:40:05,000 --> 05:40:07,800
challenges. 
Dream of Cathedral Builders 

6221
05:40:07,800 --> 05:40:11,400
measuring Stone by hand and I 
creating structures that would 

6222
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:14,700
Outlast not just their own 
lives, but the climate that made

6223
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:18,500
their work possible the medieval
warm period ended but its 

6224
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:22,300
lessons remain climate shapes 
history without determining it. 

6225
05:40:23,100 --> 05:40:27,300
Humans adapt build create and 
endure through changing 

6226
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:31,400
conditions the margins between 
success and failure can be 

6227
05:40:31,408 --> 05:40:34,100
measured in degrees of 
temperature and weeks of growing

6228
05:40:34,100 --> 05:40:38,300
season and what we build during 
favourable times must be solid 

6229
05:40:38,300 --> 05:40:41,800
enough to survive when condition
shift because shift they always 

6230
05:40:41,800 --> 05:40:44,600
do tomorrow. 
You'll wake your own climate 

6231
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:46,800
your own challenges and your own
opportunities. 

6232
05:40:48,200 --> 05:40:52,200
The medieval warm period is gone
but its story connects you to an

6233
05:40:52,200 --> 05:40:56,100
unbroken chain of humans who 
have always lived with climate 

6234
05:40:56,100 --> 05:41:00,600
uncertainty always build despite
it and always hoped that what 

6235
05:41:00,600 --> 05:41:04,700
they created would endure and 
sometimes wonderfully it does.