Podcast Short: Exploring Endophytes for Healthier Plants with Maizie Koentopp

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Hi, friends, this is John.

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Welcome back to the Region of

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Agriculture podcast, where we

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have all kinds of fun

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conversations related to soil

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health and plant health.

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And in this in this fascinating

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world, as we are learning that

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plants have brains and they have

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the ability to think and to make

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informed decisions,

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they have

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they make very conscious

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specific informed decisions

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about how to interact with their

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environment, how to respond to

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different stimulus,

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how to associate and

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support their microbiome or not.

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It's,

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we developed this,

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we're developing a very

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different perspective than what

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we have generally collectively

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held

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historically on the way that

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plants interact with their

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environment, the way that they

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interact with their microbiome.

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And of course, the way we move

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these boundaries forward is

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constantly by researching,

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by studying more and trying to

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understand how

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interactions are happening.

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And some of these some

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of these experiments can be very

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sophisticated, but often some of

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the best discoveries come from

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the simple experiments or simple

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observations out in the field.

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So for our conversation today,

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I'm joined by Maisie Canetop,

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who

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ran an experiment that

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caught our team's attention here

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at AEA. And they were delighted

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by

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the simplicity of the

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experiment, the elegance of the

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experiment and the results that

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came out of it.

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So Maisie, thank you for being

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willing to join me today.

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Tell us a little bit about

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yourself, your background and

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the experiment and what inspired

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you to run this experiment.

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For the past three

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years at my middle school, we

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have been required to do a

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Stanford project every year.

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and my dad is he works

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in like an urban farm and works

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to promote farm and

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like the

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He works in that area.

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So I have grown up around always

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hearing about that in my house.

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And I knew I wanted to explore

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something similar to that.

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And a huge problem that I

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think impacts a lot of young

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people is climate change and the

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impact on the environment that

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humans are having.

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So I wanted to connect those two

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areas.

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So I decided with the help of

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two soil scientists,

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Dr. Akila Martin and Dr.

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Israel,

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that I wanted to research how we

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could exchange the use of

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harmful agrochemicals that are

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depleting soils and exchange

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those for endophytes,

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a type of bacteria,

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which

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instead of depleting soils,

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helps regenerate them and

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promotes

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ecosystem health as well as

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plant health.

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And so what did your experiment

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end up looking like?

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So the way I started,

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I took buckwheat seeds,

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and I also took soil, and I

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sterilized that soil because I

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was only testing one type of

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bacteria, so I needed to control

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the environment.

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And I inoculated some seeds,

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and I didn't inoculate the other

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seeds.

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And I had four different groups.

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I had one group that was the

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control,

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which was the non -inoculated

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seeds grown in sterilized soil.

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I had one group that was

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inoculated seeds grown in

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sterilized soil.

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I had one group that was

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inoculated seeds grown in non

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-sterilized soil, so soil that

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was just collected from my

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garden.

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And then I had a non

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-sterilized,

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sorry,

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non -inoculated seeds grown in

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non -sterilized soil.

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I proceeded to grow those plants

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for different periods of time.

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So I had plants growing for two

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weeks, four weeks, and then

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three months.

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And after that,

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period of time, I would collect

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plant samples and clean them

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with a mesh to get all the soil

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off the roots.

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And originally, my plan was to

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use a software called Rizovision

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that analyzes plant root hairs.

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But

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unfortunately, I didn't have

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access to the proper technology

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to use that software.

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So I ended up having to

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engineer my plan and I decided

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to use a microscope to take

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pictures of the roots and then

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count the root hairs myself

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instead of using the software to

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do it for me.

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Which ended up taking a little

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more time than I had originally

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planned

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but it ended up it ended up okay

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and I discovered after

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collecting samples from all my

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data

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from all four groups that the

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plants that were inoculated

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overall

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despite being in non -sterilized

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soil versus sterilized soil,

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overall had the most number of

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root hairs.

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So root hairs are,

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unlike a root,

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they have little shoots that you

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can't see with your eyes,

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they're microscopic,

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and they allow bacteria to cycle

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through the plant.

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So by measuring root hairs, it

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was a good way to see how the

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endophytes were actually

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impacting the plant.

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And I also measured bricks,

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which is a way to measure the

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sugar level of a plant.

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or of any liquid.

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And I found that,

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well,

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originally I thought that the

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plants that were inoculated

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would have higher brooks levels,

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but it turned out they didn't,

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which I realized was because

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they were using their sugars to

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flower,

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while the plants that weren't

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inoculated still were using

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their sugars to produce

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cotyledons and grow new leaves,

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which meant that the sugars were

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more concentrated,

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which

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in turn supported my original

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hypothesis that the inoculated

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plants and that the endophytic

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bacteria would benefit the

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plants.

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So this is an important point.

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Did you observe the plants to be

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at different developmental

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stages or to develop at

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different speeds based on

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whether they were inoculated?

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The inoculated plants,

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not only did they develop

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faster, but they also had a

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higher survival rate.

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So the plants that weren't

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inoculated, more of them died

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and didn't survive.

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The plants that were inoculated

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had healthier, fuller leaves and

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began to flower faster, while

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the plants that weren't

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inoculated

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hadn't started to flower yet by

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the time my experiment ended.

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So even over the course of a 90

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-day experiment, they were not

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yet at the flowering stage,

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which is quite slow for

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buckwheat.

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Yeah.

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I think that's also due to the

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fact that it was in serum soil,

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so there was very little

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microbial activity.

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which wasn't great for the

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buckwheat plant.

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How significant were the

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differences that you observed in

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the root hair development?

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And I'm also curious just about

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the overall root biomass.

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What did the root biomass and

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the root hair development,

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how was it different?

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And I'm also curious about how

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it was different on the

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sterilized versus the non

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-sterilized soil.

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Yeah,

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so I didn't take the biomass of

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the roots. I only looked at root

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hair growth.

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and originally I wanted to

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measure like the length of root

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hairs, but I wasn't able to do

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that without like the software

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that I wanted to use, so I

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couldn't do that in my

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experiment.

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So the plants grown that were

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inoculated in sterile soil

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versus

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non -inoc, like the non

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-inoculated ones in sterile

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soil,

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they had pretty,

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they had like a

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pretty similar numbers.

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The ones that were inoculated

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did have more overall, but they

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were closely followed by the

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ones

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that weren't inoculated.

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The biggest difference,

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even though they had similar

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root hairs, the biggest

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difference was in the

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growth that I observed, like how

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quickly they developed.

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And what was, how would you

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describe the differences?

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How much more rapidly did the

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plants develop that were

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inoculated?

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What were the,

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if you can describe that?

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They were

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very different.

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At the end of my experiment,

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um, I have, I took photos of the

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control and the plants that

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were,

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um,

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the seeds that were, weren't

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inoculated and compared them to

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the ones that were.

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And the plants that weren't

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inoculated, they only had like,

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like five leaves, and they still

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had cotyledons, as I said, and

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they weren't flowering, and they

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00:08:30,829 --> 00:08:31,769
were pretty short,

297
00:08:32,389 --> 00:08:33,189
um,

298
00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:34,450
while the plants that were, they

299
00:08:34,450 --> 00:08:35,590
were tall, like they were like

300
00:08:35,590 --> 00:08:36,750
spilling out of the containers,

301
00:08:37,049 --> 00:08:39,330
and they had many leaves, and

302
00:08:39,330 --> 00:08:40,529
the leaves were fully developed,

303
00:08:40,830 --> 00:08:42,409
and they were flowering.

304
00:08:42,840 --> 00:08:44,319
So that was on the sterilized

305
00:08:44,319 --> 00:08:45,799
soil. Was a similar pattern also

306
00:08:45,799 --> 00:08:47,039
true on the non -sterile soil?

307
00:08:47,809 --> 00:08:48,609
Yeah,

308
00:08:48,470 --> 00:08:50,909
they were less developed than

309
00:08:50,909 --> 00:08:52,669
the plants that were inoculated

310
00:08:52,669 --> 00:08:55,090
in the non -sterilized soil,

311
00:08:55,509 --> 00:08:56,309
but

312
00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:57,639
they

313
00:08:58,330 --> 00:09:00,269
were kind of like in the middle

314
00:09:00,269 --> 00:09:01,069
ground.

315
00:09:01,090 --> 00:09:03,990
So they had developed leaves and

316
00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:06,680
didn't have cotyledons anymore,

317
00:09:06,819 --> 00:09:09,019
but weren't as far along as the

318
00:09:09,019 --> 00:09:09,960
plants that were inoculated.

319
00:09:10,610 --> 00:09:11,809
The central

320
00:09:12,180 --> 00:09:15,169
thesis or hypothesis that you

321
00:09:15,169 --> 00:09:15,969
were

322
00:09:16,180 --> 00:09:17,620
that your testing method is

323
00:09:17,620 --> 00:09:20,680
based on is you're extrapolating

324
00:09:20,680 --> 00:09:22,980
the presence or the activity

325
00:09:23,360 --> 00:09:26,149
of associated endophytes based

326
00:09:26,149 --> 00:09:27,409
on root hair development

327
00:09:28,490 --> 00:09:29,309
in essence.

328
00:09:31,470 --> 00:09:32,950
And I'm sorry, I kind of

329
00:09:32,950 --> 00:09:34,129
distracted you because I asked

330
00:09:34,129 --> 00:09:35,149
about overall root biomass.

331
00:09:35,490 --> 00:09:37,669
But what did you discover in

332
00:09:37,669 --> 00:09:39,450
terms of the root hair

333
00:09:39,450 --> 00:09:40,250
development

334
00:09:40,600 --> 00:09:41,799
Did you have substantially more

335
00:09:41,799 --> 00:09:42,599
root hair?

336
00:09:42,320 --> 00:09:43,120
How much more?

337
00:09:43,590 --> 00:09:45,590
So at the first

338
00:09:46,029 --> 00:09:47,129
point,

339
00:09:48,019 --> 00:09:49,360
the first time that I collected

340
00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:50,159
the

341
00:09:50,340 --> 00:09:51,139
root hairs,

342
00:09:51,539 --> 00:09:53,980
the inoculated plants had a

343
00:09:55,120 --> 00:09:56,080
huge amount

344
00:09:56,679 --> 00:09:57,479
more.

345
00:09:57,759 --> 00:10:00,309
It was very apparent.

346
00:10:00,809 --> 00:10:02,629
They had triple

347
00:10:04,379 --> 00:10:05,980
the amount of root hairs.

348
00:10:07,009 --> 00:10:08,389
And then as time passed,

349
00:10:09,019 --> 00:10:10,539
the other groups slowly started

350
00:10:10,539 --> 00:10:12,519
to catch up. But the gap, they

351
00:10:12,519 --> 00:10:13,960
were never able to close the

352
00:10:13,960 --> 00:10:14,759
gap.

353
00:10:14,809 --> 00:10:15,609
So

354
00:10:15,379 --> 00:10:17,179
during the second

355
00:10:17,490 --> 00:10:18,750
time

356
00:10:20,039 --> 00:10:21,820
area, like the second - So you

357
00:10:21,820 --> 00:10:23,279
were collecting at two weeks and

358
00:10:23,279 --> 00:10:24,720
four weeks and then three

359
00:10:24,720 --> 00:10:25,539
months, I think you said?

360
00:10:25,679 --> 00:10:26,479
Three months.

361
00:10:26,700 --> 00:10:27,500
Yeah.

362
00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:29,559
So at the second time, they had

363
00:10:29,559 --> 00:10:31,679
about 300 for

364
00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:32,990
the,

365
00:10:32,990 --> 00:10:34,169
that I counted, like the

366
00:10:34,610 --> 00:10:36,549
roothers, the native microbes

367
00:10:36,549 --> 00:10:38,350
and inoculated, and then this

368
00:10:38,350 --> 00:10:39,149
native microbes.

369
00:10:39,269 --> 00:10:40,809
And then the inoculated plants

370
00:10:40,809 --> 00:10:41,690
had 600.

371
00:10:42,470 --> 00:10:43,649
So it was,

372
00:10:44,559 --> 00:10:45,940
almost triple, and then

373
00:10:46,799 --> 00:10:48,779
after three months,

374
00:10:49,590 --> 00:10:51,009
the plants that were inoculated

375
00:10:51,319 --> 00:10:54,180
in sterilized soil

376
00:10:54,460 --> 00:10:55,860
versus the plants that were

377
00:10:55,860 --> 00:10:58,120
inoculated in native soil had

378
00:10:58,120 --> 00:10:59,819
almost 300 more.

379
00:11:00,529 --> 00:11:03,069
So over time, the gaps slowly

380
00:11:03,069 --> 00:11:05,309
started to close, but the

381
00:11:05,529 --> 00:11:06,809
inoculated plants always had

382
00:11:06,809 --> 00:11:07,609
more fruit.

383
00:11:07,930 --> 00:11:08,730
I

384
00:11:08,600 --> 00:11:09,500
think this is a common

385
00:11:09,500 --> 00:11:11,419
phenomenon that we observe in

386
00:11:11,419 --> 00:11:13,120
practical application out in the

387
00:11:13,120 --> 00:11:14,240
field, is that

388
00:11:14,840 --> 00:11:17,059
when seeds are inoculated, there

389
00:11:17,059 --> 00:11:17,859
is often this

390
00:11:18,289 --> 00:11:19,769
this early and rapid

391
00:11:19,769 --> 00:11:21,069
proliferation of biology.

392
00:11:21,930 --> 00:11:23,470
And if you have soils that have

393
00:11:23,470 --> 00:11:25,029
where the microbiome is

394
00:11:25,029 --> 00:11:25,829
compromised,

395
00:11:26,430 --> 00:11:28,029
they do have the ability to

396
00:11:28,029 --> 00:11:30,330
recruit microbes from the soil

397
00:11:30,330 --> 00:11:32,250
microbiome, but it just it takes

398
00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:33,830
time to build up that soil, that

399
00:11:33,830 --> 00:11:34,950
root microbiome.

400
00:11:35,419 --> 00:11:37,720
and they never fully catch up to

401
00:11:37,720 --> 00:11:40,519
what um so your your

402
00:11:40,519 --> 00:11:41,759
experimental evidence matches

403
00:11:41,759 --> 00:11:42,840
very well with what we observe

404
00:11:42,840 --> 00:11:43,639
out in the field

405
00:11:45,690 --> 00:11:48,909
so the what was the how

406
00:11:49,899 --> 00:11:51,340
difficult was it to set up this

407
00:11:51,340 --> 00:11:53,000
experiment and to conduct it

408
00:11:55,039 --> 00:11:55,919
um i

409
00:11:56,960 --> 00:11:59,179
had so when i started my

410
00:11:59,179 --> 00:12:00,879
experiment i started it like

411
00:12:01,580 --> 00:12:03,799
months more than three months

412
00:12:03,799 --> 00:12:06,080
before like the deadline and

413
00:12:06,600 --> 00:12:08,740
I had to repeat the experiment

414
00:12:08,740 --> 00:12:09,539
three

415
00:12:09,919 --> 00:12:11,759
times, because in the beginning,

416
00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:13,440
my soil

417
00:12:13,950 --> 00:12:16,269
had the pH wasn't

418
00:12:16,269 --> 00:12:19,330
the right pH for the buckwheat.

419
00:12:19,570 --> 00:12:21,129
And many of them died, and I

420
00:12:21,129 --> 00:12:22,289
didn't have enough to collect

421
00:12:22,289 --> 00:12:23,429
the number of samples that I

422
00:12:23,429 --> 00:12:24,229
needed.

423
00:12:24,190 --> 00:12:25,809
So then I started over,

424
00:12:26,230 --> 00:12:27,710
and I repeated the same process

425
00:12:27,710 --> 00:12:28,509
again.

426
00:12:28,600 --> 00:12:29,720
And the same thing happened,

427
00:12:29,840 --> 00:12:30,860
where they didn't survive.

428
00:12:31,080 --> 00:12:32,620
So I did it a third time,

429
00:12:33,139 --> 00:12:35,580
and I changed the pH by adding

430
00:12:35,580 --> 00:12:36,379
sulfur.

431
00:12:36,870 --> 00:12:38,470
because buckwheat prefers more

432
00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:39,269
acidic soils.

433
00:12:40,080 --> 00:12:40,879
And

434
00:12:40,610 --> 00:12:43,009
this time I did have a lot of

435
00:12:43,220 --> 00:12:44,019
samples.

436
00:12:44,799 --> 00:12:45,799
I also think that

437
00:12:46,309 --> 00:12:48,190
it was difficult for the

438
00:12:48,190 --> 00:12:49,769
buckwheat to survive in

439
00:12:49,769 --> 00:12:51,430
completely sterilized soil,

440
00:12:51,819 --> 00:12:53,500
which contributed,

441
00:12:53,860 --> 00:12:55,850
I think, to the higher

442
00:12:55,850 --> 00:12:58,990
death rate of the buckwheat

443
00:12:58,990 --> 00:12:59,789
plants.

444
00:13:00,590 --> 00:13:03,870
So it was difficult to have

445
00:13:03,870 --> 00:13:06,110
to redo my whole experiment

446
00:13:06,110 --> 00:13:07,990
multiple times to get the

447
00:13:07,990 --> 00:13:08,870
results that I wanted.

448
00:13:11,720 --> 00:13:12,519
it was

449
00:13:13,289 --> 00:13:15,330
another challenge for me was

450
00:13:15,610 --> 00:13:17,649
taking all the pictures of all

451
00:13:17,649 --> 00:13:18,990
the root samples because I had

452
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:21,620
I had a lot of groups I had a

453
00:13:21,620 --> 00:13:23,919
lot of root samples and I was

454
00:13:23,919 --> 00:13:25,860
taking I had to take like

455
00:13:27,100 --> 00:13:27,899
like

456
00:13:28,250 --> 00:13:31,389
70 between like 50 and 70 photos

457
00:13:31,389 --> 00:13:33,889
of each sample and then count

458
00:13:33,889 --> 00:13:35,049
the number of root hairs for

459
00:13:35,049 --> 00:13:36,570
every single photo for every

460
00:13:36,570 --> 00:13:37,960
single root.

461
00:13:38,779 --> 00:13:41,039
And that took a lot of time.

462
00:13:41,179 --> 00:13:42,580
So that was challenging,

463
00:13:43,299 --> 00:13:44,099
but

464
00:13:44,220 --> 00:13:46,759
it worked out in the end, so.

465
00:13:47,279 --> 00:13:48,379
That sounds like a lot of

466
00:13:48,379 --> 00:13:49,179
counting anyway.

467
00:13:49,950 --> 00:13:50,750
Yeah.

468
00:13:50,710 --> 00:13:52,169
Yeah, it was a lot of testing.

469
00:13:52,850 --> 00:13:56,029
So you mentioned the unexpected

470
00:13:56,029 --> 00:13:58,370
results in regards to the

471
00:13:58,370 --> 00:13:59,909
variation in BRICS response

472
00:13:59,909 --> 00:14:00,909
versus the plants that were

473
00:14:00,909 --> 00:14:02,009
flowering and those that were

474
00:14:02,009 --> 00:14:02,809
not.

475
00:14:03,129 --> 00:14:04,590
Were there any other results

476
00:14:04,590 --> 00:14:06,490
that surprised you or that were

477
00:14:06,490 --> 00:14:07,289
unexpected?

478
00:14:07,769 --> 00:14:10,049
It surprised me that

479
00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:12,230
the plants that

480
00:14:12,669 --> 00:14:14,649
were grown in native microbes

481
00:14:14,649 --> 00:14:15,449
were,

482
00:14:16,279 --> 00:14:17,079
like

483
00:14:16,850 --> 00:14:18,549
how you described earlier, like

484
00:14:18,549 --> 00:14:20,269
they started with

485
00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,279
lower number of root hairs and

486
00:14:23,279 --> 00:14:24,620
it surprised me how they were

487
00:14:24,620 --> 00:14:26,980
able to catch up over time.

488
00:14:28,049 --> 00:14:28,849
But

489
00:14:30,019 --> 00:14:32,259
my hypothesis in the end was

490
00:14:32,259 --> 00:14:34,220
proven correct, so although the

491
00:14:34,220 --> 00:14:35,620
BRICS number surprised me,

492
00:14:36,230 --> 00:14:39,389
and the initial to

493
00:14:39,389 --> 00:14:41,809
final numbers of plants grown

494
00:14:41,809 --> 00:14:43,950
without the inoculant surprised

495
00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:44,750
me,

496
00:14:45,169 --> 00:14:45,969
the

497
00:14:46,379 --> 00:14:48,740
overall results supported what I

498
00:14:48,740 --> 00:14:49,720
initially thought.

499
00:14:50,919 --> 00:14:53,039
I think it's worth noting for

500
00:14:55,190 --> 00:14:56,049
for the benefit of our

501
00:14:56,049 --> 00:14:56,849
listeners.

502
00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,059
We're describing this experiment

503
00:14:59,059 --> 00:15:00,740
in terms of the endophytic

504
00:15:00,740 --> 00:15:02,200
microbes. And obviously you're

505
00:15:02,200 --> 00:15:03,539
measuring root hair development

506
00:15:03,539 --> 00:15:06,080
with, I think, based on Dr.

507
00:15:06,159 --> 00:15:07,259
James White's work and other

508
00:15:07,259 --> 00:15:08,680
people's work. Those certainly

509
00:15:08,680 --> 00:15:10,399
are associated with the presence

510
00:15:10,399 --> 00:15:11,600
of endophytes within the plant

511
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:12,740
and their activity.

512
00:15:14,529 --> 00:15:16,069
And also the

513
00:15:16,450 --> 00:15:17,569
product that you were using was

514
00:15:17,569 --> 00:15:18,889
not just endophytic microbes

515
00:15:18,889 --> 00:15:19,689
alone.

516
00:15:19,590 --> 00:15:20,870
It was also mycorrhizal fungi

517
00:15:20,870 --> 00:15:21,669
and other things.

518
00:15:22,980 --> 00:15:24,379
And this year,

519
00:15:25,039 --> 00:15:27,340
I'm building off of my project

520
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:28,480
from last year,

521
00:15:28,820 --> 00:15:31,299
and I'm taking individual

522
00:15:31,299 --> 00:15:33,580
strains of endophytes,

523
00:15:33,899 --> 00:15:35,659
specifically Bacillus species,

524
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:37,820
like Bacillus subtilis and

525
00:15:37,820 --> 00:15:38,840
Thuringiensis,

526
00:15:39,269 --> 00:15:40,950
and inoculating buckwheat to see

527
00:15:40,950 --> 00:15:43,600
how the specific strains impact

528
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:44,399
the root hairs.

529
00:15:45,009 --> 00:15:47,169
And then I'm also growing

530
00:15:47,169 --> 00:15:50,669
buckwheat on a farm to see how

531
00:15:50,669 --> 00:15:53,639
the inoculant will work in a

532
00:15:53,639 --> 00:15:55,580
actual agricultural environment

533
00:15:55,580 --> 00:15:58,139
instead of in a lab laboratory

534
00:15:58,139 --> 00:15:58,939
environment.

535
00:15:59,730 --> 00:16:00,629
Yeah, it would be interesting.

536
00:16:00,950 --> 00:16:02,090
Of course, it would add another

537
00:16:02,090 --> 00:16:03,149
layer of complexity, but it

538
00:16:03,149 --> 00:16:04,350
would be interesting to, again,

539
00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:06,590
compare to see if there is a

540
00:16:06,590 --> 00:16:08,309
contrast between the individual

541
00:16:08,309 --> 00:16:10,710
species and the combination of

542
00:16:10,710 --> 00:16:11,690
different species that also

543
00:16:11,690 --> 00:16:12,710
includes the mycorrhizae.

544
00:16:14,559 --> 00:16:15,359
Yeah.

545
00:16:16,220 --> 00:16:17,019
Well,

546
00:16:17,059 --> 00:16:17,879
Maisie, thank you.

547
00:16:17,980 --> 00:16:18,779
Thank you for running the

548
00:16:18,639 --> 00:16:20,179
experiment. Oh, our team would

549
00:16:20,179 --> 00:16:21,500
not be happy if I didn't mention

550
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:22,860
that the product that Maisie was

551
00:16:22,860 --> 00:16:24,319
using was actually BioCode Gold.

552
00:16:25,210 --> 00:16:26,470
So Maisie, thank you for that

553
00:16:26,470 --> 00:16:27,289
experiment.

554
00:16:27,710 --> 00:16:29,549
Thank you for the

555
00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:31,019
work that you're doing and being

556
00:16:31,019 --> 00:16:33,039
willing to come on here onto the

557
00:16:33,039 --> 00:16:33,879
show and to talk about it.

558
00:16:34,080 --> 00:16:34,879
Thanks for all that you do.

559
00:16:35,379 --> 00:16:36,179
Thank you.

560
00:16:35,980 --> 00:16:36,840
Thanks for having me.

561
00:16:38,659 --> 00:16:40,259
The team at AEA and I are

562
00:16:40,259 --> 00:16:41,779
dedicated to bringing this show

563
00:16:41,779 --> 00:16:43,379
to you because we believe that

564
00:16:43,379 --> 00:16:45,080
knowledge and information is the

565
00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:46,740
foundation of successful

566
00:16:46,740 --> 00:16:48,019
regenerative systems.

567
00:16:48,659 --> 00:16:50,740
At AEA, we believe that growing

568
00:16:50,740 --> 00:16:52,480
better quality food and making

569
00:16:52,480 --> 00:16:54,000
more money from your crops is

570
00:16:54,000 --> 00:16:54,799
possible.

571
00:16:55,139 --> 00:16:56,080
And since 2006,

572
00:16:56,399 --> 00:16:57,360
we've worked with leading

573
00:16:57,360 --> 00:16:58,700
professional growers to help

574
00:16:58,700 --> 00:16:59,680
them do just that.

575
00:17:00,409 --> 00:17:02,049
At AEA, we don't guess.

576
00:17:02,309 --> 00:17:03,549
We test. We analyze.

577
00:17:04,220 --> 00:17:05,480
And we provide recommendations

578
00:17:05,480 --> 00:17:07,259
based on scientific data,

579
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:08,539
knowledge, and experience.

580
00:17:09,329 --> 00:17:10,390
We've developed products that

581
00:17:10,390 --> 00:17:11,690
are uniquely positioned to help

582
00:17:11,690 --> 00:17:13,190
growers make more money with

583
00:17:13,190 --> 00:17:14,190
regenerative agriculture.

584
00:17:14,910 --> 00:17:16,309
If you are a professional grower

585
00:17:16,309 --> 00:17:18,150
who believes in testing instead

586
00:17:18,150 --> 00:17:18,950
of guessing,

587
00:17:19,490 --> 00:17:20,599
someone who believes in a

588
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:22,000
better, more regenerative way to

589
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:22,799
grow,

590
00:17:23,069 --> 00:17:25,490
visit advancingecoag .com and

591
00:17:25,490 --> 00:17:27,029
contact us to see if AEA is

592
00:17:27,029 --> 00:17:27,829
right for you.