How Humans Slept Outside for Thousands of Years | Boring History

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Good evening. 
You champion of the carefully, 

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arranged pillow fort I'm glad 
you made it in from the 

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Wilderness of today. 
The rain is moving softly 

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through the dark steady enough 
to smooth the edges of your 

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thoughts. 
Tonight, we're easing into how 

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human slept outside for 
thousands of years, long before 

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walls and ceilings felt 
permanent when rest meant 

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listening closely to wind Earth 
and distant sounds. 

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If this calm reflection helps 
you unwind, feel free to 

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subscribe or leave a like and 
tell me where you're listening 

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from and what time it is for 
you. 

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Now, let your head sink into the
pillow length, and your breath, 

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and let the reins Rhythm carry 
us. 

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Gently into the story. 
For nearly all of human 

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existence sleeping Outdoors. 
Wasn't an adventure or a weekend

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Escape. 
It was simply where you close 

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your eyes at night. 
The roof over your head was Sky,

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your bedroom walls were Darkness
punctuated by firelight and your

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mattress was whatever you could 
gather from the Earth around you

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tonight. 
You're going to trace that long 

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Starlet thread of human rest. 
From the very first people who 

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ever needed to figure out how to
survive the night all the way to

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the modern camper who packs a 
tent into their car and drives 

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toward that. 
Same ancient experience. 

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You need to understand something
fundamental about the earliest 

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humans. 
They didn't think of themselves 

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as sleeping outside because 
there was no inside yet. 

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The very concept of shelter. 
As we know it four walls, a 

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door, a distinction between 
domestic space and Wilderness. 

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Hadn't been invented when your 
ancient ancestor laid down to 

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rest somewhere in East Africa. 
Perhaps 200,000 years ago, they 

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were simply finding the least 
dangerous spot of available in 

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their immediate surroundings. 
The landscape itself was your 

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bedroom. 
You learned to read it the way 

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you now read the comfort of your
own mattress. 

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Slight elevation meant water 
wouldn't pool. 

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If rain came proximity to 
certain trees, meant fewer 

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insects Rocky outcroppings 
provided windbreaks. 

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The texture of the ground 
beneath you told stories sand 

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held warmth from the day, but 
shifted under your weight grass 

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cushioned, but attracted 
moisture and Bearer stayed cool 

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but could be shaped and molded. 
Your body was different, then 

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not instructure. 
But in expectation. 

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Your skin, tough and early in 
life, your tolerance for 

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discomfort Ren deeper. 
You didn't think of sleeping on 

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the ground as roughing it 
because you'd never known 

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anything else. 
The Earth beneath you was simply

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the world's surface and you were
part of the world. 

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So of course, that's where you 
rested. 

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The group you traveled with 
maybe 15 or 20 people, maybe 

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fewer. 
Made these decisions 

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collectively without much 
discussion. 

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Someone with experience, would 
notice the quality of a 

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location, others would agree or 
suggest alternatives. 

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By the time the sun dropped 
lower enough to paint everything

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orange, you'd already begun the 
subtle preparation for Darkness.

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Fire changed everything, of 
course, not. 

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Immediately not all at once, but
gradually over thousands of 

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years as your ancestors mustard,
its maintenance and creation The

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difference between sleeping near
a fire and sleeping with out, it

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was the difference between being
part of the landscape and being 

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able to push back against it 
slightly fire created a bubble 

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of warmth, a circle of light and
a barrier that large Predators 

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hesitated to cross. 
Building that fire before, 

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nightfall became the most 
important daily ritual. 

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You gather wood during the days 
travel always watching for dry 

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pieces. 
Always assessing what would burn

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hot and what would burn long? 
Dead branches. 

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That still clung to trees were 
best. 

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They'd been kept off the ground 
away from moisture. 

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You learned to judge would buy 
weight by the sound it made when

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struck and by the way, it broke 
the actual lighting of the fire 

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assuming your group maintained. 
Coals from the previous night 

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involved, careful feeding of 
small materials, dry grass, 

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shredded bark, and Tiny Twigs 
arranged. 

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Just so you blew gently coaxing 
oxygen into the process. 

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Watching for that first lick of 
flame. 

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Once established the fire 
demanded attention throughout 

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the evening not constant fussing
but regular feeding and 

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adjustments to maintain the 
right size, two larger, fire 

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wasted fuel. 
You'd have to replace tomorrow 

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too small and it might die 
during the night. 

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Leaving you, vulnerable and cold
you learned, the right size 

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instinctively, the way. 
You now know when your coffee is

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cool to the perfect drinking 
temperature The fire needed to 

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last until morning but not rage 
so hot that sleeping near it 

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became uncomfortable. 
Arranging yourself around this 

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fire followed patterns, that 
mixed practicality with social 

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structure. the elderly, and the 
very young often claimed spots 

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closest to the Flames absorbing 
maximum warmth, Adults are prime

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age could tolerate the slightly 
cooler outer positions. 

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People are paired or grouped by 
Family clusters by friendship or

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by the unspoken social 
Arrangements that governed daily

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life. 
Your bed was whatever you could 

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gather or carry in areas with 
large leaves, you'd pile them 

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into a softer surface in. 
Grasslands, you'd pull up 

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handfuls of the dryer, grass of 
available, creating a matte 

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between yourself and the ground.
Animal hides. 

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Once your people began hunting 
regularly, revolutionized 

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sleeping Comfort. 
A, well, scraped hide placed. 

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First side down provided 
insulation from below another 

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hide draped over. 
You trapped body heat above the 

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preparation of the sleeping 
spots happened gradually as 

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evening progressed, you to your 
leaf pile. 

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While there was still enough 
light to see what you were 

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gathering. 
You position your hide while you

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could still judge distances and 
angles. 

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By the time, full Darkness 
arrived, you'd settled into a 

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space that while far, from 
luxurious represented, your best

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effort at comfort and safety. 
Lying there. 

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You'd watch the fire. 
Everyone did the Flames held 

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attention in a way that's hard 
to explain to someone whose only

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experience fire as a control 
utility. 

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The movement was hypnotic. 
Yes, but it was more than that. 

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Fire was alive in a way that 
felt almost companionable. 

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It consumed. 
It danced. 

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It responded to wind and it 
transformed everything, it 

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touched. 
You could spend hours watching 

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it and never feel like you were 
wasting time. 

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The sounds of the night 
surrounded you things moved in 

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the darkness beyond the 
firelight animals, going about 

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their nocturnal business, wind 
rustling vegetation and the 

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occasional crack of a branch or 
Russell in the undergrowth, your

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brain evolved for survival. 
Sorted, the sound constantly. 

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That one was familiar, that one 
required attention and that one 

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meant something was approaching.
You didn't sleep deeply all at 

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once. 
Instead you drifted in and out 

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maintaining a level of awareness
that modern people rarely 

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experience, When you did slip 
into deeper sleep, your body 

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position changed naturally. 
You'd curl toward the fire, if 

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you grew cold and shift away, if
you became too warm, this 

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constant might micro adjustment 
happened. 

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Mostly without full 
Consciousness, your sleeping 

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Brain still managing your 
comfort The night was long 

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longer than modern nights 
because you had nothing to do 

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except sleep think or tend the 
fire. 

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Without artificial light without
books without any of the evening

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activities that fill your 
current hours between dinner and

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bed. 
Darkness meant rest. 

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When the sun set work stopped 
when the sun rose work resumed? 

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your sleep schedule aligned with
a planet's rotation in a way 

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that humans circadian rhythms 
are still optimized for even 

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though most people now ignore 
these ancient patterns 

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completely, The relationship 
between humans and fire as a 

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sleeping aid deserves its own 
exploration because it wasn't 

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simple or one dimensional. 
Fire provided warmth. 

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Yes and protection. 
Yes, but it also created 

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something more subtle a sense of
place in the vastness of the 

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natural world. 
That Circle of firelight, became

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your temporary home each night, 
a moveable boundary between the 

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known and the unknown. 
The quality of light from a 

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campfire is different from any 
artificial light. 

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You've experienced it flickers 
constantly creating Shadows that

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dance and shift. 
Nothing stays still in 

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firelight. 
The effect on your Psychology 

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was profound that movement kept 
you slightly alerts slightly 

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aware even as you relax towards 
sleep. 

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Your brain never fully tuned it 
out the way, you tune out the 

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static hum of a ceiling fan or 
the constant glow of a night 

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light. 
Color temperature matters too, 

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though. 
You wouldn't have described it 

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that way. 
Fire Burns, orange and red, warm

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colors, that trigger biological 
responses and human brains, 

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these wavelengths, signal, sun, 
set evening, and the end of the 

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day's activities. 
Blue light from Modern screens 

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from certain bulbs, signals, 
mourning and alertness. 

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Your ancestors bathed in only 
warm light once Darkness fell 

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received consistent biological 
signals that it was time to wind

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down. 
The smell of wood smoke became, 

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intimately associated with 
safety and rest. 

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Different Woods, produced 
different scents as they burned.

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Resinous Pine released sharp 
cleaner Aromas Hardwoods burned 

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with earthea subtler. 
Fragrances Driftwood. 

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If you camped near water. 
Produced salty, mineral scents, 

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you learned these smells the way
you now know the center of your 

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own home and they became part of
the century package, that meant 

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night, time rest and the end of 
the day. 

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Smoke also served practical 
purposes Beyond Ambience. 

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It helps keep insects at Bay 
particularly mosquitoes in areas

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where they swarmed Sleeping in a
slight Haze of smoke, was 

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uncomfortable in some ways, it 
could irritate eyes and throats.

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But preferable to being eaten 
alive by biting insects all 

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night, you learn to position 
yourself where you catch enough 

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smoke to discourage bugs but not
so much that you'd wake up 

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coughing. 
The fire required maintenance 

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through the night and this 
maintenance shaped how you 

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slept. 
Someone needed to wake 

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periodically and add fuel in a 
group this responsibility often 

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rotated. 
Informally, you'd wake 

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naturally, your bladder needed 
emptying, annoys startled, you 

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or you'd simply had enough sleep
for the moment. 

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And while awake you'd feed the 
fire, then you'd settle back 

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down for another stretch of 
rest. 

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This pattern of segmented, sleep
with a period of quiet 

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wakefulness. 
In the middle of the night was 

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completely normal for most of 
human history. 

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Historical records from medieval
Europe mentioned, first, sleep 

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and second sleep as distinct 
periods. 

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People would wake around, 
midnight, tend to various needs,

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perhaps chat, quietly, or engage
in other activities, then return

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to sleep until morning your 
prehistoric ancestors. 

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Almost certainly followed 
similar patterns. 

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And fire maintenance, fit 
naturally into these wakeful 

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intervals, the heat from a fire.
Doesn't distribute evenly. 

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The side of your body facing the
Flames would grow. 

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Warm even hot while your back 
remained cool or cold. 

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You learn to rotate yourself 
like a rotisserie chicken 

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warming, one side than the 
other. 

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This rotation became part of 
your sleeping movement built 

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into the muscle memory of rest. 
Even to day when you roll over 

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in your modern bed, your 
following patterns established 

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over 100s of thousands of years 
of sleeping near fires. the 

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progression of a fire through 
the night, had its own Evening 

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Flames danced, high and bright 
as fresh Wood, Court and burned.

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Middle of the night. 
Fires settled, into steadier 

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combustion fed but not rebuilt. 
Pre-dawn fires were often 

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reduced to glowing coals that 
radiated, heat without much 

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visible flame. 
You learned to read this 

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progression to know what stage 
of night. 

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You'd reached just by looking at
the fire state, Coals, in fact 

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became precious. 
Keeping coals alive from one 

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night's fire to start the next 
day's fire saved enormous 

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effort. 
Various methods were developed 

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for transporting coals during 
daily movement. 

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Bart containers hallowed stones 
and carefully maintained 

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smoldering materials. 
The person responsible for the 

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coals carried genuine 
responsibility. 

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Losing them meant the laborious 
process of starting a fire from 

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scratch. 
Something that could take 

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considerable time even for 
experts. 

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The cycle comfort of fire and 
deeper than its practical 

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benefits. 
Sitting around a fire before 

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sleep. 
You'd feel connected to every 

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00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:33,600
human who'd ever done the same, 
Experience was Universal 

235
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:39,300
transcending, cultures and eras.
Hey a Kung sand person in the 

236
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:43,600
Kalahari, a clovis Hunter on the
North American Plains or near 

237
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,200
lithic farmer in Anatolia. 
All would recognize and 

238
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,200
understand your fire Circle and 
would know exactly how to 

239
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:52,000
participate in this nightly 
ritual. 

240
00:13:52,900 --> 00:13:55,400
Story is often happened around 
fires though. 

241
00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:57,000
Not always in the formalized 
way. 

242
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,100
You might imagine. 
Sometimes people shared 

243
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:01,700
information about the days of 
events. 

244
00:14:01,700 --> 00:14:04,400
Sometimes they discuss plans for
tomorrow. 

245
00:14:04,400 --> 00:14:08,000
Sometimes they simply sat 
together in companionable, 

246
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:12,700
silence, each person, lost in 
their own thoughts held together

247
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:18,000
by the shared light and warmth. 
Fire was the half before halfs 

248
00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:21,400
existed, the Gathering Place 
that predated all other 

249
00:14:21,400 --> 00:14:24,900
gathering places. 
As you drifted towards sleep. 

250
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,600
Fire became a presence rather 
than a focus. 

251
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,300
You stopped, actively watching 
it but remained aware of it in 

252
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:36,400
your peripheral vision and in 
the warmth on your skin. 

253
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:40,800
If it dimmed too much, some part
of your brain noticed and 

254
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:44,900
prompted wakefulness if it 
blazed too high, the same 

255
00:14:44,900 --> 00:14:48,300
mechanism, triggered you and the
fire maintained a relationship 

256
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:51,600
through the night, a wordless 
partnership in the business of 

257
00:14:51,600 --> 00:14:54,900
surviving until morning. 
The development of bedding 

258
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:58,200
represents one of Humanity's 
great underappreciated in 

259
00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,200
innovation's. 
The jump from sleeping directly 

260
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:05,100
on the ground to sleeping on or 
under processed animal materials

261
00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:07,200
was enormous though. 
It happened. 

262
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:10,300
So gradually that no one noticed
they were inventing anything. 

263
00:15:10,300 --> 00:15:14,700
They were just trying to be more
comfortable to be warmer and to 

264
00:15:14,700 --> 00:15:18,400
sleep a little bit better. 
Early bedding was probably, just

265
00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:19,900
whatever happened to be lying 
around. 

266
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:23,600
You'd push aside rocks and 
sticks from where you plan to 

267
00:15:23,608 --> 00:15:26,900
sleep and maybe arrange some 
larger leaves or grasses. 

268
00:15:26,900 --> 00:15:31,200
This barely counts as bedding. 
But it was a start the 

269
00:15:31,200 --> 00:15:33,900
recognition that you could 
modify the ground surface to 

270
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:37,800
improve your rest. 
That recognition simple. 

271
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:42,000
As it sounds, required abstract 
thinking, you had to imagine 

272
00:15:42,000 --> 00:15:44,800
future comfort and take present 
action to achieve it. 

273
00:15:45,700 --> 00:15:49,200
Grass is where an obvious 
choice, where available dry 

274
00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,900
grass, pulled or cut and piled, 
created a cushion between you 

275
00:15:52,900 --> 00:15:57,400
and the hard ground. stems 
trapped are providing insulation

276
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:01,000
a compressed under your weight 
but never completely flatland 

277
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:05,100
maintaining some give You'd 
gather arm, fulls of the stuff 

278
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:08,600
probably more than you thought 
you'd need because grass mats 

279
00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:10,400
compacted significantly 
overnight. 

280
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:15,100
The downside of grass bedding 
was its impermanence it crushed 

281
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:18,300
and broke down, quickly, it 
absorbed moisture from the 

282
00:16:18,308 --> 00:16:21,600
ground and from your body 
becoming damp and less 

283
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:24,100
effective. 
If you stayed in one location 

284
00:16:24,100 --> 00:16:27,400
for several nights, you'd need 
to refresh your grass pile 

285
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:31,300
regularly adding new material 
and removing the compressed 

286
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:36,700
decomposing old layers, Cross 
also, attracted insects small 

287
00:16:36,700 --> 00:16:40,300
spiders ticks. 
Anything looking for similar 

288
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,200
shelter leaves worked 
differently. 

289
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:46,000
Depending on the type, large 
waxy leaves overlapped, like 

290
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,800
shingles could create a somewhat
waterproof barrier. 

291
00:16:49,400 --> 00:16:52,300
Soft leaves piled, deeply could 
cushion like grass. 

292
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,500
Dry leaves. 
However, made noise every shift 

293
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,900
in position, created rustling, 
sounds that could wake you and 

294
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:03,100
others you learned, which leaves
worked best in your area through

295
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:05,800
trial and error. 
Probably starting with whatever 

296
00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:08,099
was most abundant and gradually 
refining. 

297
00:17:08,099 --> 00:17:12,599
Your choice is, Bark. 
When properly processed served 

298
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:16,599
multiple purposes. 
Certain trees had inner bark, 

299
00:17:16,599 --> 00:17:18,099
that could be stripped and 
sheets. 

300
00:17:19,000 --> 00:17:23,500
These sheets softened through 
beating or soaking became 

301
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:27,300
surprisingly flexible. 
They could like flat as a ground

302
00:17:27,300 --> 00:17:31,200
cover, providing both insulation
and a barrier against moisture 

303
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:35,100
and small crawling things. 
Some cultures developed to 

304
00:17:35,100 --> 00:17:37,200
elaborate bark processing 
techniques. 

305
00:17:37,200 --> 00:17:40,200
That wouldn't be discovered for 
thousands of years but even 

306
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,000
simple bark, sheets, improved 
Comfort measure of early. 

307
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,600
Then came animal hides and 
everything changed. 

308
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,200
The first hide was probably not 
intended as bedding. 

309
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:53,800
More likely. 
It was the byproduct of eating 

310
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:56,800
an animal left over after the 
meat was consumed. 

311
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:00,300
Someone noticed that lying on, 
it was more comfortable than 

312
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,400
lying on the ground. 
Someone else draped, one over 

313
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:05,700
themselves and realized it held 
Heat. 

314
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,600
These observations repeated 
across countless individuals and

315
00:18:09,608 --> 00:18:13,400
groups led to the deliberate 
creation of highs for sleeping. 

316
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:18,900
Rawhide, untreated skin. 
Fresh from an animal is stiff 

317
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:22,700
unpleasant and quickly becomes 
putrid. 

318
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:25,500
It has to be processed to become
useful. 

319
00:18:26,600 --> 00:18:30,500
The simplest processing involves
scraping away the fat and flesh 

320
00:18:30,500 --> 00:18:34,200
from the inner surface, then 
stretching and drying, the hide.

321
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,500
This created a stiff but usable 
material that could serve as a 

322
00:18:38,508 --> 00:18:41,100
ground cover. 
It wouldn't rot immediately. 

323
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:45,000
It provided a solid barrier 
against dampness and it could be

324
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:49,400
rolled up and transported. 
True leather soft and supple 

325
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:52,700
required. 
Much more work yet to remove all

326
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:56,000
the hair thoroughly, clean both 
sides, and then work some kind 

327
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:58,800
of oil or fat into the material 
to keep it flexible. 

328
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:02,800
Different cultures developed 
different techniques, brain 

329
00:19:02,800 --> 00:19:06,400
tanning, smoke taning, and 
vegetable tanning each method 

330
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:10,100
had advantages and drawbacks, 
but all transformed, stiff, hide

331
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:12,700
into pliable leather. 
That could be used as a blanket 

332
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:15,800
worn as clothing or shaped into 
containers. 

333
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:19,300
Sleeping under a fur. 
Hide was a luxury though. 

334
00:19:19,300 --> 00:19:21,600
Your prehistoric self wouldn't 
have used that word. 

335
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:26,100
Fir trapped air in its dense mat
of hairs, creating insulation 

336
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:28,100
that was hard to match with 
plant materials. 

337
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:32,200
First side against your skin 
felt soft and warm. 

338
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:36,700
The hide side facing out. 
Could shed light rain, a good 

339
00:19:36,708 --> 00:19:38,400
fur. 
Hide was the difference between 

340
00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:41,600
shivering through the night and 
sleeping comfortably between 

341
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,900
tolerating cold weather and 
actually being warm Different 

342
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:48,000
animal. 
Furs had different properties. 

343
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:51,700
Deer hide was versatile and 
relatively easy to work. 

344
00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:56,700
Barefoot was incredibly warm. 
But heavy Rabbit fur was soft, 

345
00:19:56,700 --> 00:20:00,600
but less durable, Buffalo hide, 
where available was thick and 

346
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:03,200
tough. 
He used what you could get what 

347
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,100
your groups successfully hunted,
and what your environment 

348
00:20:06,100 --> 00:20:09,000
provided. 
The hide you slept under told 

349
00:20:09,000 --> 00:20:11,300
the story of your people's 
relationship with the animals 

350
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,200
around you. 
Maintaining these hides required

351
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,700
effort. 
They needed to stay dry when 

352
00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:21,000
possible because wet leather 
becomes heavy cold and prone to 

353
00:20:21,000 --> 00:20:23,400
mildew. 
They needed protection from 

354
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:25,300
insects that would eat the hide 
itself. 

355
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:30,400
They needed occasional re oiling
to maintain supplements, In many

356
00:20:30,400 --> 00:20:32,900
ways you're sleeping, hide was a
valued possession. 

357
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:37,200
Something you'd repair rather 
than replace something, you'd 

358
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:38,900
use until it literally fell 
apart. 

359
00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:42,900
The combination of materials 
created the optimal sleeping 

360
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:47,800
setup grass or leaves, first 
piled and shaped to create a 

361
00:20:47,808 --> 00:20:51,300
mattress of sorts. 
It's scraped hide over that 

362
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:56,100
providing a barrier, your body 
on that surface and other hide, 

363
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:58,000
ideally, with fur draped over 
you. 

364
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,700
If you were lucky enough to have
two fur hides, you could create 

365
00:21:01,700 --> 00:21:04,600
a sleeping Arrangement, that 
rivaled, modernly sleeping bags 

366
00:21:04,600 --> 00:21:08,500
in warmth and comfort. 
In cold climates, people. 

367
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:11,000
Learn to create what amounted to
sleeping nests. 

368
00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:14,500
They dig shallow depression in 
the ground pile them with 

369
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:18,600
insulating materials line them 
with hides and basically burrow 

370
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:22,000
in for the night. 
Heat from your body trapped in 

371
00:21:22,000 --> 00:21:24,500
this nest. 
Could you comfortable even in 

372
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,400
temperatures that would quickly 
kill an unprotected person? 

373
00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,500
These techniques were 
sophisticated and based on a 

374
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:35,100
deep understanding of Thermo 
Dynamics, even though the people

375
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:39,100
using them had never heard the 
word thermodynamics, Movement 

376
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:41,100
shaped everything about how you 
slept. 

377
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:45,100
If you are going to walk to a 
new location tomorrow, carrying 

378
00:21:45,100 --> 00:21:48,400
everything you owned then, 
tonight's sleeping arrangements 

379
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:51,900
had to account for that reality.
Your bedding needed to be 

380
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:56,300
portable your fire needed to be 
something you could abandon your

381
00:21:56,300 --> 00:21:58,800
entire sleeping setup needed to 
pack up, quickly in the morning 

382
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:00,800
and unpack quickly in the 
evening. 

383
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:05,800
The nomadic lifestyle followed 
resources, game animals, 

384
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,600
fruiting plants, water sources, 
and seasonal patterns. 

385
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:14,700
You moved when staying meant 
scarcity and hardship, you 

386
00:22:14,700 --> 00:22:16,800
stayed, when the location 
provided abundance. 

387
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:20,600
This meant that some nights 
you'd camp in familiar spots, 

388
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:24,400
places your group had used 
before perhaps regularly. 

389
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:28,900
Other nights you'd camp in 
entirely new locations, reading 

390
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:31,200
the landscape quickly, to 
determine the best spot. 

391
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,000
Familiar camping spots 
accumulated, evidence of 

392
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:38,900
previous use. 
Firing of a range Stones marked 

393
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:42,200
where others at fires. 
Flattened areas showed where 

394
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:45,100
people had slept. 
Sometimes you'd find useful 

395
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:49,000
items Left Behind damaged tools.
Not worth carrying cached 

396
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,700
materials meant for a return, 
visit and where patterns that 

397
00:22:52,700 --> 00:22:55,908
indicated, which directions 
people have moved in and out of 

398
00:22:55,916 --> 00:22:59,000
the camp. 
These familiar spots became 

399
00:22:59,000 --> 00:23:02,900
seasonal homes of a sort. 
Your group might return to the 

400
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:05,500
same Riverside Camp. 
Each spring to fish during 

401
00:23:05,500 --> 00:23:08,700
spawning runs. 
You'd return to the same Oak 

402
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,100
Grove each Autumn to harvest 
acorns. 

403
00:23:11,800 --> 00:23:15,200
The sleeping spots at these 
locations took on familiarity. 

404
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,000
Knew where to position yourself 
to avoid the morning sun in your

405
00:23:19,008 --> 00:23:23,900
eyes you which area, stayed 
driest during rain, you know, 

406
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:28,000
where the ground was softest. 
Unfamiliar locations required 

407
00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,500
more careful assessment. 
You'd arrive with a few hours of

408
00:23:31,500 --> 00:23:35,000
daylight remaining enough time 
to evaluate the area but not 

409
00:23:35,000 --> 00:23:38,800
enough to be leisurely about it.
Water access was crucial. 

410
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:42,700
You needed to be near enough to 
gather water easily but not so 

411
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:45,600
close that you'd attract every 
animal in the area. 

412
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,700
Looking for a drink High. 
Ground was generally better than

413
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,300
low ground but not always it 
depended. 

414
00:23:51,300 --> 00:23:54,400
On the weather, the season and 
the specific geography. 

415
00:23:54,400 --> 00:23:59,000
Your daily routine became deeply
tied to these patterns, you'd 

416
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:02,800
wake with the Sun or shortly 
after having slept about as much

417
00:24:02,800 --> 00:24:06,700
as your body needed. 
Morning, activities, included 

418
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:09,500
tending, the fire eating 
something and packing up your 

419
00:24:09,500 --> 00:24:13,200
sleeping materials. 
Then you'd move walking toward 

420
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:16,800
your next destination Gathering 
food, and resources as you 

421
00:24:16,800 --> 00:24:20,400
traveled, always watching for 
the next night's camping spot. 

422
00:24:21,400 --> 00:24:24,800
The pace of nomadic travel was 
surprisingly relaxed. 

423
00:24:25,400 --> 00:24:27,600
You weren't trying to cover 
maximum distance. 

424
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:30,400
You were trying to move through 
the landscape efficiently, 

425
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:34,500
taking advantage of what you 
found arriving at your next camp

426
00:24:34,500 --> 00:24:36,300
with enough daylight to prepare 
properly. 

427
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:40,300
Some days you'd cover 
significant ground other days, 

428
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,600
you'd barely move at all. 
If you'd found a particularly 

429
00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:46,700
Rich foraging area, Children 
complicated, this movement as 

430
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:48,700
children. 
Always complicate movement. 

431
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:52,800
The very young needed to be 
carried which limited how much 

432
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:57,100
other than adult could manage 
Older children could walk but 

433
00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:01,000
tired more easily than adults, 
the group's Pace adjusted to 

434
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,300
accommodate its slowest members.
This meant that a group with 

435
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:07,900
many young children, moved more 
slowly and covered less distance

436
00:25:07,900 --> 00:25:12,900
than a group of primates adults.
As evening approached whoever 

437
00:25:12,900 --> 00:25:15,900
was leading or whoever had the 
most experience would start 

438
00:25:15,900 --> 00:25:18,200
looking more intentionally for 
camping spots. 

439
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,000
They evaluate options as they 
walked making note of 

440
00:25:22,008 --> 00:25:24,800
possibilities. 
When they found a good spot 

441
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:27,900
they'd indicate it. 
Somehow maybe just stopping and 

442
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,200
starting to set down their 
burden maybe a gesture or word 

443
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,700
to the others. 
The group would Converge on this

444
00:25:34,700 --> 00:25:36,800
spot and begin their evening 
routine. 

445
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:39,300
Unpacking happened in a practice
order. 

446
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,100
Sleeping materials came out 
first because they needed to be 

447
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:45,700
arranged before. 
Darkness made the task difficult

448
00:25:45,700 --> 00:25:48,300
firewood needed Gathering 
though. 

449
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:51,800
You'd have collected some during
the day's walk food, required 

450
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:56,000
preparation though, the method 
was often simple, roasting meat 

451
00:25:56,000 --> 00:25:59,100
or tubers in the fire, eating 
whatever fruits or nuts you'd 

452
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:01,500
gathered. 
The routine was efficient 

453
00:26:01,500 --> 00:26:03,400
because you've done it. 
Countless times before. 

454
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,100
The portability constraint meant
you couldn't accumulate much 

455
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:12,100
your sleeping hide or hide a few
tools, perhaps a container for 

456
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:15,300
water or gathered food. 
These constituted your 

457
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:17,800
possessions. 
Anything else would be weight 

458
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:21,400
you'd have to carry tomorrow and
every day after This enforced, 

459
00:26:21,400 --> 00:26:25,400
minimalism shaped not just your 
material culture but also your 

460
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:27,700
mindset. 
You value the things 

461
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:29,500
differently, when you have to 
carry them everywhere. 

462
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:33,900
Some groups cash from materials 
at frequently used locations. 

463
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:39,100
You'd leave heavier items extra 
highs, larger tools, gathered 

464
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:42,700
materials like quality Stone 
hidden somewhere, you could find

465
00:26:42,700 --> 00:26:46,000
them when you returned. 
This strategy required, good 

466
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:48,000
memory and landmarks that 
wouldn't change. 

467
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,700
Particular, rock formation a 
distinctive tree, a memorable, 

468
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:56,200
landscape feature. 
These became waypoints, not just

469
00:26:56,200 --> 00:26:58,500
for navigation, but for resource
storage. 

470
00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:03,000
Seasonal patterns meant you 
didn't just wander randomly, you

471
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,400
followed established circuits. 
Moving through a known territory

472
00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:08,700
in response to predictable 
resource availability. 

473
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:12,100
Spring meant moving to 
particular locations. 

474
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:13,800
Where certain plants would be 
ready. 

475
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,200
Some are mentioned shifting to 
follow animal migrations or to 

476
00:27:18,208 --> 00:27:21,500
access high altitude areas that 
were impossible in winter. 

477
00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:25,300
Autumn meant positioning 
yourself where you could have 

478
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:27,600
Harvest and store foods for the 
cold months. 

479
00:27:28,500 --> 00:27:31,800
Winter meant finding the most 
sheltered locations and moving 

480
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,300
as little as possible. 
The social dynamics of nightly 

481
00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:39,500
camp set up were intricate, who 
gathered wood who prepared food 

482
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:43,600
and who arranged sleeping areas?
These tasks were distributed 

483
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:48,000
based on age, gender individual 
capability and social 

484
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:50,700
relationships. 
The patterns varied between 

485
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:54,400
cultures and groups, but within 
any given group, people knew 

486
00:27:54,400 --> 00:27:56,700
their roles and perform them 
without much discussion. 

487
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:01,300
Argument certainly happened just
as they happen in any human 

488
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:04,800
group, someone might object to 
the chosen camping spot. 

489
00:28:05,600 --> 00:28:08,100
Two people might want the same 
position by the fire. 

490
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:12,200
Resources might be distributed 
in ways that some perceive is 

491
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:14,500
unfair. 
But the mobility of the 

492
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,700
lifestyle meant that these 
conflicts, rarely escalated 

493
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:20,700
dramatically. 
Tomorrow, you'd be moving again 

494
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:24,100
positions would shift and 
circumstances would change. 

495
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,400
Long. 
After some humans settled into 

496
00:28:27,400 --> 00:28:31,000
permanent homes many cultures 
maintain detailed knowledge, 

497
00:28:31,000 --> 00:28:33,800
about sleeping Outdoors. 
This knowledge was 

498
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:38,000
sophisticated, highly adapted to
local environments and 

499
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:41,200
represented thousands of years 
of accumulated wisdom. 

500
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:45,000
The expertise that indigenous 
people's about nighttime 

501
00:28:45,000 --> 00:28:47,200
survival in their territories 
was remarkable. 

502
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:51,600
And deserves recognition beyond 
the simple label of primitive 

503
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,600
camping. 
In the ark where summer nights, 

504
00:28:55,600 --> 00:28:57,300
barely got dark and winter 
nights. 

505
00:28:57,300 --> 00:29:00,100
Barely got light. 
Sleeping arrangements had to 

506
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,400
account for extreme cold. 
The Inuit developed sleeping 

507
00:29:03,400 --> 00:29:07,200
platforms, raised above the snow
surface knowing that the coldest

508
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:11,100
are settled low. 
They built snow House's igloos 

509
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:14,100
that trapped heat. 
So, effectively the interior 

510
00:29:14,100 --> 00:29:16,800
temperatures could reach 
comfortable levels even when 

511
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:18,900
outside temperatures dropped to 
deadly cold. 

512
00:29:19,800 --> 00:29:22,000
They're sleeping Arrangements 
Within These snow structures 

513
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,500
were precise. 
Family slept together on Caribou

514
00:29:25,500 --> 00:29:29,000
hides spread over the sleeping 
platform with more hides, 

515
00:29:29,000 --> 00:29:32,900
layered on top body heat from 
multiple people trapped under 

516
00:29:32,900 --> 00:29:35,600
skins created a warm 
micro-environment. 

517
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:39,500
They slept naked or nearly so 
because too many clothes would 

518
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:41,900
cause sweating and sweat would 
freeze. 

519
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:45,500
The knowledge of how to balance 
insulation body heat and 

520
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:49,500
moisture management was complex 
and life-saving. in tropical 

521
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:53,400
environments, the challenges 
were entirely different heat and

522
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,500
humidity with the enemies along 
with insects and other 

523
00:29:57,500 --> 00:29:58,700
creatures. 
That found humans. 

524
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:03,400
Interesting either as prey or as
annoyance is, Many rainforest 

525
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:05,800
cultures developed race sleeping
platforms. 

526
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,300
That kept you off the ground 
away from crawling things and 

527
00:30:09,300 --> 00:30:11,900
allowed air circulation beneath 
you for cooling. 

528
00:30:11,900 --> 00:30:15,800
These platforms were built fresh
each night or maintained her to 

529
00:30:15,800 --> 00:30:19,900
established camping locations. 
Mosquito Nets, woven from plant 

530
00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:23,100
fibers provided protection from 
biting insects without blocking 

531
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,500
airflow. 
The weaving had to be tight 

532
00:30:25,500 --> 00:30:28,200
enough to exclude mosquitoes. 
But open enough to remain 

533
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:32,000
breathable in the humid Heat, 
Achieving this balance required 

534
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:35,800
skill and experience. 
Some cultures use smoked fires, 

535
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:39,400
positioned up wind of sleeping 
areas, accepting the discomfort 

536
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:41,700
of smoke in exchange for fewer 
insects. 

537
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:46,100
Desert people's developed 
entirely different expertise in 

538
00:30:46,100 --> 00:30:49,200
regions where nighttime 
temperatures could plunge 40 or 

539
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:53,600
50 degrees from daytime highs. 
Where water was scarce and where

540
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:55,900
shelter materials were limited 
survival. 

541
00:30:55,900 --> 00:31:00,400
Required understanding subtle 
landscape features aware. 

542
00:31:00,400 --> 00:31:03,300
He a dry. 
Riverbed might provide the only 

543
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:07,700
Windbreak for miles The side of 
the Dune facing away from 

544
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:10,900
prevailing, winds would be 
noticeably calmer a rock 

545
00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:13,900
outcropping, could radiate 
stored heat for hours after 

546
00:31:13,900 --> 00:31:17,200
sunset. 
The Bedouin perfected mobile 

547
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:21,300
shelter, that could be erected 
quickly and provided genuine 

548
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,100
protection from Sun wind and 
cold. 

549
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:27,800
Their black goat hair, tents 
could be struck and loaded on 

550
00:31:27,800 --> 00:31:31,000
cameras in minutes but provided 
livable space. 

551
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:34,400
When set up the sleeping 
Arrangements Within These tents,

552
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:38,700
followed social rules men's 
side, women side and positions 

553
00:31:38,700 --> 00:31:41,600
determined by family 
relationships and social status.

554
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:46,700
And temperate forests, Native 
American groups, developed bark 

555
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:48,800
and Hyde structures. 
That could be temporary or 

556
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:51,200
semi-permanent depending on the 
season and purpose. 

557
00:31:51,900 --> 00:31:56,000
A quick Lean 2 might serve for a
single night when traveling a 

558
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,200
more substantial Wigwam or Lodge
might house a family for weeks 

559
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:01,900
or months. 
The knowledge of which trees 

560
00:32:01,900 --> 00:32:05,800
provided the Best Bark for 
roofing, how to bend saplings 

561
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:09,600
into structural frames and how 
to position structures relative 

562
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:13,000
to prevailing winds? 
All of this was sophisticated 

563
00:32:13,000 --> 00:32:17,400
architectural understanding 
Australian Aboriginal people's 

564
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:20,800
living across incredibly diverse
environments. 

565
00:32:20,800 --> 00:32:24,700
Ranging from the tropical North 
to the temperate, South to the 

566
00:32:24,700 --> 00:32:28,400
Arid interior developed 
location, specific sleeping 

567
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,900
strategies in the desert. 
Interior windbreaks made from 

568
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,400
brush and knowledge of Which 
rare spots held moisture for 

569
00:32:35,400 --> 00:32:39,000
vegetation were crucial. 
Along the coasts different 

570
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:42,300
considerations applied. 
The knowledge was details and 

571
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:45,700
specific to each area passed 
down through generations. 

572
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:49,500
Many indigenous groups, maintain
detailed knowledge about reading

573
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,600
weather signs and adjusting 
sleeping Arrangements 

574
00:32:52,600 --> 00:32:55,700
accordingly. 
Certain cloud formations meant 

575
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:58,500
rain was coming. 
Particular, wind shifts, 

576
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:02,200
indicated temperature changes, 
animal behavior patterns, 

577
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,300
signaled, approaching storms. 
This knowledge allowed people to

578
00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:09,700
prepare their sleeping areas 
before whether arrived rather 

579
00:33:09,700 --> 00:33:13,900
than scrambling to adjust after 
getting soaked or caught in high

580
00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:18,100
winds. 
The relationship with the night 

581
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:21,400
sky was intimate in ways that 
modern people rarely experience.

582
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:25,200
Without light pollution, the 
stars were sharp and bright. 

583
00:33:26,000 --> 00:33:29,800
The Milky Way visible as a 
brilliant band constellations 

584
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:33,000
were just patterns, but now 
navigation, tools, calendars and

585
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:37,000
storytelling devices. you 
learned to orient Yourself by 

586
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:41,900
stars to determine Direction 
even in unfamiliar territory and

587
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:46,000
to judge the time of night by 
Stellar positions, The Moon's 

588
00:33:46,000 --> 00:33:48,800
phase is determined many 
activities and affected, 

589
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:52,400
sleeping patterns, full Moon's, 
provided enough light for 

590
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,700
extended evening, activities, or
even nighttime travel in 

591
00:33:55,700 --> 00:33:59,100
emergencies. 
New moons made deeper darkness 

592
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,400
and early asleep. 
Some cultures had, elaborate 

593
00:34:02,400 --> 00:34:04,400
lunar calendars and timed 
activities. 

594
00:34:04,400 --> 00:34:09,100
Hunting Fishing Gathering 
celebrations to lunar phases. 

595
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:12,900
Night sounds and their 
interpretations represented, 

596
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,400
another layer of knowledge. 
You learn to distinguish between

597
00:34:16,400 --> 00:34:19,600
the normal sounds of nocturnal 
animals and sounds that 

598
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,000
indicated Danger. 
And abrupt silence in the 

599
00:34:23,007 --> 00:34:25,600
normally noisy. 
Nighttime chorus meant a large 

600
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:29,100
Predator had passed through. 
Certain bird calls at night 

601
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:32,699
warned of approaching humans. 
The rustling patterns of small 

602
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:34,400
animals. 
Moving through vegetation 

603
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:36,800
differed from the rustling of 
larger creatures. 

604
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,900
Sleeping patterns in these 
cultures often differed from 

605
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:43,699
Modern 8 Hour blocks. 
Segmented. 

606
00:34:43,699 --> 00:34:46,900
Sleep was common sleeping for 
several hours, waking for a 

607
00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:49,300
period, Then sleeping again, and
until more morning. 

608
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:53,100
During wakeful periods, people 
might tend to various tasks 

609
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:56,900
engage in social activities or 
simply rest quietly. 

610
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:01,300
This pattern aligned with 
natural human sleep cycles, 

611
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:03,600
better than the Consolidated 
sleep schedule. 

612
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:08,300
Most modern people attempt to 
maintain Dreams held significant

613
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:12,100
in many indigenous cultures and 
the sleeping environment was 

614
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:15,300
sometimes deliberately arranged 
to encourage particular types of

615
00:35:15,308 --> 00:35:17,900
Dreams. 
Certain locations were 

616
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:20,000
considered more conducive to 
meaningful dreams. 

617
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:23,800
Sleeping alone versus sleeping 
in a group affected, dream 

618
00:35:23,800 --> 00:35:27,200
content and significance. 
People who sought Visions or 

619
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:31,100
spiritual experiences, often 
isolated themselves and slept in

620
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:33,900
specific locations chosen for 
their spiritual properties. 

621
00:35:35,000 --> 00:35:37,100
The Practical knowledge of what 
materials worked. 

622
00:35:37,100 --> 00:35:39,600
Best for sleeping Comfort was 
extensive. 

623
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,000
Some barks were too rough and 
would irritate skin. 

624
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,100
Some grasses attracted by biting
ants. 

625
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,700
Certain animal Furs had Superior
insulating properties. 

626
00:35:50,400 --> 00:35:53,600
Pine, boughs arranged, just 
right created, excellent 

627
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,400
mattresses that were naturally 
resistant to Insects this 

628
00:35:57,400 --> 00:36:02,100
knowledge was specific details 
and generations, of trial and 

629
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:04,600
error. 
Teaching these skills to 

630
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:07,400
Children happen through 
participation and observation 

631
00:36:07,400 --> 00:36:12,000
rather than formal instruction, 
young children, slept near their

632
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:16,600
parents watching and absorbing 
the routines as they grew older.

633
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,800
They take on more 
responsibilities gathering 

634
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:24,500
firewood, arranging materials, 
and helping to evaluate camping 

635
00:36:24,500 --> 00:36:27,000
spots by adult hood, they 
possessed. 

636
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,500
Comprehensive knowledge, about 
sleeping safely, and comfortably

637
00:36:29,500 --> 00:36:32,300
in their environment. 
Without anyone ever sitting them

638
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:36,400
down for explicit lessons, When 
humans organize themselves into 

639
00:36:36,400 --> 00:36:40,100
armies and March to war, They 
Carried the fundamental need for

640
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,000
Sleep into dramatically 
different circumstances. 

641
00:36:43,900 --> 00:36:47,400
Military camps, represented a 
particular variation on sleeping

642
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:50,500
outside. 
Temporary purpose-built 

643
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:54,500
constrained by tactical 
considerations, an organized 

644
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:57,000
around principles of security 
and hierarchy. 

645
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:00,600
Looking at how soldiers slept 
through history. 

646
00:37:00,600 --> 00:37:04,800
Reveals both Universal human 
needs and the extreme 

647
00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:09,500
adaptability Force by conflict. 
Roman Legions on campaign 

648
00:37:09,500 --> 00:37:13,400
established camps with 
remarkable consistently and 

649
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:17,100
efficiently. 
After a day's March, the Army 

650
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:19,200
would stop and build a fortified
campus. 

651
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:23,000
Essentially, from scratch. 
Every Soldier knew exactly where

652
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:25,100
his units position would be 
within the camp. 

653
00:37:25,100 --> 00:37:28,400
Layout surveyors would stake out
the camp parameter while 

654
00:37:28,400 --> 00:37:31,000
soldiers began digging 
defensive, ditches, and building

655
00:37:31,000 --> 00:37:32,900
ramparts from the excavated 
soil. 

656
00:37:34,300 --> 00:37:37,000
The sleeping Arrangements within
these camps were minimal, but 

657
00:37:37,000 --> 00:37:39,800
organized. 
Legionary slept in leather 

658
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:44,200
tents, 8 men to attend. 
The same 8 who fought together 

659
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,200
as a unit. 
Each man carried part of the 

660
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:50,000
tent among his equipment. 
So the tent could only be 

661
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,100
erected when the whole unit was 
assembled. 

662
00:37:52,900 --> 00:37:57,600
Inside the space was cramped. 
You'd sleep on the ground with 

663
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:00,100
whatever bedding. 
You could manage your cloak, 

664
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:03,800
perhaps or a simple hide, if 
you'd managed to acquire one. 

665
00:38:04,900 --> 00:38:07,800
The Roman military sleeping 
schedule was segmented by 

666
00:38:07,800 --> 00:38:11,200
watches soldiers. 
Took turns standing guard 

667
00:38:11,200 --> 00:38:14,200
through the night rotating in 
and out of Duty. 

668
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:18,300
When you went on, watch you 
slept but sleep was frequently 

669
00:38:18,300 --> 00:38:23,400
interrupted alerts drills, 
enemy, attacks orders to move, 

670
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:25,900
anything could wait, you at any 
time? 

671
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:29,700
You learn to fall asleep quickly
and to function on whatever rest

672
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:32,800
you could grab. 
Medieval armies operated with 

673
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:35,800
less systematic organization, 
but similar constraints. 

674
00:38:36,700 --> 00:38:40,400
Nights might have tents with 
some comfort, actual cops, and 

675
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:44,000
more substantial bedding. 
Common soldiers would shelter 

676
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:47,300
under whatever they could 
contrive lean two's made from 

677
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:51,100
Shields and cloaks shared 
shelters cobbled together from 

678
00:38:51,100 --> 00:38:53,700
available materials or nothing 
at all. 

679
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:56,800
If the weather was mild and the 
Tactical situation urgent 

680
00:38:57,800 --> 00:39:00,900
Sleeping in armor, was sometimes
necessary for an attack seemed 

681
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:03,400
imminent. 
Full plate, armor made actual 

682
00:39:03,400 --> 00:39:06,600
sleep nearly impossible, but 
male could be endured if you 

683
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:08,200
were desperate or disciplined 
enough. 

684
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:12,000
More commonly soldiers would 
keep Armour clothes and 

685
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,600
partially prepared, so they 
could arm themselves quickly if 

686
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:18,500
roused, the balance between 
Readiness and rest was constant 

687
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:22,000
and stressful. 
The Mongol armies that conquered

688
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:24,100
much of the Known World in the 
13th century. 

689
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:27,400
Slept in ways that matched their
nomadic heritage. 

690
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:32,200
They used felt tents jurors or 
Yurts, that could be erected 

691
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:34,600
quickly and provided excellent 
insulation. 

692
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:38,500
When moving fast during 
campaigns, they'd sleep in the 

693
00:39:38,500 --> 00:39:42,300
open rolled in felt blankets, 
their horses tied, nearby. 

694
00:39:43,600 --> 00:39:47,300
The ability to sleep lightly and
wake ready to ride was essential

695
00:39:47,300 --> 00:39:50,400
to their military success, 
Napoleonic armies. 

696
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:53,000
In the early 19th century 
marched across Europe. 

697
00:39:53,000 --> 00:39:57,300
With enormous baggage trains 
that included tents, Camp 

698
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:01,900
Equipment and supply wagons. 
Officers maintained relatively 

699
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,500
comfortable accommodations 
regular soldiers crowded into 

700
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:08,800
small tents or slept in the open
depending on supply of 

701
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:11,900
availability and the pace of 
campaign movements. 

702
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:16,100
Famous image of Napoleon's Army 
retreating from Russia, in 

703
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:20,400
Winter includes thousands of men
sleeping in the snow freezing to

704
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,000
death in their sleep because 
they simply had no better 

705
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:26,300
option. 
The American Civil Wars were 

706
00:40:26,300 --> 00:40:29,500
armies of hundreds of thousands 
living in temporary camps for 

707
00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:31,200
months at a time between 
battles. 

708
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:36,100
Camps became semi-permanent 
towns with streets organization 

709
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:40,100
and routine. 
Soldiers, slept in small, canvas

710
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:43,400
tents pop tents that provided 
minimal shelter. 

711
00:40:44,700 --> 00:40:48,600
Two men, shared each tent. 
Combining their tent halves to 

712
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:53,100
create one shelter. you dig a 
shallow trench around your tent 

713
00:40:53,100 --> 00:40:56,500
to channel away, rainwater, 
learned to position yourself, 

714
00:40:56,500 --> 00:41:00,400
where leaks release likely, and 
accept dampness, and discomfort 

715
00:41:00,400 --> 00:41:05,100
as normal conditions, Winter 
camps were different armies 

716
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:08,900
would build, log Huts, digging 
the floor, level below ground 

717
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:12,800
for better insulation. 
Constructing, crude fireplaces, 

718
00:41:12,800 --> 00:41:16,500
from mud, and sticks and 
covering roofs with canvas tent 

719
00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:19,800
sections. 
These Huts were crowded, a dozen

720
00:41:19,800 --> 00:41:22,200
men, might share a space. 
That would be tight for four, 

721
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,300
but they provided genuine 
shelter from winter weather. 

722
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:27,800
You'd sleep on a rough wooden 
bunks. 

723
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:31,500
Sometimes with straw mattresses.
If you were lucky more often 

724
00:41:31,500 --> 00:41:36,100
just on boards, World War One 
introduced industrial scale, 

725
00:41:36,100 --> 00:41:40,400
military, sleeping Arrangements.
Trenches became homes for months

726
00:41:40,400 --> 00:41:44,600
or years. 
Dugouts excavated shelters in 

727
00:41:44,600 --> 00:41:47,400
the trench walls, provided 
sleeping quarters. 

728
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:51,600
That were damp, cold, and 
infested with rats and lice, but

729
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:53,100
offered protection from 
shelling. 

730
00:41:54,000 --> 00:41:57,600
You'd sleep in shifts. 
Always partially dressed. 

731
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,300
Always ready to respond to 
alerts. 

732
00:42:01,100 --> 00:42:03,200
The noise of artillery was 
constant. 

733
00:42:04,200 --> 00:42:07,500
Sleep happened in exhausted 
fragments between periods of 

734
00:42:07,508 --> 00:42:12,500
intense, fear and activity. 
World War Two saw mechanized 

735
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:14,700
armies moving across vast 
distances. 

736
00:42:16,000 --> 00:42:20,400
Soldiers, slept in tanks in 
foxholes in bombed out 

737
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:24,400
buildings, intents wherever they
found themselves, when 

738
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:28,600
exhaustion demanded rest, the 
ability to sleep anywhere. 

739
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:33,700
Anytime in any conditions became
a survival skill, Veterans would

740
00:42:33,700 --> 00:42:36,900
later describe falling asleep, 
while walking while sitting 

741
00:42:36,900 --> 00:42:41,400
upright during LOLs and combat. 
the modern military has made 

742
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:44,700
some efforts to improve sleeping
conditions for deployed forces 

743
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:48,700
recognizing that sleep 
deprivation, degrade, combat 

744
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:52,100
effectiveness, Forward. 
Operating bases, might include 

745
00:42:52,108 --> 00:42:56,600
climate controlled tents, actual
cots and some measure of privacy

746
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,700
and comfort. 
But soldiers on patrol on 

747
00:42:59,700 --> 00:43:01,800
missions. 
And in tactical situations, 

748
00:43:01,800 --> 00:43:06,300
still sleep in the dirt in 
vehicles or in whatever. 

749
00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:09,300
Cover is available, maintaining 
the ancient tradition of 

750
00:43:09,308 --> 00:43:13,600
Warriors making do with whatever
circumstances allow Through all 

751
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,400
these errors and armies certain 
patterns held constant. 

752
00:43:17,100 --> 00:43:20,800
Soldiers learned to sleep, 
likely to wake it unusual sounds

753
00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:22,700
and to grab rest whenever 
possible. 

754
00:43:23,600 --> 00:43:25,100
They learned to make minimal 
bedding. 

755
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:28,700
Provide maximum Comfort through 
careful Arrangement, they 

756
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:33,300
learned to sleep despite 
discomfort fear noise, cold heat

757
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:36,100
and hunger. 
The military refined sleeping 

758
00:43:36,100 --> 00:43:39,500
outside down to its absolute 
minimum you close your eyes, 

759
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:43,800
your body, demanded rest and you
slept where the conditions were 

760
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:46,900
favorable or not. 
The hierarchy of sleeping 

761
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,200
Arrangements in military camps, 
always reflected broader social 

762
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:53,400
hierarchies. 
General slept in relative 

763
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:57,400
Comfort, Inn larger tents with 
Furniture officers had better 

764
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:01,900
accommodations than in enlisted 
men. ranked determined who slept

765
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:06,700
under shelter and who slept 
exposed, who got bedding, and 

766
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:10,900
who made do with out, This 
inequality was accepted as part 

767
00:44:10,900 --> 00:44:13,600
of the military structure 
though, it certainly bred 

768
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,900
resentment among those sleeping 
cold and exposed while their 

769
00:44:17,900 --> 00:44:23,200
commanders rested, warm and dry.
Understanding how humans 

770
00:44:23,200 --> 00:44:27,000
actually slept before modern 
lighting and schedules, require 

771
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:30,400
setting aside assumptions about 
eight hour blocks of continuous 

772
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:33,300
unconsciousness. 
Your ancestors sleep patterns 

773
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:36,700
were different and in many ways,
more aligned with natural human 

774
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:39,600
biology. 
The way you were built to sleep.

775
00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:42,000
Doesn't match how you're 
expected to sleep in Modern 

776
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:45,300
Life. and looking at historical 
patterns, reveals this 

777
00:44:45,300 --> 00:44:50,000
disconnect, clearly Without 
artificial light, your Sleepwalk

778
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:53,500
cycle, followed solar patterns 
more directly in summer. 

779
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:57,300
When days were long, you'd sleep
less in winter when night 

780
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:01,300
stretched on you'd sleep. 
More this seasonal variation in 

781
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:05,200
sleep duration was normal and 
healthy. your body naturally 

782
00:45:05,200 --> 00:45:09,300
wanted more rest when darkness, 
dominated and less rest when 

783
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:13,400
sunlight extended your active 
hours, The two sleep pattern 

784
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:16,600
mentioned earlier, first sleep, 
and second sleep with a wakeful 

785
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:19,100
period between deserves deeper 
examination. 

786
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,600
Historical references to this 
pattern appears, multiple 

787
00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:27,300
cultures and time periods. 
People would sleep for three or 

788
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,200
four hours after dark. 
Wait for one or two hours around

789
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,700
midnight, then sleep again until
morning during the wakeful 

790
00:45:33,700 --> 00:45:35,400
period. 
They'd engage in various 

791
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:39,900
activities, quiet, work, 
conversation, prayer, intimate 

792
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:41,900
time with partners and 
reflection. 

793
00:45:42,800 --> 00:45:46,100
This pattern wasn't considered 
unusual or pathological. 

794
00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:50,600
It was simply how sleep worked. 
The period of wakefulness was 

795
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:53,300
even named and discussed 
casually, and writing from 

796
00:45:53,300 --> 00:45:57,200
pre-industrial times. 
Only with the Advent of 

797
00:45:57,200 --> 00:46:00,400
efficient artificial lighting 
and Industrial schedules, did 

798
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,600
the expectation of Consolidated 
sleep become dominant. 

799
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:07,900
Suddenly waking in the middle of
the night was considered 

800
00:46:07,900 --> 00:46:11,400
insomnia. 
Problem to be solved, rather 

801
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:13,400
than a natural pattern to be 
accepted. 

802
00:46:14,400 --> 00:46:18,100
Your body temperature drops 
during sleep lowest in the early

803
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:21,100
morning hours. 
Without central heating. 

804
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:24,400
This meant you'd naturally wake,
as you got cold 10, the fire, 

805
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:27,300
warm yourself and then return to
sleep. 

806
00:46:29,000 --> 00:46:30,800
A temperature cycle of the Sleep
Cycle. 

807
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,700
Reinforced each other modern, 
climate control eliminates the 

808
00:46:34,700 --> 00:46:38,300
trigger allowing uninterrupted 
sleep, but also disrupting the 

809
00:46:38,300 --> 00:46:41,600
natural rhythm. 
Sleep depth varied through the 

810
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:43,900
night in ways that made sense 
for survival. 

811
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:47,400
You'd sleep more lightly in the 
early part of the night when 

812
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,600
Predators were most active and 
threats. 

813
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:54,200
Most likely Deeper sleep came 
later in the pre-dawn hours when

814
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:57,600
the world was quieter. 
This pattern meant you were more

815
00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:00,800
responsive to Danger during 
high-risk periods and could get 

816
00:47:00,800 --> 00:47:03,200
restorative deep sleep during 
safer hours. 

817
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:07,400
The sounds of the night created 
a soundscape that you're 

818
00:47:07,400 --> 00:47:09,000
sleeping brain monitored 
constantly. 

819
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:14,000
Familiar sounds wind in trees 
distant, animal calls. 

820
00:47:14,000 --> 00:47:17,300
The crack of the fire could 
continue without waking you. 

821
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:21,600
Unusual sound. 
Something large moving nearby 

822
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:26,800
unfamiliar calls sudden silence 
would trigger alertness. 

823
00:47:27,500 --> 00:47:31,500
Your brain sorted sounds all 
night deciding what required 

824
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:33,700
attention and what could be 
ignored. 

825
00:47:34,500 --> 00:47:37,300
Dreams in outdoor sleeping 
conditions, had different 

826
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:41,000
qualities than modern dreams. 
Some researchers suggest that 

827
00:47:41,000 --> 00:47:44,600
the periods of wakefulness 
between sleep cycles allowed for

828
00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:48,400
better dream recall. 
You'd wake from a dream like 

829
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:52,600
quietly processing, it, perhaps 
discuss it with others, who are 

830
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:56,800
awake, then return to sleep. 
This created a different 

831
00:47:56,800 --> 00:47:59,700
relationship with dream content 
than the modern pattern of 

832
00:47:59,700 --> 00:48:02,200
sleeping through dreams and 
getting them by morning. 

833
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:07,500
The moon cycle affected, sleep 
patterns measurably during full 

834
00:48:07,500 --> 00:48:11,000
moons, Knights were brighter and
people stayed active later. 

835
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:14,500
New moons, brought darker 
Knights and early asleep. 

836
00:48:15,300 --> 00:48:18,200
Some studies of modern people 
living without artificial light 

837
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:19,900
show. 
They naturally shift their sleep

838
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,500
schedules by as much as an hour 
across the lunar cycle. 

839
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:26,400
Staying up later when the moon 
provides more light. 

840
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,600
Seasonal affective patterns were
probably more pronounced when 

841
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:34,500
humans lived entirely Outdoors 
or in minimally sheltered 

842
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:38,200
conditions. 
The reduced sunlight of winter 

843
00:48:38,200 --> 00:48:41,100
triggered by a logical changes 
that increase sleep. 

844
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:44,700
Need and shifted moods without 
understanding the mechanism. 

845
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:47,500
Your ancestors would have 
noticed that winter made them 

846
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:50,700
want to rest more and they'd 
have accommodated this natural 

847
00:48:50,700 --> 00:48:53,900
inclination. 
Sleeping in groups affected 

848
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:57,100
individual sleep patterns, the 
presence of other breathing 

849
00:48:57,100 --> 00:48:59,000
bodies created a rhythm of 
sound. 

850
00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:02,600
Someone shifting position would 
sometimes trigger others to 

851
00:49:02,600 --> 00:49:05,400
shift. 
The combined body heat of 

852
00:49:05,400 --> 00:49:07,500
multiple people sleeping close 
together. 

853
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:10,400
Kept everyone warmer than they'd
be alone. 

854
00:49:11,200 --> 00:49:12,600
You'd synchronize. 
Some what? 

855
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,700
With those around you though, 
individual variation meant, 

856
00:49:15,700 --> 00:49:18,500
you'd never all be at exactly 
the same sleep stage 

857
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:22,000
simultaneously. 
Napping was common. 

858
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:24,900
When your schedule wasn't 
constrained by industrial time 

859
00:49:24,900 --> 00:49:28,400
if you'd been awake for several 
hours after Dawn and felt tired,

860
00:49:28,400 --> 00:49:31,800
you'd rest. 
Midday heat in many climates 

861
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:35,100
made napping sensible. 
You'd avoid the hottest hours by

862
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,600
sleeping through them, this 
polyphasic, sleep pattern with a

863
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:40,900
main sleep period at night, plus
daytime naps. 

864
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:44,700
It was normal in many cultures 
and remains common in areas 

865
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:46,900
without strong industrial 
scheduling pressure. 

866
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:51,400
You need for Sleep vary with age
in ways that Outdoor Living 

867
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:55,200
accommodated naturally. 
Children slept more and needed 

868
00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:59,100
more protection while sleeping. 
Adolescents naturally, shifted 

869
00:49:59,100 --> 00:50:01,100
toward later, sleep and wake 
times. 

870
00:50:01,800 --> 00:50:03,800
Pattern. 
The course no problems. 

871
00:50:03,800 --> 00:50:06,400
When morning activities, could 
start whenever people were 

872
00:50:06,400 --> 00:50:09,100
ready. 
Elderly, people often step less 

873
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:12,300
at night, but more during the 
day and this pattern was 

874
00:50:12,300 --> 00:50:16,400
accepted without judgement. 
Physical exhaustion, affected 

875
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:18,600
sleep differently than mental 
exhaustion. 

876
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:21,500
After a day of hard, physical 
work. 

877
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,500
Walking miles hunting Gathering 
and processing food. 

878
00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:28,900
You'd fall asleep quickly and 
sleep deeply, your body needed 

879
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:32,600
recovery time and it took it 
efficiently, mental stress 

880
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:35,400
without physical exhaustion, 
created more troubled sleep. 

881
00:50:35,400 --> 00:50:39,200
But since most days included 
substantial physical activity, 

882
00:50:39,200 --> 00:50:42,600
this was less common than in 
modern sedentary lifestyles. 

883
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,600
The gradual transition into 
sleep and the gradual transition

884
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,700
out of it were much longer 
before artificial lighting 

885
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:51,500
compressed, our evening and 
mornings. 

886
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,500
You'd spend an hour or more in 
The Drowsy State between waking 

887
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:59,500
and sleeping as the fire died 
down and darkness settled, 

888
00:50:59,500 --> 00:51:02,700
completely. 
Mourning would bring an equally 

889
00:51:02,700 --> 00:51:06,100
gradual, waking as lighting 
priest and the world around you 

890
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:08,900
became active. 
These transition periods were 

891
00:51:08,900 --> 00:51:11,400
part of the Sleep experience, 
not separate from it. 

892
00:51:12,100 --> 00:51:15,000
Sleeping outside meant sleeping 
through weather and weather 

893
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:20,200
didn't care about your comfort 
or survival rain, wined snow, 

894
00:51:20,200 --> 00:51:25,900
heat cold storms. 
You experience all of it, more 

895
00:51:25,900 --> 00:51:28,500
directly than you ever will in 
your climate control house. 

896
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:31,500
The adaptations humans developed
for sleeping. 

897
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:34,100
Through weather conditions, were
often ingenious and always 

898
00:51:34,100 --> 00:51:37,500
necessary. 
Rain was perhaps the most common

899
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:40,300
weather challenge. 
Getting soaked, while trying to 

900
00:51:40,308 --> 00:51:43,000
sleep was miserable and 
potentially dangerous. 

901
00:51:43,800 --> 00:51:46,500
Wet bedding. 
Lost its insulating properties 

902
00:51:46,500 --> 00:51:50,600
wet, clothes against your skin 
would Leach away body heat. 

903
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:54,800
The simplest rain protection was
Finding natural shelter 

904
00:51:54,800 --> 00:51:59,900
overhanging rocks, dense tree, 
canopies and Cave entrances. 

905
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:03,600
These features were valuable 
enough that camping spots with 

906
00:52:03,600 --> 00:52:06,400
good natural rain protection 
would be used repeatedly. 

907
00:52:07,700 --> 00:52:11,100
When natural shelter wasn't 
available, you'd build temporary

908
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:14,100
protection. 
A lean to structure made from 

909
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:16,700
branches and covered with large 
leaves or bark. 

910
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:18,200
Could shed water reasonably 
well. 

911
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:22,500
The key was creating a sloped 
surface that encouraged water to

912
00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:25,800
run off rather than seep through
you'd position yourself. 

913
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:29,100
Uphill from your fire to keep 
smoke from blowing directly into

914
00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:32,300
your shelter while still 
receiving some warmth and Light.

915
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:36,000
Wind could be more problematic 
than rain, in some ways. 

916
00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:40,700
Strong wind made maintaining a 
fire difficult at the very time 

917
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:42,500
when you most needed fire for 
warmth. 

918
00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:47,300
Wind found its way into any 
shelter creating drafts that 

919
00:52:47,300 --> 00:52:49,500
defeated your best efforts at 
insulation. 

920
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:54,300
Windbreaks became essential. 
positioning yourself behind 

921
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:59,300
rocks, using banked Earth or 
snow in creating walls from 

922
00:52:59,300 --> 00:53:03,600
branches and vegetation The 
effort invested in Wind 

923
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:05,700
protection, paid off in comfort 
and survival. 

924
00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:09,400
Cold weather sleeping required 
multiple strategies. 

925
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,100
Building fires, both reflected 
heat toward your sleeping 

926
00:53:13,100 --> 00:53:16,800
position and indicated the 
direction of heat flow. 

927
00:53:17,800 --> 00:53:22,000
A back reflector a wall of rocks
or banked Earth behind your fire

928
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,400
bounced heat that would 
otherwise radiate wastefully 

929
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:28,500
Into the Night. 
You'd sleep between the fire and

930
00:53:28,500 --> 00:53:31,700
the reflekta receiving warmth 
from both directions. 

931
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:36,200
This nearly doubled the heating 
efficiency of your fire snow 

932
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:40,500
camping was its own specialized 
skill Snow when properly used 

933
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:44,800
provided, excellent insulation. 
You could dig into snowbanks to 

934
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,400
create shelters that were warmer
than surface camps. 

935
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:50,300
You could build snow walls 
around your sleeping area. 

936
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,300
You could pile snow over your 
shelter for added insulation. 

937
00:53:54,900 --> 00:53:57,500
The Inuits Igloo was the 
ultimate expression of this 

938
00:53:57,500 --> 00:54:00,500
knowledge. 
Structure made entirely of snow,

939
00:54:00,500 --> 00:54:03,600
that could be warmer inside than
most other shelters available in

940
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:07,000
the article. 
The danger of cold weather sleep

941
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:09,600
was a subtle temperature drop as
the night progressed. 

942
00:54:10,300 --> 00:54:13,300
You might go to sleep feeling 
comfortable but wake hours later

943
00:54:13,300 --> 00:54:16,600
dangerously cold. 
Preventing this required, 

944
00:54:16,600 --> 00:54:19,400
maintaining your fire through 
the night or using insulation 

945
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:21,600
that didn't depend on external 
heat sources. 

946
00:54:22,500 --> 00:54:25,500
Huddling with others, for shared
body, heat was common and 

947
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,600
effective. 
Modesty concerns were secondary 

948
00:54:28,600 --> 00:54:30,900
to survival, hot weather 
created. 

949
00:54:30,900 --> 00:54:34,300
The opposite problem, you needed
to stay cool, rather than warm, 

950
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:38,000
which meant different shelter 
strategies, you wanted airflow 

951
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:42,000
shade and ideally some thermal 
Mass to moderate temperature. 

952
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:46,500
Sleeping near water provided 
cooler are sleeping on Race 

953
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:48,700
platforms. 
Allowed air circulation beneath 

954
00:54:48,700 --> 00:54:51,000
you. 
In extreme desert heat. 

955
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:54,600
Some cultures would dampen this 
sleeping surfaces in the evening

956
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,700
using evaporative cooling to 
make rest possible. 

957
00:54:58,600 --> 00:55:01,000
Humidity affected. 
Comfort independently of 

958
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:03,900
temperature. 
High humidity made hot weather 

959
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:07,200
feel oppressive and prevented 
sweat from evaporating 

960
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:10,700
efficiently. 
It made cold weather feel colder

961
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:14,500
because damper conducted heat 
away from your body more quickly

962
00:55:14,500 --> 00:55:17,800
than dry air. 
Sleeping in humid conditions, 

963
00:55:17,800 --> 00:55:21,700
required different strategies, 
more attention to Elevation and 

964
00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:25,300
airflow in hot, humid weather 
and more careful management of 

965
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,700
moisture and cold humid 
conditions. 

966
00:55:28,600 --> 00:55:31,300
Thunderstorms presented real 
Danger. 

967
00:55:32,100 --> 00:55:35,600
Lightning could strike trees 
potentially killing anyone. 

968
00:55:35,600 --> 00:55:37,300
Sleeping beneath them. 
Heavy. 

969
00:55:37,300 --> 00:55:39,900
Rain could turn dry washers into
dangerous. 

970
00:55:39,900 --> 00:55:43,600
Flash floods in minutes. 
High winds could send branches 

971
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:47,000
Crashing Down. 
You learn to read storm signs 

972
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:49,800
and prepare accordingly moving 
away from tall. 

973
00:55:49,800 --> 00:55:53,300
Isolated trees. 
Avoiding low-lying areas prone 

974
00:55:53,300 --> 00:55:55,800
to flooding and securing loose. 
Materials. 

975
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:59,800
That wind might catch 
psychological aspect of whether 

976
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,100
was significant, Sleeping 
through a storm required, 

977
00:56:03,100 --> 00:56:05,900
trusting your preparation and 
accepting some level of 

978
00:56:05,900 --> 00:56:09,600
discomfort and risk. 
Children had to learn this trust

979
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:13,100
adults had to maintain composure
to keep the group calm. 

980
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:17,600
The sounds of heavy weather, 
Thunder Wind, howling wind, 

981
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,000
pounding, could be frightening 
even when you were objectively, 

982
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:25,500
safe, Seasonal adaptation meant 
changing your camping strategies

983
00:56:25,500 --> 00:56:28,300
through the year. 
Summer camps might prioritize 

984
00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:32,600
shade and water, access winter 
camps needed maximum sun 

985
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:36,100
exposure during the day and 
protection from cold wind at 

986
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:40,100
night spring and Autumn had 
their own considerations spring,

987
00:56:40,100 --> 00:56:44,200
brought rain and flooding an 
Autumn brought early cold snaps 

988
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:47,800
and the need to prepare for 
winter microclimates became 

989
00:56:47,800 --> 00:56:51,400
crucial knowledge. 
The south-facing slope of a hill

990
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,700
would be noticeably warmer than 
the north-facing slope. 

991
00:56:54,700 --> 00:56:57,700
Valleys would be colder than 
ridges due to cold. 

992
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:01,400
Air settling areas near large 
bodies of water, had moderated 

993
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:03,700
temperatures compared to Inland 
locations. 

994
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:07,200
Knowing these patterns, let's 
choose camping spots. 

995
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:11,000
Strategically, gaining several 
degrees of comfort from location

996
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:14,100
Choice alone. 
Clothing played in to whether 

997
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:18,200
adaptation in cold weather. 
You'd wear layers of Lucy 

998
00:57:18,200 --> 00:57:21,300
garments that trapped Air Force 
Insulation at night. 

999
00:57:21,300 --> 00:57:24,700
You might add more layers or 
remove out of layers to avoid 

1000
00:57:24,700 --> 00:57:28,600
sweating in hot weather, you'd 
wear minimal loose clothing, the

1001
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:31,900
loudest circulation. 
Wet clothing was always a 

1002
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:33,600
problem. 
It needed to be dried or 

1003
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,800
replaced and sleeping in wet. 
Clothes could be dangerous and 

1004
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:40,200
cool conditions. 
File management in weather was 

1005
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:42,900
an art. 
Wet wood wouldn't burn, unless 

1006
00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:44,700
you had dry Tinder to get it 
started. 

1007
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,300
Wind required positioning 
Firefly and potentially 

1008
00:57:48,300 --> 00:57:51,400
building. 
Barriers extreme cold, increased

1009
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:54,700
fuel consumption dramatically. 
You had to gather more wood than

1010
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:57,300
you thought you'd need. 
Because whether often required 

1011
00:57:57,300 --> 00:58:00,900
more than expected, Different 
fuels had properties that 

1012
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:04,400
mattered in different weather, 
resinous, Woods burned, hotter 

1013
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:08,200
and resisted dampness better. 
Dense, Hardwoods burned longer 

1014
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:12,400
but were harder to ignite. 
Pine needles and small dry 

1015
00:58:12,400 --> 00:58:16,300
Twigs, were crucial for starting
fires in wet conditions. you'd 

1016
00:58:16,300 --> 00:58:20,300
maintain a small supply of the 
driest materials kept protected,

1017
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,700
specifically for starting fires 
in adverse weather, The 

1018
00:58:24,700 --> 00:58:27,000
endurance required to sleep 
through difficult, whether 

1019
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:30,600
shouldn't be underestimated, 
modern camping, often involves 

1020
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:32,900
retreating to vehicles or 
permanent structures. 

1021
00:58:32,900 --> 00:58:36,000
When weather turned severe. 
Your ancestors could not 

1022
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:38,200
retreat. 
They had to endure. 

1023
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:41,400
They developed, mental 
toughness, alongside physical 

1024
00:58:41,400 --> 00:58:46,200
adaptations, discomfort, became 
normal, danger became acceptable

1025
00:58:46,200 --> 00:58:48,900
risk. 
Sleep happened anyway because it

1026
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:53,600
had to modern camping represents
a curious cultural phenomenon, 

1027
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:56,900
people who live in comfortable 
houses, choosing to temporarily 

1028
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:01,700
sleep outside This recreational 
sleeping rough is, sometimes 

1029
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:04,600
called returning to nature, 
though. 

1030
00:59:04,600 --> 00:59:07,400
It's really nothing like the 
outdoor sleeping of your 

1031
00:59:07,400 --> 00:59:11,600
ancestors. 
Still examining modern camping 

1032
00:59:11,600 --> 00:59:14,300
reveals, what draws people back 
toward outdoor sleep? 

1033
00:59:14,300 --> 00:59:19,200
Even when they don't need it for
survival, The camping industry 

1034
00:59:19,200 --> 00:59:22,600
sells equipment designed to make
outdoor sleeping, comfortable 

1035
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:25,600
and safe. 
Modern tents are engineered 

1036
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:29,100
Marvels, lightweight waterproof 
and easy to erect. 

1037
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:32,700
They bear little resemblance to 
historical shelters, accept in 

1038
00:59:32,700 --> 00:59:36,400
basic purpose, sleeping pads, 
and air mattresses eliminate the

1039
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,200
discomfort of sleeping on hard 
ground. 

1040
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:41,600
Sleeping bags, provided 
insulation, that matches or 

1041
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:45,300
exceeds the best for highs, you 
can be genuinely comfortable 

1042
00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:47,100
camping. 
Now, in ways that would Amaze 

1043
00:59:47,100 --> 00:59:51,000
anyone from even a century ago, 
quipment can't completely 

1044
00:59:51,000 --> 00:59:53,000
eliminate the outdoor sleeping 
experience. 

1045
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:57,000
You still notice temperature 
changes through the night, you 

1046
00:59:57,000 --> 01:00:00,700
still hear weather approaching. 
You still wait to bird sounds 

1047
01:00:00,700 --> 01:00:02,900
and Dawn, light rather than an 
alarm clocks. 

1048
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,000
The sensory experience of 
sleeping outside persists, 

1049
01:00:07,000 --> 01:00:10,600
despite all the modern Comfort 
AIDS, many people report 

1050
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:13,700
sleeping better while camping 
than they do at home, which 

1051
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:16,700
seems counterintuitive given the
harder surfaces and less 

1052
01:00:16,700 --> 01:00:20,600
controlled conditions. 
Researchers suggest several 

1053
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:24,500
explanations, the physical 
activity of camping and Hiking 

1054
01:00:24,500 --> 01:00:28,100
creates genuine physical 
tiredness, natural light, 

1055
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:30,200
exposure. 
During the day helps regulate 

1056
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:33,600
circadian rhythms reduced 
artificial light in the evening,

1057
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:36,500
allows melatonin production to 
follow natural patterns. 

1058
01:00:37,500 --> 01:00:41,000
The absence of electronic 
devices and work stress creates 

1059
01:00:41,000 --> 01:00:44,100
mental relaxation. 
The disconnection from 

1060
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:48,700
artificial time is significant. 
When camping, you tend to sleep,

1061
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:52,000
when your tired and wake when 
you're rested, without regard 

1062
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,600
for clock time, this often means
going to bed early at the new 

1063
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:57,100
wood at home and waking up at 
dawn. 

1064
01:00:58,100 --> 01:01:02,100
This pattern closely matches the
natural human sleep cycle and 

1065
01:01:02,100 --> 01:01:05,800
your body responds positively, 
even during short camping trips.

1066
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,500
campfires remained Central to 
Camping culture, despite modern 

1067
01:01:10,500 --> 01:01:14,700
Alternatives like camp, stoves, 
Something about sitting around a

1068
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:18,400
fire feels fundamentally right 
in ways that are hard to 

1069
01:01:18,408 --> 01:01:21,900
articulate. 
The hypnotic flame watching the 

1070
01:01:21,900 --> 01:01:25,600
wood smoke smell and the 
crackling sounds these trigger 

1071
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:28,300
something. 
Deep in human psychology, we 

1072
01:01:28,300 --> 01:01:31,900
evolved around fires and the 
experience still resonates. 

1073
01:01:32,700 --> 01:01:36,700
The market for primitive 
camping, or Bushcraft reveals a 

1074
01:01:36,700 --> 01:01:39,600
desire among some people to 
experience outdoor sleeping 

1075
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:41,900
more, like historical 
conditions. 

1076
01:01:42,800 --> 01:01:45,300
These campers deliberately 
assume Modern Gear. 

1077
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:49,900
In favor of simpler equipment or
skills-based Solutions. 

1078
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:52,700
They might build shelters from 
natural materials. 

1079
01:01:52,700 --> 01:01:58,100
Start fires without matches and 
sleep under basic tarps or in 

1080
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:01,700
lean tools. 
For them, the challenge and 

1081
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:04,600
connection to historical 
practices, is part of the 

1082
01:02:04,600 --> 01:02:09,000
appeal. others embrace the 
opposite approach car camping 

1083
01:02:09,000 --> 01:02:11,600
with elaborate set-ups that 
include Camp kitchens 

1084
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:15,200
comfortable, sleeping 
arrangements and numerous modern

1085
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:19,000
convenience is There outdoor 
sleeping is only nominally 

1086
01:02:19,000 --> 01:02:21,400
outdoor. 
They've transported most home 

1087
01:02:21,400 --> 01:02:24,700
Comforts to a Scenic location. 
This approach has its own 

1088
01:02:24,700 --> 01:02:27,600
validity as a way to enjoy 
natural setting without 

1089
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:31,700
surrendering modern comfort. 
Backpacking represents a middle 

1090
01:02:31,708 --> 01:02:34,500
path. 
Carrying enough equipment to be 

1091
01:02:34,500 --> 01:02:36,300
comfortable, but light enough to
be mobile. 

1092
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:40,000
Backpackers often developed 
sophisticated systems for 

1093
01:02:40,000 --> 01:02:43,100
efficient outdoor sleeping. 
They know exactly how much 

1094
01:02:43,100 --> 01:02:45,500
insulation they need for 
expected temperatures. 

1095
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:49,200
They've refined their shell to 
set up to minimize time and 

1096
01:02:49,200 --> 01:02:52,500
maximize protection. 
Their relationship with outdoor 

1097
01:02:52,500 --> 01:02:54,600
sleeping becomes Technical and 
skill-based. 

1098
01:02:55,500 --> 01:02:58,800
Children's first experience with
camping often, create Lasting 

1099
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:02,000
Impressions. 
The combination of slight danger

1100
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:04,800
adventure and outdoor. 
Freedom can be transformative. 

1101
01:03:05,800 --> 01:03:08,600
Sleeping in a tent. 
Feels like a bolded Venture in 

1102
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:11,100
your young. 
The sound of the night, seem 

1103
01:03:11,100 --> 01:03:14,000
more dramatic mourning, feels 
like an achievement. 

1104
01:03:14,000 --> 01:03:17,600
You survived the night in the 
wilderness, these childhood 

1105
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:20,700
camping experiences shape how 
people relate to outdoor 

1106
01:03:20,700 --> 01:03:24,100
sleeping for life. family 
camping brings multiple 

1107
01:03:24,100 --> 01:03:26,700
Generations, together around 
activities that haven't 

1108
01:03:26,700 --> 01:03:30,000
fundamentally changed in 
importance parents, teach 

1109
01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:33,700
children about fire building 
shelter, set up and outdoor 

1110
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:37,500
safety passing along skills, 
that Echo, much more ancient 

1111
01:03:37,500 --> 01:03:41,300
knowledge Transmissions the 
intergenerational bonding that 

1112
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:44,500
happens during camping Taps into
patterns older than 

1113
01:03:44,500 --> 01:03:49,400
civilization, Solo camping 
appeals to some people precisely

1114
01:03:49,400 --> 01:03:53,100
because it recreate aspects of 
solitary outdoor sleeping, that 

1115
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:57,300
were normal for hunters scouts 
or Travelers in historical 

1116
01:03:57,300 --> 01:04:00,500
times. 
Being alone in the outdoors at 

1117
01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:02,900
night triggers, a particular, 
kind of alertness, and 

1118
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:07,200
self-reliance every sound 
becomes more noticeable, your 

1119
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:08,900
own competence becomes more 
important. 

1120
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:12,400
The Experience can be both 
unsettling and deeply 

1121
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:17,100
satisfying, The psychological 
benefits of occasional outdoor 

1122
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:20,600
sleeping scene, real. 
Nature exposure, reduces stress 

1123
01:04:20,600 --> 01:04:23,800
hormones, Forest bathing, 
extended time. 

1124
01:04:23,800 --> 01:04:27,400
In wooded areas, measurably 
improves mood and immune 

1125
01:04:27,400 --> 01:04:30,500
function. 
Sleeping surrounded by natural 

1126
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:34,100
rather than human-made 
environments May provide cycle 

1127
01:04:34,100 --> 01:04:37,500
reset effects that are hard to 
achieve in typical Urban or 

1128
01:04:37,500 --> 01:04:40,700
Suburban life. 
Yet, modern camping is 

1129
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:44,000
fundamentally safe in ways. 
Historical outdoor sleeping 

1130
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:48,700
never was You likely have a 
vehicle nearby cell phones. 

1131
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,600
Allow emergency communication. 
Campsites are established and 

1132
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:56,200
what monitored dangerous 
wildlife has been largely 

1133
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:58,800
eliminated or voids areas of 
human activity. 

1134
01:04:59,800 --> 01:05:02,900
The risks that made outdoor 
sleeping genuinely dangerous, 

1135
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,100
for most of human history have 
been mitigated or removed. 

1136
01:05:06,900 --> 01:05:10,200
This safety allows camping to be
recreational rather than 

1137
01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:13,200
necessary which changes its 
character completely. 

1138
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:17,900
Your ancestors, slept outside 
because they had to you sleep 

1139
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:20,700
outside because you choose to, 
and you can choose to stop 

1140
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:24,200
whenever you want that freedom 
transforms The Experience from 

1141
01:05:24,200 --> 01:05:26,200
an endurance, test into a 
Leisure activity. 

1142
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,000
The popularity of camping 
suggests something, persistent 

1143
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:34,000
in human psychology that values 
outdoor sleeping, even when it's

1144
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:38,000
no longer necessary. 
Maybe it's genetic memory of our

1145
01:05:38,000 --> 01:05:41,500
long history Under the Stars. 
Maybe it's a desire for 

1146
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:43,700
Simplicity in an overly complex 
world. 

1147
01:05:44,700 --> 01:05:47,200
May be it's just the pleasure of
breaking routine and 

1148
01:05:47,200 --> 01:05:49,900
experiencing something different
from our usual sleep 

1149
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:53,500
environment, whatever. 
The reason millions of people 

1150
01:05:53,500 --> 01:05:56,800
continue to choose at least 
occasionally to sleep outside. 

1151
01:05:58,000 --> 01:06:00,900
They load their cars or shoulder
their backpacks and head into 

1152
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:04,700
Landscapes when night will fall 
without the mediation of walls 

1153
01:06:04,700 --> 01:06:08,300
and artificial light a lie down 
on the ground or elevated. 

1154
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:10,600
Pads. 
Cover themselves with modern 

1155
01:06:10,600 --> 01:06:14,000
materials or traditional bed 
rolls and close their eyes under

1156
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:17,500
the sky, just as humans of done 
for 100s of thousands of years. 

1157
01:06:18,700 --> 01:06:22,100
Full circle from necessary, 
outdoor sleeping to indoor 

1158
01:06:22,100 --> 01:06:25,300
sleeping to recreational outdoor
sleeping reveals something about

1159
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:29,500
human nature and human culture. 
We spent our species entire 

1160
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:33,200
existence sleeping outside 
developed the capability to 

1161
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:36,700
sleep inside. 
And now sometimes choose to 

1162
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:40,800
sleep outside again. 
Choice itself represents the 

1163
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:44,100
fundamental change. 
We're no longer dependent on 

1164
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,100
outdoor sleeping so we can 
appreciate it in ways. 

1165
01:06:47,100 --> 01:06:50,800
Our ancestors never could. 
As you lie in your bed tonight 

1166
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:55,500
in your climate, controlled room
behind locked, doors and under 

1167
01:06:55,500 --> 01:06:58,800
engineered shelter, your 
participating in a very recent 

1168
01:06:58,800 --> 01:07:03,800
chapter of a very long story. 
The vast majority of humans who 

1169
01:07:03,800 --> 01:07:07,100
have ever lived, slept outside. 
They closed Their Eyes under 

1170
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:10,200
Stars, woke to Dawn survived 
nights that you would find 

1171
01:07:10,200 --> 01:07:13,700
terrifying and considered its 
simply normal life. 

1172
01:07:14,400 --> 01:07:17,400
The knowledge, they accumulated 
about outdoor sleeping was 

1173
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:21,600
extensive and sophisticated they
learned to read landscapes for 

1174
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:25,000
safety and comfort. 
They mastered fire maintenance 

1175
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:28,800
through Darkness, they developed
bedding from natural materials, 

1176
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:31,200
that provided genuine 
insulation. 

1177
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:34,600
He understood weather patterns 
and adapted this sleeping 

1178
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:38,400
Arrangement accordingly, they 
created social structures around

1179
01:07:38,400 --> 01:07:40,200
nighttime protection and 
comfort. 

1180
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:43,900
All of this expertise developed 
over tens of thousands of 

1181
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:48,200
generations, refined through 
trial and error, and passed from

1182
01:07:48,208 --> 01:07:51,000
parents to children as a central
survival information. 

1183
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:55,000
Much of that knowledge has been 
lost in just a few generations 

1184
01:07:55,000 --> 01:07:58,000
of widespread. 
Indoor sleeping people who slept

1185
01:07:58,000 --> 01:08:00,500
outside their entire lives. 
Would find your sleeping 

1186
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:04,200
Arrangements bizarre and 
somewhat sad, you've traded the 

1187
01:08:04,200 --> 01:08:08,500
stars for sealing paint traded 
fresh air for filtered air and 

1188
01:08:08,500 --> 01:08:11,300
traded the natural rhythms of 
Darkness and Light for 

1189
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,200
artificial schedules. 
That ignore your body's evolved 

1190
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:17,399
preferences. 
But you've gained safety comfort

1191
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:19,100
and control that they couldn't 
imagine. 

1192
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:21,500
You don't wake up cold and 
stiff. 

1193
01:08:21,500 --> 01:08:23,600
You don't sleep alert for 
Predators. 

1194
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:27,800
You don't lose sleep to weather.
the trade-off was reasonable, 

1195
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:32,200
even if something was lost in 
the exchange, The history of 

1196
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:35,500
human sleeping outside isn't 
just trivia about the past. 

1197
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:38,600
It's the story of how we've 
always related to the 

1198
01:08:38,600 --> 01:08:42,399
fundamental need for rest. 
How we've balanced vulnerability

1199
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:46,300
with necessity and how we've 
created comfort from minimal 

1200
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:49,500
resources. 
It reminds us that our current 

1201
01:08:49,500 --> 01:08:53,899
sleeping Arrangements of recent 
Innovations, not Eternal truths,

1202
01:08:53,899 --> 01:08:57,200
our body still carry, the 
adaptations of those hundreds of

1203
01:08:57,200 --> 01:08:59,100
thousands of years sleeping 
under the sky. 

1204
01:09:00,000 --> 01:09:03,399
When you do sleep out side now 
where the camping in the woods 

1205
01:09:03,399 --> 01:09:07,800
or just dozing in your backyard,
you're briefly rejoining that 

1206
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:11,300
long human tradition. 
The Experience connects you 

1207
01:09:11,300 --> 01:09:14,300
across time to every person who 
ever faced the approaching 

1208
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:17,600
Knight and I made preparations 
to survive it comfortably. 

1209
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:21,700
Your participating in something 
ancient even. 

1210
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:24,700
As you do it recreationally, The
night. 

1211
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:27,100
Settles around you. 
Now as it settled around, 

1212
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:30,899
countless humans before you 
Darkness Falls the same way. 

1213
01:09:30,899 --> 01:09:34,800
It always has your body still 
responds to the absence of light

1214
01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:37,500
with the same biochemical sleep 
signals. 

1215
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:41,600
The fundamental experience of 
closing your eyes and 

1216
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:45,200
surrendering to sleep. 
Hasn't changed even though 

1217
01:09:45,200 --> 01:09:48,600
everything else about where and 
how you sleep as transformed. 

1218
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,000
Your ancestors would recognize 
your need for rest. 

1219
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:55,300
Even if they wouldn't understand
your bedroom, they'd understand 

1220
01:09:55,300 --> 01:09:57,500
the satisfaction of finding a 
good sleeping spot. 

1221
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:01,600
The comfort of adequate covering
and the relief of waking safely 

1222
01:10:01,600 --> 01:10:05,200
to another door. 
And Across all the vast changes 

1223
01:10:05,200 --> 01:10:08,800
in human culture and Technology,
sleep Remains the great 

1224
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:13,500
equalizer, we all need it. 
We all seek it and we all depend

1225
01:10:13,500 --> 01:10:16,600
on it for survival. 
So as you drift towards sleep 

1226
01:10:16,600 --> 01:10:19,800
tonight, you might spare a 
thought for all those who slept 

1227
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:25,500
before you outside, under the 
sky, kept warm by fire protected

1228
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:29,400
by vigilance and luck. 
They were your ancestors in the 

1229
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:32,800
most literal sense and they 
succeeded at outdoor sleeping, 

1230
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:35,600
well enough that you exist to 
contemplate their experience 

1231
01:10:35,600 --> 01:10:37,100
from the comfort of your indoor 
bed. 

1232
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:42,100
The story of Sleeping outside is
the story of human adaptability 

1233
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:47,100
Ingenuity and resilience. 
It's a story without a clear 

1234
01:10:47,108 --> 01:10:49,800
ending because people still 
sleep outside every night. 

1235
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:55,100
Some by choice, many by 
necessity, the techniques change

1236
01:10:55,100 --> 01:10:59,000
the equipment improves, but the 
fundamental challenge remains, 

1237
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:02,400
how do you rest safely and 
comfortably when you're exposed 

1238
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:04,000
to everything, nature can 
deliver? 

1239
01:11:06,000 --> 01:11:09,400
For most of human existence, the
answer to that question was 

1240
01:11:09,400 --> 01:11:12,600
Essential Knowledge. 
Now it's specialized knowledge, 

1241
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:16,400
recreational knowledge and 
survival, knowledge for the few 

1242
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:18,500
rather than survival knowledge 
for everyone. 

1243
01:11:19,200 --> 01:11:22,600
But it remains knowledge worth 
preserving worth understanding 

1244
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:26,500
and worth appreciating for what 
it represents about human 

1245
01:11:26,500 --> 01:11:30,700
capability and the long journey 
from our Origins to our present.

1246
01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:34,900
The night that surrounds you now
is the same night that 

1247
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:37,700
surrounded the first humans who 
ever needed shelter. 

1248
01:11:37,700 --> 01:11:42,100
Whoever built a fire, whoever 
lay down to rest with only the 

1249
01:11:42,100 --> 01:11:45,400
sky of them. 
They survived those nights 

1250
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:49,400
generation after generation 
adapting and learning, and 

1251
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,100
passing forward both their genes
and their knowledge. 

1252
01:11:52,100 --> 01:11:55,500
You'll hear because they 
succeeded because they figured 

1253
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:58,800
out how to sleep safely through 
thousands of dangerous nights. 

1254
01:11:58,800 --> 01:12:02,300
That's worth remembering, as you
pull your blanket up, and close 

1255
01:12:02,300 --> 01:12:06,300
your eyes, you'll the latest in 
an unbroken line of successful 

1256
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:09,900
sleepers, stretching back to the
very beginning of human history.

1257
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:15,000
Your comfortable bed is a modern
luxury but the need it serves is

1258
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:19,300
ancient and Universal. 
Sleep well, tonight, sheltered 

1259
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:22,100
and safe. 
But remember the millions who 

1260
01:12:22,100 --> 01:12:25,500
slept well enough under far more
challenging circumstances that 

1261
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:30,200
human life continued adapted and
eventually thrived. 

1262
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:33,100
The stars are still up there 
above your roof. 

1263
01:12:33,100 --> 01:12:36,400
Following the same patterns, 
your ancestors used for 

1264
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:40,100
navigation and timekeeping The 
Knight still Falls when the sun 

1265
01:12:40,100 --> 01:12:44,000
disappears just as it always has
the world still spins through 

1266
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,300
Darkness toward mourning, you're
still part of the same Planet 

1267
01:12:47,300 --> 01:12:50,800
the same cycle and the same 
human story that has always been

1268
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:54,200
written against the backdrop of 
night. and when you wake 

1269
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:58,500
tomorrow refreshed and rested, 
you'll be participating in the 

1270
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:04,700
same ancient pattern survival 
through sleep, The restoration 

1271
01:13:04,700 --> 01:13:08,900
of mind and body and the daily 
renewal that allows life to 

1272
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:11,600
continue. 
Your ancestors knew that 

1273
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:13,900
satisfaction of waking to 
another day. 

1274
01:13:14,700 --> 01:13:18,200
They felt the same gratitude for
rest, the same relief at 

1275
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:21,800
surviving the night and the same
Readiness to face whatever the 

1276
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:25,000
new day would bring, you were 
them in all the ways that 

1277
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:27,400
matter. 
Your life is more comfortable, 

1278
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:31,800
but it rests on the same 
foundations, Sleek shelter 

1279
01:13:31,800 --> 01:13:36,200
safety warmth. 
These needs have not changed, 

1280
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:40,700
only the methods of evolved. 
And in that evolution in the 

1281
01:13:40,700 --> 01:13:44,300
long journey from sleeping 
outside to sleeping inside, you 

1282
01:13:44,300 --> 01:13:48,300
can trace the entire Arc of 
human progress from vulnerable 

1283
01:13:48,300 --> 01:13:51,100
creatures on the African 
Savannah to people who build 

1284
01:13:51,100 --> 01:13:54,200
climate controlled houses and 
take outdoor sleeping as 

1285
01:13:54,200 --> 01:13:57,600
optional Recreation. 
It's a remarkable story. 

1286
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:01,300
It's your story, it's everyone's
story. 

1287
01:14:02,400 --> 01:14:05,900
And it all happened. 
One Night at a time, under the 

1288
01:14:05,908 --> 01:14:09,900
same sky that still archers over
you now even though you can't 

1289
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:13,100
see it through your ceiling. 
And the Knight is still there. 

1290
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:16,400
It's always there. 
Waiting, whenever you want to 

1291
01:14:16,400 --> 01:14:19,400
step back outside and 
experience, sleep the way humans

1292
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:21,700
experience. 
It for hundreds of thousands of 

1293
01:14:21,700 --> 01:14:26,900
years under the stars under the 
sky, part of the natural world 

1294
01:14:26,900 --> 01:14:30,400
in stead of separated from it. 
Sweet dreams. 

1295
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:39,500
Welcome to a time before memory,
before witness before any living

1296
01:14:39,500 --> 01:14:41,400
thing existed to observe the 
world. 

1297
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,400
You're settling in to the story 
of Earth's early years when the 

1298
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,200
planet was simply becoming 
itself through processes. 

1299
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,200
So gradual, they would be 
invisible to any single 

1300
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:56,300
Observer. 
Here, change happens across 

1301
01:14:56,300 --> 01:14:59,200
millions of years and there is 
no urgency. 

1302
01:14:59,200 --> 01:15:04,000
Only the steady work of rock and
water and are finding their 

1303
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:07,500
rhythms together. 
You wake on a planet that has 

1304
01:15:07,500 --> 01:15:10,300
been turning for hundreds of 
millions of years already 

1305
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:12,600
though. 
Nothing has ever woken here 

1306
01:15:12,600 --> 01:15:16,800
before The sun rises over an 
ocean that covers most of the 

1307
01:15:16,800 --> 01:15:20,900
surface and the light touches 
water that has never reflected a

1308
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:23,500
living. 
I the day begins as it always 

1309
01:15:23,500 --> 01:15:26,800
has with warmth, spreading 
across the curve of the world. 

1310
01:15:27,700 --> 01:15:30,700
The early Earth rotates faster 
than it will in later ages. 

1311
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:36,100
A full day passes in perhaps, 18
hours and the cycle of light and

1312
01:15:36,100 --> 01:15:39,700
darkness moves quickly across 
the empty Seas, you watch the 

1313
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:43,000
sun climb and you notice how the
light changes the temperature of

1314
01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:46,500
the rock beneath shallow water. 
The stone warms through the 

1315
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:48,400
morning. 
Holds that warmth, through this 

1316
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:52,500
brief off, to noon then releases
its slowly as Darkness Returns. 

1317
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:57,000
This happens every day. 
The pattern never breaks. 

1318
01:15:58,000 --> 01:16:02,900
Light arrives, warmth follows 
darkness comes and coolness. 

1319
01:16:02,900 --> 01:16:08,200
Settles in No drama marks. 
These transitions the sun simply

1320
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:11,800
moves through its Ark while the 
planet turns beneath it and the 

1321
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:15,300
temperature shifts in response, 
degree by degree, predictable 

1322
01:16:15,300 --> 01:16:18,200
and steady. 
Rain falls somewhere on Earth, 

1323
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,400
nearly all the time. 
During these early ages clouds 

1324
01:16:21,400 --> 01:16:25,000
form over the warm ocean drift 
with winds that follow their own

1325
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,800
consistent patterns and release 
water that returns to the Sea. 

1326
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:32,500
You stand on a rocky Shore and 
watch rain approach across the 

1327
01:16:32,500 --> 01:16:36,600
waves, a great curtain moving. 
Steadily toward you bringing 

1328
01:16:36,600 --> 01:16:39,900
coolness and the sound of water 
striking water. 

1329
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:43,200
The rainfall here is not 
violent. 

1330
01:16:43,200 --> 01:16:49,400
It arrives continues for hours 
or days, then passes the clouds,

1331
01:16:49,400 --> 01:16:53,700
move on the sky clears, and the 
sun, returns to begin warming. 

1332
01:16:53,700 --> 01:16:56,800
The surface again. 
This cycle repeats with without 

1333
01:16:56,800 --> 01:17:00,200
fail, creating a rhythm, you 
could set your breathing to if 

1334
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,600
you needed to breathe. 
Tides rise and fall with the 

1335
01:17:03,600 --> 01:17:06,700
moon's pool, which is stronger 
now than it will be later 

1336
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:08,500
because the moon orbits closer 
to Earth. 

1337
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:13,100
Twice, each day water, advances 
up the rocky slopes at the 

1338
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:15,000
Ocean's Edge. 
Then, withdraws. 

1339
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,800
You watch the waterline climb 
over familiar Stones pause at 

1340
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:22,100
its height. 
Then Retreat to reveal the same 

1341
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:26,000
stones. 
Again, darkened and dripping The

1342
01:17:26,000 --> 01:17:29,700
tidal Rhythm connect to the 
moon's position overhead and the

1343
01:17:29,708 --> 01:17:33,800
moon's position, connects to the
time of day and the time of day,

1344
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:35,300
connects back to the Sun's 
light. 

1345
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:38,100
Everything moves in relation to 
everything else. 

1346
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:42,200
Creating patterns within 
patterns, all of them, regular 

1347
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:44,500
all of them, repeating it 
intervals. 

1348
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:46,900
You could learn to anticipate at
night. 

1349
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:49,800
The Stars wheel overhead in 
their own slow circles 

1350
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:54,300
unchanging in their positions 
relative to one another The same

1351
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:57,800
constellations that marked the 
sky a million years ago market 

1352
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,200
tonight. 
They will mark it a million 

1353
01:18:00,200 --> 01:18:03,700
years from now you lie on a warm
Rock and watch them turn. 

1354
01:18:03,700 --> 01:18:07,100
Knowing they will return to 
these exact positions tomorrow 

1355
01:18:07,100 --> 01:18:11,700
night and the night after that. 
the volcanic vents scattered 

1356
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:14,900
across the ocean floor pulse 
with heat on their own, 

1357
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:18,500
schedule's releasing warmth and 
a minerals into the water in 

1358
01:18:18,500 --> 01:18:22,700
steady streams, some vent 
continuously, others, follow 

1359
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:27,900
cycles of activity and rest that
span decades or centuries But 

1360
01:18:27,900 --> 01:18:31,200
each vent maintains its 
particular Rhythm reliable in 

1361
01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:34,600
its pattern even as the pattern 
differs from neighbor to 

1362
01:18:34,600 --> 01:18:37,100
neighbor. 
You notice how the cooling of 

1363
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:39,400
lava follows its own predictable
path. 

1364
01:18:40,200 --> 01:18:43,600
When molten rock meets seawater 
it hardens from the outside 

1365
01:18:43,600 --> 01:18:47,100
inward, creating pillow shapes 
that stack and Tumble. 

1366
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:48,700
According to the slope, they 
flow down. 

1367
01:18:49,500 --> 01:18:52,800
The process happens, the same 
way each time, the outcome 

1368
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:55,200
varies in detail but never in 
principle. 

1369
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:58,000
Temperature. 
Differentials Drive wins that 

1370
01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:01,800
Circle the planet in bands, and 
these winds, push surface water 

1371
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:04,400
into currents that also in their
own patterns. 

1372
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:09,200
Warm water flows toward the 
poles and returns toward the 

1373
01:19:09,208 --> 01:19:12,700
equator. 
Circulation continues day and 

1374
01:19:12,700 --> 01:19:16,800
night year after year, moving 
heat around the planet in a 

1375
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:19,500
system that balances itself 
through its own motion. 

1376
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:22,600
Lightning flashes Somewhere Over
The Ocean. 

1377
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:26,300
Every few seconds, during these 
ages, the storms build and 

1378
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:30,300
release electricity through the 
atmosphere. each bolt follows 

1379
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:34,100
the path of least resistance 
between cloud and water and no 

1380
01:19:34,100 --> 01:19:37,500
no, two paths are identical, the
principal remains constant 

1381
01:19:38,300 --> 01:19:43,500
Charge builds resistance breaks 
down, energy, flows, and balance

1382
01:19:43,500 --> 01:19:46,100
returns. 
You watch the sunset over the 

1383
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,400
Western Horizon, and, you know, 
it will rise again in the east. 

1384
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,400
You watch the tide Retreat and 
you know it will return you 

1385
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:56,800
watch clouds gather and you know
they will release their water 

1386
01:19:56,800 --> 01:19:59,800
and clear again. 
The earliest operates through 

1387
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:03,300
cycles that Nest. 
Inside one another each one 

1388
01:20:03,300 --> 01:20:06,700
completing itself before 
beginning again, none of them 

1389
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:09,600
requiring intervention or 
adjustment from any outside 

1390
01:20:09,600 --> 01:20:13,200
force. 
The day ends as it began with 

1391
01:20:13,200 --> 01:20:16,400
the planet turning toward 
darkness of the same rated turn 

1392
01:20:16,400 --> 01:20:19,800
toward light. 
Nothing has changed in any way 

1393
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:22,200
that you could measure from one 
day to the next. 

1394
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:26,400
Everything has happened exactly 
as it should, in the order, it 

1395
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:29,500
should at the pace. 
It should tomorrow will be the 

1396
01:20:29,500 --> 01:20:32,400
same and the day after tomorrow 
in the day after that for 

1397
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:36,100
millions of years to come you 
stand on rock that was once 

1398
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:38,400
liquid and has only recently 
become solid. 

1399
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:40,600
The Earth's crust is still 
forming. 

1400
01:20:40,600 --> 01:20:43,900
Its permanent features during 
these ages but the process 

1401
01:20:43,900 --> 01:20:48,000
happens slowly with each change 
building on the last in an 

1402
01:20:48,000 --> 01:20:51,300
orderly progression. 
The surface is taking shape but 

1403
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:53,600
it takes its time doing so 
water. 

1404
01:20:53,600 --> 01:20:57,500
Condenses from the atmosphere 
and collects and Low Places and 

1405
01:20:57,500 --> 01:21:01,700
as it collects it begins to 
Define what is ocean and what is

1406
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:06,000
land. the distinction emerges 
gradually over millions of years

1407
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:10,500
at first water and rock share, 
space, in uncertain, boundaries 

1408
01:21:10,500 --> 01:21:14,200
with shallow Seas covering 
platforms that are almost land 

1409
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:19,000
and almost not Then there's more
waterfalls and more time passes,

1410
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,800
the deepest basins, fill 
completely and the highest 

1411
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:25,500
platforms rise. 
Clear of the water and the 

1412
01:21:25,500 --> 01:21:29,100
difference between sea and 
continent becomes real, The 

1413
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:31,400
Rocket's self is cooling From 
the Inside Out. 

1414
01:21:31,400 --> 01:21:34,900
Releasing heat that build up 
during the planets for nation. 

1415
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:39,100
This cooling can continue for 
hundreds of millions of years 

1416
01:21:39,100 --> 01:21:42,500
and it continues still though 
more slowly now. 

1417
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:46,000
You can feel the warmth Rising 
through the stone Beneath Your 

1418
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:49,700
Feet steady and gentle like 
standing on a surface that 

1419
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:53,800
remembers being hot and is 
slowly forgetting continents 

1420
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:57,800
four, where light rock floats, 
on dense and material below and 

1421
01:21:57,800 --> 01:22:00,900
these floating platforms drift 
with currents in the layer, 

1422
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:04,000
beneath them. 
The movement is extraordinarily,

1423
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:08,300
slow measured in fingernail 
widths per year but it is 

1424
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:13,300
continuous. a continent drifts 
northward or Eastward or 

1425
01:22:13,300 --> 01:22:16,500
intercollege with another 
continent and the Collision 

1426
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:19,800
raises Mountains and the 
mountains rise at the same 

1427
01:22:19,800 --> 01:22:24,300
patient Pace the continents 
drift, Erosion begins as soon as

1428
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:28,900
land rises above water, rain 
falls on high ground and runs 

1429
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:32,900
downward carrying tiny particles
of dissolved rock with it. 

1430
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:37,700
The particles washing to streams
the streams, carry them to 

1431
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:40,200
rivers and the rivers deliver 
them to the ocean. 

1432
01:22:41,500 --> 01:22:45,600
This process never stops and 
over time, it wears down 

1433
01:22:45,600 --> 01:22:49,900
mountains and fills in valleys, 
smoothing the landscape toward a

1434
01:22:49,908 --> 01:22:53,300
gentler average. 
Minerals crystallize out of 

1435
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:55,500
cooling Rock in predictable 
sequences. 

1436
01:22:56,600 --> 01:22:59,800
First, the minerals that require
the highest temperatures form 

1437
01:22:59,800 --> 01:23:04,500
and settle, then as cooling 
continues minerals, that form at

1438
01:23:04,500 --> 01:23:06,600
lower temperatures, crystallize 
and join them. 

1439
01:23:07,500 --> 01:23:10,700
The result is Stone made of 
different components arranged in

1440
01:23:10,700 --> 01:23:13,900
layers and Pockets each mineral 
in its proper place. 

1441
01:23:13,900 --> 01:23:17,800
According to the temperature at 
which is solidified, The 

1442
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:20,800
atmosphere is dense are now than
it will, be later thick with 

1443
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:24,500
water vapor and carbon dioxide 
released from volcanic activity.

1444
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:28,800
This density holds heat close to
the surface, keeping 

1445
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:32,200
temperatures warm and stable, 
even during the long nights. 

1446
01:23:32,800 --> 01:23:35,800
The air feels heavy when you 
breathe it, substantial? 

1447
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:37,600
Like something you could almost 
swim through. 

1448
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:41,800
Chemical reactions happen 
constantly, wherever water meets

1449
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:46,000
rock certain minerals, dissolve 
more easily than others, and as 

1450
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:48,500
water flows over. 
And through Stone, it 

1451
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:51,900
preferentially removes the 
soluble minerals leaving behind 

1452
01:23:51,900 --> 01:23:56,300
what does not dissolve. 
This creates gradual changes in 

1453
01:23:56,300 --> 01:23:59,400
the composition of both the 
water and the rock with these 

1454
01:23:59,400 --> 01:24:02,900
becoming more defined in its 
character over time sediment 

1455
01:24:02,900 --> 01:24:05,700
accumulates on the ocean floor 
in layers that record the 

1456
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:08,600
passage of time. 
Find particles settle 

1457
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:12,500
continuously drifting down 
through the water column and 

1458
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:14,600
coming to rest on top of what 
settled before them. 

1459
01:24:15,500 --> 01:24:19,500
Each layer is thin, sometimes 
representing only a few years of

1460
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:23,200
accumulation, but the layers 
stacking into sequences that 

1461
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:26,200
growth thick enough to compress 
their own lower portions into 

1462
01:24:26,200 --> 01:24:30,000
New Stone. 
Island chains form where 

1463
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:34,100
volcanic vents break through the
ocean floor repeatedly as 

1464
01:24:34,100 --> 01:24:38,100
tectonic plates move over them. 
One volcano builds until it 

1465
01:24:38,100 --> 01:24:41,500
rises above the water line. 
Then the plate carries it away 

1466
01:24:41,500 --> 01:24:43,800
from the heat source and it goes
dormant. 

1467
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:47,400
Behind it. 
A new volcano begins building 

1468
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:51,600
from the same deep source. 
The result is a line of islands.

1469
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:53,700
Each one slightly older than the
one behind it. 

1470
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:56,400
All of them recording the 
plates, steady motion. 

1471
01:24:57,200 --> 01:25:00,600
The ocean salinity increases 
gradually as Rivers delivered as

1472
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:04,300
old minerals to the sea, the 
water, evaporates and Falls as 

1473
01:25:04,300 --> 01:25:06,700
rain. 
Again, the mineral stay behind 

1474
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:09,900
concentrating slowly over 
millions of years. 

1475
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:14,600
The ocean is becoming saltier, 
but the change happens. 

1476
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:18,000
So slowly that at any given 
moment, the ocean tastes the 

1477
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:22,100
same as it did a thousand years 
before. glaciers will form later

1478
01:25:22,100 --> 01:25:26,300
in colder ages, but during these
Early times, the poles award and

1479
01:25:26,300 --> 01:25:30,400
Ice free, Water circulates from 
equator to pole without 

1480
01:25:30,400 --> 01:25:32,500
freezing. 
And the temperature difference 

1481
01:25:32,500 --> 01:25:35,600
between tropical and polar 
regions is smaller than it will 

1482
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:39,500
become the planet maintains 
warmth more evenly across its 

1483
01:25:39,500 --> 01:25:42,100
surface. 
Creating less variation in 

1484
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:46,600
climate from One ladder to 
another The salt and granite 

1485
01:25:46,600 --> 01:25:50,300
established themselves as the 
primary rock types with Basalt 

1486
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:53,100
forming the ocean floor and 
granite forming the continents. 

1487
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,800
This division happens because 
basil is denser and granite is 

1488
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:01,400
lighter and the denser material 
sinks while the lighter material

1489
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:06,000
Rises, the arrangement is stable
and self-maintaining, requiring 

1490
01:26:06,000 --> 01:26:08,000
no outside adjustment to 
preserve it. 

1491
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:12,500
The landscape develops patterns 
of drainage with water following

1492
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:15,700
the lowest available path 
downward until it reaches the 

1493
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:18,000
sea. 
These drainage patterns 

1494
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:20,900
organized themselves, according 
to the slope and composition of 

1495
01:26:20,900 --> 01:26:23,500
the land. 
Creating branching networks that

1496
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:25,800
look similar, whether you view 
them at the scale of a small 

1497
01:26:25,808 --> 01:26:28,000
water shared or an entire 
continent. 

1498
01:26:29,300 --> 01:26:33,700
Minerals whether out of rock, 
dissolving water react, with 

1499
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:37,500
other dissolved, substances, and
precipitate out again as new 

1500
01:26:37,500 --> 01:26:40,700
minerals. 
The ocean floor is paved with 

1501
01:26:40,700 --> 01:26:44,100
these precipitates and places 
forming deposits that will 

1502
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:47,100
eventually become Limestone and 
other sedimentary rocks. 

1503
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:51,100
The process is chemical rather 
than biological driven by 

1504
01:26:51,100 --> 01:26:54,200
concentration, gradients and 
temperature changes rather than 

1505
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:56,700
living activity. 
The crust. 

1506
01:26:56,700 --> 01:27:00,200
Thickens as lighter materials, 
continue to separate from denser

1507
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:03,200
ones and as the crust thickens 
it becomes more stable. 

1508
01:27:03,200 --> 01:27:06,500
What was once a surface that 
shifted and reorganized 

1509
01:27:06,500 --> 01:27:10,200
frequently becomes a surface 
that shifts and reorganizes 

1510
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:15,800
slowly The change is not towards
Stillness but to order slower, 

1511
01:27:15,800 --> 01:27:19,900
more gradual, kind of movement 
that allows features to persist 

1512
01:27:19,900 --> 01:27:23,800
for longer spans of time. 
You watch a river carry sediment

1513
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:26,700
to the Sea and you know that 
this River has been carrying 

1514
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:31,900
settlement for millions of years
grain by grain building a Delta 

1515
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:34,200
at its mouth, that grows outward
into the ocean. 

1516
01:27:35,200 --> 01:27:38,900
You watch rain dissolve minerals
from a cliff face and you know 

1517
01:27:38,908 --> 01:27:41,400
that this Cliff has been 
dissolving for millions of 

1518
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:45,400
years, retreating Inland at a 
pace too slow for any single 

1519
01:27:45,400 --> 01:27:49,000
lifetime to measure. 
The surface is being built and 

1520
01:27:49,000 --> 01:27:52,500
maintained simultaneously, with 
construction and erosion 

1521
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:55,100
balancing each other in a slow 
equilibrium. 

1522
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:59,100
You notice how water connects 
everything to everything else, 

1523
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:03,700
rain that falls on High Ground 
flows, downward carrying 

1524
01:28:03,700 --> 01:28:05,200
minerals that will nourish 
later. 

1525
01:28:05,200 --> 01:28:09,100
Life, ocean, water, evaporates, 
and forms clouds, that will 

1526
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,800
become that rain. 
The cycle, links atmosphere to 

1527
01:28:12,800 --> 01:28:17,000
Ocean to land and Back Again. 
Moving material and energy 

1528
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,900
through each component in turn. 
The atmosphere and ocean 

1529
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:25,100
exchange heat continuously. 
When air moves over warm water, 

1530
01:28:25,100 --> 01:28:28,000
it absorbs warmth and carries it
to cooler regions. 

1531
01:28:28,700 --> 01:28:32,600
When air cools, it releases that
warmth to the water below or the

1532
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:36,000
land beneath. 
This exchange evens out, 

1533
01:28:36,008 --> 01:28:38,900
temperature differences, 
preventing any part of the 

1534
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,400
planet from becoming too hot or 
too cold, relative to the rest. 

1535
01:28:43,600 --> 01:28:47,600
Carbon moves between are water 
and rock in its own slow 

1536
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:51,100
circulation. 
Carbon dioxide dissolves in 

1537
01:28:51,108 --> 01:28:55,100
ocean water, reacts with 
minerals, and eventually becomes

1538
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:59,600
part of sedimentary rock. 
Volcanic activity releases 

1539
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:02,000
carbon from Rock, back into the 
atmosphere. 

1540
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,800
The cycle takes millions of 
years to complete one full 

1541
01:29:05,800 --> 01:29:10,300
circuit but it operates 
continuously keeping carbon in 

1542
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:13,800
motion rather than allowing it 
to concentrate in any single 

1543
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:18,200
Reservoir tectonic plates. 
Interact at their boundaries and

1544
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:20,800
these interactions take 
different forms depending on 

1545
01:29:20,800 --> 01:29:22,900
what kind of plate meets? 
What kind of plate? 

1546
01:29:23,700 --> 01:29:27,800
Where two plates, move apart, 
new ocean floor, forms between 

1547
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:31,600
them where they move together 
one plate, slides beneath the 

1548
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:34,900
other or both crumpled and Rise 
into mountains. 

1549
01:29:34,900 --> 01:29:39,300
Each type of boundary creates 
its own characteristic landforms

1550
01:29:39,300 --> 01:29:42,500
and the boundaries collectively 
organized the surface into 

1551
01:29:42,500 --> 01:29:47,300
distinct sections energy from 
the Sun drives winds, which 

1552
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:51,200
Drive ocean currents, which 
distribute heat, which affects 

1553
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,500
where clouds form, which 
determines where rain falls, 

1554
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:58,000
Which shapes the land through 
erosion, which changes the 

1555
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:00,800
patterns of drainage, which 
Alters where sediment 

1556
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:05,100
accumulates, Each process can 
connects to the next in a chain 

1557
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:08,600
that Loops back on itself. 
So that the end of one cycle 

1558
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:12,200
becomes the starting condition 
for another The ocean's 

1559
01:30:12,200 --> 01:30:15,100
temperature affects how much 
carbon dioxide it can hold in 

1560
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:19,800
solution warmer water holds less
colder water holds more. 

1561
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:24,100
As current circulate water 
between warm and cold regions, 

1562
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,600
they also circulate carbon 
between surface and atmosphere 

1563
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:31,600
participating in the larger 
carbon cycle through this 

1564
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:35,700
temperature dependent Exchange. 
Weathering of rock requires both

1565
01:30:35,700 --> 01:30:38,300
water and time and the rate of 
weathering. 

1566
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:42,400
Depends on temperature and 
rainfall, in warm, wet regions, 

1567
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:45,600
rock, breaks down more quickly, 
releasing minerals into 

1568
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:49,900
solution. 
In cool dry regions, Rock 

1569
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:53,800
weathers more slowly remaining 
intact for longer periods. 

1570
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:57,600
This variation creates different
kinds of soil in different 

1571
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:00,000
climates. 
Each one suited to the 

1572
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:03,600
conditions that produced it. 
The daylight cycle creates 

1573
01:31:03,600 --> 01:31:07,500
temperature, variations that 
expand and contract Rock, and 

1574
01:31:07,500 --> 01:31:10,500
this expansion and contraction 
contributes to mechanical 

1575
01:31:10,500 --> 01:31:13,200
weathering. 
The effect is small on any 

1576
01:31:13,200 --> 01:31:16,200
single day. 
But repeated millions of times 

1577
01:31:16,200 --> 01:31:19,900
over millions of years, that 
becomes significant rock 

1578
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:23,000
fractures along lines of 
weakness, creating smaller 

1579
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:25,900
pieces, that wear the chemically
more quickly than solid Stone. 

1580
01:31:26,800 --> 01:31:29,800
Volcanic gases feed the 
atmosphere and the atmosphere 

1581
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:32,100
feeds. 
The ocean through rain and the 

1582
01:31:32,108 --> 01:31:35,800
ocean feeds back to vulkanisme 
by carrying Waters down into 

1583
01:31:35,800 --> 01:31:39,200
subduction zone, where it lowers
the melting point of rock and 

1584
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:43,600
enables magma to four. 
The system is circular with each

1585
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:46,800
component supplying. 
What another component needs to 

1586
01:31:46,800 --> 01:31:51,300
continue its own processes. 
Seasonal, variations develop as 

1587
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:54,600
the Earth tilted axis causes 
different parts of the planet to

1588
01:31:54,600 --> 01:31:57,300
receive more or less direct 
sunlight at different times of 

1589
01:31:57,300 --> 01:32:00,200
year. 
The variation is subtle during 

1590
01:32:00,200 --> 01:32:03,100
these early ages, when the 
climate is generally warm, but 

1591
01:32:03,100 --> 01:32:07,200
it exists you can observe how 
rainfall patterns shift with the

1592
01:32:07,200 --> 01:32:10,500
seasons following the sun's 
apparent movement, North and 

1593
01:32:10,500 --> 01:32:14,000
South The formation of new ocean
floor at spreading ridges 

1594
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:16,700
pushes, older floor outward, 
toward the edges of ocean 

1595
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:19,000
basins. 
And at those edges, the old 

1596
01:32:19,000 --> 01:32:20,600
floor sinks back into the 
mantle. 

1597
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:24,100
The ocean floor is therefore 
young near The Ridges and old 

1598
01:32:24,100 --> 01:32:27,700
near the margins and it exists 
in constant circulation. 

1599
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:31,600
Renewing itself completely every
few hundred million years 

1600
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:36,600
Minerals transported, by Rivers,
accumulating deltas and coastal 

1601
01:32:36,600 --> 01:32:40,400
areas, and these accumulations 
become resources for later 

1602
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,800
processors. 
Iron settles in certain 

1603
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:48,400
conditions, silica and others in
calcium carbonate, in still 

1604
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:51,400
others. 
Each mineral Finds Its preferred

1605
01:32:51,400 --> 01:32:53,300
environment and concentrates 
there. 

1606
01:32:54,000 --> 01:32:56,400
Creating variety across the 
landscape. 

1607
01:32:57,100 --> 01:33:00,100
The atmosphere Shields the 
surface from harmful radiation 

1608
01:33:00,100 --> 01:33:03,800
while allowing, visible light 
through, and this selective 

1609
01:33:03,800 --> 01:33:07,200
filtering creates conditions 
where chemistry can proceed a 

1610
01:33:07,200 --> 01:33:10,500
moderate temperatures without 
being disrupted by high-energy 

1611
01:33:10,500 --> 01:33:13,900
particles. 
The Shield is not perfect but it

1612
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:17,100
is sufficient maintaining a 
protected space between the 

1613
01:33:17,100 --> 01:33:20,400
vacuum of space and the solid 
surface of the planet. 

1614
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:24,900
Hydrothermal vents on the ocean 
floor creates zones of chemical 

1615
01:33:24,900 --> 01:33:28,800
activity where hot mineral Rich 
water meets cold sea water 

1616
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:31,600
minerals. 
Precipitate out of solution, 

1617
01:33:31,600 --> 01:33:34,000
forming chimney like structures 
around. 

1618
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:37,600
The vents, the chemicals 
released by these vents in Rich,

1619
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:40,900
the surrounding water. 
Distributing elements that will 

1620
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:42,600
later prove useful to living 
systems. 

1621
01:33:42,600 --> 01:33:46,400
The gravitational pull of the 
moon and sun together creates 

1622
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:50,500
title forces that Flex the 
Earth's crust slightly and this 

1623
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:53,400
flexing generates a small amount
of heat through friction. 

1624
01:33:54,500 --> 01:33:57,800
The heat is minor compared to 
the heat from radioactive decay 

1625
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:01,600
in the planets interior but it 
contributes to the total energy.

1626
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:05,800
Budget adding one more source to
the mix of energy that keeps the

1627
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:08,900
planet active ocean. 
Currents transport. 

1628
01:34:08,900 --> 01:34:12,600
Not just heat but also dissolved
minerals Distributing resources 

1629
01:34:12,600 --> 01:34:15,800
around the planet. 
Water that rises from the deep 

1630
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:18,700
ocean in upwelling zones, brings
nutrients to the surface. 

1631
01:34:19,500 --> 01:34:23,400
Water that sinks in downwelling 
zones, carries oxygen to depth. 

1632
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:28,300
The circulation ensures that the
ocean does not stratify into 

1633
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:31,700
permanently separate layers, but
remains mixed and accessible. 

1634
01:34:32,700 --> 01:34:36,300
The land surface channels water 
into rivers and the rivers carve

1635
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:39,700
valleys that channel water more 
efficiently and the improved 

1636
01:34:39,700 --> 01:34:43,400
drainage allows the land to dry 
out between Reigns and the 

1637
01:34:43,400 --> 01:34:46,000
drying and wetting Cycles 
whether the rock more 

1638
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:49,100
effectively. 
Each change enables, the next 

1639
01:34:49,100 --> 01:34:52,200
change so that the landscape 
gradually becomes more 

1640
01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:56,200
organized, more defined in its 
features and more distinctly 

1641
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:58,900
itself. 
You stand at the edge of the 

1642
01:34:58,900 --> 01:35:03,000
ocean and watch waves arrive 
from far out at Sea, their 

1643
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:05,600
energy delivered by winds that 
gather for. 

1644
01:35:05,600 --> 01:35:09,700
So over 100s of miles of Open 
Water The wave's break on the 

1645
01:35:09,708 --> 01:35:13,900
shore and their energy goes into
moving, sand and grinding Rock. 

1646
01:35:14,700 --> 01:35:17,500
Contributing to the ongoing 
reshaping of the coastline. 

1647
01:35:17,500 --> 01:35:22,200
Nothing is wasted every bit of 
energy does work and the work 

1648
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:26,000
accumulates into lasting 
changes, you notice that the 

1649
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:28,900
Earth settles into long periods 
where little seems to change. 

1650
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:32,500
After the initial Cooling and 
the formation of the first 

1651
01:35:32,500 --> 01:35:36,000
permanent oceans, the planet 
enters stretches of time 

1652
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:39,200
measured in tens of millions of 
years where conditions remain 

1653
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:42,600
remarkably steady. 
The temperature holds within a 

1654
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:45,500
narrow range. 
The ocean stays at roughly the 

1655
01:35:45,500 --> 01:35:47,800
same level. 
The composition of the 

1656
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:51,000
atmosphere shifts, but slowly 
without sudden transitions, 

1657
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:56,000
these periods are not Stillness,
erosion continues, tectonic 

1658
01:35:56,000 --> 01:35:59,900
plates, continue drifting, and 
volcanic activity continues, 

1659
01:35:59,900 --> 01:36:03,900
adding material to the surface. 
But the rate of change is slow 

1660
01:36:03,900 --> 01:36:06,800
enough, that the planet at the 
end of a 10 million year span 

1661
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:08,400
looks much like it did at the 
beginning. 

1662
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,700
The changes are real. 
But gradual, creating a sense of

1663
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:15,900
deep stability. 
Even while nothing actually 

1664
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:18,600
stops moving. 
The ocean, reaches, an 

1665
01:36:18,600 --> 01:36:21,300
equilibrium, where the rate of 
evaporation matches the rate of 

1666
01:36:21,308 --> 01:36:24,700
precipitation and whether rate 
of sediment washing into the 

1667
01:36:24,700 --> 01:36:27,600
seed, matches, the rate of 
settlement being subducted and 

1668
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:31,000
returned to the mantle Water 
enters and leaves the ocean 

1669
01:36:31,000 --> 01:36:35,400
constantly, but the total volume
remains stable with the same 

1670
01:36:35,400 --> 01:36:38,900
amount present year after year 
Millennium after millennium. 

1671
01:36:40,500 --> 01:36:43,400
Temperature fluctuations, even 
out over time. 

1672
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,300
Early in Earth's history, 
volcanic activity was more 

1673
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:51,200
intense and less predictable. 
Creating periods of unusual. 

1674
01:36:51,200 --> 01:36:53,200
Warmth, followed by relative 
Cooling. 

1675
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:57,900
As the planet ages, volcanic 
activity, becomes more regular 

1676
01:36:57,900 --> 01:37:01,800
and more distributed across the 
surface and less prone to 

1677
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:04,700
clustering in ways that would 
create climate extremes. 

1678
01:37:05,400 --> 01:37:08,500
The result is a more stable 
climate one that varies from 

1679
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:11,700
season to season but not 
drastically from age to age. 

1680
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,100
You observe how the daylight 
cycle provides a built-in rhythm

1681
01:37:16,100 --> 01:37:20,300
of activity, and rest during the
day, solar energy, warms the 

1682
01:37:20,300 --> 01:37:25,600
surface evaporates, water drives
wins and Powers photo chemical 

1683
01:37:25,600 --> 01:37:29,400
reactions in the atmosphere. 
During the night, the surface 

1684
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:33,100
cools wins car. 
And chemical processes that 

1685
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,600
required Darkness or cooler 
temperatures take their turn. 

1686
01:37:37,400 --> 01:37:40,800
The alternation creates a 
natural pacing a rhythm that 

1687
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,400
prevents anyone process from 
running continuously without 

1688
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:49,000
pause Tides provide another 
Rhythm independent of daylight 

1689
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:53,200
but equally regular the rise and
fall of water at the Ocean's. 

1690
01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,400
Edge creates alternating periods
of exposure and submersion for 

1691
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:59,800
the intertidal zone. 
Rock that is underwater. 

1692
01:37:59,800 --> 01:38:03,800
During high tide is exposed to 
air during low tide and this 

1693
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:06,900
alternation creates conditions 
that will later prove useful for

1694
01:38:06,900 --> 01:38:10,200
organisms transitioning between 
Aquatic and terrestrial life. 

1695
01:38:10,200 --> 01:38:15,000
The seasons, even though mild 
during these warm ages create 

1696
01:38:15,000 --> 01:38:18,700
their own rhythms of variation 
and return rainfall patterns 

1697
01:38:18,700 --> 01:38:22,100
shift with the sun's position 
creating wetter and drier 

1698
01:38:22,100 --> 01:38:24,100
periods. 
That alternate in predictable 

1699
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:29,200
ways These variations are gentle
never extreme but they add 

1700
01:38:29,200 --> 01:38:32,700
texture to the passing of time. 
Making one part of the Year 

1701
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:36,600
distinguishable from another. 
Volcanic Cycles follow longer 

1702
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:40,100
rhythms with periods of 
increased activity separated by 

1703
01:38:40,100 --> 01:38:44,700
periods of relative quiet. 
These Cycles are irregular, not 

1704
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:48,500
tied to any particular schedule,
but they averaged out over time 

1705
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:51,200
into a background level of 
activity, that feeds the 

1706
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:55,000
atmosphere and ocean without 
overwhelming them. planet has 

1707
01:38:55,000 --> 01:38:58,400
time to process what each 
eruption releases before the 

1708
01:38:58,400 --> 01:39:02,500
next eruption arrives, 
Continental drift proceeds at 

1709
01:39:02,500 --> 01:39:06,500
its unhurried Pace moving land 
masses across the surface over 

1710
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:10,100
millions of years. 
A continent that begins near the

1711
01:39:10,108 --> 01:39:12,600
equator will eventually drift 
toward a pole? 

1712
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:16,400
And then perhaps back toward the
equator again, the movement is 

1713
01:39:16,400 --> 01:39:20,000
slow enough, that climate zones 
shift gradually allowing the 

1714
01:39:20,000 --> 01:39:23,000
surface to adjust a new 
conditions without sudden 

1715
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:26,700
disruptions The carbon cycle 
maintains a rough balance 

1716
01:39:26,700 --> 01:39:30,300
between carbon stored in rocks, 
carbon dissolved in the ocean 

1717
01:39:30,300 --> 01:39:32,300
and carbon present in the 
atmosphere. 

1718
01:39:33,300 --> 01:39:37,600
The balance is not perfect. 
Carbon concentration shift over 

1719
01:39:37,600 --> 01:39:41,900
time sometimes, increasing, 
sometimes, decreasing, but the 

1720
01:39:41,900 --> 01:39:45,800
shifts happen slowly and the 
system has mechanisms that 

1721
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:49,300
prevent carbon from accumulating
entirely and one reservoir at 

1722
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:52,400
the expense of the others. 
Between periods of mountain 

1723
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:56,200
building, the land has time to 
erode back towards sea level. 

1724
01:39:57,000 --> 01:39:59,500
Mountains. 
Rise, when continents Collide 

1725
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:02,700
creating Highlands that stand? 
Well, above the surrounding 

1726
01:40:02,700 --> 01:40:06,700
Plains, then over the following 
10s of millions of years 

1727
01:40:06,700 --> 01:40:11,100
erosion, where is those 
mountains down grain by grain 

1728
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:13,400
returning, the material to the 
ocean? 

1729
01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:17,900
The land surface Rises and falls
in Long cycles. 

1730
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:20,800
Never remaining at one elevation
permanently. 

1731
01:40:20,800 --> 01:40:24,200
You notice how the ocean floor 
records these rhythms in its 

1732
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:27,600
sediments. 
Layers of fine clay alternate 

1733
01:40:27,600 --> 01:40:30,900
with layers of coarser material 
recording changes in the 

1734
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:32,200
strength of ocean. 
Currents. 

1735
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:35,000
The layer stack in regular 
patterns. 

1736
01:40:35,000 --> 01:40:38,200
Each one representing a 
particular set of conditions 

1737
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:42,100
that repeated at intervals too 
long for any single Observer to 

1738
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:44,000
witness. 
But clear enough in the 

1739
01:40:44,000 --> 01:40:46,900
geological record to show that 
they happened regularly. 

1740
01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:51,200
The atmosphere is composition 
stabilizes as the initial 

1741
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,800
outgassing from volcanism slows 
and the various chemical 

1742
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:57,100
reactions reach a kind of 
working balance. 

1743
01:40:57,900 --> 01:41:00,800
The are still contains more 
carbon dioxide than it will in 

1744
01:41:00,800 --> 01:41:03,700
later ages. 
But the amount is not increasing

1745
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:07,500
as rapidly as it did early. 
The atmosphere is finding its 

1746
01:41:07,500 --> 01:41:10,600
functional composition. 
The mix of gases that will 

1747
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,600
support the chemistry of the 
surface without requiring 

1748
01:41:13,600 --> 01:41:17,500
constant adjustment. 
Hydrothermal circulation at 

1749
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:20,600
mid-ocean, ridges provides a 
rhythm of water heating, and 

1750
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,500
cooling cold sea water, seeps 
into cracks in the ocean floor, 

1751
01:41:24,500 --> 01:41:28,900
circulates through Hot Rock, and
emerges heated, and enriched 

1752
01:41:28,900 --> 01:41:32,600
with minerals. 
The cycle takes years to decades

1753
01:41:32,600 --> 01:41:36,400
to complete depending on the 
path, the water follows, but it 

1754
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:39,000
operates continuously at 
spreading centers around the 

1755
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:41,900
planet. 
Providing a slow steady flow of 

1756
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,900
chemical energy to the ocean. 
The planets rotation is slowing 

1757
01:41:45,900 --> 01:41:49,300
due to Tidal friction and this 
slowing adds a few seconds to 

1758
01:41:49,300 --> 01:41:51,500
the length of the day, every few
million years. 

1759
01:41:52,300 --> 01:41:54,900
The changes in perceptible, on 
human time scales. 

1760
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:58,900
But real over geological time, 
The Earth is settling into a 

1761
01:41:58,900 --> 01:42:02,500
rhythm that will eventually 
stabilize at 24-hour day though.

1762
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:05,700
It is not there yet. 
You stand on a coast and watch 

1763
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:09,200
the same waves arrive day after 
day year after year. 

1764
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:12,900
The waves are driven by wind, 
the wind is driven by 

1765
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:15,800
temperature differences. 
And the temperature differences 

1766
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:19,500
are driven by the sun's Heat. 
The chain of causation is long 

1767
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:23,900
but unbroken and it operates 
continuously creating patterns 

1768
01:42:23,900 --> 01:42:26,000
that repeat without requiring 
intervention. 

1769
01:42:27,100 --> 01:42:31,300
The ocean Rises and falls with 
the tides, the surface of varies

1770
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:35,300
with the time of day and the 
planet turns beneath the sun all

1771
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:37,600
of it happening in rhythms that 
Nest inside one. 

1772
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,100
Another like the gears of a vast
patient clock. 

1773
01:42:41,400 --> 01:42:44,400
You noticed that the planet is 
preparing conditions that will 

1774
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:46,600
later. 
Support living things though. 

1775
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:49,400
Nothing is alive yet during most
of these early ages. 

1776
01:42:49,400 --> 01:42:53,600
The preparation happens with Our
intention simply as a 

1777
01:42:53,600 --> 01:42:57,200
consequence of chemistry and 
physics playing out according to

1778
01:42:57,200 --> 01:43:00,800
their rules. 
Water accumulates in places 

1779
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:04,200
where it will be accessible, 
minerals, dissolve, and 

1780
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:07,900
precipitate in forms that will 
be useful energy flows through 

1781
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:12,000
the system in ways that will 
later be captured and used water

1782
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:15,500
is everywhere. 
It fills the ocean basins 

1783
01:43:15,500 --> 01:43:20,200
saturates the atmosphere, as 
Vapor Falls as rain flows 

1784
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:22,000
through rivers and seeps into 
rock. 

1785
01:43:22,000 --> 01:43:25,600
This abundance means that when 
chemistry begins producing, the 

1786
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:29,700
first simple organic molecules 
those molecules will have a 

1787
01:43:29,700 --> 01:43:33,400
medium to interact in. 
Water is the universal solvent 

1788
01:43:33,400 --> 01:43:37,200
capable of dissolving. 
A wide range of substances and 

1789
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:39,200
bringing them into contact with 
one another. 

1790
01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:45,000
The ocean contains iron sulfur, 
phosphorus nitrogen, and other 

1791
01:43:45,000 --> 01:43:47,500
elements that will become 
essential to living chemistry. 

1792
01:43:48,500 --> 01:43:52,500
These elements wash into the sea
from weathering rock or emerge 

1793
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:56,300
from hydrothermal vents or 
arrive in volcanic gases that 

1794
01:43:56,300 --> 01:43:59,300
dissolve in seawater. 
Their present in small 

1795
01:43:59,300 --> 01:44:03,500
concentrations but in reliable 
Supply distributed throughout 

1796
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:06,600
the ocean rather than 
concentrated in a few and 

1797
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:10,500
accessible locations. 
Energy is available in multiple 

1798
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:14,900
forms sunlight reaches the 
surface, providing a constant 

1799
01:44:14,900 --> 01:44:18,300
input of energy that drives 
photochemical reactions. 

1800
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:23,300
Lightning ads, brief bursts of 
high energy, capable of forging 

1801
01:44:23,300 --> 01:44:24,800
chemical bonds, that would not 
form. 

1802
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:28,800
Otherwise, hydrothermal vents 
provide thermal energy and 

1803
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:32,300
chemical gradients. 
Radioactivity and rocks provides

1804
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:36,300
a slow, steady background of 
energy. the planet offers many 

1805
01:44:36,300 --> 01:44:40,800
sources, ensuring that chemistry
has options to draw from The 

1806
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:43,700
atmosphere contains the building
blocks of organic chemistry. 

1807
01:44:44,500 --> 01:44:48,500
Carbon in the form of carbon 
dioxide nitrogen and hydrogen in

1808
01:44:48,500 --> 01:44:51,500
water vapor. 
These simple molecules can 

1809
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,700
combine into more complex ones. 
Give them the right conditions 

1810
01:44:54,700 --> 01:44:57,600
and enough time. 
The atmosphere is like a 

1811
01:44:57,600 --> 01:45:00,600
cupboard stocked with 
ingredients waiting for the 

1812
01:45:00,600 --> 01:45:03,000
right recipe to emerge from 
trial and error. 

1813
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:07,500
Tidal pools form in Rocky, 
coastal areas, and these pools 

1814
01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:11,000
provide natural Laboratories 
where concentrated Solutions can

1815
01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:15,200
undergo chemical reactions. 
When The Tide is High sea, water

1816
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:17,100
fills, the pools bringing fresh 
minerals. 

1817
01:45:17,100 --> 01:45:20,400
When the tide is low of 
evaporation, concentrates, 

1818
01:45:20,400 --> 01:45:21,900
whatever is dissolved in the 
water. 

1819
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:25,900
In the chances that molecules 
will encounter one another and 

1820
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:27,800
react. 
Pools. 

1821
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:30,800
Fill an empty on a regular 
schedule, creating a rhythm that

1822
01:45:30,800 --> 01:45:32,800
repeats, the experiment over and
over. 

1823
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:37,300
Clay minerals form from the 
weathering of volcanic rock and 

1824
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:39,300
these Clays have useful 
properties. 

1825
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:43,200
They provide surfaces where 
molecules can absorb and be held

1826
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:46,600
in close proximity increasing 
the likelihood of reaction. 

1827
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,800
They can also catalyze certain 
reactions, speeding them up 

1828
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:54,200
without being consumed 
themselves. the ocean floor and 

1829
01:45:54,200 --> 01:45:58,300
coastal areas are rich in Clays 
offering countless microscopic, 

1830
01:45:58,300 --> 01:46:01,500
reaction Chambers The 
temperature of the early Earth 

1831
01:46:01,500 --> 01:46:04,700
is warm but not too hot Kool but
not too cold. 

1832
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,100
Water remains liquid over most 
of the surface maintaining the 

1833
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:11,800
range where chemistry proceeds 
useful rates. 

1834
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:15,800
If the planet were hotter water 
would evaporate in, chemistry 

1835
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:19,100
would slow. 
If it were colder, water would 

1836
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:23,200
freeze and chemistry would stop.
The temperature is in the range 

1837
01:46:23,200 --> 01:46:26,600
where things can happen cycles 
of wet and dry provide 

1838
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:29,700
opportunities from molecules to 
form in solution and then 

1839
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:31,500
concentrate as water, 
evaporates. 

1840
01:46:32,700 --> 01:46:36,200
Some chemical reactions, proceed
better in concentrated Solutions

1841
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:39,200
and others proceed better in 
dilute ones. 

1842
01:46:40,100 --> 01:46:42,300
The alternation between wet and 
dry periods. 

1843
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,200
Allows both types of reactions 
to occur in sequence. 

1844
01:46:46,200 --> 01:46:49,300
Creating Pathways to complexity,
that would not be available. 

1845
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:50,900
If conditions were always the 
same. 

1846
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:55,100
Volcanic activity continues to 
add fresh material, to the 

1847
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:59,300
surface replacing what erosion 
removes and ensuring that the 

1848
01:46:59,300 --> 01:47:00,800
supply of minerals does not run 
out. 

1849
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:05,000
Each volcanic eruption brings 
Rock from the mantle to the 

1850
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:09,300
surface rock that has never been
weathered before rich in 

1851
01:47:09,308 --> 01:47:13,000
elements that dissolve readily 
once exposed to Water and Air. 

1852
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:16,800
The planet is not running down, 
but renewing itself. 

1853
01:47:16,800 --> 01:47:20,400
Maintaining the conditions that 
support chemical activity. 

1854
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:24,700
The day-night cycle creates 
temperature variation that can 

1855
01:47:24,700 --> 01:47:28,200
drive chemical processes. 
Some reactions, proceed better 

1856
01:47:28,200 --> 01:47:32,900
in warmth others in coolness. 
The alternation between day and 

1857
01:47:32,900 --> 01:47:36,500
night provides a natural cycling
between conditions, allowing 

1858
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:39,800
different types of chemistry to 
take turns using the same space.

1859
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:43,800
Rivers deliver nutrients from 
the continents to the ocean 

1860
01:47:43,800 --> 01:47:47,200
concentrating, minerals in 
deltas and estuaries. 

1861
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:50,900
These transitions zones between 
freshwater and saltwater 

1862
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:56,000
provide, gradients and salinity 
temperature and mineral content 

1863
01:47:56,000 --> 01:47:59,300
creating diverse chemical 
environments in close, 

1864
01:47:59,300 --> 01:48:02,400
proximity. 
What does not react in one 

1865
01:48:02,400 --> 01:48:04,300
environment May react in the 
next? 

1866
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:08,200
The ocean circulation ensures 
that no part of the water 

1867
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:12,600
becomes permanently isolated 
surface water, eventually sinks 

1868
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:17,100
deep water, eventually Rises and
The Mixing distributes whatever,

1869
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:19,500
forms in one location to other 
locations. 

1870
01:48:20,700 --> 01:48:23,800
This circulation prevents 
resources from becoming trapped 

1871
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:28,300
and unavailable, keeping them in
motion and accessible phosphorus

1872
01:48:28,300 --> 01:48:32,000
crucial for later biochemistry. 
Whether it's out of rock and 

1873
01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:36,100
accumulates in sediments, it is 
not abundant, but it is present.

1874
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:39,200
And the processes that 
concentrated in particular 

1875
01:48:39,200 --> 01:48:43,600
locations are slow and reliable.
The planet is gathering 

1876
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:46,300
phosphorus in places where it 
will be available when needed. 

1877
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:51,400
The magnetic field generated by 
the Earth's molten core Shields 

1878
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:54,900
the surface from solar wind 
preventing the atmosphere from 

1879
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:58,900
being Stripped Away over time. 
This protection ensures that the

1880
01:48:58,900 --> 01:49:01,700
atmosphere remains thick enough 
to support chemistry at the 

1881
01:49:01,700 --> 01:49:05,200
surface maintaining pressure and
retaining water vapor. 

1882
01:49:06,100 --> 01:49:09,900
The Shield is invisible, but as 
essential preserving the 

1883
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:12,200
conditions that make everything 
else possible. 

1884
01:49:13,200 --> 01:49:16,500
You stand at the edge of a warm 
shallow sea and observe. 

1885
01:49:16,500 --> 01:49:18,600
How gentle waves stir the 
sediment. 

1886
01:49:19,500 --> 01:49:22,900
Keeping particles suspended and 
in contact with dissolved 

1887
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:25,900
nutrients. 
The water is Rich with potential

1888
01:49:25,900 --> 01:49:29,600
holding everything that will be 
needed but not yet assembled 

1889
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:33,600
into the forms that will use it.
The planet is ready, stocked 

1890
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:36,900
with materials and energy. 
Maintaining stable conditions, 

1891
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:40,600
and simply waiting for chemistry
to find its way to the patterns,

1892
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:42,000
that will eventually become 
life. 

1893
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:45,300
You notice that the Earth is 
entering longer periods of 

1894
01:49:45,300 --> 01:49:46,400
predictable. 
Calm. 

1895
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:50,500
The initial intensity of 
planetary formation has passed. 

1896
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:54,900
The atmosphere is thick and 
stable, the ocean has reached 

1897
01:49:54,900 --> 01:49:58,700
its long-term volume. 
The continents of taking shape 

1898
01:49:58,700 --> 01:50:02,700
and a drifting slowly no longer 
reorganizing dramatically from 

1899
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:06,300
one age to the next. 
The planet is settling into a 

1900
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:10,100
mature Rhythm like an evening 
after a day of activity, the 

1901
01:50:10,100 --> 01:50:13,100
Sun's light is gentle and now 
than it was billions of years 

1902
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:16,000
ago. 
Slightly dimmers the star ages 

1903
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:19,300
but still sufficient to warm the
surface and drive the water 

1904
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:22,300
cycle. 
The light arrives each morning 

1905
01:50:22,300 --> 01:50:26,100
at the same angle for any given 
location and season creating 

1906
01:50:26,100 --> 01:50:29,600
patterns of warmth and Shadow 
that repeat with comforting 

1907
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,400
regularity. 
Which is a planet full within a 

1908
01:50:33,408 --> 01:50:36,000
moderate range. 
Equator is warm. 

1909
01:50:36,000 --> 01:50:38,900
The poles are cool, but the 
difference is less extreme than 

1910
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:42,800
it will become in later ages. 
The atmosphere and ocean 

1911
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:45,900
currents distribute heat 
effectively preventing any 

1912
01:50:45,900 --> 01:50:48,500
region from becoming too hot or 
too cold. 

1913
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:52,700
Climate is mild and stable 
without the swings that will 

1914
01:50:52,700 --> 01:50:55,600
characterize later periods when 
ice ages develop. 

1915
01:50:56,300 --> 01:50:59,600
Volcanic activity has decreased 
from the intense levels of the 

1916
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:03,200
planet's youth. 
Eruptions still occur, but they 

1917
01:51:03,200 --> 01:51:06,800
are less frequent and less. 
Massive, the crust is thickened 

1918
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,100
and cool making it harder for 
magma to reach the surface. 

1919
01:51:11,300 --> 01:51:14,800
What vulkanisme remains is 
spread across many small vents 

1920
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:18,900
rather than concentrated in a 
few large ones, creating a 

1921
01:51:18,900 --> 01:51:21,700
background level of activity. 
That is steady rather than 

1922
01:51:21,700 --> 01:51:25,500
punctuated. 
The ocean's, chemistry, a 

1923
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:28,100
stabilized. 
The salinity is set. 

1924
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:32,300
The pH is buffered by dissolved 
minerals, and the concentration 

1925
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,600
of various elements remains 
roughly constant over long 

1926
01:51:35,600 --> 01:51:38,200
periods. 
The water is clear in the open 

1927
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:42,000
ocean allowing sunlight to 
penetrate to significant debts, 

1928
01:51:42,700 --> 01:51:45,100
Near the coasts sediment clouds 
the water. 

1929
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:48,400
But even this is a regular 
feature not A disruption. 

1930
01:51:49,300 --> 01:51:52,800
Coastlines have taken on 
familiar shapes bays and 

1931
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:55,600
Headlands repeat patterns, 
determined by the underlying 

1932
01:51:55,600 --> 01:52:00,200
geology with resistant, rock 
forming promontories and softer 

1933
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:04,400
Rock eroding into embayments. 
Shapes are not permanent but 

1934
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,800
they are persistent lasting for 
millions of years before. 

1935
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:09,900
Erosion significantly Alters 
them. 

1936
01:52:10,700 --> 01:52:13,700
River systems of carve their 
valleys and established their 

1937
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:16,500
courses. 
The rivers flow in the same 

1938
01:52:16,500 --> 01:52:20,700
channels year after year moving 
water and sediment from 

1939
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,900
Highlands to Sea. 
The drainage patterns are 

1940
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:26,200
mature. 
Efficiently, moving water 

1941
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,400
without the frequent flooding 
and channel changes that 

1942
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:31,400
characterize young river 
systems. 

1943
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:35,800
The atmosphere's transparency 
allows you to see the stars at 

1944
01:52:35,800 --> 01:52:39,500
night without obstruction. 
The skies clear more often than 

1945
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:42,800
not with clouds forming, and 
dispersing and predictable 

1946
01:52:42,800 --> 01:52:46,900
patterns You can observe the 
full moon rising over the ocean.

1947
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:49,700
It's light reflecting off. 
Calm water. 

1948
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:53,700
Creating a path of silver that 
reaches from Horizon to shore. 

1949
01:52:54,600 --> 01:52:58,300
Tides continue their rhythmic 
rise and fall, but the Moon is 

1950
01:52:58,300 --> 01:53:01,700
slightly farther from Earth now,
and the tides are slightly less 

1951
01:53:01,700 --> 01:53:06,700
extreme than they were earlier. 
The changes gradual a slow 

1952
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:09,600
lessening of the moon's 
gravitational grip as orbital 

1953
01:53:09,600 --> 01:53:11,600
mechanics. 
Carry it farther away over 

1954
01:53:11,600 --> 01:53:14,700
millions of years. 
The tides remained strong enough

1955
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:16,900
to mix Coastal Waters and 
shapes. 

1956
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:19,900
Shorelines, the gentle enough 
not to cause disruption. 

1957
01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:23,900
Sediment accumulates on the 
ocean floor in regular layers. 

1958
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:26,800
Each one recording a particular 
interval of time. 

1959
01:53:27,700 --> 01:53:31,000
The layers are undisturbed in 
the deep ocean, far from the 

1960
01:53:31,000 --> 01:53:34,700
turbulence of currents and 
storms, they like flat and 

1961
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:38,800
parallel like pages in a book, 
waiting to be read by anyone. 

1962
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:42,800
Who learns to interpret the land
surface has been weathered into 

1963
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:45,500
soil. 
In many places with rock, broken

1964
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:48,500
down into particles, that can 
hold water and support. 

1965
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:52,800
The chemical processes that will
later nourish plants. he soil is

1966
01:53:52,800 --> 01:53:57,200
thin during these early ages, 
but it is present a transitional

1967
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:01,900
layer between solid bedrock and 
open air clouds form in the same

1968
01:54:01,900 --> 01:54:06,400
Region's day after day, driven 
by reliable patterns of heating 

1969
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:10,000
and evaporation, You can look at
the sky in the afternoon and 

1970
01:54:10,000 --> 01:54:13,600
predict where rain will fall by 
evening based on where clouds 

1971
01:54:13,600 --> 01:54:16,600
are building. 
Patterns are not rigid but they 

1972
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:20,700
are consistent enough to learn. 
The ocean's surface is calm 

1973
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:24,800
between storms waves rise and 
fall with the wind but when the 

1974
01:54:24,800 --> 01:54:28,500
wind drops the water Smooths 
into gentle swells that travel 

1975
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:33,800
400 of Miles without breaking. 
The swells are regular spaced 

1976
01:54:33,800 --> 01:54:36,600
evenly and the product of 
distant weather systems that 

1977
01:54:36,600 --> 01:54:39,700
have already passed. 
The ocean carries memory in its 

1978
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:43,300
motion reflecting events that 
happen far away in time and 

1979
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:47,500
space sunsets paint. 
The sky in shades of orange and 

1980
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:50,500
pink as dust and water vapor 
scatter. 

1981
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,500
The Sun's light. 
The colors of vivid during these

1982
01:54:53,500 --> 01:54:56,000
ages when the atmosphere is 
thick and Volcanic. 

1983
01:54:56,800 --> 01:54:58,900
OST adds particles to scatter 
light. 

1984
01:54:59,700 --> 01:55:01,800
You watch the sun descend toward
the Horizon. 

1985
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:06,400
The color shifting, as the angle
changes until the sun slipped 

1986
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:08,900
below, the edge of the world and
Twilight takes over. 

1987
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:13,900
The transition from day to night
is gradual, not abrupt. 

1988
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:18,900
Sky remains bright for some time
after the sun sets, then slowly 

1989
01:55:18,900 --> 01:55:21,100
darkens as the last Light. 
Fades. 

1990
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:25,600
Stars appear one by one. 
The brightest first then the 

1991
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:28,300
dimmer ones until the full array
is visible. 

1992
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:32,700
The transition is gentle giving 
the surface time to release the 

1993
01:55:32,700 --> 01:55:35,800
days heat before the coolness of
night fully settles in. 

1994
01:55:36,600 --> 01:55:38,900
You stand on a hillside as 
evening arrives. 

1995
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:41,800
Watching the landscape, 
softening in the fading light. 

1996
01:55:41,800 --> 01:55:45,900
The temperature is dropping but 
slowly and the air is still 

1997
01:55:45,900 --> 01:55:48,500
below you a river. 
Reflects the last of the 

1998
01:55:48,508 --> 01:55:52,200
daylight, the ribbon of silver 
winding through darker land. 

1999
01:55:53,000 --> 01:55:57,100
The plan is calm and settled at 
rest in the way that a system. 

2000
01:55:57,100 --> 01:56:00,200
At equilibrium can be said, to 
rest, while still maintaining 

2001
01:56:00,200 --> 01:56:02,500
all its processes in Perfect 
Balance. 

2002
01:56:02,500 --> 01:56:05,900
You settle in to the planet's 
darkness and discover that 

2003
01:56:05,900 --> 01:56:08,800
Knight Is Not absent, but 
another kind of presence. 

2004
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:13,800
The Sun's light is gone, but 
other rhythms can continue the 

2005
01:56:13,800 --> 01:56:17,300
Earth turns Eastwood through its
own shadow, and as it turned the

2006
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:21,000
Stars, we all overhead in their 
ancient patterns unchanging 

2007
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:26,400
markers of the planets rotation.
The surface cools after Sunset 

2008
01:56:26,400 --> 01:56:29,000
releasing the warmth at 
accumulated. 

2009
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:33,500
During the day, the cooling is 
gradual a slow return toward 

2010
01:56:33,500 --> 01:56:35,300
equilibrium with the surrounding
air. 

2011
01:56:36,200 --> 01:56:38,100
Rock. 
That was hot to the touch at 

2012
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:41,500
midday becomes merely warm by 
midnight and will be cool by 

2013
01:56:41,500 --> 01:56:44,000
Dawn. 
The heat does not disappear but 

2014
01:56:44,000 --> 01:56:47,200
radiates outward into the 
atmosphere, then upward into 

2015
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:50,900
space, continuing the energy 
flow that began when sunlight 

2016
01:56:50,900 --> 01:56:54,700
first struck the surface, The 
atmosphere remains active at 

2017
01:56:54,700 --> 01:56:56,100
night. 
Winds. 

2018
01:56:56,100 --> 01:57:00,000
Continue blowing though, they 
often calm as temperatures even 

2019
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:02,900
out. 
Are that Rose during the day now

2020
01:57:02,900 --> 01:57:07,400
sinks completing convection 
cycles that span 12 hours or 

2021
01:57:07,400 --> 01:57:10,000
more? 
The movement is invisible in 

2022
01:57:10,000 --> 01:57:14,700
darkness, but no less real 
redistributing heat and moisture

2023
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:18,300
across the landscape. 
Clouds that form during the 

2024
01:57:18,300 --> 01:57:22,000
afternoon May linger into the 
night or they may dissolve as 

2025
01:57:22,000 --> 01:57:25,000
cooling air loses its ability to
hold water vapor. 

2026
01:57:26,000 --> 01:57:29,600
When they dissolve, the moisture
Falls as due or light rain 

2027
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:32,300
wetting surface is that dry 
during the day. 

2028
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:36,800
The water cycle continues in 
darkness just operating through 

2029
01:57:36,800 --> 01:57:39,100
different mechanisms than it 
does in daylight. 

2030
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:43,000
The ocean remains warmer than 
the land after Sunset because 

2031
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,300
water holds heat longer than 
rock this temperature difference

2032
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:50,800
drives Coastal winds that blow 
from land to sea at night. the 

2033
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:54,300
reverse of the pattern that 
prevails during the day, the 

2034
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:57,000
winds are gentle that. 
They persist Through The Dark 

2035
01:57:57,000 --> 01:58:01,200
Hours part of the daily Rhythm 
that ties Land and Sea together 

2036
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,100
Stars. 
Provide a small amount of light 

2037
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:08,700
enough to distinguish Sea from 
Sky enough to navigate by if you

2038
01:58:08,708 --> 01:58:12,300
know their positions. 
The light is steady unlike the 

2039
01:58:12,300 --> 01:58:15,900
flickering of flames because 
stars are so distant that their 

2040
01:58:15,900 --> 01:58:20,100
light arrives as parallel rays, 
unaffected by any turbulence 

2041
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:23,100
close to Earth. 
The Starlight is traveled for 

2042
01:58:23,100 --> 01:58:27,100
years to reach this surface, and
it arrives softly without 

2043
01:58:27,100 --> 01:58:30,500
fanfare. 
The moon, when it's above the 

2044
01:58:30,508 --> 01:58:35,300
Horizon provides brighter light 
than the Stars, During a full 

2045
01:58:35,300 --> 01:58:39,400
moon, you can see clearly enough
to walk without stumbling to 

2046
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:42,900
watch waves break on the shore. 
And to observe the texture of 

2047
01:58:42,900 --> 01:58:46,600
rock, beneath your feet, the 
Moonlight is reflected sunlight,

2048
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:49,900
arriving second-hand, but 
sufficient for the night's 

2049
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:53,200
purposes. 
Tied continued to rise and fall 

2050
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:55,000
regardless of whether the Sun is
up. 

2051
01:58:55,800 --> 01:58:57,300
The gravitational pull that 
drives. 

2052
01:58:57,300 --> 01:59:01,200
Tides does not depend on light 
only on the positions of the 

2053
01:59:01,200 --> 01:59:05,600
Moon and Sun relative to Earth. 
A high tide arrives at midnight 

2054
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:09,200
as reliably as one arrives at 
noon, bringing water up the 

2055
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:12,400
shore and then withdrawing it, 
keeping the coastal zone in 

2056
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,300
motion, even while the rest of 
the landscape rests. 

2057
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:19,300
Temperature dependent chemical 
reactions slow at night as the 

2058
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:23,100
surface cools but other 
reactions proceed more readily 

2059
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:24,700
and darkness or cooler 
conditions. 

2060
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:29,100
The chemistry of the surface 
shifts in character from day to 

2061
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:33,700
night, not stopping but changing
its emphasis allowing processes 

2062
01:59:33,700 --> 01:59:36,400
that cannot occur in heat or 
light to take their turn. 

2063
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:39,500
The absence of sunlight 
provides, a respite from 

2064
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:42,400
ultraviolet radiation, which is 
more intense. 

2065
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:45,400
During these early ages before 
oxygen accumulates in the 

2066
01:59:45,408 --> 01:59:47,900
atmosphere and forms an ozone 
layer. 

2067
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:53,100
Night offers protection from 
this radiation, a daily reprieve

2068
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:56,400
that allows chemical processes 
sensitive to UV, light to 

2069
01:59:56,400 --> 02:00:00,500
proceed without disruption. 
Darkness creates gradients 

2070
02:00:00,500 --> 02:00:04,400
between surfaces that face the 
Open Sky and those that are 

2071
02:00:04,400 --> 02:00:07,000
sheltered. 
Surfaces that radiates heat 

2072
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:08,900
freely to the light sky. 
Cool. 

2073
02:00:08,900 --> 02:00:12,400
More than surface is protected 
by overhangs or surrounded by 

2074
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:15,400
other rocks. 
These temperature variations 

2075
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:19,900
create microclimates at small 
scales, diversify the conditions

2076
02:00:19,900 --> 02:00:22,200
of available for chemistry 
across the landscape. 

2077
02:00:23,100 --> 02:00:25,700
The planets rotation ensures 
that night is temporary. 

2078
02:00:25,700 --> 02:00:30,000
No part of the surface remains 
in darkness permanently every 

2079
02:00:30,000 --> 02:00:32,000
location that experience is 
night. 

2080
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:35,800
Will experience day again after 
a few hours and the alternation 

2081
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,500
continues without interruption 
creating a rhythm that divides 

2082
02:00:39,500 --> 02:00:43,200
time into manageable intervals 
and provides both activity and 

2083
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:47,800
rest in regular succession. 
You noticed that sounds carried 

2084
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:50,300
differently at night without the
sun's heating. 

2085
02:00:50,300 --> 02:00:53,600
Creating turbulent air currents.
The atmosphere becomes more 

2086
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:57,100
stratified and sound waves, 
travel farther before 

2087
02:00:57,100 --> 02:01:00,600
dissipating. 
Crash of waves on a distant 

2088
02:01:00,600 --> 02:01:03,300
Shore. 
Reaches you clearly the rumble 

2089
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:06,700
of a far-off volcanic vent 
carries across miles of Open 

2090
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,700
Water. 
The night is not silent, but 

2091
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:12,700
filled with the Quiet Sounds of 
ongoing processes. 

2092
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:17,500
Stars move across the sky as the
Earth rotates rising in the East

2093
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:21,200
and setting in the West. 
Their motion is steady and 

2094
02:01:21,200 --> 02:01:25,200
predictable, completing one full
circuit in approximately 18 

2095
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:28,800
hours during these early ages. 
When the day is short and it 

2096
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:31,800
will later become, you can use 
their positions to track. 

2097
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,500
The passage of time to know how 
much of the night is elapsed and

2098
02:01:35,500 --> 02:01:40,000
how much remains The ocean glows
faintly in places where certain 

2099
02:01:40,000 --> 02:01:43,600
chemical reactions occur 
producing light without heat. 

2100
02:01:44,400 --> 02:01:47,800
The glow is subtle. 
A pale Shimmer on the water's 

2101
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:50,700
surface visible, only in 
complete darkness. 

2102
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:55,000
It is not biological yet, just 
chemistry, that happens to emit 

2103
02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:58,400
photons as a byproduct. 
But it adds a gentle 

2104
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,900
luminescence to the night. 
Sea Cooling Rock contracts 

2105
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:04,800
slightly. 
Contraction, sometimes produces 

2106
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:08,900
small cracking sounds like the 
ticking of cooling metal. 

2107
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:13,700
The sounds are occasional, not 
constant, but they remind you 

2108
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:17,100
that the landscape is active, 
even in Stillness that motion 

2109
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:20,200
continues at Scales, too. 
Small to see but larger enough 

2110
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:23,500
to hear the night sky is 
perfectly dark between the 

2111
02:02:23,500 --> 02:02:27,500
Stars, unaffected, by any 
artificial light and clear 

2112
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:30,700
enough to see the Milky Way, as 
a band of concentrated Starlight

2113
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:33,700
across the Heaven's. 
The darkness is complete and 

2114
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:37,800
clean offering contrast that 
makes the Stars seem brighter by

2115
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,000
comparison. 
You lie on warm Rock and feel 

2116
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:44,200
the stored heat of the day, rise
in through Stone in your body. 

2117
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,200
The sky above is vast and 
Scattered with stars the ocean. 

2118
02:02:49,200 --> 02:02:52,300
Murmurs at the shore. 
The planet turns Eastwood 

2119
02:02:52,300 --> 02:02:56,200
carrying you with it, bringing 
the dawn that will arrive in a 

2120
02:02:56,200 --> 02:02:58,100
few hours. 
When the rotation carries this 

2121
02:02:58,100 --> 02:03:03,000
location back in to the Sun's 
light, Night is balanced. 

2122
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:07,100
Part of the Rhythm that prevents
the surface from overheating or 

2123
02:03:07,100 --> 02:03:10,100
over Cooling. 
Providing the alternation that 

2124
02:03:10,100 --> 02:03:13,700
makes stability possible. 
You watch the Earth maintain 

2125
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:16,900
itself across millions of years,
through simple repetition. 

2126
02:03:17,900 --> 02:03:21,500
The same processes that operated
yesterday operate today, and 

2127
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:25,700
will operate tomorrow water 
evaporates, condenses and Falls 

2128
02:03:25,700 --> 02:03:30,500
Rocky Roads, sediment, 
accumulates and new rock forms. 

2129
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:34,500
The planet does not innovate or 
adjust or intervene in its own 

2130
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:38,700
Cycles, it simply continues 
letting physics and chemistry 

2131
02:03:38,700 --> 02:03:40,500
follow their rules without 
guidance. 

2132
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:44,100
The reliability of these 
processes creates a kind of 

2133
02:03:44,100 --> 02:03:47,400
predictability that extends 
across deep time. 

2134
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:50,600
The Sun will rise tomorrow 
because the Earth will continue 

2135
02:03:50,600 --> 02:03:53,700
rotating rain will fall 
somewhere because the water 

2136
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:57,600
cycle will continue operating 
Tides will rise because the moon

2137
02:03:57,600 --> 02:04:02,100
will continue orbiting none of 
these outcomes requires any 

2138
02:04:02,100 --> 02:04:06,000
special conditions to be 
maintained or any external input

2139
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:10,000
beyond what is already pressed. 
Erosion will eventually wear 

2140
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,700
down every Mountain that rises 
returning the material to the 

2141
02:04:13,700 --> 02:04:18,700
ocean, where it will accumulate 
a sediment, be subducted melt 

2142
02:04:18,700 --> 02:04:22,700
and potentially rise again as 
new mountains, millions of years

2143
02:04:22,700 --> 02:04:26,100
later. 
The cycle is long but it is 

2144
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:29,000
reliable. 
And it ensures that the surface 

2145
02:04:29,000 --> 02:04:31,800
is constantly being renewed 
rather than wearing out. 

2146
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:35,700
The atmosphere will continue to 
exist as long as gravity holds 

2147
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:39,300
it in place and volcanic 
activity continues to replace 

2148
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:43,400
gases that react or Escape. 
These conditions are stable 

2149
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:47,200
built into the planet structure 
and composition, and not 

2150
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:50,300
dependent on anything that might
see unexpectedly. 

2151
02:04:51,100 --> 02:04:53,800
The ocean will continue to exist
as long as the temperature 

2152
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:56,000
remains within the range where 
water is liquid. 

2153
02:04:56,900 --> 02:04:59,800
The Earth orbits the Sun at a 
distance where this condition is

2154
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:03,300
met and the orbit is stable 
maintained by the same 

2155
02:05:03,300 --> 02:05:06,500
gravitational forces that have 
held it from billions of years 

2156
02:05:06,500 --> 02:05:10,800
and will hold it for billions. 
More living organisms, will 

2157
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,500
eventually emerge from the 
chemistry that is already 

2158
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:17,300
occurring in title pools and 
hydrothermal vents when they 

2159
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:20,600
emerge, they will find a planet 
that is ready for them with 

2160
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:24,800
water minerals energy and stable
conditions, all of available. 

2161
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,200
The planet did not create these 
conditions for life's benefit, 

2162
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:32,200
but simply by following its own 
processes, which happened to 

2163
02:05:32,200 --> 02:05:34,800
produce a habitable environment 
as a side effect. 

2164
02:05:35,800 --> 02:05:39,200
Life once it begins will 
participate in the cycles that 

2165
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:42,700
already exist. 
Organisms will take in water and

2166
02:05:42,700 --> 02:05:45,800
release it. 
Take in minerals and incorporate

2167
02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:49,100
them into structures and capture
energy and use it to build 

2168
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:52,000
complexity. 
These are extensions of 

2169
02:05:52,000 --> 02:05:55,000
processes that already occur in 
nonliving, chemistry. 

2170
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,900
Just organized in ways that can 
reproduce and persist. 

2171
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:02,100
The carbon cycle will 
incorporate living chemistry 

2172
02:06:02,100 --> 02:06:05,200
once life appears. 
But the cycle itself will 

2173
02:06:05,200 --> 02:06:07,800
continue operating on the same 
principles as before. 

2174
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:12,500
Carbon will still move between 
atmosphere ocean and rock, just 

2175
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:14,700
with an additional pathway 
through all organisms. 

2176
02:06:15,500 --> 02:06:18,300
The cycle will become more 
complex but not fundamentally 

2177
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:21,500
different. 
The planets ability to maintain 

2178
02:06:21,500 --> 02:06:25,900
habitable conditions does not 
depend on life, the conditions 

2179
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:29,700
existed before life appeared and
will continue if life ever ends.

2180
02:06:30,500 --> 02:06:34,400
Habitability is a product of 
size distant from the Sun 

2181
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,700
geological activity and 
Atmospheric composition. 

2182
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:40,600
None of which require biology to
maintain. 

2183
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:44,100
He noticed that the Earth's 
stability comes from having 

2184
02:06:44,100 --> 02:06:48,300
multiple overlapping cycles. 
Each one buffering variations in

2185
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:51,600
the others. 
If one process speeds up another

2186
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:56,100
compensates by slowing down. 
If one reservoir fills another 

2187
02:06:56,100 --> 02:06:59,600
empties, the system 
self-regulates through feedback 

2188
02:06:59,600 --> 02:07:03,100
loops that are built into the 
physics and chemistry, not added

2189
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:05,100
on as separate control 
mechanisms. 

2190
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:09,100
Temperatures, stability comes 
from the oceans thermal inertia 

2191
02:07:09,100 --> 02:07:13,300
the atmosphere's ability to 
redistribute Heat and the 

2192
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:17,300
planets distance from the Sun. 
These factors work together to 

2193
02:07:17,300 --> 02:07:20,400
keep surface temperature within 
a range that allows water to 

2194
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:24,100
remain liquid which in turn 
allows all the other processes 

2195
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:27,100
to continue. 
Chemical stability comes from 

2196
02:07:27,100 --> 02:07:30,500
the buffering capacity of the 
ocean, which can absorb excess 

2197
02:07:30,500 --> 02:07:34,600
acids, or bases without large pH
changes and from the slow 

2198
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,100
cycling of elements, through 
Rock, which prevents any element

2199
02:07:38,100 --> 02:07:41,600
from accumulating toxic levels 
or depleting entirely. 

2200
02:07:42,400 --> 02:07:45,500
Energy balance comes from the 
match, between incoming solar 

2201
02:07:45,500 --> 02:07:48,400
radiation and outgoing thermal 
radiation. 

2202
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:52,800
The planet, absorbs, sunlight, 
and re-radiates it has improved.

2203
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:56,100
And the balance between these 
flows determines the surface 

2204
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,300
temperature. 
The balance is not perfect at 

2205
02:07:59,300 --> 02:08:02,900
every moment, but it averages 
out over time to a stable state.

2206
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:06,900
The Earth does not rest but it 
does not hurry either. it 

2207
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:11,100
operates at the pace that its 
processes require some fast like

2208
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:13,800
lightning some slow like 
continental drift. 

2209
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:17,300
All of them finding their 
natural rates without external 

2210
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:19,100
pressure to speed up or slow 
down. 

2211
02:08:19,900 --> 02:08:23,600
The pace is suited to the scale 
with fast processes, handling 

2212
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:27,400
small scale variations and slow.
Processes handling large-scale 

2213
02:08:27,400 --> 02:08:31,300
changes, you stand on a beach, a
door and watch the sun rise over

2214
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,100
the ocean. 
Knowing that this same scene has

2215
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,000
played out every day for 
hundreds of millions of years 

2216
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:39,800
and will continue for hundreds 
of millions more. 

2217
02:08:40,700 --> 02:08:43,500
The waves that break at your 
feet are driven by winds that 

2218
02:08:43,500 --> 02:08:45,700
are driven by temperature, 
differences that are driven by 

2219
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:49,200
the sun's Heat. chain, of 
course, station is clear 

2220
02:08:49,200 --> 02:08:53,600
unbroken and will continue 
operating as long as the sun 

2221
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:58,200
shines, and the Earth turns, The
habitability of Earth is not a 

2222
02:08:58,200 --> 02:09:00,900
gift or an accident, but a 
consequence of how matter 

2223
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:04,800
behaves under these particular 
conditions of size composition 

2224
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:08,600
and solar distance. 
Planet became habitable by being

2225
02:09:08,600 --> 02:09:11,700
what it is and where it is and 
it remains habitable by 

2226
02:09:11,700 --> 02:09:16,100
continuing to be those things. 
There is no mystery in, it only 

2227
02:09:16,100 --> 02:09:19,000
physics and chemistry playing 
out across time. 

2228
02:09:19,000 --> 02:09:23,400
Creating complexity through 
repetition, maintaining balance 

2229
02:09:23,400 --> 02:09:26,800
through circulation and offering
stability through the simple 

2230
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:30,700
Persistence of its Cycles. 
You breathe the air, feel the 

2231
02:09:30,700 --> 02:09:33,800
warmth of the sun on your face 
and listen to the waves. 

2232
02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:36,800
And you know, that these 
experiences are possible because

2233
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:40,000
the Earth has spent billions of 
years preparing conditions where

2234
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:44,100
they can occur, The planet has 
done this work without awareness

2235
02:09:44,100 --> 02:09:47,800
or intention just by following 
the rules that govern matter and

2236
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:50,700
energy and those same rules will
keep it habitable. 

2237
02:09:50,700 --> 02:09:54,400
As long as the fundamental 
conditions remain in place, the 

2238
02:09:54,400 --> 02:09:58,800
Earth continues, quiet and 
reliable turning through its 

2239
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:03,300
days and nights cycling. 
Its materials maintaining, its 

2240
02:10:03,300 --> 02:10:07,500
temperature, simply being itself
across the vast stretches of 

2241
02:10:07,508 --> 02:10:15,400
time. 
So friends, we're going into a 

2242
02:10:15,400 --> 02:10:19,000
quiet corner of the 1920s, away 
from the headlines and the 

2243
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:21,800
noise. 
Here in the everyday moments 

2244
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:24,900
between morning, routines and 
evening rest, you'll find a 

2245
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:28,800
different kind of story. 
One of small freedoms, simple 

2246
02:10:28,800 --> 02:10:31,300
choices. 
And the gentle rhythm of a 

2247
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:36,000
changing world. let yourself 
settle into this time into these

2248
02:10:36,000 --> 02:10:42,000
ordinary days that felt in their
own way quietly mind-blowing You

2249
02:10:42,000 --> 02:10:46,000
wake to sunlight filtering 
through cotton curtains in a 

2250
02:10:46,000 --> 02:10:48,100
room, you share with another 
working woman. 

2251
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:51,600
The alarm clock on the bedside 
table reads, seven in the 

2252
02:10:51,608 --> 02:10:53,500
morning. 
Your roommate is already 

2253
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,600
stirring, feet, touching the 
cold floor, reaching for her 

2254
02:10:56,600 --> 02:10:59,500
robe. 
The radiator clanks Softly. 

2255
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:02,400
As the building's heat begins to
rise outside. 

2256
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:06,200
You can hear automobile engines 
starting the distant Rumble of 

2257
02:11:06,200 --> 02:11:09,600
the elevated train and the city 
beginning, its weekday rhythm. 

2258
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:13,300
You rise and move through the 
familiar pattern of morning 

2259
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,800
preparation, the bathroom down 
the hall is shared by four 

2260
02:11:16,800 --> 02:11:19,600
Apartments. 
So timing matters, you gather 

2261
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:22,300
your toilet trees in a small 
basket and wait your turn. 

2262
02:11:22,300 --> 02:11:25,800
Yes, smells of soap and steam 
from early bathers. 

2263
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:29,300
When the room is free, you step 
inside, and lock the door behind

2264
02:11:29,300 --> 02:11:31,400
you. 
The mirror shows your face 

2265
02:11:31,400 --> 02:11:34,600
without makeup hair still pinned
from sleep. 

2266
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:40,000
You wash with cold water first, 
then warm using a simple cake of

2267
02:11:40,000 --> 02:11:42,600
soap. 
The routine is quick and 

2268
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:46,000
practiced. 
Back in your room, you sit at 

2269
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:48,900
the small vanity you and your 
roommate have positioned between

2270
02:11:48,900 --> 02:11:51,900
your beds. 
The surface holds a modest 

2271
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:55,700
collection of items. 
A comb hair pins a compact of 

2272
02:11:55,700 --> 02:11:59,700
face powder a tube of lipstick 
and a small bottle of perfume. 

2273
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:03,800
You begin with your hair which 
you cut short three months ago. 

2274
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:08,400
The decision felt significant at
the time but now it's simply is 

2275
02:12:08,400 --> 02:12:12,900
a fact of your appearance, 
requiring daily attention but 

2276
02:12:12,900 --> 02:12:14,700
far. 
Less time than the long hair. 

2277
02:12:14,700 --> 02:12:18,000
You want pinned up each morning.
You comb through the short ways 

2278
02:12:18,000 --> 02:12:21,300
working for made between your 
palms before running your hands 

2279
02:12:21,300 --> 02:12:24,100
through to create the smooth 
shape you prefer. 

2280
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:28,300
Some women, you know, achieve 
the Sleep, look with more 

2281
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:31,200
elaborate methods, but you've 
found this simple approach 

2282
02:12:31,200 --> 02:12:33,000
works. 
Well enough for your office job.

2283
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:35,900
The goal is neat, modern and 
professional. 

2284
02:12:35,900 --> 02:12:38,700
You secure one side with a small
clip. 

2285
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:44,000
Dressing happens in stages. 
First, the undergarments a 

2286
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:46,500
cotton combination garment that 
replaced the courses. 

2287
02:12:46,500 --> 02:12:49,800
Your mother still wears, then 
stockings rolled and secured 

2288
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,700
with simple garters. 
Freedom of movement. 

2289
02:12:52,700 --> 02:12:55,700
You feel is not something you 
think about consciously anymore.

2290
02:12:56,500 --> 02:13:00,200
But it's there in every gesture,
every step. 

2291
02:13:01,000 --> 02:13:05,900
You can bend, reach, sit and 
stand without restriction. 

2292
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:08,800
This is normal now. 
Your dress. 

2293
02:13:08,808 --> 02:13:12,300
Hangs on a hook behind the door.
You chose it from a department 

2294
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:15,700
store to seasons ago. 
A simple shift in dark blue with

2295
02:13:15,700 --> 02:13:19,100
a dropped waist and hemline that
falls, just below your knees. 

2296
02:13:19,100 --> 02:13:24,100
The fabric is rayon practical 
and easy to care for, you step 

2297
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:27,800
into it and fasten the buttons 
along the side over this, a 

2298
02:13:27,800 --> 02:13:30,800
cardigan for warmth. 
Choose a low heel and 

2299
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:32,400
comfortable for walking and 
standing. 

2300
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:36,200
You will walk six blocks to the 
streetcar stand during the 

2301
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:39,500
commute of seats are full and 
spend most of your work day, on 

2302
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:41,700
your feet or perched on the 
stool at your desk. 

2303
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:46,100
Your roommate is dressing at the
same time moving around the 

2304
02:13:46,100 --> 02:13:49,100
small space in a practice dance 
of shared territory. 

2305
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:52,500
You exchange brief observations 
about the weather. 

2306
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:56,500
And the day ahead, she works as 
a telephone operator and will 

2307
02:13:56,500 --> 02:14:00,300
leave 15 minutes before you She 
mentioned stocking for coffee on

2308
02:14:00,300 --> 02:14:02,500
her walk. 
You can consider doing the same 

2309
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:06,400
breakfast is minimal. 
In the building shared kitchen, 

2310
02:14:06,400 --> 02:14:10,000
you prepare toast and tea. 
Other residents, move through 

2311
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:13,000
the space. 
Some hurried others taking their

2312
02:14:13,000 --> 02:14:16,200
time, a woman, you know, 
slightly from the third floor, 

2313
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:19,800
but as bread at the counter 
beside you, she mentions a 

2314
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:22,200
moving picture. 
She saw over the weekend, you 

2315
02:14:22,200 --> 02:14:25,800
make a mental note of the title,
The Kitchen smells of toast and 

2316
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:28,900
coffee and the faint mustiness 
of the building itself. 

2317
02:14:28,900 --> 02:14:32,700
You eat standing near the window
looking down at the street. 

2318
02:14:33,500 --> 02:14:36,400
People are moving in both 
directions, most on foot some 

2319
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:38,000
waiting at the corner for the 
streetcar. 

2320
02:14:38,800 --> 02:14:42,100
The rhythm is deadly and 
predictable, you recognize this 

2321
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:45,700
flow and a part of it. 
The city has patterns and you've

2322
02:14:45,700 --> 02:14:49,600
learned them. 
At 8:15, you gather your handbag

2323
02:14:49,600 --> 02:14:52,600
and light coat your roommate 
left minutes ago. 

2324
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:56,100
You lock the apartment door and 
descend three, flights of 

2325
02:14:56,108 --> 02:14:59,600
stairs, joining the stream of 
people leaving the building. 

2326
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:02,900
Outside. 
The air is cool but not cold. 

2327
02:15:02,900 --> 02:15:07,000
Autumn is settling in. 
You walk at a moderate Pace. 

2328
02:15:07,000 --> 02:15:12,800
Neither rushing nordling. the 
routers for, The corner grosser,

2329
02:15:12,800 --> 02:15:16,400
the drugs store and the new 
stand where headlines shout 

2330
02:15:16,400 --> 02:15:19,700
about politics and sports. 
But you rarely stopped to read 

2331
02:15:19,700 --> 02:15:22,400
at the streetcar. 
Stop you wait with a dozen 

2332
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:27,000
others, the car arrives Bell, 
clanging, you board drop your 

2333
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:28,900
fare into the box and move 
towards the back. 

2334
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:31,700
The car is full but not 
uncomfortably. 

2335
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:35,100
So you stand holding the leather
strap, that hangs from the 

2336
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:38,900
ceiling, swaying slightly as the
vehicle moves, along its tracks.

2337
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:41,700
Through the Windows, you watch 
the City Pass. 

2338
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:46,200
Storefronts Office Buildings and
pedestrians on sidewalks. 

2339
02:15:47,400 --> 02:15:51,500
Your workplace is a large office
building downtown, you work in 

2340
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,500
the stenography pool on the 8th 
floor, taking dictation and 

2341
02:15:54,500 --> 02:15:58,100
typing correspondence for 
several managers, the work is 

2342
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,700
steady, requiring concentration,
but not creativity. 

2343
02:16:01,700 --> 02:16:06,200
You're good at it. 
You arrive sign in, hang your 

2344
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:09,500
coat and hat on the rack, 
designated for your section and 

2345
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:13,000
take your place at your desk. 
The room holds 20 women at 

2346
02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:16,400
typewriters. 
The sound is a constant clatter.

2347
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:20,200
A rhythm, you've grown 
accustomed to your fingers move 

2348
02:16:20,200 --> 02:16:23,300
across the keys without 
conscious thought translating 

2349
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:27,100
the short hand in your notebook 
into tight to letters managers 

2350
02:16:27,100 --> 02:16:30,400
rotate through handing, you new 
assignments and collecting 

2351
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:34,500
completed work. 
You nod, take notes and return 

2352
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:38,100
to typing. 
Morning passes in this pattern. 

2353
02:16:38,799 --> 02:16:42,000
At noon you and two other women 
from your floor, leave the 

2354
02:16:42,000 --> 02:16:44,900
building together. 
You walk to a nearby lunchroom, 

2355
02:16:44,900 --> 02:16:49,200
a simple establishment with a 
counter and a dozen small 

2356
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:52,299
tables. 
The menu is written on a board 

2357
02:16:52,299 --> 02:16:55,299
behind the register. 
You order soup and a sandwich 

2358
02:16:55,299 --> 02:16:58,799
and hot tea. 
The food arrives quickly, you 

2359
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,600
eat, while discussing practical 
matters a shop, having a sale on

2360
02:17:02,608 --> 02:17:05,799
stockings, the new beauty, 
parlor, opening, two streets 

2361
02:17:05,799 --> 02:17:09,700
over and the upcoming weekend, 
the conversation is easy and 

2362
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:12,299
requires little effort. 
These women are not intimate 

2363
02:17:12,299 --> 02:17:16,100
friends but they share this 
daily routine this space and the

2364
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:18,600
small exchanges. 
It is companionable. 

2365
02:17:19,700 --> 02:17:22,500
After 30 minutes, you pay your 
bill and return to the office. 

2366
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:25,900
The afternoon stretches ahead 
similar to the morning. 

2367
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:30,200
More dictation more typing more 
letters about business matters. 

2368
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:34,400
You understand only peripheral 
At 5 oclock, you cover your 

2369
02:17:34,400 --> 02:17:37,299
typewriter, collect your 
belongings and leave. 

2370
02:17:38,299 --> 02:17:40,900
The streetcar home is more 
crowded than the morning ride 

2371
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:44,400
you stand again. 
Pressed among other bodies, all 

2372
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:48,400
moving in the same direction. 
Tired workers shop girls and 

2373
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:51,600
Clark's the collective. 
Fatigue is palpable, but not 

2374
02:17:51,600 --> 02:17:53,900
oppressive. 
This is simply the end of the 

2375
02:17:53,900 --> 02:17:56,600
work day. 
Back at your building, you climb

2376
02:17:56,600 --> 02:17:59,100
the stairs more slowly, the new 
descended them in the morning. 

2377
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:04,400
Your roommate is not yet home, 
you unlock the door step inside 

2378
02:18:04,400 --> 02:18:07,900
and set down your handbag. 
The apartment is quiet. 

2379
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,100
You remove your shoes and feel 
immediate relief. 

2380
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:14,799
Your feet ache in the familiar 
way they do after a day of 

2381
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:18,100
standing and walking. 
You have an hour before you need

2382
02:18:18,100 --> 02:18:20,900
to think about dinner. 
You sit on your bed, leaning, 

2383
02:18:20,900 --> 02:18:22,900
against the wall and pick up the
magazine. 

2384
02:18:22,900 --> 02:18:25,299
You've been reading in pieces 
over the past week. 

2385
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:30,299
The Articles discuss fashion 
homemaking tips and serialized 

2386
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:34,600
fiction you read without deep 
concentration, allowing your 

2387
02:18:34,600 --> 02:18:38,700
mind to rest. 
Outside the sounds of the city 

2388
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:42,700
continued, but here in this 
small room, there is temporary 

2389
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:45,799
Stillness. 
When your roommate returns you 

2390
02:18:45,799 --> 02:18:49,700
discuss evening plans tonight, 
there's nothing scheduled. 

2391
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:53,400
You agree to prepare a simple 
meal together in the shared 

2392
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:55,200
kitchen. 
Then, perhaps attend. 

2393
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:58,400
A moving picture at the 
neighborhood theater or perhaps 

2394
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:01,100
just stay in and read the 
decision. 

2395
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:04,100
Can wait. 
For now, you remain where you 

2396
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:08,000
are resting letting the day 
settle behind you. 

2397
02:19:08,000 --> 02:19:10,700
This is the shape of an ordinary
weak day. 

2398
02:19:10,700 --> 02:19:14,299
It repeats with small, 
variations different 

2399
02:19:14,299 --> 02:19:16,600
conversations, different meals, 
different weather. 

2400
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:20,000
But the essential pattern 
remains you wait. 

2401
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:25,000
Prepare work, eat return. 
And rest. 

2402
02:19:25,000 --> 02:19:28,700
Within this structure, you make 
small choices that feel 

2403
02:19:28,700 --> 02:19:31,600
significant. 
Color of your lipstick, the 

2404
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:32,400
route. 
You walk. 

2405
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:36,299
The magazine you purchase. 
These choices are yours in a way

2406
02:19:36,299 --> 02:19:39,000
that feels different from how 
your mother's life unfolded. 

2407
02:19:39,700 --> 02:19:43,900
Not dramatically different. 
The quietly noticeably. 

2408
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:48,299
So your appearance requires 
daily attention and a collection

2409
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:51,400
of skills. 
You've acquired gradually The 

2410
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:54,800
process is not mysterious or 
difficult but it does demand 

2411
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,400
time and consistency. 
You've learned what works for 

2412
02:19:58,400 --> 02:20:02,400
your face, your hair, and your 
body, and you follow these 

2413
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:04,900
methods with the same 
reliability, you bring to your 

2414
02:20:04,900 --> 02:20:07,900
work Hair Care begins with the 
cut itself. 

2415
02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:12,200
You visit a beauty parlor, every
six weeks to maintain the shape.

2416
02:20:13,100 --> 02:20:16,300
The Establishment is a bright 
clean space with several chairs 

2417
02:20:16,300 --> 02:20:19,600
arranged before large mirrors. 
You make an appointment for 

2418
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:22,200
Saturday morning. 
Arrived in to find three other 

2419
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:25,300
women already seated in very 
stages of service. 

2420
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:30,400
The smell is chemical and floral
at once permanent wave solution 

2421
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:33,200
shampoo hair. 
Tonic and perfume. 

2422
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:37,200
Your stylist is a woman near 
your age who trained in the new 

2423
02:20:37,200 --> 02:20:39,300
methods of cutting and shaping 
short hair. 

2424
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:43,900
She works quickly snipping and 
checking proportions, creating 

2425
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:46,200
the clothes, fit around your 
head, that modern style 

2426
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:49,900
requires. 
The entire process takes 30 

2427
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:53,300
minutes you pay at the front 
desk leaving with hair that will

2428
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:55,500
hold its shape for another 
several weeks with daily 

2429
02:20:55,500 --> 02:20:58,000
maintenance. 
That maintenance happens. 

2430
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,400
Each morning and evening. 
You dampen your hair slightly 

2431
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:06,000
apply per made and comb it into 
smooth waves against your skull.

2432
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:10,700
Some nights, you set it with 
pins and a net, creating more 

2433
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:12,700
defined waves for the following 
day. 

2434
02:21:13,700 --> 02:21:15,400
The pins press against your 
scalp. 

2435
02:21:15,400 --> 02:21:17,800
As you sleep, a minor 
discomfort. 

2436
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:20,000
You've grown used to in the 
morning. 

2437
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:23,600
You remove them carefully comb 
through and assess the result. 

2438
02:21:24,500 --> 02:21:28,100
Usually satisfactory other 
women, you know, achieve 

2439
02:21:28,100 --> 02:21:32,200
different effects, some prefer 
the tight mustard waves, created

2440
02:21:32,200 --> 02:21:35,300
with heated ions. 
You try this once and found it 

2441
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:38,900
time-consuming and risky. 
The iron must be exactly the 

2442
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:40,500
right temperature to avoid 
singing. 

2443
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:44,000
The hair, you watched a friend 
burn, a small section near her 

2444
02:21:44,000 --> 02:21:48,100
Temple and decided the sleeker 
simpler method, suited, you 

2445
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:50,600
better. 
Cosmetic or a newer habit. 

2446
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:54,700
Your mother wore minimal makeup.
Perhaps a dusting of powder for 

2447
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:58,000
special occasions. 
You wear it daily though. 

2448
02:21:58,000 --> 02:22:00,700
Not heavily The routine is 
standardized. 

2449
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:03,800
Now familiar enough that you can
complete it while your mind, 

2450
02:22:03,800 --> 02:22:07,900
wanders to other topics face 
powder comes first, you open the

2451
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,700
compact. 
A small round case that fits in 

2452
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:14,000
your palm and use the attached 
puff to dust powder over your 

2453
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:17,600
nose cheeks and forehead. 
The shade is meant to be 

2454
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:19,500
slightly paler than your natural
skin. 

2455
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:23,200
Creating the smooth. 
Matte appearance, the current 

2456
02:22:23,200 --> 02:22:26,800
fashion favors. 
You blend carefully voiding 

2457
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:30,000
obvious lines. 
The powder reduces shine and 

2458
02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:33,300
creates a base for the rest. 
Rouge is applied sparingly to 

2459
02:22:33,300 --> 02:22:36,800
the apples of your cheeks. 
You use your fingertip warming, 

2460
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:39,700
the cream between finger and 
thumb before patting it onto 

2461
02:22:39,700 --> 02:22:43,000
your skin. 
The goal is a subtle flush. 

2462
02:22:43,000 --> 02:22:47,500
Not obvious color. 
You blend the edges, and there's

2463
02:22:47,500 --> 02:22:50,600
no clear line between Rouge and 
unrug skin. 

2464
02:22:51,500 --> 02:22:54,600
Some women, you've seen apply 
rouge and dramatic circles or 

2465
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:57,800
streets. 
You find, this garish and prefer

2466
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:01,900
restraint, Lipstick is the 
element you most enjoy your own 

2467
02:23:01,900 --> 02:23:04,700
three tubes and slightly 
different shades of red and 

2468
02:23:04,700 --> 02:23:06,808
Rose. 
You select based on your 

2469
02:23:06,816 --> 02:23:10,200
clothing or your mood, the 
application requires a steady 

2470
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:14,900
hand, you outline, your lips, 
first, creating the bow shape of

2471
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:17,300
fashion. 
Currently, prefers slightly 

2472
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:20,800
exaggerated from your natural 
lip line, then you fill in the 

2473
02:23:20,800 --> 02:23:23,300
color pressing your lips 
together to distribute it 

2474
02:23:23,300 --> 02:23:26,300
evenly. 
The Finish is matte and stays in

2475
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,100
place reasonably well though. 
You'll need to reapply after 

2476
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:32,000
eating eye makeup is minimal for
daytime. 

2477
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:36,200
You darken your lashes slightly 
with a block of mascara wetting,

2478
02:23:36,200 --> 02:23:39,000
a small brush and running it 
over the product before applying

2479
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,500
it to your lashes. 
The effect is subtle for 

2480
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:45,600
evening, you might add a touch 
of dark powder along your lash 

2481
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,400
line to Define your eyes. 
But this is optional. 

2482
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:52,200
Your eyebrows are shaped with 
tweezers once a week plucked 

2483
02:23:52,200 --> 02:23:55,800
into a thinner more arched line 
than they grow naturally. the 

2484
02:23:55,808 --> 02:23:59,600
process is uncomfortable, but 
brief Skin care happens at 

2485
02:23:59,600 --> 02:24:03,400
night, you remove your makeup 
with Cold Cream massaging. 

2486
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:06,500
The thick substance over your 
face until the Cosmetics 

2487
02:24:06,500 --> 02:24:09,200
dissolve, then wiping it away 
with a soft cloth. 

2488
02:24:09,900 --> 02:24:12,900
Your skin feels clean and 
slightly tight offered. 

2489
02:24:13,600 --> 02:24:16,100
You apply a light moisturizing 
cream before bed. 

2490
02:24:16,900 --> 02:24:20,200
This nightly removal is 
essential sleeping in makeup 

2491
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:23,100
leads to clogged pores and 
blemishes problems. 

2492
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:27,000
You work to avoid Clothing 
maintenance is equally routine, 

2493
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:30,200
you hand wash stockings and 
undergarments in the bathroom 

2494
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:33,600
sink, every few days. 
Hanging them to dry on a line, 

2495
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:37,100
strong near the radiator. 
Dresses, require less frequent 

2496
02:24:37,100 --> 02:24:40,600
washing but regular care. 
You check hems for loose 

2497
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:44,000
threads, reinforced buttons and 
brush away dust and lint. 

2498
02:24:44,800 --> 02:24:48,200
Once a month, you take items 
that need more thorough cleaning

2499
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:50,000
to a laundry service to blocks 
away. 

2500
02:24:50,800 --> 02:24:54,700
They wash and press for a 
reasonable fee, you owned six 

2501
02:24:54,700 --> 02:24:58,600
dresses, suitable for work. 
Three skirts with a company and 

2502
02:24:58,600 --> 02:25:01,500
blouses and two nicer dresses 
for evening wear. 

2503
02:25:02,400 --> 02:25:05,800
This is adequate. 
You rotate through them allowing

2504
02:25:05,800 --> 02:25:09,300
each to wear between wearing's 
your clothing, hangs on hooks 

2505
02:25:09,300 --> 02:25:11,100
and a small rod in the corner of
your room. 

2506
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:15,900
You've learned to maximize 
limited space folding items that

2507
02:25:15,900 --> 02:25:18,600
can be folded and hanging items 
that shouldn't be creased. 

2508
02:25:19,400 --> 02:25:23,600
Shoes are practical Investments,
you own three pairs, your 

2509
02:25:23,600 --> 02:25:26,300
everyday work shoes with Lowe's 
sturdy heels. 

2510
02:25:26,300 --> 02:25:30,200
If pair of house slippers and 
one pair of lighter, pretty 

2511
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:34,400
issues for dancing or social 
occasions, The work shoes show 

2512
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:37,800
the most where you have them 
resulted, when necessary 

2513
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:41,000
maintaining them because good 
shoes are expensive and your 

2514
02:25:41,000 --> 02:25:44,200
budget is limited. 
Undergarments of change 

2515
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:45,900
significantly from what your 
mother wore. 

2516
02:25:46,600 --> 02:25:49,100
You owned several cotton 
combination suits, that 

2517
02:25:49,100 --> 02:25:52,100
replaced, the separate pieces 
and boned courses of previous 

2518
02:25:52,100 --> 02:25:55,200
decades. 
These all in one garments are 

2519
02:25:55,200 --> 02:25:56,500
comfortable and allow free 
movement. 

2520
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:01,000
You also own a few braziers, 
soft cotton Affairs that 

2521
02:26:01,000 --> 02:26:05,300
flattened rather than enhance. 
Current silhouette favors a 

2522
02:26:05,300 --> 02:26:08,700
straight boyish figure. 
Your naturally slender which 

2523
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:11,500
suits the fashion but some 
women, you know, bind their 

2524
02:26:11,508 --> 02:26:13,400
breasts to achieve a flatter 
line. 

2525
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:17,100
You find this unnecessary for 
yourself stocking. 

2526
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:20,400
Things are a constant expense 
and concerned, they're made of 

2527
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:23,200
silk, or rayon delicate and 
prone to runs. 

2528
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:26,000
You roll them carefully each 
morning, checking for weak 

2529
02:26:26,000 --> 02:26:29,100
spots, despite your care, they 
snag and tear. 

2530
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:32,300
You meant small runs with a 
needle and thread that matches 

2531
02:26:32,300 --> 02:26:34,600
the stocking color, but larger 
tears mean. 

2532
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:38,000
The stocking is a finished. 
You purchased new ones regularly

2533
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:40,200
choosing between affordability 
and quality. 

2534
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:44,800
Cheaper ones run faster. 
The better ones last longer but 

2535
02:26:44,800 --> 02:26:47,700
cost more upfront. 
You found a middle ground that 

2536
02:26:47,700 --> 02:26:51,400
works for your budget. 
Perfume is a luxury but you may 

2537
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:55,700
maintain a small bottle, you 
apply it sparingly adapt behind 

2538
02:26:55,700 --> 02:26:59,500
each year at your wrists. 
The scent is light and floral. 

2539
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,700
It fades within a few hours but 
provides a pleasant awareness in

2540
02:27:03,700 --> 02:27:07,200
the morning. you wear it most 
days, skipping only when you're 

2541
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:11,000
low on funds or feeling 
particularly practical Manicures

2542
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:14,500
you do yourself sitting at the 
vanity with your small kit of 

2543
02:27:14,508 --> 02:27:17,400
tools. 
You file, your nails, short and 

2544
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:21,200
round, push back your cuticles 
and buff the nail surface into 

2545
02:27:21,200 --> 02:27:23,600
it. 
Shines, sometimes you apply a 

2546
02:27:23,600 --> 02:27:26,900
clear polish red polish is 
popular, but you save this for 

2547
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:31,300
special occasions for daily, 
wear clean shape, nails as 

2548
02:27:31,300 --> 02:27:34,600
efficient. 
All of this upkeep the hair, the

2549
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:37,800
Cosmetics, the clothing care 
requires time, and money. 

2550
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:42,400
You budget both carefully. 
And now in the morning, 30 

2551
02:27:42,400 --> 02:27:45,000
minutes in the evening and 
portions of your weekend are 

2552
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:46,500
devoted to maintaining your 
appearance. 

2553
02:27:47,400 --> 02:27:50,900
Expenses factored into your 
weekly budget alongside rent, 

2554
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:55,700
food and transportation. you 
accept this as part of Modern 

2555
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:59,200
Life part of working in an 
office where appearance matters 

2556
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:02,800
and part of participating in 
social life where presentation 

2557
02:28:02,800 --> 02:28:07,300
is noticed and judged The result
is an external self, that feels 

2558
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:11,000
intentional and controlled. 
You're not naturally glamorous 

2559
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:15,200
but you're neat. 
Current and appropriate. you 

2560
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:18,200
look like the other young women 
on the streetcar in the office 

2561
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:22,800
and at the lunchroom, you fit 
the time and place you inhabit. 

2562
02:28:22,800 --> 02:28:27,000
This matters in ways both 
practical and personal your 

2563
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:31,200
appearance, opens certain doors,
allow certain assumptions and 

2564
02:28:31,200 --> 02:28:34,200
grants you a kind of provisional
belonging in spaces where women 

2565
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:35,900
like you are still relatively 
new. 

2566
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:39,300
Your friendships form. 
Primarily through shared 

2567
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:44,100
circumstances, work the building
where you live and the places 

2568
02:28:44,100 --> 02:28:47,900
you regularly visit. these can 
connections range from casual 

2569
02:28:47,900 --> 02:28:51,400
acquaintances to genuine 
closeness with most falling 

2570
02:28:51,400 --> 02:28:54,700
somewhere in between The 
structure of your life creates 

2571
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:57,900
natural opportunities for 
interaction and you've learned 

2572
02:28:57,900 --> 02:29:01,400
to recognize which relationships
might deepen and which will 

2573
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:06,000
remain pleasantly surface. 
Level, At the office you share 

2574
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:09,100
space with 19, other women in 
the stenography pool. 

2575
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:13,400
You know, all their names, 
recognize their habits and 

2576
02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:16,100
understand the informal 
hierarchies that govern the 

2577
02:29:16,100 --> 02:29:19,500
room. 
Some are fast a typists, some of

2578
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:23,200
being there longer and some are 
favored by particular managers. 

2579
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:29,300
You occupy a middle position. 
Competent, reliable neither 

2580
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:32,900
exceptional, nor struggling 
three of these women have become

2581
02:29:32,900 --> 02:29:36,300
your regular lunch companions. 
You gravitate toward each other 

2582
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:39,900
naturally, leaving the building 
together at noon, walking to the

2583
02:29:39,900 --> 02:29:44,000
same handful of restaurants in 
rotation, Conversation during 

2584
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:45,900
these meals is practical and 
Light. 

2585
02:29:46,500 --> 02:29:50,500
You discuss work frustrations in
general terms, never mentioning 

2586
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:54,600
specific managers by name you 
share information about sales at

2587
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:57,900
stores new products and changes 
in the neighborhood. 

2588
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:01,600
One woman recently became 
engaged and sometimes talks 

2589
02:30:01,600 --> 02:30:05,800
about her wedding plans, Ulysse,
and offer appropriate responses 

2590
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:09,600
and feel, neither envious nor 
particularly invested after 

2591
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:11,200
work. 
These friendships rarely, 

2592
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:14,700
extend, he part of the office 
entrance heading in different 

2593
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:16,200
directions to different 
neighborhoods? 

2594
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:19,900
On rare occasions, you might 
arrange to attend a moving 

2595
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:23,300
picture together on a Saturday 
afternoon, but this requires 

2596
02:30:23,300 --> 02:30:26,100
coordination and planning that 
often feels like more effort 

2597
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:29,300
than it's worth. 
Friendship is real but contained

2598
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:33,000
within specific boundaries. 
Closer friendships exist with 

2599
02:30:33,000 --> 02:30:36,000
women in your building, your 
roommate is the most constant 

2600
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:39,400
presence in your daily life. 
You've shared this apartment for

2601
02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:44,300
14 months, you know, her habits,
her Moon's and her family 

2602
02:30:44,300 --> 02:30:46,600
history. 
She knows yours. 

2603
02:30:47,400 --> 02:30:51,200
You negotiate shared space with 
minimal conflict, having 

2604
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:54,500
established clear patterns, 
early on you, each have 

2605
02:30:54,500 --> 02:30:58,900
particular shelves, particular 
Hooks and particular times for 

2606
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:02,800
bathing and dressing you split 
costs evenly and keep track of 

2607
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:04,800
shared expenses in a small 
notebook. 

2608
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:08,300
Your relationship is cooperative
rather than intimate. 

2609
02:31:09,000 --> 02:31:11,500
You enjoy each other's company 
without depending on it. 

2610
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:15,000
Some evenings you spend 
together, talking while 

2611
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:17,300
preparing dinner or getting 
ready to go out. 

2612
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:20,400
Other evening's you exist in 
parallel. 

2613
02:31:20,400 --> 02:31:23,400
She reading on her bed while you
write letters at the desk. 

2614
02:31:24,200 --> 02:31:26,100
Both content in the shared 
silent. 

2615
02:31:27,000 --> 02:31:29,500
You trust her with your 
belongings, your space, and your

2616
02:31:29,500 --> 02:31:32,400
basic privacy. 
This trust is earned through 

2617
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:35,200
consistent considerate, 
behavior, on both sides. 

2618
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:38,600
Two other women in the buildings
have become regular friends. 

2619
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:42,200
The share an apartment on the 
floor below yours, both work 

2620
02:31:42,200 --> 02:31:44,900
retail jobs, different stores 
and different schedules. 

2621
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:49,000
When you're free time aligns, 
you gather in one apartment or 

2622
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:52,700
the other, you play cards, 
sometimes simple games that 

2623
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:56,400
require minimal concentration. 
You look through Magazine's 

2624
02:31:56,400 --> 02:32:01,100
together, discussing fashion and
celebrities with mild interest, 

2625
02:32:01,100 --> 02:32:05,500
you practice new hairstyles on 
each other experimenting with 

2626
02:32:05,500 --> 02:32:09,800
techniques seen in photographs 
or suggested by beauty parlor 

2627
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:13,100
stylists. 
These gatherings are relaxed and

2628
02:32:13,100 --> 02:32:15,900
unstructured. 
Someone might bring food to 

2629
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:19,600
share, you talk about your jobs 
about families, back home and 

2630
02:32:19,600 --> 02:32:22,000
about small dreams and practical
plans. 

2631
02:32:22,000 --> 02:32:25,700
One woman is saving money to 
visit her sister in another 

2632
02:32:25,700 --> 02:32:28,200
state. 
Another wants to take a business

2633
02:32:28,200 --> 02:32:29,500
course to improve her 
employment. 

2634
02:32:29,500 --> 02:32:33,700
Prospects these goals are modest
and achievable you discuss them 

2635
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:37,000
seriously offering encouragement
and practical suggestions. 

2636
02:32:37,700 --> 02:32:40,000
Through these friends, you've 
been introduced to other young 

2637
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:43,100
women in similar circumstances. 
The network. 

2638
02:32:43,100 --> 02:32:47,300
Expands gradually, connecting 
office workers and shock girls, 

2639
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:49,100
and telephone operators. 
Across the neighborhood. 

2640
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:53,100
You recognize many faces now 
when you're out walking. 

2641
02:32:53,900 --> 02:32:56,200
You exchanged, greetings and 
brief updates. 

2642
02:32:57,000 --> 02:33:00,200
This web of loose connections, 
creates a sense of community 

2643
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:02,400
without requiring deep 
commitment. 

2644
02:33:03,400 --> 02:33:06,700
Dancehalls provide another 
context for social interaction, 

2645
02:33:06,700 --> 02:33:10,300
your attend, perhaps twice a 
month, sometimes with your 

2646
02:33:10,300 --> 02:33:14,000
roommate, sometimes with the 
women from downstairs and 

2647
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:16,500
occasionally with the larger 
group assembled through various 

2648
02:33:16,500 --> 02:33:19,000
connections. 
The Halls are large bright 

2649
02:33:19,000 --> 02:33:21,700
spaces with live music and 
crowds of young people. 

2650
02:33:21,700 --> 02:33:26,000
You pay a small admission fee at
the door and enter a room filled

2651
02:33:26,000 --> 02:33:30,000
with sound and movement. 
The dancing itself is energetic 

2652
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:33,900
but not wild, you know the 
popular steps the Charleston, 

2653
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:36,100
the black bottom various Fox 
trots. 

2654
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:40,000
And two steps you learned by 
watching by practicing with 

2655
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:43,600
friends and by simply joining in
and picking up the patterns. 

2656
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:46,300
Some dancers are skilled and 
inventive. 

2657
02:33:46,300 --> 02:33:50,200
Most like, you are competent 
enough to participate without 

2658
02:33:50,200 --> 02:33:53,600
embarrassment. 
Men, ask you to dance, you 

2659
02:33:53,600 --> 02:33:57,500
accept or decline based on quick
assessments, does he seem 

2660
02:33:57,500 --> 02:34:01,900
Pleasant sober and respectful? 
Most dancers last for one song, 

2661
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:05,700
then you return to your friends.
Occasionally a partner is 

2662
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:07,000
interesting enough that you 
dance. 

2663
02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:10,500
Several songs in succession 
conversation happens between 

2664
02:34:10,500 --> 02:34:14,700
dance, is shouted over the music
or spoken during brief pauses 

2665
02:34:14,700 --> 02:34:17,800
topics. 
Alight, where do you work? 

2666
02:34:17,800 --> 02:34:20,900
Where do you live and do you 
come here, often? 

2667
02:34:20,900 --> 02:34:24,300
You exchange names? 
Sometimes addresses? 

2668
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:27,300
Most of these encounters lead 
nowhere. 

2669
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:31,900
Few of resulted in further 
invitations, to a moving picture

2670
02:34:31,900 --> 02:34:35,900
to dinner to another dance, 
you've dated several men 

2671
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:37,300
casually over the past two 
years. 

2672
02:34:37,300 --> 02:34:42,000
The pattern is familiar, initial
meetings, a few planned outings,

2673
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:47,300
perhaps some physical affection 
kissing hand holding Than either

2674
02:34:47,300 --> 02:34:49,500
a gradual fade or an explicit 
ending. 

2675
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:52,800
When one of you loses interest 
or circumstances change. 

2676
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:56,600
You're not looking for a husband
urgently though, you don't rule 

2677
02:34:56,600 --> 02:35:00,400
out eventual marriage. 
For now, these casual courtships

2678
02:35:00,400 --> 02:35:03,700
provide companionship and 
entertainment without demanding 

2679
02:35:03,700 --> 02:35:05,600
significant. 
Emotional investment. 

2680
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:11,000
Cafes and tea rooms offer 
quieter social spaces. you visit

2681
02:35:11,000 --> 02:35:14,900
these alone sometimes bringing a
book or magazine content in your

2682
02:35:14,900 --> 02:35:18,400
own company among other people 
Other times you meet friends 

2683
02:35:18,400 --> 02:35:21,300
there sitting at small tables 
for an hour or two in the 

2684
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:24,400
afternoon on weekends. 
Order teal coffee. 

2685
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,400
Sometimes a pastry. 
The atmosphere is calm and 

2686
02:35:27,400 --> 02:35:30,300
bright. 
Conversation flows easily in 

2687
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,400
these settings, covering 
whatever comes to mind without 

2688
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:36,700
pressure or urgency. 
You've also joined a small 

2689
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:39,100
lending library that operates 
out of a Bookshop to 

2690
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:41,500
neighborhoods away for a monthly
fee. 

2691
02:35:41,500 --> 02:35:43,200
You can borrow books from their 
collection. 

2692
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:47,300
You visit every few weeks 
browsing the shelves, sometimes 

2693
02:35:47,300 --> 02:35:50,300
asking the owner for 
recommendations other members 

2694
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:53,600
browse at the same time, you've 
struck up conversations with a 

2695
02:35:53,600 --> 02:35:56,400
few of them discussing books, 
you've read and authors you 

2696
02:35:56,408 --> 02:35:59,100
favor. 
One woman close to your age 

2697
02:35:59,100 --> 02:36:02,600
suggested, you might enjoy a 
particular novel, you borrowed 

2698
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:04,400
it. 
And later thanked her for the 

2699
02:36:04,408 --> 02:36:08,200
recommendation, He's brief 
exchanges feel meaningful in 

2700
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:11,500
their own small way. 
Your social life is neither 

2701
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:15,200
isolated nor overwhelming. 
You have people to talk to 

2702
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:20,000
places to go and activities that
fill your free time pleasantly. 

2703
02:36:20,600 --> 02:36:24,700
You also have Solitude when you 
want it privacy in your routines

2704
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:27,800
and space to think without 
constant Demand on your 

2705
02:36:27,800 --> 02:36:31,000
attention. 
The balance feels, right? 

2706
02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:34,700
Most of the time, your part of a
community of young women 

2707
02:36:34,700 --> 02:36:38,200
navigating, similar 
circumstances, creating lives 

2708
02:36:38,200 --> 02:36:40,700
that include work and 
Independence and pleasure in 

2709
02:36:40,700 --> 02:36:44,200
manageable proportions, rest 
happens in fragments throughout 

2710
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:47,500
your day, woven between activity
and obligation. 

2711
02:36:48,300 --> 02:36:51,500
You've learned to recognize when
your body and mind need a pause 

2712
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,700
and you've developed small 
rituals that provide relief 

2713
02:36:54,700 --> 02:36:57,300
without requiring significant 
time or planning. 

2714
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:01,500
Sunday mornings your most 
expansive period of rest. 

2715
02:37:02,400 --> 02:37:05,700
You wake without an alarm 
allowing your body to determine 

2716
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:10,200
when it's ready to rise. 
Usually, this happens between 8 

2717
02:37:10,200 --> 02:37:14,500
and 9 oclock later than your 
weekday schedule permits, you 

2718
02:37:14,500 --> 02:37:17,000
remain in bed after waking and 
joining the softness of the 

2719
02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:20,000
sheets and pillow and the warmth
under your blanket. 

2720
02:37:20,700 --> 02:37:23,400
Outside the city sounds 
different on Sunday. 

2721
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:27,500
If you're automobiles no Factory
whistles and church bells, 

2722
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:30,800
ringing in the distance. 
Your roommate typically wakes 

2723
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,200
around the same time you 
exchange quiet, greetings 

2724
02:37:34,200 --> 02:37:37,300
discussing whether to rise 
immediately or linger a while 

2725
02:37:37,308 --> 02:37:41,600
longer. 
Often you choose to linger line 

2726
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:45,100
in your separate beds talking in
a leisurely fashion about 

2727
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:47,600
nothing. 
In particular, the conversation 

2728
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:51,400
meanders without destination. 
You might mention a dream, you 

2729
02:37:51,400 --> 02:37:54,000
had or comment on the quality of
light, coming through the 

2730
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:56,300
window. 
She might share a memory from 

2731
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:58,400
childhood or wonder aloud about 
the weather. 

2732
02:37:59,200 --> 02:38:01,500
Eventually you rise and move 
through your morning 

2733
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:03,900
preparations at a slower Pace 
than weak days. 

2734
02:38:03,900 --> 02:38:08,200
Allow you take a long bath if 
the bathrooms available soaking 

2735
02:38:08,200 --> 02:38:10,700
in hot water and until your skin
is pink and soft. 

2736
02:38:11,600 --> 02:38:15,100
You wash your hair, wrap it in a
towel and return to your room to

2737
02:38:15,100 --> 02:38:18,300
dry it slowly. 
By the radiator you dress in 

2738
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,900
comfortable clothing. 
A simple skirt and blouse or 

2739
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,300
sometimes loose, trousers, that 
you wear only at home, no 

2740
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,100
corset, no stocking. 
No restrictive, elements. 

2741
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:31,000
Breakfast on Sunday is more 
substantial. 

2742
02:38:31,000 --> 02:38:35,300
You might prepare eggs in the 
shared kitchen, toast bread, and

2743
02:38:35,300 --> 02:38:38,400
Brew fresh coffee. 
You eat at the small table in 

2744
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,400
your room, reading the 
newspaper, or a magazine while 

2745
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:45,900
you choose slowly, there is no 
rush, no schedule to keep the 

2746
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:49,500
morning can unfold at whatever 
Pace feels natural after 

2747
02:38:49,500 --> 02:38:51,500
breakfast. 
The day opens to various 

2748
02:38:51,500 --> 02:38:54,200
possibilities. 
Sometimes you remain in your 

2749
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:57,900
room reading for hours, you 
settle into the upholstered 

2750
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:01,700
chair near the window feet, 
tucked under you book propped, 

2751
02:39:01,700 --> 02:39:04,400
on your knees, sunlight moves 
across the floor. 

2752
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:08,600
As you read marking time, 
without urgency you finish 

2753
02:39:08,600 --> 02:39:12,900
chapters turn pages, lose 
yourself in fictional worlds or 

2754
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:15,400
learn about topics that interest
you. 

2755
02:39:16,200 --> 02:39:21,400
History by ography novels your 
tastes abroad, the reading is 

2756
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:24,700
purely for pleasure. 
Requiring, nothing from you but 

2757
02:39:24,700 --> 02:39:27,700
attention. 
Other Sundays, you venture out 

2758
02:39:27,708 --> 02:39:31,100
for walks, you dress more fully 
and leave the building with no 

2759
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:34,500
particular destination in mind. 
You walk through your 

2760
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:38,200
neighborhood and into adjacent 
ones, observing shop Windows 

2761
02:39:38,200 --> 02:39:41,700
watching people on their way to 
or from church and noticing 

2762
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:43,900
seasonal changes in trees and 
Gardens. 

2763
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:48,500
The walking is meditative your 
mind free to wander while your 

2764
02:39:48,500 --> 02:39:52,300
body moves, steadily forward. 
You return home refreshed in a 

2765
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:54,200
way that has nothing to do with 
physical rest. 

2766
02:39:55,000 --> 02:39:57,100
Sometimes you visit a museum or 
gallery. 

2767
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:01,700
Admission is often free or very 
cheap on Sundays, you move 

2768
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:05,900
through quiet rooms, looking at 
paintings and artefacts reading 

2769
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:10,100
explanatory cards. 
Pace is entirely yours. 

2770
02:40:10,100 --> 02:40:13,700
You can stand before a single 
painting for 10 minutes, if it 

2771
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:16,700
holds your interest or pass 
through rooms quickly, if 

2772
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:20,900
nothing catches your attention, 
Experience is solitary. 

2773
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:24,600
Even when others are present, 
each person absorbed in their 

2774
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:28,900
own observation during the work 
week, rest comes in smaller 

2775
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:31,600
increments. 
Your lunch hour provides a 

2776
02:40:31,608 --> 02:40:34,600
midday break though. 
You usually spend it eating and 

2777
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:36,800
socializing rather than truly 
resting? 

2778
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:40,500
The real respite comes in the 
evening after dinner, when 

2779
02:40:40,500 --> 02:40:43,500
you've completed your necessary 
tasks and can choose how to 

2780
02:40:43,500 --> 02:40:45,200
spend the remaining hours before
bed. 

2781
02:40:46,100 --> 02:40:49,100
Some evenings, you simply sit, 
you position yourself 

2782
02:40:49,100 --> 02:40:52,500
comfortably, perhaps on your bed
with pillows, supporting your 

2783
02:40:52,500 --> 02:40:55,500
back and allow yourself to do 
nothing in particular. 

2784
02:40:56,700 --> 02:41:00,500
You might look out the window 
watching the street below, you 

2785
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:03,000
might close your eyes and listen
to the sounds of the building. 

2786
02:41:03,700 --> 02:41:07,400
Footsteps in the hallway, water 
running in pipes, and muffled 

2787
02:41:07,400 --> 02:41:09,100
voices, from neighboring 
Apartments. 

2788
02:41:10,000 --> 02:41:13,008
This deliberate Stillness feels 
restorative after a day of 

2789
02:41:13,016 --> 02:41:17,100
constant movement and noise 
reading in the evening serves a 

2790
02:41:17,100 --> 02:41:18,500
different purpose than Sunday 
reading. 

2791
02:41:19,300 --> 02:41:22,900
The evening session is shorter 
often interrupted by the need to

2792
02:41:22,908 --> 02:41:25,500
prepare for bed, or by your 
roommate, wanting to talk. 

2793
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:31,200
You read lighter material, 
sometimes magazines serialized 

2794
02:41:31,200 --> 02:41:35,400
stories and simple novels that. 
Don't demand deep concentration.

2795
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:39,800
The reading soothes, you 
occupying, your mind just enough

2796
02:41:39,800 --> 02:41:43,300
to prevent anxious thoughts from
circulating while not 

2797
02:41:43,300 --> 02:41:44,800
stimulating you into 
wakefulness. 

2798
02:41:46,200 --> 02:41:48,700
You have to habit of writing 
letters in the evening. 

2799
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:52,300
You maintain correspondents with
your mother two sisters and a 

2800
02:41:52,308 --> 02:41:56,900
few friends from your hometown. 
The righting is meditative You 

2801
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,500
sit at the small desk Pen in 
Hand, describing your weak in 

2802
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:03,000
simple terms. 
Yos questioned about their 

2803
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:05,400
lives. 
Chef small observations about 

2804
02:42:05,400 --> 02:42:10,000
City Life, maintain connections 
across distance The act of 

2805
02:42:10,008 --> 02:42:14,300
forming words on paper Watching 
Ink flow from the pen tip feels 

2806
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:17,000
calming. 
You're not trying to be clever 

2807
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:19,800
or impressive. 
You're simply recording your 

2808
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:21,700
existence and acknowledging 
theirs. 

2809
02:42:22,400 --> 02:42:25,300
When weather permits you 
sometimes sit on the buildings, 

2810
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:28,400
front steps in the evening. 
Other residents do the same. 

2811
02:42:28,408 --> 02:42:31,300
You exchanged? 
Greetings comment on the 

2812
02:42:31,300 --> 02:42:34,300
temperature and watch people 
passing on the sidewalk. 

2813
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:39,300
These interactions are brief and
undemanding, your present 

2814
02:42:39,300 --> 02:42:43,200
without being required to engage
deeply, the fresh air and change

2815
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:45,300
of scenery from your room 
provide refreshment. 

2816
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:48,700
Weekday afternoons, 
occasionally, offer unexpected 

2817
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:52,000
moments of rest. 
If work is slow, you might have 

2818
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:53,800
periods of waiting between a 
signment. 

2819
02:42:53,800 --> 02:42:58,000
You sit at your desk hands 
folded, allowing your mind to 

2820
02:42:58,000 --> 02:43:02,800
drift. you look around the 
office noting small details, a 

2821
02:43:02,800 --> 02:43:05,900
crack in the ceiling plaster, 
the way sunlight angles Through 

2822
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:08,600
the Windows and the particular 
rhythm of your co-workers 

2823
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:13,900
typing, These moments are brief,
but valuable small pauses in the

2824
02:43:13,900 --> 02:43:17,600
days of momentum. 
Saturday afternoons after 

2825
02:43:17,600 --> 02:43:20,800
completing necessary, errands 
and chores sometimes. 

2826
02:43:20,800 --> 02:43:25,500
Open into longer rest periods. 
He returned to your room tasks 

2827
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:27,500
completed with several hours of 
freedom. 

2828
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:31,300
You might nap lying down fully 
clothed on your bed. 

2829
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:35,100
Sinking into brief sleep. 
You wake feeling slightly 

2830
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:39,000
disoriented but refreshed, ready
to move into the evenings 

2831
02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:41,900
activities? 
Rest also comes through 

2832
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:45,700
monotonous physical tasks that 
don't require mental engagement.

2833
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:50,500
Mending clothes, washing dishes 
and organizing your small 

2834
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:53,900
collection of belongings. 
These activities allow your mind

2835
02:43:53,900 --> 02:43:55,800
to wander while your hands stay 
occupied. 

2836
02:43:55,800 --> 02:43:58,200
The repetitive motions are 
soothing. 

2837
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:02,000
You find yourself thinking about
nothing in particular or 

2838
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:04,800
following long chains of a 
Association from one thought to 

2839
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:06,900
another without purpose or 
conclusion. 

2840
02:44:06,900 --> 02:44:10,400
You've learned to distinguish 
between tiredness that require 

2841
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:15,200
sleep and tiredness that 
requires only Stillness. the 

2842
02:44:15,200 --> 02:44:17,900
first demands that you go to bed
and surrender to 

2843
02:44:17,900 --> 02:44:22,700
unconsciousness, can be 
addressed by sitting quietly by 

2844
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:26,500
slowing down and by giving 
yourself permission to do less. 

2845
02:44:27,400 --> 02:44:31,400
You honor both types responding 
to what your body and mind seem 

2846
02:44:31,400 --> 02:44:34,200
to need. 
Your relationship with food is 

2847
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:37,700
practical and routine. 
You eat to sustain yourself. 

2848
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:41,700
Choosing items that are 
affordable, convenient and 

2849
02:44:41,700 --> 02:44:44,900
reasonably, satisfying cooking 
is a skill. 

2850
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:46,600
You possess but don't 
particularly enjoy. 

2851
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,700
So, you minimize the time and 
effort, it requires while still 

2852
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,000
in Utah. 
Totally Breakfast, is the meal 

2853
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:55,700
you most often. 
Prepare yourself in the shared 

2854
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:58,100
kitchen of your building. 
You make toast over the small 

2855
02:44:58,100 --> 02:45:00,800
gas stove. 
Butter, it while it's still warm

2856
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:03,700
and eat it standing by the 
window with a cup of tea. 

2857
02:45:04,600 --> 02:45:07,900
Sometimes you add an egg fried 
in a small pan with a bit of 

2858
02:45:07,900 --> 02:45:10,600
butter. 
The egg requires attention, but 

2859
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,800
Cooks quickly. 
You slide it onto your toast and

2860
02:45:13,800 --> 02:45:17,000
eat the combination with a fork.
Washing your plate immediately 

2861
02:45:17,000 --> 02:45:19,800
after it to avoid leaving dishes
in the shared space. 

2862
02:45:20,700 --> 02:45:23,100
On mornings when you're running 
late or feel particularly 

2863
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:26,100
unmotivated you skip cooking 
entirely. 

2864
02:45:27,000 --> 02:45:29,400
You grab a piece of fruit from 
the bowl, you keep on your 

2865
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:32,400
windowsill and buy coffee from 
the cart near your office 

2866
02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:35,000
building. 
The vendor knows your face. 

2867
02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:39,000
If not your name hand, you the 
cup efficiently and take your 

2868
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:41,500
coin's. 
You drink the coffee, while 

2869
02:45:41,500 --> 02:45:45,400
walking, the final block to work
disposing of the cup in a bin 

2870
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:48,200
near the entrance. 
Lunch during the work week 

2871
02:45:48,200 --> 02:45:50,800
happens, at one of several 
establishments near your office,

2872
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,000
the lunchroom you visit most 
frequently serves simple. 

2873
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:58,300
Filling food quickly. 
The menu rarely changes suit 

2874
02:45:58,300 --> 02:46:02,908
sandwiches, basic salads, and 
daily, specials and outs on the 

2875
02:46:02,916 --> 02:46:05,600
chalkboard. 
You typically order soup and 

2876
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:08,900
half a sandwich, a combination 
that satisfies without making 

2877
02:46:08,900 --> 02:46:10,700
you feel heavy for the 
afternoon's work. 

2878
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:14,800
The soup is usually 
vegetable-based, warm and salty,

2879
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:18,000
served in a wide bowl with 
crackers on the side. 

2880
02:46:18,000 --> 02:46:22,700
The sandwich is reliable sliced,
chicken or ham or cheese between

2881
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:26,200
soft white bread. 
You eat efficiently, finishing 

2882
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:29,900
your meal in 20 minutes, leaving
time to relax briefly before 

2883
02:46:29,900 --> 02:46:33,100
returning to the office. 
Tea order with your meal is 

2884
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:36,800
served in a thick ceramic cup, 
hot and slightly bitter. 

2885
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:42,100
You add milk and sugar stirring 
with small spoon, the warmth of 

2886
02:46:42,100 --> 02:46:45,400
the cup in your hands is 
comforting especially on cold 

2887
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:48,200
days. 
Other lunch options include a 

2888
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:51,400
cafeteria style restaurant, 
where you select items from a 

2889
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:53,800
display case and carry your 
trade to a table. 

2890
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:58,500
This offers more variety but 
takes slightly longer You chose 

2891
02:46:58,500 --> 02:47:02,500
items that look fresh. 
Serving of green beans mashed 

2892
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:04,100
potatoes and a slice of 
meatloaf. 

2893
02:47:05,000 --> 02:47:07,700
The quality is inconsistent, but
generally acceptable. 

2894
02:47:07,700 --> 02:47:11,800
Everything is mild and well, 
cooked designed to appeal to 

2895
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:15,100
many people without offending. 
Anyone on Saturdays. 

2896
02:47:15,100 --> 02:47:17,400
When you're out, running 
errands, you sometimes stop at a

2897
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:21,000
drugstore lunch counter. 
You sit on a round stool at the 

2898
02:47:21,008 --> 02:47:24,700
long counter, your handbag on 
your lap or hung on the hook 

2899
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:29,000
beneath the counters Edge. 
A server takes your order often,

2900
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:32,200
a chicken, salad sandwich, and a
glass of milk and delivers it 

2901
02:47:32,200 --> 02:47:35,000
quickly. 
You eat while observing the 

2902
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:39,400
other patrons, the staff and the
orderly flow of this small 

2903
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:43,100
commercial space. 
Dinner varies more depending on 

2904
02:47:43,100 --> 02:47:47,200
your energy and plans on nights 
when you're staying in you and 

2905
02:47:47,200 --> 02:47:49,500
your roommate often. 
Prepare a simple meal together 

2906
02:47:49,500 --> 02:47:53,000
in the shared kitchen. 
You pull ingredients splitting 

2907
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:56,900
the cost pasta with tomato sauce
appears frequently on your menu.

2908
02:47:57,800 --> 02:48:00,500
The pasta cooks and boiling 
water while you heat the sauce. 

2909
02:48:00,500 --> 02:48:03,800
And another pan adding a bit of 
butter to improve the flavor, 

2910
02:48:03,800 --> 02:48:07,700
you serve it, in Shallow bowls, 
eating in your room with the 

2911
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:11,000
balls balance on your laps. 
Other common dinners include 

2912
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:14,500
scrambled eggs with toast, 
canned soup heated and eaten 

2913
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:18,100
with bread or cold plate of 
cheese crackers, and sliced 

2914
02:48:18,100 --> 02:48:21,200
vegetables. 
These meals require minimal 

2915
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:24,700
cooking skill and clean up. 
They provide adequate nutrition 

2916
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:27,000
without demanding significant 
time or money. 

2917
02:48:27,800 --> 02:48:30,300
You've accepted that your meals 
are more functional than 

2918
02:48:30,300 --> 02:48:33,400
enjoyable, a reasonable 
compromise, given your limited 

2919
02:48:33,400 --> 02:48:35,200
resources and cooking 
facilities. 

2920
02:48:36,300 --> 02:48:39,300
When you eat at restaurants in 
the evening, the choices, expand

2921
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:42,600
a modest, family, run 
establishment, two blocks from 

2922
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:44,800
your building serves. 
Hearty portions of American 

2923
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:49,400
food, roasted chicken pot, roast
and pork chops accompanied by 

2924
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:52,900
potatoes, and cooked vegetables,
you order the meal of the day. 

2925
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:56,200
Whatever is available, trusting.
It will be filling and decent. 

2926
02:48:56,800 --> 02:49:00,000
The restaurant is warm and 
slightly noisy with families and

2927
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:01,700
working people filling the 
tables. 

2928
02:49:02,300 --> 02:49:06,000
You eat steadily, cleaning your 
plate, feeling Satisfied, by the

2929
02:49:06,000 --> 02:49:09,100
end, Chinese restaurants have 
become popular in your 

2930
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:11,500
neighborhood. 
You've eaten at once several 

2931
02:49:11,500 --> 02:49:15,400
times in certain about the 
unfamiliar flavors but growing 

2932
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:18,600
to enjoy them. 
You order chopped suey a mix of 

2933
02:49:18,600 --> 02:49:21,700
vegetables and meat in a savory 
sauce served over rice. 

2934
02:49:22,700 --> 02:49:25,100
The food is different from what 
you grew up eating but not so 

2935
02:49:25,100 --> 02:49:29,000
strange that you can't enjoy it.
Use a fork rather than a 

2936
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:32,500
tempting, Chopsticks, which feel
awkward and inefficient in your 

2937
02:49:32,508 --> 02:49:35,900
hands on special occasions. 
You might splurge on a nice 

2938
02:49:35,908 --> 02:49:38,300
restaurant. 
These evening's happening 

2939
02:49:38,300 --> 02:49:42,100
frequently, perhaps once every 
few months, when you've saved a 

2940
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:45,100
bit extra, when someone is 
celebrating something, the 

2941
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:48,000
restrooms have tablecloths and 
proper menus and servers who 

2942
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,300
take your order formally. 
You might order fish or steak 

2943
02:49:51,300 --> 02:49:54,100
items. 
You rarely buy to cook yourself.

2944
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:57,600
The presentation is more 
careful, the portions more 

2945
02:49:57,600 --> 02:50:01,600
modest but better prepared. 
You eat slowly aware of the 

2946
02:50:01,600 --> 02:50:05,700
money being spent wanting to 
fully appreciate the experience.

2947
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:09,400
Suites are occasional treats 
rather than daily habits. 

2948
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:13,300
You buy a pastry from a bakery 
on Saturday morning, sometimes 

2949
02:50:13,300 --> 02:50:16,400
eating it fresh while walking 
home with your other purchases. 

2950
02:50:17,500 --> 02:50:20,600
The bakery sells cookies, small 
cakes and sweet rolls. 

2951
02:50:21,400 --> 02:50:24,300
You choose based on what looks 
appealing paying for a single 

2952
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:26,300
item rather than buying in 
quantity. 

2953
02:50:27,300 --> 02:50:30,500
Pastries gone in a few bites but
the momentary pleasure 

2954
02:50:30,500 --> 02:50:34,100
justifies, the small expense. 
Ice cream in summer. 

2955
02:50:34,100 --> 02:50:37,600
Is another Indulgence. 
You buy a cone from a vendor or 

2956
02:50:37,600 --> 02:50:40,000
a small parlor. 
Eating it while sitting on a 

2957
02:50:40,008 --> 02:50:43,500
bench in a nearby park. 
The cold sweetness is 

2958
02:50:43,500 --> 02:50:47,700
particularly satisfying on hot. 
Evening's you watch it melts 

2959
02:50:47,700 --> 02:50:51,200
like licking it quickly to 
prevent drips finishing it 

2960
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:52,300
before. 
It becomes messy. 

2961
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,300
Your beverage choice is a 
limited and predictable, we 

2962
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:58,900
drink tea. 
Most often both at home and in 

2963
02:50:58,900 --> 02:51:02,800
restaurants, Coffee occasionally
usually in the morning when you 

2964
02:51:02,808 --> 02:51:06,000
need something stronger than 
tea, water from the tap when 

2965
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:07,900
you're thirsty and nothing else 
is available. 

2966
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:12,500
Milk sometimes with breakfast or
lunch, you rarely drink alcohol,

2967
02:51:12,500 --> 02:51:15,800
finding it expensive and 
unnecessary for your daily life.

2968
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:19,800
That social Gatherings, you 
might accept a glass of wine or 

2969
02:51:19,800 --> 02:51:23,300
a cocktail if offered sipping it
slowly to make it last but you 

2970
02:51:23,300 --> 02:51:27,500
never seek it out independently.
Grocery shopping happens weekly,

2971
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:30,800
you visit a market several 
blocks from your building 

2972
02:51:30,800 --> 02:51:32,800
carrying a cloth bag for your 
purchases. 

2973
02:51:32,800 --> 02:51:39,700
You buy basic Bread, Butter 
egg's, tea sugar, cane Goods, 

2974
02:51:39,700 --> 02:51:43,700
seasonal vegetables, and 
occasionally inexpensive cuts of

2975
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:45,800
meat. 
You've learned to judge quality 

2976
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:50,600
to Select Produce that's fresh 
but not premium price and to 

2977
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:54,500
Compare costs between similar 
items. your budget for food is 

2978
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:59,200
tight, so these decisions matter
You store perishables in the 

2979
02:51:59,200 --> 02:52:00,800
small ice box in the shared 
kitchen. 

2980
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:04,000
Laboring your items with your 
apartment number to prevent 

2981
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:07,100
confusion. 
Non-perishables you keep in your

2982
02:52:07,100 --> 02:52:10,400
room on a shelf, designated for 
food items. 

2983
02:52:11,100 --> 02:52:14,700
You maintain a mental inventory,
noting when Supply is run low 

2984
02:52:14,700 --> 02:52:16,200
and adding items to your 
shopping list. 

2985
02:52:17,200 --> 02:52:20,500
Eating alone is common for you, 
you've grown comfortable with it

2986
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:24,500
finding it, neither sad, nor 
particularly notable you eat at 

2987
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:26,400
your own pace. 
Reading, while you chew, 

2988
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:30,400
thinking your own thoughts. 
shared meals happen, frequently,

2989
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:34,100
enough lunch with co-workers, 
dinner, with your roommate, 

2990
02:52:34,100 --> 02:52:38,000
occasional restaurant outings 
With Friends That solitary 

2991
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:41,400
eating feels like a normal 
variation rather than a lack. 

2992
02:52:42,300 --> 02:52:44,300
The rhythm of regular meals 
structures. 

2993
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,100
Your days breakfast, lunch and 
dinner. 

2994
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:49,800
These fixed points. 
Provide stability, and 

2995
02:52:49,800 --> 02:52:52,600
predictability, you rarely, skip
meals. 

2996
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:56,100
Understanding that consistent, 
eating maintain your energy for 

2997
02:52:56,100 --> 02:53:00,200
work and other activities. 
Food is fuel necessary and 

2998
02:53:00,200 --> 02:53:03,300
mostly unremarkable. 
But also occasionally Pleasant. 

2999
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:07,900
A source of small satisfactions 
woven into the larger pattern of

3000
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:10,500
your life. 
Evening's open differently 

3001
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:12,100
depending on the day in your 
energy. 

3002
02:53:13,100 --> 02:53:15,600
The time between finishing 
dinner and preparing for bed 

3003
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:18,900
Rangers from one hour to four 
and you've learned to fill it. 

3004
02:53:18,900 --> 02:53:22,100
In ways that feel restorative 
and enjoyable without requiring 

3005
02:53:22,100 --> 02:53:26,400
elaborate planning or expense 
Simplest evenings, involve 

3006
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,800
staying in your apartment, you 
settle into comfortable clothes.

3007
02:53:29,800 --> 02:53:33,600
After removing your work, attire
changing into a worn skirt and 

3008
02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:37,000
soft blouse or when you're 
certain of not receiving, 

3009
02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:39,900
visitors loose, trousers, and a 
cotton shirt. 

3010
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:44,100
You remove your shoes, which 
provides immediate relief after 

3011
02:53:44,100 --> 02:53:47,400
a day of walking and standing 
your feet spread naturally 

3012
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:49,300
against the floor, muscles 
relaxing. 

3013
02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:52,700
You in your roommate might spend
the evening in companionable 

3014
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:56,300
parallel activity. 
She sits on her bed righting 

3015
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:58,900
letters while you sit at the 
desk leaving through a magazine.

3016
02:53:58,900 --> 02:54:03,300
Neither of you feels obligated 
to entertain the other The 

3017
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,700
shared silence is comfortable 
broken, occasionally by brief 

3018
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:10,300
comments or questions. 
Sometimes you read aloud, short 

3019
02:54:10,300 --> 02:54:11,900
passages, that amuse or 
interest. 

3020
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:15,500
You She responds or doesn't 
depending on her mood. 

3021
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:19,500
This unstructured time feels 
valuable precisely because it 

3022
02:54:19,500 --> 02:54:23,200
demands nothing radio programs 
have become part of your evening

3023
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,600
routine. 
Several nights a week, your 

3024
02:54:25,600 --> 02:54:29,000
building doesn't have radios in 
individual Apartments but the 

3025
02:54:29,000 --> 02:54:31,400
couple on the second floor, 
invite its neighbors to gather 

3026
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:35,300
in their larger room when 
popular programs are You and 

3027
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:38,400
your roommate go down together, 
joining six or eight, other 

3028
02:54:38,400 --> 02:54:42,100
residents, arranged on chairs 
and floor cushions around the 

3029
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,600
radio set. 
The voice is coming from the 

3030
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:47,900
speaker, create a peculiar sense
of connection to the wider 

3031
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:50,600
world. 
You listen to music programs, 

3032
02:54:50,600 --> 02:54:52,700
comedy shows and dramatic 
cereals. 

3033
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:57,300
The experiences communal but not
interactive everyone. 

3034
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:01,300
Focuses on the radio listening 
together, occasionally laughing 

3035
02:55:01,300 --> 02:55:04,400
at the same moments. 
When the program ends people 

3036
02:55:04,400 --> 02:55:06,800
dispersed back to their own 
apartment with minimal 

3037
02:55:06,800 --> 02:55:09,500
conversation. 
You've come for the program. 

3038
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:12,400
Not for socializing though. 
The Gathering provides both. 

3039
02:55:13,500 --> 02:55:16,600
Moving pictures are your most 
frequent evening outing. 

3040
02:55:16,600 --> 02:55:20,000
The neighborhood theater is a 12
minute walk from your building. 

3041
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:24,500
It shows films six nights a 
week, changing the program three

3042
02:55:24,500 --> 02:55:28,200
times weekly. 
Admission is Affordable enough 

3043
02:55:28,200 --> 02:55:30,800
that you can attend weekly 
without straining your budget. 

3044
02:55:31,500 --> 02:55:35,300
You go alone, sometimes with 
your roommate other times and 

3045
02:55:35,300 --> 02:55:37,100
occasionally with a large group 
of friends. 

3046
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,600
The theater's a large or Nate 
space dear except for the 

3047
02:55:41,608 --> 02:55:44,200
illuminators screen, you 
purchase your ticket. 

3048
02:55:44,200 --> 02:55:47,600
Find a seat in the middle rows 
and settle in as the lights dim 

3049
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:50,600
further. 
The piano player begins an 

3050
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:52,200
images flicker to life on the 
screen. 

3051
02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:56,300
You watch Cowboys and comedians 
romances and Adventures. 

3052
02:55:57,000 --> 02:56:00,500
The plots are often simple but 
the experience is immersive. 

3053
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:05,100
For 90 minutes, your transported
from your ordinary life into 

3054
02:56:05,100 --> 02:56:08,500
these fictional worlds. 
Between films. 

3055
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:12,000
You might stop at a nearby ice 
cream parlor or coffee shop with

3056
02:56:12,000 --> 02:56:15,700
whoever you've attended with you
discuss the picture you just saw

3057
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:18,100
and share opinions about the 
actors and story. 

3058
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:22,400
The conversation is light and 
pleasant extending the evening 

3059
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:24,400
slightly before everyone returns
home. 

3060
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,500
Dance halls off a lively at 
evening entertainment, you 

3061
02:56:28,500 --> 02:56:32,000
attend less frequently than 
moving pictures, that twice a 

3062
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,500
month. 
The atmosphere is energetic and 

3063
02:56:34,500 --> 02:56:37,500
social. 
Live bands, play current popular

3064
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:41,200
music, and the floors fill with 
couples and groups learning and 

3065
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:43,200
Performing the latest dance 
steps. 

3066
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:46,600
You dance, some numbers, sit 
out, others and talk with 

3067
02:56:46,600 --> 02:56:50,600
friends between Songz. the 
dancing itself is physical and 

3068
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:53,800
requires coordination, but 
you've practiced enough that the

3069
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:57,200
movements come naturally You 
follow your partner's lead 

3070
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,900
stepping, and turning in rhythm 
with the music. 

3071
02:57:01,000 --> 02:57:04,600
Some partners are skilled, 
making the dance, smooth and 

3072
02:57:04,600 --> 02:57:07,900
enjoyable. 
Others are clumsy stepping on 

3073
02:57:07,908 --> 02:57:10,700
your feet or losing the Rhythm 
you smile. 

3074
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:12,700
Politely through both 
experiences. 

3075
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:17,300
Knowing the dance will end soon.
Regardless, Between dances, you 

3076
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:20,800
cool down, Fanning yourself with
your hand or stepping outside 

3077
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:24,300
for fresh air, the Halls can 
become warm with the Press of 

3078
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:26,300
bodies and the exertion of 
dancing. 

3079
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,200
Outside small groups gather on 
the sidewalk talking and 

3080
02:57:30,200 --> 02:57:32,500
laughing. 
You join a cluster of 

3081
02:57:32,508 --> 02:57:35,700
acquaintances participating in 
the conversation without 

3082
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:39,600
dominating it. 
Topics are trivial comments 

3083
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:43,600
about other dancers observations
about the band and plans for the

3084
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,200
rest of the weekend. 
Quieter to social Gatherings 

3085
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:50,000
happen in trends of Apartments. 
You attend small parties were 

3086
02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:53,100
six or 10 people crowded into 
spaces, similar to your own. 

3087
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,200
Someone might bring a phonograph
and records and you play music 

3088
02:57:57,200 --> 02:58:00,700
while talking. 
People perch on beds sit on the 

3089
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:04,400
floor and lean against walls. 
The atmosphere is relaxed and 

3090
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:06,600
informal. 
You know, most of the people 

3091
02:58:06,600 --> 02:58:09,900
present at least slightly and 
conversation flows naturally 

3092
02:58:09,900 --> 02:58:13,600
across multiple small groups. 
These gatherings sometimes 

3093
02:58:13,600 --> 02:58:18,500
include light Refreshments 
cookies, someone baked fruit and

3094
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:23,000
crackers and cheese. 
You nibble while talking holding

3095
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:25,400
a small plate. 
There's no pressure to drink 

3096
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:27,800
alcohol though. 
Some people bring bottles and 

3097
02:58:27,800 --> 02:58:30,700
share drinks. 
You accept a small glass if 

3098
02:58:30,700 --> 02:58:33,800
offered but nurse it slowly. 
Preferring to stay clear-headed.

3099
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:38,500
Occasionally attend organised 
social events lectures at a 

3100
02:58:38,500 --> 02:58:42,100
local library, concerts in 
public parks during summer and 

3101
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:43,800
Community. 
Gatherings at neighborhood 

3102
02:58:43,800 --> 02:58:46,400
centers. 
These structured events provides

3103
02:58:46,400 --> 02:58:49,200
something to do outside your 
apartment without requiring 

3104
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:51,300
significant expense or 
commitment. 

3105
02:58:52,200 --> 02:58:55,400
You sit among strangers, 
listening to a speaker discuss a

3106
02:58:55,400 --> 02:58:58,700
topic of general interest or 
watching performers on a 

3107
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:02,400
makeshift stage. 
The quality varies that the 

3108
02:59:02,400 --> 02:59:06,100
novelty itself has value. 
Walking is another form of 

3109
02:59:06,100 --> 02:59:08,300
evening leisure. 
You stroll through your 

3110
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:11,000
neighborhood and Beyond 
observing the city as it 

3111
02:59:11,008 --> 02:59:13,800
transitions from day to night. 
Shop. 

3112
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:17,000
Windows light up. 
Street lamps, cast, pools of 

3113
02:59:17,000 --> 02:59:20,500
Illumination and restaurants, 
fill with dinner Patron's. 

3114
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:24,600
You walk with without 
destination turning down streets

3115
02:59:24,600 --> 02:59:28,400
that interests you pausing to 
look at window displays or watch

3116
02:59:28,400 --> 02:59:32,300
Street musicians perform. 
sometimes you walk with a 

3117
02:59:32,300 --> 02:59:37,000
companion, maintaining a steady 
Pace while talking Other times 

3118
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:39,600
you walk alone content in your 
own thoughts. 

3119
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:44,700
The city at night, feels 
different from daytime quieter. 

3120
02:59:44,700 --> 02:59:48,900
In some ways Lively are in 
others, you feel safe enough in 

3121
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:52,000
the areas, you know, staying on 
well, lit populated streets. 

3122
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:55,200
Remaining alert to your 
surroundings without feeling 

3123
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:58,000
anxious. 
Reading continues into the 

3124
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:00,800
evening often. 
Becoming your final activity 

3125
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:04,700
before bed preparation, you 
return to whatever book your 

3126
03:00:04,700 --> 03:00:08,300
currently absorbed in settling 
into a comfortable position with

3127
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,100
good light. 
Your reading tastes includes 

3128
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:14,300
novels by orography is and 
popular non-fiction. 

3129
03:00:14,300 --> 03:00:18,200
You progress through books, 
steadily finishing one every 

3130
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:22,400
week or two borrowing, new ones 
from the lending library or 

3131
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:25,100
occasionally, purchasing 
inexpensive Editions. 

3132
03:00:26,400 --> 03:00:29,600
Letter writing for some 
evening's, you maintain regular 

3133
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:32,100
correspondence, with family, and
a few distant friends. 

3134
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:35,800
The writing is neither a churn 
or a passionate Pursuit. 

3135
03:00:36,600 --> 03:00:39,200
The pleasant way to maintain 
connections, while occupying 

3136
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:42,800
your hands and mind. 
You describe your weak and 

3137
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:46,400
straightforward terms, ask 
questions about their lives and 

3138
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:48,400
share observations about City 
living. 

3139
03:00:48,400 --> 03:00:51,100
That might interest them the 
completed letters. 

3140
03:00:51,100 --> 03:00:53,700
Wait in your room until you can 
mail them on your way to work. 

3141
03:00:54,600 --> 03:00:57,000
Some evenings, you simply 
prepare for the next day. 

3142
03:00:57,800 --> 03:01:00,600
You lay out your clothing, 
checking for necessary, repairs 

3143
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:02,900
or cleaning. 
You review your schedule, 

3144
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:05,100
confirming appointments or 
plans. 

3145
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:07,500
You prepare your lunch. 
If you're bringing one from 

3146
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:11,600
home, wrapping sandwiches and 
waxed paper and storing them in 

3147
03:01:11,608 --> 03:01:15,100
the icebox. 
These practical tasks, provide a

3148
03:01:15,108 --> 03:01:18,600
sense of control and Readiness, 
allowing you to sleep without 

3149
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:21,300
worrying about the morning. 
By 9 or 10:00? 

3150
03:01:21,300 --> 03:01:24,500
You usually ready to begin 
winding down evening's. 

3151
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:26,200
Don't extend late on work 
nights. 

3152
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:28,600
You need adequate sleep to 
function. 

3153
03:01:28,600 --> 03:01:32,200
Well, the next day and you've 
learned to prioritize rest over 

3154
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:35,800
extended socializing. 
We can evenings might stretch 

3155
03:01:35,800 --> 03:01:38,800
later but even then you rarely 
stay out past midnight. 

3156
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:43,300
The life, you're living requires
energy and alertness and you 

3157
03:01:43,308 --> 03:01:47,100
protect your capacity for both 
the transition from evening 

3158
03:01:47,100 --> 03:01:49,300
activity to sleep, follows a 
sequence. 

3159
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:53,100
You've refined over time, each 
step prepares your body and mind

3160
03:01:53,100 --> 03:01:56,600
for rest creating a ritual that 
signals the Days end. 

3161
03:01:57,600 --> 03:01:59,500
You Begin by removing your 
clothing. 

3162
03:02:00,400 --> 03:02:03,800
If you've been out, you hang 
your dress or skirt carefully, 

3163
03:02:03,800 --> 03:02:07,000
checking for stains or damage 
that need attention. 

3164
03:02:07,800 --> 03:02:11,600
You drape stockings over a chair
to are overnight noting, any 

3165
03:02:11,600 --> 03:02:15,000
runs that require mending. 
If the clothes are still fresh 

3166
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:18,200
enough for another wearing, you 
arrange them to minimize or 

3167
03:02:18,200 --> 03:02:20,600
wrinkling. 
If they need cleaning you set 

3168
03:02:20,600 --> 03:02:22,200
them aside and your laundry 
pile. 

3169
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:26,200
Your undergarments come off next
the relief of removing your 

3170
03:02:26,200 --> 03:02:29,900
brassiere and garters is 
immediate and physical your skin

3171
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:33,400
shows slight indentation where a
elastic pressed against flesh 

3172
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,400
all day. 
You massage, these areas briefly

3173
03:02:36,400 --> 03:02:41,300
restoring circulation. 
Your body feels lighter Freer 

3174
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:45,100
and able to breathe and move 
without constraint at the 

3175
03:02:45,100 --> 03:02:47,200
vanity. 
You face the most involved part 

3176
03:02:47,200 --> 03:02:51,200
of your nighttime routine, 
remove your makeup, you open the

3177
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:54,900
jar of Cold Cream. 
I think white substance that 

3178
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:58,800
smells slightly medicinal. 
You scoop out a generous amount 

3179
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:02,300
and begin, spreading it over 
your face, massaging it into 

3180
03:03:02,300 --> 03:03:04,000
your skin. 
Cream. 

3181
03:03:04,000 --> 03:03:07,400
Warms from contact with your 
skin, becoming more liquid 

3182
03:03:07,400 --> 03:03:11,100
dissolving, the powder Rouge and
lipstick. 

3183
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,000
You use a soft cloth to wipe 
away the cream and dissolve 

3184
03:03:15,000 --> 03:03:18,600
cosmetics. 
Shows streaks of color. 

3185
03:03:19,400 --> 03:03:24,800
Red from your lipstick, pink 
from your Rouge and beige from 

3186
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:28,800
your powder. 
You wipe methodically making 

3187
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:33,100
sure to remove all traces from 
your hairline, around your nose 

3188
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:36,800
and under your chin. 
You rinse the cloth in the Basin

3189
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:40,300
of water, on your vanity, wring 
it out and wipe again and until 

3190
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:42,100
your face feels completely 
clean. 

3191
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:46,200
Your reflection in the mirror, 
looks soft and now younger, 

3192
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:51,200
perhaps, and certainly more 
exposed Your skin is your actual

3193
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:53,900
skin. 
Not the perfected version, you 

3194
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:57,200
present to the world, you apply 
a light moisturizing cream 

3195
03:03:57,200 --> 03:03:59,300
patting. 
It gently into your face and 

3196
03:03:59,300 --> 03:04:03,600
neck. your skin absorbs, the 
moisture feeling Supple and 

3197
03:04:03,600 --> 03:04:06,800
cared for You brush your teeth 
at the sink, in the bathroom, 

3198
03:04:06,800 --> 03:04:11,000
using tooth powder and a brush. 
You keep in a small case, the 

3199
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:15,400
powder Taste of mint and chalk 
you, scrub thoroughly, rinse and

3200
03:04:15,400 --> 03:04:17,800
run your tongue over your teeth 
to check for cleanliness. 

3201
03:04:18,700 --> 03:04:21,100
You wash your face again with 
plain water and Pat. 

3202
03:04:21,100 --> 03:04:24,100
It dry with a towel. 
Your hair requires attention 

3203
03:04:24,100 --> 03:04:26,900
before bed. 
If you're planning to set it, 

3204
03:04:26,900 --> 03:04:30,100
you dump in section slightly and
wind them around your fingers, 

3205
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:34,500
securing each curl with a pin. 
The pins press against your 

3206
03:04:34,500 --> 03:04:39,100
scalp mildly uncomfortable, but 
tolerable, you tie a soft scarf 

3207
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,500
over your head to protect the 
set while you sleep. 

3208
03:04:42,200 --> 03:04:44,900
On nights when you skip setting,
you simply brush your hair 

3209
03:04:44,900 --> 03:04:48,800
thoroughly, removing Tangles and
distributing natural oils from 

3210
03:04:48,800 --> 03:04:52,400
scalp to ends. 
You use the toilet, wash your 

3211
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:57,200
hands, and check your reflection
one final time without makeup in

3212
03:04:57,200 --> 03:04:59,800
your nightgown with your hair 
covered or unpinned. 

3213
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:02,600
You look entirely different from
your daytime self. 

3214
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:06,300
This private version feels more 
genuine, though. 

3215
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:10,100
You show it to almost no one. 
Back in your room, you pull on 

3216
03:05:10,100 --> 03:05:12,800
your nightgown. 
A simple cotton garment that 

3217
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:17,200
falls to mid calf. 
Fabric is soft from any washing 

3218
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:21,300
in Winter you add a bed jacket 
for extra warmth. 

3219
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:26,100
Your feet are bare against the 
floor toes spreading naturally. 

3220
03:05:27,000 --> 03:05:29,800
If your roommate is already, 
embed, you move quietly, 

3221
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:33,200
respecting her rest. 
If she still awake, you might 

3222
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,100
exchange. 
A few words about the day or 

3223
03:05:35,100 --> 03:05:38,200
plan for tomorrow. 
The conversation is brief and 

3224
03:05:38,200 --> 03:05:40,800
drowsy, you're both ready for 
sleep. 

3225
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:45,500
Not sustained interaction, you 
turn down your bed, folding, the

3226
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:49,300
blanket and top sheet carefully 
The sheets are cool against your

3227
03:05:49,300 --> 03:05:50,800
skin. 
As you slide between them. 

3228
03:05:50,800 --> 03:05:54,600
You arrange your pillow testing 
different positions, until you 

3229
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:57,600
find the most comfortable angle 
for your head and neck, your 

3230
03:05:57,600 --> 03:06:01,300
body begins to relax into the 
mattress muscles, releasing the 

3231
03:06:01,300 --> 03:06:04,100
days tension. 
You reach for the lamp, on your 

3232
03:06:04,100 --> 03:06:07,200
bedside table. 
Turning the switch to extinguish

3233
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:11,000
the light. 
Darkness fills the room broken, 

3234
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:14,000
only by feint lumination from 
the Street, Lamp outside your 

3235
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:16,400
window. 
Your eyes are just gradually. 

3236
03:06:16,400 --> 03:06:20,100
You can make out the shape of 
furniture, the rectangle of the 

3237
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,200
window and the form of your 
roommate in her bed across the 

3238
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:28,200
room. the building settles into 
its nighttime, sounds, you hear 

3239
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:32,300
Footsteps in the hallway, water 
running in pipes and The Creeks 

3240
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:35,800
of floorboards of you. 
These sounds are familiar and 

3241
03:06:35,800 --> 03:06:38,100
non-threatening part of the 
building's personality. 

3242
03:06:39,100 --> 03:06:42,100
You've learned to distinguish 
between normal sounds and those 

3243
03:06:42,100 --> 03:06:44,400
that might signal problems and 
everything. 

3244
03:06:44,400 --> 03:06:48,000
You hear tonight is routine, 
your mind begins to slow its 

3245
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:52,200
racing thoughts, you review the 
day, briefly noting what went 

3246
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:55,200
well and what didn't, but 
without dwelling or analyzing 

3247
03:06:55,200 --> 03:06:58,500
you think ahead to tomorrow 
running through your schedule 

3248
03:06:58,500 --> 03:07:00,800
mentally. 
But without anxiety. 

3249
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:04,500
These thoughts are gentle and 
unfocused. 

3250
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:07,100
Slipping away as sleep 
approaches. 

3251
03:07:07,900 --> 03:07:10,900
Sometimes you remain aware of 
the boundary between waking and 

3252
03:07:10,900 --> 03:07:14,000
sleeping. 
Feeling yourself drift closer to

3253
03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:16,500
unconsciousness, while still 
technically aware. 

3254
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:21,000
Other times, sleep arrives. 
So smoothly that you don't 

3255
03:07:21,000 --> 03:07:25,400
notice the transition one moment
you're thinking drowsy thoughts,

3256
03:07:25,400 --> 03:07:30,200
the next URL, swear entirely in 
the confused logic of Dreams. 

3257
03:07:31,000 --> 03:07:35,100
Your sleep is usually sound and 
uninterrupted you've developed 

3258
03:07:35,100 --> 03:07:38,000
the capacity to sleep through 
normal building noises. 

3259
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:42,200
Other residents coming home. 
Late occasional Street Sounds 

3260
03:07:42,200 --> 03:07:44,700
and the rumble of distant 
trains. 

3261
03:07:45,500 --> 03:07:49,500
Only unusual noise is wake you 
and even then you typically 

3262
03:07:49,500 --> 03:07:52,200
assess the situation quickly and
return to sleep. 

3263
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:56,600
Your dreams of varied and mostly
forgotten by morning. 

3264
03:07:57,700 --> 03:08:02,500
Sometimes you dream about work, 
endless typing stacks of papers 

3265
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:06,400
and managers making demands some
times, you dream about your 

3266
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:10,600
family, your childhood home and 
situations that blend memory and

3267
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:14,700
invention Sometimes the dreams 
are strange and disconnected 

3268
03:08:14,700 --> 03:08:16,800
following. 
No rational plot. 

3269
03:08:17,400 --> 03:08:20,900
You rarely remember them in 
detail retaining only vague 

3270
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:24,600
impressions of mood and setting 
your body shifts positions 

3271
03:08:24,600 --> 03:08:28,400
naturally throughout the night. 
You might sleep on your back on 

3272
03:08:28,400 --> 03:08:31,800
your side or curled slightly 
with knees drawn up. 

3273
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:35,500
You really wake fully during 
these adjustments moving 

3274
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:37,300
instinctively to maintain 
comfort. 

3275
03:08:38,300 --> 03:08:42,200
The mattress is familiar, molded
slightly to your preferred 

3276
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,600
sleeping position. 
In the deepest part of night, 

3277
03:08:45,600 --> 03:08:50,100
the city quiets. 
Fewer automobiles pass on the 

3278
03:08:50,100 --> 03:08:52,700
street below. 
The building becomes still. 

3279
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:57,000
You sleep through these hours. 
Undisturbed your body performing

3280
03:08:57,000 --> 03:09:00,500
its necessary, rest and 
restoration, your breathing is 

3281
03:09:00,500 --> 03:09:05,100
slow and steady your heartbeat 
calm and your mind at rest. 

3282
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:08,500
Toward mourning, your sleep 
becomes lighter. 

3283
03:09:08,500 --> 03:09:12,000
You might wake, briefly note the
darkness still outside your 

3284
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:15,400
window and return to sleep, or 
you might remain in a half 

3285
03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:19,100
awake, state of sounds and 
Sensations but not fully 

3286
03:09:19,100 --> 03:09:23,200
conscious This lighter, sleep 
continues until you're alarms 

3287
03:09:23,200 --> 03:09:26,700
sounds or natural waking pools. 
You fully back to awareness. 

3288
03:09:26,700 --> 03:09:32,200
The cycle completes itself, your
weight rise and begin the 

3289
03:09:32,200 --> 03:09:33,900
process of preparing yourself 
for the day. 

3290
03:09:34,800 --> 03:09:39,600
But for now in these nighttime 
hours, you simply rest your body

3291
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:44,300
repairs itself, your mind 
processes, the day's experiences

3292
03:09:44,300 --> 03:09:48,200
you exist in a state of 
necessary, unconsciousness 

3293
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:51,200
Gathering energy for tomorrow's 
demands. 

3294
03:09:52,100 --> 03:09:55,100
Sleep is perhaps the most 
democratic aspect of your life. 

3295
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:58,300
Rich or poor fashionable, or 
plain. 

3296
03:09:58,300 --> 03:10:02,400
Everyone requires it in sleep. 
You're reduced to your most 

3297
03:10:02,400 --> 03:10:07,500
basic self a breathing body 
arresting mind, a human being 

3298
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:11,200
requiring renewal. 
Flapper Persona, you can 

3299
03:10:11,200 --> 03:10:14,300
construct each morning Falls 
away completely in these hours. 

3300
03:10:14,300 --> 03:10:18,400
What remains is simpler and more
essential the foundation upon 

3301
03:10:18,400 --> 03:10:22,200
which everything else is built. 
Your life as a young working 

3302
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,900
woman in the 1920s is not a 
dramatic Revolution, but a 

3303
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:28,900
gradual shift in what's 
considered normal. you're not 

3304
03:10:28,908 --> 03:10:32,600
consciously rebelling or making 
Grand statements your simply 

3305
03:10:32,600 --> 03:10:35,800
living according to the options 
available to you making choices 

3306
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:39,800
that feel reasonable and right 
for your circumstances The 

3307
03:10:39,800 --> 03:10:43,000
changes you embody of visible in
small daily details. 

3308
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:47,400
Your short hair saves time and 
feels modern but it's also 

3309
03:10:47,400 --> 03:10:49,400
practical. 
Your knee. 

3310
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:52,300
Length skirts, allow easier 
movement for walking, climbing 

3311
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:56,100
stairs, and boarding streetcars 
your Cosmetics. 

3312
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,100
Enhance your appearance, but 
also signal participation in 

3313
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:03,300
current fashion in professional 
workplace culture and in Social 

3314
03:11:03,300 --> 03:11:07,300
expectations of your peer group.
Your work provides income. 

3315
03:11:07,300 --> 03:11:10,900
That allows Independence. 
You pay your own rent by your 

3316
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:14,000
own clothing and food and make 
decisions about how to spend 

3317
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:16,800
your money and time. 
This financial autonomy is 

3318
03:11:16,800 --> 03:11:19,500
perhaps the most significant 
aspect of your life. 

3319
03:11:19,500 --> 03:11:22,500
You're not waiting for marriage 
to begin adult life. 

3320
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:24,900
You're living it. 
Now, supporting yourself 

3321
03:11:24,900 --> 03:11:29,000
building routines and skills and
relationships on your own terms.

3322
03:11:30,100 --> 03:11:32,500
The independence is not absolute
or unlimited. 

3323
03:11:33,400 --> 03:11:36,600
Your salary is modest, 
restricting your choices. 

3324
03:11:37,400 --> 03:11:40,500
Your gender still closest 
certain professional doors and 

3325
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:43,600
limits advancement. 
Social expectations. 

3326
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:45,600
Still pressure, you toward 
eventual, marriage and 

3327
03:11:45,600 --> 03:11:48,000
motherhood. 
But Within These constraints, 

3328
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:51,700
you exercise more control over 
your life than your mother did 

3329
03:11:51,700 --> 03:11:54,800
at your age and significantly 
more than your grandmother. 

3330
03:11:55,500 --> 03:11:58,300
You don't offer think about this
in historical terms. 

3331
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,500
You're not aware of living 
through a transformative period.

3332
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:05,600
From your perspective You're 
simply navigating the world as 

3333
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:09,500
it currently exists, making the 
best choices available with the 

3334
03:12:09,500 --> 03:12:12,600
information and resources. 
You have the fact that these 

3335
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:15,200
choices differ from what 
previous generations of women 

3336
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:17,600
experience, is not your primary 
concern. 

3337
03:12:18,400 --> 03:12:21,800
Your mother, sometimes expresses
concern about your lifestyle. 

3338
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:26,000
She worries about your safety. 
Living in the city, your lack of

3339
03:12:26,000 --> 03:12:28,800
supervision and you're delayed 
marriage prospects. 

3340
03:12:29,500 --> 03:12:32,500
You reassure her without fully 
engaging with her fears? 

3341
03:12:32,500 --> 03:12:36,600
You understand that her frame of
reference is different what 

3342
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:40,500
seems risky or inappropriate to 
her feels normal to you. you 

3343
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:44,400
love her and respect her 
experience, but you cannot live 

3344
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:47,600
according to her expectations 
without sacrificing the life 

3345
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:51,900
your building your younger 
sister, sometimes expresses Envy

3346
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:55,700
She still lives at home in your 
small home town working. 

3347
03:12:55,700 --> 03:13:00,500
As a teacher living under your 
parents roof and rules, she sees

3348
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:02,700
your Independence as glamorous 
and exciting. 

3349
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:06,300
You try to explain the 
reality's, the smaller 

3350
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:10,900
apartment, the repetitive work, 
the constant budgeting, and the 

3351
03:13:10,900 --> 03:13:14,500
occasional loneliness. 
But you also acknowledge the 

3352
03:13:14,500 --> 03:13:17,600
truth in her perception. 
You do have freedoms, she 

3353
03:13:17,600 --> 03:13:19,800
doesn't. 
You can stay out late without 

3354
03:13:19,800 --> 03:13:22,900
explaining yourself. 
Spend your money as you choose 

3355
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:25,000
and see friends without 
permission. 

3356
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:28,200
The men, you know, relate to you
differently than they would have

3357
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,100
a decade earlier. 
They're more likely to encounter

3358
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:34,700
you as a co-worker, a fellow 
resident in a mixed building or 

3359
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:36,900
a casual acquaintance in Social 
settings. 

3360
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:40,300
The strict chaperone 
requirements have relaxed. 

3361
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:44,000
You can go to dinner with a man 
with a third person present. 

3362
03:13:44,000 --> 03:13:47,600
You can walk alone in public 
spaces without scandal. 

3363
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:52,800
These small freedoms reshape our
relationships develop, Not all 

3364
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:54,200
men. 
Approve of these changes. 

3365
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:57,500
Some find working women 
threatening or improper. 

3366
03:13:58,000 --> 03:14:01,000
Some still expect traditional 
courtship and marriage patterns.

3367
03:14:01,900 --> 03:14:05,400
You navigate these attitudes 
carefully avoiding conflicts 

3368
03:14:05,400 --> 03:14:07,800
when possible and standing your 
ground when necessary. 

3369
03:14:07,800 --> 03:14:11,300
You've learned to distinguish 
between men who respect your 

3370
03:14:11,300 --> 03:14:14,300
Independence and those who 
tolerate it, while hoping to 

3371
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:17,400
eliminate it through marriage, 
the women's suffrage movement, 

3372
03:14:17,400 --> 03:14:20,600
which succeeded in gaining 
rights before you came of age, 

3373
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:23,500
created a foundation for your 
current freedoms. 

3374
03:14:23,500 --> 03:14:25,600
You voted an elections are 
right. 

3375
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:29,400
You exercise seriously, if not 
passionately You understand that

3376
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:31,500
women fought for this privilege,
though. 

3377
03:14:31,500 --> 03:14:33,800
You don't involve yourself in 
political activism. 

3378
03:14:34,700 --> 03:14:38,400
Your energy goes toward managing
your daily life, not to all 

3379
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:42,000
organizing for further change. 
You and your peers sometimes 

3380
03:14:42,000 --> 03:14:43,600
discuss women's roles and 
rights. 

3381
03:14:43,600 --> 03:14:46,700
But these conversations are 
usually practical rather than 

3382
03:14:46,700 --> 03:14:51,100
theoretical you talk about 
workplace, discrimination wage 

3383
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:54,200
inequality and limited 
advancement opportunities. 

3384
03:14:55,000 --> 03:14:57,400
You share strategies for 
handling difficult situations, 

3385
03:14:57,400 --> 03:15:00,800
support each. 
Other's career Ambitions and 

3386
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:04,700
validate each other's choices. 
But you don't see yourself as 

3387
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:07,300
political activists or social 
revolutionaries. 

3388
03:15:08,200 --> 03:15:11,300
The changes your living through 
are cultural as much as legal. 

3389
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:14,200
Standards of propriety of 
shifted. 

3390
03:15:14,200 --> 03:15:18,100
What's considered scandalous or 
inappropriate has been redefined

3391
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:20,500
though? 
Not entirely or uniformly. 

3392
03:15:21,300 --> 03:15:24,500
You navigate these shifting 
boundaries carefully aware that 

3393
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,100
your freedom depends. 
Partly on, not pushing too far. 

3394
03:15:27,100 --> 03:15:30,500
Not violating Unwritten rules 
that still gotten social 

3395
03:15:30,500 --> 03:15:34,900
acceptance. your appearance, the
short hair, the makeup, the 

3396
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:38,300
modern clothing marks, you, as a
particular type of young woman, 

3397
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:42,300
This visibility has 
consequences, it signals 

3398
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:46,100
availability for certain kinds 
of social interaction, it 

3399
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:49,500
suggests particular attitudes 
and values, you're aware of 

3400
03:15:49,508 --> 03:15:51,800
being read and judge based on 
these visual markers. 

3401
03:15:51,800 --> 03:15:55,600
Even when the judgments are 
inaccurate, the term flapper 

3402
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:57,500
itself, carries mixed 
connotations. 

3403
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:01,200
Some use it affectionately to 
describe modern young women. 

3404
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:05,100
Others, use it dismissively or 
critically suggesting 

3405
03:16:05,100 --> 03:16:09,100
superficiality impropriety or 
moral laxness. 

3406
03:16:09,900 --> 03:16:12,100
You don't use the term to 
describe yourself. 

3407
03:16:12,100 --> 03:16:15,600
You simply are who you are 
living your life. 

3408
03:16:15,600 --> 03:16:19,000
Making your choice. 
Is the label is applied to you 

3409
03:16:19,000 --> 03:16:22,200
by others and you have limited 
control over what they mean by 

3410
03:16:22,200 --> 03:16:25,000
it. 
Your life includes Pleasures. 

3411
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:28,200
Your grandmother never 
experienced moving pictures 

3412
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:33,900
radio programs dance, halls 
restaurant meals and travel for 

3413
03:16:33,900 --> 03:16:36,600
leisure. 
But it also includes pressures 

3414
03:16:36,600 --> 03:16:39,500
and challenges. 
She didn't face workplace 

3415
03:16:39,500 --> 03:16:44,000
competition, financial 
self-sufficiency, and navigating

3416
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:47,300
complex social situations 
without clear guidelines or 

3417
03:16:47,300 --> 03:16:51,100
family oversight. 
You sometimes feel tired, not 

3418
03:16:51,100 --> 03:16:53,000
just physically, but in a deeper
way. 

3419
03:16:54,100 --> 03:16:56,500
The constant effort of 
maintaining your Independence 

3420
03:16:56,500 --> 03:17:01,900
managing your appearance meeting
work demands and navigating 

3421
03:17:01,900 --> 03:17:04,300
social expectations can be 
exhausting. 

3422
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:09,400
You push through this tiredness 
most days, but it accumulates. 

3423
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:13,300
Your rest periods. 
Your quiet evenings and your 

3424
03:17:13,300 --> 03:17:15,800
Sundays alone are essential for 
continuing. 

3425
03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:20,300
You don't know what your future 
holds marriage is likely at some

3426
03:17:20,300 --> 03:17:24,100
point though, not certain and 
not immediate children are 

3427
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:26,800
probable though, you haven't yet
developed, strong feelings about

3428
03:17:26,800 --> 03:17:29,800
motherhood. 
Career advancement is limited by

3429
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:32,800
your gender, but small 
progression is possible. 

3430
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,900
You might learn new skills, 
change jobs or move to a 

3431
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:40,200
different neighborhood or City. 
What you do know is that the 

3432
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:43,700
life, you're living now matters?
these years of Independence, 

3433
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:47,900
work friendship and small 
freedoms are shaping who your 

3434
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:51,600
becoming They're not merely a 
waiting period before real life 

3435
03:17:51,600 --> 03:17:54,500
begins. 
They are real life valuable in 

3436
03:17:54,500 --> 03:17:57,900
the cells creating memories and 
experiences and capabilities 

3437
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:01,300
your carry forward regardless of
what comes next. 

3438
03:18:02,300 --> 03:18:04,400
The city around you is changing 
constantly. 

3439
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:08,300
New buildings, rise and old ones
are demolished. 

3440
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,600
Transportation improves 
Technologies, advanced Fashion 

3441
03:18:13,600 --> 03:18:18,100
shifts from season to season. 
Political Landscapes, transform 

3442
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:23,000
economic conditions fluctuate, 
you adapt to these changes as 

3443
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:26,500
they occur, maintaining your 
core routines while adjusting 

3444
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:30,300
details as necessary. a 
contributions to this changing 

3445
03:18:30,300 --> 03:18:33,500
world are modest, but real You 
perform work. 

3446
03:18:33,500 --> 03:18:36,700
That keeps businesses 
functioning you participate in 

3447
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:40,100
economic activity as both a 
wager and a consumer. 

3448
03:18:40,900 --> 03:18:43,400
You model new possibilities for 
women's lives. 

3449
03:18:43,400 --> 03:18:46,700
Even if only to the few people 
who observe you directly. 

3450
03:18:47,600 --> 03:18:50,200
You maintain relationships that 
sustain you and others. 

3451
03:18:50,200 --> 03:18:55,400
You exist, persist and continue.
the unite deepens around you as 

3452
03:18:55,400 --> 03:18:59,500
you rest in your small room, the
city quiets outside your window,

3453
03:18:59,500 --> 03:19:04,500
your breathing slows steady and 
regular tomorrow will bring 

3454
03:19:04,500 --> 03:19:08,500
another ordinary day. 
Waking preparing, working eating

3455
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:12,100
resting and sleeping. 
The pattern repeats with small 

3456
03:19:12,100 --> 03:19:15,300
variations creating the texture 
of your life. 

3457
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:19,800
Your young woman in the 1920s, 
living independently working for

3458
03:19:19,800 --> 03:19:23,700
wages, making choices about your
appearance, and activities, and 

3459
03:19:23,700 --> 03:19:26,600
relationships. 
You're neither a rebel or a 

3460
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:28,200
revolutionary? 
Neither a victim. 

3461
03:19:28,200 --> 03:19:30,900
Nor a Pioneer. 
You are simply yourself 

3462
03:19:30,900 --> 03:19:34,700
navigating the world. 
As you find, it building a life,

3463
03:19:34,700 --> 03:19:37,400
that feels authentic and 
manageable within the 

3464
03:19:37,400 --> 03:19:39,600
constraints and possibilities of
your time. 

3465
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:44,400
Sleep comes gently settling over
you like a familiar blanket. 

3466
03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:49,000
The day releases its hold. 
Your mind drifts into the 

3467
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:52,700
formless territory of Dreams. 
Your body rests, and repairs 

3468
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:58,000
itself. the world continues 
outside but here in this moment,

3469
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:02,400
there is only Stillness only 
breathe only the quiet 

3470
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,900
continuity of another night 
passing in to another Dawn, 

3471
03:20:12,600 --> 03:20:15,400
Welcome to an evening journey 
through the streets and homes of

3472
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:19,000
1880s America where the gap 
between appearance and reality 

3473
03:20:19,000 --> 03:20:20,800
stretched wider than ever 
before. 

3474
03:20:20,800 --> 03:20:24,600
While newspaper headlines, 
celebrated millionaire mansions 

3475
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:28,500
and Industrial fortunes, most 
Americans lived in spaces, 

3476
03:20:28,500 --> 03:20:32,000
measured in square feet, rather 
than Acres worked with their 

3477
03:20:32,000 --> 03:20:35,500
hands rather than their bank 
accounts and found richness in 

3478
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:38,500
Sunday, suppers rather than 
Stockport folios. 

3479
03:20:38,500 --> 03:20:41,200
You'll walk alongside the 
ordinary people who built the 

3480
03:20:41,200 --> 03:20:44,900
Gilded Age with their labor, 
even as its golden gleam 

3481
03:20:44,900 --> 03:20:47,800
reflected off, windows, that 
they could never afford to look 

3482
03:20:47,800 --> 03:20:50,900
through from the inside. 
You step off the streetcar on a 

3483
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:54,100
Tuesday afternoon. 
In 1887, the first thing that 

3484
03:20:54,100 --> 03:20:57,600
strikes you is how the city 
seems divided into two entirely 

3485
03:20:57,600 --> 03:21:01,900
separate worlds occupying. 
The same geography, Fifth Avenue

3486
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,100
stretches Northwood like a 
canyon carved from Marble and 

3487
03:21:05,100 --> 03:21:07,900
Limestone each Mansion trying to
outdo. 

3488
03:21:07,900 --> 03:21:11,800
Its neighboring columns turrets 
and Ornamental Iron Work that 

3489
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:14,600
probably cost more than your 
father earned in his entire 

3490
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:17,600
working life. 
A woman passes in a dress that 

3491
03:21:17,608 --> 03:21:21,500
Russells with layers. 
You can't even count her hat. 

3492
03:21:21,500 --> 03:21:23,200
Adorned with feathers from 
Birds. 

3493
03:21:23,200 --> 03:21:25,800
You've never heard of possibly 
from continents. 

3494
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:29,200
You couldn't point to on a map. 
But you're not heading towards 

3495
03:21:29,200 --> 03:21:33,200
5th Avenue, your feet know the 
way home and home lies in a 

3496
03:21:33,200 --> 03:21:36,300
different direction entirely 
where the streets narrow and the

3497
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:39,300
buildings press closer together 
like people, huddling for 

3498
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:41,800
warmth. 
The contrast isn't subtle. 

3499
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:45,300
It's the difference between a 
stage set and the backstage area

3500
03:21:45,300 --> 03:21:48,700
where real life happens in all 
its unglamorous necessity. 

3501
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:52,600
You've seen the illustrations in
magazines, the ones showing Mrs.

3502
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:55,700
Vanderbilt's costume ball, where
she dressed as a Venetian 

3503
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:58,500
princess with a train that 
required two foot men to carry. 

3504
03:21:59,500 --> 03:22:02,500
The newspaper said her, electric
lights, alone cost more than 

3505
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,300
most houses you remember. 
Laughing about it with your 

3506
03:22:05,308 --> 03:22:07,100
neighbor, not because it was 
funny. 

3507
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:09,300
Exactly. 
But, because what else could you

3508
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,500
do with information? 
That absurd, the thing about the

3509
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:15,800
Gilded Age that historians would
later emphasized was right there

3510
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:19,100
in the name. 
Jill did not golden. 

3511
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,600
Thin layer of precious metal 
covering something far more 

3512
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:26,900
ordinary underneath, but when 
you're living in it, you don't 

3513
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:29,900
think about metaphors. 
You think about the rent coming 

3514
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,500
on Friday, and whether the 
landlord will accept another 

3515
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,100
week to delay. 
You think about your boots that 

3516
03:22:36,100 --> 03:22:39,200
are almost worn through at the 
soul and whether the cobbler 

3517
03:22:39,200 --> 03:22:40,600
might patch. 
The one more time. 

3518
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:43,700
You think about the smell of 
cabbage drifting up from the 

3519
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:46,200
floor below? 
Which means the Kowalski family 

3520
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:48,400
is having the same thing for 
dinner that you are. 

3521
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:51,800
Because cabbage is cheap and 
filling and doesn't spoil 

3522
03:22:51,800 --> 03:22:54,900
quickly in the icebox. 
You share with two other 

3523
03:22:54,900 --> 03:22:59,400
families, the elevated train, 
rumbles passed overhead and you 

3524
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:02,500
instinctively duck, even though 
you're nowhere near tall enough 

3525
03:23:02,508 --> 03:23:06,400
to be in danger. 
The noise is tremendous a daily 

3526
03:23:06,400 --> 03:23:09,100
earthquake that rattles windows 
and makes conversation 

3527
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:11,600
impossible for the 30 seconds. 
It takes to pass. 

3528
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,500
Someone told you the people in 
the big houses complained about 

3529
03:23:14,508 --> 03:23:17,300
the noise until the city, 
rerouted some of the lines. 

3530
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:21,200
The neighborhood got those 
rerouted lines, of course it 

3531
03:23:21,200 --> 03:23:23,800
did. 
He passed hers dry good store 

3532
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:26,900
where the owner sits in the 
window doing his bookkeeping by 

3533
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,600
the last of the daylight He'll 
like his lamps soon but 

3534
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:33,300
kerosene, costs money and 
natural light is free. 

3535
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:36,600
As long as the sun cooperates. 
His daughter is sweeping the 

3536
03:23:36,600 --> 03:23:40,000
front step and she nods at you, 
not quite a greeting but 

3537
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:42,900
acknowledgment, that you're both
part of the same world of people

3538
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:45,700
who sweep their own steps and 
Count Their pennies, and 

3539
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:48,000
understand that waste is a kind 
of sin. 

3540
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:51,600
When you're living this close to
the edge, the newspapers called 

3541
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:54,600
it the age of progress and in 
some ways they were not entirely

3542
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:58,500
wrong, the Brooklyn Bridge at 
open just a few years early and 

3543
03:23:58,500 --> 03:24:02,000
people still talked about it 
with genuine Wanda That much 

3544
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:04,800
steel and stone and Engineering 
ambition. 

3545
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:08,200
Spanning what had once seemed an
impossible distance. 

3546
03:24:08,200 --> 03:24:11,800
Alexander Graham Bell's, 
telephone was starting to appear

3547
03:24:11,800 --> 03:24:15,500
in business offices, and Thomas 
Edison's, electric light bulbs 

3548
03:24:15,500 --> 03:24:17,900
were beginning to replace gas 
lamps in the fanciest 

3549
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:20,700
establishments. 
The world was changing with 

3550
03:24:20,700 --> 03:24:24,300
breathtaking speed, inventing 
itself into something. 

3551
03:24:24,300 --> 03:24:27,100
Unrecognizable from what your 
grandparents had known. 

3552
03:24:27,100 --> 03:24:29,400
But here's what the progress 
looks like from your 

3553
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:31,700
perspective. 
You could see the electric 

3554
03:24:31,700 --> 03:24:34,600
lights from your window glowing 
and building buildings, you 

3555
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:36,700
would never enter. 
You could read about the 

3556
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:40,100
telephone in the newspapers even
though the closest one to your 

3557
03:24:40,100 --> 03:24:41,800
apartment was probably three 
miles away. 

3558
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:44,400
And a Banker's office. 
The Brooklyn Bridge was 

3559
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:48,200
magnificent, certainly, but the 
toll to cross it cost, a nickel 

3560
03:24:48,200 --> 03:24:52,300
you offered and couldn't bear. 
Progress had arrived, brilliant,

3561
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,800
and gleaming, and expensive, and
it mostly seemed to benefit 

3562
03:24:55,800 --> 03:24:58,000
people who already had more than
they needed. 

3563
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:02,200
Your building comes into view a 
five-story tenement that houses,

3564
03:25:02,200 --> 03:25:06,600
70 people, maybe 80, depending 
on who's taking in relatives 

3565
03:25:06,600 --> 03:25:09,800
this month, it was built quickly
and cheaply. 15 years ago 

3566
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:12,500
designed by someone who had 
apparently, never considered 

3567
03:25:12,500 --> 03:25:15,000
that human beings, might 
actually have to live in it. 

3568
03:25:15,000 --> 03:25:19,300
The brick facade shows signs of 
hasty construction with mortar 

3569
03:25:19,300 --> 03:25:22,700
joints, that aren't quite, even 
and windows that don't sit 

3570
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:24,400
perfectly Square in their 
frames. 

3571
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:28,200
There's no ornamentation here, 
no architectural, ambition 

3572
03:25:28,200 --> 03:25:30,800
Beyond, keeping the weather out 
and maximizing the number of 

3573
03:25:30,800 --> 03:25:33,800
rental units that could be 
crammed into the available 

3574
03:25:33,800 --> 03:25:38,200
space, but its home that word 
carries more weight than any 

3575
03:25:38,200 --> 03:25:42,100
mansion ever could you know 
every crack in the sidewalk 

3576
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:45,300
leading to the front door. 
Every place where the third step

3577
03:25:45,300 --> 03:25:50,100
creaks loudly enough to wait 
Mrs. Chen's baby and every Trick

3578
03:25:50,108 --> 03:25:52,900
to jiggling the door handle. 
Just right so it opens without 

3579
03:25:52,900 --> 03:25:55,900
sticking. 
He's tiny pieces of practical 

3580
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:58,100
knowledge. 
Constitute your inheritance in a

3581
03:25:58,100 --> 03:26:01,000
way that no trust fund ever. 
Could the front hall. 

3582
03:26:01,000 --> 03:26:02,500
Smells like a mixture of 
cooking. 

3583
03:26:02,500 --> 03:26:06,500
Odors you've learned to identify
without thinking Boiled beef 

3584
03:26:06,508 --> 03:26:09,400
from the Irish family on the 
second floor, something with 

3585
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:13,400
garlic from the Italians, on the
fourth, and the sweet sour smell

3586
03:26:13,400 --> 03:26:15,700
of pickling. 
That means someone's putting up 

3587
03:26:15,700 --> 03:26:18,800
vegetables for winter. 
It's not pleasant exactly. 

3588
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:22,700
But it's familiar and there's 
comfort in familiarity when 

3589
03:26:22,700 --> 03:26:25,400
everything else about Modern 
Life seems designed to keep you 

3590
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:28,400
slightly off balance. 
You climb the stairs slowly 

3591
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:31,000
because there's no rush and 
because your legs are already 

3592
03:26:31,000 --> 03:26:34,400
tired from a long day. 
Each floor, reveals a slightly 

3593
03:26:34,400 --> 03:26:37,600
different cross-section of 
working life. the sound of 

3594
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:41,200
children, reciting lessons from 
behind one door, a sewing 

3595
03:26:41,200 --> 03:26:44,800
machine's rhythmic clatter from 
another Someone practicing 

3596
03:26:44,800 --> 03:26:47,400
scales on. 
What sounds like a rented piano?

3597
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:49,400
That's never been properly 
tuned. 

3598
03:26:49,400 --> 03:26:52,100
These are the sounds of people 
trying to build something 

3599
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:55,800
better, trying to educate their 
children or develop skills, that

3600
03:26:55,800 --> 03:26:58,800
might lead to slightly better 
work and trying to maintain 

3601
03:26:58,800 --> 03:27:01,800
small dignities in a world. 
That doesn't particularly care, 

3602
03:27:01,800 --> 03:27:05,800
whether they succeed or fail, 
your apartment occupies three 

3603
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:08,900
rooms on the fourth floor and 
those three rooms contain. 

3604
03:27:08,900 --> 03:27:13,000
Everything that matters to you 
in any material sense, the main 

3605
03:27:13,000 --> 03:27:16,000
room serves as kitchen, dining 
room, living room and during the

3606
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,700
coldest winter nights, bedroom 
for whoever can't bear to sleep 

3607
03:27:19,700 --> 03:27:22,400
in the unheated. 
Backrooms it measures roughly, 

3608
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:26,600
12 feet by 14 feet. 
You know, this because you want 

3609
03:27:26,600 --> 03:27:29,700
help to neighbor measure his 
identical apartment when he was 

3610
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:31,600
trying to figure out. 
If the particular piece of 

3611
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:35,600
furniture would fit, the answer 
had been no as it usually was 

3612
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:38,200
when people imagined 
improvements to space as this 

3613
03:27:38,200 --> 03:27:42,300
small, One window faces the 
street, which makes you lucky by

3614
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:44,700
tenement standards. 
It means light. 

3615
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:47,500
And air means you can see the 
weather without going outside. 

3616
03:27:47,500 --> 03:27:50,300
And means you're not one of the 
families living in the interior 

3617
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:52,600
rooms, that never see direct 
sunlight. 

3618
03:27:52,600 --> 03:27:55,900
The window doesn't fit 
particularly well, you can feel 

3619
03:27:55,900 --> 03:27:58,900
draft around it. 
Even now in September and come 

3620
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:01,900
December, your stuff rags in the
gaps and hang a blanket over it 

3621
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:05,400
at night to keep the warmth in 
but for now it's Pleasant to 

3622
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:07,200
stand at it and watch the street
below. 

3623
03:28:07,200 --> 03:28:10,800
The endless procession of push 
carts and delivery wagons and 

3624
03:28:10,800 --> 03:28:14,300
people walking with purpose 
toward destinations, you can 

3625
03:28:14,300 --> 03:28:17,900
only guess at furniture as a 
collection of pieces acquired 

3626
03:28:17,900 --> 03:28:20,500
over years. 
None of it matching, all of it, 

3627
03:28:20,508 --> 03:28:24,400
chosen primarily for function, 
rather than appearance a table 

3628
03:28:24,400 --> 03:28:27,900
that seats for if nobody Minds 
being crowned six, if you're 

3629
03:28:27,900 --> 03:28:31,000
willing to get creative with 
seating arrangements, For 

3630
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:34,700
mismatched chairs, one of which 
wobbles and requires a folded 

3631
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:37,100
piece of cardboard. 
Under one leg, a chest of 

3632
03:28:37,100 --> 03:28:39,300
drawers with drawers that don't 
slide easily. 

3633
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:42,500
Requiring, a particular 
technique of lifting while 

3634
03:28:42,500 --> 03:28:46,200
pulling a shelf for dishes and 
the few books, you are owned 

3635
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:50,300
built by your father from scrap 
Lumber and still sturdy off to 

3636
03:28:50,300 --> 03:28:52,500
12 years. 
The cooking area. 

3637
03:28:52,500 --> 03:28:56,300
Occupies one corner, centered 
around a cast iron stove that 

3638
03:28:56,300 --> 03:29:00,400
serves a dual purpose, cooking, 
in all seasons and heating in 

3639
03:29:00,400 --> 03:29:02,700
winter. 
It's not a bad stove. 

3640
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:06,700
Actually you bought it used from
a family, moving to Chicago and 

3641
03:29:06,700 --> 03:29:09,300
while it required a new great 
and some repairs to the flu. 

3642
03:29:09,300 --> 03:29:13,000
It's proven reliable. 
The culture feeder is expensive,

3643
03:29:13,000 --> 03:29:16,600
but you've learned to manage the
Firefly banking it at night, so 

3644
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:19,700
it doesn't go completely out 
using every bit of heat. 

3645
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:23,500
It produces on winter mornings 
that stove becomes the center of

3646
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:27,000
all life in the apartment. 
The warm heart around which 

3647
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:31,200
everything else ranges itself. 
Your dishes are few but add a 

3648
03:29:31,200 --> 03:29:33,600
quote. 
A set of eight plates purchased 

3649
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:35,200
from a going out of business 
sale. 

3650
03:29:35,200 --> 03:29:38,800
Never mind that there are only 
four of you and you've never 

3651
03:29:38,800 --> 03:29:40,600
wants needed. 
All eight plates at the same 

3652
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:43,400
time. 
The satisfaction of owning a 

3653
03:29:43,400 --> 03:29:45,600
complete set out weighed the 
Practical consideration. 

3654
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:50,500
Cups in various conditions, some
chipped, but still perfectly 

3655
03:29:50,500 --> 03:29:53,500
functional. 
The good cooking pot, a frying 

3656
03:29:53,500 --> 03:29:55,600
pan, and a kettle for boiling 
water. 

3657
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:58,100
A set of Cutlery that has been 
sharpened. 

3658
03:29:58,100 --> 03:30:01,200
So many times, the knife blade 
and noticeably narrower than 

3659
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:05,200
they want were These objects, 
don't represent wealth, but they

3660
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:06,500
represent. 
Sufficiency. 

3661
03:30:06,500 --> 03:30:09,300
And sufficiency is its own, kind
of achievement. 

3662
03:30:09,300 --> 03:30:12,900
The two smaller rooms. 
Serve as bedrooms though, 

3663
03:30:12,900 --> 03:30:16,100
bedroom is perhaps two grand 
term for spaces. 

3664
03:30:16,100 --> 03:30:18,100
Barely large enough for a bed 
and chair. 

3665
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:22,000
Your parents occupy one room. 
You share the other. 

3666
03:30:22,000 --> 03:30:25,200
With your younger sister, 
privacy is a luxury for people 

3667
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:28,400
with more square footage. 
You've learned to change clothes

3668
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:32,400
quietly to read by candlelight 
without disturbing a sleep, and 

3669
03:30:32,400 --> 03:30:35,100
to have private, thoughts and 
spaces where true privacy 

3670
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:37,800
doesn't exist. 
It's amazing how adaptable 

3671
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:41,000
humans, are how you can create 
invisible walls, where physical 

3672
03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:44,200
ones don't exist. 
And how you can find Solitude 

3673
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:46,700
inside your own head, when 
there's nowhere else to find it.

3674
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:50,300
Your sister has decorated her 
side of the room with pictures 

3675
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:54,000
clipped from magazines. 
Illustrations of places, you'll 

3676
03:30:54,000 --> 03:30:58,100
probably never see dresses, 
shall never wear and lives. 

3677
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:00,300
She'll never live. 
You don't mention this because 

3678
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:02,900
you understand the need for 
dreams and the importance of 

3679
03:31:02,900 --> 03:31:05,400
imagining something. 
Beyond the immediate reality of 

3680
03:31:05,400 --> 03:31:08,300
these three rooms. 
Besides you have your own 

3681
03:31:08,300 --> 03:31:11,700
version of the same thing, a 
ticket stub, from a lecture, you

3682
03:31:11,708 --> 03:31:15,600
attended at the public library, 
a pressed flower from a rare day

3683
03:31:15,600 --> 03:31:19,300
trip to the countryside and 
small tokens of moments when the

3684
03:31:19,308 --> 03:31:22,600
world felt larger than usual. 
The walls are thin enough that 

3685
03:31:22,600 --> 03:31:25,000
you can hear the Romero family, 
arguing and Spanish. 

3686
03:31:25,000 --> 03:31:27,600
Next door. 
The O'Brien baby crying up. 

3687
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:31,500
Stairs, a Mr. Feldman coughing 
in the apartment below, this 

3688
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:33,800
lack of acoustic privacy 
bothered you when you first 

3689
03:31:33,800 --> 03:31:36,000
moved here, but you've grown 
accustomed to it. 

3690
03:31:36,000 --> 03:31:39,700
Now the sounds are almost 
comforting evidence that you're 

3691
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:42,400
not alone that these walls 
contain dozens of. 

3692
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:45,100
Parallel lives all unfolding 
simultaneously. 

3693
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,800
All facing similar struggles and
celebrating similar small 

3694
03:31:48,800 --> 03:31:52,000
victories. 
You know when Mrs. Romero's 

3695
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:54,700
husband works late because you 
hear her, putting the children 

3696
03:31:54,700 --> 03:31:58,100
to bed alone, You know, when the
O'Briens are happy because you 

3697
03:31:58,100 --> 03:32:02,300
hear them laughing you know 
Mister Feldman's cough is worse 

3698
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:04,400
this year than last because 
you've been listening to it 

3699
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:07,000
evolved. 
The building has no bathroom of 

3700
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,300
course, that luxury belongs to a
different class of housing 

3701
03:32:10,300 --> 03:32:13,300
entirely instead. 
There's a privy in the backyard 

3702
03:32:13,300 --> 03:32:15,900
shared by all five, floors and 
Arrangement. 

3703
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:20,200
That's exactly as unpleasant as 
it sounds particularly in summer

3704
03:32:20,200 --> 03:32:22,900
or during Winter's worst weather
chamber pots. 

3705
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:26,800
Handle nighttime Necessities 
another aspect of daily life 

3706
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:29,800
that simply wouldn't appear in 
any gilded, portrait of the era,

3707
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:33,700
the gap between how the wealthy 
lived and how you lived wasn't 

3708
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:37,500
just about money. 
It was about basic dignity about

3709
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,500
whether your daily routine 
included, elements that would 

3710
03:32:40,500 --> 03:32:42,400
have been familiar to Medieval 
peasants. 

3711
03:32:42,400 --> 03:32:45,900
The landlord whom you've met 
exactly twice in the three 

3712
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:47,700
years. 
You've lived here owned six 

3713
03:32:47,708 --> 03:32:50,800
buildings in this neighborhood. 
He lives in a perfectly nice 

3714
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:54,600
house in a perfectly. 
Nice, part of Brooklyn far 

3715
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:57,200
enough removed from his 
property, That he never has to 

3716
03:32:57,200 --> 03:33:01,200
smell the overflowing privies or
hear the complaints about rats 

3717
03:33:01,200 --> 03:33:05,200
or witness the way ice forms on 
the inside of Windows in 

3718
03:33:05,200 --> 03:33:07,400
January. 
He's not a cruel man. 

3719
03:33:07,400 --> 03:33:09,500
Exactly. 
He repairs things? 

3720
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:13,200
When absolutely necessary and he
has been known to show leniency 

3721
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:16,300
when tenants fall behind on rent
due to illness or injury. 

3722
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:19,300
But he's also not particularly 
concerned with your comfort 

3723
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:21,900
beyond the minimum required to 
keep you paying rent. 

3724
03:33:22,800 --> 03:33:26,900
This is business and you're a 
line item in his Ledger, not a 

3725
03:33:26,900 --> 03:33:29,400
person with hopes and struggles 
and a life that matters. 

3726
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:31,600
Your mother is already preparing
dinner. 

3727
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:35,300
When you arrive and the smell of
boiling potatoes, fills the 

3728
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:38,900
apartment with a steam that fogs
the window potatoes form, the 

3729
03:33:38,908 --> 03:33:41,000
foundation of more meals than 
you could count. 

3730
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:45,800
Boiled fried. 
Mashed baked added to soups, and

3731
03:33:45,808 --> 03:33:49,500
stews, and stretched into 
various forms, to provide bulk 

3732
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:53,800
and sustenance at minimal cost, 
a pound of potatoes cost about 2

3733
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:56,700
cents, which meant they offered 
more calories per Penny than 

3734
03:33:56,700 --> 03:34:00,000
almost anything else available. 
People have been known to 

3735
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:02,900
survive on little elves during 
particularly Hard Times. 

3736
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:05,500
Tonight's menu includes those 
potatoes. 

3737
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:09,200
Some cabbage purchased from a 
push cart vendor for 3 cents and

3738
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:12,000
a small piece of salt pork that 
will flavor the Cabbage during 

3739
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,100
cooking and then be carefully 
saved to flavor something else. 

3740
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:17,700
Tomorrow, this isn't poverty. 
Exactly. 

3741
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:21,100
Genuine poverty means, not 
knowing if there will be food at

3742
03:34:21,100 --> 03:34:23,200
all. 
This is simply the mathematics 

3743
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:26,600
of working-class life or a 
typical Factory wage of 10 

3744
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,300
dollars per week. 
Had to cover, not just food, but

3745
03:34:29,300 --> 03:34:34,100
rent fuel clothing and any 
unexpected emergencies that 

3746
03:34:34,100 --> 03:34:37,300
arose after rent, took three 
dollars and Fuel and other 

3747
03:34:37,300 --> 03:34:40,900
dollar that left, six dollars 
for everything else and those 

3748
03:34:40,900 --> 03:34:43,600
six dollars had to be managed 
with the Precision of the 

3749
03:34:43,600 --> 03:34:46,600
military campaign. 
Your mother has become an expert

3750
03:34:46,600 --> 03:34:49,300
in this kind of resource 
management though, she would 

3751
03:34:49,308 --> 03:34:52,900
never describe it that way. 
She knows which pushcart Benders

3752
03:34:52,900 --> 03:34:54,800
lower. 
Their price is in the final hour

3753
03:34:54,800 --> 03:34:57,400
before closing when they're 
trying to sell everything before

3754
03:34:57,400 --> 03:35:00,000
it spoils. 
She knows which Baker sells 

3755
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:03,000
Dale, old bread at half price 
and how to make that bread 

3756
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:05,000
palatable Again by steaming it 
briefly. 

3757
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:08,100
She knows how to buy meat by the
ounce from the butcher. 

3758
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:12,300
Selecting the cheapest cuts and 
using every scrap bones for 

3759
03:35:12,300 --> 03:35:16,800
broth fat for cooking, nothing 
wasted because waste is the same

3760
03:35:16,800 --> 03:35:20,500
as burning money, the family's 
diet follows a rhythm dictated 

3761
03:35:20,500 --> 03:35:23,700
by economics, rather than 
preference Monday often meant 

3762
03:35:23,700 --> 03:35:26,600
leftovers from Sunday's 
slightly, more substantial meal.

3763
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:30,200
Tuesday and Wednesday were 
typically been based dishes. 

3764
03:35:30,200 --> 03:35:34,000
Thursday might Feature A Modest 
amount of fish if prices were 

3765
03:35:34,000 --> 03:35:36,600
reasonable. 
Friday adhere to Catholic 

3766
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:40,600
tradition with no meat. 
Saturday was whatever could be 

3767
03:35:40,608 --> 03:35:43,300
assembled from the week's 
remains and Sunday. 

3768
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:46,400
Sunday was the day you might 
taste something approaching 

3769
03:35:46,400 --> 03:35:51,000
Prosperity, a chicken, if times 
were good, perhaps, or a roast 

3770
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:53,500
that filled the apartment with. 
Smells that made the other six 

3771
03:35:53,500 --> 03:35:57,200
days, more bearable, you eat at 
the table together, which is not

3772
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:00,500
Universal in tenement 
building's, where some families 

3773
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:02,600
have members working. 
Different shifts, who never 

3774
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:06,100
share a meal, your father offers
a brief blessing, not 

3775
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,000
particularly religious, your 
family but maintaining certain 

3776
03:36:09,000 --> 03:36:12,300
Traditions provide structure to 
days that might otherwise blur 

3777
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:15,000
together. 
The food is plain but adequate 

3778
03:36:15,000 --> 03:36:17,900
and you've long since stopped 
expecting it to be anything 

3779
03:36:17,900 --> 03:36:20,300
else. 
Hunger is a sensation. 

3780
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:23,300
You've experienced enough times 
to appreciate satiation. 

3781
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:26,600
Even if the meal providing, it 
will never appear in anyone's 

3782
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:30,200
cookbook conversation at dinner 
tends toward practical matters. 

3783
03:36:31,100 --> 03:36:33,100
The father mentions that the 
factory might be, adding an 

3784
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:35,800
extra shift, which would mean 
more work but also more money. 

3785
03:36:35,800 --> 03:36:39,800
Always a trade worth considering
your sister talks about a 

3786
03:36:39,800 --> 03:36:41,600
position. 
She heard might be opening at a 

3787
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,500
shop that makes artificial 
flowers indoor work. 

3788
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,500
That would be vastly preferable 
to the laundry where she 

3789
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:49,800
currently spends her days in 
humidity and heat. 

3790
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:53,100
Your mother notes that the 
grocer is selling shoulder at a 

3791
03:36:53,100 --> 03:36:55,700
penny less per pound this week 
and she is considering buying 

3792
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:57,900
extra. 
If the budget allows these 

3793
03:36:57,900 --> 03:37:01,600
discussions lack drama or 
romance, but they represent the 

3794
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:03,500
actual substance of working 
life. 

3795
03:37:03,500 --> 03:37:07,400
A constant series of small 
calculations about how to 

3796
03:37:07,400 --> 03:37:09,900
squeeze the most value from 
limited resources. 

3797
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:13,900
There's a skill to it, that goes
unrecognized, because it's not 

3798
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:16,600
the kind of skill that can be 
displayed or rewarded with 

3799
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:19,900
anything except continued 
survival, your mother could 

3800
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:22,900
probably manage the finances of 
a small business with the 

3801
03:37:22,908 --> 03:37:25,700
accounting Acumen. 
She's developed keeping the 

3802
03:37:25,700 --> 03:37:29,500
Family Feud and household, but 
nobody would ever hire her to do

3803
03:37:29,500 --> 03:37:33,300
such work because she is a 
Without formal education, whose 

3804
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:37,500
expertise exists entirely in the
Practical realm, after dinner 

3805
03:37:37,500 --> 03:37:40,300
your sister and mother clear the
dishes while you hold water from

3806
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:42,700
the hallway. 
Tap for washing the building has

3807
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:46,000
running water, which is 
something many older, tenements,

3808
03:37:46,000 --> 03:37:48,400
still required residents to 
fetch water from a courtyard 

3809
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:52,400
pump or even from a street 
hydrant, but the water is cold, 

3810
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:55,400
always, which means heating it 
on the stove for any purpose 

3811
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,900
that requires warmth washing 
dishes become a multi-step 

3812
03:37:58,900 --> 03:38:01,900
process. 
Heat water, add soap, that's 

3813
03:38:01,900 --> 03:38:04,700
been carefully. 
Shaved from a bar wash quickly 

3814
03:38:04,700 --> 03:38:08,500
before the water cools. 
Too much rinse in cold water and

3815
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:10,700
dry with a towel that's been 
washed and reused. 

3816
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:15,000
So many times, it's achieved a 
state of Perpetual dampness the 

3817
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:17,800
economics of food extended 
beyond the meal itself to 

3818
03:38:17,800 --> 03:38:20,700
include the labor, required to 
prepare and clean up after it. 

3819
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:24,000
Your mother's workday doesn't 
end when your father's does. 

3820
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:28,300
She works from waking until 
sleep in an endless cycle of 

3821
03:38:28,300 --> 03:38:31,600
cooking, cleaning mending. 
And managing, that's never 

3822
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:35,600
finished, only paused 
temporarily the notion that 

3823
03:38:35,608 --> 03:38:38,100
women didn't work outside. 
The home was a convenient 

3824
03:38:38,100 --> 03:38:41,900
fiction that ignored the reality
that home itself was a full-time

3825
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:44,400
occupation. 
When you couldn't afford to hire

3826
03:38:44,400 --> 03:38:47,500
any of the labor out evening 
brings mending, which is 

3827
03:38:47,500 --> 03:38:49,300
everyone's least favorite 
activity. 

3828
03:38:49,300 --> 03:38:52,700
But also one of the most 
necessary clothing represents a 

3829
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:55,300
significant expense, a decent 
pair of work. 

3830
03:38:55,300 --> 03:38:58,200
Boots might cost, two dollars a 
winter coat three or four 

3831
03:38:58,208 --> 03:39:01,700
dollars and address two dollars 
or more for a family with 

3832
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:04,100
limited income. 
These prices mean that clothing 

3833
03:39:04,100 --> 03:39:07,700
is not replaced when it wears 
out its repairs until repair 

3834
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,600
becomes impossible and then the 
fabric is salvaged and 

3835
03:39:10,600 --> 03:39:13,900
repurposed for something else. 
Nothing goes to waste because 

3836
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:17,300
waste is a luxury for people 
with money to spare Your 

3837
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:20,600
father's Workshop as torn at the
elbow where it rubs against 

3838
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:21,900
Machinery. 
At the factory. 

3839
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:25,200
Your mother examines the damage 
with the eye of someone who's 

3840
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:27,300
performed this assessment 
countless times. 

3841
03:39:28,200 --> 03:39:31,200
Is the fabric around the tear 
strong enough to hold stitches 

3842
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:34,400
or has it weakened to the point 
where a patch is necessary? 

3843
03:39:34,400 --> 03:39:38,100
She decides on a patch cuts a 
piece from a shirt that's 

3844
03:39:38,100 --> 03:39:40,800
already been cannibalized for 
parts and Begins. 

3845
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:44,200
The careful work of attaching it
in a way that will hold under 

3846
03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:46,900
stress. 
Your sister is darning stockings

3847
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:49,500
a task. 
She complains about but performs

3848
03:39:49,500 --> 03:39:52,100
with impressive skill. 
The technique requires 

3849
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:54,600
threading, the yarn in a way 
that recreates the original 

3850
03:39:54,600 --> 03:39:57,100
fabric structure and she's 
gotten good enough. 

3851
03:39:57,100 --> 03:39:58,900
That her repairs nearly 
invisible. 

3852
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:01,800
She'll go through two or three 
pairs of stockings this year, 

3853
03:40:01,800 --> 03:40:04,400
where wearing them until they're
more repair than original 

3854
03:40:04,400 --> 03:40:06,700
material. 
When the finally become 

3855
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:10,300
unsalvageable, the fabric will 
become cleaning rags or be 

3856
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:13,900
incorporated into a quilt. 
Your sewing buttons on a jacket,

3857
03:40:13,900 --> 03:40:15,900
which is boring work, but 
straightforward. 

3858
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:20,200
The buttons themselves have been
saved from other garments and 

3859
03:40:20,200 --> 03:40:23,900
stored in a tin that contains 
dozens of mismatched buttons in 

3860
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:27,800
various sizes and colors finding
one that approximately matches 

3861
03:40:27,800 --> 03:40:30,800
his part of the challenge, and 
you've selected one that's close

3862
03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:33,500
enough. 
Even, if not perfect, nobody's 

3863
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:36,500
going to inspect your jacket 
buttons closely enough to notice

3864
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:40,100
the slight variation in shade 
the clothing you wear doesn't 

3865
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:42,700
follow fashion, which is 
something that happens to other 

3866
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:45,600
people. 
Fashion requires disposable 

3867
03:40:45,600 --> 03:40:48,200
income and a lifestyle that 
includes occasions, where 

3868
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:50,000
appearance matters more than 
function. 

3869
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:54,700
Your clothes are chosen for 
durability and practicality wool

3870
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:58,300
for winter cotton for summer. 
Dark colors that don't show. 

3871
03:40:58,300 --> 03:41:02,100
Dirt is readily and simple 
designs without ornamentation, 

3872
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:04,300
that might snag or tear your 
Sunday. 

3873
03:41:04,308 --> 03:41:07,600
Outfit is slightly nicer, kept 
carefully and worn only for 

3874
03:41:07,600 --> 03:41:11,200
church and special occasions. 
But even that is plain by any 

3875
03:41:11,200 --> 03:41:14,400
objective standard the gap 
between your clothing and what 

3876
03:41:14,400 --> 03:41:17,000
you see in, magazine 
illustrations is so vast. 

3877
03:41:17,000 --> 03:41:20,900
It's almost laughable while 
Society ladies are wearing gowns

3878
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,200
with bustles and trains and 
elaborate trim, requiring 

3879
03:41:24,200 --> 03:41:26,800
assistance to dress and 
essentially, immobilizing. 

3880
03:41:26,800 --> 03:41:30,000
The wearer, you're wearing a 
simple cotton dress that you can

3881
03:41:30,000 --> 03:41:33,800
put on yourself and move freely 
in while doing actual work. 

3882
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:36,900
Their clothing is a statement 
about not having to work. 

3883
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:40,300
While yours is designed for 
exactly the opposite purpose. 

3884
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:44,400
Even the undergarments differ 
dramatically while we Women are 

3885
03:41:44,400 --> 03:41:47,100
compressing themselves into 
corsets and multiple layers of 

3886
03:41:47,108 --> 03:41:50,500
petticoats, you're wearing basic
cotton under clothes, chose 

3887
03:41:50,500 --> 03:41:51,900
chosen for washability and 
comfort. 

3888
03:41:51,900 --> 03:41:55,300
During a long work day. 
The sowing continues in mostly 

3889
03:41:55,300 --> 03:41:58,900
comfortable silence. 
Broken, occasionally by request 

3890
03:41:58,900 --> 03:42:02,800
to pass the scissors or thread. 
This is time, you'll never get 

3891
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:05,600
back hours. 
Spent maintaining what you 

3892
03:42:05,600 --> 03:42:08,400
already own rather than 
acquiring anything new or 

3893
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:10,500
interesting. 
But it's also time spent 

3894
03:42:10,508 --> 03:42:13,500
together the family in one room.
With the lamp lit. 

3895
03:42:13,500 --> 03:42:16,700
Each person contributing to the 
collective maintenance that 

3896
03:42:16,700 --> 03:42:19,400
keeps life functioning. 
There's something almost 

3897
03:42:19,400 --> 03:42:24,000
meditative about the repetition,
the needle going in and out and 

3898
03:42:24,000 --> 03:42:27,000
the gradual repair of damage. 
That would otherwise make the 

3899
03:42:27,000 --> 03:42:30,700
Garment and usable the evening. 
Slide toward bed, time through a

3900
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:32,900
ritual that Varys little from 
light to night. 

3901
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:36,700
Your father reads the newspaper 
by Lamplight or at least the 

3902
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:40,900
sections that interest him 
employment, notices, local news 

3903
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:43,400
and the occasional human 
interest story. 

3904
03:42:43,400 --> 03:42:47,300
The paper cost two cents, which 
is enough that you don't buy it 

3905
03:42:47,300 --> 03:42:50,500
daily But your father brings 
home copies from the factory 

3906
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:54,300
sometimes left behind by 
supervisors who finished reading

3907
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:58,800
them information is cheaper. 
When it's secondhand your sister

3908
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:02,300
writes, a letter to a cousin who
Moved West to Ohio, trying to 

3909
03:43:02,308 --> 03:43:05,000
make a new start in a place that
supposedly offered more 

3910
03:43:05,000 --> 03:43:07,300
opportunity. 
The letter is cheerful, 

3911
03:43:07,300 --> 03:43:10,400
emphasizing the positive aspects
of life here, while glossing 

3912
03:43:10,400 --> 03:43:13,900
over the difficulties because 
nobody wants to burden relatives

3913
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:17,200
with complaints, she mentions 
the possible job at The Flower 

3914
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:21,000
Factory described a dress. 
She saw in a shop window and 

3915
03:43:21,000 --> 03:43:24,100
asked questions about life in 
Columbus, that express interest 

3916
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:27,700
without seeming nosy the letter 
represents connection across 

3917
03:43:27,700 --> 03:43:30,800
distance, the maintenance of 
family bonds. 

3918
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:34,000
Even when family members scatter
across a continent in search of 

3919
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:36,200
better. 
Circumstances, your mother 

3920
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:39,600
balance is the household account
book, a small Ledger, where she 

3921
03:43:39,600 --> 03:43:42,600
records every penny spent and 
Compares it against your 

3922
03:43:42,600 --> 03:43:45,300
father's. 
Weekly wage arithmetic is 

3923
03:43:45,308 --> 03:43:48,000
simple, but crucial income must 
exceed. 

3924
03:43:48,400 --> 03:43:51,500
Expenses or at least match them 
closely enough, that nothing 

3925
03:43:51,500 --> 03:43:54,500
catastrophic happens. 
She's developed a system of 

3926
03:43:54,500 --> 03:43:57,500
small savings putting aside a 
nickel here and there. 

3927
03:43:57,500 --> 03:44:00,200
When possible building a reserve
against the inevitable 

3928
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:04,500
emergencies that derail any 
family's Finance is a quarter 

3929
03:44:04,500 --> 03:44:06,600
saved. 
Now might prevent a crisis later

3930
03:44:06,600 --> 03:44:10,200
and might mean the difference 
between paying the rent on time 

3931
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,500
or falling behind and starting a
spiral that's hard to escape. 

3932
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,800
You read, which is both escape 
and education. 

3933
03:44:17,800 --> 03:44:20,200
The book is borrowed from the 
public library. 

3934
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:24,100
One of the truly Democratic 
institutions of the era where 

3935
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:27,100
rich and poor had equal access 
to knowledge and Entertainment 

3936
03:44:27,100 --> 03:44:29,600
Tonight. 
It's a novel by someone you've 

3937
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:31,900
never heard of the story, 
mattering. 

3938
03:44:31,900 --> 03:44:35,000
Less than the act of reading 
itself, the temporary 

3939
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:37,700
transportation to some other 
life books. 

3940
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:40,800
Or Windows into worlds, you'll 
never physically visit and you 

3941
03:44:40,808 --> 03:44:43,500
value them accordingly. 
When this one is finished, 

3942
03:44:43,500 --> 03:44:46,700
you'll return it carefully and 
select another maintaining this 

3943
03:44:46,700 --> 03:44:49,800
small luxury that costs nothing.
But the time to walk to the 

3944
03:44:49,800 --> 03:44:54,400
library and back the lamp burn, 
steadily consuming kerosene at a

3945
03:44:54,400 --> 03:44:56,700
rate you're aware of even while 
trying not to think about it too

3946
03:44:56,700 --> 03:45:00,200
much light after dark is one of 
the Small Miracles, you've grown

3947
03:45:00,200 --> 03:45:04,200
accustomed to the ability, to 
extend, the day beyond sunset's 

3948
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,100
limitations. 
But it's not for free and the 

3949
03:45:07,100 --> 03:45:10,400
cost accumulates a cents worth 
of kerosene here. 

3950
03:45:10,400 --> 03:45:14,300
Two cents worth their adding up 
over weeks and months. 

3951
03:45:14,400 --> 03:45:18,100
To a significant portion of the 
budget in winter when darkness 

3952
03:45:18,100 --> 03:45:21,100
comes early and stays late. 
The kerosene bill becomes 

3953
03:45:21,100 --> 03:45:24,000
another bird on finance is 
already stretched thin by 

3954
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:27,400
heating costs. 
The building settles into its 

3955
03:45:27,400 --> 03:45:30,300
evening Rhythm around. 
You, the sounds of children 

3956
03:45:30,300 --> 03:45:34,300
being put to bed filter through 
walls, parents voices firm but 

3957
03:45:34,300 --> 03:45:37,700
affectionate, someone plays a 
harmonica on a different floor. 

3958
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,800
The music barely audible but 
Pleasant a reminder that people 

3959
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:45,000
still seek Beauty even in 
circumstances that don't 

3960
03:45:45,000 --> 03:45:50,200
naturally produce it. 
Mrs. Chen's baby, cries briefly,

3961
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:53,600
and then quiet. soothed by 
methods, you can only imagine 

3962
03:45:54,600 --> 03:45:57,300
the elevated train makes its 
final runs of the night. 

3963
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,600
The rumble growing less frequent
as the hour of advanced is 

3964
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:03,100
Sunday. 
Afternoon brings you outside 

3965
03:46:03,100 --> 03:46:05,300
where the neighborhood 
transforms into something 

3966
03:46:05,300 --> 03:46:09,000
resembling a community rather 
than just a collection of people

3967
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:10,800
who happen to live near each 
other. 

3968
03:46:10,800 --> 03:46:15,000
The street becomes a social 
space with families, claiming 

3969
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:18,600
sections of sidewalk and front. 
Steps and children running 

3970
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:21,600
between buildings and games that
require more imagination than 

3971
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:23,800
equipment. 
The adults settle in to 

3972
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:26,600
conversations that Meander 
through topics personal and 

3973
03:46:26,600 --> 03:46:31,200
political complaints. 
And hopes mixing freely Mr. 

3974
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:34,400
Kowalski holds forth on the 
situation in Poland. 

3975
03:46:34,400 --> 03:46:37,100
Speaking with the passion of 
someone whose connection to 

3976
03:46:37,100 --> 03:46:40,800
another place remains Vivid. 
Even after years of absence, 

3977
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:45,600
Mrs, O'Brien counters with her 
own stories of Ireland. 

3978
03:46:45,600 --> 03:46:49,800
The Grievances and Injustice is 
that drove her family here and 

3979
03:46:49,800 --> 03:46:52,800
the people left behind to write 
letters full of news that 

3980
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,400
simultaneously foreign and 
familiar these conversations 

3981
03:46:56,400 --> 03:46:59,300
Circle, familiar ground, because
the speakers don't have access 

3982
03:46:59,300 --> 03:47:01,800
to new information. 
They're repeating stories, 

3983
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,000
they've told before because 
those stories constitute their 

3984
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,000
connection to places and people 
the likely never see. 

3985
03:47:08,000 --> 03:47:11,300
Again, the children play games, 
that require nothing, but 

3986
03:47:11,300 --> 03:47:16,200
willing, participants tag hide 
and seek and elaborate pretend 

3987
03:47:16,200 --> 03:47:19,700
scenarios that transformed the 
grimy Street into what ever. 

3988
03:47:19,700 --> 03:47:22,800
They need it to be their loud 
and energetic in the way 

3989
03:47:22,800 --> 03:47:24,600
children are. 
When they've been cooped up in 

3990
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:27,900
smaller Apartments all week 
burning energy, that has no 

3991
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,800
where else to go, you watch your
younger Cousins play, remember, 

3992
03:47:31,800 --> 03:47:35,100
being that age and unaware of 
the economic reality, that 

3993
03:47:35,100 --> 03:47:38,200
constrain your life and a 
grateful that children possess 

3994
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:42,500
that ability to find joy in 
circumstances that Would crush 

3995
03:47:42,500 --> 03:47:45,900
an adult who thought too much 
about them. 

3996
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:49,800
Someone is organized to stick 
ball game in the street using a 

3997
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,700
broomstick and a ball. 
That's been repaired so many 

3998
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:53,900
times. 
It's unclear. 

3999
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:57,300
What it was originally made of 
The Game Stops periodically for 

4000
03:47:57,300 --> 03:48:00,600
passing wagons, then resumes 
with good natured arguments 

4001
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:03,100
about whether the last tip was 
fair or foul. 

4002
03:48:03,100 --> 03:48:06,900
Nobody's keeping score exactly 
but everyone knows who's 

4003
03:48:06,900 --> 03:48:09,000
winning. 
And the competition is fierce 

4004
03:48:09,000 --> 03:48:12,200
even though the stakes are 
non-existent Sports without 

4005
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:15,700
equipment, are sports available 
to everyone, requiring, nothing,

4006
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:17,900
but space and time and people 
willing to play. 

4007
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:22,500
The sense of community here is 
complicated, on one hand. 

4008
03:48:22,500 --> 03:48:26,300
There's genuine Mutual support. 
Neighbors, helping, neighbors, 

4009
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:29,300
sharing food. 
When someone falls on Hard Times

4010
03:48:29,300 --> 03:48:33,500
taking in children, when parents
need to work late and providing 

4011
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:36,000
the kind of social safety net 
that doesn't exist. 

4012
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:39,800
In any official Forum. 
On the other hand, there's 

4013
03:48:39,800 --> 03:48:43,600
competition for scarce resources
and jobs, Petty rivalries, and 

4014
03:48:43,600 --> 03:48:46,900
resentments and the tensions 
that arise when too many people 

4015
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,200
are trying to survive on too. 
Little you've seen both sides 

4016
03:48:50,200 --> 03:48:53,700
experience, both the generosity 
and the selfishness that living 

4017
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:56,200
in close. 
Quarters produces the local 

4018
03:48:56,200 --> 03:48:59,400
Saloon on the corner is doing 
good business with men stopping 

4019
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:03,200
by, after church, or avoiding 
Church entirely in favor of beer

4020
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:06,000
and conversation. 
Your father isn't among them. 

4021
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:09,500
He's never been much of a 
drinker and the family budget 

4022
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:11,900
doesn't have room for 
entertainment that expensive 

4023
03:49:11,900 --> 03:49:14,100
anyway. 
But you understand the appeal, 

4024
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:18,400
the desire for a space, that's 
neither work nor home where a 

4025
03:49:18,400 --> 03:49:21,200
man can pretend for an hour that
he's more than a cog in an 

4026
03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:24,100
industrial machine. 
The saloon offers Escape as much

4027
03:49:24,100 --> 03:49:27,100
as alcohol. 
A place where status is measured

4028
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:30,700
by your ability to tell a good 
story or buy a round, rather 

4029
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:34,100
than by your bank balance or the
cut of your clothes, the church 

4030
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,900
across the street finished 
services and an hour ago, but 

4031
03:49:36,900 --> 03:49:39,300
people are still lingering 
outside, not quite ready to 

4032
03:49:39,300 --> 03:49:42,800
return to their Apartments. 
Religion plays a complex role 

4033
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:46,700
here, it's simultaneously a 
source of genuine comfort, and a

4034
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:49,900
social obligation, a place where
people gather as much for 

4035
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,600
Community as for worship. 
The priest knows everyone knows 

4036
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:56,300
their struggles and offers 
Council that sometimes 

4037
03:49:56,300 --> 03:49:58,100
spiritual. 
And sometimes, just practical 

4038
03:49:58,100 --> 03:50:02,000
advice about navigating a world 
that seems designed to keep poor

4039
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:04,000
people. 
Poor, you're not particularly 

4040
03:50:04,000 --> 03:50:07,600
devout but you attend because it
matters to your mother and 

4041
03:50:07,600 --> 03:50:10,400
because the church provides 
structure to the weak and 

4042
03:50:10,400 --> 03:50:14,500
connection to people beyond your
immediate household, your sister

4043
03:50:14,500 --> 03:50:15,900
has been coughing for three 
days. 

4044
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:19,700
Now your mother watches her with
the kind of concern that comes 

4045
03:50:19,700 --> 03:50:22,400
from knowing how quickly a 
simple cold can become something

4046
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:27,100
serious Healthcare in 1887. 
There's a luxury as much as a 

4047
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:29,100
necessity. 
Something you purchase when you 

4048
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:32,500
can afford it and hope to avoid 
when you can't the nearest 

4049
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:35,900
doctor charges 50 cents for a 
house call which might not sound

4050
03:50:35,900 --> 03:50:38,800
like much. 
But it represents half a day's 

4051
03:50:38,800 --> 03:50:42,100
wages and that's before you 
factor in the cost of any 

4052
03:50:42,100 --> 03:50:46,900
medicine, he might prescribe so 
you wait watch and hope the Cog 

4053
03:50:46,900 --> 03:50:49,200
resolves itself. 
The way most coughs do your 

4054
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:52,400
mother makes her home remedies 
honey and lemon when you have 

4055
03:50:52,400 --> 03:50:56,400
them or hot water with a bit of 
whiskey or Steam, from a pot of 

4056
03:50:56,408 --> 03:50:58,800
boiling water to ease the 
tightness in the chest. 

4057
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:03,400
These treatments are part folk 
wisdom and part desperation, the

4058
03:51:03,400 --> 03:51:06,700
medical knowledge passed down 
from generation to Generation by

4059
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:09,700
people who couldn't afford 
doctors and had to figure out 

4060
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,200
alternatives. 
Sometimes they work, sometimes 

4061
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,700
they don't and then you face the
choice of spending money, you 

4062
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:19,400
don't have or living with 
whatever consequences follow 

4063
03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:22,700
from in action. 
The mathematics of Health in 

4064
03:51:22,700 --> 03:51:24,600
working class life were 
brutally. 

4065
03:51:24,600 --> 03:51:28,400
Simple getting sick meant 
missing work which meant missing

4066
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:32,200
wages which meant falling behind
on bills which meant stress that

4067
03:51:32,200 --> 03:51:35,600
probably made you sicker 
recovery required rest and good 

4068
03:51:35,600 --> 03:51:39,100
nutrition and warmth all things 
that were in limited Supply when

4069
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:40,700
you're resources were already 
stretched. 

4070
03:51:40,700 --> 03:51:43,900
Thin people worked while sick 
because they had no choice 

4071
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:47,600
spreading illnesses through 
factories and tenements creating

4072
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:50,100
cycles of infection that 
affected everyone. 

4073
03:51:51,000 --> 03:51:53,300
Public Health efforts were 
beginning to acknowledge these 

4074
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:57,400
realities, but slowly some 
cities had started inspecting. 

4075
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:01,200
Tenement conditions posting 
notices about overcrowding and 

4076
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:05,100
sanitation, though, enforcement 
was spotty and landlords often 

4077
03:52:05,100 --> 03:52:08,200
ignored violations and let 
someone important complained. 

4078
03:52:08,200 --> 03:52:11,500
The connection between poverty 
and disease was becoming clearer

4079
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:14,100
to researchers. 
But the solutions required 

4080
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:16,800
resources that nobody seemed 
willing to allocate to 

4081
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:19,700
neighborhoods like yours. 
Your father's back has been 

4082
03:52:19,708 --> 03:52:22,600
bothering him for months. 
The result of years, spent 

4083
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:25,300
lifting heavy materials in the 
factory without any of the 

4084
03:52:25,300 --> 03:52:28,200
ergonomic considerations that 
might have prevented injury. 

4085
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:31,900
He doesn't complain much because
complaining achieves nothing but

4086
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,400
you notice how he moves 
carefully in the morning 

4087
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:38,200
stretching slowly before his 
body remembers how to function. 

4088
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:42,400
This is the price of physical 
labor, the gradual wearing down 

4089
03:52:42,400 --> 03:52:45,300
of the body that begins early 
and continues until either the 

4090
03:52:45,300 --> 03:52:47,500
body gives out. 
Or you find work that is less 

4091
03:52:47,500 --> 03:52:50,400
demanding. 
And finding such work requires 

4092
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:53,200
skills and connections. 
That most people in this 

4093
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:56,800
neighborhood don't possess the 
factory itself is dangerous in 

4094
03:52:56,800 --> 03:52:59,800
ways that would, horrify people 
from a future era where safety 

4095
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:02,800
regulations exist machines 
without guards. 

4096
03:53:02,800 --> 03:53:06,400
Flaws slippery with oil and 
inadequate ventilation filling 

4097
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:08,900
the air with particles that 
settle in lungs and stay. 

4098
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:11,700
Their injuries are common enough
to be unremarkable. 

4099
03:53:11,700 --> 03:53:16,300
A crushed finger here, a burn 
their, the occasional maiming 

4100
03:53:16,300 --> 03:53:19,400
that ends someone's ability to 
work and therefore their ability

4101
03:53:19,400 --> 03:53:22,800
to support a family. 
There's no workers compensation,

4102
03:53:22,800 --> 03:53:26,500
no insurance, and no safety, net
Beyond whatever charity, the 

4103
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:29,500
Injured Workers family, and 
neighbors can provide, you know,

4104
03:53:29,508 --> 03:53:32,500
three people who have died from 
workplace accidents in the past 

4105
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:35,700
five years, which is a statistic
that would shock you, if you 

4106
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:39,300
were so accustomed to it death, 
hovers closer in working class 

4107
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:43,400
life, less theoretical, and more
immediate a presence you're 

4108
03:53:43,400 --> 03:53:46,000
aware of even when you're trying
not to think about it. 

4109
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:49,600
Life expectancy for factory 
workers, Is significantly 

4110
03:53:49,600 --> 03:53:52,600
shorter than for people who work
in offices or live on Fifth 

4111
03:53:52,600 --> 03:53:54,400
Avenue. 
Though, nobody bothers to 

4112
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,700
calculate the exact numbers 
because the underlying causes 

4113
03:53:57,700 --> 03:54:00,700
are too complicated and 
uncomfortable to address. 

4114
03:54:00,700 --> 03:54:04,000
Your mother keeps a small box 
hidden behind the chest of 

4115
03:54:04,000 --> 03:54:06,500
drawers and you've known about 
it since you were a child. 

4116
03:54:07,500 --> 03:54:12,000
It contains savings. 
Not much, never very much, but 

4117
03:54:12,000 --> 03:54:15,600
something quarters and dimes 
accumulate slowly. 

4118
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:19,600
The result of small sacrifices 
and careful management and the 

4119
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:24,000
Box represents possibility. 
Maybe enough for your sister to 

4120
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:27,200
take a business course that 
might lead to better work, maybe

4121
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:29,700
enough to handle an emergency 
without falling into debt. 

4122
03:54:30,500 --> 03:54:33,000
Maybe just enough to prove that 
you're not completely at the 

4123
03:54:33,008 --> 03:54:36,500
mercy of circumstances that, you
have some tiny measure of 

4124
03:54:36,508 --> 03:54:39,900
control over your own fate. 
The dreams people Harbor in this

4125
03:54:39,900 --> 03:54:42,500
neighborhood are simultaneously 
modest and audacious. 

4126
03:54:43,400 --> 03:54:46,600
Mr. Kowski wants to save enough 
to buy a small plot of land 

4127
03:54:46,600 --> 03:54:49,600
somewhere and become his own 
man, rather than working for 

4128
03:54:49,600 --> 03:54:53,500
someone else. 
Mrs. O'Brien hopes, her son 

4129
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:55,800
might stay in school. 
Long enough to qualify for work 

4130
03:54:55,800 --> 03:54:59,100
that doesn't destroy his body. 
The Romeros are saving to bring 

4131
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:02,800
relatives from Mexico slowly 
accumulating, the money needed 

4132
03:55:02,800 --> 03:55:06,000
for tickets and bribes and all 
the expensive complications of 

4133
03:55:06,000 --> 03:55:08,400
immigration. 
These dreams are not about 

4134
03:55:08,408 --> 03:55:11,400
becoming wealthy. 
Nobody here is deluded enough to

4135
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,600
imagine that outcome. 
There about achieving security, 

4136
03:55:14,600 --> 03:55:17,800
about moving from precarious 
survival to something more 

4137
03:55:17,800 --> 03:55:21,500
stable and about giving the Next
Generation options that this 

4138
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:22,800
generation. 
Never had. 

4139
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:26,100
You have your own hopes though. 
You're careful about voicing 

4140
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:29,500
them to explicitly. 
The idea of taking night classes

4141
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:32,400
and learning skills that might 
qualify you for office work. 

4142
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,100
Clerical positions, that pay 
better and don't require 

4143
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:38,800
physical labor. 
It's seems possible if you can 

4144
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:41,500
save enough for the tuition if 
you can stay awake. 

4145
03:55:41,500 --> 03:55:44,300
After a full day of work, and if
the class is lead to actual 

4146
03:55:44,300 --> 03:55:47,600
opportunities rather than just 
knowledge without application, 

4147
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:51,200
there are no guarantees but 
staying exactly where you are, 

4148
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:55,800
guarantees nothing either. 
So the dream persists, The 

4149
03:55:55,800 --> 03:55:58,500
possibility of home ownership 
seems distant but not completely

4150
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,200
impossible. 
Housing lots in the outer 

4151
03:56:01,200 --> 03:56:03,800
reaches of Brooklyn or Queens 
are selling for a few hundred 

4152
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:07,000
dollars and if you could save 
enough for a down payment and 

4153
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:10,100
manage, the monthly mortgage 
payments, you could own rather 

4154
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:14,000
than rent your own space, your 
own walls, nobody raising the 

4155
03:56:14,008 --> 03:56:16,400
rent or evicting you because 
they sold the building. 

4156
03:56:16,400 --> 03:56:20,100
The independence of peels to you
on multiple levels, though. 

4157
03:56:20,100 --> 03:56:22,900
The reality of how long it would
take to accumulate the down, 

4158
03:56:22,900 --> 03:56:26,300
payment Makes the Dream feel 
more theoretical than practical.

4159
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:29,500
Your sister started. 
Putting aside a dollar, a month.

4160
03:56:29,500 --> 03:56:33,300
A staggering sum from her 
perspective to order Hope Chest.

4161
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:36,500
The traditional feels 
old-fashioned, but she's 

4162
03:56:36,500 --> 03:56:39,600
practical enough to recognize 
that marriage will probably be 

4163
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:42,900
part of a future and starting 
that marriage with some 

4164
03:56:42,900 --> 03:56:46,000
resources of her own provides 
leveraging and security. 

4165
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:50,700
The chess slowly fills with 
items purchased on sale or made 

4166
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:54,700
by hand Linens dishes and small 
tools for housekeeping. 

4167
03:56:55,400 --> 03:56:57,600
It represents preparation for a 
life. 

4168
03:56:57,600 --> 03:57:01,900
She can't yet fully imagine but 
no she needs to plan for the 

4169
03:57:01,900 --> 03:57:04,700
newspaper, occasionally runs 
stories about people who started

4170
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:07,600
with nothing and made fortunes 
the self-made. 

4171
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:11,000
Millionaires of the Industrial 
Age, these stories are meant to 

4172
03:57:11,000 --> 03:57:14,200
be inspiring proof. 
That America is the land of 

4173
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:17,900
opportunity, where hard work and
determination can overcome any 

4174
03:57:17,900 --> 03:57:20,300
obstacle. 
But you've noticed that these 

4175
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:24,700
success stories always leave out
crucial details, the loan from a

4176
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:27,800
wealthy relative, the lucky 
connection that provided 

4177
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:31,900
Capital, the circumstances that 
were unique and not replicable. 

4178
03:57:31,900 --> 03:57:35,900
Hard work is necessary certainly
but it's not sufficient by 

4179
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:39,300
itself and everyone in this 
neighborhood works hard without 

4180
03:57:39,300 --> 03:57:42,800
becoming millionaires. 
The Gilded ages Central irony 

4181
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:46,200
was that the same industrial 
system, creating vast fortunes 

4182
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:49,500
for a few was also creating the 
working class that made those 

4183
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:52,300
fortunes possible. 
The Mansion on Fifth Avenue 

4184
03:57:52,300 --> 03:57:56,400
existed because of the labor 
performed in factories and But 

4185
03:57:56,400 --> 03:57:59,300
that connection was rarely 
acknowledged the wealthy. 

4186
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:02,000
Praise themselves for their 
ambition and intelligence, while

4187
03:58:02,000 --> 03:58:04,300
treating workers as 
interchangeable parts, and 

4188
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:07,500
Machinery, designed to enrich 
others, you are aware of this 

4189
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:09,700
Dynamic. 
Even if you can't articulate it 

4190
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:12,500
precisely. 
You understand that your labor 

4191
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:15,500
creates value that accumulates 
somewhere else and someone 

4192
03:58:15,508 --> 03:58:19,100
else's bank account, the 
apartment is quiet now, except 

4193
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:22,400
for the usual background, sounds
the building settling someone 

4194
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:25,000
moving around upstairs and 
distant Street noise. 

4195
03:58:25,000 --> 03:58:27,300
Your parents have retired to 
their room. 

4196
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:30,800
Your sister is a sleep and you 
have the kitchen table to your 

4197
03:58:30,800 --> 03:58:34,500
self for a rare moment of 
solitude, the lamp Burns low 

4198
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,400
because you're trying to serve 
kerosene, but there's enough 

4199
03:58:37,400 --> 03:58:40,800
light to write in the journal. 
You keep sporadically recording,

4200
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:43,500
thoughts and observations, that 
feel important, even though 

4201
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:47,000
you're not sure why tonight, you
write about the gap between the 

4202
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:49,300
world, you inhabit. 
And the world you read about in 

4203
03:58:49,300 --> 03:58:52,400
newspapers and magazines, not 
with anger, exactly. 

4204
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:55,600
But with a kind of resigned 
awareness that these parallel 

4205
03:58:55,600 --> 03:58:58,700
real, These exists 
simultaneously but being born 

4206
03:58:58,700 --> 03:59:01,400
into one rather than the other 
was pure chance. 

4207
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:04,700
You could have been the child of
a banker or industrialist just 

4208
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:07,500
as easily as you were born to a 
factory worker and a housewife 

4209
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:11,000
and that accident of birth 
determined almost everything 

4210
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:14,200
that followed the wealthy didn't
earn their starting position. 

4211
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:18,400
Any more than you earned yours, 
both were inherited one in the 

4212
03:59:18,400 --> 03:59:21,100
form of money and the other in 
the form of its absence. 

4213
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:24,500
But he also write about the 
things that seem valuable even 

4214
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:27,600
without money attached to them. 
But where your mother humps 

4215
03:59:27,600 --> 03:59:30,800
while cooking finding 
contentment in simple domestic 

4216
03:59:30,800 --> 03:59:34,700
rhythms the way your father can 
fix almost anything with basic 

4217
03:59:34,700 --> 03:59:38,400
tools and Ingenuity solving 
problems through practical 

4218
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:40,600
intelligence. 
That no school ever taught him. 

4219
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:44,200
The way your system maintains 
optimism about the future. 

4220
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:47,700
Despite overwhelming evidence 
that the future will probably 

4221
03:59:47,700 --> 03:59:49,900
look a lot. 
Like the present these 

4222
03:59:49,900 --> 03:59:52,000
qualities. 
Don't pay the rent, or put food 

4223
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:55,700
on the table, but they make 
daily life, bearable which might

4224
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:58,300
be more Important. 
You want to sometimes what 

4225
03:59:58,300 --> 04:00:01,600
happens to all the people like 
you the ones living in a part of

4226
04:00:01,600 --> 04:00:05,000
apartments in neighborhoods that
tourists never visit working in 

4227
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:07,800
factories that produce goods for
consumption elsewhere. 

4228
04:00:07,800 --> 04:00:09,700
Not individuals. 
Exactly. 

4229
04:00:09,700 --> 04:00:14,000
But collectively What Becomes of
a society, where most people 

4230
04:00:14,000 --> 04:00:17,700
spend their lives, barely 
getting by, while a tiny 

4231
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:19,300
fraction? 
Accumulates wealth. 

4232
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:21,400
They couldn't spend in multiple 
lifetimes. 

4233
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,800
The political movements of the 
era suggest you're not alone in 

4234
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:28,100
asking these questions. 
Labor unions are forming. 

4235
04:00:28,100 --> 04:00:32,400
Despite Fierce opposition from 
employers, socialist ideas are 

4236
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:35,700
circulating among workers and 
Strikes are becoming more common

4237
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:39,000
as people collectively decide 
that the current Arrangement 

4238
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,100
isn't acceptable, but you're not
naturally inclined toward 

4239
04:00:42,100 --> 04:00:45,700
politics or activism. 
Your life is too consumed with 

4240
04:00:45,700 --> 04:00:49,500
immediate concerns to spend much
time on abstract, theories about

4241
04:00:49,500 --> 04:00:51,500
how Society should be 
reorganized. 

4242
04:00:51,500 --> 04:00:54,600
You need to work tomorrow and 
the day after that. 

4243
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:58,300
And the day after that and the 
necessity of earning wages 

4244
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:00,300
crowds out almost everything 
else. 

4245
04:01:00,300 --> 04:01:03,200
Maybe that's the system's 
greatest strength. 

4246
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:06,900
It keeps most people too busy 
surviving to organize any 

4247
04:01:06,900 --> 04:01:09,000
effective opposition to how it 
functions. 

4248
04:01:10,600 --> 04:01:14,200
The lamp flickers, you realize 
the kerosene is almost gone. 

4249
04:01:14,200 --> 04:01:17,500
You should have refilled it 
yesterday, but you've forgot and

4250
04:01:17,500 --> 04:01:20,100
now your left with whatever 
remains in the reservoir. 

4251
04:01:20,100 --> 04:01:23,500
It's probably enough to last 
until you finish this entry and 

4252
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:26,200
get ready for bed, but there's 
no margin for error. 

4253
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:30,000
No extra time for lingering, 
everything operates, on tight 

4254
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:33,700
margins here, not just money, 
but also time and energy, and 

4255
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:37,300
resources of all kinds. 
You write one final observation,

4256
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:41,200
That someday perhaps in some 
distant future. 

4257
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:45,300
People will look back on this 
era and wonder how anyone lived 

4258
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:49,500
this way how entire classes of 
people accepted circumstances 

4259
04:01:49,500 --> 04:01:52,900
that future Generations will 
find shocking but you're also 

4260
04:01:52,900 --> 04:01:56,500
aware that every era, probably 
contains Injustice that seem 

4261
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:59,400
normal to the people living 
through them and outrageous to 

4262
04:01:59,408 --> 04:02:02,400
those who come later. 
You're too embedded in your own 

4263
04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:05,500
time to see it clearly too. 
Focused on getting through each 

4264
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:08,600
day to analyze. 
The larger patterns, historians 

4265
04:02:08,600 --> 04:02:11,100
will do that analysis of 
eventually and will write books 

4266
04:02:11,100 --> 04:02:14,300
about the Gilded Age and it's 
inequalities, but you're too 

4267
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:18,400
busy, living it to study, it, 
the alarm clock a luxury, you 

4268
04:02:18,400 --> 04:02:21,500
saved months to purchase rattles
to life at 5:30. 

4269
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:24,800
And you wake to Darkness, 
because autism is advancing and 

4270
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:26,400
The Sun Won't rise for another 
hour. 

4271
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:30,400
The apartment is cold The fire 
in the stove, having died 

4272
04:02:30,400 --> 04:02:33,000
overnight, despite your mother's
best efforts to bank it. 

4273
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:37,200
Getting out of bed requires 
willpower, forcing your body 

4274
04:02:37,200 --> 04:02:39,600
into motion. 
When every Instinct argues for 

4275
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,800
staying under the blankets, the 
morning routine begins like 

4276
04:02:42,800 --> 04:02:46,400
every other morning washing in 
cold water dressing quickly in 

4277
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:49,000
the chill and eating a simple 
breakfast of bread and coffee. 

4278
04:02:49,000 --> 04:02:53,300
Your father leaves first because
his shifts at 6:00 walking, the 

4279
04:02:53,300 --> 04:02:56,300
mild to the factory rather than 
paying Street Coffee he can 

4280
04:02:56,308 --> 04:02:59,000
save. 
Sister and mother begin their 

4281
04:02:59,000 --> 04:03:02,600
own preparations, each moving 
through, well, practiced rituals

4282
04:03:02,600 --> 04:03:06,200
that require no thought the 
automatic choreography of people

4283
04:03:06,200 --> 04:03:10,000
who have performed these actions
thousands of times you stand at 

4284
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:11,600
the window. 
Watching the street come to 

4285
04:03:11,600 --> 04:03:14,300
life. 
The Lamplighter is extinguishing

4286
04:03:14,300 --> 04:03:18,300
the gas Street lamps, the glow? 
Fading As Natural Light begins 

4287
04:03:18,300 --> 04:03:22,400
to take over a milk wagon makes 
deliveries the horse knowing the

4288
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:25,800
root better than the driver. 
Early workers streamed toward 

4289
04:03:25,800 --> 04:03:30,300
various destinations heads down.
Moving with the purposeful pace 

4290
04:03:30,300 --> 04:03:31,900
of people who can't afford to be
late. 

4291
04:03:31,900 --> 04:03:34,800
The day is beginning in 
different to whether you're 

4292
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:38,400
ready for it or not somewhere. 
Uptown in those Mansions along 

4293
04:03:38,400 --> 04:03:41,900
5th Avenue, people are probably 
still asleep or just beginning 

4294
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:45,500
to stir attended by servants. 
Who've been up for hours, 

4295
04:03:45,500 --> 04:03:49,200
preparing breakfast, laying out 
clothes, and warming water for 

4296
04:03:49,200 --> 04:03:51,600
bars. 
Those people will wait to 

4297
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:55,400
comfort and Leisure will eat 
meals prepared by others and 

4298
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:58,100
will make decisions about how to
spend their Day based on 

4299
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:00,000
preference, rather than 
necessity. 

4300
04:04:00,000 --> 04:04:02,900
They'll never know what it's 
like to face this morning in 

4301
04:04:02,900 --> 04:04:05,400
this apartment. 
To feel the cold and the 

4302
04:04:05,400 --> 04:04:08,000
tiredness and the knowledge that
this day will be almost 

4303
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:11,400
identical to yesterday. 
And tomorrow will be almost 

4304
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:14,400
identical to today. 
They also won't know the 

4305
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:17,500
satisfaction of making this life
work, despite all the obstacles,

4306
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:21,500
they won't know the pride in 
providing for your family and 

4307
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:24,500
keeping everyone fed and housed 
and moving forward, even when 

4308
04:04:24,500 --> 04:04:27,700
the system seems designed to 
push you backward, They won't 

4309
04:04:27,708 --> 04:04:31,200
know the strength, it takes to 
face each day without despair to

4310
04:04:31,200 --> 04:04:34,500
maintain hope when hoping seems 
foolish and to find meaning in 

4311
04:04:34,500 --> 04:04:37,000
circumstances that don't 
naturally produce it. 

4312
04:04:37,000 --> 04:04:41,000
The Gilded Age gleamed brightly 
for some people, but its gold 

4313
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:44,200
was decorative, rather than 
substantial, a thin layer 

4314
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:47,900
covering harsh realities. 
Most people lived lives of hard 

4315
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:51,800
work and modest means finding 
happiness and small pleasures 

4316
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:55,200
and maintaining dignity and 
circumstances that offered 

4317
04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:58,600
little external validation. 
The gap between rich and poor 

4318
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:01,300
was enormous. 
But so was the gap between the 

4319
04:05:01,300 --> 04:05:03,300
appearance of prosperity and its
reality. 

4320
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:07,700
The age was killed it, not gold 
and you lived on the underside 

4321
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:11,000
of that guilt, in the space, is 
where the shine, didn't reach 

4322
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:14,200
you, finish your coffee, collect
your things, and head toward the

4323
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:16,700
door, another day, another 
dollar. 

4324
04:05:16,700 --> 04:05:21,800
Well, another 77 for 8 hours of 
work to be precise, but you'll 

4325
04:05:21,800 --> 04:05:23,800
learn it. 
And tomorrow, you'll do it 

4326
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:26,000
again. 
And through the accumulation of 

4327
04:05:26,000 --> 04:05:28,900
these ordinary days, you'll 
build a life that matters. 

4328
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:33,300
Even if nobody ever writes about
it in newspapers or studies it 

4329
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:35,900
in history books. 
This is what the Gilded Age 

4330
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,500
looked like for most people not 
gold, and not celebrated, but 

4331
04:05:39,500 --> 04:05:42,800
real and substantial and worthy 
of remembering precisely because

4332
04:05:42,800 --> 04:05:46,400
it was so ordinary, the door 
closes behind you and the city 

4333
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:50,600
swallows you up and to its 
morning crowds, Somewhere in 

4334
04:05:50,600 --> 04:05:53,100
some distant future. 
People will try to understand 

4335
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:56,300
this era and will debate its 
meaning and significance. 

4336
04:05:56,300 --> 04:06:00,100
But right now in this moment, 
you're too busy, living it to 

4337
04:06:00,108 --> 04:06:04,900
analyze it The worker Waits the 
day stretches ahead and life 

4338
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,000
continues. 
In all its unglamorous 

4339
04:06:07,000 --> 04:06:15,600
difficult, necessary Beauty. 
Welcome to a soothing journey 

4340
04:06:15,600 --> 04:06:18,200
through one of history's. 
Most improbable stories. 

4341
04:06:18,200 --> 04:06:21,300
Now remember your settling in to
explore. 

4342
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:23,300
How a young prince, from the 
edge of the Greek World. 

4343
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:27,000
Born into a dynasty, plagued by 
instability, and surrounded by 

4344
04:06:27,008 --> 04:06:29,400
enemies. 
Somehow conquered, an Empire 

4345
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:31,400
that stretched from the 
Mediterranean to India. 

4346
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:34,800
So, let's discover together, why
Alexander, the Great's Victory 

4347
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:36,400
seemed impossible before they 
happened. 

4348
04:06:37,800 --> 04:06:41,300
Your standing in the Royal 
Palace at Pella Macedonia on a 

4349
04:06:41,300 --> 04:06:46,200
summer night. 
In 356, BCE the air smells of 

4350
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:49,100
olive oil lamps and the faint 
Center of horses drifting in 

4351
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:51,700
from the Stables below. 
Through the window. 

4352
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,000
You can see the rugged 
mountains, that ring, this 

4353
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:58,200
northern kingdom, their peaks 
dark against a staff, Phil Sky 

4354
04:06:58,200 --> 04:07:01,800
somewhere in these Chambers. 
A baby has just been born to 

4355
04:07:01,800 --> 04:07:06,100
King, Philip the second, and his
wife Olympians For that child is

4356
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:08,400
Alexander. 
And if you could tell the 

4357
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:11,500
assembled Nobles, what his 
future holds, they would laugh 

4358
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:16,900
you out the room. 
Macedonia in 356 BCE isn't 

4359
04:07:16,900 --> 04:07:19,000
exactly the Crown Jewel of the 
ancient world. 

4360
04:07:19,900 --> 04:07:23,200
Think of it as the rough cousin.
Nobody invites to dinner parties

4361
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:26,400
while the sophisticated 
city-states of Southern Greece, 

4362
04:07:26,400 --> 04:07:31,100
Athens Sparta and Thebes debate 
philosophy and Stage. 

4363
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:33,000
Elaborate theatrical 
Productions. 

4364
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:36,900
Macedonia remains a semi 
barbaric Kingdom of shepherds 

4365
04:07:36,900 --> 04:07:40,000
farmers and Warriors the Greeks 
down south. 

4366
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:42,400
Don't even consider macedonians 
fully Greek. 

4367
04:07:43,200 --> 04:07:47,100
Their dialect sounds strange. 
The custom seemed course and 

4368
04:07:47,100 --> 04:07:49,900
their kings have a disturbing 
habit of murdering each other. 

4369
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:53,800
You walk through the palace. 
Corridors your sandals, clicking

4370
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:55,800
on Stone floors, that lack the 
polished. 

4371
04:07:55,800 --> 04:08:00,300
Marble of Athens, the walls are 
sturdy, but plain there's wealth

4372
04:08:00,300 --> 04:08:02,000
here. 
Philip's, recent military 

4373
04:08:02,000 --> 04:08:05,400
reforms of begun paying off. 
But it's the wealth of a 

4374
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,900
frontier Kingdom. 
Not a cultural center. in the 

4375
04:08:08,908 --> 04:08:11,900
Great Hall Shields, hang on 
walls, alongside the mounted 

4376
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:15,200
heads of boars and deer the 
Nobles who gather here are 

4377
04:08:15,200 --> 04:08:19,000
Fighters first administrators 
second and philosophers and 

4378
04:08:19,000 --> 04:08:23,300
never The Baby Alexander enters 
a family that makes modern 

4379
04:08:23,300 --> 04:08:26,500
dysfunctional households. 
Look, peaceful his father. 

4380
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:29,400
Philip is a military genius and 
political operator who has 

4381
04:08:29,400 --> 04:08:32,500
somehow survived the chaos of 
Macedonian Court politics. 

4382
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:36,600
Philip spent his youth, as a 
hostage in Thebes, which sounds 

4383
04:08:36,600 --> 04:08:39,300
terrible Until you realize, it 
probably saved his life. 

4384
04:08:39,300 --> 04:08:42,600
While he was away, his family 
members were busy, killing each 

4385
04:08:42,600 --> 04:08:44,300
other. 
In the traditional, NASA, 

4386
04:08:44,300 --> 04:08:47,300
donian, fashion by the time, 
Philip returned and eventually 

4387
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:49,800
seized the throne. 
He had learned two important 

4388
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:52,900
lessons. 
First how to fight like the 

4389
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:55,900
Greeks? 
Second how to ski like a 

4390
04:08:55,900 --> 04:09:00,500
Survivor Alexander's mother 
Olympia's from epirus another 

4391
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:02,600
kingdom on massive as western 
border. 

4392
04:09:03,400 --> 04:09:06,900
She's intelligent Fierce 
fiercely ambitious and deeply 

4393
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:10,100
religious in ways that make 
people nervous, you might catch 

4394
04:09:10,100 --> 04:09:13,700
her at midnight, ceremonies 
honoring Daya nice ass handling 

4395
04:09:13,700 --> 04:09:17,200
snakes with a further that even 
the most devoted cult members 

4396
04:09:17,200 --> 04:09:20,400
find unsettling. 
She believed she is descended 

4397
04:09:20,400 --> 04:09:23,800
from Achilles on one side and 
ascended from God's on the 

4398
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:25,800
other. 
When she looks at her newborn 

4399
04:09:25,800 --> 04:09:29,600
son, she doesn't see a baby. 
She sees a prophecy waiting to 

4400
04:09:29,600 --> 04:09:32,600
unfold the marriage between 
Philip and Olympia. 

4401
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:36,900
Is strategic political and 
increasingly toxic Philip 

4402
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:39,600
collects wives, the way some 
people collect coins and 

4403
04:09:39,600 --> 04:09:42,100
olympias, resents each new 
marriage as a threat to her 

4404
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:45,600
son's position. 
In Macedonia, succession isn't 

4405
04:09:45,600 --> 04:09:49,200
guaranteed to the eldest son, 
any legitimate male Heir can 

4406
04:09:49,208 --> 04:09:52,400
make a claim and legitimacy is 
interpreted loosely. 

4407
04:09:53,300 --> 04:09:56,500
Philip has other Sons by other 
wives, and each one represents 

4408
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:58,600
potential competition for 
Alexander. 

4409
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:01,800
You're watching a child born 
into instability. 

4410
04:10:01,800 --> 04:10:04,600
The kingdom itself barely held 
together. 

4411
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:08,900
Before Philip took charge for 
decades, Macedonia had been the 

4412
04:10:08,900 --> 04:10:12,700
punching bag of its neighbors, 
illyrians raided from the West 

4413
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:16,600
Thracians from the East and the 
Greek city-states from the south

4414
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:20,300
treated Macedonia, as either a 
resource to exploit or a threat 

4415
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:23,400
to contain, Philip has changed 
that through military and 

4416
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:26,000
Innovation and ruthless 
diplomacy, but his 

4417
04:10:26,000 --> 04:10:30,400
accomplishments are recent and 
fragile one assassination, one 

4418
04:10:30,400 --> 04:10:33,700
loss battle one, Palace coup and
everything. 

4419
04:10:33,700 --> 04:10:37,200
Could collapse back into chaos, 
the odds are stacked against 

4420
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:40,000
this baby in ways that would 
discourage anyone with scents. 

4421
04:10:40,800 --> 04:10:43,300
He's born into a dynasty where 
murder is standard. 

4422
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:45,500
Operating procedure for 
succession dispute. 

4423
04:10:45,500 --> 04:10:48,000
His kingdom is surrounded by 
enemies. 

4424
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:51,800
Who view Macedonia, as an 
upstart newsons, The mighty 

4425
04:10:51,800 --> 04:10:55,000
Persian Empire, which controls 
everything from Egypt to 

4426
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:59,600
Afghanistan as well, and armies 
that make massive Donya look 

4427
04:10:59,600 --> 04:11:02,700
like a village militia. 
Even if Alex Xander somehow 

4428
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:06,300
survives childhood and courting 
trees and inherits his father's 

4429
04:11:06,300 --> 04:11:08,500
Throne. 
The smart money says, he'll 

4430
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:11,200
spend his range just trying to 
hold massive Tonya together. 

4431
04:11:12,400 --> 04:11:14,100
But you're not watching a normal
baby. 

4432
04:11:14,100 --> 04:11:17,300
You're watching someone who will
rewrite the rules of what's 

4433
04:11:17,300 --> 04:11:19,800
possible. 
Not because he was destined to 

4434
04:11:19,800 --> 04:11:23,400
succeed but because he was too 
stubborn to accept that he was 

4435
04:11:23,400 --> 04:11:26,600
supposed to fail. 
You're in the Macedonian Camp 

4436
04:11:26,600 --> 04:11:29,400
Watching Teenage Alexander. 
Observe his father's Army 

4437
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:33,000
drilling formation, the smell of
leather and bronze fills your 

4438
04:11:33,008 --> 04:11:36,200
nostrils. 
Dust rises from thousands of 

4439
04:11:36,200 --> 04:11:38,500
feet. 
Moving in unison, this is 

4440
04:11:38,500 --> 04:11:41,500
Phillips creation. 
The war machine that will make 

4441
04:11:41,508 --> 04:11:45,200
everything else possible and 
Alexander is absorbing every 

4442
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:47,800
detail with the intense of 
someone memorizing. 

4443
04:11:47,800 --> 04:11:51,200
Sacred text Philip didn't invent
military power. 

4444
04:11:51,200 --> 04:11:54,700
He inherited a mess and turned 
it into something, formidable 

4445
04:11:54,700 --> 04:11:58,300
through borrowing, adapting and 
Relentless practice. 

4446
04:11:59,200 --> 04:12:01,300
You can see the result in the 
soldiers before you. 

4447
04:12:01,300 --> 04:12:05,600
The core of the Macedonian army 
is the failing that dense 

4448
04:12:05,600 --> 04:12:08,500
formation of infantry carrying 
Spears, so long. 

4449
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:11,000
They'd be useless in any other 
context. 

4450
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:15,500
The sarisa. 
The Macedonian Pike stretches 18

4451
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:19,000
feet, a man holding one. 
Can barely manage it to loan, 

4452
04:12:19,000 --> 04:12:21,500
but 1,000 of men holding them in
formation. 

4453
04:12:21,500 --> 04:12:25,500
Create a bristling wall of 
bronze spear points that extends

4454
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:29,300
farther than any enemy can reach
Philip borrowed, this idea from 

4455
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:33,500
the buttons and perfected dense 
infantry tactics, but he took it

4456
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:39,200
further Deeper formations longer
Spears, better training. these 

4457
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:42,800
aren't aristocratic hoplites who
fight when convenient and far, 

4458
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:46,400
when not, these are professional
soldiers who drill constantly 

4459
04:12:47,300 --> 04:12:49,900
You watch them now. 
Moving like a single organism. 

4460
04:12:49,900 --> 04:12:52,600
Each man. 
Maintaining exactly the right 

4461
04:12:52,600 --> 04:12:56,900
spacing from his neighbors too 
close and they can't move too 

4462
04:12:56,900 --> 04:13:00,300
far and gaps appear. 
They've practiced this until 

4463
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:02,200
their bodies know the spacing 
without thinking. 

4464
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:06,000
But the Phalanx alone, isn't 
enough and Philip understood 

4465
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:08,300
that. 
You turn your attention to the 

4466
04:13:08,300 --> 04:13:12,500
Cavalry exercising on the flanks
the companion, Cavalry, they're 

4467
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:16,600
called, and they're the elite. 
these are noble sons and trusted

4468
04:13:16,600 --> 04:13:19,400
Warriors, who form Philip's 
Hammer, while the failings is 

4469
04:13:19,400 --> 04:13:23,800
his Anvil, the strategy is 
elegant X the enemy in place 

4470
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:26,300
with the Phalanx, then smashing 
into their flank. 

4471
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:30,700
With heavy Cavalry in theory, 
murderously effective in 

4472
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:32,800
practice. 
Alexander is learning, that 

4473
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,800
Warfare isn't about individual 
heroism, it's about systems. 

4474
04:13:36,800 --> 04:13:40,800
The Macedonian army wins because
every piece works together. 

4475
04:13:40,800 --> 04:13:43,500
The Infantry holds the Cavalry 
strike. 

4476
04:13:43,500 --> 04:13:46,400
The light troops screen and 
harass and the Sea Ginger's, 

4477
04:13:46,400 --> 04:13:50,100
another of Philips innovation's 
knockdown City walls that used 

4478
04:13:50,100 --> 04:13:53,900
to make places invincible. 
It's combined arms Warfare 

4479
04:13:53,900 --> 04:13:57,200
before anyone called it, that 
you also see what Alexander is 

4480
04:13:57,200 --> 04:13:59,300
inheriting and terms of 
political structure. 

4481
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:03,000
Philip has reorganized the 
Macedonian nobility into 

4482
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:05,100
something more useful than 
feuding Clans. 

4483
04:14:05,100 --> 04:14:08,500
The companion. 
Cavalry serves double duty as a 

4484
04:14:08,500 --> 04:14:10,400
military unit and political 
institution. 

4485
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:14,900
By keeping the sons of Nobles, 
close training and fighting 

4486
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:17,700
beside them. 
Philip ensures loyalty, while 

4487
04:14:17,700 --> 04:14:20,500
also making sure potential 
Rivals are where he can watch 

4488
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:23,200
them. 
His patronage and hostage taking

4489
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:26,200
wrapped into one. 
Elegant package, the Kingdom's 

4490
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,900
Finance is show Philip's, 
practical genius, you can't run 

4491
04:14:29,900 --> 04:14:33,800
a professional Army on Goodwill,
Philip has expanded macedonia's,

4492
04:14:33,800 --> 04:14:37,700
territory seizing, control of 
Gold and Silver Mines in Thrace 

4493
04:14:37,700 --> 04:14:41,900
and around Mount pangai on those
mines fund, everything. 

4494
04:14:41,900 --> 04:14:45,100
The coins, you might see 
Changing Hands in the camper, 

4495
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:47,700
Philip's image. 
A constant reminder of who's 

4496
04:14:47,700 --> 04:14:51,500
paying the bills Money buys. 
Loyalty more reliably than 

4497
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:55,000
speeches about honor. 
Alexander is also inheriting. 

4498
04:14:55,000 --> 04:14:56,800
His father's diplomatic 
Playbook. 

4499
04:14:56,800 --> 04:15:01,600
Philip doesn't just conquer. 
He absorbs. after defeating 

4500
04:15:01,600 --> 04:15:04,100
Greek city states, he doesn't 
burn them to the ground, 

4501
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,700
incorporates them into his 
Alliance System, the league of 

4502
04:15:07,708 --> 04:15:10,900
Corinth the Greek States 
theoretically remain 

4503
04:15:10,900 --> 04:15:15,100
independent, while acknowledging
Macedonian leadership, its 

4504
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:18,900
hegemony with a velvet glove at 
least most of the time cities, 

4505
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:22,400
that resists get harsh lessons, 
but those that submit find, 

4506
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:26,100
Philip surprisingly reasonable 
But here's what Alexander sees, 

4507
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:28,200
clearly watching his father 
work. 

4508
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:32,000
All of this is fragile. 
The Macedonian system. 

4509
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:35,900
Depends on constants success. 
The Army needs payment which 

4510
04:15:35,900 --> 04:15:38,500
requires control producing 
territories. 

4511
04:15:38,500 --> 04:15:42,900
Which requires military Victory,
which requires paying the Army? 

4512
04:15:42,900 --> 04:15:45,600
It's a cycle. 
That only works if it keeps 

4513
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:49,600
working. 
One, serious defeat could break 

4514
04:15:49,600 --> 04:15:53,200
the whole machine Philip has 
also made enemies everywhere. 

4515
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:56,800
The Greek city states resented. 
Macedonian dominance. 

4516
04:15:56,800 --> 04:15:59,500
The Persians. 
Watch with growing concern as 

4517
04:15:59,500 --> 04:16:01,200
this Western Kingdom grows 
stronger. 

4518
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:05,000
The tribes on macedonia's 
borders for any sign of 

4519
04:16:05,008 --> 04:16:09,100
weakness, Philip Zone Nobles 
elevated and enriched by. 

4520
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:11,900
His success. 
Might just as easily turn on 

4521
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:13,100
him. 
If Fortune shifts. 

4522
04:16:14,000 --> 04:16:17,400
Alexander is inheriting power 
but that power sits on 

4523
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:21,900
foundations of recently dried 
concrete, not ancient Bedrock, 

4524
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:24,600
you notice something else. 
As you watch Young Alexander 

4525
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:29,500
study as father's work, He's not
just memorizing tactics, he's 

4526
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:34,100
identifying limitations, the 
Phalanx is powerful but slow and

4527
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:37,100
inflexible. 
Cavalry is devastating but 

4528
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:41,100
relatively small in Number, the 
political alliances are useful 

4529
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:43,800
but unreliable. 
Philip has built something 

4530
04:16:43,800 --> 04:16:47,200
impressive but Alexander is 
already thinking about how to 

4531
04:16:47,200 --> 04:16:49,300
push beyond what his father 
achieved. 

4532
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,600
There's a strange irony in 
watching. 

4533
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:55,500
This Philip is giving Alexander 
the tools to succeed but those 

4534
04:16:55,500 --> 04:16:59,400
tools come with an expiration 
date built in The same system 

4535
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:03,000
that makes Conquest possible. 
All so makes Conquest necessary.

4536
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:06,600
Stop expanding in the money 
drives up, the soldiers, grow 

4537
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:08,300
restless, and the Allies Drift 
Away. 

4538
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:12,200
Alexander won't just inherit an 
empire in Waiting. 

4539
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:16,200
He'll inherit an obligation to 
keep moving forward or watch 

4540
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:19,700
everything collapse backwards. 
You're in a garden at miza. 

4541
04:17:19,700 --> 04:17:22,900
The quiet Sanctuary away from 
the palace at pela. 

4542
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:27,100
The air smells of herbs and wild
thyme sunlight filters. 

4543
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:30,200
Through great finds overhead, 
creating patterns of light and 

4544
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:33,100
Shadow on the ground. 
This is where phillipa's Center 

4545
04:17:33,108 --> 04:17:36,800
to study under Aristotle and 
it's about as far from a 

4546
04:17:36,808 --> 04:17:39,100
traditional military training 
ground as you can imagine. 

4547
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:41,900
Aristotle isn't here by 
accident. 

4548
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:45,600
Philip could have hired any 
number of teachers, but he chose

4549
04:17:45,600 --> 04:17:47,700
one of the greatest Minds in the
Greek world. 

4550
04:17:48,500 --> 04:17:51,000
The philosopher arrives from 
Athens, carrying Scrolls 

4551
04:17:51,000 --> 04:17:54,100
questions and a systematic 
approach to understanding 

4552
04:17:54,100 --> 04:17:57,400
everything you watch, as he 
walks with Alexander through the

4553
04:17:57,400 --> 04:18:02,300
garden, discussing not Battle 
Tactics, but biology ethics 

4554
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:05,300
politics, and the nature of the 
universe. 

4555
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:09,900
The relationship between teacher
and student is more complex than

4556
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:13,400
simple instruction Aristotle 
treats Alexander as someone 

4557
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:16,700
capable of understanding, 
sophisticated ideas and 

4558
04:18:16,700 --> 04:18:19,400
Alexander responds. 
By asking questions that reveal 

4559
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,900
a mind constantly testing 
boundaries when Aristotle 

4560
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:24,800
explained his classification of 
animals. 

4561
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:27,300
Alex wants to know about 
creatures. 

4562
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:30,600
Nobody has catalogued yet when 
they discussed politics. 

4563
04:18:30,600 --> 04:18:34,200
Alexander doesn't just absorb 
Aristotle's theories. 

4564
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:38,100
He challenges them with examples
from Macedonian reality. 

4565
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:42,300
You overhear them, debating the 
nature of kingship Aristotle, 

4566
04:18:42,300 --> 04:18:45,600
following his teacher, Plato 
suggests that the ideal ruler is

4567
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:49,100
one who governs with wisdom and 
virtue pursuing the common good.

4568
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:53,000
Alexander listens, but counters 
with observation from watching 

4569
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:55,500
his father, Philip governs. 
Affectively. 

4570
04:18:55,500 --> 04:18:58,300
Not because he's a philosopher 
king, but because he understands

4571
04:18:58,300 --> 04:19:01,400
power, how to gain it, keep it 
and use it. 

4572
04:19:02,300 --> 04:19:05,300
The theoretical ideal and 
practical reality, don't quite 

4573
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,000
match. 
And Alexander is learning to 

4574
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:10,900
navigate that Gap. 
The curriculum here goes far 

4575
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:14,600
beyond what most princes study, 
you see, Alexander examining 

4576
04:19:14,600 --> 04:19:18,200
plants specimens, learning to 
identify medicinal herbs and 

4577
04:19:18,208 --> 04:19:21,400
poisonous ones Aristotle 
believes in understanding the 

4578
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:24,900
natural world through direct 
observation, and Alexander takes

4579
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:26,600
to this approach 
enthusiastically. 

4580
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:31,200
He's not just memorizing facts. 
He's learning a method, watch 

4581
04:19:31,200 --> 04:19:33,000
carefully, categorize, what you 
see? 

4582
04:19:33,000 --> 04:19:35,100
Look for patterns and test your 
assumptions. 

4583
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:38,500
Its scientific thinking before 
science has formalized. 

4584
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:41,500
Its methods, geography 
Fascinate, Alexander 

4585
04:19:41,500 --> 04:19:44,900
particularly Aristotle, shares 
maps, and travelers accounts of 

4586
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,800
distant lands. 
The Known World extends from the

4587
04:19:47,808 --> 04:19:51,500
pillars of Hercules in the west 
to India in the East and from 

4588
04:19:51,500 --> 04:19:54,100
Ethiopian the South to Sydney in
the North. 

4589
04:19:54,900 --> 04:19:58,100
At the maps have enormous blank 
spaces where acknowledge Fades 

4590
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:01,700
into rumor and Legend. 
Alexander study these blank 

4591
04:20:01,700 --> 04:20:05,700
spaces with special intense tea.
What's actually out there? 

4592
04:20:06,700 --> 04:20:09,400
Stories about Persian wealth 
accurate or exaggerated. 

4593
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:14,500
How wide is the world really? 
Homer's epics are another focus 

4594
04:20:14,500 --> 04:20:17,400
of study. 
Alexander already knows the 

4595
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:20,700
Iliad nearly by heart. 
His mother made sure of that. 

4596
04:20:21,500 --> 04:20:26,100
Claiming descent from Achilles. 
But with Aristotle, he examines 

4597
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:29,300
the text differently, they 
discussed leadership styles. 

4598
04:20:29,300 --> 04:20:33,000
The relationship between glory 
and wisdom and the role of Fate 

4599
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,500
versus choice. 
Alexander identifies with the 

4600
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,500
killies but also recognizes 
Kylie's limitations The Greatest

4601
04:20:40,500 --> 04:20:44,700
Warrior in The Iliad dies young 
and his rage causes catastrophe 

4602
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:47,700
for his own side. 
There's a lesson there about the

4603
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:52,200
costs of unchecked emotion. 
You notice Alexander developing,

4604
04:20:52,200 --> 04:20:55,200
what might be called strategic 
empathy during the studies 

4605
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:57,600
Aristotle. 
Teaches him about different 

4606
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:01,100
cultures forms of government and
religious beliefs. 

4607
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:06,200
The Greek World contains 
democracies oligarchies tyrannis

4608
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:10,700
and kingdoms each operating on 
different principles, beyond the

4609
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:12,800
Greek World lie. 
The Persians with their 

4610
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:16,400
centralized monarchy, the 
nomadic scythians with their 

4611
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:20,700
mobile society and the Egyptians
with their ancient priesthoods. 

4612
04:21:20,700 --> 04:21:23,900
Alexander is learning that 
people organize themselves in 

4613
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:26,600
various ways each with logic 
behind it. 

4614
04:21:27,400 --> 04:21:29,600
But you also catch something 
troubling in these lessons. 

4615
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:34,200
Aristotle for all his wisdom, 
carries the prejudices of his 

4616
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:36,500
culture. 
He teaches that Greeks are 

4617
04:21:36,500 --> 04:21:40,800
naturally suited to rule and 
that barbarians non-greeks are 

4618
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:45,000
suited to serve This idea will 
Lodge in Alexander's mind but 

4619
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:47,900
he'll apply it. 
Strangely, he'll conquer as a 

4620
04:21:47,900 --> 04:21:51,000
massive donian, and Greek yet. 
He'll also adopt Persian customs

4621
04:21:51,000 --> 04:21:53,900
and marry foreign wives and 
promote non-greeks to high 

4622
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:55,800
positions. 
The student will take the 

4623
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:58,500
teachers framework and bend it 
into something Aristotle, 

4624
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:03,100
wouldn't quite recognize. 
The education at Mesa lasts 

4625
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:05,500
about three years during that 
time. 

4626
04:22:05,500 --> 04:22:09,800
Alexander trains physically 
running wrestling and hunting. 

4627
04:22:09,800 --> 04:22:14,400
You watch him returned from a 
hunt mudded and exhilarated from

4628
04:22:14,400 --> 04:22:16,400
pursuing a wild boar through 
rough country. 

4629
04:22:17,700 --> 04:22:20,300
The intellectual and physical 
training happened together 

4630
04:22:20,300 --> 04:22:24,100
creating someone who can think 
strategically and act decisively

4631
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:26,600
near the end of his time with 
Aristotle. 

4632
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:29,700
Something happens that reveals 
the contradiction Alexander is 

4633
04:22:29,700 --> 04:22:33,300
becoming Trader arrives with the
Magnificent horse. 

4634
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:39,400
That no one can tame. 
The horses, huge powerful, and 

4635
04:22:39,400 --> 04:22:42,400
seemingly, vicious, Philip is 
ready to send it away. 

4636
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:45,800
When Alexander asks for a 
chance, he's observed, something

4637
04:22:45,800 --> 04:22:48,600
others missed the horse's of its
own shadow. 

4638
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:53,200
Alexander turns the horse, 
toward the sun, eliminating the 

4639
04:22:53,200 --> 04:22:57,100
shadow, calms it and then mounts
it in that moment. 

4640
04:22:57,100 --> 04:23:00,500
You see observation leading to 
understanding leading to action.

4641
04:23:01,600 --> 04:23:05,200
It's everything Aristotle taught
applied to solving an immediate 

4642
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:08,500
practical problem. 
Persepolis becomes Alexander's, 

4643
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:09,000
horse. 
For the next. 

4644
04:23:09,000 --> 04:23:11,600
Two decades, carrying him a 
Asia. 

4645
04:23:11,600 --> 04:23:15,500
The relationship between Rider 
and horse becomes legendary, but

4646
04:23:15,500 --> 04:23:18,000
it starts here with the teenager
who paid attention while 

4647
04:23:18,000 --> 04:23:20,300
everyone else just saw an 
impossible problem. 

4648
04:23:21,700 --> 04:23:26,700
Alexander leaves me sir educated
but Restless Aristotle has shown

4649
04:23:26,700 --> 04:23:30,300
him how to think Philip has 
shown him how to fight, but 

4650
04:23:30,300 --> 04:23:32,400
neither has shown him limits. 
He's willing to accept. 

4651
04:23:33,300 --> 04:23:36,400
Your standing on a Dusty Road in
Asia, Minor watching Supply 

4652
04:23:36,400 --> 04:23:40,300
wagons Creek passed. 
Smell of ox sweat and grain 

4653
04:23:40,300 --> 04:23:43,500
sacks fills the air. 
This is years after Alexander 

4654
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:46,600
crossed into Asia, but to 
understand how he won. 

4655
04:23:46,600 --> 04:23:50,300
You need to understand how he 
ate armies, march on their 

4656
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:53,000
stomachs and Alexander's 
greatest battles. 

4657
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:56,000
Weren't against Persian forces. 
They were against distance 

4658
04:23:56,000 --> 04:23:59,700
terrain and the calendar. 
When Alexander crosses the 

4659
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:06,300
hellespont into Asia in 334 BCE 
with roughly 40,000 men, he's 

4660
04:24:06,300 --> 04:24:09,800
bringing along a logistics 
nightmare each Soldier needs 

4661
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:11,700
about two pounds of grain per 
day. 

4662
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:16,500
The horses need more do the math
and you're looking at 50 tons of

4663
04:24:16,500 --> 04:24:20,100
food daily for the Army alone. 
Not counting the camp followers,

4664
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:23,500
servants and animals. 
That's a mountain of wheat 

4665
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:26,700
moving slowly across some of the
harshest country in the world, 

4666
04:24:26,700 --> 04:24:30,400
you watch the Army's, forages 
spread out into the countryside,

4667
04:24:30,400 --> 04:24:33,000
requisitioning supplies from 
local Villages. 

4668
04:24:33,000 --> 04:24:37,600
It's not quite pillaging, 
Alexander learns early that 

4669
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:40,900
terrorizing the locals, make 
them hide their food and flee 

4670
04:24:40,900 --> 04:24:42,500
leaving. 
Nothing to take. 

4671
04:24:42,500 --> 04:24:46,900
Instead, his system involves 
payment at least, theoretically,

4672
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:51,500
The reality is somewhere between
purchase and polite theft, but 

4673
04:24:51,500 --> 04:24:53,200
it works better than pure 
plunder. 

4674
04:24:54,100 --> 04:24:57,200
The geography of Alexander's 
campaign tells you why so many 

4675
04:24:57,208 --> 04:25:00,000
thought, he'd fail, you're 
looking at a world where 

4676
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:03,600
mountains form natural barriers 
Rivers become impossible. 

4677
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:08,000
In Spring floods, Desert stretch
for weeks of travel and winter 

4678
04:25:08,000 --> 04:25:09,800
shuts. 
Down military operations, 

4679
04:25:09,800 --> 04:25:13,900
entirely the Persian Empire 
spans 3000 miles from west to 

4680
04:25:13,900 --> 04:25:16,500
east, marching from Macedonia to
India. 

4681
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:19,600
And back covers distances that 
make modern road trips look 

4682
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:21,600
trivial. 
Consider the terrain. 

4683
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:26,300
You cross coastal plains where 
cities cluster then climb into 

4684
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:29,800
mountain ranges, where passes 
might be held by hostile tribes.

4685
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:33,600
You descend into river, valleys 
where local rulers might support

4686
04:25:33,600 --> 04:25:36,300
or oppose. 
You, you Traverse Plato's where 

4687
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:39,900
summer heat can kill as 
effectively as any sword each 

4688
04:25:39,900 --> 04:25:43,300
type of train requires different
tactics, different Supply, 

4689
04:25:43,300 --> 04:25:47,400
methods and different timing. 
Alexander succeeds partly 

4690
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:49,900
because he's willing to move 
when conventional wisdom says, 

4691
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:53,400
don't your crossing the 
hellespont in early spring when 

4692
04:25:53,400 --> 04:25:56,200
the weather is still 
unpredictable, but you want the 

4693
04:25:56,200 --> 04:26:00,000
whole campaigning season ahead, 
your marching through Gordon in 

4694
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,300
winter when other armies would 
hunker down your crossing, the 

4695
04:26:03,300 --> 04:26:06,200
good rosian desert in late 
summer, which is insane. 

4696
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:09,600
But it's the route nobody 
expects which makes it 

4697
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:12,900
strategically useful. 
If you survive the supply 

4698
04:26:12,900 --> 04:26:15,000
system, Alex and develops his 
adaptable. 

4699
04:26:15,800 --> 04:26:19,200
Infertile regions you live off 
the land near coasts you 

4700
04:26:19,208 --> 04:26:21,700
coordinate with the fleet to 
bring supplies by C. 

4701
04:26:21,700 --> 04:26:26,100
In Barren areas, you established
Supply dumps in advance stashing

4702
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:27,600
grain and fodder along your 
route. 

4703
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:31,100
You also move fast enough that 
you don't exhaust any single 

4704
04:26:31,100 --> 04:26:32,800
region before moving to the 
next. 

4705
04:26:32,800 --> 04:26:37,400
It's like a locust swarm but 
organized and directional notice

4706
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:42,400
another crucial element 
intelligence gathering Before 

4707
04:26:42,400 --> 04:26:45,200
Alexander moves into new 
territory Scouts, go ahead 

4708
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:50,000
talking to locals mapping water 
sources and identifying Food 

4709
04:26:50,000 --> 04:26:53,200
Supplies. 
The Army rarely blunders into a 

4710
04:26:53,200 --> 04:26:55,800
region blind. 
Someone has usually been their 

4711
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:58,900
first asking questions and 
sending information back. 

4712
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:02,600
It's not perfect. 
The gedrosian desert disaster 

4713
04:27:02,600 --> 04:27:05,300
proves that. 
But its more thorough than most 

4714
04:27:05,300 --> 04:27:09,100
ancient armies attempted Rivers,
present constant challenges. 

4715
04:27:09,100 --> 04:27:13,300
You can't just Ford the anywhere
or any time, the grandkids is 

4716
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:14,900
narrow enough to force in 
Spring. 

4717
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,800
The Danube is another matter 
entirely the Indus and its 

4718
04:27:18,800 --> 04:27:21,800
tributaries are massive barriers
that require boat construction 

4719
04:27:21,800 --> 04:27:23,800
bridge building and careful 
timing. 

4720
04:27:23,800 --> 04:27:27,600
With flood Seasons, Alexander's 
Engineers become as important as

4721
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,700
his Cavalry finding Crossing 
points and building the 

4722
04:27:30,700 --> 04:27:33,900
infrastructure that keeps the 
Army moving Cities. 

4723
04:27:33,900 --> 04:27:37,300
Complicate the logistics 
picture, you can besiege a city 

4724
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:40,600
which pins down your army and 
consumes resources while the 

4725
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:41,800
Defenders. 
Wait, you out? 

4726
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:46,100
Or you can bypass it but that 
leaves a hostile force in your 

4727
04:27:46,108 --> 04:27:48,000
rear that might cut your supply 
lines. 

4728
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:52,700
Alexander's solution, varies, 
important cities, get besieged 

4729
04:27:52,700 --> 04:27:56,200
with whatever it takes, Siege 
Towers minds, and Relentless 

4730
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:58,500
assault. 
Lesser cities, get offers, 

4731
04:27:58,500 --> 04:28:02,200
they'd be wise, not to refuse. 
The calculation is always about 

4732
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:04,900
whether taking the city is worth
the time and resources. 

4733
04:28:04,900 --> 04:28:07,700
It will cost. 
Climates Rhythm Shake 

4734
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:11,000
everything. 
You can paint in spring summer 

4735
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:13,400
and fall. 
Winter means stopping and 

4736
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:15,500
finding cities friendly enough 
or conquered. 

4737
04:28:15,500 --> 04:28:18,400
Thoroughly enough to house the 
Army while the makes movement 

4738
04:28:18,400 --> 04:28:21,500
dangerous. 
This seasonal pause isn't wasted

4739
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:24,300
time. 
It's when Alexander reorganizes 

4740
04:28:24,300 --> 04:28:28,400
integrates new troops, handles 
political business and plans. 

4741
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:32,700
The next year's campaign, The 
Rhythm becomes predictable move 

4742
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:38,300
fight conquer winter repeat. 
We're also watching Alexandra, 

4743
04:28:38,300 --> 04:28:40,800
adapt to local conditions in 
Egypt. 

4744
04:28:40,800 --> 04:28:43,500
You used the Niles 
Transportation Network in 

4745
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,300
Factory. 
You learn Mountain Warfare in 

4746
04:28:46,300 --> 04:28:49,600
India, you face where elephants 
and monsoons that turn roads 

4747
04:28:49,600 --> 04:28:52,600
into rivers of mud, each region,
teaches new lessons. 

4748
04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:56,400
And the army that reaches in is 
more sophisticated than the one 

4749
04:28:56,400 --> 04:28:59,900
that crossed into Asia. 
The extended supply lines 

4750
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:04,100
eventually become Alexander's 
greatest vulnerability you're in

4751
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:07,700
India and your Logistics Trail 
stretches back, thousands of 

4752
04:29:07,700 --> 04:29:11,400
miles messages, take months to 
travel from the front to 

4753
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:14,200
Macedonia and back 
reinforcements. 

4754
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:17,700
Arrived irregularly, local 
satraps control the territory 

4755
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:20,200
you've conquered. 
And if they Rebel or simply 

4756
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:24,100
stopped cooperating, your army 
becomes isolated the troops 

4757
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:27,300
understand this which is partly 
why they eventually refused to 

4758
04:29:27,308 --> 04:29:29,700
go further. 
They're not just tired of 

4759
04:29:29,700 --> 04:29:32,600
fighting, they're terrified of 
being cut off from home. 

4760
04:29:32,600 --> 04:29:36,100
There's a reason most conquerors
stick close to their home base. 

4761
04:29:36,100 --> 04:29:39,300
The further you go the thinning 
of your stretched. 

4762
04:29:39,300 --> 04:29:43,300
Alexander pushes beyond what 
sustainable and he only avoids 

4763
04:29:43,300 --> 04:29:47,400
catastrophe through luck speed 
and sheer or dacy. 

4764
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,200
The fact that he makes it back 
at all, is nearly as impressive 

4765
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:54,700
as the conquest themselves, 
you're in the Macedonian Camp 

4766
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:58,200
the night before, the Battle of 
issus airfields, electric with 

4767
04:29:58,200 --> 04:30:01,700
anticipation and fear. 
Soldiers, sit, around fires, 

4768
04:30:01,700 --> 04:30:06,700
checking equipment, talking in 
low voices, and their, moveing 

4769
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:10,600
among them is Alexander. 
He's not in his tent, reviewing 

4770
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:12,500
Maps or Consulting with 
commanders. 

4771
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:16,000
He's here. 
Visible speaking to regular 

4772
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:20,400
Soldiers by name, This is the 
aspect of Alexander's success 

4773
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:23,400
that's hardest to quantify but 
impossible to ignore. 

4774
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:27,700
You're watching leadership as 
performance presence and genuine

4775
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:31,100
connection all woven together 
into something that makes men 

4776
04:30:31,100 --> 04:30:33,900
willing to March thousands of 
miles and fight. 

4777
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:37,700
Impossible battles. 
Watch how he moves through Camp.

4778
04:30:37,700 --> 04:30:41,200
He stops at a fire where 
veterans from the Phalanx are 

4779
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:44,200
sharing bread. 
He asks about their families 

4780
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:47,200
back in. 
Macedonia remembers details from

4781
04:30:47,200 --> 04:30:51,100
previous conversations and jokes
about the person Army waiting 

4782
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:53,100
across the river. 
These aren't scripted 

4783
04:30:53,100 --> 04:30:56,000
interactions. 
Alexander genuinely seems to 

4784
04:30:56,000 --> 04:30:57,900
know these men and care about 
their answers. 

4785
04:30:58,800 --> 04:31:02,100
When he moves on, you can see 
the soldiers sitting straighter 

4786
04:31:02,100 --> 04:31:06,200
talking more confidently. 
His presence is tangible. 

4787
04:31:06,200 --> 04:31:09,200
Alexander fights in the front, 
not the rear. 

4788
04:31:10,000 --> 04:31:13,200
At the grandeurs river, he's one
of the first into the water 

4789
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:15,500
leading the cavalry charge 
personally. 

4790
04:31:16,400 --> 04:31:20,200
A Persian Noble strike him 
shattering Alexander's helmet 

4791
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:22,900
before. 
The second blow can land one of 

4792
04:31:22,900 --> 04:31:25,000
Alexander's companions, kills 
the attacker. 

4793
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:28,100
Alexander could have died in the
campaign's first. 

4794
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:32,000
Major battle. 
Survives and every Soldier sees 

4795
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:35,500
their King taking the same risks
they do this pattern repeats, 

4796
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:38,400
constantly, you're at Gaza 
watching. 

4797
04:31:38,400 --> 04:31:41,700
Alexander directing The Siege 
personally when an arrow strikes

4798
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:44,200
him in the shoulder. 
He has it pulled out and 

4799
04:31:44,200 --> 04:31:46,800
continues fighting at the 
highest peas. 

4800
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:48,200
River. 
He's in the front ranks again 

4801
04:31:48,200 --> 04:31:52,100
this time facing war elephants 
during the seed of the Molly 

4802
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:54,400
city in India. 
He climbs the wall himself when 

4803
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:58,000
his troops hesitate and he ends 
up isolated with only three 

4804
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,400
companions while the Mallet 
attack, he nearly dies from an 

4805
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,700
arrow through the chest, and the
Army rages through the city, 

4806
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:07,900
afterward massacring 
inhabitants, out of Fury and 

4807
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:12,100
fear at almost losing their 
King, The injuries pile up over 

4808
04:32:12,100 --> 04:32:16,100
the years Arrow, wounds sword 
cuts, and a concussion from a 

4809
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:21,000
sling, Stone Alexander's body 
becomes a map of his battles but

4810
04:32:21,000 --> 04:32:24,100
each wound proves to his troops 
that their King doesn't ask them

4811
04:32:24,100 --> 04:32:26,900
to do anything. 
He won't do himself, its 

4812
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:30,300
leadership through shared 
suffering, you also noticed how 

4813
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:34,800
Alexander celebrates victories 
after significant battles there 

4814
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:39,100
are games competitions 
sacrifices to the gods and 

4815
04:32:39,100 --> 04:32:42,500
distributions of plunder. 
He honor soldiers, who performed

4816
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:45,300
exceptionally, sometimes 
promoting them on the spot. 

4817
04:32:46,100 --> 04:32:50,000
He holds elaborate funerals for 
the fallen, in their families, 

4818
04:32:50,000 --> 04:32:54,000
receive pensions the men, die 
that their names and sacrifices 

4819
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,300
are remembered publicly, the 
relationship between Alexander 

4820
04:32:57,300 --> 04:32:59,700
and his troops is an entirely 
warm and fuzzy. 

4821
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:02,700
He demands brutal discipline, 
when necessary. 

4822
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:06,500
You're watching a mass 
punishment after a unit breaks 

4823
04:33:06,500 --> 04:33:09,700
formation, and flees the 
responsible officers are 

4824
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:12,500
executed publicly. 
The lesson is clear. 

4825
04:33:13,300 --> 04:33:16,900
Cowardice brings death. 
But the same Army that Witnesses

4826
04:33:16,900 --> 04:33:20,099
executions or so, sees, 
Alexander, sharing hardships. 

4827
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:23,900
When water is scarce in the 
desert, he pours out a helmet of

4828
04:33:23,908 --> 04:33:27,599
water that Scouts bring him 
refusing to drink if his troops 

4829
04:33:27,599 --> 04:33:31,700
can't. 
Symbolic, yes effective. 

4830
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:36,400
Absolutely Alexander's. 
Ability to inspire shows up, 

4831
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:38,800
most clearly and impossible 
Situation's. 

4832
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:42,500
You're at Tire a city on an 
island that is never been taken 

4833
04:33:42,500 --> 04:33:45,400
by Siege. 
The conventional wisdom is to 

4834
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:49,200
give up and bypass it, but 
Alexander ordered a Causeway 

4835
04:33:49,200 --> 04:33:50,800
built from the mainland to the 
island. 

4836
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:54,900
Essentially, creating a land 
bridge, where none existed the 

4837
04:33:54,900 --> 04:33:58,200
engineering required is 
staggering the time consumed is 

4838
04:33:58,200 --> 04:34:01,000
enormous and the tyrion's 
attack, the construction 

4839
04:34:01,000 --> 04:34:03,200
constantly. 
It should fail. 

4840
04:34:04,099 --> 04:34:07,700
But Alexander's will become the 
armies will, and after seven 

4841
04:34:07,700 --> 04:34:12,000
months tire falls, the troops 
accomplish it because Alexander 

4842
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:15,500
convinced them, they could. 
There's also a dark side of this

4843
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:18,900
leadership Alexander's. 
Charisma makes men do things, 

4844
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:22,800
they'd normally refuse burning 
persepolis marching through the 

4845
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:27,200
gedrosian desert fighting in 
Monsoon, rains in India, these 

4846
04:34:27,200 --> 04:34:30,700
decisions risk, the Army 
survival, some soldiers, follow 

4847
04:34:30,700 --> 04:34:35,000
out of loyalty, others from fear
of punishment, and many from a 

4848
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:37,099
strange belief, that Alexander's
luck will hold. 

4849
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:40,500
He exploits that belief 
ruthlessly. 

4850
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:44,200
The massive donian ability, 
presents a different leadership 

4851
04:34:44,200 --> 04:34:47,099
challenge. 
These are men who Alexander when

4852
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:49,900
he was just Philip's, son. 
And they remember that their 

4853
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:53,700
nobles too, not just supporting 
its Alexander, manages them, 

4854
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:55,700
through a combination of 
personal relationships. 

4855
04:34:55,700 --> 04:34:59,800
Calculated generosity, and 
occasional ruthlessness. 

4856
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:03,900
Clitus, one of the companions 
who saved Alexander's life at 

4857
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:07,599
the grandkids later, criticizes 
Alexander during a drunken 

4858
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:11,599
Feast, Alexander kills him in a 
rage then spends days in 

4859
04:35:11,599 --> 04:35:14,800
anguished regret. 
The lesson for other Nobles is 

4860
04:35:14,800 --> 04:35:17,900
complex. 
Alexander values, loyalty, but 

4861
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:19,800
won't tolerate challenges to his
authority. 

4862
04:35:19,800 --> 04:35:24,099
Even from friends, you noticed, 
that Alexander's leadership 

4863
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:27,400
style changes over time, the 
young king, who crosses into 

4864
04:35:27,400 --> 04:35:29,500
Asia listens to advisors and 
follows. 

4865
04:35:29,500 --> 04:35:33,400
Macedonian Customs, the Emperor 
who reaches India wears Persian 

4866
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:38,000
dress expects proskynesis 
prostration and makes decisions 

4867
04:35:38,000 --> 04:35:41,900
increasingly alone. 
Success breeds confidence that 

4868
04:35:41,900 --> 04:35:45,000
curdles into arrogance. 
The troops who worshiped. 

4869
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:46,500
Him begin to whisper that he's 
become. 

4870
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:51,800
Foreign less Macedonian and more
Persian the same presence that 

4871
04:35:51,800 --> 04:35:54,300
inspired them. 
Now, sometimes alienates them, 

4872
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:57,800
but even at the end, when the 
Army refuses to continue past 

4873
04:35:57,800 --> 04:36:01,099
the heifer, sis River in India 
Alexander's handling of the 

4874
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:05,000
mutiny shows his understanding 
of leadership, He sulks in his 

4875
04:36:05,000 --> 04:36:08,400
tent for days, trying to shame 
them into continuing. 

4876
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:12,000
When that fails, he accepts 
their decision, but stages, it 

4877
04:36:12,000 --> 04:36:13,700
as his own choice based on 
Omens. 

4878
04:36:14,599 --> 04:36:18,700
Both sides save face the troops,
get to go home and Alexander 

4879
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:20,200
avoids looking like he lost 
control. 

4880
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:23,700
It's manipulation, but it's 
effective manipulation 

4881
04:36:23,700 --> 04:36:26,700
leadership. 
You realize watching Alexander 

4882
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,300
isn't just about inspiring 
moments, it's about 

4883
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:33,200
understanding what motivates 
people, Glory greed, fear, 

4884
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:37,300
loyalty, pride and orchestrating
those motivations toward your 

4885
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:39,800
goals. 
Alexander conducts, his army, 

4886
04:36:39,800 --> 04:36:43,900
like an instrument knowing which
strings to pluck and when the 

4887
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:46,599
fact that he sometimes mistakes,
the music doesn't change. 

4888
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:48,400
The skill involved in the 
conducting. 

4889
04:36:48,400 --> 04:36:51,900
You're in a Persian War Council 
chamber, watching, commanders 

4890
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:57,300
debates, strategy, the year is 
333, BCE, and Alexander is 

4891
04:36:57,300 --> 04:36:59,900
invaded Asia. 
The smart move. 

4892
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:04,200
The Persian Noble's argue, is to
withdraw Scorch, the Earth, and 

4893
04:37:04,200 --> 04:37:06,300
let Alexander supply lines, 
collapse. 

4894
04:37:06,300 --> 04:37:09,800
His far from home. 
His armies relatively small and 

4895
04:37:09,800 --> 04:37:13,500
time is on Persia's side, but 
Darius, the third, the Persian 

4896
04:37:13,500 --> 04:37:17,400
king rejects this strategy, he 
chooses to face, Alexander 

4897
04:37:17,400 --> 04:37:20,099
directly to us, that choice 
changes. 

4898
04:37:20,099 --> 04:37:23,099
Everything luck runs through 
Alexander's campaigns. 

4899
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:26,099
Like, a river through a valley 
sometimes, it's the river that 

4900
04:37:26,099 --> 04:37:29,300
creates the valley shape, your 
watching moments with things 

4901
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:32,700
could have gone catastrophically
wrong, but didn't often through 

4902
04:37:32,700 --> 04:37:35,099
random chance rather than 
brilliant planning. 

4903
04:37:36,099 --> 04:37:39,900
Start at the granicus river 
Alexander's first major battle 

4904
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:42,300
in Asia. 
He attacks across a river 

4905
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,900
against a defended position, 
which violates every tactical 

4906
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:49,599
principal The Persians have 
Cavalry waiting on the opposite 

4907
04:37:49,599 --> 04:37:51,900
bank and Alexander charges 
straight at them. 

4908
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:55,200
It's a foolish move that works 
partly because the Persian 

4909
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,200
commanders are more interested 
in killing Alexander personally 

4910
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:01,800
and claiming the glory than in 
defeating his army 

4911
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:04,900
systematically. 
They Converge on him and in the 

4912
04:38:04,900 --> 04:38:08,300
confusion of single combat. 
The Macedonian Phalanx, crosses 

4913
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:09,800
the river and establishes 
position. 

4914
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:13,400
If the Persians had fought 
defensively in hunting for 

4915
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:17,500
personal Glory, Alexander might 
have died in Asia's first, major

4916
04:38:17,500 --> 04:38:20,500
engagement, Then there's 
darius's decision. 

4917
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:23,900
Artists the battlefield. 
Geography favors, Alexander 

4918
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:28,300
enormously the narrow coastal. 
Plain negate, Persia's new, 

4919
04:38:28,300 --> 04:38:31,500
Miracle advantage. 
Darius chose to fight there in 

4920
04:38:31,500 --> 04:38:34,700
stead of, on the open Plains of 
Mesopotamia where Persian 

4921
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:38,599
Cavalry could maneuver freely. 
Why haps? 

4922
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:41,599
Because retreating seemed 
cowardly perhaps, because his 

4923
04:38:41,599 --> 04:38:43,500
advisors pushed for immediate 
confrontation. 

4924
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,700
Perhaps, because he 
underestimated Alexander 

4925
04:38:46,700 --> 04:38:51,000
regardless, the choice hand, 
Alexander of Victory, he 

4926
04:38:51,000 --> 04:38:55,500
desperately needs Darius, flees 
the Persian army breaks, and 

4927
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:59,200
Alexander gains credibility as a
legitimate threat rather than a 

4928
04:38:59,200 --> 04:39:03,200
raiding party from Macedonia. 
You notice how often Alexander's

4929
04:39:03,200 --> 04:39:06,099
gambles pay off, when they 
shouldn't attire. 

4930
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:09,200
The Siege drags on for seven 
months, Alexander has already 

4931
04:39:09,200 --> 04:39:11,599
spent more time here than the 
entire city is worth 

4932
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:14,300
strategically. 
If tires Defenders, hold out 

4933
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:17,500
another month or two Alexander 
might be forced to withdraw 

4934
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:22,300
leaving his first major failure 
as a scar on his reputation, but

4935
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:24,599
the city Falls just before that 
breaking point. 

4936
04:39:24,599 --> 04:39:27,400
And what could have been a 
disaster, becomes another 

4937
04:39:27,400 --> 04:39:31,099
victory. 
Gaka Mella, the decisive battle 

4938
04:39:31,099 --> 04:39:35,400
against Darius, shows, both 
planning and absurd Fortune 

4939
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:38,400
working together. 
Alexander Scouts the battlefield

4940
04:39:38,400 --> 04:39:41,600
beforehand and noticed his 
Darius as cleared and level the 

4941
04:39:41,600 --> 04:39:44,200
ground to favor his side to 
chariot's. 

4942
04:39:45,000 --> 04:39:48,700
So Alexander attacks on the 
ground, Darius prepared, knowing

4943
04:39:48,700 --> 04:39:50,800
his Phalanx can handle the 
Chariots. 

4944
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:53,800
Plan works. 
But there's a moment during the 

4945
04:39:53,800 --> 04:39:57,400
battle when the massive donian 
line breaks and Darius could 

4946
04:39:57,400 --> 04:39:59,300
have won. 
If he'd committed his reserves. 

4947
04:39:59,300 --> 04:40:03,500
Instead Darius sees Alexander 
charging toward him personally 

4948
04:40:03,500 --> 04:40:06,200
and fleas. 
Again, the person King's fear 

4949
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:10,100
and aleksandra and Empire timing
matters as much as luck. 

4950
04:40:11,000 --> 04:40:14,200
Alexander invades percher when 
the emperor is wealthy, but 

4951
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:18,100
military complacent. 
The Persian army hasn't fought a

4952
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:21,800
serious war in Generations. 
Their commanders learned tactics

4953
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,800
from textbooks and peacetime 
exercises while Alexander's, 

4954
04:40:25,800 --> 04:40:28,100
troops are veterans, who cut 
their teeth fighting Mountain 

4955
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:31,400
tribes and Greek hoplites. 
The timing isn't planned. 

4956
04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:34,200
It's just when Alexander happens
to become king and when his 

4957
04:40:34,200 --> 04:40:38,200
father's assassination forces 
him to move, But it's perfect 

4958
04:40:38,200 --> 04:40:41,200
timing, nonetheless disease and 
assassination. 

4959
04:40:41,200 --> 04:40:43,000
Remove Alexander's arrivals in 
ways. 

4960
04:40:43,000 --> 04:40:46,900
No strategy could accomplish 
Darius dies at the hands of his 

4961
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:51,100
own subordinates eliminating, 
the legitimate Persian king, and

4962
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:54,800
leaving Alexander to claim his 
avenging, darius's murder rather

4963
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:59,500
than just conquering, Propaganda
gold that Alexander didn't have 

4964
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:02,300
to walk us straight. 
Meanwhile, potential rivals in 

4965
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:04,500
Macedonia die or discredit 
themselves. 

4966
04:41:04,500 --> 04:41:08,100
Conveniently leaving Alexander 
without serious challenges to 

4967
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:10,100
his throne back home. 
You're watching. 

4968
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,800
Alexander Kraus the Hindu Kush 
mountains into back tree and the

4969
04:41:13,808 --> 04:41:18,200
audacity nearly kills his army. 
The pass is a higher than anyone

4970
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:23,400
expected the cold, more severe 
and the food scarcer if the 

4971
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:26,700
weather had been slightly worse,
if the local guides haven't 

4972
04:41:26,700 --> 04:41:30,200
cooperated, or if the Descent 
had been steeper, the Army could

4973
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:33,900
have perished in the mountains 
in, they struggle through and 

4974
04:41:33,900 --> 04:41:35,400
emerge. 
As the first Western Army to 

4975
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:38,800
cross those Peaks terrifying, 
the locals, who thought the 

4976
04:41:38,800 --> 04:41:42,000
mountains made them unreachable,
had, they had aspies River in 

4977
04:41:42,000 --> 04:41:44,900
India. 
Alexander faces porus his army, 

4978
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:49,300
which include war elephants his 
horses of never encountered, The

4979
04:41:49,300 --> 04:41:51,900
battle plan involves crossing 
the river at night during a 

4980
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:56,500
storm to achieve surprise. 
His ridiculously risky horses. 

4981
04:41:56,500 --> 04:42:00,200
Can Panic troops can drown and 
the surprise can fail. 

4982
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:06,300
But the storm provides cover the
crossing succeeds and Alexander 

4983
04:42:06,300 --> 04:42:08,000
wins. 
A battle that most generals 

4984
04:42:08,000 --> 04:42:11,800
wouldn't have attempted later. 
Alexander's admirers will call 

4985
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:15,300
it genius more accurately. 
It's a calculated risk that 

4986
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,300
happened to work. 
The relationship between luck 

4987
04:42:18,300 --> 04:42:22,300
and skill gets complicated here.
Alexander creates opportunities 

4988
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:26,500
for luck to favor him by moving 
fast, taking initiative, and 

4989
04:42:26,500 --> 04:42:29,200
putting himself in positions 
where Good Fortune comes 

4990
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:32,500
possible at Asus. 
He's lucky, Darius chose that 

4991
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,600
battlefield, but Alexander got 
to miss this quickly enough. 

4992
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:38,200
The Darius had to react to him 
rather than vice versa. 

4993
04:42:39,300 --> 04:42:42,100
The speed creates the conditions
for luck to matter. 

4994
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:46,000
You also see how Alexander's 
personality affects his fortune.

4995
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:49,900
His willingness to take enormous
risks means he experiences both 

4996
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:53,300
spectacular successes and near 
disasters. 

4997
04:42:54,300 --> 04:42:56,800
The difference is that he 
survives his disasters and 

4998
04:42:56,800 --> 04:43:00,400
publicizes is successes at the 
Molly city in India. 

4999
04:43:00,400 --> 04:43:03,300
Getting isolated on the wall 
could have ended his entire 

5000
04:43:03,300 --> 04:43:06,400
campaign. 
Instead, he survives and the 

5001
04:43:06,408 --> 04:43:10,100
story becomes another example of
his heroic courage rather than 

5002
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:13,600
his Reckless stupidity, the 
survivorship bias here. 

5003
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:17,200
That's impossible to ignore your
watching Alexander's campaigns 

5004
04:43:17,200 --> 04:43:20,400
knowing they succeeded. 
But you can imagine parallel 

5005
04:43:20,400 --> 04:43:23,200
universes where the arrow at 
cars are hit a vital organ. 

5006
04:43:23,200 --> 04:43:27,800
Where Darius stood his ground at
gawgaw Mela where the Hindu Kush

5007
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,500
Crossing ended in Mass 
starvation and where the goujian

5008
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,800
desert claimed the entire Army 
in those universes. 

5009
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:38,700
Alexander is a footnote a 
reckless, massive donian, King 

5010
04:43:38,700 --> 04:43:40,800
who invaded Persia and died 
quickly. 

5011
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:45,600
But in this universe the gambles
pay off the river crossing 

5012
04:43:45,600 --> 04:43:49,300
succeed. 
The sieges eventually fall, the 

5013
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:53,000
enemies make mistakes a crucial 
moments Alexander's, luck 

5014
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:55,400
becomes part of his Legend and 
soldiers. 

5015
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:59,000
Start believing their King is 
divinely protected that belief 

5016
04:43:59,000 --> 04:44:02,600
becomes self-fulfilling troops 
fight harder because they think 

5017
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:06,300
fortune favors Alexander which 
makes victories more likely, 

5018
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:09,900
which reinforces the belief near
the end. 

5019
04:44:09,900 --> 04:44:13,900
Alexander's luck shows signs of 
running out the wound at the 

5020
04:44:13,908 --> 04:44:17,400
Molly City, nearly kills him. 
The desert Crossing loses 

5021
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:21,700
thousands of men and animals his
troops refused to continue into 

5022
04:44:21,700 --> 04:44:26,400
India These are warning signs 
that fortune is finite but 

5023
04:44:26,400 --> 04:44:28,800
Alexander dies before he fully 
exhausted. 

5024
04:44:28,800 --> 04:44:31,400
It, you wonder what would have 
happened if he'd lived? 

5025
04:44:31,400 --> 04:44:33,900
Another decade, would his luck 
of hell? 

5026
04:44:34,800 --> 04:44:36,200
Would we remember him 
differently? 

5027
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:40,200
If one of those later gambles 
had failed catastrophically but 

5028
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,800
that speculation what, you know,
is the Alexander one partly, 

5029
04:44:43,800 --> 04:44:46,300
because the dice kept coming up 
in his favor at critical 

5030
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:50,100
moments, Skill positioned him to
roll those dice but luck 

5031
04:44:50,100 --> 04:44:52,900
determined what numbers showed 
you're watching something 

5032
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:56,100
peculiar happen as Alexander's 
campaigns progress. 

5033
04:44:56,100 --> 04:44:58,400
Each Victory makes the next one 
easier. 

5034
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:02,100
Not because the enemies become 
weaker but because Alexander's 

5035
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:05,700
Army becomes more formidable in 
ways that transcend simple 

5036
04:45:05,700 --> 04:45:09,400
military strength. 
Momentum the strange force that 

5037
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:12,500
makes moving objects. 
Want to keep moving becomes as 

5038
04:45:12,508 --> 04:45:15,300
powerful as any weapon in 
Alexander Arsenal. 

5039
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:19,800
The psychological effect starts 
early after the grounders, River

5040
04:45:19,800 --> 04:45:22,700
Victory, Greek cities in Asia 
Minor that were previously under

5041
04:45:22,700 --> 04:45:26,500
Persian control, start opening 
their Gates They don't resist 

5042
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:30,700
because resistance seems futile.
Alexander has demonstrated, he 

5043
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:33,800
can win against Persian forces 
and surrendering, early means 

5044
04:45:33,800 --> 04:45:36,900
better treatment you watch 
cities that could have cost 

5045
04:45:36,900 --> 04:45:40,800
months to besiege instead, 
welcome, Alexander as a 

5046
04:45:40,800 --> 04:45:45,400
liberator, each surrendering is 
the next city to follow suit The

5047
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:49,600
cumulation feeds, the momentum 
Persia is rich in ways that make

5048
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,200
massive Donya look poor after 
Isis. 

5049
04:45:52,200 --> 04:45:55,200
Alexander captures darius's 
packaged train which includes 

5050
04:45:55,200 --> 04:45:59,200
the personal Royal Treasury. 
Suddenly Alexander can pay his 

5051
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:01,300
troops in Gold, rather than 
promises. 

5052
04:46:01,300 --> 04:46:05,100
He can hire more soldiers. 
Build more Siege equipment and 

5053
04:46:05,100 --> 04:46:07,600
fund his political operations, 
backing Greece. 

5054
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:11,700
Money makes everything easier 
and each Conquest brings more 

5055
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:14,700
money. 
You notice how Alexander's 

5056
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:18,700
reputation starts working for 
him before battles enemies. 

5057
04:46:18,700 --> 04:46:21,500
Know they're facing the king. 
Who defeated Darius, who 

5058
04:46:21,500 --> 04:46:26,200
conquered Egypt who broke tire 
that knowledge undermines morale

5059
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:28,900
before fighting begins a galga 
mellor. 

5060
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:31,600
Many of Doris's soldiers. 
Flee early not because the 

5061
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:34,400
macedonians are winning but 
because they expect the 

5062
04:46:34,400 --> 04:46:39,000
macedonians to win. 
Expectations shapes reality, the

5063
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:42,200
Army itself, improves through 
experience, the troops who 

5064
04:46:42,200 --> 04:46:47,300
crossed into Asia in 334, BC a 
good, but the veterans who reach

5065
04:46:47,300 --> 04:46:49,500
India years later are 
extraordinary. 

5066
04:46:50,300 --> 04:46:53,800
They fought in every type of 
train against every type of 

5067
04:46:53,800 --> 04:46:57,600
enemy using every type of 
tactic, they've learned to build

5068
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:01,300
Bridges, conduct sieges, 
coordinate, with Naval forces 

5069
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:05,000
and to local conditions. 
Each campaign is a training 

5070
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:08,800
exercise for the next one. 
Alexander integrates Concord 

5071
04:47:08,800 --> 04:47:12,000
people's into his forces which 
increases his numbers. 

5072
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:16,700
But also sends a message Persian
cattley start fighting alongside

5073
04:47:16,700 --> 04:47:20,100
macedonians local auxiliaries, 
join the Army. 

5074
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:23,800
This makes force shows that 
Alexander isn't just conquering,

5075
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,800
he's building something larger 
than a Macedonian Kingdom. 

5076
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,600
The vision expands with each 
additional from recovering, 

5077
04:47:30,600 --> 04:47:34,700
Greek cities to defeating Persia
to ruling Asia to reaching the 

5078
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:37,900
end of the world. 
Each goal achieved suggests. 

5079
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,400
The next goal is achievable too.
The administrative structure, 

5080
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:43,900
Alexander establishes, helps 
maintain momentum. 

5081
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:48,600
Conquer territories, get satraps
local Governors who manage 

5082
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:51,600
regions and Supply resources to 
the advancing Army. 

5083
04:47:51,600 --> 04:47:54,900
This creates a trail of stable 
territory behind the front 

5084
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:58,100
lines. 
It's not perfect, some satraps 

5085
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:01,200
Rebel, some steel, some proven 
competent. 

5086
04:48:01,900 --> 04:48:04,800
But it's functional enough that 
Alexander can keep pushing 

5087
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:07,700
forward without constantly 
worrying about his rear. 

5088
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:11,000
You see momentum working at 
multiple levels simultaneously 

5089
04:48:11,000 --> 04:48:16,500
military victories, accumulate 
economically, wealth Flows In 

5090
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:20,200
politically Alexander's, 
legitimacy increases 

5091
04:48:20,200 --> 04:48:23,900
psychologically, both his troops
and his enemies start believing.

5092
04:48:23,900 --> 04:48:27,100
He's Unstoppable. 
These factors reinforce each 

5093
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:30,200
other creating a self-sustaining
cycle of success. 

5094
04:48:31,800 --> 04:48:35,400
But momentum has limits and 
dangers, you're watching 

5095
04:48:35,408 --> 04:48:38,900
Alexander and bacteria and 
Society, Anna mounting regions 

5096
04:48:38,900 --> 04:48:40,600
where there are no major battles
to win. 

5097
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:44,700
Just endless guerrilla warfare 
against local tribes, the 

5098
04:48:44,700 --> 04:48:48,500
momentum spotters here, 
Alexander spends years, passing 

5099
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:50,500
territories that don't 
particularly care about his 

5100
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:54,000
Grand Vision and can't be 
defeated in decisive battles, 

5101
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:57,700
easy Victory, stop the 
casualties, Mount and the troops

5102
04:48:57,700 --> 04:49:01,600
start, grumbling momentum, 
requires visible progress and 

5103
04:49:01,600 --> 04:49:03,100
these campaigns don't provide 
it. 

5104
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:07,400
The Army's growing diversity, 
also creates tensions, 

5105
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:11,600
Macedonian veterans resent, 
seeing Persians elevated, to 

5106
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,800
positions of Honor. 
When Alexander adopts, Persian 

5107
04:49:14,800 --> 04:49:18,600
dress and Customs, it feels like
betrayal to soldiers, who 

5108
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:22,000
thought they were fighting to 
defeat Persia, not become it. 

5109
04:49:22,000 --> 04:49:25,200
The momentum that United, the 
Army behind a conquering, King 

5110
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:27,500
starts fracturing. 
When the mission becomes less 

5111
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:30,700
clear. 
By the time Alexander reaches, 

5112
04:49:30,700 --> 04:49:33,200
India. 
Momentum has carried the Army 

5113
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:36,700
impossibly far from home. 
They've marched for years 

5114
04:49:36,700 --> 04:49:39,900
crossed, deserts, and mountains 
and Fort enemies. 

5115
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:44,100
Most never imagined existed. 
But their all so exhausted 

5116
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:48,200
separated from families by 
thousands of miles and 

5117
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:51,600
increasingly uncertain about 
what their fighting for the 

5118
04:49:51,600 --> 04:49:52,900
momentum, that pushed them 
forward. 

5119
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:56,300
Finally meets an immovable 
object, their own unwillingness 

5120
04:49:56,300 --> 04:50:00,200
to go further. 
The Mutiny at the heifer, sis 

5121
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:04,100
River marks the moment when 
momentum breaks Alexander wants 

5122
04:50:04,100 --> 04:50:07,400
to continue into the Ganges 
Valley, convinced that the edge 

5123
04:50:07,400 --> 04:50:10,800
of the world lies, just beyond 
the troops refused. 

5124
04:50:10,800 --> 04:50:14,000
They followed Alexander 
everywhere but they won't follow

5125
04:50:14,000 --> 04:50:17,400
him there for the first time. 
Alexander can't overcome 

5126
04:50:17,400 --> 04:50:20,800
resistance through force of 
Personality or the promise of 

5127
04:50:20,800 --> 04:50:23,500
future Glory. 
The campaign has reached its 

5128
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:27,400
natural limit, even then 
momentum helps Alexander on the 

5129
04:50:27,408 --> 04:50:30,100
return Journey. 
His reputation makes local 

5130
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:34,300
rulers cautious about resisting 
cities surrender or face 

5131
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:36,900
destruction. 
The army that returns is smaller

5132
04:50:36,900 --> 04:50:40,500
than the one that invaded by 
combat losses diseased, 

5133
04:50:40,500 --> 04:50:43,600
desertion and the desert 
Crossing, but it still 

5134
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:45,400
formidable enough to command 
respect. 

5135
04:50:45,400 --> 04:50:49,300
You realize that Alexander's 
Conquest weren't inevitable even

5136
04:50:49,300 --> 04:50:53,700
after they started momentum 
helped, but it required constant

5137
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:56,700
feeding each Victory needed to 
be publicized. 

5138
04:50:56,700 --> 04:51:01,500
Each defeat minimized Niche, 
pause filled with training or 

5139
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:04,200
diplomacy or preparation for the
next Advanced. 

5140
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:07,200
Alexander understood that 
stopping meant risking 

5141
04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:09,700
everything. 
So he almost never stopped until

5142
04:51:09,700 --> 04:51:13,900
his troops forced him to Final 
irony, is that momentum? 

5143
04:51:13,900 --> 04:51:18,700
Kills him, not directly, but he 
can't adjust a piece time back 

5144
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:21,100
in Babylon. 
After the campaigns, Alexander 

5145
04:51:21,100 --> 04:51:24,200
plans, new Expeditions Arabia 
Carthage. 

5146
04:51:24,200 --> 04:51:27,100
The Western Mediterranean, 
there's always another Target. 

5147
04:51:27,100 --> 04:51:31,100
His body is breaking down from 
wounds fever and excessive 

5148
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:35,400
drinking, but his mind still 
operates in campaign mode. when 

5149
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:39,600
he dies at 32, his planning 
rather than resting Momentum 

5150
04:51:39,600 --> 04:51:41,500
once started becomes hard to 
stop. 

5151
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,700
You're in a library centuries 
after Alexander's death 

5152
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:48,300
surrounded by Scrolls and 
histories written by people 

5153
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:50,100
trying to make sense of what 
happened. 

5154
04:51:50,900 --> 04:51:56,000
They've turned Alexander into 
myth philosophy and Legend, you 

5155
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:58,400
know, something, they don't you 
watched it happen. 

5156
04:51:58,400 --> 04:52:01,400
You saw the luck, the mistakes 
and the chaos. 

5157
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:04,900
That history smooth into 
narrative looking back at 

5158
04:52:04,900 --> 04:52:08,400
Alexander's improbable success. 
You see patterns that 

5159
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,800
contemporaries couldnt Phillips 
reforms, created the military 

5160
04:52:11,800 --> 04:52:15,600
instrument, Aristotle's teaching
provided the intellectual 

5161
04:52:15,600 --> 04:52:18,400
framework. 
Persian weakness offered the 

5162
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:21,100
opportunity. 
But none of it, guaranteed 

5163
04:52:21,100 --> 04:52:23,800
success. 
Your staring at a sequence of 

5164
04:52:23,800 --> 04:52:26,600
events where everything had to 
go approximately right for 

5165
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:31,600
Alexander to achieve what he did
and somehow improbably things 

5166
04:52:31,600 --> 04:52:33,200
did go approximately. 
Right? 

5167
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:36,700
The revisionist historians will 
argue that Alexander was 

5168
04:52:36,700 --> 04:52:39,000
inevitable. 
That the Persian Empire was 

5169
04:52:39,000 --> 04:52:43,100
right for conquest and that any 
competent Macedonian King could 

5170
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:45,600
have done it. 
But, you know, thats not since 

5171
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:48,700
Alexander's, brother, Philip 
Harry dayus couldn't have done 

5172
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:50,600
it. 
Neither could any of the other 

5173
04:52:50,600 --> 04:52:53,100
Macedonian Nobles. 
It required. 

5174
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:56,500
Someone with Alexander specific 
combination of military Talent, 

5175
04:52:56,500 --> 04:53:00,600
political cunning, physical, 
courage, and sheer stubborn 

5176
04:53:00,600 --> 04:53:04,100
refusal to accept limits. 
You also see what Alexander 

5177
04:53:04,100 --> 04:53:07,200
didn't accomplish. 
Conquered an Empire but didn't 

5178
04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:11,300
create a stable success estate. 
Within years of his death, his 

5179
04:53:11,300 --> 04:53:13,800
generals will carve up his 
territories into separate 

5180
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:17,500
kingdoms the unity. 
He forced through military power

5181
04:53:17,500 --> 04:53:21,200
collapses, the moment that power
disappears by that measure, 

5182
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:24,900
Alexander fails, he builds, 
nothing permanent beyond the 

5183
04:53:24,908 --> 04:53:28,200
cities named after him and The 
Roots, he opened between east 

5184
04:53:28,200 --> 04:53:31,200
and west. 
But the question was never where

5185
04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:34,000
the aleksander was supposed to 
succeed in creating a lasting 

5186
04:53:34,008 --> 04:53:36,600
Empire. 
The question was whether he was 

5187
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:39,900
supposed to win at all. 
And by that measure the answer 

5188
04:53:39,900 --> 04:53:43,800
is clearly, no, the odds against
a young Macedonian King, 

5189
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:45,500
Conquering. 
The Persian Empire were 

5190
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:48,200
astronomical. 
The fact that he did it anyway, 

5191
04:53:48,200 --> 04:53:51,800
does not mean it was probable or
inevitable, it means that 

5192
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:56,300
sometimes improbably things 
happen that weren't supposed to 

5193
04:53:56,308 --> 04:53:58,500
happen. 
You think about the people who 

5194
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,700
lived through aleksander's 
campaigns and wonder how they 

5195
04:54:01,700 --> 04:54:04,600
processed it. 
The person Nobles, who thought 

5196
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:07,500
they were defending an eternal 
Empire and instead watched it 

5197
04:54:07,500 --> 04:54:11,000
shatter, the Greek city-states, 
that mocked Macedonia. 

5198
04:54:11,000 --> 04:54:14,300
And then found themselves 
subject to Macedonian hegemony. 

5199
04:54:14,300 --> 04:54:18,900
The Indian kingdoms on the far 
edge of Alexander's Advanced who

5200
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:21,800
encountered Greeks for the first
time and had to make sense of 

5201
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:23,600
these strange Invaders from the 
West. 

5202
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:27,600
Their world was rearranged by 
someone who wasn't supposed to 

5203
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:30,200
rearrange it. 
There's a lesson in there about 

5204
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,700
history is unpredictability. 
The historians who come off 

5205
04:54:33,700 --> 04:54:37,000
after try to explain Alexander's
success as if it makes sense in 

5206
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:39,900
retrospect. 
But living through it the 

5207
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:43,300
outcome was far from certain at 
any point things could have gone

5208
04:54:43,300 --> 04:54:45,800
differently. 
Alexander could have died young 

5209
04:54:45,800 --> 04:54:48,000
from disease or battle or 
assassination. 

5210
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:51,300
The massive Army could have 
broken apart from internal 

5211
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:53,600
tensions. 
The Persian Empire could have 

5212
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:57,600
rallied and crushed the invasion
of these happened but they could

5213
04:54:57,600 --> 04:54:59,400
have and the stories were 
written. 

5214
04:54:59,400 --> 04:55:02,700
Centuries, later makes success 
seemed more floral Dane than it 

5215
04:55:02,708 --> 04:55:07,000
was you close your eyes, the 
library fading around you. 

5216
04:55:07,000 --> 04:55:10,700
The story of Alexander isn't 
really about how a young king 

5217
04:55:10,700 --> 04:55:13,400
conquered the world. 
It's about how someone who 

5218
04:55:13,400 --> 04:55:16,200
wasn't supposed to win. 
Kept winning anyway, through 

5219
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:20,600
Talent timing and tremendous 
luck until his troops. 

5220
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:23,400
Finally made him stop. 
It's a reminder that history 

5221
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:25,100
isn't a story written in 
advance. 

5222
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:29,300
It's a series of people making 
choices and taking risks where 

5223
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:31,300
outcomes aren't determined until
they happen. 

5224
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:37,200
Young Prince, born in Pella, in 
356, BCE to a dysfunctional 

5225
04:55:37,200 --> 04:55:40,400
family in a kingdom, nobody 
respected had no business. 

5226
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:44,000
Conquering, one of History's 
Greatest Empires but he did it 

5227
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:47,700
anyway and that's why thousands 
of years later were still trying

5228
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:50,000
to understand how it happened. 
Sleep. 

5229
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:59,400
Well, knowing that sometimes the
impossible becomes real Alright.

5230
04:55:59,400 --> 04:56:02,400
Yo, everyone. 
Tonight's journey is into a 

5231
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:05,300
story that unfolded not with 
grand speeches or public 

5232
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:07,700
battles. 
But through carefully, chosen 

5233
04:56:07,700 --> 04:56:12,500
details, quiet determination. 
And an understanding that beauty

5234
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:15,100
could be its own form of power 
tonight. 

5235
04:56:15,100 --> 04:56:18,700
You'll discover how one woman 
transformed the way American saw

5236
04:56:18,700 --> 04:56:22,400
themselves in their history. 
Working, not from headlines, but

5237
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:26,500
from the shadows of chandeliers,
the weight of antique chairs and

5238
04:56:26,500 --> 04:56:29,800
the simple Act of choosing which
paintings would hang on walls. 

5239
04:56:29,800 --> 04:56:33,400
That belong to everyone the 
stepping into the early 1960s 

5240
04:56:33,400 --> 04:56:37,100
when America was young and 
restless searching for his own 

5241
04:56:37,100 --> 04:56:38,600
reflection in the mirror of the 
world. 

5242
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:42,400
And if you will your standing in
a Manhattan apartment on a 

5243
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:46,000
winter afternoon in 1941, and 
the light coming through the 

5244
04:56:46,000 --> 04:56:49,200
tall Windows, has that 
particular quality that only 

5245
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,300
happens? 
When snow reflects the sun 

5246
04:56:51,300 --> 04:56:54,500
upward into rooms that normally 
live in Shadow? 

5247
04:56:54,500 --> 04:56:57,100
Yes, smells faintly a furniture 
polish. 

5248
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:00,000
And the paper of new books. 
And if you listen carefully, you

5249
04:57:00,000 --> 04:57:02,300
can hear someone turning pages 
in the Next Room. 

5250
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,500
Jacqueline Bouvier is 12 years 
old and she is reading about 

5251
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:09,600
Marie Antoinette again. 
Not the simplified version, they

5252
04:57:09,600 --> 04:57:13,200
teach in school where everything
reduces to cake and gear teams 

5253
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:16,700
that the complicated truth. 
Found in volumes her mother 

5254
04:57:16,700 --> 04:57:18,400
borrowed from the library at her
request. 

5255
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:21,700
She is fascinated by something 
most people Miss entirely. 

5256
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:26,000
Before the Revolution. 
Before everything fell apart, 

5257
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:29,400
Marie Antoinette had quietly. 
Commissioned some of the most 

5258
04:57:29,408 --> 04:57:33,300
beautiful Furniture ever made 
the young girl traces, her 

5259
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:36,100
finger over an illustration of a
writing desk with legs that 

5260
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:39,900
curve, like, flower stems and 
something clicks into place in 

5261
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:42,000
her mind about the relationship 
between objects. 

5262
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:45,200
And the people who live among 
them, her mother, Janet calls 

5263
04:57:45,200 --> 04:57:48,000
this attention to detail, but 
it's more than that. 

5264
04:57:48,000 --> 04:57:51,300
It's an understanding that the 
physical world tells stories 

5265
04:57:51,300 --> 04:57:54,400
about the people who shape it. 
And that those stories matter 

5266
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:56,400
more than most adults seem to 
realize. 

5267
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,700
When you visit someone's home, 
you're not just seeing their 

5268
04:57:59,700 --> 04:58:01,500
Furniture. 
You're reading their 

5269
04:58:01,500 --> 04:58:04,800
autobiography written in the 
language of choice, is made and 

5270
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:07,800
objects. 
Kept the Bouvier household runs 

5271
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:09,100
on a particular. 
Kind of order. 

5272
04:58:09,100 --> 04:58:11,700
That feels less like rules and 
more like choreography. 

5273
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:16,000
Meals happen at specific times, 
clothes are pressed. 

5274
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:19,900
Just so books are returned to 
their proper places on shelves, 

5275
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:21,900
arranged by both subject and 
size. 

5276
04:58:21,900 --> 04:58:25,100
Young, Jackie, learns to read 
rooms the way other children. 

5277
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:28,300
Learn to read faces 
understanding that the placement

5278
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:31,400
of a vest or the choice of a 
lampshade communicates. 

5279
04:58:31,400 --> 04:58:34,700
Something about the person who 
put it there her father Jack 

5280
04:58:34,700 --> 04:58:37,200
Bouvier has a different kind of 
influence. 

5281
04:58:37,200 --> 04:58:40,400
He's the sort of man who knows 
everyone in the room before he 

5282
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:42,700
enters it. 
You can make waiters laugh and 

5283
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:46,700
do men feel important with just 
a few words, he teaches his 

5284
04:58:46,700 --> 04:58:50,200
daughter, something her mother's
order, can't quite capture, the 

5285
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:54,500
performance of Grace, the way 
charm can open doors that remain

5286
04:58:54,500 --> 04:58:57,800
closed to force. 
She watches him navigate social 

5287
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:01,700
situations like a dancer, moving
through, a crowded floor, never 

5288
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:05,400
bumping into anyone always 
knowing exactly where to step 

5289
04:59:05,400 --> 04:59:09,000
next, but it's during summers at
the family's property in East 

5290
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:11,000
Hampton that something deeper 
takes root. 

5291
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:14,200
You're walking with a through 
grass that reaches your knees 

5292
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:17,300
passed, hydrangea bushes, heavy 
with blooms the size of your 

5293
04:59:17,308 --> 04:59:19,600
head and she is pointing out 
details. 

5294
04:59:19,600 --> 04:59:23,000
You wouldn't normally notice the
way the light changes color as 

5295
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,100
it filters through different 
leaves have the same motion 

5296
04:59:26,100 --> 04:59:28,500
looks completely different 
depending on whether you're 

5297
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:30,200
standing or sitting when you 
view it. 

5298
04:59:30,200 --> 04:59:32,600
She's building a vocabulary for 
beauty. 

5299
04:59:32,600 --> 04:59:36,600
That doesn't rely on the words. 
Other people use developing her 

5300
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:40,200
own language for describing. 
What makes one thing, lovely and

5301
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:43,200
another merely adequate. 
I miss Paul to school. 

5302
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:46,600
In Connecticut, her teachers 
noticed something unusual most 

5303
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:49,300
students approach literature as 
an assignment to be completed. 

5304
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:52,300
But Jackie reads like someone 
searching for instruction 

5305
04:59:52,300 --> 04:59:55,500
manuals on how to live. 
She copies passages into 

5306
04:59:55,500 --> 04:59:59,100
notebooks not because she has to
but because she wants to keep 

5307
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:03,000
certain sentences close the way 
you might keep photographs of 

5308
05:00:03,008 --> 05:00:05,600
places. 
You've loved the French teacher 

5309
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:08,100
watches her practice 
pronunciation with the kind of 

5310
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:10,600
focus usually reserved for 
religious devotion. 

5311
05:00:10,600 --> 05:00:14,200
Understanding that this teenage 
girl already knows something 

5312
05:00:14,200 --> 05:00:17,900
important language isn't just 
about communication. 

5313
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:22,800
It's about access to other ways 
of seeing the summer she spends 

5314
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:25,800
and France after her junior year
at Vassar shifts. 

5315
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:29,400
Everything slightly sideways 
you'll sit with her in a cafe in

5316
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:31,700
Grenoble, watching her watch the
way. 

5317
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:35,500
French women tie, their scarves,
hold their cigarettes and 

5318
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:38,600
gesture with their hands while 
talking she's not trying to 

5319
05:00:38,608 --> 05:00:41,500
become French. 
She's too smart for that kind of

5320
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:44,400
simple imitation. 
But she is absorbing something 

5321
05:00:44,400 --> 05:00:47,700
about the French relationship 
with style the way they treat 

5322
05:00:47,700 --> 05:00:50,700
presentation as a form of 
respect, rather than vanity. 

5323
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:56,000
She notices how French museums 
display their art Creating rooms

5324
05:00:56,000 --> 05:00:58,800
that feel like conversations 
between centuries rather than 

5325
05:00:58,800 --> 05:01:02,500
warehouses for old things. 
She sees how French families 

5326
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:05,800
treat mealtimes as sacred 
intervals in the day, not 

5327
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:07,700
interruptions to more important 
work. 

5328
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:10,700
Most of all she observes, how 
the French seemed to believe 

5329
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,900
that beauty isn't frivolous or 
superficial but essential Kind 

5330
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:17,700
of nourishment is necessary as 
food or sleep. 

5331
05:01:17,700 --> 05:01:21,000
By the time she meets John. 
Kennedy at a dinner party in 

5332
05:01:21,000 --> 05:01:23,600
1951. 
She is assembled a particular 

5333
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,100
set of skills that don't appear 
on any resume. 

5334
05:01:27,000 --> 05:01:30,200
She can look at a room and know,
within seconds, what's wrong 

5335
05:01:30,200 --> 05:01:34,100
with it and how to fix it. 
She can make small talk in three

5336
05:01:34,100 --> 05:01:36,600
languages. 
While simultaneously cataloging 

5337
05:01:36,600 --> 05:01:39,200
everything from the quality of 
the silverware to the way, the 

5338
05:01:39,200 --> 05:01:41,300
host and Hostess in tracked with
their staff. 

5339
05:01:41,300 --> 05:01:45,300
She understands that surfaces 
aren't shallow, they're the 

5340
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:48,100
first chapter of every story. 
The thing that determines 

5341
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,400
whether anyone will bother 
reading further the 12 year old 

5342
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,100
girl reading about Marie 
Antoinette in that Manhattan. 

5343
05:01:54,100 --> 05:01:57,500
Apartment has become a young 
woman who knows that changing 

5344
05:01:57,500 --> 05:02:01,200
health things look is one way of
changing, how people think about

5345
05:02:01,200 --> 05:02:05,900
them and that this kind of 
change, though, subtle can be 

5346
05:02:05,900 --> 05:02:08,800
more lasting than the kind that 
announces itself with trumpets 

5347
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:11,200
and headlines. 
You're walking into the White 

5348
05:02:11,200 --> 05:02:15,400
House for the first time as 
first lady in January, 1961, and

5349
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,100
the first thing that strikes you
isn't the history of the grand 

5350
05:02:18,100 --> 05:02:20,500
year. 
It's the overwhelming sense of 

5351
05:02:20,508 --> 05:02:23,000
neglect. 
Yes, smells like old heating 

5352
05:02:23,000 --> 05:02:26,200
systems and carpet that seem too
many decades of shoes. 

5353
05:02:26,200 --> 05:02:29,400
The furniture looks like what 
you'd find in a moderately 

5354
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:34,200
successful hotel from the 1920s.
Generic pieces chosen for 

5355
05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:36,400
durability rather than beauty or
meaning. 

5356
05:02:36,400 --> 05:02:39,600
The painting is on the walls, 
could be from anywhere bought in

5357
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:41,900
bulk. 
Perhaps telling no particular 

5358
05:02:41,900 --> 05:02:46,500
story about the nation that paid
for the Jackie, Kennedy stands 

5359
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:49,800
in the center of the green room 
and you can see her face doing 

5360
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:52,400
something complicated. 
She's not disgusted. 

5361
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:54,300
Exactly. 
But she certainly disappointed 

5362
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:56,400
more than that. 
She's puzzled. 

5363
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:59,500
This is the house that supposed 
to represent American 

5364
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:02,500
achievement to the world and it 
looks like nobody with any 

5365
05:03:02,500 --> 05:03:04,800
Authority is actually thought 
about what it's representing. 

5366
05:03:05,900 --> 05:03:09,700
The curtains are son faded. 
The upholstery is worn in ways 

5367
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:12,100
that suggest it wasn't 
particularly nice to begin with.

5368
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:16,500
Some of the antique furniture 
and there isn't much has been 

5369
05:03:16,508 --> 05:03:18,700
painted over with modern colors.
That hide. 

5370
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:21,900
The original would she makes a 
decision right there, that will 

5371
05:03:21,900 --> 05:03:24,600
consume the next. 
Three years of her life, the 

5372
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:27,700
White House needs to become what
it's supposed to be and she is 

5373
05:03:27,708 --> 05:03:30,900
going to make that happen, 
whether anyone helps her or not.

5374
05:03:30,900 --> 05:03:34,500
The first problem is that almost
none of the furniture art 

5375
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:36,600
actually belongs to the White 
House permanently. 

5376
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:41,300
Previous, first families have 
bought things used them and take

5377
05:03:41,300 --> 05:03:44,100
them home when they left. 
The house has no real 

5378
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,000
collection. 
No institutional memory built-in

5379
05:03:47,000 --> 05:03:49,200
objects. 
It's more like a rental property

5380
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:51,700
that various tenants have 
decorated, according to, their 

5381
05:03:51,700 --> 05:03:55,400
temporary tastes leaving behind.
Only what they didn't want badly

5382
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:59,300
enough to pack, Jackie starts 
making phone calls, she reaches 

5383
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:01,900
out to wealthy families who 
might have furniture Gathering 

5384
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:05,000
dust in their attics. 
Original American pieces made by

5385
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:08,600
Master Craftsmen in the 1800s 
that have been replaced by 

5386
05:04:08,600 --> 05:04:11,900
modern conveniences, she 
contacts historians who 

5387
05:04:11,908 --> 05:04:13,600
specialize in presidential 
history. 

5388
05:04:13,600 --> 05:04:16,700
Asking what kinds of objects 
would have been in the White 

5389
05:04:16,700 --> 05:04:18,700
House during its most 
significant moments. 

5390
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:21,100
She writes letters to museum 
directors. 

5391
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:24,500
Essentially asking if they have 
anything they'd be willing to 

5392
05:04:24,508 --> 05:04:27,600
loan indefinitely to the 
nation's most important house 

5393
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:33,100
The response surprises, everyone
except her American turns out a 

5394
05:04:33,100 --> 05:04:35,600
city on Treasure troves of 
historical ferniture and art 

5395
05:04:35,608 --> 05:04:37,500
that they forgotten to Value 
properly. 

5396
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:40,900
A family in Philadelphia has a 
desk that belonged to a 

5397
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:43,900
Revolutionary War General stored
in a barn because it doesn't 

5398
05:04:43,900 --> 05:04:47,500
match their current Decor a 
woman in Boston, has painting of

5399
05:04:47,500 --> 05:04:50,500
early American Landscapes that 
have been hanging in her guest 

5400
05:04:50,500 --> 05:04:53,800
room Gathering dust because 
nobody ever uses that room. 

5401
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:57,000
The collector in Virginia has 
been storing a set of chairs 

5402
05:04:57,000 --> 05:05:00,500
made for James Monroe, waiting 
for someone who would appreciate

5403
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:03,000
them properly. 
You're watching her work in a 

5404
05:05:03,008 --> 05:05:05,100
makeshift office. 
She set up in the White House 

5405
05:05:05,100 --> 05:05:07,400
and the organization is 
meticulous. 

5406
05:05:08,300 --> 05:05:12,300
She's created files for every 
room with photographs of what it

5407
05:05:12,300 --> 05:05:14,700
looks like now and sketches of 
what it could become. 

5408
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:18,100
She's compiled lists of 
furniture styles by period 

5409
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:20,800
cross-reference with which 
presidents were in office. 

5410
05:05:20,808 --> 05:05:23,600
When those styles were popular, 
she's tracking down the 

5411
05:05:23,600 --> 05:05:27,300
provenance of every piece that 
donors offer making sure nothing

5412
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:30,200
fake or historically 
questionable ends up on display.

5413
05:05:31,200 --> 05:05:35,600
This isn't redecorating. 
It's detective work archeology 

5414
05:05:35,600 --> 05:05:38,200
and education. 
All happening simultaneously. 

5415
05:05:38,200 --> 05:05:42,700
The work has a funny quality to 
it too because the White House 

5416
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,600
staff aren't quite sure what to 
make of this young first lady 

5417
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:48,700
who keeps asking them to move 
heavy ferniture around. 

5418
05:05:48,700 --> 05:05:52,900
So she can see how different 
Arrangements feel The chief 

5419
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:58,200
Usher JB West finds himself in 
the unusual position of Hosting,

5420
05:05:58,200 --> 05:06:01,400
what amounts to an ongoing 
Furniture audition, where chairs

5421
05:06:01,400 --> 05:06:05,100
and tables are brought in assess
and either accepted into the 

5422
05:06:05,100 --> 05:06:07,300
permanent collection or politely
declined. 

5423
05:06:07,300 --> 05:06:11,300
One after noon, Jackie rejects a
supposedly historical table 

5424
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,600
because she's noticed the screws
of the wrong kind for the 

5425
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:16,700
period. 
It's supposed to be from and 

5426
05:06:16,700 --> 05:06:18,800
West realizes. 
He's dealing with someone who's 

5427
05:06:18,800 --> 05:06:21,500
done her homework. 
She creates the White House, 

5428
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:25,200
historical Association, giving 
the restoration project of 

5429
05:06:25,200 --> 05:06:26,700
formal structure and 
credibility. 

5430
05:06:26,700 --> 05:06:30,100
She can visit his Congress to 
pass legislation, making the 

5431
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:33,500
White House, a museum To Future 
first families. 

5432
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:35,800
Can't simply redecorate. 
According to their personal 

5433
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:38,200
preferences and haul away. 
The good stuff. 

5434
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:43,300
When they leave, she recruit 
experts, curators historians and

5435
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,600
decorative Arts Specialists to 
serve on committees. 

5436
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:50,100
That will guide the restoration 
and protect it from anyone's 

5437
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:53,500
impulses to modernize or 
simplify the Blue Room. 

5438
05:06:53,500 --> 05:06:57,000
Becomes a study in careful, 
color theory with walls painted 

5439
05:06:57,000 --> 05:06:59,500
in a specific shade. 
That was popular during the 

5440
05:06:59,500 --> 05:07:03,000
1820s furnished, with pieces, 
that would have been considered 

5441
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:05,100
fashionable. 
When James Monroe was pressed, 

5442
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,300
and the Red Room receives 
curtains made from the same kind

5443
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:10,600
of silk, that would have hung 
there in 18660. 

5444
05:07:11,300 --> 05:07:14,900
The red not the bright modern 
shade but the deeper richer tone

5445
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:18,700
that natural dies produced the 
state dining room gets chairs 

5446
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:21,300
that were actually made for the 
White House in the 19th century.

5447
05:07:21,300 --> 05:07:24,600
Found in a government Warehouse 
where they'd been sent when 

5448
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:28,100
someone decided they looked too 
old fashioned, you're standing 

5449
05:07:28,100 --> 05:07:31,200
with her in the newly restored. 
Diplomatic reception room and 

5450
05:07:31,200 --> 05:07:32,900
she's explaining the wallpaper 
to you. 

5451
05:07:32,900 --> 05:07:36,700
It's a reproduction of an 1830 
design showing American 

5452
05:07:36,700 --> 05:07:41,600
Landscapes Niagara Falls, Boston
Harbor and Natural Bridge in 

5453
05:07:41,600 --> 05:07:43,800
Virginia. 
The original paper was founded 

5454
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:47,700
in a house in Maryland and 
expert spent months analyzing it

5455
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,000
to understand the printing 
technique and colors. 

5456
05:07:50,000 --> 05:07:53,200
Well enough to recreate it 
accurately, she's not just 

5457
05:07:53,200 --> 05:07:56,800
hanging pretty wallpaper, she's 
creating an immersive historical

5458
05:07:56,800 --> 05:08:00,600
experience where every surface 
tells visitors something true 

5459
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,400
about American history. 
The funny moments come 

5460
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,700
frequently, usually involving 
the intersection of her vision 

5461
05:08:06,700 --> 05:08:10,500
with practical, White House 
operations, the staff learns to 

5462
05:08:10,508 --> 05:08:14,300
hide Picture that particularly 
attached to because Jackie has a

5463
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:17,400
habit of wandering through 
service areas and suddenly 

5464
05:08:17,400 --> 05:08:20,200
declaring that a piece they've 
been using in a basement office 

5465
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:22,300
would be perfect for the second 
floor. 

5466
05:08:22,300 --> 05:08:26,000
One Carpenter makes the mistake 
of showing her a storage room 

5467
05:08:26,000 --> 05:08:28,900
full of old frames and she 
spends the next three hours 

5468
05:08:28,900 --> 05:08:33,500
going through every single one 
emerging Victorious with frames 

5469
05:08:33,500 --> 05:08:35,500
that turn out to be original to 
the building. 

5470
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:38,400
Perfect for the paintings. 
She's acquiring. 

5471
05:08:38,400 --> 05:08:42,700
By the time CBS Television comes
to film a special tour of the 

5472
05:08:42,700 --> 05:08:45,700
restored, White House in 
February 1962. 

5473
05:08:45,700 --> 05:08:48,200
The transformation is 
remarkable. 

5474
05:08:48,200 --> 05:08:51,400
More than 50 million people 
watched Jackie guided them 

5475
05:08:51,400 --> 05:08:53,600
through rooms that. 
Now, tell coherence stories 

5476
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:56,500
about American history and 
craftsmanship, she doesn't 

5477
05:08:56,500 --> 05:08:59,400
narrate like a tour, guide, 
reciting memorized facts. 

5478
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:03,400
She shares details like someone 
who's genuinely excited about 

5479
05:09:03,400 --> 05:09:05,500
what? 
She's learned pointing out the 

5480
05:09:05,500 --> 05:09:09,200
subtle curve in a chair leg or 
the way light hits of particular

5481
05:09:09,200 --> 05:09:11,900
painting at certain times. 
Of day. 

5482
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:14,900
The restoration isn't about 
luxury or showing off wealth. 

5483
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:18,200
It's about claiming that America
has a visual culture worth 

5484
05:09:18,200 --> 05:09:22,000
preserving and celebrating that 
the nation's history exists. 

5485
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:25,200
Not just in documents and 
battlefields but in the objects 

5486
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:28,700
people made and used. 
She's arguing through careful 

5487
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:31,900
Arrangement and selection that 
taking care of beautiful. 

5488
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:35,600
Things isn't shallow it's a form
of respecting the people who 

5489
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:39,600
made them and the history they 
represent, you're watching her a

5490
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:42,800
just a flower arrangement in the
entrance hall moving individual 

5491
05:09:42,800 --> 05:09:46,000
stems until the composition. 
Balances exactly right. 

5492
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:49,400
And you realize she is applying 
the same attention to detail 

5493
05:09:49,400 --> 05:09:51,100
here. 
That she learned as a 12 year 

5494
05:09:51,100 --> 05:09:54,800
old, studying French furniture, 
the difference is that now she's

5495
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,400
working at a scale that will 
influence how millions of people

5496
05:09:57,400 --> 05:10:00,800
think about American history and
she is doing it one carefully, 

5497
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:04,900
chosen chair at time, your city 
in a receiving line at a state 

5498
05:10:04,900 --> 05:10:07,700
dinner and you're watching, 
something remarkable happened 

5499
05:10:07,700 --> 05:10:11,300
that most people don't even 
notice the guest of Honor 

5500
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:14,500
tonight is the president of 
Pakistan and Jackie Kennedy is 

5501
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:18,100
speaking to him in French, not 
because he's French, but because

5502
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:19,800
French is the Diplomatic 
language. 

5503
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:23,000
They share the neutral. 
Ground were a first lady from 

5504
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:26,200
America and a president. 
From Pakistan, can meet his 

5505
05:10:26,208 --> 05:10:29,600
equals and conversation she's 
asking him about Mughal 

5506
05:10:29,600 --> 05:10:33,100
architecture and Face lights up 
with a particular pleasure. 

5507
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,100
People feel when someone from 
far away, cares about something 

5508
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:39,900
specific from their culture, not
just the obvious tourist 

5509
05:10:39,900 --> 05:10:44,000
destinations, but the deeper 
artistic traditions, this is 

5510
05:10:44,000 --> 05:10:47,200
cultural diplomacy, but it 
doesn't announce itself that way

5511
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:51,300
there are no formal negotiations
happening, no treaties being 

5512
05:10:51,300 --> 05:10:54,500
signed instead. 
There's just a moment of genuine

5513
05:10:54,500 --> 05:10:58,100
connection over shared 
appreciation for how humans have

5514
05:10:58,100 --> 05:11:01,300
expressed Beauty through 
buildings and that moment 

5515
05:11:01,300 --> 05:11:04,100
creates a warmth that will 
linger long after the dinner 

5516
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:08,200
ends influencing how this 
foreign leader thinks about 

5517
05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:11,600
Americans and their capacity for
understanding The Wider World, 

5518
05:11:11,600 --> 05:11:15,000
Jackie has figured out something
that most political figures Miss

5519
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:18,000
entirely. 
Culture is its own form of power

5520
05:11:18,000 --> 05:11:21,300
and sometimes showing people 
that you value, what they value,

5521
05:11:21,300 --> 05:11:24,700
accomplishes more than any 
amount of political pressure, 

5522
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:28,100
she prepares for State visits, 
the way students prepare for 

5523
05:11:28,100 --> 05:11:30,700
final exams. 
Reading about each country's 

5524
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:34,400
history art literature and music
looking for authentic 

5525
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:37,000
connections rather than 
superficial compliments to 

5526
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:38,800
deploy, you're in the white 
house. 

5527
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:41,600
Kitchen watching preparations 
for a dinner, honoring, French 

5528
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:45,100
minister of culture Andre 
Melrose and the attention to 

5529
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:48,900
detail is almost absurd. 
The menu has been crafted to 

5530
05:11:48,900 --> 05:11:50,700
honor French cullinary 
Traditions. 

5531
05:11:50,700 --> 05:11:53,900
While incorporating American 
ingredients creating a 

5532
05:11:53,900 --> 05:11:56,700
conversation in food about the 
relationship between the two 

5533
05:11:56,700 --> 05:12:00,200
countries. 
The wines are American chosen 

5534
05:12:00,200 --> 05:12:03,000
specifically to demonstrate that
American Vineyards. 

5535
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:06,100
Can produce quality that stands 
beside French standards. 

5536
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:09,700
The table settings, mix French, 
porcelain with American silver, 

5537
05:12:09,700 --> 05:12:13,200
every four, complete placed to 
suggest that these two cultures 

5538
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:15,200
can sit comfortably side by 
side. 

5539
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:18,200
But the real magic happens in 
the guest list. 

5540
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:21,400
Jackie is invited. 
American artists, writers and 

5541
05:12:21,400 --> 05:12:24,100
musicians not just politicians 
and diplomats. 

5542
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:28,000
She's creating an environment 
where Leonard Bernstein might 

5543
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:31,000
find himself talking with a 
visiting conductor from Vienna. 

5544
05:12:31,600 --> 05:12:34,300
We're an American painter, could
discuss technique with a 

5545
05:12:34,308 --> 05:12:37,500
sculptor from Italy. 
She's using the White House as a

5546
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:40,200
kind of cultural crossroads 
demonstrating. 

5547
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:43,000
That America has its own 
artistic Traditions, worth 

5548
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:46,400
taking seriously while 
remaining, genuinely curious 

5549
05:12:46,400 --> 05:12:49,900
about Traditions from elsewhere,
the funny moments emerge from 

5550
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:53,100
cultural misunderstandings that 
her preparation helps avoid 

5551
05:12:53,100 --> 05:12:55,900
before a state visit from the 
leader of Tunisia. 

5552
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:59,200
She learns that certain flowers,
have religious significance, 

5553
05:12:59,200 --> 05:13:01,500
that would make them 
inappropriate for table 

5554
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:03,800
Arrangements. 
She discovers that the 

5555
05:13:03,800 --> 05:13:07,000
traditional greeting gesture in 
one Asian country looks 

5556
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:09,600
remarkably like a gesture. 
That means something quite 

5557
05:13:09,600 --> 05:13:13,000
different in another and she 
makes sure protocol officers 

5558
05:13:13,000 --> 05:13:15,900
brief the president. 
So, nobody accidentally causes a

5559
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:19,900
fence, she becomes a kind of 
cultural translator creating 

5560
05:13:19,900 --> 05:13:23,200
Bridges between her husband's 
political objectives and the 

5561
05:13:23,200 --> 05:13:27,600
deeper human connections that 
make those objective her trip to

5562
05:13:27,600 --> 05:13:31,300
India and Pakistan in 1962 
becomes a masterclass. 

5563
05:13:31,800 --> 05:13:34,800
Approach, you're traveling with 
her watching, how she moves 

5564
05:13:34,800 --> 05:13:37,800
through each encounter. 
She doesn't feign interest. 

5565
05:13:37,800 --> 05:13:40,500
She's genuinely curious about 
everything from classical. 

5566
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:43,800
Dance forms to the techniques. 
Used in miniature painting, she 

5567
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:46,000
asked questions that reveal, 
she's done her homework. 

5568
05:13:46,000 --> 05:13:50,300
Understanding enough to inquire 
about specific details rather 

5569
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:53,300
than offering vague praise when 
she visits school. 

5570
05:13:53,300 --> 05:13:57,500
She doesn't just wave and smile.
She sits with students and asks 

5571
05:13:57,500 --> 05:13:59,600
about what they're learning 
demonstrating. 

5572
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:03,600
Respect for Education as a 
universal value that crosses all

5573
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:06,200
borders. 
The photographs from this trip, 

5574
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,900
tell their own story. 
There she is riding an elephant 

5575
05:14:09,900 --> 05:14:13,800
and ceremonial dress and somehow
she's managed to make it look 

5576
05:14:13,800 --> 05:14:17,900
both dignified and natural. 
As if riding elephant is simply,

5577
05:14:17,900 --> 05:14:20,300
what one does, when visiting 
places where elephants are 

5578
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:24,200
important, there she is at the 
Taj Mahal and her face shows 

5579
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:27,600
genuine Wonder rather than the 
practice expression of official 

5580
05:14:27,600 --> 05:14:30,300
appreciation. 
The people watching these images

5581
05:14:30,300 --> 05:14:33,000
around the world C One who's 
willing to participate 

5582
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:36,600
respectfully and other cultures,
traditions, and that willingness

5583
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:40,600
creates warmth toward America 
that no amount of political 

5584
05:14:40,600 --> 05:14:43,700
speeches, could manufacture back
at the White House? 

5585
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:46,800
She transformed State dinners 
from formal obligations into 

5586
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:48,800
events that people actually want
to attend. 

5587
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,400
You're at a dinner, honoring 
Nobel Prize winners and she's 

5588
05:14:52,400 --> 05:14:55,500
placed a physicist next to a 
poet and a novelist next to an 

5589
05:14:55,500 --> 05:14:58,400
economist creating unexpected 
conversations. 

5590
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:00,900
That wouldn't happen in more 
conventional seating 

5591
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:03,800
arrangements. 
She's invited Pablo casals to 

5592
05:15:03,808 --> 05:15:07,200
perform bringing one of the 
world's greatest selling out of 

5593
05:15:07,200 --> 05:15:10,500
semi-retirement to play in a 
room filled with people who will

5594
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:12,600
remember this evening for the 
rest of their lives. 

5595
05:15:12,600 --> 05:15:15,800
The Diplomatic Corps in 
Washington starts, to notice 

5596
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:19,500
that invitations to White House 
events have become genuinely 

5597
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:24,200
desirable, not just obligatory 
ambassadors, discover that these

5598
05:15:24,200 --> 05:15:27,300
aren't stuffy Formal Affairs 
where everyone makes careful, 

5599
05:15:27,300 --> 05:15:30,800
small talk and leaves early. 
Their evenings were interesting 

5600
05:15:30,800 --> 05:15:34,000
things actually happen, where 
you might hear extraordinary 

5601
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,000
music, or meet someone who 
changes, how you think about 

5602
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:40,000
something, the White House 
becomes a place where culture is

5603
05:15:40,008 --> 05:15:42,700
taken seriously as its own form 
of national strength. 

5604
05:15:42,700 --> 05:15:46,500
Not just decoration for 
political business, she uses 

5605
05:15:46,500 --> 05:15:49,600
fashion the same way. 
Understanding that what she 

5606
05:15:49,600 --> 05:15:53,100
wears to State occasions, sends 
messages about American style 

5607
05:15:53,100 --> 05:15:55,700
and values. 
Her clothes are elegant, but not

5608
05:15:55,700 --> 05:16:00,100
ostentatious modern, but not 
flashy demonstrating that 

5609
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:02,700
Americans can appreciate 
sophistication without 

5610
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:04,900
abandoning their Democratic 
principles. 

5611
05:16:04,900 --> 05:16:08,100
When she wears American 
designers to official events. 

5612
05:16:08,100 --> 05:16:11,900
She's making a quiet argument 
that American fashion can stand 

5613
05:16:11,908 --> 05:16:13,900
confidently beside European 
tradition. 

5614
05:16:13,900 --> 05:16:17,200
You're watching her prepare for 
a dinner with the president of 

5615
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:21,400
France and she chose an address 
in a shade of blue that somehow 

5616
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:24,600
manages to honor the French flag
while remaining distinctly 

5617
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:26,500
American in its cut and 
simplicity. 

5618
05:16:26,500 --> 05:16:29,000
It's a small thing, this choice 
of color. 

5619
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:31,500
But it communicates 
thoughtfulness about the 

5620
05:16:31,500 --> 05:16:33,800
relationship between nation's 
through the language of 

5621
05:16:33,800 --> 05:16:37,600
clothing. 
French, you take these details? 

5622
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:41,800
Seriously notice and appreciate 
the gesture the restoration 

5623
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:43,300
work. 
She's done on the White House 

5624
05:16:43,300 --> 05:16:47,100
becomes its own form of cultural
diplomacy foreign leaders 

5625
05:16:47,100 --> 05:16:50,100
touring the renovated rooms, see
that Americans value, history 

5626
05:16:50,100 --> 05:16:53,100
and craftsmanship. 
And that the nation isn't only 

5627
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:56,600
interested in modern progress, 
but also in preserving and 

5628
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,700
honoring its past. 
She's created an environment 

5629
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:02,500
that argues visually for 
American cultural maturity. 

5630
05:17:03,400 --> 05:17:06,400
Demonstrating that the 
relatively Young Nation has 

5631
05:17:06,400 --> 05:17:09,100
developed, its own Traditions 
worth maintaining and 

5632
05:17:09,100 --> 05:17:12,600
celebrating her approach to 
these diplomatic and cultural 

5633
05:17:12,600 --> 05:17:14,400
efforts has a quality of 
restraint. 

5634
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:17,700
That makes them more powerful. 
She doesn't give speeches about 

5635
05:17:17,700 --> 05:17:21,000
the importance of cultural 
exchange, she simply creates 

5636
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:23,300
environments where cultural 
exchange happens. 

5637
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:26,500
Naturally she doesn't announce 
that she studying, French, 

5638
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:29,700
literature or Indian history, 
she just knows enough to ask 

5639
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:31,900
good questions and make 
meaningful connections. 

5640
05:17:31,900 --> 05:17:34,500
She lets the work speak for 
itself. 

5641
05:17:34,500 --> 05:17:38,000
Understanding that the most 
effective diplomacy often 

5642
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:41,500
happens in the space is between 
official conversations in 

5643
05:17:41,500 --> 05:17:44,800
moments of genuine, human 
connection over shared 

5644
05:17:44,800 --> 05:17:46,700
appreciation, for beauty or 
ideas. 

5645
05:17:46,700 --> 05:17:50,300
Your standing with her in the 
White House Garden at dusk after

5646
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:52,400
a state dinner as ended and the 
guests of left. 

5647
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:56,500
She's looking at the Roses, 
she's a planted varieties. 

5648
05:17:56,500 --> 05:17:59,200
Chosen not just for their 
beauty, but for their historical

5649
05:17:59,200 --> 05:18:02,700
connections, to American 
president's families even here. 

5650
05:18:02,700 --> 05:18:06,000
In this quiet moment with no 
cameras or audiences. 

5651
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:09,700
She's thinking about how to use 
Beauty and history to tell 

5652
05:18:09,700 --> 05:18:13,200
stories about who Americans are 
and what they value, the 

5653
05:18:13,200 --> 05:18:16,900
diplomacy continues, even when 
nobody's watching built into the

5654
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:19,800
very landscape of the place. 
She's transformed into something

5655
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:22,600
that represents the nation at 
its most thoughtful and 

5656
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:24,600
welcoming. 
You're in a room full of 

5657
05:18:24,600 --> 05:18:26,800
reporters. 
And there's a question hanging 

5658
05:18:26,800 --> 05:18:29,800
in the air about something 
personal something that pokes at

5659
05:18:29,800 --> 05:18:33,200
the boundary between public 
interest and private life, you 

5660
05:18:33,200 --> 05:18:35,600
watch Jackie Kennedy's face. 
Do something subtle. 

5661
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:39,700
Not quite a smile, not quite a 
wall going up, but something 

5662
05:18:39,700 --> 05:18:42,700
that politely redirects the 
conversation back to territory. 

5663
05:18:42,700 --> 05:18:45,100
She's willing to discuss the 
reporters. 

5664
05:18:45,100 --> 05:18:48,400
Don't feel shut down but somehow
the personal question has been 

5665
05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:51,600
answered without actually being 
answered and the interview 

5666
05:18:51,600 --> 05:18:53,900
continues smoothly toward Safer 
ground. 

5667
05:18:53,900 --> 05:18:57,800
This is restrained as a form of 
power and she's developed it in 

5668
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:00,300
to something like an art form in
an era. 

5669
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:03,100
When television is making 
everything more visible when 

5670
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:05,700
cameras want to follow 
presidents families into rooms, 

5671
05:19:05,700 --> 05:19:09,400
that previous generations would 
have considered private Is 

5672
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:12,000
figured out how to maintain 
boundaries without seeming cold 

5673
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:14,800
or unfriendly. 
She understands something 

5674
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:17,400
important. 
You can't control everything 

5675
05:19:17,400 --> 05:19:20,500
people say about you, but you 
can control what you give them 

5676
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:23,800
to work with. 
The challenge is unique to her 

5677
05:19:23,800 --> 05:19:26,600
generation of first ladies 
Eleanor Roosevelt had to 

5678
05:19:26,608 --> 05:19:29,900
navigate radio and newspapers 
but television is different. 

5679
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,300
More immediate, more intimate 
and more hungry for content. 

5680
05:19:34,100 --> 05:19:38,300
Cameras want to see everything. 
How she raises her children, how

5681
05:19:38,300 --> 05:19:40,900
she decorates her private rooms,
watch what she eats for 

5682
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:43,800
breakfast, and how she spend a 
weekends? 

5683
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:47,100
She needs to feed this appetite 
enough to maintain public 

5684
05:19:47,100 --> 05:19:50,500
interest without surrendering. 
The Privacy that makes Family 

5685
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:52,800
Life. 
Bearable, your watching her with

5686
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:54,500
Caroline and John in the white 
house. 

5687
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:57,600
And there's a careful 
choreography to what the cameras

5688
05:19:57,600 --> 05:20:01,200
are allowed to capture official 
photographs show, Sweet Moments 

5689
05:20:01,200 --> 05:20:04,600
children playing in the Oval 
Office family time that looks 

5690
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,800
casual, but is actually quite 
controlled what the cameras 

5691
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:11,600
don't see, is everything else. 
The normal chaos of children 

5692
05:20:11,600 --> 05:20:15,400
being children, the difficult 
moments, and the private family 

5693
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:17,700
dynamics. 
That every household experience 

5694
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:20,100
is that that would become 
tabloid fodder. 

5695
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,900
If revealed she's created a kind
of protective bubble around her 

5696
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:28,100
children understanding that they
didn't choose this exposure and 

5697
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:29,900
deserve as much normal 
childhood. 

5698
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:31,200
As circumstances. 
Permit. 

5699
05:20:31,200 --> 05:20:34,700
Caroline attends, a small 
school, that Jackie is 

5700
05:20:34,700 --> 05:20:38,000
essentially created at the white
Bringing in other children. 

5701
05:20:38,000 --> 05:20:41,500
So her daughter is an isolated 
but also isn't on display at a 

5702
05:20:41,500 --> 05:20:44,800
regular school, where every 
moment might become news, it's a

5703
05:20:44,800 --> 05:20:47,800
compromise between the demands 
of public life and the needs of 

5704
05:20:47,808 --> 05:20:50,600
a child who just wants to play 
without cameras, documenting, 

5705
05:20:50,600 --> 05:20:55,200
every scraped knee, and lost 
tooth. the funny thing is how 

5706
05:20:55,200 --> 05:20:59,000
she uses photography to protect 
privacy by allowing certain 

5707
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:02,600
carefully, managed images, she 
satisfies some of the Public's 

5708
05:21:02,600 --> 05:21:06,800
curiosity and reduces the value 
of intrusive Paparazzi shots 

5709
05:21:07,500 --> 05:21:10,300
Official photographers Capture 
Moments that show the family as 

5710
05:21:10,300 --> 05:21:14,200
warm and relatable creating a 
narrative that fills the space 

5711
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:16,200
where speculation might 
otherwise grow. 

5712
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:19,600
Its a sophisticated 
understanding of media relations

5713
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:23,200
give people enough of what they 
want that they're less desperate

5714
05:21:23,200 --> 05:21:26,400
to find what your hiding. 
Her own public appearances. 

5715
05:21:26,400 --> 05:21:30,000
Follow similar principles, she 
gives interviews but their 

5716
05:21:30,000 --> 05:21:33,300
limited and carefully prepared. 
She appears at official 

5717
05:21:33,300 --> 05:21:35,400
functions. 
But always with clear boundaries

5718
05:21:35,400 --> 05:21:38,500
about what's appropriate to 
discuss when she does speak 

5719
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:41,400
publicly her words. 
Chosen for their Precision, 

5720
05:21:41,400 --> 05:21:44,800
saying exactly what she means to
say and nothing more. 

5721
05:21:44,800 --> 05:21:49,300
She's learned that in politics 
vagina can be useful, but so can

5722
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:53,200
specificity knowing which to use
awareness part of the skill. 

5723
05:21:54,000 --> 05:21:56,100
Your listening to her, being 
interviewed about the White 

5724
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:59,000
House, restoration and she's 
doing something interesting. 

5725
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:03,700
She's genuinely enthusiastic and
knowledgeable sharing details 

5726
05:22:03,700 --> 05:22:07,000
that demonstrate her expertise, 
but she never makes it about 

5727
05:22:07,000 --> 05:22:10,700
herself. 
Focus stays on the history, the 

5728
05:22:10,700 --> 05:22:13,700
Craftsman who made the furniture
and the donors who have 

5729
05:22:13,700 --> 05:22:16,500
contributed pieces. 
She's the narrator of this 

5730
05:22:16,500 --> 05:22:18,200
story. 
Not its hero. 

5731
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:21,500
And that modesty makes her more 
likeable while. 

5732
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:24,300
Also deflecting attention from 
her personal life, onto the 

5733
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,500
project itself. 
The pressure on her appearance 

5734
05:22:27,500 --> 05:22:31,400
is constant and intense. 
Every outfit is analyzed every 

5735
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:32,400
hairstyle. 
Discussed. 

5736
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:35,200
And every public appearance 
dissected for what her choices. 

5737
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:39,100
Might mean, she handles this by 
developing a consistent style, 

5738
05:22:39,100 --> 05:22:43,100
that's elegant, but not flashy. 
Becoming almost a living logo of

5739
05:22:43,100 --> 05:22:46,600
American Grace. 
The consistency is strategic. 

5740
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:50,200
When you look essentially the 
same at every official function,

5741
05:22:50,200 --> 05:22:54,400
individual appearances, become 
less news worthy and the focus 

5742
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:57,700
can shift to what you're doing, 
rather than what you're wearing.

5743
05:22:57,700 --> 05:23:01,100
But there's a cost to this 
restraint that you can sometimes

5744
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,400
see if your paying attention. 
You're watching her at a 

5745
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:06,500
campaign event during the 1968 
election. 

5746
05:23:07,300 --> 05:23:10,600
For just a moment when she 
thinks, nobody's looking her 

5747
05:23:10,600 --> 05:23:14,600
face shows fatigue, the constant
performance of Grace, the 

5748
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:17,900
never-ending requirement to look
poised and say the right things,

5749
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:20,900
the knowledge that every gesture
will be analyzed. 

5750
05:23:21,600 --> 05:23:24,600
It's exhausting in ways that 
aren't visible in the official 

5751
05:23:24,600 --> 05:23:27,400
photographs. 
She protects this weariness from

5752
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:30,900
public view, understanding that 
showing vulnerability, might be 

5753
05:23:30,900 --> 05:23:34,600
interpreted as weakness or 
dissatisfaction, she's trapped 

5754
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,300
between an older generation. 
That believed, first ladies 

5755
05:23:37,300 --> 05:23:40,500
should be nearly invisible and a
new generation that wants to 

5756
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:44,000
know everything about everyone. 
She is creating a middle path. 

5757
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:48,500
Visible enough to satisfy modern
expectations, restrained enough 

5758
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:51,300
to maintain dignity and privacy 
the White House. 

5759
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:54,200
Social secretary, learns to 
navigate, Jackie's, boundaries 

5760
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,700
understanding, which events, the
first lady will attend and which

5761
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:02,300
shall skip Which photographs are
acceptable and which cross the 

5762
05:24:02,300 --> 05:24:04,700
line? 
There's a careful gatekeeping 

5763
05:24:04,700 --> 05:24:07,600
happening protecting her from 
becoming Overexposed. 

5764
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:10,300
While ensuring she remains 
enough in the public eye to 

5765
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:13,600
satisfy political requirements. 
It's a delicate balance that 

5766
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:16,900
requires constant adjustment 
reading public, mood while 

5767
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,500
maintaining personal limits, 
you're in a receiving line, at a

5768
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:23,400
state dinner, watching her Greek
guests after guests with what 

5769
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:27,700
looks like genuine warmth, and 
it probably is genuine for the 

5770
05:24:27,708 --> 05:24:30,700
first 20 people. 
By the time you get to guess 

5771
05:24:30,708 --> 05:24:33,800
number 80, the warmth is still 
there on the surface, but you 

5772
05:24:33,808 --> 05:24:37,300
can see that she's running on 
reserves performing graciousness

5773
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:41,200
through sheer will and training.
She's learned to Pace herself to

5774
05:24:41,200 --> 05:24:44,600
conserve energy for the moments 
that matter most and to make 

5775
05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:48,400
every interaction feel special, 
even when she had a hundred 

5776
05:24:48,400 --> 05:24:52,000
identical interactions. 
That evening, her relationship 

5777
05:24:52,000 --> 05:24:56,100
with the Press is Complicated by
this restraint, reporters want 

5778
05:24:56,100 --> 05:24:59,900
access once stories, and want 
the Cells that will make their 

5779
05:24:59,900 --> 05:25:03,700
articles, interesting, she gives
them just enough providing 

5780
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:06,800
occasional controlled access 
that creates positive stories 

5781
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:09,600
while denying the kind of 
unlimited access. 

5782
05:25:09,600 --> 05:25:12,600
That would turn her family's 
life into a daily soap, opera 

5783
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:16,400
some reporters, appreciate the 
professionalism others chafe at 

5784
05:25:16,400 --> 05:25:19,200
the restrictions frustrated, by 
their inability, to get the 

5785
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:20,900
intimate details. 
That sell papers. 

5786
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:24,100
She's particularly protective 
about political matters, 

5787
05:25:24,100 --> 05:25:28,100
understanding that first. 
Ladies public opinions on policy

5788
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:30,800
could create problems for her 
husband's Administration. 

5789
05:25:30,800 --> 05:25:35,100
When asked about controversial 
issues, she redirects to save 

5790
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:39,800
topics culture history, and 
children is not that she lacks 

5791
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:43,200
opinions, but she's made a 
calculation that expressing them

5792
05:25:43,200 --> 05:25:46,600
publicly serves, no useful 
purpose and creates potential 

5793
05:25:46,600 --> 05:25:49,700
complications. 
The restraint here is strategic 

5794
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:52,500
protecting her husband's 
political flexibility. 

5795
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:55,100
While maintaining her own 
influence, through quieter to 

5796
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:58,800
channels, you're sitting with 
her in a private moment rare and

5797
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:00,900
Brief. 
And she is talking about the 

5798
05:26:00,900 --> 05:26:02,500
price of this constant 
performance. 

5799
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:06,200
She doesn't complain. 
Exactly, that's not her style. 

5800
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:09,800
But she acknowledges that living
in history, Spotlight requires 

5801
05:26:09,800 --> 05:26:13,900
giving up kinds of spontaneity 
and privacy that Ordinary People

5802
05:26:13,900 --> 05:26:16,100
take for. 
Granted she can't take her 

5803
05:26:16,100 --> 05:26:18,300
children to a park without it 
becoming news. 

5804
05:26:19,100 --> 05:26:22,000
Can't have a bad day without it 
being interpreted as 

5805
05:26:22,000 --> 05:26:24,700
significant. 
She can't make a minor mistake 

5806
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:27,300
without it being magnified into 
a major story. 

5807
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:30,600
The restraints you practices 
becomes part of a legacy 

5808
05:26:30,600 --> 05:26:34,900
demonstrating a kind of dignity 
that influences how future first

5809
05:26:34,900 --> 05:26:38,500
ladies navigate The Impossible 
position of being both private 

5810
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,800
citizens and public figures. 
She shows that it's possible to 

5811
05:26:41,808 --> 05:26:45,100
maintain mystery while remaining
approachable to protect your 

5812
05:26:45,100 --> 05:26:48,300
family while serving the public 
and to be both visible and 

5813
05:26:48,300 --> 05:26:52,200
restrained, it's a complicated 
dance and she's figured out the 

5814
05:26:52,200 --> 05:26:56,300
steps better than almost anyone 
before her creating a template 

5815
05:26:56,300 --> 05:26:59,000
that will influence how public 
figures manage privacy for 

5816
05:26:59,000 --> 05:27:03,000
generations to come your city in
front of a television on a 

5817
05:27:03,000 --> 05:27:05,800
November afternoon in 1963 
watching. 

5818
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,600
Something that doesn't make 
sense that your brain keeps 

5819
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,300
trying to reject as impossible. 
President has been shot. 

5820
05:27:13,000 --> 05:27:16,000
The president is dead. 
The words come through the 

5821
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:19,100
television speaker, but they 
sound like they're in a foreign 

5822
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:21,000
language. 
Like, if you just listen more 

5823
05:27:21,000 --> 05:27:23,500
carefully, they'll rearrange 
themselves into something that 

5824
05:27:23,500 --> 05:27:26,500
can be true. 
Jacqueline Kennedy is 34 years 

5825
05:27:26,500 --> 05:27:29,900
old and in the space of a few 
hours, her life is split into 

5826
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:31,900
before. 
And after with such violence 

5827
05:27:31,900 --> 05:27:34,400
that the divisional never fully 
heal. 

5828
05:27:34,400 --> 05:27:37,700
You see her on the television 
and there's blood on her pink 

5829
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:40,700
suit. 
The president's blood your mind 

5830
05:27:40,700 --> 05:27:44,200
supplies reluctantly. 
And she's refused to change out 

5831
05:27:44,200 --> 05:27:46,100
of it. 
She wants people to see what 

5832
05:27:46,100 --> 05:27:49,800
they've done though who exactly?
They are isn't clear yet and 

5833
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:53,400
maybe it never will be what 
happens over the next four days 

5834
05:27:53,400 --> 05:27:56,900
becomes a kind of masterclass in
how to transform private grief 

5835
05:27:56,900 --> 05:28:00,500
into public comfort. 
How to help a nation mourn when 

5836
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:02,500
your own mourning is a wound 
that still bleeding. 

5837
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:06,200
She makes decisions in those 
days that shape how Americans 

5838
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:09,300
will remember this moment for 
the rest of the century and she 

5839
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,300
makes them while carrying a 
weight of personal loss that 

5840
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:14,600
would break. 
Most people, you're watching her

5841
05:28:14,600 --> 05:28:17,500
plan the funeral and she is 
thinking about Abraham Lincoln 

5842
05:28:17,500 --> 05:28:20,600
not because the two 
assassinations are alike in 

5843
05:28:20,608 --> 05:28:24,100
their circumstances but because 
Lincoln's funeral created 

5844
05:28:24,100 --> 05:28:27,100
template for how America Mourns 
its fall and leaders. 

5845
05:28:27,100 --> 05:28:30,700
She remembers the photograph. 
She seen horse strong case on 

5846
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:33,700
the riderless horse with boots 
reversed in the spirits. 

5847
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:37,300
The long slow procession through
streets lined with grieving 

5848
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:41,300
cities, and she's going to 
recreate that, not because she's

5849
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:42,800
thinking about history in this 
moment. 

5850
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,900
But because history offers a 
structure to hold grief, that 

5851
05:28:46,900 --> 05:28:49,500
might otherwise become shapeless
and overwhelming. 

5852
05:28:50,200 --> 05:28:54,300
Planning happens in fragments in
moments, snatched between waves 

5853
05:28:54,300 --> 05:28:57,800
of shock and sorrow. 
She specific about details that 

5854
05:28:57,800 --> 05:29:01,300
might seem trivial to others but
matter immensely to her. 

5855
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,000
The case on should be the same 
one that carried Franklin, D 

5856
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:07,800
Roosevelt, the music should 
include the Navy. 

5857
05:29:07,800 --> 05:29:11,700
Hymn the burial should be at 
Arlington, where rows of white 

5858
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,900
markers testify to other 
sacrifices for the nation. 

5859
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:17,900
She's creating a ritual that 
will help millions of people 

5860
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:20,600
process. 
What feels unprocessable and 

5861
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:22,600
she's doing it. 
While her own children needed to

5862
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:26,300
explain why their father won't 
be coming home your standing on 

5863
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:29,800
a street corner, in Washington 
as the funeral procession passes

5864
05:29:29,800 --> 05:29:32,300
and the silence is 
extraordinary. 

5865
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:36,400
Hundreds of thousands of people 
have come to witness this and 

5866
05:29:36,400 --> 05:29:38,200
nobody's speaking about a 
whisper. 

5867
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:42,100
The only sounds a horses hooves 
on pavement, the wheels of the 

5868
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:45,600
case on and the muffled drums 
that Mark time for the slow 

5869
05:29:45,600 --> 05:29:49,200
March, and there's Jackie 
walking behind the case on 

5870
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:52,300
leading A procession of world 
leaders who've come to pay 

5871
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,400
respects. 
She's wearing a black veil and 

5872
05:29:55,400 --> 05:29:58,100
beneath it. 
Her face is composed in a way 

5873
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:01,800
that looks almost peaceful as if
she's found some private place 

5874
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:06,500
inside herself where grief can 
coexist with Duty, the image of 

5875
05:30:06,508 --> 05:30:09,500
her lighting, the Eternal Flame 
at the grave side becomes one of

5876
05:30:09,500 --> 05:30:11,900
the most powerful photographs of
the decade. 

5877
05:30:11,900 --> 05:30:14,900
You can see in that gesture. 
Something about permanent in the

5878
05:30:14,900 --> 05:30:18,200
face of loss, about creating 
markers that will Outlast 

5879
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:21,100
individual memory. 
She is thinking about people who

5880
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:24,900
will visit this grave 5 years 
from now, 100 years from now. 

5881
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:27,500
And she's giving them a focal 
point for reflection. 

5882
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:31,700
A place where the symbol of the 
Eternal Flame suggests that some

5883
05:30:31,700 --> 05:30:35,600
lights don't go out. even when 
The people who carry them on 

5884
05:30:35,600 --> 05:30:37,500
gone. 
What she's doing in these days 

5885
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:39,700
is creating what will come to be
called Camelot? 

5886
05:30:39,700 --> 05:30:43,300
A way of remembering the Kennedy
administration that emphasizes 

5887
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:46,600
its Grace, and promise, rather 
than its incompleteness and 

5888
05:30:46,600 --> 05:30:48,700
tragedy a week after the 
funeral. 

5889
05:30:48,700 --> 05:30:52,400
She invites journalist her home 
and talks about how her husband 

5890
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:56,300
loved the musical Camelot, How 
we would play the original cast 

5891
05:30:56,300 --> 05:30:59,700
recording before bed and had a 
particular affection for the 

5892
05:30:59,700 --> 05:31:03,400
lines about one brief Shining 
Moment. 

5893
05:31:04,200 --> 05:31:06,500
You're listening to this 
interview and you understand 

5894
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:09,900
that she's consciously shaping 
memory, creating a narrative 

5895
05:31:09,900 --> 05:31:12,800
that will give people Something 
Beautiful to hold on to rather 

5896
05:31:12,800 --> 05:31:15,700
than just grief and questions 
without answers. 

5897
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:20,000
Some will later criticized this 
as myth, making as a false 

5898
05:31:20,000 --> 05:31:22,200
history that obscures, more 
complex truths about the 

5899
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:25,600
Kennedy, president sea. 
But in the moment, what she's 

5900
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:28,200
offering is Comfort a way to 
remember that. 

5901
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:31,600
Feel sustainable that allows for
more morning without becoming 

5902
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:34,700
mired in despair. 
The Camelot frame gives people 

5903
05:31:34,700 --> 05:31:37,200
permission to grieve for what 
might have been rather than 

5904
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:40,200
getting stuck in. 
What was it transforms a 

5905
05:31:40,208 --> 05:31:44,000
president, he cut short into a 
symbol of possibility letting 

5906
05:31:44,000 --> 05:31:45,900
Americans project their hopes 
onto. 

5907
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:49,600
What might have happened if 
those Thousand Days had become a

5908
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,700
Year's, it's not entirely Fair, 
no president. 

5909
05:31:52,700 --> 05:31:54,400
He could live up to the 
idealized version. 

5910
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:57,000
She's creating the fan isn't the
point. 

5911
05:31:57,000 --> 05:32:00,500
The point is helping a nation 
wounded by violence. 

5912
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,600
Find a way to move forward, 
without simply moving on. 

5913
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:07,000
Your watching her with Caroline 
and John in the months after the

5914
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,100
assassination and the public 
rarely sees this part. 

5915
05:32:11,000 --> 05:32:13,300
Is trying to maintain some 
normalcy for children, who've 

5916
05:32:13,300 --> 05:32:15,500
lost their father and their home
simultaneously. 

5917
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:18,400
Who've watched their mother 
become an icon of grief in 

5918
05:32:18,400 --> 05:32:21,500
addition to being their mother. 
She reads them stories about 

5919
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:24,200
their father, creating a 
narrative that will let them 

5920
05:32:24,200 --> 05:32:27,200
know him as more than just 
photographs and public memory. 

5921
05:32:28,100 --> 05:32:31,800
She's protecting their right to 
mourn privately while the nation

5922
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,900
Mourns publicly. 
The funny thing, though, funny 

5923
05:32:34,900 --> 05:32:38,600
isn't quite the right word. 
Is how her Grace under this 

5924
05:32:38,600 --> 05:32:41,800
impossible pressure becomes its 
own form of comfort to others. 

5925
05:32:42,800 --> 05:32:45,700
People who've lost loved ones. 
Find something in her example 

5926
05:32:45,700 --> 05:32:47,900
that helps them bear their own 
grief. 

5927
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:51,400
She's demonstrating that it's 
possible to be broken and still 

5928
05:32:51,400 --> 05:32:55,900
function to carry loss and still
create meaning and to mourn 

5929
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:59,300
deeply, while continuing to care
for others who need you, she's 

5930
05:32:59,300 --> 05:33:02,900
not trying to be an example, 
she's just trying to survive but

5931
05:33:02,900 --> 05:33:06,200
the example happens. 
Anyway, let us pour in from 

5932
05:33:06,200 --> 05:33:09,200
around the world, millions of 
them from people who want to 

5933
05:33:09,208 --> 05:33:11,500
express their sympathy and their
admiration. 

5934
05:33:11,500 --> 05:33:14,300
You're in a room where some of 
these letters are being sorted 

5935
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:18,100
and the pile, never seems to get
smaller, they come from heads of

5936
05:33:18,108 --> 05:33:21,000
state, and from school, children
from veterans. 

5937
05:33:21,000 --> 05:33:23,600
And from people who've never 
been interested in politics. 

5938
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,900
But felt moved by the dignity, 
with which she is carried. 

5939
05:33:26,900 --> 05:33:29,300
This burden, she won't read most
of them. 

5940
05:33:29,300 --> 05:33:31,500
There are enough hours and a 
lifetime. 

5941
05:33:31,500 --> 05:33:35,800
But knowing they exist, offers 
his own kind of comfort evidence

5942
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:38,100
that the private suffering has 
been witnessed. 

5943
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:40,400
And honored. 
She makes a decision to leave 

5944
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,800
Washington understanding that 
she can't re Life in a city, 

5945
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,300
where every street corner holds 
memory of what's been lost. 

5946
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:50,000
She moves to New York creating 
distance from the political 

5947
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:52,000
world that's continued without 
her husband. 

5948
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:55,500
Starting over in a place where 
she can be something other than 

5949
05:33:55,500 --> 05:33:57,700
history's Widow. 
But the image from those 

5950
05:33:57,700 --> 05:34:01,400
November days, the composed face
Beneath The Veil, The steady 

5951
05:34:01,400 --> 05:34:05,400
walk behind the case and the 
Hand lighting, the eternal flame

5952
05:34:05,400 --> 05:34:09,900
that image, persists, coming 
shorthand for a kind of strength

5953
05:34:09,900 --> 05:34:14,100
that doesn't announce itself. 
But simply endures you're in New

5954
05:34:14,108 --> 05:34:17,500
York City in 1964. 
And Jackie Kennedy is learning 

5955
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:20,400
to be someone other than a first
lady the apartment. 

5956
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,200
She's chosen on Fifth Avenue, 
Overlook Central Park. 

5957
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:27,200
Offering views that change with 
the seasons bare branches in 

5958
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:31,300
Winter, explosive Green in 
Spring and the golden fade of 

5959
05:34:31,308 --> 05:34:33,800
Autumn. 
It's deliberately far from 

5960
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:37,400
Washington's political 
landscape, a fresh start in a 

5961
05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:39,200
city. 
That's used to celebrate, his 

5962
05:34:39,200 --> 05:34:41,700
and knows how to let them blend 
into crowds. 

5963
05:34:41,700 --> 05:34:45,700
The transition is harder than 
anyone from outside, might guess

5964
05:34:45,700 --> 05:34:49,400
for three years. 
Every day had structure provided

5965
05:34:49,400 --> 05:34:53,800
by officials social secretaries 
and staff, who manage the 

5966
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:56,600
logistics of life. 
Now, she's responsible for 

5967
05:34:56,600 --> 05:34:59,000
ordinary things. 
Making sure there's food in the 

5968
05:34:59,008 --> 05:35:02,900
apartment, arranging Caroline 
school schedule, and figuring 

5969
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:05,300
out how to move through the 
world as a private citizen, 

5970
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:08,400
whose one of the most 
recognizable people on Earth, 

5971
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:11,800
you're with her on a relatively 
ordinary afternoon walking 

5972
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:15,000
through the city and you notice 
how she's developed techniques 

5973
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:19,100
for navigating public space. 
She wears large sunglasses, that

5974
05:35:19,100 --> 05:35:22,400
hide much of her face. 
She moves quickly with purpose 

5975
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:24,800
signaling to passes by that 
she's busy rather than 

5976
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:27,700
unavailable for conversation. 
She's learning, which 

5977
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:30,800
restaurants, have private 
entrances, which stores will let

5978
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:33,900
her shop after hours, and which 
parks are busy enough that she 

5979
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:37,100
can disappear into the crowd, 
but not so crowded that. 

5980
05:35:37,100 --> 05:35:39,600
She'll be constantly recognized 
the work. 

5981
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:42,300
She begins to do is different 
from anything she's done before,

5982
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:46,200
she takes a job as an editor at 
Viking press later, moving to 

5983
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:49,900
Doubleday and she's genuinely 
good at it, you're watching her 

5984
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:53,300
editor manuscript and the mark 
she makes on the pages show real

5985
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:57,300
skill, she can see where a 
narrative, drags where a 

5986
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,000
description needs sharpening and
where an author has been too 

5987
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:02,300
close to their material to 
notice repetition. 

5988
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:05,400
She's applying the same 
attention to detail, she brought

5989
05:36:05,400 --> 05:36:09,200
the White House restoration, but
now she shaping words and of 

5990
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:11,800
rooms. 
A colleague's learned to treat 

5991
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:14,500
her like any other editor, which
is what she wants. 

5992
05:36:14,500 --> 05:36:17,700
There are moments of humor in 
the office when someone forgets 

5993
05:36:17,700 --> 05:36:20,700
who she is and starts to gossip 
about recent political events, 

5994
05:36:21,800 --> 05:36:23,700
Then catchers herself, 
mid-sentence. 

5995
05:36:23,700 --> 05:36:27,000
Realizing she's talking to 
someone who lived the history, 

5996
05:36:27,000 --> 05:36:30,000
their discussing as gossip. 
She is gracious about these 

5997
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:33,100
moments understanding that. 
People need time to adjust to 

5998
05:36:33,100 --> 05:36:35,800
her presence to learn how to be 
natural around. 

5999
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:38,400
Someone whose face has been on 
More Magazine covers than, they 

6000
05:36:38,400 --> 05:36:41,600
could count the book. 
She chooses to work on reveal 

6001
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,200
interests that were always 
there, but couldn't be fully 

6002
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,000
explored during her White House 
years. 

6003
05:36:46,900 --> 05:36:50,400
She edits books about 
photography about ballet and 

6004
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:54,500
about historical preservation. 
She works on Memoirs of artists 

6005
05:36:54,500 --> 05:36:57,600
and writers, helping them shape,
their stories for public 

6006
05:36:57,600 --> 05:37:00,300
consumption. 
She's drawn to projects about 

6007
05:37:00,300 --> 05:37:03,800
beauty and culture but also to 
stories about people who have 

6008
05:37:03,808 --> 05:37:07,100
overcome difficulties and who've
rebuilt after loss. 

6009
05:37:07,100 --> 05:37:10,200
The work is Meaningful to her. 
In ways that go beyond the 

6010
05:37:10,208 --> 05:37:13,700
professional satisfaction, it's 
a connection to the world of 

6011
05:37:13,700 --> 05:37:16,800
ideas and creativity that 
politics only occasionally 

6012
05:37:16,800 --> 05:37:19,200
touches you're at a publishing 
party with her. 

6013
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:22,200
And she's talking with an author
whose biography she's been 

6014
05:37:22,200 --> 05:37:24,900
editing and there's a quality to
the conversation. 

6015
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:26,800
That's different from political 
small talk. 

6016
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:30,800
This is a genuine exchange of 
ideas questioning about 

6017
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:34,200
historical interpretation and 
discussion of how to balance 

6018
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,900
accuracy with readability. 
She is intellectually engaged in

6019
05:37:37,900 --> 05:37:40,700
ways that the role of first lady
for all its importance. 

6020
05:37:40,700 --> 05:37:43,800
Didn't always allow her. 
Children are growing up in this 

6021
05:37:43,800 --> 05:37:46,800
new life and she's fiercely 
protective of their privacy. 

6022
05:37:46,800 --> 05:37:50,800
Caroline attends, a prestigious 
Manhattan school but Jackie's 

6023
05:37:50,800 --> 05:37:53,400
made it clear to other parents 
and to the school administration

6024
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:56,300
that her daughter should be 
treated like any other student. 

6025
05:37:56,300 --> 05:37:58,200
No special. 
Privileges. 

6026
05:37:59,000 --> 05:38:02,000
No extra attention. 
When photographers try to catch 

6027
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:05,900
pictures of the children, she 
confronts them directly asking 

6028
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:08,700
them to imagine how they feel if
their own children couldn't play

6029
05:38:08,700 --> 05:38:11,600
without cameras. 
Documenting every moment the 

6030
05:38:11,600 --> 05:38:14,300
work of being Jacqueline Kennedy
separate from being Jackie, 

6031
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:18,400
Kennedy Onassis that comes later
involves finding ways to honor 

6032
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:20,400
what came before while building 
something new. 

6033
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:24,500
She establishes a foundation to 
support the Arts channeling. 

6034
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:28,000
The public's continued interest 
in her toward causes that matter

6035
05:38:28,000 --> 05:38:30,300
to her. 
She writes letters to donors and

6036
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:32,700
Foundations, applying the 
Diplomatic skills. 

6037
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:36,200
She learned during State visits 
to the work of fundraising and 

6038
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:40,700
advocacy, She still using her 
Fame, but now she's directing 

6039
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:42,200
it. 
Rather than being directed by 

6040
05:38:42,200 --> 05:38:45,100
it, you're with her at a 
fundraising Gala, for historic 

6041
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:47,100
preservation, and she's giving a
speech. 

6042
05:38:47,100 --> 05:38:50,700
That's characteristically 
modest, but affective She talks 

6043
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:52,900
about the importance of 
maintaining buildings that 

6044
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:55,200
connect present generations to 
the Past. 

6045
05:38:56,100 --> 05:38:59,000
About how physical spaces, hold 
memories and meaning that can't 

6046
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:02,600
be recreated if they're lost. 
She's applying lessons from the 

6047
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:05,900
White House, restoration to a 
broader context arguing for 

6048
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,700
preservation as a public good 
rather than a luxury. 

6049
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:12,600
The crowd responds warmly and 
afterwards checks are written. 

6050
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:15,300
That will save building shall 
never personally visit but whose

6051
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:17,700
survival. 
She's helped ensure the funny 

6052
05:39:17,700 --> 05:39:20,600
moments in this new life. 
Often involve the disconnect 

6053
05:39:20,600 --> 05:39:23,700
between her Public Image and her
private interests. 

6054
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:27,700
She loves watching television, 
especially coverage of sporting 

6055
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:30,600
events. 
She follows tennis closely and 

6056
05:39:30,600 --> 05:39:33,000
becomes an avid fan of 
professional cycling. 

6057
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:35,700
She enjoys going to the movies 
though. 

6058
05:39:35,700 --> 05:39:38,100
She has to time it carefully to 
avoid crowds, that might 

6059
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:40,700
recognize her. 
She reads, voraciously 

6060
05:39:40,700 --> 05:39:44,300
everything from dense, 
historical biographies to 

6061
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:48,100
trashy, novels finding pleasure 
in the Escape, that books, 

6062
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:50,800
provide these ordinary 
enjoyments exist. 

6063
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:55,000
Alongside the extraordinary fact
of who she is, creating a life 

6064
05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:59,400
that simultaneously normal and 
utterly unique her Friendship 

6065
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,600
Circle, expands to include 
people from outside politics, 

6066
05:40:02,600 --> 05:40:06,800
artists, writers, musicians, and
people who value her for her 

6067
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:11,000
mind and Company rather than her
connections to power your Rudder

6068
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:14,400
dinner party at her apartment 
and the conversation ranges from

6069
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:16,300
recent. 
Exhibitions at the Metropolitan 

6070
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:20,500
Museum to gossip about the 
publishing industry to someone's

6071
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:24,200
recent trip to Cambodia, she's 
created a social world that 

6072
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:27,200
feeds her intellectual interests
while maintaining the Privacy. 

6073
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:31,400
She needs to feel like herself. 
The relationship with our 

6074
05:40:31,400 --> 05:40:33,900
children deepens in ways that 
were harder during the White 

6075
05:40:33,900 --> 05:40:37,400
House years without the constant
demands of official duties. 

6076
05:40:37,400 --> 05:40:40,500
She has time to be present in 
ordinary ways, helping with 

6077
05:40:40,500 --> 05:40:43,800
homework, taking them to 
appointments and being there. 

6078
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:47,100
When they come home from school,
she's building normal rhythms 

6079
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,000
that were impossible when every 
day was scheduled months in 

6080
05:40:50,000 --> 05:40:53,400
advance, and private family time
had to be carved out of public 

6081
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:55,800
obligation. 
You're in the apartment on a 

6082
05:40:55,808 --> 05:40:58,600
quiet evening and she's looking 
through photographs from the 

6083
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:01,000
White House years. 
Organizing them for the 

6084
05:41:01,000 --> 05:41:04,200
Presidential Library. 
She's creating a different kind 

6085
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:06,800
of Legacy. 
Now, one that's about preserving

6086
05:41:06,800 --> 05:41:10,100
accurate memory, rather than 
shaping public perception, the 

6087
05:41:10,100 --> 05:41:11,100
work is bitter. 
Sweet. 

6088
05:41:12,100 --> 05:41:14,800
Each photograph holds both the 
warmth of good memories and the 

6089
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:18,300
sharp pain of the loss, but it's
important to her that history 

6090
05:41:18,300 --> 05:41:21,700
has access to authentic records 
rather than just official 

6091
05:41:21,700 --> 05:41:24,800
narrative, she maintains 
connections to Washington, but 

6092
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,300
on her own terms, attending 
events, that matter to her. 

6093
05:41:28,308 --> 05:41:31,700
While declining invitations to 
everything else, she has learned

6094
05:41:31,708 --> 05:41:34,700
that she can pick and choose 
that people will accept her 

6095
05:41:34,700 --> 05:41:37,000
absence because they're grateful
when she does appear. 

6096
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:40,500
She's created boundaries that 
allow her to engage with 

6097
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:43,900
political and cultural life 
without being consumed by it the

6098
05:41:43,900 --> 05:41:46,800
years pass. 
And gradually Jackie Kennedy 

6099
05:41:46,800 --> 05:41:49,600
becomes a person who exists 
primarily in history books, and 

6100
05:41:49,600 --> 05:41:52,600
photographs rather than in daily
news coverage. 

6101
05:41:52,600 --> 05:41:56,800
She becomes Jackie Onassis after
her marriage to Aristotle. 

6102
05:41:56,800 --> 05:42:00,100
Onassis adding another chapter 
to a life that's already 

6103
05:42:00,100 --> 05:42:03,200
contained more chapters than 
most people could imagine 

6104
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:05,300
living. 
But underneath the various 

6105
05:42:05,300 --> 05:42:07,600
public identities, she's 
building something more 

6106
05:42:07,600 --> 05:42:10,700
fundamental, Private life that 
belongs to her. 

6107
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:14,600
Filled with work, she finds 
meaningful friendship. 

6108
05:42:14,600 --> 05:42:18,100
She values and the ordinary 
pleasures of existence that 

6109
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,500
aren't documented or analyzed or
judged by audience's. 

6110
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:23,200
Who feel? 
They have a clay on her story. 

6111
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,900
You're in a library years after 
the events you've been following

6112
05:42:26,900 --> 05:42:29,400
and you're looking at how 
history has processed 

6113
05:42:29,400 --> 05:42:32,400
Jacqueline, Kennedy's Legacy, 
the books are numerous 

6114
05:42:32,400 --> 05:42:37,200
biographies analysis coffee 
table volumes focused on her 

6115
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:41,100
style and serious academic Works
examining her cultural 

6116
05:42:41,100 --> 05:42:43,900
influence, each one captures, 
something true. 

6117
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:47,900
But incomplete like photographs 
that freeze individual moments 

6118
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:49,800
without quite catching the 
motion between them. 

6119
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:53,700
What's interesting is what 
persists and what fades? 

6120
05:42:54,300 --> 05:42:55,700
The clothing that seemed so 
important. 

6121
05:42:55,700 --> 05:42:59,500
At the time, the pillbox hats, 
the simple dresses, the specific

6122
05:42:59,500 --> 05:43:04,500
shade of a lipstick These become
period details markers of an 

6123
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:06,700
error is aesthetic, rather than 
timeless style. 

6124
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:10,700
But something else Remains the 
idea that beauty and culture 

6125
05:43:10,700 --> 05:43:14,100
matter that, how we present 
ourselves and our institutions 

6126
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:17,900
isn't superficial, but 
communicate something essential 

6127
05:43:17,900 --> 05:43:20,500
about our values. 
You're walking through the White

6128
05:43:20,500 --> 05:43:24,300
House in the present day 
decades, after she left it and 

6129
05:43:24,300 --> 05:43:28,100
every room she restored still 
carries her influence later 

6130
05:43:28,100 --> 05:43:30,600
first ladies of made their own 
changes and added their own 

6131
05:43:30,600 --> 05:43:33,500
touches. 
But the fundamental approach she

6132
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:36,500
established treating the White 
House as a museum of American 

6133
05:43:36,500 --> 05:43:38,800
History. 
Rather than just a residents 

6134
05:43:38,800 --> 05:43:42,700
continues, the guidebooks 
visitors receive reference, her 

6135
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:45,600
work, the non-profit. 
She established still raises 

6136
05:43:45,600 --> 05:43:49,100
funds for preservation. 
She created a structure that 

6137
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:53,800
outlasted her tenure that no 
single person could dismantle 

6138
05:43:53,800 --> 05:43:56,200
what she built. 
The cultural diplomacy. 

6139
05:43:56,200 --> 05:44:00,100
She practiced has become 
standard almost unremarkable in 

6140
05:44:00,100 --> 05:44:03,400
its normalization. 
Modern, first ladies, routinely,

6141
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:06,500
promote, American Arts abroad, 
invite artists to the White 

6142
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:09,600
House and use State dinners as 
opportunities for cultural 

6143
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:11,600
exchange. 
It's so common. 

6144
05:44:11,600 --> 05:44:14,000
Now that it's easy to forget, 
there was a time when this 

6145
05:44:14,000 --> 05:44:17,400
wasn't automatic, when someone 
had to demonstrate that it was 

6146
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:20,900
valuable and possible. 
She created a template that 

6147
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:23,800
became a tradition, the talking 
with someone who works in 

6148
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:27,800
historic preservation, and they 
mentioned almost casually how 

6149
05:44:27,800 --> 05:44:31,400
Jackie Kennedy's work changed 
American attitudes toward Old 

6150
05:44:31,400 --> 05:44:33,900
buildings. 
Before her restoration of the 

6151
05:44:33,900 --> 05:44:36,700
White House, there was an 
assumption that progress meant 

6152
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:38,700
replacing old things with new 
ones. 

6153
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:42,300
Historical building should make 
way for modern development. 

6154
05:44:42,300 --> 05:44:45,400
She demonstrated that 
preservation could be Forward 

6155
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:47,100
Thinking rather than backward 
looking. 

6156
05:44:48,000 --> 05:44:51,200
That maintaining connections to 
the Past could co-exist with 

6157
05:44:51,200 --> 05:44:53,900
embracing the future. 
The funny thing about her 

6158
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:57,100
privacy campaigns, her Fierce 
protection of her children. 

6159
05:44:57,100 --> 05:45:01,700
Her refusal to let cameras into 
every corner of her life is how 

6160
05:45:01,700 --> 05:45:05,200
precious they look. 
Now, in an age where privacy has

6161
05:45:05,200 --> 05:45:08,300
become increasingly difficult to
maintain where social media 

6162
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:10,600
encourages constant 
self-exposure. 

6163
05:45:11,300 --> 05:45:14,600
Her insistence on boundaries 
seems not outdated but 

6164
05:45:14,600 --> 05:45:18,200
sophisticated she understood 
something about the corrosive 

6165
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:21,600
effects of total visibility that
many people are only beginning 

6166
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:24,100
to recognize. 
You're watching a documentary 

6167
05:45:24,100 --> 05:45:27,600
about the Kennedy administration
and the narrator is discussing, 

6168
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:31,400
Camelot the mythology Jackie 
created in the days after the 

6169
05:45:31,400 --> 05:45:35,000
assassination, the documentary 
is careful to note the gap 

6170
05:45:35,000 --> 05:45:39,000
between myth and reality to 
point out, policies and actions 

6171
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:42,400
that complicate The idealized 
Narrative, but even as it 

6172
05:45:42,400 --> 05:45:46,000
deconstructs, the myth, the 
documentary can't quite Escape 

6173
05:45:46,000 --> 05:45:48,800
it. 
Those Thousand Days continue to 

6174
05:45:48,808 --> 05:45:52,500
Shimmer with a special quality, 
a sense of possibility that 

6175
05:45:52,500 --> 05:45:55,700
persists, despite all the 
evidence of limitation and 

6176
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:58,800
failure that historical analysis
provides. 

6177
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:02,100
The generation of Americans who 
were children when Kennedy was 

6178
05:46:02,100 --> 05:46:05,600
president, who watched Jackie, 
like the eternal flame on their 

6179
05:46:05,600 --> 05:46:08,900
television sets, carry something
of her influence in how they 

6180
05:46:08,900 --> 05:46:12,500
think about leadership and loss.
They learned from her example, 

6181
05:46:12,500 --> 05:46:16,400
that grief can be born with 
dignity that public duty can 

6182
05:46:16,400 --> 05:46:20,400
co-exist with private pain and 
that it's possible to create 

6183
05:46:20,400 --> 05:46:23,600
meaning in the face of tragedy. 
These aren't lessons, you can 

6184
05:46:23,600 --> 05:46:27,300
really teach, they have to be 
demonstrated lived in full View 

6185
05:46:27,300 --> 05:46:30,500
and embodied rather than 
explained, you're in a 

6186
05:46:30,508 --> 05:46:32,100
bookstore. 
And you notice how many 

6187
05:46:32,100 --> 05:46:34,400
different kinds of books there 
are influencer without 

6188
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:38,700
necessarily mentioning her name.
Books about interior design that

6189
05:46:38,700 --> 05:46:42,900
emphasizes historical accuracy 
books about fashion, that argue 

6190
05:46:42,900 --> 05:46:46,200
for Elegance over trendiness 
books, about parenting that 

6191
05:46:46,200 --> 05:46:48,100
discuss protecting children's 
privacy. 

6192
05:46:48,100 --> 05:46:51,400
But books about grief, that 
acknowledge the necessity of 

6193
05:46:51,400 --> 05:46:53,600
both private feeling and public 
composure. 

6194
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:58,100
She created ripples that moved 
outward into culture affecting. 

6195
05:46:58,100 --> 05:47:01,200
How people think about numerous 
subjects that might seem 

6196
05:47:01,200 --> 05:47:05,500
disconnected from the story of a
first lady from the 1960s, her 

6197
05:47:05,500 --> 05:47:08,500
work is Ned to which might have 
seemed like a footnote to her 

6198
05:47:08,500 --> 05:47:11,200
more public accomplishments has 
its own legacy. 

6199
05:47:12,600 --> 05:47:15,800
The book shepherded into 
publication remain in print 

6200
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:19,900
introducing new readers to 
subjects you cared about her 

6201
05:47:19,900 --> 05:47:21,900
colleagues. 
Remember her as genuinely good 

6202
05:47:21,900 --> 05:47:25,500
at the work, not just a famous 
name attached to projects for 

6203
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:28,500
publicity purposes. 
She proved that someone who 

6204
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,900
lived at the center of political
history could find satisfaction 

6205
05:47:31,900 --> 05:47:33,800
inquire to professional 
accomplishments. 

6206
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:37,100
The relationship between privacy
and public service that she 

6207
05:47:37,100 --> 05:47:40,600
navigated reluctantly 
imperfectly. 

6208
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:44,900
But ultimately successfully 
continues to be relevant for 

6209
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:47,000
anyone who lives partially in 
public view. 

6210
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:50,100
She showed that it's possible to
maintain mystery without being 

6211
05:47:50,100 --> 05:47:54,300
dishonest to be reserved with 
being cold and to protect what's

6212
05:47:54,300 --> 05:47:55,800
intimate. 
While still connecting 

6213
05:47:55,800 --> 05:47:58,800
meaningfully with audiences who 
feel invested in your story. 

6214
05:47:58,800 --> 05:48:02,000
You're looking at photographs of
the Eternal Flame at Arlington 

6215
05:48:02,000 --> 05:48:04,100
and you realize is still 
burning. 

6216
05:48:04,100 --> 05:48:07,700
Just as she intended visitors, 
come constantly, leaving 

6217
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,800
flowers, standing, quietly, and 
thinking their own thoughts 

6218
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:13,300
about loss and Legacy. 
And the moment in history that 

6219
05:48:13,300 --> 05:48:17,800
changed everything she created 
that place that focal point for 

6220
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:20,600
reflection in the midst of her 
own unbearable loss. 

6221
05:48:20,600 --> 05:48:23,800
And it continues serving the 
purpose, she imagined for it, 

6222
05:48:24,500 --> 05:48:26,900
The quiet Legacy is perhaps the 
most powerful one. 

6223
05:48:26,900 --> 05:48:30,900
The demonstration that influence
doesn't always require force 

6224
05:48:30,900 --> 05:48:34,600
that change can happen through 
careful, attention to detail, 

6225
05:48:34,600 --> 05:48:37,900
and that beauty and grace are 
their own forms of power. 

6226
05:48:37,900 --> 05:48:42,200
She never wrote The Definitive 
book, explaining her approach or

6227
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:44,000
gave speeches outlining her 
philosophy. 

6228
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,700
He simply did the work. 
Made the choices and 

6229
05:48:47,700 --> 05:48:50,600
demonstrated through action what
she believed mattered. 

6230
05:48:50,600 --> 05:48:53,500
You're thinking about the 12 
year old girl reading about 

6231
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:55,600
Marie Antoinette in that 
Manhattan apartment. 

6232
05:48:55,600 --> 05:48:59,200
Tracing her finger over 
illustrations of beautiful 

6233
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:02,100
Furniture, beginning to 
understand the relationship 

6234
05:49:02,100 --> 05:49:06,600
between objects and the people 
who live among them and you're 

6235
05:49:06,600 --> 05:49:09,100
thinking about the woman, she 
became who took that 

6236
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,500
understanding and applied it at 
a scale that influenced millions

6237
05:49:12,500 --> 05:49:15,200
of people's relationships with 
their own history and culture. 

6238
05:49:15,200 --> 05:49:19,200
The connection between those two
moments childhood Fascination. 

6239
05:49:19,200 --> 05:49:22,900
And Delta accomplishment is what
makes the story feel her 

6240
05:49:22,900 --> 05:49:25,100
hearing? 
Like a life lived with 

6241
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:27,400
intention. 
Even in circumstances, that 

6242
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:29,900
often spun Beyond any 
individuals control. 

6243
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,600
The Legacy isn't simple or 
uncomplicated. 

6244
05:49:34,000 --> 05:49:37,800
She was a person of her time 
with limitations and blind spots

6245
05:49:37,800 --> 05:49:40,800
and moments when she fails to 
live up to her own standards. 

6246
05:49:40,800 --> 05:49:44,200
But what Remains What? 
Persists are after all the 

6247
05:49:44,200 --> 05:49:48,300
analysis and criticism and 
revisionist history is the fact 

6248
05:49:48,300 --> 05:49:51,900
of transformation. 
She changed how Americans 

6249
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:55,100
thought about their visual 
culture, their relationship to 

6250
05:49:55,100 --> 05:49:59,000
history and their capacity for 
Grace under impossible pressure.

6251
05:49:59,000 --> 05:50:02,300
She did this not through 
speeches, or legislation or 

6252
05:50:02,300 --> 05:50:05,100
political maneuvering, but 
through the accumulation of 

6253
05:50:05,100 --> 05:50:09,500
careful choices about beauty, 
dignity, and meaning your 

6254
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:11,900
closing. 
Your eyes now ready for sleep. 

6255
05:50:11,900 --> 05:50:15,800
And the image that remains is 
not of grand, public moments, 

6256
05:50:15,800 --> 05:50:20,300
but of something quieter a woman
looking at a room and seeing not

6257
05:50:20,300 --> 05:50:24,000
just what is, but what could be 
understanding that the gap 

6258
05:50:24,000 --> 05:50:27,200
between those two visions could 
be Bridge through patient, 

6259
05:50:27,200 --> 05:50:31,000
attention to detail through 
respect for history and through 

6260
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:34,400
the belief that beauty matters 
and how we live among objects 

6261
05:50:34,400 --> 05:50:38,300
and images and memories shapes, 
who we become that understanding

6262
05:50:38,300 --> 05:50:41,100
passed from one generation to 
the next, through example, 

6263
05:50:41,100 --> 05:50:45,000
rather than instruction is, 
perhaps the truest Legacy of all

6264
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:48,500
away of seeing that persists 
long after the specific 

6265
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:50,700
accomplishments that 
demonstrated It have been 

6266
05:50:50,708 --> 05:50:54,200
catalogued and analyzed and 
filed away in history's. 

6267
05:50:54,200 --> 05:50:57,200
Careful records. 
And with that thought, you let 

6268
05:50:57,200 --> 05:51:00,700
the story settle that the 
details blur into the 

6269
05:51:00,700 --> 05:51:04,100
comfortable, Darkness behind 
your eyelids carrying with you 

6270
05:51:04,100 --> 05:51:08,300
into sleep, the gentle reminder.
The Legacy isn't always loud 

6271
05:51:08,300 --> 05:51:10,800
that influence often Works in 
Whispers. 

6272
05:51:10,800 --> 05:51:14,900
And that sometimes the most 
lasting changes are the ones 

6273
05:51:14,900 --> 05:51:19,000
that happen so gradually. 
So carefully, so quietly that 

6274
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,000
you only recognize them years 
later, when you look around and 

6275
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,400
realize the world has shifted 
slightly on its axis, becoming 

6276
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:28,600
something just a little more 
beautiful, a little more 

6277
05:51:28,600 --> 05:51:32,000
thoughtful, a little more aware 
of the connections between past 

6278
05:51:32,000 --> 05:51:36,200
and present. between objects and
meaning and between the choices 

6279
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:38,400
we make and the world, those 
choices create