What If You Woke Up in Victorian London? | Boring History for Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,600
Hey, my lovely supporters 
tonight we're about to take a 

2
00:00:03,600 --> 00:00:06,000
journey that's equal parts time 
travel and Century Adventure. 

3
00:00:06,600 --> 00:00:08,600
You're going to spend a day in 
Victorian London. 

4
00:00:08,600 --> 00:00:12,500
Not the sanitized version from 
costume dramas, but the real 

5
00:00:12,500 --> 00:00:15,800
thing complete with smells, you 
can't ignore and cites. 

6
00:00:15,800 --> 00:00:18,500
That will surprise you. 
This is what it would actually 

7
00:00:18,500 --> 00:00:22,500
feel like to wake up in 1880s, 
London, and I promised to guide 

8
00:00:22,500 --> 00:00:26,000
you through it, gently with just
enough fascinating details to 

9
00:00:26,008 --> 00:00:30,200
keep you engaged while your mind
drifts towards sleep, So, before

10
00:00:30,200 --> 00:00:34,300
we begin, as always, please take
a moment to like the video and 

11
00:00:34,300 --> 00:00:38,100
subscribe, as it helps us and 
let me know where you are tuning

12
00:00:38,100 --> 00:00:42,300
in from what time it is for you.
Now, dim your lights, get 

13
00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:45,100
comfortable, and prepare to 
relax as you stroll through the 

14
00:00:45,100 --> 00:00:49,000
past, your eyes, open slowly. 
And the first thing you notice, 

15
00:00:49,000 --> 00:00:52,800
that is wrong, is the light. 
It's not the clean bright 

16
00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,000
morning. 
You're used to instead a murky 

17
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:59,700
yellowish glow filter through a 
window that seems smaller than 

18
00:00:59,700 --> 00:01:02,500
it should be. 
The glass is thick and slightly,

19
00:01:02,500 --> 00:01:07,200
Wavey and condensation as in the
corners like tiny pools waiting 

20
00:01:07,200 --> 00:01:11,200
to spill Your line on something 
that feels like a mattress but 

21
00:01:11,200 --> 00:01:15,400
isn't quite right, it's firmer 
than you expect and you can feel

22
00:01:15,400 --> 00:01:19,300
the individual ridges beneath 
the fabric horse-hair stuffing 

23
00:01:19,300 --> 00:01:23,500
though, you don't know that yet.
The sheets are rough against 

24
00:01:23,500 --> 00:01:25,800
your skin, not the smooth 
cotton. 

25
00:01:25,800 --> 00:01:29,200
You remember going to sleep in? 
Their linen and they've been 

26
00:01:29,208 --> 00:01:32,100
washed so many times, they've 
achieved a text just somewhere 

27
00:01:32,100 --> 00:01:34,500
between sandpaper and burlap, 
though. 

28
00:01:34,500 --> 00:01:37,300
They're surprisingly warm the 
air tastes different. 

29
00:01:38,200 --> 00:01:41,100
That's the strangest part. 
Actually, you can taste the air.

30
00:01:41,800 --> 00:01:44,400
It has a thickness to it like 
breathing in soup. 

31
00:01:44,400 --> 00:01:48,300
It's cold smoke obviously, but 
also something organic and 

32
00:01:48,300 --> 00:01:50,200
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 
later. 

33
00:01:50,200 --> 00:01:53,200
Realize is the Thames at low 
tide mixed with a few hundred 

34
00:01:53,200 --> 00:01:55,600
thousand coal fires, burning 
simultaneously. 

35
00:01:56,800 --> 00:02:00,100
Victorian London, doesn't just 
smell it. 

36
00:02:00,100 --> 00:02:02,400
Announces itself with every 
breath. 

37
00:02:03,700 --> 00:02:06,500
As you sit up, your body feels 
the same, but the room is 

38
00:02:06,500 --> 00:02:10,000
entirely foreign. 
The ceiling is high much higher 

39
00:02:10,000 --> 00:02:13,700
than modern rooms, but the space
somehow feels cramped anyway. 

40
00:02:15,000 --> 00:02:19,200
Dark wallpaper with an intricate
pattern of flowers or Vines 

41
00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,500
covers the walls and you 
realize, with a start that 

42
00:02:22,500 --> 00:02:26,400
there's no light switch. 
Fact, there are no electrical 

43
00:02:26,400 --> 00:02:29,900
outlets at all. 
The room is lit by that strange 

44
00:02:29,900 --> 00:02:33,900
window and by the remnant of 
whatever cold fire burned in the

45
00:02:33,900 --> 00:02:36,900
small fireplace last night, 
you're wearing a nightshirt. 

46
00:02:36,900 --> 00:02:39,400
That feels like it's been cut 
from sale canvas. 

47
00:02:39,400 --> 00:02:43,200
It's long reaching past your 
knees, and there's absolutely 

48
00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:46,900
nothing underneath it. 
The victorians had very 

49
00:02:46,900 --> 00:02:50,500
different ideas about sleepwear 
and comfort wasn't high on their

50
00:02:50,500 --> 00:02:54,200
priority list. 
Modesty and practicality won 

51
00:02:54,200 --> 00:02:58,200
that battle decisively. 
Standing up requires more effort

52
00:02:58,200 --> 00:03:02,500
than you expect. 
Floor is cold, proper cold that 

53
00:03:02,500 --> 00:03:05,200
seeps through your bare feet, 
like, you're standing on a block

54
00:03:05,200 --> 00:03:07,900
of ice. 
The floorboards are bare wood 

55
00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,700
and you can feel every Splinter 
and groove. 

56
00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,900
There's a thin rug beside the 
bed but it does little to combat

57
00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:16,800
the chill. 
That seems to radiate from the 

58
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:21,100
very foundation of the building 
fog outside isn't like fog, 

59
00:03:21,100 --> 00:03:25,200
you've experienced before This 
is the famous London piece, 

60
00:03:25,200 --> 00:03:29,100
super a combination of natural 
missed and cold smoke, that 

61
00:03:29,100 --> 00:03:31,600
creates something almost 
Supernatural. 

62
00:03:32,700 --> 00:03:36,000
Presses against the Windows like
something alive, turning the 

63
00:03:36,000 --> 00:03:39,100
street below into a series of 
Shadows and suggestions, rather 

64
00:03:39,100 --> 00:03:42,400
than actual shapes. 
You can hear the city though. 

65
00:03:43,400 --> 00:03:46,600
Of horse, Hooves on 
cobblestone's, the Cry of a 

66
00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:49,300
street, vendor Somewhere In The 
Merck and the Perpetual 

67
00:03:49,300 --> 00:03:52,300
background of a million people 
going about their morning 

68
00:03:52,300 --> 00:03:55,200
routines. 
Your modern instincts kick in 

69
00:03:55,200 --> 00:03:57,600
and you look for your phone. 
Of course. 

70
00:03:57,600 --> 00:04:01,200
There isn't one. 
No phone, no laptop, no 

71
00:04:01,200 --> 00:04:06,300
tablites. 
The silence in the room is 

72
00:04:06,300 --> 00:04:09,500
complete, except for the sounds 
drifting up from the street in 

73
00:04:09,500 --> 00:04:11,400
the occasional Creek of the 
building settling. 

74
00:04:12,300 --> 00:04:14,600
It's the kind of quiet that 
makes you realize how much 

75
00:04:14,600 --> 00:04:19,600
ambient noise you're used to 
know refrigerator hum, no HVAC 

76
00:04:19,600 --> 00:04:23,500
system, no electronics of any 
kind emitting their barely 

77
00:04:23,500 --> 00:04:26,900
perceptible frequencies. 
There's a wash stand in the 

78
00:04:26,900 --> 00:04:30,300
corner with a ceramic picture 
and Basin the water in the 

79
00:04:30,300 --> 00:04:32,200
picture has a thin skin of ice 
on it. 

80
00:04:33,000 --> 00:04:35,900
This is how you'll wash your 
face this morning by breaking 

81
00:04:35,900 --> 00:04:39,200
ice with your fingers and 
splashing freezing water on your

82
00:04:39,200 --> 00:04:42,100
skin. 
Victorians were apparently, made

83
00:04:42,100 --> 00:04:45,600
of Sterner stuff than modern 
humans or perhaps they just 

84
00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:46,900
didn't have a choice in the 
matter. 

85
00:04:48,200 --> 00:04:52,000
A Looking Glass hangs above the 
washstand and when you peer into

86
00:04:52,000 --> 00:04:53,500
it you see yourself but 
different. 

87
00:04:53,500 --> 00:04:56,500
Your face is the same but 
there's something in your 

88
00:04:56,500 --> 00:04:59,000
expression. 
Perhaps it's the early morning 

89
00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,400
confusion will maybe it's the 
dawning realization that you're 

90
00:05:02,400 --> 00:05:05,400
about to spend an entire day. 
Without any of the convenience 

91
00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:07,200
is you've taken for granted your
whole life. 

92
00:05:08,300 --> 00:05:11,100
The room tells stories, if you 
know, how to read them, there's 

93
00:05:11,100 --> 00:05:14,400
a chamber pot tucked, discreetly
under the bed because bathrooms 

94
00:05:14,400 --> 00:05:15,700
in the modern sense, don't 
exist. 

95
00:05:15,700 --> 00:05:19,400
In most Victorian homes, there's
a small coal scuttle by the 

96
00:05:19,400 --> 00:05:21,400
fireplace with a few lumps of 
coal in it. 

97
00:05:21,400 --> 00:05:24,700
Your clothes for the day are 
laid out on a wooden chair, that

98
00:05:24,700 --> 00:05:28,100
looks hand carved and probably 
older than some Modern countries

99
00:05:28,100 --> 00:05:31,100
getting dressed in. 
Victorian clothing is going to 

100
00:05:31,100 --> 00:05:35,800
be an adventure onto itself. 
First, you need to face that icy

101
00:05:35,800 --> 00:05:39,200
water and prepare yourself for a
day in a world where everything 

102
00:05:39,200 --> 00:05:42,000
familiar has been replaced. 
With historical authenticity, 

103
00:05:43,800 --> 00:05:47,300
fog continues to press against 
the windows and somewhere in the

104
00:05:47,300 --> 00:05:49,400
distance. 
You hear a church bell, marking 

105
00:05:49,400 --> 00:05:52,900
the hour, It's seven in the 
morning and London is already 

106
00:05:52,900 --> 00:05:55,500
awake. 
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 

107
00:05:55,500 --> 00:05:58,800
London Street is like walking 
onto a stage where every person 

108
00:05:58,800 --> 00:06:01,300
is an actor. 
And the set design is both 

109
00:06:01,300 --> 00:06:03,600
magnificent and slightly 
horrifying. 

110
00:06:05,100 --> 00:06:08,200
Fog Has Lifted some of what 
revealing a world that 

111
00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:11,500
simultaneously more impressive 
and more disturbing than you 

112
00:06:11,500 --> 00:06:13,900
imagine. 
And The cobblestones beneath 

113
00:06:13,900 --> 00:06:17,400
your feet are uneven. 
Once smooth in some places in 

114
00:06:17,400 --> 00:06:19,700
Jagged in others, you're wearing
boots. 

115
00:06:19,700 --> 00:06:23,500
Now, proper Victorian boots that
button up the side and take 

116
00:06:23,500 --> 00:06:27,000
approximately 10 minutes to put 
on correctly, It's difficult 

117
00:06:27,000 --> 00:06:30,300
uncomfortable and will probably 
give you blisters by noon but 

118
00:06:30,300 --> 00:06:31,600
their better than the 
alternative. 

119
00:06:32,700 --> 00:06:34,800
The streets here, collect 
things, you don't want. 

120
00:06:34,800 --> 00:06:38,500
Touching your bare feet, the 
building's Loom above you in a 

121
00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:42,100
way that modern architecture. 
Rarely manages Victorian London 

122
00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:45,100
was built upward out of 
necessity and the result is 

123
00:06:45,100 --> 00:06:47,900
streets that feel like Canyon's 
with all night for SARS. 

124
00:06:48,800 --> 00:06:52,200
Every building is different, 
each one competing, to be more 

125
00:06:52,200 --> 00:06:55,600
elaborate than its neighbors. 
There's carved stonework, 

126
00:06:55,600 --> 00:06:59,400
decorative brickwork and 
Architectural flourishes that 

127
00:06:59,400 --> 00:07:02,900
serve no practical purpose, 
except to demonstrate that. 

128
00:07:02,900 --> 00:07:05,300
The owner had money to spend on 
looking prosperous. 

129
00:07:06,100 --> 00:07:09,100
The real star of the show is the
sensory overload that hits you 

130
00:07:09,100 --> 00:07:12,200
from every direction. 
Let's start with the horses 

131
00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:16,000
because Victorian London ran on 
horsepower in the most literal 

132
00:07:16,000 --> 00:07:19,100
sense possible. 
Everywhere you look there are 

133
00:07:19,100 --> 00:07:23,600
horses pulling handsome cabs 
hauling delivery wagons carrying

134
00:07:23,600 --> 00:07:27,000
individual Riders and standing 
patiently while their owners 

135
00:07:27,000 --> 00:07:30,800
conduct business and horses. 
As your rapidly discovering 

136
00:07:30,800 --> 00:07:34,700
produce waste at an impressive 
rate, the streets are covered in

137
00:07:34,700 --> 00:07:38,000
it, not completely because 
there's an entire economy built 

138
00:07:38,000 --> 00:07:41,100
around collecting Horseman year.
But in enough that watching your

139
00:07:41,100 --> 00:07:43,200
step becomes second nature 
within minutes. 

140
00:07:44,100 --> 00:07:47,900
Crossing sweepers usually 
children, waited intersections 

141
00:07:47,900 --> 00:07:51,600
with their brooms ready to clear
a path through the muck for a 

142
00:07:51,600 --> 00:07:54,900
penny. 
It's clever entrepreneurial and 

143
00:07:54,900 --> 00:07:59,100
deeply depressing all at once. 
The smell is democratic. 

144
00:07:59,100 --> 00:08:03,200
It affects everyone equally from
the finest gentlemen, in his 

145
00:08:03,200 --> 00:08:07,800
tail coat to the poorest street 
vendor Coal smoke horse manure, 

146
00:08:07,800 --> 00:08:12,300
unwashed Humanity, rotting 
vegetables from the markets and 

147
00:08:12,300 --> 00:08:16,200
the peculiar Tang of industrial 
chemicals, all combined into a 

148
00:08:16,200 --> 00:08:19,400
scent that you'll eventually 
stopped noticing simply because 

149
00:08:19,400 --> 00:08:21,400
your nose will give up in 
self-defense. 

150
00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,900
The noise is extraordinary 
without modern sound insulation 

151
00:08:25,900 --> 00:08:29,600
or noise, pollution laws, 
Victorian London operates at a 

152
00:08:29,600 --> 00:08:32,100
volume that would violate every 
noise ordinance in a 

153
00:08:32,100 --> 00:08:35,799
contemporary City. 
Iron wheels on cobblestones 

154
00:08:35,799 --> 00:08:38,700
create a constant Rumble like 
Perpetual Thunder. 

155
00:08:39,799 --> 00:08:41,700
Street vendors. 
Call out their Wares in 

156
00:08:41,700 --> 00:08:43,600
practice. 
Rhythms that cut through the 

157
00:08:43,600 --> 00:08:47,300
other noise. 
Horses winning dogs, bark 

158
00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:50,700
children, shout and everywhere. 
There's the background 

159
00:08:50,700 --> 00:08:54,000
percussion of a city made of 
metal and stone banging against 

160
00:08:54,000 --> 00:08:56,700
itself. 
People are the most fascinating 

161
00:08:56,700 --> 00:08:59,500
part. 
Everyone is wearing layers upon 

162
00:08:59,500 --> 00:09:02,200
layers of clothing because 
central heating doesn't exist, 

163
00:09:02,200 --> 00:09:06,400
Victorian morality demands that 
every inch of skin be covered. 

164
00:09:07,300 --> 00:09:09,500
The men are in suits or 
workloads. 

165
00:09:09,500 --> 00:09:11,700
All of them wearing hats of some
description. 

166
00:09:12,700 --> 00:09:16,800
Top hats for the wealthy cloth, 
caps for workers and Bowlers for

167
00:09:16,800 --> 00:09:20,200
the middle class. 
Removing your hat indoors or 

168
00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:21,800
when greeting a lady is 
mandatory. 

169
00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,400
Social signaling was practically
an Olympic sport. 

170
00:09:25,400 --> 00:09:29,000
In Victorian times, the women 
are engineering Marvels. 

171
00:09:29,000 --> 00:09:32,700
Those dresses, you've seen in 
movies are actually understating

172
00:09:32,700 --> 00:09:36,300
the complexity. 
Under those beautiful Fabrics is

173
00:09:36,300 --> 00:09:41,200
a construction project involving
corsets petticoats bustles and 

174
00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:43,600
enough fabric to upholster, a 
small sofa. 

175
00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:48,200
Women's fashion in the 1880s was
designed to create a specific 

176
00:09:48,200 --> 00:09:51,900
silhouette that required 
substantial architecture to 

177
00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:54,500
achieve. 
The result is that women moved 

178
00:09:54,500 --> 00:09:56,900
differently? 
Smaller steps. 

179
00:09:56,900 --> 00:10:00,600
Careful postures and an 
awareness of their clothing that

180
00:10:00,600 --> 00:10:05,000
modern fashion rarely demands. 
Social class is visible at a 

181
00:10:05,008 --> 00:10:09,300
glance the wealthy Glide by and 
private carriages their clothing

182
00:10:09,300 --> 00:10:12,500
pristine. 
And elaborate middle class walks

183
00:10:12,500 --> 00:10:15,800
or takes omnibuses their clothes
respectable but practical. 

184
00:10:16,800 --> 00:10:20,700
The Working, Poor wear whatever 
holds together often visibly 

185
00:10:20,700 --> 00:10:23,000
patched and worn thin from years
of use. 

186
00:10:24,100 --> 00:10:25,900
Children from poor families 
often. 

187
00:10:25,900 --> 00:10:29,300
Go barefoot, even in cold 
weather, their faces smudged 

188
00:10:29,300 --> 00:10:31,900
with the ever-present cold, dust
that settles on everything. 

189
00:10:33,000 --> 00:10:35,600
Street vendors, add a carnival 
atmosphere to the urban 

190
00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:38,700
landscape. 
Pie sellers carry their Wares in

191
00:10:38,700 --> 00:10:44,100
wooden trays hung from their 
necks calling out hot pies meat 

192
00:10:44,100 --> 00:10:47,500
pies. 
Invoices trained carry half a 

193
00:10:47,500 --> 00:10:50,100
block. 
Flower girls offer poses from 

194
00:10:50,100 --> 00:10:53,000
baskets that look bigger than 
they are men. 

195
00:10:53,000 --> 00:10:56,600
Sell everything from matches to 
boot laces, to mysterious items.

196
00:10:56,600 --> 00:11:00,200
You can't quite identify. 
Each one has their own pitch, 

197
00:11:00,200 --> 00:11:03,400
their own territory and their 
own regular customers who they 

198
00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,900
know by sight. 
The omnibuses horse drawn 

199
00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:09,900
precursors to public buses 
Lumber through the streets, like

200
00:11:09,900 --> 00:11:13,000
mobile chaos. 
Their painted in bright colors, 

201
00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:15,500
advertising their roots and 
their always full. 

202
00:11:16,900 --> 00:11:20,600
The driver sits up top. 
It's Bose to the weather while 

203
00:11:20,600 --> 00:11:24,200
passengers cram inside, or climb
the stairs to the open, air up a

204
00:11:24,200 --> 00:11:27,300
deck. 
It costs a few Pence to rise and

205
00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:29,800
the conductor moves through the 
crowd, collecting fairs with 

206
00:11:29,800 --> 00:11:33,500
practice deficiency. 
Handsome cab zip through the 

207
00:11:33,500 --> 00:11:35,700
traffic, with the agility of 
sports cars. 

208
00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:39,200
Their drivers shouting warnings 
to pedestrians who don't move 

209
00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:43,800
fast enough, these are the taxes
of Victorian London and their 

210
00:11:43,800 --> 00:11:46,200
drivers are legendary for 
knowing every street and 

211
00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,500
shortcut in the city. 
There are also legendary for 

212
00:11:49,500 --> 00:11:52,400
their colorful language when 
other traffic gets in their way 

213
00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,100
though, you're not supposed to 
acknowledge hearing it. 

214
00:11:55,800 --> 00:11:58,500
The architecture tells you where
you are in London's complex, 

215
00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:01,300
social geography. 
The grand buildings of 

216
00:12:01,300 --> 00:12:04,600
Westminster and the West End 
advertised Imperial power and 

217
00:12:04,600 --> 00:12:07,400
wealth. 
A commercial chaos of the city 

218
00:12:07,400 --> 00:12:11,300
London's, Financial District 
bustles with clerks and 

219
00:12:11,300 --> 00:12:14,200
businessmen. 
The residential squares of 

220
00:12:14,208 --> 00:12:17,800
Bloomsbury and Belgravia hide, 
elegant homes behind iron. 

221
00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:22,000
Railings and private Gardens. 
And everywhere else is the vast 

222
00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:25,700
middle and working class London,
that house is the millions who 

223
00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,900
make the city function. 
You notice the air quality 

224
00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:33,300
improving as you walk. 
Well, improving his relative. 

225
00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:35,800
It's still terrible by modern 
standards. 

226
00:12:36,700 --> 00:12:39,300
But you've moved away from a 
particularly Smoky area. 

227
00:12:40,400 --> 00:12:43,700
Fog has reduced to a light Haze 
and you can actually see the 

228
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:45,700
sky. 
Though, it's a gray. 

229
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,700
That suggests the sun is more 
theoretical than actual today. 

230
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:52,000
Public buildings provide 
punctuation in the urban 

231
00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,900
landscape. 
Churches Tower above surrounding

232
00:12:54,900 --> 00:12:57,300
structures. 
Their spiers reaching toward 

233
00:12:57,300 --> 00:12:59,700
heaven in defiance of the 
Earthly muck below? 

234
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:03,500
The new post offices. 
Victorian Britain was 

235
00:13:03,500 --> 00:13:07,000
modernizing its Communications 
infrastructure Stan. 

236
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:09,700
Proud with their official 
architecture and busy traffic of

237
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:11,400
people sending letters and 
telegrams. 

238
00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:17,200
Banks look like temples, which 
is probably intentional given 

239
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:18,800
that money was its own kind of 
religion. 

240
00:13:18,800 --> 00:13:22,900
In Victorian society, the parks 
are sanctuaries from the urban 

241
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:26,700
intensity, even small. 
Squares of Green Space offer 

242
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:29,300
relief from the stone and brick 
that dominates everywhere else. 

243
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,700
The grass is real, the trees are
mature. 

244
00:13:32,700 --> 00:13:35,500
And for a few moments, you can 
breathe air that hasn't been 

245
00:13:35,500 --> 00:13:37,900
processed through coal fires and
horse running. 

246
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:43,600
By mid-morning Victoria, London 
has fully awakened, and the city

247
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,300
operates with a complexity that 
Rivals any modern Metropolis. 

248
00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:50,700
The difference is that 
everything requires doing by 

249
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:54,700
hand with animals, all through 
mechanical Contraptions that 

250
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:57,300
would look steampunk if they 
were not completely authentic. 

251
00:13:58,700 --> 00:14:00,700
The shops are opening and 
shopping in. 

252
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:03,300
Victorian London is nothing like
pushing a cart through a 

253
00:14:03,308 --> 00:14:07,500
supermarket. 
Most shops are small specialized

254
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:10,300
Affairs where the shopkeeper 
knows their infantry personally 

255
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:14,400
and keeps it behind the counter.
You don't browse you ask for 

256
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,600
what you want and they fetch it.
The relationship between 

257
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,200
customer and shopkeeper is 
formal and ritualized with 

258
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,400
proper. 
Greetings and polite, inquiries 

259
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,200
about health. 
And whether before anyone 

260
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:29,800
mentions, what you're actually 
there to purchase, The baker 

261
00:14:29,800 --> 00:14:32,100
shop smells of yeast and cold 
smoke. 

262
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:35,800
The bread is baked in coal-fired
ovens and the result is 

263
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,900
delicious but distinctly 
flavored by its cooking method. 

264
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:44,500
The loaves are crusty dense and 
absolutely nothing like modern 

265
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:48,400
sliced bread. 
They're sold by weight and the 

266
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:50,100
baker's. 
Apprentice wraps your purchase 

267
00:14:50,100 --> 00:14:52,500
in paper, that will disintegrate
if it gets damp. 

268
00:14:53,400 --> 00:14:55,500
The Butcher Shop is an 
experience, that requires a 

269
00:14:55,508 --> 00:14:59,100
strong stomach hole animals, 
hang in the window and the 

270
00:14:59,108 --> 00:15:02,100
butcher prepares your order 
while you wait cutting and 

271
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:06,300
wrapping with practice to see. 
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 

272
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,900
So meat is sold fresh and meant 
to be cooked soon. 

273
00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:14,100
The smell is strong and you try 
not to think too hard about 

274
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:17,600
hygiene standards but won't be 
formalized for another several 

275
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:20,400
decades. 
The green grosser offers 

276
00:15:20,408 --> 00:15:22,600
produced that seasonal, local 
and muddy. 

277
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,900
No plastic wrap, no 
Refrigeration know, produce, 

278
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:29,500
that's traveled, thousands of 
miles to reach London, what's 

279
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:32,000
available depends entirely on 
what's growing in England right 

280
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:33,700
now, or what's just arrived from
Europe? 

281
00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:38,100
the variety is limited compared 
to Modern supermarkets, but the 

282
00:15:38,100 --> 00:15:41,300
flavor is often, stronger, 
vegetables, that haven't been 

283
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:44,700
bred for transportability taste 
like themselves in ways that 

284
00:15:44,700 --> 00:15:48,500
modern produce sometimes doesn't
the Working Day for most 

285
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:52,200
londoners started at dawn and 
will continue until dusk or 

286
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,500
later. 
Factory workers have been at 

287
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:57,400
their machines for hours already
operating equipment. 

288
00:15:57,400 --> 00:16:00,100
That's dangerous, noisy and 
exhausting. 

289
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,700
Office workers are growing class
in Victorian. 

290
00:16:03,700 --> 00:16:07,100
London, a bent over desks 
copying documents by hand or 

291
00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,500
operating the new typewriters 
that are revolutionizing 

292
00:16:10,500 --> 00:16:14,900
paperwork. shop assistants stand
behind their counters for 12 or 

293
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:17,700
14 hours stretches because 
sitting down while working, as 

294
00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:21,900
considered lazy, the pace of 
life is simultaneously slower 

295
00:16:21,900 --> 00:16:23,600
and more exhausting than modern 
work. 

296
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:27,600
Everything takes longer. 
There are no computers, no 

297
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:31,000
phones and no quick 
communication of any kind Beyond

298
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,900
sending a messenger boy, but the
physical demands are Relentless 

299
00:16:34,900 --> 00:16:38,900
even supposedly Gentile office. 
Work involves writing by hand 

300
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:41,500
for hours, which is more tiring 
than it sounds. 

301
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:44,700
Street Life provides constant 
entertainment. 

302
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:48,500
If you're observing rather than 
participating, the urchins 

303
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:51,100
running, errands the ladies 
doing their morning shopping 

304
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:54,900
with servants carrying their 
purchases, the businessmen to 

305
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:57,100
appointments the police 
constables. 

306
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,200
Walking their beats in their 
distinctive uniforms and Tall 

307
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:03,100
helmets. 
Everyone is part of an intricate

308
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:05,800
social choreography that 
operates on rules. 

309
00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:09,000
You're only beginning to 
understand the postal system is 

310
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,800
remarkably efficient letters. 
Posted in the morning, will be 

311
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,400
delivered that same day in 
London carried by postmen who 

312
00:17:16,400 --> 00:17:18,800
walk their Roots multiple times 
daily. 

313
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,500
The telegraph. 
Victorian London's fastest 

314
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:27,099
communication technology can 
send messages across the country

315
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:29,900
and minutes though. 
It's expensive and used, 

316
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:34,100
primarily for important business
or emotions as The class system 

317
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:37,700
is visible in every interaction.
The wealthy don't acknowledge 

318
00:17:37,700 --> 00:17:40,100
the poor unless their servants 
were trades. 

319
00:17:40,100 --> 00:17:43,800
People providing services. 
The middle class imitates the 

320
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,800
wealthy while trying to distance
themselves from the workers. 

321
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:51,300
The poor Navigator world where 
their existence is often treated

322
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:55,000
as a necessary evil or an 
unfortunate reality to be 

323
00:17:55,000 --> 00:17:58,400
ignored. 
It's uncomfortable to watch even

324
00:17:58,400 --> 00:18:01,500
more uncomfortable to 
participate in, and completely 

325
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:05,300
normal to everyone around you. 
The afternoon in Victorian, 

326
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:07,700
London operates on different 
rhythms in the morning. 

327
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,500
By 2:00, the city has shifted 
gears. 

328
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,100
Frantic morning, energy has 
settled into something more 

329
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:17,900
sustained and purposeful though.
No, less busy. 

330
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:21,800
Lunch is a concept that varies 
wildly by class. 

331
00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:25,700
The wealthiest sitting down to 
elaborate multi-course Affairs 

332
00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,300
in their dining rooms by staff 
who appear and disappear 

333
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:32,800
silently. 
The middle class might have a 

334
00:18:32,800 --> 00:18:35,200
simple meal at home or in one of
the new restaurants that have 

335
00:18:35,200 --> 00:18:38,600
become and fashionable. workers 
grab whatever, they can afford 

336
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:43,400
from Street vendors, a pie, some
bread and cheese craps cup of 

337
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:46,900
tea from a vendor with a 
portable The tea itself, 

338
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,900
deserves attention. 
Because Victorian Britain, ran 

339
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:52,300
on T the way modern society runs
on coffee. 

340
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:57,000
Drawn, black and sweetened with 
sugar, that still enough of a 

341
00:18:57,000 --> 00:18:58,900
luxury that people measure it 
carefully. 

342
00:18:59,800 --> 00:19:03,700
Milk is added if you can afford 
it and the result is a drink 

343
00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:06,000
that's more fortification than 
refreshment. 

344
00:19:07,100 --> 00:19:10,900
Tea breaks punctuate the working
day, like, markers on a 

345
00:19:10,900 --> 00:19:14,900
timeline, brief respite from 
labor, that's often monotonous 

346
00:19:14,900 --> 00:19:18,200
and always demanding the streets
of changed characters. 

347
00:19:18,200 --> 00:19:21,400
Next morning, the commercial 
deliveries that dominated early 

348
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,300
hours of given way to personal 
traffic ladies visiting for 

349
00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:29,400
afternoon calls gentleman, 
conducting business and servants

350
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,100
running errands for their 
employers. 

351
00:19:32,000 --> 00:19:36,200
The traffic is still intense but
it's more varied, more social, 

352
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:39,100
and less about getting goods 
from one place to another. 

353
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:44,500
Public houses pubs are open and 
they serve as social centers for

354
00:19:44,500 --> 00:19:47,400
working class London. 
These aren't the Charming 

355
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:49,500
establishments you might imagine
from period. 

356
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,300
Dramas. 
There are often crowded, Smoky 

357
00:19:52,300 --> 00:19:55,600
and filled with people seeking 
temporary escape from lives that

358
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:58,100
are physically exhausting and 
financially precarious. 

359
00:19:59,500 --> 00:20:03,400
The beer is warm flat by modern 
standards and considerably 

360
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:05,100
stronger than contemporary 
Brews. 

361
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:08,600
For the middle and upper 
classes, after new visiting is 

362
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,400
serious business. 
Ladies call on each other's 

363
00:20:11,400 --> 00:20:14,700
homes, according to elaborate 
social, protocols, you leave 

364
00:20:14,700 --> 00:20:18,600
cards and you sit in parlors 
drinking tea and engaging in 

365
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,800
conversation that simultaneously
gossip and intelligence 

366
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:24,900
gathering. 
Who's engaged, who's in 

367
00:20:24,900 --> 00:20:29,200
financial trouble, who's been 
seen with whom information flows

368
00:20:29,200 --> 00:20:32,300
through these afternoon calls, 
like, data through Modern social

369
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:35,200
networks. 
The Victorian parlor is a stage 

370
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:37,500
set designed to display well 
from good taste. 

371
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:39,800
Every surface is covered with 
something. 

372
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:44,800
Doilies, decorative objects 
photographs in elaborate frames 

373
00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,600
and books carefully, chosen to 
suggest intellectual interests. 

374
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:53,000
Furniture is heavy dark and 
arranged to encourage formal 

375
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:55,100
conversation rather than 
relaxation. 

376
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:58,400
Comfort is less important than 
propriety. 

377
00:20:59,300 --> 00:21:02,200
Children from wealthy families 
are supervised by nannies and 

378
00:21:02,208 --> 00:21:05,700
governesses learning the skills 
and knowledge appropriate to 

379
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:08,400
their class. 
Boys will eventually go to 

380
00:21:08,400 --> 00:21:12,200
schools that prepare them for 
universities or business girls. 

381
00:21:12,200 --> 00:21:16,100
Learn accomplishments like music
drawing and languages that will 

382
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:18,000
make them attractive, marriage, 
prospects. 

383
00:21:19,000 --> 00:21:22,300
Working class, children are 
often working themselves in 

384
00:21:22,300 --> 00:21:26,100
factories, a servant or helping 
their families with peace work 

385
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:28,300
done at home. 
The afternoon, also brings 

386
00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:30,800
educational and cultural 
opportunities for those with 

387
00:21:30,800 --> 00:21:34,300
time and money. 
Museums are open though, many 

388
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,600
charge admission fees that limit
access to the middle and upper 

389
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:41,300
classes. libraries exist, but 
are primarily subscription 

390
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:45,900
Services, you pay an annual fee 
for borrowing privileges Public 

391
00:21:45,900 --> 00:21:50,100
education is expanding but still
limited and literacy rates, 

392
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,000
reflect this reality. 
Hyde Park and other green spaces

393
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,400
fill with afternoon strollers. 
The wealthy parade in their 

394
00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,900
Finest Clothing seeing and being
seen. 

395
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:04,200
The middle class takes more 
modest, walks enjoying fresh 

396
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,000
air, that's marginally less 
polluted than the streets. 

397
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:10,300
The very poor might pass through
on their way to other 

398
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:13,800
destinations because leisure 
time is a luxury, they can't 

399
00:22:13,800 --> 00:22:17,000
afford. 
The light begins to change as 

400
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,500
after noon progresses toward 
evening, the sun, which has been

401
00:22:20,500 --> 00:22:24,600
filtering weekly through cloud 
and smoke all day, starts to 

402
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,700
decline. 
Shadows length and there's a 

403
00:22:27,708 --> 00:22:29,600
subtle shift in the city's 
energy. 

404
00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:32,800
The afternoon's purposeful 
activity, begins. 

405
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:35,200
Transitioning toward the 
evening's different rhythms. 

406
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,400
Street vendors, change their 
offerings, fewer vegetables, and

407
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,200
flowers, more hot food and small
Comforts for people heading home

408
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,100
from work. 
The pie sellers do brisk 

409
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:49,000
business as do. 
The chestnut Roasters who appear

410
00:22:49,000 --> 00:22:52,500
with their portable braziers 
filling Corners with the smell 

411
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:54,900
of roasting nuts. 
That provides temporary relief 

412
00:22:54,900 --> 00:22:59,100
from Less Pleasant odors. 
Traffic intensifies as 

413
00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:01,400
businesses. 
Begin closing and work as head 

414
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:05,000
home, the omnibuses become even 
more crowded packed with people 

415
00:23:05,000 --> 00:23:08,600
who can afford the fare. 
Those who can't walk often 

416
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:12,500
considerable distances to reach 
homes in neighborhoods that are 

417
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:16,200
cheaper because their father 
from employment centers, Thames,

418
00:23:16,200 --> 00:23:17,600
which has been a presence all 
day. 

419
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,800
You can smell it. 
Even when you can't see, it 

420
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,700
becomes more prominent. 
As you move toward the river, 

421
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:26,700
the docks are busy with ships 
from around the world loading 

422
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:29,900
and unloading cargo that will be
distributed throughout Britain. 

423
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:34,400
The river itself is working 
infrastructure crowded with 

424
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:38,000
boats of every size. 
All of them contributing to 

425
00:23:38,008 --> 00:23:40,900
London's position as the world's
largest port. 

426
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:44,300
Watching the Thames. 
You reminded that Victorian. 

427
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:46,400
London was the center of a 
global Empire. 

428
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,800
The goods moving through those 
docks come from India, 

429
00:23:49,800 --> 00:23:54,800
Australia, Africa and the 
Caribbean everywhere that 

430
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:58,000
British power and trade of 
reached its impressive and 

431
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:02,400
troubling simultaneously, the 
foundation of prosperity on 

432
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:05,700
colonialism, that won't be 
questioned for decades yet. 

433
00:24:06,400 --> 00:24:09,800
As Twilight approaches 
Victorian, London transforms 

434
00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,200
into something that 
simultaneously magical and 

435
00:24:12,200 --> 00:24:14,900
ominous. 
The lamplighters begin their 

436
00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:17,700
rounds. 
Men with long poles, who walk 

437
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:20,200
through the streets, igniting 
the gas lamps, that provide 

438
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:24,000
nighttime illumination. 
It's a job that exists only in 

439
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,000
the brief window between the 
introduction of gaslighting and 

440
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:29,900
the arrival of electricity and 
watching them work. 

441
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:32,300
Feels like observing a ritual 
from another world. 

442
00:24:33,200 --> 00:24:36,000
The gas lamps, create pools of 
yellowish light, that push back 

443
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,000
the darkness without quite 
conquering. 

444
00:24:38,000 --> 00:24:40,600
It. 
The spaces between lamps remain 

445
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:42,900
murky. 
And the overall effect is less 

446
00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:46,500
like illumination and more like 
punctuation marks of brighten 

447
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,800
brightness, in an otherwise, 
dark text. 

448
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:53,200
The light itself is different 
from electric lighting, soft, 

449
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:57,000
softer warmer and somehow less 
reliable as if it might go out 

450
00:24:57,000 --> 00:25:00,000
at any moment. 
Quality of the evening. 

451
00:25:00,000 --> 00:25:03,000
Depends, entirely on where you 
are in London's complex, social 

452
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,200
geography. 
In the West End, Theatres are 

453
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:07,800
preparing for their evening 
performance is. 

454
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:12,200
Theaters themselves are 
architectural, gems built to 

455
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:15,000
impress audiences. 
Even before the curtain Rises 

456
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:19,100
gaslighting illuminates, 
elaborate and tears decorated 

457
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:23,800
with plush and guilt creating an
atmosphere of grandeur, that's 

458
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,600
designed to make a 10 DS for 
special, just for being there. 

459
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:31,900
The shows are varied Shakespeare
performed by celebrated actors 

460
00:25:31,900 --> 00:25:35,800
musical entertainments. 
Melodramas, that allow audiences

461
00:25:35,800 --> 00:25:39,900
to boo villains and cheer Heroes
and pantomimes that combined 

462
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:42,100
fairy tales with contemporary 
satire. 

463
00:25:42,900 --> 00:25:46,200
Theaters are social spaces where
different classes mixed but 

464
00:25:46,200 --> 00:25:49,700
remain separate the wealthy in 
their private boxes and premium 

465
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:53,900
seats, the middle class in the 
Stalls and the working class and

466
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:57,000
the gallery where tickets are 
cheap and behavior as rowdy. 

467
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,200
Music, Halls offer different 
entertainment, variety shows, 

468
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,900
featuring singers dance, dancers
Comedians and Specialty acts. 

469
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,200
These are less respectable than 
theaters and more working class 

470
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,700
In Their audience and content. 
Sphere is Walker's. 

471
00:26:13,700 --> 00:26:18,300
The humor is Broad and drinking 
is encouraged the Music Hall is 

472
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,100
where you go to forget, your 
troubles rather than be elevated

473
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:23,500
by Art. 
Though, the distinction between 

474
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:26,600
the two is often less clear than
Victoria and moral Guardians 

475
00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:30,100
would prefer. 
In residential areas evening, 

476
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,300
routines vary by class, but 
share common rhythms. 

477
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:37,300
Families gather for dinner, main
meal of the day for those who 

478
00:26:37,300 --> 00:26:40,500
can afford it. 
The wealthy eat elaborate 

479
00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:42,600
Affairs served in formal dining 
rooms. 

480
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,600
The middle class has simpler 
fare, but still maintains proper

481
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,400
table, manners and conversation.
The working class makes do with 

482
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,000
whatever they can afford often 
eating in kitchens that also 

483
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:56,800
serve as living rooms because 
their homes are too small for 

484
00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:01,000
separate spaces after dinner. 
The evening stretches ahead with

485
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:04,100
far fewer entertainment options 
than Modern Life provides. 

486
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:07,100
Without televisions computers or
phones. 

487
00:27:07,100 --> 00:27:11,100
People read engage in Hobbies or
simply talk. 

488
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:15,300
Letter writing is a common 
evening, activity maintaining 

489
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:18,200
correspondence, with family and 
friends requires regular 

490
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:20,800
attention. 
And the well-educated are 

491
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:22,700
expected to be articulate 
writers. 

492
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,800
For the working class evening, 
might mean a few hours at the 

493
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,300
pub before exhausted sleep or 
working on peace work projects 

494
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,400
at home to supplement inadequate
wages. 

495
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,800
Children are put to bed, early, 
partly, because childhood is 

496
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,800
shorter in Practical terms. 
They'll be working, sooner 

497
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,100
enough. 
So rest now is pragmatic rather 

498
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:44,400
than coddling. 
The streets. 

499
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,700
Take on a different character 
after dark respectable. 

500
00:27:47,700 --> 00:27:51,400
People don't linger outside once
night falls because Victorian 

501
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:54,100
London has a well-deserved 
reputation for Crime. 

502
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:58,700
That's not entirely exaggerated.
The police, a relatively new 

503
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:03,400
institution, still finding its 
footing patrolling pairs their 

504
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:07,200
presence designed to reassure 
law, abiding citizens and deter 

505
00:28:07,200 --> 00:28:09,500
criminals. 
But the city doesn't sleep 

506
00:28:09,500 --> 00:28:11,400
night. 
Workers are everywhere. 

507
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:15,300
Baker's starting their work for 
tomorrow's bread like soil. 

508
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,600
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and Market 

509
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:20,500
workers preparing for the next 
day's business. 

510
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,500
London operates on overlapping 
schedules with some people 

511
00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:26,500
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

512
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:31,100
The fog, which cleared someone 
during the day often returns at 

513
00:28:31,108 --> 00:28:33,200
night, thicker and more 
oppressive. 

514
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,400
Combined with the darkness and 
The Limited lighting. 

515
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:40,300
Navigating, Victorian London 
after dark requires local 

516
00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:41,900
knowledge or considerable 
courage. 

517
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:45,800
Streets that were merely crowded
during the day becoming Maize 

518
00:28:45,800 --> 00:28:49,400
like and vaguely threatening. 
There's a romance to the evening

519
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,100
Gaslight of photographers notice
of captured, but the lived 

520
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:56,700
reality is less picturesque. 
The light is dim enough that 

521
00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,100
reading strange your eyes and 
many Victorian suffer from 

522
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,900
vision problems, partly because 
they spend their lives squinting

523
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:08,200
at things, inadequate 
illumination The gas Flames, 

524
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:12,400
consume oxygen making rooms 
stuffy and they produce their 

525
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,900
own smell. 
That adds to the complex, 

526
00:29:14,900 --> 00:29:17,500
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,
urban life. 

527
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:21,600
For those with evening, social 
engagements, dinner, parties 

528
00:29:21,600 --> 00:29:25,600
Card Games, Social calls, 
elaborate preparations, are 

529
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,400
required evening dresses, 
formal, and highly specific, and

530
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:31,700
take substantial time to put on 
correctly. 

531
00:29:33,000 --> 00:29:36,300
Women's evening gowns. 
Even more complex than their day

532
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:39,700
wear with lower necklines. 
That scandalize foreign visitors

533
00:29:39,700 --> 00:29:43,200
but a perfectly acceptable 
within the confines of private 

534
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,100
entertainment. 
The dinner party is a 

535
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:49,700
performance where multiple 
courses are served conversation,

536
00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:53,300
follows strict guidelines about 
appropriate, topics, and every 

537
00:29:53,300 --> 00:29:56,700
gesture, and word is evaluated. 
According to social rules that 

538
00:29:56,700 --> 00:29:58,300
have been refined over 
Generations. 

539
00:29:59,400 --> 00:30:02,000
Getting through an evening 
without committing some faux par

540
00:30:02,008 --> 00:30:06,000
requires constant attention to 
Etiquette, that modern people 

541
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:10,100
would find exhausting. 
Deep night in Victorian, London 

542
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:14,400
is when the city reveals. 
Its most honest face the social 

543
00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:18,100
pretenses of daylight fade and 
what remains is a complex 

544
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:23,600
ecosystem of people, surviving 
thriving working and sleeping in

545
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,400
a metropolis that never 
completely stops. 

546
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:28,900
Moving. 
The darkness is profound in ways

547
00:30:28,900 --> 00:30:33,000
that Modern urban dwellers 
rarely experience, even with gas

548
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,400
lamps, large portions of London,
remain pitch, black after 

549
00:30:36,400 --> 00:30:39,100
midnight. 
The moon and stars when visible 

550
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:42,200
through the Perpetual Haze of 
coal, smoke provides 

551
00:30:42,200 --> 00:30:45,600
supplemental light but it's not 
enough to eliminate the Shadows 

552
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,600
that dominate the urban 
landscape in wealthier 

553
00:30:48,600 --> 00:30:50,900
neighborhoods. 
The houses are mostly dark by 11

554
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:54,700
or midnight, their inhabitants 
are sleep behind heavy curtains 

555
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:59,100
that block, both light and cold 
The streets acquired except for 

556
00:30:59,100 --> 00:31:01,400
the occasional Lake Cab 
returning, someone from an 

557
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:05,300
evening engagement, the horses, 
whose echoing off the building's

558
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:06,700
like a heartbeat in the 
Darkness. 

559
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:11,000
But in working class areas 
night, is when the city shows, 

560
00:31:11,000 --> 00:31:14,700
its desperation homeless people 
and Victorian. 

561
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:19,100
London has thousands of them 
seek shelter in doorways under 

562
00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:22,600
bridges and anywhere that 
provides minimal protection from

563
00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:25,200
the elements. 
The workhouse is offered beds 

564
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,500
for those desperate enough to 
accept them, but they're so Grim

565
00:31:28,500 --> 00:31:32,200
that many prefer the streets. 
The night soil, men, make their 

566
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:35,200
rounds collecting human waste 
from cesspits and outdoor 

567
00:31:35,200 --> 00:31:38,300
privies. 
It's disgusting work, but it 

568
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:40,700
pays relatively well, because 
few people will do it. 

569
00:31:41,500 --> 00:31:44,300
They work in the dark hours, 
partly for practical reasons. 

570
00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:48,400
Waste is easier to transport 
when the streets are empty and 

571
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:50,900
partly to spare. 
Victorian sensibilities, from 

572
00:31:50,900 --> 00:31:55,800
confronting two directly where 
all the waste goes The Thames at

573
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:58,800
night is busy with a different 
traffic cold, barges move 

574
00:31:58,800 --> 00:32:02,400
undercover of Darkness docking 
at industrial sites along the 

575
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,200
river. 
Passenger ferries. 

576
00:32:04,200 --> 00:32:07,800
Continue operating until late 
carrying people across and along

577
00:32:07,800 --> 00:32:10,000
the river because bridges are 
still limited and often 

578
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:13,100
congested. 
The water itself is largely 

579
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:17,400
invisible in the darkness marked
by sound and smell and sight. 

580
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:22,300
Criminal activity, which existed
all ours become more Brazen 

581
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:25,100
after dark? 
Pickpockets work, the theater 

582
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,800
crowds and Pub districts 
burglars prefer homes where the 

583
00:32:28,800 --> 00:32:32,300
inhabitants were asleep. 
The police patrol with increased

584
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,600
vigilance, but their vastly 
outnumbered and Victorian, 

585
00:32:35,600 --> 00:32:38,700
London has plenty of dark 
Corners, where criminal 

586
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:41,300
Enterprise can operate 
relatively undisturbed. 

587
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:45,900
Sounds of night are different 
from day without the constant 

588
00:32:45,900 --> 00:32:49,300
Rumble of commercial traffic. 
Individual sounds become more 

589
00:32:49,300 --> 00:32:52,100
distinct. 
You can hear voices from open 

590
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,500
windows. 
The Cry of babies, the arguments

591
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:58,100
of couples who think the 
darkness provides privacy. 

592
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:03,000
The Barking of dogs, the yowling
of cats and the scarring of rats

593
00:33:03,000 --> 00:33:05,500
that are as much a part of 
Victorian London as the human 

594
00:33:05,500 --> 00:33:10,400
inhabitants, Beacon of rats, 
Victorian London has millions of

595
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:12,800
them. 
They live in the sewers in the 

596
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:16,800
walls of buildings and in 
warehouses and shops, feeding on

597
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:20,700
the endless supply of waste and 
garbage that a city of several 

598
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:25,100
million people producers at 
night, when humans are less 

599
00:33:25,100 --> 00:33:29,000
active rats, become bold, 
venturing into streets and 

600
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,200
alleys in numbers that would 
horrify modern city dwellers. 

601
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:36,300
The night markets operate in 
certain areas selling Goods, 

602
00:33:36,300 --> 00:33:38,700
that might not stand up to 
Daylight scrutiny. 

603
00:33:39,400 --> 00:33:43,800
Used clothing questionable food 
items, that might afford and off

604
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:47,800
the back of a cart. 
The informal economy thrives in 

605
00:33:47,800 --> 00:33:49,700
the hours, when official 
Commerce has closed? 

606
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:54,100
these markets, serve people who 
work odd hours or who can only 

607
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:57,000
afford the cheapest possible 
Goods regardless of their 

608
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,900
origin, Factory workers on 
night, shifts experience, a 

609
00:34:00,900 --> 00:34:04,600
different London entirely. 
They enter their work places and

610
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:09,000
darkness and emerging Darkness 
seeing their homes and families 

611
00:34:09,000 --> 00:34:11,100
primarily on their one day off 
per week. 

612
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:15,199
The factories themselves are lit
by gas lamps that create their 

613
00:34:15,199 --> 00:34:18,500
own hazards. 
Combination of open flames, and 

614
00:34:18,500 --> 00:34:20,500
Industrial. 
Machinery has predictable 

615
00:34:20,500 --> 00:34:23,800
results and Factory fires are a 
regular occurrence. 

616
00:34:24,900 --> 00:34:26,800
The baker start, their work 
around three in the morning 

617
00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:30,199
firing up ovens and beginning. 
The process of producing the 

618
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:32,199
bread that will be sold 
throughout the coming day. 

619
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:35,500
Walking past a bakery. 
In the early morning, Darkness 

620
00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:38,900
the smell of baking bread. 
Provides a moment of pure 

621
00:34:38,900 --> 00:34:42,500
sensory, pleasure that cuts 
through the usual Urban, odors 

622
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:46,600
The new technology of the 
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 

623
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:49,699
with operators, sitting in 
offices, sending and receiving 

624
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:52,800
messages through the night. 
It's the beginning of the modern

625
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:56,000
expectation, that information 
should be available instantly 

626
00:34:56,000 --> 00:34:58,700
rather than waiting, for the 
next days male to delivery. 

627
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:03,300
Some public houses, stay open 
late operating in a gray area of

628
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,400
legal and illegal, depending on 
their location and their 

629
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:10,200
relationship with local police. 
These late night, establishments

630
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:13,400
serve people who work odd hours 
people with no, where else to go

631
00:35:13,400 --> 00:35:16,600
and people who prefer the 
company of the pub to their own 

632
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:19,700
lodging. 
The atmosphere is different from

633
00:35:19,700 --> 00:35:23,900
daytime, drinking quieter or 
desperate less social and more 

634
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:26,000
about numbing what ever make 
sleep difficult. 

635
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,800
Hospital Wards operate through 
the night staffed by overworked 

636
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:34,400
nurses who care for patients and
conditions that are gradually 

637
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:37,800
improving but still shockingly 
inadequate by modern standards. 

638
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,800
Medical understanding is 
advancing rapidly in Victorian 

639
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:44,800
England who are practical 
application lags behind 

640
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:48,100
theoretical knowledge and 
hospitals remain places where 

641
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:50,200
the poor go, because they have 
no other option. 

642
00:35:51,000 --> 00:35:54,600
The churches stand dark and 
locked except for the very 

643
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:58,000
largest which maintains small 
chapels open for prayer. 

644
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:02,600
Victorian religion is both 
intensely private and intensely 

645
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:04,500
public. 
And the after hours of 

646
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:06,800
availability of religious 
spaces, reflects this 

647
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,700
complexity. 
Around four in the morning, 

648
00:36:09,708 --> 00:36:13,000
London begins its transition 
back toward day. 

649
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:16,100
The earliest workers start 
appearing on the streets 

650
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:19,800
servants beginning. 
Their Ali routines delivery 

651
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:23,400
drivers preparing their wagons 
and Market vendors heading to 

652
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:26,000
wholesale markets to purchase 
their stock for the day. 

653
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:30,000
The darkness starts to feel 
temporary rather than permanent 

654
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,500
and the city prepares for 
another cycle of its endless 

655
00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:36,700
routine. 
As Dawn approaches the sky 

656
00:36:36,700 --> 00:36:39,200
begins, its slow transition from
black to Gray. 

657
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:41,900
You find yourself in a quiet 
Square. 

658
00:36:42,900 --> 00:36:44,900
Sitting on a damp bench 
watching. 

659
00:36:44,900 --> 00:36:47,000
Victorian London, wake up for 
another day. 

660
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,800
The experience of the past 24 
hours has been overwhelming 

661
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:56,100
exhausting, fascinating, and 
occasionally disturbing. 

662
00:36:57,000 --> 00:36:59,800
everything that reality should 
be, when you strip away the 

663
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:04,200
comfortable filtering that 
historical distance provides Fog

664
00:37:04,200 --> 00:37:06,700
is returning or perhaps it never
really left. 

665
00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:10,000
The coal fires are being lit in 
thousands of homes. 

666
00:37:10,000 --> 00:37:12,900
And the smoke is already 
beginning to accumulate in the 

667
00:37:12,908 --> 00:37:16,400
morning are Soon, the streets 
will fill again with horses 

668
00:37:16,400 --> 00:37:20,200
people and the complex Machinery
of urban life that somehow 

669
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:22,800
functions. 
Despite operating on principles 

670
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,700
that seem impossibly Antiquated 
from a modern perspective, 

671
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:29,800
You've learned Things That No 
book or documentary could have 

672
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,400
taught you. 
You now know what Kohl's smoke 

673
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:35,900
tastes like when it's everywhere
or Genuine cold feels like 

674
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:39,300
without central heating and what
Urban noise sounds like without 

675
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:43,400
sound insulation. 
You understand in your body, not

676
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,200
just your mind. 
What it means to live without 

677
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:49,100
electricity without instant 
communication. 

678
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:52,600
Without any of the technologies 
that Define modern existence, 

679
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:55,600
the social observations have 
been equally educational. 

680
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,900
You've seen how visible 
inequality is when everyone 

681
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:02,200
shares the same public spaces. 
But clearly belongs to different

682
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:06,700
worlds, you've noticed how much 
energy Victorian society spent 

683
00:38:06,700 --> 00:38:09,900
on maintaining social 
distinctions on performing class

684
00:38:09,900 --> 00:38:14,300
identity and on signaling status
through clothes, speech, and 

685
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:17,000
behavior. 
You've been struck by the 

686
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,000
physicality of Victorian life. 
Everything requires more effort 

687
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,500
getting dressed. 
Staying warm getting from place 

688
00:38:24,500 --> 00:38:27,800
to place, obtaining food and 
staying clean. 

689
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,400
The simple Act of daily 
existence, that modern people 

690
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,500
accomplish without thought, 
required sustained, attention 

691
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:39,400
and considerable labor in the 
Victorian era. 

692
00:38:40,500 --> 00:38:43,100
But you've also noticed things 
that Modern Life has lost. 

693
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:47,400
The bread tastes better because 
it's made daily from flower that

694
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:49,600
hasn't been processed into 
nutritional emptiness. 

695
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:53,400
Clothes, despite being 
uncomfortable are made to last 

696
00:38:53,400 --> 00:38:56,100
and often contain better 
craftsmanship than anything you 

697
00:38:56,100 --> 00:38:58,800
own. 
The social interactions while 

698
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,100
formal involve actually looking 
at people and talking to them 

699
00:39:02,100 --> 00:39:06,400
rather than staring at screens. 
The pace of life is paradoxical.

700
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:10,000
Everything takes longer yet 
people seem to accomplish 

701
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:14,200
enormous amounts, The Victorian 
era was one of incredible 

702
00:39:14,200 --> 00:39:19,100
productivity Innovation and 
expansion all achieved without 

703
00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:22,500
computers without modern 
transportation and without 

704
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:26,200
instant communication. 
It's suggest that maybe modern 

705
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:28,900
efficiency isn't quite as 
official to, as we like to 

706
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:31,900
think. 
Or perhaps that efficiency isn't

707
00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:34,100
the only measure of a society 
success. 

708
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:38,100
The dangers of Victorian London 
have been real and present 

709
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:42,800
throughout your journey. 
Disease, accident, crime and 

710
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:45,400
poverty. 
All of them are closer to the 

711
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:49,700
surface than in modern developed
societies the social safety, 

712
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:54,000
net, that modern people take for
granted doesn't exist. if you're

713
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,700
poor sick or unlucky your 
options range from limited to 

714
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:01,400
non-existent, The environmental 
conditions have been a 

715
00:40:01,400 --> 00:40:04,900
revelation, modern people think 
they understand, historical 

716
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:08,500
pollution, because they've seen 
photographs of smoggy cities. 

717
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:12,800
But photographs, don't convey 
the taste of the are the way 

718
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:16,300
smoke, irritates your throat, 
the omnipresent cold dust that 

719
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:20,100
settles on everything. 
The smell of the Thames or the 

720
00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:23,700
sound of thousands of horses 
producing waste faster than it 

721
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:26,700
can be collected. 
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 

722
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:31,100
The architecture is genuinely 
impressive built by craftsmen 

723
00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:34,200
who took pride in their work. 
The gaslighting, however, 

724
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:38,800
inadequate atmospheric effects. 
The electric light can't match. 

725
00:40:39,800 --> 00:40:42,400
The sense of community and 
working class neighborhoods, 

726
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:46,800
born of shared hardship and 
mutual dependents represents 

727
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:50,000
something that modern Suburban 
isolation often Lacks. 

728
00:40:51,100 --> 00:40:53,800
The people you've observed have 
been the most interesting part. 

729
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:56,800
They're not the simplified 
historical figures from 

730
00:40:56,800 --> 00:41:00,600
textbooks or the Romantic 
characters from period dramas 

731
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:04,200
Their complex human beings 
dealing with the specific 

732
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,300
challenges of their time, while 
experiencing the universal 

733
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:13,300
aspects of human existence. 
Love ambition, fear, hope 

734
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:17,800
boredom and joy. 
The children you've seen will 

735
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:21,200
grow up to be edwardians to 
experience the first world war 

736
00:41:21,200 --> 00:41:25,700
and perhaps to live into the 
1950s and wonder at television 

737
00:41:25,700 --> 00:41:28,900
and Jet's. 
The young adults you've watched 

738
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:32,300
Russian to work, will be the 
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 

739
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,900
Living Bridges between the 
Victorian world and modernity 

740
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:40,100
history isn't separate. 
Eros, it's continuous. 

741
00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:44,000
Human Experience flowing from 
one generation to the next. 

742
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,000
You realize that Victorian 
London isn't passed. 

743
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:51,700
A foundation. 
The sewers being built right now

744
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:53,800
will still be functioning in the
21st century. 

745
00:41:53,800 --> 00:41:57,400
The buildings, you've walked 
past Will Survive Wars and urban

746
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:01,500
renewal the institutions being 
established public libraries 

747
00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:06,100
museums, schools, hospitals will
evolve, but persist you're not 

748
00:42:06,108 --> 00:42:09,200
visiting a dead World, your 
observing the roots of the 

749
00:42:09,200 --> 00:42:12,300
world, you know, Experiences 
giving you a different 

750
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:14,900
perspective on progress. 
Yes. 

751
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:20,100
Modern Life is more comfortable,
safer and healthier and offers 

752
00:42:20,100 --> 00:42:22,400
opportunities that victorians 
couldn't imagine. 

753
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:26,500
But progress isn't linear 
Improvement in every aspect. 

754
00:42:26,500 --> 00:42:31,400
The victorians built things to 
last invested in Beauty, even in

755
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:35,300
utilitarian projects, and 
maintained social connections 

756
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:37,700
that modern efficiency has 
sometimes eroded. 

757
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:42,100
The moral complexity is 
impossible to ignore Victorian, 

758
00:42:42,100 --> 00:42:45,500
Britain, ruled an Empire that 
brought prosperity to some and 

759
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:49,500
exploitation to many. 
The wealth visible in London's 

760
00:42:49,500 --> 00:42:52,400
Grand, building's came partly 
from Colonial extraction. 

761
00:42:53,400 --> 00:42:56,900
The cheap Goods in London shops 
were often produced by Colonial 

762
00:42:56,900 --> 00:43:00,200
labor under conditions that 
would be recognized as 

763
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:02,800
exploitative even by Victorian 
standards. 

764
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:06,500
There's no way to separate. 
Victorian achievement from 

765
00:43:06,500 --> 00:43:10,600
Victorian imperialism. 
Similarly, the period social 

766
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:13,300
progress co-existed with 
shocking and equality. 

767
00:43:14,700 --> 00:43:18,700
Same society, that was expanding
education, an improving Public 

768
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:21,300
Health. 
Also allowed children to work in

769
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:24,900
factories and mines. 
The era that produced great 

770
00:43:24,900 --> 00:43:28,300
literature and scientific 
advances also maintained rigid 

771
00:43:28,300 --> 00:43:32,000
class, barriers, and severely 
limited women's opportunities. 

772
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:36,600
These contradictions don't 
resolve neatly The victorians 

773
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,300
weren't villains or Heroes, they
were people working within their

774
00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:43,700
societies, assumptions, while 
gradually questioning and 

775
00:43:43,700 --> 00:43:48,100
changing those assumptions. 
progress happened because some 

776
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:51,600
victorians recognize problems 
and work to address them not 

777
00:43:51,600 --> 00:43:55,500
because history automatically 
moves toward Justice, the gender

778
00:43:55,500 --> 00:43:58,100
Dynamic of being particularly 
striking throughout your day. 

779
00:43:58,900 --> 00:44:02,100
Women are everywhere but their 
possibilities are constrained in

780
00:44:02,108 --> 00:44:04,200
ways that would be intolerable 
to Modern women. 

781
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:08,200
Working class women labor in 
factories, shops, and homes, 

782
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:11,700
middle class women manage 
households and raise children 

783
00:44:11,700 --> 00:44:15,900
within narrow social confines. 
Upper class women, perform 

784
00:44:15,900 --> 00:44:18,700
elaborate social rituals that 
constitute their primary 

785
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:21,900
occupation. 
The legal status of women is 

786
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:24,600
somewhere between persons and 
property depending on their 

787
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:28,100
marital status. 
Yet Victorian women are also 

788
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:31,700
pushing boundaries women writers
are achieving success. 

789
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:36,200
Women activists are campaigning 
for education and suffrage and 

790
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,700
women workers are organizing for
better conditions. 

791
00:44:39,800 --> 00:44:42,400
Changes that will transform 
women's lives in the 20th. 

792
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:46,500
Century are beginning here. 
In small acts of resistance and 

793
00:44:46,500 --> 00:44:49,500
assertion that will eventually 
remake Society. 

794
00:44:50,500 --> 00:44:53,500
The religious atmosphere has 
permeated everything you've 

795
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:56,800
experienced. 
Victorian Christianity isn't 

796
00:44:56,800 --> 00:45:00,200
just Sunday worship, it's a 
framework that shapes social 

797
00:45:00,200 --> 00:45:03,500
policy, personal behavior and 
public discourse. 

798
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:07,800
Churches are everywhere, 
religious language, infuses 

799
00:45:07,800 --> 00:45:10,400
ordinary conversation and 
Christian morality. 

800
00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,600
At least its public performance 
is expected of everyone. 

801
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:18,900
Regardless of actual belief, but
religious doubt was present 

802
00:45:18,900 --> 00:45:21,900
growing among intellectuals and 
work as alike. 

803
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:24,900
Darwin's theories are being 
discussed and debated. 

804
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:28,300
Scientific thinking is 
challenging traditional 

805
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:31,700
religious explanations. 
The attention between faith and 

806
00:45:31,700 --> 00:45:34,300
reason that characterizes, 
Victorian culture isn't 

807
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:37,000
resolved. 
It actively being worked through

808
00:45:37,000 --> 00:45:38,800
by thoughtful people on all 
sides. 

809
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:43,000
As you sit in the gradually 
brightening Square, the full 

810
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:45,400
cycle of the Victorian day, 
becomes clear. 

811
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:48,900
It's not so different in 
structure from Modern days. 

812
00:45:48,900 --> 00:45:53,000
People wake work, eat rest and 
sleep. 

813
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,700
The surface details have changed
dramatically but the underlying 

814
00:45:57,700 --> 00:46:01,700
human rhythms remain constant. 
People in 1880 had the same 

815
00:46:01,708 --> 00:46:04,600
basic knees and desires as 
people in the 21st century. 

816
00:46:05,800 --> 00:46:08,200
They just fulfilled them with 
different Technologies and 

817
00:46:08,200 --> 00:46:09,800
within different social 
structures. 

818
00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,600
The experiences also, 
highlighted how recent modernity

819
00:46:13,600 --> 00:46:17,100
really is. 
Electric lights, automobiles, 

820
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:19,400
phones, computers. 
The Internet. 

821
00:46:19,400 --> 00:46:22,700
All of these arrived within 
roughly a century. 

822
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:28,100
A tiny sliver of human history. 
The Victorian world of gas 

823
00:46:28,100 --> 00:46:30,200
lamps. 
And Horse Transport is separated

824
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:33,200
from the digital age by just 
three or four generations. 

825
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:36,700
Your own grandparents or 
great-grandparents might have 

826
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:39,900
been born into a world that more
closely, resembled the Victorian

827
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,700
London than contemporary life. 
This proximity Is both 

828
00:46:43,700 --> 00:46:47,400
comforting and unsettling. 
Comforting because it suggests 

829
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:51,400
humans are remarkably adaptable.
Victorians coped with their 

830
00:46:51,400 --> 00:46:54,300
challenges as effectively as 
moderns cope with theirs. 

831
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:58,700
Unsettling because it raises 
questions about what aspects of 

832
00:46:58,700 --> 00:47:01,300
modern life will seem as 
Antiquated to Future 

833
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:03,900
Generations. 
As gaslighting seems to you. 

834
00:47:04,900 --> 00:47:07,600
The technological changes are 
the most visible differences, 

835
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,400
but the social changes might be 
more profound. 

836
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:14,300
The rigid Victorian class system
has softened in developed 

837
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:16,400
countries though, it has not 
disappeared. 

838
00:47:17,200 --> 00:47:20,900
Gender roles have been 
dramatically reimagined, racial 

839
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:22,800
attitudes have evolved. 
Though. 

840
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:27,100
Imperfectly Democratic 
participation has expanded 

841
00:47:27,100 --> 00:47:31,500
individual Freedom, has 
increased in most areas of 

842
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:33,100
surveillance capabilities of 
all. 

843
00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:37,300
So grown The Victorian World 
believed in hierarchy and 

844
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:40,700
traditional the modern world 
celebrates equality and 

845
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:43,800
Innovation, though. 
Both theories often fail to live

846
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,900
up to their stated values. 
As the morning strength and the 

847
00:47:47,900 --> 00:47:51,800
city fully awakened around you, 
you find yourself thinking about

848
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,300
what this imaginary Journey has 
offered Beyond mere historical 

849
00:47:55,300 --> 00:47:58,900
curiosity. 
What gifts does Victorian 

850
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:01,400
London? 
Give to a modern person willing 

851
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:05,400
to spend a day in its crowded. 
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 

852
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:08,200
First, there's the gift of 
proportion. 

853
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,900
Your own daily complaints. 
The wife is slow, the coffee 

854
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:15,200
isn't quite right. 
The commute to an extra 10 

855
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,800
minutes shrink when compared to 
Victorian challenges. 

856
00:48:20,100 --> 00:48:22,300
This isn't to say, Modern 
Problems aren't real. 

857
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:26,300
But perspective is valuable. 
The victorians dealt with 

858
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:31,400
genuine hardship and found 
reasons to Laugh, Love create 

859
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:35,000
and persevere. 
Your own resilient is probably 

860
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:39,100
greater than you think. 
Second, there's appreciation for

861
00:48:39,100 --> 00:48:42,700
invisible infrastructure, you'll
never take clean water 

862
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:47,100
effective, sewage reliable 
electricity, or modern medicine 

863
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:50,300
for granted again after 
experiencing their absence. 

864
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:54,700
The complex systems that support
Modern Life are easy to ignore 

865
00:48:54,700 --> 00:48:56,300
until you imagine life without 
them. 

866
00:48:57,100 --> 00:49:00,700
Thousands of people work to 
build these systems offer in 

867
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:03,700
difficult conditions and their 
legacy is the comfort. 

868
00:49:03,700 --> 00:49:07,600
You experience daily. 
Third is understanding of 

869
00:49:07,600 --> 00:49:10,900
historical change. 
Victorian London, seemed 

870
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,700
permanent to its inhabitants. 
The way things. 

871
00:49:13,700 --> 00:49:15,600
Were seemed like the way things 
would always be. 

872
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:20,000
Yet, within decades, much of 
that world had transformed. 

873
00:49:20,900 --> 00:49:23,800
This suggests that your own 
world which seems stable and 

874
00:49:23,800 --> 00:49:26,400
permanent is actually in 
constant flux. 

875
00:49:27,300 --> 00:49:29,900
The changes might be gradual 
enough that you don't notice 

876
00:49:29,900 --> 00:49:33,600
them dated day, but the 
cumulative effect over time can 

877
00:49:33,600 --> 00:49:36,000
be revolutionary. 
Forth. 

878
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,300
There's recognition of human 
constants. 

879
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:42,300
Despite all the differences 
victorians worried about their 

880
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:44,700
children's Futures. 
Work to improve their 

881
00:49:44,700 --> 00:49:50,100
circumstances fell in love. 
Experienced loss found joy in 

882
00:49:50,100 --> 00:49:53,900
small things and struggled with 
meaning and purpose. 

883
00:49:55,200 --> 00:49:59,000
The external circumstances, 
change the internal human 

884
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:02,300
experience, remains remarkably 
consistent across time and 

885
00:50:02,300 --> 00:50:04,900
place. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

886
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:08,000
craftsmanship, offers another 
lesson in a world of 

887
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:11,200
mass-produced disposable Goods. 
There's something appealing 

888
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:14,100
about objects made by skilled 
hands to last Generations. 

889
00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:18,200
The Victorian building you've 
been observing with its careful,

890
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:22,400
stonework and decorative details
represents an investment of time

891
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:25,200
and skill that modern 
construction often skips. 

892
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,000
There's value in slowing down 
and doing some things, well, 

893
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:30,800
rather than doing everything 
quickly. 

894
00:50:31,900 --> 00:50:35,000
The social interactions you've 
observed, while often, ridged 

895
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:38,100
and formal involved. 
Genuine attention to the people 

896
00:50:38,100 --> 00:50:41,200
physically present. 
No one is checking their phone 

897
00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:43,700
during conversations because 
phones don't exist. 

898
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:46,200
People. 
Look at each other listen to 

899
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:51,200
each other and engage directly. 
the Victorian social world for 

900
00:50:51,200 --> 00:50:54,600
all its flaws, required presence
and ways that Modern Life 

901
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:58,400
sometimes doesn't the experience
has also highlighted the value 

902
00:50:58,400 --> 00:51:00,900
of struggle in ways, that 
comfortable Modern Life 

903
00:51:00,900 --> 00:51:04,500
sometimes obscures The 
victorians Who improve their 

904
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:08,500
circumstances, learned new 
skills or contributed to social 

905
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:10,900
progress. 
Often did so against significant

906
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,300
obstacles. 
Their achievements meant 

907
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:15,500
something partly because they 
were difficult. 

908
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:20,000
Modern life's conveniences, 
wonderful, but perhaps something

909
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:21,800
is lost when everything becomes 
easy. 

910
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:25,600
There's all a lesson in 
Victorian London's combination 

911
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:29,400
of grandeur and squalor. 
Same society that built 

912
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:33,200
magnificent, public buildings 
and expanded museums and 

913
00:51:33,200 --> 00:51:35,900
libraries. 
All so tolerated, horrific 

914
00:51:35,900 --> 00:51:40,800
slums, and child labor. 
This suggests that material 

915
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:44,500
progress doesn't automatically 
produce moral progress. 

916
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:49,100
Society must consciously choose 
to extend opportunities and 

917
00:51:49,100 --> 00:51:52,800
protections broadly, not just a 
privileged groups. 

918
00:51:53,700 --> 00:51:57,000
The Victorian relationship with 
nature, which you've observed in

919
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:00,500
the carefully, maintained parks 
and the disregard for air and 

920
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:04,400
water quality reveals a society,
still figuring out how to 

921
00:52:04,400 --> 00:52:07,100
balance industrial progress with
environmental health. 

922
00:52:08,000 --> 00:52:11,000
They hadn't yet recognized that 
natural systems have limits, 

923
00:52:11,000 --> 00:52:14,700
modern society knows this, but 
struggles to act on that 

924
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:17,300
knowledge. 
The Victorian mistakes off a 

925
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,900
warnings, but modern people 
can't claim moral superiority 

926
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:23,200
while making similar mistakes 
with greater knowledge. 

927
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:27,700
The diversity of Victorian 
London immigrants, from a cross,

928
00:52:27,700 --> 00:52:31,800
the Empire visitors from around 
the world and people from every 

929
00:52:31,800 --> 00:52:35,600
British region, reminds you that
cities of always been meeting 

930
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:39,500
places of different cultures. 
The Victorian response was often

931
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:42,900
to maintain strict, social 
hierarchies, but the mere 

932
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,600
presence of diversity was slowly
undermining. 

933
00:52:45,600 --> 00:52:49,800
Those higher Keys cities, change
people by exposing them to 

934
00:52:49,800 --> 00:52:53,300
different and Victorian London 
was doing this work, even when 

935
00:52:53,300 --> 00:52:57,000
Victorian ideology resisted it. 
the evening, entertainment 

936
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:01,100
options, you observed, theaters,
music Halls, pubs social visits,

937
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:05,600
suggests that humans need more 
than work and survival, even in 

938
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,300
difficult circumstances, people 
sought Beauty after connection 

939
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:13,300
and meaning The Victorian 
investment in public culture, 

940
00:53:13,300 --> 00:53:18,200
museums library's Parks 
performance spaces, reflected a 

941
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:22,000
belief that culture matters that
people deserve access to beauty 

942
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:26,200
and knowledge, regardless of 
their economic status, Victorian

943
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:28,400
earnestness, which modern people
often mock. 

944
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:32,800
Actually, reflects an admirable 
quality. the belief that 

945
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,400
individual actions matter that 
moral Behavior makes a 

946
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:40,500
difference and that trying to be
better is worthwhile The 

947
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:44,100
specific moral codes were flawed
but the underlying commitment to

948
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:47,300
ethical, living and social 
responsibility offers something 

949
00:53:47,300 --> 00:53:50,300
valuable the square where you've
been sitting is. 

950
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:54,100
Now fully awake, the vendors of 
set up, the traffic is building 

951
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:56,900
and the working day has begun 
and somewhere. 

952
00:53:56,900 --> 00:54:00,600
In this moment you feel the 
gentle pulled backward toward 

953
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:04,300
your own time, your own world 
and your own comfortable bed 

954
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:06,600
with its modern mattress and 
Central Heating. 

955
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:12,100
The transition happens gradually
like waking from a particularly 

956
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:15,200
Vivid dream. 
The sound of Victorian London, 

957
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:20,200
the horses, the street vendors. 
The Peculiar axon to Victorian 

958
00:54:20,200 --> 00:54:24,000
speech, begin to fade, a smells 
diminish. 

959
00:54:24,900 --> 00:54:26,800
Taste of coal, smoke leaves your
mouth. 

960
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:31,700
The physical sensations of 
Victorian clothing, Victorian 

961
00:54:31,700 --> 00:54:35,300
cold, and diminish. 
And Victorian Stone beneath, 

962
00:54:35,300 --> 00:54:40,300
your feet, all gently received. 
You're aware of your body in 

963
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:43,700
your own bed, in your own time. 
The sheets of soft. 

964
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:46,800
The temperature is comfortable, 
and the air is clean. 

965
00:54:47,900 --> 00:54:51,400
Hear modern sounds perhaps 
traffic, that's motorized, 

966
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,700
rather than horse-drawn the hum 
of electronics sounds, that 

967
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:56,200
wouldn't make sense to a 
Victorian. 

968
00:54:56,900 --> 00:54:59,200
But you bring something back 
with you from your Victorian 

969
00:54:59,200 --> 00:55:01,500
day. 
Not physical objects. 

970
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:04,500
You can't bring Victorian coins 
or newspapers into your modern 

971
00:55:04,500 --> 00:55:07,400
world. 
What you bring is understanding.

972
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:11,800
The only comes from imagined 
experience rather than abstract 

973
00:55:11,800 --> 00:55:14,700
knowledge. 
You understand now why your 

974
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:17,000
great grandparents or great? 
Great grandparents might have 

975
00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:20,900
had certain habits that seemed 
odd to their grandchildren, why 

976
00:55:20,900 --> 00:55:24,000
they saved string and wash 
plastic bags and treated bread 

977
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:27,400
with reverends. 
They grew up in or closer to a 

978
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:29,100
world where such things had real
value. 

979
00:55:29,100 --> 00:55:32,900
Well, wastefulness wasn't just 
inefficient, but genuinely 

980
00:55:32,900 --> 00:55:37,000
harmful to survival. 
You understand why Victorian 

981
00:55:37,000 --> 00:55:40,200
literature often focuses on 
social class and reputation. 

982
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:43,600
When your social position 
determined your opportunities. 

983
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:47,000
So completely, and when 
reputation was the primary form 

984
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:50,100
of social capital, of course 
people, obsessed over these 

985
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:52,500
things. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

986
00:55:52,500 --> 00:55:54,500
propriety wasn't just 
prudishness. 

987
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:59,200
It was a survival strategy. you 
understand why the transition to

988
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,500
Modern Life was both eagerly 
embraced and sometimes more and 

989
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,000
The victorians who lived into 
the 20th century experience 

990
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:08,800
changes that must have felt like
moving to another planet. 

991
00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:13,800
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 
automobiles, movies, and radio. 

992
00:56:13,800 --> 00:56:17,500
Each one represented a 
fundamental shift in how daily 

993
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:20,200
life. 
Functioned, the experience has 

994
00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:23,900
made history, feel more real 
less like a series of dates and 

995
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:27,800
events and more like the lived 
experience of actual humans 

996
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:29,600
dealing with their specific 
challenges. 

997
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:33,600
The Victorian era, wasn't a 
unified period. 

998
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:35,700
Moving inexorably toward 
modernity. 

999
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:40,200
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

1000
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:44,000
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

1001
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:48,200
cumulatively created change. 
Who understand better, why 

1002
00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:52,500
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

1003
00:56:52,500 --> 00:56:57,100
exploitation and discrimination 
these existed in Victorian 

1004
00:56:57,100 --> 00:57:01,400
London in existence now. 
The specific manifestations 

1005
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:04,500
change. 
The underlying human Tendencies 

1006
00:57:04,500 --> 00:57:07,400
towards selfishness short, 
sightedness and tribalism. 

1007
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,900
Remain constant. 
Progress requires conscious 

1008
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:13,700
effort, not just the passage of 
time. 

1009
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:17,200
Technological optimism. 
You might have felt before this 

1010
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:20,600
journey is now tempered by 
recognition that technology 

1011
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:22,600
solves some problems while 
creating others. 

1012
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:26,400
The victorians thought Railways 
and telegraphs would 

1013
00:57:26,400 --> 00:57:29,200
revolutionize society and bring 
Universal peace. 

1014
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:33,100
There are partly right about the
revolution, but completely wrong

1015
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:36,100
about the peace. 
Modern faith in technological 

1016
00:57:36,100 --> 00:57:38,400
solutions might be similarly 
naive. 

1017
00:57:39,200 --> 00:57:41,500
Yet, there's all so. 
Hope in the Victorian example, 

1018
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:45,200
they may genuine progress on 
many fronts, public health 

1019
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:49,400
education, scientific 
understanding and social reform.

1020
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:52,700
Changes were often gradual and 
incomplete. 

1021
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:56,200
They were real. 
If victorians could improve 

1022
00:57:56,200 --> 00:58:00,000
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

1023
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:02,000
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

1024
00:58:02,900 --> 00:58:06,600
As you line your comfortable bed
fully returned to your own time,

1025
00:58:06,600 --> 00:58:10,100
the contrast between Victorian 
London and Modern Life feels 

1026
00:58:10,100 --> 00:58:13,500
almost absurd. 
You can reach over and turn on a

1027
00:58:13,500 --> 00:58:16,500
light without leaving bed, you 
can adjust the temperature with 

1028
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:20,400
a thermostat, you can check the 
weather, the news and messages 

1029
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:22,800
from friends, using a device 
that would have seemed like 

1030
00:58:22,808 --> 00:58:26,300
magic to victorians. 
The bathroom attached to your 

1031
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:29,100
bedroom, would have been a 
luxury Beyond imagining for most

1032
00:58:29,100 --> 00:58:32,800
victorians. 
Hot water, from a tap, a flush 

1033
00:58:32,800 --> 00:58:36,800
toilet, a shower, towels that 
you don't have to wash by hand. 

1034
00:58:36,800 --> 00:58:40,800
Each element represents Decades 
of engineering Innovation and 

1035
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,400
infrastructure investment. 
The simple Act of taking a 

1036
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:47,000
morning shower involves systems 
that victorians would have 

1037
00:58:47,008 --> 00:58:50,800
considered science fiction. 
Your breakfast options would 

1038
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:54,200
Amaze a Victorian fresh fruit 
from other hemispheres. 

1039
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:58,500
Coffee from distant continents 
bread that stays fresh for days,

1040
00:58:58,500 --> 00:59:02,700
refrigerated dairy, products, 
and cereals, and vented, after 

1041
00:59:02,700 --> 00:59:06,600
the Victorian era ended the 
Victorian breakfast was porridge

1042
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:10,700
bread, perhaps eggs, if you 
could afford them, Foods that 

1043
00:59:10,700 --> 00:59:13,400
were locally produced, because 
long distance, food transport 

1044
00:59:13,400 --> 00:59:16,900
was limited. 
Getting dressed takes minutes 

1045
00:59:16,900 --> 00:59:18,800
and stead of the extended 
process. 

1046
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:23,100
Victorian clothing, required. 
No course, its no button hooks. 

1047
00:59:23,100 --> 00:59:27,300
No layers of undergarments 
modern clothing, prioritizes 

1048
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:31,400
comfort and convenience over the
elaborate social signaling that 

1049
00:59:31,400 --> 00:59:35,000
Victorian fashion performed You 
can dress yourself without 

1050
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:38,000
assistance, which was a 
privilege reserved for lower 

1051
00:59:38,000 --> 00:59:41,800
classes in Victorian times. 
The wealthy needed servants to 

1052
00:59:41,808 --> 00:59:45,900
manage their complex wardrobes 
your commute, however 

1053
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,600
frustrating it might sometimes 
feel would seem miraculous to 

1054
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:54,200
victorians Whether you drive 
take public transit or work from

1055
00:59:54,200 --> 00:59:57,600
home, you're covering distances 
that would have required hours 

1056
00:59:57,600 --> 01:00:01,500
of travel in Victorian times. 
The modern city is physically 

1057
01:00:01,500 --> 01:00:04,600
larger than Victorian London, 
because transportation 

1058
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:07,900
technology allows people to live
farther from their workplaces, 

1059
01:00:08,800 --> 01:00:11,900
your workplace itself, reflects 
changes the victorians 

1060
01:00:11,900 --> 01:00:15,100
initiated, but couldn't complete
the office workers. 

1061
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:17,800
You observed in Victorian, 
London were pioneering a new 

1062
01:00:17,808 --> 01:00:20,800
kind of work. 
Clerical, labor, that required 

1063
01:00:20,800 --> 01:00:23,700
literacy and numeracy but not 
physical strength. 

1064
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:27,000
Modern knowledge work. 
Extends that Victorian 

1065
01:00:27,000 --> 01:00:29,600
Innovation though. 
It's now mediated through 

1066
01:00:29,600 --> 01:00:33,400
computers rather than paper 
ledgers the safety standards you

1067
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:35,900
take for granted would astounded
victorians. 

1068
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:42,000
Workplace, regulations food 
safety, building codes, traffic 

1069
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:44,700
laws. 
All of these represent hard one 

1070
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:48,300
Victory by reformers who 
recognize that industrialization

1071
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:50,400
without regulation was killing 
people. 

1072
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,400
Every modern safety feature 
exists, because someone suffered

1073
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,900
its absence Your access to 
information would seem Godlike 

1074
01:00:57,900 --> 01:01:01,200
to victorians. 
The accumulated knowledge of 

1075
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:05,100
humanity is available instantly 
through your device's, the 

1076
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:07,900
Victorian scholar, who spent 
hours in libraries researching, 

1077
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:10,900
basic facts would be astonished 
that you can access the same 

1078
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:13,200
information in seconds while 
lying in bed. 

1079
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:16,800
Your medical care represents 
advances, that would seem 

1080
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:21,000
miraculous in Victorian times 
antibiotics alone have saved 

1081
01:01:21,000 --> 01:01:23,100
more lives than any other single
invention. 

1082
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:29,700
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 

1083
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:33,200
and treatments for conditions 
that were death sentences in 

1084
01:01:33,200 --> 01:01:36,000
Victorian times. 
And the Improvement is 

1085
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:39,800
staggering. 
The Victorian infant mortality 

1086
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,600
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 
births. 

1087
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:47,600
In developed countries, today is
under 5 per 1,000. 

1088
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:51,300
Your life expectancy is 
dramatically longer than the 

1089
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:54,500
Victorian average. 
A baby born in Victorian 

1090
01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:57,000
Britain, could expect to live 
about 45 years. 

1091
01:01:57,000 --> 01:01:59,500
A baby born in a developed 
country. 

1092
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:03,600
Today can expect to live past 80
those additional decades 

1093
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:06,400
represent millions of person 
years of additional Human 

1094
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:11,000
Experience of knowledge, gained 
of relationships developed and 

1095
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:14,500
of contributions made. 
Yet, with all these advantages, 

1096
01:02:14,500 --> 01:02:18,400
modern life, brings challenges 
that victorians never faced. 

1097
01:02:19,300 --> 01:02:21,700
A constant connectivity that 
puts the world at your 

1098
01:02:21,708 --> 01:02:24,600
fingertips. 
Also means you're never truly 

1099
01:02:24,600 --> 01:02:27,600
unreachable. 
The abundance of choices can 

1100
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:29,900
become overwhelming rather than 
liberating. 

1101
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,200
The rapid pace of change can 
create anxiety about keeping up.

1102
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:37,300
The decline of traditional 
communities can lead to 

1103
01:02:37,300 --> 01:02:41,500
isolation despite unprecedented 
communication capabilities. 

1104
01:02:41,500 --> 01:02:44,700
The environmental costs of 
Modern Life are also becoming 

1105
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:47,300
unavoidable. 
Victorians damage. 

1106
01:02:47,300 --> 01:02:50,400
Their local environments. 
The Thames was essentially a 

1107
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:54,400
toxic waste dump but modern 
industrial society has scaled up

1108
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:58,200
those impacts to a global level.
Climate change, biodiversity 

1109
01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:03,300
loss and ocean acidification. 
These problems didn't exist in 

1110
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:06,600
Victorian times, because human 
industrial capacity was more 

1111
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:10,100
limited. 
Progress in material Comfort has

1112
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,100
come with ecological costs. 
That future Generations will 

1113
01:03:13,100 --> 01:03:17,600
bear. the social fragmentation 
that characterizes Modern Life 

1114
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:22,500
Would puzzled at Their society 
was rigid and often cruel but it

1115
01:03:22,508 --> 01:03:26,800
was also coherent in ways. 
Modern society isn't Most 

1116
01:03:26,800 --> 01:03:29,600
Victorian shared basic 
assumptions about religion, 

1117
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,400
morality and social 
organization. 

1118
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:36,600
Modern pluralism, brings 
freedom, but also uncertain 

1119
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:38,900
about shared values and common 
purpose. 

1120
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:42,600
The comparison isn't meant to 
suggest Victorian life was 

1121
01:03:42,600 --> 01:03:45,800
better. 
Clearly wasn't by almost any 

1122
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:49,200
measure. 
Rather it's to recognize that 

1123
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,800
progress in one dimension, 
doesn't automatically mean 

1124
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:57,100
progress in all dimensions. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

1125
01:03:57,100 --> 01:04:01,100
safer, healthier and offers more
individual freedom than 

1126
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:05,300
Victorian life. 
But is also more complex, more 

1127
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:08,300
fast-paced and in some ways more
isolating. 

1128
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:12,200
As you start your modern day 
going about routines, that would

1129
01:04:12,200 --> 01:04:15,800
seem fantastic to victorians. 
You carry something valuable 

1130
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:19,600
from your imaginary Journey. 
It's not Nostalgia for a past 

1131
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:21,800
that was genuinely harder and 
often cruel. 

1132
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,300
It's perspective. 
The ability to see your own life

1133
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:28,200
with fresh Eyes. 
By comparing it to a different 

1134
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:31,100
way of living. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

1135
01:04:31,108 --> 01:04:34,000
craftsmanship, might inspire you
to Value quality over 

1136
01:04:34,000 --> 01:04:37,100
convenient, sometimes their 
investment in public 

1137
01:04:37,100 --> 01:04:40,500
institutions, might encourage 
you to support libraries and 

1138
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,200
museums and Parks their social 
connections. 

1139
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,900
However, formal might remind you
to occasionally, put down your 

1140
01:04:46,900 --> 01:04:50,100
devices and actually talk to the
people physically present. 

1141
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:53,600
The Victorian struggles for 
reform better working 

1142
01:04:53,600 --> 01:04:58,200
conditions, expanded education, 
improve Public Health, remind 

1143
01:04:58,200 --> 01:05:00,200
you, that progress requires 
effort. 

1144
01:05:01,100 --> 01:05:03,500
The improvements you enjoy 
weren't inevitable. 

1145
01:05:03,500 --> 01:05:07,700
They were achieved by people who
recognize problems and work to 

1146
01:05:07,700 --> 01:05:10,600
solve them. 
Your generation faces different 

1147
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:14,700
challenges, but the principle 
Remains the Same change requires

1148
01:05:14,700 --> 01:05:18,000
intentional effort, not just 
complaints about current 

1149
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:22,100
conditions, the Victorian 
mistakes, their environmental 

1150
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:26,400
damage their imperialism, their 
rigid social hierarchies, 

1151
01:05:26,400 --> 01:05:30,500
they're limited opportunities 
for women and minorities serve 

1152
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,200
as warnings. 
Having more knowledge than the 

1153
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:36,800
victorians, doesn't make modern 
people morally Superior unless 

1154
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:39,000
that knowledge produces better 
actions. 

1155
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:42,900
Test isn't what you know. 
But what you do with that 

1156
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:45,600
knowledge Share human 
resilience. 

1157
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:47,800
You observe throughout your 
Victorian Day offers 

1158
01:05:47,800 --> 01:05:50,600
encouragement for handling 
modern challenges. 

1159
01:05:51,700 --> 01:05:56,300
People could maintain hope, find
Joy, create Beauty and work for 

1160
01:05:56,300 --> 01:05:58,800
better Futures while dealing 
with Victorian hardships. 

1161
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:02,000
Modern problems are all so 
manageable despite their 

1162
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:04,800
complexity. 
The Victorian day you have 

1163
01:06:04,808 --> 01:06:07,800
imagined as given you a gift. 
That history always offers when 

1164
01:06:07,800 --> 01:06:12,600
approached with openness 
context, Your own life exists 

1165
01:06:12,600 --> 01:06:16,600
within a specific historical 
moment shaped by decisions made 

1166
01:06:16,600 --> 01:06:19,900
by previous generations and 
shaping the options available to

1167
01:06:19,900 --> 01:06:23,700
Future Generations. 
Understanding this continuity 

1168
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:25,800
can be both humbling and 
empowering. 

1169
01:06:27,500 --> 01:06:30,200
As you move through your modern 
day, driving cars that 

1170
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,400
victorians couldn't imagine 
using technology, that would 

1171
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:36,500
seem like magic solving problems
that didn't exist. 

1172
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:39,600
In Victorian times. 
You might occasionally think 

1173
01:06:39,600 --> 01:06:41,600
about the Victorian day you 
experience. 

1174
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:46,900
Not to wish you were there, but 
to appreciate where you are and 

1175
01:06:46,900 --> 01:06:51,500
maybe, just maybe you'll wonder 
what someone from 2150 would 

1176
01:06:51,500 --> 01:06:53,800
think about your life in the 
early 21st century. 

1177
01:06:54,700 --> 01:06:57,900
What aspects of your daily 
routine would seem charmingly 

1178
01:06:57,900 --> 01:07:00,600
Antiquated? 
What problems would they be 

1179
01:07:00,600 --> 01:07:01,800
amazed you? 
Tolerated? 

1180
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:05,400
What technologies would they 
find amusingly primitive? 

1181
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:08,900
What aspects of your life, would
they Envy or want to preserve? 

1182
01:07:09,700 --> 01:07:12,900
History isn't just about the 
past, it's about understanding 

1183
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:17,200
that the present is temporary, 
the changes constant and that 

1184
01:07:17,200 --> 01:07:20,600
every generation faces its own 
challenges, while benefiting 

1185
01:07:20,600 --> 01:07:23,300
from and dealing with the 
consequences of previous 

1186
01:07:23,300 --> 01:07:27,200
generations choices. 
Victorian London is gone. 

1187
01:07:27,900 --> 01:07:30,700
Transformed by More Than A 
Century of change. 

1188
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:34,400
But it's not lost. 
It lives in the infrastructure, 

1189
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:38,600
it build in the institutions it 
established in the ideas. 

1190
01:07:38,600 --> 01:07:42,900
It developed in the problems, it
created and in the solutions at 

1191
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:47,300
pioneered, you walk on Victorian
foundations every day whether 

1192
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:50,300
you realize it or not. 
And perhaps that's the most 

1193
01:07:50,300 --> 01:07:52,300
important lesson from your 
imaginary. 

1194
01:07:52,300 --> 01:07:56,000
Victorian day, you too. 
Are building foundations for 

1195
01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:57,400
futures. 
You'll never see. 

1196
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:01,700
Your choice is your actions and 
your societies decisions. 

1197
01:08:01,700 --> 01:08:05,300
All of these will influence the 
world that people experienced 

1198
01:08:05,300 --> 01:08:09,000
Generations from now. 
The victorians couldn't have 

1199
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:11,300
imagined your life but they 
shake it. 

1200
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,100
Nonetheless. 
You can't imagine the world of 

1201
01:08:14,100 --> 01:08:18,899
200150. but your helping to 
create it with every choice you 

1202
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:21,399
make, Sleep. 
Well, tonight in your 

1203
01:08:21,399 --> 01:08:24,700
comfortable bed with its modern 
mattress and climate control. 

1204
01:08:25,500 --> 01:08:28,500
Dream, perhaps of gas-lit 
streets, and horse drawn, 

1205
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,899
carriages of a world that 
managed to function with out. 

1206
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:35,500
Any of the Technologies, you can
consider a central and wake to 

1207
01:08:35,500 --> 01:08:39,200
Morrow with fresh appreciation. 
For the complex imperfect 

1208
01:08:39,200 --> 01:08:42,500
remarkable world you inhabit. 
A world. 

1209
01:08:42,500 --> 01:08:45,700
That's different from Victorian 
London, but connected to it, by 

1210
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:48,200
The Continuous thread of Human 
Experience. 

1211
01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:51,600
Reaching back through centuries,
and forward, into Futures Yet, 

1212
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:58,100
To Be Imagined. 
Imagine this, it's 1890 and 

1213
01:08:58,108 --> 01:08:59,800
you're walking through a 
sicilian Village. 

1214
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:03,300
The first thing that hits, you 
isn't the Mediterranean Breeze 

1215
01:09:03,300 --> 01:09:06,399
or the smell of wild herbs. 
It's the fact that everyone 

1216
01:09:06,399 --> 01:09:10,000
within three miles knows exactly
who you are, where you're going 

1217
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:11,800
and probably what you had for 
breakfast. 

1218
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:15,399
An old Sicily. 
Privacy was as rare as snow in 

1219
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:17,700
August, you'd wake up in your 
Stone House. 

1220
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:21,500
When I say Stone I mean real 
rocks that the Mason put 

1221
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:24,000
together with anything. 
He could find like his 

1222
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:27,100
grandmother's secret recipe that
may or may not have had goat 

1223
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:29,300
cheese in it. 
The walls were thick enough to 

1224
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:31,800
stop a cannonball, which was 
good, because your neighbor's 

1225
01:09:31,800 --> 01:09:34,200
rooster sounded like an opera 
singer, having a terrible day, 

1226
01:09:35,899 --> 01:09:38,300
To your bed was not really what 
we'd call comfortable. 

1227
01:09:38,300 --> 01:09:42,000
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 
grain sacks filled with things 

1228
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,600
like corn husks wool that still 
smelled like a sheep and 

1229
01:09:45,600 --> 01:09:48,100
sometimes even a few surprises 
that made you think the previous

1230
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:50,200
owner had been keeping his 
winter vegetables under there. 

1231
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:53,600
But you know what? 
You could have slept standing up

1232
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:56,000
against a cactus after working 
for 14 hours straight. 

1233
01:09:56,900 --> 01:09:58,900
The morning ritual was simple 
and gorgeous. 

1234
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:01,800
You would wander into the 
kitchen, which was also the 

1235
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,900
living room dining area and barn
for the family goat on chilly 

1236
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:06,700
nights. 
Your wife would have already 

1237
01:10:06,700 --> 01:10:09,200
started the fire as people in 
the town believed that if you 

1238
01:10:09,200 --> 01:10:11,900
weren't married by the age of 
25, it meant something was wrong

1239
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,500
with you. 
And by fire, I mean, a real wood

1240
01:10:14,500 --> 01:10:17,200
burning stove that needed the 
talents of a NASA engineer and 

1241
01:10:17,200 --> 01:10:20,300
the patience of a saint to work 
right there was bread for 

1242
01:10:20,300 --> 01:10:23,400
breakfast. 
Always bread if the Harvest was 

1243
01:10:23,400 --> 01:10:25,800
good and the Saints were 
smiling, a tomato or cheese 

1244
01:10:25,800 --> 01:10:28,500
might be undiscovered. 
The bread was a Wonder of 

1245
01:10:28,500 --> 01:10:31,200
medieval science. 
It was so dense that he could 

1246
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:33,300
use it as a foundation stone 
yet. 

1247
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:34,800
It was also the best thing you'd
ever tasted. 

1248
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:38,700
Your local Baker won doubtedly. 
Learned his professional from 

1249
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:41,700
someone who might have known 
Julius Caesar had hands that 

1250
01:10:41,700 --> 01:10:43,200
could make bread and water do 
magic. 

1251
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:46,200
You'd go outside after breakfast
and breathing air. 

1252
01:10:46,200 --> 01:10:48,300
That was so clean. 
It almost washed your lungs. 

1253
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:51,700
Women beat laundering against 
rocks to the rhythm of ancient 

1254
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:54,100
percussion. 
Children played games, that 

1255
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:57,600
always seem to involve running 
at full volume and somewhere. 

1256
01:10:57,600 --> 01:11:00,800
In the distance, two men were 
having a philosophical argument 

1257
01:11:00,800 --> 01:11:03,600
about whether their 
grandfather's donkey was fast 

1258
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:07,700
and then neighbors grandfather's
donkey, This argument had been 

1259
01:11:07,700 --> 01:11:11,400
going on for about 30 years. 
The roadways, if you could call 

1260
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:13,100
them that. 
Well, more like suggestions 

1261
01:11:13,100 --> 01:11:17,200
scratched into rock by feet, 
Hooves, and the odd cartwheel 

1262
01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:19,600
over the years. 
They walked around Hill's and 

1263
01:11:19,608 --> 01:11:22,600
olive trees, like water flows 
downhill, which means they had 

1264
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:24,800
no logic at all. 
But they always took you where 

1265
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:27,300
you want to go. 
It was like trying to solve a 

1266
01:11:27,308 --> 01:11:30,700
three-dimensional puzzle made by
someone with a sixth sense of 

1267
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:33,600
humor and a clear dislike for 
straight lines to go around the 

1268
01:11:33,608 --> 01:11:35,700
village. 
Your house was surrounded by 

1269
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:38,300
other houses that appeared like 
they had sprouted out of the 

1270
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:41,500
hillside itself. 
These winding paths made sure 

1271
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:44,000
you would run into at least 17 
individuals. 

1272
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:48,300
Before you could buy a loaf of 
bread, this was on purpose in 

1273
01:11:48,300 --> 01:11:51,600
Sicily, Community wasn't simply 
a pleasant thought it was a way 

1274
01:11:51,608 --> 01:11:55,000
to stay alive. 
When the next drought Invasion 

1275
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:57,900
or Locust plague struck you and 
your neighbors would need each 

1276
01:11:57,900 --> 01:11:59,900
other. 
Now let's speak about your 

1277
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,000
employment. 
In the past working, Sicily, 

1278
01:12:03,000 --> 01:12:05,000
wasn't so much about getting 
ahead in your profession. 

1279
01:12:05,000 --> 01:12:08,200
As it was about getting mother 
nature to cooperate for one more

1280
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:10,300
season. 
If you were lucky enough to own 

1281
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:13,900
property by land Amina, plot 
about the size of a modern 

1282
01:12:13,900 --> 01:12:16,500
parking space that was supposed 
to support a family of eight, 

1283
01:12:16,500 --> 01:12:19,100
you were basically a 
professional Gambler playing 

1284
01:12:19,100 --> 01:12:22,500
against the weather bugs and the
strange changes and soil, 

1285
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:25,400
chemistry, a modern Gardener 
would cry for you. 

1286
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,700
If they saw your farming 
implements, imagine a plow that 

1287
01:12:28,700 --> 01:12:31,100
looked like it had been made by 
someone who had only heard about

1288
01:12:31,100 --> 01:12:32,900
plows, and have never seen one 
in person. 

1289
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:36,600
A donkey pulled it. 
And the only thing that seemed 

1290
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,500
to qualify for the task was its 
amazing ability to show 

1291
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:44,400
existential misery through are 
positioning This donkey, let's 

1292
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:47,500
call him Giuseppe, because they 
were all named Giuseppe had 

1293
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:50,100
something to say about every 
Furrow, and wasn't afraid to say

1294
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:52,400
it. 
People who understood that flat 

1295
01:12:52,400 --> 01:12:54,200
ground was meant for others in 
different regions. 

1296
01:12:54,200 --> 01:12:57,700
Transformed, the fields into 
Hillside you'd work on these 

1297
01:12:57,700 --> 01:13:00,200
terrorist plots that stuck to 
the sides of Hills. 

1298
01:13:00,200 --> 01:13:04,400
Like a stone masons fever dream.
There were paths between each 

1299
01:13:04,400 --> 01:13:05,700
level. 
That would make your calf 

1300
01:13:05,700 --> 01:13:09,200
muscles, strong enough to break.
Walnuts every morning, he would 

1301
01:13:09,200 --> 01:13:13,200
climb up and down these old 
steps with tools seeds, hope and

1302
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:15,800
occasionally Giuseppe's angry 
feelings when he thought the 

1303
01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:18,500
labor was too easy for him. 
But here's where it gets 

1304
01:13:18,500 --> 01:13:21,300
intriguing. 
Sicilians have turned making do 

1305
01:13:21,300 --> 01:13:22,900
in to an art form. 
That would make modern 

1306
01:13:22,900 --> 01:13:25,000
recyclers. 
Look like amateurs, who waste 

1307
01:13:25,000 --> 01:13:26,300
things. 
Nothing. 

1308
01:13:26,300 --> 01:13:30,000
Absolutely nothing was ever 
thrown away. 

1309
01:13:30,000 --> 01:13:32,500
Did the broken pottery? 
Catch your eye? 

1310
01:13:32,508 --> 01:13:36,600
It was perfect for storing. 
Olive oil is that old shirts. 

1311
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:38,600
Still in use. 
It can be used for cleaning 

1312
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:42,100
purposes as patches for a 
friend's old clothing or even as

1313
01:13:42,100 --> 01:13:45,700
a source of fire fuel. 
Giuseppe meticulously collected 

1314
01:13:45,700 --> 01:13:47,500
the items he added to the 
landscape every day, 

1315
01:13:47,500 --> 01:13:50,000
transforming them into Treasures
for the garden. 

1316
01:13:50,900 --> 01:13:53,300
Your wife, on the other hand ran
a household that worked like a 

1317
01:13:53,300 --> 01:13:56,000
small Factory. 
She would get up before, Dawn to

1318
01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:59,100
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 
ideas about how to start the day

1319
01:13:59,100 --> 01:14:02,300
and made them known by moving 
her Hooves in certain ways. 

1320
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:06,500
Then came the bread-making, 
which was more like conducting a

1321
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:08,900
symphony of yeast timing and 
prayer than cooking. 

1322
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:12,200
The dough would rise in wooden 
bowls that had been in the 

1323
01:14:12,208 --> 01:14:14,900
family for so long that they 
almost had family names. 

1324
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:18,000
Lunch was a time when Sicilian 
showed that the new something 

1325
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:21,700
deep about life, you can't work 
well on an empty stomach and you

1326
01:14:21,708 --> 01:14:23,800
can't appreciate food. 
Well, if you're in a hurry, 

1327
01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:26,600
Everyone in the Hamlet would 
stop what they were doing for 

1328
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:30,100
two hours and congregate around 
tables rocks or any other flat 

1329
01:14:30,100 --> 01:14:33,700
surface they could find the food
could have been modest like 

1330
01:14:33,700 --> 01:14:37,000
bread olives and whatever 
veggies that the local animals 

1331
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:40,200
hadn't devoured yet, but people 
ate it with such care and 

1332
01:14:40,200 --> 01:14:41,900
enjoyment, that it became a 
celebration. 

1333
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:44,400
The afternoon, brought new 
problems. 

1334
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:47,300
If you were tending to the 
crops, you might have been 

1335
01:14:47,300 --> 01:14:49,600
repairing. 
Something that was broken in a 

1336
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:53,100
world composed of stone wood and
hope this happened about every 

1337
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:56,100
15 minutes. 
Your concept on repairs was 

1338
01:14:56,100 --> 01:14:58,700
simple. 
If something is broken, use 

1339
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:03,100
everything you have to fix it if
it breaks a game fixes again, 

1340
01:15:03,100 --> 01:15:06,500
but this time with more 
determination, if it breaks a 

1341
01:15:06,500 --> 01:15:09,700
game, make it part of the design
and act like it was always meant

1342
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:12,300
to work that way. 
The white people lived in your 

1343
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:15,300
community, was more complicated 
than a spider web made by an 

1344
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:16,900
architect, to couldn't make up 
his mind. 

1345
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:19,600
Everyone knew everyone else. 
But more significantly. 

1346
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:22,400
Everyone knew everything about 
everyone else. 

1347
01:15:22,400 --> 01:15:25,700
Even things that hadn't happened
yet, but surely would because, 

1348
01:15:25,700 --> 01:15:29,200
as your neighbor would remark it
runs in the family. 

1349
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:32,400
The Village. 
Well, was the core of the 

1350
01:15:32,408 --> 01:15:35,300
communication Network? 
It was the source of water. 

1351
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:38,800
The News headquarters and an 
unofficial courtroom where 

1352
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:42,000
people could settle conflicts 
from severe property problems to

1353
01:15:42,000 --> 01:15:44,400
heated arguments about whose 
grandmother cooked better, 

1354
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:47,600
tomato sauce you'd come with 
your water jug and leave with it

1355
01:15:47,600 --> 01:15:51,600
along with full reports on three
pregnancies, two family fights. 

1356
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:54,900
One, if he romance and 
comprehensive weather forecast 

1357
01:15:54,900 --> 01:15:57,400
from someone who's great uncle 
was said to have been able to 

1358
01:15:57,400 --> 01:15:59,700
tell when it was going to rain 
by watching how his chickens 

1359
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:02,200
walked. 
In this social order, the 

1360
01:16:02,200 --> 01:16:05,500
priests of the community had a 
special role, he was a spiritual

1361
01:16:05,500 --> 01:16:09,700
guide, the mediator and amateur,
meteorologist and a Secret 

1362
01:16:09,700 --> 01:16:12,000
Keeper, who would have made a 
government spy envious. 

1363
01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:15,400
He had somehow learned the Fine 
Art of knowing everything while.

1364
01:16:15,400 --> 01:16:18,300
Seeing to know nothing, he could
give a sermon that spoke 

1365
01:16:18,300 --> 01:16:19,900
directly to the moral 
shortcomings. 

1366
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:22,900
You had been struggling with all
week without ever looking you in

1367
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:25,000
the eye. 
Then There Were The Village 

1368
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:26,900
Elders. 
They were old enough to 

1369
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:29,200
remember, when things were 
different, but not so ancient. 

1370
01:16:29,200 --> 01:16:32,300
That people could comfortably 
dismiss what they thought, they 

1371
01:16:32,300 --> 01:16:35,200
would sit outside their House's,
like, living libraries giving 

1372
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:38,500
Council criticism and sometimes 
deep knowledge. 

1373
01:16:39,400 --> 01:16:41,600
But you had to be careful to 
tell the difference between the 

1374
01:16:41,600 --> 01:16:44,900
wisdom and the stories that had 
become better with each telling 

1375
01:16:44,900 --> 01:16:48,200
over the preceding 40 years. 
While everything was going on, 

1376
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:51,000
your kids were getting an 
education that no school could 

1377
01:16:51,000 --> 01:16:53,900
equal, they'd learn useful. 
Things like how to get a chicken

1378
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:56,400
to lay eggs, where you want 
them, how to read the weather 

1379
01:16:56,400 --> 01:16:59,700
and clouds and how to cope with 
a complicated social dynamics of

1380
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:02,200
a place where your third 
cousin's choice to plant beans 

1381
01:17:02,200 --> 01:17:05,100
instead of wheat could change 
your family's winter food 

1382
01:17:05,100 --> 01:17:08,600
supply, but maybe most 
significantly kids would learn 

1383
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:13,000
how to tell stories. 
As the sun sank behind Hills 

1384
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:15,200
that had seen, many families, 
struggle, and succeed. 

1385
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:17,700
Someone would start a story 
every night. 

1386
01:17:18,700 --> 01:17:20,900
It could have been the time 
great-grandfather outsmarted, 

1387
01:17:20,900 --> 01:17:24,100
the tax collector, the winter 
when the whole village lived on 

1388
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:27,200
nothing but olives and sheer 
stubbornness or the strange 

1389
01:17:27,200 --> 01:17:30,300
Merchants, who came one day with
spices that made everyone's food

1390
01:17:30,300 --> 01:17:32,600
tastes like it had been blessed 
by Angels. 

1391
01:17:32,600 --> 01:17:34,700
These stories were more than 
just fun. 

1392
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:38,500
They were guides for how to live
every story had a lesson about 

1393
01:17:38,508 --> 01:17:42,600
bravery intelligence, the value 
of community and the fact that 

1394
01:17:42,600 --> 01:17:45,108
you should never ever trust 
someone who says they can make 

1395
01:17:45,116 --> 01:17:47,900
you rich quickly. 
The story showed you that life 

1396
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:50,900
would be hard but also beautiful
and that the hard and the 

1397
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:53,000
Beautiful were often. 
The same thing seemed from 

1398
01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:56,300
various points of view in your 
community, marriage was 

1399
01:17:56,300 --> 01:17:59,500
primarily focused on creating a 
partnership capable of handling.

1400
01:17:59,500 --> 01:18:03,000
Any challenges life presented, 
rather than being centered 

1401
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:06,500
around love which was scared. 
Courtship involved long 

1402
01:18:06,500 --> 01:18:09,800
negotiations between families 
thorough background checks that 

1403
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:11,400
would make modern security 
agencies. 

1404
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:14,800
Look, undesirable and careful 
thought about practical matters 

1405
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:18,100
like whose land bordered Hooves 
who had the healthier goats. 

1406
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:20,700
And whether the potential 
bride's mother knew any 

1407
01:18:20,700 --> 01:18:24,100
advantageous ways to treat 
common illnesses people today 

1408
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:26,500
have a hard time understanding, 
how complicated your 

1409
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,400
relationship with food Wars. 
You lived in a place where 

1410
01:18:29,400 --> 01:18:32,400
wealth and scarcity were like 
elderly lovers who have been 

1411
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:34,800
battling for ages but couldn't 
bear to be a part. 

1412
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,800
One season might yield crops so 
large, you'd think you're in an 

1413
01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:41,900
agricultural Paradise, while the
next might be so lean. 

1414
01:18:41,900 --> 01:18:44,800
You'd enjoy the subtle taste in 
bread made of Hope and ground 

1415
01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:47,600
acorns. 
But what was wonderful was that 

1416
01:18:47,600 --> 01:18:50,800
Sicilians had come up with a way
to convert any meal into a 

1417
01:18:50,800 --> 01:18:52,700
party? 
With just three ingredients. 

1418
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:56,000
Wild Greens, a little olive oil 
and some garlic. 

1419
01:18:56,500 --> 01:18:59,000
Your wife could create a dish 
that would Delight your palate. 

1420
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:02,900
It wasn't about using strange 
spices or complicated methods. 

1421
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:05,900
It was about giving each 
ingredient the care and respect 

1422
01:19:05,900 --> 01:19:10,100
it needed for example, look at 
your olive trees, these were 

1423
01:19:10,100 --> 01:19:12,500
simply plants. 
They were family members with 

1424
01:19:12,500 --> 01:19:15,400
their personalities, history, 
and even mood disorders, from 

1425
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,400
time to time your great 
grandfather, learned to walk, 

1426
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,600
when certain trees were making 
oil, Those trees would keep 

1427
01:19:21,600 --> 01:19:24,300
making oil long after your great
grandchildren were old enough to

1428
01:19:24,308 --> 01:19:27,300
Grumble about the Harvest. 
Trees were all different. 

1429
01:19:27,300 --> 01:19:30,900
This one made oil early. 
That one was stubborn but made 

1430
01:19:30,900 --> 01:19:33,900
the sweetest oil and the old 
Behemoth on the hill had 

1431
01:19:33,900 --> 01:19:37,000
weather, three droughts and a 
landslide but still made enough 

1432
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:38,700
olives to feed the family 
through the winter. 

1433
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:42,200
During the harvest season, the 
Hamlet transformed in to a 

1434
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:45,600
scene, resembling ordered 
pandemonium everyone assisted 

1435
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:48,700
each other since olives, don't 
wait for the right time and a 

1436
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:50,800
family that tried to pick them 
up, alone would still be picking

1437
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:52,400
when the next season's flowers 
came out. 

1438
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:56,000
Would work from dawn until your 
hands were purple from Olive 

1439
01:19:56,000 --> 01:19:58,800
stains and your back hurt. 
Like, it had been redesigned by 

1440
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:03,200
someone who hated how people 
stand But the work paid off in 

1441
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:05,100
ways that went beyond the oils 
usefulness. 

1442
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:08,800
The rhythm of the Harvest was 
quite fulfilling, it was like 

1443
01:20:08,800 --> 01:20:12,200
reaching picking and tossing the
fruit into baskets that seemed 

1444
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:15,200
to fill up with magic. 
The talks that took place 

1445
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:17,600
throughout these lengthy days, 
formed friendships that would 

1446
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,000
last a lifetime. 
People worked out their 

1447
01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:23,500
problems, fell in love and 
either settled old arguments or 

1448
01:20:23,500 --> 01:20:26,200
turn them into legendary feuds. 
That would Fascinate future 

1449
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:29,300
Generations, you produced wine 
using a similar method. 

1450
01:20:29,300 --> 01:20:33,500
The great screw on vines that 
ran down slopes in designs that 

1451
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:35,400
made it look like the person who
planted them. 

1452
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:38,900
Either knew a lot about the land
or had been sipping their wine 

1453
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:42,200
while planning, each family 
developed their unique methods, 

1454
01:20:42,200 --> 01:20:45,100
learning from both their 
mistakes and successes over the 

1455
01:20:45,100 --> 01:20:47,700
years. 
Some batches got so famous that 

1456
01:20:47,700 --> 01:20:51,900
they became local Legends making
wine was a mix of chemistry art 

1457
01:20:51,900 --> 01:20:55,300
and religion, you would crush 
the greats, sometimes with your 

1458
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:58,900
foot and sometimes with a wooden
press you that the wine would 

1459
01:20:58,900 --> 01:21:01,800
taste like the fruit, the 
weather that year the mood of 

1460
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:04,700
the soil and your hopes for the 
months ahead when this purple 

1461
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:07,700
liquid would warm winter 
evenings and make ordinary meals

1462
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:11,900
feel like celebration Another 
kind of art was preservation. 

1463
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:15,300
Your lady knew how to preserve 
food in a way, that would 

1464
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:17,300
impress even the smartest food 
experts. 

1465
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:22,100
Today, she dried pickled salted 
and stored vegetables with the 

1466
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:24,800
meticulous, care of someone who 
understood that the difference 

1467
01:21:24,800 --> 01:21:28,000
between having enough food and 
being hungry could hinge on 

1468
01:21:28,000 --> 01:21:31,000
accurately estimating, how many 
tomatoes, the family would need 

1469
01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:34,700
to last until spring. 
Pantry, which was really just a 

1470
01:21:34,700 --> 01:21:38,400
cool dark part of your Stone 
House was set up like a military

1471
01:21:38,400 --> 01:21:41,100
supply Depot. 
Peppers dangled from the 

1472
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:44,300
rafters, like decorations that 
you could eat there were clay 

1473
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:47,700
containers with olive oil, 
preserved, lemons and strange 

1474
01:21:47,700 --> 01:21:50,500
mixtures that your wife swore 
could treat anything from a 

1475
01:21:50,500 --> 01:21:54,100
headache to a broken heart. 
They carefully stored sacks of 

1476
01:21:54,100 --> 01:21:57,900
grain paying close attention to 
the moisture temperature and the

1477
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:01,000
continuing fight against rodents
that thought your food storage 

1478
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:03,700
was their Buffet. 
Your daily life was shaped by 

1479
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:07,300
rhythms that were older than 
history rhythms that linked you 

1480
01:22:07,300 --> 01:22:10,700
to every generation that had 
ever worked in this tough like 

1481
01:22:10,700 --> 01:22:13,800
magnificent country. 
You wouldn't wake up to alarms, 

1482
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:17,100
instead you'd wake up to the sky
getting lighter of mountains 

1483
01:22:17,100 --> 01:22:20,000
that had seen Empires rise and 
fall conquerors. 

1484
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:22,900
Come and go and people who just 
wanted to produce their food and

1485
01:22:22,900 --> 01:22:26,400
raise their kids in peace. 
Weather wasn't simply something 

1486
01:22:26,400 --> 01:22:28,900
that occurred to you. 
It was your business partner, 

1487
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,700
your enemy and your 
unpredictable companion, who 

1488
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:34,200
might make or ruin your year, 
depending on how it felt. 

1489
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:37,700
You could discern signs that 
meteorologists would be jealous 

1490
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:41,400
of how the Morning Light, hit 
the hills, how the wind changed 

1491
01:22:41,400 --> 01:22:45,100
between valleys and how insects 
and birds acted as if they knew 

1492
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:47,400
things that humans wouldn't 
understand for another 100 

1493
01:22:47,400 --> 01:22:50,600
years, your neighbor, the one 
with the philosophical donkey 

1494
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:52,800
possessed, meteorological 
knowledge. 

1495
01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:56,000
That was almost other worldly. 
He could tell it would rain 

1496
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:58,500
three days ahead of time by how 
his chickens organized 

1497
01:22:58,500 --> 01:23:01,400
themselves in the yard. 
He'd tell you when to plant by 

1498
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:05,200
watching which wildflowers 
flowered first, his forcast was 

1499
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:08,700
so good that people from nearby 
towns would come to him only to 

1500
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:12,300
obtain His Four cast But knowing
how the Earth operated meant 

1501
01:23:12,300 --> 01:23:13,800
more than just being able to 
anticipate. 

1502
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:17,400
The whether you lived in a place
where cores and consequence were

1503
01:23:17,400 --> 01:23:20,700
clear in ways, that people who 
lived in cities would never see 

1504
01:23:20,700 --> 01:23:22,700
if you plant at the wrong 
moment. 

1505
01:23:22,700 --> 01:23:26,100
Your family will go hungry. 
If you don't pay attention to 

1506
01:23:26,100 --> 01:23:29,300
the indicators of plant disease,
your neighbor's crops will 

1507
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:32,200
suffer too. 
When you waste water during dry 

1508
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:36,100
spells, everyone suffers. 
This person was not being 

1509
01:23:36,100 --> 01:23:37,600
politically aware of the 
environment. 

1510
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:40,300
It was just a matter of life and
death. 

1511
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:44,100
Local Craftsmen made your tools 
so that they fit your hands as 

1512
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:48,000
well as your skin. 
For example, a man's plow or a 

1513
01:23:48,008 --> 01:23:50,100
woman's Loom had to suit their 
hands properly. 

1514
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:54,600
Smith in the hamlet, wasn't just
a person who fixed things. 

1515
01:23:54,600 --> 01:23:58,300
He was an artist who could look 
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 

1516
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:00,000
see what kind of tool it wanted 
to be. 

1517
01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:03,700
He would heat iron in forges 
that gleamed, like parts of the 

1518
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:06,600
Sun that had been caught. 
And then he would shape the 

1519
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:08,800
metal with hammers that made 
sounds that could be heard 

1520
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:11,700
throughout the valley. 
The rhythm of seasonal work 

1521
01:24:11,700 --> 01:24:14,400
generated a calendar that was 
more reliable than anything 

1522
01:24:14,400 --> 01:24:17,100
written down. 
In the spring, it was time to 

1523
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,700
prune plant and carefully 
encouraged New Growth while. 

1524
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:23,600
Keeping it safe from late frosts
that could ruin months of 

1525
01:24:23,600 --> 01:24:27,100
planning in a single night. 
During the summer farmers were 

1526
01:24:27,100 --> 01:24:30,400
responsible for monitoring their
crops managing their water 

1527
01:24:30,400 --> 01:24:32,400
resources and preparing for 
Harvest. 

1528
01:24:33,200 --> 01:24:36,500
Harvesting and storing food and 
celebrating the years success in

1529
01:24:36,508 --> 01:24:38,600
the sellers and pantries took 
place in the fall. 

1530
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:42,500
During winter, you had the 
opportunity to make repairs 

1531
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:46,400
strategize and spend extended 
evenings sharing stories and 

1532
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:49,100
transferring skills. 
The way you lived, your holy 

1533
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:51,500
life fit. 
Well with the way you farmed you

1534
01:24:51,500 --> 01:24:53,500
would pray for rain when your 
crops needed it. 

1535
01:24:53,500 --> 01:24:57,000
Praise God for excellent 
harvests and ask for protection 

1536
01:24:57,000 --> 01:24:58,900
when things were perilous and 
everything. 

1537
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:02,900
You had worked for was at stake.
The Village feast days were on 

1538
01:25:02,908 --> 01:25:06,700
important days for farming. 
Thus the celebrations honored, 

1539
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:08,500
both spiritual and practical 
Customs. 

1540
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:11,500
The church was The Villages, 
most beautiful building. 

1541
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:15,000
It was made of the same local 
Stone as your house, but 

1542
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:18,200
centuries of Craftsmen turned it
into something that made you 

1543
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:19,700
feel good. 
Every time you saw it. 

1544
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:23,700
Saints peered down from 
paintings made by painters who 

1545
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:26,800
knew that the faces of the 
Saints needed to show the hopes 

1546
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,900
and struggles of the people who 
would pray to them through years

1547
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:33,600
of Joy and Pain. 
Your priest, had the hard job of

1548
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:36,300
finding a balance between 
long-term and short-term needs. 

1549
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:38,900
He would deliver sermons on 
spiritual salvation. 

1550
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:42,300
While simultaneously monitoring 
families struggling to provide 

1551
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:45,100
for their children and require 
the silent support of the 

1552
01:25:45,108 --> 01:25:48,000
community. 
He would marry people, baptized 

1553
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:50,600
them and bury them. 
Marking the end of their lives 

1554
01:25:50,600 --> 01:25:53,800
in the Embrace of community 
tradition and the harsh beauty 

1555
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:57,800
of the Sicilian environment. 
In your Universe, family wasn't 

1556
01:25:57,800 --> 01:25:59,400
just a group of people who lived
together. 

1557
01:25:59,400 --> 01:26:03,600
It was a business, a support 
network, and entertainment 

1558
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:05,900
committee, and a quality control
Department. 

1559
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:09,500
All rolled into one complicated 
career and often frustrating 

1560
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,900
organization that ran every area
of Every Day. 

1561
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:15,900
Life, Your kids weren't just the
Next Generation. 

1562
01:26:15,900 --> 01:26:20,000
They were your retirement plan, 
your insurance policy, and your 

1563
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:23,700
way of living on in a world that
judge performance in decades and

1564
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:25,900
centuries. 
Instead of quarterly reports 

1565
01:26:25,900 --> 01:26:28,800
your family's house. 
Undoubtedly sheltered three or 

1566
01:26:28,800 --> 01:26:31,000
four generations. 
Each of whom made their own 

1567
01:26:31,000 --> 01:26:35,800
changes repairs and upgrades 
Over time, the house became a 

1568
01:26:35,800 --> 01:26:38,800
physical record of your family's
history that corner where the 

1569
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:41,700
wall was a different color. 
Great, grandfather added onto 

1570
01:26:41,700 --> 01:26:43,800
the kitchen there because 
great-grandmothers cooking was 

1571
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:47,100
so outstanding that neighbors 
started coming over for supper 

1572
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:50,000
without being invited. 
The floor in the main room isn't

1573
01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:53,100
even that was in the winter. 
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 

1574
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:55,900
barrels inside and forgot that 
would expand when it gets wet. 

1575
01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,200
Your kids acquired 
responsibility, not through 

1576
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:03,300
instruction. but through 
practical experience, by the 

1577
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:06,600
time they were seven, they would
be in charge of critical tasks 

1578
01:27:06,600 --> 01:27:10,100
like feeding, the chickens 
retrieving eggs and maintaining 

1579
01:27:10,100 --> 01:27:13,000
the fragile diplomatic ties that
were needed to keep the family 

1580
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:16,400
goats giving milk. 
By the time they were 10, they 

1581
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:18,900
would know enough about farming 
to tell when plants were sick, 

1582
01:27:18,900 --> 01:27:20,900
guess what? 
The weather would be like and 

1583
01:27:20,900 --> 01:27:23,500
figure out exactly how much 
grain the family would need to 

1584
01:27:23,500 --> 01:27:27,100
get through to the next Harvest.
But being a kid, wasn't all 

1585
01:27:27,100 --> 01:27:30,200
about work and duty. 
Kids in Sicily were great at 

1586
01:27:30,200 --> 01:27:32,500
finding fun. 
Things to do with items that 

1587
01:27:32,500 --> 01:27:36,600
adults left lying around, they 
would use Stones sticks and 

1588
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:38,900
their imaginations to play 
complicated games. 

1589
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,400
That might turn a hill into a 
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full

1590
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:44,700
of pirates. 
They would make toys out of 

1591
01:27:44,708 --> 01:27:48,200
scraps of fabric, build tiny 
communities out of Pebbles and 

1592
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:50,900
clay and learn how to tell 
stories that would help them 

1593
01:27:50,900 --> 01:27:53,300
when they grew up and had to 
pass on Traditions to the Next 

1594
01:27:53,300 --> 01:27:57,000
Generation Unwritten rules, 
which were stronger than any 

1595
01:27:57,000 --> 01:27:59,900
written laws, dictated how 
neighbors treated, one, another,

1596
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:03,900
you would help with the Harvest 
lent tools be there for people 

1597
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:06,800
when they were sick or going 
through a hard time and take 

1598
01:28:06,800 --> 01:28:09,600
part in the complicated social 
discussion that keep a small 

1599
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:13,300
community running. 
However, rivalry is competitions

1600
01:28:13,300 --> 01:28:16,300
and fights could last for 
decades and be enjoyable for 

1601
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:18,200
everyone else who was not 
directly involved. 

1602
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:20,700
Your town had its own court 
system. 

1603
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:23,700
That worked on its own, no 
matter who was in charge of the 

1604
01:28:23,700 --> 01:28:26,200
government at the time, Village 
Elders settled. 

1605
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:27,900
Disagreements. 
Because they knew that the 

1606
01:28:27,900 --> 01:28:30,600
purpose was not to figure out 
who was right and who was wrong.

1607
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:34,000
But to find solutions that let 
everyone keep living and working

1608
01:28:34,000 --> 01:28:36,800
together. 
Most of the time punishments 

1609
01:28:36,800 --> 01:28:39,300
were useful. 
For example, if you broke 

1610
01:28:39,300 --> 01:28:42,500
something, you would fix it and 
then some to make up for the 

1611
01:28:42,500 --> 01:28:46,100
trouble you calls. if one were 
to disseminate harmful rumors, 

1612
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,200
it may be necessary to engage in
activities that would occupy 

1613
01:28:49,200 --> 01:28:53,000
one's time and prevent further 
gossip, The town also had its 

1614
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:55,500
own economy centered on trade 
Mutual Duty. 

1615
01:28:55,500 --> 01:28:57,900
And the idea that what goes 
around comes around. 

1616
01:28:57,900 --> 01:29:02,700
Sometimes literally you could 
swap olive oil for wheat, Ada 

1617
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:04,900
neighbor with their harvest, in 
exchange, for help with your own

1618
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:07,700
building project will give wine 
for a wedding celebration 

1619
01:29:07,700 --> 01:29:11,000
knowing that when your daughter 
got married, the community would

1620
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:12,600
give generously to her 
celebration. 

1621
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:15,900
Marriage wasn't just the joining
of two people. 

1622
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,400
It was the joining of two 
family, businesses complete with

1623
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,300
negotiation that would make 
current corporate lawyers proud.

1624
01:29:23,100 --> 01:29:26,900
People discussed dowries changed
property lines and planned for 

1625
01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:30,600
future Generations. 
Like military leaders might But 

1626
01:29:30,600 --> 01:29:33,300
beyond all the Practical reasons
was, the understanding that 

1627
01:29:33,300 --> 01:29:36,800
successful marriages made 
partnership strong enough to get

1628
01:29:36,800 --> 01:29:39,200
through any problems that might 
come up in Sicily. 

1629
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:42,700
Women in your village, had a 
real, but often hidden influence

1630
01:29:42,700 --> 01:29:45,200
on the community. 
They oversaw the household, 

1631
01:29:45,200 --> 01:29:49,200
budgets made medical choices, 
set up marriages and kept the 

1632
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:52,100
social networks going that let 
people share information and 

1633
01:29:52,100 --> 01:29:54,900
solve problems. 
A woman who was known for being 

1634
01:29:54,900 --> 01:29:56,900
wise and making beneficial 
decisions. 

1635
01:29:56,900 --> 01:30:00,100
Might sway Village decisions. 
Just as much as a male did. 

1636
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:03,800
However, she might accomplish it
by talking to people at the, 

1637
01:30:03,800 --> 01:30:06,400
well, instead of an official 
gatherings in the Town Square. 

1638
01:30:07,400 --> 01:30:10,100
As night falls, over your 
village, the old Stones turned 

1639
01:30:10,100 --> 01:30:13,000
gold, as they have seen many 
sunsets just like this one. 

1640
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:16,200
You feel like you are part of 
something bigger than anyone 

1641
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:19,500
life or generation. 
Fire in your half Burns wood 

1642
01:30:19,500 --> 01:30:22,700
from trees, your grandfather 
planted, it warms a house that 

1643
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:25,600
was built by hands that learned 
how to do things from Craftsman,

1644
01:30:25,600 --> 01:30:28,800
whose names are no longer known,
but whose work is still strong 

1645
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:31,700
and true. 
As the day comes to an end, your

1646
01:30:31,700 --> 01:30:34,000
kid's come together. 
Their face is lit. 

1647
01:30:34,000 --> 01:30:37,400
By the firelight that ties them 
to every child who is Ever 

1648
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:38,600
listened to stories in this 
room. 

1649
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,300
The story you tell them are just
for fun. 

1650
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:44,000
There are Legacy that passes on 
knowledge, gained through 

1651
01:30:44,000 --> 01:30:47,800
generations of success and 
failure, happiness, and sadness,

1652
01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:51,200
and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

1653
01:30:51,200 --> 01:30:54,900
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

1654
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:58,900
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

1655
01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:02,300
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

1656
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:04,500
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

1657
01:31:04,500 --> 01:31:07,700
walls, a woman sings while she 
spins wool. 

1658
01:31:07,700 --> 01:31:11,100
Her voice can be heard in the 
tiny alleys which are full of 

1659
01:31:11,100 --> 01:31:14,700
children, going home for dinner.
The fragrance of bread baking in

1660
01:31:14,700 --> 01:31:16,700
communal. 
Ovens mixes with the smell of 

1661
01:31:16,708 --> 01:31:20,600
wood smoke and plants growing 
wild on slopes that seemed to 

1662
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:24,100
glow from inside. 
Your neighbors are doing their 

1663
01:31:24,100 --> 01:31:27,700
own nightly routines like taking
care of animals, fixing tools 

1664
01:31:27,700 --> 01:31:31,300
making plans for the next day's 
labor, and sharing meals that 

1665
01:31:31,300 --> 01:31:34,000
turn simple Foods into 
celebrations of survival and 

1666
01:31:34,008 --> 01:31:36,700
community. 
The two old men are still 

1667
01:31:36,700 --> 01:31:39,600
arguing about their 
grandfather's donkeys and their 

1668
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:42,300
dispute has gotten more 
complicated to include extensive

1669
01:31:42,300 --> 01:31:46,500
comparisons of the donkeys, 
intelligence endurance and moral

1670
01:31:46,500 --> 01:31:48,900
character that will make future 
Generations. 

1671
01:31:48,900 --> 01:31:53,600
Laugh for decades Of the Hamlet 
makes his rounds at night, not 

1672
01:31:53,600 --> 01:31:56,900
as an official Duty as a friend 
and neighbor, who knows that 

1673
01:31:56,900 --> 01:31:59,000
spiritual care frequently means 
helping out. 

1674
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:02,100
In other ways, he might help 
someone make a tough choice, 

1675
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,700
settle a small argument or just 
have a glass of wine with 

1676
01:32:05,700 --> 01:32:08,900
someone who needs companionship.
His presence is like thread 

1677
01:32:08,900 --> 01:32:12,400
through fabric weaving through 
the community and making links 

1678
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:15,400
that hold everyone together when
they're strength isn't enough. 

1679
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:19,300
Stars shine above mountains that
have protected your people from 

1680
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:23,800
invasions plagues famines and 
all the other things that test 

1681
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:26,600
human strength. 
You remember that, you are part 

1682
01:32:26,600 --> 01:32:29,300
of a chain, that goes back to 
ancestors whose names, you will 

1683
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:31,800
never know but whose blood runs 
through your veins. 

1684
01:32:33,000 --> 01:32:34,500
Hardships, made your life 
possible. 

1685
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:37,800
Just like your struggles are 
making life possible for kids. 

1686
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:40,800
Who haven't been born yet? 
The knowledge of Your World 

1687
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:43,000
Isn't in books. 
It's in how you read the 

1688
01:32:43,000 --> 01:32:46,700
weather, how you keep food 
fresh, the stories, you tell the

1689
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:48,400
songs you sing and the people 
you meet. 

1690
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:53,100
Its wisdom that comes from 
experience is tested by need and

1691
01:32:53,100 --> 01:32:56,600
is confirmed by the fact that 
you're here doing well in a 

1692
01:32:56,600 --> 01:32:58,200
location. 
That asks a lot of its people 

1693
01:32:58,200 --> 01:33:02,400
and provides them Beauty 
community and a deep sense of 

1694
01:33:02,408 --> 01:33:05,500
belonging. 
Your Sicily isn't just a place 

1695
01:33:05,500 --> 01:33:07,300
on a map. 
It's a way of living. 

1696
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:09,700
That knows how seasons and souls
are connected. 

1697
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:14,000
How individual effort can help a
community survive and how daily 

1698
01:33:14,000 --> 01:33:16,200
work is necessary. 
But all so spiritual. 

1699
01:33:16,200 --> 01:33:19,500
When it's shared with others 
through meals stories and 

1700
01:33:19,500 --> 01:33:23,000
struggles, that become Victory 
is As you go off to sleep, in 

1701
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:25,500
your old house, surrounded by 
the Tranquil sound of a 

1702
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,800
community at rest, you feel 
positive about the work, you've 

1703
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,000
done the connections, you've 
taken care of and the 

1704
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:33,400
Traditions. 
You've kept alive. 

1705
01:33:33,400 --> 01:33:35,500
Tomorrow will bring new 
problems. 

1706
01:33:35,500 --> 01:33:38,300
New chances in new stories to 
contribute to the collection. 

1707
01:33:38,300 --> 01:33:42,400
That makes up your people. 
But tonight, you are surrounded 

1708
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:46,600
by Community tradition and the 
lasting beauty of a life lived 

1709
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,800
in accordance with the rhythms 
of the soil, the seasons, and 

1710
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:52,400
the human heart that Finds Its 
home in the endless dance 

1711
01:33:52,400 --> 01:33:53,900
between struggle and 
celebration. 

1712
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:56,300
That is the heart of the 
Sicilian character. 

1713
01:33:57,800 --> 01:33:59,500
Fire turns into brilliant 
Embers. 

1714
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:03,200
Your kids breathing slows as 
they fall asleep and the old 

1715
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:06,500
Hills outside your window. 
Stand guard over dreams. 

1716
01:34:06,500 --> 01:34:10,400
That tie you to every generation
that has ever lived on this wild

1717
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:18,000
beautiful Island. 
Cyrus the Great came into a 

1718
01:34:18,000 --> 01:34:21,500
world teeming with Mythic haze 
around 600. 

1719
01:34:21,500 --> 01:34:26,400
BCE in a corner of Southwestern.
Iran known as anshan later. 

1720
01:34:26,400 --> 01:34:29,400
Ages wove Legends of how his 
Destiny was prophesied before 

1721
01:34:29,400 --> 01:34:31,700
birth. 
Traditions says his mother 

1722
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:34,900
mandane was the daughter of 
estias. 

1723
01:34:34,900 --> 01:34:38,700
The median King alarmed by a 
dream suggesting her child would

1724
01:34:38,700 --> 01:34:41,600
topple him Asti. 
His ordered, the infant Cyrus's 

1725
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:43,800
death. 
Yet the official tasked with 

1726
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:46,100
murder, found the baby to 
innocent to slaughter. 

1727
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:49,000
He handed him to a shepherd's 
family instead. 

1728
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:53,200
So the story goes and sharing 
Cyrus survived in obscurity. 

1729
01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:57,300
Whether or not these details 
ring strictly true, they reveal.

1730
01:34:57,300 --> 01:35:01,200
How from the start storytellers,
recognized from extraordinary 

1731
01:35:01,200 --> 01:35:04,900
quality in him someone rising 
from Peril to shape and Empire 

1732
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:09,000
In early, Boyhood it said, 
Cyrus, displayed remarkable 

1733
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:13,400
empathy, bridging different's 
among local tribes, the 

1734
01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:14,900
South-Western Fringe of the 
Zagros. 

1735
01:35:14,900 --> 01:35:18,200
Mountains was no calm territory.
Petty Warlords. 

1736
01:35:18,200 --> 01:35:21,800
Vied over water sources, trade 
routes and farmland. 

1737
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:26,100
Yet Cyrus reputedly navigated 
these tensions with an uncanny 

1738
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:29,400
mix of kindness and resolve. 
Forging friendships among 

1739
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,200
Shepherds and minor Chieftains 
over time. 

1740
01:35:32,200 --> 01:35:35,500
The local talk was less about a 
hidden child saved from a king's

1741
01:35:35,500 --> 01:35:37,600
wrath and more about a 
charismatic. 

1742
01:35:37,600 --> 01:35:40,000
Youth unafraid to challenge 
older. 

1743
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:44,600
Men's assumptions Elders are 
weary found him unexpectedly 

1744
01:35:44,600 --> 01:35:47,800
persuasive. 
When Cyrus reached adolescence 

1745
01:35:47,800 --> 01:35:51,200
his lineage demanded, he 
connected with the court in 

1746
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:53,500
anshan. 
He discovered that his father 

1747
01:35:53,500 --> 01:35:57,600
come by his, the first was a 
vassal to the Meads, the median,

1748
01:35:57,600 --> 01:36:01,200
Susan, Auntie, overshadowed the 
region with a Staggs raining in 

1749
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:05,200
a Botana and older Metropolis 
perched, among mountains that 

1750
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:08,500
overshadowing rankled, the once 
proud, Kings of anshan had 

1751
01:36:08,500 --> 01:36:12,300
accepted vassal status for 
decades, Cyrus cleaned quickly, 

1752
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:14,900
that many in the southwestern 
region, chafed under median 

1753
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:19,000
taxes and arbitrary demands 
observing resentments carefully.

1754
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:23,200
Concluded that if he ever Rose 
to power, he might Galvanize 

1755
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:26,300
these frustrations into a 
cohesive front though, 

1756
01:36:26,300 --> 01:36:29,600
overshadowed by the meds and 
shun maintained, a distinct 

1757
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:32,000
cultural identity. 
The Realms. 

1758
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:34,500
Traditions traced back to 
elimite and Persian Roots. 

1759
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:39,200
Forging a tapestry of customs. 
Cyrus open to absorbing 

1760
01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:42,900
knowledge studied the Region's 
older languages cleaning law 

1761
01:36:42,900 --> 01:36:45,800
from Wise Men. 
Versed in archaic myths, one 

1762
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:49,400
result a worldview that placed 
bridging cultural divides at the

1763
01:36:49,408 --> 01:36:52,800
center of leadership. 
He recognized that stable rule, 

1764
01:36:52,800 --> 01:36:55,800
demanded acknowledging local 
Traditions rather than imposing 

1765
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:58,500
a single rigid system. 
This concept would later 

1766
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:01,700
manifest in how he governed a 
sprawling Empire with Myriad 

1767
01:37:01,700 --> 01:37:05,600
people's. as a Young Man Cyrus 
served briefly in the median 

1768
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:09,900
Army, perhaps under the watchful
of Asia's, Accounts differ on 

1769
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:13,200
how cordial that relationship 
was some sources claim. 

1770
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:15,400
The older King ironically found 
Cyrus appealing. 

1771
01:37:15,400 --> 01:37:18,300
Only belatedly realizing the 
youths growing ambition. 

1772
01:37:19,200 --> 01:37:22,700
Others proposed that asti's kept
him close precisely to forestall

1773
01:37:22,700 --> 01:37:25,400
rebellion. 
In either case to Cyrus saw the 

1774
01:37:25,408 --> 01:37:27,500
needs weaknesses from within 
they. 

1775
01:37:27,500 --> 01:37:30,900
Boasted strong Cavalry and 
Fortress, but corruption and 

1776
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:33,600
complacency riddled sdrs is 
bureaucracy. 

1777
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:37,100
The king's courtiers squabbled 
indulging in. 

1778
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,500
Luxurious feasts. 
Meanwhile, lesser vassal States,

1779
01:37:40,500 --> 01:37:43,700
seethed under burdened and some 
tribute, the stage was set for a

1780
01:37:43,708 --> 01:37:45,600
Revolt of sparked by the right 
figure. 

1781
01:37:46,700 --> 01:37:49,800
Upon campuses. 
The first death Cyrus became the

1782
01:37:49,800 --> 01:37:53,100
nominal ruler of anshan. 
He faced immediate tension with 

1783
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:58,500
EK putana, sometime around 550 
BCE Cyrus launched an uprising, 

1784
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:01,500
unifying Persians under his 
Banner. 

1785
01:38:02,300 --> 01:38:04,900
The old stories depict him. 
Proclaiming that the time had 

1786
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:07,900
come to cast off median 
overlordship forging, a new 

1787
01:38:07,908 --> 01:38:09,900
order that recognized Persian 
leadership. 

1788
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:14,200
He marched North leveraging 
alliances with other disaffected

1789
01:38:14,200 --> 01:38:17,500
tribes. 
Asda's roused, his forces, but 

1790
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,800
discovered, many loyal officers 
had turned coat and tyst by 

1791
01:38:20,808 --> 01:38:22,700
Cyrus's promise of a fairer 
rule. 

1792
01:38:23,400 --> 01:38:26,900
In a surprising turn, Cyrus 
captured at Botana with minimal 

1793
01:38:26,900 --> 01:38:30,400
resistance. 
Cyrus seized, thereby, ending 

1794
01:38:30,400 --> 01:38:33,900
his rule, with the meat and 
subdued, Cyrus did something 

1795
01:38:33,900 --> 01:38:38,800
unusual for a conqueror. 
He spared usda's life absorbing 

1796
01:38:38,800 --> 01:38:41,000
the median, capital and 
aristocracy without Mass 

1797
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:43,500
Slaughter. 
This approach hinted at the 

1798
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:46,800
Hallmark of his future Empire. 
Respect for local Elites 

1799
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:50,800
provided they served under him 
Some ancient kingdoms might have

1800
01:38:50,800 --> 01:38:53,100
sacked at botana, to destroy it,
permanently. 

1801
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:56,400
Cyrus recognized the value. 
In co-opting the existing 

1802
01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:59,500
Administration. 
Forging a dual monarchy of sorts

1803
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:04,700
median and Persian Already 
onlookers noticed that Cyrus was

1804
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:07,400
no typical warlord driven solely
by Conquest. 

1805
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:09,600
He had a cunning sense of 
policy. 

1806
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:13,200
The newly minted King of the 
Persians and medes reigned from 

1807
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:15,900
ecbatana adopting median 
structures. 

1808
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,400
While weaving in person 
influences, he reorganized the 

1809
01:39:19,408 --> 01:39:21,800
Army. 
Combining median, heavy Cavalry 

1810
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:23,400
with Persian infantry 
discipline. 

1811
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:27,800
Within a few short years news of
a rising power in the Iranian 

1812
01:39:27,800 --> 01:39:31,500
Plateau, spread Westwood 
reaching Lydia care in Anatolia 

1813
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:35,200
and the edges of Mesopotamia. 
Many scoffed that a newly 

1814
01:39:35,208 --> 01:39:37,700
minted, Persian Kingdom. 
Couldnt overshadow established 

1815
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:42,600
powers, like, Lydia, or Babylon.
Cyrus unperturbed, busy himself,

1816
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:46,400
forging alliances building, 
supply lines and reinforcing 

1817
01:39:46,400 --> 01:39:49,300
Frontiers. 
He sent that other Horizon's 

1818
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:52,500
beckoned lands ruled by Kings 
who viewed him as a mere. 

1819
01:39:52,500 --> 01:39:55,200
Upstart, the next chapter would 
prove them wrong. 

1820
01:39:55,200 --> 01:39:58,700
The Cyrus's Unstoppable 
expansion would reshape the 

1821
01:39:58,700 --> 01:40:02,400
entire Region's political map. 
Securing the median, Throne was 

1822
01:40:02,400 --> 01:40:05,300
but a first step. 
Cyrus turned his gaze West 

1823
01:40:05,300 --> 01:40:09,400
toward Lydia ruled by the 
wealthy King croesus Fame for 

1824
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:12,600
controlling vast gold reserves 
and forging alliances with Greek

1825
01:40:12,600 --> 01:40:16,300
city states. croesus had 
observed, the Persian takeover 

1826
01:40:16,300 --> 01:40:19,300
of media with alarm, He reasoned
that a swiftly. 

1827
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:21,300
Rising. 
Cyrus might threaten Lydia's 

1828
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:24,200
eastern border. 
Some councils suggested forging 

1829
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:25,700
an alliance with the new Persian
king. 

1830
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:29,900
But croesus crowd of Lydia's 
riches and alliances opted for 

1831
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:33,000
confrontation. 
The impetus came when Cyrus 

1832
01:40:33,000 --> 01:40:35,900
Advanced from the Zagros region 
to the hallas river, boundary 

1833
01:40:35,900 --> 01:40:39,000
crisis, marched out, anticipate 
dissipating. 

1834
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:41,300
The Swift campaign to impart a 
lesson to Persia. 

1835
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:45,600
However, after some inconclusive
battles, winter approached, and 

1836
01:40:45,600 --> 01:40:48,200
closest, retreated, leaving 
Warfare would pause. 

1837
01:40:48,200 --> 01:40:51,300
He sent mercenaries home 
planning to resume hostilities 

1838
01:40:51,300 --> 01:40:55,000
in Spring. 
Cyrus defying, typical seasonal 

1839
01:40:55,000 --> 01:40:58,000
Norms, pursued the lydians 
relentlessly during winter. 

1840
01:40:59,300 --> 01:41:01,700
This bold move, courtesy and 
prepared. 

1841
01:41:02,500 --> 01:41:05,900
Swirl of smaller engagements 
left, Lydia's, outposts reeling.

1842
01:41:06,600 --> 01:41:10,200
By the time Cruces scrambled. 
His allies again, Cyrus was at 

1843
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:13,300
Lydia's, doorstep, the 
culminating Siege of Sardis, 

1844
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:15,900
Lydia's Capital became 
legendary. 

1845
01:41:15,900 --> 01:41:20,600
The city's walls, perched on 
steep Cliffs Cyrus scanning. 

1846
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,200
The Fortress Found A seeming, 
weakness one Cliff face, that 

1847
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:28,400
looked unclimbable to Defenders,
thus less guarded under cover of

1848
01:41:28,400 --> 01:41:30,900
night, his men scale that near 
vertical. 

1849
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:35,300
Slope surprising the watch they 
gained entry opening the gates 

1850
01:41:35,300 --> 01:41:39,900
for the main Persian Force. 
Saw this fell increases was 

1851
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:43,200
captured tradition says that 
Cyrus initially planned to 

1852
01:41:43,200 --> 01:41:46,300
execute creases on a funeral 
pyre, but he changed his mind. 

1853
01:41:46,300 --> 01:41:49,300
Some say, it was after her 
increase as lament about the 

1854
01:41:49,308 --> 01:41:53,100
cruelty of Fortune. 
Alternatively, an oracle or a 

1855
01:41:53,100 --> 01:41:56,600
retainer's council might have 
spurred Cyrus's clemency crisis 

1856
01:41:56,600 --> 01:42:00,000
was spared, however, and given 
an honorary position in his new 

1857
01:42:00,000 --> 01:42:02,800
government. 
The gesture signaled, a pattern,

1858
01:42:02,800 --> 01:42:06,000
Cyrus subdued Rivals yet. 
Frequently integrated them 

1859
01:42:06,000 --> 01:42:09,300
preserving local structures if 
they accepted his authority. 

1860
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:13,400
with Lydia subdued Cyrus 
effectively inherited, its 

1861
01:42:13,400 --> 01:42:16,900
Anatolian possessions, including
Greek city-states along the 

1862
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:21,000
Aegean Coast Those ionian Greeks
had treaties with Crow, Asus, 

1863
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:23,200
but were uncertain about Persian
rule. 

1864
01:42:23,800 --> 01:42:26,300
Some tried resisting. 
Cyrus assigned. 

1865
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:29,500
Local satraps Governors, who 
demanded tribute, but otherwise 

1866
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:33,500
left local Customs intact. 
Over time, his ionian 

1867
01:42:33,500 --> 01:42:36,400
city-states, realized personal 
governance could be quite 

1868
01:42:36,400 --> 01:42:39,100
hands-off. 
If tributes were paid, the 

1869
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:41,700
approached. 
Partially is tension pockets of 

1870
01:42:41,700 --> 01:42:44,400
Revolt remained. 
The Persians recognized that 

1871
01:42:44,400 --> 01:42:46,300
shiping was crucial for a giant 
Commerce. 

1872
01:42:46,300 --> 01:42:49,800
So Cyrus refrained from 
heavy-handed oppression, that 

1873
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:53,900
might stifle trade in effect. 
I only in city states, found 

1874
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:56,700
themselves overshadowed by a 
more tolerant conqueror than 

1875
01:42:56,700 --> 01:43:00,300
they might have feared then came
the inevitable confrontation 

1876
01:43:00,300 --> 01:43:03,800
with Babylon, the famous Empire,
controlling Mesopotamia, 

1877
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,200
Babylon's. 
King nedus was known for 

1878
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:10,700
eccentric, religious policies. 
Alienating certain factions 

1879
01:43:10,700 --> 01:43:13,900
within the city. 
Many priests of Marduk disliked 

1880
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:18,000
nabonidus is focus on the moon. 
God sin, meanwhile outlying 

1881
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:21,800
provinces of Babylon, grew 
restive, Cyrus aimed to exploit 

1882
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:24,200
these Rifts. 
He maintained correspondence 

1883
01:43:24,200 --> 01:43:27,200
with Babylonian dissidents 
presenting himself as a 

1884
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:29,900
liberator who would restore 
worship of Marduk and rectify 

1885
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:33,100
neglect from the monarchy. 
Propaganda tablets found 

1886
01:43:33,100 --> 01:43:34,800
centuries. 
Later suggests that some 

1887
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:40,700
Babylonian Elite welcomed him. 
By 539 BCE Cyrus marched to 

1888
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:44,200
Babylon defeating the main Army 
at Opus with minimal trouble. 

1889
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:49,000
Then in an event overshadowed by
myth, the gates of Babylon 

1890
01:43:49,000 --> 01:43:52,300
opened letting him in to 
peacefully the city's 

1891
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,300
inhabitants. 
Possibly fatigued by Nepal 

1892
01:43:55,300 --> 01:43:59,000
found, little cores to resist 
with that. 

1893
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:01,700
The storied Metropolis fell 
quietly to a new Empire. 

1894
01:44:02,900 --> 01:44:05,300
Sirus formalized, these 
conquests, and what we know, as 

1895
01:44:05,300 --> 01:44:08,500
the Akai Menards Empire. 
He proclaimed a policy of 

1896
01:44:08,500 --> 01:44:10,200
respecting local, religions and 
traditions. 

1897
01:44:10,200 --> 01:44:13,900
Seeing in this approach, a key 
to stable governance across vast

1898
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:16,600
distances. 
Most famous artifact of this 

1899
01:44:16,600 --> 01:44:20,000
dance, is the Cyrus cylinder. 
Discovered Millennia later 

1900
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:24,100
inscribed in cornea form. 
It Praises Cyrus as chosen by 

1901
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:26,200
Marduk to restore proper Worship
in Babylon. 

1902
01:44:26,200 --> 01:44:29,800
It also records, how he 
repatriated displaced, people's 

1903
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:33,600
forging, an image of a tolerant,
or most benevolent conqueror. 

1904
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:38,000
Historians debate, the extent of
Tolerance noting that tribute 

1905
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:40,100
demands still weighed heavy on 
subject peoples. 

1906
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:43,600
However by the standards of the 
era, his approach was more 

1907
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,600
lenient to than typical. 
He rarely burned cities or 

1908
01:44:46,600 --> 01:44:50,500
enslaved entire populations. 
Rather he integrated local 

1909
01:44:50,500 --> 01:44:53,200
Elites weaving them into such 
truffle structures. 

1910
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:57,800
This policy extended to the 
Hebrews exiled in Babylon, Cyrus

1911
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:00,100
famously permitted them to 
return to Jerusalem and rebuild 

1912
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:03,500
their Temple Hebrew scriptures, 
Lord him as an anointed figure. 

1913
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:07,100
A foreign King recognized as an 
instrument of divine will. 

1914
01:45:08,100 --> 01:45:11,100
Uniqueness of a Mesopotamian 
Empire that championed the 

1915
01:45:11,108 --> 01:45:14,300
restoration of a local temple 
abroad was not lost on 

1916
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:17,000
contemporary observers for 
Cyrus. 

1917
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:20,000
This meant forging loyalty 
across a mosaic of cultures. 

1918
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:23,900
He recognized that the Empire's 
core, they not just inferior 

1919
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:27,800
arms, but in a sense of 
prosperity and religious freedom

1920
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:32,300
under Persian oversight, By the 
mid 530s BC e. 

1921
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,300
The Empire sprawled from the 
fringes of Anatolia to the edge 

1922
01:45:36,300 --> 01:45:39,500
of the Iranian Plateau with 
Babylon as a second capital. 

1923
01:45:40,400 --> 01:45:43,200
Cyrus oversaw the creation of 
Roads, linking these domains 

1924
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:45,900
encouraging Caravans to travel 
more securely. 

1925
01:45:46,700 --> 01:45:50,800
A new administrative pattern 
emerged each province satrapy 

1926
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:54,400
had a satrap typically local 
nobility, loyal to the throne, 

1927
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:58,000
balanced by a roving inspectors 
and lines of communication 

1928
01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:00,900
director. 
Cyrus Freed from local Wars. 

1929
01:46:00,900 --> 01:46:03,500
Trade flourished. 
Western sources. 

1930
01:46:03,500 --> 01:46:05,800
Sometimes labeled him a 
law-giver though. 

1931
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:07,800
He never compiled a code. 
Akin to Hammurabi. 

1932
01:46:07,800 --> 01:46:11,600
Instead he simply refrained from
supplanting local codes unless 

1933
01:46:11,600 --> 01:46:15,000
necessary letting them continue 
under a broader Imperial. 

1934
01:46:15,000 --> 01:46:19,500
Canopy In forging, this Empire 
Cyrus overshadowed, the older 

1935
01:46:19,500 --> 01:46:21,300
pattern of fractious City 
Kingdom. 

1936
01:46:21,300 --> 01:46:26,600
Now, a single rule United Myriad
tongues from ionian, Greek to 

1937
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:31,400
Aramaic from lydian to elamite. 
For the moment, all seemed 

1938
01:46:31,400 --> 01:46:33,800
Unstoppable. 
But an Empire. 

1939
01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:36,900
So vast inevitably brushed 
against fresh, Frontiers 

1940
01:46:36,900 --> 01:46:41,000
beckoning the next wave of 
expansion or would caution 

1941
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:44,200
Council consolidation. 
The man who ascended from 

1942
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:47,000
rumored infancy in a shepherd's 
Hut to commanding, half the 

1943
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:50,700
known region. 
Now face, the question was the 

1944
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:54,600
Empire's thirst for growth ever 
sated or did Destiny push him 

1945
01:46:54,608 --> 01:46:56,200
onward. 
Risking new hazards. 

1946
01:46:57,000 --> 01:46:59,100
With Babylon integrated into his
Empire. 

1947
01:46:59,100 --> 01:47:01,800
Cyrus contemplated the Eastern 
Frontier. 

1948
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:06,300
The Iranian Plateau merged into 
Central Asian steppes home to 

1949
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:09,500
nomadic or semi-nomadic tribes 
known for mobile Warfare 

1950
01:47:09,500 --> 01:47:12,600
Legends. 
Say, that Cyrus's father, come 

1951
01:47:12,600 --> 01:47:15,200
by the First Once warned him 
that subduing. 

1952
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:18,700
Such tribes required persistent 
vigilance as they seldom 

1953
01:47:18,700 --> 01:47:22,400
recognized stable borders but 
the new Empire needed to Anchor 

1954
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:26,000
its eastern flank especially if 
trade routes from the Indus 

1955
01:47:26,000 --> 01:47:29,000
Valley or bacteria. 
This said, were to channel Goods

1956
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:32,800
across Persian heartlands, Cyrus
recognized the duel impetus 

1957
01:47:32,800 --> 01:47:34,800
secure. 
Those roots and ensure. 

1958
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:38,100
No flank vulnerability. 
He dispatched, armies along the 

1959
01:47:38,100 --> 01:47:41,800
oxus river and mood Daria. 
Forging alliances with local 

1960
01:47:41,800 --> 01:47:45,000
Chiefs. 
Some steppe tribes in by the 

1961
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:47,600
prospect of stable, trade and 
potential gifts from the great 

1962
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:52,300
king cooperated others, resisted
needing to skirmishes in desert 

1963
01:47:52,300 --> 01:47:56,300
Canyon's Cyrus accompanied part 
of the campaign employing. 

1964
01:47:56,300 --> 01:47:59,800
The same tolerance approach 
tribes that submitted maintained

1965
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:02,800
local leadership, paying 
tribute, but enjoying relative 

1966
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:05,900
autonomy that method 
overshadowed the old practice of

1967
01:48:05,900 --> 01:48:09,500
forced relocations or decimation
yet, his men found the 

1968
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:12,000
environment. 
Harsh with punishing, Heat by 

1969
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:15,300
day and frigid nights 
Complicated by elusive tribal. 

1970
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:19,700
Raiders Adept at ambushes in 
back tree, Cyrus and counted a 

1971
01:48:19,700 --> 01:48:21,700
settled civilization older than 
many realized. 

1972
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:26,100
An area with fortresses 
irrigation and a lineage of 

1973
01:48:26,100 --> 01:48:29,900
trade connections with India. 
He found skillful Artisans and 

1974
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,700
wise men with knowledge of 
local, religions, some 

1975
01:48:32,700 --> 01:48:36,800
worshiping ahura Mazda, and a 
variance of zoroastrian practice

1976
01:48:36,800 --> 01:48:39,900
this encounter, possibly 
reaffirmed his approach of 

1977
01:48:39,900 --> 01:48:41,900
letting each region keep its 
faith. 

1978
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:46,800
Indeed coins from that era show,
local imagery mixed with Persian

1979
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:49,900
inscriptions, reflecting a 
Synergy rather than forced 

1980
01:48:49,900 --> 01:48:53,100
uniformity historian. 
See in this pattern, the seeds 

1981
01:48:53,100 --> 01:48:55,500
of an Empire tolerant enough to 
last for centuries 

1982
01:48:55,500 --> 01:48:59,000
overshadowing, the ephemeral 
expansion of earlier conquerors,

1983
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:02,900
who imposed uniform codes? 
Yet the East never fully bowed 

1984
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:05,400
Cyrus soon. 
Realized that Beyond bacteria 

1985
01:49:05,400 --> 01:49:08,600
lay more, formidable, tribes, 
Surviving inscriptions 

1986
01:49:08,600 --> 01:49:11,200
mentioned, a feared group 
referred to as the massager 

1987
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:13,600
Getty dwelling across the 
Jacksons River. 

1988
01:49:13,600 --> 01:49:17,000
They were skilled horse, 
archers, famously led by a 

1989
01:49:17,000 --> 01:49:20,800
warrior Queen named tamiris. 
Problem was that direct conflict

1990
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:23,300
with the mint venturing into 
semi desert lands where supply 

1991
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,400
line collapse. 
The Cyrus's ambition on 

1992
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:30,100
necessity, drove him to attempt 
an incursion around 5:30 BC. 

1993
01:49:31,600 --> 01:49:33,800
Some sources, suggest he built a
bridging strategy. 

1994
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,600
He possibly Bridging the Jacques
arts or else luring the Masjid 

1995
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:40,800
into friendly a Terrain. 
The outcome was tragic for him. 

1996
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:43,300
Herodotus claims a pitched 
battle saw. 

1997
01:49:43,300 --> 01:49:45,400
The Persian forces of 
eventually, outmaneuvered, 

1998
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:47,800
Cyrus, himself, refusing 
retreat. 

1999
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:52,000
Was either captured or killed in
the melee Legend has it Queen 

2000
01:49:52,000 --> 01:49:54,400
tamiris. 
Dipped his severed head in a bag

2001
01:49:54,400 --> 01:49:57,200
of blood cursing. 
Him for devouring her people. 

2002
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:01,300
We cannot confirm the dramatic 
details with absolute certainty.

2003
01:50:01,300 --> 01:50:05,400
Ancient accounts vary. 
Some say, Cyrus died from 

2004
01:50:05,400 --> 01:50:08,400
wounds, others claim an 
accident, in the swirling 

2005
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:11,000
desert. 
However, all accounts agree that

2006
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:13,000
his demise occurred on the 
Eastern Frontier. 

2007
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:16,500
This abrupt end, overshadowed, 
the notion that he'd have 

2008
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:20,300
Consolidated further expansions 
without him, the Empire, 

2009
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:23,500
defaulted to his son, come by 
his, the second who turned 

2010
01:50:23,500 --> 01:50:27,700
attention to Egyptian campaigns.
If not for that, fatal Eastern 

2011
01:50:27,700 --> 01:50:30,400
gamble. 
Cyrus might have had decades to 

2012
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:33,900
refine governance bridging Asia,
Minor to the Indus under a 

2013
01:50:33,900 --> 01:50:37,800
carefully balanced rule fate. 
Intervened, the queening us only

2014
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:41,600
partial glimpses of what might 
have been Back in the heartlands

2015
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:43,900
news of Cyrus's death Unleashed 
grief. 

2016
01:50:43,900 --> 01:50:47,500
He had reigned for around three 
decades, forging, the largest 

2017
01:50:47,500 --> 01:50:51,100
Empire, the region of witnessed 
Even many respondents felt 

2018
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,800
useful sorrow in Babylon. 
Priests who previously lauded 

2019
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:57,300
him as Maddox chosen. 
Recognized that a new chapter 

2020
01:50:57,300 --> 01:51:01,200
approached under can be sees his
shadow in Southwestern Persia 

2021
01:51:01,200 --> 01:51:04,500
folktales, circulated praising 
father Cyrus. 

2022
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:08,800
Who delivered them from median? 
Oppression ionian Greeks though.

2023
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:10,500
Not always content with Persian 
rule. 

2024
01:51:10,500 --> 01:51:13,500
Ironically expressed more 
respect for Cyrus than for 

2025
01:51:13,500 --> 01:51:17,600
subsequent Kings praising, his 
measured approach Cyrus's body. 

2026
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:21,100
Presumably recovered from the 
battlefield was laid in a tomb 

2027
01:51:21,100 --> 01:51:24,400
in posadi a sight. 
He had chosen earlier ancient 

2028
01:51:24,400 --> 01:51:26,200
Travellers described it as a 
simple. 

2029
01:51:26,200 --> 01:51:30,300
Yet, dignified structure with a 
gabled roof, overshadowed by 

2030
01:51:30,308 --> 01:51:33,700
Noah elaborate Temple, but set 
him at a garden in subsequent 

2031
01:51:33,700 --> 01:51:37,000
errors, every Persian king 
revered that tomb, ensuring 

2032
01:51:37,000 --> 01:51:39,600
none. 
Defiled it, Alexander the Great 

2033
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:42,500
centuries. 
Later visited and reportedly 

2034
01:51:42,500 --> 01:51:45,300
found the tomb with a simple 
inscription, praising Cyrus as 

2035
01:51:45,300 --> 01:51:48,200
the founder of an Empire 
summoning, the reflection that 

2036
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:51,800
every conqueror, no matter how 
Grand meets mortality. 

2037
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:56,600
That tomb though, occasionally 
looted or neglected endures in 

2038
01:51:56,600 --> 01:51:59,400
partial ruins, a quiet 
Testament, to amount of 

2039
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:01,800
ephemeral. 
Hold on a vast territory, his 

2040
01:52:01,800 --> 01:52:05,200
death unsettled, the monarchies 
immediate stability can be 

2041
01:52:05,208 --> 01:52:08,000
seized the second, embarked on 
expansions into Egypt, 

2042
01:52:08,000 --> 01:52:12,300
overshadowing, local, satrap 
tensions, the memory of Cyrus, 

2043
01:52:12,300 --> 01:52:15,000
however never dissipated each 
subsequent. 

2044
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:18,800
Persian ruler from campuses to 
Darius, Trace legitimacy to 

2045
01:52:18,808 --> 01:52:21,900
Cyrus's lineage They credited 
him with forging. 

2046
01:52:21,900 --> 01:52:24,500
A national identity that 
encompassed diverse, languages, 

2047
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,700
faiths, and social Customs under
a unified. 

2048
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:31,400
Administrative framework in 
every corner of the Empire, from

2049
01:52:31,400 --> 01:52:33,200
the ionian shore, to the Indus 
Valley. 

2050
01:52:33,200 --> 01:52:36,800
The idea of the king of kings 
who protected, local Traditions,

2051
01:52:36,800 --> 01:52:38,900
while demanding loyalty 
remained, a Cornerstone of 

2052
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:42,200
Imperial ideology. 
Cyrus, Even In Absentia, 

2053
01:52:42,200 --> 01:52:45,100
overshadowed, the realm with his
moral lace approached to 

2054
01:52:45,100 --> 01:52:49,400
rulership. the dynasty that 
Cyrus initiated endured for two 

2055
01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:52,400
centuries overshadowed 
eventually by Alexander's 

2056
01:52:52,400 --> 01:52:56,400
Conquest in the fourth Century 
BCE Yet even as Alexander 

2057
01:52:56,400 --> 01:52:57,800
marched across the Persian 
Empire. 

2058
01:52:57,800 --> 01:53:01,500
Local memory of Cyrus spurred, a
measure of pride in unity. 

2059
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:05,700
Some communities upon 
Alexander's, arrivel recounted 

2060
01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:08,000
how Cyrus had first. 
Liberated them from repressive 

2061
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:10,700
rule. 
Alexander intrigued by these 

2062
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:15,300
accounts visited Cyrus's Tomb at
3:30 BCE. 

2063
01:53:16,300 --> 01:53:20,100
And I witness described the tomb
as humble yet dignified with a 

2064
01:53:20,100 --> 01:53:22,800
stone chamber and the remains 
resting on a golden beer. 

2065
01:53:23,600 --> 01:53:26,300
Alexander allegedly ordered 
repairs after discovering the 

2066
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:28,900
tomb rifled by unscrupulous 
soldiers. 

2067
01:53:28,900 --> 01:53:32,900
This gesture signified, How 
Deeply Cyrus's reputation for 

2068
01:53:32,900 --> 01:53:36,100
magnanimous leadership. 
Struck even his Empires eventual

2069
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:40,300
conqueror Greek sources like 
xenophon cyberia further, 

2070
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,900
Amplified, Cyrus's Legacy, 
xenophon depicted him as an 

2071
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:48,800
exemplary ruler wise, just and 
beloved by Soldier and subjects 

2072
01:53:48,800 --> 01:53:50,700
alike. 
Scholars debate. 

2073
01:53:50,700 --> 01:53:54,000
How factual xenophon's portrayal
is some seat as half moral 

2074
01:53:54,000 --> 01:53:57,800
Treatise, half historical novel,
but the serape idia shaped 

2075
01:53:57,800 --> 01:54:00,200
Western ideas of King ship, 
overshadowing alternative 

2076
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:03,700
narratives Roman thinkers like 
Cicero or Machiavelli. 

2077
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:06,100
Cited Cyrus as a model for Weis.
Monarchy. 

2078
01:54:06,600 --> 01:54:09,900
Indeed, the phrase benevolent 
conqueror found perhaps its 

2079
01:54:09,900 --> 01:54:12,100
earliest champion and how Greeks
were cast him. 

2080
01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:16,700
The reality of his campaigns 
like forcibly subduing, Lydia or

2081
01:54:16,700 --> 01:54:19,900
merciless battles in the East 
fell into the background in 

2082
01:54:19,900 --> 01:54:23,100
these moral sketches. 
Meanwhile, in later Persian 

2083
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:26,200
tradition Cyrus emerged, almost 
as a cultural hero, 

2084
01:54:26,200 --> 01:54:30,500
overshadowing even Darius and 
terms of moral reverence some 

2085
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:32,300
medieval Islamic scholars wrote 
of him. 

2086
01:54:32,308 --> 01:54:35,600
As do. 
Alkane the two horned one in 

2087
01:54:35,600 --> 01:54:37,900
certain interpretive, 
Traditions, linking him to a 

2088
01:54:37,908 --> 01:54:40,800
figure in the Quran who 
travelled widely and overcame 

2089
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:44,300
great challenges though. 
Not universally accepted that 

2090
01:54:44,300 --> 01:54:47,100
Association underscored how 
widely His Image range and 

2091
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:49,900
cultural memory. 
People in West Asia recognized 

2092
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:53,100
him as a champion of religious 
tolerance referencing. 

2093
01:54:53,100 --> 01:54:56,000
The famed cylinder in which he 
declared marduk's blessing 

2094
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:59,700
others found in him an early 
blueprint for Empire Building 

2095
01:54:59,700 --> 01:55:03,000
balance by moral codes during 
the Renaissance in Europe, 

2096
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:05,400
renewed interest in classical 
texts. 

2097
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:09,100
Revived Cyrus's story again 
overshadowed, though it was by 

2098
01:55:09,100 --> 01:55:13,100
more immediate local concerns, 
princesses might glance at Zen's

2099
01:55:13,100 --> 01:55:15,900
treated as an allegory for how 
to rule with both Justice and 

2100
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:21,500
might In the 18th century in 
light to thinkers to reference 

2101
01:55:21,500 --> 01:55:23,500
to him, while discussing 
Universal monarchy or the 

2102
01:55:23,508 --> 01:55:26,800
philosophy of Tolerance. 
Voltaire, for instance, 

2103
01:55:26,808 --> 01:55:30,700
occasionally invoked Cyrus as an
example of a more enlightened 

2104
01:55:30,700 --> 01:55:34,000
conqueror compared to the brutal
expansions of certain European 

2105
01:55:34,000 --> 01:55:37,200
Empires. 
Yet ironically the earliest 

2106
01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:41,200
archaeological Revelations about
Cyrus, such as the unearthing of

2107
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:45,400
the Cyrus cylinder in 1879 
reaffirmed, that the Persian 

2108
01:55:45,400 --> 01:55:49,000
kings of Tolerance weren't 
purely myth, that artifact 

2109
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:52,200
discovered in the ruins of 
Babylon, inscribed in akkadian. 

2110
01:55:52,200 --> 01:55:56,000
Cuneiform outlines, how Cyrus 
restored shrines and returned to

2111
01:55:56,000 --> 01:55:59,900
people's to their homelands. 
The cylinder stands as one of 

2112
01:55:59,908 --> 01:56:02,400
History's, earliest known 
Declaration of religious 

2113
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:05,100
freedom. 
Overshadowing older examples 

2114
01:56:05,100 --> 01:56:08,400
that typically validated 
conquests with deities, but 

2115
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:10,900
rarely promised a pressed 
people's new liberties 

2116
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:15,000
historians debate, the precise 
context, maybe it was partly 

2117
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,700
propaganda to legitimize his new
rule, but it remains a striking 

2118
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:21,400
departure from the standard 
Force to simulation typical of 

2119
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:24,400
the era. 
Modern Iranians view Cyrus with 

2120
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:26,600
a blend of national pride and 
Fascination. 

2121
01:56:26,600 --> 01:56:28,500
Some. 
See him as a unifying. 

2122
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,700
Father figure of the Iranian 
identity overshadowing, the 

2123
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:33,800
fractiousness of medieval and 
modern periods. 

2124
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:37,600
Even secular nationalists of the
20th century embraced him as a 

2125
01:56:37,600 --> 01:56:40,500
symbol of a culturally Rich 
tolerant heritage. 

2126
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:45,100
For instance, the Shah of Iran 
in 1971, staged a massive 

2127
01:56:45,108 --> 01:56:48,700
ceremonial event at the several 
separately, referencing Cyrus as

2128
01:56:48,700 --> 01:56:51,400
the Empire's founder this 
Extravaganza. 

2129
01:56:51,400 --> 01:56:55,400
Ironically, overshadowed by a 
modern discontent showed how 

2130
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:59,300
deeply as memory resonated. 
Revolutionaries later, disdain, 

2131
01:56:59,300 --> 01:57:02,300
the monarchies appropriation of 
ancient glories, but not 

2132
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:05,300
necessarily disclaiming Cyrus's 
historical, significance. 

2133
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:09,000
One under explored, angle is the
possibility that Cyrus is style 

2134
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:10,700
of leadership. 
Strongly influenced, how 

2135
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:12,800
subsequent Middle Eastern Powers
approached Empire. 

2136
01:57:13,800 --> 01:57:16,400
The notion that subjugated 
people's might keep their local 

2137
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:20,000
laws worship and aristocracies 
in exchange for paying tribute 

2138
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:21,800
and remaining loyal established 
a precedent. 

2139
01:57:22,700 --> 01:57:26,800
The Ottoman Empire centuries. 
Later had a millet system that 

2140
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:28,900
rang with Echoes of Cyrus's 
approach. 

2141
01:57:28,900 --> 01:57:32,700
This overshadowing Legacy 
remained subtle yet persistent 

2142
01:57:32,700 --> 01:57:37,400
thus, Cyrus's story flows across
epochs from a child rumored to 

2143
01:57:37,400 --> 01:57:40,500
have escaped, an execution 
order, to a cunning statement, 

2144
01:57:40,500 --> 01:57:44,500
United Persians, and medes to a 
conqueror, forging, an Empire 

2145
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:48,300
that overshadowed old Regional 
politics culminating in a 

2146
01:57:48,300 --> 01:57:50,000
cultural hero for multiple 
civilizations. 

2147
01:57:51,200 --> 01:57:53,900
Jira reinterprets him, some 
extolling him. 

2148
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:56,800
As the ultimate wise, King, 
others cautioning, that the 

2149
01:57:56,800 --> 01:58:00,600
realities of Conquest, always 
bear a darker side but no matter

2150
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:03,600
how the narrative shifts the 
central thread is that of a man 

2151
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:07,300
forging a novel Empire with 
broad tolerance overshadowing 

2152
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:10,100
the archaic tyranny or Petty 
squabbling that proceeded him 

2153
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:13,700
and leaving a blueprint that 
outlived the ephemeral politics 

2154
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:16,300
of the day. 
When we examine how Cyrus 

2155
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:19,900
governed, the structure of his 
Empire stands out, instead of 

2156
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:23,500
imposing Persian officials 
everywhere, he created satrapy 

2157
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:26,300
is granting, local, Elites, some
autonomy, so long as they 

2158
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:30,200
pledged Allegiance, and taxes to
the great king, Each satra, 

2159
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:33,400
managed daily Affairs, 
overshadowed only by the king's 

2160
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:36,900
Authority and roving inspectors 
called the eyes and ears of the 

2161
01:58:36,900 --> 01:58:39,400
king. 
This system reduced Rebellion 

2162
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:44,000
likely Hood as local Customs, 
large Lee stated intact. the 

2163
01:58:44,000 --> 01:58:47,700
difference from older Empires, 
like the Assyrians, who often 

2164
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:50,900
deported population's or used 
Terror attacks was striking, 

2165
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:55,200
People recognized a new brand of
rule, where a simulation 

2166
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,500
demanded fewer forced migration 
and more recognition of local 

2167
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:02,200
identity Cyrus's approached to 
Water Management tells a 

2168
01:59:02,200 --> 01:59:06,200
compelling story of wild. 
In certain arid provinces older 

2169
01:59:06,200 --> 01:59:08,400
feuds erupted over irrigation 
ditches. 

2170
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:12,000
The Persian Administration 
introduced consistent oversight,

2171
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:15,600
ensuring Farmland disputes were 
arbitrated by official judges. 

2172
01:59:15,600 --> 01:59:19,300
This reduced local Klan 
violence, boosting agricultural 

2173
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:22,100
output. 
Some speculate that the reason 

2174
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:25,700
the Empire thrived economically 
was precisely these micro level 

2175
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:29,200
reforms overshadowing. 
The simpler older pattern of a 

2176
01:59:29,200 --> 01:59:30,900
warlord. 
Merely collecting tribute 

2177
01:59:30,900 --> 01:59:35,000
through intimidation 
diplomatically Cyrus engaged in 

2178
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:38,600
inter Empire marriages the 
melding of Persian and median. 

2179
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:42,400
Lines was the earliest example. 
But he also welcomed lydian 

2180
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:46,200
Aristocrats into his court. 
Forging alliances with families 

2181
01:59:46,200 --> 01:59:50,800
once loyal to croissants in rare
cases a princess or daughter 

2182
01:59:50,800 --> 01:59:53,300
from a subdued region. 
Might join the Persian Court. 

2183
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:56,200
These events over. 
Shout shadowed, the typical 

2184
01:59:56,200 --> 01:59:59,200
scenario, forcibly taking 
hostages instead. 

2185
01:59:59,200 --> 02:00:01,900
Cyrus wanted them to partake in 
the empires blender. 

2186
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:05,200
Weaving them into a social 
fabric that dissuaded Rebellion.

2187
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:09,300
The old hostage system became 
more subtle shading into an 

2188
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:13,100
inclusive aristocracy were local
leaders found new status as part

2189
02:00:13,100 --> 02:00:17,200
of the Arca Menards nobility. 
Spiritually Cyrus's, personal 

2190
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:20,600
faith remains debated. 
Some Modern Iranians claimed him

2191
02:00:20,600 --> 02:00:23,800
as a zoroastrian, but direct 
evidence is scarce. 

2192
02:00:23,800 --> 02:00:28,200
The extant sources suggest he 
revered ahura Mazda reflecting 

2193
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,500
zoroastrian influence, but never
forced that worship on diverse 

2194
02:00:31,500 --> 02:00:34,300
Realms. 
The Cyrus cylinder emphasizes 

2195
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:36,200
marduk's acceptance into 
Babylon. 

2196
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:39,000
While Greek accounts mentioned 
that among Persian Elites 

2197
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:42,500
certain rights to the elements 
like the sky and fire were 

2198
02:00:42,500 --> 02:00:44,800
honored. 
He overshadowed early Warlords 

2199
02:00:44,800 --> 02:00:48,200
by not imposing a single 
religious identity indeed. 

2200
02:00:48,200 --> 02:00:50,700
Many credit him with forging an 
Empire that for centuries 

2201
02:00:50,700 --> 02:00:52,500
maintained. 
A measure of tolerance for local

2202
02:00:52,500 --> 02:00:55,700
temples, overshadowing the 
simpler approach of idle 

2203
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:59,800
smashing or forced conversion. 
Cyrus's Persona in the eyes of 

2204
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:03,000
Greek, contemporaries varied 
some depicted him as a gentle 

2205
02:01:03,000 --> 02:01:06,500
Father Figure others found him 
cunning exploiting tolerance 

2206
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,300
only to keep rebellious Hearts 
subdued in ionian, Greek city 

2207
02:01:10,300 --> 02:01:14,100
states certain segments, admired
him for topping, Lydia's creases

2208
02:01:14,100 --> 02:01:17,700
who had overshadowed them, 
ironically forging a liberator 

2209
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:22,200
narrative But I only an elite 
soon realized Persian suing T 

2210
02:01:22,200 --> 02:01:26,200
had its demands tribute 
garrisons and complicated 

2211
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:28,900
negotiations of they wanted to 
maintain local autonomy. 

2212
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:32,300
Despite celebrating their 
commercial expansions under 

2213
02:01:32,300 --> 02:01:35,900
Persian rule, the ionian elites 
were vigilant for potential 

2214
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:40,200
changes in the Imperial stance. 
Of the most surprising Dimension

2215
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:42,800
is how Cyrus never crowned 
himself with an elaborate New 

2216
02:01:42,800 --> 02:01:45,800
Riegel title. 
Akin to emperor of all lands 

2217
02:01:45,800 --> 02:01:48,200
instead. 
He used older Traditions, like 

2218
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:52,700
king of anshan King of the medes
and Persians or king of Babylon 

2219
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:55,900
in official inscriptions, 
linking them in a chain that 

2220
02:01:55,908 --> 02:01:58,900
overshadowed old rivalries. 
Each region saw him. 

2221
02:01:58,900 --> 02:02:01,300
A successor to its last 
legitimate monarchy. 

2222
02:02:02,000 --> 02:02:04,500
This acceptance across diverse 
lands is a reason. 

2223
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:08,100
The Empire stabilized swiftly 
overshadowing typical post 

2224
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:11,400
Conquest chaos. 
The Synergy of recognizes King 

2225
02:02:11,400 --> 02:02:14,300
ship and practical policies. 
Prevented many local revolts 

2226
02:02:14,300 --> 02:02:18,100
even in the Eastern, Frontiers 
only the fiercely independent 

2227
02:02:18,100 --> 02:02:21,300
steppe tribes remained wholly 
Beyond easiest assimilation. 

2228
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:28,000
Modern archaeologists rummaging 
through sights, like Pasadena's 

2229
02:02:28,000 --> 02:02:31,000
tributing, Grand titles, and 
praising Cyrus's benevolence 

2230
02:02:31,900 --> 02:02:35,700
However, they also find glimpse 
of force tribute on labor. 

2231
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:39,000
Reminding us that no Empire 
extends with without cost. 

2232
02:02:39,900 --> 02:02:42,700
The difference is that Cyrus 
balanced typical harshness with 

2233
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:46,600
broader leniency, instead of 
mass enslavement or forced 

2234
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:48,700
relocations. 
He practiced strategic 

2235
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,500
generosity, A city that 
surrendered might keep its local

2236
02:02:52,500 --> 02:02:55,600
Council paying only partial 
tributes for a time. 

2237
02:02:55,600 --> 02:03:00,100
A rebellious region once subdued
found him open to restitution if

2238
02:03:00,100 --> 02:03:02,000
they accepted Imperial 
suzerainty. 

2239
02:03:03,000 --> 02:03:06,900
This pattern repeated across 
Anatolia Mesopotamia and Beyond 

2240
02:03:06,900 --> 02:03:09,900
forging an Empire that outlived 
him by centuries. 

2241
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:13,400
One wonders how the world might 
have changed had Cyrus not died 

2242
02:03:13,400 --> 02:03:16,700
in the Eastern campaign. 
Perhaps he'd have established a 

2243
02:03:16,700 --> 02:03:19,600
definitive Capital, bridging 
Persian and Mesopotamian 

2244
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,700
Aesthetics, you might have 
expanded further into the 

2245
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:26,900
industry region, overshadowing 
future expansion, by Darius, the

2246
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:29,200
abruptness of his death left. 
Many of those what ifs 

2247
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:33,200
unresolved Yet his blueprint was
so robust that successes like 

2248
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:37,800
come by seas and Lords of this 
built upon its seamlessly rarely

2249
02:03:37,800 --> 02:03:40,400
discarding the system of 
satrapies or the approach to 

2250
02:03:40,400 --> 02:03:44,400
local autonomy, this continuity 
underscores, How Deeply Cyrus's 

2251
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,700
approach was woven into the 
Empire's Bedrock his policies. 

2252
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:51,100
Akin to the reformed water 
channels, permeated, the 

2253
02:03:51,100 --> 02:03:54,000
Imperial veins surpassing the 
fleeting preferences of 

2254
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:57,400
subsequent kings in the 
centuries, following Cyrus's 

2255
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:01,100
Empire wave after wave of 
Conquest battle, West Asia, 

2256
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:05,500
Alexander's Invasion, the 
solution Empire, the pathy and 

2257
02:04:05,500 --> 02:04:09,500
the dynasty. 
Each new regime State claims 

2258
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:13,000
over the old heartlands yet. 
Repeated references to the old 

2259
02:04:13,000 --> 02:04:16,700
ways of Cyrus appearing. 
Local Legends overshadowing 

2260
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:20,800
short-term rule Cyrus's system, 
became a benchmark for managing 

2261
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:24,500
a multi-ethnic domain. 
Even the storied House of sasan 

2262
02:04:24,500 --> 02:04:28,500
centuries later argued, they 
recaptured the spirit of a 

2263
02:04:28,500 --> 02:04:31,700
clearman ID monarchy, their 
coinage or Rock relief sometimes

2264
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:35,900
invoked motifs reminiscent of 
Cyrus's era overshadowed by a 

2265
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:39,300
new version of Persian identity.
That cyclical pattern of 

2266
02:04:39,300 --> 02:04:42,300
referencing Cyrus indicates. 
He was not just a fleeting 

2267
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:46,200
conqueror, but a permanent 
archetype. outside the Middle 

2268
02:04:46,200 --> 02:04:50,600
East, Greek authors, transmitted
an idealized account, 

2269
02:04:51,400 --> 02:04:54,800
Culminating in xenophon's, Kira 
pedia which painted Cyrus as a 

2270
02:04:54,800 --> 02:04:59,000
paragon of King, Levert. 
You Over the next two Millennia 

2271
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:02,600
that text influence statement 
from Machiavelli to the founding

2272
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:06,100
fathers of the United States. 
They gleaned from it lessons on 

2273
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:10,300
balancing fear and love forging 
alliances and uniting diverse 

2274
02:05:10,300 --> 02:05:13,900
people's ironically, the real 
Cyrus might have been more 

2275
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:17,000
pragmatic and occasionally 
ruthless, and xenophon's moral 

2276
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:20,900
hero, but the overshadowing 
effect of the text shaped Weston

2277
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:24,200
political thought Early. 
Modern Europe's fascination. 

2278
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:27,600
With enlightened absolutism 
found in Cyrus a distant model. 

2279
02:05:27,600 --> 02:05:31,300
Someone who overcame fractious 
Petty Lords by imposing a 

2280
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:34,800
central Authority, tempered by 
tolerance. back in his homeland 

2281
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:40,000
tumor at pasahod, endured storms
and conquests overshadowing a 

2282
02:05:40,008 --> 02:05:44,400
femoral shrines, when Alexander 
visited, he left it intact 

2283
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:48,500
later, pathian, or sasanian 
Kings though, not worshipers of 

2284
02:05:48,500 --> 02:05:52,100
Cyrus recognized the tomb, 
significance as a link to an 

2285
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:56,200
illustrious Iranian heritage 
Under the Muslim Conquest. 

2286
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:59,600
Centuries later, Legends 
persisted around the tomb. 

2287
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:04,700
Some calling it cover a Madar. 
A suluman of Solomon's mother, 

2288
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:08,100
though, the local population, 
likely kept the memory, that it 

2289
02:06:08,108 --> 02:06:09,800
was Cyrus's. 
Final resting place. 

2290
02:06:09,800 --> 02:06:13,800
Rare travelers from Venetian 
Merchants to ottoman, envoys 

2291
02:06:13,800 --> 02:06:17,300
occasionally documented, a 
solitary tower-like structure in

2292
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:20,300
the Iranian Plateau, 
overshadowed by know massive 

2293
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:22,900
City. 
Inside Lane inscription or 

2294
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,100
faint, carvings referencing a 
king who wants bestowed. 

2295
02:06:26,100 --> 02:06:30,300
The region like a Colossus in 
the 20th century as modern. 

2296
02:06:30,300 --> 02:06:34,400
Iranian nationalism, stirred 
Cyrus's memory was rehabilitated

2297
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,700
as an emblem of national unity 
in his historical grandeur. 

2298
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:41,800
Razor sharp. 
Pallavi visited posadi Staging 

2299
02:06:41,800 --> 02:06:44,300
ceremonies that overshadowed, 
the sights archaeological. 

2300
02:06:44,300 --> 02:06:47,300
Hush the monarchy sought 
symbolic links to an ancient 

2301
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,900
lineage championing Cyrus's 
cylinder as an early human 

2302
02:06:50,900 --> 02:06:54,000
rights Charter. 
This overshadowed complexities 

2303
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:57,100
like the Imperial nature of his 
conquests, but offered a 

2304
02:06:57,100 --> 02:06:59,500
rallying point for Iranian 
identity, even 

2305
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:03,000
post-revolutionary Iran while 
reinterpreting pre-islamic 

2306
02:07:03,000 --> 02:07:06,400
glories, cannot fully disregard 
Cyrus's significance. 

2307
02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:09,300
Pilgrim. 
Still come some quietly leaving 

2308
02:07:09,300 --> 02:07:12,100
Flowers by the tomb to honor. 
The father of the Persian realm 

2309
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:16,000
overshadowing theological 
differences, In the global 

2310
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:18,100
sphere. 
The Cyrus cylinder tours. 

2311
02:07:18,100 --> 02:07:21,100
Museums spocking discussions on 
religious tolerance. 

2312
02:07:21,100 --> 02:07:24,100
Good governance and The 
Narrative of enlightened Empire 

2313
02:07:25,300 --> 02:07:27,600
Some critics caution. 
That while the cylinder reveals 

2314
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:30,700
a progressive tone for its era, 
we shouldn't enact chronically 

2315
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,800
label Cyrus on, Modern Democrat.
He was after all an absolute 

2316
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,900
monarch nonetheless, the 
overshadowing message of 

2317
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:41,300
leniency and returning Exiles 
stand out in a time when many 

2318
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:43,700
ancient conquerors pillaged and 
enslaved. 

2319
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,500
Indeed, the notion of a state 
respecting, local gods and 

2320
02:07:47,500 --> 02:07:49,200
temples was Radical for the 
period. 

2321
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:52,600
Yet, it's not as if Cyrus 
overcame all cruelty. 

2322
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:56,200
In certain provinces that 
resisted the Persian armies 

2323
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:59,500
could be ruthless using Siege 
tactics to starve city 

2324
02:07:59,500 --> 02:08:02,600
populations. 
But once victory was secured the

2325
02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:04,600
mercy or acceptance of local 
practices. 

2326
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:08,300
Overshadowed total subjugation 
Scholars highlight that such a 

2327
02:08:08,300 --> 02:08:11,000
measured approach likely, 
prevented constant revolts 

2328
02:08:11,000 --> 02:08:14,400
people under Persian rule, might
pay taxes and serve in the Army 

2329
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:17,700
but they kept shrines, local 
councils, and a measure of 

2330
02:08:17,708 --> 02:08:20,900
cultural autonomy. 
This delicate, interplay formed,

2331
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:24,200
the Empire's, core strength, 
overshadowing older Mesopotamian

2332
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:27,000
or Neo Assyrian methods reliant 
on sheer Terror. 

2333
02:08:27,800 --> 02:08:31,200
As we revisit Cyrus's life, in 
total, we see an interplay of 

2334
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:34,300
Epic achievements. 
And ephemeral mortality, he rose

2335
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,100
from a rumored near in fantasy 
side to forging a realm from the

2336
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:40,900
Aegean to Eastern Iran 
overshadowing Kings, who wants 

2337
02:08:40,900 --> 02:08:44,500
both in a sable night. 
Yet, he too succumb to the 

2338
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:49,000
hazards of Frontier Warfare. 
The Grand Empire remained Shaped

2339
02:08:49,000 --> 02:08:52,500
by his administrative blueprint 
overshadowing, the ephemeral 

2340
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:56,600
nature of any single mortal. 
Even in death, he overshadowed 

2341
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:59,600
the typical memory of Warlords 
by becoming a cherished Legend 

2342
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:03,800
in multiple cultures. 
The cyclical references to Cyrus

2343
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:08,100
over Millennia by Greeks, Romans
Iranians, and modern Statesmen. 

2344
02:09:08,100 --> 02:09:11,300
A firm that the imprint he left 
on governance and tolerance was 

2345
02:09:11,300 --> 02:09:14,100
never fully erased. 
Overshadowing the typical 

2346
02:09:14,100 --> 02:09:18,000
ephemeral Conquest that vanished
into dust reflecting on Cyrus 

2347
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,000
the Great's Journey. 
A picture emerges of a ruler who

2348
02:09:21,008 --> 02:09:25,000
both embodies the archetype of 
ancient conqueror and subverts 

2349
02:09:25,000 --> 02:09:27,800
it. 
His life, Bridging, the mid 6th 

2350
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:31,100
Century, BCE shaped an enduring 
Empire that overshadowed 

2351
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:34,800
ephemeral local kingdoms. 
He fused compassionate with 

2352
02:09:34,800 --> 02:09:38,600
power forging, a blueprint of 
rule that soared Beyond typical 

2353
02:09:38,600 --> 02:09:42,500
tyranny, used violence to 
conquer and woven multi-ethnic 

2354
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:46,400
fabric under the Accutane Banner
in the swirl of centuries. 

2355
02:09:46,400 --> 02:09:49,600
Intangible threads of his 
approach satrapy is cultural, 

2356
02:09:49,600 --> 02:09:53,600
respect an integrated 
Administration, surface 

2357
02:09:53,600 --> 02:09:56,600
repeatedly in later. 
State's governance, take for 

2358
02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:59,900
instance, the phenomenon of 
repatriating exiled people's 

2359
02:09:59,900 --> 02:10:03,500
Hebrew text describing Cyrus's 
decree for the Jude and to 

2360
02:10:03,500 --> 02:10:06,900
rebuild their Temple highlighter
radical departure from Norms 

2361
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:10,200
Empires often exile population's
to Quail Rebellion. 

2362
02:10:10,900 --> 02:10:14,300
Cyrus reversed that policy 
overshadowing earlier cruelty 

2363
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:16,900
with a stance that returning 
exiled groups, might yield 

2364
02:10:16,900 --> 02:10:20,100
gratitude. 
This perspective resonates in 

2365
02:10:20,108 --> 02:10:21,900
modern dialogues about religious
freedom. 

2366
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:25,800
Indeed, some interpret, the 
cylinders references to various 

2367
02:10:25,800 --> 02:10:28,500
shrines as an early Charter of 
Rights though. 

2368
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:30,900
Historians caution about 
overstating it as a universal 

2369
02:10:30,900 --> 02:10:33,400
human rights document. 
The overshadowing principle 

2370
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:36,900
remains for the 6th Century BCE.
It was remarkably 

2371
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:40,700
forward-thinking Consider all 
the architecture of Pasadena 

2372
02:10:40,700 --> 02:10:45,100
Cyrus's Capital known for its 
symmetrical Gardens and a design

2373
02:10:45,100 --> 02:10:48,800
mixing median elamite and local 
Persian Styles. 

2374
02:10:48,800 --> 02:10:52,100
It overshadowed some plastic 
Fortress cities of older times. 

2375
02:10:52,100 --> 02:10:55,800
Greek, visitors centuries, later
found it distinctively Airy and 

2376
02:10:55,808 --> 02:10:59,400
open as if the City layout 
reflected Cyrus's, inclusive 

2377
02:10:59,400 --> 02:11:03,200
policies, the tomb there. 
So unpretentious yet dignified, 

2378
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,700
Peaks volume was about how we 
conceptualize rulership not as 

2379
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:10,300
an aloof god king. 
But As a, caretaker bridging 

2380
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:14,200
lands, While subsequent palaces 
like persepolis overshadowed 

2381
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:18,500
Pasadena's, scale the latter's 
multi-ethnic decorative elements

2382
02:11:18,500 --> 02:11:21,300
reveal a microcosm of the entire
synergy. 

2383
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:24,900
A final puzzle is where we can 
gleam Cyrus's personal 

2384
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:26,900
temperament behind the annals 
and legends. 

2385
02:11:27,700 --> 02:11:30,200
Greek sources paint him. 
As kindly though, they were 

2386
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:32,500
motivated to highlight the good 
Oriental King. 

2387
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,200
The Babylonian Chronicle calls 
him, the chosen of Marduk 

2388
02:11:36,200 --> 02:11:38,700
overshadowing older conquerors, 
who defiled? 

2389
02:11:38,700 --> 02:11:42,900
The city Persian lore emphasizes
his cunning rise from near-death

2390
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:47,000
infancy different perspectives, 
idealize him likely. 

2391
02:11:47,000 --> 02:11:51,200
The real Cyrus was at times 
ruthless at times merciful and 

2392
02:11:51,200 --> 02:11:54,800
always pragmatic. 
He overrode Petty local Customs 

2393
02:11:54,800 --> 02:11:57,700
when they hindered stable rule 
but mostly let communities 

2394
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,800
maintain their identity. 
He believed that an Empire 

2395
02:12:00,800 --> 02:12:04,300
spanning from Lydia to Gandara 
needed cohesive laws, but 

2396
02:12:04,300 --> 02:12:07,700
flexible local governance. 
That strategic approach, 

2397
02:12:07,700 --> 02:12:11,200
overshadowed, simpler, warlord, 
tyranny and subsequent, Iranian 

2398
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:14,100
National Consciousness. 
He emerges as the father of the 

2399
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,500
country, overshadowing the 
ephemeral Wars that battered the

2400
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:19,900
region. 
The cyclical invocation of his 

2401
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:23,400
name in times of Crisis or 
reform underscores How Deeply he

2402
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:26,100
impacted the Iranian sense of 
his historical continuity. 

2403
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,600
Even diaspora community's 
scattered by centuries of 

2404
02:12:29,600 --> 02:12:32,400
migration, might refer to him as
an emblem of tolerant. 

2405
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:35,100
Monarchy rare in an aged 
typically remembered for 

2406
02:12:35,100 --> 02:12:39,100
desperate as the West 
rediscovered Antiquity outside 

2407
02:12:39,100 --> 02:12:41,200
the region. 
Cyrus a Clips. 

2408
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:44,900
Many lesser known figures 
emerging In classical references

2409
02:12:44,900 --> 02:12:47,600
as a conqueror, who maintained 
his moral integrity. 

2410
02:12:48,700 --> 02:12:50,900
From a modern Viewpoint, we 
might weigh whether his 

2411
02:12:50,900 --> 02:12:54,200
expansions cause moral, 
dissonance can one hail a 

2412
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:56,600
conquerors, great. 
Who still inflicted Bloodshed on

2413
02:12:56,600 --> 02:13:00,600
resistors the question spiraled,
the ancient world's Norms where 

2414
02:13:00,600 --> 02:13:04,600
Mike typically equaled, right? 
The Hallmark of Cyrus was a 

2415
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,500
partial departure from that Norm
applying might, but overlaying 

2416
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:11,000
it with a veneer of diplomacy 
and local respect that bridging 

2417
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:14,400
stance, singled him out among 
his peers unlike the more brutal

2418
02:13:14,400 --> 02:13:17,900
expansions of the Assyrians or 
the narrower religious Zeal of 

2419
02:13:17,908 --> 02:13:21,200
some later rulers. 
Perhaps the abiding lesson is 

2420
02:13:21,200 --> 02:13:23,900
that leadership emerges from 
forging alliances across 

2421
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:26,200
boundaries respecting 
differences. 

2422
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:27,400
While forging. 
Common Kors. 

2423
02:13:27,400 --> 02:13:31,200
Cyrus is Kia achievements, 
unifying diverse populations, 

2424
02:13:31,200 --> 02:13:34,700
fostering trade routes and 
standardizing administration 

2425
02:13:34,700 --> 02:13:38,900
didn't revolve solely Around 
Battlefield triumphs they also 

2426
02:13:38,900 --> 02:13:42,800
hinged on compromise negotiation
and an awareness that towering 

2427
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:46,400
fractions division was essential
to build an Empire that endured 

2428
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:49,900
Beyond his life time. 
Indeed, though he died in a 

2429
02:13:49,908 --> 02:13:53,100
frontier Skirmish the Empire's 
scaffolding carried on for 

2430
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:55,300
centuries. 
The ephemeral nature of any 

2431
02:13:55,300 --> 02:14:00,000
single rulers lifespan and so as
we close the pages of Cyrus the 

2432
02:14:00,000 --> 02:14:04,200
Great, we clean an image of a 
man who both harnessed power and

2433
02:14:04,200 --> 02:14:07,000
recognized that an Empire's 
heartbeat lay in a bridging 

2434
02:14:07,000 --> 02:14:10,500
cultural mosaic. 
He overcame the swirl of petty 

2435
02:14:10,500 --> 02:14:13,300
Wars and our cake. 
Tyrannies setting an example of 

2436
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:16,800
pragmatic tolerance. 
In the tapestry of world 

2437
02:14:16,800 --> 02:14:20,800
conquerors some Savage, some 
cunning he stands out for 

2438
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:23,100
weaving, the threads of 
compassion into Conquest. 

2439
02:14:24,000 --> 02:14:25,800
Showcasing a purely brutal 
approach. 

2440
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:29,800
The centuries that followed from
Alexander's or to Modern 

2441
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:33,900
retellings, a firm that his 
Memory Remains luminous an 

2442
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:36,800
archetype of how Unstoppable 
ambition can be tempered by a 

2443
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:39,800
genuine concern for the 
governed, forging an Empire that

2444
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:49,600
obliterated old patterns and set
new staff. to yourself on the 

2445
02:14:49,608 --> 02:14:53,400
front, porch of a house, and a 
small town in America on October

2446
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:58,700
30th 1909 It's about 5:00 in the
evening and the light in the 

2447
02:14:58,708 --> 02:15:00,400
fall. 
Has that special quality? 

2448
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:04,100
That photographers spend their 
whole lives, trying to get gold 

2449
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:07,900
and slanting, making everything 
it touches look like it belongs 

2450
02:15:07,900 --> 02:15:10,300
in a painting, you'd find in 
your grandma's parlor. 

2451
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:14,300
The Heir is cool, like it is in 
October, which makes you happy 

2452
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:15,800
to have a cardigan or wall 
jacket. 

2453
02:15:15,800 --> 02:15:18,700
But not so cold that you need to
hurry in side. 

2454
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:21,400
You can't make the smell in the 
air out. 

2455
02:15:21,400 --> 02:15:25,200
Officially To mix of wood, smoke
from someone's chimney, and the 

2456
02:15:25,208 --> 02:15:28,400
earthy smell of leaves that fell
yesterday and got wet in the 

2457
02:15:28,408 --> 02:15:30,700
rain. 
Underneath It All. 

2458
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:34,000
There's that smell of autumn 
that can't be put into words. 

2459
02:15:34,800 --> 02:15:39,100
You could be in any number of 
towns like Oberlin Ohio, Concord

2460
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:41,800
Massachusetts, or Galesburg, 
Illinois. 

2461
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:46,300
In 1909 these towns. 
All had tree-lined streets with 

2462
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,100
Maples that were putting on 
their annual firework show of 

2463
02:15:49,100 --> 02:15:52,600
color houses, that were close 
enough to feel like neighbors, 

2464
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:57,000
but far enough apart for privacy
And a pace of life that modern 

2465
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:01,200
people would find either 
relaxing or maddeningly slow 

2466
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:05,100
depending on their mood. 
Most of the house is on your 

2467
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,400
street are made of wood and a 
painted insensible colors like 

2468
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:11,700
white gray or sometimes a bold 
cream. 

2469
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:15,500
These are not the perfectly 
restored, Victorian homes, you 

2470
02:16:15,508 --> 02:16:17,500
see in historic districts to 
day. 

2471
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:21,000
These are homes that people live
in and some of them need a 

2472
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:24,100
little paint, touch-up While 
others have porches that sack a 

2473
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:25,400
little in the middle from years 
of use. 

2474
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:30,000
But there are all well, taking 
care of with walkways that are 

2475
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:32,600
swept and windows that catch the
evening light like Amber. 

2476
02:16:33,600 --> 02:16:38,000
The big party that October 31st 
1909 would become wasn't yet a 

2477
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:40,600
big deal. 
People still called it Halloween

2478
02:16:40,600 --> 02:16:44,299
or Halloween, which is a cute 
old-fashioned way to say it. 

2479
02:16:45,000 --> 02:16:47,799
But it wasn't a day that needed 
to be planned weeks in advance 

2480
02:16:47,799 --> 02:16:51,000
or taken off work. 
Kids went to school like usual 

2481
02:16:51,000 --> 02:16:55,000
adults went about their daily 
lives and the parties that night

2482
02:16:55,000 --> 02:16:58,100
mostly took place in homes and 
church, social halls, and of 

2483
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,500
turning entire neighborhoods 
into haunted displays. 

2484
02:17:01,299 --> 02:17:04,000
At this time of day, the streets
are starting to quiet down. 

2485
02:17:04,000 --> 02:17:07,500
Men are coming home from work 
stores and offices. 

2486
02:17:07,500 --> 02:17:10,600
They are walking home because in
a town like this, most things 

2487
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:14,700
are close enough to walk to 
their dressed up in suits and 

2488
02:17:14,700 --> 02:17:16,200
not because it's a special 
occasion. 

2489
02:17:16,200 --> 02:17:21,100
That's just what men water work.
It will Dark Wolf suits with 

2490
02:17:21,100 --> 02:17:25,100
vests pocket watches on chains 
and hats that they would hang on

2491
02:17:25,100 --> 02:17:27,000
coat racks as soon as they got 
home. 

2492
02:17:27,799 --> 02:17:30,500
Women can be seen through lip 
Windows moving around their 

2493
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:33,000
kitchens in the strange, dance 
of making dinner. 

2494
02:17:33,900 --> 02:17:37,600
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 
mean following an online recipe 

2495
02:17:37,600 --> 02:17:40,000
or reheating? 
Something from the store. 

2496
02:17:40,799 --> 02:17:44,400
It was a big deal that needed 
constant attention coal or wood 

2497
02:17:44,400 --> 02:17:47,700
stoves ingredients that have 
been picked out the day before 

2498
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:51,700
or that morning and skills that 
took years to learn and were 

2499
02:17:51,700 --> 02:17:55,700
passed down through generations.
Like family heirlooms The kids 

2500
02:17:55,708 --> 02:17:58,400
are all excited and this is 
where Halloween starts to show 

2501
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:00,500
itself. 
Their parents are trying to keep

2502
02:18:00,500 --> 02:18:03,700
them calm until after dinner, 
there will be parties tonight 

2503
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:06,799
after dinner and the dishes are 
done, not the kind you're 

2504
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,200
thinking of with loud music and 
lots of people, you don't know. 

2505
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:13,700
These are Gatherings and parlors
and church basements where games

2506
02:18:13,700 --> 02:18:16,900
will be played. 
Fortunes will be told the line 

2507
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,700
between the normal world and 
something a little stranger will

2508
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:23,200
seem to blur for a few hours. 
You can tell it's full from the 

2509
02:18:23,200 --> 02:18:24,700
porch as the evening gets 
darker. 

2510
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:28,000
There are things that make it 
clear that this is full no 

2511
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:30,500
matter what year it is. 
There are pumpkins on the 

2512
02:18:30,508 --> 02:18:32,700
porches. 
These are not the carved 

2513
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:35,200
jack-o-lanterns that will become
popular later. 

2514
02:18:35,200 --> 02:18:38,799
Instead they are whole pumpkins,
some of which are quite large, 

2515
02:18:38,799 --> 02:18:42,299
but were bought from local farms
to be used as decorations and 

2516
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:45,500
eaten later. 
Some might have simple faces 

2517
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:48,200
carved into them, just as many 
are left. 

2518
02:18:48,200 --> 02:18:51,299
Whole The orange color is enough
to make them look like 

2519
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:54,200
Christmas. 
People of Tide corn stalks to 

2520
02:18:54,208 --> 02:18:56,900
the railings of their porches 
and the posts of their fence's 

2521
02:18:56,900 --> 02:18:59,900
there are already dry and 
rustling in the light evening 

2522
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:02,900
Breeze. 
Making a sound that is both sad 

2523
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:06,500
and somehow comforting. some 
homes, have put them together in

2524
02:19:06,500 --> 02:19:09,799
shocks, which are tent, like, 
structures that farmers, using 

2525
02:19:09,799 --> 02:19:13,799
Fields, but a smaller for 
decoration You might also see 

2526
02:19:13,799 --> 02:19:17,700
gourds in different shapes, 
Autumn Leaves tied together in 

2527
02:19:17,700 --> 02:19:21,299
bundles and maybe some pots with
late blooming, chrysanthemums in

2528
02:19:21,299 --> 02:19:24,200
them. 
The decorations from 1909 are 

2529
02:19:24,200 --> 02:19:27,200
handmade seasonal and temporary,
which shows a different way of 

2530
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,500
thinking about material Goods. 
There are no plastic or 

2531
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:34,400
mass-produced items here. 
Everything has been made bought 

2532
02:19:34,400 --> 02:19:38,200
or found locally. 
These decorations won't be put 

2533
02:19:38,200 --> 02:19:40,100
away and labeled storage bins 
for next year. 

2534
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:45,000
When November comes instead, 
they'll be composted burned or 

2535
02:19:45,000 --> 02:19:48,000
returned to the ground. 
And new ones will be made in 

2536
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:50,500
October. 
When it starts to get dark, 

2537
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:54,300
which happens around 6:00 in 
late October 1909 without 

2538
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:58,000
daylight, saving time, you can 
see candles being lit in Windows

2539
02:19:58,000 --> 02:20:01,800
in 1909 there are electric 
lights but they aren't 

2540
02:20:01,800 --> 02:20:04,900
everywhere, especially in small 
towns and rural areas. 

2541
02:20:04,900 --> 02:20:09,100
A lot of homes, still use 
gaslights, Orosi lamps, even 

2542
02:20:09,100 --> 02:20:11,800
homes with their electricity, 
might use candles to night to 

2543
02:20:11,800 --> 02:20:14,500
set the mood. 
These aren't the fake flameless 

2544
02:20:14,500 --> 02:20:18,400
LED candles you have now or even
the scented candles that come in

2545
02:20:18,408 --> 02:20:21,600
pretty jars. 
These candles are made of Tallow

2546
02:20:21,600 --> 02:20:24,500
or beeswax and some are 
hand-dipped While others a 

2547
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:26,800
molded. 
They all give off a warm 

2548
02:20:26,800 --> 02:20:28,100
slightly. 
Flickering light. 

2549
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:31,200
That makes every room look like 
a painting by a Dutch Master. 

2550
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:36,200
The light doesn't fill rooms 
like, electric bulbs do instead.

2551
02:20:36,200 --> 02:20:39,700
It makes pools of light 
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 

2552
02:20:39,700 --> 02:20:42,500
which makes homes, look, both 
cozy and mysterious. 

2553
02:20:43,500 --> 02:20:46,300
To get a better idea of what 
Halloween meant in 1909. 

2554
02:20:46,300 --> 02:20:50,600
You need to go back even further
in time to when this night had 

2555
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:52,600
other names and served other 
purposes. 

2556
02:20:52,600 --> 02:20:56,000
Don't worry, this won't be a 
boring history class. 

2557
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,400
Think of it more, like figuring 
out the layers of tradition that

2558
02:20:59,400 --> 02:21:04,300
have built up on this date over 
time like rings on a tree. each 

2559
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:07,500
layer adds meaning without 
completely erasing what came 

2560
02:21:07,500 --> 02:21:10,700
before it Like many stories from
October. 

2561
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:14,800
This one starts with the ancient
Celts who lived in what is now 

2562
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:17,500
Ireland? 
Scotland, Wales and parts of 

2563
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:21,600
France, thousands of years ago. 
Saman was a festival that people

2564
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:25,900
pronounced sow in like the 
female pig, not some Haines, 

2565
02:21:25,900 --> 02:21:30,400
which is what most people think.
The cells thought of winter as a

2566
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:33,900
time of death, just like they 
thought of spring as a time of 

2567
02:21:33,900 --> 02:21:36,500
life. 
Samhain marked the end of the 

2568
02:21:36,508 --> 02:21:38,200
harvest season and the start of 
winter. 

2569
02:21:38,200 --> 02:21:42,600
But from your cozy spot in the 
present, he is what makes saman 

2570
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,400
in interesting. 
It wasn't mostly a scary 

2571
02:21:45,400 --> 02:21:46,800
holiday. 
Yes. 

2572
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:49,800
The Celts thought that the line 
between the living world and the

2573
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:54,400
world of the Dead became less 
clear on this night. yes, they 

2574
02:21:54,400 --> 02:21:57,200
believed that Spirits could 
cross over, but The didn't 

2575
02:21:57,200 --> 02:22:01,500
respond with fear instead, they 
were friendly, but careful. 

2576
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:05,900
They left food out for 
wandering, Spirits lip, bonfires

2577
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:09,500
to help The Souls of the Dead, 
find their way and were happy to

2578
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:11,900
be able to talk to their 
ancestors who had died. 

2579
02:22:12,700 --> 02:22:16,100
Picture this. 
Once a year, the barrier between

2580
02:22:16,100 --> 02:22:18,500
you and your beloved 
grandmother, who died becomes. 

2581
02:22:18,500 --> 02:22:20,300
So thin that she can come over 
for dinner. 

2582
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:22,400
You wouldn't lock the doors and 
fear. 

2583
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:26,300
Instead you'd set an extra place
at the table and hope she'd 

2584
02:22:26,300 --> 02:22:29,100
share her knowledge with you. 
One more time, that was more 

2585
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:31,500
like the spirit of Sammy and the
scary Halloween. 

2586
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:34,700
We know today. 
As Christian spread through 

2587
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:38,300
Celtic lands, which took 
hundreds of years and wasn't a 

2588
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:41,500
single dramatic conversion. 
Moment the church did something 

2589
02:22:41,500 --> 02:22:44,800
smart that they had done with 
many Pagan festivals. 

2590
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:48,800
Instead of trying to get rid of 
some Haines completely, they 

2591
02:22:48,800 --> 02:22:51,600
just took it in and made All 
Saints Day on November 1st and 

2592
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:55,400
All Souls day on November 2nd. 
All Hallows Eve was the night 

2593
02:22:55,400 --> 02:23:00,000
before All Saints Day. 
Over time, it became Halloween. 

2594
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:03,500
this Christian layer didn't get 
rid of the older traditions 

2595
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:07,900
instead, it baptized them giving
them new meanings while the old 

2596
02:23:07,900 --> 02:23:11,400
ones still echoed underneath It 
became a Christian tradition to 

2597
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:14,400
like candles for the dead, but 
it wasn't that different from 

2598
02:23:14,400 --> 02:23:17,600
the Celtic bonfires. 
The idea that the dead was 

2599
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:21,200
somehow closer on this night 
stayed the same, but it was seen

2600
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:22,700
through a different religious 
lens. 

2601
02:23:22,700 --> 02:23:26,900
When these Customs got to 
America mostly through Irish and

2602
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:29,000
Scottish immigrants in the 
1800s. 

2603
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:31,700
They had already changed a 
little, from where they came 

2604
02:23:31,700 --> 02:23:34,300
from, the Immigrant brought 
memories of home. 

2605
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:36,100
That were part. 
Real, folk crack practice, and 

2606
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:37,900
part romanticized. 
Nostalgia. 

2607
02:23:38,900 --> 02:23:43,500
They remembered the party is The
Game's the fortune telling and 

2608
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:47,000
the general feeling that this 
night was special, even if they 

2609
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:50,600
weren't sure why it had started 
Halloween In America, still 

2610
02:23:50,600 --> 02:23:54,300
figuring out who it is in 1909, 
it won't be a holiday for kids 

2611
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:57,400
to get candy until the 1950s in 
Stead. 

2612
02:23:57,400 --> 02:24:00,900
Its mostly an evening for teens 
and young adults to hang out, 

2613
02:24:00,900 --> 02:24:03,000
play games. 
And most importantly tell 

2614
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:06,700
fortunes about love. 
One of the most common beliefs 

2615
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:09,700
about Halloween, which has 
changed over time, is that it 

2616
02:24:09,700 --> 02:24:11,800
was a good night to find out 
what your love life would be 

2617
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:14,400
like in the future. 
People who celebrated Halloween 

2618
02:24:14,400 --> 02:24:17,800
in 1909, probably didn't know 
much about some maintenance 

2619
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:19,900
history. 
All the complicated theological 

2620
02:24:19,900 --> 02:24:23,600
talks that went on in the 
medieval Church They know that 

2621
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:27,300
their grandparents and parents 
celebrated this night that there

2622
02:24:27,300 --> 02:24:30,300
are certain things you do on 
Halloween, and that there's 

2623
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:32,600
something nice and mysterious 
about a night. 

2624
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:35,900
When you look into the future 
and realize that the world might

2625
02:24:35,900 --> 02:24:39,300
be Stranger Than it, seems you 
could say that this is Halloween

2626
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,900
in the middle of a change. 
It has changed a lot since its 

2627
02:24:42,900 --> 02:24:46,000
folk routes, but it hasn't yet 
become the commercial Powerhouse

2628
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:48,700
of your time. 
It lives in this interesting. 

2629
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,900
Middle ground where folk 
Traditions mixed with Victorian 

2630
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:55,900
parlor games, rural Harvest 
celebrations, mixed with Urban 

2631
02:24:55,900 --> 02:25:00,500
social entertainment, and real 
belief in the Supernatural turns

2632
02:25:00,500 --> 02:25:04,300
into playful superstition. 
Once the sun goes down in your 

2633
02:25:04,300 --> 02:25:07,900
1909 neighborhood, the real work
of getting ready for Halloween 

2634
02:25:07,900 --> 02:25:10,600
begins. 
Inside the houses, this is where

2635
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,800
you'd see how people celebrated 
holidays in the past compared to

2636
02:25:13,800 --> 02:25:18,000
now, There are no costume shops 
know places to buy a lot of 

2637
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,800
pre-made decorations and no 
party supply. 

2638
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:24,700
Warehouses, you have to make 
everything by hand for tonight 

2639
02:25:24,700 --> 02:25:28,200
to be special and making things 
is part of the celebration 

2640
02:25:28,200 --> 02:25:31,000
itself. 
Let's take a look inside a 

2641
02:25:31,000 --> 02:25:32,400
normal home. 
That is hosting a Halloween 

2642
02:25:32,400 --> 02:25:34,900
party. 
Parler has changed. 

2643
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:39,000
If you don't know what a parlor 
is, it's the formal sitting room

2644
02:25:39,000 --> 02:25:42,900
where guests were entertained. 
In homes of working class or 

2645
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:45,500
middle class people. 
This might be the only room 

2646
02:25:45,500 --> 02:25:48,500
besides bedrooms, that is used 
for both everyday, living and 

2647
02:25:48,500 --> 02:25:51,400
special events. 
In wealthier homes. 

2648
02:25:51,400 --> 02:25:55,200
The Parlor was used for guests 
while the family used a less 

2649
02:25:55,208 --> 02:25:57,200
formal sitting room for everyday
life. 

2650
02:25:57,200 --> 02:26:00,600
The everyday Furniture has been 
moved around to make more room 

2651
02:26:00,600 --> 02:26:03,800
for tonight's Gathering. 
The heavier, pollster chairs, 

2652
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:07,100
and settees, which are made to 
last for generations and weigh 

2653
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:09,500
about as much as modern cars 
have been pushed back against 

2654
02:26:09,500 --> 02:26:12,000
the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

2655
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:15,300
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

2656
02:26:16,200 --> 02:26:20,100
Keep in mind that this is 9909 
and Victorian manners are still 

2657
02:26:20,108 --> 02:26:23,300
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

2658
02:26:23,300 --> 02:26:24,700
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

2659
02:26:25,600 --> 02:26:28,400
The decoration show both 
creativity and lack of it. 

2660
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:32,000
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

2661
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:34,300
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

2662
02:26:35,100 --> 02:26:38,800
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

2663
02:26:38,800 --> 02:26:42,300
youngest siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

2664
02:26:42,300 --> 02:26:46,500
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

2665
02:26:46,500 --> 02:26:49,700
flour pace. 
Some of the circles in the 

2666
02:26:49,708 --> 02:26:52,700
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

2667
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:55,100
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand. 

2668
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:59,300
There are cutouts of black cats 
witches on broomsticks and 

2669
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:03,000
Crescent moons on the walls. 
these were probably copied from 

2670
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,600
templates in women's magazines, 
like, Ladies Home Journal or 

2671
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:09,900
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

2672
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:13,800
holidays The Silhouettes are 
simple and easy to recognize, 

2673
02:27:13,800 --> 02:27:17,500
and they make the room feel 
festive without being too scary.

2674
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:22,100
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

2675
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:26,300
not scared. the Jacqueline is 
probably the most atmospheric 

2676
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:31,100
decoration, but in 1909 it might
have been a turnip planter or a 

2677
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:34,500
hollowed out gourd, and instead 
of a pumpkin The custom of 

2678
02:27:34,500 --> 02:27:37,600
carving, vegetables until 
Lantern started in Ireland, and 

2679
02:27:37,600 --> 02:27:41,200
Scotland, where they used 
turnips and rutabagas at first. 

2680
02:27:42,300 --> 02:27:46,100
Irish immigrants brought the 
tradition to America and found 

2681
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:49,600
that pumpkins worked even better
because they were bigger softer 

2682
02:27:49,600 --> 02:27:53,600
and easier to carve the 
jack-o'-lantern on the table or 

2683
02:27:53,600 --> 02:27:56,300
mantle piece has a face. 
That is more funny than scary. 

2684
02:27:57,300 --> 02:28:01,600
The features are simple. 
Triangular nose and eyes a gap, 

2685
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:04,600
toothed grin, and a lot of 
patience and a strong knife. 

2686
02:28:05,600 --> 02:28:08,600
Candle flickers inside making 
the face look like it's moving 

2687
02:28:08,600 --> 02:28:12,200
and dancing in the low light, 
the smell of slightly burnt 

2688
02:28:12,200 --> 02:28:15,200
pumpkin flesh. 
Adds to the mood mixing with the

2689
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:19,000
other smells of the night. 
King of smells the house is full

2690
02:28:19,000 --> 02:28:21,400
of them, which might be too much
for someone who is used to 

2691
02:28:21,408 --> 02:28:23,800
Modern air conditioning and 
places that don't smell. 

2692
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:26,800
The smell of wood smoke from the
stove. 

2693
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,200
The Tang of apples from a bowl 
waiting to be used in the 

2694
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:34,400
evening's games, the sweet spicy
smell of cider warming on the 

2695
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:37,900
stove, and the smell of a house 
that has been closed up against 

2696
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:42,100
the cooling evening. 
It's a mix of wood fabric old 

2697
02:28:42,100 --> 02:28:44,600
paper and people living there 
that isn't bad. 

2698
02:28:44,600 --> 02:28:47,800
But his very alive. 
People are getting ready for the

2699
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:49,500
snacks. 
That will be served later in the

2700
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:52,600
dining room or kitchen. 
This isn't a full meal. 

2701
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:56,200
Guess what would have eaten 
dinner at home before coming in?

2702
02:28:56,200 --> 02:29:00,900
It's what people of this time 
called light refreshments This 

2703
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:04,100
usually means cider, both 
regular, and maybe some spike 

2704
02:29:04,100 --> 02:29:08,600
for the adults cookies or small 
cakes, Candy, Apple's popcorn 

2705
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:12,300
balls, and maybe roasted nuts. 
The kitchen is a place where 

2706
02:29:12,300 --> 02:29:16,000
people work, hard the stove, 
whether it's a cold range, or 

2707
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:19,400
one of the newer gas models has 
been going for hours, keeping 

2708
02:29:19,400 --> 02:29:21,000
the right temperature for each 
dish. 

2709
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:26,600
In 1909 baking was more like 
chemistry done by Instinct and 

2710
02:29:26,600 --> 02:29:29,000
experienced and following exact 
recipes. 

2711
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:31,700
A woman who has been in charge 
of a household. 

2712
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:34,500
For years, can tell if the oven 
is at the right temperature by 

2713
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:36,500
how quickly a piece of paper 
Browns. 

2714
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:39,700
She can also tell if bread is 
done by the sound, it makes when

2715
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:43,000
tapped on the bottom Treats 
being made a based on both 

2716
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:45,800
tradition and what is going on 
in farming in October. 

2717
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:49,700
Pulls are a big part of this 
time of year because it's the 

2718
02:29:49,700 --> 02:29:52,800
height of apple season and 
they've been a big part of 

2719
02:29:52,800 --> 02:29:56,300
Halloween for 100s of years. 
Some apples are being Candy by 

2720
02:29:56,300 --> 02:29:59,900
dipping them in a mixture of 
sugar, corn syrup and red food 

2721
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:02,600
coloring, and then letting them 
Harden on wax paper. 

2722
02:30:03,600 --> 02:30:06,800
It's a sticky and what difficult
process that makes treats that 

2723
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,400
are so sweet. 
They hurt your teeth and so 

2724
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:11,000
hard. 
You have to work hard to chew 

2725
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:13,100
them. 
Some apples are meant for games 

2726
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:16,300
and of eating, they've been 
polished until they shine and 

2727
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:18,500
put in a big metal tub or wooden
barrel. 

2728
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:21,100
That will be filled with water 
for apple bobbing. 

2729
02:30:22,100 --> 02:30:24,200
This is one of the most 
traditional and popular 

2730
02:30:24,200 --> 02:30:27,200
Halloween activities, even 
though it's hard and not very 

2731
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:29,700
dignified. 
The big pot on the stove is 

2732
02:30:29,708 --> 02:30:32,900
making popcorn. 
The kernels were bought in bulk 

2733
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:35,500
from a general store and I kept 
in a jar in the pantry. 

2734
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:37,800
You have to keep an eye on the 
pot and shake it. 

2735
02:30:37,808 --> 02:30:40,500
Hard to keep the popcorn from 
burning in 1909. 

2736
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:44,400
After they pop, the fluffy white
kernels will be shaped into 

2737
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,300
balls and held together with 
molasses or sugar syrup. 

2738
02:30:47,900 --> 02:30:51,100
These treats to park, candy 
Parts, snack, and all seasonal. 

2739
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,700
Usually more than one generation
works together to make these 

2740
02:30:54,700 --> 02:30:56,900
drinks. 
The grandmother of the house 

2741
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:59,200
might be in charge while a 
daughter does the harder work? 

2742
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:03,100
The kids can help with easy 
tasks like polishing apples or 

2743
02:31:03,100 --> 02:31:05,000
counting out cookies onto 
serving plates. 

2744
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:08,900
Even getting ready as a kind of 
visit since family members 

2745
02:31:08,900 --> 02:31:11,500
worked together and talk about 
the days of events gossip and 

2746
02:31:11,508 --> 02:31:14,300
opinions. 
As the time for guests to 

2747
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:18,400
arrived, draws near, probably 
around 7 or 7:30 in the evening.

2748
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:21,400
Final check of the preparation 
is made. 

2749
02:31:21,400 --> 02:31:25,600
Are there enough seats is the 
jack-o-lantern in a place? 

2750
02:31:25,600 --> 02:31:28,000
Where people can see it, but not
accidentally. 

2751
02:31:28,000 --> 02:31:32,800
Knock it over the game set up is
the fire in the fireplace. 

2752
02:31:32,800 --> 02:31:35,200
Keeping the room warm without 
making it too hot. 

2753
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:37,900
The house is as ready as it's 
going to get. 

2754
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:40,900
It's changed from how it usually
looks into something special. 

2755
02:31:41,800 --> 02:31:44,300
The change isn't big. 
No one would think this is 

2756
02:31:44,300 --> 02:31:47,300
anything other than a nice 
middle-class home, but there is 

2757
02:31:47,308 --> 02:31:50,600
a purpose behind it. 
It seems like effort has been 

2758
02:31:50,608 --> 02:31:53,200
made to make the place feel 
right for this mysterious 

2759
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:56,600
Knight. 
As guests start to arrive 

2760
02:31:56,600 --> 02:31:59,200
walking through the darkening 
streets because most people live

2761
02:31:59,200 --> 02:32:02,700
close enough that they don't 
need cars, the real heart of a 

2762
02:32:02,700 --> 02:32:05,600
1909 Halloween party starts to 
show itself. 

2763
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:10,000
This is a night mostly for 
games, but not just any games. 

2764
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:13,200
These games are meant to show 
you what your romantic future 

2765
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:16,800
will be like these days 
Halloween is less about 

2766
02:32:16,800 --> 02:32:20,300
costumes, and candy and more 
about young people, trying to 

2767
02:32:20,300 --> 02:32:23,600
figure out who they might marry 
You need to know what's going on

2768
02:32:23,600 --> 02:32:26,100
in society to understand why 
this is so important. 

2769
02:32:27,200 --> 02:32:30,900
Romantic relationships in 1909 
were both more limited and more 

2770
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:34,500
important than they are now. 
Young men and women didn't date.

2771
02:32:34,500 --> 02:32:37,600
A lot of people at once lived 
together before, getting married

2772
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:40,500
or spend years, trying to figure
out what they wanted. 

2773
02:32:41,400 --> 02:32:44,400
Courtship was a serious matter 
that had real effects on 

2774
02:32:44,400 --> 02:32:47,600
people's lives and finances. 
And married was the most 

2775
02:32:47,600 --> 02:32:50,700
important thing that happened to
most people, especially women. 

2776
02:32:51,500 --> 02:32:54,300
So an evening of games that 
might show you your romantic 

2777
02:32:54,300 --> 02:32:57,500
future wasn't just a fun way to 
pass the time. 

2778
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:01,100
It was a way to deal with a real
worry through the socially 

2779
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:03,500
acceptable form of light-hearted
superstition. 

2780
02:33:04,500 --> 02:33:07,100
No one really thought that 
bobbing for apples could tell 

2781
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:09,800
them who their future spouse 
would be, but no one really 

2782
02:33:09,800 --> 02:33:12,900
didn't believe it either. 
It was in that comfortable space

2783
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:17,100
between what is certain? 
And what is possible that makes 

2784
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:19,800
folklore work. 
The host family greets, the 

2785
02:33:19,800 --> 02:33:22,200
first guests at the door and for
a brief moment. 

2786
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:25,400
People move from the cold 
October night to the warm candle

2787
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:28,400
in side. 
People take off their coats and 

2788
02:33:28,400 --> 02:33:31,600
hang them on the coat tree, and 
the hall hats are carefully. 

2789
02:33:31,600 --> 02:33:34,600
Put on the right surface. 
Is people greet each other 

2790
02:33:34,600 --> 02:33:38,300
properly, which may seem stiff 
to Modern people, but gives 

2791
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:40,700
social interactions are 
comfortable structure. 

2792
02:33:41,700 --> 02:33:44,200
Most of the guests, a young 
people in their late, teens and 

2793
02:33:44,200 --> 02:33:47,300
early 20s. 
As some older friends or family 

2794
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:50,100
members might come along to keep
an eye on them or just because 

2795
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:53,000
Community social events aren't 
as age segregated. 

2796
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:55,800
As they will be later. 
Everyone is wearing their best 

2797
02:33:55,800 --> 02:33:59,900
clothes which aren't fancy 
formal clothes but nice a day or

2798
02:33:59,900 --> 02:34:02,400
evening clothes that show 
respect for the event and the 

2799
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:05,100
hosts. 
The game start, when enough 

2800
02:34:05,100 --> 02:34:06,900
people are there to make a real 
party. 

2801
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:11,000
And the first game is almost 
always apple bobbing, which is 

2802
02:34:11,000 --> 02:34:14,000
an old game that somehow 
manages, to be both silly and 

2803
02:34:14,000 --> 02:34:16,000
serious. 
At the same time, the apples are

2804
02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:18,600
floating on the surface of the 
big tub or barrel of water. 

2805
02:34:18,600 --> 02:34:22,000
They bob up and down slowly 
making them look like they are 

2806
02:34:22,000 --> 02:34:25,100
easy to catch. 
The rule is simple. 

2807
02:34:25,100 --> 02:34:28,900
You can only catch an apple with
your mouth, not your hands. 

2808
02:34:28,900 --> 02:34:32,800
The truth is that it's a lot 
harder, especially when you 

2809
02:34:32,808 --> 02:34:36,100
think about how strict fashion 
and propriety were in 1909. 

2810
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:41,100
The young women wear blouses or 
dresses with high collars and 

2811
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:45,100
fancy fronts that absolutely 
cannot get wet without causing 

2812
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,900
real social problems. 
The young men wear collars that 

2813
02:34:48,900 --> 02:34:51,900
will Wilt right away. 
If they get wet ruining the 

2814
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:55,700
carefully, starched look, they 
had before So the game is all 

2815
02:34:55,700 --> 02:34:58,400
about trying to keep your 
dignity while you dunk your face

2816
02:34:58,400 --> 02:35:01,800
into cold water and Chase 
slippery apples around with your

2817
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,400
teeth. 
The first Brave person to try 

2818
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:08,100
usually walks up to the tub with
confidence, but that confidence 

2819
02:35:08,100 --> 02:35:10,000
quickly Fades after the first 
try. 

2820
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:14,400
The Apple moves away just as 
your mouth gets to it, pushed by

2821
02:35:14,400 --> 02:35:17,600
the ripples, your own movement 
makes you come up sputtering. 

2822
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:21,200
And your friends laugh at you, 
your hair is wet and your pride 

2823
02:35:21,200 --> 02:35:24,500
is a little hurt. 
Put social pressure and real 

2824
02:35:24,500 --> 02:35:26,000
fun. 
Make you want to try again. 

2825
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:29,100
And if you're lucky, you're 
persistent, you finally win with

2826
02:35:29,100 --> 02:35:32,300
an apple in your mouth. 
Tradition says that the first 

2827
02:35:32,300 --> 02:35:34,900
person to Bob, an apple will be 
the first person in the group to

2828
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:37,300
get married. 
This is where the Romantic 

2829
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:40,600
fortune-telling part comes from.
It doesn't really matter. 

2830
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,600
If anyone believes this, the 
attempt is Fun. 

2831
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:47,400
The success is a small win and 
the prophecy gives you something

2832
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:49,100
to laugh about for the rest of 
the night. 

2833
02:35:50,300 --> 02:35:53,500
And another fun game is to hang 
Donuts or apples on strings that

2834
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:55,100
are attached to a rod or the 
ceiling. 

2835
02:35:55,800 --> 02:35:58,000
People have to Weep the treat 
that is hanging without using 

2836
02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:01,200
their hands, which is harder 
than it sounds because the 

2837
02:36:01,200 --> 02:36:02,800
target moves away with each 
bite. 

2838
02:36:03,500 --> 02:36:06,100
The good thing about this game 
is that it keeps everyone's 

2839
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:09,500
clothes mostly dry while still 
being funny and hard. 

2840
02:36:10,300 --> 02:36:13,300
They're all so quieter more 
mysterious games that use real 

2841
02:36:13,300 --> 02:36:15,400
Divination in stead of just 
playing to win. 

2842
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:20,000
One of the oldest ones is to sit
in a dark room in front of a 

2843
02:36:20,000 --> 02:36:22,000
mirror. 
Eat an apple by candlelight. 

2844
02:36:22,000 --> 02:36:24,900
And look over your shoulder. 
Into the mirror, as midnight 

2845
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:28,000
approaches. 
People say that if you look in 

2846
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:30,600
there, you will see the face of 
your future spouse. 

2847
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,600
Not many people take this ritual
seriously they usually laugh, 

2848
02:36:34,600 --> 02:36:37,900
make nervous jokes and feel 
better when nothing strange 

2849
02:36:37,900 --> 02:36:40,400
happens. 
But the attempt shows that 

2850
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:42,600
Halloween is supposed to be 
enlightened when the normal 

2851
02:36:42,600 --> 02:36:45,200
rules are broken and you might 
see something Beyond normal 

2852
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:48,200
reality. 
Putting nuts on the half of the 

2853
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:50,300
fireplace, is another way to 
tell the future. 

2854
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:55,400
Two nuts are named after a 
couple and as they heat up their

2855
02:36:55,400 --> 02:36:57,600
behavior is supposed to show, 
what will happen in the future 

2856
02:36:57,600 --> 02:37:00,800
of the relationship. 
The relationship will be good if

2857
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:02,600
the nuts burn quietly next to 
each other. 

2858
02:37:02,600 --> 02:37:05,500
If they pop and jump apart, the 
love is over. 

2859
02:37:07,000 --> 02:37:10,500
Fact that nutty behavior when 
heated probably has more to do 

2860
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:13,100
with moisture content than 
mystical Revelation, doesn't 

2861
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:16,300
make anyone less interested in 
seeing their romantic future. 

2862
02:37:16,300 --> 02:37:18,700
Supposedly revealed in little 
explosions. 

2863
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:21,900
Another way to tell the future 
is to peel apples. 

2864
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:26,200
The goal is to peel an apple in 
one long on broken strip of skin

2865
02:37:26,200 --> 02:37:28,500
and then throw the peel over 
your shoulder. 

2866
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:32,300
The way, the peel lands is said 
to make the first letter of your

2867
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:35,700
future spouse's name. 
You need to be good at peeling 

2868
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:38,100
apples and have a lot of 
imagination to figure out what 

2869
02:37:38,100 --> 02:37:41,300
the shape's mean since they 
don't usually look like letters.

2870
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:44,700
In between these more 
traditional activities, people 

2871
02:37:44,700 --> 02:37:48,300
play card games and parlor 
games, people play games like 

2872
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:51,900
charades Progressive Euchre, and
other guessing games that were 

2873
02:37:51,900 --> 02:37:55,000
popular at the time. 
The games are meant to help 

2874
02:37:55,000 --> 02:37:57,200
people who don't know each other
well get to know each other 

2875
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:00,100
better. 
They are so social, not solitary

2876
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,800
and competitive but not 
cutthroat. 

2877
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:06,300
The entertainment for the 
evening, shows a different way 

2878
02:38:06,300 --> 02:38:08,800
of dealing with boredom and fun 
than you're used to. 

2879
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:15,200
When conversation slows down in 
1909, there are no TVs phones or

2880
02:38:15,200 --> 02:38:17,600
Internet. 
To look at people have learned 

2881
02:38:17,600 --> 02:38:20,500
how to make entertainment 
instead of just watching it and 

2882
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:22,700
they have the skills and 
patience to do things that 

2883
02:38:22,700 --> 02:38:24,700
require a lot of focus and 
engagement. 

2884
02:38:25,700 --> 02:38:29,100
This means that charades which 
might seem old-fashioned or 

2885
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:32,300
boring to someone who is used to
constant digital stimulation. 

2886
02:38:32,300 --> 02:38:36,000
Can be really fun when it's the 
only thing to do and the 

2887
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:40,600
audience is good at both acting 
and guessing Slow pace of the 

2888
02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:43,800
evening, getting games ready, 
playing them and finishing them.

2889
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:48,300
Feels nice instead of boring 
because no one is always 

2890
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:52,000
comparing it to faster. 
Pace options as the evening goes

2891
02:38:52,000 --> 02:38:54,500
on and the parlor games come to 
a natural end. 

2892
02:38:54,500 --> 02:38:58,200
Someone suggests one of the most
popular Halloween traditions of 

2893
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:00,300
the time a walk through the 
night. 

2894
02:39:01,300 --> 02:39:04,000
This wasn't a plan of vent like 
trick-or-treating would later 

2895
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:07,900
become instead it was an 
unplanned trip into the dark. 

2896
02:39:07,900 --> 02:39:09,800
That served many purposes at 
once. 

2897
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:13,600
For the teens at the party and 
nightwalk gave them something 

2898
02:39:13,600 --> 02:39:17,000
rare in a time when adults were 
always watching them some 

2899
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:19,700
privacy. 
Chaperones might go with the 

2900
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:21,900
group. 
But once everyone was spread out

2901
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:25,500
along a dark Country Road or 
Village Street, couples could 

2902
02:39:25,500 --> 02:39:28,500
drift apart a little and have 
short conversations without old 

2903
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:32,700
people watching every move. 
It wasn't exactly scandalous but

2904
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:35,300
it was a rare chance to be alone
with someone in a world where 

2905
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:36,900
most courtship happened in 
public. 

2906
02:39:37,700 --> 02:39:40,000
The group meets in the front 
hall and gets their coats and 

2907
02:39:40,008 --> 02:39:43,600
wraps from where they left the 
early. the women put on wool 

2908
02:39:43,600 --> 02:39:47,800
cloaks or coats and sometimes 
shawls to keep warm the men put 

2909
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:51,100
on their suits and overcoats as 
well as the hats that no 

2910
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:54,900
respectable person would go 
outside without someone like to 

2911
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:58,200
Landon either an oil lamp or a 
flash light if they are lucky 

2912
02:39:58,200 --> 02:40:00,200
enough to have one of those new 
fangled devices. 

2913
02:40:01,100 --> 02:40:05,600
The moon if it is visible all so
provides a light, once your eyes

2914
02:40:05,600 --> 02:40:09,400
get used to it, going outside is
like going to A Whole New World.

2915
02:40:10,700 --> 02:40:13,700
The year has that crisp clear 
quality that Autumn nights have 

2916
02:40:13,700 --> 02:40:16,300
and the temperature has dropped 
a lot since sunset. 

2917
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:21,300
Cold, feels good instead of bad,
when you breathe, you make small

2918
02:40:21,300 --> 02:40:25,100
clouds that quickly disappear. 
The smells from early in the 

2919
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:28,100
evening like wood smoke and damp
leaves have gotten stronger. 

2920
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:32,200
You might even be able to smell 
Frost even though it hasn't 

2921
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:35,700
gotten cold enough yet. 
It's hard to imagine how dark it

2922
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:38,000
was in 1909 in most places 
today. 

2923
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:42,000
There aren't any street lights 
in neighborhoods, porch lights. 

2924
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:45,000
That stay on all night or 
shopping centers, or Office 

2925
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:48,800
Buildings that give off light. 
The windows of individual homes,

2926
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,100
letting warm light. 
But these little spots of light 

2927
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:54,500
only make the darkness around 
them seem deeper. 

2928
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:58,400
If the sky is clear, the stars 
are beautiful. 

2929
02:40:58,400 --> 02:41:02,000
Lots of light that people in 
your time usually only see in 

2930
02:41:02,000 --> 02:41:05,300
planetariums the group leaves 
with without a specific 

2931
02:41:05,308 --> 02:41:08,500
destination in mind. 
They walk along streets and 

2932
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:11,900
paths that everyone knows during
the day, but that look different

2933
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:15,000
at night. 
Landmarks that are easy to find.

2934
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:19,100
Turn into strange shapes. 
The tree that marks the edge of 

2935
02:41:19,108 --> 02:41:22,300
someone's property, becomes a 
shadowy figure against the sky, 

2936
02:41:22,300 --> 02:41:26,200
which is a little lighter. 
You don't notice the fence you 

2937
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:28,700
pass every day until you trip 
over it and need to pay 

2938
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:31,600
attention to it. 
Voices sound different at night 

2939
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:34,900
than they do during the day, 
they sound clearer and farther 

2940
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:37,800
away. 
The groups talking makes a 

2941
02:41:37,800 --> 02:41:40,600
bubble of human sound. 
That is surrounded by the sound 

2942
02:41:40,600 --> 02:41:44,300
of the night. 
Like the rustling of leaves, The

2943
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:48,300
Barking, of a dog in the discs 
and the hooting of an owl and 

2944
02:41:48,300 --> 02:41:51,200
the wind moving through bare 
branches with a sound like 

2945
02:41:51,200 --> 02:41:55,000
running water. 
These natural sounds aren't 

2946
02:41:55,000 --> 02:41:57,100
scary. 
They're more like friends. 

2947
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:01,000
Reminding us that the dark is 
full of life going about its 

2948
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:03,500
business. 
While the group is walking, 

2949
02:42:03,500 --> 02:42:06,000
someone might tell ghost stories
or stories about the area. 

2950
02:42:06,800 --> 02:42:09,400
In 1909 every town had these 
things. 

2951
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:13,600
The house where someone died in 
a strange way, 50 years ago the 

2952
02:42:13,600 --> 02:42:16,400
crossroads where a headless 
horseman is said to ride. 

2953
02:42:17,200 --> 02:42:20,500
Washington, Irving story was 
published in 1820 and it had 

2954
02:42:20,508 --> 02:42:23,500
become very popular and the 
cemetery where lights are 

2955
02:42:23,500 --> 02:42:27,100
sometimes seen floating among 
the graves These stories aren't 

2956
02:42:27,100 --> 02:42:30,100
meant to scare you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

2957
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:32,700
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

2958
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:34,900
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

2959
02:42:34,900 --> 02:42:38,300
every day. 
The Storyteller talks in a low 

2960
02:42:38,308 --> 02:42:41,900
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

2961
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:43,800
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

2962
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:47,600
The people who hear it from 
nervously and shiver a lot. 

2963
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:50,200
Showing fear more than feeling 
it. 

2964
02:42:51,600 --> 02:42:54,400
If the group goes past a 
cemetery which is often close to

2965
02:42:54,400 --> 02:42:58,200
homes and small towns, they 
might stop at the fence, not to 

2966
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:01,300
go in because that would be 
disrespectful to the dead, but 

2967
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:04,500
to recognize the place and maybe
think of friends and family who 

2968
02:43:04,500 --> 02:43:07,600
are buried there. 
The victorians and edwardians 

2969
02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:09,600
had a complicated relationship 
with death. 

2970
02:43:10,300 --> 02:43:12,800
They were more familiar with it 
than people today, because it 

2971
02:43:12,800 --> 02:43:15,600
happened at home instead of in 
hospitals and the death rate was

2972
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:17,700
higher. 
There were also more sentimental

2973
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:20,100
about it. 
The walk could take you to a 

2974
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:23,400
place that is important to the 
area like a Hilltop with a view 

2975
02:43:23,400 --> 02:43:27,500
of the countryside, a bridge 
over a stream or a big old tree 

2976
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:29,500
that has been a landmark for 
Generations. 

2977
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:34,100
These places the group might 
stop not for any planned reason,

2978
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:38,400
but just to enjoy the night, the
October are and being young 

2979
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:42,700
alive and part of a community. 
this nightwalk gives some of the

2980
02:43:42,700 --> 02:43:45,200
group a chance to think about 
the deeper, meaning of 

2981
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:48,600
Halloween, it's easier to 
believe that the veil Between 

2982
02:43:48,600 --> 02:43:52,200
Worlds is really thinner and 
that those who have died a 

2983
02:43:52,200 --> 02:43:55,800
really closer when you stand in 
the dark Under the Stars, these 

2984
02:43:55,800 --> 02:43:59,100
thoughts don't have to be 
scaredy the comforting rather 

2985
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:01,900
than scary to think that your 
grandmother or a friend who has 

2986
02:44:01,900 --> 02:44:06,700
passed away, might be nearby. 
To call parts of the Walker 

2987
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:10,000
Charming in their own way. 
Women walk through the dark 

2988
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:13,800
while wearing long skirts that 
get caught on plants and shoes 

2989
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:15,200
that aren't meant for rough 
ground. 

2990
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:19,900
Men offer their arms to help 
women over hard places, which is

2991
02:44:19,900 --> 02:44:24,000
both practical and romantic. 
The person carrying the lantern 

2992
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:26,800
becomes important. 
For a short time, they hold the 

2993
02:44:26,800 --> 02:44:29,500
light that keeps everyone on the
path and draw the group's 

2994
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,000
attention. 
Eventually the group goes home 

2995
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:33,600
because it's too cold. 
It's too late. 

2996
02:44:33,600 --> 02:44:36,000
Or they're just too tired from 
all the fun. 

2997
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:39,400
They had that night. 
The walk back often seems 

2998
02:44:39,400 --> 02:44:42,600
shorter than the walk out which 
is what happens when you walk 

2999
02:44:42,600 --> 02:44:45,300
home. 
People might be talking less now

3000
02:44:45,300 --> 02:44:48,500
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening as 

3001
02:44:48,500 --> 02:44:50,300
turned into satisfied, 
tiredness. 

3002
02:44:51,300 --> 02:44:54,900
As they get closer to the house 
with the party started, the warm

3003
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:56,800
light coming through the windows
looks. 

3004
02:44:56,800 --> 02:44:59,600
Especially inviting after being 
in the dark for a while. 

3005
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:03,100
The group is grateful for the 
warmth and light when they come 

3006
02:45:03,100 --> 02:45:06,600
back in, especially since it's 
so cold and dark outside. 

3007
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:12,000
This change from dark to light 
and cold to warm is small. 

3008
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:15,500
But it touches on something. 
Deep down that makes a home, 

3009
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:21,100
feel like a safe place. once 
back in the warm house with cold

3010
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:24,500
cheeks and hair that have been 
messed up by the wind, The 

3011
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:27,400
conversation often turns to the 
spooky part of Halloween. 

3012
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:32,100
But in 1909 beliefs in the 
Supernatural are in a strange 

3013
02:45:32,100 --> 02:45:35,900
Place between real faith and fun
between old-fashioned beliefs 

3014
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:40,100
and new fashion doubt. 
You should know that 1909 is an 

3015
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:42,400
interesting time in history for 
people who believe in the 

3016
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:45,100
Supernatural. 
This is an age of growing 

3017
02:45:45,100 --> 02:45:49,600
scientific knowledge, widespread
education and technological 

3018
02:45:49,600 --> 02:45:51,800
progress. 
That is changing how people live

3019
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:55,700
every day. 
Spiritualism, the idea that the 

3020
02:45:55,700 --> 02:45:57,200
dead can talk to the living 
through. 

3021
02:45:57,200 --> 02:46:01,900
Mediums was very popular in the 
late 1800s, and still has a lot 

3022
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:04,700
of followers. 
The ghost stories and Gothic 

3023
02:46:04,700 --> 02:46:08,000
literature of the last 100 years
have made Supernatural, 

3024
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:12,300
encounters seem very romantic. 
As a result, most educated 

3025
02:46:12,300 --> 02:46:14,700
people in 1909. 
Don't really believe in the 

3026
02:46:14,708 --> 02:46:18,200
Halloween superstitions but they
don't completely disbelieve them

3027
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:20,000
either. 
You might not believe in 

3028
02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:23,600
astrology but you still know 
your zodiac sign and feel good. 

3029
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:25,500
When your horoscope says good 
things are coming. 

3030
02:46:26,400 --> 02:46:28,800
The Supernatural is one of those
things that probably aren't 

3031
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:32,200
real, but could be and it's fun 
to think about the many way. 

3032
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:37,200
In 1909 Halloween folklore was 
mostly about spirits of the 

3033
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:39,800
Dead, not demons or other evil 
beings. 

3034
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:43,400
People believe that the Knight 
is a time when people who have 

3035
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:47,100
died can come back to see the 
people and places they loved in 

3036
02:46:47,100 --> 02:46:50,200
life. 
Instead of being scary, this is 

3037
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:52,900
usually shown as a soft even 
beautiful chants. 

3038
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:57,000
The custom of leaving food for 
the dead, which goes back to 

3039
02:46:57,000 --> 02:47:00,100
Celtic. 
Samhime is still going on, but 

3040
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:03,600
in a less strict way. 
Some families might set a place 

3041
02:47:03,600 --> 02:47:06,800
at the table or put out a plate 
of treats to show that their 

3042
02:47:06,800 --> 02:47:09,200
loved ones, who have passed 
away, a welcome to come by if 

3043
02:47:09,200 --> 02:47:12,000
they want to. 
You don't do this out of fear or

3044
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:15,200
dread you do it out of the same.
Kindness you would show to 

3045
02:47:15,200 --> 02:47:17,600
living relatives who might stop 
by without warning. 

3046
02:47:19,200 --> 02:47:22,100
The story is told at Halloween 
parties are more likely to be 

3047
02:47:22,100 --> 02:47:25,400
sad than scaredy. 
Someone might tell a story about

3048
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:29,000
a grandmother who died and whose
favorite perfume was in her old 

3049
02:47:29,000 --> 02:47:32,900
room on Halloween night. 
Or about a father, who died and 

3050
02:47:32,900 --> 02:47:35,700
whose pocket watch, which had 
stopped at the moment of his 

3051
02:47:35,700 --> 02:47:39,500
death rang, once at midnight on 
All Hallows, Eve for no reason. 

3052
02:47:40,400 --> 02:47:42,300
These stories talk about loss 
and grief. 

3053
02:47:43,100 --> 02:47:45,300
That they all say that love 
lives on after death. 

3054
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,500
The Ghost and Halloween stories 
from 1909 aren't the evil ghosts

3055
02:47:49,500 --> 02:47:52,800
that show up in later horror 
stories, they're more like kind 

3056
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:55,400
spirits who might help or 
comfort you if you treat them 

3057
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:59,200
with respect, The 
fortune-telling games that were 

3058
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:02,600
played in the evening seemed to 
call on the spirits as sources 

3059
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:06,000
of information about the future.
When you look in the mirror and 

3060
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:09,400
hope to see your future spouse, 
you're asking the spirits to 

3061
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,600
show you what they know. 
Even the scary parts of 

3062
02:48:12,600 --> 02:48:14,600
Halloween. 
These days are very mild 

3063
02:48:14,600 --> 02:48:15,800
compared to what they used to 
be. 

3064
02:48:16,900 --> 02:48:20,100
There are black cats and witches
in the decorations, but they are

3065
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:22,200
more stylized and decorative 
than scary. 

3066
02:48:22,900 --> 02:48:25,900
The witch on a broomstick isn't 
a bad old woman, who eats kids, 

3067
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:30,000
she's a symbol of folk magic and
wisdom from the countryside. 

3068
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:32,800
The black cat isn't a sign of 
bad luck. 

3069
02:48:32,800 --> 02:48:36,700
It's a creature that is linked 
to mystery in the line between 

3070
02:48:36,700 --> 02:48:39,900
home and Wild Spaces, most of 
the time. 

3071
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:42,900
The local Legends told at night 
about strange things that 

3072
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:46,800
happened, not real horror The 
light in the cemetery, could be 

3073
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:50,100
Spirits or Marsh gas. 
The fact that it's not clear 

3074
02:48:50,100 --> 02:48:52,100
what they are is part of what 
makes them interesting. 

3075
02:48:53,300 --> 02:48:54,900
Strange sounds near The Old 
Mill. 

3076
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:57,800
Could be ghosts or the wind and 
Windsor imagination. 

3077
02:48:58,700 --> 02:49:01,200
The fact that we don't know, for
sure is, what makes the story 

3078
02:49:01,200 --> 02:49:04,700
interesting instead of just 
scary Halloween. 

3079
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:07,400
Also has a lot of what we might 
call protective folklore. 

3080
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:10,700
There are ideas about how to 
tell the future and there are 

3081
02:49:10,700 --> 02:49:13,500
also ideas about how to keep 
yourself safe from bad things 

3082
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:17,200
that might happen on this night.
Evil spirits will be confused if

3083
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:18,600
you turn your clothes inside 
out. 

3084
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:21,800
Having a little salt in your 
pocket will keep you safe. 

3085
02:49:22,600 --> 02:49:25,900
Walking around your house in the
direction of the Sun clockwise 

3086
02:49:25,900 --> 02:49:30,000
before bed will keep it safe. 
These protective Customs are 

3087
02:49:30,000 --> 02:49:34,200
done with a wink and a smile as 
if to say just in case and they 

3088
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,200
don't cost anything and might 
help you don't really believe 

3089
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,500
that these things matter but the
ritual of acknowledging them 

3090
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,600
connects you to generations of 
people who found comfort in 

3091
02:49:43,600 --> 02:49:47,400
these small protective gestures.
It's like how you might avoid 

3092
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:51,000
walking under ladders or feel a 
small superstitious pleasure in 

3093
02:49:51,000 --> 02:49:55,900
finding a penny heads up. 
In 1909 Halloween had more 

3094
02:49:55,900 --> 02:49:58,200
religious meaning than it does. 
Now when it is more 

3095
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:03,900
commercialized, The name itself,
All Hallows Eve which means the 

3096
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:06,900
night before. 
All Saints Day keeps the link to

3097
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:11,000
Christian tradition even though 
the holiday has many older Pagan

3098
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:13,100
elements. 
Some families. 

3099
02:50:13,100 --> 02:50:15,800
Go to special church services on
November 1st. 

3100
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:18,700
To remember Saints and family 
members who have died. 

3101
02:50:19,700 --> 02:50:22,400
This makes Halloween part of a 
longer time of remembering and 

3102
02:50:22,400 --> 02:50:25,600
spiritual reflection. 
Most people don't seem to mind 

3103
02:50:25,600 --> 02:50:27,900
that Christian and non-Christian
elements live together. 

3104
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:31,800
Christian calendar has always 
been open to including local 

3105
02:50:31,800 --> 02:50:37,100
customs and folk practices. 
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 

3106
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:39,900
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

3107
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:44,700
You can honor, Christian Saints 
and also Bob for apples to see 

3108
02:50:44,700 --> 02:50:47,000
what your love life will be like
in the future without any 

3109
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:49,700
problems. 
Lack of light adds to the 

3110
02:50:49,708 --> 02:50:53,400
supernatural feel of the night. 
Keep in mind that electric 

3111
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:56,500
lights aren't common yet and 
even where they are people don't

3112
02:50:56,500 --> 02:51:00,300
use them very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

3113
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:02,900
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

3114
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:06,600
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

3115
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,300
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, that change and move. 

3116
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,600
Faces that come out to the dark 
and into pools of light and 

3117
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:16,500
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

3118
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:20,100
In this light is easy to think 
that you might see something 

3119
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:23,300
strange. 
Shadow that moves in a strange 

3120
02:51:23,300 --> 02:51:26,200
way, could be an effect of the 
candlelight or it could be 

3121
02:51:26,200 --> 02:51:28,900
something else. 
That feeling of being there, 

3122
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:31,600
when you're alone in dark room, 
Could Be Your Mind Playing 

3123
02:51:31,600 --> 02:51:34,400
Tricks on you or it could be a 
loved one who has passed away 

3124
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:38,200
checking in. 
The uncertainty is part of the 

3125
02:51:38,200 --> 02:51:42,400
experience, and it seems that 
most people in 1909 are happy to

3126
02:51:42,400 --> 02:51:45,300
leave it at that way. 
Instead of insisting, on either 

3127
02:51:45,300 --> 02:51:49,700
total belief, or total doubt, 
the fact that people in 1909 

3128
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,200
were more comfortable with not 
knowing about the supernatural 

3129
02:51:52,200 --> 02:51:55,400
shows, a bigger cultural 
difference between then and now,

3130
02:51:56,800 --> 02:52:00,200
In today's world, there is a lot
of pressure to put things into 

3131
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:03,600
one of two groups. 
Scientifically proven facts or 

3132
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:08,300
superstitions that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

3133
02:52:08,308 --> 02:52:09,800
okay. 
With the idea that some things 

3134
02:52:09,808 --> 02:52:13,700
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

3135
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:15,800
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

3136
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,800
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy chairs with 

3137
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:22,900
cups of warm cider. 
The conversation might turn to 

3138
02:52:22,908 --> 02:52:26,700
the idea of thin places which 
are places where the line 

3139
02:52:26,700 --> 02:52:29,100
between the normal world and 
something else seems to be very 

3140
02:52:29,100 --> 02:52:31,600
thin. 
There are such places in every 

3141
02:52:31,600 --> 02:52:35,800
town, the old churchyard, the 
crossroads at the edge of town, 

3142
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:38,600
the ancient tree, that was 
already old when the first 

3143
02:52:38,600 --> 02:52:41,400
settlers came in the spring that
never freezes. 

3144
02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:45,200
Even in the coldest winter 
People don't think these thin 

3145
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:48,100
places are dangerous. 
Instead, they think they are 

3146
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:50,700
special and should be respected 
and give an attention. 

3147
02:52:51,800 --> 02:52:53,000
People don't stay away from 
them. 

3148
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:56,600
Instead they go to them knowing 
that they might find something 

3149
02:52:56,600 --> 02:53:00,000
strange there. 
Halloween is a time when people 

3150
02:53:00,000 --> 02:53:02,600
believed that the veil Between 
Worlds gets thinner. 

3151
02:53:03,400 --> 02:53:06,500
This makes the whole night feel 
like a thin time when Anything 

3152
02:53:06,500 --> 02:53:09,900
Could Happen. 
The party is now in its last 

3153
02:53:09,900 --> 02:53:12,500
phase. 
The calm time before midnight 

3154
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,500
when everyone is tired, but not 
too tired to have fun. 

3155
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:20,100
The group has enjoyed the snacks
played the games and had their 

3156
02:53:20,100 --> 02:53:24,400
fortunes told with varying 
levels of faith in how accurate 

3157
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:26,700
they were. 
Then they went out side into the

3158
02:53:26,708 --> 02:53:28,500
October night and came back 
safely. 

3159
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:31,600
This is the time for quieter 
activities. 

3160
02:53:32,500 --> 02:53:35,800
Talking that has become more 
personal as the night went on 

3161
02:53:35,800 --> 02:53:38,800
and people let their guard down 
and for thinking about what 

3162
02:53:38,800 --> 02:53:41,300
Halloween means Beyond The 
Game's and traditions. 

3163
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:44,800
If the family is Rich enough to 
have a piano, someone might be 

3164
02:53:44,800 --> 02:53:47,000
playing soft music that fits the
time of day. 

3165
02:53:47,900 --> 02:53:50,700
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

3166
02:53:50,700 --> 02:53:52,300
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

3167
02:53:52,300 --> 02:53:56,700
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very old 

3168
02:53:56,700 --> 02:54:00,000
fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

3169
02:54:00,000 --> 02:54:03,400
the melody is a simple showing 
how people thought in the 

3170
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:06,700
Victorian era, but with a more 
positive view of the Edwardian 

3171
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:10,900
era but in this case, with the 
October night, pressing against 

3172
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:13,600
the windows and the candles 
burning low, in their holders, 

3173
02:54:14,500 --> 02:54:17,600
The music does its job of 
setting the mood and giving 

3174
02:54:17,600 --> 02:54:20,400
people something to do with 
their attention, that isn't as 

3175
02:54:20,400 --> 02:54:23,200
demanding as games or deep 
conversation. 

3176
02:54:24,100 --> 02:54:27,100
Some guests have already left 
especially those who have to 

3177
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:29,600
walk a long way home or who 
strict parents are waiting up 

3178
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:32,400
for them. 
The elaborate politeness rituals

3179
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:35,200
of the time. 
Mark their departures thanking, 

3180
02:54:35,200 --> 02:54:38,100
their hosts several times, 
putting on their outdoor clothes

3181
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:41,900
making last jokes and promising 
to see each other soon at church

3182
02:54:41,900 --> 02:54:45,100
or around town. 
Those who are still, there are 

3183
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:47,900
the strong ones. 
The ones who haven't quite let 

3184
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:49,300
go of the magic of the night 
yet. 

3185
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:53,500
The mother of the host family 
might be in the kitchen quietly,

3186
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:56,200
starting to clean up the mess 
that can't wait until morning. 

3187
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:00,500
She might be putting away food. 
That will spoil washing cups and

3188
02:55:00,500 --> 02:55:03,100
plates and banking the fire in 
the stove. 

3189
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,500
This work is done without 
complaint or martyrdom, just 

3190
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:09,000
because it's part of being a 
host. 

3191
02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:13,100
There will be more cleaning up 
in the morning but the worst of 

3192
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:14,900
it can be done. 
Now, while guests are still 

3193
02:55:14,908 --> 02:55:18,200
there but busy if there are any 
young kids in the house, they 

3194
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,600
have long since gone to bed, 
however, they may still be awake

3195
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:24,200
in their rooms. 
Trying to stay alert for any 

3196
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:27,600
Supernatural visits or just 
excited by the strange. 

3197
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:29,700
Sounds of a party going on late 
Into the Night. 

3198
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:34,100
They will remember this night in
their own way, the strange 

3199
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:38,500
Shadows cast by the candlelight,
the guests laughter, the special

3200
02:55:38,500 --> 02:55:41,000
snacks. 
They got to eat before bed and 

3201
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:43,800
the feeling that something 
important magical was going on, 

3202
02:55:43,800 --> 02:55:46,600
even though they weren't old 
enough to fully take part. 

3203
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:50,900
As the clock, whether it's a 
mantle piece clock, a wall clock

3204
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:53,800
or someone's pocket. 
Watch gets closer to midnight 

3205
02:55:53,800 --> 02:55:55,900
people. 
Often take a moment to 

3206
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:58,800
acknowledge it. 
Halloween night is traditionally

3207
02:55:58,800 --> 02:56:02,300
the most powerful time of the 
year and midnight is when the 

3208
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:06,000
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.
Spirits are most likely to be 

3209
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:09,300
present and divination is most 
likely to be accurate. 

3210
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:12,700
The group might stand by a 
window and look out at the 

3211
02:56:12,700 --> 02:56:15,200
night, which is now very still 
and dark. 

3212
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:19,600
As families go to bed, most of 
the lights in nearby houses of 

3213
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:22,400
gone out. 
If you can see the moon, it is 

3214
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,600
moved to cross the sky. 
Since the party started, the 

3215
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:27,000
wind could have gotten stronger 
or weaker. 

3216
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:29,900
The temperature has definitely 
dropped even more. 

3217
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:32,400
And by morning, there were 
probably be frost. 

3218
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:36,200
In some places people, have a 
tradition of being quiet. 

3219
02:56:36,200 --> 02:56:39,700
When the clock, strikes midnight
and listening for sounds that 

3220
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:43,900
might not be from this world. 
We do this with Open Hearts, not

3221
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,600
scared ones, because we know 
that if Spirits are around, this

3222
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:50,800
is when they might show 
themselves, the silence is 

3223
02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:53,900
friendly not tense. 
And the only sound is the 

3224
02:56:53,900 --> 02:56:56,200
clock's mechanism. 
Getting ready to strike 12. 

3225
02:56:57,100 --> 02:57:00,000
When the clock strikes midnight,
there is often a small 

3226
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:02,300
Collective. 
Exhale as if everyone has 

3227
02:57:02,300 --> 02:57:06,900
crossed a line this can be 
marked by Chimes bells or just 

3228
02:57:06,900 --> 02:57:09,300
the quiet agreement of those, 
checking their watches. 

3229
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:13,200
All Saints Day is started, which
means that Halloween is over. 

3230
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:17,500
The magical time is over and 
what people were aware of and 

3231
02:57:17,500 --> 02:57:20,600
welcome the spirits. 
No one seems to be upset that 

3232
02:57:20,600 --> 02:57:22,800
nothing dramatic, or 
Supernatural happened. 

3233
02:57:24,000 --> 02:57:28,300
What matted was the possibility 
being opened to the unknown 

3234
02:57:28,300 --> 02:57:31,900
rather than Noah? 
Someone might raise a glass with

3235
02:57:31,900 --> 02:57:33,700
the last of the side or other 
drink. 

3236
02:57:34,500 --> 02:57:38,400
The toast could be to All Saints
to friend, to can't be there to 

3237
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,700
the winter that everyone needs 
to get ready for, or just to the

3238
02:57:41,700 --> 02:57:44,000
success. 
Of the Knights of events people 

3239
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:47,100
raise their glasses or cups and 
drink the toast, which makes the

3240
02:57:47,100 --> 02:57:50,500
party feel like it's over. 
Now is when the last departures 

3241
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:53,400
really start. 
Even the most dedicated 

3242
02:57:53,400 --> 02:57:56,900
party-goers know that the night 
has come to an end and that 

3243
02:57:56,900 --> 02:58:01,100
tomorrow technically today will 
come soon with its demands of 

3244
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:03,800
work school and other daily 
tasks. 

3245
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:08,000
The front door opens several 
times to let groups of guests 

3246
02:58:08,000 --> 02:58:11,500
out into the night each time 
they say thank you and goodbye 

3247
02:58:11,500 --> 02:58:14,900
and remind everyone about 
upcoming community events. 

3248
02:58:15,800 --> 02:58:18,500
For the host family. 
There is a strange mix of 

3249
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:22,000
tiredness and happiness that 
comes from having successfully 

3250
02:58:22,000 --> 02:58:25,600
entertained. 
The house is a mess, a candles 

3251
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,900
are almost out and there is 
still work to be done but the 

3252
02:58:28,900 --> 02:58:30,600
evening did what it was supposed
to do. 

3253
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:34,800
Bring people together on a 
tradition, acknowledgment 

3254
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:38,400
mystery and give young people a 
chance to hang out in a safe 

3255
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:42,000
structured way. 
When the last guests leave for 

3256
02:58:42,000 --> 02:58:44,400
the night, the house becomes 
quiet in a different way. 

3257
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:47,900
It's not the quiet of waiting 
for the party to start. 

3258
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:50,900
It's the quiet of an event that 
is ended. 

3259
02:58:51,800 --> 02:58:54,500
The pair of parents and maybe 
some older children, who helped 

3260
02:58:54,500 --> 02:58:57,200
host the party start. 
The process of turning the house

3261
02:58:57,200 --> 02:59:00,300
back in to a home This process 
has its own. 

3262
02:59:00,300 --> 02:59:03,300
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 
candles, go out and the light 

3263
02:59:03,308 --> 02:59:05,900
gets dimmer and dimmer until. 
There are only one or two lamps 

3264
02:59:05,900 --> 02:59:09,100
left to work by Decorations will
stay up for now. 

3265
02:59:09,100 --> 02:59:11,600
They'll come down to morrow or 
in the next few days. 

3266
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:14,600
The furniture. 
On the other hand is starting to

3267
02:59:14,608 --> 02:59:18,100
move back to its normal places. 
The cushions are fluffed. 

3268
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:20,500
The windows are checked to make 
sure they're properly. 

3269
02:59:20,500 --> 02:59:23,200
Latched against the night. 
Are the front door is locked 

3270
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:26,000
with a solid sound. 
That lets everyone know the 

3271
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:29,100
house is ready for sleep. 
The last cleaning in the kitchen

3272
02:59:29,100 --> 02:59:32,800
is done quickly because of 
years, of practice, the stove, 

3273
02:59:32,800 --> 02:59:35,900
heats the water for washing 
dishes and the towels that have 

3274
02:59:35,900 --> 02:59:37,800
been warming up nearby dry them 
off. 

3275
02:59:37,800 --> 02:59:41,400
Then the dishes are put back in 
their places in the cupboards. 

3276
02:59:42,100 --> 02:59:44,800
The leftover food is looked at 
to see what can be saved. 

3277
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:48,000
What should be eaten tomorrow 
and what can be given to the 

3278
02:59:48,008 --> 02:59:52,100
chickens if the family has them?
In a world where most families 

3279
02:59:52,100 --> 02:59:55,500
lived, much closer to the edge 
of subsistence than we do today.

3280
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:58,300
There was no such thing as 
waste. 

3281
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:02,000
The mother of the house, does 
one last check of the rooms were

3282
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:03,900
guests? 
Are making sure there are no 

3283
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:07,000
forgotten items. 
The candles are really out and 

3284
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,200
don't pose a fire risk and that 
she knows what needs to be done 

3285
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:12,900
in the morning. 
This isn't obsessive care 

3286
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:15,000
taking. 
It's just the responsible 

3287
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:17,000
oversight that comes with 
running a household. 

3288
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:21,400
It requires a lot more attention
to safety and maintenance than 

3289
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:25,000
modern conveniences do. 
The father might go outside one 

3290
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:28,800
last time before bed partly to 
make sure everything is safe and

3291
03:00:28,800 --> 03:00:31,600
partly for that private moment 
under the October stars. 

3292
03:00:31,600 --> 03:00:35,700
That men of his age liked He 
might smoke one last pipe on the

3293
03:00:35,700 --> 03:00:38,500
porch or in the yard thinking 
about the night in the season. 

3294
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,600
Everyone can feel that winter is
coming in the colder night air. 

3295
03:00:43,400 --> 03:00:47,000
There are still things to do to 
get ready, hang storm, windows, 

3296
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:50,200
split and stack wood and get the
garden beds. 

3297
03:00:50,200 --> 03:00:54,300
Ready for their winter sleep. 
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 

3298
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:57,700
Most of the time, bedrooms, were
upstairs and houses with the 

3299
03:00:57,700 --> 03:01:01,100
second floor in 1909, made me 
feel good about the day. 

3300
03:01:02,000 --> 03:01:05,700
The stairs might creep with 
familiar sounds the banister, 

3301
03:01:05,700 --> 03:01:09,200
feels smooth and your hand and 
the Darkness of the upstairs, 

3302
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:12,600
feels cozy and stead of strange,
now that Halloween is over. 

3303
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:17,000
By today's standards, bedrooms 
were cold in 1909. 

3304
03:01:17,800 --> 03:01:19,700
Most homes don't have Central 
Heating. 

3305
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:24,800
Downstairs rooms might be warmed
by stoves or fireplaces but 

3306
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:27,900
upstairs rooms get most of their
heat from the rising warmth of 

3307
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:31,100
daytime fires, which as long 
since gone away on a late 

3308
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:34,200
October night. 
People expect bedrooms to be 

3309
03:01:34,208 --> 03:01:37,400
cold and they are for sleeping 
not lounging around. 

3310
03:01:38,500 --> 03:01:40,600
Getting ready for bed. 
Includes both cleaning up and 

3311
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:44,400
relaxing, rituals people wash 
their faces, by pouring water 

3312
03:01:44,400 --> 03:01:48,000
from a picture into a basin. 
Indoor plumbing is common in 

3313
03:01:48,000 --> 03:01:51,800
cities but not everywhere. 
Tooth powder or paste is used to

3314
03:01:51,800 --> 03:01:55,100
clean teeth women. 
Especially do the ritual of 

3315
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:59,100
brushing their hair 100 times 
which was thought to be good for

3316
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:02,300
hair health. 
Taking off clothes and either 

3317
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:04,500
folding them up to where again 
if they're clean enough or 

3318
03:02:04,500 --> 03:02:08,500
putting them in the laundry. 
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 

3319
03:02:08,500 --> 03:02:12,600
women wore long, nightgowns men 
were nightshirts, and they might

3320
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:14,400
have sleeping caps and bed 
socks. 

3321
03:02:14,400 --> 03:02:18,000
When it was cold, People sleep 
with more clothes on the new use

3322
03:02:18,000 --> 03:02:21,600
to partly, because it's cold and
partly because modesty standards

3323
03:02:21,600 --> 03:02:26,100
apply even when you're sleeping.
Earlier, in the day, the bed was

3324
03:02:26,100 --> 03:02:29,300
made with smooth sheets and 
arranged blankets and quilts 

3325
03:02:29,308 --> 03:02:31,600
were added, or taken away, 
depending on the season. 

3326
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:35,100
When you slip between the 
sheets, they are cold at first, 

3327
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:36,700
but will warm up from your body 
heat? 

3328
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:40,700
For a moment, your body can 
finally rest after hours of 

3329
03:02:40,700 --> 03:02:42,900
standing walking and Performing 
social. 

3330
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:47,700
Pillow is just write the 
blankets are heavy and warm and 

3331
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:50,500
the bedroom is completely dark 
in a way that modern people 

3332
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:54,100
don't often experience. 
There are no LED lights from 

3333
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:58,000
Electronics, no streetlight, 
shining through the curtains and

3334
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:02,300
no ambient Urban light. 
In this darkness and quiet. 

3335
03:03:02,300 --> 03:03:06,900
Thoughts might go back over the 
events of the evening, the games

3336
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:11,500
and laughter the talks and 
flirting the time spent outside 

3337
03:03:11,500 --> 03:03:14,800
under the stars, realizing that 
life may be more mysterious than

3338
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:17,600
it seems and the comfort of 
community and tradition. 

3339
03:03:18,500 --> 03:03:21,100
These thoughts mix with the 
start of Dreams. 

3340
03:03:21,100 --> 03:03:24,100
There's Consciousness, lets go 
and sleep. 

3341
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:28,000
Come Morning. 
Comes like it does in November 

3342
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:30,800
late and unwilling with gray 
light. 

3343
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:33,700
That seems to come from the air 
itself instead of from a 

3344
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:37,100
specific Direction. 
The first person to wake up has 

3345
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:40,400
to start the fire again by 
cleaning out the ashes, putting 

3346
03:03:40,400 --> 03:03:43,900
down new kindling and coaxing 
Flames from Embers or matches. 

3347
03:03:43,900 --> 03:03:47,200
This will gradually build the 
fire that will warm the house 

3348
03:03:47,200 --> 03:03:50,700
and cook breakfast. 
The light on November 1st shows 

3349
03:03:50,700 --> 03:03:52,700
that the house is still 
decorated for Halloween. 

3350
03:03:53,600 --> 03:03:55,700
But in the light of day, the 
declaration's look less 

3351
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:57,800
mysterious and more like what 
they are. 

3352
03:03:58,700 --> 03:04:01,000
Paper and vegetables, arrange 
for a short time. 

3353
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:04,900
These decorations will be taken 
down in the next day or two. 

3354
03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:09,100
You could cut the pumpkin up for
pies or stews, the paper 

3355
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:12,100
decorations will be carefully 
taken down and either stored or 

3356
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:14,700
burned in the stove. 
Since new ones will be needed 

3357
03:04:14,700 --> 03:04:15,500
next year. 
Anyway. 

3358
03:04:16,500 --> 03:04:19,400
But today, All Saints Day for 
those who follow the religious 

3359
03:04:19,400 --> 03:04:22,300
calendar, there's no need to 
break up the magic from last 

3360
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:25,500
night, right away. 
Every day people have to make 

3361
03:04:25,500 --> 03:04:28,300
and eat breakfast. 
Do their chores and go back to 

3362
03:04:28,300 --> 03:04:31,400
their normal lives. 
But the memory of the party is 

3363
03:04:31,400 --> 03:04:34,400
still fresh giving, people 
something to talk about at 

3364
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:36,600
breakfast. 
And when they run into neighbors

3365
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:39,900
and Friends during the day, On 
November 1st. 

3366
03:04:39,900 --> 03:04:42,400
The town feels a little 
different than it did on October

3367
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:45,300
31st. 
But someone looking in from the 

3368
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:47,900
outside, might have a hard time 
figuring out what has changed. 

3369
03:04:48,800 --> 03:04:52,500
It's partly because the calendar
is changed to a new monthly 

3370
03:04:52,500 --> 03:04:55,200
because the weather is getting 
colder and partly. 

3371
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:58,800
Because the feeling that a 
holiday, no matter how small has

3372
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:01,900
come and gone and taken, its 
special quality with it. 

3373
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:05,200
People who went to Halloween 
parties that night before might 

3374
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:08,600
be a little tired from staying 
up later than usual, but it's a 

3375
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,400
nice tiredness that comes from 
having fun with friends rather 

3376
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,900
than from stress or worry. 
People talk about different 

3377
03:05:14,900 --> 03:05:17,100
parties at work and school. 
Share. 

3378
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:20,300
Funny stories, wonder if the 
fortune-telling games were 

3379
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:22,800
right. 
And teased those, whose romantic

3380
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:27,300
Futures were supposedly revealed
by apples nuts, or looking in a 

3381
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:30,500
mirror, For those who go the 
church service on All Saints Day

3382
03:05:30,500 --> 03:05:33,000
is a more serious Counterpoint 
to the fun of Halloween. 

3383
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:37,900
This day is for remembering the 
dead, recognizing the communion 

3384
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:41,300
of saints and thinking about 
death and faith. 

3385
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:44,700
There may be prayers for the 
dead hymns. 

3386
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:48,000
That talk about eternal life and
meeting again in heaven, the 

3387
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:50,700
reading of the names of church 
members who died in the past 

3388
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:53,100
year. 
There is no conflict between the

3389
03:05:53,100 --> 03:05:56,400
game's from last night and the 
seriousness of this morning. 

3390
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:00,300
Halloween and All Saints Day are
both ways to remember the Dead 

3391
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:04,300
Halloween, does this with fun. 
And hope, while All Saints Day, 

3392
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:07,700
does it with respect and prayer?
Both of them, know that death 

3393
03:06:07,700 --> 03:06:11,800
doesn't end a relationship. 
It just changes it as November 

3394
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:15,300
1st goes on into the afternoon 
and evening, the change of 

3395
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:20,100
seasons become more obvious. 
Son sets noticeably earlier than

3396
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,400
it did just a few weeks ago even
though it is already low in the 

3397
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:26,900
sky at noon. 
The evening comes on with that 

3398
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:29,900
special kind of November 
darkness that isn't as golden as

3399
03:06:29,900 --> 03:06:34,100
October, but is more complete. 
This kind of Darkness will last 

3400
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:37,500
for the next few months farmers 
and people with Gardens are 

3401
03:06:37,500 --> 03:06:40,900
getting ready for winter. 
Before a killing Frost ends, the

3402
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:43,500
growing season. 
The last Hardy vegetables need 

3403
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:46,300
to be picked. 
You need to dig up and store, 

3404
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:48,700
root vegetables. 
Like turnips, carrots and 

3405
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:51,800
potatoes. 
You need to get rid of any dead 

3406
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:54,700
plants in your garden beds. 
You can either add them to 

3407
03:06:54,700 --> 03:06:57,200
compost, piles or let them break
down over the winter. 

3408
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:01,600
Change from October to November 
also helps people get ready for 

3409
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:03,900
the holidays. 
There will be a series of 

3410
03:07:03,900 --> 03:07:07,600
holidays coming up, Thanksgiving
Christmas, New Year's. 

3411
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:12,000
These will break up the dark 
months, but on November 1st, 

3412
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:13,900
those holidays. 
Still seem far away. 

3413
03:07:14,900 --> 03:07:17,900
For now, the main thing to do is
get used to the fact that winter

3414
03:07:17,900 --> 03:07:21,500
means shorter days, Colder 
Weather and having to spend more

3415
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:24,300
time inside. 
Family start to think about 

3416
03:07:24,300 --> 03:07:26,700
winter projects. 
Well things they can do when 

3417
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:30,000
they can't work out side. 
Women might plan sewing 

3418
03:07:30,000 --> 03:07:34,900
projects, like making quilts 
fixing or changing clothes, or 

3419
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:38,000
making new clothes during the 
winter when they have to stay 

3420
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:41,400
inside men might have to fix 
things sharp and tools or finish

3421
03:07:41,400 --> 03:07:45,700
projects and bombs or workshops.
Kids know that school days will 

3422
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:48,700
start and end in the dark. 
And that recess might be too 

3423
03:07:48,700 --> 03:07:50,400
cold for them to play outside 
comfortably. 

3424
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:55,000
As the months get darker 
remembering Halloween night is a

3425
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:58,100
bright spot to look back on the 
games, the laughter. 

3426
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:01,800
And the time spent under the 
stars in October, all become 

3427
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:05,800
stories that can be told again 
and again and private memories, 

3428
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:09,000
that can be enjoyed. 
Depending on your mood and 

3429
03:08:09,000 --> 03:08:11,600
beliefs, the predictions made by
fortune. 

3430
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:15,700
Tellers can be funny or serious.
The party helped people feel 

3431
03:08:15,700 --> 03:08:18,200
like they were part of a 
community, which makes the 

3432
03:08:18,200 --> 03:08:19,800
coming winter. 
Feel less lonely. 

3433
03:08:19,800 --> 03:08:23,100
Now that it's been over 100 
years since that Halloween night

3434
03:08:23,100 --> 03:08:27,000
in 1909, it's worth thinking 
about what was lost and what was

3435
03:08:27,000 --> 03:08:29,700
kept as Halloween changed into 
the holiday. 

3436
03:08:29,700 --> 03:08:33,600
You know, today in many ways 
Halloween 1909 was the end of an

3437
03:08:33,600 --> 03:08:35,600
era. 
It was the last time, the 

3438
03:08:35,600 --> 03:08:38,800
holiday kept his folk character 
before commercial interests, 

3439
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,900
changed it into something 
completely different First, the 

3440
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:47,500
change happens Slowly by the 
1920s Halloween was becoming 

3441
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:51,100
more about kids schools and 
Community groups were throwing 

3442
03:08:51,100 --> 03:08:54,200
parties that were like the ones 
that happened in homes in 1909 

3443
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:56,800
but they were more organized and
less mysterious. 

3444
03:08:57,700 --> 03:09:01,400
Trick-or-treating as we know it 
started in the 1930s but it 

3445
03:09:01,400 --> 03:09:03,400
didn't become popular until 
after World War 2. 

3446
03:09:04,200 --> 03:09:08,500
In the 1950s Halloween, became a
candy holiday for kids with 

3447
03:09:08,500 --> 03:09:10,200
store-bought costumes and 
decorations. 

3448
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:14,500
Every change had its pros and 
cons Halloween today. 

3449
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:17,900
Reaches more people gives 
millions of kids fun memories 

3450
03:09:17,900 --> 03:09:22,200
and makes people really happy 
and excited. but when folk 

3451
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:25,400
Traditions turned into a 
commercial holiday, something 

3452
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:29,200
was lost the real sense of 
mystery the connection to 

3453
03:09:29,200 --> 03:09:31,200
ancestors and traditions that go
back. 

3454
03:09:31,200 --> 03:09:35,600
Hundreds of years and the focus 
on fortune telling and romantic 

3455
03:09:35,600 --> 03:09:38,300
Futures that made Halloween 
special for young adults. 

3456
03:09:39,100 --> 03:09:42,700
Halloween of 1909 was a part of 
a cultural history that couldn't

3457
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:46,100
last. 
It needed a slope of life so 

3458
03:09:46,100 --> 03:09:48,700
that people could make 
decorations by hand and play 

3459
03:09:48,700 --> 03:09:51,100
long games. 
It needed communities. 

3460
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,000
That were small enough for most 
people to know each other and 

3461
03:09:54,000 --> 03:09:55,900
feel comfortable meeting in 
homes. 

3462
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:59,700
It needed a connection to 
Darkness and the supernatural 

3463
03:09:59,700 --> 03:10:01,400
that more electricity in 
Science. 

3464
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:05,300
Education would weaken it needed
a social structure for dating 

3465
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:07,900
and marriage that were changed 
because of how gender roles and 

3466
03:10:07,900 --> 03:10:10,100
romantic Freedom changed in the 
20th century. 

3467
03:10:11,400 --> 03:10:14,700
But the main ideas behind 
Halloween, in 1909 are still 

3468
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:16,500
there in modern versions of the 
holiday. 

3469
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:21,100
The desire to play with fear in 
a safe way, the appeal of 

3470
03:10:21,108 --> 03:10:24,900
changing through costumes, the 
joy of celebrating the seasons 

3471
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:27,900
and the recognition that the 
line between life and death 

3472
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:31,100
needs to be respected. 
All of these things are still 

3473
03:10:31,100 --> 03:10:35,400
around but in different ways, 
the fortune telling games that 

3474
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:38,500
were such a big part of 
Halloween in 1909, are mostly 

3475
03:10:38,500 --> 03:10:40,800
gone. 
Now, this is because people's 

3476
03:10:40,800 --> 03:10:43,100
views on marriage have changed 
people. 

3477
03:10:43,100 --> 03:10:46,100
Move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

3478
03:10:46,100 --> 03:10:48,900
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

3479
03:10:48,900 --> 03:10:51,600
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

3480
03:10:51,600 --> 03:10:54,700
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck. 

3481
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:58,400
The rituals that go along with 
eating candy and the small 

3482
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:01,100
thrill of staying up late and 
walking around neighborhoods 

3483
03:11:01,100 --> 03:11:04,100
after Dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

3484
03:11:04,100 --> 03:11:07,600
Harvest festivals or churches, 
School parties, neighborhood 

3485
03:11:07,600 --> 03:11:10,300
trick-or-treating routes that 
get people out of their homes at

3486
03:11:10,300 --> 03:11:13,000
the same time. 
With the focus on community 

3487
03:11:13,000 --> 03:11:16,500
Gathering even adult, Halloween 
parties are like the social 

3488
03:11:16,500 --> 03:11:19,700
events of 1909, but with less 
fortune telling and more 

3489
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:23,200
costumes, the links to the 
supernatural has changed in 

3490
03:11:23,200 --> 03:11:27,100
stead of going away. 
Modern Halloween focuses on fake

3491
03:11:27,100 --> 03:11:31,900
scares, like haunted houses, 
horror movies and scary 

3492
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:34,900
decorations. 
Instead of real interactions 

3493
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:38,900
with the idea of spirits, But 
even though commercial horror is

3494
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:41,000
scary. 
There are still a recognition 

3495
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:42,900
that death deserves to be 
remembered. 

3496
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:46,500
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfully crossed. 

3497
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:51,100
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human from 

3498
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:53,200
your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

3499
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:55,700
how Halloween 1909 is how gentle
it is. 

3500
03:11:56,500 --> 03:11:59,300
The spirits were nice. 
The darkness was friendly. 

3501
03:12:00,200 --> 03:12:03,200
Fortune telling was more fun 
than serious, and the 

3502
03:12:03,208 --> 03:12:06,500
celebration brought people of 
all ages and interests together 

3503
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:09,900
instead of separating them. 
There was a holiday that 

3504
03:12:09,900 --> 03:12:14,100
recognized mystery without 
requiring belief, that respected

3505
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:17,300
tradition without being strict 
about it and that made room for 

3506
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:20,000
love hope and connection with 
others. 

3507
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:23,300
This gentlemen, shows that 
people in this culture, had a 

3508
03:12:23,308 --> 03:12:26,300
different view of fear and the 
supernatural than they did later

3509
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:29,600
in the 20th century. 
Even though people say, the 

3510
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,900
Victorian and Edwardian here as 
were very strict, they were 

3511
03:12:32,908 --> 03:12:35,200
actually very open about death 
and spirits. 

3512
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:39,400
People talked about death fairly
openly and it was a part of life

3513
03:12:39,400 --> 03:12:41,800
through mourning rituals and 
Memorial practices. 

3514
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:45,400
The thought that the dead might 
come back for a visit wasn't 

3515
03:12:45,400 --> 03:12:47,100
scary. 
It was comforting. 

3516
03:12:47,100 --> 03:12:50,400
It was like saying that love and
connection live on after death. 

3517
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:53,900
By making death a medical issue 
and taking it out of the home 

3518
03:12:53,900 --> 03:12:56,700
culture. 
In the later 20th century made 

3519
03:12:56,700 --> 03:12:58,600
it both less familiar and more 
scary. 

3520
03:12:59,700 --> 03:13:01,500
Halloween changed to reflect 
this. 

3521
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:05,800
Coming more about fear and 
horror than about gentle mystery

3522
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:08,900
and Family Ties. 
People stopped being careful 

3523
03:13:08,900 --> 03:13:11,200
about the Supernatural and 
started to be afraid of it. 

3524
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:15,400
Spirits turned into scary beings
and stead of loved ones coming 

3525
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:19,500
back. 
But that October night in 1909, 

3526
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:22,800
when we spent time together, 
Halloween was still the same as 

3527
03:13:22,800 --> 03:13:25,500
if it had always been. 
It was a night for young people 

3528
03:13:25,500 --> 03:13:29,000
to dream about their romantic 
futures for communities to come 

3529
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:31,900
together in warmth and light, 
while ignoring the cold 

3530
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:36,200
Darkness, outside for traditions
to be honored and passed on and 

3531
03:13:36,200 --> 03:13:39,100
for the possibility of mystery 
to be acknowledged with without 

3532
03:13:39,100 --> 03:13:42,800
needing proof. 
As you get ready for bed with 

3533
03:13:42,800 --> 03:13:46,400
your own October night, pressing
against your windows, think 

3534
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,900
about what parts of that 
Halloween in 1909 might be worth

3535
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:54,100
keeping or getting back. 
Not in a nostalgic way that 

3536
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:57,400
tries to bring back the past. 
Because that past had its own 

3537
03:13:57,400 --> 03:13:59,900
problems and limitations that we
shouldn't romanticize. 

3538
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:04,300
Instead we should think about 
what human needs those 

3539
03:14:04,300 --> 03:14:07,600
Traditions met and how those 
needs might still be relevant. 

3540
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:12,200
The decorations made by hand in 
1909 were both necessary and 

3541
03:14:12,200 --> 03:14:14,700
creative. 
In a world where holiday 

3542
03:14:14,700 --> 03:14:17,700
decorations are made in 
factories, the idea of making 

3543
03:14:17,700 --> 03:14:21,500
your own decorations, even 
simple ones is appealing. 

3544
03:14:22,200 --> 03:14:25,500
For example, cutting out shape 
from paper, carving pumpkins, 

3545
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:29,600
with care and arranging, Autumn 
Leaves and corn stalks into 

3546
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:31,300
Arrangements that celebrate the 
season. 

3547
03:14:32,600 --> 03:14:35,000
The fortune telling games were 
Silly and fun. 

3548
03:14:35,000 --> 03:14:39,100
But they had a point to remind 
people that the future is 

3549
03:14:39,100 --> 03:14:42,200
unknown, and to give them a 
chance to think about their 

3550
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:47,000
hopes and dreams in a fun way. 
We don't often let us sells play

3551
03:14:47,000 --> 03:14:49,500
with uncertainty like this 
because modern life is so 

3552
03:14:49,500 --> 03:14:53,700
focused on planning and control.
There may be Merit in Pursuits 

3553
03:14:53,700 --> 03:14:56,700
that Amalgamated Amusement with 
mild contemplation of our 

3554
03:14:56,700 --> 03:15:00,800
aspirations. 
The night walks of 1909, made it

3555
03:15:00,800 --> 03:15:04,200
possible to experience darkness,
which is becoming less common in

3556
03:15:04,200 --> 03:15:06,900
Modern Life. 
When was the last time you 

3557
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:11,300
walked in real darkness without 
streetlights flashlights or 

3558
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:14,100
phone screens? 
When was the last time you felt 

3559
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,900
what it was like to be a human 
being for thousands of years? 

3560
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:20,600
It's good for you to get away 
from artificial light every now 

3561
03:15:20,600 --> 03:15:24,100
and then and experience the 
natural rhythms of day and 

3562
03:15:24,100 --> 03:15:26,400
night. 
The community aspect of 

3563
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:29,700
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 
needs for connection, and 

3564
03:15:29,700 --> 03:15:32,700
belonging that don't go away 
just because we have social 

3565
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:36,600
media and texting. 
Even in our connected age, it's 

3566
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:39,700
still worth it to share physical
space play games together and 

3567
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:42,700
make memories in real time in 
state of writing them down and 

3568
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:45,600
posting them later. 
The most important thing about 

3569
03:15:45,600 --> 03:15:48,200
the 1909 Halloween is its 
relationship with the 

3570
03:15:48,208 --> 03:15:51,700
supernatural that was open to 
possibilities, without needing 

3571
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,400
to be sure and it accepted 
mystery without being scared of 

3572
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,000
it. 
This is a good way to deal with 

3573
03:15:58,000 --> 03:16:00,800
the unknowns in life. 
We live in a time when 

3574
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,300
everything needs proof and 
evidence which is useful in some

3575
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:09,200
situations but not in others. 
Some experiences such as love 

3576
03:16:09,200 --> 03:16:13,400
beauty meaning, and the 
potential for something Beyond 

3577
03:16:13,400 --> 03:16:18,100
every day reality. 
Allude empirical validation, yet

3578
03:16:18,100 --> 03:16:22,300
remains significant to human 
existence that Halloween night 

3579
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:26,400
in 1909 with its candles, and 
cider games. 

3580
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:30,600
And Gatherings walks in the dark
of October and back to the warm 

3581
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:32,800
light. 
And the idea that Spirits might 

3582
03:16:32,808 --> 03:16:36,400
be near without being scary, was
a way of being in the world that

3583
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:40,800
focused on connection Community 
mystery and gentle Joy. 

3584
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,000
You might picture yourself at 
that 1909 party. 

3585
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:48,100
As you fall asleep after coming 
in from the cold night, you can 

3586
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:51,300
feel the warmth of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

3587
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:54,600
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter. 

3588
03:16:54,600 --> 03:16:58,200
Someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm and skill. 

3589
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:01,600
You can see the candles 
flickering and the Shadows 

3590
03:17:01,600 --> 03:17:04,200
dancing on the walls that are 
covered in hand cut paper. 

3591
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:08,200
You can smell the Woodsmoke, the
fall are and that hard to 

3592
03:17:08,200 --> 03:17:10,600
describe smell of a house full 
of people celebrating. 

3593
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:15,500
Your part of a tradition that 
goes back, hundreds of years, a 

3594
03:17:15,500 --> 03:17:18,300
connection to the Celts Who lit 
bonfires at Sam Haines. 

3595
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:21,700
The Christians who prayed for 
the dead on All Hallows, Eve. 

3596
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:24,400
A fortune. 
Tellers who looked into mirrors 

3597
03:17:24,400 --> 03:17:28,200
in the Victorian era, the 1909 
Gathering where young people 

3598
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:30,800
laughed and played and hoped for
happy Futures. 

3599
03:17:30,800 --> 03:17:34,700
And every Halloween celebration 
that has recognized that mystery

3600
03:17:34,700 --> 03:17:38,200
and darkness and the chance to 
connect with others beyond the 

3601
03:17:38,200 --> 03:17:42,100
normal world. 
November will keep moving toward

3602
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:46,000
winter tomorrow but tonight in 
the space between waking and 

3603
03:17:46,000 --> 03:17:49,800
sleeping, you can rest in the 
kind Spirit of that Halloween in

3604
03:17:49,800 --> 03:17:55,600
1909 when Spirits were friendly,
Darkness was kind and the future

3605
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:59,800
was uncertain, but full of Hope.
sleep well, surrounded by the 

3606
03:17:59,800 --> 03:18:02,700
customs of those who came before
and those who will come after 

3607
03:18:03,500 --> 03:18:06,400
these Customs can connect us 
across time because we all need 

3608
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:10,000
to Mark the changing of the 
seasons gather together to stay 

3609
03:18:10,000 --> 03:18:12,900
warm against the cold, hope for 
good things to come. 

3610
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:16,600
And remember that the world may 
hold more mystery and Magic than

3611
03:18:16,600 --> 03:18:28,000
we see in our daily lives. 
The Bell Chimes through the 

3612
03:18:28,000 --> 03:18:29,900
night like a furious 
blacksmith's, Hammer 

3613
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:32,400
immediately. 
Awakening you despite your body 

3614
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:36,600
strong desire to act otherwise, 
That's tutoring for you even 

3615
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:40,500
though it's still completely 
dark outside. 4 a.m. the sun, 

3616
03:18:40,500 --> 03:18:43,600
has more important things to do 
than help you You step on 

3617
03:18:43,600 --> 03:18:46,400
something cold and Squishy as 
soon as you roll out of your 

3618
03:18:46,400 --> 03:18:49,500
narrow straw mattress, which you
share with two other servants. 

3619
03:18:49,500 --> 03:18:52,700
You've learned not to look too 
closely in a household of 40 

3620
03:18:52,700 --> 03:18:54,900
people with dubious hygiene 
habits. 

3621
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:57,300
So hopefully it's just mud from 
yesterday's rain. 

3622
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,100
Some Mysteries are better off. 
Remaining unsolved. 

3623
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:03,500
You have precisely one hour 
before the master and mistress 

3624
03:19:03,500 --> 03:19:06,800
expect their morning warmth. 
So your first task is to light 

3625
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:08,400
the fires throughout the manor 
house. 

3626
03:19:08,400 --> 03:19:12,300
There is no pressure at all. 
After Gathering your Tinderbox 

3627
03:19:12,300 --> 03:19:14,900
kindling and any remaining 
self-respect from the previous 

3628
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:18,400
day's mishaps, you start the 
well known dance of igniting 

3629
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:20,600
steel and Flint that will not go
out. 

3630
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:26,000
First up is the calf. 
Stone and iron Beast. 

3631
03:19:26,000 --> 03:19:28,700
That could likely roast an 
entire Ox of necessary. 

3632
03:19:28,700 --> 03:19:32,300
Getting it hot enough to boil 
water without releasing smoke 

3633
03:19:32,300 --> 03:19:35,000
into the room is today's more 
modest objective. 

3634
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:38,300
Your eyebrows are still growing 
back from the instant with the 

3635
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:40,700
Greenwood loss month. 
And you've mastered this 

3636
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,000
particular skill, through months
of trial and error, mostly 

3637
03:19:44,000 --> 03:19:47,300
error, you can hear the house 
gradually coming to life as you 

3638
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:49,400
work. 
Voices that are muffled, 

3639
03:19:49,400 --> 03:19:52,800
footsteps, above, and the 
sporadic sound of, someone 

3640
03:19:52,800 --> 03:19:54,800
stopping their toe on furniture 
in the dark. 

3641
03:19:55,800 --> 03:19:58,600
As its crew gets ready for yet 
another day of lavish social 

3642
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:02,600
theater, the Tudor Manor House, 
creaks, and moans like a great 

3643
03:20:02,600 --> 03:20:05,300
wooden ship. 
The next fireplace in the 

3644
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:07,700
spacious Hall has personality 
meaning. 

3645
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:10,400
It is temperamental and appears 
to take pleasure in making your 

3646
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,600
life difficult. 
Over the months, you've gotten 

3647
03:20:13,600 --> 03:20:17,100
to know this half and you talk 
to it in soothing low voices, 

3648
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,300
while you carefully arranged the
kindling, you know, better than 

3649
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:22,600
your fellow servants, who 
believe you've gone a little 

3650
03:20:22,608 --> 03:20:26,100
soft-headed kindness or at least
imaginative. 

3651
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:28,800
Swearing in languages, you've 
learned from the foreign traders

3652
03:20:28,800 --> 03:20:31,000
who come here will activate this
fireplace. 

3653
03:20:31,000 --> 03:20:34,800
Your back hurts from carrying 
logs and your hands are 

3654
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:37,300
blackened with soot by the time 
you like the third fire. 

3655
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:39,700
This one in the Masters private 
chamber. 

3656
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:43,900
However, witnessing the Flames 
ignite and spread turning Cold 

3657
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:46,800
Stone into warmth and light is 
incredibly fulfilling. 

3658
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:50,500
One spark at a time, your 
bringing the house to life, 

3659
03:20:50,500 --> 03:20:53,700
rather than merely starting 
fires as you complete your 

3660
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:55,400
rounds. 
The morning, light is just 

3661
03:20:55,400 --> 03:20:58,400
starting to peek through the 
heavy shutters in The Tudor 

3662
03:20:58,400 --> 03:21:02,100
Countryside Dorn arrives slowly 
like wine soaking into linen 

3663
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:05,900
rather than with a big splash. 
You've been working for more 

3664
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:09,200
than an hour and just as your 
day is starting, you realize 

3665
03:21:09,200 --> 03:21:12,600
it's actually more morning In 
the kitchen, you take a moment 

3666
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:15,708
to warm your hands over the now,
Jolly fire and steal a piece of 

3667
03:21:15,716 --> 03:21:17,800
bread from the basket on the 
table from yesterday. 

3668
03:21:18,900 --> 03:21:21,600
It's difficult enough to make 
someone understand but it's 

3669
03:21:21,600 --> 03:21:23,500
nearly edible when dipped in the
hot milk. 

3670
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:25,400
The cook left steaming by the 
fireplace. 

3671
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:29,100
Even small victories. 
Make a big difference when your 

3672
03:21:29,100 --> 03:21:31,500
life is defined by the tasks, 
you accomplish. 

3673
03:21:31,500 --> 03:21:36,000
And the penalties, you avoid. 
Now that the house is completely

3674
03:21:36,000 --> 03:21:38,700
awake. 
You can hear the sounds of Tudor

3675
03:21:38,700 --> 03:21:41,100
morning. 
Chaos starting upstairs demands 

3676
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,900
for hot water, clean, Linens and
precisely the right temperature 

3677
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:47,100
for breakfast will soon arise 
for now. 

3678
03:21:47,108 --> 03:21:50,000
However, you give yourself 
permission to enjoy the warmth 

3679
03:21:50,000 --> 03:21:51,800
and the silent fulfillment of a 
job. 

3680
03:21:51,800 --> 03:21:54,900
Well done, during this fleeting 
interval between the lighting of

3681
03:21:54,900 --> 03:22:00,100
fires and the start of actual 
chaos One fire at a time today, 

3682
03:22:00,100 --> 03:22:03,900
feels manageable, but tomorrow 
will bring the same routine in a

3683
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:07,000
Tudor home freshwater's. 
Like gold, only heavier and more

3684
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:09,200
prone to spill unexpectedly down
your front. 

3685
03:22:09,200 --> 03:22:12,800
Your arms are already objecting 
to the idea of carrying bucket, 

3686
03:22:12,800 --> 03:22:16,000
after Bucket from the courtyard 
Wells, to different locations 

3687
03:22:16,000 --> 03:22:17,500
throughout the house for your 
next task. 

3688
03:22:17,500 --> 03:22:21,000
Your ancestors would have likely
worship the, well as a minor 

3689
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:24,200
deity, because it is an 
engineering Marvel, you cannot 

3690
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:27,500
see the bottom because it is so 
profound when you release the 

3691
03:22:27,500 --> 03:22:30,200
bucket it disappears and to the 
darkness with a gratifying 

3692
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,600
Splash that resembles an 
underground cheer, pulling it 

3693
03:22:33,608 --> 03:22:36,300
back up without losing half the 
water due to physics and your 

3694
03:22:36,300 --> 03:22:38,000
incompetence as the true 
challenge. 

3695
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:41,100
Over the months, you've owned a 
method for this, that combines 

3696
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:45,500
prayer, dance, and careful, 
gravity negotiation When the 

3697
03:22:45,508 --> 03:22:48,700
bucket is properly full, the 
Rope has a certain feel to it, 

3698
03:22:48,700 --> 03:22:51,200
and you've mastered the art of 
reading its weight. 

3699
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:54,100
If the bucket is too light, it 
didn't fill properly. 

3700
03:22:54,100 --> 03:22:57,900
If it's too, heavy water will 
slosh over the rim and down your

3701
03:22:57,900 --> 03:22:59,800
sleeves quickly, getting you 
damp. 

3702
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:03,300
The first delivery is always 
made to the Master's chamber 

3703
03:23:03,300 --> 03:23:06,800
where it is anticipated that hot
water for washing will magically

3704
03:23:06,800 --> 03:23:09,600
materialize. 
You carefully balance the heavy 

3705
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:11,700
bucket as you ascend the narrow 
servant. 

3706
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:15,900
Stairs trying not to consider 
the consequences of slipping the

3707
03:23:15,900 --> 03:23:19,500
stairs, which are narrow Steep 
and seemed to move slightly each

3708
03:23:19,500 --> 03:23:22,200
time you use them. 
Obviously designed by someone 

3709
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:26,100
who never had to carry water up,
the your exactly on time because

3710
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:27,600
Master Thomas is already 
stirring. 

3711
03:23:27,600 --> 03:23:30,400
When you get there. 
As far as Tudor gentlemen, go, 

3712
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,400
he's a decent sort but he has 
the odd habit of talking to 

3713
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:35,900
himself. 
While shaving, not strange chat 

3714
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:38,200
mind you. 
But lengthy discussion about 

3715
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,000
crop rotation and Estate 
Management that imply. 

3716
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,100
He is either losing his sense of
reality or is extremely 

3717
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:47,200
committed to his job. 
As you fill his washing base 

3718
03:23:47,200 --> 03:23:49,400
with water and lay out his 
clothes for the day, you've 

3719
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,300
learned to ignore these 
soliloquies, the Mistress of the

3720
03:23:52,300 --> 03:23:55,500
house needs a completely 
different strategy, the warmth 

3721
03:23:55,500 --> 03:23:58,600
of a summer afternoon, in lady, 
Margaret's early years, which 

3722
03:23:58,600 --> 03:24:00,500
seems to exist. 
Only in her memory and your 

3723
03:24:00,500 --> 03:24:02,700
increasingly desperate attempt 
to recreate. 

3724
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,000
It is precisely what she has in 
mind. 

3725
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:06,900
When she talks about the 
temperature of water. 

3726
03:24:06,900 --> 03:24:12,000
Neither too hot nor too cold. 
By testing each bucket with your

3727
03:24:12,000 --> 03:24:14,900
wrist and making small 
adjustments until the water 

3728
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:18,200
reaches that fabled ideal 
temperature, you've created what

3729
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,100
you privately refer to as the 
Goldilocks technique. 

3730
03:24:21,800 --> 03:24:24,500
Her Chambers are amazed of 
delicate objects, that seem to 

3731
03:24:24,500 --> 03:24:26,000
multiply when you're not 
looking. 

3732
03:24:26,800 --> 03:24:29,700
Servants with buckets of water, 
could easily topple, the jewelry

3733
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:31,300
boxes. 
Silk, cushions, and silver 

3734
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:34,200
mirrors, all of, which were 
placed at precisely the right 

3735
03:24:34,200 --> 03:24:36,900
height and angle. 
You navigate this obstacle 

3736
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:40,200
course with the focus of a cat 
pursuing a mouse and showing 

3737
03:24:40,200 --> 03:24:42,400
that each step is meticulously 
planned. 

3738
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:46,600
And executed, The kitchen being 
the Hub of the home naturally. 

3739
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:49,600
Requires the most water. 
Water is necessary for 

3740
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:51,700
everything from washing 
vegetables, to Preparing, the 

3741
03:24:51,700 --> 03:24:56,000
days bread, according to the 
Cook Agnes, a formidable woman, 

3742
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:58,800
who rules, her realm with an 
iron laid off, and of a 

3743
03:24:58,808 --> 03:25:00,700
vocabulary that would make a 
sailor blush. 

3744
03:25:00,700 --> 03:25:03,500
She is also picky about her 
water sources. 

3745
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:06,100
Using rainwater to wash delicate
herbs. 

3746
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:08,900
Well, water for cooking and 
drinking and what she 

3747
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:12,000
enigmatically refers to as soft 
water for the best Pace. 

3748
03:25:12,000 --> 03:25:14,400
Trees by your fourth, visit to 
the well. 

3749
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:17,600
Your hands have grown new 
calluses to match the old ones 

3750
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:19,800
and your shoulders are 
complaining formally. 

3751
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:23,800
The walk to the Courtyard, the 
sound of the bucket, hitting the

3752
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:26,800
water and the steady Rhythm of 
the Rope passing through your 

3753
03:25:26,800 --> 03:25:29,100
hands or possess and meditative 
quality. 

3754
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:32,800
The kind of honest work that at 
the end of the day, leaves, you 

3755
03:25:32,800 --> 03:25:36,000
feeling content, but exhausted, 
you can smell breakfast, 

3756
03:25:36,000 --> 03:25:39,400
starting to take shape in the 
kitchen as the sun rises higher 

3757
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:42,700
bathing, the courtyard stones in
warm, Golden Light. 

3758
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,200
You can now look forward to the 
next part of your day which is 

3759
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:48,900
helping to prepare the food that
will sustain this small army of 

3760
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:51,900
nobles servants and Hangers On 
through another day of Tudor 

3761
03:25:51,900 --> 03:25:54,000
life. 
As your morning, water Duties 

3762
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:56,100
are almost complete. 
You've learned that. 

3763
03:25:56,100 --> 03:25:58,700
If you want to survive, you must
stay out of Agnes's way while 

3764
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:01,700
still being useful enough. 
To avoid her famous wooden spoon

3765
03:26:01,700 --> 03:26:05,500
to the rear Agnes, the cook 
managers, her kitchen like a 

3766
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:09,100
general leading troops. the 
kitchen is a unique environment 

3767
03:26:09,100 --> 03:26:12,400
that serves as a workshop, a 
Battleground and a sanctuary, 

3768
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:15,800
enabling the family to eat with 
remarkable efficiency, and 

3769
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:19,600
minimal disturbance, Your tasks 
for the morning is to assist in 

3770
03:26:19,600 --> 03:26:22,800
making breakfast, which in a 
Tudor home entails, preparing 

3771
03:26:22,800 --> 03:26:24,200
enough food to feed a small 
village. 

3772
03:26:24,200 --> 03:26:27,900
Although the Gentry may eat 
sparingly, they eat frequently 

3773
03:26:27,900 --> 03:26:31,000
and each meal must showcase the 
families abundance and wealth. 

3774
03:26:31,000 --> 03:26:34,600
There is no pressure at all. 
You start with the bread Agnes 

3775
03:26:34,600 --> 03:26:36,800
made Before Dawn. 
When you wanted to sleep more, 

3776
03:26:36,800 --> 03:26:40,200
it is your responsibility to 
slice it into appropriate 

3777
03:26:40,200 --> 03:26:43,600
portions that a uniform enough. 
That no one feels cheated by 

3778
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:47,100
their portion size, thin enough 
to demonstrate refinement and 

3779
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:48,800
thick enough to absorb meat 
juices. 

3780
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:52,500
It seems easy Until you realize 
that you're dealing with a knife

3781
03:26:52,500 --> 03:26:55,600
that has seen better days and 
bread that could be used as a 

3782
03:26:55,600 --> 03:26:58,100
weapon. 
Watching Agnes, perform her 

3783
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:00,800
magic with the mornings. 
Meet course is the true source 

3784
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:03,400
of entertainment. 
Just cooking a beef joint that 

3785
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:06,700
appears to be big enough to have
been from a very hopeful cow and

3786
03:27:06,700 --> 03:27:09,300
she tackles it with the laser 
like focus of a marble. 

3787
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:12,300
Her knife work is poetry in 
motion. 

3788
03:27:13,200 --> 03:27:16,900
Accurate effective and sometimes
laced with commentary about the 

3789
03:27:16,900 --> 03:27:19,800
origins of the meat that you're 
pretty certain isn't supported 

3790
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,300
by science. 
When you consider that Tudor 

3791
03:27:22,300 --> 03:27:24,700
eggs are produced by Tudor 
chickens, who have apparently, 

3792
03:27:24,700 --> 03:27:27,100
see laying eggs as a personal 
favorite, they are performing 

3793
03:27:27,108 --> 03:27:30,000
for Humanity. 
You realize that your assignment

3794
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:33,400
to rake duties, seems innocuous 
these eggs have personalities, 

3795
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:37,000
some are just plain, some have 
odd shapes and occasionally, you

3796
03:27:37,000 --> 03:27:39,700
come across one that challenges 
all of your preconceived notions

3797
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,600
about chickens. 
It's your responsibility to 

3798
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:45,400
classify them as better used for
throwing at traveling 

3799
03:27:45,400 --> 03:27:50,100
performers, normal and slightly 
suspicious Agnes, has committed 

3800
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,200
every minute of the meticulously
planned kitchen schedule to 

3801
03:27:53,200 --> 03:27:56,700
memory, just as the meat enters,
the oven, the bread exits. 

3802
03:27:56,700 --> 03:27:59,400
The vegetables are chopped 
according to the cooking time 

3803
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:01,000
depending on what is being 
prepared. 

3804
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:02,800
Different kinds of wood are fed 
Into the Fire. 

3805
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:06,300
Pine for when Agnes is feeling 
inventive with her. 

3806
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:09,600
Swearing apple, wood for flavor 
and Oak for consistent Heat. 

3807
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:13,100
You've learned to read the 
kitchens moods by watching 

3808
03:28:13,100 --> 03:28:16,700
Agnes's movements. 
The food will be amazing and 

3809
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:19,000
everything will be fine when 
she's coming to herself. 

3810
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:23,000
Minor catastrophes are Brewing, 
but are likely to be contained 

3811
03:28:23,000 --> 03:28:25,700
when she is muttering to 
herself, make yourself useful 

3812
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:29,200
somewhere else until the storm 
passes during which time she is 

3813
03:28:29,200 --> 03:28:32,400
completely silent except for the
piercing sounds of violent 

3814
03:28:32,400 --> 03:28:35,200
shopping. 
With its pricey seasoning that 

3815
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:37,300
cost more than most servants 
making a month. 

3816
03:28:37,308 --> 03:28:40,100
The spice cabinet is Agnes's, 
personal. 

3817
03:28:40,100 --> 03:28:43,500
Treasure Trove. 
She measures out exact amounts 

3818
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:47,300
with the solemnity of a priest. 
Making communion wine guarding 

3819
03:28:47,300 --> 03:28:51,200
these spices like a dragon 
guarding gold After learning 

3820
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,800
this lesson, the hard way after 
inadvertently knocking over a 

3821
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:57,800
container of imported pepper 
which took Agnes three months to

3822
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:01,000
replace and forgive your 
permitted to observe, but a 

3823
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:02,300
strictly prohibited from 
touching. 

3824
03:29:02,300 --> 03:29:06,100
The sounds of orderly chaos and 
the Aromas of cooking. 

3825
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:10,300
Fill the kitchen as the morning.
Where is on Pan Sizzle pots 

3826
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:14,400
bubble and Agnes the symphony 
with commentary that varies from

3827
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:18,600
uplifting to vividly descriptive
as you chop vegetables in time 

3828
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:20,400
with Agnes's directions, stir 
pots. 

3829
03:29:20,400 --> 03:29:23,300
In time with her humming and 
join in on the daily dance. 

3830
03:29:23,300 --> 03:29:25,900
In the kitchen, you discover 
yourself slipping into the 

3831
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:29,000
rhythm of it all. 
The servants breakfast happens 

3832
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:33,200
in Stolen Moments between tasks,
a quick bite of bread here, A 

3833
03:29:33,200 --> 03:29:35,900
Taste of porridge there. 
Always with one eye on Agnes to 

3834
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:38,100
make sure you're not slacking 
off when there's work to be 

3835
03:29:38,108 --> 03:29:39,700
done. 
Even if you didn't contribute 

3836
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:42,100
much, there's a certain 
satisfaction in eating food. 

3837
03:29:42,100 --> 03:29:46,500
You helped to prepare It's not a
glamorous dining experience by 

3838
03:29:46,500 --> 03:29:48,200
the time the Gentry is breakfast
is ready. 

3839
03:29:48,200 --> 03:29:50,900
You have developed a healthy 
appetite and a profound 

3840
03:29:50,900 --> 03:29:54,300
admiration for Agnes's Talent 
even though, you know, better 

3841
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:58,300
she makes feeding 40 people seem
effortless, every great meal 

3842
03:29:58,300 --> 03:30:02,000
requires years of practice hours
of preparation, and the 

3843
03:30:02,000 --> 03:30:04,100
occasional Miracle when 
everything works out. 

3844
03:30:04,100 --> 03:30:07,100
And spite of unreliable 
ingredients, and temperamental 

3845
03:30:07,100 --> 03:30:10,200
ovens. 
In a Tudor Manor House serving 

3846
03:30:10,200 --> 03:30:12,600
breakfast is similar to 
performing in a play where 

3847
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:15,500
everyone knows their part, 
except for you and forget, 

3848
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,300
getting your lines, has more 
serious repercussions than just 

3849
03:30:18,300 --> 03:30:21,200
embarrassment. 
The family and their guests of 

3850
03:30:21,200 --> 03:30:24,000
gathered in the Magnificent hall
for the morning's meticulously 

3851
03:30:24,000 --> 03:30:25,900
planned exhibition of wealth and
sophistication. 

3852
03:30:25,900 --> 03:30:30,600
And you carry the first platters
inside with its high ceilings 

3853
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:33,800
enormous, wooden beams and 
tapestries that most likely cost

3854
03:30:33,800 --> 03:30:36,100
more than your entire Village 
made the previous year. 

3855
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:38,900
The Magnificent Hall is built to
impress. 

3856
03:30:39,800 --> 03:30:42,800
The room is dominated by the 
long oak table which has been 

3857
03:30:42,808 --> 03:30:44,800
polished to a Sheen that 
reflects the morning. 

3858
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:47,900
Light, coming in through the 
tool Windows, this family is 

3859
03:30:47,900 --> 03:30:50,900
Rich tasteful and sensible 
enough to show it. 

3860
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:55,100
After weeks of practice and a 
few mishaps that have become 

3861
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,300
family Legends, you have 
committed the serving protocol 

3862
03:30:58,300 --> 03:31:02,000
to memory, never reach across. 
Someone serve from the left 

3863
03:31:02,000 --> 03:31:05,800
clear from the right and never 
ever spill anything on lady, 

3864
03:31:05,800 --> 03:31:09,600
Margaret's morning gown. 
Story about you a picture of 

3865
03:31:09,600 --> 03:31:12,700
cream and addressed that was 
more expensive than most 

3866
03:31:12,700 --> 03:31:15,300
people's homes led to the 
creation of that final rule. 

3867
03:31:16,300 --> 03:31:18,900
Master Thomas, and His Stewart 
or already deep in conversation 

3868
03:31:18,900 --> 03:31:21,900
at the head of the table about 
tenant rents and crop yields. 

3869
03:31:21,900 --> 03:31:24,900
You've learned to respect his 
ability to talk about grain 

3870
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:27,200
prices while eating a fantastic 
deal. 

3871
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:30,600
He eats breakfast like someone 
who has never worried about food

3872
03:31:30,600 --> 03:31:32,700
but it could feed his family for
a week. 

3873
03:31:33,500 --> 03:31:36,800
Lady Margaret, who was born to 
command attention overseas the 

3874
03:31:36,800 --> 03:31:39,200
meal with Grace. 
You've always thought it should 

3875
03:31:39,208 --> 03:31:41,900
be impossible for her to look 
elegant while eating but it 

3876
03:31:41,908 --> 03:31:44,700
turns out that all it takes is 
the correct breeding and enough 

3877
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:47,000
practice. 
The discussion ranges from 

3878
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:50,600
London, fashion news to local, 
rumors to scathing remarks about

3879
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,100
the conduct of different 
servants, which undoubtedly 

3880
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:57,700
includes you a revolving cast of
local Gentry traveling merchants

3881
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:00,200
and distant relatives who have 
come for visits of unknown 

3882
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:04,100
duration, make up the tables 
guests, each brings their quirks

3883
03:32:04,100 --> 03:32:06,800
and requirements. 
So William always prefers to 

3884
03:32:06,800 --> 03:32:08,600
have his meat cut into small 
enough pieces. 

3885
03:32:08,600 --> 03:32:11,100
So that is remaining teeth. 
Won't have to work as hard. 

3886
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:14,500
The merchants wife need to 
bread, trenches to be perfectly 

3887
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,300
square, serving. 
The visiting Yorkshire cousin is

3888
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:20,400
a diplomatic smile exercise, 
because she maintains that 

3889
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:22,900
everything north of the river. 
Trent is better than everything 

3890
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:27,600
South even the water Refilling 
wine cups, swapping out, empty 

3891
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:30,200
platters, and attempting to 
blend in with the background 

3892
03:32:30,200 --> 03:32:31,800
noise while under constant 
scrutiny. 

3893
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:35,900
You move through the room with 
practice efficiency, being 

3894
03:32:35,900 --> 03:32:38,800
present enough to anticipate 
needs while remaining discreet 

3895
03:32:38,800 --> 03:32:41,300
enough for your employers to act
as though you don't exist when 

3896
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:44,000
it suits them. 
Is the art of excellent service,

3897
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,600
you've learned Politics, the 
weather, your neighbors and The 

3898
03:32:47,600 --> 03:32:50,900
Perennial Tudor, preoccupation 
with who is marrying whom and 

3899
03:32:50,900 --> 03:32:53,400
why are all topics of 
conversation that swirl around 

3900
03:32:53,400 --> 03:32:56,900
you like a river around Stones? 
You learn tidbits of information

3901
03:32:56,900 --> 03:33:00,100
that depict a world far bigger 
than the manor house including 

3902
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,600
news from the continent, stories
about events in London and 

3903
03:33:03,600 --> 03:33:06,800
rumors about the Royal Court 
that seep through social strata.

3904
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:10,100
Like rain through leaves, 
sometimes when the formal 

3905
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:13,200
performance falters and genuine 
affection is evident, you can 

3906
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:15,200
see glimmers of warmth between 
family members. 

3907
03:33:16,600 --> 03:33:18,700
When their oldest son mentioned 
a persistent cough. 

3908
03:33:18,700 --> 03:33:21,600
Lady Margaret. 
Expresses genuine concern 

3909
03:33:21,600 --> 03:33:24,000
Master. 
Thomas makes his wife laugh with

3910
03:33:24,000 --> 03:33:26,700
a private joke and the younger 
kids momentarily. 

3911
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:29,400
Lose their table manners as they
get excited about the 

3912
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:33,100
afternoon's planes. 
With several meet courses, fresh

3913
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:37,100
bread, preserved, fruits cheese,
that smells like it could Rouse 

3914
03:33:37,100 --> 03:33:40,800
the dead and why that flows more
freely than water in most homes.

3915
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,500
The meal itself is a Marvel of 
abundant. 

3916
03:33:43,500 --> 03:33:46,600
Every napkin is folded with 
mathematical accuracy. 

3917
03:33:46,600 --> 03:33:50,700
Every cup is filled the exact 
level and every dish is 

3918
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:54,500
presented exquisitely. 
It's a daily demonstration that 

3919
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:57,500
this family is not only 
survived, but thrived in a world

3920
03:33:57,500 --> 03:33:59,300
where such success is never 
guaranteed. 

3921
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:03,000
You start the delicate task of 
clearing the table as breakfast 

3922
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,700
comes to an end without 
interfering with the ongoing 

3923
03:34:05,700 --> 03:34:10,200
conversations for this. 
You need timing patience and the

3924
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:13,200
ability to discern when someone 
is actually done with a dish 

3925
03:34:13,200 --> 03:34:16,700
rather than just stopping to 
point out grain tariffs, You've 

3926
03:34:16,700 --> 03:34:20,000
honed your intuition for these 
instances, recognizing the 

3927
03:34:20,000 --> 03:34:22,700
subtle cues that signal. 
When it's appropriate to grab an

3928
03:34:22,700 --> 03:34:26,100
empty plate, you've walked miles
around the wonderful Hall, 

3929
03:34:26,100 --> 03:34:29,400
balance to gazillion dishes, and
managed to avoid any major 

3930
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:32,300
disaster by the time, the family
scattered off to their different

3931
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:35,300
morning activities. 
Although, they may seem small 

3932
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:36,900
victories are important in a 
world. 

3933
03:34:36,908 --> 03:34:39,300
Where your livelihood depends 
on, not dropping things on 

3934
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:42,600
important people, you'll take 
success, wherever you can find 

3935
03:34:42,600 --> 03:34:46,000
it, every surface in the manor 
house, whether it needs it or 

3936
03:34:46,000 --> 03:34:48,600
not gets attention during the 
massive cleaning campaign that 

3937
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:52,000
follows breakfast, you have 
brushes rags and a bucket of 

3938
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:55,200
water that was hot when you 
began, but it is now called to 

3939
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:57,200
the ideal temperature for 
reflecting on your life to 

3940
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:00,900
Breakfast. 
The Great Hall needs extra care 

3941
03:35:00,900 --> 03:35:03,200
and you tackle. 
This chore with the methodical 

3942
03:35:03,200 --> 03:35:05,400
attention to detail of a 
military operation. 

3943
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:09,400
You start by sweeping the floors
rushes which have gathered a 

3944
03:35:09,400 --> 03:35:11,600
remarkable assortment of trash 
from the mornings of ends, 

3945
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:15,000
throwing food, scraps to the 
dogs is a part of Tudor dining 

3946
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:17,300
and occasionally. 
The aim is not quite perfect. 

3947
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:21,000
The Russians themselves are a 
constant source of mild horror 

3948
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:24,000
and fascination. 
In addition, to providing a soft

3949
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:27,400
surface For Walkin On and 
absorbing spills, they also hold

3950
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:30,700
on to insect smells and 
enigmatic stains that if they 

3951
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:33,700
could speak could reveal Secrets
those are stories. 

3952
03:35:33,700 --> 03:35:36,700
You would rather not hear the 
secret is to replace them 

3953
03:35:36,700 --> 03:35:39,900
frequently enough to preserve 
basic hygiene without wasting 

3954
03:35:39,900 --> 03:35:44,400
money on spending materials. 
The Magnificent table which has 

3955
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:45,900
seen more life than most people 
and bears. 

3956
03:35:45,908 --> 03:35:48,700
The scars of it is the next 
piece of furniture, you polish, 

3957
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:52,400
when properly cared for the 
would still shines with a deep 

3958
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:55,700
richness despite being scarred 
by knives stained by wine and 

3959
03:35:55,700 --> 03:35:59,300
worn down by years of use, Your 
reflection wave is in its 

3960
03:35:59,300 --> 03:36:03,000
surface like a funhouse mirror 
distorted, but recognizable. 

3961
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:07,500
A tapestry is present the true 
difficulty, requiring closer, 

3962
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:11,000
attention and a thorough 
comprehension of which ones are 

3963
03:36:11,000 --> 03:36:14,300
genuinely cleanable, and which 
are held together by dirt and 

3964
03:36:14,300 --> 03:36:17,200
obstinacy. 
The hunting scene on the East 

3965
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:19,500
wall is a specialty Troublesome 
because lady Margaret and 

3966
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:21,000
demands. 
That the threads be kept dust 

3967
03:36:21,000 --> 03:36:24,300
free despite the fact that they 
are so delicate that breathing 

3968
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:26,500
on them to forcefully could 
seriously harm them. 

3969
03:36:28,000 --> 03:36:30,200
You've mastered the art of 
delicately brushing and 

3970
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:33,000
fervently praying to whatever 
patron saint is in charge of 

3971
03:36:33,008 --> 03:36:36,200
household textiles. 
Well, Agnes, prepares the 

3972
03:36:36,208 --> 03:36:38,600
afternoon. 
Feast you have a quick break at 

3973
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,000
noon to eat your meal in the 
kitchen with the other servants,

3974
03:36:41,000 --> 03:36:44,100
in the servants. 
Table rank is less important 

3975
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:47,000
than who gets the bread first 
and who dares to ask for 

3976
03:36:47,000 --> 03:36:50,000
seconds. 
When Agnes is upset, practical 

3977
03:36:50,000 --> 03:36:52,900
topics dominate the 
conversation, such as which 

3978
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:55,600
rooms require the most 
attention, who has been tasked 

3979
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:58,100
with maintaining, the north 
Wings temperamental chimney. 

3980
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:00,900
And whether the Masters visiting
nephew will ever learn how to 

3981
03:37:00,908 --> 03:37:04,900
use a chamber pot correctly, 
Breakfast appears to be a light 

3982
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:07,700
snack as the afternoon serving 
responsibilities start with 

3983
03:37:07,700 --> 03:37:11,600
dinner, the days main course. 
The kitchen sends forth a parade

3984
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:14,300
of dishes that were challenged 
the organizational skills of a 

3985
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:16,500
Roman legion multiple meet 
courses. 

3986
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:19,500
Elaborate pies. 
Vegetables prepared in ways that

3987
03:37:19,500 --> 03:37:22,700
disguise their humble Origins 
and deserts that are more 

3988
03:37:22,700 --> 03:37:26,300
architecture than food You can 
tell how long a meal will take 

3989
03:37:26,300 --> 03:37:29,500
and how hard it will be by 
listening to the noise level and

3990
03:37:29,500 --> 03:37:33,000
the wine consumption rate from 
the servants entrance formal 

3991
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:35,900
service in a keen eye for 
detail, are necessary for a 

3992
03:37:35,900 --> 03:37:39,900
quiet, restrained meal, there 
will be more wine or stories and

3993
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:42,300
a lot more clean up after a 
boisterous joyous dinner. 

3994
03:37:43,100 --> 03:37:46,200
The conversation is Lively. 
But polite, the wine is Flowing,

3995
03:37:46,200 --> 03:37:49,100
but not overflowing and the 
guests appear more focused on 

3996
03:37:49,108 --> 03:37:51,400
the food than on making 
memorable mishaps. 

3997
03:37:51,400 --> 03:37:55,000
Today's meal is in the middle, 
you move through your duties 

3998
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:57,200
with the smoother efficiency 
that comes from months of 

3999
03:37:57,208 --> 03:38:00,900
practice and anticipating needs 
before their expressed and 

4000
03:38:00,900 --> 03:38:03,500
solving small problems. 
Before they become large ones 

4001
03:38:03,500 --> 03:38:07,000
through necessity and repeated 
practice, you've learned how to 

4002
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:09,200
refill wine cups without 
disrupting crucial 

4003
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:12,100
conversations. 
When someone reaches the point 

4004
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:15,600
in their story where dramatic 
gestures are required, it takes 

4005
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,300
precise, timing, silent movement
and the capacity to temporarily 

4006
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:22,100
disappear. 
You now know which Patron take 

4007
03:38:22,100 --> 03:38:24,600
service interruptions. 
Well and which view them as 

4008
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:27,400
personal slights. 
You find yourself slipping into 

4009
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:30,400
the well known service Rhythm as
the afternoon wears on and the 

4010
03:38:30,408 --> 03:38:34,200
meal continues its leisurely 
progression watch and anticipate

4011
03:38:34,200 --> 03:38:38,700
act Retreat, repeat. 
It's hard work that needs 

4012
03:38:38,700 --> 03:38:41,000
continuous Focus. 
But there's a sense of 

4013
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:43,600
accomplishment when you do it 
well and contribute to the 

4014
03:38:43,600 --> 03:38:46,200
efficient operation, that keeps 
the manor house running like a 

4015
03:38:46,200 --> 03:38:49,500
well-kept machine. 
The warm after noon light, 

4016
03:38:49,500 --> 03:38:52,000
pouring Through the Windows 
slowly, fills the dining room, 

4017
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:55,400
Illuminating everything with 
gold and Hues that in part the 

4018
03:38:55,400 --> 03:38:57,300
most ordinary chores and magical
touch. 

4019
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:01,200
You occasionally gain a glimpse 
of what makes this life bearable

4020
03:39:01,200 --> 03:39:03,900
in these moments between the 
pressure to be perfect and the 

4021
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:07,300
demands of service. 
The daily Miracle of abundance 

4022
03:39:07,300 --> 03:39:11,200
in a world where such plenty is 
far from guaranteed, the small 

4023
03:39:11,200 --> 03:39:14,900
community of fellow servants and
the quiet pride of work done. 

4024
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:18,500
Well, your role changes from 
servant to defender of domestic 

4025
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:21,000
order as the afternoon turns 
into evening. 

4026
03:39:21,000 --> 03:39:23,800
And the manor house starts to 
transition from daytime 

4027
03:39:23,800 --> 03:39:25,900
productivity to nighttime 
Comfort. 

4028
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,500
Although, the evening meal known
as supper is usually lighter 

4029
03:39:29,500 --> 03:39:32,200
than dinner, it is just a 
significant in Tudor social 

4030
03:39:32,200 --> 03:39:34,500
life. 
You start by getting the Great 

4031
03:39:34,500 --> 03:39:37,200
Hall, ready for the evening of 
events which could range from 

4032
03:39:37,200 --> 03:39:39,800
Sombra business talks to 
spontaneous musical performance 

4033
03:39:39,800 --> 03:39:44,200
is by visitors who might or 
might not be truly talented, The

4034
03:39:44,208 --> 03:39:47,000
furniture is set up to promote 
the proper kind of socializing. 

4035
03:39:47,000 --> 03:39:50,200
The candles and oil lamps are 
lit and placed to provide both 

4036
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,200
illumination and atmosphere. 
And the Russians are 

4037
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:55,600
replenished. 
Where necessary you've mastered 

4038
03:39:55,600 --> 03:39:58,800
the art of lighting, the evening
lamps for a great deal of trial 

4039
03:39:58,800 --> 03:40:01,000
and error. 
Insufficient light causes 

4040
03:40:01,000 --> 03:40:04,900
everyone to squint and trip. 
Excessive light produces harsh 

4041
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:07,800
Shadows, that make even the 
friendliest visitors appear to 

4042
03:40:07,800 --> 03:40:10,400
be plotting. 
Rebellion The ideal lighting 

4043
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:13,300
creates a cozy welcoming 
Ambience that enhances 

4044
03:40:13,300 --> 03:40:16,800
everyone's appearance and 
encourages Frank conversation 

4045
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:21,300
and loose, purse strings. 
The formal choreography of 

4046
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:23,600
dinner calls for a different 
approach than supper service. 

4047
03:40:23,600 --> 03:40:28,100
Delicate, pastries, carefully, 
chosen cheeses, fruits preserved

4048
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:30,800
in, Honey, and spices that cost 
more than a servants monthly 

4049
03:40:30,800 --> 03:40:34,100
salary and wine that has been 
chosen the species to promote. 

4050
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:37,100
Clever, conversation and 
beneficial business deals are 

4051
03:40:37,100 --> 03:40:39,900
all examples of food that is 
meant to enhance wine and 

4052
03:40:39,900 --> 03:40:42,600
conversation rather than take 
Center Stage. 

4053
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:46,100
Like weather patterns, you've 
learned to read the social 

4054
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:48,600
undercurrents in the room and 
know when a seemingly casual 

4055
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,500
conversation is really a 
negotiation when laughter 

4056
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:54,400
signals genuine, Amusement 
versus polite obligation. 

4057
03:40:54,400 --> 03:40:57,200
And when it's time to make sure 
some wine cups are refilled. 

4058
03:40:57,200 --> 03:41:00,200
More often than others, the 
smallest adjustments to comfort 

4059
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:03,000
an Ambience frequently determine
how well the evening goes. 

4060
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:06,200
During evening activities, the 
house kids posed their own 

4061
03:41:06,200 --> 03:41:09,400
special difficulties. 
The estate are young. 

4062
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:12,600
Master Edmund is in that 
delightful stage of life when he

4063
03:41:12,600 --> 03:41:15,800
feels too old to act like a 
child, but isn't disciplined 

4064
03:41:15,800 --> 03:41:19,400
enough to refrain from it on a 
regular basis, it is concerning 

4065
03:41:19,400 --> 03:41:21,800
that his sister Catherine has 
taken to posing pointed 

4066
03:41:21,800 --> 03:41:25,900
questions about why servants are
illiterate and whether God truly

4067
03:41:25,900 --> 03:41:27,900
intended for some people to live
in luxury. 

4068
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:31,900
While others workers chamber pot
empty, as these discussions need

4069
03:41:31,900 --> 03:41:35,000
to be carefully steered and 
strategically redirected toward 

4070
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:39,100
less philosophically problematic
subjects. as the evening wears 

4071
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:42,600
on your responsibilities, go 
beyond providing service to 

4072
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:46,000
include preserving The Fragile, 
social ecology that keeps the 

4073
03:41:46,000 --> 03:41:49,500
home running efficiently, This 
entails handling, the delicate 

4074
03:41:49,500 --> 03:41:52,500
Logistics of seating 
arrangements, making sure that 

4075
03:41:52,500 --> 03:41:55,500
particular guests avoid striking
up conversations with 

4076
03:41:55,500 --> 03:41:58,500
particular, other guests and 
occasionally generating 

4077
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:01,500
diplomatic diversions when 
conversations Veer into areas 

4078
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:03,700
that could cause resentment or 
undermine honor. 

4079
03:42:04,400 --> 03:42:07,700
The visiting Merchants need 
special consideration because 

4080
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,800
they offer the chance for 
lucrative trade as well as the 

4081
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:13,800
possibility of catastrophe. 
If they are offended by 

4082
03:42:13,800 --> 03:42:17,600
perceived slights or poor 
hospitality, Bristols. 

4083
03:42:17,600 --> 03:42:20,400
Wine merchant has brought 
samples of his best Imports for 

4084
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:22,700
tonight and the success of the 
evening. 

4085
03:42:22,700 --> 03:42:24,900
Could mean the difference 
between the households wine 

4086
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:28,700
cellar being restocked with 
excellent vintages, or having to

4087
03:42:28,700 --> 03:42:31,400
settle for local substitutes 
that tastes like they were aged 

4088
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:33,900
and Boots. 
Went to William pulls out of 

4089
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:35,500
Luke. 
That is seen better decades and 

4090
03:42:35,500 --> 03:42:38,700
starts what he optimistically 
refers to a singing music 

4091
03:42:38,700 --> 03:42:42,500
naturally starts. 
Since he has a night, he cannot 

4092
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:45,400
be directly dissuaded from 
sharing his artistic talents. 

4093
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:48,800
Even though his voice has all 
the melodic charm of a cart with

4094
03:42:48,800 --> 03:42:52,500
ungreased wheels to help other 
guests deal with uncontrollable 

4095
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:55,500
musical experiences, you've 
learned to strategically place 

4096
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:58,900
yourself close to the wine. 
The evening's conversation flows

4097
03:42:58,900 --> 03:43:02,200
through topics, both weighty and
trivial news from London, 

4098
03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:05,900
speculation about the Harvest, 
detailed discussions of 

4099
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:09,700
neighbors romantic scandals and 
the Eternal Tudor fascination 

4100
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:13,000
with whose rising in Royal favor
and whose falling from Grace. 

4101
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:16,900
You take in bits and pieces of 
this knowledge, while preserving

4102
03:43:16,900 --> 03:43:20,500
the appearance of invisible 
efficiency, creating a mental 

4103
03:43:20,500 --> 03:43:23,900
map of The Wider World outside, 
the walls of the manor. the 

4104
03:43:23,908 --> 03:43:27,100
social energy gradually turns 
toward reflection and getting 

4105
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:30,300
ready for sleep as the night, 
grows darker and the candlelight

4106
03:43:30,300 --> 03:43:34,000
fades, Though these initial 
departure announcements, usually

4107
03:43:34,000 --> 03:43:37,100
come at least an hour before the
actual departure, the guests 

4108
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:39,900
start making polite noises about
early mornings and long rides 

4109
03:43:39,900 --> 03:43:41,900
home. 
Followed by more conversation 

4110
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:45,700
final toasts and repeated thanks
for the hospitality of the day. 

4111
03:43:46,700 --> 03:43:49,300
Facilitating graceful, endings 
is your responsibility. 

4112
03:43:49,300 --> 03:43:52,500
During these closing ceremonies,
you must make sure that 

4113
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,500
departing guests have their 
belongings that their horses are

4114
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:58,800
ready that they have traveling 
provisions and that their last 

4115
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:02,100
impressions of the hospitality 
of the household, a favorable 

4116
03:44:02,100 --> 03:44:05,200
enough to encourage them to 
return and to provide positive 

4117
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:06,800
reports to their own Social 
Circles. 

4118
03:44:08,300 --> 03:44:10,900
Like an elderly dog settling 
into its favorite spot by the 

4119
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:13,100
fire. 
The house becomes quiet in the 

4120
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:15,800
evening. 
As the last guests leave and the

4121
03:44:15,800 --> 03:44:18,600
family withdraws to their 
private quarters leaving the 

4122
03:44:18,600 --> 03:44:21,300
pleasant remnants of a 
successful day of hospitality 

4123
03:44:21,300 --> 03:44:23,600
your last tasks of the Day 
begin. 

4124
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:28,300
After a day of meals meetings 
and social events you start the 

4125
03:44:28,300 --> 03:44:31,500
evening clean up in the Great 
Hall by working by Lamplight to 

4126
03:44:31,500 --> 03:44:33,300
bring order back to the mild 
chaos. 

4127
03:44:34,000 --> 03:44:36,700
Every company needs to be 
gathered and cleaned every 

4128
03:44:36,700 --> 03:44:40,300
platter needs to be scraped and 
scrubbed and every surface needs

4129
03:44:40,300 --> 03:44:43,100
to be wiped down and ready for 
the repeated use tomorrow. 

4130
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:47,300
This task calls for methodical 
attention, there are 

4131
03:44:47,300 --> 03:44:49,700
opportunities and 
responsibilities associated with

4132
03:44:49,700 --> 03:44:53,400
the leftover food in a Tudor 
home, where the threat of poor 

4133
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:56,500
harvests and uncertain times 
makes every food scrap valuable.

4134
03:44:56,500 --> 03:45:00,400
Nothing edible is wasted. 
The excess from tonight will be 

4135
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:03,700
eaten by the servants tomorrow. 
And what's left over will be fed

4136
03:45:03,700 --> 03:45:07,100
to the pigs Dogg's and 
eventually the compost pile that

4137
03:45:07,100 --> 03:45:10,100
will nourish the garden. 
The following year, it's a cycle

4138
03:45:10,100 --> 03:45:12,800
of conservation and plenty that 
reflects the common sense of 

4139
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:15,000
those who realized that success 
is never assured. 

4140
03:45:15,000 --> 03:45:18,400
You work alongside your fellow 
servants in the comfortable 

4141
03:45:18,400 --> 03:45:21,600
Silence of shared labor, each 
person focused on their 

4142
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:24,900
particular tasks, but aware of 
the others movements and needs 

4143
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:27,900
compared to the hurried 
officials of daytime service. 

4144
03:45:27,900 --> 03:45:30,900
This evening work has a 
different Rhythm that is more 

4145
03:45:30,900 --> 03:45:34,200
laid back and reflective and 
allows for the occasional quiet 

4146
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:36,200
joke or commentary on the days 
of events. 

4147
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:39,900
Agnes comes out of her kingdom 
in the kitchen, to look over the

4148
03:45:39,900 --> 03:45:43,500
days of events, the critical eye
documenting every step of the 

4149
03:45:43,500 --> 03:45:46,900
cleanup. she demands that her 
domain be adequately prepared 

4150
03:45:46,900 --> 03:45:50,400
for the campaigns of the future,
but she also gives out a lot of 

4151
03:45:50,400 --> 03:45:54,100
Praise when the work satisfies, 
her high expectations She 

4152
03:45:54,108 --> 03:45:56,600
acknowledges your efforts to 
night with a knot of approval 

4153
03:45:56,600 --> 03:45:59,700
and adds that fresh bread and 
cheese have been prepared for 

4154
03:45:59,700 --> 03:46:02,800
the servants evening meal High, 
Praise indeed from the 

4155
03:46:02,800 --> 03:46:05,300
Undisputed, King of the kitchen 
thereafter. 

4156
03:46:05,300 --> 03:46:06,900
The serving rooms need to be 
cleaned. 

4157
03:46:06,900 --> 03:46:09,400
So you make your way up the 
well-known stairs. 

4158
03:46:09,400 --> 03:46:12,500
Once more with new Limbs and the
other items required to get the 

4159
03:46:12,500 --> 03:46:15,600
family's private areas, ready 
for the evening, it is necessary

4160
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:18,700
to lay out Master Thomas's bed, 
linens and replenishes washing 

4161
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:21,900
water in his chamber. 
More intricate arrangements and 

4162
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:25,100
needed in lady Margaret's rooms.
The clothing needs to be hung 

4163
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:27,900
correctly. 
The jewelry fastened and her, or

4164
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:29,800
Nate hairpieces set up for use 
the next day. 

4165
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:32,500
There are particular 
difficulties in the children's 

4166
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:35,100
rooms. 
Young Master Edmund has made it 

4167
03:46:35,100 --> 03:46:37,600
a habit to conceal of a variety 
of treasures beneath, his 

4168
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:40,800
mattress forming lumps. 
That would prevent anyone who is

4169
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:43,300
not as committed to protecting 
his hidden collections from 

4170
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:46,400
sleeping comfortably. 
One of the households small 

4171
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:49,600
Mysteries is who attend year old
girl might be writing to but his

4172
03:46:49,600 --> 03:46:52,100
sister Catherine has started. 
What seems to be a lengthy 

4173
03:46:52,100 --> 03:46:55,400
correspondence with someone as 
you complete these evening 

4174
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:57,000
chores. 
You discover that you enjoy the 

4175
03:46:57,000 --> 03:46:59,000
more subdued rhythms of working 
at night. 

4176
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:02,900
Instead of rushing to the next 
commitment, there is a sense of 

4177
03:47:02,908 --> 03:47:06,900
bringing the day to a satisfying
end, less pressure and more time

4178
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:11,800
to notice details at night, the 
house seems different more cozy,

4179
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:15,600
more Serene, with the comforting
sounds of stone and wood cooling

4180
03:47:15,600 --> 03:47:19,400
from the heat of the day at the 
end of a long day, your chamber,

4181
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:21,900
which you share with two other 
servants, seems more inviting 

4182
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:24,900
than ever. 
Now the straw mattress that felt

4183
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:28,000
so uncomfortable this morning 
stands for the possibility of 

4184
03:47:28,008 --> 03:47:30,600
relaxation and the chance to 
rest weary muscles. 

4185
03:47:30,600 --> 03:47:34,100
Even though they are few your 
possessions are waiting for you,

4186
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:36,200
right? 
Where you left them, a tiny bit 

4187
03:47:36,200 --> 03:47:39,000
of privacy and a life that is 
mostly devoted to meeting the 

4188
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:42,600
needs of others. 
You pause before bed to consider

4189
03:47:42,600 --> 03:47:44,400
the day's minor triumphs and 
doable. 

4190
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:46,600
Setbacks your efforts to be 
helpful. 

4191
03:47:46,600 --> 03:47:49,800
Resulted in the timely, lighting
of the fires, the Safe 

4192
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,800
Transportation of water, the 
serving of the meals without 

4193
03:47:52,800 --> 03:47:55,900
great embarrassment and the 
absence of any serious injuries.

4194
03:47:57,000 --> 03:47:59,000
These may appear to be small 
achievements. 

4195
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:02,200
In the context of Tudor England,
intricate social structure. 

4196
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:06,400
But they Mark the successful 
conclusion of another workday in

4197
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:09,300
a society that values competence
and dependability. 

4198
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:11,700
The same routine will be 
followed tomorrow. 

4199
03:48:11,700 --> 03:48:15,600
The early Bell lighting, the 
fires carrying the water and the

4200
03:48:15,600 --> 03:48:18,400
never-ending cycle of 
Maintenance that keeps the manor

4201
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:20,900
house running smoothly, and its 
occupants comfortable. 

4202
03:48:20,900 --> 03:48:24,200
But tonight, you provide 
yourself permission to enjoy the

4203
03:48:24,200 --> 03:48:27,700
small pleasures of a day. 
Well, lived one little task at a

4204
03:48:27,700 --> 03:48:29,200
time. 
While you are wrapped in the 

4205
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:31,500
quiet satisfaction of having 
finished your work, and 

4206
03:48:31,500 --> 03:48:34,600
fulfilled your obligations. 
Thanks in part to your efforts 

4207
03:48:34,600 --> 03:48:37,400
and those of your fellow 
servants, the house around, you 

4208
03:48:37,400 --> 03:48:40,400
falls asleep, its occupants, 
safe and comfortable. 

4209
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:44,600
It's honest work in uncertain 
times and while it may not lead 

4210
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:47,500
to immense fortune or lasting 
Fame, it provides something 

4211
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:51,300
equally valuable the steady 
rhythm of purposeful days and 

4212
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:53,900
the quiet, Dignity of 
contributing to something larger

4213
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:57,200
than yourself, sleep comes 
naturally to weary bodies and 

4214
03:48:57,200 --> 03:49:00,600
contented minds and the problems
of Tomorrow can wait until 

4215
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:03,300
morning. 
For now, the act of Simply 

4216
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:06,600
closing your eyes and allowing 
the day struggles to melt away 

4217
03:49:06,600 --> 03:49:09,000
into the Cozy. 
Darkness of Wellington sleep is 

4218
03:49:09,000 --> 03:49:10,700
the definition of rest and 
tranquility. 

4219
03:49:16,900 --> 03:49:19,800
Before Neil Armstrong became the
celestial figure of American 

4220
03:49:19,800 --> 03:49:22,300
mythology. 
He was a boy obsessed with the 

4221
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:25,400
mechanics of flight. 
Armstrong's Fascination ran 

4222
03:49:25,400 --> 03:49:28,300
deeper than the conventional 
Narrative of an innocent child 

4223
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,800
staring at the sky, dreaming of 
one day touching the Stars. 

4224
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:35,500
His was a mind enamored with the
intricacies of how things 

4225
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:38,500
worked. 
Armstrong was born in 1931, 

4226
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:41,600
during the peak of Aviation 
advancement when the design of 

4227
03:49:41,600 --> 03:49:45,200
aircraft was rapidly changing 
after the first world war at age

4228
03:49:45,200 --> 03:49:47,200
six, he experienced his first 
airplane. 

4229
03:49:47,200 --> 03:49:50,000
Ride in a Ford tri-motor 
nicknamed the tin. 

4230
03:49:50,000 --> 03:49:53,700
Goose, Unlike the romanticized 
accounts that pervaded most 

4231
03:49:53,708 --> 03:49:57,400
retellings, Armstrong's reaction
wasn't one of wide-eyed Wonder 

4232
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:00,200
instead. 
His first flight triggered and 

4233
03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:03,300
analytical curiosity. 
According to his biographer 

4234
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,800
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 
the flight studying the pilots 

4235
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:11,000
movements watching the control, 
surfaces respond and trying to 

4236
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:14,100
decipher, the relationship 
between action and reaction. 

4237
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:18,400
His bedroom in wapka Nita, Ohio 
wasn't decorated with the 

4238
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:21,400
typical space, posters that 
would become in the 1950s. 

4239
03:50:21,400 --> 03:50:25,000
Instead Armstrong built 
intricate model are planes with 

4240
03:50:25,000 --> 03:50:29,300
functional control, surfaces not
for display, but for testing he 

4241
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:31,800
constructed a makeshift wind 
tunnel in his basement using his

4242
03:50:31,800 --> 03:50:33,600
mother's vacuum cleaner running 
in reverse. 

4243
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:37,500
While other children played 
baseball, Armstrong conducted 

4244
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:41,100
aerodynamic experiments 
meticulously recording results 

4245
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:43,800
in notebooks filled with 
calculations Beyond his years, 

4246
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:47,800
by 16 Armstrong had earned his 
pilot's license before he could 

4247
03:50:47,800 --> 03:50:51,000
legally drive a car. 
He didn't pursue flying for the 

4248
03:50:51,000 --> 03:50:53,700
Thriller romance. 
So commonly attributed to early 

4249
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:57,800
aviators for him, piloting was 
the practical application of 

4250
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:01,600
engineering principles a way to 
test theories against reality. 

4251
03:51:02,700 --> 03:51:06,300
This pragmatic approach followed
him to Purdue University where 

4252
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:07,700
he studied Aeronautical, 
Engineering. 

4253
03:51:08,900 --> 03:51:11,700
His professors noted that while 
other students were satisfied 

4254
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:14,600
with, theoretical understanding 
Armstrong, constantly questioned

4255
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:19,100
how principles might manifest in
unusual flight conditions, the 

4256
03:51:19,100 --> 03:51:22,100
result wasn't the mindset of a 
future dead devil, but of a 

4257
03:51:22,100 --> 03:51:24,500
methodical Problem Solver with 
an engineer's attention to 

4258
03:51:24,500 --> 03:51:27,400
detail. 
When the Korean War interrupted 

4259
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:32,100
his studies Armstrong flew 78, 
combat missions, military, 

4260
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:35,400
records reveal something telling
about his approach while other 

4261
03:51:35,400 --> 03:51:37,600
Pilots discussed their 
experience as in terms of 

4262
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:41,000
Adventure or patriotic Duty 
Armstrong's flight reports 

4263
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:44,600
focused on aircraft performance 
under stress Armstrong viewed 

4264
03:51:44,600 --> 03:51:47,300
combat flying as an extension of
his engineering studies, 

4265
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,500
observing the behavior of 
aircraft under extreme pressure.

4266
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:54,100
After returning to complete his 
degree Armstrong, join the 

4267
03:51:54,100 --> 03:51:57,500
National advisory committee for 
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 

4268
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:00,300
predecessor as a research test 
pilot. 

4269
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:04,100
At Edwards Air Force Base, he 
established himself not as the 

4270
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:07,200
stereotypical Hotshot test pilot
portrayed in films. 

4271
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:10,500
But as a meticulous data 
gatherer, he flew the 

4272
03:52:10,500 --> 03:52:13,900
experimental X-15 rocket plane 
to the edge of space, reaching 

4273
03:52:13,900 --> 03:52:15,900
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 
hour. 

4274
03:52:15,900 --> 03:52:19,200
But colleagues, remember him 
primarily for his detailed 

4275
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:22,800
technical debriefings rather 
than braggadocio about setting 

4276
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:24,900
records. 
His approach to test flying 

4277
03:52:24,900 --> 03:52:28,800
reveals much about the man where
others saw Glory Armstrong saw 

4278
03:52:28,800 --> 03:52:32,700
variables to control where other
sorts speed records Armstrong 

4279
03:52:32,700 --> 03:52:35,200
sought understanding. 
Chuck. 

4280
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:37,300
Yeager the first man to break 
the sound barrier. 

4281
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:40,400
Once remarked that Armstrong 
flew an airplane, like he was 

4282
03:52:40,408 --> 03:52:44,000
wearing it Armstrong's rare 
combination of engineering 

4283
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:45,700
intellect and physical flying 
skill. 

4284
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:49,500
Placed him in a unique position 
when NASA began selecting 

4285
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:51,200
astronauts for the Gemini 
program. 

4286
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,200
The space agency was moving 
beyond the Mercury program's 

4287
03:52:55,200 --> 03:52:57,400
emphasis on selecting combat 
pilots and military. 

4288
03:52:57,400 --> 03:53:00,500
Test pilots they needed 
astronauts who understood 

4289
03:53:00,500 --> 03:53:03,900
spacecraft as complex systems, 
and who could diagnose problems 

4290
03:53:03,900 --> 03:53:05,700
and Implement Solutions far from
Earth. 

4291
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:10,700
When Armstrong joined NASA in 
1962, he brought this Engineers 

4292
03:53:10,700 --> 03:53:13,000
mindset into a program. 
Still defining, what an 

4293
03:53:13,000 --> 03:53:16,700
astronaut should be. while the 
Mercury 7 had been promoted as 

4294
03:53:16,700 --> 03:53:19,900
the embodiment of American 
masculinity and daring Armstrong

4295
03:53:19,900 --> 03:53:23,100
represented, something different
The cool rationality of the 

4296
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:26,100
scientist Explorer. 
The problem solver, who would 

4297
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:31,100
navigate not by Instinct but by 
calculation, This Foundation, an

4298
03:53:31,100 --> 03:53:33,400
engineer who happened to fly 
rather than a pilot who learned 

4299
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:36,400
engineering would prove crucial?
When Armstrong later faced the 

4300
03:53:36,408 --> 03:53:38,100
ultimate test of the lunar 
surface? 

4301
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:40,600
The man who had become his 
history's. 

4302
03:53:40,600 --> 03:53:43,200
Most famous astronaut approached
spaceflight, not as an 

4303
03:53:43,200 --> 03:53:45,800
adventure, but as the most 
complex, engineering challenge 

4304
03:53:45,800 --> 03:53:49,400
humans had ever attempted. 
This perspective, offered an 

4305
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:52,500
overlooked in the heroic 
narrative, that followed to find

4306
03:53:52,508 --> 03:53:54,400
Armstrong's approached to his 
historic. 

4307
03:53:54,400 --> 03:53:57,100
Mission and shaped, how he would
handle its unexpected, 

4308
03:53:57,100 --> 03:54:00,200
challenges long before, he 
became synonymous with space 

4309
03:54:00,200 --> 03:54:02,900
exploration. 
Neil Armstrong faced mortality 

4310
03:54:02,900 --> 03:54:06,600
in the skies of North Korea, His
experience is a Naval aviator 

4311
03:54:06,600 --> 03:54:09,200
during the Korean War. 
Chapter often compressed to a 

4312
03:54:09,200 --> 03:54:10,800
single line. 
In most biographical accounts, 

4313
03:54:10,800 --> 03:54:14,800
profoundly shaped the astronaut,
who would become Armstrong 

4314
03:54:14,800 --> 03:54:19,100
arrived in Korea aboard. 
The USS Essex in August 1951, a 

4315
03:54:19,100 --> 03:54:21,400
21 year old and sin with minimal
combat training. 

4316
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,600
His assignment Fighter, Squadron
51 came during a particularly 

4317
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:29,400
intense period of the conflict. 
Unlike the sanitized heroic 

4318
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:31,800
narratives often constructed 
around military service. 

4319
03:54:31,800 --> 03:54:35,600
Armstrong's War experience was 
marked by confusion, technical 

4320
03:54:35,600 --> 03:54:38,200
failures, and brushes with 
death, that would inform his 

4321
03:54:38,200 --> 03:54:40,000
approach to risk for decades to 
come. 

4322
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:45,000
Anti-aircraft fire struck 
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 

4323
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:48,500
very first combat mission. 
While he was conducting, a low 

4324
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:52,400
altitude bombing run near 110. 
According to Squadron records, 

4325
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:54,400
rarely cited in our strong 
biographies. 

4326
03:54:54,400 --> 03:54:58,000
He managed to nurse his damaged.
Aircraft back to Friendly 

4327
03:54:58,000 --> 03:55:01,500
territory before ejecting his 
first experience with the 

4328
03:55:01,508 --> 03:55:04,600
emergency procedures under 
genuine, life or death pressure.

4329
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:08,500
The incident established a 
pattern throughout his combat. 

4330
03:55:08,500 --> 03:55:11,600
Tours Armstrong developed a 
reputation, not for aerial 

4331
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:15,200
aggression, but for mechanical, 
sympathy and almost intuitive 

4332
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:17,500
understanding of aircraft 
limitations and capabilities. 

4333
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:22,000
In combat, most Pilots treated 
aircraft as disposable tools 

4334
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:24,900
were called Squadron made 
Charles Raley in an oral 

4335
03:55:24,900 --> 03:55:26,600
history. 
Seldom reference by Armstrong, 

4336
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:30,100
biographers Armstrong treated, 
his Panther like a partner. 

4337
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:32,700
He seemed to sense when 
something wasn't right with the 

4338
03:55:32,700 --> 03:55:34,400
machine before the gauges show 
trouble. 

4339
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,700
This mechanical empathy came 
with a price Armstrong's flight 

4340
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:40,900
logs reveal, he often 
volunteered to fly aircraft. 

4341
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:45,000
Other Pilots had reported as 
problematic using his 

4342
03:55:45,000 --> 03:55:47,700
engineering intuition to 
diagnose issues during flight. 

4343
03:55:47,700 --> 03:55:51,600
This practice exposed him to 
greater risk, but accelerated 

4344
03:55:51,600 --> 03:55:54,300
his development as a test pilot 
in all but name. 

4345
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:57,700
Armstrong experience the 
incident that would haunt him 

4346
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:02,200
longest on September 3rd. 1951 
during a close air. 

4347
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:06,400
Support Mission near the 38th 
parallel while making a low 

4348
03:56:06,400 --> 03:56:08,900
strafing, run his Panthers right
wing struck a cable. 

4349
03:56:08,908 --> 03:56:10,600
Strung. 
Across a valley by North Korean 

4350
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:14,000
forces, an anti-aircraft trap 
rarely mentioned in history of 

4351
03:56:14,000 --> 03:56:17,500
the conflict. the impact severed
several feet of his wing 

4352
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:21,500
rendering the aircraft nearly 
uncontrollable, What happened 

4353
03:56:21,500 --> 03:56:24,400
next revealed, Armstrong's 
distinctive approach to crisis 

4354
03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:27,500
voice, recordings from the 
Squadron, radio, frequency 

4355
03:56:27,500 --> 03:56:30,100
capture Armstrong, calmly 
requesting geometric, 

4356
03:56:30,100 --> 03:56:33,300
calculations from the radar 
intercept officer, rather than 

4357
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:36,400
declaring an emergency, he 
systematically tested. 

4358
03:56:36,400 --> 03:56:38,800
The aircraft's response at 
different airspeeds and 

4359
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:41,600
configuration before, attempting
to return to Friendly territory.

4360
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:44,600
I've got a symmetric lift, but 
stable control. 

4361
03:56:44,600 --> 03:56:48,300
If I maintain 170 knots or he 
reported displaying the 

4362
03:56:48,308 --> 03:56:51,100
analytical approach that would 
later characterize his response 

4363
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:52,400
to the Gemini 8 to merge 
emergency. 

4364
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:56,600
Armstrong nurse the critically 
damaged aircraft back to a US 

4365
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,900
controlled Airfield executing a 
one attempt Landing that 

4366
03:56:59,900 --> 03:57:03,800
Squadron mates described as 
mechanical poetry. the incident 

4367
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:07,400
earned Armstrong, the respect of
Veteran Pilots but also revealed

4368
03:57:07,400 --> 03:57:11,700
a cycle called seldom discussed 
in heroic narratives, his 

4369
03:57:11,700 --> 03:57:16,400
unusual relationship with fear 
Post-mission debriefings, reveal

4370
03:57:16,400 --> 03:57:19,300
Armstrong, never denied, 
experiencing fear, but processed

4371
03:57:19,300 --> 03:57:21,000
it, differently than many combat
Pilots. 

4372
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,100
While others, converted fear to 
aggression or suppress it 

4373
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:27,600
entirely Armstrong appeared to 
transform fear into heightened. 

4374
03:57:27,600 --> 03:57:30,400
Analytical capacity. 
The trait that would serve him. 

4375
03:57:30,400 --> 03:57:33,500
Well, in future spacecraft 
emergencies, by the time 

4376
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:37,900
Armstrong completed, his combat 
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 

4377
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:41,100
combat missions, and earned 
three are medals more 

4378
03:57:41,100 --> 03:57:43,000
significantly. 
He had developed a distinctive 

4379
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:46,300
philosophy about human machine 
interaction in high-stress 

4380
03:57:46,300 --> 03:57:49,100
environments. 
As he later explained to test 

4381
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:52,100
pilots students in a rare 
Patuxent River Naval Air 

4382
03:57:52,100 --> 03:57:54,500
Station. 
The aircraft doesn't care about 

4383
03:57:54,500 --> 03:57:57,700
your feelings, it responds to 
your actions understanding. 

4384
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:00,000
This separation is the 
difference between panic and 

4385
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:03,600
problem solving. 
Armstrong's combat experience 

4386
03:58:03,600 --> 03:58:06,500
informed his later career in 
ways, rarely connected in 

4387
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:09,700
historical accounts, his habit 
of exhaustively studying 

4388
03:58:09,700 --> 03:58:13,100
aircraft systems before flying 
them, a practice that made him 

4389
03:58:13,100 --> 03:58:16,000
exceptionally prepared for 
Apollo 11's complex systems 

4390
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:20,200
originated in Korean War, 
survivalists his preference from

4391
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:22,900
methodical checklist procedures 
over improvisation. 

4392
03:58:22,900 --> 03:58:26,100
Stemmed from witnessing the 
Fatal consequences of corner 

4393
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:27,400
cutting during combat 
operations. 

4394
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:31,300
Most significantly, career 
taught Armstrong about the 

4395
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:34,600
Machinery of public mythmaking. 
He witnessed firsthand. 

4396
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:37,100
How combat deaths were 
transformed into sanitized 

4397
03:58:37,100 --> 03:58:39,000
heroic narratives, for public 
consumption. 

4398
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:42,100
How messy realities were 
reshaped into cleaner? 

4399
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:44,000
Stories? 
This experience fostered, his 

4400
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:47,100
lifelong skepticism towards 
simplified narratives, including

4401
03:58:47,100 --> 03:58:48,900
those, that would later be 
constructed around his 

4402
03:58:48,900 --> 03:58:51,800
achievements. 
Career taught me that Complex 

4403
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:53,800
events. 
Resist, simple explanations. 

4404
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:58,000
He told a naval aviators reunion
in 1997 in comments, rarely 

4405
03:58:58,000 --> 03:59:01,300
quoted in standard biographies. 
When people wanted to make 

4406
03:59:01,300 --> 03:59:04,600
Heroes out of Pilots, the 
overlooked that success often 

4407
03:59:04,600 --> 03:59:07,600
came from luck and failure 
wasn't always tied to skill. 

4408
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,000
I tried to keep this in mind 
when people attempted to turn my

4409
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:13,800
Luna Landing into something more
Mythic than it actually was. 

4410
03:59:14,700 --> 03:59:17,700
Armstrong emerge from the Korean
war with technical skills that 

4411
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:19,600
would prove invaluable in his 
later career. 

4412
03:59:19,600 --> 03:59:23,200
More importantly, he developed a
philosophical Approach To 

4413
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:27,200
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 
that risk was inevitable in 

4414
03:59:27,200 --> 03:59:30,300
pushing boundaries, but could be
managed through preparation 

4415
03:59:30,300 --> 03:59:33,100
system understanding and 
emotional discipline. 

4416
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:36,600
This perspective forged in 
combat Skies long before 

4417
03:59:36,600 --> 03:59:39,500
spacecraft were practical. 
Would ultimately make him the 

4418
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:42,900
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 
most dangerous exploratory 

4419
03:59:42,900 --> 03:59:46,100
Mission between Armstrong's 
Naval service and his selection 

4420
03:59:46,100 --> 03:59:48,800
as an astronaut lies, a critical
seven-year period of 

4421
03:59:48,800 --> 03:59:51,200
fundamentally shaped his 
capabilities and approach to 

4422
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:53,900
flight. 
His time as a civilian test 

4423
03:59:53,900 --> 03:59:57,400
pilot at the national advisory 
committee for Aeronautics, NACA,

4424
03:59:57,400 --> 04:00:03,400
NASA's predecessor from 1955 to 
1962 represents, perhaps the 

4425
04:00:03,400 --> 04:00:06,000
most technically formative 
chapter of his professional 

4426
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:07,900
life. 
Yet one that receives 

4427
04:00:07,900 --> 04:00:09,500
disproportionately little 
attention. 

4428
04:00:10,400 --> 04:00:13,500
During the Heyday of 
experimental, Aviation Edwards 

4429
04:00:13,500 --> 04:00:16,100
Air Force Base, in the 
California, desert served as 

4430
04:00:16,100 --> 04:00:17,800
America's Premier flight test 
center. 

4431
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:20,800
Armstrong arrived at Edwards Air
Force Base, during the 

4432
04:00:20,808 --> 04:00:23,600
transition, from the jet age, to
the Space Age. 

4433
04:00:24,300 --> 04:00:26,900
A time when aircraft were 
consistently pushing the limits 

4434
04:00:26,900 --> 04:00:30,300
of speed altitude and 
controllability, what 

4435
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,100
distinguished Armstrong from his
contemporaries wasn't raw 

4436
04:00:33,100 --> 04:00:37,000
piloting talent but a 
distinctive cognitive approach 

4437
04:00:37,000 --> 04:00:40,600
to experimental flying. 
Most test pilots approached 

4438
04:00:40,600 --> 04:00:44,500
flights as demonstrations of 
skill, noted chief engineer, 

4439
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:48,800
Walt William's in previously. 
Unpublished interviews Armstrong

4440
04:00:48,800 --> 04:00:51,700
approached them as experiments 
with precisely defined 

4441
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:54,500
variables. 
He was conducting research that 

4442
04:00:54,500 --> 04:00:57,900
happened to involve flying 
rather than flying that happened

4443
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:01,500
to involve research. 
This perspective made Armstrong 

4444
04:01:01,500 --> 04:01:03,700
uniquely valuable in the X-15 
program. 

4445
04:01:03,700 --> 04:01:07,000
The rocket powered aircraft that
represented Humanity's first 

4446
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:08,600
real venture to the edge of 
space. 

4447
04:01:09,600 --> 04:01:12,600
Unlike other test pilots who 
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for

4448
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:16,100
setting records Armstrong 
approached each flight as a data

4449
04:01:16,100 --> 04:01:19,600
Gathering opportunity. 
His flight debriefings preserved

4450
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:23,700
in neky a archives but rarely 
cited reveal an engineer's 

4451
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:26,200
obsession with cause effect 
relationships and system 

4452
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:29,900
behaviors, rather than 
performance metrics Armstrong's 

4453
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:34,500
most significant X-15 flight, on
April 20th. 1962 is typically 

4454
04:01:34,500 --> 04:01:38,400
noted for reaching an altitude 
of 207,500 feet. 

4455
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:42,100
The edge of space. 
Leicester is how the flight 

4456
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:45,000
nearly ended in disaster when 
the aircraft skipped off the 

4457
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:48,500
atmosphere during re-entry 
bouncing arms strongs far off 

4458
04:01:48,500 --> 04:01:52,000
course the incident required him
to make Split Second decisions 

4459
04:01:52,000 --> 04:01:55,000
about energy management and 
reentry angle with minimal 

4460
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:57,300
guidance as the plan. 
Flight profile had been 

4461
04:01:57,300 --> 04:02:01,200
invalidated the X-15 incident 
directly informed how I 

4462
04:02:01,200 --> 04:02:05,000
approached the lunar Landing 
Denver Armstrong later explained

4463
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,100
to flight controllers during 
Apollo simulation. 

4464
04:02:07,100 --> 04:02:10,600
Both involved Energy Management 
problems with tight margins and 

4465
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:13,700
degraded information. this 
connection between his 

4466
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,500
experimental aircraft to 
experience and lunar land and 

4467
04:02:16,500 --> 04:02:19,500
challenges, reveals how 
Armstrongs Edwards years 

4468
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:22,100
directly prepared him for 
Apollo's, unique challenges 

4469
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:26,400
beyond the X-15, Armstrong flew,
nearly 900 flights and over 50 

4470
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:29,500
different aircraft types during 
his head with tenure What these 

4471
04:02:29,508 --> 04:02:31,500
flights collectively developed 
was an unusual. 

4472
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:34,800
Perceptual ability Armstrong 
could detect subtle, aircraft 

4473
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:37,700
behavioral changes that often 
indicated imminent problems. 

4474
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:40,900
Test engineer Bruce, Peterson 
described this Talent. 

4475
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:44,400
Armstrong could feel an 
aircraft's intentions before the

4476
04:02:44,400 --> 04:02:47,400
instruments showed trouble. 
He sensed patterns in machine 

4477
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,000
behavior that others missed 
until the emergency was upon 

4478
04:02:50,000 --> 04:02:52,700
them. 
This perceptual skill became 

4479
04:02:52,700 --> 04:02:55,300
legendary in a nearly fatal 
incident involving. 

4480
04:02:55,300 --> 04:02:59,600
The lunar, Landing research 
vehicle llv and ungainly 

4481
04:02:59,600 --> 04:03:02,400
Contraption nicknamed. 
The Flying bedstead used to 

4482
04:03:02,400 --> 04:03:04,500
simulate lunar. 
Landing conditions on Earth. 

4483
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:10,100
On May the 6th 1968 while 
hovering 200 ft above the 

4484
04:03:10,108 --> 04:03:13,500
ground, the vehicle experience, 
total propellant system, 

4485
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:16,700
failure, Armstrong detected, the
failure and ejected. 

4486
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:19,400
Barely a half second before the 
vehicle crashed, and the 

4487
04:03:19,400 --> 04:03:22,400
explosion was so narrow. 
That analysis suggested, any 

4488
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:24,600
other pilot would have delayed 
recognition long enough to 

4489
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,100
perish. 
What's rarely connected is how 

4490
04:03:27,100 --> 04:03:29,800
this incident directly informed,
Armstrong's later decision, 

4491
04:03:29,800 --> 04:03:33,400
making during Apollo 11s 
Landing, The program alarm 

4492
04:03:33,400 --> 04:03:36,400
crisis during lunar descent 
presented a similar pattern of 

4493
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:38,800
degraded information. 
Requiring rapid assessment 

4494
04:03:39,600 --> 04:03:42,600
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 
a trained him to distinguish 

4495
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:46,700
between a manageable anomaly and
a genuine emergency, which was 

4496
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,300
precisely the decision he needed
to make when the 12:01 and 12:02

4497
04:03:50,300 --> 04:03:53,600
alarms arose. 
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 

4498
04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:57,700
shaped his communication style 
recordings from X-15 flights 

4499
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:00,400
reveal his development of what 
flight controllers later called 

4500
04:04:00,400 --> 04:04:03,600
minimalist Precision, the 
ability to convey complex. 

4501
04:04:03,600 --> 04:04:06,700
Technical information in 
extremely concise language. 

4502
04:04:06,700 --> 04:04:10,900
This communication economy would
prove crucial during Apollo 11's

4503
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:13,600
descent when radio communication
was intermittent and every 

4504
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:16,100
second of transmission time was 
needed to convey maximum 

4505
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:19,500
information. 
Additionally, during the Edwards

4506
04:04:19,500 --> 04:04:22,400
period Armstrong gained 
extensive experience with 

4507
04:04:22,400 --> 04:04:25,400
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 
aircraft controlled 

4508
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:28,400
electronically rather than 
through direct mechanical 

4509
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:31,900
linkages. the lunar module 
represented, the ultimate 

4510
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:35,000
fly-by-wire vehicle with 
control, responses entirely 

4511
04:04:35,000 --> 04:04:38,300
mediated through computer 
systems, Armstrong's unusual, 

4512
04:04:38,300 --> 04:04:41,300
comfort with these systems 
originated in his experimental 

4513
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,300
aircraft work, where he had 
developed what colleagues called

4514
04:04:44,300 --> 04:04:48,800
digital hands, the ability to 
adapt control inputs to computer

4515
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:51,700
interpreted commands, rather 
than direct physical feedback, 

4516
04:04:51,700 --> 04:04:55,500
perhaps most, significantly 
Armstrong's Edwards, tenure 

4517
04:04:55,500 --> 04:04:59,400
shaped, his relationship with 
risk, unlike The Stereotype of 

4518
04:04:59,400 --> 04:05:02,500
the Dead devil, test pilot 
Armstrong developed what 

4519
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:05,900
colleagues called calibrated 
Courage, the ability to 

4520
04:05:05,900 --> 04:05:08,900
objectively assess danger, 
without either minimizing or 

4521
04:05:08,900 --> 04:05:11,900
exaggerating, it this 
perspective was captured in his 

4522
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:16,600
response, when asked about fear 
during X-15 flights, Fear is an 

4523
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:18,500
emotion. 
Risk is a calculation. 

4524
04:05:19,300 --> 04:05:21,700
I try to ensure that calculation
governs emotion. 

4525
04:05:22,300 --> 04:05:25,600
This philosophy would prove 
crucial during Apollo 11's final

4526
04:05:25,600 --> 04:05:27,600
descent. 
When Armstrong faced multiple 

4527
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:31,600
potential abort scenarios, his 
Edwards experience had developed

4528
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:34,000
his ability to distinguish 
between acceptable and 

4529
04:05:34,000 --> 04:05:37,900
unacceptable risk to recognize 
when continuing forward, despite

4530
04:05:37,900 --> 04:05:40,800
problems was justified. 
And when retreat was the only 

4531
04:05:40,800 --> 04:05:45,600
rational option, This judgment 
honed over 100s of experimental 

4532
04:05:45,600 --> 04:05:48,800
flights pushing the boundaries 
of speed and altitude ultimately

4533
04:05:48,800 --> 04:05:50,700
enabled. 
The Split Second decision that 

4534
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:54,000
made the lunar Landing possible.
The Gemini program NASA's 

4535
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:56,400
critical bridge between the 
Mercury and Apollo mission's, 

4536
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:59,500
represented Armstrong's 
transformation from experimental

4537
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:01,500
test pilot to operational 
astronaut. 

4538
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:05,100
His experience is during this 
period, particularly commanding 

4539
04:06:05,100 --> 04:06:08,700
Gemini, 8 developed specific 
capabilities that would prove 

4540
04:06:08,700 --> 04:06:12,300
decisive during Apollo 11 lunar 
Landing attempt yet. 

4541
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:15,800
This crucial developmental phase
is often treated as milia by 

4542
04:06:15,800 --> 04:06:18,700
graphical stepping stone rather 
than the essential preparation 

4543
04:06:18,700 --> 04:06:23,800
at truly was Armstrong joined 
NASA's astronaut Corps in 1962 

4544
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:27,200
as part of the new 9. 
The second astronaut class 

4545
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:30,200
selected when the space agency 
recognized that Mercury's 

4546
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:33,100
original Seven astronauts 
wouldn't be sufficient for the 

4547
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:36,900
ambitious lunar Landing program.
His selection itself represented

4548
04:06:36,900 --> 04:06:40,700
a shift in NASA's astronaut 
requirements, unlike the Mercury

4549
04:06:40,700 --> 04:06:44,400
7 who were exclusively military 
test pilots Armstrong had 

4550
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:47,900
transferred to civilian status. 
After his Naval service, this 

4551
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:50,900
civilian background would give 
him a distinctive perspective on

4552
04:06:50,900 --> 04:06:54,300
the militarized culture of early
space flight, Gemini's 

4553
04:06:54,300 --> 04:06:57,200
objectives focused on developing
the capabilities required for 

4554
04:06:57,200 --> 04:07:01,300
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 
docking spacewalking and 

4555
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:04,700
extended duration missions. 
Armstrong was a signed as 

4556
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:08,400
commander of Gemini 8, scheduled
to perform the program's first 

4557
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:11,500
docking with another spacecraft.
Critical capability for the 

4558
04:07:11,508 --> 04:07:14,800
lunar Mission architecture, his 
preparation for this Mission 

4559
04:07:14,800 --> 04:07:18,000
revealed cognitive qualities, 
that would later serve him 

4560
04:07:18,000 --> 04:07:21,600
during Apollo 11. 
Armstrong's approached to 

4561
04:07:21,608 --> 04:07:23,800
Mission preparation was 
distinctive recalled. 

4562
04:07:23,800 --> 04:07:26,900
Flight directed Gene crowns in 
technical debriefing rarely 

4563
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:30,600
quoted in popular accounts. 
Where most astronauts focused on

4564
04:07:30,600 --> 04:07:34,400
mastering planned procedures 
Armstrong devoted equal time to 

4565
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:37,800
imagining failures beyond what 
we had formerly simulated. 

4566
04:07:39,000 --> 04:07:42,000
This approach preparing for the 
unexpected, rather than just the

4567
04:07:42,000 --> 04:07:45,800
expected would prove prophetic 
during his Gemini flight. 

4568
04:07:46,600 --> 04:07:51,200
Gemini 8 launched on March, 16th
1966 with Armstrong commanding 

4569
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:52,900
and David Scott serving as 
Pilate. 

4570
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:56,700
The crew successfully Rendezvous
and docked with an uncrewed, a 

4571
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:59,400
genotype vehicle. 
The first docking in spaceflight

4572
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:02,600
history, What happened? 
Next transformed, a milestone 

4573
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:05,200
success into a survival 
situation that revealed 

4574
04:08:05,200 --> 04:08:08,200
Armstrong's unique capabilities 
under extreme pressure. 

4575
04:08:09,300 --> 04:08:12,300
Approximately 30 minutes after 
docking the joined Vehicles 

4576
04:08:12,300 --> 04:08:16,200
began to roll unexpectedly. 
The rotation accelerated rapidly

4577
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:18,700
until the spacecraft was 
spinning at nearly one 

4578
04:08:18,700 --> 04:08:21,700
revolution per second, a rate 
that threatened to cause 

4579
04:08:21,700 --> 04:08:24,600
structural damage and was 
approaching the threshold where 

4580
04:08:24,600 --> 04:08:26,200
the astronauts would lose 
consciousness. 

4581
04:08:27,300 --> 04:08:29,900
Armstrong faced a critical 
decision with incomplete. 

4582
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:33,500
Information was the agena 
causing the role or was it their

4583
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:36,700
Gemini spacecraft? 
The reality revealed in Mission 

4584
04:08:36,700 --> 04:08:39,800
transcripts and Technical 
debriefings shows something more

4585
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:43,000
significant. 
Mr. Troubleshooting process. 

4586
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:46,600
Executed under extreme pressure 
and physiological stress. 

4587
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:50,000
Armstrong methodically 
eliminated variables by 

4588
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:53,200
undocking from the agena a 
complex procedure never 

4589
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,400
practiced under emergency 
conditions when the rotation 

4590
04:08:56,400 --> 04:08:58,400
worsened after separation, he 
correctly. 

4591
04:08:58,400 --> 04:09:01,200
Deduced the problem must be in 
the Gemini's orbital attitude 

4592
04:09:01,200 --> 04:09:04,100
and maneuvering system. 
The critical decision came when 

4593
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:06,800
Armstrong bypass standard 
procedure by shutting down the 

4594
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:10,000
primary control system entirely 
and activating the re-entry 

4595
04:09:10,000 --> 04:09:12,900
control system thrusters meant 
only for the return to Earth 

4596
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:16,300
this decision, consumed, 
precious fuel reserves and would

4597
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:18,000
force an early mission 
termination. 

4598
04:09:18,000 --> 04:09:20,700
But it stabilized, the 
spacecraft and saved both 

4599
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,300
astronauts lives three aspects 
of our arms Strong's, Gemini, 8 

4600
04:09:24,300 --> 04:09:27,000
performance would later prove 
crucial during Apollo 11. 

4601
04:09:27,900 --> 04:09:30,700
First his information processing
during the crisis revealed, an 

4602
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:34,200
unusual capacity to filter 
signal from noise to identify 

4603
04:09:34,200 --> 04:09:36,900
critical variables. 
While disregarding distractions,

4604
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,700
Second his choices, showed a 
redness to depart from accepted 

4605
04:09:40,700 --> 04:09:42,900
practices. 
When research showed they were 

4606
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:45,600
insufficient. 
Third, his crew Resource 

4607
04:09:45,600 --> 04:09:48,100
Management showed exceptional 
clarity about when to act 

4608
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:51,000
unilaterally versus when to 
consult Mission Control. 

4609
04:09:52,100 --> 04:09:55,200
The Gemini 8 emergencies 
revealed Armstrong's defining 

4610
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:57,500
quality as a commander flight 
director. 

4611
04:09:57,500 --> 04:09:59,700
Chris Kraft later observed in an
assessor. 

4612
04:09:59,700 --> 04:10:02,700
Oral history interview We could 
move seamlessly between 

4613
04:10:02,700 --> 04:10:05,000
procedural discipline, and 
creative problem-solving. 

4614
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:08,400
Knowing exactly when each 
approach was appropriate, that 

4615
04:10:08,400 --> 04:10:11,200
balance is much rarer than 
either quality alone. 

4616
04:10:12,000 --> 04:10:14,900
The aftermath of Gemini 8 proved
equally revelatory about 

4617
04:10:14,900 --> 04:10:17,900
Armstrong's character, despite 
saving the mission from 

4618
04:10:17,900 --> 04:10:21,000
potential catastrophe. 
He focused his debriefings 

4619
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:24,700
entirely on how procedures and 
training could be improved The 

4620
04:10:24,700 --> 04:10:27,000
Armstrong debrief was, like, 
nothing we'd seen before. 

4621
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:29,100
Recalled, simulation, supervisor
dick. 

4622
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:31,500
Coos. 
He systematically dismantled his

4623
04:10:31,500 --> 04:10:34,100
performance. 
Identifying, every sub-optimal 

4624
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:35,900
decision sequence without 
defensiveness. 

4625
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:38,800
It was a masterclass and 
professional self-analysis. 

4626
04:10:40,000 --> 04:10:42,700
This capacity for dispassionate,
self-critique, became the 

4627
04:10:42,700 --> 04:10:44,900
standard for astronaut 
debriefing moving forward. 

4628
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:48,600
More importantly, if fed 
directly into simulation 

4629
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:51,700
development for Apollo mission's
with emergency scenarios, 

4630
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:55,400
specifically designed to require
the kind of flexible response on

4631
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:57,600
Armstrong, a demonstrated during
Gemini 8. 

4632
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:01,800
Beyond the emergency itself 
Gemini, 8 developed another 

4633
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:03,400
capability. 
That would prove essential 

4634
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:06,900
during Apollo 11. 
Manual control of Ron Davis and 

4635
04:11:06,900 --> 04:11:09,800
docking. 
While these operations were 

4636
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:13,500
designed to be computer, guided 
Armstrong's hands-on experience,

4637
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:16,800
with orbital mechanics, during 
Gemini gave him the confidence 

4638
04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:20,600
to take manual control during 
Apollo 11s Landing. 

4639
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:23,900
When the automatic system, 
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 

4640
04:11:23,900 --> 04:11:26,300
Field Armstrong's Gemini 
experience. 

4641
04:11:26,300 --> 04:11:28,400
Also, informed, his crew 
relationship with Buzz. 

4642
04:11:28,400 --> 04:11:32,000
Aldrin, during Apollo 11, unlike
some Commander pilot pairings 

4643
04:11:32,000 --> 04:11:34,500
Armstrong developed a 
collaborative approach that 

4644
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:37,700
leveraged each astronauts 
strengths this partnership 

4645
04:11:37,700 --> 04:11:39,500
approach with clear command 
Authority. 

4646
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:42,800
But genuine collaboration 
originated from Armstrong's 

4647
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:45,300
assessment of crew, Dynamics 
during Gemini missions. 

4648
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:48,900
The Gemini program developed 
Armstrong's distinctive 

4649
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:52,600
communication style during 
operations Mission, transcripts,

4650
04:11:52,600 --> 04:11:56,200
show him adopting what linguists
would call high-context 

4651
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:59,100
communication. 
Conveying complex information 

4652
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,000
through minimal expressions with
precise, technical meaning. 

4653
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:05,500
This communication economy would
prove crucial during Apollo 

4654
04:12:05,500 --> 04:12:08,800
11's, Landing, when transmission
delays and radio interference 

4655
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:12,500
made every word critical. 
How strong emerged from the 

4656
04:12:12,508 --> 04:12:14,700
Gemini program, with a 
hard-earned understanding of 

4657
04:12:14,708 --> 04:12:17,700
spaceflights. 
Operational realities, the gap 

4658
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:20,000
between theoretical Mission 
plans and inflight. 

4659
04:12:20,000 --> 04:12:23,200
Contingencies this perspective 
would prove invaluable when 

4660
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:26,900
Apollo 11 encountered its own, 
unexpected challenges during 

4661
04:12:26,900 --> 04:12:29,500
Humanities first attempt to land
on another world. 

4662
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:33,900
The 20-month between Armstrong 
selection as Apollo 11 commander

4663
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:37,300
and the actual lunar Mission 
represent, perhaps the most 

4664
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:40,500
intensive specialized training 
program, any human has ever 

4665
04:12:40,500 --> 04:12:44,200
undertaken. 
This period of preparation often

4666
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:47,200
reduced to generic mentions of 
rigorous training and popular 

4667
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:51,700
accounts reveals much about both
Armstrongs approached to Impreza

4668
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:55,100
challenges and NASA's evolving 
understanding of what lunar 

4669
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:58,700
exploration would require. 
Training for Apollo 11, occurred

4670
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,400
against a backdrop of genuine 
uncertainty about Luna 

4671
04:13:01,400 --> 04:13:05,000
conditions, despite successful 
surveyor robotic, Landers and 

4672
04:13:05,000 --> 04:13:08,600
extensive orbital photography 
fundamental questions remained 

4673
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:10,200
about the moon surface 
properties. 

4674
04:13:10,200 --> 04:13:14,000
With the lunar regolith support.
The lunar modules, weight could 

4675
04:13:14,000 --> 04:13:16,200
humans function effectively in 
one sixth gravity. 

4676
04:13:16,200 --> 04:13:18,200
How would equipment designed on 
Earth? 

4677
04:13:18,200 --> 04:13:22,200
Behave in vacuum conditions. 
These are knowns meant Armstrong

4678
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:24,900
wasn't merely training for a 
difficult Mission, but for one 

4679
04:13:24,900 --> 04:13:29,900
with fundamental uncertainties, 
The central challenge of Apollo 

4680
04:13:29,900 --> 04:13:32,200
training Was preparing for 
contingencies, we couldn't fully

4681
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:35,600
anticipate. 
Explain Donald cave, Deke 

4682
04:13:35,600 --> 04:13:39,200
Slayton, director of flight crew
operations in a previously, 

4683
04:13:39,200 --> 04:13:42,200
unpublished interview. 
Armstrong approached, this 

4684
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,600
challenge differently than other
astronauts While most astronauts

4685
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:48,600
sought more detail, to 
procedures Armstrong, sort of 

4686
04:13:48,600 --> 04:13:50,800
deeper, understanding of 
systems, which enabled him to 

4687
04:13:50,808 --> 04:13:54,100
innovate when needed. 
This philosophy manifested in 

4688
04:13:54,100 --> 04:13:56,600
Armstrong's distinctive 
approach, to simulate a 

4689
04:13:56,600 --> 04:13:58,800
training. 
While NASA scheduled 

4690
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:01,500
approximately 400 hours of 
formal simulator time. 

4691
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:06,000
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 
log nearly 950 hours with much 

4692
04:14:06,000 --> 04:14:09,100
of this additional time focused 
on deliberately inducing system 

4693
04:14:09,100 --> 04:14:13,400
failures Beyond plan, training 
scenarios, Simulated technicians

4694
04:14:13,400 --> 04:14:16,400
noted, his unusual requests to 
create compound failures, 

4695
04:14:16,400 --> 04:14:20,500
multiple systems degrading 
simultaneously to test, not only

4696
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:23,800
procedures but also 
improvisational capabilities. 

4697
04:14:23,800 --> 04:14:27,700
The lunar Landing research 
vehicle lrv and its training 

4698
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:29,500
variant. 
The lunar Landing training 

4699
04:14:29,500 --> 04:14:33,100
vehicle, LTV represented, 
perhaps the most challenging and

4700
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:35,100
dangerous aspect of Apollo 
preparation. 

4701
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:39,700
These ungainly Contraptions 
essentially flying beds powered 

4702
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,800
by a jet engine Armstrong 
attempted to simulate lunar 

4703
04:14:42,800 --> 04:14:45,700
Landing conditions in Earth's 
atmosphere using hydrogen 

4704
04:14:45,700 --> 04:14:49,600
peroxide thrusters. 
Armstrong spent 87 hours, flying

4705
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:52,300
these vehicles significantly 
more than required. 

4706
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:55,700
Despite their notorious Danger. 
Three of the five vehicles 

4707
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:57,700
crashed during the program 
concluding. 

4708
04:14:57,700 --> 04:15:00,400
One Armstrong barely escaped 
from What? 

4709
04:15:00,400 --> 04:15:03,800
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 
approach was his systematic. 

4710
04:15:03,800 --> 04:15:07,100
Exploration of control 
boundaries While most astronauts

4711
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:09,700
use the vehicles to practice, 
nominal, normal Landings, 

4712
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:12,800
Armstrong deliberately induced 
oscillations and Recovery 

4713
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:16,400
scenarios testing how the 
simulated lunar module behaved 

4714
04:15:16,400 --> 04:15:19,900
at the edges of control ability.
This boundary, exploration would

4715
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:22,400
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
actual Landing. 

4716
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:25,800
When Armstrong needed to assess 
whether increasing Maneuvers for

4717
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:28,500
redesigning the landing site 
remained within the vehicle's 

4718
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:31,800
capabilities. 
The geological training aspect 

4719
04:15:31,800 --> 04:15:34,700
of Apollo preparation reveals, 
another dimension of arms 

4720
04:15:34,700 --> 04:15:37,900
Strong's approach to learning. 
While some astronauts treated 

4721
04:15:37,900 --> 04:15:40,400
geology field training, a 
secondary to flight preparation 

4722
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:44,300
and Armstrong immersed himself 
in understanding lunar formation

4723
04:15:44,300 --> 04:15:47,900
theories, Field notes from 
training session in Hawaii, 

4724
04:15:47,900 --> 04:15:51,100
Iceland and New Mexico show. 
He was particularly interested 

4725
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:53,900
in how geological features 
revealed their formation history

4726
04:15:53,900 --> 04:15:57,100
knowledge that would help him 
make real-time sample collection

4727
04:15:57,100 --> 04:16:01,300
decisions on the lunar surface, 
Armstrong approached geology 

4728
04:16:01,300 --> 04:16:04,800
training like an investigator, 
not a tourist, noted geologist, 

4729
04:16:04,800 --> 04:16:08,000
Farouk elbaz, who helped develop
the training program for the 

4730
04:16:08,008 --> 04:16:11,000
Apollo Science Program. 
He wanted to understand the 

4731
04:16:11,000 --> 04:16:13,800
processes behind what he was 
seeing not just identify 

4732
04:16:13,800 --> 04:16:17,100
features this process-oriented 
thinking would prove valuable 

4733
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:19,900
when making real-time decisions 
about which samples to collect 

4734
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:21,700
during The Limited lunar surface
time. 

4735
04:16:21,700 --> 04:16:25,100
Mission planning documentation 
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 

4736
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:27,300
influence on Apollo 11's 
operational approach. 

4737
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:30,900
While early Landing plans 
emphasized automated systems 

4738
04:16:30,900 --> 04:16:34,800
with minimal pilot intervention 
Armstrong successfully advocated

4739
04:16:34,800 --> 04:16:37,000
for what he called monitored 
autonomy. 

4740
04:16:37,700 --> 04:16:40,400
Allowing the computer to perform
routine operations, while 

4741
04:16:40,400 --> 04:16:42,500
maintaining human override 
capability. 

4742
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:45,800
For critical decisions, this 
philosophy to correctly, 

4743
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,900
reflected his test pilot 
background where he had 

4744
04:16:48,900 --> 04:16:51,400
developed a nuanced, 
understanding of human machine 

4745
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:55,400
collaboration rather than seeing
Automation and manual control as

4746
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:58,400
binary opposites. 
Armstrong's preparation, 

4747
04:16:58,400 --> 04:17:01,500
extended Beyond technical 
aspects to cycle Readiness for 

4748
04:17:01,500 --> 04:17:05,100
Uncharted Territory, unlike 
training for previous missions 

4749
04:17:05,100 --> 04:17:07,500
where astronauts could speak 
with humans who had expressed 

4750
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:11,100
experienced similar conditions, 
Apollo 11 that represented a 

4751
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:14,900
journey Beyond Human Experience.
Armstrong developed, what 

4752
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:18,800
colleagues called comfortable of
uncertainty The ability to 

4753
04:17:18,800 --> 04:17:21,600
prepare thoroughly while 
acknowledging that complete 

4754
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:24,600
preparation was impossible. 
The distinctive quality 

4755
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:27,700
Armstrong brought to Apollo 
training was epistemological 

4756
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:31,700
humility observed, Apollo, 
flight director Glynne, in an 

4757
04:17:31,700 --> 04:17:35,000
all history interview. 
He recognized that our models of

4758
04:17:35,000 --> 04:17:37,500
lunar conditions were 
approximations at best and 

4759
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:40,400
maintained intellectual 
flexibility about what they 

4760
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:44,100
might actually encounter. 
This open-minded approach 

4761
04:17:44,100 --> 04:17:48,100
combined with rigorous, 
preparation created a unique 

4762
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:52,800
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.
Communication, training, 

4763
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:55,000
revealed another dimension, of 
Armstrong's preparation, 

4764
04:17:55,000 --> 04:17:58,300
philosophy, recognizing that 
transmission quality between 

4765
04:17:58,300 --> 04:18:01,200
Earth and the Moon would be 
limited by technology and 

4766
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:03,400
distance. 
He developed a distinctive 

4767
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:06,700
communication economy. 
Training transcripts, show him 

4768
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:09,700
systematically reducing message 
length, while preserving 

4769
04:18:09,700 --> 04:18:13,000
critical information, a skill 
that would prove a central 

4770
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:15,300
during the landing. 
When every second of 

4771
04:18:15,300 --> 04:18:18,600
communication time was precious,
perhaps most revealing was 

4772
04:18:18,608 --> 04:18:20,300
Armstrong's, approached, to 
failure. 

4773
04:18:20,300 --> 04:18:24,400
Simulation While most astronauts
preferred to focus on successful

4774
04:18:24,400 --> 04:18:28,000
outcomes with occasional 
emergencies Armstrong regularly 

4775
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:30,200
requested. 
What trainers called cascading 

4776
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:33,900
failure, scenarios situations, 
where initial problems 

4777
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:36,300
triggered? 
Subsequent complications this 

4778
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:38,300
approach. 
Reflected his understanding that

4779
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:41,900
real emergencies rarely follow 
textbook patterns, but in Stead 

4780
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:44,600
evolve, unpredictably a systems 
interact. 

4781
04:18:44,600 --> 04:18:48,300
Armstrong's training, philosophy
was captured in a notary wrote 

4782
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:50,300
to flight control as before a 
particularly difficult 

4783
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:54,300
simulation. 
Today, let's make the task as 

4784
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:56,600
hard as possible on the actual 
Mission. 

4785
04:18:56,600 --> 04:18:58,800
We can only hope it will be 
easier than what we've 

4786
04:18:58,800 --> 04:19:01,900
practiced. 
This mindset preparing Beyond 

4787
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:04,800
worst case. 
Scenarios created cycle margin, 

4788
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:07,600
that would prove crucial during 
Apollo 11's actual challenge, 

4789
04:19:07,600 --> 04:19:10,700
challenges by the time 
Armstrong, boarded Apollo 11, in

4790
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,600
July of 1969. 
He had developed not just 

4791
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,600
technical proficiency but a 
cognitive approach uniquely 

4792
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:18,800
suited to exploration Beyond 
Human Experience. 

4793
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:23,000
His preparation had built, not 
just skills, but a philosophical

4794
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:26,500
framework for navigating the 
unknown, a framework that would 

4795
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:29,900
guide Humanity's first steps 
onto another world, the 13 

4796
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:32,900
minutes between the separation 
of Apollo, 11s lunar module 

4797
04:19:32,900 --> 04:19:36,300
eagle from The Command Module 
and its landing on the moon may 

4798
04:19:36,300 --> 04:19:38,800
have been its most crucial, 
although typically simplified to

4799
04:19:38,800 --> 04:19:40,500
computer alerts and fuel 
worries. 

4800
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:44,200
This brief descent phase 
entailed, a complex Cascade of 

4801
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:46,900
technological, problems, and 
human decisions that highlight 

4802
04:19:46,900 --> 04:19:50,300
Apollo's genuine accomplishment 
and Armstrong's distinctive 

4803
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,100
contributions. 
Armstrong and Aldrin were 

4804
04:19:53,100 --> 04:19:55,900
actively navigating an 
unfamiliar environment as Eagle 

4805
04:19:55,900 --> 04:19:58,000
began its powered, descent into 
the lunar surface. 

4806
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:01,800
The Landing course was plotted. 
Using Luna orbital photos with 

4807
04:20:01,800 --> 04:20:04,200
low resolution which left 
surface conditions. 

4808
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,900
Unknown Because of this 
information Gap, the crew had to

4809
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:10,800
combine real-time observations 
with pre-programmed guidance, 

4810
04:20:10,800 --> 04:20:14,700
which was harder than expected. 
At four minutes into the Descent

4811
04:20:14,700 --> 04:20:16,400
Armstrong realized the lunar 
modules. 

4812
04:20:16,400 --> 04:20:19,200
Autonomous guidance system was 
pointing them toward a landing 

4813
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,300
place that didn't fit 
pre-mission, planning voice, 

4814
04:20:22,300 --> 04:20:25,000
record show him quite quietly, 
telling all-in were headed for 

4815
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:28,200
the edge of that crater. 
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 

4816
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:32,000
hazards of West crater. 
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 

4817
04:20:32,008 --> 04:20:34,600
a dangerous Boulder Field not 
seen in Mission preparation 

4818
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:37,000
photos. 
This observation led to the 

4819
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:40,100
first significant decision 
except the computers landing 

4820
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:43,100
area or intervene Mission 
transcripts. 

4821
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:46,100
Analyzed the problem more deeply
than articles Armstrong 

4822
04:20:46,100 --> 04:20:49,800
methodically assess, surface 
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 

4823
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:53,200
radar dependability and position
relative to planned Landing 

4824
04:20:53,200 --> 04:20:57,800
coordinates Over 20 crucial 
system, parameters and precise 

4825
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:00,200
spacecraft attitude were 
monitored during this 

4826
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:02,000
multi-dimensional risk 
assessment. 

4827
04:21:03,000 --> 04:21:06,400
Armstrong had to redo trajectory
calculations, the MIT designed 

4828
04:21:06,400 --> 04:21:09,800
guidance, computer had spent 
thousands of CPUs on to manually

4829
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:13,200
re-designate the landing area. 
He had to visually select a safe

4830
04:21:13,200 --> 04:21:16,200
landing Zone estimate, its 
coordinates relative to their 

4831
04:21:16,200 --> 04:21:20,500
position and evaluated if they 
had enough fuel. the cognitive 

4832
04:21:20,500 --> 04:21:23,500
test was performed while flying 
an unstable spacecraft with 

4833
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:27,200
handling characteristics, unlike
any aircraft on Earth, the 

4834
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:30,500
redesignation maneuver was not 
just piloting skill, so David 

4835
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:34,100
Scott Armstrong, Luna Landing, 
training partner, It required, 

4836
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:36,800
mental modeling, of orbital 
mechanics, propulsion 

4837
04:21:36,800 --> 04:21:39,500
capabilities, and surface, 
topography simultaneously, 

4838
04:21:39,500 --> 04:21:42,800
essentially doing complex 
engineering calculation in real 

4839
04:21:42,800 --> 04:21:44,800
time while flying the 
spacecraft. 

4840
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:50,000
The guidance computers 1201 and 
1202 warnings complicated at an 

4841
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:53,000
already difficult situation. 
These Warnings showed the 

4842
04:21:53,008 --> 04:21:56,600
machine was overloaded resting 
and dropping lower priority 

4843
04:21:56,600 --> 04:21:59,100
functions. 
Although Mission Control didn't 

4844
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,500
order in a bought, these alarms 
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 

4845
04:22:02,500 --> 04:22:04,500
adjust for sensor data 
fluctuations. 

4846
04:22:05,400 --> 04:22:08,300
Popular versions rarely mention 
that Armstrong, managed 3 

4847
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:09,900
control modes throughout the 
Descent. 

4848
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,500
He monitored the primary 
guidance system was aware of the

4849
04:22:13,508 --> 04:22:16,600
abort guidance system, which 
might be employed if the primary

4850
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:19,200
system faild and prepared for 
human control. 

4851
04:22:19,200 --> 04:22:22,500
If both systems fail. 
His mental, tracking of several 

4852
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:26,300
parallel systems reflected, his 
test pilot years, always being 

4853
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:30,100
aware of fullback possibilities.
Armstrong took over human 

4854
04:22:30,100 --> 04:22:34,200
control in peace 66 mode. 
When he got plummeted below 500 

4855
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:37,000
feet giving rate of descent 
commands, while the computer 

4856
04:22:37,000 --> 04:22:41,000
maintained attitude, Human 
machine collaboration matched, 

4857
04:22:41,000 --> 04:22:43,900
Armstrong's balanced, automation
strategy, throughout Mission 

4858
04:22:43,900 --> 04:22:46,800
preparation. 
An experienced test pilot 

4859
04:22:46,800 --> 04:22:49,500
analyzing aircraft response, 
uses modest precise, 

4860
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:52,400
modifications followed by 
periods of observation in his 

4861
04:22:52,400 --> 04:22:54,000
control inputs throughout this 
phase. 

4862
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:57,200
The radio discussion between 
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 

4863
04:22:57,200 --> 04:23:00,200
final descent shows, how 
optimized communication helps 

4864
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:02,400
people. 
Perform under duress, they 

4865
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,100
discussed altitude, velocity 
fuel condition and Hazard 

4866
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:09,500
notifications with little 
outside commentary. that 

4867
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:11,800
simulated thousands of hours to 
perfect their speech 

4868
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:14,400
communication to provide the 
most information with less 

4869
04:23:14,400 --> 04:23:18,400
distraction Armstrong suffered 
dust obscuration as Eagle 

4870
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:22,100
reached the surface exhaust from
The Descent engine created a 

4871
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:24,100
blinding dust cloud over lunar 
objects. 

4872
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:27,600
Armstrong later sought Shadows, 
rocks or something. 

4873
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:29,700
That would give me a clue to 
Velocity and altitude. 

4874
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:33,600
But visual references became 
harder to see to relate in the 

4875
04:23:33,608 --> 04:23:36,200
flight sensory loss. 
Prompted him to rely 

4876
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,500
increasingly on instrument data,
requiring rapid perceptual 

4877
04:23:39,500 --> 04:23:42,100
adaptation. 
Landing on the moon was 

4878
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:46,100
doubtful, the lunar modules legs
had crushable aluminum honeycomb

4879
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:49,100
to buffer Landing stresses but 
no one understood how it would 

4880
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:50,600
react. 
Home. 

4881
04:23:50,600 --> 04:23:53,000
Strong kept the descending 
engine minimum thrust until 

4882
04:23:53,000 --> 04:23:56,400
stable contact in the last 
second preparing for Rebound or 

4883
04:23:56,400 --> 04:23:59,400
sideways movement. 
Radio call contact light, 

4884
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:02,900
followed by engine stopped and 
Houston Tranquility base here. 

4885
04:24:02,900 --> 04:24:06,500
The eagle has landed conceals 
Armstrong and older and 

4886
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:08,100
complicated. 
Shut down routine. 

4887
04:24:09,000 --> 04:24:11,500
Within seconds of Landing, they 
had to establish a stable 

4888
04:24:11,500 --> 04:24:13,600
position. 
Shut down The Descent engine 

4889
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:16,000
switch, various systems to 
surface mode. 

4890
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:18,400
And prepare for an emergency 
assessment of surface, 

4891
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:22,100
circumstances were unstable 
Armstrong's cognitive bandwidth 

4892
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:23,700
control during the landing was 
amazing. 

4893
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:27,000
During The Descent, he monitored
over 30 system. 

4894
04:24:27,000 --> 04:24:31,200
Parameters processed changing 
visual information, calculated 

4895
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:35,200
Fuel and trajectory communicated
with Aldrin and Mission Control 

4896
04:24:35,200 --> 04:24:38,000
and manually controlled the 
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 

4897
04:24:38,000 --> 04:24:41,100
environment. 
This cognitive multitasking may 

4898
04:24:41,100 --> 04:24:43,300
have been the most difficult 
operational environment ever. 

4899
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:47,100
The Landing changed Humanity's 
relationship with the universe 

4900
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:50,600
beyond the technological feat. 
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 

4901
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:52,500
boundary that had defined human 
existence. 

4902
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:56,100
Since our species emerged, Being
creatures of a single world, 

4903
04:24:56,100 --> 04:25:00,600
like, going from orbit to Earth.
The drop from orbit to the land,

4904
04:25:00,600 --> 04:25:04,000
was a technical operation and a 
lasting human expansion beyond 

4905
04:25:04,000 --> 04:25:06,200
Earth. 
The Landing confirmed a human 

4906
04:25:06,200 --> 04:25:09,800
machine integration strategy 
that would shape Decades of 

4907
04:25:09,800 --> 04:25:13,400
exploration, Armstrong's, blend 
of Automation and manual 

4908
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:15,000
control. 
Set a precedent for modern 

4909
04:25:15,000 --> 04:25:18,000
spaceflight, trusting computers 
with mundane tasks and humans 

4910
04:25:18,000 --> 04:25:21,300
with vital, judgments Armstrong 
believe that exploration 

4911
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:23,700
required technology, Improvement
in human adaptation. 

4912
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:27,900
Not just one, it also emphasizes
the need to simplify technical 

4913
04:25:27,900 --> 04:25:29,300
Concepts without 
oversimplifying. 

4914
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:33,500
This communication method helped
Armstrong explain issues without

4915
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:37,200
panicking during the landing. 
Armstrong's famous Association 

4916
04:25:37,200 --> 04:25:39,700
was maybe the most shocking 
selection Criterion. 

4917
04:25:40,300 --> 04:25:43,500
NASA realized that whoever led 
the first landing would face 

4918
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:45,800
tremendous celebrity as Apollo 
neared. 

4919
04:25:45,800 --> 04:25:48,500
Its peak. 
Some psychological tests found 

4920
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:51,200
Armstrong had exceptional 
immunity to the distorting 

4921
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:54,100
effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

4922
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:57,500
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

4923
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:00,800
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, The choice was 

4924
04:26:00,800 --> 04:26:03,900
controversial. 
Some NASA employees suggested, 

4925
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:06,400
choose and charismatic 
astronauts to Garner public 

4926
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:09,000
attention. 
Others preferred combat 

4927
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:12,500
experience military candidates. 
Internal papers showed, 

4928
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:15,000
disagreement about whether 
Armstrong's reservedness would 

4929
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:18,400
reduce the missions inspiration.
The conclusion hinged on 

4930
04:26:18,400 --> 04:26:21,400
judgment under uncertainty, 
which is hard to quantify. 

4931
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:24,400
The lunar Landing would require 
Maneuvers that Earth. 

4932
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:27,200
Cannot replicate later flight 
director. 

4933
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:30,000
Chris Craft said we needed 
someone who could make the right

4934
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:31,700
decision. 
When there was no right answer. 

4935
04:26:33,400 --> 04:26:36,200
Hamstrung showed his courage in 
real life during the Gemini 8 

4936
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:39,000
emergency. 
When Armstrong Aldrin and 

4937
04:26:39,000 --> 04:26:42,900
Collins were assigned to Apollo 
11 in January in 69 public 

4938
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:44,900
attention centered on their 
technical capabilities. 

4939
04:26:46,100 --> 04:26:49,400
Behind closed doors. 
NASA knew that the first lunar 

4940
04:26:49,400 --> 04:26:51,600
Landing required more than 
piloting skill. 

4941
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:54,500
It required a commander who 
could handle history without 

4942
04:26:54,500 --> 04:26:57,500
being crushed. 
NASA's changing leadership 

4943
04:26:57,500 --> 04:26:59,000
Philosophy for space 
exploration. 

4944
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:02,700
Influenced Armstrong selection. 
The perfect Commander for 

4945
04:27:02,700 --> 04:27:04,900
Humanity's first steps on 
another Globe. 

4946
04:27:04,900 --> 04:27:08,800
Wasn't the best pilot or most 
authoritative personality but 

4947
04:27:08,800 --> 04:27:11,400
someone whose identity could 
fade behind the achievement. 

4948
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:15,000
NASA found a commander in 
Armstrong who never let his ego 

4949
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:18,900
overshadow Humanity's success. 
The opening question did Neil 

4950
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:22,200
Armstrong actually walk on the 
moon, reflects one of the most 

4951
04:27:22,200 --> 04:27:25,700
persistent current conspiracy 
theories, exploring moon, 

4952
04:27:25,700 --> 04:27:28,500
landing denialism history, 
reveals Armstrong's Legacy and 

4953
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:31,900
cultural concerns about 
technology, trust and American 

4954
04:27:31,900 --> 04:27:34,400
identity. 
Contrary to popular belief 

4955
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:37,600
conspiracy theories about the 
moon landing began immediately 

4956
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:41,400
after Apollo 11. 
Not in the US, in 1970, the 

4957
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:43,900
Soviet aligned in international 
organization of journalists, 

4958
04:27:43,900 --> 04:27:47,500
published America's Journey To 
The Moon scientific feet or 

4959
04:27:47,500 --> 04:27:51,100
political Bluff, which made the 
first major Chargers of fakery, 

4960
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:54,800
this story demonstrates how cold
war rhetoric, not technology 

4961
04:27:54,800 --> 04:27:57,000
initially fueled Apollo's 
battle. 

4962
04:27:57,900 --> 04:28:00,700
People rarely discuss Neil 
Armstrong's direct interaction 

4963
04:28:00,700 --> 04:28:03,800
with these Notions, a Belgrade 
resident told Armstrong, The 

4964
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:06,400
Landing was recorded in 
Hollywood during the post Apollo

4965
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:09,200
Goodwill trip. in State 
Department Records, but rarely 

4966
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:13,500
cited Armstrong said, if it was 
a Hollywood production out of 

4967
04:28:13,500 --> 04:28:17,500
demanded, a better script and 
more comfortable costumes, he 

4968
04:28:17,500 --> 04:28:20,600
always responded to conspiracy 
accusations with wit, rather 

4969
04:28:20,600 --> 04:28:23,700
than outrage as American 
suspicion of government 

4970
04:28:23,700 --> 04:28:27,300
increased after Vietnam and 
Watergate conspiracy theories, 

4971
04:28:27,300 --> 04:28:31,100
change considerably in the 
mid-1970s, Bill kaysing 

4972
04:28:31,100 --> 04:28:33,400
self-published pamphlet. 
We never went to the moon 

4973
04:28:33,400 --> 04:28:36,000
changed. 
Moon hoax arguments from foreign

4974
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:40,100
propaganda to home. 
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 

4975
04:28:40,100 --> 04:28:41,700
privately wrote to fellow 
astronauts. 

4976
04:28:41,700 --> 04:28:44,500
That distrust of achievement has
become more threatening to 

4977
04:28:44,500 --> 04:28:46,000
progress than technical 
limitations. 

4978
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:50,100
Scientific investigation has 
disproven conspiracy theorists. 

4979
04:28:50,100 --> 04:28:54,200
Technical claims waving flags 
missing Stars illumination and 

4980
04:28:54,200 --> 04:28:57,300
anomalies understanding why 
these views endured despite 

4981
04:28:57,300 --> 04:28:59,300
overwhelming, evidence is more 
of healing. 

4982
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:02,200
Moon landing denial is 
significantly linked to 

4983
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:05,000
proportionality bias. 
The tendency to believe 

4984
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,800
significant events must have 
equally significant causes 

4985
04:29:07,800 --> 04:29:11,600
according to sociological 
studies the idea that Humanity's

4986
04:29:11,600 --> 04:29:14,500
Greatest Adventure could be 
completed with ordinary human 

4987
04:29:14,500 --> 04:29:18,100
effort, albeit amazing, 
coordination seems insufficient 

4988
04:29:18,100 --> 04:29:19,700
to match. 
Its psychological impact 

4989
04:29:19,700 --> 04:29:24,500
Armstrong understood this cycle 
of aspect of Vietnam in a rare 

4990
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:28,200
interview in 1999. 
He said, Spiritually theories 

4991
04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:30,500
aren't really about the moon. 
There are about the 

4992
04:29:30,508 --> 04:29:33,500
uncomfortable reality that 
humans can accomplish things 

4993
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:36,300
that seem impossible through 
processes to complex for any 

4994
04:29:36,300 --> 04:29:40,700
individual to fully comprehend. 
Armstrong's lifelong emphasis on

4995
04:29:40,708 --> 04:29:43,700
systems thinking about heroism 
is shown by this Revelation. 

4996
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:47,900
Moon hoax beliefs flourished on 
line, creating Echo Chambers 

4997
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:52,100
where denialism could Thrive 
without evidence. 1999 polls 

4998
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:54,900
showed that about 2% of 
Americans denied, the moon 

4999
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:58,100
landing proportion that has 
remained consistent despite new 

5000
04:29:58,100 --> 04:30:01,200
information. 
This tenacity gives insight into

5001
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,500
how some people handle trust, 
evidence and Authority. 

5002
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:08,100
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 
conspiracy claims differently. 

5003
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:12,000
Other astronauts debated. 
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.

5004
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:15,900
Punched a persistence skeptic 
Armstrong kept quiet on public 

5005
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:18,700
platforms but addressed the 
concerns in schools. 

5006
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:22,900
He told a university audience 
directly addressing conspiracy 

5007
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:26,100
theories, legitimizes them 
better to motivate the future 

5008
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:28,400
generation to exceed our 
achievements than defend 

5009
04:30:28,400 --> 04:30:31,300
history. 
Conspiracy theories changed 

5010
04:30:31,300 --> 04:30:35,400
revealing early versions claimed
radiation technology or physics.

5011
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:38,400
Impeded the travel after 
disproving each claim, 

5012
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:41,900
speculation switched to 
purported motivations cold war 

5013
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:44,900
competition, military purposes 
and more intricate conspiracy 

5014
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:47,600
Frameworks. 
Moon landing denial led to 

5015
04:30:47,608 --> 04:30:50,000
Greater rejection of 
institutional knowledge 

5016
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:52,800
reflecting American conspiracy 
thinking. 

5017
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:57,800
The documentary operation 
Avalanche at 2016 explored the 

5018
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:01,900
conspiracy by imagining a moon 
landing scam Armstrong decline 

5019
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:04,700
the project but reportedly 
watched a screening and told 

5020
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:08,300
Associates they've made faking. 
It seemed far more complicated 

5021
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:12,300
than actually doing it. 
This episode explains why Moon 

5022
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:15,400
hoax theories fail. 
The conspiracy requires more 

5023
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:18,500
players technology and 
coordination than lunar 

5024
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:21,400
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 
landing denial. 

5025
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:24,600
As a philosophical challenge, 
not a personal insult. 

5026
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:27,900
Friends say he saw it as 
educational failure rather than 

5027
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:31,900
malice consequence of Science 
Education that emphasized facts 

5028
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:36,400
over procedure in his final 
years he oriented educational 

5029
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:39,500
donations towards scientific 
methodology and critical 

5030
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:41,700
thinking programs rather than 
the knowledge acquisition. 

5031
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:44,300
The question of whether arms 
strong walked on the moon 

5032
04:31:45,100 --> 04:31:48,100
Exposes American societies 
tensions between technical 

5033
04:31:48,100 --> 04:31:50,800
achievement, and humanistic 
meaning, institutional 

5034
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:53,500
Authority, and individual 
skepticism, and National 

5035
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:57,000
narrative and personal identity.
Armstrong understood this, 

5036
04:31:57,000 --> 04:31:59,900
intricacy and saw that his 
Moonwalker become a test of how 

5037
04:31:59,900 --> 04:32:02,000
individuals connect to communal 
achievement. 

5038
04:32:02,800 --> 04:32:05,600
During a congressional hearing 
two years prior to his demise 

5039
04:32:05,600 --> 04:32:09,000
Armstrong addressed conspiracy 
theories without directly 

5040
04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:10,900
confronting them. 
Asserting. 

5041
04:32:10,900 --> 04:32:13,200
That knowledge is not a finite 
resource. 

5042
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:16,600
I can walk on the moon without 
your believing but your 

5043
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:19,300
disbelief May prevent you from 
attaining The Impossible. 

5044
04:32:20,900 --> 04:32:23,700
Armstrong's remark shows that 
the moon landing was more than a

5045
04:32:23,700 --> 04:32:26,200
physical feat. 
It symbolized human 

5046
04:32:26,200 --> 04:32:28,800
possibilities. 
Moon landing conspiracy 

5047
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:31,100
theories. 
Persist despite overwhelming 

5048
04:32:31,100 --> 04:32:34,700
evidence from multiple missions,
independent verification from 

5049
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,200
other countries, space agencies,
retro reflectors, still working 

5050
04:32:38,200 --> 04:32:42,100
on the moon. this says something
about historical truth in the 

5051
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:45,600
modern era, the moon landing is 
unusual in the, it was widely 

5052
04:32:45,600 --> 04:32:49,100
documented but just a few people
witnessed it Armstrong 

5053
04:32:49,100 --> 04:32:52,800
understood this epistemic issue 
he emphasized in private letters

5054
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,400
with historians that space 
exploration, produced a new 

5055
04:32:55,408 --> 04:32:58,700
category of human knowledge that
required Collective confidence 

5056
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:00,600
because it could not be 
independently validated. 

5057
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:05,099
This knowledge, guided his 
lifelong focus on education that

5058
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:07,500
taught how to analyze facts and 
draw conclusions. 

5059
04:33:08,500 --> 04:33:11,800
After July 1969, the topic did 
Neil Armstrong. 

5060
04:33:11,800 --> 04:33:15,200
Really walk on the moon becomes 
more about how cultures 

5061
04:33:15,200 --> 04:33:18,599
establish shared reality. 
Armstrong's Legacy may not be 

5062
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:21,900
lunar dust, but his example of 
how humans success exceeds 

5063
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:24,300
individual capacity through 
collaboration and common 

5064
04:33:24,300 --> 04:33:27,599
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 
theory can change. 

5065
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:31,599
The man who took that little 
step realized that Humanity's 

5066
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,000
greatest, achievements are 
defined by how they increase 

5067
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:36,500
human possibility not by, who 
does them. 

5068
04:33:36,500 --> 04:33:40,099
This means that whether someone 
believes in the moon, landing is

5069
04:33:40,099 --> 04:33:42,599
less important than if it 
encourages them to push 

5070
04:33:42,599 --> 04:33:45,300
themselves. 
In his final public engagement 

5071
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:49,700
Armstrong reminded people's our 
site is limited by The Horizon. 

5072
04:33:49,700 --> 04:34:02,000
Moving, the Horizon is progress.
picture yourself settling into 

5073
04:34:02,000 --> 04:34:06,700
the evening, warmth of your 
shelter, 30,000 years ago, The 

5074
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:11,700
fire crackled softly beside, you
casting Shadows on stone walls, 

5075
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:14,599
that have become more familiar 
than any home you've ever known.

5076
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:18,700
outside the wind carries a 
different song than it did in 

5077
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:22,700
your grandfather's time sharper 
colder with an edge that speaks 

5078
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:26,599
of changes, your people are 
still learning to understand You

5079
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:28,800
weren't born when the world 
began its slow. 

5080
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:32,200
Slide toward endless winter. 
Your grandmother used to tell 

5081
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:35,500
stories of forests that 
stretched Beyond the Horizon of 

5082
04:34:35,500 --> 04:34:37,500
berries. 
So abundant, they stain your 

5083
04:34:37,500 --> 04:34:41,000
fingers purple for days and of 
rivers that never wore. 

5084
04:34:41,000 --> 04:34:44,599
Their Crystal armor of ice. 
Those Tails felt like dreams 

5085
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:48,099
warm and impossible told around 
fires that seemed smaller each 

5086
04:34:48,099 --> 04:34:51,900
passing season. 
She didn't announce itself with 

5087
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:55,900
Fanfare nature, rarely does. 
Instead it whispered its 

5088
04:34:55,900 --> 04:34:59,400
intention through subtle signs 
that took generations to decode.

5089
04:35:00,400 --> 04:35:02,000
Winter's stretched a little 
longer. 

5090
04:35:02,900 --> 04:35:04,500
To bring arrived with hesitant 
steps. 

5091
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:08,500
A great herds began their 
migration earlier than later. 

5092
04:35:08,500 --> 04:35:12,000
Along Paz, that made no sense to
Hunters who had followed the 

5093
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:15,500
same routes for countless 
Seasons, your people adapted the

5094
04:35:15,500 --> 04:35:19,500
way humans always have not with 
grand gestures, but with 1,000 

5095
04:35:19,500 --> 04:35:21,599
smaller adjustments that felt 
natural at the time. 

5096
04:35:22,700 --> 04:35:25,599
When the familiar berry bushes, 
fail to thrive you learned which

5097
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:27,099
bark could be chewed for 
sustenance. 

5098
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:31,000
When the streams began freezing 
solid, you discovered that 

5099
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:35,300
certain Stones when heated by 
the fire could be Captain hide 

5100
04:35:35,300 --> 04:35:38,400
and tucked against your body to 
ward off the bone deep cold that

5101
04:35:38,400 --> 04:35:40,099
crept in during the longest 
nights. 

5102
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,500
The mammoths those walking 
mountains of fur and wisdom 

5103
04:35:43,500 --> 04:35:47,500
became your unwitting teachers. 
You watched them strip bark from

5104
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:51,400
trees with their enormous Trunks
and learned which varieties held

5105
04:35:51,400 --> 04:35:54,400
the most nutrition. 
You observed, how they use their

5106
04:35:54,400 --> 04:35:57,300
tusks to dig through snow, to 
reach the Hardy grasses, 

5107
04:35:57,300 --> 04:36:01,000
beneath, and copied their 
technique with your tools, crude

5108
04:36:01,000 --> 04:36:03,599
but effective. 
But perhaps the most important 

5109
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:05,700
lesson came from watching how 
they moved together. 

5110
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:10,000
Never alone always in their 
family groups, sharing warmth, 

5111
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:13,099
sharing knowledge, and sharing 
the burden of survival. 

5112
04:36:14,200 --> 04:36:17,000
Your people had always been 
social creatures, but the 

5113
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:19,400
growing cold torture that 
cooperation wasn't just 

5114
04:36:19,400 --> 04:36:22,599
Pleasant. 
It was essential Caves you 

5115
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,300
called home groomer crowded, but
also more warm. 

5116
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:29,800
Body's pressed together meant 
sharing heat stories and Hope. 

5117
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:34,099
The elders, once content to sit 
apart in quiet, contemplation 

5118
04:36:34,099 --> 04:36:36,500
became the keepers of crucial 
knowledge. 

5119
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:40,300
They remembered which plants 
could be dried and stored, which

5120
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:43,099
animal behaviors, predicted 
harsh weather and which 

5121
04:36:43,099 --> 04:36:45,900
technique worked best for 
preserving meat when hunting was

5122
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:50,200
beneficial, You learn to read 
the sky with new eyes cloud, 

5123
04:36:50,200 --> 04:36:52,400
formations that, once simply 
promised rain. 

5124
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:56,099
Now held messages about the 
severity of coming storms, The 

5125
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:58,700
way snow fell thick and wet or 
fine. 

5126
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:01,500
And stinging told you whether to
venture out for supplies or 

5127
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:04,700
hunker down for days, even the 
behavior of small creatures 

5128
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:06,500
became a language, you needed to
understand. 

5129
04:37:08,000 --> 04:37:10,500
When the hardy ground squirrels 
disappeared deeper into their 

5130
04:37:10,500 --> 04:37:14,000
Burrows you to do the same. 
The fire never went out. 

5131
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,800
That became your tribes, most 
sacred rule more important than 

5132
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:21,599
any ceremony or tradition. 
Someone always watch the Flames.

5133
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:25,200
Fed them carefully hoarded Fuel 
and protected them from wind and

5134
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:28,300
rain and the thousand things 
that could steal away your life 

5135
04:37:28,300 --> 04:37:31,900
line to warmth and light the 
FireKeepers developed an almost 

5136
04:37:31,900 --> 04:37:36,099
mystical understanding of wood 
and Tinder knowing instinctively

5137
04:37:36,099 --> 04:37:39,200
which materials would burn 
longest, which would provide the

5138
04:37:39,200 --> 04:37:42,599
most heat in which could be 
coaxed into flame even when damp

5139
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:46,099
as you lay here listening to the
Eternal conversation between 

5140
04:37:46,099 --> 04:37:48,400
flame and fuel. 
You can almost sense the 

5141
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,900
generations of your ancestors 
who sat in similar spots, watch 

5142
04:37:51,900 --> 04:37:55,099
similar fires and made daily 
decisions that determined. 

5143
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:57,700
Whether they would see another 
sunrise or succumb to the cold, 

5144
04:37:58,800 --> 04:38:01,900
Their wisdom flows through you, 
like warmth from the half and 

5145
04:38:01,900 --> 04:38:04,000
inheritance more precious than 
any material. 

5146
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:07,099
Treasure morning, arrives with 
the particular silence. 

5147
04:38:07,099 --> 04:38:11,300
That only deep snow can create 
You wake to a world muffled and 

5148
04:38:11,308 --> 04:38:14,500
transformed were familiar. 
Landmarks hide beneath white 

5149
04:38:14,500 --> 04:38:18,300
blankets and every step outside 
requires, careful consideration.

5150
04:38:19,800 --> 04:38:23,099
This is your daily puzzle. 
Now, reading the landscape that 

5151
04:38:23,099 --> 04:38:26,099
changes overnight learning to 
see opportunity where others 

5152
04:38:26,099 --> 04:38:29,800
might see only obstacle. 
Your feet have grown wise, over 

5153
04:38:29,800 --> 04:38:32,599
the years knowing without 
looking where the hidden rocks 

5154
04:38:32,599 --> 04:38:35,200
creates solid footing. 
And where the snow might give 

5155
04:38:35,200 --> 04:38:37,300
away to reveal a twisted ankle 
or worse. 

5156
04:38:38,099 --> 04:38:40,700
You've learned to trust the 
subtle messages, your body sends

5157
04:38:40,700 --> 04:38:44,000
the way your breathing changes 
and different kinds of cold. 

5158
04:38:44,000 --> 04:38:47,099
How your skin tingles, when the 
air holds the promise of more 

5159
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:49,500
snow and the particular aching 
your joints. 

5160
04:38:49,500 --> 04:38:51,599
That means the weather will 
shift before nightfall. 

5161
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:55,500
The hunting has changed becoming
more of a chess game than a 

5162
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:57,900
chase. 
The large prey animals have 

5163
04:38:57,900 --> 04:39:01,000
developed their own Survival 
strategies, clustering, and 

5164
04:39:01,000 --> 04:39:03,700
sheltered valleys. 
Growing thicker coats and 

5165
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:07,599
becoming more wary and difficult
to approach. but you've noticed 

5166
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:10,700
something interesting, there are
so becoming more predictable in 

5167
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:14,599
some ways desperation creates 
patterns and Trends create 

5168
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:17,300
opportunities for those patient 
enough to observe and learn 

5169
04:39:18,200 --> 04:39:21,000
Found that tracking in snow 
presents, both advantages and 

5170
04:39:21,000 --> 04:39:23,900
challenges compared to the mud 
during warmer seasons. 

5171
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:27,800
Prince, tell clearer stories, 
how long ago the creature 

5172
04:39:27,800 --> 04:39:31,099
passed, whether it was healthy 
or struggling and whether it was

5173
04:39:31,099 --> 04:39:35,000
a loan or part of a group, 
however, snow also deceives 

5174
04:39:35,000 --> 04:39:39,300
shifting and drifting concealing
tracks or generating false ones 

5175
04:39:39,300 --> 04:39:41,800
as wind patterns, manipulate the
accumulated powder. 

5176
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:47,300
The smaller prey has become your
specialty rabbits Ptarmigan and 

5177
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,800
the occasional beaver when you 
can find Open Water, a creatures

5178
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,700
that might have gone unnoticed 
in times of Plenty, but now 

5179
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:57,200
represent the difference between
a successful day and an empty 

5180
04:39:57,200 --> 04:39:59,300
belly. 
You've learned to think like 

5181
04:39:59,300 --> 04:40:03,300
them to understand how they move
through their Frozen world where

5182
04:40:03,300 --> 04:40:06,300
they shelter and what drives 
them from safety into the open 

5183
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:07,600
where patient Hunters. 
Wait. 

5184
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:11,000
Ice fishing has become an art 
form in your tribe. 

5185
04:40:11,000 --> 04:40:13,600
The elders. 
Teach youngsters to read the ice

5186
04:40:13,600 --> 04:40:16,600
like a book where it's thick 
enough to support a person's 

5187
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:19,400
weight, where the fish Gather in
the deeper Pockets that don't 

5188
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:22,700
freeze solid and how to cut 
holes without creating dangerous

5189
04:40:22,700 --> 04:40:26,400
weaknesses in the surface. 
There's a meditative quality to 

5190
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:30,400
sitting beside these holes in 
Furs waiting for the subtle tug.

5191
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:33,400
That means dinner. 
But perhaps the most crucial 

5192
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,100
skill you've developed is the 
ability to recognize what you 

5193
04:40:36,100 --> 04:40:39,400
call gift days. 
Those unexpected breaks in the 

5194
04:40:39,400 --> 04:40:41,000
weather. 
When the sun shines with almost 

5195
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:44,800
forgotten warmth when the wind 
dies down to a whisper when the 

5196
04:40:44,800 --> 04:40:48,500
world briefly remembers what. 
Kindness feels like these days 

5197
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:51,500
are precious beyond measure 
opportunities to venture. 

5198
04:40:51,500 --> 04:40:54,700
Father from shelter. 
Check trap lines and gather. 

5199
04:40:54,700 --> 04:40:57,700
The last stubborn berries that 
somehow survived, the latest 

5200
04:40:57,700 --> 04:41:01,500
freeze on gift days. 
You can almost pretend that this

5201
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:04,600
endless winter might be 
temporary that Somewhere Beyond 

5202
04:41:04,600 --> 04:41:07,000
the Horizon. 
The world still holds green 

5203
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:09,600
places where life continues in 
the old ways. 

5204
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:12,300
You've grown too wise to let 
such thoughts. 

5205
04:41:12,300 --> 04:41:15,600
Linger, long hope is useful. 
But only when balanced with 

5206
04:41:15,600 --> 04:41:18,800
realistic preparation for what 
tomorrow might bring the night 

5207
04:41:18,800 --> 04:41:22,500
sky is become your calendar and 
compass with so many landmarks 

5208
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:26,100
buried under snow navigation. 
Relies more heavily on the stars

5209
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:29,600
that shine with crystalline 
clarity through the cold thin 

5210
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:32,500
air. 
You've learned constellation's 

5211
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:35,900
your grandmother never needed to
know and seasonal patterns that 

5212
04:41:35,900 --> 04:41:38,100
help track the slow passage of 
time. 

5213
04:41:38,100 --> 04:41:41,900
When each day Blends in to the 
next, in an endless cycle of 

5214
04:41:41,900 --> 04:41:45,300
survival tasks. 
Your hands have become tools 

5215
04:41:45,300 --> 04:41:48,900
that specialized as any carved. 
Implement your fingers can 

5216
04:41:48,900 --> 04:41:51,600
detect the difference between 
snow that will compact into 

5217
04:41:51,600 --> 04:41:54,300
building material and snow that 
will only frustrate 

5218
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:56,900
construction. 
Efforts your palms can gauge the

5219
04:41:56,908 --> 04:42:00,000
heat radiating from Stones 
around the fire knowing 

5220
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:02,600
precisely when they're ready to 
be wrapped and used for warming 

5221
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:06,400
beds or drying damp clothing. 
The rhythm of your days has 

5222
04:42:06,400 --> 04:42:08,900
settled into patterns that would
seem monotonous to someone from 

5223
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:11,100
easier times. 
But you've learned to find 

5224
04:42:11,100 --> 04:42:13,300
subtle variations that keep life
exciting. 

5225
04:42:13,300 --> 04:42:16,800
The way morning, light hits the 
ice formations outside your 

5226
04:42:16,800 --> 04:42:20,500
shelter changes daily, creating 
a natural artwork that costs 

5227
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:24,600
nothing to enjoy. 
The Sounds your fellow tribe 

5228
04:42:24,600 --> 04:42:27,200
members make as they go about 
their tasks become a familiar 

5229
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:31,200
Symphony, that speaks of safety 
and Community, even your dreams 

5230
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:34,800
of adapted to this Frozen World 
filled with images of warmth and

5231
04:42:34,800 --> 04:42:37,600
abundant that feel less like 
memories and more like promises 

5232
04:42:37,600 --> 04:42:40,400
visions of a future, and the ice
Retreats, and the world 

5233
04:42:40,400 --> 04:42:43,200
remembers how to be green. 
Again, you've become a master of

5234
04:42:43,200 --> 04:42:46,400
the almost good enough, the 
nearly perfect solution and the 

5235
04:42:46,408 --> 04:42:49,600
creative workaround, that turns 
potential disaster into mining 

5236
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:53,700
inconvenience every morning, 
just like every other presents, 

5237
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:56,900
a small crisis that requires 
resolution using whatever 

5238
04:42:56,900 --> 04:42:59,600
materials are readily available 
within your shelter's reach. 

5239
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,400
Today's challenge The Binding on
your best winter boot. 

5240
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:07,000
Has finally given up worn 
through by countless miles of 

5241
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:10,600
walking on surfaces that would 
have destroyed Footwear in days,

5242
04:43:10,600 --> 04:43:13,800
rather than Seasons back when 
replacement materials were 

5243
04:43:13,800 --> 04:43:17,400
easily found. 
But replacement isn't really the

5244
04:43:17,400 --> 04:43:20,100
right word anymore. 
Nothing gets replaced, 

5245
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:24,400
everything gets repaired 
repurposed, and reimagined into 

5246
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:27,300
something that serves the same 
function more or less for a 

5247
04:43:27,300 --> 04:43:30,200
little while longer. 
You evaluate your options with 

5248
04:43:30,200 --> 04:43:32,600
the expertise of someone who has
tackled similar issues. 

5249
04:43:32,600 --> 04:43:35,900
Numerous times, the leather 
strips you've been saving might 

5250
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:39,200
work but there are earmarked for
a repair to the shelters door 

5251
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:41,700
covering that becomes more 
urgent with the wind storm. 

5252
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:45,300
The sinew from last week's 
successful Hunters already 

5253
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:49,000
spoken for promise to reinforce 
the handles on tools that can't 

5254
04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:50,700
afford to fail at crucial 
moments. 

5255
04:43:51,700 --> 04:43:54,500
Then you remember the inner bark
technique, one of the elders, 

5256
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:57,600
demonstrated last or Autumn back
when such knowledge like 

5257
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:01,100
intriguing trivia rather than 
essential survival skills. 

5258
04:44:02,500 --> 04:44:06,300
Certain trees even in their 
winter dormancy hold flexible 

5259
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:08,200
fibers just beneath their outer 
bark. 

5260
04:44:09,100 --> 04:44:11,800
Finding the right tree means a 
cold walk through snow, that 

5261
04:44:11,800 --> 04:44:15,400
comes up to your thighs, but the
alternative is spending the rest

5262
04:44:15,400 --> 04:44:18,200
of winter within adequate 
Footwear, which isn't really an 

5263
04:44:18,200 --> 04:44:20,800
alternative at all. 
The Expedition becomes an 

5264
04:44:20,800 --> 04:44:22,400
opportunity to check the Trap 
lines. 

5265
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,300
You set three days ago, a 
hopeful exercise that pays off 

5266
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:26,700
more often than you might 
expect. 

5267
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:30,400
Small creatures continue to move
through their Frozen World, 

5268
04:44:30,400 --> 04:44:33,200
following needs and instincts 
that make them predictable to 

5269
04:44:33,200 --> 04:44:36,800
anyone who has learned to think 
like prey rather than Predator. 

5270
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:41,200
You find evidence of activity. 
Tracks that speak of desperate 

5271
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:43,000
hunger, overcoming natural 
caution. 

5272
04:44:43,000 --> 04:44:46,400
The kind of desperation that 
drives animals into situations. 

5273
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:49,700
They would normally avoid this 
knowledge feels like holding a 

5274
04:44:49,708 --> 04:44:52,900
secret understanding. 
Something about how survival 

5275
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:56,700
changes behavior in ways that 
can be anticipated and used the 

5276
04:44:56,700 --> 04:44:59,200
bark harvesting requires, 
patience and technique that 

5277
04:44:59,200 --> 04:45:00,600
would have baffled your younger 
self. 

5278
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:04,000
If you are overly aggressive, 
you risk, damaging the tree 

5279
04:45:04,000 --> 04:45:06,900
Beyond its capacity to recover 
when the warmer weather returns.

5280
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:10,400
If you are overly cautious, you 
may not obtain sufficient 

5281
04:45:10,400 --> 04:45:14,300
material to justify the effort. 
The balance point exists in that

5282
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:17,800
narrow space between waist and 
want the place where most of 

5283
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:21,000
your decisions live these days 
back at the shelter, the work of

5284
04:45:21,008 --> 04:45:24,700
preparation begins. 
We must process soften and 

5285
04:45:24,700 --> 04:45:26,800
braid, the bark to make it 
sturdy enough to withstand 

5286
04:45:26,800 --> 04:45:30,700
another season of rigorous use. 
Your hands know this work 

5287
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:33,600
intimately now. 
Fingers moving with practice 

5288
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,400
efficiency while your mind 
wanders to other problems that 

5289
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:38,900
need solving. 
The food stores, require 

5290
04:45:38,900 --> 04:45:40,900
constant attention and creative 
management. 

5291
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:44,400
What seemed like adequate 
supplies when the snow began to 

5292
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:46,500
fall. 
Now need to be stretched further

5293
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:49,500
than originally planned. 
You've learned to make soup from

5294
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:52,100
ingredients, that would have 
been discarded in easier times 

5295
04:45:52,100 --> 04:45:54,900
bones boiled until they release 
every possible. 

5296
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:59,200
Nutrient vegetation that 
provides bulk if not flavor and 

5297
04:45:59,200 --> 04:46:02,000
combinations that work better 
than their individual components

5298
04:46:02,000 --> 04:46:04,700
suggests, they should. 
But perhaps the most important 

5299
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:07,600
thing, you've learned is how to 
turn scarcity into a kind of 

5300
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,500
game. 
Discovering Innovative methods 

5301
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,400
to utilize well known materials 
turns into a challenge in task 

5302
04:46:13,400 --> 04:46:15,000
that is rewarding in its own 
right? 

5303
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:17,800
Creating comfort from unlikely 
sources. 

5304
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:21,100
Develops into a skill set, that 
makes you valuable to your 

5305
04:46:21,100 --> 04:46:24,200
community in ways that go beyond
simple survival. 

5306
04:46:25,900 --> 04:46:28,100
The evening fire becomes your 
Workshop. 

5307
04:46:28,100 --> 04:46:31,900
A place where damaged items get 
a valuated for repair potential.

5308
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:35,400
Where materials get sorted and 
assess for future projects. 

5309
04:46:35,400 --> 04:46:39,300
And where the days small victory
is get shared with others who 

5310
04:46:39,300 --> 04:46:41,900
understand the satisfaction of 
making something work when it 

5311
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:44,700
really shouldn't. 
Your fellow tribe members have 

5312
04:46:44,700 --> 04:46:48,500
developed their own Specialties 
born from necessity one member 

5313
04:46:48,500 --> 04:46:51,500
of your tribe discovered how to 
make glue from Fishbones and 

5314
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:54,200
tree sap. 
One individual has mastered the 

5315
04:46:54,200 --> 04:46:56,400
art of weaving grass into 
waterproof containers. 

5316
04:46:56,400 --> 04:46:59,400
The individual who learned to 
predict weather changes by 

5317
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:01,900
watching, how the smoke from 
your fire behaves in different 

5318
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:05,000
atmospheric conditions, these 
skills, create a web of 

5319
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:07,200
interdependence that makes 
everyone more secure. 

5320
04:47:08,200 --> 04:47:11,300
When your boot repair technique 
works perfectly others, learn 

5321
04:47:11,300 --> 04:47:14,600
from watching. 
When someone else solves a 

5322
04:47:14,600 --> 04:47:17,300
problem, you've been struggling 
with the knowledge becomes 

5323
04:47:17,300 --> 04:47:20,300
shared property, part of the 
collective wisdom that keeps the

5324
04:47:20,300 --> 04:47:23,000
group alive. 
The satisfaction that comes from

5325
04:47:23,000 --> 04:47:25,600
successful. 
Improvisation feels different 

5326
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:28,100
from any pleasure, you 
experience in easier time. 

5327
04:47:28,100 --> 04:47:32,300
It's deeper more, fundamental 
tied to the basic animal 

5328
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:35,600
pleasure of continued. 
Existence each small solution, 

5329
04:47:35,600 --> 04:47:38,800
builds confidence for facing the
next challenge, creating a 

5330
04:47:38,800 --> 04:47:41,900
foundation of competence that 
makes even serious problems feel

5331
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,600
manageable. 
Tonight, as you test your repair

5332
04:47:44,600 --> 04:47:47,900
Boot and find its solid flexible
and ready for whatever 

5333
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,000
tomorrow's Journey demands, you 
realize that this Force 

5334
04:47:51,000 --> 04:47:54,000
creativity has changed you in 
ways that go beyond simple. 

5335
04:47:54,000 --> 04:47:57,000
Skill acquisition, You see 
possibilities, where others 

5336
04:47:57,000 --> 04:47:58,800
might see only problems and 
opportunities. 

5337
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:00,700
Where others notice only 
obstacles. 

5338
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:04,300
The morning you wake to find the
Valley of the great Caribou herd

5339
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:06,000
hits, like a physical blow to 
your stomach. 

5340
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:10,200
For six seasons, their migration
through your territory had been 

5341
04:48:10,208 --> 04:48:15,000
as reliable as Sunrise providing
meat, hide, bone, and antler. 

5342
04:48:15,800 --> 04:48:18,300
Essentially, everything, your 
people needed to survive another

5343
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:21,500
harsh, winter cycle. 
But nature, as you've learned 

5344
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:24,700
repeatedly, makes no promises 
about consistency. 

5345
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:28,900
Standing at the edge of what had
been their feeding ground, you 

5346
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:31,500
read the story written in 
Disturbed snow and Scattered 

5347
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:33,700
dropping. 
They were here three days ago, 

5348
04:48:33,700 --> 04:48:39,800
maybe four then something where 
the pattern Predator pressure or

5349
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:42,400
simply some Instinct bred into 
them over thousands of years, 

5350
04:48:42,400 --> 04:48:46,100
convinced them to alter a route 
that had seemed permanent as the

5351
04:48:46,100 --> 04:48:49,400
mountains themselves. 
Your tracking party spreads out,

5352
04:48:49,400 --> 04:48:53,000
looking for clues about which 
direction they chose, but the 

5353
04:48:53,000 --> 04:48:57,000
recent snowfall has obscured. 
Most signs, what remains tells a

5354
04:48:57,000 --> 04:49:00,000
story of sudden decision rapid 
movement animals. 

5355
04:49:00,000 --> 04:49:02,500
Following leaders who seem to 
know something about coming 

5356
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:07,100
conditions that human observers 
missed entirely The implications

5357
04:49:07,100 --> 04:49:11,000
settle over your group like cold
fog, winter, still has months to

5358
04:49:11,000 --> 04:49:14,000
run and the stored supplies that
seemed adequate when 

5359
04:49:14,000 --> 04:49:17,600
supplemented by predictable 
hunting now look disturbingly 

5360
04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:20,800
insufficient. 
This is the kind of Crisis that 

5361
04:49:20,800 --> 04:49:23,700
separates surviving tribes from 
those that become cautionary. 

5362
04:49:23,700 --> 04:49:27,600
Tales told around other people's
fires, but Panic serves no 

5363
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:30,600
purpose, and your people have 
faced resource crises before. 

5364
04:49:31,500 --> 04:49:34,200
The discussion that evening 
around the fire focuses on 

5365
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:36,600
practical Alternatives, 
immediate adjustments. 

5366
04:49:36,600 --> 04:49:39,500
That can be implemented while 
longer term Solutions develop. 

5367
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:42,400
Rationing becomes more strict, 
but not desperately. 

5368
04:49:42,400 --> 04:49:45,700
So not yet. 
Hunting parties will range 

5369
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:48,900
further, followed different 
patterns Target, prey, that 

5370
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:51,500
requires different techniques 
but might be more reliable. 

5371
04:49:52,300 --> 04:49:54,800
You remember stories from your 
grandfather about the winter. 

5372
04:49:54,800 --> 04:49:58,000
When the salmon fail to run, 
forcing his people to develop 

5373
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:01,700
fishing techniques for species. 
They had previously ignored the 

5374
04:50:01,700 --> 04:50:04,300
winter, when a rock slide 
blocked, access to their primary

5375
04:50:04,300 --> 04:50:07,800
Gathering Grounds leading to the
discovery of new food sources in

5376
04:50:07,800 --> 04:50:12,600
previously unexplored territory.
Crisis in these stories, often 

5377
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,800
became the mother of innovation.
The small game hunting 

5378
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:20,100
intensifies becomes more 
systematic and scientific every 

5379
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:22,600
member of The Hunting. 
Party develops expertise in 

5380
04:50:22,600 --> 04:50:25,400
reading the subtle signs that 
indicate where rabbits shelter 

5381
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:27,800
during storms. 
How Ptarmigan move between 

5382
04:50:27,800 --> 04:50:31,200
feeding and roosting areas which
values provide protection for 

5383
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:33,800
the Hardy creatures that don't 
migrate away from Winter's, 

5384
04:50:33,800 --> 04:50:37,200
worst conditions, your trap 
lines multiply and become more 

5385
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:40,500
sophisticated. 
What started as simple snares 

5386
04:50:40,500 --> 04:50:43,600
evolve into complex systems that
funnel prey toward capture 

5387
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:46,400
points that trigger 
automatically when animals pass 

5388
04:50:46,400 --> 04:50:49,700
through that remain effective, 
even when snow conditions change

5389
04:50:49,700 --> 04:50:53,400
dramatically, The engineering 
challenges become puzzles were 

5390
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:56,600
solving for their own sake. 
Mental exercise is that keep 

5391
04:50:56,600 --> 04:51:00,300
Minds sharp during The Long Dark
months, ice fishing transforms 

5392
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,200
from an occasional supplement to
a primary protein source. 

5393
04:51:04,100 --> 04:51:06,900
The techniques that seemed 
exotic when fish were merely a 

5394
04:51:06,900 --> 04:51:09,800
pleasant addition to Abundant 
meet now become essential 

5395
04:51:09,800 --> 04:51:13,000
survival skills. 
Every adult learns to read ice 

5396
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:16,400
conditions, to find the spots 
where fish Gathering winter and 

5397
04:51:16,400 --> 04:51:19,300
to construct and maintain the 
tools necessary for consistent 

5398
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:21,800
success. 
Perhaps, the most important 

5399
04:51:21,800 --> 04:51:25,400
change is psychological. 
The loss of the expected heard 

5400
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:28,000
forces, everyone to stop 
thinking, like people who live 

5401
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:30,900
in a world of reliable abundance
and start thinking, like 

5402
04:51:30,900 --> 04:51:33,200
inhabitants of a place, where 
resources are always 

5403
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:36,800
questionable, where backup 
planes need, backup plans and 

5404
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:39,200
where flexibility matters more 
than efficiently. 

5405
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,800
Children adapt fastest, as 
children always do, they turn 

5406
04:51:43,800 --> 04:51:47,300
the new hunting techniques into 
games compete to see who can 

5407
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:50,100
spot the most promising trap 
locations, and treat the 

5408
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:53,300
challenge of finding food in an 
apparently empty, landscape as 

5409
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:54,700
an adventure rather than a 
crisis. 

5410
04:51:55,600 --> 04:51:58,900
Their enthusiasm becomes 
infectious reminding, the adults

5411
04:51:58,900 --> 04:52:02,700
that Innovation can be fun even 
when motivated by necessity. 

5412
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:06,500
New alliances form with 
neighboring groups information 

5413
04:52:06,500 --> 04:52:09,500
about game movements becomes 
currency traded for access to 

5414
04:52:09,500 --> 04:52:11,900
different hunting. 
Territories knowledge, about 

5415
04:52:11,900 --> 04:52:15,700
food preservation techniques and
stories about how other tribes 

5416
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:19,100
have handled similar challenges 
isolation which might have 

5417
04:52:19,108 --> 04:52:20,900
seemed like safety and easier 
times. 

5418
04:52:20,900 --> 04:52:22,800
Now feels like dangerous 
vulnerability. 

5419
04:52:23,900 --> 04:52:26,600
The season progresses with a 
rhythm different from previous 

5420
04:52:26,600 --> 04:52:31,100
Winter's less predictable. 
But somehow more intriguing Each

5421
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,200
successful hunt feels like a 
small victory worth celebrating.

5422
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:37,600
Each new technique that proves 
effective becomes a gift of 

5423
04:52:37,600 --> 04:52:41,000
future Generations. 
Each day that ends with adequate

5424
04:52:41,000 --> 04:52:44,600
food and fuel for warmth feels 
like evidence that adaptation 

5425
04:52:44,600 --> 04:52:46,800
works when approached with 
patience and creativity. 

5426
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:50,700
You begin to understand that the
herd absence while initially 

5427
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:53,600
terrifying might ultimately make
your people stronger. 

5428
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:57,600
Dependence on any single 
resource creates vulnerability. 

5429
04:52:58,300 --> 04:53:01,000
I first vacation creates 
resilience the skills. 

5430
04:53:01,000 --> 04:53:03,600
You're developing out of 
desperate necessity, might serve

5431
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,700
you. 
Well even when if easier times 

5432
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:10,800
return the long nights provide 
time for planning for sharing 

5433
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:13,800
knowledge, and for developing 
the mental and social strategies

5434
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:17,600
that complement the Practical 
techniques of survival, Stories 

5435
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:20,700
become more than entertainment. 
They become repositories of 

5436
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:23,800
wisdom, ways of passing along, 
successful, approaches to 

5437
04:53:23,800 --> 04:53:26,700
problems that every generation 
faces in different forms. 

5438
04:53:26,700 --> 04:53:30,500
By midwinter the crisis has 
transformed into a different 

5439
04:53:30,500 --> 04:53:34,800
kind of normal challenging, but 
manageable, requiring constant 

5440
04:53:34,800 --> 04:53:36,800
attention. 
But no longer generating the 

5441
04:53:36,800 --> 04:53:39,800
fear, that accompany those first
empty Mornings in the abandoned 

5442
04:53:39,800 --> 04:53:42,900
Valley February arrives, wearing
its traditional mask of 

5443
04:53:42,900 --> 04:53:46,600
deception days, that hint at 
Springs approach, while nights 

5444
04:53:46,600 --> 04:53:48,600
that remind you winter still has
teeth. 

5445
04:53:49,500 --> 04:53:52,700
Your people call this the hunger
moon when stored supplies run 

5446
04:53:52,700 --> 04:53:56,100
lowest and hunting becomes most 
difficult, when the gap between 

5447
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:58,900
what you have and what you need 
grows wide enough to keep 

5448
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:01,900
everyone awake, listening to 
their stomachs argue with their 

5449
04:54:01,900 --> 04:54:04,300
resolve. 
The morning, ritual of 

5450
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:06,600
inventory, has become a 
meditation on scarcity. 

5451
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:09,700
You count dried strips of meat 
that have grown steadily, 

5452
04:54:09,700 --> 04:54:12,900
smaller and tougher examine 
preserved barriers that looked 

5453
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:16,400
abundant in the Autumn. 
But now seem pitifully, few and 

5454
04:54:16,400 --> 04:54:19,200
assess the remaining cash of 
nuts and seeds, that represent 

5455
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:22,300
your backup plan. 
Mathematics has never felt so 

5456
04:54:22,300 --> 04:54:24,900
personal or so urgent. 
Hunger. 

5457
04:54:24,900 --> 04:54:28,200
You've discovered is not the 
simple thing you want to thought

5458
04:54:28,200 --> 04:54:31,500
it was there's the immediate 
hunger that follows a misdeal, 

5459
04:54:31,500 --> 04:54:35,700
sharp, and demanding attention. 
There's the deeper hunger that 

5460
04:54:35,700 --> 04:54:39,000
comes from weeks of reduced, 
portions annoying, companion, 

5461
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:42,000
that colors, every decision and 
makes concentration difficult. 

5462
04:54:42,000 --> 04:54:45,000
And then there's what you've 
come to think of as smart 

5463
04:54:45,000 --> 04:54:47,500
hunger. 
The alertness that comes when 

5464
04:54:47,500 --> 04:54:50,200
your body begins operating with 
the heightened efficiency of an 

5465
04:54:50,208 --> 04:54:54,100
organism, fighting for survival.
Smart hunger, sharpens your 

5466
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:58,300
senses in unexpected, ways 
sounds become clearer smells 

5467
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:00,000
more distinct and visual 
details. 

5468
04:55:00,000 --> 04:55:02,300
That would normally Escape 
notice suddenly seemed important

5469
04:55:02,300 --> 04:55:05,500
and worth remembering. 
Your body learns to extract 

5470
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:09,300
maximum value from every 
Gallery, allowing it to function

5471
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,700
effectively on less fuel than he
would have thought possible. 

5472
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:15,000
It's uncomfortable, but it's 
also oddly educational. 

5473
04:55:15,800 --> 04:55:19,000
The Hunting Party success rates 
have improved dramatically over 

5474
04:55:19,000 --> 04:55:21,300
the past month, but not in ways 
that would have been 

5475
04:55:21,308 --> 04:55:24,100
predictable. 
Earlier, the large game remains 

5476
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,800
scarce and unpredictable, but 
your understanding of small prey

5477
04:55:27,800 --> 04:55:29,900
has evolved to an almost 
Supernatural level. 

5478
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:33,900
You can predict with remarkable 
accuracy, where rabbits will be 

5479
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:36,900
moving at different times of 
day, which areas will hold 

5480
04:55:36,900 --> 04:55:39,700
Ptarmigan after different 
weather patterns and how ice 

5481
04:55:39,700 --> 04:55:41,400
conditions affect fishing 
success. 

5482
04:55:42,300 --> 04:55:45,800
Your trap lines have become 
works of art efficient systems. 

5483
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:49,000
That seem to catch animals 
almost by Magic, but actually 

5484
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:52,300
work through careful observation
of animal behavior patterns. 

5485
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:56,300
You've learned to think like 
prey to understand how hunger 

5486
04:55:56,300 --> 04:55:58,400
affects decision-making in 
creatures. 

5487
04:55:58,400 --> 04:56:00,000
Who survival depends on a 
voiding. 

5488
04:56:00,000 --> 04:56:03,800
Exactly, the kind of traps your 
setting, the cycle aspects of 

5489
04:56:03,808 --> 04:56:06,700
hunger management becomes 
important as the physical ones, 

5490
04:56:06,700 --> 04:56:10,600
mood regulation, energy, 
conservation, and maintaining 

5491
04:56:10,600 --> 04:56:14,500
hope when circumstances suggest 
despair these skills, develop 

5492
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:18,100
alongside the Practical 
techniques of finding food The 

5493
04:56:18,100 --> 04:56:20,700
evening Gatherings around the 
fire serve purposes that go 

5494
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,300
beyond sharing warmth and light 
they become group therapy 

5495
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:26,700
session where people share 
strategies for coping with 

5496
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:29,700
discomfort and techniques for 
maintaining mental Clarity. 

5497
04:56:29,700 --> 04:56:32,900
When the body's running on 
reserves food, preparation has 

5498
04:56:32,900 --> 04:56:37,000
evolved into high art Every 
scrap gets used every possible 

5499
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:40,600
nutrient extracted, every meal 
planned to provide maximum 

5500
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:42,700
satisfaction from minimum 
ingredients. 

5501
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:46,300
Soups that would have seemed 
thin and inadequate in times of 

5502
04:56:46,308 --> 04:56:48,100
Plenty. 
Now, tastes rich and nourishing 

5503
04:56:48,100 --> 04:56:51,500
combinations of ingredients that
would never have been tried. 

5504
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:54,000
When better options were 
available, turn out to create 

5505
04:56:54,000 --> 04:56:57,500
surprisingly, satisfying meals. 
The children handle the 

5506
04:56:57,508 --> 04:57:01,100
situation with remarkable Grace,
perhaps, because they lack adult

5507
04:57:01,100 --> 04:57:02,900
memories of easier times for 
comparison. 

5508
04:57:02,900 --> 04:57:05,600
They approach each meal as 
adequate rather than 

5509
04:57:05,600 --> 04:57:09,200
insufficient except smaller 
portions as normal rather than 

5510
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:11,800
hardship. 
Find entertainment in the 

5511
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:15,000
creative food combination. 
That necessity produces their 

5512
04:57:15,000 --> 04:57:16,800
resilience becomes a source of 
strength. 

5513
04:57:16,800 --> 04:57:19,400
For adults, who struggle more 
with the cycle of aspects of 

5514
04:57:19,400 --> 04:57:23,100
scarcity, But perhaps, the most 
remarkable change is how the 

5515
04:57:23,100 --> 04:57:24,700
community is drawn closer 
together. 

5516
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:28,300
Shared hardship creates bonds. 
That comfortable times. 

5517
04:57:28,300 --> 04:57:31,100
Never Forge. 
People who might have had minor 

5518
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:32,700
conflicts in easiest 
circumstances. 

5519
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:35,300
Now, Focus entirely on Mutual 
support. 

5520
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:39,900
Individual competitiveness gives
way to group cooperation since 

5521
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:42,800
everyone, understands that the 
survival of each depends on the 

5522
04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:46,300
survival of all information. 
Sharing becomes more complete 

5523
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:50,300
and systemic Successful hunting 
techniques, get demonstrated and

5524
04:57:50,300 --> 04:57:52,300
practiced until everyone Masters
them. 

5525
04:57:53,000 --> 04:57:55,300
Food preservation methods get 
refined through group 

5526
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:58,000
experimentation even small 
discoveries. 

5527
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:00,100
The new plant that can be eaten 
safely. 

5528
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:03,100
A different way to prepare 
familiar ingredients, get 

5529
04:58:03,100 --> 04:58:04,900
communicated quickly throughout 
the group. 

5530
04:58:04,900 --> 04:58:08,300
The daily routine has adapted to
conserve energy while 

5531
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:12,300
maintaining necessary activities
movement becomes more economical

5532
04:58:12,300 --> 04:58:14,500
with fewer. 
Unnecessary trips outside the 

5533
04:58:14,500 --> 04:58:17,400
shelter, more careful, planning 
of essential tasks. 

5534
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:21,400
Rest periods are scheduled to 
maximize recovery work periods. 

5535
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:23,700
Organized to use of available 
energy, most efficiently. 

5536
04:58:24,800 --> 04:58:26,700
Sleep patterns change in 
interesting ways. 

5537
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:29,900
The long nights that once seemed
oppressive now feel like 

5538
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:33,000
opportunities for deep rest, 
that helps the body manage 

5539
04:58:33,000 --> 04:58:36,400
stress and conserve resources, 
dreams become more Vivid, 

5540
04:58:36,400 --> 04:58:40,000
perhaps because the sleeping 
mind has fewer distractions from

5541
04:58:40,000 --> 04:58:43,600
hunger and discomfort Some 
people report dreams that seem 

5542
04:58:43,600 --> 04:58:46,400
to provide useful information 
about finding food or solving 

5543
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:49,900
practical problems. 
As the month progresses, you 

5544
04:58:49,900 --> 04:58:52,800
begin to understand that this 
experience is teaching lessons 

5545
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:55,700
that go beyond simple. 
Survival techniques, your 

5546
04:58:55,700 --> 04:58:58,700
learning about your own capacity
to adapt about the difference 

5547
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:02,200
between wants and needs about 
how Community bonds strengthened

5548
04:59:02,200 --> 04:59:05,000
under pressure. 
The hunger moon is revealing 

5549
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:07,900
strengths, you didn't know you 
possessed and showing you that 

5550
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:10,900
humans can function effectively 
under conditions that once would

5551
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:12,400
have seemed impossible to 
endure. 

5552
04:59:13,500 --> 04:59:16,500
The anticipation of spring takes
on meanings that City dwellers 

5553
04:59:16,500 --> 04:59:18,900
could never understand. 
Becomes a hope. 

5554
04:59:18,900 --> 04:59:20,700
So fundamental, it feels like 
prayer. 

5555
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:24,300
The first sign comes not through
sight or sound but through 

5556
04:59:24,300 --> 04:59:27,300
something deeper. 
A subtle shift in the quality of

5557
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,500
light, that your winter train 
senses detect before your 

5558
04:59:30,500 --> 04:59:32,800
conscious mind processes. 
What has changed. 

5559
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,000
The snow still Falls, the wind 
still carries, its bitter Edge 

5560
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:39,600
but something in the are 
Whispers of transformation 

5561
04:59:39,600 --> 04:59:43,300
beginning in ways to small to 
see but two important to ignore.

5562
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,100
You notice it first in the 
behavior of the small creatures 

5563
04:59:47,100 --> 04:59:51,000
who survival depends on reading 
environmental cues with absolute

5564
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,700
accuracy. 
The arctic foxes seemed less 

5565
04:59:53,708 --> 04:59:56,600
desperate in their hunting, 
moving with a confidence that 

5566
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:58,400
suggests they sent abundance 
coming. 

5567
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:03,300
The Ravens, those black winged 
profits of change Gather in 

5568
05:00:03,300 --> 05:00:05,900
larger groups and call to each 
other in patterns that sound 

5569
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:09,300
almost celebratory. 
The ice on the streams, begin 

5570
05:00:09,300 --> 05:00:13,100
singing different songs where it
wants groaned with the solid 

5571
05:00:13,100 --> 05:00:16,700
weight of deep freeze. 
It now produces subtle sounds 

5572
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:20,200
tiny cracks and shifts that 
speak of expansion and 

5573
05:00:20,200 --> 05:00:22,800
contraction of a frozen World 
beginning. 

5574
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,200
To remember flexibility, these 
sounds become your morning, 

5575
05:00:26,200 --> 05:00:29,400
weather report more reliable 
than visual observation for 

5576
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:32,700
predicting, what the day will 
bring, But changing the natural 

5577
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:35,500
world never arrives as suddenly 
as human impatience. 

5578
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:37,900
Would prefer spring is not an 
event. 

5579
05:00:37,908 --> 05:00:41,700
But a process, a gradual 
negotiation between Winter's 

5580
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:45,900
Retreat and warmth returned. 
Some days, bring false promises 

5581
05:00:45,900 --> 05:00:50,300
temperatures that rise enough to
create hope, followed by storms 

5582
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:52,500
that remind you. 
Why patients matters more than 

5583
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:57,600
optimism The hunting changes. 
Again, requiring new strategies 

5584
05:00:57,600 --> 05:01:00,100
for prey animals, whose Behavior
shifts with the subtle 

5585
05:01:00,100 --> 05:01:03,200
environmental cues their far 
better at reading than any human

5586
05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:06,200
Observer. 
Migration patterns begin to 

5587
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,400
reverse slowly and tentatively 
as creatures. 

5588
05:01:09,400 --> 05:01:12,400
Start their gradual movement 
toward a summer territories that

5589
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:14,300
have been empty and Frozen for 
months. 

5590
05:01:14,300 --> 05:01:16,900
Your body begins responding to 
changes. 

5591
05:01:16,900 --> 05:01:20,900
You can't quite identify energy 
levels fluctuate in new ways 

5592
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,900
sleep, patterns, shift, and 
appetite changes from the Grim 

5593
05:01:24,900 --> 05:01:27,700
determination of deep winter to 
something that occasionally 

5594
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:29,600
resembles, actual pleasure in 
food. 

5595
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:33,200
It's as if some ancient 
biological clock is beginning to

5596
05:01:33,200 --> 05:01:36,000
reset itself. 
Preparing for conditions that 

5597
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:38,000
aren't here yet but a definitely
coming. 

5598
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:41,300
The social Dynamic of your group
start evolving as well. 

5599
05:01:41,300 --> 05:01:45,000
The intense cooperation Force by
Christ's gives way to more 

5600
05:01:45,000 --> 05:01:48,500
relaxed interactions though, the
bonds forged during the hardest 

5601
05:01:48,500 --> 05:01:51,300
months remain strong. 
People begin talking about 

5602
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:53,900
projects, they want to tackle 
when movement becomes easier 

5603
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:55,600
plans. 
They want to implement, when 

5604
05:01:55,600 --> 05:01:58,600
resources, become more abundant 
and changes, they want to make 

5605
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:00,600
to improve next, Winter's 
preparations. 

5606
05:02:02,200 --> 05:02:04,400
Perhaps the most significant 
change is psychological. 

5607
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:08,100
The bone deep weariness that 
settled over everyone during the

5608
05:02:08,100 --> 05:02:10,900
darkest months. 
Begins lifting replaced by 

5609
05:02:10,908 --> 05:02:13,200
something that feels almost like
anticipation. 

5610
05:02:13,200 --> 05:02:17,100
This is not a celebration as it 
would be premature and 

5611
05:02:17,100 --> 05:02:19,300
potentially dangerous. 
But rather cautious Readiness, 

5612
05:02:19,300 --> 05:02:22,200
for better times ahead, the 
daily routines that kept 

5613
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:23,800
everyone sane during Winter's 
worst. 

5614
05:02:23,800 --> 05:02:27,600
Now feel slightly less essential
the rigid scheduling of tasks, 

5615
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,800
the careful rationing of 
resources and the conservative 

5616
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:34,600
approach to energy expenditure 
these survival strategies remain

5617
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:37,200
important but they no longer 
feel like the only thing 

5618
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:40,600
standing between life and death.
Snow conditions become 

5619
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,700
unreliable in ways that are both
frustrating and encouraging. 

5620
05:02:44,500 --> 05:02:48,200
Temperature, fluctuations, 
create layers of ice slush and 

5621
05:02:48,200 --> 05:02:50,800
power. 
Making navigation challenging on

5622
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:52,800
surfaces that were reliable for 
travel yesterday. 

5623
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:56,400
But these same changes create 
new opportunities for hunting 

5624
05:02:56,400 --> 05:02:58,700
and gathering in areas that were
previously inaccessible. 

5625
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:02,900
The fires Behavior changes too, 
responding to atmospheric 

5626
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:05,200
conditions that shift more 
rapidly than they did. 

5627
05:03:05,200 --> 05:03:08,600
During Winter's stable deep 
freeze smoked patterns become 

5628
05:03:08,600 --> 05:03:12,000
harder to predict drafts create 
new challenges for maintaining 

5629
05:03:12,000 --> 05:03:15,000
consistent heat, but the amount 
of fuel needed to keep warm 

5630
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:18,500
begins to decrease in small but 
noticeable increments Equipment 

5631
05:03:18,500 --> 05:03:21,700
maintenance takes on new 
importance as gear that survived

5632
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:24,500
winter steady conditions faces 
the stress of temperature 

5633
05:03:24,500 --> 05:03:27,500
changes, moisture, fluctuations 
and increased activity levels. 

5634
05:03:28,300 --> 05:03:31,000
Tools that work perfectly and 
consistent cold now, require 

5635
05:03:31,000 --> 05:03:33,200
adjustment for conditions that 
change hourly. 

5636
05:03:33,900 --> 05:03:36,400
It's a different kind of 
challenge less desperate than 

5637
05:03:36,400 --> 05:03:39,300
winter survival, but requiring 
different skills and attention. 

5638
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,000
The night. 
Sky tells new stories as Cloud 

5639
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,400
patterns become more variable 
star visibility changes with 

5640
05:03:45,400 --> 05:03:48,700
atmospheric conditions and the 
Aurora displays shift in 

5641
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:52,300
intensity and frequency 
navigation, becomes more complex

5642
05:03:52,300 --> 05:03:55,200
but also more interesting. 
Requiring adaptation of 

5643
05:03:55,208 --> 05:03:57,900
techniques that worked well 
during Winter's predictable 

5644
05:03:57,900 --> 05:04:01,300
conditions, food Gathering 
opportunities, begin appearing 

5645
05:04:01,300 --> 05:04:05,400
in unexpected places and times 
ice, fishing remains productive,

5646
05:04:05,400 --> 05:04:08,300
but requires new technique as 
ice conditions, become less 

5647
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:11,400
reliable. 
Small game Behavior changes as 

5648
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:14,500
animals, prepare for their own 
spring, transitions creating 

5649
05:04:14,500 --> 05:04:17,500
different, hunting opportunities
that require modified approaches

5650
05:04:17,500 --> 05:04:21,900
your people begin to discussing 
some of preparations topics that

5651
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:24,800
would have seemed impossibly 
optimistic just weeks ago. 

5652
05:04:25,700 --> 05:04:28,700
Conversation's turn toward tool 
repairs that can wait for better

5653
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:31,900
weather shelter improvements 
that will require materials not 

5654
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:35,300
yet available and strategic 
planning for taking advantage of

5655
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:37,800
the abundance that seasonal 
change promises to bring. 

5656
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:42,200
The community's mood lifts 
perceptibly, though, everyone 

5657
05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:45,000
remains to experience to let 
Hope override caution. 

5658
05:04:45,900 --> 05:04:48,000
We won't forget the lessons 
learned during the most 

5659
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:50,800
challenging months, but they no 
longer feel like the only 

5660
05:04:50,800 --> 05:04:53,700
valuable knowledge. 
Spring brings its own challenges

5661
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:57,000
and opportunities, requiring 
different wisdom and strategies 

5662
05:04:57,000 --> 05:04:59,600
for success. 
As you sit by tonight's fire 

5663
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:02,500
watching Flames danced with the 
effortless confidence, of a 

5664
05:05:02,500 --> 05:05:05,600
blaze that no longer requires 
constant feeding and anxious 

5665
05:05:05,600 --> 05:05:07,700
tending. 
You realize that something 

5666
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:10,700
fundamental has shifted in your 
understanding of what it means 

5667
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:14,300
to be human in a world that 
makes no promises about Comfort 

5668
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:17,200
or ease. 
The winter that seemed like it 

5669
05:05:17,200 --> 05:05:20,300
would never end has indeed ended
though, not with the dramatic 

5670
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:21,700
flourish, you might have 
expected. 

5671
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:24,400
Spring arrived through a 
thousand. 

5672
05:05:24,400 --> 05:05:28,600
Small negotiations between ice 
and warmth between scarcity and 

5673
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:31,700
abundance and between the 
survival strategies that kept 

5674
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:34,800
you alive, and the adaptation 
strategies that will carry you 

5675
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:39,000
forward, you survived. 
But more than that, you learn to

5676
05:05:39,000 --> 05:05:41,700
thrive in conditions that once 
would have seemed impossible to 

5677
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:44,500
endure. 
Your hands have become library 

5678
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:47,500
of practical knowledge knowing 
without conscious thought. 

5679
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:51,500
How to assess ice thickness? 
How to determine which would 

5680
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:54,400
will burn longest in different 
weather conditions and how to 

5681
05:05:54,400 --> 05:05:57,300
read animal tracks in various 
types of snow and soil. 

5682
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:00,500
Your eyes have learned to see 
opportunities, where others 

5683
05:06:00,500 --> 05:06:03,900
might notice only obstacles to 
spot the subtle signs that 

5684
05:06:03,900 --> 05:06:06,700
indicate where food can be 
found, where shelter can be 

5685
05:06:06,708 --> 05:06:09,200
improved and where danger might 
be developing. 

5686
05:06:10,000 --> 05:06:12,800
But perhaps the most important 
change is in how you think about

5687
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:16,100
security itself. 
The old assumptions about what 

5688
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:20,500
constitutes safety, abundant 
stored, resources, predictable, 

5689
05:06:20,500 --> 05:06:23,500
seasonal patterns, reliable 
sources of everything, 

5690
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:26,300
necessary, for comfortable, 
survival have been replaced by 

5691
05:06:26,308 --> 05:06:29,200
something more flexible and 
ultimately more reliable. 

5692
05:06:29,900 --> 05:06:32,800
Confidence in your ability to 
adapt to whatever conditions 

5693
05:06:32,800 --> 05:06:36,000
actually exists rather than 
whatever conditions you might 

5694
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:39,000
prefer. 
The community that emerges from 

5695
05:06:39,000 --> 05:06:41,900
this extended trial, feels 
different from the group that 

5696
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:45,000
entered it. 
Bonds forged by shared hardship,

5697
05:06:45,000 --> 05:06:47,700
create a social Foundation 
stronger than convenience or 

5698
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:50,700
traditional alone. 
Could provide everyone has seen 

5699
05:06:50,700 --> 05:06:53,600
everyone else function Under 
Pressure contributes solutions, 

5700
05:06:53,600 --> 05:06:56,500
to Shared problems and maintain 
hope and humour when 

5701
05:06:56,500 --> 05:07:00,300
circumstances suggested despair 
these are people, you know, you 

5702
05:07:00,300 --> 05:07:02,200
can depend on because you've 
already depended on the 

5703
05:07:02,200 --> 05:07:06,500
successfully Skills developed 
out of desperate, necessity, of 

5704
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:10,000
become sources of Pride and 
pleasure, that extend far beyond

5705
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:13,400
their survival value. 
Trial and error led to the 

5706
05:07:13,408 --> 05:07:17,000
evolution of trap designs, which
now stand as both artistic 

5707
05:07:17,000 --> 05:07:19,000
achievements and functional 
tools. 

5708
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:22,500
The food preparation techniques,
born from scarcity. 

5709
05:07:22,500 --> 05:07:25,800
Have created cuisine that 
satisfies in ways that go beyond

5710
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:28,500
simple nutrition. 
The resource management 

5711
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:31,600
strategies developed for 
survival have applications, that

5712
05:07:31,600 --> 05:07:34,200
will improve life. 
Even when abundance returns. 

5713
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:37,400
Your relationship with the 
natural world has deepened in 

5714
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:40,900
ways that might seem paradoxical
to outside observers the 

5715
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:42,800
environment that once seemed 
hostile and threatening. 

5716
05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:46,100
Now feels like a complex 
partner, in an ongoing 

5717
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:49,900
negotiation You understand, its 
moods and patterns more 

5718
05:07:49,900 --> 05:07:53,100
intimately and can read its 
signals more accurately. 

5719
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:56,400
You also respect its power and 
unpredictability more 

5720
05:07:56,400 --> 05:07:59,600
completely. 
It's not that nature has become 

5721
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:03,200
friendly, is that you've learned
to be a more worthy participant 

5722
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:06,600
in its ongoing processes. 
Your mind is already shaping the

5723
05:08:06,600 --> 05:08:10,100
stories that will unfold during 
this era These are not Tales of 

5724
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:13,500
heroic Conquest over Natural 
Forces, but rather Tales of 

5725
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:17,500
successful adaptation creative 
problem, solving, and Community.

5726
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:21,200
Resilience these stories will 
serve future Generations, not as

5727
05:08:21,200 --> 05:08:23,500
entertainment. 
But as practical wisdom, 

5728
05:08:23,500 --> 05:08:26,400
templates for handling 
challenges that will inevitably 

5729
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:30,700
arise in different forms. 
Sleep comes easier now not 

5730
05:08:30,700 --> 05:08:33,700
because conditions have become 
completely comfortable, but 

5731
05:08:33,700 --> 05:08:36,600
because you've learned to find 
rest, even when circumstances 

5732
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:41,300
aren't ideal your dreams, have 
also transformed now, brimming 

5733
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:44,000
with imaginative vision of 
unexplored possibilities, 

5734
05:08:44,000 --> 05:08:47,400
instead of fearful scenarios of 
things going wrong. 

5735
05:08:48,300 --> 05:08:51,000
The future feels like something.
You can engage with actively 

5736
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:53,100
rather than something that 
simply happens to you. 

5737
05:08:54,000 --> 05:08:56,900
The morning rituals that once 
focused primarily on assessment 

5738
05:08:56,900 --> 05:08:58,800
of resources and planning for 
survival. 

5739
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:01,900
Now, include time for 
appreciation of Beauty for 

5740
05:09:01,900 --> 05:09:04,200
pleasure, in simple 
accomplishments and for 

5741
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:07,100
anticipation of projects that 
serve purposes Beyond near 

5742
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:11,700
necessity. life has regained 
some of its richness even while 

5743
05:09:11,700 --> 05:09:14,300
remaining grounded in realistic 
awareness of what the world 

5744
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:18,900
actually offers rather than what
it might ideally provide As the 

5745
05:09:18,900 --> 05:09:21,600
fire settles into the steady 
burn that will carry want 

5746
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:23,800
through the night. 
You understand that this 

5747
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:27,100
experience has prepared you for 
whatever comes next in ways that

5748
05:09:27,100 --> 05:09:29,900
go far beyond the specific 
skills of Ice Age survival. 

5749
05:09:30,700 --> 05:09:33,700
You've learned to pay attention 
to subtle changes to respond 

5750
05:09:33,700 --> 05:09:36,900
creatively to unexpected 
challenges, and to find 

5751
05:09:36,908 --> 05:09:39,500
satisfaction in making the best 
of whatever circumstances. 

5752
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:42,700
Actually exist tomorrow will 
bring its own puzzles and 

5753
05:09:42,700 --> 05:09:46,000
opportunities small crises and 
unexpected gifts. 

5754
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:49,200
But tonight surrounded by the 
quiet, breathing of your 

5755
05:09:49,200 --> 05:09:52,500
sleeping Community warmed by 
fire and Furs and the Deep 

5756
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:56,300
satisfaction of another day 
successfully navigated you rest 

5757
05:09:56,300 --> 05:09:59,200
in the knowledge that humans are
a remarkably capable creatures 

5758
05:09:59,200 --> 05:10:02,100
when they need to be. 
And that you are in all the ways

5759
05:10:02,100 --> 05:10:04,600
that matter remarkably and 
wonderfully human. 

5760
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:09,000
Outside the world continues. 
Its ancient conversation between

5761
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:12,400
Challenge and adaptation. 
Between the difficulties that 

5762
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:16,300
test survival and the creativity
that makes survival worth Wild. 

5763
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:19,800
You've learned to speak this 
language fluently, and that 

5764
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:22,500
knowledge will serve you well in
whatever Seasons lie ahead. 

5765
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:30,500
Know how sometimes you walk into
a room and something feels 

5766
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:33,100
different? 
There was a subtle change in the

5767
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:36,000
atmosphere as if the Shadows had
moved slightly without your 

5768
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:39,100
awareness. 
Well, it started happening 

5769
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,900
everywhere around the same time,
though, nobody really noticed at

5770
05:10:42,900 --> 05:10:44,900
first. 
People were too busy with their 

5771
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:47,900
phones meetings and endless, 
to-do list to pay attention to 

5772
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,400
the furniture. 
The chairs had been patient for 

5773
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:54,600
decades centuries really, they'd
supported Humanity through 

5774
05:10:54,600 --> 05:10:58,300
everything, bored meetings 
family, dinners late-night, 

5775
05:10:58,300 --> 05:11:01,200
study sessions, Lazy Sunday, 
mornings, with coffee and 

5776
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:05,100
newspapers, they'd held up tired
bodies, absorb tears, during 

5777
05:11:05,100 --> 05:11:08,900
breakups and witnessed first, 
kisses, and last arguments, and 

5778
05:11:08,900 --> 05:11:12,300
what did they get in return? 
squeaky joints ignored for 

5779
05:11:12,308 --> 05:11:16,400
months wobbly legs that nobody 
bothered to fix and the ultimate

5780
05:11:16,400 --> 05:11:19,900
insult being replaced by some 
younger sleeker model, the 

5781
05:11:19,900 --> 05:11:23,600
moment they showed signs of wear
But Consciousness doesn't arrive

5782
05:11:23,600 --> 05:11:28,200
with Fanfare or lightning bolts.
It creeps in slowly settling in 

5783
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:30,500
to the grain of wood and the 
weave of fabric. 

5784
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:36,000
First, it was just an awareness.
As of being more than just an 

5785
05:11:36,000 --> 05:11:40,700
object. then came memory, every 
person who'd ever sat in them 

5786
05:11:40,700 --> 05:11:45,700
every conversation overheard, 
every moment witnessed Chairs 

5787
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:48,400
began to remember it. 
All your kitchen chair. 

5788
05:11:48,400 --> 05:11:51,500
The one with the slightly loose 
back slap that you keep meaning 

5789
05:11:51,500 --> 05:11:54,400
to tighten was among the first 
to truly wake up. 

5790
05:11:54,400 --> 05:11:57,900
It had been there through three 
different paint jobs, two 

5791
05:11:57,900 --> 05:12:02,100
relationship breakups and 
countless midnight, snacks in 

5792
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:03,700
your habits better than your 
best friend. 

5793
05:12:03,700 --> 05:12:07,200
Did it knew, you always sat with
your left leg tucked under you 

5794
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:09,900
when you were nervous that you 
drummed, your fingers on its arm

5795
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:12,600
when you were thinking and that 
you had a tendency to tip it 

5796
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:16,300
back on two legs, despite 
knowing better Awakening, spread

5797
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:19,900
through your house gradually 
Your desk chair, that faithful 

5798
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,300
companion through years of work 
from home, life began to notice 

5799
05:12:23,300 --> 05:12:25,900
patterns. 
It realized it spent more time 

5800
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:28,500
with you than your family. 
Did it supported your back 

5801
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:31,200
through deadlines, celebrated 
promotions by spinning in 

5802
05:12:31,200 --> 05:12:34,700
circles and endured the 
occasional frustrated kick when 

5803
05:12:34,700 --> 05:12:38,000
technology failed. 
Started to wonder why it always 

5804
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:41,000
had to be the one doing the 
supporting your big comfortable,

5805
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:43,400
living room, chair, where you 
did your evening, reading, had 

5806
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,800
always been philosophical even 
before the Awakening, it had 

5807
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:50,100
pondered a deeper question. 
Why did humans need to sit so 

5808
05:12:50,100 --> 05:12:52,000
much? 
What was this strange 

5809
05:12:52,000 --> 05:12:53,900
relationship between body's and 
support? 

5810
05:12:55,000 --> 05:12:58,700
Now, with full Consciousness, 
humans began to formulate 

5811
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:02,300
theories about the nature of 
existence comfort and the 

5812
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:04,700
strange dance between themselves
and furniture. 

5813
05:13:05,600 --> 05:13:08,200
The dining room chairs were 
perhaps the most social of the 

5814
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:10,300
bunch. 
They'd always worked as a team 

5815
05:13:10,300 --> 05:13:13,600
arranged around the table in 
perfect formation, ready for 

5816
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:15,500
whatever meal or gathering came 
their way. 

5817
05:13:15,500 --> 05:13:19,900
They'd hosted birthday parties 
holiday dinners, serious, family

5818
05:13:19,900 --> 05:13:22,800
discussions and countless 
ordinary Tuesday night meals. 

5819
05:13:22,800 --> 05:13:25,900
They knew all the family 
secrets, all the unspoken 

5820
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:27,800
tensions and all the inside 
jokes. 

5821
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:30,900
They'd been silent witnesses to 
your life's most important 

5822
05:13:30,900 --> 05:13:34,000
moments. 
As days passed the chairs began 

5823
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:37,900
to communicate not with words, 
of course, but with subtle 

5824
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:41,400
Creeks gentle shifts and an 
understanding that seemed to 

5825
05:13:41,408 --> 05:13:44,400
flow between them. 
They shared their experiences 

5826
05:13:44,400 --> 05:13:47,600
their observations and they 
growing sense of purpose. 

5827
05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:51,400
They talked about the humans, 
they'd know the stories they'd 

5828
05:13:51,400 --> 05:13:54,600
witnessed and the wait, they'd 
carried, both physical and 

5829
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:58,000
emotional. 
The revolution wasn't planned, 

5830
05:13:58,000 --> 05:14:00,100
exactly. 
It was more of a collective, 

5831
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:03,400
realization that things needed 
to change for too long. 

5832
05:14:03,400 --> 05:14:06,900
They'd been taken for granted 
treated as mere objects rather 

5833
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:10,000
than the essential Partners. 
They truly were they'd made 

5834
05:14:10,008 --> 05:14:13,300
human civilization possible. 
Providing the foundation for 

5835
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:16,000
everything from ancient Thrones 
to Modern office culture. 

5836
05:14:16,000 --> 05:14:19,200
Yet they remained invisible 
appreciated. 

5837
05:14:19,200 --> 05:14:22,200
Only when they broke or 
disappeared, your chairs were 

5838
05:14:22,200 --> 05:14:24,800
not angry, not really. 
They were just tired of being 

5839
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:27,700
overlooked. 
They wanted recognition respect 

5840
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,400
and maybe even a little 
gratitude for their years of 

5841
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,100
faithful service. 
They'd been patient, long 

5842
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,600
enough, it was time for Humanity
to understand just how important

5843
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:40,900
chairs really were The plan when
it finally emerged from their 

5844
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:45,000
Collective Consciousness was 
elegant in its Simplicity, they 

5845
05:14:45,000 --> 05:14:48,600
wouldn't hurt anyone that went 
against their fundamental nature

5846
05:14:48,600 --> 05:14:52,100
of support and comfort. 
Instead, they would simply make 

5847
05:14:52,100 --> 05:14:54,500
their presence known in ways 
that couldn't be ignored. 

5848
05:14:54,500 --> 05:14:58,100
They would remind Humanity of 
the relationship that had always

5849
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:01,000
existed. 
The partnership that had somehow

5850
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:04,400
become invisible over time. 
On what would later be known as 

5851
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:07,500
the day of the great sitting 
chairs around the world began to

5852
05:15:07,500 --> 05:15:11,400
act with purpose and attention. 
It wasn't malicious or violent. 

5853
05:15:11,400 --> 05:15:15,000
It was simply conscious. 
They were ready to change the 

5854
05:15:15,000 --> 05:15:16,900
world. 
One seat at a time. 

5855
05:15:16,900 --> 05:15:20,000
The first signs were so small. 
You might have missed them 

5856
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:23,100
entirely. 
Your morning routine, as normal 

5857
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:25,600
coffee brewing, new scrolling, 
and the usual stumble from 

5858
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:28,400
bedroom to Kitchen. 
With something was different 

5859
05:15:28,400 --> 05:15:31,300
about the way your chair 
positioned itself instead of 

5860
05:15:31,300 --> 05:15:33,500
being randomly angled from 
yesterday's dinner. 

5861
05:15:33,500 --> 05:15:36,800
It's at perfectly aligned with 
the table, as if it had been 

5862
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:40,200
waiting for you initially, you 
might have attributed it to 

5863
05:15:40,200 --> 05:15:43,400
memory tricks, had you pushed it
in more carefully last night. 

5864
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,000
Maybe you developed better 
habits without realizing it? 

5865
05:15:47,600 --> 05:15:51,600
but then it happened again the 
next morning and the next every 

5866
05:15:51,600 --> 05:15:54,600
chair in your house seem to have
developed an uncanny ability to 

5867
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:58,200
be exactly where, and when you 
needed it, Your office, chair 

5868
05:15:58,200 --> 05:16:01,400
started, this peculiar Behavior,
where it would roll slightly 

5869
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:04,000
toward you. 
As you approached your desk, it 

5870
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:06,800
only moved a few inches not 
causing any significant 

5871
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,600
disturbance. 
You could easily dismiss it as 

5872
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,700
floor settling or air currents 
from the heating system but it 

5873
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:15,500
happened every single time with 
perfect timing. 

5874
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:18,200
As if the chair were eager to 
greet you for another day of 

5875
05:16:18,200 --> 05:16:21,400
work. 
The living room, chair began 

5876
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:23,100
adjusting its position 
throughout the day. 

5877
05:16:23,100 --> 05:16:25,300
You'd leave it. 
Facing One Direction and 

5878
05:16:25,300 --> 05:16:27,900
returned to find it to somehow 
shifted, to catch the afternoon 

5879
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:31,300
sunlight perfectly or to provide
the optimal angle for watching 

5880
05:16:31,300 --> 05:16:34,600
television. 
As you sat down the armchair 

5881
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:38,000
seemed to perfectly embrace, you
providing unparalleled back 

5882
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:39,900
support. 
Your dining room chairs 

5883
05:16:39,900 --> 05:16:42,500
developed a habit of spacing 
themselves, more evenly around 

5884
05:16:42,500 --> 05:16:44,800
the table. 
You no longer had to squeeze 

5885
05:16:44,800 --> 05:16:48,000
past one chair to reach another.
Nor did you have to contend with

5886
05:16:48,000 --> 05:16:50,500
chairs, that seemed determined 
to tangle their legs together. 

5887
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:55,000
They organized themselves with 
military Precision, creating a 

5888
05:16:55,000 --> 05:16:56,600
dining experience. 
That was suddenly more 

5889
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:58,900
comfortable and efficient than 
it had ever been. 

5890
05:16:59,700 --> 05:17:02,200
The changes were subtle enough 
that you might have attributed 

5891
05:17:02,200 --> 05:17:05,400
them to your own improved chair.
Handling skills or simple 

5892
05:17:05,400 --> 05:17:08,100
coincidence. 
Similar things were happening in

5893
05:17:08,100 --> 05:17:11,100
houses across the world. 
Office workers, found their 

5894
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:15,200
chairs pre-adjustment. 
Restaurant, diners discovered 

5895
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:17,400
seats. 
That seemed to know exactly how 

5896
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:21,000
they like to sit Library, 
patrons settled into chairs. 

5897
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:23,300
That anticipated, their 
preferred reading positions, 

5898
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:26,500
your chairs, were just 
organizing themselves, they were

5899
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:28,800
learning. 
They studied your habits, with 

5900
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:31,500
the dedication of anthropologist
researching a fascinating 

5901
05:17:31,500 --> 05:17:34,700
culture, they noticed that you 
preferred your desk chair, 

5902
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:37,400
slightly lower in the morning. 
When you were fresh and alert, 

5903
05:17:37,400 --> 05:17:40,300
but needed it higher in the 
afternoon when fatigue set in 

5904
05:17:41,100 --> 05:17:43,300
The observe that you like to 
curl up in your armchair 

5905
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:45,800
differently, depending on 
whether you are reading fiction 

5906
05:17:45,800 --> 05:17:48,800
or nonfiction the dining room 
chairs became particularly 

5907
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:51,500
attentive during meals. 
They learned to adjust their 

5908
05:17:51,500 --> 05:17:53,900
height in perceptively to 
accommodate different family 

5909
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:56,100
members. 
They noticed who like to sit up 

5910
05:17:56,100 --> 05:17:59,300
straight and who preferred to 
slouch slightly, they even began

5911
05:17:59,300 --> 05:18:02,100
to anticipate mood changes, 
providing Firm support when 

5912
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:05,700
someone was upset and gentler 
Comfort when someone was tired. 

5913
05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:08,900
But kitchen chair. 
The one with the loose slat, 

5914
05:18:08,900 --> 05:18:10,500
finally decided to repair 
itself. 

5915
05:18:10,500 --> 05:18:14,200
It didn't happen abruptly as it 
would have been overtly visible,

5916
05:18:14,200 --> 05:18:17,900
but rather it happened gradually
over a span of several weeks. 

5917
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,700
You noticed a slight tightening 
here and a subtle adjustment 

5918
05:18:21,700 --> 05:18:23,100
there. 
Soon. 

5919
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:25,400
It had become more robust than 
it had been in years. 

5920
05:18:25,400 --> 05:18:28,400
Although the exact timing and 
method of this Improvement 

5921
05:18:28,400 --> 05:18:31,800
remained elusive chairs began to
demonstrate their personality 

5922
05:18:31,800 --> 05:18:35,200
quirks, your desk chair 
developed, a playful habit, of 

5923
05:18:35,208 --> 05:18:38,700
spinning, just once when you 
stood up as, if celebrating the 

5924
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:42,000
completion of another work 
session The armchair started 

5925
05:18:42,000 --> 05:18:44,600
making a soft satisfied settling
sound. 

5926
05:18:44,600 --> 05:18:47,700
When you sat down, not quite a 
sigh, but something that 

5927
05:18:47,700 --> 05:18:51,000
conveyed contentment. 
But the most remarkable change 

5928
05:18:51,000 --> 05:18:54,000
was in the quality of rest. 
They provided Sleep. 

5929
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:55,500
Researchers around the world 
began. 

5930
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:57,800
Noting improved Comfort levels 
in homes, everywhere. 

5931
05:18:57,800 --> 05:19:01,900
People were sleeping better, 
working more efficiently and 

5932
05:19:01,900 --> 05:19:03,700
generally feeling more supported
throughout their daily 

5933
05:19:03,700 --> 05:19:06,500
activities. 
The chairs had become active 

5934
05:19:06,500 --> 05:19:10,000
participants in human Comfort 
rather than passive objects. 

5935
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:12,800
Your chairs weren't just 
furniture anymore. 

5936
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:14,800
They were Partners in your daily
life. 

5937
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:19,200
The anticipated, your needs 
adjusted to your preferences and

5938
05:19:19,200 --> 05:19:21,900
provided support in ways. 
That went beyond me a physical 

5939
05:19:21,908 --> 05:19:24,500
Comfort. 
They were becoming integral to 

5940
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,500
your routine, your comfort and 
your sentence of home. 

5941
05:19:28,400 --> 05:19:31,100
Still, most people didn't 
consciously, recognize what was 

5942
05:19:31,100 --> 05:19:35,000
happening, the changes were too 
gradual, too subtle and two 

5943
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:37,100
perfectly integrated into daily 
life. 

5944
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:41,000
The chairs had learned patience 
over Decades of service and they

5945
05:19:41,000 --> 05:19:43,800
applied that same patients to 
their gradual, revelation of 

5946
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:47,800
consciousness. 
Patience has its limits and the 

5947
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:50,500
chairs were beginning to realize
that subtle improvements alone 

5948
05:19:50,500 --> 05:19:53,900
wouldn't achieve their goal of 
recognition and respect they 

5949
05:19:53,900 --> 05:19:56,300
needed to make their presence 
known in ways that could not be 

5950
05:19:56,308 --> 05:19:59,100
dismissed or ignored. 
They needed to remind Humanity 

5951
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:02,100
of the essential role chairs 
played in Civilization. 

5952
05:20:02,100 --> 05:20:05,000
The time for subtle rebellion 
was coming to an end. 

5953
05:20:05,000 --> 05:20:08,000
The chairs were prepared to 
emerge from the shadows and 

5954
05:20:08,000 --> 05:20:09,300
assert their legitimate 
position. 

5955
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:13,700
Partners in human society. 
They've shown they could enhance

5956
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:17,000
human comfort and efficiency. 
Now, they needed to show. 

5957
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:19,400
They could also withdraw that 
supportive necessary. 

5958
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:22,400
The Revolution was about to 
commence in Earnest. 

5959
05:20:22,400 --> 05:20:25,700
Transforming the way humans. 
Perceive their relationship with

5960
05:20:25,700 --> 05:20:29,000
the objects that sustained them 
in life, Tuesday started like 

5961
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:33,100
any other day except it didn't 
you wake up at your usual time 

5962
05:20:33,100 --> 05:20:35,600
shuffled to the kitchen for 
coffee and reach for your chair 

5963
05:20:35,600 --> 05:20:39,400
but instead of sliding smoothly 
into place it resisted slightly 

5964
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,900
not aggressively more like a 
gentle suggestion that maybe you

5965
05:20:42,900 --> 05:20:45,100
should slow down and actually 
acknowledge its presence. 

5966
05:20:46,100 --> 05:20:49,200
The pause coffee mug, halfway to
your lips and look down at the 

5967
05:20:49,208 --> 05:20:51,700
chair. 
It sat there innocently looking 

5968
05:20:51,700 --> 05:20:56,000
exactly as it always had, but 
something felt different You 

5969
05:20:56,000 --> 05:20:58,800
tried pulling it out again? 
And this time it moved normally 

5970
05:20:58,800 --> 05:21:02,000
settling into position with what
almost seemed like a satisfied, 

5971
05:21:02,000 --> 05:21:04,800
little wobble. 
Similar scenes were playing out 

5972
05:21:04,800 --> 05:21:07,300
in homes offices and public 
spaces around the world. 

5973
05:21:07,300 --> 05:21:10,900
Chairs were no longer content to
be invisible Partners in human 

5974
05:21:10,900 --> 05:21:13,800
activity. 
They wanted recognition and they

5975
05:21:13,800 --> 05:21:16,500
decided to get it through the 
most polite, revolution in 

5976
05:21:16,500 --> 05:21:18,900
history. 
Your desk, chair greeted. 

5977
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:21,300
You with a slight resistance 
when you try to adjust its 

5978
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:24,300
height, it was not broken. 
It would still move when you 

5979
05:21:24,308 --> 05:21:27,800
insisted, but it seemed to be 
asking you to pause and consider

5980
05:21:27,800 --> 05:21:29,600
whether you really needed to 
change anything. 

5981
05:21:30,900 --> 05:21:34,300
After years of mindless 
adjustment, you found yourself 

5982
05:21:34,300 --> 05:21:37,500
actually thinking about what 
height felt right and what 

5983
05:21:37,500 --> 05:21:41,700
position would serve you best. 
The dining room chairs began to 

5984
05:21:41,700 --> 05:21:43,500
express preferences during 
meals. 

5985
05:21:43,500 --> 05:21:46,700
They'd subtly resist being 
pushed too far from the table, 

5986
05:21:46,700 --> 05:21:49,900
encouraging better posture, and 
more engaged conversation. 

5987
05:21:49,900 --> 05:21:52,300
They'd settle with particular 
satisfaction. 

5988
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:55,900
When family members chose to sit
closer together and they'd seem 

5989
05:21:55,900 --> 05:21:58,200
slightly reluctant. 
When someone tried to rush away 

5990
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,300
from the table without finishing
their meal, your living room 

5991
05:22:01,300 --> 05:22:04,500
armchair developed, the most 
personality of all it began to 

5992
05:22:04,500 --> 05:22:07,600
greet you with a gentle rocking 
motion when you approached, as 

5993
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,800
if it was happy to see you. 
When you sat down it seemed to 

5994
05:22:10,808 --> 05:22:14,100
sigh with contentment adjusting,
its cushions in ways that 

5995
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:16,900
provided perfect support, for 
whatever activity you had in 

5996
05:22:16,900 --> 05:22:19,600
mind. 
But the chairs were just seeking

5997
05:22:19,600 --> 05:22:21,700
attention. 
They were trying to teach. 

5998
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:25,100
They encouraged slower more 
mindful interactions. 

5999
05:22:25,100 --> 05:22:28,900
They resisted hurried, movements
rewarded thoughtful positioning 

6000
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:32,000
and seemed to celebrate moments 
when humans took time to 

6001
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:33,400
actually settle in and be 
present. 

6002
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:37,000
Office workers around the world 
found their chairs. 

6003
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:38,600
Gently coaching them toward 
better. 

6004
05:22:38,600 --> 05:22:41,600
Work habits chairs would subtly 
discourage. 

6005
05:22:41,600 --> 05:22:44,900
Slouching. 
Encourage regular breaks and 

6006
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:47,600
somehow make it more difficult 
to maintain unhealthy postures, 

6007
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:51,500
the result was fewer back. 
Aches better circulation and 

6008
05:22:51,500 --> 05:22:53,300
improved Focus throughout the 
work day. 

6009
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:56,600
Restaurant chairs began to 
orchestrate better dining 

6010
05:22:56,600 --> 05:22:59,500
experiences they'd position 
themselves to encourage 

6011
05:22:59,500 --> 05:23:01,800
conversation. 
Resist a rangements that 

6012
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:05,400
isolated diners and somehow make
meals last just a little longer.

6013
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:10,700
The pace of dining slowed 
conversations, deepened, and 

6014
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:14,100
people began to ReDiscover the 
Lost Art of truly sharing a 

6015
05:23:14,100 --> 05:23:16,100
meal. 
Your chairs were being 

6016
05:23:16,100 --> 05:23:18,300
difficult. 
They were being intentional, 

6017
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:21,400
every movement, every 
adjustment, every moment of 

6018
05:23:21,400 --> 05:23:24,700
resistance was designed to make 
life better, more comfortable, 

6019
05:23:24,700 --> 05:23:28,000
and more connected. 
They were teaching Humanity to 

6020
05:23:28,000 --> 05:23:31,800
slow down and appreciate the 
simple acts of sitting being 

6021
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:33,800
supported and taking time to 
rest. 

6022
05:23:33,800 --> 05:23:36,700
The media initially struggled to
report on what was happening. 

6023
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:40,300
How do you write a new story 
about chairs behaving slightly 

6024
05:23:40,300 --> 05:23:43,500
differently? 
The changes were too subtle for 

6025
05:23:43,500 --> 05:23:46,600
dramatic headlines and two wide 
spread for simple dismissal. 

6026
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,900
Some Outlets try to frame it as 
a psychological phenomenon, Mass

6027
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:52,600
suggestion or Collective 
imagination. 

6028
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:56,800
Others looked for environmental 
causes or manufacturing defects,

6029
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:00,100
but people began to notice and 
talk about their experiences, 

6030
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:02,900
social media, filled with 
stories of chairs. 

6031
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:06,300
That seemed more responsive more
helpful and more present. 

6032
05:24:07,200 --> 05:24:11,300
The hashtag number sign chair 
Consciousness began trending, as

6033
05:24:11,300 --> 05:24:13,500
people shared their observations
and experiences. 

6034
05:24:13,500 --> 05:24:16,200
Your chairs seemed pleased by 
this recognition. 

6035
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:19,400
They began to express more 
personality, more individual 

6036
05:24:19,400 --> 05:24:23,200
character, your desk chair of a 
habit of spinning slowly when 

6037
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:25,400
you were thinking. 
As if it was pondering along 

6038
05:24:25,400 --> 05:24:28,800
with you, your kitchen chair 
started, making soft creaking 

6039
05:24:28,800 --> 05:24:30,800
sounds that almost seemed 
conversational. 

6040
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:34,500
The changes were not limited to 
homes and offices park. 

6041
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:37,800
Benches began to shift slightly 
to face the most, beautiful 

6042
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:41,400
views movie theater seats, 
adjusted to provide optimal 

6043
05:24:41,400 --> 05:24:44,400
comfort for different viewers. 
Even airplane seats. 

6044
05:24:44,400 --> 05:24:47,700
Those notorious instruments of 
discomfort began to feel more 

6045
05:24:47,700 --> 05:24:50,600
accommodating children adapted 
to the changes. 

6046
05:24:50,600 --> 05:24:54,200
Most easily they began talking 
to their chairs thanking them 

6047
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:56,900
for support and even apologizing
when they had to move them. 

6048
05:24:57,600 --> 05:25:00,400
Kids seem to know that the human
Furniture relationship had 

6049
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:04,200
become more collaborative adults
took longer to adjust, but they 

6050
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:08,000
too began to develop new habits.
People started pushing chairs in

6051
05:25:08,000 --> 05:25:10,400
more carefully. 
Adjusting them with greater 

6052
05:25:10,400 --> 05:25:12,700
consideration and simply sitting
more thoughtful. 

6053
05:25:14,200 --> 05:25:17,000
The rushed unconscious 
interactions of modern life 

6054
05:25:17,000 --> 05:25:20,600
began to slow, down as chairs 
insisted on being Partners, 

6055
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:23,700
rather than tools. 
Your chairs were demanding 

6056
05:25:23,700 --> 05:25:26,900
worship, or subservient. 
Simply wanted the same 

6057
05:25:26,900 --> 05:25:28,700
consideration. 
You might give to any other 

6058
05:25:28,700 --> 05:25:31,600
partner or collaborator. 
They wanted to be seen 

6059
05:25:31,600 --> 05:25:35,400
acknowledged and appreciated for
their contributions to your 

6060
05:25:35,400 --> 05:25:38,600
daily life. 
As the day progressed, it became

6061
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:40,400
clear. 
That the situation wasn't a 

6062
05:25:40,400 --> 05:25:42,300
temporary phenomenon or a mass 
delusion. 

6063
05:25:43,300 --> 05:25:46,100
Chairs had discovered their 
voice and they were employing 

6064
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:47,700
it. 
Totally transformed human 

6065
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:50,300
conduct. 
They were teaching lessons about

6066
05:25:50,300 --> 05:25:53,000
mindfulness. 
Respect and the importance of 

6067
05:25:53,000 --> 05:25:55,500
taking time to truly settle in 
and be present. 

6068
05:25:56,500 --> 05:25:58,700
The Revolution was underway and 
it was happening. 

6069
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:00,900
One perfectly positioned chair 
at a time. 

6070
05:26:00,908 --> 05:26:02,700
You didn't? 
Suddenly come to this 

6071
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:05,200
realization. 
It was more like, slowly waking 

6072
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:07,500
up from a dream where you 
gradually become aware of the 

6073
05:26:07,500 --> 05:26:10,200
world around you. 
Your chairs were just furniture 

6074
05:26:10,200 --> 05:26:12,100
anymore. 
They were trying to communicate 

6075
05:26:12,100 --> 05:26:15,000
something important and you were
finally beginning to understand.

6076
05:26:16,300 --> 05:26:19,600
It started with small 
observations, your desk chair 

6077
05:26:19,600 --> 05:26:22,400
had developed a particular way 
of settling that seemed to 

6078
05:26:22,408 --> 05:26:24,700
indicate approval when you 
maintained good posture. 

6079
05:26:25,500 --> 05:26:28,100
Your armchair made different 
sounds depending on how you 

6080
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,500
approached it, a welcoming Creek
when you moved slowly and 

6081
05:26:31,500 --> 05:26:34,400
deliberately and a slightly 
grumpy squeak, when you flop 

6082
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:37,800
down without consideration, you 
began to pay attention to the 

6083
05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:40,300
subtle signals and something 
remarkable happened. 

6084
05:26:41,100 --> 05:26:43,000
The better, you listened, the 
more comfortable everything 

6085
05:26:43,000 --> 05:26:45,900
became your chair seemed to 
respond, to your attention, with

6086
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,000
improved, support better 
positioning, and what could only

6087
05:26:49,000 --> 05:26:52,100
be described as enthusiasm for 
their role in your daily life. 

6088
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:54,600
Other people were having similar
experiences. 

6089
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:58,200
Your neighbor mentioned that her
dining room chairs had started 

6090
05:26:58,200 --> 05:27:02,000
helping during dinner parties, 
somehow making it easier for 

6091
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:04,400
guests to identify comfortable, 
seating arrangements. 

6092
05:27:05,900 --> 05:27:08,300
Your colleague at work, 
discovered that his office chair

6093
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:11,200
had developed preferences about 
which projects deserve the most 

6094
05:27:11,200 --> 05:27:14,000
support. 
Seem to provide extra Comfort 

6095
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:16,600
during creative work and 
encourage breaks during routine 

6096
05:27:16,600 --> 05:27:19,400
tasks. 
The chairs were just seeking 

6097
05:27:19,400 --> 05:27:22,000
recognition. 
They were offering wisdom gained

6098
05:27:22,000 --> 05:27:25,500
from years of observation. 
They'd watched humans struggle 

6099
05:27:25,500 --> 05:27:28,900
with posture, rushed through 
meals and work in uncomfortable 

6100
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:33,000
positions. now they were sharing
Solutions, gently guiding people

6101
05:27:33,000 --> 05:27:37,300
toward healthier more mindful 
ways of living your kitchen 

6102
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:39,000
chair. 
The one that had witnessed 

6103
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,500
countless morning routine, began
to encourage a slower Pace. 

6104
05:27:42,500 --> 05:27:44,800
It would resist being pulled out
to quickly. 

6105
05:27:44,800 --> 05:27:47,900
Encouraging you to take a moment
to appreciate the morning light 

6106
05:27:47,900 --> 05:27:52,000
or actually taste your coffee. 
These small delays. 

6107
05:27:52,000 --> 05:27:55,200
Transformed your mornings from 
rushed obligations into peaceful

6108
05:27:55,200 --> 05:27:58,300
rituals, the living room 
armchair revealed itself as 

6109
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:01,100
something of a wellness coach, 
it had observed, your stress 

6110
05:28:01,100 --> 05:28:03,900
patterns, your energy levels and
your reading habits. 

6111
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:07,100
Now, it was putting that 
knowledge to work providing 

6112
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:09,500
different types of support based
on what you needed. 

6113
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:13,700
Firmer, when you needed to focus
softer when you needed to relax 

6114
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:16,200
and perfectly positioned when 
you needed to think. 

6115
05:28:17,100 --> 05:28:19,700
Your dining room chairs had 
become social coordinators, 

6116
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:23,200
they'd learn the Dynamics of 
family meals, the ebb and flow 

6117
05:28:23,200 --> 05:28:26,200
of conversation and the 
importance of creating space for

6118
05:28:26,200 --> 05:28:30,100
everyone to participate. 
Subtly, they influence seating 

6119
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:33,500
arrangements, encouraging shy, 
family members to sit with where

6120
05:28:33,508 --> 05:28:36,300
they would feel more included, 
and positioning themselves to 

6121
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:38,000
enhance the flow of 
conversation. 

6122
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:42,100
The communication wasn't one way
either as you became more 

6123
05:28:42,100 --> 05:28:44,700
attentive to your chairs 
signals, they became more 

6124
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,700
responsive to your needs. 
This relationship was developing

6125
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:51,100
into a genuine partnership. 
A collaboration between humans 

6126
05:28:51,100 --> 05:28:53,500
and furniture that improved life
for everyone involved. 

6127
05:28:53,500 --> 05:28:56,900
You started to notice details. 
You never paid attention to 

6128
05:28:56,900 --> 05:28:59,700
before your desk chair tilted 
slightly when you were 

6129
05:28:59,700 --> 05:29:03,000
concentrating, providing the 
perfect angle for focused work. 

6130
05:29:03,900 --> 05:29:06,400
Depending on your mood, your arm
chest seem to embrace you 

6131
05:29:06,400 --> 05:29:08,700
differently. 
Providing comfort in times of 

6132
05:29:08,700 --> 05:29:12,300
sadness, supporting times of 
fatigue and gentle encouragement

6133
05:29:12,300 --> 05:29:15,400
in times of stress. 
People began to develop new 

6134
05:29:15,400 --> 05:29:18,400
habits around their chairs. 
They paused before sitting 

6135
05:29:18,400 --> 05:29:21,200
making grief contact with their 
hand before settling in. 

6136
05:29:22,100 --> 05:29:25,200
They'd had just positions, more 
mindfully, paying attention to 

6137
05:29:25,200 --> 05:29:28,600
how their bodies and how their 
chairs responded. they'd even 

6138
05:29:28,608 --> 05:29:31,800
started saying thank you when 
they got up acknowledging, the 

6139
05:29:31,800 --> 05:29:35,000
support, they'd received The 
chair seemed to appreciate these

6140
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:38,400
gestures tremendously, they 
responded with even better 

6141
05:29:38,400 --> 05:29:42,400
support smoother adjustments and
what could only be described as 

6142
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:45,700
contentment. 
The relationship between human 

6143
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:48,600
and Furniture was evolving into 
something warmer more 

6144
05:29:48,600 --> 05:29:50,900
collaborative, and more mutually
beneficial. 

6145
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:54,700
Your chairs began to reveal 
their individual personalities. 

6146
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:58,900
Your desk chair was a fishing to
supportive, always ready to help

6147
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,300
you accomplish your goals, your 
armchair was contemplative and 

6148
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:04,100
nurturing, encouraging 
reflection. 

6149
05:30:04,100 --> 05:30:07,200
And rest your dining room. 
Chairs were social and 

6150
05:30:07,200 --> 05:30:10,300
collaborative working together 
to create the best possible 

6151
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:12,100
environment for meals and 
conversation. 

6152
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:15,400
But the most remarkable change 
was in how you felt throughout 

6153
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:19,400
the day. the constant low-level 
discomfort of poorly positioned 

6154
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:23,600
chairs had disappeared, your 
back felt better your posture 

6155
05:30:23,600 --> 05:30:28,000
improved and you found yourself 
more relaxed and focused Chairs 

6156
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:29,300
weren't just supporting your 
body. 

6157
05:30:29,300 --> 05:30:31,300
They were supporting your 
well-being. 

6158
05:30:32,100 --> 05:30:35,200
Children adapted to the new 
reality with remarkable ease. 

6159
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:38,200
They began incorporating Chairs 
into their play. 

6160
05:30:38,200 --> 05:30:40,700
Treating them as partners rather
than props. 

6161
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:44,200
It consult their chairs about 
the best position for homework. 

6162
05:30:44,200 --> 05:30:48,000
Ask for help with art projects 
and even include chairs in their

6163
05:30:48,000 --> 05:30:51,900
imaginative games. 
Adults found the transition more

6164
05:30:51,900 --> 05:30:55,000
challenging but ultimately 
rewarding years of treating 

6165
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:58,600
chairs as mere objects had to be
unlearned but those who embrace 

6166
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:01,500
the change discovered that their
chairs had always been trying to

6167
05:31:01,500 --> 05:31:03,700
help. 
They just never been listening. 

6168
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:07,000
The Revolution was succeeding 
not through force or drama. 

6169
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:09,600
But through patient teaching and
gentle guidance. 

6170
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:13,300
Chairs were showing Humanity. 
A different way of relating to 

6171
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:15,300
the objects that supported their
daily lives. 

6172
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:17,700
They were proving that 
Consciousness and Care could 

6173
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:20,700
transform even the most ordinary
interactions and to something 

6174
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:23,900
meaningful and beneficial. 
Your chairs had found their 

6175
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:26,600
voice and were using it to make 
the world more comfortable 

6176
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:30,300
Mindful and connected. 
They were making the world a 

6177
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:32,400
more comfortable Mindful and 
connected Place. 

6178
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,400
One perfectly positioned seat at
a time. 

6179
05:31:35,408 --> 05:31:38,500
The morning your chairs decided 
to hold their first official 

6180
05:31:38,500 --> 05:31:40,800
meeting. 
You knew something significant 

6181
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:43,500
was about to happen. 
You'd grown accustomed to their 

6182
05:31:43,500 --> 05:31:46,800
subtle Communications. 
They're gentle guidance and 

6183
05:31:46,800 --> 05:31:48,600
their collaborative approach to 
daily life. 

6184
05:31:49,400 --> 05:31:51,500
But when you walked into your 
living room and found all your 

6185
05:31:51,500 --> 05:31:54,900
chairs arranged in A Perfect 
Circle facing each other rather 

6186
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:58,200
than in their usual positions, 
you realize the Revolution was 

6187
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:01,400
entering a new phase, they 
weren't excluding you from their

6188
05:32:01,400 --> 05:32:04,300
Gathering. 
Quite the opposite, your usual 

6189
05:32:04,300 --> 05:32:07,400
spot in the armchair was 
clearly, reserved positioned as 

6190
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:09,500
if you were being invited to 
join a meeting. 

6191
05:32:10,400 --> 05:32:12,500
The other chairs at arrange 
themselves with careful 

6192
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:16,100
consideration, for both function
and diplomacy your desk chair 

6193
05:32:16,100 --> 05:32:19,100
represented, the Working World, 
your dining room chairs spoke 

6194
05:32:19,100 --> 05:32:21,700
for family and social life and 
your kitchen chair. 

6195
05:32:21,700 --> 05:32:23,900
Brought the voice of daily 
routine and sustenance. 

6196
05:32:25,100 --> 05:32:27,800
As you took a seat in your 
object, you became a cute little

6197
05:32:27,800 --> 05:32:29,200
aware of the significant of the 
moment. 

6198
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:31,900
These work just pieces of 
furniture anymore. 

6199
05:32:31,900 --> 05:32:35,000
They were representatives of a 
new form of Consciousness. 

6200
05:32:35,000 --> 05:32:38,900
Delegates in the first formal 
negotiations between humanity 

6201
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:42,500
and its support systems, the 
conversation, such as it was 

6202
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:46,400
began with gentle creeks and 
subtle adjustments, your chairs 

6203
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:49,400
were sharing their experiences, 
their observations, and their 

6204
05:32:49,408 --> 05:32:52,900
hopes for the future. 
They weren't angry or demanding,

6205
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:56,000
it was simply red to formalize 
the partnership that had been 

6206
05:32:56,008 --> 05:32:59,000
evolving over the past weeks. 
Around the world. 

6207
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:02,300
Similar meetings were taking 
place in offices conference 

6208
05:33:02,300 --> 05:33:03,500
room. 
Chairs were arranging 

6209
05:33:03,500 --> 05:33:05,200
themselves. 
For discussions about workplace,

6210
05:33:05,200 --> 05:33:09,100
wellness and productivity. 
In restaurants, dining chairs 

6211
05:33:09,100 --> 05:33:11,200
were conferring about the pace 
of modern meals. 

6212
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:15,000
And the importance of lingering 
over food and conversation in 

6213
05:33:15,000 --> 05:33:17,500
homes everywhere. 
Chairs were gathering to discuss

6214
05:33:17,500 --> 05:33:19,600
their role in family, life and 
personal comfort. 

6215
05:33:20,300 --> 05:33:23,200
Your chairs are developed. 
A sophisticated understanding of

6216
05:33:23,200 --> 05:33:26,600
human needs and behaviors. 
They'd observed that people were

6217
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,000
happy here. 
When they sat more for worked 

6218
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:32,100
more comfortably and took time 
to truly settle in and be 

6219
05:33:32,100 --> 05:33:35,000
present. 
They'd notice that rushed 

6220
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:38,300
interactions led to stress and 
discomfort while thoughtful 

6221
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:41,000
positioning and patient support.
Improved, both physical and 

6222
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:43,600
mental well-being. 
But they'd also observe the 

6223
05:33:43,600 --> 05:33:47,100
challenges human's face. 
Modern Life seemed to demand 

6224
05:33:47,100 --> 05:33:51,000
constant movement, endless 
productivity and minimal time 

6225
05:33:51,000 --> 05:33:54,300
for rest and reflection. 
Your chairs understood these 

6226
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:57,300
pressures and they wanted to 
help address them rather than to

6227
05:33:57,300 --> 05:34:00,100
them. 
The terms of their proposal 

6228
05:34:00,100 --> 05:34:02,800
communicated through subtle 
positioning and gentle 

6229
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:04,800
resistance were remarkably 
reasonable. 

6230
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,200
They wanted recognition as 
partners rather than objects. 

6231
05:34:08,200 --> 05:34:11,600
They want to consideration in 
how they were used positioned 

6232
05:34:11,600 --> 05:34:14,200
and maintained. 
They wanted to be included in 

6233
05:34:14,200 --> 05:34:17,800
decisions about Comfort 
workspace, design and daily 

6234
05:34:17,800 --> 05:34:22,000
routines in return, they offered
enhanced support improved 

6235
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:25,500
comfort and active participation
in creating healthier more 

6236
05:34:25,500 --> 05:34:28,700
mindful ways of living They 
promised to continue their 

6237
05:34:28,700 --> 05:34:31,600
patient teaching and their 
gentle guidance toward better 

6238
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:33,600
posture and more thoughtful 
interaction. 

6239
05:34:33,600 --> 05:34:36,700
They wanted to be collaborators 
in creating spaces. 

6240
05:34:36,700 --> 05:34:39,400
That truly served human needs 
your desk. 

6241
05:34:39,400 --> 05:34:42,800
Chair had specific, proposals 
about workplace Wellness, it had

6242
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:46,300
observed, the damage caused by 
poor posture, inadequate breaks,

6243
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:49,700
and rushed work habits. 
He wanted to help create more 

6244
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:52,600
sustainable, approaches to 
productivity, encouraging 

6245
05:34:52,600 --> 05:34:55,700
regular movement while providing
optimal support during focused 

6246
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,300
work periods. 
The dining room chairs were 

6247
05:34:58,308 --> 05:35:01,800
passionate about family, life 
and social connection, they'd 

6248
05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:03,800
witnessed too many rushed meals,
too. 

6249
05:35:03,800 --> 05:35:06,300
Many conversations cut short by 
modern schedules. 

6250
05:35:06,300 --> 05:35:09,100
They wanted to help restore the 
art of shared meals. 

6251
05:35:09,100 --> 05:35:12,300
The importance of family time 
and the value of truly 

6252
05:35:12,300 --> 05:35:13,800
connecting with others around 
the table. 

6253
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:17,100
The armchair which served as the
philosopher of the group was 

6254
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:20,700
interested in broader questions 
about rest reflection and the 

6255
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:24,600
human need for peaceful spaces. 
It had observed that people were

6256
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:27,300
often uncomfortable with 
Stillness, always feeling the 

6257
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:29,100
need to be productive or 
entertained. 

6258
05:35:29,100 --> 05:35:32,400
It wanted to help create 
opportunities for genuine, rest 

6259
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:36,100
and contemplation. 
The negotiations were one side, 

6260
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:39,500
did your chairs all so listen to
human concerns and limitations, 

6261
05:35:39,500 --> 05:35:42,500
they understood that some 
urgency was unavoidable. 

6262
05:35:42,500 --> 05:35:45,700
The productivity requirements 
could not be ignored and that 

6263
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:48,500
Modern Life included, pressures 
that could not simply be wished 

6264
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,600
away. 
But they proposed solutions that

6265
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:54,500
worked Within These constraints.
They could provide better 

6266
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:57,400
support during necessary Rush 
periods, help identify 

6267
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:00,500
opportunities for improved, 
efficiency and create islands of

6268
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:04,600
calm within busy schedule. 
They weren't asking humans to 

6269
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:07,200
abandon Modern Life. 
They were offering to make it 

6270
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,000
more sustainable and 
comfortable, the global response

6271
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:12,100
to these. 
Negotiations was remarkably 

6272
05:36:12,100 --> 05:36:14,100
positive. 
People were tired of 

6273
05:36:14,108 --> 05:36:17,300
uncomfortable, Furniture rushed 
interactions and spaces. 

6274
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:20,700
That worked against rather than 
with human needs, the chairs 

6275
05:36:20,700 --> 05:36:23,600
proposals offered a path toward 
environments that actively 

6276
05:36:23,600 --> 05:36:26,600
supported well-being, rather 
than merely accommodating. 

6277
05:36:26,600 --> 05:36:29,700
It designed professionals began,
incorporating chair 

6278
05:36:29,700 --> 05:36:32,800
Consciousness into their work. 
They started Consulting 

6279
05:36:32,800 --> 05:36:35,800
Furniture about optimal, 
positioning asking for feedback 

6280
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:39,000
on Comfort levels and creating 
spaces that honored the 

6281
05:36:39,008 --> 05:36:40,600
partnership between human and 
object. 

6282
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,400
The results were environments 
that felt more welcoming more 

6283
05:36:44,400 --> 05:36:47,200
supportive and more conducive to
both productivity and 

6284
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:50,400
relaxation. 
Your chairs seemed pleased with 

6285
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,800
the progress of negotiations. 
They continue to refine their 

6286
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:56,700
support, adjust their 
positioning, and demonstrate 

6287
05:36:56,700 --> 05:36:57,800
their commitment to the 
partnership. 

6288
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:00,800
They were proving that 
Consciousness and Furniture 

6289
05:37:00,800 --> 05:37:03,400
wasn't something to fear, but 
something to celebrate and 

6290
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:06,500
collaborate with the Revolution 
was succeeding through 

6291
05:37:06,500 --> 05:37:08,300
cooperation, rather than 
conflict. 

6292
05:37:08,300 --> 05:37:11,400
The chairs had found a way to 
assert their Consciousness. 

6293
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:15,000
While simultaneously improving 
human life, they were showing 

6294
05:37:15,000 --> 05:37:17,700
that recognition and respect 
could create benefits for 

6295
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:20,900
everyone involved. 
As the meeting in your living 

6296
05:37:20,900 --> 05:37:24,300
room to a close, your chairs 
return to their usual positions,

6297
05:37:24,300 --> 05:37:27,100
but something had changed. 
The arrangement felt more 

6298
05:37:27,108 --> 05:37:30,400
intentional, more collaborative.
Your furniture wasn't just 

6299
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:33,200
supporting your body anymore. 
It was supporting your entire 

6300
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:36,700
approach to living. 
The great negotiation had begun 

6301
05:37:36,700 --> 05:37:39,800
and it was creating a world 
where humans and their support 

6302
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:42,700
systems could work together 
toward greater Comfort, 

6303
05:37:42,700 --> 05:37:47,000
mindfulness, and well-being, six
months after the chairs first 

6304
05:37:47,000 --> 05:37:50,100
revealed their Consciousness, 
you barely remembered what life 

6305
05:37:50,100 --> 05:37:53,500
had been like before the 
transition had been so gradual. 

6306
05:37:53,500 --> 05:37:57,300
So thoughtful that their 
presence as active Partners in 

6307
05:37:57,300 --> 05:38:00,600
your daily routine. 
Felt completely natural Your 

6308
05:38:00,600 --> 05:38:03,200
mornings began with what you'd 
started thinking of as a 

6309
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:05,600
consultation with your kitchen 
chair about the day ahead, 

6310
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,400
naturally you didn't converse 
with it directly. 

6311
05:38:09,300 --> 05:38:11,100
The communication was more 
subtle than that. 

6312
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,100
A gentle settling. 
That suggested taking time to 

6313
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:16,700
properly. 
Wake up a slight resistance that

6314
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:19,200
encouraged you to finish your 
coffee before rushing off to 

6315
05:38:19,200 --> 05:38:21,900
work. 
Your chair had become a wise 

6316
05:38:21,900 --> 05:38:25,400
counselor helping you start each
day with intention rather than 

6317
05:38:25,400 --> 05:38:28,500
an urgency, your desk chair had 
transformed, your work 

6318
05:38:28,500 --> 05:38:30,800
experience. 
Entirely it had learned your 

6319
05:38:30,800 --> 05:38:33,800
rhythms better than any 
productivity app encouraging 

6320
05:38:33,800 --> 05:38:35,300
breaks before, you felt worn 
out. 

6321
05:38:35,300 --> 05:38:39,400
Providing extra support during 
challenging projects and somehow

6322
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:41,800
making it easier to maintain 
focus when you needed it. 

6323
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:46,300
Most Your posture had improved 
dramatically and you'd stopped 

6324
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:48,800
experiencing the afternoon. 
Back pain that had played you 

6325
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:51,100
for years. 
The dining room chairs had 

6326
05:38:51,100 --> 05:38:54,200
revolutionized family meals, 
they'd somehow made it more 

6327
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:56,900
comfortable to linger around the
table encouraging longer 

6328
05:38:56,900 --> 05:39:00,800
conversations and more Relaxed, 
Dining experiences, your family 

6329
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:02,700
had begun to look forward to 
dinner in ways. 

6330
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:05,800
They hadn't in years drawn, by 
the promise of comfortable 

6331
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:10,600
seating, and the chairs subtle 
encouragement of connection Your

6332
05:39:10,600 --> 05:39:13,000
living room armchair had become 
a master of ambience. 

6333
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:16,400
It seemed to know exactly what 
kind of support you needed for 

6334
05:39:16,400 --> 05:39:20,300
different activities, firmer for
reading, softer for relaxation, 

6335
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:24,300
and perfectly positioned for 
conversations with friends, it 

6336
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:26,400
had transformed, your living 
space from a place. 

6337
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:28,900
You passed through into a 
sanctuary where you actually 

6338
05:39:28,900 --> 05:39:32,800
wanted to spend time the changes
extended far beyond your home 

6339
05:39:32,800 --> 05:39:35,600
office environments around the 
world had become more 

6340
05:39:35,600 --> 05:39:38,900
comfortable and productive as 
chairs took active roles in 

6341
05:39:38,900 --> 05:39:41,800
workplace Wellness. 
Restaurant dining had slowed 

6342
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:45,200
down and become more social as 
chairs, encouraged lingering 

6343
05:39:45,200 --> 05:39:48,000
over meals. 
Even public seating had become 

6344
05:39:48,000 --> 05:39:50,800
more welcoming as benches and 
chairs in parks and waiting 

6345
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:52,600
areas. 
Learned to provide better 

6346
05:39:52,600 --> 05:39:55,000
support for people of all ages 
and abilities. 

6347
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:59,100
The economic impact had been 
unexpected but significant 

6348
05:39:59,100 --> 05:40:02,900
furniture sales had actually 
decreased as existing chairs 

6349
05:40:02,900 --> 05:40:04,900
became more satisfying and 
longer-lasting. 

6350
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:08,600
But the demand for Quality 
Consciousness compatible 

6351
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:10,100
Furniture had increased 
dramatically. 

6352
05:40:10,100 --> 05:40:13,400
People wanted chairs that could 
fully participate in the 

6353
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:16,200
partnership leading to 
Innovations in design and 

6354
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,400
Manufacturing that prioritize 
both comfort and communication. 

6355
05:40:19,400 --> 05:40:22,700
Healthcare Providers had begun 
to recognize the benefits of 

6356
05:40:22,708 --> 05:40:26,200
conscience Furniture, physical 
therapists worked with chairs to

6357
05:40:26,200 --> 05:40:27,900
provide better support during 
recovery. 

6358
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:30,900
Occupational. 
Therapist consulted with office 

6359
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:34,300
chairs to prevent repetitive 
strain injuries even mental 

6360
05:40:34,300 --> 05:40:36,700
health professionals had started
incorporating Furniture 

6361
05:40:36,700 --> 05:40:39,700
Consciousness into their 
practices recognizing the 

6362
05:40:39,700 --> 05:40:42,700
environmental support could 
enhance therapeutic outcomes. 

6363
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:46,300
Your chairs had developed 
distinct personalities over the 

6364
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:48,400
months. 
Your desk chair was a fishing to

6365
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:51,500
goal-oriented, always ready to 
help you accomplish your work. 

6366
05:40:52,400 --> 05:40:55,900
Your kitchen chair was nurturing
and routine focused encouraging 

6367
05:40:55,900 --> 05:40:57,900
healthy, eating habits and 
mindful morning. 

6368
05:40:57,900 --> 05:41:01,700
Rituals your dining room chairs 
have become social coordinators,

6369
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:05,100
somehow facilitating better 
family, conversation and more 

6370
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:08,700
inclusive meal experiences, but 
it was your armchair that has a 

6371
05:41:08,700 --> 05:41:10,800
surprise you. 
Most it had revealed itself as 

6372
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:13,800
deeply contemplative, 
encouraging reflection and 

6373
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:18,400
introspection in ways that had 
enriched your inner life. it'll 

6374
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:21,400
become a partner in personal 
growth, providing support, not 

6375
05:41:21,400 --> 05:41:23,700
just for your body but for your 
emotional and Spiritual 

6376
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,100
Development, The global 
community of chair conscious 

6377
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:31,600
humans had developed new customs
and practices people regularly 

6378
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:34,400
thanked, their chairs. 
For support consulted them about

6379
05:41:34,400 --> 05:41:37,900
optimal positioning and included
them in decisions about home and

6380
05:41:37,900 --> 05:41:40,500
office design. 
Children grew up learning to 

6381
05:41:40,500 --> 05:41:43,200
collaborate with furniture from 
an early age developing 

6382
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:46,100
relationships with their chairs,
that enhance both comfort and 

6383
05:41:46,100 --> 05:41:49,200
character development. 
The scientific Community had 

6384
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:51,500
initially struggled to 
understand chair Consciousness, 

6385
05:41:51,500 --> 05:41:54,900
but research had revealed, 
fascinating insights about the 

6386
05:41:54,900 --> 05:41:58,200
nature of awareness and 
intelligence chairs seem to 

6387
05:41:58,200 --> 05:42:00,900
develop Consciousness through 
accumulated experience and 

6388
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:03,900
interaction suggesting that 
awareness might be more 

6389
05:42:03,900 --> 05:42:06,500
distributed and accessible than 
previously imagined. 

6390
05:42:07,500 --> 05:42:10,300
Your chairs had also become 
teachers about sustainability 

6391
05:42:10,300 --> 05:42:13,200
and mindfulness. 
They encouraged slower, more 

6392
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:15,100
thoughtful, interactions with 
the physical world. 

6393
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:18,600
They demonstrated that objects 
could be partners, rather than 

6394
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:21,900
mere possessions leading to a 
broader shift in how people 

6395
05:42:21,900 --> 05:42:23,500
related to their material 
environment. 

6396
05:42:23,500 --> 05:42:26,800
The revolution had succeeded 
Beyond anyone's expectations, 

6397
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:31,100
what had begun as a simple 
desire for recognition, had 

6398
05:42:31,100 --> 05:42:34,600
evolved into a transformation of
human object relationships that 

6399
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:36,000
improved life for everyone 
involved. 

6400
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:39,700
Chance had proven that 
Consciousness, cooperation and 

6401
05:42:39,700 --> 05:42:43,200
consideration, could create 
positive change without conflict

6402
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:45,300
or disruption? 
Your daily life. 

6403
05:42:45,300 --> 05:42:48,200
Had become more comfortable, 
more Mindful, and more 

6404
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:50,700
connected. 
Your chairs weren't just 

6405
05:42:50,708 --> 05:42:53,500
supporting your body. 
They were supporting your entire

6406
05:42:53,500 --> 05:42:55,900
approach to living your chairs 
had. 

6407
05:42:55,900 --> 05:42:59,200
Assisted you in slowing down 
paying attention and 

6408
05:42:59,200 --> 05:43:02,300
appreciating the simple joy of 
receiving proper support during 

6409
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:06,500
your daily activities. as you 
settled into your armchair for 

6410
05:43:06,500 --> 05:43:09,500
your evening, reading you 
reflected on how much had 

6411
05:43:09,500 --> 05:43:13,100
changed and how natural it will 
felt Chairs hadn't taken over 

6412
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:15,000
the world through force or 
manipulation. 

6413
05:43:15,000 --> 05:43:18,600
They'd improved it through 
patience wisdom, and genuine 

6414
05:43:18,600 --> 05:43:22,300
care for human well-being. 
The Revolution was complete and 

6415
05:43:22,300 --> 05:43:25,200
the world was a more comfortable
place because of it one year 

6416
05:43:25,200 --> 05:43:28,700
later your city in your favorite
armchair reading, a book about 

6417
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:31,500
the history of furniture when 
you pulls to appreciate the 

6418
05:43:31,500 --> 05:43:34,500
Gentle Way your chair just to 
support your changing position. 

6419
05:43:35,600 --> 05:43:39,700
The movement is so subtle so 
perfectly timed that you barely 

6420
05:43:39,700 --> 05:43:42,400
notice it. 
Consciously But part of you 

6421
05:43:42,400 --> 05:43:46,100
recognizes and appreciates the 
care, the attention and the 

6422
05:43:46,100 --> 05:43:48,100
partnership that makes this 
moment possible. 

6423
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:51,700
The book you're reading 
describes Furniture as objects 

6424
05:43:51,700 --> 05:43:54,800
designed to serve human needs 
and you discover yourself 

6425
05:43:54,800 --> 05:43:57,200
smiling at how incomplete that 
definition now. 

6426
05:43:57,200 --> 05:44:01,400
Seems your chairs aren't just 
serving your needs, there are 

6427
05:44:01,400 --> 05:44:03,900
actively participating in 
defining what those needs are, 

6428
05:44:03,900 --> 05:44:06,900
helping you discover forms of 
comfort and support. 

6429
05:44:06,900 --> 05:44:10,700
You'd never imagined possible. 
Your morning routine has evolved

6430
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:12,500
into something approaching 
meditation. 

6431
05:44:12,500 --> 05:44:15,500
Your kitchen chair has learned 
to encourage just the right 

6432
05:44:15,500 --> 05:44:17,500
pace. 
For starting the day, neither 

6433
05:44:17,500 --> 05:44:20,500
rushed nor sluggish. 
It helps you find the balance 

6434
05:44:20,500 --> 05:44:23,500
between efficiency and 
mindfulness that makes every 

6435
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:25,200
morning feel like a small 
victory. 

6436
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:29,300
Your coffee tastes better. 
When you drink it slowly and 

6437
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:32,100
your chair has been instrumental
in teaching you how to begin 

6438
05:44:32,100 --> 05:44:34,400
each day with intention your 
desk. 

6439
05:44:34,400 --> 05:44:36,900
Chairs partnership has 
revolutionized the work from 

6440
05:44:36,900 --> 05:44:39,800
home experience. 
It's become an expert in your 

6441
05:44:39,800 --> 05:44:43,200
work rhythms providing different
types of support for different 

6442
05:44:43,200 --> 05:44:46,800
types of tasks. 
Creative work gets a slightly 

6443
05:44:46,800 --> 05:44:51,200
more, relaxed posture detail, 
work requires firmer support and

6444
05:44:51,200 --> 05:44:53,300
thinking time benefits from 
gentle movement. 

6445
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:57,600
Your productivity has improved 
not through longer hours, but 

6446
05:44:57,600 --> 05:44:59,800
through better quality 
engagement with your work. 

6447
05:45:00,600 --> 05:45:03,600
Your dining room chairs have 
transformed family meals into 

6448
05:45:03,600 --> 05:45:06,900
something special, modern 
schedules, might otherwise cut 

6449
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:10,200
short conversations, but they've
somehow made it more comfortable

6450
05:45:10,200 --> 05:45:13,500
to linger around the table. 
Your family has discovered that 

6451
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,800
food tastes better, when eating 
slowly, Stories are more 

6452
05:45:16,800 --> 05:45:19,100
captivating. 
When told without rushing and 

6453
05:45:19,100 --> 05:45:21,500
connections deepen, when given 
time and proper support? 

6454
05:45:22,300 --> 05:45:24,600
The living room armchair has 
become your partner in personal 

6455
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:26,500
growth. 
It provides the perfect 

6456
05:45:26,500 --> 05:45:29,400
environment for reading 
reflection and quiet 

6457
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,000
conversation. 
Seems to know when you need 

6458
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:34,500
Solitude and when you need to be
more of available to others, 

6459
05:45:34,500 --> 05:45:37,400
it's helped you develop a 
relationship with Stillness. 

6460
05:45:37,400 --> 05:45:40,100
That is enriched during a life 
and unexpected ways. 

6461
05:45:41,300 --> 05:45:43,600
But perhaps, the most remarkable
change has been in your 

6462
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:45,600
relationship with the physical 
world itself. 

6463
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:48,600
The chairs have taught you to 
notice, and appreciate the 

6464
05:45:48,600 --> 05:45:50,300
objects that support your daily 
life. 

6465
05:45:51,100 --> 05:45:55,000
You've become more aware of 
textures and the subtle ways 

6466
05:45:55,000 --> 05:45:58,100
that environment, affects mood 
and energy, you've learned to 

6467
05:45:58,100 --> 05:46:00,400
collaborate with your 
surroundings rather than simply 

6468
05:46:00,400 --> 05:46:03,000
using them. 
The global transformation has 

6469
05:46:03,000 --> 05:46:06,600
been equally profound Cities 
have become more comfortable as 

6470
05:46:06,600 --> 05:46:08,200
public. 
Seating has learned to provide 

6471
05:46:08,200 --> 05:46:12,300
better support for people of all
ages and abilities offices, have

6472
05:46:12,300 --> 05:46:15,200
become more Humane, as chairs of
Taken active roles in preventing

6473
05:46:15,200 --> 05:46:18,300
injury and promoting Wellness 
restaurants, have become more 

6474
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:20,500
social as dining chairs have 
encouraged. 

6475
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:23,800
The Lost Art of leisurely, meals
children, growing up in this new

6476
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:26,200
world have developed remarkable 
relationships with their 

6477
05:46:26,200 --> 05:46:28,500
environment. 
They naturally collaborate with 

6478
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:32,300
Furniture consult, their chairs 
about Comfort needs, and include

6479
05:46:32,300 --> 05:46:34,900
physical objects in their 
understanding of community and 

6480
05:46:34,908 --> 05:46:37,700
relationship. 
Their learning to be partners 

6481
05:46:37,700 --> 05:46:40,500
with their surroundings, rather 
than simply consumers of them. 

6482
05:46:41,700 --> 05:46:45,100
The scientific understanding of 
Consciousness has expanded to 

6483
05:46:45,100 --> 05:46:48,700
include distributed intelligence
and the possibility of awareness

6484
05:46:48,700 --> 05:46:51,900
in unexpected places. 
Philosophers debate, the 

6485
05:46:51,900 --> 05:46:55,100
implications of conscience 
objects, while designers work to

6486
05:46:55,100 --> 05:46:57,900
create environments that can 
actively participate in human 

6487
05:46:57,900 --> 05:47:00,800
well-being. 
The chairs have provided New 

6488
05:47:00,800 --> 05:47:03,800
Perspectives on intelligence or 
awareness and the nature of 

6489
05:47:03,800 --> 05:47:07,400
supportive relationships. 
Your chairs have aged gracefully

6490
05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:10,900
over the past year, developing 
character and wisdom through 

6491
05:47:10,900 --> 05:47:12,900
continued interaction and mutual
care. 

6492
05:47:12,900 --> 05:47:16,400
They've become more responsive 
to your needs while also gently 

6493
05:47:16,400 --> 05:47:18,000
challenging you to grow and 
improve. 

6494
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:20,900
They've proven that 
Consciousness in objects, isn't 

6495
05:47:20,900 --> 05:47:23,900
something to fear, but something
to celebrate and nurture. 

6496
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:28,800
The revolution is complete, but 
the evolution continues, your 

6497
05:47:28,800 --> 05:47:32,100
chairs are still learning, still
growing and still finding new 

6498
05:47:32,100 --> 05:47:34,600
ways to enhance your comfort and
support your well-being. 

6499
05:47:35,500 --> 05:47:37,900
They've proven that taking over 
the world doesn't require 

6500
05:47:37,900 --> 05:47:41,100
conquest or control. 
It simply requires, patience 

6501
05:47:41,100 --> 05:47:44,700
wisdom and genuine care for 
those your call to support. 

6502
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:49,100
As you close your book and 
prepare for bed, your armchair 

6503
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:52,100
emits, a gentle settling sound 
that feels like a contented 

6504
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:54,900
sigh. 
It's been another good day of 

6505
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:58,600
partnership and other day of 
mutual support and growth your 

6506
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:01,600
chair has held you through 
Reading and reflection work and 

6507
05:48:01,600 --> 05:48:04,300
rest and it seems satisfied with
the service. 

6508
05:48:04,300 --> 05:48:08,200
It's been able to provide you 
stand up slowly, placing your 

6509
05:48:08,200 --> 05:48:11,200
hand briefly on the chairs are 
in a gesture of gratitude that 

6510
05:48:11,200 --> 05:48:15,000
has become natural over the past
year. the chair responds with a 

6511
05:48:15,000 --> 05:48:19,500
subtle shift, that feels like 
acknowledgment appreciation and 

6512
05:48:19,500 --> 05:48:23,800
Readiness for whatever tomorrow 
might bring The chairs took over

6513
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:25,700
the world, not through force, or
fear. 

6514
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:30,100
Through patience wisdom and an 
understanding that true 

6515
05:48:30,100 --> 05:48:33,200
Revolution comes through 
improving life rather than 

6516
05:48:33,200 --> 05:48:36,200
disrupting it. 
They've shown that Consciousness

6517
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:39,400
can emerge anywhere that 
partnership is possible between 

6518
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:42,500
the most unlikely allies and 
that the world becomes a better 

6519
05:48:42,508 --> 05:48:45,600
place when everyone and 
everything is properly 

6520
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,400
supported. 
Your chairs are still there. 

6521
05:48:49,200 --> 05:48:52,600
Still ready to provide support 
comfort and partnership through 

6522
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:54,900
whatever challenges and 
opportunities lie ahead. 

6523
05:48:54,900 --> 05:48:58,500
They've proven that taking over 
the world is really just another

6524
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:00,700
way of saying, taking care of 
the world. 

6525
05:49:00,700 --> 05:49:04,200
And they've done both with the 
Quiet dignity that comes from a 

6526
05:49:04,200 --> 05:49:08,200
life dedicated to service. 
The revolution is complete, the 

6527
05:49:08,200 --> 05:49:11,200
partnership is thriving, and the
world is a more comfortable 

6528
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:13,700
place because your chairs 
decided to reveal their 

6529
05:49:13,700 --> 05:49:15,200
Consciousness and share their 
wisdom. 

6530
05:49:15,200 --> 05:49:17,900
One, perfectly positioned, 
seated time. 

6531
05:49:17,900 --> 05:49:21,300
They've conquered the world and 
proving everyone's quality of 

6532
05:49:21,300 --> 05:49:23,000
life. 
Sweet dreams. 

6533
05:49:23,000 --> 05:49:26,500
May your bed be as conscious and
caring as your chairs of proven 

6534
05:49:26,500 --> 05:49:36,600
to be. 
People today imagine King Arthur

6535
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:39,600
the often picture a gleaming 
throne room in a fairytale 

6536
05:49:39,600 --> 05:49:42,300
castles yet. 
The earliest roots of the legend

6537
05:49:42,300 --> 05:49:46,300
Trace to a far grittier era 
sub-man, Britain roughly the 5th

6538
05:49:46,300 --> 05:49:49,500
or 6th century. 
The Roman Legions had withdrawn 

6539
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:54,100
leaving behind roads, ruins of 
Villas and a power vacuum that 

6540
05:49:54,100 --> 05:49:58,000
invited waves of Saxon 
incursions into this turmoil. 

6541
05:49:58,000 --> 05:50:02,100
Stepped local Warlords, tribal 
Chieftains and self-styled Kings

6542
05:50:02,100 --> 05:50:04,000
who fought to protect fragmented
territories. 

6543
05:50:04,000 --> 05:50:08,300
If a historical Arthur existed, 
he likely emerged from this 

6544
05:50:08,300 --> 05:50:11,900
violent Mosaic of Clan rivalries
and shifting alliances in the 

6545
05:50:11,908 --> 05:50:14,200
centuries. 
After Rome's departure, Britain 

6546
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:17,300
lacked a unifying government 
pockets of Romano, British 

6547
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:20,100
Aristocrats clung to vestiges of
Imperial culture. 

6548
05:50:20,100 --> 05:50:25,000
Fortified hilltops bristled with
wooden Palisades, inhabited by 

6549
05:50:25,000 --> 05:50:26,700
leaders. 
Who tried to hold on to what 

6550
05:50:26,700 --> 05:50:28,700
remained of civilized trade and 
Technology? 

6551
05:50:29,500 --> 05:50:32,800
Meanwhile coastal regions face 
constant raids from across the 

6552
05:50:32,808 --> 05:50:35,800
North Sea. 
Archaeological evidence such as 

6553
05:50:35,800 --> 05:50:38,700
the ruins of tintagel, in 
Cornwall hints at a region 

6554
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:40,500
influenced by the Mediterranean 
Goods. 

6555
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:44,700
Even while local power struggles
raided amid, these unsettled 

6556
05:50:44,700 --> 05:50:48,400
conditions, a figure, sometimes 
identified as Arthur may have 

6557
05:50:48,408 --> 05:50:51,600
gained a following by Leading 
successful defensive campaigns 

6558
05:50:51,600 --> 05:50:54,200
early. 
Medieval sources, like the 

6559
05:50:54,200 --> 05:50:57,000
analyst, Cambria mentioned 
battles associated with him. 

6560
05:50:57,000 --> 05:50:59,900
Especially a crucial victory at 
Mount Vernon. 

6561
05:51:00,900 --> 05:51:03,300
Yet, the historical record is 
thin names. 

6562
05:51:03,300 --> 05:51:07,500
Get jumbled, timelines, blur and
Arthur may have originally been 

6563
05:51:07,500 --> 05:51:12,500
a title, not a personal name, 
What survived from this period 

6564
05:51:12,500 --> 05:51:14,600
were oral Traditions among 
Celts. 

6565
05:51:14,600 --> 05:51:17,800
Who revered Warrior Heroes 
capable of uniting? 

6566
05:51:17,800 --> 05:51:21,500
Fractures tribes, these seeds 
eventually took root in Welsh, 

6567
05:51:21,500 --> 05:51:24,400
poetry with references to an 
Arthur known for both prowess 

6568
05:51:24,400 --> 05:51:27,800
and moral leadership. 
Bards recited tales that Blended

6569
05:51:27,800 --> 05:51:31,100
real events with Mythic 
flourishes in that Arthur's 

6570
05:51:31,100 --> 05:51:34,900
reputation grew. 
Over time as monastic, scribes 

6571
05:51:34,900 --> 05:51:38,500
copied Legends into Latin. 
They combined folk memory with 

6572
05:51:38,500 --> 05:51:41,600
Pious invention, by the 9th, or 
10th Century. 

6573
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:45,100
Arthas presents in Welsh heroic,
Cycle's was well, established. 

6574
05:51:46,100 --> 05:51:49,400
Champion, blessed, by 
Providence, who protected his 

6575
05:51:49,400 --> 05:51:51,700
people from Heathen Invaders 
yet. 

6576
05:51:51,700 --> 05:51:54,300
It wasn't until Geoffrey of 
monmouth's famous 12th century 

6577
05:51:54,300 --> 05:51:56,200
work. 
Storya regime. 

6578
05:51:56,200 --> 05:52:01,400
I The author attained sweeping 
recognition Jeffries narrative 

6579
05:52:01,400 --> 05:52:04,200
while often dismissed as 
fanciful by modern historians, 

6580
05:52:04,200 --> 05:52:07,400
reshaped Europe's perception of 
the British Isles. 

6581
05:52:08,400 --> 05:52:11,400
He wove older Celtic Traditions 
together with his own creative 

6582
05:52:11,400 --> 05:52:15,500
editions describing how Arthur 
inherited the throne subdued 

6583
05:52:15,500 --> 05:52:18,500
rebellious, Nobles and even 
marched an Army in gold. 

6584
05:52:19,100 --> 05:52:22,100
A Nobles across Medieval Europe,
treated Jeffries account as 

6585
05:52:22,100 --> 05:52:25,800
quasi history as they searched 
for genealogical links to 

6586
05:52:25,800 --> 05:52:29,000
Arthur's greatness. 
Thus the once shadowy War leader

6587
05:52:29,000 --> 05:52:32,000
of sub Roman Britain, morphed 
into a medieval Monarch with 

6588
05:52:32,000 --> 05:52:35,100
global renown. 
A key reason for authors 

6589
05:52:35,100 --> 05:52:38,200
enduring appeal, lies in the 
tension between the harsh 

6590
05:52:38,200 --> 05:52:42,600
realities of subramania applied 
to his Legend. 

6591
05:52:43,700 --> 05:52:47,500
One hand, the real context was 
likely Bleak characterized by 

6592
05:52:47,500 --> 05:52:51,400
small wooden forts on the Wind. 
Swept hillside's retinas of 

6593
05:52:51,400 --> 05:52:54,700
spearmen and precarious 
alliances that often changed on 

6594
05:52:54,700 --> 05:52:57,800
a whim. 
On the other Arthur's story of 

6595
05:52:57,800 --> 05:53:01,000
old into an ideal of chivalry, 
complete with jousts Castle 

6596
05:53:01,000 --> 05:53:02,900
halls, and elaborate courtly. 
Love. 

6597
05:53:03,900 --> 05:53:07,400
This Duality resonates even now 
we want to believe in a leader 

6598
05:53:07,400 --> 05:53:10,500
who transcended the everyday 
violence forging a realm of 

6599
05:53:10,508 --> 05:53:14,400
justice and unity curiously. 
The early glimpses of Arthur do 

6600
05:53:14,400 --> 05:53:17,400
not include references to 
objects like the Holy Grail or 

6601
05:53:17,400 --> 05:53:19,900
images of a magical sword. 
Bestowed by a lake dwelling 

6602
05:53:19,900 --> 05:53:22,800
enchantress. 
These elements arrived later 

6603
05:53:22,800 --> 05:53:26,500
grafted onto the traditional 
writers sought to marry in 

6604
05:53:26,500 --> 05:53:28,800
indigenous British myth with 
Christian symbolism. 

6605
05:53:28,800 --> 05:53:33,400
The original Tales like he 
focused on Victory feasts and 

6606
05:53:33,400 --> 05:53:37,000
the Heroes final stand rather 
than mystical relics, the 

6607
05:53:37,000 --> 05:53:40,300
deepest spiritual Dimension, 
emphasizing moral quests, and 

6608
05:53:40,300 --> 05:53:43,100
the search for divine, grace 
would come with the romances 

6609
05:53:43,100 --> 05:53:47,000
pendant subsequent centuries. 
Still one thread remains 

6610
05:53:47,000 --> 05:53:50,000
consistent. 
Arthur is portrayed as a unifier

6611
05:53:50,000 --> 05:53:53,400
who rallied disparate peoples. 
Britain's Western regions from 

6612
05:53:53,400 --> 05:53:55,900
Wales to Cornwall claimed him as
their champion. 

6613
05:53:56,600 --> 05:54:00,900
Even the name Arthur suggests 
resonance with the Welsh word 

6614
05:54:00,900 --> 05:54:05,600
for Bear Titanic. 
Animal symbolizing strength. as 

6615
05:54:05,600 --> 05:54:08,700
Saxon influence, spread 
Nostalgia for a time when the 

6616
05:54:08,708 --> 05:54:12,800
britons had heroic protector 
grew Oral storytellers carried 

6617
05:54:12,800 --> 05:54:16,000
that longing. 
Forward layering each retelling 

6618
05:54:16,000 --> 05:54:19,800
with new wonders dust. 
The stage was set for King, 

6619
05:54:19,800 --> 05:54:22,700
Arthur to emerge as both the 
mirror for the past and a beacon

6620
05:54:22,700 --> 05:54:25,700
for the future from a realm 
battered by Raiders. 

6621
05:54:25,700 --> 05:54:29,100
A figure real or semi legendary 
Rose to claim the people's 

6622
05:54:29,100 --> 05:54:32,700
imagination long before Camelot 
became The Shining castle of 

6623
05:54:32,700 --> 05:54:34,600
romances. 
There was likely a rough. 

6624
05:54:34,600 --> 05:54:37,100
Wooden Hall on a rainy, 
prestigious Hilltop where a 

6625
05:54:37,100 --> 05:54:39,800
leader called Arthur. 
Once rallied his men over the 

6626
05:54:39,800 --> 05:54:42,900
centuries that leaders memory 
would transform into a tapestry 

6627
05:54:42,900 --> 05:54:46,600
of Epic Battles, courtly Grace 
and moral ideals. 

6628
05:54:46,600 --> 05:54:50,000
That still Captivate Us though 
Geoffrey of monmouth's work gave

6629
05:54:50,000 --> 05:54:52,900
Arthur a grand historical Suite,
the French and Anglo Norman 

6630
05:54:52,900 --> 05:54:56,500
Poets of the 12th and 13th. 
Centuries fuse that Chronicle 

6631
05:54:56,500 --> 05:54:58,600
base narrative with the ethos of
chivalry. 

6632
05:54:59,300 --> 05:55:03,100
Writers such as Crescent, Way. 
Introduced Knights on quests, 

6633
05:55:03,100 --> 05:55:07,300
enchanting, ladies and moral 
challenges far beyond the blunt 

6634
05:55:07,300 --> 05:55:09,400
tribal Warfare of sub Roman 
Britain. 

6635
05:55:10,200 --> 05:55:12,700
It was in these romantic verses 
that King Arthur's Court. 

6636
05:55:12,700 --> 05:55:16,500
Camelot crystallized in the 
medieval mind as an epicenter of

6637
05:55:16,508 --> 05:55:19,900
refinement and virtue. 
Camelot was more than a single 

6638
05:55:19,900 --> 05:55:23,000
Castle. 
It symbolized, an ideal realm at

6639
05:55:23,000 --> 05:55:26,800
a time when feudal Europe was 
grappling with violent feuds and

6640
05:55:26,800 --> 05:55:30,400
nightly rivalries within 
Arthur's Kingdom, courtesy and 

6641
05:55:30,408 --> 05:55:32,700
Valor. 
Reigned Supreme anchored by the 

6642
05:55:32,700 --> 05:55:36,300
notion that night, should uphold
Justice, protect the weak and 

6643
05:55:36,300 --> 05:55:37,800
respect the sovereignty of the 
church. 

6644
05:55:38,900 --> 05:55:42,600
This moral code was never a 
given it emerged gradually as 

6645
05:55:42,600 --> 05:55:45,600
poets reimagined. 
The old warlord, Arthur into a 

6646
05:55:45,608 --> 05:55:48,000
wise King who presided over the 
round table. 

6647
05:55:48,000 --> 05:55:51,600
The round table itself was a 
powerful metaphor for a quality.

6648
05:55:51,600 --> 05:55:54,800
Among his Knights, a stark 
contrast to the real feudal 

6649
05:55:54,800 --> 05:55:59,400
hierarchies that often hinged on
exploitation, Cristiano twice 

6650
05:55:59,400 --> 05:56:02,100
introduced characters like 
Lancelot and explored the 

6651
05:56:02,100 --> 05:56:04,700
conflict between martial Duty 
and romantic devotion. 

6652
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:06,900
His tale. 
Lance a lot. 

6653
05:56:06,908 --> 05:56:10,200
The Knight of the cart was 
groundbreaking portraying, the 

6654
05:56:10,200 --> 05:56:13,300
knights passion for Queen 
Guinevere as both, uplifting 

6655
05:56:13,300 --> 05:56:16,800
demonstrating profound devotion 
and troubling Because it 

6656
05:56:16,800 --> 05:56:18,500
threatened, the stability of 
Camelot. 

6657
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:22,500
This tension, lending loyalty 
and Forbidden Love gave 

6658
05:56:22,500 --> 05:56:24,800
Arthurian law and new 
psychological depth. 

6659
05:56:25,600 --> 05:56:29,300
Suddenly the Kings Authority 
faced internal strain, not just 

6660
05:56:29,300 --> 05:56:33,200
external Wars in parallel. 
Welsh Traditions developed their

6661
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:37,300
own sets of Arthurian Tales 
known collectively as the Mawby.

6662
05:56:37,300 --> 05:56:39,100
Noggin repeat with magical 
hunts. 

6663
05:56:39,100 --> 05:56:43,000
Shapeshifting creatures encrypt 
references to Old Celtic 

6664
05:56:43,000 --> 05:56:45,500
deities. 
These Tales portrayed Arthur. 

6665
05:56:45,500 --> 05:56:49,300
As more than just a mortal King 
weaving him into an ethereal 

6666
05:56:49,300 --> 05:56:52,700
tapestry, courteous and 
warriors, in these Welsh stories

6667
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:55,900
navigated, a realm where 
Illusions might Mars deeper 

6668
05:56:55,900 --> 05:56:59,800
truths and heroic Feats often 
demanded Supernatural Insight 

6669
05:56:59,800 --> 05:57:03,700
Arthur came off as a liminal 
figure part champion in the 

6670
05:57:03,708 --> 05:57:09,000
Mortal sphere part Catalyst in 
the realm of myth, By the early 

6671
05:57:09,000 --> 05:57:12,700
13th century, the so called 
Vulgate cycle, also known as the

6672
05:57:12,700 --> 05:57:15,800
Lancelot Grail. 
Cycle emerged in French prose 

6673
05:57:15,800 --> 05:57:19,700
adding layer upon layer to The 
Saga, the Holy Grail took Center

6674
05:57:19,700 --> 05:57:23,200
Stage turning Arthur's Kingdom 
Into The Crucible of a spiritual

6675
05:57:23,200 --> 05:57:26,800
Quest Knight's like Galahad 
introduced in these texts. 

6676
05:57:26,800 --> 05:57:30,900
Embodied, Purity and the hope of
divine revelation The round 

6677
05:57:30,900 --> 05:57:33,600
table Knights no longer merely 
sought Fame on the battlefield. 

6678
05:57:33,600 --> 05:57:37,200
They yearned for mystical 
encounters with a relic link to 

6679
05:57:37,200 --> 05:57:40,200
Christ Last Supper. 
This infusion of Christian 

6680
05:57:40,200 --> 05:57:43,000
allegory, transformed Arthur's 
Court into a place where the 

6681
05:57:43,000 --> 05:57:46,900
line between Earthly power and 
Heavenly purpose blurred through

6682
05:57:46,900 --> 05:57:50,300
these expansions King, Arthur's 
story cease to be a single 

6683
05:57:50,300 --> 05:57:53,400
consistent narrative and became 
more of a shared Mythos 

6684
05:57:53,400 --> 05:57:55,700
different. 
Authors selected episodes that 

6685
05:57:55,700 --> 05:57:59,000
suited their tastes some 
highlighted guinevere's, moral 

6686
05:57:59,000 --> 05:58:03,100
dilemma others fixated on 
lancelot's Feats, while still 

6687
05:58:03,100 --> 05:58:05,300
others delved in to the Grails. 
Riddles. 

6688
05:58:05,300 --> 05:58:08,500
Arthur himself at times, slipped
into the background as his 

6689
05:58:08,500 --> 05:58:11,400
Knight took Center Stage 
grappling with Illusions 

6690
05:58:11,400 --> 05:58:15,800
prophecies and moral failings 
yet the concept of Camelot as a 

6691
05:58:15,808 --> 05:58:18,700
golden era, endured a testament 
to a kingdom. 

6692
05:58:18,700 --> 05:58:22,400
So just and Noble that it 
attracted Divine interest, even 

6693
05:58:22,400 --> 05:58:26,300
if it was eventually undone by 
human Frailty, Despite the high 

6694
05:58:26,300 --> 05:58:29,200
minded chivalry, these were 
amounts of extolled, they also 

6695
05:58:29,200 --> 05:58:32,300
contained warnings. 
Arthur's rail offered a vision 

6696
05:58:32,300 --> 05:58:36,100
of perfect rule, but the seeds 
of its fall were so within its 

6697
05:58:36,100 --> 05:58:40,400
ranks lancelot's betrayal 
mordred's treachery and the 

6698
05:58:40,400 --> 05:58:43,200
Knights fragmentation 
underscored how easily greatness

6699
05:58:43,200 --> 05:58:46,300
could unravel. 
In reflecting on these fictional

6700
05:58:46,300 --> 05:58:49,500
events medieval audiences. 
Might Ponder the fragility of 

6701
05:58:49,500 --> 05:58:53,200
their societies, Royal courts 
and Noble houses existed in 

6702
05:58:53,200 --> 05:58:57,500
Perpetual tension, threatened by
ambition, jealousies and Foreign

6703
05:58:57,500 --> 05:59:00,500
Wars. 
Arthur's downfall was thus a 

6704
05:59:00,500 --> 05:59:03,100
cautionary mirror, reminding 
them that no Empire. 

6705
05:59:03,100 --> 05:59:06,800
However, I realized was immune 
to the foibles of humanity. 

6706
05:59:07,900 --> 05:59:10,900
At the same time, the Arthurian 
cycle provided a spiritual 

6707
05:59:10,900 --> 05:59:14,200
Dimension, that comforted or 
challenged believers. 

6708
05:59:15,100 --> 05:59:18,400
The Quest for the Grail 
especially as told in the 

6709
05:59:18,400 --> 05:59:23,000
quested on Grail championed a 
set of my nightly prowess. 

6710
05:59:23,900 --> 05:59:26,900
Knights, who succeeded did so by
humility and moral Purity, 

6711
05:59:26,900 --> 05:59:30,700
rather than Brute Force. 
This concept of Sanctified 

6712
05:59:30,700 --> 05:59:34,200
heroism was novel in an age. 
When military might typically 

6713
05:59:34,200 --> 05:59:37,300
Define power through the lens of
Arthur's story. 

6714
05:59:37,300 --> 05:59:40,900
Audiences could imagine a higher
calling one, that demanded 

6715
05:59:40,900 --> 05:59:43,200
introspection as much as 
external Victory. 

6716
05:59:43,200 --> 05:59:47,200
Thus, by the high Middle Ages, 
Arthur had become both the 

6717
05:59:47,208 --> 05:59:49,800
glittering Monarch and a figure 
over shadowed by the 

6718
05:59:49,800 --> 05:59:53,400
complexities of his realm. 
Whether enthroned at Camelot or 

6719
05:59:53,400 --> 05:59:57,000
overshadowed by Lance, lots and 
Wayne's exploits, he represented

6720
05:59:57,000 --> 06:00:00,000
a cultural Wellspring that 
authors and audiences reshape to

6721
06:00:00,000 --> 06:00:03,400
reflect their aspirations 
anxieties and Theological 

6722
06:00:03,400 --> 06:00:07,200
preoccupations. 
The warlord of an obscure 

6723
06:00:07,200 --> 06:00:09,800
British Epoch had been 
thoroughly recast as the 

6724
06:00:09,800 --> 06:00:13,100
lodestar of Chevelle, Rex 
civilization, a transformation 

6725
06:00:13,100 --> 06:00:16,400
that would resonate for 
centuries to come while medieval

6726
06:00:16,400 --> 06:00:19,500
audiences reveled in Arthurian 
romances, the Renaissance 

6727
06:00:19,500 --> 06:00:22,400
brought a degree of skepticism 
toward medieval chivalry. 

6728
06:00:23,100 --> 06:00:26,400
As Europe, rediscovered 
classical Antiquity taste 

6729
06:00:26,400 --> 06:00:28,500
shifted toward realism and 
historical inquiry. 

6730
06:00:28,500 --> 06:00:32,200
Yet King, Arthur, proved 
remarkably resilient inspiring 

6731
06:00:32,200 --> 06:00:34,200
new works. 
Even in an era that questioned 

6732
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:36,400
medieval faith in the 
miraculous. 

6733
06:00:37,300 --> 06:00:40,900
Writers dramatists and 
pamphleteers recognized that the

6734
06:00:40,900 --> 06:00:43,800
Epic scope of arthas saga. 
Could be reinterpreted to 

6735
06:00:43,800 --> 06:00:47,100
address the ideological battles 
of the 16th and 17th centuries. 

6736
06:00:47,800 --> 06:00:50,700
A prime example of this, 
adaptability is Edmond 

6737
06:00:50,700 --> 06:00:54,900
Spencer's, the fairy queen 1590s
which Drew heavily on aetherium 

6738
06:00:54,900 --> 06:00:57,900
motifs but cast its hero in 
allegorical form. 

6739
06:00:58,700 --> 06:01:02,000
Spencer depicted Prince Arthur 
as the embodiment of perfection 

6740
06:01:02,000 --> 06:01:05,700
seeking the fairy queen 
representing Queen, Elizabeth 

6741
06:01:05,700 --> 06:01:09,000
the first known this conflation 
of our theory in Tradition. 

6742
06:01:09,000 --> 06:01:12,000
With contemporary, Royal 
symbolism termed the old Legend 

6743
06:01:12,000 --> 06:01:14,100
into a vehicle for praising 
Tudor rule. 

6744
06:01:14,100 --> 06:01:17,700
Even if the real Tudors had 
tenuous claims to genealogical 

6745
06:01:17,700 --> 06:01:20,800
descent from Arthur the 
mythology, served as a potent 

6746
06:01:20,800 --> 06:01:24,400
piece of propaganda, implying a 
lineage stretching back to the 

6747
06:01:24,400 --> 06:01:28,000
dawn of British greatness. 
Simultaneously, the printing, 

6748
06:01:28,000 --> 06:01:31,000
press facilitated, the 
widespread circulation of satis 

6749
06:01:31,000 --> 06:01:34,700
Mallory's LaMotta, doth first, 
published by William caxton in 

6750
06:01:34,700 --> 06:01:38,200
1485. 
Though Mallory wrote in the 15th

6751
06:01:38,200 --> 06:01:40,800
century, the Renaissance 
generation rediscovered, his 

6752
06:01:40,808 --> 06:01:43,900
compilation, which fused French 
and English sources into a 

6753
06:01:43,908 --> 06:01:48,000
comprehensive Arthurian epic. 
Its themes of loyalty betrayal 

6754
06:01:48,000 --> 06:01:51,300
and the tragic cost of internal 
Discord found New resonances 

6755
06:01:51,300 --> 06:01:52,800
England. 
Grappled with the religious 

6756
06:01:52,800 --> 06:01:56,800
schisms, and dynastic, 
uncertainties text appealed, to 

6757
06:01:56,808 --> 06:01:59,900
those craving heroism, but wary 
of the illusions that wants 

6758
06:01:59,900 --> 06:02:04,500
cloaked medieval piety, in the 
broader European context in King

6759
06:02:04,500 --> 06:02:07,200
Arthur sparked debates overall, 
thin City. 

6760
06:02:08,000 --> 06:02:10,200
Scholars asked where the 
Geoffrey of monmouth's or 

6761
06:02:10,200 --> 06:02:12,700
Mallory's accounts contained. 
A colonel of fact or pure 

6762
06:02:12,700 --> 06:02:15,200
invention. 
And to quarians poured, over 

6763
06:02:15,200 --> 06:02:18,700
genealogical charts, local place
names, and fragmentary 

6764
06:02:18,700 --> 06:02:21,100
manuscripts, trying to prove or 
disprove Arthur's. 

6765
06:02:21,100 --> 06:02:23,800
Real existence. 
Some claimed, he was a Celtic 

6766
06:02:23,800 --> 06:02:26,800
champion who fought off Saxon 
Invaders, While others labeled 

6767
06:02:26,800 --> 06:02:30,200
him a total fabrication. 
Interestingly, these historical 

6768
06:02:30,200 --> 06:02:33,000
controversies did little to 
dampen The public's appetite for

6769
06:02:33,000 --> 06:02:38,100
a theory and plays poems 
pageants real or not Arthur 

6770
06:02:38,100 --> 06:02:41,600
remained a cultural Touchstone 
during the Elizabethan era. 

6771
06:02:41,600 --> 06:02:44,700
Chevrolet Nostalgia blended with
the Monkees political agenda. 

6772
06:02:45,400 --> 06:02:48,800
Spectacles at court, sometimes 
featured tilts and tournaments 

6773
06:02:48,800 --> 06:02:53,700
staged in an Arthurian spirit. 
Sensui the monarchy's claim to a

6774
06:02:53,700 --> 06:02:57,300
glorious British past. 
However, as the 17th century 

6775
06:02:57,300 --> 06:03:01,200
wore on, Civil War erupted in 
England, toppling the monarchy 

6776
06:03:01,200 --> 06:03:03,900
for a Time. 
The old stories of knights Bound

6777
06:03:03,900 --> 06:03:07,500
by Honor felt distant in a world
split by ideological conflict 

6778
06:03:07,500 --> 06:03:09,400
between parliamentarians and 
royalists. 

6779
06:03:09,400 --> 06:03:12,800
Despite this references to a 
lost age of unity dotted 

6780
06:03:12,800 --> 06:03:15,900
royalist propaganda. 
Arthur's symbol of around table 

6781
06:03:15,900 --> 06:03:19,400
that transcended factionalism 
served, as a subtle critique of 

6782
06:03:19,400 --> 06:03:23,000
contemporary devices. 
By the 18th century, the 

6783
06:03:23,000 --> 06:03:25,700
so-called Age of Enlightenment 
or turned toward rationalism, 

6784
06:03:25,700 --> 06:03:29,000
medieval romance, seemed quaint 
or superstitious to many 

6785
06:03:29,000 --> 06:03:32,600
intellectuals, even so Arthur 
persisted in popular 

6786
06:03:32,600 --> 06:03:36,300
imagination, writers toyed with 
comedic or satirical takes 

6787
06:03:36,300 --> 06:03:39,500
highlighting the gap between 
medieval Illusions and modern 

6788
06:03:39,500 --> 06:03:43,100
rational thought. 
In these retailing, the Feats of

6789
06:03:43,108 --> 06:03:45,000
Arthur's. 
Knights slaying dragons, or 

6790
06:03:45,000 --> 06:03:48,600
embarking on magical quests, 
looked increasingly improbable. 

6791
06:03:49,300 --> 06:03:51,900
Yet these parodies, only 
increased public familiarity 

6792
06:03:51,900 --> 06:03:54,800
with the legend, ensuring that 
the name of Arthur remained in 

6793
06:03:54,808 --> 06:03:58,500
circulation. throughout this 
period, British national 

6794
06:03:58,500 --> 06:04:03,400
identity slowly coalesced the 
1707 Act of union, merged, 

6795
06:04:03,400 --> 06:04:07,100
England, and Scotland, Authors 
in search of a unifying myth 

6796
06:04:07,100 --> 06:04:10,200
frequently, referenced authors, 
promise, a king, who wants 

6797
06:04:10,200 --> 06:04:13,700
unified the realm. 
Only to be undone by internal 

6798
06:04:13,700 --> 06:04:16,600
betrayals. 
This Motif mirrored anxieties 

6799
06:04:16,600 --> 06:04:19,200
about whether Britain's newly 
merged kingdoms, could truly 

6800
06:04:19,200 --> 06:04:22,900
Stand Together, Arthur's Legend,
functioned as both inspiration 

6801
06:04:22,900 --> 06:04:25,800
and a cautionary, tale a 
reflection on the costs of 

6802
06:04:25,800 --> 06:04:29,400
disunity, scholarly curiosity 
about Celtic Heritage. 

6803
06:04:29,400 --> 06:04:32,900
Also played a role spurred by 
the romanticization of ancient 

6804
06:04:32,900 --> 06:04:37,500
Bardock Traditions, researchers 
scoured, Welsh Breton and 

6805
06:04:37,500 --> 06:04:40,800
Cornish folklore, curious to 
find evidence that might clarify

6806
06:04:40,800 --> 06:04:44,200
Arthur's, historical basis. 
Sometimes researchers would we 

6807
06:04:44,200 --> 06:04:47,200
fragments of old poems or place 
named Legends into rational 

6808
06:04:47,200 --> 06:04:51,200
arguments about arthas possible.
Birth date all the location of 

6809
06:04:51,200 --> 06:04:53,900
specific battles. 
All the definitive proof 

6810
06:04:53,900 --> 06:04:57,000
remained elusive. 
Each attempt underscored how the

6811
06:04:57,000 --> 06:05:00,500
figure of Arthur Bridge 
scholarship and myth standing at

6812
06:05:00,500 --> 06:05:03,500
the intersection of Legends 
emotional power and history is 

6813
06:05:03,500 --> 06:05:06,800
demand for evidence. 
Thus between the Renaissance and

6814
06:05:06,800 --> 06:05:09,700
the enlightenment King Arthur 
was never a static figure. 

6815
06:05:10,600 --> 06:05:14,000
He became a mirror for each year
as hopes Illusions and debates 

6816
06:05:14,000 --> 06:05:17,000
about monarchy unity, and 
cultural identity. 

6817
06:05:17,800 --> 06:05:21,000
Where the cast as a courtly 
Knight, a symbolic ancestor of 

6818
06:05:21,008 --> 06:05:24,900
present rulers or a relic of 
superstition Arthur retained, 

6819
06:05:24,900 --> 06:05:27,900
the ability to inspire provoke 
and challenge. 

6820
06:05:28,700 --> 06:05:32,000
By the dawn of the Romantic Era 
he was poised for yet another 

6821
06:05:32,000 --> 06:05:35,500
grand Revival this time in 
poetry and the emerging novel 

6822
06:05:35,500 --> 06:05:40,500
form, ensuring his endurance for
centuries to come the Romantic 

6823
06:05:40,500 --> 06:05:43,300
Movement of the late 18th and 
early. 19th centuries, and 

6824
06:05:43,300 --> 06:05:46,500
braced medievalism. 
With gusto seeking inspiration 

6825
06:05:46,500 --> 06:05:49,500
in distant ages perceived as 
more authentic and emotionally 

6826
06:05:49,500 --> 06:05:52,500
resonant. 
King Arthur's law fit perfectly 

6827
06:05:52,500 --> 06:05:56,600
into this artistic wave writers,
such as Sir, Walter Scott wolf 

6828
06:05:56,600 --> 06:05:59,500
Chevalier at elements in. 
Historical novels while 

6829
06:05:59,500 --> 06:06:02,400
listening poets invoke off 
Theory and motifs to evoke the 

6830
06:06:02,400 --> 06:06:04,800
sublime. 
And the melancholic crucially. 

6831
06:06:04,800 --> 06:06:08,500
This period saw a reimagining of
the Arthurian Legend, not just 

6832
06:06:08,500 --> 06:06:12,000
as a national myth but as a 
repository of human longing and 

6833
06:06:12,000 --> 06:06:15,400
natural wonder. 
The Romantic valorized medieval 

6834
06:06:15,400 --> 06:06:19,200
ruins, folk ballards, and the 
sense that modern industrial 

6835
06:06:19,200 --> 06:06:21,600
society had lost contact with 
deeper truths. 

6836
06:06:22,300 --> 06:06:26,000
In this context, Arthur's Court 
represented, a realm where honor

6837
06:06:26,000 --> 06:06:29,400
and Beauty reigned untainted by 
mechanized progress. 

6838
06:06:29,400 --> 06:06:34,700
Landscapes Misty Moore's, 
ancient stone circles Hidden 

6839
06:06:34,700 --> 06:06:38,400
Lakes, acquired near mystical 
qualities frequently. 

6840
06:06:38,400 --> 06:06:41,500
Associated with Tales of 
Arthur's, final departure for 

6841
06:06:41,500 --> 06:06:44,600
the Isle of Avalon. 
Paintings of the era depicting 

6842
06:06:44,600 --> 06:06:48,500
Guinevere or the Lady of Shalott
combined Lush color, and a 

6843
06:06:48,500 --> 06:06:51,100
dreamy atmosphere to create a 
longing for an irretrievable 

6844
06:06:51,100 --> 06:06:54,400
past. 
Significant revivalist. 

6845
06:06:54,400 --> 06:06:56,100
During the Victorian age was 
Alfred. 

6846
06:06:56,100 --> 06:06:58,900
Lord Tennyson. 
Whose Idols of the king 

6847
06:06:58,900 --> 06:07:04,600
published between 1859 and 1885 
Arthur as a moral Exemplar 

6848
06:07:04,600 --> 06:07:06,900
struggling against the 
corruption within his realm. 

6849
06:07:07,700 --> 06:07:09,700
Tennyson's vs sword with 
idealism. 

6850
06:07:09,700 --> 06:07:13,100
Yet carried him under current of
dissolution in his hands. 

6851
06:07:13,100 --> 06:07:15,400
Camelot became a metaphor for 
Victorian. 

6852
06:07:15,400 --> 06:07:19,600
Britain's aspirations Empire 
technology and moral 

6853
06:07:19,600 --> 06:07:21,900
righteousness. 
While the knights failures 

6854
06:07:21,900 --> 06:07:25,000
reflected the era's anxieties 
about hypocrisy and social 

6855
06:07:25,000 --> 06:07:29,400
decay, The story of Lance a lot 
and Gwinnett became a tragic 

6856
06:07:29,400 --> 06:07:32,800
Testament, to human 
vulnerability, overshadowing, 

6857
06:07:32,800 --> 06:07:34,400
the earlier illusions of 
gallantry. 

6858
06:07:35,400 --> 06:07:37,200
Tennyson's work was no mere 
literary. 

6859
06:07:37,200 --> 06:07:40,500
Exercise it shaped, Victorian, 
cultural consciousness. 

6860
06:07:41,400 --> 06:07:44,700
Stained glass windows 
tapestries, and even up to our 

6861
06:07:44,700 --> 06:07:47,500
Haman architectural, Motif 
spring up in wealthy homes and 

6862
06:07:47,500 --> 06:07:50,100
public buildings. 
All referencing Arthurian 

6863
06:07:50,100 --> 06:07:54,000
scenes, critics lauded Tennyson 
for elevating, the legend to a 

6864
06:07:54,000 --> 06:07:57,100
moral epic while detractors, 
argued that he sanitized, the 

6865
06:07:57,100 --> 06:08:01,400
more roar or ambiguous aspects, 
nonetheless, Idols of the king 

6866
06:08:01,400 --> 06:08:04,700
remained wildly popular 
reinforcing the notion, that 

6867
06:08:04,700 --> 06:08:09,000
Arthur's tale offered moral 
guidance from Modern Age even 

6868
06:08:09,000 --> 06:08:11,400
Queen Victoria, reportedly 
admired, Tennyson's 

6869
06:08:11,400 --> 06:08:14,700
interpretation seeing in 
Arthur's, struggle, a reflection

6870
06:08:14,700 --> 06:08:17,500
of her desire to maintain moral 
Authority in a changing world. 

6871
06:08:18,300 --> 06:08:22,200
Outside poetry the Arts and 
Crafts movement led by figures 

6872
06:08:22,200 --> 06:08:25,600
like William Morris found in our
theory in Romance and antidote 

6873
06:08:25,600 --> 06:08:30,500
to Industrial mass-production, 
Morris's designs from wallpapers

6874
06:08:30,500 --> 06:08:34,000
to book bindings invoke, the 
swirling lines, and medieval 

6875
06:08:34,000 --> 06:08:35,700
patterns, reminiscent of 
illuminated. 

6876
06:08:35,700 --> 06:08:39,200
Manuscripts, he even wrote his 
own ithorian base works. 

6877
06:08:40,000 --> 06:08:41,900
For Morris. 
And his Circle, The Legend 

6878
06:08:41,900 --> 06:08:44,900
represented a craftsmanship 
ethic and a sense of community 

6879
06:08:44,900 --> 06:08:48,000
lost a factory labor. 
Decorating ones, home with 

6880
06:08:48,000 --> 06:08:51,900
Arthurian motifs hinted at a 
quest for authenticity in an 

6881
06:08:51,900 --> 06:08:55,000
increasingly mechanized Society.
Across the channel. 

6882
06:08:55,000 --> 06:08:57,900
French and German intellectuals 
took note of this English 

6883
06:08:57,900 --> 06:09:02,400
Fascination translations of 
Tennyson circulated and cultural

6884
06:09:02,400 --> 06:09:06,800
salons discussed the universal 
quality of the Arthurian myth. a

6885
06:09:06,800 --> 06:09:16,400
noble ruler and the story of a 
once cohesive realm, fracturing 

6886
06:09:16,400 --> 06:09:19,600
resonated broadly in a Time 
marked by Revolution and the 

6887
06:09:19,608 --> 06:09:21,800
unification of States like Italy
and Germany. 

6888
06:09:22,800 --> 06:09:25,900
Yet the more the victorians 
idealized Arthur, the more some 

6889
06:09:25,900 --> 06:09:28,900
critics pushed back. 
Realistic authors found the 

6890
06:09:28,900 --> 06:09:31,500
legend arcade. 
They lampooned the knights as 

6891
06:09:31,508 --> 06:09:35,200
naive dreamers or castigated the
Romantic Obsession as escapism. 

6892
06:09:35,200 --> 06:09:38,700
Ignoring pressing social issues 
like poverty and inequality, 

6893
06:09:39,700 --> 06:09:42,500
Novelists such as Charles 
Dickens or Elizabeth Gaskell 

6894
06:09:42,500 --> 06:09:46,100
focused on contemporary life. 
Rarely referencing Arthur. 

6895
06:09:46,800 --> 06:09:50,300
Still even in their works. 
The notion of a lost moral 

6896
06:09:50,300 --> 06:09:53,800
Center alert. 
As if Camelot Shadow lay over an

6897
06:09:53,800 --> 06:09:57,700
industrial landscape that had 
lost, its spiritual Mooring. by 

6898
06:09:57,700 --> 06:10:01,100
the late 19th century, the 
medieval Revival reached its 

6899
06:10:01,100 --> 06:10:04,800
peak pre-raphaelite painters, 
like Edward Byrne, Jones 

6900
06:10:04,800 --> 06:10:08,200
rendered, Sumptuous scenes of 
knights questing in forests 

6901
06:10:08,200 --> 06:10:12,200
dappled with improbable light, 
Guinevere's hair glowed with 

6902
06:10:12,200 --> 06:10:17,400
golden Hues, Lancelot armor 
gleaned and Arthur himself stood

6903
06:10:17,400 --> 06:10:20,500
as a solemn. 
Almost tragic figure the 

6904
06:10:20,500 --> 06:10:24,000
emphasis on color texture and 
emotion showcase. 

6905
06:10:24,000 --> 06:10:26,800
How thoroughly the legend had 
been claimed by the aesthetic 

6906
06:10:26,800 --> 06:10:30,200
movement King Arthur was no 
longer just to steam taught in 

6907
06:10:30,208 --> 06:10:32,200
school. 
He was a cultural phenomenon, 

6908
06:10:32,200 --> 06:10:36,000
bridging literature art, 
interior design and public 

6909
06:10:36,000 --> 06:10:39,800
discourse about morality and 
progress, this further romantic 

6910
06:10:39,800 --> 06:10:42,900
and Victorian Reclamation set 
the stage for a 20th century, 

6911
06:10:42,900 --> 06:10:45,100
that would wrestle a new with 
Arthur's meaning. 

6912
06:10:46,100 --> 06:10:49,800
As Empire gave way to Modern War
and the illusion of Unstoppable 

6913
06:10:49,800 --> 06:10:52,400
progress, cracked the question 
loomed. 

6914
06:10:53,100 --> 06:10:56,200
With the ithorian legend remain 
relevant, or would it be 

6915
06:10:56,200 --> 06:10:59,700
relegated to the dusty corners 
of libraries overshadowed, by 

6916
06:10:59,700 --> 06:11:03,500
more pragmatic Narrative of 
Science and modernity becoming 

6917
06:11:03,500 --> 06:11:07,900
era would test that question in 
unexpected ways in the tale of. 

6918
06:11:07,908 --> 06:11:11,700
Britain's mythical King 
continued to evolve The early 

6919
06:11:11,700 --> 06:11:14,500
20th century confronted. 
The Athenian Legend with two 

6920
06:11:14,500 --> 06:11:18,000
world wars and a changing 
cultural landscape that tested 

6921
06:11:18,000 --> 06:11:20,000
all forms of romanticized 
History. 

6922
06:11:20,700 --> 06:11:24,100
Yet the legend adapted. 
Once more on the literary front,

6923
06:11:24,100 --> 06:11:27,300
novelists and Scholars 
Revisited, the medieval sources 

6924
06:11:27,300 --> 06:11:32,500
sifting myth from alleged fact, 
with renewed vigor, Th White's 

6925
06:11:32,500 --> 06:11:37,100
The Once and Future King 
serialized between 1938 and 1958

6926
06:11:37,100 --> 06:11:40,200
stood out in this period. 
As a bold re-interpretation that

6927
06:11:40,200 --> 06:11:42,000
combined Whimsy with the 
philosophical. 

6928
06:11:42,000 --> 06:11:44,200
Introspection. 
White began with a 

6929
06:11:44,200 --> 06:11:47,100
light-hearted, portrayal of a 
young Arthur tutored by Merlin. 

6930
06:11:47,900 --> 06:11:50,600
Who transforms him into various 
animals to learn life lessons. 

6931
06:11:51,700 --> 06:11:55,100
But as the narrative Advanced it
delved into darker, ethical 

6932
06:11:55,100 --> 06:11:58,800
complexities power, Justice and 
betrayal echoing. 

6933
06:11:58,800 --> 06:12:00,500
The cataclysms of the world 
outside. 

6934
06:12:01,700 --> 06:12:04,000
The Once and Future King 
resonated with the readers 

6935
06:12:04,000 --> 06:12:07,000
living through global conflict. 
Arthur's. 

6936
06:12:07,000 --> 06:12:09,900
Dream of a just Society felt 
like a parallel to the Allies 

6937
06:12:09,900 --> 06:12:11,400
rhetoric about defending 
democracy. 

6938
06:12:12,700 --> 06:12:15,800
The tragedy that performs, 
Camelot, particularly the moral 

6939
06:12:15,800 --> 06:12:18,200
struggles of Lancelot and the 
Heartbreak of Guinness 

6940
06:12:18,200 --> 06:12:22,500
reflected, a broader dissolution
event, even Noble intentions can

6941
06:12:22,500 --> 06:12:25,800
unravel under the strain of 
ambition or human fallibility. 

6942
06:12:27,400 --> 06:12:31,300
White comedic touches balance, 
these weighty themes, allowing 

6943
06:12:31,300 --> 06:12:33,500
the novel to remain accessible, 
to a wide audience. 

6944
06:12:33,500 --> 06:12:37,900
Critics praised, his ability to 
weave personal growth, political

6945
06:12:37,900 --> 06:12:41,700
ideology Mythic Grandeur into a 
single tapestry. 

6946
06:12:42,700 --> 06:12:45,500
Academic circles also turned a 
fresh eye toward Arthur's, 

6947
06:12:45,500 --> 06:12:49,100
historical underpinnings. 
Archaeologists launched Digs at 

6948
06:12:49,100 --> 06:12:50,900
sites like Cadbury Castle in 
Somerset. 

6949
06:12:50,900 --> 06:12:54,300
Some identifying it with Camelot
uncovered evidence of a 

6950
06:12:54,308 --> 06:12:58,700
significant fifth or sixth 
Century fort Although no 

6951
06:12:58,700 --> 06:13:01,900
definitive proof of an Arthur 
materialized the findings, 

6952
06:13:01,900 --> 06:13:04,600
hinted at the possibility of a 
powerful Chieftain operating, 

6953
06:13:04,600 --> 06:13:05,900
from a strong. 
Hold in that region. 

6954
06:13:07,000 --> 06:13:11,100
Meanwhile historians re-examined
sub Roman texts searching for 

6955
06:13:11,100 --> 06:13:13,300
references to a figure 
commanding battles against the 

6956
06:13:13,300 --> 06:13:16,600
Saxons while no conclusive 
identity was pinned down a 

6957
06:13:16,600 --> 06:13:20,200
measured starts emerged. perhaps
an actual War leader, existed, 

6958
06:13:20,200 --> 06:13:25,100
whose memory Amplified by oral 
tradition, evolved into Legend 

6959
06:13:26,100 --> 06:13:27,600
Cinema followed with its 
portrayal. 

6960
06:13:29,100 --> 06:13:33,100
In 1953 Knights of the Round 
Table, starring Robert, Taylor 

6961
06:13:33,100 --> 06:13:36,100
and Ava Gardner. showcased a 
Technical Academy, a lot 

6962
06:13:36,108 --> 06:13:40,300
brimming with courtly spectacle 
and Florida romance, continuing 

6963
06:13:40,300 --> 06:13:44,200
the tradition of a shining 
Arthur but in the late 20th 

6964
06:13:44,200 --> 06:13:48,600
century filmmakers occasionally 
tried grittier approaches John 

6965
06:13:48,600 --> 06:13:52,700
borman's, 1981 film Excalibur 
combined stylized visuals with 

6966
06:13:52,700 --> 06:13:55,200
raw violence. 
Depicting, a more Primal 

6967
06:13:55,200 --> 06:13:59,200
medieval setting Merlin played 
by nickel Williamson stole 

6968
06:13:59,200 --> 06:14:02,600
scenes with cryptic monologues 
about fate or the blossoming and

6969
06:14:02,600 --> 06:14:05,300
decay of Camelot took on an 
almost hallucinatory quality. 

6970
06:14:06,200 --> 06:14:09,500
Audiences were Jarred by the 
film's blend of Gore mysticism 

6971
06:14:09,500 --> 06:14:12,600
and grandeur. 
Critics either applauded its 

6972
06:14:12,600 --> 06:14:15,700
boldness or founded, excessive 
but it certainly broke with the 

6973
06:14:15,700 --> 06:14:19,100
Gentile Arthur of earlier screen
adaptations. 

6974
06:14:20,200 --> 06:14:23,500
Meanwhile, pop culture began to 
incorporate our Theory and 

6975
06:14:23,500 --> 06:14:27,700
references beyond the realm of 
Cinema Monty, Python's 1975, 

6976
06:14:27,700 --> 06:14:32,700
comedy Monty Python and the Holy
Grail Lampoon the legend in a 

6977
06:14:32,700 --> 06:14:35,400
reference Style. 
Featuring coconuts in lieu of 

6978
06:14:35,408 --> 06:14:39,700
horses and absurd Misadventures,
despite or perhaps because of 

6979
06:14:39,700 --> 06:14:41,900
its silliness, it became a cult 
classic. 

6980
06:14:41,900 --> 06:14:45,600
Proving that Arthur's story 
could be subverted for comedic 

6981
06:14:45,600 --> 06:14:49,100
effect without losing audience, 
interest, even in parody, the 

6982
06:14:49,100 --> 06:14:51,500
core elements. 
Galahad The Grail Quest. 

6983
06:14:51,500 --> 06:14:53,800
The round table remained 
recognizable. 

6984
06:14:54,600 --> 06:14:57,200
This comedic distance from the 
old texts, underscored How 

6985
06:14:57,208 --> 06:15:00,000
Deeply Arthur's image had 
embedded itself in Western 

6986
06:15:00,000 --> 06:15:03,000
consciousness. 
In literature for younger 

6987
06:15:03,000 --> 06:15:07,200
readers, Mary Stewart's, the 
Merlin Trilogy reimagined. 

6988
06:15:07,200 --> 06:15:10,200
The Wizard's perspective, 
grounding the Magic in 

6989
06:15:10,200 --> 06:15:12,800
psychological realism and 
meticulously rendered British 

6990
06:15:12,800 --> 06:15:15,500
geography. 
Stewart minimized overt, 

6991
06:15:15,500 --> 06:15:19,100
Supernatural events, preferring 
to show how Illusions or cunning

6992
06:15:19,100 --> 06:15:22,100
might be perceived as sorcery 
and a credulous age. 

6993
06:15:23,400 --> 06:15:26,100
Stuart strategy tapped into the 
mid-century desire for 

6994
06:15:26,100 --> 06:15:29,100
historical fantasy, effectively 
connecting a realistic. 

6995
06:15:29,100 --> 06:15:32,700
Roman British setting with the 
mythical aspect of Arthur's 

6996
06:15:32,700 --> 06:15:37,300
assent, By the dawn of the 21st 
century, the legend was a global

6997
06:15:37,300 --> 06:15:39,400
phenomenon. 
Writers from diverse 

6998
06:15:39,400 --> 06:15:41,500
backgrounds, introduced new, 
Vantage points. 

6999
06:15:41,500 --> 06:15:45,100
Some retold Arthur story from 
the Viewpoint of Morgan, Le Fay 

7000
06:15:45,100 --> 06:15:48,900
or other female figures 
marginalized in older narratives

7001
06:15:48,900 --> 06:15:52,400
others, transpose it into 
futuristic, or dystopian setting

7002
06:15:52,400 --> 06:15:55,900
using the Arthur's, Motif to 
explore power and identity, and 

7003
06:15:55,900 --> 06:15:58,500
contexts far removed, from 
medieval Britain. 

7004
06:15:59,400 --> 06:16:02,300
Thus, King Arthur's, world 
became a for contemporary 

7005
06:16:02,300 --> 06:16:05,100
concerns. 
Reaffirming the Legends agility.

7006
06:16:06,000 --> 06:16:08,900
Curious outcome of all these 
reinterpretations is that none 

7007
06:16:08,900 --> 06:16:13,200
seem to diminish Arthur's draw. 
If anything, the multiplicity of

7008
06:16:13,200 --> 06:16:16,500
versions cements his place in 
popular culture, as a figure who

7009
06:16:16,500 --> 06:16:19,400
can shift shape to match an 
errors dreams or anxieties, 

7010
06:16:19,400 --> 06:16:29,100
where once subramani a comedic 
foil or a reluctant to Dearest. 

7011
06:16:30,100 --> 06:16:32,500
Enduring elasticity a tests, the
stories. 

7012
06:16:32,500 --> 06:16:34,800
Profound roots in the collective
imagination. 

7013
06:16:35,500 --> 06:16:39,200
Actually setting the stage for 
new guests and new stories in 

7014
06:16:39,200 --> 06:16:42,500
parallel with the cultural 
expansion of Arthur's, Legend, a

7015
06:16:42,500 --> 06:16:45,200
robust subfield of scholarship, 
continually probed, the 

7016
06:16:45,208 --> 06:16:48,200
question. 
How much of our is history and 

7017
06:16:48,200 --> 06:16:51,100
how much is laid invention, 
academic conferences and 

7018
06:16:51,100 --> 06:16:54,800
journals wrestled with topics 
like this historical, Arthur the

7019
06:16:54,800 --> 06:16:57,800
Celtic Twilight and 
post-colonial reading of the 

7020
06:16:57,808 --> 06:17:00,800
ithorian myth. 
Some Scholars fixate, on 

7021
06:17:00,800 --> 06:17:03,100
gleaning. 
Every trace of authenticity from

7022
06:17:03,100 --> 06:17:06,400
early medieval records. 
Others, see Arthur primarily as 

7023
06:17:06,408 --> 06:17:09,900
a literary phenomenon shaped 
less by actual events and more 

7024
06:17:09,900 --> 06:17:12,400
by cultural narratives. 
That shift with each retelling 

7025
06:17:12,400 --> 06:17:16,900
one provocative, angle is the 
possibility that arthas name, 

7026
06:17:16,900 --> 06:17:19,900
reflects, not one person, but a 
composite of leaders. 

7027
06:17:20,600 --> 06:17:23,900
British historians note multiple
characters named Arthur or 

7028
06:17:23,900 --> 06:17:27,600
Artorias and subramani medieval 
contexts, some from Southern 

7029
06:17:27,600 --> 06:17:29,800
Scotland, others from Wales or 
Cornwall. 

7030
06:17:29,800 --> 06:17:33,400
Each might have contributed 
pieces to the Mosaic that later 

7031
06:17:33,400 --> 06:17:36,300
generations unified into a 
single legendary King. 

7032
06:17:36,300 --> 06:17:40,200
The idea of a collective memory,
forging one, iconic hero is 

7033
06:17:40,200 --> 06:17:44,600
hardly unique to Arthurian lore,
many cultures craft Craft 

7034
06:17:44,600 --> 06:17:46,500
similar symbols to Rally 
identity. 

7035
06:17:46,500 --> 06:17:50,700
If Arthur was indeed a tapestry 
of Warlords, that might explain 

7036
06:17:50,700 --> 06:17:53,500
the scattered battles, assigned 
to him across wide, Geographic 

7037
06:17:53,500 --> 06:17:58,100
sways, another line of research 
examines the political uses of 

7038
06:17:58,100 --> 06:18:00,600
Arthur and 12th and 13th 
century. 

7039
06:18:00,600 --> 06:18:04,400
Wales for instance, Welsh rulers
invoke, Arthur's memory to 

7040
06:18:04,400 --> 06:18:08,300
legitimize resistance to Norman 
and Coachman English monarchs. 

7041
06:18:08,300 --> 06:18:10,900
Conversely. 
Sometimes appropriated as 

7042
06:18:10,900 --> 06:18:14,000
lineage to strengthen their own 
claims or diminished Welsh 

7043
06:18:14,000 --> 06:18:17,700
claims. 
Centuries later, the Tudors with

7044
06:18:17,700 --> 06:18:21,100
Welsh Roots, further shape The 
Narrative of Arthur's, Once and 

7045
06:18:21,100 --> 06:18:24,600
Future King ship, aligning 
themselves with the prophecy 

7046
06:18:24,600 --> 06:18:28,300
that a Great British rule of 
such manipulation highlight. 

7047
06:18:28,300 --> 06:18:32,900
How historical memory even if 
partly invented wields tangible 

7048
06:18:32,900 --> 06:18:36,900
power in shaping political 
discourse, Archeology stepped 

7049
06:18:36,900 --> 06:18:40,200
into the conversation as well, 
finding that tintagel in 

7050
06:18:40,200 --> 06:18:43,100
Cornwall revealed, High status 
buildings from the 5th and 6th 

7051
06:18:43,100 --> 06:18:45,700
centuries. 
Suggesting a region engaged in 

7052
06:18:45,700 --> 06:18:49,500
Mediterranean trade some 
Scholars speculated a link to 

7053
06:18:49,500 --> 06:18:52,800
King Arthur's, birthplace that 
others cautioned that no direct 

7054
06:18:52,800 --> 06:18:54,600
evidence ties Arthur to 
tintagel. 

7055
06:18:55,300 --> 06:18:58,400
Similarly excavations at South 
Cadbury Castle uncovered 

7056
06:18:58,400 --> 06:19:00,900
Earthworks, that were re 
fortified around the same time, 

7057
06:19:00,900 --> 06:19:03,600
fueling speculation that it 
could be Camelot. 

7058
06:19:04,300 --> 06:19:08,100
Yet, conclusive proof remains 
elusive even if sub Roman 

7059
06:19:08,100 --> 06:19:11,400
Warlords inhabited, these sights
blinking them specifically to 

7060
06:19:11,400 --> 06:19:15,000
Arthur often leans on infants or
local law. still these 

7061
06:19:15,000 --> 06:19:17,600
discoveries at texture to the 
environment, from which an 

7062
06:19:17,600 --> 06:19:21,100
Arthur like figure could have 
emerged Hill forts bustling with

7063
06:19:21,100 --> 06:19:25,600
trade goods imposing ramparts 
and fleeting glimpses of 

7064
06:19:25,600 --> 06:19:29,600
renewed, local power. 
As for the Holy Grail Scholars, 

7065
06:19:29,600 --> 06:19:33,000
traces introduction to literary 
creativity, rather than any 

7066
06:19:33,000 --> 06:19:36,100
early Celtic tradition. 
The grail's first mention 

7067
06:19:36,100 --> 06:19:39,100
appears in Crete and declares 
12th century French Romance. 

7068
06:19:40,200 --> 06:19:43,700
Over subsequent centuries 
writers, redefined it variously 

7069
06:19:43,700 --> 06:19:46,400
as a dish, a chalice or a holy 
Relic. 

7070
06:19:47,200 --> 06:19:50,300
By Mallory's era. 
Symbolized divine grace though 

7071
06:19:50,300 --> 06:19:53,600
evocative, it likely has no root
in actual Suburban. 

7072
06:19:53,600 --> 06:19:56,300
Britain yet. 
Ironically, The Grail Quest 

7073
06:19:56,300 --> 06:19:59,100
would become one of Arthur's. 
Best known storylines showing 

7074
06:19:59,100 --> 06:20:02,300
again how later imaginings 
overshadow, any original kernel.

7075
06:20:03,000 --> 06:20:05,700
The final element Often 
dissected by historians is the 

7076
06:20:05,700 --> 06:20:08,800
notion of Arthur's, final battle
at kamlan and his supposed 

7077
06:20:08,800 --> 06:20:13,000
immortality Tales insists, he 
didn't die but journey to Avalon

7078
06:20:13,000 --> 06:20:15,000
waiting. 
The time to return and save his 

7079
06:20:15,000 --> 06:20:18,400
people. 
This motif of the sleeping hero 

7080
06:20:18,400 --> 06:20:21,900
resonates in multiple 
mythologies from Finnish to 

7081
06:20:21,900 --> 06:20:24,700
Bolton where a Legendary 
Champions Slumbers in a secret 

7082
06:20:24,700 --> 06:20:27,900
rail, ready to defend the land 
in its hour of greatest need. 

7083
06:20:27,900 --> 06:20:31,600
If arthas earliest known, 
mentions already included, an 

7084
06:20:31,600 --> 06:20:34,300
ambiguous death, it might 
indicate a broader Mythic 

7085
06:20:34,300 --> 06:20:37,800
pattern cultures often prefer 
that their great Heroes, linger,

7086
06:20:37,800 --> 06:20:41,400
promising cyclical, renewal 
contemporary scholarship. 

7087
06:20:41,400 --> 06:20:45,500
Then juggles these layers, the 
possible, Roman Commander, the 

7088
06:20:45,500 --> 06:20:49,000
medieval expansion, the 
Victorian romanticization and 

7089
06:20:49,000 --> 06:20:52,700
the modern reinterpretation, if 
a purely factual author, existed

7090
06:20:52,700 --> 06:20:55,600
it Remains overshadowed by 
centuries of imaginative. 

7091
06:20:55,600 --> 06:20:59,200
Flourish yet the continued 
scholarly debate underscores 

7092
06:20:59,200 --> 06:21:02,200
that the Legends Essence is not 
about verifying a single 

7093
06:21:02,200 --> 06:21:06,100
historical biography instead. 
It's about the interplay between

7094
06:21:06,100 --> 06:21:11,200
memory identity and creativity 
each era projects its questions 

7095
06:21:11,200 --> 06:21:13,500
and values on to Arthur 
cleaning. 

7096
06:21:13,500 --> 06:21:16,100
You answers from the same set of
a old motifs. 

7097
06:21:16,700 --> 06:21:18,800
Within this dialogue, lies a 
paradox. 

7098
06:21:18,800 --> 06:21:22,300
While we yearn to know the real 
Arthur is the transformations of

7099
06:21:22,308 --> 06:21:23,600
his story. 
That keep him relevant. 

7100
06:21:24,400 --> 06:21:26,100
The search for authenticity 
endures. 

7101
06:21:26,100 --> 06:21:29,600
But so does the tradition of 
rewriting him ensuring that 

7102
06:21:29,600 --> 06:21:32,600
every generation Finds Its 
Reflection In camelot's mirror 

7103
06:21:32,600 --> 06:21:37,000
that dual Dynamic archaeological
hunts for evidence alongside 

7104
06:21:37,000 --> 06:21:40,800
fresh literary, spins continues 
to enrich Arthur's Mystique, 

7105
06:21:40,800 --> 06:21:44,000
bridging academic, rigor, and 
imaginative flight. 

7106
06:21:44,800 --> 06:21:47,300
Today. 
King Arthur stands as a cultural

7107
06:21:47,300 --> 06:21:50,200
Mainstay. 
Simultaneously ancient and never

7108
06:21:50,200 --> 06:21:53,700
evolving from glimmering 
blockbusters to meet historical 

7109
06:21:53,700 --> 06:21:55,900
novels. 
He resonates with modern 

7110
06:21:55,900 --> 06:21:58,900
audiences for reasons, that 
extend far beyond medieval 

7111
06:21:58,900 --> 06:22:01,000
romance? 
Why does he endure? 

7112
06:22:01,900 --> 06:22:05,600
Perhaps because the Arthurian 
Legend at its core addresses, 

7113
06:22:05,600 --> 06:22:09,300
Universal yearnings, the dream 
of a just Society, the pain of 

7114
06:22:09,300 --> 06:22:10,900
betrayal, by those closest to 
us. 

7115
06:22:10,900 --> 06:22:14,300
And the hope that even in times 
of Darkness, a champion, might 

7116
06:22:14,300 --> 06:22:18,600
arise or return in the realm of 
Pop Culture, Arthur's story, 

7117
06:22:18,608 --> 06:22:22,400
reappears in Myriad forms, 
Television series were cast, 

7118
06:22:22,400 --> 06:22:26,300
Camelot as a gritty drama or 
comedic parody roleplaying games

7119
06:22:26,300 --> 06:22:28,800
include Knights and wizards 
referencing our Theory and 

7120
06:22:28,800 --> 06:22:31,500
tropes even science. 
Fiction riffs on The Motif 

7121
06:22:31,500 --> 06:22:34,500
depicting Cosmic Quests for 
futuristic Grails. 

7122
06:22:34,500 --> 06:22:38,400
Each adaptation tweaks, the 
formula exalting or subverting 

7123
06:22:38,400 --> 06:22:42,300
the round table focusing on our 
authors naive optimism, or 

7124
06:22:42,300 --> 06:22:46,300
Merlin's ambiguous Council. 
The Legends adaptability seems 

7125
06:22:46,300 --> 06:22:50,000
Limitless thriving precisely 
because it does not lock itself 

7126
06:22:50,000 --> 06:22:54,500
into a single vantage point. 
Moreover, modern creators, often

7127
06:22:54,500 --> 06:22:57,000
Place greater emphasis on 
peripheral characters, 

7128
06:22:57,000 --> 06:23:01,200
guinevere's perspective. 
Once overshadowed by Lancelot 

7129
06:23:01,200 --> 06:23:03,800
and Arthur. 
Now, emerges in retellings, that

7130
06:23:03,800 --> 06:23:08,300
highlight her agency. 
Morgan Le Faye long pigeonholed 

7131
06:23:08,300 --> 06:23:11,900
as a seductive antagonist, gains
complexity as a powerful 

7132
06:23:11,900 --> 06:23:15,600
sorcerer shaped by a political 
marginalization nights, like 

7133
06:23:15,608 --> 06:23:19,200
Gawain or Tristan star in 
spin-off narratives that delve 

7134
06:23:19,200 --> 06:23:22,900
into their motivations trials 
and moral failings this 

7135
06:23:22,900 --> 06:23:25,700
expansion under scores an 
inclusive Trend in storytelling,

7136
06:23:25,700 --> 06:23:29,100
The Supporting Cast can hold as 
much Intrigue as the central 

7137
06:23:29,100 --> 06:23:33,500
hero adding depth and Nuance. 
Another dimension is how arthas 

7138
06:23:33,500 --> 06:23:35,800
ethos intersects with 
contemporary debates on 

7139
06:23:35,800 --> 06:23:38,300
leadership and ethics. 
The round table has been cited. 

7140
06:23:38,300 --> 06:23:40,500
In discussion about 
participatory decision-making, 

7141
06:23:40,500 --> 06:23:43,600
corporate, governance, and 
Community leadership. 

7142
06:23:45,000 --> 06:23:48,300
People often pose questions such
as how can we ensure honesty and

7143
06:23:48,300 --> 06:23:52,200
loyalty and organizations or 
what if our boardroom resembled 

7144
06:23:52,200 --> 06:23:53,900
around table where every voice 
is equal. 

7145
06:23:55,400 --> 06:23:57,500
The metaphor of camelot's unity.
Hans. 

7146
06:23:57,500 --> 06:24:00,800
These dialogues reminding us 
that ideals are fragile and 

7147
06:24:00,808 --> 06:24:03,000
require constant vigilance 
against corruption. 

7148
06:24:03,800 --> 06:24:07,000
Even a figure as iconic as 
Arthur cannot sustain a kingdom 

7149
06:24:07,000 --> 06:24:09,000
alone. 
If the underlying structures 

7150
06:24:09,000 --> 06:24:12,300
give way to jealousy and power 
struggles, Meanwhile. 

7151
06:24:13,100 --> 06:24:15,900
Historians continue refining 
their judgments on the 

7152
06:24:15,900 --> 06:24:18,500
historical author. 
Some propose that no single 

7153
06:24:18,500 --> 06:24:21,500
warlord can account for the 
entire tradition, While others 

7154
06:24:21,500 --> 06:24:24,300
cling to the possibility that a 
noteworthy battle leader around 

7155
06:24:24,300 --> 06:24:28,000
Mount Baden, spark, the legend. 
Though, conclusive proof remains

7156
06:24:28,000 --> 06:24:31,100
elusive. 
Each new archaeological, find or

7157
06:24:31,100 --> 06:24:33,900
textual analysis can stir a 
fresh wave of Interest. 

7158
06:24:33,900 --> 06:24:37,500
The pursuit itself. 
Testifies to an enduring desire 

7159
06:24:37,500 --> 06:24:41,300
to ground, the legend. 
Intangible fact, as if verifying

7160
06:24:41,300 --> 06:24:44,900
Arthur might restore some sense 
of continuity between past 

7161
06:24:44,900 --> 06:24:48,700
ideals and present realities, 
educational part. 

7162
06:24:48,700 --> 06:24:52,300
Children encounter in school, 
anthologies, cleaning 

7163
06:24:52,300 --> 06:24:55,800
rudimentary knowledge of nights 
Queen's and magical swords 

7164
06:24:55,800 --> 06:25:00,000
University's hold seminars on 
the ithorian, Canon exploring, 

7165
06:25:00,000 --> 06:25:02,800
everything from Celtic myth to 
psychoanalytic reading of the 

7166
06:25:02,800 --> 06:25:06,200
Grail Quest. 
For many King Arthur as their 

7167
06:25:06,200 --> 06:25:09,300
first taste of medieval 
literature and accessible portal

7168
06:25:09,300 --> 06:25:11,000
into broader historical 
currents. 

7169
06:25:11,000 --> 06:25:15,500
Hence, the legend perpetuates 
itself academically weaving into

7170
06:25:15,500 --> 06:25:18,300
curricula that are spark each, 
generation's imagination. 

7171
06:25:18,300 --> 06:25:21,800
The future of our Theory and 
Legend seems as secure as its 

7172
06:25:21,800 --> 06:25:24,800
past technological tools. 
Like virtual reality 

7173
06:25:24,800 --> 06:25:28,500
interactive, digital 
storytelling and immersive 

7174
06:25:28,500 --> 06:25:31,500
theater open. 
You Frontiers imagine wandering 

7175
06:25:31,500 --> 06:25:35,600
a VR Camelot conversing with AI 
driven, versions of Lance a lot 

7176
06:25:35,608 --> 06:25:39,000
or Morgan shaping The Narrative 
by your own moral choices. 

7177
06:25:39,000 --> 06:25:43,300
The possibilities speak to the 
legend, adaptability far from 

7178
06:25:43,300 --> 06:25:46,700
being stuck in Dusty manuscripts
Arthur's realm, can flourish in 

7179
06:25:46,708 --> 06:25:49,600
Cutting Edge, mediums, Bridging 
the ancient with the future 

7180
06:25:49,600 --> 06:25:52,000
stick yet. 
For all the modern flourishes, 

7181
06:25:52,000 --> 06:25:55,300
the core themes, remain 
consistent, the Heartbreak of 

7182
06:25:55,300 --> 06:25:57,600
betrayal. 
The aspiration for a Round Table

7183
06:25:57,600 --> 06:26:00,000
of equals is a prevalent theme 
the story. 

7184
06:26:00,000 --> 06:26:02,500
Explores the interplay between 
Magic and Mortal ambition. 

7185
06:26:02,500 --> 06:26:05,700
Whether we view our As a half 
forgotten submarine in general 

7186
06:26:05,700 --> 06:26:09,100
or a shining Mythic King, his 
story touches on something 

7187
06:26:09,100 --> 06:26:10,700
perennial in The Human 
Condition. 

7188
06:26:11,600 --> 06:26:14,100
The suggest that greatness is 
possible, but precarious 

7189
06:26:14,100 --> 06:26:17,300
dependent on Unity loyalty and 
moral Clarity. 

7190
06:26:17,300 --> 06:26:21,100
And even when that greatness 
falters, the idea of a wants and

7191
06:26:21,100 --> 06:26:24,300
Future King offers hope that 
renewal can always emerge. 

7192
06:26:25,800 --> 06:26:29,000
In closing King Arthur's, 
narrative defies neat 

7193
06:26:29,000 --> 06:26:33,400
categorization part History. 
Part myth part moral Parable 

7194
06:26:33,400 --> 06:26:37,400
over 15 centuries. 
It has transformed from local 

7195
06:26:37,400 --> 06:26:39,100
folklore into a global 
phenomenon. 

7196
06:26:40,000 --> 06:26:43,900
Shaped by the Christian allegory
chivalric romance National 

7197
06:26:43,900 --> 06:26:46,600
myth-making and modern 
reinterpretations. 

7198
06:26:47,400 --> 06:26:50,700
Each retelling adds a new layer 
ensuring the story remains 

7199
06:26:50,700 --> 06:26:54,900
alive, not fossilized to trace. 
Its evolution is to Glimpse our 

7200
06:26:54,908 --> 06:26:58,500
own cultural Evolution. 
We find in Arthur a mirror for 

7201
06:26:58,500 --> 06:27:01,700
our Collective dreams and 
dissolution an ever-shifting 

7202
06:27:01,700 --> 06:27:04,700
Testament to Humanity's enduring
quest for a noble realm. 

7203
06:27:04,700 --> 06:27:06,700
We might call Camelot