What Bathing Rituals Around the World Were Like | Boring History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,100
You know, it's kind of strange, 
when you think about it, 

2
00:00:02,100 --> 00:00:05,600
something as ordinary as bathing
today, was once an entire 

3
00:00:05,600 --> 00:00:09,300
ritual, a shared space, 
sometimes even a daily event. 

4
00:00:09,300 --> 00:00:12,800
People looked forward to So, I'm
glad you're here to explore it 

5
00:00:12,800 --> 00:00:16,200
with me, just to clarify, for 
people new to our community or 

6
00:00:16,200 --> 00:00:18,400
returning. 
This is a curated sleep 

7
00:00:18,400 --> 00:00:22,500
experience carefully researched 
and gently shaped to be as 

8
00:00:22,500 --> 00:00:25,400
accurate as possible while still
helping you unwind. 

9
00:00:26,600 --> 00:00:28,900
Tonight we're drifting through 
what bathing rituals around the 

10
00:00:28,908 --> 00:00:32,800
world were like not just getting
clean, but the quiet, routines 

11
00:00:32,800 --> 00:00:36,100
social moments and small 
Traditions that turned water 

12
00:00:36,100 --> 00:00:38,800
into something more meaningful 
than we usually notice. 

13
00:00:38,800 --> 00:00:42,900
Now, if slowed slightly boring 
history, helps your mind, shut 

14
00:00:42,900 --> 00:00:46,500
down, feel free to follow, drop 
a like and tell me where you're 

15
00:00:46,500 --> 00:00:49,800
listening from and what time it 
is, now just ease back a little,

16
00:00:49,808 --> 00:00:52,900
let your shoulders drop, maybe 
pull the blanket, a bit closer, 

17
00:00:52,900 --> 00:00:58,700
and let's start. 
Water has always known how to 

18
00:00:58,700 --> 00:01:01,200
hold us. 
For thousands of years across 

19
00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:04,400
every continent and culture, 
human beings have gathered in 

20
00:01:04,408 --> 00:01:07,500
Steam and warmth to wash away, 
more than just the dust of the 

21
00:01:07,508 --> 00:01:10,200
day tonight. 
You will Journey Through the 

22
00:01:10,200 --> 00:01:13,200
world's most cherished bathing 
Traditions from the Birch 

23
00:01:13,200 --> 00:01:16,300
centered heat to Finnish saunas 
to the Mineral Springs of Japan 

24
00:01:16,300 --> 00:01:20,300
discovering how something as 
simple as hot water, became a 

25
00:01:20,300 --> 00:01:23,000
ritual of Community Health and 
transformation. 

26
00:01:24,100 --> 00:01:26,300
You step into history through a 
cloud of steam. 

27
00:01:26,300 --> 00:01:29,200
The year is irrelevant because 
bathing is timeless. 

28
00:01:29,200 --> 00:01:32,300
Your skin, already knows what 
your mind is about to learn. 

29
00:01:33,400 --> 00:01:36,600
Every culture that ever learned 
to heat water discovered 

30
00:01:36,600 --> 00:01:39,900
something profound, they found 
that warmth and moisture 

31
00:01:39,900 --> 00:01:44,000
together create a Space Between 
Worlds, not quite home, not 

32
00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:48,900
quite Temple. 
Something else entirely You will

33
00:01:48,900 --> 00:01:51,200
travel tonight without leaving 
your place of rest. 

34
00:01:52,000 --> 00:01:54,600
First thing to understand is 
that bathing has never been just

35
00:01:54,600 --> 00:01:57,100
about getting clean. 
If cleanliness were the only 

36
00:01:57,100 --> 00:02:00,600
goal, a quick rinse would 
suffice, But humans have always 

37
00:02:00,600 --> 00:02:03,800
wanted more, they wanted the 
heat to penetrate deep into 

38
00:02:03,800 --> 00:02:06,300
tired muscles. 
They wanted the steam to open 

39
00:02:06,300 --> 00:02:08,900
Airways and clear. 
Thoughts they wanted to sit 

40
00:02:08,900 --> 00:02:11,400
beside others in shared 
vulnerability, all of them, 

41
00:02:11,400 --> 00:02:13,200
equally pink and damp, and 
human. 

42
00:02:14,200 --> 00:02:17,800
Your journey begins in the north
where Winter Darkness, lost for 

43
00:02:17,800 --> 00:02:21,200
months, Finland greets, you with
cold air and the promise of 

44
00:02:21,200 --> 00:02:23,400
heat. 
You stand out side, a small 

45
00:02:23,408 --> 00:02:26,900
wooden structure beside a lake 
snow covers everything in sight.

46
00:02:26,900 --> 00:02:30,200
The temperature hovers around 
negative 15 degrees Celsius 

47
00:02:30,200 --> 00:02:33,500
which means the air bites 
Exposed Skin Within seconds. 

48
00:02:34,400 --> 00:02:37,000
Your breath forms clouds that 
hang in the Stillness. 

49
00:02:37,000 --> 00:02:40,100
The only sound comes from Ice 
cracking on the water surface. 

50
00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:43,900
The sauna Building looks humble 
from outside dark wood, 

51
00:02:43,900 --> 00:02:47,600
weathered by Decades of freezing
Winters and brief Summers, a 

52
00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:50,600
metal chimney, pokes through the
roof, releasing a thin trail of 

53
00:02:50,600 --> 00:02:53,800
smoke into the Twilight. 
No grand entrance exist here. 

54
00:02:53,800 --> 00:02:56,100
Just a simple door with a worn 
handle. 

55
00:02:56,100 --> 00:02:58,500
You open it and enter a small 
changing room. 

56
00:02:58,500 --> 00:03:01,900
The warmth hits you immediately?
Not the full heat. 

57
00:03:01,900 --> 00:03:05,200
Yet just the promise of its 
seeping through the inner door. 

58
00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:09,500
You remove your clothes slowly 
folding them on a wooden bench. 

59
00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:12,500
The fins have been doing this 
for over 2000 years. 

60
00:03:12,500 --> 00:03:16,400
The heated stones in fire pits 
long before they had chimneys or

61
00:03:16,400 --> 00:03:19,900
electric heaters back. 
Then smoke filled the entire 

62
00:03:19,900 --> 00:03:23,200
room until the fire died down 
families would wait for the 

63
00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:25,300
smoke to clear then into the 
residual. 

64
00:03:25,300 --> 00:03:29,400
Heat this morning uses, a wood 
burning stove more traditional 

65
00:03:29,400 --> 00:03:32,300
More Alive. 
You push through the inner door 

66
00:03:32,308 --> 00:03:35,900
and the heat Embraces. 
You like a wool blanket, the 

67
00:03:35,900 --> 00:03:37,700
room measures. 
Perhaps three meters by four 

68
00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:40,300
meters, wooden benches line, two
walls in. 

69
00:03:40,300 --> 00:03:44,600
Tiered levels the higher, you 
sit the hotter it gets A bucket 

70
00:03:44,600 --> 00:03:46,500
of water rests beside a pile of 
smooth. 

71
00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:49,300
Stone's, heated to glowing. 
Birch. 

72
00:03:49,300 --> 00:03:51,200
Branches tied into a bundle, 
hang from a hook. 

73
00:03:51,200 --> 00:03:54,800
You climb to the middle bench, 
and sit the heat wraps around 

74
00:03:54,800 --> 00:03:56,800
your shoulders and works its way
into your chest. 

75
00:03:57,700 --> 00:04:00,400
Finnish sauna heat runs dry 
compared to other bathing 

76
00:04:00,400 --> 00:04:02,500
Traditions. 
The humidity stays lower. 

77
00:04:02,500 --> 00:04:06,700
At first, your skin begins to 
warm from the outside in blood 

78
00:04:06,700 --> 00:04:09,100
vessels. 
Near the surface, dilate your 

79
00:04:09,100 --> 00:04:11,300
heart rate. 
Increases slightly doing the 

80
00:04:11,300 --> 00:04:14,400
gentle work of pumping blood to 
cooling systems that suddenly 

81
00:04:14,400 --> 00:04:18,100
have plenty to do. 
After a few minutes, you Ladle 

82
00:04:18,100 --> 00:04:21,300
water onto the stones. 
The water hits with a sharp hiss

83
00:04:21,300 --> 00:04:24,600
steam explodes upward and 
spreads across the ceiling 

84
00:04:24,600 --> 00:04:28,200
before descending in waves. 
Now the heat changes character, 

85
00:04:28,200 --> 00:04:32,600
it becomes thick and enveloping,
your Airways, open the sensation

86
00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:36,500
shifts from dry warmth to moist,
intense entity fins, call this 

87
00:04:36,500 --> 00:04:38,500
loyally, the spirit of the 
sorna. 

88
00:04:39,300 --> 00:04:42,600
The word carries weight Beyond 
Simple translation, you lean 

89
00:04:42,600 --> 00:04:45,900
back against the warm wood, the 
Birch planks, feel smooth, under

90
00:04:45,900 --> 00:04:50,000
your skin generations of bodies 
of sat here leaving invisible 

91
00:04:50,000 --> 00:04:54,500
traces, the wood smells faintly 
of resin and heat your breathing

92
00:04:54,500 --> 00:04:57,600
deepens without conscious 
effort, thoughts that seemed 

93
00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:01,100
important five minutes ago, lose
their grip, the heat demands 

94
00:05:01,100 --> 00:05:03,100
presence. 
You cannot think about 

95
00:05:03,100 --> 00:05:06,100
tomorrow's tasks when you're 
entire nervous system focuses on

96
00:05:06,100 --> 00:05:09,200
temperature, regulation. 
Time stretches differently and 

97
00:05:09,200 --> 00:05:13,700
sauna heat 5 minutes might be 
10. 10 might be 20, the fins, 

98
00:05:13,700 --> 00:05:16,300
know not to rush. 
They have a saying that in the 

99
00:05:16,300 --> 00:05:18,700
sauna. 
One must conduct oneself as one 

100
00:05:18,700 --> 00:05:23,200
would in church. 
Quietly respectfully, without 

101
00:05:23,200 --> 00:05:25,600
hurry. 
The comparison makes sense when 

102
00:05:25,600 --> 00:05:28,800
you experience the Stillness 
that heat creates you reach for 

103
00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:33,800
the Birch, branches, the Vita 
some call it others say vasta, 

104
00:05:33,800 --> 00:05:38,400
same object Regional names. 
You dip, the leafy bundle in 

105
00:05:38,400 --> 00:05:41,400
warm water to soften it. 
Then gently strike your skin 

106
00:05:41,400 --> 00:05:44,900
with the branches. 
Not hard enough to hurt, just 

107
00:05:44,900 --> 00:05:48,900
enough to stimulate circulation.
The Birch leaves released their 

108
00:05:48,900 --> 00:05:53,300
scent, when crushed fresh and 
green and somehow ancient. 

109
00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:57,800
The gentle slapping brings blood
to the skin surface pink patches

110
00:05:57,800 --> 00:05:59,600
blew across your shoulders and 
back. 

111
00:06:00,200 --> 00:06:03,100
This practice confused many 
foreigners when they first 

112
00:06:03,100 --> 00:06:06,700
witnessed it 18th century, 
Travelers wrote alarmed accounts

113
00:06:06,700 --> 00:06:09,000
of fins beating themselves with 
branches. 

114
00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:11,600
They missed the point entirely, 
the Vita. 

115
00:06:11,600 --> 00:06:13,800
Massage feels more like a 
vigorous rubbing than 

116
00:06:13,808 --> 00:06:16,400
punishment. 
It invigorates rather than 

117
00:06:16,400 --> 00:06:19,100
hinges. 
The leaves stick briefly to damp

118
00:06:19,100 --> 00:06:20,500
skin. 
Before falling away. 

119
00:06:20,500 --> 00:06:23,300
Small fragments. 
Collect on the wooden floor, 

120
00:06:23,300 --> 00:06:26,300
like green, confetti. 
Your body begins producing 

121
00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:27,200
sweat. 
In Earnest. 

122
00:06:27,200 --> 00:06:30,300
Now, drops form, along your 
hairline and roll down your 

123
00:06:30,300 --> 00:06:33,700
temples more appear on your 
chest and back, the sauna 

124
00:06:33,700 --> 00:06:35,100
teaches. 
You that humans are mostly 

125
00:06:35,100 --> 00:06:37,500
water. 
You can lose a liter of fluid in

126
00:06:37,500 --> 00:06:40,500
a single session. 
Finn's notary hydrator 

127
00:06:40,500 --> 00:06:43,300
afterward. 
But for now you simply observe 

128
00:06:43,300 --> 00:06:47,200
the process, your body cooling 
itself in the most primitive and

129
00:06:47,200 --> 00:06:49,900
effective way. 
Possible, the heat builds to a 

130
00:06:49,900 --> 00:06:52,800
point where stepping outside 
becomes necessary you stand 

131
00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,400
carefully. 
Like, headedness can strike. 

132
00:06:55,400 --> 00:06:58,500
If you rise too quickly, the 
blood vessels in your legs, need

133
00:06:58,500 --> 00:07:00,900
a moment to constrict and send 
blood back to your brain. 

134
00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:03,900
You make your way to the door 
and step into the changing room.

135
00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:06,800
Even this intermediate 
temperature feels cool against 

136
00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,600
superheated skin. 
Then you open the outer door and

137
00:07:09,600 --> 00:07:12,700
step into winter. 
The cold hits like jumping into 

138
00:07:12,700 --> 00:07:15,700
Revelation your skin radiating 
heat. 

139
00:07:15,700 --> 00:07:18,900
Just seconds ago, suddenly meets
are cold enough to freeze water.

140
00:07:20,100 --> 00:07:21,500
The contrast creates a 
sensation. 

141
00:07:21,500 --> 00:07:24,200
Unlike anything else, not 
painful. 

142
00:07:24,200 --> 00:07:26,600
Exactly more. 
Like every nerve ending suddenly

143
00:07:26,600 --> 00:07:29,800
waking up and shouting, you walk
down to the Lakes Edge, where 

144
00:07:29,800 --> 00:07:32,500
someone has cut a hole in the 
ice, the water appears, black 

145
00:07:32,500 --> 00:07:35,900
and bottomless, you ease in 
quickly, better not to hesitate.

146
00:07:37,000 --> 00:07:39,000
The Lakes icy water makes the 
sauna heat. 

147
00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:43,200
Seem gentle by comparison. 
Your body screams brief protests

148
00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:47,100
then adapts blood vessels 
constrict dramatically your 

149
00:07:47,100 --> 00:07:49,900
heart rate. 
Spike's you stay in perhaps 20 

150
00:07:49,900 --> 00:07:53,300
seconds before climbing out. 
Now you understand the whole 

151
00:07:53,300 --> 00:07:55,500
picture? 
The sauna ritual includes this. 

152
00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:58,300
Contrast heat then cold then 
heat again. 

153
00:07:59,500 --> 00:08:03,000
Finn's, repeat the cycle, three 
or four times in a session, each

154
00:08:03,000 --> 00:08:05,900
round reveals different 
Sensations, your body becomes 

155
00:08:05,900 --> 00:08:07,500
more efficient at the 
temperature dance. 

156
00:08:07,500 --> 00:08:11,300
The second sauna around feels 
different from the first hottest

157
00:08:11,300 --> 00:08:14,500
somehow, but also more 
manageable, your skin knows what

158
00:08:14,500 --> 00:08:17,200
to expect. 
You return to the changing room 

159
00:08:17,200 --> 00:08:20,200
and wrap yourself in a towel. 
The warmth radiating from your 

160
00:08:20,200 --> 00:08:22,300
core keeps you comfortable 
despite wet skin. 

161
00:08:23,500 --> 00:08:26,400
Other sauna users might appear 
now, in traditional practice, 

162
00:08:26,400 --> 00:08:28,100
families. 
Bathed together. 

163
00:08:28,100 --> 00:08:30,500
Friends met for weekly sauna 
evenings. 

164
00:08:30,500 --> 00:08:33,400
Business deals were negotiated 
on those wooden benches. 

165
00:08:33,400 --> 00:08:36,700
Important conversations happened
in the heat where pretense 

166
00:08:36,700 --> 00:08:39,700
melted away along with sweat. 
But tonight, you experience this

167
00:08:39,700 --> 00:08:42,100
alone, following the ritual at 
your own pace. 

168
00:08:42,799 --> 00:08:45,500
After the final round, you sit 
in the changing room and drink 

169
00:08:45,500 --> 00:08:48,700
water. 
Your skin glows pink muscles 

170
00:08:48,700 --> 00:08:52,100
that felt tight, two hours ago, 
now, hang loose and relaxed the 

171
00:08:52,100 --> 00:08:55,800
fins believe regular sauna use 
promotes longevity, modern 

172
00:08:55,800 --> 00:08:57,500
research suggests they might be 
right. 

173
00:08:58,500 --> 00:09:02,500
Cardiovascular work out from 
heat stress the deep relaxation.

174
00:09:02,500 --> 00:09:07,100
Afterward the social bonds 
formed in shared heat all of it 

175
00:09:07,100 --> 00:09:10,800
contributes to well-being. you 
dress slowly and step back into 

176
00:09:10,800 --> 00:09:14,100
the winter night, the Stars 
overhead shine with unusual 

177
00:09:14,100 --> 00:09:18,100
Clarity, cold air, feels crisp 
and welcome after so much heat 

178
00:09:18,100 --> 00:09:22,500
your body temperature normalizes
gradually Carry the saunas 

179
00:09:22,500 --> 00:09:25,300
warmth inside. 
You like a secret, the ritual 

180
00:09:25,300 --> 00:09:29,100
complete Halfway Around the 
World, different water weights. 

181
00:09:29,100 --> 00:09:32,800
You find yourself in Japan? 
Now, approaching an Onsen in the

182
00:09:32,800 --> 00:09:35,100
mountains. 
The word Onsen means Hot 

183
00:09:35,100 --> 00:09:37,800
Springs. 
Japan sits on volcanic islands 

184
00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:40,500
which means naturally heated, 
water bubbles up from deep 

185
00:09:40,500 --> 00:09:42,200
underground in thousands of 
locations. 

186
00:09:42,200 --> 00:09:45,100
The Japanese bathing culture 
around. 

187
00:09:45,100 --> 00:09:48,700
These geothermal gifts for 
centuries snowfalls lightly as 

188
00:09:48,700 --> 00:09:51,800
you approach. 
The Rook can Traditional Inns 

189
00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,200
like this one have hosted 
Travelers for Generations. 

190
00:09:54,200 --> 00:09:57,300
The wooden building with its 
peaked roofs and paper screens. 

191
00:09:57,300 --> 00:09:59,800
Looks like it grew from the 
Mountainside rather than being 

192
00:09:59,800 --> 00:10:02,700
built upon it. 
Warm light glows from Windows, 

193
00:10:02,700 --> 00:10:05,800
the smell of mineral water hangs
in the cold air. 

194
00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:08,100
You can hear water flowing 
somewhere nearby. 

195
00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:10,500
A host greets. 
You at the entrance with a 

196
00:10:10,500 --> 00:10:13,800
slight bow, you remove your 
shoes and step onto polished. 

197
00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,600
Wooden floors, the interior 
continues, the natural 

198
00:10:16,600 --> 00:10:19,100
aesthetic, wood and stone and 
paper. 

199
00:10:19,100 --> 00:10:23,700
Nothing synthetic, nothing loud.
The design invites quiet 

200
00:10:23,700 --> 00:10:27,000
contemplation you receive a 
cotton, new Carter robe and a 

201
00:10:27,008 --> 00:10:30,000
shown to the bathing area, men 
and women use separate 

202
00:10:30,000 --> 00:10:33,100
facilities in most Onsen though.
Some remote Mountain Springs 

203
00:10:33,100 --> 00:10:35,500
offer mixed bathing or private 
family bars. 

204
00:10:35,500 --> 00:10:38,600
The changing room offers neat, 
wooden lockers and woven 

205
00:10:38,600 --> 00:10:40,700
baskets. 
You place your clothes in a 

206
00:10:40,700 --> 00:10:42,900
basket and wrap a small towel, 
around yourself. 

207
00:10:42,900 --> 00:10:46,000
This modesty towel serves a 
specific purpose. 

208
00:10:46,000 --> 00:10:47,900
You carry it to the bathing 
area. 

209
00:10:47,900 --> 00:10:51,300
But cannot bring it into the 
actual water that rule matters. 

210
00:10:51,300 --> 00:10:54,300
Deeply and etiquette the bath 
must remain pure. 

211
00:10:54,300 --> 00:10:57,600
No soap, no shampoo, no towels, 
nothing. 

212
00:10:57,600 --> 00:10:59,500
That might contaminate the 
natural spring water. 

213
00:11:00,700 --> 00:11:05,000
First, you must wash a row of 
low Force its and wooden stools 

214
00:11:05,000 --> 00:11:07,500
lines. 
One wall, you sit on a stool and

215
00:11:07,500 --> 00:11:11,600
use a small besant thoroughly. 
Soap and shampoo are provided 

216
00:11:11,600 --> 00:11:12,900
here for this preliminary 
cleaning. 

217
00:11:12,900 --> 00:11:15,900
The Japanese separated the 
concepts of washing and bathing 

218
00:11:15,900 --> 00:11:20,100
centuries ago, washing removes, 
dirt bathing provides pleasure, 

219
00:11:20,100 --> 00:11:23,900
and health benefits you. 
Scrub carefully ensuring every 

220
00:11:23,900 --> 00:11:26,600
trace of soap, rinses away, 
before approaching the bath. 

221
00:11:26,600 --> 00:11:29,100
Only when completely cleaned, do
you enter the water? 

222
00:11:29,100 --> 00:11:33,000
The Onsen pool spreads before 
you carved from natural rock, 

223
00:11:33,700 --> 00:11:36,100
Steam rises from the surface and
ghostly waves. 

224
00:11:36,100 --> 00:11:39,400
The water appears slightly 
cloudy from dissolved minerals, 

225
00:11:39,400 --> 00:11:43,700
iron sulfur and other elements 
give each owns unique character 

226
00:11:43,700 --> 00:11:46,200
and therapeutic properties some 
Springs. 

227
00:11:46,200 --> 00:11:49,100
Treat skin conditions, others 
ease joint pain. 

228
00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,400
This one claims to improve 
circulation and reduce fatigue, 

229
00:11:52,400 --> 00:11:55,900
the mineral content varies 
dramatically between onset and 

230
00:11:55,900 --> 00:11:57,300
depending on the volcanic 
source. 

231
00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:01,600
The water's color tells a story.
This particular Onsen shows a 

232
00:12:01,608 --> 00:12:05,300
pale, milky Blue from Sulphur 
content, other Springs, run 

233
00:12:05,300 --> 00:12:08,500
rust, red from iron. 
Some appear, completely clear, 

234
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:12,200
despite High mineral, loads the 
Japanese of classified Onsen, 

235
00:12:12,200 --> 00:12:15,100
water into distinct types, based
on chemical composition. 

236
00:12:16,100 --> 00:12:19,600
Tight supposedly offers specific
health benefits Sulphur Springs 

237
00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:21,900
for skin. 
Iron Springs for anemia. 

238
00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:25,300
Sodium chloride springs. 
For roommate, is the list, 

239
00:12:25,300 --> 00:12:26,800
continues with ancient certain 
certainty. 

240
00:12:26,800 --> 00:12:31,300
You test the temperature with 
one foot hot, definitely hot. 

241
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:36,100
Japanese Onsen water, typically 
runs between 40 and 44 degrees 

242
00:12:36,100 --> 00:12:39,100
Celsius, much hotter than most 
western hot tubs. 

243
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:43,700
The temperature seems impossibly
high at first touch But the 

244
00:12:43,700 --> 00:12:47,100
Japanese of bathed in such heat 
for centuries, their bodies 

245
00:12:47,100 --> 00:12:49,700
adapted their Customs evolved 
around. 

246
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:53,300
These temperatures, you ease in 
gradually, letting your body 

247
00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:58,000
adjust inch by inch the heat. 
Penetrates immediately within 

248
00:12:58,000 --> 00:13:02,000
seconds your skin turns pink 
blood rushes to the surface In 

249
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:03,600
Waves. 
You can feel moving through your

250
00:13:03,600 --> 00:13:07,000
body, your heart rating, 
increases to handle the thermal 

251
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,200
load the cardiovascular system 
shifts into high gear blood 

252
00:13:11,200 --> 00:13:14,600
vessels near the skin, dilate 
dramatically the body's cooling 

253
00:13:14,600 --> 00:13:16,600
mechanisms activated at full 
capacity. 

254
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:19,500
Despite being over by external 
heat. 

255
00:13:19,500 --> 00:13:22,700
You submerge to your shoulders 
and hold still. 

256
00:13:23,700 --> 00:13:26,400
Movement creates waves, that 
Splash hot water on your face, 

257
00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:29,900
better to remain motionless and 
let the body find equilibrium 

258
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,700
with the water temperature. 
The initial shock Fades into 

259
00:13:33,700 --> 00:13:36,900
deep warmth. 
The heat works its way past skin

260
00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:39,300
and fat into muscle tissue 
tension. 

261
00:13:39,300 --> 00:13:41,400
You did not know you carried 
begins releasing. 

262
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:46,100
The mineral water feels silky 
against skin slightly slippery, 

263
00:13:46,100 --> 00:13:49,200
different from fresh water, or 
chlorinated pools. 

264
00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:53,600
The sulfur content gives the 
water, a faint eggy smell at 

265
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:55,300
first. 
The odor seems strong and 

266
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:59,400
unpleasant within minutes, your 
nose adapts and the smell 

267
00:13:59,400 --> 00:14:02,600
becomes unnoticeable. 
The sulfur along with other 

268
00:14:02,600 --> 00:14:05,800
minerals, enters your body 
through skin pores opened by 

269
00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:08,600
heat. 
Transdermal absorption happens 

270
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:12,100
constantly in Onsen water, your 
body takes in calcium, 

271
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:15,900
magnesium, sulfur, iron, and 
other elements, whether this 

272
00:14:15,900 --> 00:14:18,200
provides significant. 
Health benefits, remains 

273
00:14:18,200 --> 00:14:21,600
debated, But the Japanese 
believed firmly an Onsen healing

274
00:14:21,600 --> 00:14:24,300
properties. 
You position yourself near where

275
00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:27,300
hot water enters the pool. 
The inflowing water runs even 

276
00:14:27,300 --> 00:14:30,200
hotter than the main bath. 
A stone Channel, directs, the 

277
00:14:30,208 --> 00:14:33,600
spring water into the pool. 
The current of incoming water, 

278
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,900
feels noticeably warmer. 
You can adjust your position to 

279
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:40,500
find your preferred temperature 
to the source provides more 

280
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:43,000
heat. 
Further away allows slight 

281
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,500
cooling as the water mixes and 
disperses the rock edges of the 

282
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:48,200
pool feel rough under your 
hands. 

283
00:14:48,200 --> 00:14:52,900
Natural Stone shaped by water 
and weather over decades moss 

284
00:14:52,900 --> 00:14:56,200
grows in shaded Corners where 
the rock stays perpetually damp,

285
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:59,400
the whole setting attempts to 
preserve or recreate natural, 

286
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,500
hot spring conditions, even 
indoor Onsen, try to maintain 

287
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:05,800
connection to Nature through 
Rock, Wood, and careful design. 

288
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:10,200
The aesthetic matters as much as
the actual minerals, outside 

289
00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:14,000
snow continues falling, many 
Onsen feature outdoor rotten 

290
00:15:14,000 --> 00:15:15,300
Bureau pools where you can 
bathe. 

291
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:17,900
While watching snow accumulate 
on surrounding rocks and pine 

292
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:20,400
branches. 
The contrast between hot water 

293
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:24,400
and cold air creates a dream 
like sensation steam rises from 

294
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:27,700
your shoulders into frigid air 
snowflake's land on your damp 

295
00:15:27,700 --> 00:15:30,100
hair. 
And melt instantly, the boundary

296
00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:33,600
between hot and cold exists, 
precisely at the waterline you 

297
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:37,200
settle into Stillness. 
Onsen, bathing encourages 

298
00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:38,900
meditation. 
More than conversation. 

299
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:40,800
While friends might visit 
together. 

300
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:45,100
They often sit in companionable 
silence, the heat makes lengthy 

301
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,800
talking uncomfortable anyway, 
You focus instead on breathing 

302
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,700
on the sensation of minerals 
soaking into skin, on the 

303
00:15:52,708 --> 00:15:55,000
distant sound of water flowing, 
over rocks. 

304
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:58,400
The Japanese have specific 
beliefs about Onsen benefits. 

305
00:15:59,200 --> 00:16:01,100
If different mineral 
compositions treat different 

306
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:05,100
ailments Sulphur Springs, help 
skin conditions, iron-rich 

307
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:08,200
Waters, address anemia 
carbonated Springs improve 

308
00:16:08,200 --> 00:16:10,800
circulation. 
Acidic Waters can relieve, 

309
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,500
chronic digestive issues. 
Some of these claims have 

310
00:16:13,508 --> 00:16:16,800
scientific backing others rely 
more on, tradition and belief, 

311
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:21,200
but the psychological benefits 
seem undeniable stress melts in 

312
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:23,900
hot spring water. 
You remain submerged for perhaps

313
00:16:23,900 --> 00:16:26,500
15 minutes. 
Any longer risks overheating 

314
00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:29,600
your fingers and toes of turned 
pink and wrinkled. 

315
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,900
You ease out of the pool and sit
on the edge. 

316
00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:34,400
Letting cool are lower. 
Your core temperature. 

317
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:38,100
After a few minutes you can 
enter again for another round 

318
00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:40,800
most Onsen visitors repeat the 
cycle. 

319
00:16:40,800 --> 00:16:44,600
Several times alternating 
between soaking and cooling the 

320
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:47,900
protocol matters as much as the 
water you learn to wash 

321
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:50,900
thoroughly before entering you 
left your towel in the changing 

322
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:52,900
area. 
You moved quietly and 

323
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:55,900
respectfully. 
You did not Splash or Swim these

324
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:58,400
rules exist, not as 
restrictions, but as collective 

325
00:16:58,400 --> 00:17:00,700
agreements that preserve the 
experience for everyone. 

326
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:04,599
When all bathers, follow the 
same Customs, the Onsen remains 

327
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:07,400
a place of peace. 
Between soaking sessions, you 

328
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,900
might rest in a tatami room, the
rear can provide the space for 

329
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:14,300
relaxation. 
You lie on woven mats in your 

330
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:17,500
Yukata, feeling the heat slowly 
dissipate from your body. 

331
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:20,900
Green tea appears though, you 
did not request it. 

332
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:23,800
The serving staff move with 
practiced quiet. 

333
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:26,000
They understand the Poston 
State. 

334
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,900
Your muscles have turned to warm
clay thoughts drift like the 

335
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:32,800
steam you left behind some 
people fall asleep in these 

336
00:17:32,800 --> 00:17:35,600
moments. 
The combination of heat, mineral

337
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:39,800
absorption and deep relaxation. 
Creates powerful drowsiness, the

338
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:42,500
Japanese call this uded, echo, 
meaning, boiled octopus. 

339
00:17:42,500 --> 00:17:46,700
You feel boneless and peaceful 
your skin continues radiating 

340
00:17:46,700 --> 00:17:50,000
warmth, even as your core 
temperature normalizes, the 

341
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,000
minerals absorbed through your 
pores will continue working for 

342
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,900
hours your return to the Onsen. 
Once more before leaving this 

343
00:17:56,900 --> 00:18:00,300
final, soak feels different from
the first, your body knows what 

344
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:04,000
to expect the heat penetrates 
faster and deeper you stay. 

345
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,400
Only 10 minutes this time ending
before. 

346
00:18:06,400 --> 00:18:10,800
Exhaustion sets in the goal is 
invigoration, not depletion. 

347
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,500
You leave the water glowing and 
loose limbed in the changing 

348
00:18:14,500 --> 00:18:17,800
room, you dry off slowly, the 
small towel that traveled with 

349
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:18,900
you now. 
Does its work. 

350
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,000
Japanese Onsen towels are 
notably small by Western 

351
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,900
standards, just large enough for
modesty and drying. 

352
00:18:25,600 --> 00:18:27,700
Nothing, excessive, nothing 
wasteful. 

353
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:30,600
You dress in your car and make 
your way to your room. 

354
00:18:30,600 --> 00:18:32,900
Walking carefully on slightly 
unstable. 

355
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,300
Legs sleep will come easily 
tonight. 

356
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:38,900
The Onsen leaves, its Mark and 
relaxed muscles and cleared 

357
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:42,300
sinuses and skin. 
That feels somehow renewed, the 

358
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:44,900
minerals continue. 
Their subtle work, your body 

359
00:18:44,900 --> 00:18:46,900
temperature takes hours to fully
normalize. 

360
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:50,900
You drift towards sleep in 
residual warmth dreaming. 

361
00:18:50,900 --> 00:18:54,600
Perhaps of snow falling on Hot 
Springs of steam, Rising into 

362
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,200
Cold Mountain Air, You travel 
backwards through time now, 

363
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,500
ancient Rome appears around you 
specifically. 

364
00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:05,600
The year 115 in the Common Era 
Emperor, trajan has recently 

365
00:19:05,600 --> 00:19:08,400
completed a magnificent bath 
complex in the heart of Rome. 

366
00:19:08,400 --> 00:19:12,500
The theory covers several city, 
blocks and serves thousands of 

367
00:19:12,500 --> 00:19:15,600
citizens daily. 
He approaches an ordinary Roman 

368
00:19:15,600 --> 00:19:19,600
might carrying a small bag with 
bathing supplies the exterior. 

369
00:19:19,600 --> 00:19:22,800
Impresses with its Grand 
architecture, massive columns 

370
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,500
support elaborate freezes 
depicting gods and athletes. 

371
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:28,000
Bronze doors tall enough for 
Giants. 

372
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,600
Stand open welcoming the public.
Rome understood something 

373
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:35,200
crucial about bathing, they 
recognized it as a, Cornerstone 

374
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,300
of civilization. 
City without proper baths. 

375
00:19:38,300 --> 00:19:41,600
Was barely a city at all, the 
empire built bathing complexes 

376
00:19:41,600 --> 00:19:45,800
everywhere, its Legions marched.
From Britain to Egypt, Roman 

377
00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:49,500
baths, spread their culture of 
communal washing you pay a small

378
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,900
entrance fee, the cost amounts 
to less than a loaf of bread, 

379
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:56,600
Rome subsidized public bathing 
to ensure even the poorest 

380
00:19:56,600 --> 00:19:57,800
citizens. 
Could participate. 

381
00:19:57,800 --> 00:20:01,200
The emperor's understood that 
providing baths generated 

382
00:20:01,200 --> 00:20:05,200
loyalty and social stability. 
Citizens who bathe together felt

383
00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:08,200
connected to Rome itself. 
The bath complex served as 

384
00:20:08,200 --> 00:20:12,700
Community Center social club, 
exercise facility and political 

385
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:16,100
meeting ground all at once. 
You enter, through the appetite 

386
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:18,800
him. 
This changing room features of 

387
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:21,500
niches carved into walls, where 
bathers store their clothes. 

388
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:24,100
No, locks exist. 
But attendance, watch for 

389
00:20:24,100 --> 00:20:27,200
thieves, you strip and hand. 
Your belongings to a slave, who 

390
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:30,300
will guard them? 
Nudity and Roman baths generated

391
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:33,800
less anxiety than it does. 
In many modern cultures bodies 

392
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,000
were simply bodies. 
Everyone had won the social 

393
00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:39,300
hierarchy mattered, more than 
physical appearance. 

394
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,100
The bathing sequence follows a 
specific path. 

395
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:44,800
Romans did not simply soak in 
hot water. 

396
00:20:44,800 --> 00:20:48,300
They engineered an entire 
thermal experience designed to 

397
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:53,900
clean invigorate and socialize, 
You begin in the palestra, an 

398
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:55,700
outdoor Courtyard. 
Where men exercise before. 

399
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,000
Bathing. 
Wrestling ball games and 

400
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,000
weightlifting all prepare the 
body for the baths ahead 

401
00:21:01,000 --> 00:21:04,100
exertion opens pores and 
stimulates circulation. 

402
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:07,500
After exercise, you proceed to 
the tepidarium. 

403
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:11,000
This warm room serves as 
transition between the exercise 

404
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:14,200
yard and the hot baths The 
temperature runs comfortably 

405
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,600
warm but not intents benches 
line. 

406
00:21:16,600 --> 00:21:20,200
The walls, some bathers sit here
for extended periods talking and

407
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,400
relaxing. 
The Mosaic floor depicts secrets

408
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,400
in intricate detail. 
Light streams through high 

409
00:21:26,400 --> 00:21:29,600
Windows, Illuminating steam, 
that drifts from the Next Room. 

410
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:33,300
The caldarium awaits you step 
into genuine Heat. 

411
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:38,000
This hot room contains pools of 
steaming water heated by an 

412
00:21:38,000 --> 00:21:41,700
ingenious system called a hippo 
course. slaves, 10 fires, in 

413
00:21:41,708 --> 00:21:44,900
basement Chambers and the heat 
rises through Hollow spaces 

414
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,500
beneath the floor and Behind the
Walls, the entire room becomes a

415
00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:51,600
radiator The floor tiles feel 
too hot for bare feet. 

416
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:55,700
So wooden sandals are provided. 
You ease into the hot pool, the 

417
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,000
water temperature Rivals, 
anything a modern hot tub 

418
00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:01,000
provides the Romans. 
Achieved this without pumps or 

419
00:22:01,000 --> 00:22:03,900
thermostats. 
Using only fire engineering and 

420
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:07,400
enslaved labor The moral cost of
Roman luxury remains 

421
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:10,400
uncomfortable to consider the 
magnificence was built on 

422
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:13,200
suffering. 
But in this moment you 

423
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:15,700
experience what an ordinary 
Roman citizen experience. 

424
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:19,600
The heat loosening muscles 
worked hard in the exercise yard

425
00:22:19,600 --> 00:22:22,400
other bathers surround you in 
the pool conversation. 

426
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:24,900
Flows freely, business deals are
discussed. 

427
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,800
Gossip is exchanged political 
alliances forming the steam. 

428
00:22:29,600 --> 00:22:32,800
A senator might bathe beside a 
shopkeeper though, certain areas

429
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:35,800
of larger bath complexes catered
to different social classes. 

430
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,200
The caldarium becomes a 
democratic space and at least in

431
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:43,000
Theory, naked bodies, obscure 
some social markers, those 

432
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:47,200
speech patterns and bearings 
still status After sufficient 

433
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:51,000
soaking you exit the pool and 
attendant approaches with a 

434
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,300
strigol. 
A curved bronze tool designed 

435
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:57,000
for scraping skin, the Romans 
used olive oil instead of soap 

436
00:22:57,000 --> 00:22:59,700
for cleaning. 
You coach yourself in oil which 

437
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:03,500
loosens dirt and dead skin. 
Then the attendant uses the 

438
00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:06,100
schedule to scrape away the oil 
and whatever it is collected. 

439
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:09,700
The process sounds uncomfortable
but actually feels invigorating 

440
00:23:09,700 --> 00:23:12,900
your skin ends up incredibly 
clean and smooth. 

441
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:17,300
The Frigidaire area comes next. 
This cold room features a 

442
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,700
plunge, pool filled with 
unheated water after the intense

443
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:23,400
heat of the caldarium, the cold 
water, shocks your system. 

444
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,500
The Romans believe this 
temperature contrast promoted 

445
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:29,200
Health modern research suggests.
They were correct. 

446
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:32,400
The alternating hot and cold 
improved circulation and 

447
00:23:32,400 --> 00:23:35,300
stimulates the immune system you
stay in the cold pool. 

448
00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:38,400
Just long enough to feel 
thoroughly cooled, then a merge 

449
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:40,600
refreshed. 
The bathing circuit complete. 

450
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,400
You might now enjoy other 
amenities. 

451
00:23:42,400 --> 00:23:46,900
Larger bath, complexes included,
libraries Gardens restaurants 

452
00:23:46,900 --> 00:23:49,900
and even theaters. 
You could spend an entire 

453
00:23:49,900 --> 00:23:53,400
afternoon here, reading Scrolls 
in the library walking through 

454
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:55,800
manicured Gardens or watching 
performers. 

455
00:23:56,700 --> 00:24:00,500
The baths served as the social 
Center of Roman Life, Empress 

456
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:04,400
who built new bath complexes 
bought genuine popularity, some 

457
00:24:04,400 --> 00:24:07,600
baths, even offered unusual 
features, the baths of caracalla

458
00:24:07,600 --> 00:24:11,300
built a century after trajans 
included in an enormous swimming

459
00:24:11,300 --> 00:24:15,900
pool and spaces for ballgames, 
the baths of diary of the 3000 

460
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,000
buyers simultaneously. 
The scale of Roman bathing 

461
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,600
ambition, new few limits, they 
transformed basic hygiene into 

462
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:26,100
Monumental Civic architecture. 
You wrap yourself in a linen 

463
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:29,800
cloth and find a quiet corner. 
The post-bar relaxation might 

464
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:33,700
include a massage professional 
masseurs work in small rooms off

465
00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:36,600
the main bathing areas. 
They use olive oil and strong 

466
00:24:36,600 --> 00:24:40,300
hands to are not muscles. 
The combination of heat cold 

467
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:42,600
water, scraping and massaged 
leaves. 

468
00:24:42,600 --> 00:24:44,900
You feeling like you have been 
disassembled and rebuilt. 

469
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:49,700
Your body moves differently, 
lighter more fluid, Food and 

470
00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:53,200
drink are available if you want 
them, small stalls, sell wine, 

471
00:24:53,200 --> 00:24:57,000
bread, olives and other snacks. 
Some Romans spent most of the 

472
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,400
day at the bars eating multiple 
meals on sight. 

473
00:24:59,400 --> 00:25:02,200
The social nature of bathing 
encouraged lingering. 

474
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,400
Why rush home when friends 
around you and the environment 

475
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:06,900
provides comfort and 
entertainment? 

476
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:10,700
As after noon, Fades toward 
evening, you finally prepare to 

477
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:14,800
leave you retrieve your clothes 
from the attendant dress and 

478
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:16,300
step back into the Roman 
streets. 

479
00:25:17,300 --> 00:25:19,800
The bath complex continues 
operating Into the Night. 

480
00:25:20,600 --> 00:25:22,500
Some sections, remain, open 
around the clock. 

481
00:25:22,500 --> 00:25:26,400
The wealthy might visit in the 
afternoon when crowds thin the 

482
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,700
poor come, whenever their work, 
allows the baths, accommodate, 

483
00:25:29,700 --> 00:25:33,500
all sheds and all classes, at 
least in principle the legacy of

484
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:36,300
Roman bathing extends far beyond
the Empire's collapse. 

485
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,100
When Rome fell, most of its 
elaborate bath, complexes fell 

486
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:43,100
into ruin. 
But the memory of communal 

487
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:47,000
bathing persisted the Islamic 
World adopted and adapted, Roman

488
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,300
bathing Traditions, medieval 
monasteries built bathing 

489
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:52,100
facilities, based on Roman 
designs. 

490
00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:56,400
The concept of the public bath 
never entirely disappeared, even

491
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:59,900
when the infrastructure crumbled
you carry, the Roman bath 

492
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:01,200
experience with you through 
time. 

493
00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,200
The understanding that bathing 
can be Civic, ritual that hot 

494
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:07,100
water and cold water in 
sequence. 

495
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,600
Invigorate that communal 
nakedness. 

496
00:26:09,600 --> 00:26:12,400
Can foster democracy or at least
the appearance of it. 

497
00:26:13,200 --> 00:26:15,900
The Romans understood something,
modern culture, sometimes 

498
00:26:15,900 --> 00:26:18,400
forgets. 
Bathing together, builds 

499
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,700
community and ways that 
individual showers never can the

500
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:25,000
journey continues Eastwood. 
You arrived in Istanbul during 

501
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:28,100
the 16th century when the 
Ottoman Empire has reached, its 

502
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:30,900
peak. 
The city contains hundreds of 

503
00:26:30,908 --> 00:26:34,400
Hammonds, public bath house, is 
that evolved from Roman bathing,

504
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:36,500
Traditions, filtered through 
Islamic culture. 

505
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:40,400
The Hammam combined elements you
recognize from both the Roman 

506
00:26:40,400 --> 00:26:43,100
thermae and influences unique to
ottoman Society. 

507
00:26:44,000 --> 00:26:46,200
You approach a neighborhood 
hammer, in the early afternoon. 

508
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:50,900
The building announces itself 
through our large Central Dome, 

509
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,000
dominates the structure with 
smaller, domes clustered around 

510
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,200
it. 
These domes contain glass oculi 

511
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,500
that allow natural light to 
filter into the bathing areas 

512
00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:01,300
below. 
The effect creates an 

513
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:04,000
otherworldly atmosphere where 
light beams pierced steam, 

514
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,900
invisible shafts. 
The entrance separates into two 

515
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,500
sections men and women, use 
different hammers or the same 

516
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:14,000
Hammer at different times today,
you enter the men's section 

517
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:15,900
though. 
The experience in women's 

518
00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:19,200
hummus, follow similar patterns 
with its own distinct social 

519
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,100
dynamics. 
Women's hammers historically 

520
00:27:22,100 --> 00:27:24,100
served as important social 
spaces. 

521
00:27:24,100 --> 00:27:27,800
Where marriages were arranged 
and Community bonds strengthened

522
00:27:27,800 --> 00:27:30,800
away from male oversight. 
You pay the entrance fee to the 

523
00:27:30,808 --> 00:27:33,500
attendant. 
The cost includes basic bathing,

524
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:37,100
privileges additional services, 
like massage or hair removal. 

525
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,400
Require extra payment, you 
receive a pestemal, a thin 

526
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:42,600
cotton wrap and a pair of wooden
clogs. 

527
00:27:43,400 --> 00:27:46,500
The changing area called the 
Kamikaze features, a central 

528
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:49,800
Fountain and elevated platforms 
where bathers relax before and 

529
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,400
after bathing. 
You remove your clothes and 

530
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,200
secure the pesto male around 
your waist. 

531
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:58,300
The cotton wrap provides minimal
coverage but satisfies modesty 

532
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,600
requirements, Islamic bathing 
culture differs from Roman in 

533
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:03,700
this regard. 
Complete new nudity. 

534
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,900
Generally as a voided, the 
pestemal becomes both garment 

535
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:08,500
and towel throughout the bathing
experience. 

536
00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:11,900
You slip your feet into the 
wooden clogs which protect 

537
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:14,500
against hot floors and provide 
traction on wet marble. 

538
00:28:15,300 --> 00:28:18,400
The first room you enter is the 
soga cluck, this tepid room 

539
00:28:18,400 --> 00:28:21,900
serves, as a transition space, 
the temperature runs warm but 

540
00:28:21,900 --> 00:28:24,200
not intense. 
You sit on marble slabs and 

541
00:28:24,208 --> 00:28:27,100
allow your body to adjust. 
Other bathers. 

542
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,600
Rest here some arriving from the
hot rooms others preparing to 

543
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,100
enter them. 
The marble feels smooth and 

544
00:28:33,100 --> 00:28:36,800
slightly cool despite the 
ambient warmth The Saga cluck 

545
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:41,000
teaches patients, our manual 
cannot be rushed through an 

546
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:42,700
arched. 
Doorway you enter the hararet. 

547
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:44,900
The hot room takes your breath 
for a moment. 

548
00:28:44,908 --> 00:28:48,700
Heat, and humidity combined into
a thick atmosphere that wraps 

549
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:52,200
around you like a damp blanket. 
The Central Area features a 

550
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,300
large heated marble platform 
called the gobek Tashi, which 

551
00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:58,200
translates as belly Stone. 
This elevated slab. 

552
00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:01,600
Radiates heat from below where 
water pipes carry Steam and hot 

553
00:29:01,600 --> 00:29:04,000
water. 
You climb onto the goracke and 

554
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,600
lie down. 
The heated marble Works its way 

555
00:29:06,600 --> 00:29:08,700
into your muscles unlike sauna 
heat. 

556
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:11,200
That comes from the air that go 
back to, she provides direct 

557
00:29:11,200 --> 00:29:13,000
conductive, heat through your 
back and legs. 

558
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,400
The sensation differs from 
anything you have experienced so

559
00:29:16,400 --> 00:29:18,300
far. 
The marble never feels hot 

560
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:21,000
enough to burn but maintains 
constant steady heat that 

561
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,700
penetrates deeply Your muscles 
begin to unlock From the Inside 

562
00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:26,900
Out. 
The direct contact with heated 

563
00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:30,000
Stone creates different 
Sensations than immersion in hot

564
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,500
water or exposure to hot. 
Are the marble smooth surface, 

565
00:29:33,500 --> 00:29:36,700
holds centuries of History. 
Countless bodies of Lane here 

566
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,100
before you the stone, has 
absorbed the Heat and released 

567
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:43,200
it into tired. 
Muscles for Generations, the go 

568
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:45,400
back Toshi serves as the heart 
of the harmonic experience. 

569
00:29:45,400 --> 00:29:48,600
Everything else leads to or 
flows from this Central heated 

570
00:29:48,600 --> 00:29:51,300
platform. 
The architecture places it 

571
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:54,500
prominently in the center of the
harrett under the highest point 

572
00:29:54,500 --> 00:29:57,900
of the dome light filters 
through small glass windows in 

573
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:00,300
the dome. 
Star-shaped opening allow 

574
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:03,400
sunlight penetrate, the steam, 
the beams of light become 

575
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:07,100
visible in the thick humid air 
dust, and water, vapor make the 

576
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:09,600
lights solid and real. 
The effect creates an 

577
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,400
otherworldly atmosphere, some 
hams use colored glass, that 

578
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:15,500
tints, the light, blue, or 
green, or Amber. 

579
00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:18,500
The colored light transforms the
space into something between 

580
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:22,000
bath house and Cathedral. 
Around the rooms perimeter 

581
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:25,700
individual washing alcoves 
offer, privacy each Alcove 

582
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:29,700
contains a Kerner a small marble
base and with brass Taps for hot

583
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:32,600
and cold water. 
The basins sit at waist height, 

584
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,800
perfectly positioned for 
filling, bowls and cuts. 

585
00:30:36,500 --> 00:30:39,400
The alcoves provide just enough 
separation for modest washing 

586
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:42,700
while remaining part of the 
communal space, you can see 

587
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:45,700
other bathers through the steam.
You can hear water, splashing 

588
00:30:45,700 --> 00:30:49,000
and voices murmuring. 
But the Alcove creates a 

589
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:52,500
temporary personal territory. 
Small marble stools, sit in each

590
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:56,600
Alcove, You can sit while 
washing reducing strain on legs 

591
00:30:56,600 --> 00:31:00,900
and back the stool show where 
from Decades of use, the marble 

592
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:03,300
has been polished Smooth by 
countless wet bodies. 

593
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:07,200
Everything in the Hammam, feels 
permanent and ancient the 

594
00:31:07,200 --> 00:31:10,100
materials themselves. 
Speak of durability marble, 

595
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:14,200
brass tile and stone, nothing 
plastic or temporary. 

596
00:31:14,200 --> 00:31:17,100
The Hammam was built to last 
generation's and has fulfilled 

597
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:20,600
that promise some bathers, wash 
the cells in these alcoves, 

598
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:24,000
using the traditional method. 
They fill small copper bowls 

599
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:27,600
called Tas from the corner. 
The Bulls hold, perhaps a liter 

600
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:29,600
of water. 
They pour the water over their 

601
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:32,900
bodies repeatedly mixing hot and
cold to achieve comfortable 

602
00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:35,400
temperature. 
The pouring creates a rhythm 

603
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:40,500
Phil, Paul refill, poor again. 
The sound of water splashing 

604
00:31:40,500 --> 00:31:43,800
Echoes throughout the hare. 
Dozens of Bayers pouring water 

605
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,900
creates a symphony of liquid. 
Percussion, the technique 

606
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:50,400
requires practice to master. 
You must pour with enough Force 

607
00:31:50,400 --> 00:31:54,000
to rinse thoroughly but not 
Splash excessively aim. 

608
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,600
The water stream to Cascade down
your body carrying soap and dirt

609
00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:01,300
toward the drains. 
The floor, slopes subtly towards

610
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,300
Central drainage channels. 
Everything is designed to 

611
00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:06,600
manage. 
Water flow, nothing pools or 

612
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:08,900
floods. 
The water moves constantly 

613
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:13,100
downward and Away others. 
Wait for the telok a male bath 

614
00:32:13,100 --> 00:32:15,200
attendant who provides washing 
and massage services. 

615
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:18,600
The telek represents a 
profession that has existed for 

616
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,500
centuries. 
Young men. 

617
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:23,200
Apprentice under experienced 
telek to learn the proper 

618
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:27,300
techniques, the work requires 
strength and stamina hours, 

619
00:32:27,300 --> 00:32:30,700
spent in intense, heat and 
humidity constant, bending and 

620
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:33,100
scrubbing. 
The physical demands are 

621
00:32:33,100 --> 00:32:35,000
considerable. 
But skilled Telecom. 

622
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:36,800
Command respect. 
And earn decent income. 

623
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:40,800
A telek approaches and gestures 
for you to remain on the gobek 

624
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:42,400
testy. 
He carries his professional 

625
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:46,200
Tools in a small basket, the 
case emit, various soaps, and 

626
00:32:46,200 --> 00:32:49,100
towels his movement show, 
practice deficiency. 

627
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:53,300
He has done this thousands of 
times, every motion serves a 

628
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:54,700
purpose. 
No wasted effort. 

629
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:58,300
He begins by testing the water 
temperature, in a nearby Kerner 

630
00:32:58,300 --> 00:33:00,300
adjusting, the mix of hot and 
cold. 

631
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:04,100
The attendant carries a rough 
cloth MIT called Ace. 

632
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:08,000
The Case is typically made from 
core silk or synthetic material.

633
00:33:08,000 --> 00:33:13,000
The texture feels like very 
rough sandpaper when dry When 

634
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:15,600
wet and applied with Vigor, it 
removes dead skin. 

635
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:19,100
With remarkable Effectiveness 
different regions favor, 

636
00:33:19,100 --> 00:33:22,900
different Keys materials, some 
prefer goat hair, others use 

637
00:33:22,900 --> 00:33:26,100
hemp fiber, the roughness 
remains constant, regardless of 

638
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:30,400
material he dips the keys in hot
water to soften it slightly then

639
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,900
he begins scrubbing, your skin 
with surprising Vigor, the 

640
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,600
pressure borders on aggressive 
you under briefly of skin can 

641
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,300
actually withstand such 
treatment but the telek knows 

642
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:43,800
exactly how much pressure to 
apply enough to remove dead 

643
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:46,300
skin, not enough to damage 
living tissue. 

644
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:50,400
The scrubbing technique has been
refined over Generations. 

645
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,500
The keys e moves in long-term 
Strokes. 

646
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,500
He starts with your back 
working, from shoulders down to 

647
00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,100
waste the rough texture, removes
dead skin cells, dirt, and 

648
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,700
whatever else is accumulated 
since your last Herman visit 

649
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:06,000
greyrolls of dead skin begin 
appearing almost immediately. 

650
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:09,400
Collect on the marble beneath. 
You like tiny worms? 

651
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:12,400
The Visual Evidence of the keys 
is Effectiveness. 

652
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:16,000
Seems almost shocking. 
How much dead skin can one body 

653
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,500
accumulate? 
The answer becomes visible in 

654
00:34:18,500 --> 00:34:20,400
the gray role's accumulating 
around you. 

655
00:34:20,400 --> 00:34:24,000
The outer layer of skin cells 
dies and is replaced constantly.

656
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,699
Most of this dead material falls
away, naturally through friction

657
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:29,400
with clothes, and normal 
washing. 

658
00:34:29,400 --> 00:34:33,800
But some remains building up 
gradually The keys removes 

659
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,000
everything in one thorough 
session the scrubbing, borders 

660
00:34:37,000 --> 00:34:39,199
on aggressive, but never crosses
into pain. 

661
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:43,100
The telek understands the line 
between vigorous and violent. 

662
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:45,699
His hands move with certain 
confidence. 

663
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:48,900
He has learned through 
experience exactly how much 

664
00:34:48,900 --> 00:34:53,000
pressure each area of the body 
can tolerate the back can handle

665
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,400
more Force than the chest, the 
legs more than the arms, he 

666
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:59,000
adjusts instinctively after 
thorough scrubbing. 

667
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:01,500
The telok, produces a large 
linen bag. 

668
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,800
This is the moment that many 
first-time, Herman visitors, 

669
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,400
find most memorable. 
The linen bag seems unremarkable

670
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:13,100
at first just a square of fabric
so in to a simple pouch but its 

671
00:35:13,100 --> 00:35:16,500
purpose soon becomes clear, the 
teller, dungey's it into a basin

672
00:35:16,500 --> 00:35:19,700
of warm water and soap. 
He plunges it into a basin of 

673
00:35:19,708 --> 00:35:23,200
warm water in squeezes, and 
works the bag until it produces 

674
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:27,500
enormous, quantities of foam. 
Traditional Hammam, soap creates

675
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,900
these mountains of bubbles. 
The telok covers you and foam 

676
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:34,200
from head to toe. 
The sensation is absurd, and 

677
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,500
delightful. 
You disappear beneath the 

678
00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:39,500
blanket of soap, bubbles, the 
teleworks, the foam into your 

679
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:42,600
skin with practice deficiency, 
cleaning what the keys he 

680
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:46,800
exposed, then comes the rinsing 
Bowl after bowl of warm water. 

681
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,200
Cascades over you carrying away 
the soap. 

682
00:35:50,000 --> 00:35:53,500
The telecon shores, every trace 
of bubbles is removed, the 

683
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,900
marble platform Beneath. 
You channels water toward drains

684
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,700
the whole room functions. 
As a giant shower, where gravity

685
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:02,900
and careful design manage water 
flow. 

686
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,000
You emerge from the foam, 
baptism, feeling profoundly 

687
00:36:06,000 --> 00:36:10,700
clean, The message follows the 
Telex strong hands work through 

688
00:36:10,700 --> 00:36:13,300
muscles relaxed by heat and 
scrubbing. 

689
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,500
He pays particular attention to 
shoulders and back areas where 

690
00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:20,600
tension accumulates the message 
style is practical. 

691
00:36:20,600 --> 00:36:23,300
Rather than gentle. 
He stretches your limbs and 

692
00:36:23,308 --> 00:36:26,700
applies pressure to knotted 
areas, small pops and cracks 

693
00:36:26,700 --> 00:36:30,100
signal joints releasing. 
The combination of heat 

694
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:33,500
cleansing and massage leaves. 
You feeling like you have shared

695
00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:36,800
an old skin and grown a new one.
After the massage, your left to 

696
00:36:36,808 --> 00:36:39,800
soak in the heat. 
You remain on the go back to she

697
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:41,900
or move to the washing alcoves 
to pour more water. 

698
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:46,700
Over yourself, some Bayers spend
hours in the Harrow alternating 

699
00:36:46,700 --> 00:36:50,400
between the heated marble and 
the Washingtons, the thick steam

700
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:53,800
makes time feel a elastic 
minutes stretch into comfortable

701
00:36:53,800 --> 00:36:56,300
in Infinity. 
The heat seems to slow 

702
00:36:56,300 --> 00:36:59,900
everything except your heartbeat
which works deadly to cool your 

703
00:36:59,900 --> 00:37:03,200
overheated body. 
Eventually you Retreat to The 

704
00:37:03,208 --> 00:37:06,700
Saga cluck the transition room. 
Now, feels almost cold compared 

705
00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:09,300
to the hare rat. 
You sit on the marble slabs and 

706
00:37:09,308 --> 00:37:11,500
feel your core temperature 
gradually normalizing. 

707
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:16,500
Your skin glows, pink and clean.
Every pore has opened and been 

708
00:37:16,500 --> 00:37:19,900
cleaned and closed again. 
The Telex scrubbing removed 

709
00:37:19,900 --> 00:37:21,500
layers, you did not know 
existed. 

710
00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:25,400
Your body feels lighter as 
though the dirt had actual 

711
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:28,200
weight. 
You return to the camera can for

712
00:37:28,200 --> 00:37:31,100
the final stage. 
The changing room provides a 

713
00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:33,600
different atmosphere. 
Now the same Fountain, still 

714
00:37:33,600 --> 00:37:36,200
flows, but you experience it 
with new awareness. 

715
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:39,700
You wrap yourself in dry towels 
and recline on the raised 

716
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:42,500
platforms. 
And attendance might bring tea 

717
00:37:42,500 --> 00:37:45,900
or Sherbert if you request it. 
Most bathers, rest here for 

718
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:49,000
extended periods. 
Enjoying the post bath you for 

719
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,100
your Hammam serves purposes 
Beyond hygiene. 

720
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:56,000
The centuries ottoman Society 
used hams as Community Gathering

721
00:37:56,000 --> 00:38:00,100
spaces, men, discussed business,
and politics women arranged, 

722
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:02,500
marriages, and socialized away 
from male relatives. 

723
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:06,100
The humming equalizing space. 
Where social hierarchies 

724
00:38:06,100 --> 00:38:09,400
relaxed, though. 
Never disappeared entirely a 

725
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:12,200
wealthy Merchant and a modest 
Craftsman might bathe side by 

726
00:38:12,200 --> 00:38:14,600
side. 
Both reduced to pester miles and

727
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,800
human bodies. 
The Turkish bath culture 

728
00:38:17,800 --> 00:38:19,400
influenced, the wider Islamic 
world. 

729
00:38:20,100 --> 00:38:23,400
From Morocco to Iran, variations
of the Hammam spread with 

730
00:38:23,408 --> 00:38:26,900
Islamic expansion. 
Each region adapted the basic 

731
00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:29,100
template to local customs and 
architecture. 

732
00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:33,100
But the core elements remained 
the sequence of rooms building 

733
00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:37,100
from cool to hot. heated marble 
platform, the vigorous 

734
00:38:37,100 --> 00:38:40,100
scrubbing, the emphasis on 
thorough cleansing rather than 

735
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:44,000
quick washing you dress slowly, 
your body still radiating, 

736
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:48,000
residual Heat, The hammer 
experience lingers in Clean Skin

737
00:38:48,000 --> 00:38:51,700
and loosened muscles outside the
Istanbul, Street's bustle with 

738
00:38:51,708 --> 00:38:54,900
late afternoon activity. 
But you carry the hammam's, 

739
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:57,300
peace with you. 
The ritual has reset something 

740
00:38:57,300 --> 00:39:00,600
fundamental. 
The combination of heat water 

741
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:04,000
scrubbing, and human touch has 
reminded your body of its 

742
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:06,800
capacity for Renewal your 
journey through bathing 

743
00:39:06,800 --> 00:39:10,400
Traditions continues across 
continents and centuries Korea 

744
00:39:10,400 --> 00:39:12,700
offers its own variation on 
communal bathing. 

745
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:16,000
The Jim Jill Bank combines 
elements you recognize from 

746
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,900
other Traditions, but adds 
uniquely Korean features these 

747
00:39:19,900 --> 00:39:23,600
facilities operate, 24 hours, 
and servers affordable, lodging,

748
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:26,900
for travelers, social spaces, 
for families, and wellness 

749
00:39:26,900 --> 00:39:28,900
centers for anyone seeking 
relaxation. 

750
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:31,800
You enter a modern Soldier bang 
later tonight. 

751
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,800
The building Rises several 
stories, its entrance bright 

752
00:39:35,800 --> 00:39:38,800
with neon signs. 
The cost of admission includes 

753
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:41,300
access to all facilities for as 
long as you want to stay. 

754
00:39:42,100 --> 00:39:45,800
Some visitors come for a quick 
soak others spend entire days or

755
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:49,100
nights sleeping in designated 
rest areas you pay at the 

756
00:39:49,108 --> 00:39:52,100
counter and receive a uniform. 
Consisting of shorts and a 

757
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:54,600
t-shirt along with a locker key 
worn on your wrist. 

758
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:58,000
The facility separates into 
gendered and common areas. 

759
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:00,300
You head. 
First to the gender specific. 

760
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:04,700
Bathing area where full nudity 
is expected, the space resembles

761
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:07,500
a large tiled bathroom with 
multiple pools of varying 

762
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:12,000
temperatures, hot tubs, cold 
plunge, pools and warm soaking 

763
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:15,600
pools, all offer different 
experiences unlike Japanese 

764
00:40:15,600 --> 00:40:17,500
Onsen with their natural, 
mineral water. 

765
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:20,500
Jim Gill bang, Pools, use 
filtered and treated water 

766
00:40:20,500 --> 00:40:24,400
heated to specific temperatures.
Before entering any pool, you 

767
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:27,100
must shower thoroughly Korean. 
Bathing culture takes 

768
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:30,300
cleanliness, seriously, shower 
stations line, one wall with 

769
00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:34,100
soap shampoo and scrubbing 
implements provided you with 

770
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:37,500
particular attention to detail 
knowing that shared pools, 

771
00:40:37,500 --> 00:40:41,700
demand scrupulous hygiene only 
when completely cleaned you 

772
00:40:41,700 --> 00:40:45,000
approach the baths, you start 
with a warm pool to acclimate. 

773
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:47,500
The water temperature, runs 
comfortable rather than 

774
00:40:47,500 --> 00:40:49,800
challenging. 
You soak for several minutes 

775
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:54,100
feeling the days, tension, begin
to dissolve others, occupy, the 

776
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:56,600
various pools. 
Some sitting in quiet meditation

777
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:00,100
others conversing. 
In low voices, the atmosphere 

778
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:03,400
feels relaxed and unhurried the 
hot pool comes next. 

779
00:41:03,400 --> 00:41:06,900
This water runs significantly 
hotter than the warm pool. 

780
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:10,800
You ease in gradually letting 
your body, adjust the heat, 

781
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:13,200
wraps around your limbs and 
works into your core. 

782
00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,800
Your heart rating, creases 
breathing deepens, the Korean 

783
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:20,600
approached a hot water, differs 
from Japanese Onsen in that the 

784
00:41:20,600 --> 00:41:24,000
temperature while hot. 
Rarely reaches the extreme 

785
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,500
levels of traditional Onsen. 
The goal is sustainable soaking 

786
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:31,000
rather than brief intense heat 
exposure after the hot pool. 

787
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:34,100
You Brave the cold plunge, the 
water temperature, drops close 

788
00:41:34,100 --> 00:41:37,500
to freezing, you submerge 
quickly, gasping at the shop, 

789
00:41:37,500 --> 00:41:40,800
the cold grips, your entire body
in an icy fist. 

790
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:43,800
You stay, perhaps, 30 seconds 
before climbing out. 

791
00:41:44,700 --> 00:41:47,600
The contrast between hot and 
cold creates that familiar Rush 

792
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:51,200
of endorphins your skin tingles 
with heightened sensitivity. 

793
00:41:51,900 --> 00:41:54,500
Many Jim Gill bang offer a 
special scrubbing, service 

794
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:58,400
middle-aged women called demiri 
provide intense exfoliation 

795
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,300
using rough mitts similar to 
Turkish Kizi, you lie on a 

796
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:05,300
raised platform while the demiri
scrubs every accessible inch of 

797
00:42:05,300 --> 00:42:08,000
your skin. 
Treatment borders on aggressive 

798
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,300
gray, rolls of dead skin 
accumulate and our rinsed away. 

799
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:15,900
The demiri work with practiced 
efficiency, neither gentle nor 

800
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:19,800
cruel simply thorough. 
After bathing you change into 

801
00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,400
the provided uniform, this marks
the transition to the common 

802
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:25,200
areas where men and women mingle
freely. 

803
00:42:25,200 --> 00:42:28,200
You leave the bathing section, 
and enter a large communal, 

804
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:32,200
space filled with various heated
rooms, each remains a different 

805
00:42:32,200 --> 00:42:34,500
temperature. 
And atmosphere, The Salt Room 

806
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:38,100
features walls covered in pink. 
Himalayan salt, the temperature 

807
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:41,800
runs warm, but not hot. 
The salt supposedly provides 

808
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:44,700
health benefits through negative
ions and minerals absorbed 

809
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:48,300
through breath and skin. 
You sit on heated floor cushions

810
00:42:48,300 --> 00:42:50,100
and lean against salt crystal 
walls. 

811
00:42:50,100 --> 00:42:53,300
The lighting is dim and peaceful
other visitors. 

812
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:57,600
Read nap or quietly talk. 
The charcoal room, radiates 

813
00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:01,500
intense dry heat the walls and 
floor contain heated charcoal 

814
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:05,700
that releases far infrared rays.
The temperature here Rivals are 

815
00:43:05,700 --> 00:43:08,700
finished sauna. 
Black surfaces, absorb and 

816
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:12,400
radiate heat in steady waves, 
the air itself, feels thick with

817
00:43:12,400 --> 00:43:15,800
warmth. 
You find a spot on the heated 

818
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:19,500
floor and lean against the wall,
the charcoals heat penetrates 

819
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:21,600
differently than water heat or 
Steam Heat. 

820
00:43:21,600 --> 00:43:25,000
It goes deeper somehow working 
its way into joints and muscles 

821
00:43:25,000 --> 00:43:28,500
with persistent intensity. 
Sweat begins flowing within 

822
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:30,800
minutes. 
Not the light perspiration of 

823
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:34,200
moderate exercise. 
This is full body sweating that 

824
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:36,600
soaks your cotton uniform and 
drips from your chin. 

825
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,700
Your hair becomes damp and then 
wet rivulets run down your spine

826
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:43,900
the body's cooling system works 
at maximum capacity. 

827
00:43:43,900 --> 00:43:47,600
You feel your heart beating 
faster pumping blood to the 

828
00:43:47,600 --> 00:43:49,500
surface? 
Where evaporation can cool it. 

829
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:52,500
The sensation borders on 
overwhelming? 

830
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:56,600
You stay 15 minutes before the 
heat becomes too much any 

831
00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:00,400
longer, risks, genuine, 
discomfort or even Danger. the 

832
00:44:00,400 --> 00:44:03,400
charcoal room promises 
detoxification through intense 

833
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:06,600
sweating, whether toxins 
actually leave the body through 

834
00:44:06,600 --> 00:44:10,200
sweat remains scientifically 
debatable But the psychological 

835
00:44:10,200 --> 00:44:14,400
effect of such profound sweating
feels cleansing regardless of 

836
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:18,700
measurable outcomes, you emerge 
drenched and lightheaded ready 

837
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:21,500
for cooling. 
The ice room provides dramatic, 

838
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:25,700
contrast the temperature drops. 
Well, below freezing ice covers 

839
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:29,000
the walls in thick layers, you 
entering your cotton uniform 

840
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:30,700
which provides minimal 
insulation. 

841
00:44:31,600 --> 00:44:36,200
Cold hits hard and fast. 
Two minutes, feels like 10, but 

842
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:39,100
the shock invigorates in ways 
that ordinary cold never could. 

843
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:42,200
Emerging from the ice room into 
normal room. 

844
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,600
Temperature feels like stepping 
into a warm bath, other themed 

845
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:48,700
rooms offer different 
experiences, an oxygen room, 

846
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:52,600
pumps in Rich are for supposed 
respiratory benefits, a yellow 

847
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:55,300
clay room maintains moderate 
heat and uses clay for 

848
00:44:55,300 --> 00:44:59,000
therapeutic purposes. 
A jade room features floors and 

849
00:44:59,000 --> 00:45:01,700
walls of Jade stone. 
Heated to release beneficial 

850
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:05,100
elements whether these various 
rooms deliver their promised 

851
00:45:05,100 --> 00:45:08,500
health benefits remains 
debatable But the experience of 

852
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:11,400
moving between different 
environments, creates a wellness

853
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:13,800
Journey regardless of scientific
validity. 

854
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:17,000
The common area also includes 
sleeping spaces. 

855
00:45:17,000 --> 00:45:20,500
Large rooms with heated floors, 
offer rows of wooden pillows 

856
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:24,100
visitors, stretch out for naps 
between bathing and soreness 

857
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:26,600
sessions. 
Some people spend entire nights 

858
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:28,700
here. 
The Jim Gill bang serving as 

859
00:45:28,700 --> 00:45:31,100
budget. 
Accommodation families, come for

860
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:34,400
affordable weekend outings. 
Couples enjoyed date nights that

861
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:37,300
cost less than a movie and 
dinner food service operates 

862
00:45:37,300 --> 00:45:39,300
Around the Clock. 
You can order traditional 

863
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:42,500
Korean, snacks and meals CA a 
sweet rice. 

864
00:45:42,500 --> 00:45:46,100
Drink is particularly popular 
post sauna Hard-boiled, eggs, 

865
00:45:46,100 --> 00:45:49,200
roasted in the sauna rooms offer
protein, instant noodles 

866
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,900
satisfy, late night hunger, the 
prices remain modest, keeping 

867
00:45:52,900 --> 00:45:55,800
the entire gym, Jill bang 
experience accessible to a wide 

868
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:58,900
economic range. 
You settle into a rest area with

869
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,100
your seat here, the sweet drink 
cools, your overheated body, 

870
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:06,300
around you families, relaxed 
together, teenagers cluster 

871
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:10,900
around, phones elderly, folks 
peacefully the gym, Jill bang, 

872
00:46:10,900 --> 00:46:14,400
democratizes Wellness in ways 
that expensive Spas never could 

873
00:46:15,200 --> 00:46:18,000
Everyone pays the same modest 
fee and accesses the same 

874
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:21,700
facilities, social hierarchies 
fade in matching uniforms. 

875
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:24,700
Russia offers another variation 
on heat and water. 

876
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:28,700
The Banya resembles a Finnish 
sauna in its use of dry heat and

877
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:31,000
steam. 
But rushing bathing culture adds

878
00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:34,300
its own distinct character. 
You find yourself in a 

879
00:46:34,300 --> 00:46:37,000
traditional wooden Banya outside
Moscow on a winter afternoon. 

880
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:41,500
Snow covers the ground in deep 
drifts the temperature outside 

881
00:46:41,500 --> 00:46:43,300
hovers around negative, 20 
Celsius. 

882
00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:47,800
Your breath crystallizes 
instantly in the air, the cold 

883
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,100
bites had Exposed Skin Within 
seconds. 

884
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:53,600
The banea building looks similar
to a finished sauna from outside

885
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:58,400
dark wood construction, whether 
by countless Winters, simple 

886
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:01,100
design that prioritizes function
over decoration. 

887
00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:04,400
Smoke rising from a chimney 
signals that someone has been 

888
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:06,500
tending. 
The fire for hours, the 

889
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:09,900
preparation for Banya takes time
and attention the stones. 

890
00:47:09,900 --> 00:47:13,500
Must reach extreme temperatures.
The wood must be dry and ready. 

891
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:15,700
Everything must be perfect 
before. 

892
00:47:15,700 --> 00:47:19,500
Bathing begins inside Russian 
character asserts itself. 

893
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:23,400
Immediately the heat room called
the perilla feel similar to a 

894
00:47:23,400 --> 00:47:26,100
Finnish sauna, but the 
atmosphere differs Russians 

895
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:27,900
approached bathing with a 
certain Swagger. 

896
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:32,600
They Embrace extremes with pride
the hotter, the better becomes a

897
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:35,000
point of Honor. 
Enduring intense heat, 

898
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:36,700
demonstrates, strength, and 
character. 

899
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:40,200
The perica become a testing 
ground as much as a bathing 

900
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:45,000
space a large brick stove. 
Dominates one end, The patch as 

901
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:48,200
Russians call it holds massive 
Stones, heated to extreme 

902
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:51,000
temperatures. 
The stoves construction follows 

903
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,100
traditional designs perfected 
over centuries it. 

904
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:58,400
Radiates heat in powerful waves,
a platform's line, the walls at 

905
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:00,900
different heights. 
Each level offering escalating 

906
00:48:00,900 --> 00:48:03,400
intensity. 
The highest platform of the 

907
00:48:03,408 --> 00:48:05,700
ceiling holds heat, that would 
seem unbearable to the 

908
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:08,400
uninitiated. 
You climb to an upper platform 

909
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,500
for maximum heat the air at 
ceiling level Shimmers with 

910
00:48:11,500 --> 00:48:15,100
intensity looking toward the 
stove creates wavy distortions 

911
00:48:15,100 --> 00:48:17,100
like heat rising from Summer 
pavement. 

912
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:21,100
Your lungs are just to breathing
the scorching are each inhale 

913
00:48:21,100 --> 00:48:24,100
requires slight adjustment. 
Breathing through your nose. 

914
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,500
Helps filter and cool. 
The S lightly your skin begins 

915
00:48:27,500 --> 00:48:31,000
to Glow pink within moments. 
A bundle of birch or Oak 

916
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:33,000
branches called a venik hangs 
nearby. 

917
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:36,300
The Russian version of The 
Finnish Vita serves similar 

918
00:48:36,300 --> 00:48:37,800
purposes. 
But with more vigorous 

919
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:41,200
application, the Venice has been
soaked in hot water to soften 

920
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,700
the leaves and release aromatic 
oils, but Remains the most 

921
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:48,200
traditional choice though. 
Oak, you clip to Juniper all 

922
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,000
have their devotees. 
Each word offers different 

923
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,700
scents and supposed to benefits 
your companion. 

924
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:55,900
Following tradition uses the 
venik on you. 

925
00:48:56,600 --> 00:49:00,100
Not gentle tapping like finish 
practice Russian swing, the 

926
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:03,800
branches with considerable Force
creating gusts of superheated 

927
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:07,200
air that envelope, your body. 
The venik master of skilled 

928
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:10,700
makes the branches crack like 
whips, the sound echoes in the 

929
00:49:10,708 --> 00:49:13,500
small space, the heated air 
pushed by The Swinging. 

930
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:15,800
Branches feels even hotter than 
the ambient temperature. 

931
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,800
Your skin receives the full 
treatment, the sensation 

932
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:23,600
combines heat impact and the 
aromatic oils from crushed 

933
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:26,700
leaves your back and shoulders. 
Turn bright red under the 

934
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:29,200
treatment. 
The vigorous massage stimulates 

935
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:32,500
circulation dramatically blood 
rushes to the surface. 

936
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:37,000
Every nerve ending Act of 8/8, 
the combination of extreme heat 

937
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:40,100
and physical stimulation creates
intensity that borders on 

938
00:49:40,100 --> 00:49:42,800
transcendent. 
Some Russians described the 

939
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:45,400
experience. 
As spiritual others simply call 

940
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:48,300
it invigorating. 
Either way, it demands your 

941
00:49:48,300 --> 00:49:52,200
complete attention. 
The Vanek massages for several 

942
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,500
minutes then your companions 
signals that the first round is 

943
00:49:55,500 --> 00:49:57,900
complete. 
You climb down from the platform

944
00:49:57,900 --> 00:50:00,400
carefully. 
The Heat and vigorous treatment 

945
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:03,600
of left you slightly dizzy. 
You drink water from a wooden 

946
00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:05,700
Ladle. 
The cool liquid feels like 

947
00:50:05,700 --> 00:50:08,100
salvation. 
Your body has lost significant 

948
00:50:08,100 --> 00:50:11,100
fluid through sweating 
rehydration becomes essential 

949
00:50:12,300 --> 00:50:15,100
Between sessions in the perilla.
The traditional choice is 

950
00:50:15,100 --> 00:50:18,000
dramatic you step outside and 
dive into snow. 

951
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:22,200
Not a cold pool, not a lake, 
just snow piled, deep beside, 

952
00:50:22,200 --> 00:50:25,500
the Banya entrance, the shock 
exceeds anything you experience 

953
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,600
in Finland or Korea. 
You're overheated body meets 

954
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:32,000
snow and the contrast creates a 
brief moment of sensory 

955
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:34,400
overload. 
Then you scramble back inside 

956
00:50:34,400 --> 00:50:38,400
skin tingling with 1000 needles 
of sensation, the Banya serves 

957
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:40,800
social functions similar to 
other bathing, Traditions, 

958
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:43,600
friends gather for weekly 
sessions business. 

959
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:48,200
Associates, meet families Bond. 
Between rounds of extreme heat 

960
00:50:48,200 --> 00:50:51,900
participants rest. 
Drink tea eat pickles and talk. 

961
00:50:52,800 --> 00:50:55,500
The Banya become a space outside
normal social rules. 

962
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,200
Nakedness and shared heat. 
Create unexpected honesty. 

963
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,600
Some Russian Banias include a 
bucket of cold water, rigged 

964
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:05,700
above the door, pull a rope and 
gallons of iced water Cascade 

965
00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:07,700
over. 
You the shock provides an 

966
00:51:07,700 --> 00:51:09,900
alternative to snow diving 
either way. 

967
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:12,200
The Russian approached to 
temperature contrast makes 

968
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:15,200
Finnish practice. 
Seem almost gentle Russians 

969
00:51:15,200 --> 00:51:17,700
Embrace extremes. 
The hotter, the better the 

970
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:20,000
colder. 
The better moderation finds no 

971
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,200
home in the Banya rocket brings 
you to yet another Hammam 

972
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:26,700
variation North African hammams 
evolved from the same Roman 

973
00:51:26,700 --> 00:51:29,700
roots as Turkish baths but 
developed their own character 

974
00:51:29,700 --> 00:51:31,700
over. 
Centuries you enter a 

975
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:33,300
traditional Moroccan ham in 
Marrakesh. 

976
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,700
Carrying a small bag of 
supplies, rockin's bring their 

977
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:38,900
own soap made from olive oil and
black olives. 

978
00:51:38,900 --> 00:51:42,300
He carry a Kessler glove for 
scrubbing and clay for a 

979
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:44,700
traditional face and body mask 
the Moroccan. 

980
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:47,700
Hammam, feels more utilitarian 
in the Turkish ones, the 

981
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:51,100
architecture serves function 
over Aesthetics tiled rooms with

982
00:51:51,100 --> 00:51:52,900
Dome ceilings and basic 
lighting. 

983
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:56,400
The heated rooms maintain warmth
through simple, furnaces rather 

984
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:58,200
than elaborate hypocrisy 
systems. 

985
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:02,000
The atmosphere Is thorough 
cleansing rather than luxurious 

986
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:04,700
relaxation. 
You move through increasingly 

987
00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:07,600
warm rooms. 
The coldest room allows initial 

988
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:09,800
acclimation. 
The middle room provides 

989
00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:11,900
moderate. 
Heat for washing the hottest 

990
00:52:11,900 --> 00:52:13,900
room with its Steam and 
intensity. 

991
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:17,400
Prepare skin for scrubbing, The 
Heat and moisture work together 

992
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:21,100
to soften skin and open pores. 
The scrubbing, ritual feels more

993
00:52:21,100 --> 00:52:24,900
vigorous than Turkish practice 
using the Kessa glove either 

994
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,300
yourself or an attendant scours 
skin until dead cells. 

995
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:32,100
Roll off invisible quantities, 
The process seems almost violent

996
00:52:32,100 --> 00:52:35,400
but leaves skin, incredibly 
smooth, the gloves, rough 

997
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:39,200
texture makes Turkish Keys, feel
gentle by comparison after 

998
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,100
scrubbing. 
You apply the clay mask, The 

999
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:45,000
mineral Rich clay covers Exposed
Skin in a thick layer. 

1000
00:52:45,000 --> 00:52:48,700
You sit in the Steam while the 
clay dries and draws impurities 

1001
00:52:48,700 --> 00:52:52,400
from pause the mask Titans. 
As it dries, creating a 

1002
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,800
sensation of your face being 
gently, compressed when rinsed 

1003
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:58,500
away, the clay, takes surface 
dirt and sebum with it. 

1004
00:52:59,300 --> 00:53:02,500
The final stage involves 
traditional black soap made from

1005
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,500
olive oil and black olives, this
soft soap has been used for 

1006
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:08,100
centuries. 
It lacks the lava of commercial 

1007
00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:11,200
soaps, but cleaned effectively 
through oil-based cleansing. 

1008
00:53:12,000 --> 00:53:15,300
You apply it liberally, massage 
it into skin, then rinse 

1009
00:53:15,300 --> 00:53:18,300
thoroughly. 
Your skin emerges clean in ways 

1010
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:19,900
that Western showering never 
achieves. 

1011
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,500
Moroccan hammams often feel like
neighborhood living rooms women,

1012
00:53:24,500 --> 00:53:27,400
gather for hours of bathing 
gospel and Community Building 

1013
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:30,800
children, run between rooms, 
friends, help scrub. 

1014
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:34,000
Each other's backs, the hammer 
serves a social infrastructure, 

1015
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:36,800
especially in neighborhoods, 
where many homes, lack, private 

1016
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,500
bathing facilities. 
The communal nature creates 

1017
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,400
bonds that privacy focused 
modern culture, often Lacks. 

1018
00:53:43,400 --> 00:53:45,900
Indigenous sweat lodge 
Traditions offer profound 

1019
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:50,600
contrasts Native American Inuit 
and other indigenous cultures 

1020
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:53,100
developed their own heat-based 
purification rituals. 

1021
00:53:53,100 --> 00:53:56,700
While specific practices vary 
among tribes and Nations many 

1022
00:53:56,700 --> 00:53:59,700
share common elements. 
You approach a sweat lodge. 

1023
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,600
A dome-shaped structure 
traditionally made from bent 

1024
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:06,100
saplings covered with hides or 
blankets, the lodge represents, 

1025
00:54:06,100 --> 00:54:09,100
the womb of Mother Earth, 
everything about the structure 

1026
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:12,500
and ceremony carries symbolic. 
Meaning the entrance faces East 

1027
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:16,200
to greet, the Rising Sun heated 
stones called grandfathers 

1028
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:19,400
transfer heat from sacred fire 
to the lodge interior. 

1029
00:54:19,400 --> 00:54:22,900
Water poured on the Stone's 
creates Steam and releases the 

1030
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:26,000
stone spiritual energy. 
You enter the lodge on hands and

1031
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:28,800
knees the low entrance requires 
humility. 

1032
00:54:29,700 --> 00:54:33,300
Inside darkness and develops you
except for the faint glow of 

1033
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:36,500
heated stones. 
Other participants sit in a 

1034
00:54:36,500 --> 00:54:39,900
circle around the stone pit. 
The lodge leader Paul's water on

1035
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:42,000
the stones and steam fills the 
small space. 

1036
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:46,300
The heat builds quickly to 
intense levels the sweat lodge 

1037
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,500
functions as spiritual ceremony.
Not casual bathing prayers, are 

1038
00:54:50,500 --> 00:54:54,100
offered songs, are sung. 
The heat purifies, not just the 

1039
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,300
body but the spirit Full rounds 
of increasing. 

1040
00:54:57,300 --> 00:54:59,800
Heat represent different aspects
of life and healing. 

1041
00:55:00,500 --> 00:55:03,900
Between rounds the door opens 
briefly allowing cool air to 

1042
00:55:03,900 --> 00:55:06,400
enter. 
But the reprieve lasts only 

1043
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:08,000
minutes before the next round 
Begins. 

1044
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:12,200
The intensity exceeds casual 
bathing experiences the 

1045
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:16,400
combination of extreme heat 
darkness and spiritual context 

1046
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:19,800
creates an altered state 
participants report Visions, 

1047
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:22,900
emotional releases and profound 
insights. 

1048
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:26,800
The sweat lodge addresses 
Wellness, holistically treating 

1049
00:55:26,800 --> 00:55:29,000
mind body and spirit is 
inseparable. 

1050
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:33,400
After the ceremony participants 
emerge Reborn the Heat and 

1051
00:55:33,400 --> 00:55:35,400
prayer and darkness strip away 
the layers. 

1052
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:39,100
People carry, they step outside 
feeling lighter clearer, more 

1053
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:41,200
connected to the cells and the 
natural world. 

1054
00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:44,500
The sweat lodge reminds 
participants of their place in 

1055
00:55:44,500 --> 00:55:47,500
the greater web of existence. 
Bathing tradition. 

1056
00:55:47,500 --> 00:55:49,100
You have visited reveals 
culture. 

1057
00:55:50,000 --> 00:55:52,100
Fins value, Simplicity, and 
endurance. 

1058
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:54,700
The Japanese seek harmony with 
nature. 

1059
00:55:54,700 --> 00:55:57,300
The Romans built monuments to 
Civic life. 

1060
00:55:57,300 --> 00:56:02,000
The Turks refined cleanliness to
an art, the Koreans democratized

1061
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:05,700
Wellness, the Russians embraced 
extremes, the Moroccans 

1062
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:09,400
maintained ancient practices 
indigenous peoples honored the 

1063
00:56:09,400 --> 00:56:12,600
sacred in sweat and prayer. 
But common threads, run through 

1064
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:16,300
all Traditions, he opens the 
body, water cleanses, it 

1065
00:56:16,300 --> 00:56:19,100
Community forms around shared 
vulnerability. 

1066
00:56:19,100 --> 00:56:22,600
The ritual of bathing marks 
transitions between states, 

1067
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:27,900
dirty to clean tents to relaxed 
isolated to Connected profane to

1068
00:56:27,900 --> 00:56:30,400
Sacred. 
Every culture that learned to 

1069
00:56:30,408 --> 00:56:33,500
heat water discovered, these 
Transformations, you return to 

1070
00:56:33,500 --> 00:56:36,100
the present moment. 
Your journey through bathing 

1071
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:38,700
Traditions has revealed a 
fundamental human truth. 

1072
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:42,800
We are bodies that need tending,
we accumulate dust and tension 

1073
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:46,000
and isolation, we need heat to 
penetrate our armor. 

1074
00:56:46,000 --> 00:56:48,800
We need water to wash away. 
What no longer serves. 

1075
00:56:48,800 --> 00:56:51,800
We need the Presence of others 
to remind us, we belong to 

1076
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:54,200
something larger than our 
individual concerns. 

1077
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:58,200
Modern Life, often reduces 
bathing to a utilitarian tasks 

1078
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:02,100
quick showers squeezed between 
appointments functional washing 

1079
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,400
without ceremony. 
The efficiency makes sense in a 

1080
00:57:05,400 --> 00:57:08,300
rushed world. 
But something important gets 

1081
00:57:08,300 --> 00:57:11,400
lost when bathing becomes just 
another item on an endless 

1082
00:57:11,400 --> 00:57:13,700
checklist. 
The Traditions, you explore 

1083
00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:17,200
tonight, understand bathing as 
portal and practice, a way to 

1084
00:57:17,208 --> 00:57:20,400
Mark transitions a method for 
maintaining not just hygiene, 

1085
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:23,800
but Humanity, you need not 
travel to distant countries to 

1086
00:57:23,800 --> 00:57:27,100
reclaim this wisdom. 
A bath drawn with care becomes a

1087
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:30,300
ritual hot water run, deep 
enough to submerge shoulders 

1088
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:34,000
time, set aside without 
interruption even a simple 

1089
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:37,300
shower transforms when 
approached with presence feel. 

1090
00:57:37,300 --> 00:57:41,400
The water temperature, notice 
how heat relaxes muscle these 

1091
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:44,700
smaller tensions, can convert 
routine into practice, the 

1092
00:57:44,700 --> 00:57:48,100
contrast of temperatures serves 
everyone ending a hot shower 

1093
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:50,000
with cold water provides 
benefits. 

1094
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,700
Documented by research, the cold
strength and circulation, and 

1095
00:57:53,700 --> 00:57:57,100
boosts immunity. 
Fins and Russians and Koreans 

1096
00:57:57,100 --> 00:57:59,200
new this through experience 
Science. 

1097
00:57:59,200 --> 00:58:02,600
Now confirms their wisdom, your 
body responds to challenges. 

1098
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:06,300
The controls stress of 
temperature variation, makes you

1099
00:58:06,300 --> 00:58:09,900
more resilient Community. 
Bathing still exists, even in 

1100
00:58:09,900 --> 00:58:13,200
modern isolation. 
Public pools and gyms offer 

1101
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:16,500
spaces, where bodies gather. 
Spar facilities provide 

1102
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:19,900
opportunities for shared heat 
and water, even visiting these 

1103
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:22,600
spaces, occasionally reconnects 
you to the ancient practice of 

1104
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:25,700
bathing together. 
The reminder that bodies are 

1105
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:29,800
normal that everyone has one 
that basic Humanity, transcends 

1106
00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:33,000
individual differences, the 
sensory aspects of bathing 

1107
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:37,500
deserve attention, the smell of 
Clean Skin, the texture of water

1108
00:58:37,500 --> 00:58:41,500
on closed eyes, the sound of 
droplets falling the taste of 

1109
00:58:41,508 --> 00:58:44,500
Steam on your tongue. 
The site of condensation on 

1110
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:46,700
mirrors. 
Each sense, offers information 

1111
00:58:46,700 --> 00:58:50,000
when you pause to notice, 
Bathing becomes meditation. 

1112
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:53,500
When experienced fully your skin
is your largest organ. 

1113
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:57,300
It breathes and absorbs and 
protects it, deserves care and 

1114
00:58:57,300 --> 00:58:59,900
attention. 
The scrubbing Traditions you 

1115
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:03,300
encountered to night, recognize 
this dead skin, accumulates 

1116
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:07,300
constantly washing removes some 
but not all periodic. 

1117
00:59:07,300 --> 00:59:10,500
Exfoliation, renew Skin's 
ability to function, heat 

1118
00:59:10,500 --> 00:59:12,900
therapy provides benefits Beyond
relaxation. 

1119
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:16,600
Regular sauna use correlates 
with reduced cardiovascular 

1120
00:59:16,600 --> 00:59:20,300
disease and improved longevity. 
The mechanism relates to 

1121
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:23,900
cardiovascular conditioning, 
your heart Works harder in heat.

1122
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,100
Blood vessels dilate and 
constrict in patterns that 

1123
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:30,700
strengthen their flexibility. 
Mineral water offers specific 

1124
00:59:30,700 --> 00:59:33,700
therapeutic. 
Benefits sulfur helps skin 

1125
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:37,700
conditions, magnesium uses 
muscle pain, calcium strengthens

1126
00:59:37,700 --> 00:59:40,100
bones, iron addresses 
deficiency. 

1127
00:59:41,100 --> 00:59:44,500
Well, you might not have access 
to Natural Hot Springs, Epsom, 

1128
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:46,300
salt baths provide, magnesium, 
absorption. 

1129
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,300
The psychological impact of 
bathing, rituals matters. 

1130
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:53,600
Most the physical benefits are 
real and valuable, but the 

1131
00:59:53,600 --> 00:59:56,900
mental shift, bathing creates 
might matter more, the ritual 

1132
00:59:56,900 --> 01:00:01,100
marks are boundary work ends, 
stress washers away, the body, 

1133
01:00:01,100 --> 01:00:04,700
receives care and attention this
regular practice builds 

1134
01:00:04,700 --> 01:00:07,600
resilience against modern life's
Relentless demands. 

1135
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:10,600
Different seasons call for 
different bathing practices, 

1136
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:14,000
winter, invites hot. 
Soaks that penetrate cold 

1137
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:17,100
stiffened muscles. 
Some must suggest cooler water 

1138
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,300
and briefer, sessions spring 
encourages, renewal through 

1139
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:24,400
scrubbing, fall invites 
reflection in Steam bathing 

1140
01:00:24,400 --> 01:00:28,000
before sleep, serve specific 
purposes, the rise and fall of 

1141
01:00:28,000 --> 01:00:30,200
body temperature. 
After a hot bath triggers sleep,

1142
01:00:30,200 --> 01:00:32,500
mechanisms your core temperature
drops. 

1143
01:00:32,500 --> 01:00:36,400
As you cool signaling that sleep
time approaches the relaxation 

1144
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,700
of muscles removes physical 
tension, the ritual itself 

1145
01:00:39,700 --> 01:00:42,000
becomes a sleep cue. 
You might create your own 

1146
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:45,900
bathing ritual, it need not copy
any traditional exactly take 

1147
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,300
elements that resonate, the 
Finish appreciation for heat and

1148
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:52,700
cold contrast, a Japanese 
attention to thorough, cleaning 

1149
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:56,400
a Turkish commitment to 
scrubbing, a Korean Embrace of 

1150
01:00:56,408 --> 01:01:00,800
varied experience is a Russian 
willingness to endure the ritual

1151
01:01:00,800 --> 01:01:04,200
might, look simple from outside.
Perhaps you draw a hot bath 

1152
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:06,900
twice a week. 
You add Epsom salt for minerals,

1153
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:08,800
you light a candle for 
atmosphere. 

1154
01:01:08,800 --> 01:01:12,100
You submerge completely and 
breathe deeply for 20 minutes. 

1155
01:01:12,100 --> 01:01:15,700
You scrub with a rough cloth. 
You rinse under a cool shower. 

1156
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:19,000
You dry slowly. 
But those 40 minutes create a 

1157
01:01:19,008 --> 01:01:22,300
boundary around your well-being.
They announced that you matter 

1158
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:26,000
that your body deserves tending 
that the Relentless forward 

1159
01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:29,300
motion of Modern Life. 
Can pause the water holds you 

1160
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:31,500
the heat penetrates your 
defenses. 

1161
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:34,600
Bathing connects you to 
ancestors across all cultures. 

1162
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:38,000
They heated water in clay pots 
and stone basins. 

1163
01:01:38,000 --> 01:01:40,400
They poured it over their bodies
and steamed. 

1164
01:01:40,400 --> 01:01:44,000
Huts, they gathered beside hot 
springs and built elaborate 

1165
01:01:44,000 --> 01:01:46,500
temples around them. 
They understood that, the body 

1166
01:01:46,500 --> 01:01:50,700
is the souls home, that this 
home requires maintenance, A 

1167
01:01:50,700 --> 01:01:54,000
Traditions you visited tonight 
still exist, Finnish sonas 

1168
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:55,900
operate. 
Everywhere Finns have settled 

1169
01:01:55,900 --> 01:01:59,300
Japanese Onsen, welcome. 
Visitors throughout the volcanic

1170
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:01,700
islands. 
Turkish Hammam, still serve 

1171
01:02:01,700 --> 01:02:05,500
neighborhoods, Korean Jim Jill, 
bangs Buzz with activity Russian

1172
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:09,500
Banias heat stones in Moscow and
Brooklyn hammams continue. 

1173
01:02:09,500 --> 01:02:12,200
Ancient practices. 
You can visit these places if 

1174
01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:15,500
opportunity allows but even 
without travel you carry the 

1175
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:20,200
lessons he opens water cleanses 
Community forms in shared 

1176
01:02:20,200 --> 01:02:25,000
vulnerability Ritual transforms 
routine into practice, your body

1177
01:02:25,000 --> 01:02:28,600
responds to attention. 
Tonight, as you prepare for 

1178
01:02:28,600 --> 01:02:30,400
Sleep, consider your own 
bathing. 

1179
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:32,200
When did it become merely 
functional. 

1180
01:02:32,200 --> 01:02:35,900
What might shift if you reclaim 
it, as ritual, how would it feel

1181
01:02:35,908 --> 01:02:38,900
to approach your shower or bath 
with the same reverence of Finn 

1182
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,900
brings to the sauna? 
A Japanese bather brings to the 

1183
01:02:41,908 --> 01:02:44,300
Onsen. 
A Turkish visitor brings to the 

1184
01:02:44,308 --> 01:02:46,300
Hammam. 
The water is the same. 

1185
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:51,100
The heat is available, only your
attention needs to shift, your 

1186
01:02:51,100 --> 01:02:54,100
body has carried, you through 
another day, it navigated 

1187
01:02:54,100 --> 01:02:55,800
challenges and maintained 
functions. 

1188
01:02:55,800 --> 01:02:58,900
You never consciously Direct 
Your heart beat, without 

1189
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:03,200
reminding your lungs, breathed, 
without instruction your skin 

1190
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:07,300
protected your muscles moved. 
This faithful servant deserves 

1191
01:03:07,300 --> 01:03:10,400
more than a quick, rinse, it 
merits, heat and care. 

1192
01:03:10,400 --> 01:03:13,900
And the acknowledgment that 
physical formatters, the body 

1193
01:03:13,900 --> 01:03:17,700
asks, so little really just 
regular tending, just attention 

1194
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:21,200
and warmth and the occasional 
luxury of being truly clean. 

1195
01:03:22,300 --> 01:03:25,500
The ancient Romans believed that
barthes preserved civilization 

1196
01:03:25,500 --> 01:03:27,500
itself. 
They might have been right. 

1197
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:31,000
When people bathe together, they
remember their common Humanity. 

1198
01:03:31,000 --> 01:03:35,100
When individuals bathe mine for 
me, they reconnect with the body

1199
01:03:35,100 --> 01:03:38,500
that houses them. 
The practice maintains a thread 

1200
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:42,400
of Sanity in a world that often 
seems designed to disconnect you

1201
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:46,100
from physical existence. 
The Romans understood that a 

1202
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:48,300
City without proper bars. 
Was barely a city at all. 

1203
01:03:48,308 --> 01:03:52,300
The baths became the heart of 
Civic life, you have traveled to

1204
01:03:52,300 --> 01:03:54,600
night through Steam and heat and
cold water. 

1205
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:58,100
You witnessed finish endurance 
in the face of winter Darkness. 

1206
01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:01,900
You experience Japanese harmony 
with volcanic gifts from the 

1207
01:04:01,908 --> 01:04:03,800
Earth. 
You walked through Roman 

1208
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:05,700
Grandeur built on engineering 
and Empire. 

1209
01:04:05,700 --> 01:04:08,600
You felt Turkish thoroughness in
the vigorous scrubbing. 

1210
01:04:08,600 --> 01:04:11,600
You embraced Korean democracy 
and affordable Wellness. 

1211
01:04:11,600 --> 01:04:13,900
You endured Russian Extremes in 
Birch. 

1212
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:17,500
Branches and snow you absorbed 
Moroccan tradition passed down 

1213
01:04:17,500 --> 01:04:20,400
through generations. 
You honored indigenous reverence

1214
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:22,100
for the sacred in ordinary 
sweat. 

1215
01:04:23,100 --> 01:04:27,000
The journey ends where it began 
you rest in your own space your 

1216
01:04:27,000 --> 01:04:30,500
own time, your own body, the 
Traditions you visited continue 

1217
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:33,800
Without You fins will heat their
saunas tomorrow and dive into 

1218
01:04:33,800 --> 01:04:36,100
frozen lakes. 
Japanese bathers. 

1219
01:04:36,100 --> 01:04:38,500
Will ease into Mineral Springs 
while snow falls on their 

1220
01:04:38,500 --> 01:04:41,900
shoulders, Turkish attendance 
will swing their keys gloves 

1221
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:45,200
with practiced vigor. 
Korean families will gather in 

1222
01:04:45,200 --> 01:04:48,400
Jim Jill bangs for affordable 
wellness and Community Russian 

1223
01:04:48,400 --> 01:04:51,200
friends will Brave the snow 
between rounds of intense, heat 

1224
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:53,800
Moroccan neighbors will scrub in
neighborhood. 

1225
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:57,400
Hammams indigenous, ceremonies 
will honor the grandfathers in 

1226
01:04:57,400 --> 01:05:01,100
sweat lodges, the ancient 
practices persist and evolve and

1227
01:05:01,108 --> 01:05:04,400
welcome new, participants every 
day and perhaps tomorrow. 

1228
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:06,800
Or next week you will draw a 
bath. 

1229
01:05:06,800 --> 01:05:09,900
You will pay attention to the 
water's temperature, as it flows

1230
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,900
from the tap, you will notice 
steam rising and collecting on. 

1231
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:16,400
Cool surfaces, you will feel 
heat, penetrating tired muscles 

1232
01:05:16,400 --> 01:05:19,400
that have carried you through 
your days, you will remember 

1233
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:22,100
that this simple act can 
connects you to every culture. 

1234
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:25,000
And every era that understood 
bathing as more than mere 

1235
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:28,800
washing, you will emerge clean 
in body and somehow renewed in 

1236
01:05:28,800 --> 01:05:31,200
spirit, the water will drain 
away. 

1237
01:05:31,200 --> 01:05:33,600
Carrying with it, what no longer
serves. 

1238
01:05:34,500 --> 01:05:38,200
You will draw slowly attending 
to skin that now glows pink and 

1239
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:42,000
alive and grateful for the care.
This is the gift of bathing. 

1240
01:05:42,000 --> 01:05:45,000
Traditions, they remind you that
care of the body is sacred, 

1241
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:47,200
work, that heat and water 
together. 

1242
01:05:47,200 --> 01:05:50,000
Create healing. 
That the rituals of tending, 

1243
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,600
yourself matter, deeply that 
your daily shower or weekly bath

1244
01:05:53,600 --> 01:05:56,600
can be transformed through 
simple attention into something 

1245
01:05:56,600 --> 01:06:00,300
approaching ceremony. 
The steam Rises and dissipates 

1246
01:06:00,300 --> 01:06:03,600
the heat Fades but leaves its 
Mark in relaxed muscles and 

1247
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:06,300
clear Airways. 
The water drains but leaves you 

1248
01:06:06,300 --> 01:06:09,900
cleaner than before the ritual 
ends but it's affects linger. 

1249
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:14,300
You carry the experience forward
into sleep and tomorrow, your 

1250
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:17,700
body remembers being tended, 
your mind recalls, the pause in 

1251
01:06:17,708 --> 01:06:21,500
Relentless Forward Motion, your 
spirit recognizes that you pause

1252
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:24,900
to honor the home in habits 
sleep comes easily after such 

1253
01:06:24,900 --> 01:06:27,300
tending. 
Your body temperature slowly 

1254
01:06:27,300 --> 01:06:30,200
returns to Baseline. 
After the imagined heat, your 

1255
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:34,100
muscles rest without tension or 
complaint your breathing deepens

1256
01:06:34,100 --> 01:06:36,300
naturally into the rhythm of 
approaching sleep. 

1257
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:39,700
The images from tonight's 
Journey drift through your mind 

1258
01:06:39,700 --> 01:06:43,300
like, Steam. 
Finish Birch leaves Japanese 

1259
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:47,600
snow falling on Hot Springs, 
Roman marble columns Turkish 

1260
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:52,300
foam, Korean ice rooms Russian, 
snow drifts or rock and Clay 

1261
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:54,700
Sacred Stones glowing in 
darkness. 

1262
01:06:54,700 --> 01:06:58,600
All of it reducing to Simple 
Truth water holds you. 

1263
01:06:59,500 --> 01:07:02,600
Opens you ritual reminds you 
that you matter beyond your 

1264
01:07:02,608 --> 01:07:05,200
utility. 
The body is more than machine. 

1265
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:08,900
It is Temple home, vessel and 
companion. 

1266
01:07:09,600 --> 01:07:12,400
It deserves the care that every 
culture across history has 

1267
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:16,100
recognized through their bathing
traditions. tomorrow's shower or

1268
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:19,200
next week's bath can become 
practice rather than sure the 

1269
01:07:19,200 --> 01:07:23,000
water weights, patient and ready
to carry away, what burdens you 

1270
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:26,400
and leave, you renewed, the 
world spins through Darkness 

1271
01:07:26,400 --> 01:07:29,700
toward Mourning, But for now you
rest in the knowledge that 

1272
01:07:29,700 --> 01:07:34,000
bathing is ancient wisdom 
accessible in modern times that 

1273
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:36,700
heat and water together, create 
transformation of available to 

1274
01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:38,500
anyone with access to a tub or 
shower. 

1275
01:07:39,300 --> 01:07:41,900
That the body, you inhabit, 
merits, attention and care. 

1276
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,900
That the simple Act of washing 
can be elevated through 

1277
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:49,100
Consciousness into something, 
approaching sacred, the steam 

1278
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:52,200
clears, the water drains, The 
dissipates. 

1279
01:07:52,200 --> 01:07:57,300
You remain cleaner and somehow 
lighter than before the 

1280
01:07:57,300 --> 01:07:59,800
Traditions continue across 
oceans and centuries. 

1281
01:07:59,800 --> 01:08:04,300
The heat rises the water flows. 
The body's gather or bathe the 

1282
01:08:04,308 --> 01:08:06,600
loan. 
All participating in rituals as 

1283
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:10,500
old as fire and hot springs, all
discovering that washing becomes

1284
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:12,400
something more. 
When approached with reverence 

1285
01:08:12,400 --> 01:08:15,900
all learning what your body, 
already knows that warmth and 

1286
01:08:15,900 --> 01:08:17,100
water together. 
Heal, what? 

1287
01:08:17,100 --> 01:08:20,600
Daily life tears down that 
bathing is medicine meditation 

1288
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:22,899
and Rememberance all at once, 
rest. 

1289
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:25,899
Now, in this knowing that the 
images of bathing Traditions 

1290
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:30,399
drift into dreams, finish Steam 
and Japanese snow and Roman 

1291
01:08:30,399 --> 01:08:34,700
marble and Turkish foam, and 
Korean ice, and Russian Birch 

1292
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:38,200
and Moroccan clay. 
And sacred ceremony is all of 

1293
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:40,000
it. 
Teaching the same lesson, take 

1294
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:43,500
care of the body on its needs. 
Create rituals that Mark, your 

1295
01:08:43,500 --> 01:08:46,899
tending, as important, the world
will demand much from you 

1296
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:49,399
tomorrow. 
But tonight you have bathed in 

1297
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:51,399
wisdom gathered across cultures 
and centuries. 

1298
01:08:51,899 --> 01:08:54,399
You have learned that the simple
Act of heating water and 

1299
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:58,200
applying it to skin can be 
practiced prayer and profound 

1300
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:00,000
self-care. 
The water. 

1301
01:09:00,000 --> 01:09:03,800
Remembers every ocean and river 
and rain, cloud and hot spring 

1302
01:09:03,800 --> 01:09:06,100
every heated bath and steaming 
room. 

1303
01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,700
Every culture that gathered 
around warmth and moisture, the 

1304
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:12,100
water holds the memory of 
tending and healing and 

1305
01:09:12,100 --> 01:09:15,899
transformation. 
You add your own experience to 

1306
01:09:15,899 --> 01:09:18,600
this ancient knowledge, the 
water that cleans you tonight 

1307
01:09:18,600 --> 01:09:22,000
will evaporate and fall as rain 
and flow to the Sea and Rise 

1308
01:09:22,000 --> 01:09:25,100
Again, endless cycle, eternal 
return. 

1309
01:09:25,100 --> 01:09:28,899
The wisdom of bathing flows. 
Onward available to all who 

1310
01:09:28,899 --> 01:09:32,700
pours long enough to notice 
sleep finds you gently, your 

1311
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:37,000
body rests clean and warm your 
mind drifts through Steam and 

1312
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:39,399
memories. 
Your spirit knows, it has been 

1313
01:09:39,408 --> 01:09:42,000
honored through the simple Act 
of bathing approached with 

1314
01:09:42,000 --> 01:09:45,500
attention tomorrow, brings its 
own demands and challenges. 

1315
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:49,100
But tonight you rest in the 
knowledge that care of the body 

1316
01:09:49,100 --> 01:09:51,399
is sacred work that he didn't 
water. 

1317
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:54,800
Create healing, that ancient 
wisdom lives in modern showers 

1318
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:59,100
and bathtubs that you matter 
enough to 10 the Traditions with

1319
01:09:59,100 --> 01:10:00,900
without you as they have for 
Millennia. 

1320
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:04,800
But you carry them forward. 
Now to in your next bath or 

1321
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:07,600
shower in the attention you 
bring to heating water and 

1322
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:11,000
cleaning skin in the recognition
that this daily act can be 

1323
01:10:11,000 --> 01:10:14,100
transformed through simple 
Consciousness into ritual that 

1324
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:15,900
Honors, the body's needs and 
wisdom. 

1325
01:10:16,800 --> 01:10:20,200
Fins, and Japanese and Romans 
and Turks, and Koreans, and 

1326
01:10:20,200 --> 01:10:23,500
Russians, and Moroccans, and 
Indigenous peoples knew this 

1327
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:25,600
truth. 
Now, you know it too. 

1328
01:10:25,600 --> 01:10:29,700
The water flows on the heat 
rises the body's gather and 

1329
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:33,900
bathe and emerge, renewed, the 
ancient practice continues and 

1330
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:37,700
you rest clean and warm and 
somehow transformed by the 

1331
01:10:37,700 --> 01:10:40,300
simple. 
Wisdom of heat and water, and 

1332
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:46,900
attentive care. 
Good night, Imagine New York 

1333
01:10:46,908 --> 01:10:50,800
City in 1904 when the tallest 
skyscrapers hardly reached the 

1334
01:10:50,808 --> 01:10:54,500
skyline and horses continued to 
clip clop along cobblestone 

1335
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:57,500
streets with the occasional car.
Julius Robert Oppenheimer 

1336
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:00,700
though, everyone would call him,
Robert, or simply oppy to his 

1337
01:11:00,708 --> 01:11:04,100
friends was born into this world
of Gaslight and escalating 

1338
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:07,100
ambition, though Roberts early 
years, were depicted in more 

1339
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:09,100
general terms. 
You might think that future 

1340
01:11:09,100 --> 01:11:11,800
Atomic scientists come from 
childhood spent staring at 

1341
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:14,400
telescopes and chemistry sets 
Julius. 

1342
01:11:14,400 --> 01:11:17,200
His father had come from Germany
with little more than a keen 

1343
01:11:17,200 --> 01:11:19,700
sense of style and a passion for
textiles. 

1344
01:11:19,700 --> 01:11:22,700
By the time Robert was born, the
family business had become 

1345
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:25,300
successful enough to buy an 
apartment with a view of the 

1346
01:11:25,300 --> 01:11:29,200
Hudson River furnished with 
impressionist paintings, Persian

1347
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:32,700
rugs and the kind of cozy quiet 
that comes with having money. 

1348
01:11:32,700 --> 01:11:35,700
Ella Roberts, mother was an 
artist who saw the world through

1349
01:11:35,700 --> 01:11:38,900
light and Shadow compositions as
young Robert played quietly 

1350
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:41,800
close by, she had set up a 
Reason by their Upper West Side 

1351
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,900
home's, tall windows and began 
painting watercolors Displaying 

1352
01:11:45,900 --> 01:11:48,500
the thoughtfulness that would 
define his entire life. 

1353
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:51,700
Even as a young child, he had an
eye for the world that seemed 

1354
01:11:51,700 --> 01:11:54,700
older than his years. 
It wasn't precocious in the way 

1355
01:11:54,700 --> 01:11:57,700
that adults find it, unsettling,
but it was genuine. 

1356
01:11:57,700 --> 01:12:00,200
Curiosity about how things fit 
together, though. 

1357
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:02,800
Deeply intellectual, the 
Oppenheimer household was not 

1358
01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:06,000
particularly religious, every 
wall was adorned with books like

1359
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:09,700
old friends waiting to chat and 
topics discussed at the dinner. 

1360
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:12,500
Table included literature art 
and difficult philosophical 

1361
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:15,600
issues like a tiny. 
Sober sponge Robert took in all 

1362
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:19,700
of this cultivating, the kind of
all encompassing curiosity that 

1363
01:12:19,700 --> 01:12:22,900
would eventually enable him to 
discuss Hindu philosophy with 

1364
01:12:22,900 --> 01:12:26,200
the same ease as he would 
quantum mechanics, Robert found 

1365
01:12:26,200 --> 01:12:29,700
school to be almost too easy. 
He was quietly working his way 

1366
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:32,600
through books that most adults 
would find difficult while other

1367
01:12:32,600 --> 01:12:34,500
kids were having trouble with 
spelling and math. 

1368
01:12:34,500 --> 01:12:38,100
By the age of 10, he was reading
translated, Plato and Penning. 

1369
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:41,400
Poetry that was surprisingly 
sophisticated for someone whose 

1370
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:45,000
voice had not yet changed this 
thin pale boy who could talk 

1371
01:12:45,000 --> 01:12:48,000
about Much like a graduate 
student but still required 

1372
01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:50,000
assistance getting to books on 
high shelves. 

1373
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:53,800
Left his teachers unsure of how 
to interpret him an alternative 

1374
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:56,500
form of Education was offered by
the family's Long Island 

1375
01:12:56,500 --> 01:12:59,400
Vacation House. 
Robert developed a contemplative

1376
01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:02,200
love for the outdoors here. 
He was a child who collected 

1377
01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:04,800
rocks with the methodical 
attention of someone who saw 

1378
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:06,600
stories in their crystalline 
structures. 

1379
01:13:06,600 --> 01:13:10,900
Not the kind who built forts or 
Court frogs an early indication 

1380
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:13,200
of the scientific mind growing 
beneath his literary. 

1381
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:16,100
Interests was the meticulous 
labeling and cataloging of the 

1382
01:13:16,100 --> 01:13:19,000
specimen. 
Among family friends Roberts 

1383
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:20,600
rock collection became 
legendary. 

1384
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:24,100
He could spend hours studying a 
single mineral sample. 

1385
01:13:24,100 --> 01:13:27,600
Turning it in the light to 
reveal various features reading 

1386
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:30,900
about its geological formation 
and comprehending its 

1387
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:32,600
significance in the grand scheme
of things. 

1388
01:13:32,600 --> 01:13:36,400
He first learned to think in 
deep time to Envision forces 

1389
01:13:36,400 --> 01:13:39,300
that could reshape continents 
and processes that took millions

1390
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:41,900
of years thanks to geologie 
later. 

1391
01:13:41,900 --> 01:13:44,900
On this sense of scale would 
enable him to understand physics

1392
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:47,200
Concepts that other bright 
Minds, found difficult to 

1393
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:50,100
understand by his early 
adolescents, Robert had 

1394
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:52,100
developed into a young man who 
appeared to be a little 

1395
01:13:52,108 --> 01:13:53,500
different from his 
contemporaries. 

1396
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:57,500
He was aiming enough, but his 
passion and the ferocity with 

1397
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:00,100
which he pursued them had an 
unearthly quality. 

1398
01:14:00,100 --> 01:14:03,700
Robert had become enthralled 
with Hindu philosophy and wanted

1399
01:14:03,700 --> 01:14:06,700
to read the original texts. 
So he was teaching himself 

1400
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:08,900
Sanskrit. 
While other boys is age, were 

1401
01:14:08,900 --> 01:14:11,700
learning baseball, and the first
hints of romantic interest. 

1402
01:14:11,700 --> 01:14:15,000
Although Robert was undoubtedly,
not exempt from the joy of 

1403
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:18,500
intellectual achievement the 
Sanskrit study was more than 

1404
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:21,600
just academic boasting, the 
philosophical issues, these 

1405
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:24,600
ancient writings addressed such 
as what the nature of reality is

1406
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:28,100
truly captivated him. 
How do we make sense of our 

1407
01:14:28,100 --> 01:14:30,400
position in the vast seemingly 
uncaring? 

1408
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:33,300
Universe for him. 
These were pressing personal 

1409
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:35,200
issues rather than abstract, 
riddles. 

1410
01:14:35,200 --> 01:14:37,800
That would shape his views on 
everything from moral 

1411
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:40,400
responsibility to subatomic 
particles. 

1412
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,900
His parents were both proud and 
perplexed, as they observe their

1413
01:14:43,900 --> 01:14:47,100
sons intellectual growth. 
Robert appeared to be developing

1414
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:48,700
into a person. 
Whose mind worked on 

1415
01:14:48,700 --> 01:14:50,600
frequencies. 
They weren't always able to pick

1416
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,600
up, despite their desire to 
raise a thoughtful cultured 

1417
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:55,900
child. 
They realized they were raising 

1418
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:58,800
someone very special. 
When he casually mentioned over 

1419
01:14:58,800 --> 01:15:01,500
breakfast, that he had started a
small literary magazine at 

1420
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:04,400
school or that he had been 
communicating with professional.

1421
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,000
Geologists about his rock 
collection for Robert. 

1422
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:09,700
The passage from childhood to 
adolescents wasn't totally 

1423
01:15:09,700 --> 01:15:12,000
seamless. 
Social situations were 

1424
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:14,400
occasionally awkward due to his 
intellectual prowess. 

1425
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:17,600
He would make references that 
were too complex for his peers 

1426
01:15:17,600 --> 01:15:20,700
to understand or get so 
engrossed in a book that he 

1427
01:15:20,700 --> 01:15:24,500
forgot he was meant to be taking
part in group activities and of 

1428
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:26,700
growing resentful or conceited 
over his different. 

1429
01:15:26,900 --> 01:15:29,900
Is Robert acquired, a kind of 
mild disinterest, that would 

1430
01:15:29,908 --> 01:15:31,500
benefit him for the rest of his 
life. 

1431
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:35,200
He discovered how to live in two
different worlds at once the 

1432
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:38,100
world of scientific facts and 
the world of artistic Beauty, 

1433
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:41,200
the world of teenage worries and
the world of adult ideas. 

1434
01:15:41,200 --> 01:15:44,400
Robert had already started to 
consider the issues that would 

1435
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:46,600
shape his adult life as he 
neared graduation from the 

1436
01:15:46,600 --> 01:15:49,400
ethical culture School. 
The school that placed equal 

1437
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:51,700
emphasis on moral growth and 
academic success. 

1438
01:15:51,700 --> 01:15:54,700
How can we strike a balance 
between social responsibility 

1439
01:15:54,700 --> 01:15:58,500
and personal success? 
What responsibilities do we have

1440
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:02,000
to serve others with our gifts? 
In a universe, that appears to 

1441
01:16:02,000 --> 01:16:03,700
be controlled by impersonal 
forces. 

1442
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:07,100
How do we find meaning? 
These were the usual worries of 

1443
01:16:07,100 --> 01:16:10,500
a College, Bound 18 year old, 
but then Robert Oppenheimer had 

1444
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:12,300
never been normal with 
interests. 

1445
01:16:12,300 --> 01:16:15,000
Ranging from poetry to geology 
to philosophy. 

1446
01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:18,200
He was getting ready to enroll 
at Harvard University with a 

1447
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:21,200
mine that was already beginning 
to recognize connections, that 

1448
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,900
others have overlooked. 
The young man who had begun, by 

1449
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:26,500
gathering rocks, Was preparing 
to contribute to the discovery 

1450
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:29,900
of the atoms Mysteries. 
Someone with Roberts thirst for 

1451
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:34,000
knowledge Harvard in 1922 was 
like an intellectual candy store

1452
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:37,000
as the majority of freshmen were
learning how to organize their 

1453
01:16:37,000 --> 01:16:40,200
own laundry and deal with the 
social complexities of living 

1454
01:16:40,200 --> 01:16:43,300
and adore. 
Robert was taking courses from a

1455
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:46,500
wide range of academic 
Specialties much like a person 

1456
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:49,500
at a fancy Buffet who is unable 
to choose between the main 

1457
01:16:49,500 --> 01:16:51,600
courses. 
And the appetizers, do you know 

1458
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:55,000
how some people discover their 
calling early on and pursue to 

1459
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:57,500
Sidious? 
Robert wasn't like that. 

1460
01:16:57,500 --> 01:17:01,400
Rather, he went into college 
like a passionate Adventurer, 

1461
01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:04,000
charting a new continent. 
He enrolled in classes in 

1462
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:06,800
languages, literature, 
philosophy, history, and almost 

1463
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:08,700
as an afterthought, chemistry 
and physics. 

1464
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:12,100
His transcript appeared to be 
the work of multiple students, 

1465
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:15,100
who schedules had been 
inadvertently combined during 

1466
01:17:15,100 --> 01:17:17,400
this time. 
Harvard was still mostly a 

1467
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:19,400
finishing school for young men 
from well-to-do families. 

1468
01:17:19,400 --> 01:17:23,400
But it was also starting to draw
serious academics who believed 

1469
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,300
that the University was a place 
where genuine intellectual work 

1470
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:28,700
could take place between these 
two Realms. 

1471
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:31,700
Robert found himself privileged 
enough to be at ease in social 

1472
01:17:31,700 --> 01:17:34,900
situations, but to inquisitive 
to be content with merely 

1473
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:38,200
academic credentials. 
This intense young man would ask

1474
01:17:38,200 --> 01:17:41,000
questions that showed he had 
read far more than the assigned 

1475
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:44,000
materials leaving his professors
unsure of how to respond. 

1476
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:47,200
Robert might tangentially bring 
up a Sanskrit texts in a 

1477
01:17:47,208 --> 01:17:50,100
literature class to clarify a 
point regarding Western poetry 

1478
01:17:50,100 --> 01:17:53,100
he would relate molecular 
structures to philosophical. 

1479
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:56,200
Inquiries concerning, the nature
of existence and matter in a 

1480
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:59,000
chemistry lab. 
Some faculty members felt uneasy

1481
01:17:59,000 --> 01:18:01,500
about the interdisciplinary 
thinking While others were 

1482
01:18:01,500 --> 01:18:04,800
genuinely thrilled about it. 
For students who shared his 

1483
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,400
diverse interests Roberts room, 
in his Harvard dorm turned into 

1484
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:12,000
a sort of Robert would lead 
casual conversations, that could

1485
01:18:12,000 --> 01:18:15,800
range from quantum theory to TS 
while other undergraduates were 

1486
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:18,400
preoccupied with football games 
and fraternity parties 

1487
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,800
Elliott's, most recent poems are
about the Russian revolutions, 

1488
01:18:21,800 --> 01:18:25,500
political ramifications, Robert 
was genuinely interested in what

1489
01:18:25,500 --> 01:18:28,000
other people thought about the 
big questions and genuinely 

1490
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:31,100
curious about everything. 
So, these weren't performances 

1491
01:18:31,100 --> 01:18:35,400
or attempts to flaunt himself. 
The academic work was almost too

1492
01:18:35,400 --> 01:18:38,600
simple in a fraction of the time
required for his peers to master

1493
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:42,500
the assigned material for most 
courses, Robert was able to read

1494
01:18:42,500 --> 01:18:44,200
independently about topics that 
went. 

1495
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,500
Well beyond any syllabus, he 
found that he had a special 

1496
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:51,000
talent for physics, not only for
manipulating numbers but also 

1497
01:18:51,000 --> 01:18:54,000
for using his imagination to 
picture how the invisible realm 

1498
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:56,300
of atoms and energy might truly 
function. 

1499
01:18:56,300 --> 01:19:00,500
However despite his academic 
success, Robert was having 

1500
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:02,700
trouble answering more 
introspective questions about 

1501
01:19:02,700 --> 01:19:05,100
his life goals in his Social 
Circle. 

1502
01:19:05,100 --> 01:19:08,100
It was expected that intelligent
young men would pursue 

1503
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:12,200
respectable careers in business,
law or medicine which would 

1504
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:14,600
enable them to continue living 
the comfortable lives. 

1505
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:17,200
They had known as children, 
these traditional routes, 

1506
01:19:17,200 --> 01:19:20,000
through robot in, but in some 
way, they seem too narrow for 

1507
01:19:20,000 --> 01:19:23,100
the questions that captivated 
him something clicked in his 

1508
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:26,300
junior year, a professor who had
trained in Europe and brought 

1509
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:28,700
back tails of the groundbreaking
discoveries being made in 

1510
01:19:28,700 --> 01:19:31,500
physics Labs across the Atlantic
was teaching Robert. 

1511
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:34,800
An advanced chemistry course. 
For the first time, Robert 

1512
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:37,900
realized that science was about 
asking basic questions about the

1513
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,400
nature of reality itself, not 
just about learning facts and 

1514
01:19:41,408 --> 01:19:44,700
doing calculations. 
The moment was ideal in the 

1515
01:19:44,700 --> 01:19:48,200
1920s physics was going through.
A revolution that only occurs 

1516
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:52,300
once every 100 years, quantum 
mechanics and relativity, Theory

1517
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,000
discoveries, were upending, 
everything scientists believe. 

1518
01:19:55,000 --> 01:19:58,700
They knew about matter energy, 
space and time. 

1519
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,300
Robert wanted to be involved 
because it felt like he was 

1520
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:04,200
witnessing the development of a 
new perspective on the cosmos. 

1521
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:08,100
Robert had discovered his 
calling, by his senior year, he 

1522
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:09,200
would pursue a career in 
physics. 

1523
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:12,200
But he wanted to focus on the 
fundamental issues that were 

1524
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:14,000
changing how people perceive 
reality. 

1525
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:16,600
This was more of a calling than 
a career decision. 

1526
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:20,300
It was the same kind of intense 
Dedication that might Inspire 

1527
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:23,400
someone to pursue a career in 
philosophy or poetry after 

1528
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:25,900
earning a summa cum laude degree
in 1925. 

1529
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:28,400
Robert had to make a decision 
that would affect the rest of 

1530
01:20:28,400 --> 01:20:30,500
his life. 
He had the option to remain in 

1531
01:20:30,500 --> 01:20:33,100
America and pursue Graduate 
Studies at one of the reputable 

1532
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:36,000
universities, which would 
provide him with a secure and 

1533
01:20:36,000 --> 01:20:37,600
reliable route to academic 
achievement. 

1534
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:41,000
He could also travel to Europe 
where the Giants of theoretical.

1535
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:43,700
Physics were working out the 
implications of quantum, theory,

1536
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:46,100
and coffee shops, and Labs from 
Cambridge to gutting. 

1537
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:49,600
And That's where the real action
was in theoretical physics. 

1538
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:53,100
The choice to travel to Europe, 
wasn't made solely for academic 

1539
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,300
reasons. 
In addition, Robert was fleeing 

1540
01:20:56,300 --> 01:20:59,300
from a complex romantic 
circumstance that had left him, 

1541
01:20:59,300 --> 01:21:02,600
emotionally damaged, and unsure 
of his own discernment in 

1542
01:21:02,600 --> 01:21:05,600
Private Affairs Europe, provided
him with both geographical 

1543
01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:08,300
separation from issues. 
He wasn't yet prepared to handle

1544
01:21:08,300 --> 01:21:13,600
and intellectual Adventure. 
Thus in the fall of 1925, Robert

1545
01:21:13,600 --> 01:21:16,200
found himself on a ship 
traveling across the Atlantic 

1546
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:19,000
with letters of introduction to 
some of the world's most 

1547
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,900
renowned scientists and a ton of
questions concerning atomic 

1548
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:27,200
structure, quantum mechanics and
the bizarre new reality. 

1549
01:21:27,200 --> 01:21:31,600
That physics was unveiling, he 
was 21 years old bright, a 

1550
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:34,600
little gullible about the world 
outside of Academia and on the 

1551
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,900
cusp of one of the most exciting
errors in scientific history. 

1552
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:41,000
The young man was traveling 
across the ocean to contribute 

1553
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:43,400
to the understanding of the true
nature of the universe. 

1554
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:46,900
He had begun his college career 
by reading poetry and collecting

1555
01:21:46,900 --> 01:21:49,100
rocks. 
Someone with Robert's ambition 

1556
01:21:49,100 --> 01:21:51,400
and curiosity. 
Had been unconsciously preparing

1557
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:53,800
for this kind of intellectual 
Adventure, all his life. 

1558
01:21:54,300 --> 01:21:58,300
Imagine getting off a train in 
Cambridge England in 1925 with a

1559
01:21:58,308 --> 01:22:00,700
head full of physics. 
Equations that you hope will 

1560
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:03,600
impress the great Earnest 
Rutherford and a suitcase full 

1561
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:05,800
of clothing that suddenly seems 
to American. 

1562
01:22:05,800 --> 01:22:08,700
This was Robert's first 
introduction to the Cavendish 

1563
01:22:08,700 --> 01:22:12,000
laboratory where men who viewed,
the fundamental nature of 

1564
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,800
reality as a problem to be 
solved by meticulous, 

1565
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,600
experimentation and astute 
intuition were making some of 

1566
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:22,300
the most significant discoveries
in atomic physics back. 

1567
01:22:22,300 --> 01:22:25,700
Then the Cavendish resembled the
most exclusive Workshop in the 

1568
01:22:25,708 --> 01:22:29,200
world, with Scientists 
discussing Atomic nuclei and 

1569
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:32,000
electrons the way, others might 
discuss the weather and 

1570
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:34,700
equipment that look like it 
belonged in the basement of a 

1571
01:22:34,700 --> 01:22:38,000
Victorian inventors home. 
Robert was in the odd position 

1572
01:22:38,000 --> 01:22:40,900
of being fully unprepared. 
For the Practical experimental 

1573
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:44,200
methods that British physics. 
Placed such a strong emphasis on

1574
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:47,900
but intellectually prepared, for
sophisticated theoretical work. 

1575
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:50,900
You know how it feels to believe
you are proficient at something 

1576
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:52,900
until you observe a true expert 
in action. 

1577
01:22:53,900 --> 01:22:56,900
Those were Roberts initial 
months that camebridge he was 

1578
01:22:56,900 --> 01:22:59,300
able to explain quantum 
mechanics with mathematical 

1579
01:22:59,300 --> 01:23:02,300
Precision, but he was unable to 
handle the delicate. 

1580
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:04,700
Manipulations needed for 
experimental work without 

1581
01:23:04,700 --> 01:23:07,800
causing minor catastrophes. 
His attempts to construct 

1582
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:10,900
equipment frequently ended in 
shattered glassware and outcomes

1583
01:23:10,900 --> 01:23:12,900
that left is supervisors 
wandering. 

1584
01:23:12,900 --> 01:23:15,500
If theoretical physics would be 
a better fit for this driven, 

1585
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,300
Young American Robert worked 
with the same methodical 

1586
01:23:18,300 --> 01:23:20,100
intensity. 
He brought to everything else, 

1587
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:22,900
so it wasn't a lack of 
intelligence or effort. 

1588
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:26,000
That was the issue. 
However, experimental physics, 

1589
01:23:26,000 --> 01:23:29,100
necessitates, a distinct way of 
thinking attack tile 

1590
01:23:29,100 --> 01:23:30,900
comprehension of material 
behavior. 

1591
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:33,900
And an intuitive sense of when 
something is functioning 

1592
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:37,500
correctly, the concrete world of
laboratory equipment was almost 

1593
01:23:37,500 --> 01:23:41,100
alien to Robert whose mind was 
already functioning at such 

1594
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:44,900
abstract levels. 
In fact, Roberts growth as a 

1595
01:23:44,908 --> 01:23:47,400
scientist depended heavily on 
this difficult time. 

1596
01:23:47,400 --> 01:23:50,500
He had to face the possibility 
that his intellectual gifts 

1597
01:23:50,500 --> 01:23:53,000
might be limited. 
And for the first time, in his 

1598
01:23:53,000 --> 01:23:55,300
academic career, Something 
wasn't coming easily. 

1599
01:23:55,300 --> 01:23:58,700
Instead of giving up, Robert 
took this setback as an 

1600
01:23:58,700 --> 01:24:01,100
opportunity to reflect more 
thoroughly on his career goals 

1601
01:24:01,100 --> 01:24:05,800
as a physicist, In contrast, the
theoretical work fulfilled, all 

1602
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:08,800
of Robert's expectations in the 
1920s. 

1603
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:11,800
The physics Community was small 
enough for informal seminars and

1604
01:24:11,800 --> 01:24:14,800
one-on-one discussions to 
quickly spread revolutionary 

1605
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:18,300
ideas, Robert found himself at 
the center of debates concerning

1606
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:21,600
Quantum, tunneling wave, 
particle, duality, and other 

1607
01:24:21,600 --> 01:24:23,200
ideas that went against 
everything. 

1608
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:26,300
People had previously believed 
to be true about the physical 

1609
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:28,600
world. 
Robert decided to transfer to 

1610
01:24:28,600 --> 01:24:31,600
gutting and Germany, where Max 
born was spearheading some of 

1611
01:24:31,608 --> 01:24:34,800
the most advanced work in 
theoretical physics after a year

1612
01:24:34,808 --> 01:24:37,600
at Cambridge. 
This choice would influence the 

1613
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,800
remainder of Robert's career. 
This was part of a revolutionary

1614
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:42,600
movement. 
That was rewriting, the laws of 

1615
01:24:42,600 --> 01:24:45,300
nature, not just a change in 
University's. 

1616
01:24:46,400 --> 01:24:50,300
The quantum Revolution began in 
gutting in in 1926, when bright 

1617
01:24:50,300 --> 01:24:52,900
people realized their making 
discoveries that will forever 

1618
01:24:52,900 --> 01:24:56,500
alter human understanding. 
The university town is filled 

1619
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:59,700
with the kind of intellectual 
excitement, that result when 

1620
01:24:59,700 --> 01:25:01,800
Robert arrived. 
He was surrounded by Young 

1621
01:25:01,800 --> 01:25:05,000
physicists from all over the 
world who all interested in 

1622
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:07,200
working with born. 
And his colleague's on problems 

1623
01:25:07,200 --> 01:25:10,000
that had never been solved 
because they had never been 

1624
01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:13,100
properly formulated before in a 
way that Robert had never 

1625
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:15,300
encountered before the work was 
highly collaborative. 

1626
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:19,700
In coffee shop, conversations 
and seminars ideas were freely, 

1627
01:25:19,700 --> 01:25:23,200
exchanged and progressed toward 
understanding was more important

1628
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:25,400
than credit. 
Robert flourished in this 

1629
01:25:25,400 --> 01:25:28,800
setting and found that rather 
than detracting from his physics

1630
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,100
thinking his wide, cultural 
background and philosophical 

1631
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:34,500
interests. 
Actually, strengthened it Robert

1632
01:25:34,500 --> 01:25:36,900
started working on quantum, 
mechanical problems under 

1633
01:25:36,900 --> 01:25:39,800
Bourne's, tutelage that called 
for real physical intuition 

1634
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:42,700
about the behavior of atoms. 
And molecules, in addition to 

1635
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:46,100
mathematical expertise, the 
quantum mechanics of molecular 

1636
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:49,500
rotation, was the subject of his
doctoral dissertation, which he 

1637
01:25:49,500 --> 01:25:52,100
finished in an exceptionally 
short amount of time. 

1638
01:25:52,100 --> 01:25:55,300
This technical work showed his 
command of the new theoretical 

1639
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:57,100
tools and opened up research 
avenues. 

1640
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,500
That would occupy other 
physicists for decades what 

1641
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:02,500
Robert discovered about the true
nature of science. 

1642
01:26:02,500 --> 01:26:05,400
However, may have been more 
significant than the particular 

1643
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:07,600
study. 
He learned in gutting in that 

1644
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,400
the best discoveries frequently 
result from my identifying, 

1645
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,700
which questions are worthwhile 
to ask rather than from 

1646
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:17,100
resolving predetermined issues. 
He develop The ability to think,

1647
01:26:17,100 --> 01:26:20,400
like, a theoretical physicist, 
which included being at ease 

1648
01:26:20,400 --> 01:26:23,800
with ambiguity Adept at 
mathematical abstraction, and 

1649
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:26,600
constantly aware of connections 
that others might Overlook 

1650
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:30,100
Roberts knowledge of politics 
and culture was also expanded by

1651
01:26:30,100 --> 01:26:33,300
his time in Europe, which would 
have an impact on his future. 

1652
01:26:33,300 --> 01:26:37,200
This was vimar Germany, a 
country struggling with economic

1653
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,600
instability and escalating 
political tensions as it 

1654
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:43,800
attempted to reconstruct itself.
Following the destruction of 

1655
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:47,400
World War One Robert saw 
first-hand, how political forces

1656
01:26:47,400 --> 01:26:50,200
could quickly jeopardize 
academic freedom and scientific 

1657
01:26:50,200 --> 01:26:53,900
collaboration but he also saw 
first-hand how intellectual life

1658
01:26:53,900 --> 01:26:56,200
could Thrive even in turbulent 
Times? 

1659
01:26:56,200 --> 01:26:59,900
Robert had changed from a bright
but unfocused college graduate 

1660
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:02,300
to one of the rising stars of 
theoretical physics. 

1661
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:05,700
By the time, he finished his 
Doctorate in 1927, he had 

1662
01:27:05,700 --> 01:27:07,900
acquired research techniques 
that would benefit him 

1663
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:10,900
throughout his career learn to 
think in the mathematical 

1664
01:27:10,900 --> 01:27:14,200
language of quantum mechanics 
and cultivated connections with 

1665
01:27:14,200 --> 01:27:16,000
Scientists who would influence 
physics. 

1666
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:19,600
In the 20th century, once a 
hobbyist rock collector, the 

1667
01:27:19,600 --> 01:27:22,300
young man was now prepared to 
contribute to the discovery of 

1668
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:25,600
the fundamental laws, governing 
everything from Star Behavior to

1669
01:27:25,600 --> 01:27:27,700
atomic structure. 
It. 

1670
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:30,400
However, first go back to 
America to assist in creating a 

1671
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:33,200
physics community that could 
rival the intellectual 

1672
01:27:33,200 --> 01:27:35,000
stimulation. 
He had encountered in Europe, 

1673
01:27:35,000 --> 01:27:38,100
Robert was carrying more than 
just a doctorate as he got ready

1674
01:27:38,100 --> 01:27:40,000
to set sail against the 
Atlantic. 

1675
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:42,600
He was introducing a fresh 
perspective on physics. 

1676
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:44,800
That would contribute to the 
transformation of American 

1677
01:27:44,800 --> 01:27:48,100
Science from a primarily 
Regional Endeavor into a global 

1678
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,100
leader in basic research. 
The young man who had enjoyed 

1679
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:52,900
reading. 
Sanskrit was coming back as a 

1680
01:27:52,900 --> 01:27:56,100
man who could decipher Nature's 
Own hidden grammar, in contrast 

1681
01:27:56,100 --> 01:27:58,400
to the intellectual Oasis 
heating counted in Europe, 

1682
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:01,000
American physics appeared to be 
a desert. 

1683
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,600
When Robert returned to the 
United States in 1927, the 

1684
01:28:04,600 --> 01:28:07,000
majority of American physics 
departments were still 

1685
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:09,900
concentrating on real world 
applications and conventional 

1686
01:28:09,900 --> 01:28:13,200
experimental methods. 
While European universities were

1687
01:28:13,200 --> 01:28:16,100
humming with discussion about 
relativity Theory and quantum 

1688
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:18,200
mechanics. 
Everyone was still playing 

1689
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:21,100
simple folk tunes which was like
coming back from a Symphony 

1690
01:28:21,100 --> 01:28:24,100
concert. 
However Robert viewed this as an

1691
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:27,000
opportunity rather than a 
letdown even though American 

1692
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:29,900
Physics was theoretically 
underdeveloped, there was still 

1693
01:28:29,900 --> 01:28:33,300
an opportunity to develop 
something new and established an

1694
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:36,000
intellectual community that 
could compete with the major 

1695
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,800
European learning. 
Hubs it only required, someone 

1696
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:41,600
who was prepared to sow the 
seeds and then patiently and 

1697
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:43,200
enthusiastically tend to their 
growth. 

1698
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:46,000
The physics department at the 
University of California 

1699
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,400
Berkeley, where he held his 
first job was searching for 

1700
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:51,700
someone who could introduce 
graduate students to the 

1701
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:54,200
theoretical work, that was 
transforming the field in 

1702
01:28:54,200 --> 01:28:56,400
Europe. 
When Robert got there, there 

1703
01:28:56,400 --> 01:28:58,900
were a few bright students who 
wanted to learn about quantum 

1704
01:28:58,900 --> 01:29:00,500
mechanics, but didn't know where
to start. 

1705
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:03,900
It was similar to asking someone
who had never heard the language

1706
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:05,100
to teach them a foreign 
language. 

1707
01:29:05,108 --> 01:29:08,700
What followed was one of those 
understated revolution's that 

1708
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:11,100
alter everything, but a rarely 
reported in the media. 

1709
01:29:11,100 --> 01:29:14,700
Robert started constructing, the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

1710
01:29:14,700 --> 01:29:17,200
physics. 
Turning nearly nothing into a 

1711
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:19,500
research program, that would 
eventually compete with the best

1712
01:29:19,500 --> 01:29:22,300
in the world. 
However, he accomplished this, 

1713
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:25,200
in a man of that was 
distinctively, American fusing 

1714
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:28,900
European sophistication with a 
more open cooperative and 

1715
01:29:28,900 --> 01:29:32,600
Democratic method of scientific 
inquiry Roberts teaching style, 

1716
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:34,700
was the key because it was 
different from anything, his 

1717
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:37,600
students had ever encountered, 
rather than giving polished 

1718
01:29:37,600 --> 01:29:40,900
lectures, while standing at a 
Blackboard would solve problems 

1719
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:43,200
allowed as his students 
observed, the process of 

1720
01:29:43,200 --> 01:29:46,000
discovery, it was similar to 
being permitted to watch a 

1721
01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:48,300
master Craftsman in action, 
witnessing. 

1722
01:29:48,300 --> 01:29:51,200
Not only the final product, but 
also the methods and ways of 

1723
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:52,800
thinking that enabled 
excellence. 

1724
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:56,300
The physics Community came to 
Revere Roberts seminars. 

1725
01:29:56,300 --> 01:29:59,200
He would be deep in conversation
with whoever had arrived. 

1726
01:29:59,200 --> 01:30:02,400
Early, explaining connections 
between quantum mechanics 

1727
01:30:02,400 --> 01:30:05,800
statistical mechanics. 
An astrophysics that most 

1728
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:07,800
professors would treat as 
distinct subjects. 

1729
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:11,500
While drawing equations on the 
Blackboard, everyone was 

1730
01:30:11,500 --> 01:30:15,400
expected to contribute and the 
more akin to a salon than a 

1731
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:17,700
classroom. 
Do you know, how some Educators 

1732
01:30:17,700 --> 01:30:21,000
tend to oversimplify difficult 
subjects, Robert possessed the 

1733
01:30:21,008 --> 01:30:23,500
opposite Talent. 
He was able to make even the 

1734
01:30:23,500 --> 01:30:25,800
most difficult. 
Theoretical physics ideas seem 

1735
01:30:25,800 --> 01:30:29,300
not just understandable, but 
inevitable, his seminars, would 

1736
01:30:29,300 --> 01:30:32,000
leave students with a fresh 
perspective on physical issues 

1737
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:35,100
as well as new knowledge as if 
they had been given access. 

1738
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:38,600
To secrets about the true 
working of the universe students

1739
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,100
from all over, the nation were 
drawn to the Berkeley program 

1740
01:30:41,100 --> 01:30:43,700
because they had heard about 
this young Professor who was 

1741
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,200
making a significant 
contribution to the teaching of 

1742
01:30:46,208 --> 01:30:48,900
physics in America. 
They arrived hoping to learn 

1743
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:52,000
quantum mechanics but instead 
they found a whole new way of 

1744
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:54,900
doing science one. 
That value depth, as much as 

1745
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:59,000
Brett philosophical insight as 
much as mathematical skill and 

1746
01:30:59,000 --> 01:31:03,000
teamwork as much as individual 
success Roberts impact went well

1747
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:04,700
beyond His official teaching 
duties. 

1748
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,000
For a whole generation of 
American, physicists, many of 

1749
01:31:08,000 --> 01:31:10,100
whom would later. 
Make important contributions to 

1750
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:12,400
the discipline. 
He served as a mentor and 

1751
01:31:12,400 --> 01:31:15,400
intellectual Mentor more 
significantly, though he was not

1752
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:17,100
merely teaching them to solve 
problems. 

1753
01:31:17,100 --> 01:31:20,800
He was teaching them how to 
think like scientists Roberts 

1754
01:31:20,800 --> 01:31:23,700
interdisciplinary approach and 
wide range of interests were 

1755
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,000
reflected in the research that 
came out of Berkeley. 

1756
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,800
In the 1930s working on issues 
ranging from nuclear theory to 

1757
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:32,200
astrophysics to Atomic and 
molecular physics. 

1758
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:35,400
His students frequently 
discovered connections between 

1759
01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:38,400
these ostensibly disparate 
fields that more narrowly 

1760
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:41,200
focused researchers would 
Overlook although Robert himself

1761
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:44,100
made significant contributions 
to the fields of quantum 

1762
01:31:44,100 --> 01:31:46,700
tunneling. 
Cosmic ray showers and neutron 

1763
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,000
stars. 
His greatest accomplishment was 

1764
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:52,700
establishing a scientific 
Community capable of confidently

1765
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,900
and creatively addressing any 
issue Roberts. 

1766
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:58,400
Genuine excitement for the 
process of Discovery. 

1767
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,900
In addition to his Mastery of 
physics was what made him, such 

1768
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:05,100
an Effective Teacher, he tackled
every new problem with the 

1769
01:32:05,400 --> 01:32:07,800
Positiveness of someone who was 
learning physics for the first 

1770
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:11,700
time and this enthusiasm was 
infectious, in addition to 

1771
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:14,800
learning how to solve problems. 
Students also discovered how 

1772
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:16,500
much they enjoy the intellectual
Journey. 

1773
01:32:16,500 --> 01:32:19,800
That is scientific research, the
Berkeley school was one of the 

1774
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:21,400
top. 
Hubs for theoretical physics, 

1775
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:23,700
research worldwide, by the late,
1930s. 

1776
01:32:23,700 --> 01:32:26,500
The collaborative 
interdisciplinary approach that 

1777
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:29,500
Robert had taught them was being
carried by his former students, 

1778
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:31,900
as they dispersed throughout 
American universities. 

1779
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,500
American physics was starting to
compete with European science by

1780
01:32:35,500 --> 01:32:39,000
creating its own unique research
and teaching methodology, rather

1781
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:42,900
than by imitating European 
techniques, however, Roberts 

1782
01:32:42,900 --> 01:32:46,000
career and the interaction 
between science and Society were

1783
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,900
about to change as a result of 
the intersection of his teaching

1784
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:53,600
success with more significant 
historical forces soon the same 

1785
01:32:53,600 --> 01:32:55,900
theoretical discoveries that 
made his seminar. 

1786
01:32:55,900 --> 01:32:59,000
So fascinating would serve as 
the basis for weapons with 

1787
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:02,100
previously, unheard of 
destructive potential and the 

1788
01:33:02,100 --> 01:33:05,300
educator who had dedicated his 
professional life to fostering. 

1789
01:33:05,300 --> 01:33:08,500
Intellectual Community would be 
called upon to lead, an 

1790
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:11,100
unprecedented scientific 
Endeavor to put an end to a 

1791
01:33:11,100 --> 01:33:13,200
conflict. 
All of Roberts, interpersonal, 

1792
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:15,700
and intellectual leadership. 
Abilities would be put to the 

1793
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:19,700
test as he went from being a 
university Professor to a 

1794
01:33:19,700 --> 01:33:22,600
scientific administrator. 
However, the groundwork had been

1795
01:33:22,608 --> 01:33:25,500
established during his time at 
Berkeley where he discovered 

1796
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:27,800
that the most significant 
scientific breakthroughs 

1797
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:31,200
frequently result from groups of
gifted individuals collaborating

1798
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:34,800
to achieve shared objectives. 
Rather than from Lone Geniuses 

1799
01:33:34,800 --> 01:33:37,700
imagine being tasked with 
creating a brand new city in the

1800
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:41,100
middle of a New Mexico Mesa 
assembling a team of some of the

1801
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:44,400
most talented and erratic 
scientists on the planet and 

1802
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:47,100
organizing them to tackle the 
most difficult technical problem

1803
01:33:47,100 --> 01:33:50,000
in human history. 
All while keeping everything you

1804
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:54,100
do completely Secret in 1942, 
Robert was offered this task by 

1805
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:57,100
the US government. 
And he accepted at somehow at 

1806
01:33:57,100 --> 01:34:01,800
7,300 feet about sea level on a 
plateau in circled by mountains,

1807
01:34:01,800 --> 01:34:04,100
that seemed to go on forever 
beneath a vast guy. 

1808
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:07,800
Roberts, first impression of Los
Alamos, was hardly more than a 

1809
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:11,300
boy's school. 
It was remote harsh, and totally

1810
01:34:11,300 --> 01:34:13,800
unfit for the kind of scientific
work that would have to take 

1811
01:34:13,800 --> 01:34:16,600
place there. 
But it was also beautiful in the

1812
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:19,800
way that Barren Landscapes can 
be after seeing the website. 

1813
01:34:19,800 --> 01:34:22,300
The majority of people would 
have recommended going somewhere

1814
01:34:22,300 --> 01:34:24,800
more affordable. 
But when Robert looked at that 

1815
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:28,200
Mesa, he noticed something 
different, he saw a setting that

1816
01:34:28,200 --> 01:34:30,400
might motivate the kind of 
extraordinary effort that 

1817
01:34:30,400 --> 01:34:34,300
extraordinary times required. 
A space that could support quick

1818
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:38,100
expansion and an isolation that 
would offer security more than 

1819
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:40,100
that. 
He realized that developing the 

1820
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:41,800
atomic bomb was a human 
challenge. 

1821
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:44,800
It would necessitate the 
establishment of an entirely new

1822
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:48,300
type of scientific Community. 
The Manhattan Project marked a 

1823
01:34:48,300 --> 01:34:50,700
significant change in the 
structure and financing of 

1824
01:34:50,700 --> 01:34:54,000
scientific research Los Alamos 
would unite hundreds of 

1825
01:34:54,008 --> 01:34:57,800
scientists and Engineers to work
on a single well-defined goal 

1826
01:34:57,800 --> 01:35:01,100
under military security and 
government guidance rather than 

1827
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:03,700
having individual professors 
work with small groups of 

1828
01:35:03,700 --> 01:35:06,900
students on problems of their 
own choosing with Robert 

1829
01:35:06,900 --> 01:35:08,700
conducting. 
It was like attempting to turn 

1830
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:11,900
scientific research from chamber
music into a symphony orchestra 

1831
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:16,300
Just the logistical difficulties
were astounding without knowing 

1832
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:19,000
exactly what they would be 
working on scientists and their 

1833
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:22,500
families had to be recruited. 
The closest major city was 

1834
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:25,800
hundreds of miles away. 
So how housing labs and support 

1835
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:29,200
facilities had to be, their 
equipment, had to be transported

1836
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:32,700
to an unofficial site via 
mountain roads, and it had to 

1837
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:34,900
happen fast. 
Enough to change the course of a

1838
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:37,200
global conflict. 
Human problems. 

1839
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,200
However, were even more 
intricate. 

1840
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:42,100
In addition to representing 
various physics and chemistry, 

1841
01:35:42,100 --> 01:35:44,500
Specialties the scientists who 
arrived at. 

1842
01:35:44,508 --> 01:35:47,900
Los Alamos also represented 
various cultures, research 

1843
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:51,000
methodologies and viewpoints on.
The best way to structure. 

1844
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:53,800
Scientific Endeavors American 
Scholars who had never left 

1845
01:35:53,800 --> 01:35:56,700
their homelands, collaborated 
with European refugees who had 

1846
01:35:56,700 --> 01:36:00,300
fled fascism Engineers, who had 
to construct real devices. 

1847
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:02,200
That would functioning combat 
environments. 

1848
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:05,300
Worked alongside theoretical 
physicists, who thought in 

1849
01:36:05,300 --> 01:36:09,000
abstract mathematical terms 
although he undoubtedly helped 

1850
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:11,100
solve technical problems 
Roberts. 

1851
01:36:11,100 --> 01:36:14,200
Genius during this time was more
organizational and social than 

1852
01:36:14,200 --> 01:36:18,000
scientific somehow, he was able 
to maintain scientific standards

1853
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:20,900
under extreme time. 
Pressure balance the conflicting

1854
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:25,100
demands of scientific, openness 
and Military security and Foster

1855
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:27,800
a sense of shared purpose among 
individuals who had spent their 

1856
01:36:27,800 --> 01:36:31,400
careers working independently. 
There had never been a 

1857
01:36:31,400 --> 01:36:33,600
community, like the one that 
grew up at Los Alamos in the 

1858
01:36:33,608 --> 01:36:36,800
history of science. 
Not because they had to But 

1859
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:38,600
because they were engrossed in 
the thrill of group. 

1860
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:42,300
Discovery scientists put in more
hours and worked harder than 

1861
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:45,900
they had ever thought possible. 
Suddenly Roberts theoretical 

1862
01:36:45,900 --> 01:36:48,800
knowledge, which he had been 
imparting at Berkeley was being 

1863
01:36:48,800 --> 01:36:51,700
applied to real world issues. 
With immediate consequences 

1864
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,000
during this time Roberts 
leadership style was a 

1865
01:36:55,000 --> 01:36:58,400
reflection of all he had learned
in his years, as a teacher about

1866
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:01,000
scientific creativity and human 
motivation. 

1867
01:37:01,000 --> 01:37:04,200
He concentrated on fostering an 
environment where talented 

1868
01:37:04,200 --> 01:37:06,900
individuals could produce their 
best work, rather than 

1869
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:09,100
attempting to micromanage 
technical details. 

1870
01:37:09,100 --> 01:37:12,100
He made sure his scientists had 
the tools and assistance, they 

1871
01:37:12,100 --> 01:37:14,500
required while shielding them 
from bureaucratic meddling. 

1872
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:17,700
He promoted the kind of casual 
conversations and 

1873
01:37:17,700 --> 01:37:21,300
interdisciplinary cooperation 
that had been so fruitful at 

1874
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:24,200
Berkeley for someone with 
Roberts wide range, of cultural 

1875
01:37:24,200 --> 01:37:25,900
interests, and vast, personal 
Network. 

1876
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,200
The security requirements at Los
Alamos, presented unique 

1877
01:37:29,200 --> 01:37:32,400
challenges, his previous 
affiliations with leftist and 

1878
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:35,200
communist groups which had not 
seen significant during his 

1879
01:37:35,200 --> 01:37:39,500
academic career suddenly became 
issues of National Security when

1880
01:37:39,500 --> 01:37:42,100
he was a tempting to coordinate 
the most significant scientific 

1881
01:37:42,100 --> 01:37:45,900
Endeavor in American history. 
FBI agents looked into his 

1882
01:37:45,908 --> 01:37:49,400
background maintaining, his own 
moral equilibrium and sense of 

1883
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:51,700
perspective, while overseeing 
work that was specifically 

1884
01:37:51,700 --> 01:37:54,800
intended to produce. 
Wmds was perhaps the most 

1885
01:37:54,808 --> 01:37:56,900
challenging tasks, Robert had to
undertake. 

1886
01:37:56,900 --> 01:37:59,900
After years of studying 
philosophical issues, regarding 

1887
01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:01,700
the nature of reality and human 
responsibility. 

1888
01:38:01,700 --> 01:38:05,300
The man was now directly faced 
with the applications of 

1889
01:38:05,308 --> 01:38:08,600
scientific knowledge. 
The technical work moved, along 

1890
01:38:08,600 --> 01:38:11,400
remarkably quickly. 
And effectively the kind of 

1891
01:38:11,400 --> 01:38:14,400
concentrated cooperation that 
only the urgency of War could 

1892
01:38:14,400 --> 01:38:17,600
Foster led to the resolution of 
issues that might have taken 

1893
01:38:17,600 --> 01:38:19,200
years to resolve in peace. 
Time. 

1894
01:38:19,200 --> 01:38:22,300
In a matter of months, 
scientists who had never held a 

1895
01:38:22,300 --> 01:38:25,500
job outside of Academia were now
managing, intricate engineering 

1896
01:38:25,500 --> 01:38:28,300
projects, and designing 
industrial processes. 

1897
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:31,500
The precise blueprints for 
nuclear weapons were developed 

1898
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:34,100
using the theoretical insights 
of quantum mechanics. 

1899
01:38:35,100 --> 01:38:37,700
Robert started to wrestle with 
issues, that would follow him 

1900
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:40,200
for the rest of his life. 
As the project came to a close. 

1901
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:43,500
What moral ramifications did, 
what they were producing have. 

1902
01:38:44,200 --> 01:38:46,500
What effects might nuclear 
weapons have on human 

1903
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:48,300
civilization and international 
relations. 

1904
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:52,200
What obligations did scientists 
have regarding how their 

1905
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:54,700
findings were used? 
These were pressing real-world 

1906
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:57,700
issues that would soon require 
Solutions, not abstract, 

1907
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:01,000
philosophical conundrums. 
When he first agreed to build a 

1908
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:03,400
laboratory. 
In the desert, the quiet bookish

1909
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:06,600
Professor who had once taught 
Sanskrit for fun was about to 

1910
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:09,700
become one of the most powerful 
people in modern history and the

1911
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:12,600
weight of that influence was 
starting to weigh heavily on 

1912
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:14,600
him. 
Roberts stood in a bunker in the

1913
01:39:14,608 --> 01:39:19,700
New Mexico desert on the morning
of July, 16th, 1945, and 

1914
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,800
anticipating whether three years
of the most rigorous scientific 

1915
01:39:22,800 --> 01:39:25,500
Endeavor in human history would 
yield the outcome. 

1916
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:29,300
That theory had predicted 20,000
yards away on a tower was the 

1917
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:31,700
gadget. 
They dubbed Gadget far enough 

1918
01:39:31,708 --> 01:39:33,600
away that in the worst case 
scenario. 

1919
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:35,300
They might live to lament their 
errors. 

1920
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:37,800
You know how you feel, when 
you've studied everything you 

1921
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:41,100
can before a final exam, but 
you're still unsure if you'll be

1922
01:39:41,100 --> 01:39:43,900
sufficiently prepared, the 
stakes were a little higher than

1923
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:46,700
A course grade. 
But that was Robert's mindset in

1924
01:39:46,700 --> 01:39:49,000
the pre-dawn darkness of the 
Alamogordo desert. 

1925
01:39:49,000 --> 01:39:51,800
They were on the verge of the 
first artificial nuclear 

1926
01:39:51,800 --> 01:39:55,200
explosion in Earth's history, if
their calculations were accurate

1927
01:39:56,000 --> 01:39:58,900
If their calculations were 
incorrect, the repercussions 

1928
01:39:58,900 --> 01:40:01,800
could be anything. 
From a regional disaster to an 

1929
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,700
embarrassing failure with the 
same mechanical accuracy that 

1930
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,300
had defined, the Manhattan 
Project as a whole, the 

1931
01:40:07,300 --> 01:40:13,900
countdown began 10, 9 8, 7 at 
zero, a flash of light brighter 

1932
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:17,700
than the sun, blazed across the 
desert visible from 150 miles 

1933
01:40:17,700 --> 01:40:19,800
away. 
Transforming the mountains into 

1934
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,200
Bleak Silhouettes against a 
man-made Dawn, even from a 

1935
01:40:23,208 --> 01:40:26,800
distance, observers could feel 
the heat on their faces then 

1936
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:29,500
like an unseen tsunami, the 
Shockwave rolled across the 

1937
01:40:29,500 --> 01:40:32,000
desert floor. 
It was precisely the kind of 

1938
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:34,500
literary allusion that had 
defined Roberts thinking 

1939
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:38,100
throughout his career, but this 
time, the ancient poetry carried

1940
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:40,400
a weight that no classroom 
discussion, could have prepared 

1941
01:40:40,400 --> 01:40:43,700
him for Robert later claimed 
that a line from the bag of Gita

1942
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:45,500
came to mind. 
As he watched the expanding, 

1943
01:40:45,500 --> 01:40:47,500
Fireball rise into a mushroom 
cloud. 

1944
01:40:47,500 --> 01:40:50,500
That would become the iconic 
image of the nuclear age. 

1945
01:40:50,500 --> 01:40:54,600
Now, I am become death. 
Destroyer of worlds. 

1946
01:40:55,700 --> 01:40:59,000
In addition to being Robert's 
greatest scientific achievement.

1947
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:02,700
The Trinity test marked the 
start of his most trying times 

1948
01:41:02,700 --> 01:41:05,900
as a person, however, the 
successful detonation also meant

1949
01:41:05,900 --> 01:41:08,300
that Robert and his colleagues 
had succeeded in creating 

1950
01:41:08,300 --> 01:41:11,100
something that could potentially
destroy human civilization. 

1951
01:41:11,100 --> 01:41:14,900
Proving that the theoretical 
work, done at Los Alamos had 

1952
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:17,600
been correct and that the 
massive investment of talent and

1953
01:41:17,608 --> 01:41:20,700
resources had produced the 
weapon that military planners 

1954
01:41:20,700 --> 01:41:24,200
believed could end World War 2. 
The weeks after Trinity were a 

1955
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:27,200
curious jumble of Joy fatigue 
and mounting fear of what they 

1956
01:41:27,200 --> 01:41:29,900
had let loose though. 
Many of the scientists at Los 

1957
01:41:29,900 --> 01:41:32,400
Alamos were starting to realize 
that their achievement would 

1958
01:41:32,400 --> 01:41:36,200
fundamentally alter human 
perceptions of power War and the

1959
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:38,600
natural world. 
They had achieved something 

1960
01:41:38,600 --> 01:41:42,600
unprecedented in the history of 
Science and Engineering, Robert 

1961
01:41:42,600 --> 01:41:44,100
was in the odd position of 
receiving. 

1962
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:46,800
Praise for accomplishments that 
made him feel more and more 

1963
01:41:46,800 --> 01:41:49,200
uncomfortable. 
It was a practical illustration 

1964
01:41:49,200 --> 01:41:52,100
of how humans could use the 
basic forces of nature, for 

1965
01:41:52,100 --> 01:41:55,900
destructive ends based on the 
same theoretical, insights That 

1966
01:41:55,900 --> 01:41:58,700
had made his bookly seminars, so
intellectually stimulating. 

1967
01:41:58,700 --> 01:42:01,800
It was similar to receiving 
recognition for resolving a 

1968
01:42:01,800 --> 01:42:04,800
sophisticated mathematical 
puzzle while being aware that 

1969
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:08,100
the solution would result in 
great suffering, Robert and his 

1970
01:42:08,100 --> 01:42:10,500
colleagues discovered along with
the rest of the world, what 

1971
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:13,000
their theoretical work looked 
like, when applied to real 

1972
01:42:13,000 --> 01:42:15,800
cities with real people, when 
the bombs were dropped on 

1973
01:42:15,800 --> 01:42:20,300
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August
1945, photographs of destroyed 

1974
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:24,000
buildings reports of radiation, 
sickness and death tolls. 

1975
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:26,900
That reached the hundreds of 
thousands the abstract 

1976
01:42:26,900 --> 01:42:29,600
calculations about energy 
release and blast effects. 

1977
01:42:29,600 --> 01:42:32,800
Like Robert's own emotions, The 
public's response to the atomic 

1978
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:35,600
bombs was complicated. 
The weapons may have saved 

1979
01:42:35,600 --> 01:42:38,700
hundreds of thousands of 
American and Japanese lives by 

1980
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:41,100
bringing an end to World War 2 
without the need for an 

1981
01:42:41,108 --> 01:42:44,700
expensive invasion of Japan. 
However, they had also brought a

1982
01:42:44,700 --> 01:42:47,000
new class of destructive power 
into human history. 

1983
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:51,100
Making early a conflict seemed 
almost archaic in comparison as 

1984
01:42:51,100 --> 01:42:52,800
the man who had enabled nuclear 
war. 

1985
01:42:52,800 --> 01:42:55,500
Robert was both feared and 
hailed as a hero. 

1986
01:42:55,600 --> 01:42:58,500
Every one who had worked on the 
Manhattan Project found, it 

1987
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:01,100
difficult to make the shift from
the urgency of War to 

1988
01:43:01,100 --> 01:43:04,500
contemplation in peace. 
But Robert found it particularly

1989
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:07,100
difficult. 
The immediate objective of 

1990
01:43:07,100 --> 01:43:09,600
bringing the water a closed 
before Nazi, Germany could 

1991
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,400
create its own. 
Atomic bomb had taken precedence

1992
01:43:12,400 --> 01:43:14,900
over the ethical concerns 
surrounding nuclear weapons 

1993
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:17,400
during the conflict. 
Now that the war was over and 

1994
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:19,400
the US was the only country with
nuclear weapons. 

1995
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:21,600
Those ethical issues needed to 
be addressed. 

1996
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:24,900
Robert started, discussing the 
ramifications of atomic energy 

1997
01:43:24,900 --> 01:43:28,200
in public contending. 
The disastrous arms race could 

1998
01:43:28,200 --> 01:43:31,600
only be avoided by International
collaboration and civilian 

1999
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:34,800
control of nuclear technology. 
Some of his detractors, would 

2000
01:43:34,800 --> 01:43:37,300
later view, his support for 
international control of nuclear

2001
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,100
weapons, and the sharing of 
atomic secrets with other 

2002
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:42,100
countries as naive or even 
treasonous. 

2003
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:45,200
However Roberts worries were 
more grounded in his knowledge 

2004
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:47,500
of the relevant science than in 
political ideology. 

2005
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:51,100
He understood that a world with 
multiple nuclear Powers would be

2006
01:43:51,100 --> 01:43:54,000
far more dangerous than one. 
Where nuclear energy was managed

2007
01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:56,000
cooperatively by International 
institutions. 

2008
01:43:57,200 --> 01:43:59,900
That the fundamentals of nuclear
physics, could not be kept 

2009
01:43:59,900 --> 01:44:03,300
secret forever, and the other 
countries would eventually 

2010
01:44:03,300 --> 01:44:04,900
develop their own Atomic 
weapons. 

2011
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:08,600
After learning Sanskrit, out of 
curiosity and collecting rocks 

2012
01:44:08,600 --> 01:44:10,500
for fun. 
The man, now, found himself at 

2013
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:12,900
the center of discussions about 
the future of human 

2014
01:44:12,900 --> 01:44:15,800
civilization, in order to decide
whether his scientific 

2015
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:18,300
accomplishments would be 
regarded as Humanity's greatest 

2016
01:44:18,300 --> 01:44:20,100
achievement or its ultimate 
error. 

2017
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:23,300
The theoretical physicist who 
had previously preferred the 

2018
01:44:23,300 --> 01:44:27,300
company of books and ideas was 
now, conferring with generals 

2019
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:31,200
politicians and diplomats on 
this matter, by the end of 1945,

2020
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,000
Robert was starting to realize 
that scientific achievement 

2021
01:44:34,000 --> 01:44:36,000
could be more burdened and the 
failure. 

2022
01:44:36,000 --> 01:44:39,400
Particularly if it provided 
humans with capabilities that 

2023
01:44:39,400 --> 01:44:42,600
their moral development and 
wisdom had not equipped them to 

2024
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:46,200
manage responsibly the boy who 
had once pondered his place in 

2025
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:48,800
the universe was now struggling 
with the fact that he had helped

2026
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:51,500
create a world in which that 
Universe might not have much 

2027
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,000
more time to reflect following 
Los Alamos. 

2028
01:44:54,000 --> 01:44:57,000
Robert, learned something that 
many successful people learn too

2029
01:44:57,000 --> 01:44:59,500
late. 
Fame can be a trap that alters 

2030
01:44:59,500 --> 01:45:01,800
your perception of yourself, as 
well as how other people 

2031
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:03,900
perceive. 
You now, one of America's, most 

2032
01:45:03,908 --> 01:45:07,200
famous scientists, the bashful 
Professor, who had been happy to

2033
01:45:07,200 --> 01:45:09,900
lecture, small groups of 
graduate students about quantum,

2034
01:45:09,900 --> 01:45:13,800
mechanics was expected to have 
views on everything from nuclear

2035
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:16,400
policy to the fate of human 
civilization. 

2036
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:19,400
Imagine being asked to comment 
on political decisions. 

2037
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,600
You're not qualified to make 
invited to every significant 

2038
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:24,900
meeting on subjects. 
You have never studied and 

2039
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:28,200
treated as an authority on 
matters that are well outside of

2040
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:32,200
your actual area of expertise. 
This was Robert's life in the 

2041
01:45:32,200 --> 01:45:36,400
late 1940s, and he managed it 
with his usual wits and Annie 

2042
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:39,300
Taylor about public relations, 
and politics that would lead to 

2043
01:45:39,300 --> 01:45:42,200
major problems down the road. 
Robert was offered a new 

2044
01:45:42,208 --> 01:45:45,400
position by the atomic energy 
commission that seemed to be a 

2045
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:48,400
perfect fit for his background 
in science and his wider 

2046
01:45:48,400 --> 01:45:51,700
interest in culture director of 
Princeton's Institute for 

2047
01:45:51,700 --> 01:45:54,700
advanced study, one of the most 
prominent places in American 

2048
01:45:54,700 --> 01:45:57,400
intellectual life. 
It allowed the brightest Minds 

2049
01:45:57,400 --> 01:46:00,200
in the world to focus on basic 
research without being 

2050
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:04,000
sidetracked by administrative or
teaching, responsibilities along

2051
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:06,900
with other Titans of 20th 
century mathematics and science 

2052
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:12,000
Einstein worked there. 
In the late 1940s, Princeton was

2053
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:15,300
a Haven for Scholars, where 
serious thinkers could Ponder. 

2054
01:46:15,300 --> 01:46:18,300
The most profound issues in 
their disciplines with the same 

2055
01:46:18,300 --> 01:46:20,300
further he had brought to Los 
Alamos. 

2056
01:46:20,300 --> 01:46:23,900
Robert threw himself into this 
work but this time the urgency 

2057
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:25,700
was intellectual rather than 
military. 

2058
01:46:25,700 --> 01:46:28,500
He sought to ascertain. 
Whether there were more profound

2059
01:46:28,500 --> 01:46:31,800
ideas that might bring together 
our knowledge of matter energy, 

2060
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:35,500
space and time as well as 
whether the theoretical 

2061
01:46:35,500 --> 01:46:37,100
insights. 
Of quantum mechanics, could be 

2062
01:46:37,108 --> 01:46:40,200
expanded upon. 
However, Robert was unable to 

2063
01:46:40,200 --> 01:46:43,300
fully escape the public role, 
that his wartime accomplishments

2064
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:45,700
had given him. 
He testified before Congress on 

2065
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:48,500
nuclear policy. 
Served on government advisory 

2066
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:51,200
committees and delivered 
lectures to audiences who were 

2067
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:54,200
more interested in hearing from 
the father of the atomic bomb. 

2068
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:57,200
Then from a theoretical 
physicist tackling abstract, 

2069
01:46:57,200 --> 01:47:01,100
Quantum field Theory problems, 
Robert was exposed to political 

2070
01:47:01,100 --> 01:47:03,900
forces through these public 
activities, that followed rules 

2071
01:47:03,900 --> 01:47:06,400
very different from those, he'd 
learned in academic and 

2072
01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:09,400
scientific circles, although, 
there may be disagreements over,

2073
01:47:09,600 --> 01:47:11,200
Tears. 
Most people in universities 

2074
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:13,500
respect one another's right to 
have different views, 

2075
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:16,100
ideological. 
Disagreements in politics 

2076
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:18,800
particularly in the early years 
of the Cold War could easily 

2077
01:47:18,800 --> 01:47:22,000
turn into personal assaults and 
inquiries about loyalty and 

2078
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:25,400
patriotism, politicians and 
journalists searching for proof 

2079
01:47:25,400 --> 01:47:27,500
of disloyalty among high profile
Americans. 

2080
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:31,400
Suddenly turned Roberts previous
affiliations with Communists and

2081
01:47:31,400 --> 01:47:34,800
leftist groups which had seemed 
in consequential during his 

2082
01:47:34,800 --> 01:47:38,300
academic career and had been a 
disregarded during the war 

2083
01:47:38,300 --> 01:47:40,800
because his Services were needed
into ammunition. 

2084
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,300
They dusted off and looked for 
evidence of subversive activity 

2085
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:47,100
in the same FBI files that had 
been put aside during the 

2086
01:47:47,100 --> 01:47:50,700
Manhattan Project. 
Ironically, Robert had never 

2087
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:54,600
been a particularly political 
individual in the 1930s, his 

2088
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:57,600
engagement with leftist groups, 
was driven less by a methodical 

2089
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:01,200
political philosophy and more by
intellectual curiosity and 

2090
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:04,100
social justice concerns, 
although he had attended 

2091
01:48:04,100 --> 01:48:07,200
meetings and given money to 
causes that seemed deserving, he

2092
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:09,500
had never been the type of 
activists who sought to 

2093
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:12,900
overthrow the US government or 
Advanced Soviet objectives. 

2094
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:16,600
However, context, and subtlety 
don't translate well into 

2095
01:48:16,600 --> 01:48:20,300
political headlines and Roberts,
multi-faceted personality, and 

2096
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:22,100
wide range of intellectual 
interests. 

2097
01:48:22,100 --> 01:48:24,700
Made him a prime target for 
those who wished to paint 

2098
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,800
scientists as dishonest. 
And possibly treacherous, the 

2099
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:31,500
man was now being questioned 
about his dedication to American

2100
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:34,500
Security after spending three 
years of his life developing 

2101
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:36,500
weapons. 
That helped win World War 2, 

2102
01:48:36,500 --> 01:48:38,600
Roberts searched for meaning and
purpose. 

2103
01:48:38,600 --> 01:48:41,000
In research, that was unrelated 
to immediate practical 

2104
01:48:41,000 --> 01:48:44,300
applications was reflected in 
the scientific work produced. 

2105
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,600
During this time, he was working
on issues in elementary particle

2106
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,100
physics and Quantum field. 
Theory that might not be useful 

2107
01:48:50,100 --> 01:48:53,300
for decades if at all with the 
weight of knowing how quickly 

2108
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:56,000
theoretical insights, could be 
turned into game-changing 

2109
01:48:56,000 --> 01:48:58,400
Technologies. 
It was like going back to the 

2110
01:48:58,400 --> 01:49:01,800
pure intellectual pleasure that 
had initially drawn him to 

2111
01:49:01,800 --> 01:49:05,100
physics Roberts lectures. 
During this time, show someone 

2112
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:08,100
attempting to understand the 
meaning of Science in a world 

2113
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:10,500
where scientific advancements 
could have such far-reaching 

2114
01:49:10,500 --> 01:49:13,000
effects. 
He discussed the need for 

2115
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:15,700
scientists to consider the 
wider, ramifications of their 

2116
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:19,000
work, the responsibility that 
came with discovering Nature's 

2117
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:22,200
secrets and the relationship 
between scientific knowledge and

2118
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:25,600
human values for Robert. 
These were urgent personal 

2119
01:49:25,600 --> 01:49:26,900
issues that kept him up at 
night. 

2120
01:49:26,900 --> 01:49:30,900
Not purely philosophical debate.
The man was now struggling with 

2121
01:49:30,900 --> 01:49:33,000
the ethical implications of 
scientific knowledge. 

2122
01:49:33,000 --> 01:49:36,800
Whereas previously, he delighted
in the pure intellectual beauty 

2123
01:49:36,800 --> 01:49:40,200
of quantum mechanics, When 
knowledge of the natural world 

2124
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:42,600
could be abused, how do you seek
it out? 

2125
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:46,100
How do you strike a balance 
between citizens duty to advance

2126
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:49,100
human welfare and scientists 
duty to pursue the truth? 

2127
01:49:49,100 --> 01:49:52,400
Those who had ever expressed 
sympathy for leftist causes or 

2128
01:49:52,400 --> 01:49:55,200
supported International 
cooperation in nuclear policy 

2129
01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:58,300
faced growing hostility in the 
political atmosphere of the 

2130
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:02,700
early 1950s politicians like 
Senator Joseph McCarthy were 

2131
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:05,900
advancing their careers by 
disparaging fellow Travelers and

2132
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:09,200
suspected Communists. 
Fostering an environment where 

2133
01:50:09,200 --> 01:50:12,000
affiliation with divisive 
ideologies could ruin 

2134
01:50:12,000 --> 01:50:15,500
reputations and lead to Career. 
Termination Roberts position 

2135
01:50:15,500 --> 01:50:19,000
became more and more vulnerable 
politicians seeking to prove 

2136
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:21,500
their anti-communist 
credentials, naturally targeted 

2137
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:25,200
him because of his notoriety as 
a scientist and his prior 

2138
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,100
affiliation with leftist causes 
at the same time. 

2139
01:50:28,100 --> 01:50:31,100
He disagreed with political and 
military leaders who supported a

2140
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:33,800
more aggressive strategy for 
cold war, competition with the 

2141
01:50:33,800 --> 01:50:36,900
Soviet Union because of his 
persistence support for 

2142
01:50:36,900 --> 01:50:38,400
international control of 
nuclear. 

2143
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:41,600
Buttons and his opposition to 
the development of hydrogen 

2144
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:44,400
bombs. 
For Robert, the hydrogen bomb 

2145
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:46,700
controversy. 
Was specially challenging the 

2146
01:50:46,700 --> 01:50:49,300
physics that had enabled. 
The atomic bomb was extended in 

2147
01:50:49,300 --> 01:50:52,900
the theoretical work needed to 
develop, Fusion weapons but the 

2148
01:50:52,900 --> 01:50:56,500
potential destructive power was 
orders of magnitude higher as 

2149
01:50:56,500 --> 01:50:58,100
weapons. 
So destructive that they could 

2150
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:01,700
have no logical strategic use, 
Robert contended that hydrogen 

2151
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:05,000
bonds were both morally and 
militarily, unnecessary critics,

2152
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:08,400
however, saw his resistance to 
the hydrogen bomb as proof that 

2153
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:11,600
he was either unaware of Soviet 
intentions or deliberately 

2154
01:51:11,600 --> 01:51:14,900
trying to undermine American 
nuclear capabilities in a 

2155
01:51:14,900 --> 01:51:17,500
political climate that favored 
straightforward classifications 

2156
01:51:17,500 --> 01:51:20,800
of loyalty and disloyalty, it 
was challenging to convey the 

2157
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:23,800
nuanced Viewpoint of someone who
opposed some types of nuclear 

2158
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:25,400
weapons. 
But supported nuclear 

2159
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:27,600
deterrents. 
Robert became more and more 

2160
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:30,800
excluded from the policy debates
where his scientific background 

2161
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,900
could have been most useful as 
the 1950s went on. 

2162
01:51:33,900 --> 01:51:37,200
He was now distrusted by the 
same government that had trusted

2163
01:51:37,200 --> 01:51:40,500
him to plan the Manhattan. 
Decisions about the development 

2164
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,700
and deployment of America's 
nuclear, arsenal were routinely,

2165
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:46,400
excluding the man who had 
contributed to its creation. 

2166
01:51:46,400 --> 01:51:49,400
This time period had a huge 
personal cost. 

2167
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,400
Robert had based his career on 
the belief that reasonable 

2168
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:54,600
people would respect and 
acknowledge scientific 

2169
01:51:54,600 --> 01:51:58,200
integrity, and intellectual 
honesty, he was learning that 

2170
01:51:58,200 --> 01:52:01,100
moral complexity was frequently 
misunderstood as moral 

2171
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:03,400
confusion. 
And that these traits could be 

2172
01:52:03,400 --> 01:52:06,600
viewed as weaknesses rather than
strengths in the context of Cold

2173
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:09,600
War Politics, the scene was 
being prepared for a 

2174
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:11,500
confrontation. 
That would put not only Roberts 

2175
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:14,900
fortitude to the test, but also,
the balance between political 

2176
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:19,100
power and scientific knowledge. 
In American democracy, the boy 

2177
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,200
who had once read Sanskrit and 
collected rocks was about to 

2178
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:24,300
encounter the most challenging 
task of his life. 

2179
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:27,100
A political trial that were 
decide whether or not 

2180
01:52:27,108 --> 01:52:30,700
intellectual Independence and 
public service could co-exist in

2181
01:52:30,700 --> 01:52:34,000
Cold War America rather than a 
scientific issue that could be 

2182
01:52:34,000 --> 01:52:36,400
resolved with careful 
consideration and Innovative 

2183
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:39,300
thinking Robert was a 
well-respected scientific 

2184
01:52:39,300 --> 01:52:44,000
adviser until he received a 
letter in December 1953, that 

2185
01:52:44,000 --> 01:52:46,400
would make him a symbol of the 
conflicts in Cold War America 

2186
01:52:46,400 --> 01:52:49,300
between National Security and 
intellectual Freedom. 

2187
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:52,500
His security clearance was being
revoked by the atomic energy 

2188
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:55,100
commission. 
The same agency that a depended 

2189
01:52:55,100 --> 01:52:58,100
on his knowledge for years, due 
to concerns about his 

2190
01:52:58,100 --> 01:53:01,100
dependability and loyalty. 
Have you ever had the depressing

2191
01:53:01,100 --> 01:53:03,600
realization that people you 
trusted have been Gathering 

2192
01:53:03,600 --> 01:53:06,500
evidence of your alleged 
wrongdoing and assembling a case

2193
01:53:06,508 --> 01:53:09,400
against you behind your back. 
All the while smiling and 

2194
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:12,000
seeking your advice. 
That was the case for Robert 

2195
01:53:12,000 --> 01:53:14,700
when he discovered that FBI 
records spanning Decades of his 

2196
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:17,800
contacts discussions. 
And actions had been assembled 

2197
01:53:17,800 --> 01:53:20,700
into a case to Bar him from any 
government employment. 

2198
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:24,000
Involving classified material, 
the charges included, both 

2199
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:27,900
specific all Broad questions 
regarding Roberts, moral fiber 

2200
01:53:27,900 --> 01:53:30,600
and discernment. 
His prioritized a communist 

2201
01:53:30,600 --> 01:53:32,600
groups were cited. 
As proof of his betrayal. 

2202
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:36,200
His resistance to the hydrogen 
bomb was seen as possibly driven

2203
01:53:36,200 --> 01:53:39,300
more by outside pressure than by
ethical and scientific 

2204
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:42,300
considerations. 
His wide range of intellectual 

2205
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:45,500
interests and complex 
personality with somehow turned 

2206
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:49,200
into proof of his unreliability 
Robert had to make a decision 

2207
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:50,700
that would affect the rest of 
his life. 

2208
01:53:50,700 --> 01:53:53,100
He could quietly. 
Accept that his security 

2209
01:53:53,100 --> 01:53:56,100
clearance had been revoked, go 
back to working, only on 

2210
01:53:56,100 --> 01:53:58,800
academic projects and escape the
publicity. 

2211
01:53:58,800 --> 01:54:01,600
That would accompany a legal 
battle or aware that this would 

2212
01:54:01,600 --> 01:54:04,600
produce a public spectacle that 
would subject specifics of his 

2213
01:54:04,600 --> 01:54:07,800
personal life and political 
affiliations to hostile 

2214
01:54:07,800 --> 01:54:10,200
scrutiny. 
He could insist on a hearing, 

2215
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:13,900
Robert's choice to contest, the 
charges demonstrated his faith 

2216
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:16,600
in his own moral, character, as 
well as his ignorance of the 

2217
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:19,500
procedure, he was about to 
undergo, he felt that reasonable

2218
01:54:19,500 --> 01:54:22,500
people would realize that his 
service to the nation had always

2219
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:25,200
been driven by patriotism rather
than disloyalty. 

2220
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:29,200
If he could clearly explain his 
actions and motivations, he 

2221
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:31,700
didn't realize how much the 
political landscape had changed 

2222
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:35,200
since the War years when his 
contributions had been accepted.

2223
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:38,800
In spite of suspicions about his
affiliation, with the exception 

2224
01:54:38,800 --> 01:54:42,100
of the legal protections that 
defendants, typically, enjoy the

2225
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:46,500
hearing's which started in April
1954 had all the features of a 

2226
01:54:46,500 --> 01:54:49,500
criminal trial, despite being 
Informally referred to as an 

2227
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,400
administrative review, in 
addition, to being unable to 

2228
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:55,400
cross-examine hostile Witnesses 
and view the evidence against 

2229
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:57,600
him. 
Robert was also unable to see 

2230
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:00,800
the cases key classified 
documents because his attorneys 

2231
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,100
lacked security clearances. 
The extent to which Roberts life

2232
01:55:04,100 --> 01:55:06,400
had been monitored by the 
government for years was made 

2233
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:08,600
clear. 
During the proceedings FBI 

2234
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:10,900
agents had gathered 
comprehensive reports on his 

2235
01:55:10,900 --> 01:55:13,000
personal relationships and 
political activities. 

2236
01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:16,300
Monitored his conversations and 
looked into his friends and 

2237
01:55:16,300 --> 01:55:19,400
co-workers, the man who had 
dedicated his life to government

2238
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:22,600
service during the war was now 
discovering that during his most

2239
01:55:22,600 --> 01:55:25,700
productive time, the same 
government had been, considering

2240
01:55:25,700 --> 01:55:28,900
him a possible security threat 
according to the testimony. 

2241
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:32,100
Given during the hearing, Robert
did not look like the person, 

2242
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:35,200
his friends and co-workers knew 
he was characterized by 

2243
01:55:35,200 --> 01:55:38,800
witnesses as conceited. 
Untrustworthy and possibly 

2244
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:42,200
disloyal someone whose 
resistance to specific weapons 

2245
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:44,200
programs. 
May be driven more by outside 

2246
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,200
pressure and by sincere ethical 
and scientific. 

2247
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:51,700
The sophisticated introspective 
physicist, who had constructed 

2248
01:55:51,700 --> 01:55:54,100
Los Alamos, was reduced to a 
cartoon villain. 

2249
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:57,300
Whose every move could be seen 
as proof of subversive intent. 

2250
01:55:57,300 --> 01:55:59,100
According to Robert's own 
testimony. 

2251
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:02,300
He was being methodically 
humiliated by a procedure that 

2252
01:56:02,300 --> 01:56:05,500
appeared to be more intended to 
ruin his reputation than to 

2253
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,800
ascertain the truth about his 
loyalty and he was fighting to 

2254
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:11,700
keep his dignity. 
He responded to inquiries about 

2255
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:15,000
personal details, described 
relationships, and conversations

2256
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:19,300
from decades past and attempted 
to explain his nuanced stances 

2257
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,500
on complex policy issues, to 
those who seemed intent on. 

2258
01:56:22,500 --> 01:56:25,400
Misinterpreting them the 
testimony of former co-workers 

2259
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:28,200
and friends who had been coerced
into testifying against Robert, 

2260
01:56:28,200 --> 01:56:31,800
was the most upsetting part of 
the hearing testimonies 

2261
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:35,500
regarding his character judgment
and dependability were requested

2262
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,600
from government officials. 
Who had consulted him scientists

2263
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:41,800
who had collaborated with him at
Los Alamos and close friends who

2264
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,700
had confided in him, others gave
him the kind of carefully 

2265
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:47,800
qualified testimony that hurt 
him while preserving their own 

2266
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:50,600
security. 
Clearances While others bravely,

2267
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:53,400
stood by him, given the 
political atmosphere and the way

2268
01:56:53,400 --> 01:56:56,800
the proceedings were set up. 
The final decision, which was 

2269
01:56:56,800 --> 01:56:59,700
made public in June 1954 was 
inevitable. 

2270
01:56:59,700 --> 01:57:02,700
The hearing board came to the 
conclusion that although Robert 

2271
01:57:02,700 --> 01:57:05,900
was most likely loyal, his 
character and judgment were 

2272
01:57:05,900 --> 01:57:08,500
questioned, making him unfit to 
have access to classified 

2273
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:10,600
material. 
His position, as a government 

2274
01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:13,200
advisor was essentially 
terminated when his security 

2275
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:16,500
clearance was revoked and many 
Americans began to view him. 

2276
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:19,200
As a security risk both 
personally and professionally, 

2277
01:57:19,200 --> 01:57:22,300
Robert suffered greatly in the 
immediate wake of the hearings, 

2278
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:24,900
many in the government and 
defense establishment. 

2279
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:27,500
Now viewed, the man who had, 
once been one of America's most 

2280
01:57:27,500 --> 01:57:31,400
eminent scientists as a pariah, 
former co-workers were reluctant

2281
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:34,500
to associate with someone who 
carried the stigma of having 

2282
01:57:34,500 --> 01:57:38,000
this security clearance. 
Revoked, Speaking invitations 

2283
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:40,800
were withdrawn and job 
opportunities, vanished. 

2284
01:57:40,800 --> 01:57:43,900
However, the hearing also had 
wider ramifications for 

2285
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:47,300
democracy and Science in America
other scientists were warned by 

2286
01:57:47,308 --> 01:57:50,100
Robert's treatment that moral 
complexity, and independent 

2287
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:53,500
thought were dangerous traits in
anyone wishing to work on 

2288
01:57:53,500 --> 01:57:55,100
matters of national 
significance. 

2289
01:57:55,100 --> 01:57:58,200
The case showed how easily 
political factors could override

2290
01:57:58,200 --> 01:58:01,200
expertise and how easily the 
demands of ideological 

2291
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,200
Conformity could compromise. 
Scientific Integrity. 

2292
01:58:04,200 --> 01:58:07,100
Robert was starting a new 
chapter in his life that would 

2293
01:58:07,100 --> 01:58:10,400
put his fortitude to the test 
and require him to reevaluate 

2294
01:58:10,400 --> 01:58:13,400
his identity and Mission. 
As he walked out of the hearing 

2295
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:16,800
room, for the last time, having 
lost both his security clearance

2296
01:58:16,800 --> 01:58:21,000
and his position as a government
advisor, in a Democratic Society

2297
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:24,500
Under Pressure, the young man 
who had constructed atomic bombs

2298
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:25,800
and the boy who had gathered 
rocks. 

2299
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:29,200
Now represented the strength and
fragility of intellectual 

2300
01:58:29,200 --> 01:58:32,800
Independence, Robert was placed 
in a strange form of Exile, 

2301
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:36,200
following the security hearings 
He was not exiled from the 

2302
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,200
nation but he was essentially 
cut off from the government work

2303
01:58:39,200 --> 01:58:41,800
that had provided the greatest 
practical value to his 

2304
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:44,800
scientific expertise. 
It was similar to being a master

2305
01:58:44,800 --> 01:58:47,300
Craftsman who was abruptly, 
informed, that his abilities 

2306
01:58:47,300 --> 01:58:49,800
were no longer required for the 
most important projects, 

2307
01:58:49,800 --> 01:58:53,500
abandoning him to work alone on 
his craft While others made the 

2308
01:58:53,508 --> 01:58:56,000
choices that would determine the
course of events. 

2309
01:58:56,000 --> 01:59:00,900
Both practically encyclical, the
change was abrupt, Robert had 

2310
01:59:00,900 --> 01:59:03,000
been at the Forefront of 
America's most significant 

2311
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:05,600
scientific and policy debates 
for over 10 years. 

2312
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:08,500
He had grown accustomed to 
receiving calls from government.

2313
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:11,700
Representatives request for 
advice on nuclear weapons 

2314
01:59:11,700 --> 01:59:15,200
policy, and invitations to 
high-level meetings for the 

2315
01:59:15,200 --> 01:59:18,200
first time since before the war,
the man, who'd been one of 

2316
01:59:18,208 --> 01:59:20,900
America's. 
Most consulted experts found 

2317
01:59:20,900 --> 01:59:24,800
himself with extended periods, 
of unbroken time, when the phone

2318
01:59:24,800 --> 01:59:28,500
abruptly stopped ringing and the
invitation stopped coming in The

2319
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:31,400
Institute for advanced study at 
Princeton served as a Haven 

2320
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:34,600
during this trying time because 
of the institute's culture of 

2321
01:59:34,600 --> 01:59:38,100
intellectual Independence, 
Roberts, political issues had no

2322
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:41,100
bearing on his reputation there 
and his colleague still 

2323
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:43,400
respected him for his scientific
accomplishments. 

2324
01:59:43,400 --> 01:59:46,600
Even in this Safe Haven though. 
Robert found it difficult to 

2325
01:59:46,600 --> 01:59:49,700
understand the new meaning of 
his life and work, you know how 

2326
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,700
losing something significant can
occasionally reveal side of 

2327
01:59:52,700 --> 01:59:55,300
yourself that were hidden or 
ignored while you were 

2328
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:58,500
preoccupied with it Roberts. 
Exile from government service 

2329
01:59:58,500 --> 02:00:02,000
compelled him to ReDiscover as 
Of himself that his work as a 

2330
02:00:02,008 --> 02:00:05,300
nuclear policy, adviser had 
obscured with new Vigor. 

2331
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:08,600
He went back to his physics, 
studies tackling Quantum field, 

2332
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:11,000
Theory problems that were 
intellectually demanding but 

2333
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:14,700
wholly, unrelated to military 
uses, during this time, Robert 

2334
02:00:14,700 --> 02:00:17,300
produced, some of his most 
imaginative and ambitious 

2335
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:20,000
scientific work. 
He could now focus on the kinds 

2336
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:22,900
of fundamental questions that 
initially Drew him to physics. 

2337
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:26,400
Freed from the pragmatic 
concerns that to dominated his 

2338
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:29,900
thinking, both during and after 
the war, whether the theoretical

2339
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:32,900
framework of quantum mechanics, 
could be expanded to offer a 

2340
02:00:32,900 --> 02:00:35,300
cohesive understanding of all 
the fundamental forces in 

2341
02:00:35,300 --> 02:00:38,100
nature. 
What physicists now, refer to as

2342
02:00:38,100 --> 02:00:41,600
a theory of everything was of 
particular interest to him. 

2343
02:00:41,600 --> 02:00:44,700
However, Robert also started to 
approach the relationship 

2344
02:00:44,700 --> 02:00:48,500
between science and society and 
The Wider ramifications of 

2345
02:00:48,500 --> 02:00:50,600
scientific knowledge in a more 
methodical manner. 

2346
02:00:50,600 --> 02:00:53,800
He had a unique perspective on 
how scientific advancements 

2347
02:00:53,800 --> 02:00:56,900
could be used to gain political 
and military power as well as 

2348
02:00:56,900 --> 02:01:00,300
how scientists could be torn 
between their civic duties and 

2349
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:03,600
their dedication to the truth. 
Thanks to his experience is 

2350
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:07,000
during the Hatton project and 
the security hearings Robert 

2351
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:09,500
became one of the first 
well-known scientists to write 

2352
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:11,700
thoughtfully about what is now 
known as the social 

2353
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:15,200
responsibility of science, as a 
result of these Reflections. 

2354
02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:18,400
He maintained that scientists 
could not merely seek knowledge 

2355
02:01:18,400 --> 02:01:20,500
for its own sake without 
considering the potential 

2356
02:01:20,500 --> 02:01:23,900
applications of that knowledge. 
He also cautioned Against The 

2357
02:01:23,908 --> 02:01:27,200
Perils of Permitting political 
factors to obstruct free speech 

2358
02:01:27,200 --> 02:01:30,500
and scientific investigation. 
During this time, his writing 

2359
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:32,400
and speaking. 
Demonstrated a mind, still 

2360
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:35,600
struggling with the basic issues
that had captivated him since he

2361
02:01:35,600 --> 02:01:37,900
was a young boy, but now 
bearing, the burden of 

2362
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:40,800
experience from witnessing the 
transformation of intangible 

2363
02:01:40,800 --> 02:01:43,300
Concepts into revolutionary 
Technologies. 

2364
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:46,500
The young man who had pondered 
the nature of reality, had grown

2365
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,300
into a man who recognized the 
dangers that could arise. 

2366
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:52,200
When people were able to alter 
reality at its most basic 

2367
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:55,200
levels, in addition to a 
lingering sense of loss and 

2368
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:58,500
dislocation Roberts, personal 
life in the 1950s. 

2369
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:02,800
And 1960s was characterized by a
slow recovery from the trauma of

2370
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:05,900
the security hearings. 
He continued to be close to his 

2371
02:02:05,900 --> 02:02:07,200
children and stayed married to 
Kitty. 

2372
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:09,400
Who had been there for him 
during the ordeal. 

2373
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:13,800
However, friends noticed that he
was now wary than before, that 

2374
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:16,300
the world was more hostile and 
unpredictable than he had 

2375
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:19,000
previously realized. 
Over time. 

2376
02:02:19,000 --> 02:02:21,800
The scientific communities 
reaction to Robert's treatment 

2377
02:02:21,800 --> 02:02:24,500
changed at first. 
A lot of scientists were 

2378
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:27,700
hesitant to support him because 
they were worried that doing so 

2379
02:02:27,700 --> 02:02:30,900
would harm their own careers. 
However, more scientists 

2380
02:02:30,900 --> 02:02:33,500
realized that the attack on 
Robert was actually an attack on

2381
02:02:33,508 --> 02:02:36,800
the independence and integrity 
of science itself as the 

2382
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:40,400
political landscape started to 
shift in the late 1950s and 

2383
02:02:40,400 --> 02:02:43,700
early 1960s. 
During this time, Robert's 

2384
02:02:43,700 --> 02:02:46,300
writings and lectures Drew 
audiences interested in his 

2385
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,800
viewpoint on the ethical and 
political issues confronting 

2386
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:53,000
contemporary society as well as 
his scientific discoveries, his 

2387
02:02:53,000 --> 02:02:55,800
experience is a given him a 
unique authority to speak about 

2388
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:57,700
the relationship between power 
and knowledge. 

2389
02:02:57,700 --> 02:03:01,300
In the modern world, making him 
a sort of Elder Statesman of 

2390
02:03:01,300 --> 02:03:05,000
American intellectual life. 
Ironically Roberts exclusion 

2391
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,000
from government policy 
discussions occur just when his 

2392
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:09,500
insights could have been most 
useful. 

2393
02:03:09,500 --> 02:03:12,900
The risk of nuclear war was 
becoming a constant aspect of 

2394
02:03:12,900 --> 02:03:15,700
international relations. 
The nuclear arms race was 

2395
02:03:15,700 --> 02:03:19,300
speeding up new weapons were 
being Up that made the atomic 

2396
02:03:19,300 --> 02:03:21,500
bombs of World War 2 seem almost
archaic. 

2397
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:24,800
The man who had contributed to 
the creation of this predicament

2398
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:27,200
was now barred from 
participating, in attempt to 

2399
02:03:27,200 --> 02:03:30,500
control, or remedy it. 
However, Roberts influenced 

2400
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:32,900
during this time came from his 
work, as a public intellectual, 

2401
02:03:32,900 --> 02:03:36,500
and teacher, rather than, from 
his direct involvement in policy

2402
02:03:36,500 --> 02:03:38,500
decisions. 
His writings and speeches 

2403
02:03:38,500 --> 02:03:41,300
influenced, degeneration of 
scientists perspectives on their

2404
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:43,500
roles. 
And his example showed that 

2405
02:03:43,500 --> 02:03:46,900
intellectual Integrity could be 
upheld in the face of strong 

2406
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:51,100
political pressure as the 1960s 
went on Robert started to get 

2407
02:03:51,100 --> 02:03:54,100
credit for his scientific 
contributions without openly 

2408
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:55,600
criticizing the way the 
government. 

2409
02:03:55,600 --> 02:03:57,700
Treated him. 
He was invited to deliver 

2410
02:03:57,700 --> 02:04:01,000
significant lectures. 
Won prestigious honors and was 

2411
02:04:01,008 --> 02:04:03,900
progressively restored to his 
position as a respected member 

2412
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:06,800
of American intellectual life. 
But in exchange for the 

2413
02:04:06,808 --> 02:04:10,300
recognition, he agreed to stay 
out of the circles that made the

2414
02:04:10,300 --> 02:04:12,700
most significant decisions 
regarding nuclear weapons. 

2415
02:04:12,700 --> 02:04:16,300
When the nuclear age, he helped 
create continued to unfold in 

2416
02:04:16,300 --> 02:04:19,900
ways that exceeded even his Most
pessimistic predictions about 

2417
02:04:19,900 --> 02:04:22,100
the dangers of nuclear, weapons 
and fulfilled. 

2418
02:04:22,100 --> 02:04:25,400
Some of his worst fears, the man
who had once stood in the New 

2419
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,800
Mexico desert and watched the 
first atomic explosion was now 

2420
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:32,100
watching from a distance, the 
boy who had once gathered rocks 

2421
02:04:32,100 --> 02:04:34,300
on Long Island beaches had 
transformed into something, 

2422
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:36,700
Robert could never have 
predicted as he approached his 

2423
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:39,900
last year's a living 
representation of the ethical 

2424
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:43,000
dilemmas that occur when 
political power and scientific 

2425
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:46,400
knowledge, Collide the whole 
story of Humanity's journey into

2426
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:48,500
the nuclear age from the 
theoretical. 

2427
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:52,100
Discoveries that enabled, Atomic
weapons to the political Fallout

2428
02:04:52,100 --> 02:04:54,100
that was still being felt 
decades. 

2429
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:58,000
Later was etched in the mind of 
the elderly physicist strolling 

2430
02:04:58,000 --> 02:05:00,400
through the peaceful streets of 
Prince Princeton. 

2431
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:03,200
You know, how sometimes the most
significant life lessons are 

2432
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:06,400
revealed only near the end when 
all of the different experiences

2433
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:09,800
and decisions can be viewed as a
part of a greater whole growing 

2434
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:12,400
awareness of what his remarkable
life had shown about the 

2435
02:05:12,408 --> 02:05:16,300
opportunities and risks faced by
any society that depends more 

2436
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:19,100
and more on scientific knowledge
for Security and prosperity 

2437
02:05:19,100 --> 02:05:23,100
characterized Roberts later 
years as the political landscape

2438
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,200
shifted and more American 
started to doubt, the excesses 

2439
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:29,200
of Cold War. 
Hysteria Roberts reputation 

2440
02:05:29,200 --> 02:05:31,600
started to slowly recover in the
1960s. 

2441
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:35,400
But quickly gained momentum 
scientists, who had kept quiet 

2442
02:05:35,400 --> 02:05:37,700
during his ordeal started to 
openly discuss. 

2443
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:41,000
How unfair his treatment was 
government Representatives who 

2444
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:44,400
had supported or Taken part in 
the security hearings started to

2445
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:46,400
privately apologized for their 
involvement. 

2446
02:05:46,400 --> 02:05:49,500
In what was becoming viewed as a
disgraceful chapter in American 

2447
02:05:49,500 --> 02:05:52,500
history, the government's 
highest award for contributions 

2448
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:56,000
to nuclear science. 
The Enrico Fermi award was given

2449
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:59,000
to Robert by President, Lyndon 
Johnson in 1963. 

2450
02:05:59,000 --> 02:06:02,000
The ceremony was meticulously 
planned to honor. 

2451
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:03,900
Robert scientific 
accomplishments without 

2452
02:06:03,900 --> 02:06:06,900
specifically criticizing how the
eyes and Howard Administration 

2453
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:09,500
handled him. 
However, the symbolism was 

2454
02:06:09,500 --> 02:06:12,000
clear. 
Robert was being honored for his

2455
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:14,700
contributions to American 
Science by the same government 

2456
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:17,600
that had labeled him. 
A security risk Roberts 

2457
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:20,000
acceptance of the award 
demonstrated, the elegance and 

2458
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:22,600
Nuance that had defined his 
whole professional life. 

2459
02:06:22,600 --> 02:06:25,400
He could have taken the 
opportunity to be resentful of 

2460
02:06:25,408 --> 02:06:28,800
how he was treated or to attack 
the political forces that had 

2461
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,400
almost ruined his career. 
Rather he discussed the ongoing 

2462
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:35,000
difficulties that society and 
scientists faces. 

2463
02:06:35,000 --> 02:06:38,500
They consider the ramifications 
of nuclear technology and other 

2464
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:40,500
significant scientific 
advancements. 

2465
02:06:40,500 --> 02:06:43,700
Roberts latest scientific 
Endeavors, demonstrated his 

2466
02:06:43,700 --> 02:06:47,300
continuing interest in basic 
issues as well as his developing

2467
02:06:47,300 --> 02:06:50,600
realization, that he was running
out of time to make significant 

2468
02:06:50,600 --> 02:06:53,100
contributions. 
He kept considering the most 

2469
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:55,000
profound issues in theoretical 
physics. 

2470
02:06:55,000 --> 02:06:58,600
But he also started to devote 
more of his time to instructing 

2471
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:01,900
and guiding the next generation 
of scientists who would continue

2472
02:07:01,900 --> 02:07:02,900
the work. 
He had started. 

2473
02:07:02,900 --> 02:07:05,800
During the time, his lectures 
were mastered works of 

2474
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:09,200
scientific communication that 
Blended technical Mastery with 

2475
02:07:09,200 --> 02:07:12,700
the kind of wide range. 
In cultural perspective that had

2476
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:15,600
always been a Hallmark of his 
thought during these lectures 

2477
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:17,900
students and colleagues 
frequently commented that they 

2478
02:07:17,900 --> 02:07:19,800
felt as though they were 
watching someone who had 

2479
02:07:19,800 --> 02:07:23,200
accomplished a unique synthesis 
of philosophical, understanding,

2480
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:27,700
scientific knowledge and hard. 
One wisdom about human nature 

2481
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:30,900
Roberts impact on American 
Science went well beyond his 

2482
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:33,700
involvement in the Manhattan 
Project or his particular 

2483
02:07:33,700 --> 02:07:36,700
research contributions. 
He'd contributed to the 

2484
02:07:36,700 --> 02:07:39,100
development of the idea that a 
scientist should be a public 

2485
02:07:39,100 --> 02:07:42,700
intellectual who could explain 
difficult scientific Concepts to

2486
02:07:42,700 --> 02:07:45,700
a wider audience and who had an 
obligation to consider the 

2487
02:07:45,700 --> 02:07:48,700
social and political 
ramifications of scientific 

2488
02:07:48,700 --> 02:07:51,700
advancements, a science and 
technology shaped modern 

2489
02:07:51,700 --> 02:07:54,200
society, more and more. 
This model would become more and

2490
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:56,800
more significant. 
During his time at Berkeley, 

2491
02:07:56,800 --> 02:07:59,900
Robert trained a generation of 
physicists who would go on to 

2492
02:07:59,900 --> 02:08:02,200
make important contributions to 
American Science. 

2493
02:08:02,200 --> 02:08:05,900
Perhaps more significantly 
though, they continue his method

2494
02:08:05,900 --> 02:08:08,900
of conducting scientific 
research which placed a strong 

2495
02:08:08,908 --> 02:08:12,400
emphasis on teamwork. 
Intellectual diversity, and the 

2496
02:08:12,400 --> 02:08:15,200
significance of comprehending, 
the larger context in which 

2497
02:08:15,200 --> 02:08:19,100
scientific work is conducted the
Berkeley School of theoretical 

2498
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:21,800
physics served as a model for 
the structure and methodology of

2499
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:23,300
cutting-edge scientific 
research. 

2500
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:26,200
In his later years Roberts 
interpersonal. 

2501
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:29,100
Relationships were characterized
by greater understanding of the 

2502
02:08:29,100 --> 02:08:32,500
familial ties and friendships 
that had supported him during 

2503
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,100
his darkest moments with those 
closest to him. 

2504
02:08:35,100 --> 02:08:37,900
The man who had occasionally 
come across as distant and 

2505
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:40,900
intellectually intimidating, 
became more approachable and 

2506
02:08:40,900 --> 02:08:44,500
emotionally transparent friends 
observed that in ways that his 

2507
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:47,900
prior emphasis on academic 
success may have obscured his 

2508
02:08:47,900 --> 02:08:51,400
experience as a taught him to 
Value, loyalty and real human 

2509
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:53,600
connection. 
Some of the most profound 

2510
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,300
observations on science and 
Society, ever written by a 

2511
02:08:56,300 --> 02:08:59,000
scientist, were found in Roberts
last years of life. 

2512
02:08:59,000 --> 02:09:02,000
He wrote about the need for 
wisdom, to keep up with human 

2513
02:09:02,000 --> 02:09:05,500
technical capabilities, the 
beauty and horror of scientific 

2514
02:09:05,500 --> 02:09:08,000
discovery and the 
responsibilities that come with 

2515
02:09:08,000 --> 02:09:10,400
knowledge future generations of 
scient. 

2516
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:13,300
Would consider their work and 
its implications differently as 

2517
02:09:13,300 --> 02:09:14,800
a result of these lectures and 
essays. 

2518
02:09:14,800 --> 02:09:18,500
When Roberts health started to 
deteriorate in the late 1960s, 

2519
02:09:18,500 --> 02:09:21,700
he approached his impending 
death with the same blend of 

2520
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:25,300
emotional nuance and 
intellectual curiosity that had 

2521
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:27,800
marked his approach to all of 
his other significant life 

2522
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:30,300
challenges. 
He did not seem to see death as 

2523
02:09:30,300 --> 02:09:33,700
a tragedy to be avoided at all 
costs but rather as another 

2524
02:09:33,700 --> 02:09:39,200
mystery to be pondered At 62, 
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 

2525
02:09:39,200 --> 02:09:43,100
from throat, cancer on February,
18th 1967, a legacy is 

2526
02:09:43,100 --> 02:09:46,100
complicated and difficult. 
As the man himself was left 

2527
02:09:46,100 --> 02:09:49,400
behind by the passing of the boy
who had collected rocks. 

2528
02:09:49,400 --> 02:09:53,000
The young man who had learned 
Sanskrit the teacher, who had 

2529
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:55,700
revolutionized American 
theoretical physics, the 

2530
02:09:55,700 --> 02:09:59,200
scientific administrator who had
planned the Manhattan Project 

2531
02:09:59,200 --> 02:10:02,100
and the public intellectual who 
had wrestled with the moral 

2532
02:10:02,100 --> 02:10:05,500
implications of nuclear weapons.
Think about this, as you go to 

2533
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:08,100
bed tonight? 
Intelligent people are still 

2534
02:10:08,100 --> 02:10:10,300
awake today because of the 
questions that kept Robert, 

2535
02:10:10,300 --> 02:10:12,900
Oppenheimer up at night. 
During his most trying times. 

2536
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,300
How can we strike a balance 
between seeking knowledge and 

2537
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:17,900
being concerned about its 
implications? 

2538
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:21,500
What obligations do 
professionals have to society 

2539
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:25,200
and what obligations to society 
have to uphold intellectual 

2540
02:10:25,200 --> 02:10:27,700
Freedom. 
How do we make informed choices 

2541
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:31,100
about technologies that have the
potential to drastically alter 

2542
02:10:31,100 --> 02:10:34,000
human civilization? 
There are no simple answers to 

2543
02:10:34,000 --> 02:10:36,600
these questions in Robert's 
life, but it does offer 

2544
02:10:36,600 --> 02:10:40,500
something perhaps more valuable.
An example of how a thoughtful 

2545
02:10:40,500 --> 02:10:43,200
individual can wrestle with 
moral complexity without 

2546
02:10:43,200 --> 02:10:46,800
slipping into either naive 
idealism, or cynicism, the man 

2547
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:48,900
who assisted in the development 
of nuclear weapons. 

2548
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:52,000
Spent the remainder of his life,
attempting to comprehend and 

2549
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,800
explain the ramifications of his
actions, never escaping 

2550
02:10:55,800 --> 02:10:58,700
responsibility. 
But also not letting guilt stop 

2551
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:01,800
him from making further 
contributions to the welfare and

2552
02:11:01,808 --> 02:11:04,500
knowledge of humanity. 
Robert contributed to the 

2553
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:07,400
creation of the atomic age, 
which is still developing today,

2554
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:10,900
although nuclear weapons 
continue to pose a threat to 

2555
02:11:10,900 --> 02:11:14,500
human survival nuclear 
technology, also produces 

2556
02:11:14,500 --> 02:11:18,000
carbon-free energy and 
life-saving Medical Treatments. 

2557
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:20,700
The same scientific technique. 
That uncovered. 

2558
02:11:20,700 --> 02:11:23,300
The mysteries of atomic 
structure are still producing 

2559
02:11:23,300 --> 02:11:25,500
new types of problems that we 
haven't yet. 

2560
02:11:25,500 --> 02:11:28,800
Learned to predict all that may 
provide answers to Humanity's 

2561
02:11:28,800 --> 02:11:31,500
biggest problems. 
Many of the same problems that 

2562
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:34,000
Robert and his colleague's face 
during the Manhattan Project 

2563
02:11:34,000 --> 02:11:36,700
still face scientists. 
Today, who are developing 

2564
02:11:36,700 --> 02:11:40,100
genetic engineering artificial 
Intelligence and other 

2565
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:43,400
game-changing Technologies. 
How do you continue potentially 

2566
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:45,700
useful research while being 
aware of its risks? 

2567
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:49,300
How can one uphold scientific 
objectivity while admitting 

2568
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,300
moral obligations? 
How do you explain complicated 

2569
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,500
technical matters to the public 
and political leaders who have 

2570
02:11:55,500 --> 02:11:58,000
to decide how these Technologies
should be developed and 

2571
02:11:58,000 --> 02:12:00,200
governed. 
Robert's example, implies that 

2572
02:12:00,200 --> 02:12:02,400
all though there are no easy 
answers to these questions. 

2573
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:05,200
Anyone who chooses to work at 
the boundaries of human 

2574
02:12:05,200 --> 02:12:08,300
knowledge cannot avoid them 
conducting scientific research 

2575
02:12:08,300 --> 02:12:12,000
in a vacuum apart from social 
and political influences is not 

2576
02:12:12,000 --> 02:12:14,700
a morally neutral. 
Endeavor it occurs in human 

2577
02:12:14,700 --> 02:12:18,600
communities is supported by 
human institutions and generates

2578
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:21,500
knowledge that can be applied to
both positive and negative human

2579
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:23,800
goals. 
The young man who gather rocks 

2580
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:28,200
out of Natural, Curiosity, grew 
up to realize that Curiosity no 

2581
02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:31,300
matter how pure its original 
motivation, always leads to 

2582
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:33,600
power. 
And that power always raises 

2583
02:12:33,600 --> 02:12:36,400
issues of responsibility. 
Perhaps the most distinctive 

2584
02:12:36,400 --> 02:12:39,000
feature of the Contemporary 
scientific Endeavor is This 

2585
02:12:39,000 --> 02:12:42,800
shift from naive or to moral 
complexity, but Robert's life 

2586
02:12:42,800 --> 02:12:45,700
also shows that, despite 
circumstances that could be used

2587
02:12:45,700 --> 02:12:47,900
as an excuse for pessimism or 
hopelessness. 

2588
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:52,000
It is possible to preserve human
decency and intellectual 

2589
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:54,600
Integrity. 
He never lost faith in the value

2590
02:12:54,600 --> 02:12:58,000
of seeking the truth, even if 
doing so resulted in knowledge, 

2591
02:12:58,000 --> 02:13:00,200
that was dangerous. 
Even when his efforts were 

2592
02:13:00,200 --> 02:13:03,500
misinterpreted or dismissed by 
political authorities, he never 

2593
02:13:03,500 --> 02:13:05,800
gave up on applying his 
knowledge to advance human 

2594
02:13:05,800 --> 02:13:08,200
welfare. 
According to the Sanskrit, text 

2595
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,200
Robert Hood, read as a Young 
Man, wisdom is the result of 

2596
02:13:11,208 --> 02:13:13,900
realizing how everything is 
interconnected and the 

2597
02:13:13,908 --> 02:13:17,500
obligations that follow from 
that realization, he explored 

2598
02:13:17,500 --> 02:13:20,300
those ancient insights and 
applied them to contemporary 

2599
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:23,100
scientific knowledge throughout 
his career in a way. 

2600
02:13:24,100 --> 02:13:27,200
Humans who are the ability to 
control these connections take 

2601
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:30,600
on responsibilities that go well
beyond their immediate goals. 

2602
02:13:30,600 --> 02:13:33,600
The universe that physics 
reveals is in fact, 

2603
02:13:33,600 --> 02:13:37,400
interconnected at the most basic
levels, as you fall asleep, you 

2604
02:13:37,400 --> 02:13:40,600
may have a dream about a slender
young man, standing on a mace in

2605
02:13:40,600 --> 02:13:43,200
New Mexico. 
Witnessing the first artificial 

2606
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:46,400
sunrise over the desert and 
realizing that everything has 

2607
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:48,700
changed forever. 
All years later. 

2608
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:51,800
You might dream of that same 
person strolling through 

2609
02:13:51,800 --> 02:13:55,600
Princeton in the evening light. 
Still thinking about issues of 

2610
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:58,500
responsibility and knowledge 
that have no definitive answers 

2611
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:01,300
but require constant 
consideration from anyone 

2612
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:04,900
concerned with the future of 
human civilization even though 

2613
02:14:04,900 --> 02:14:07,800
Robert Oppenheimer passed away 
more than 50 years ago, the 

2614
02:14:07,800 --> 02:14:09,600
issues he brought up are still 
relevant today. 

2615
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:12,800
Our world is shaped by 
technological, advancements, and

2616
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:15,700
scientific discoveries. 
That would have seemed magical 

2617
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:18,900
to earlier Generations. 
The decisions we make about how 

2618
02:14:18,900 --> 02:14:22,000
to use these advancements. 
Will determine the kind of world

2619
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:25,300
we leave for future Generations.
The legacy of the boy who 

2620
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:27,800
gathered rocks and went on to 
become the man who helped 

2621
02:14:27,800 --> 02:14:31,800
discover the secrets of the atom
is not a list of solutions, but 

2622
02:14:31,800 --> 02:14:35,000
rather a dedication to continue 
to ask the right questions with 

2623
02:14:35,000 --> 02:14:39,200
wisdom, bravery and humility. 
Remembering Roberts, example of 

2624
02:14:39,208 --> 02:14:42,100
how a thoughtful person can 
engage with moral complexity 

2625
02:14:42,100 --> 02:14:45,000
while maintaining both 
intellectual honesty and hope 

2626
02:14:45,000 --> 02:14:49,000
for human wisdom is crucial as 
we grapple with the implications

2627
02:14:49,000 --> 02:14:52,600
of artificial intelligence, 
climate change, genetic 

2628
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:55,800
engineering and other trans 
Technologies in our own time 

2629
02:14:55,800 --> 02:14:59,300
rest easy, knowing that 
somewhere tonight someone is 

2630
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:02,800
sitting at a computer or working
in a lab pushing the limits of 

2631
02:15:02,800 --> 02:15:05,200
human knowledge while grappling 
with issues of accountability 

2632
02:15:05,200 --> 02:15:08,800
and Consequence. 
The cross decades to a 

2633
02:15:08,800 --> 02:15:11,900
theoretical physicist who wants 
stood in the New Mexico desert 

2634
02:15:11,900 --> 02:15:14,700
and saw the world transformed in
a burst of artificial light. 

2635
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:18,300
There are still questions. 
Each new generation takes on the

2636
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:20,900
duty of interacting with them in
a thoughtful and brave manner. 

2637
02:15:21,900 --> 02:15:23,700
And the greatest hope for our 
future. 

2638
02:15:23,700 --> 02:15:26,700
As a species may be found in 
that continuous dialogue between

2639
02:15:26,700 --> 02:15:34,200
human wisdom and curiosity. 
You wake up and it is still 

2640
02:15:34,200 --> 02:15:36,700
dark. 
Not the kind of dark where you 

2641
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:39,700
can see outlines and shapes and 
maybe the cats sleeping on the 

2642
02:15:39,700 --> 02:15:43,400
chair, This is the heavy woolly 
dark of a world. 

2643
02:15:43,400 --> 02:15:46,100
That is not yet remembered. 
It is supposed to have a 

2644
02:15:46,100 --> 02:15:48,500
morning. 
Somewhere outside your small 

2645
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:50,500
window, and Owl is finishing, 
its shift. 

2646
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:54,500
Somewhere far off for rooster is
clearing its throat, but is not 

2647
02:15:54,508 --> 02:15:56,000
yet committed to the 
performance. 

2648
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:00,600
Your name does not matter much. 
You're a baker in a town, whose 

2649
02:16:00,600 --> 02:16:04,100
name most maps have already 
forgotten somewhere in the year 

2650
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:06,400
1200 and something give or take 
a decade. 

2651
02:16:06,400 --> 02:16:10,300
You live above your bake house, 
which is a generous way of 

2652
02:16:10,300 --> 02:16:14,300
describing a room with a straw 
mattress, a wooden chest and a 

2653
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:17,600
lingering smell of yesterday's 
Rye that has soaked into your 

2654
02:16:17,600 --> 02:16:20,800
hair, your clothes and probably 
your dreams. 

2655
02:16:20,800 --> 02:16:24,500
The room is small, you can stand
in the middle of it and touch 

2656
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:27,200
both walls if you stretch, but 
it is yours. 

2657
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:31,600
And it is warm heated From Below
by the residual of the oven. 

2658
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:35,200
Which means that even in the 
deepest part of winter, your 

2659
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:37,299
bedroom is the warmest room in 
the neighborhood. 

2660
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:41,000
The Tanner across the lane would
trade his best leather for this 

2661
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:45,200
rangement and he has told you so
more than once usually in 

2662
02:16:45,200 --> 02:16:47,900
January you swing your legs off 
the mattress. 

2663
02:16:47,900 --> 02:16:52,799
The floor is cold. 
The floor is always cold you 

2664
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:56,100
have lived in this building for 
11 years and the floor is never 

2665
02:16:56,100 --> 02:16:58,000
once greeted your feet with 
warmth. 

2666
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:02,100
You've stopped hoping you have 
made peace with cold floors the 

2667
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:04,100
way Sailors make peace with the 
sea. 

2668
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:07,000
It is simply the cost of doing 
what you do. 

2669
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:10,400
There is no alarm clock. 
There is no clock at all. 

2670
02:17:10,400 --> 02:17:13,799
You've trained your body to wake
before the church bell rings for

2671
02:17:13,799 --> 02:17:17,000
matting's which is the monks way
of saying three in the morning 

2672
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,200
your body. 
Does this reliably which is both

2673
02:17:20,200 --> 02:17:24,100
a blessing and a quiet tragedy. 
You have not slept past three in

2674
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,200
the morning, since you were 14 
years old when your father first

2675
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,500
pressed a wooden peel into your 
hands and said, this is your 

2676
02:17:30,500 --> 02:17:32,799
life now, he was not being 
dramatic. 

2677
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:37,700
He was being accurate you pull 
on your tunic it is the color of

2678
02:17:37,700 --> 02:17:42,400
flower which is to say it was 
once Brown and his now a sort of

2679
02:17:42,400 --> 02:17:45,900
ghostly beige. 
You tie your 8 prune, which is 

2680
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:49,400
stiff with dried dough and has 
developed a personality of its 

2681
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:52,400
own over the years. 
If you left it standing in the 

2682
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:55,299
corner, it would probably remain
upright without assistance. 

2683
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:01,100
You run a hand through your 
hair, dislodging a small puff of

2684
02:18:01,100 --> 02:18:03,700
flour that has apparently been 
living there since yesterday. 

2685
02:18:04,799 --> 02:18:09,299
Flour gets everywhere. 
It is in your hair under your 

2686
02:18:09,299 --> 02:18:13,900
nails in the creases of your 
elbows and between your toes. 

2687
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:17,900
you have found flower in places 
where flour has no business 

2688
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:23,500
being Once you found it in your 
ear, you did not question how it

2689
02:18:23,500 --> 02:18:26,500
got there. 
You simply accepted it the way 

2690
02:18:26,508 --> 02:18:30,400
one accepts gravity or taxation 
down the narrow stairs. 

2691
02:18:30,400 --> 02:18:33,500
One hand on the wall because the
third step has been loose since 

2692
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:35,799
Autumn and you keep meaning to 
fix it. 

2693
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:39,500
Your dog. 
A brown and white creature of 

2694
02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:42,900
indeterminate breed and 
unshakable loyalty lifts his 

2695
02:18:42,900 --> 02:18:46,799
head from his spot by the bank 
of his tail twice against the 

2696
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:49,700
floor in greeting and 
immediately goes back to sleep. 

2697
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:54,500
He has the right idea, honestly.
The Bakehouse Greeks you the way

2698
02:18:54,500 --> 02:18:57,700
it always does with the faint 
warmth left over from 

2699
02:18:57,700 --> 02:19:02,100
yesterday's fire and the sweet 
yeasty breadth of dough that has

2700
02:19:02,100 --> 02:19:05,600
been sitting overnight. 
There is something living about 

2701
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:08,799
a Bakehouse at this hour. 
The walls hold heat like a 

2702
02:19:08,808 --> 02:19:11,500
memory. 
The air has weight and texture. 

2703
02:19:12,400 --> 02:19:15,700
You're not alone in here, you're
surrounded by the invisible. 

2704
02:19:15,700 --> 02:19:18,799
Work of millions of tiny 
organisms doing their job in the

2705
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:22,600
dark, turning flour and water 
into something that will rise. 

2706
02:19:23,400 --> 02:19:27,299
but first the oven Your oven is 
the most important thing. 

2707
02:19:27,299 --> 02:19:31,000
You own your Sunday shoes, 
clothes and bed are less 

2708
02:19:31,000 --> 02:19:33,500
important. 
The oven is a beast Made of 

2709
02:19:33,508 --> 02:19:37,200
Stone and Clay built into the 
back wall of the Bakehouse like 

2710
02:19:37,200 --> 02:19:41,200
a dragon sleeping in a cave, it 
is roughly the size of a small 

2711
02:19:41,200 --> 02:19:45,299
room dome-shaped with a mouth 
just wide enough for you to 

2712
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:48,000
slide loaves in and out on a 
long wooden peel. 

2713
02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:52,500
The stones are black and from 
years of use, if you pressed 

2714
02:19:52,500 --> 02:19:55,500
your ear against the outside 
wall, you could feel the memory 

2715
02:19:55,500 --> 02:20:00,100
of 10,000 fires. 
You kneel at the mouth and begin

2716
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,000
building, the fire. 
This is not a task. 

2717
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:06,800
You rush, a baker, who rushes? 
The fire is a baker. 

2718
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:10,300
Who burns bread and a baker. 
Who burns bread is a baker, who 

2719
02:20:10,300 --> 02:20:14,100
loses customers and a baker, who
loses customers is a baker who 

2720
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:17,300
starts thinking about becoming a
farmer, which is a fate worse 

2721
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:20,300
than cold floors. 
The air outside is perfectly 

2722
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:24,000
still at this hour, you can hear
the town breathing in its sleep.

2723
02:20:24,000 --> 02:20:27,400
If you listen carefully enough, 
a horse shifting and it stalls 

2724
02:20:27,400 --> 02:20:30,100
somewhere down the lane. 
The creek that runs behind the 

2725
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:33,200
Tanner's yard murmurs along. 
Its Muddy Banks as it has for 

2726
02:20:33,200 --> 02:20:36,400
centuries. 
In another hour, this silence 

2727
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:38,800
will begin to erode. 
The Roosters will start. 

2728
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:43,800
Then the dog's and the people. 
But for now the world belongs to

2729
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:48,100
you and the fire and the quiet. 
You start with kindling. 

2730
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:52,400
Small sticks. 
Dryers bone arranged in a loose 

2731
02:20:52,400 --> 02:20:55,900
nest. 
Then larger pieces, Oak, mostly 

2732
02:20:55,900 --> 02:21:00,300
because Oak Burns slowed, and 
even and does not spit Sparks 

2733
02:21:00,300 --> 02:21:03,200
the way Pine does. 
Pine is the gossip of the 

2734
02:21:03,208 --> 02:21:05,800
firewood World, always making a 
scene. 

2735
02:21:05,800 --> 02:21:08,900
You prefer the quiet reliability
of Oak. 

2736
02:21:09,700 --> 02:21:13,000
You like the kindling with a 
flint and steel, leaning close 

2737
02:21:13,000 --> 02:21:16,400
to blow gently on the first tiny
flame until it catches and 

2738
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:19,300
grows. 
Fire crackles to life. 

2739
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:24,200
Shadows, jump across the walls, 
the Bakehouse wakes up now. 

2740
02:21:24,200 --> 02:21:27,200
You wait. 
The fire needs to burn for two 

2741
02:21:27,200 --> 02:21:31,800
hours sometimes three depending 
on the wood and the weather and 

2742
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:35,300
the mood of the universe. 
The stones need to absorb the 

2743
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:39,200
heat until they are white hot 
and the entire Dome is 

2744
02:21:39,200 --> 02:21:42,600
radiating, warmth like a small 
Sun trapped inside your 

2745
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:45,000
Bakehouse. 
You have learned to read the 

2746
02:21:45,000 --> 02:21:47,000
other than the way some people 
read faces. 

2747
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:50,500
You know, when it is ready by 
the color of the Stones, by the 

2748
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,900
way, the are shims at the mouth 
by a feeling in your bones, that

2749
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:56,900
has nothing to do with 
measurement and everything to do

2750
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:00,600
with years of standing. 
In this exact spot doing this 

2751
02:22:00,600 --> 02:22:04,500
exact thing. 
You pour yourself a cup of water

2752
02:22:04,500 --> 02:22:06,600
from the jug by the door and 
drink it. 

2753
02:22:06,600 --> 02:22:10,100
Slowly watching the fire. 
There is something deeply 

2754
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:14,100
calming about fire at this hour.
It does not demand anything from

2755
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:16,400
you. 
It does not need instructions or

2756
02:22:16,400 --> 02:22:20,700
supervision. 
It simply Burns steady and 

2757
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:24,800
purposeful doing what fire does 
and you can stand here and watch

2758
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:28,300
it and think about nothing for a
while which is a luxury that the

2759
02:22:28,300 --> 02:22:30,900
rest of the day will not offer 
by mid-morning. 

2760
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:34,200
You will be elbow deep and flour
and surrounded by customers and 

2761
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:36,600
worrying about whether you 
ordered enough grain from the 

2762
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:39,800
Miller. 
But right now at this hour with 

2763
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:42,900
the fire doing its patient work 
and the town still sleeping. 

2764
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:46,100
You're allowed to Simply Be you 
drink your water. 

2765
02:22:46,100 --> 02:22:49,900
You watch The Flame. 
The dogs, snores, softly near 

2766
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:53,200
your feet. 
While the oven Heats you turn to

2767
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:55,200
the dough, the dough has been 
working. 

2768
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:58,800
All night, you mixed it 
yesterday evening before bed, 

2769
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:02,608
combining flour and water and a 
piece of old dose saved from the

2770
02:23:02,616 --> 02:23:06,200
previous batch. 
This old dough, is your starter 

2771
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:09,200
your Levin, The Living heart of 
your bread. 

2772
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:14,600
It contains wild yeast captured 
from the air itself and colonies

2773
02:23:14,600 --> 02:23:18,500
of microscopic creatures that 
have been passed down from batch

2774
02:23:18,500 --> 02:23:20,100
to batch for longer than you can
remember. 

2775
02:23:21,100 --> 02:23:22,900
Your father gave you his 
starter. 

2776
02:23:22,900 --> 02:23:25,800
When you took over the 
Bakehouse, his father gave it to

2777
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,200
him. 
The yeast in your bread is older

2778
02:23:28,200 --> 02:23:31,200
than the king. 
It has survived Wars famines, 

2779
02:23:31,200 --> 02:23:34,000
and at least one incident 
involving a goat that somehow 

2780
02:23:34,000 --> 02:23:36,500
got into the Bakehouse Nate, 
half the dough before anyone 

2781
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:39,500
noticed. 
You uncover the dough trough 

2782
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:43,400
along, wooden vessel shaped like
a boat and there it is. 

2783
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:47,800
Overnight the dough has risen 
and doubled in size and it sits 

2784
02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:49,000
there. 
Now, looking pleased with 

2785
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:52,800
itself, round and pillowy, and 
smelling of something, ancient 

2786
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:55,600
and good. 
You press a finger into the 

2787
02:23:55,600 --> 02:23:58,700
surface, it gives slowly then 
pushes back. 

2788
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:04,100
This is the sign. 
The dough is alive and ready and

2789
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,900
it is time to work. 
You flower the table. 

2790
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:12,900
The table is a thick slab of Oak
warns Smooth by Decades of 

2791
02:24:12,908 --> 02:24:16,000
needing and it sits in the 
center of the Bakehouse like an 

2792
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,500
altar. 
Turn the dough out onto it and 

2793
02:24:19,500 --> 02:24:22,500
the soft weight of it. 
Hit the wood with a satisfying 

2794
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:26,200
thud. 
Flower rises in a small cloud. 

2795
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:31,400
You lean in and begin. 
Kneading is physical work. 

2796
02:24:32,100 --> 02:24:35,600
Your arms, your shoulders, your 
back, everything. 

2797
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:38,100
Engages. 
You push the dough away from you

2798
02:24:38,100 --> 02:24:41,400
with the heels of your hands. 
Fold it back, turn it a quarter 

2799
02:24:41,400 --> 02:24:44,300
and push again. 
There is a rhythm to it. 

2800
02:24:45,100 --> 02:24:48,300
A pattern that your body knows 
so well that your mind is free 

2801
02:24:48,300 --> 02:24:49,600
to wonder. 
Push. 

2802
02:24:50,300 --> 02:24:54,700
Fold turn push. 
Fold turn. 

2803
02:24:55,900 --> 02:24:58,400
The dough resists at first dense
and Shaggy. 

2804
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:01,400
But gradually, it transforms 
under your hands. 

2805
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,700
It becomes smooth, it becomes 
elastic. 

2806
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:09,500
It becomes something that feels 
underneath your palms almost 

2807
02:25:09,500 --> 02:25:13,000
like skin. 
The sound of needing is one of 

2808
02:25:13,000 --> 02:25:15,800
those sounds that is hard to 
describe, but instantly 

2809
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,500
recognizable. 
A soft percussive slapping as 

2810
02:25:19,500 --> 02:25:22,800
the dough hits the table. 
The quietest sound of its 

2811
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:26,400
stretching as you push. 
Faint tacky whisper when your 

2812
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:28,900
palms Lift Away take and 
together. 

2813
02:25:28,900 --> 02:25:33,300
These sounds make a kind of 
music, low, and rhythmic and 

2814
02:25:33,300 --> 02:25:36,600
deeply satisfying. 
The percussion section of the 

2815
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:40,400
Bakehouse Orchestra If anyone 
were awake to listen at the 

2816
02:25:40,408 --> 02:25:43,600
window, they would hear it and 
know exactly what was happening 

2817
02:25:43,600 --> 02:25:47,000
inside. 
The baker is working, the bread 

2818
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:49,200
is on its way. 
There is a moment in needing 

2819
02:25:49,200 --> 02:25:52,000
where the dose stops being 
ingredients and becomes bread. 

2820
02:25:52,000 --> 02:25:55,100
You cannot explain it. 
You cannot teach it. 

2821
02:25:55,100 --> 02:25:58,400
You can only feel it. 
And after all these years you 

2822
02:25:58,400 --> 02:26:01,200
feel it. 
Every time you divide the dough 

2823
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:05,700
into portions, using a bench 
knife, a flat blade of iron that

2824
02:26:05,700 --> 02:26:08,700
your blacksmith friend made for 
you in exchange for a month of 

2825
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:12,600
free loaves, a good trade, you 
both agreed. 

2826
02:26:13,400 --> 02:26:17,100
You weigh each Portion by hand 
tossing, it lightly to judge the

2827
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:19,300
heft. 
Because your town does not have 

2828
02:26:19,300 --> 02:26:22,100
scales finding enough for this 
work and your hands are more 

2829
02:26:22,100 --> 02:26:25,300
accurate. 
Anyway, each portion needs to be

2830
02:26:25,300 --> 02:26:29,300
the same size because the guild 
says so and the guild is not 

2831
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:32,700
something you argue with Killed 
right? 

2832
02:26:32,700 --> 02:26:36,700
We should talk about the gilled.
The Bakers Guild, is the 

2833
02:26:36,700 --> 02:26:39,800
organization that governs your 
trade and it governs thoroughly,

2834
02:26:39,800 --> 02:26:43,400
they set the price of bread. 
They set the weight of bread, 

2835
02:26:43,400 --> 02:26:47,500
they set the quality of bread. 
They determine who can bake and 

2836
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:49,800
who cannot where Bakery can 
operate. 

2837
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:54,100
How many apprentices and master 
Baker can train and what happens

2838
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:55,800
to Bakers, who cheat their 
customers. 

2839
02:26:57,000 --> 02:27:00,200
The Guild is run by Master 
Bakers men who have spent 

2840
02:27:00,200 --> 02:27:03,500
decades in the trade and who 
take the business of bread with 

2841
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:05,600
a seriousness that borders on 
the spiritual. 

2842
02:27:06,600 --> 02:27:09,700
When they inspect your Bakehouse
and they do inspect your 

2843
02:27:09,700 --> 02:27:12,000
Bakehouse, they check 
everything. 

2844
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:17,100
They weigh your loaves, they 
examine your flower, they taste 

2845
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:19,600
your bread, they look at your 
oven and your tools and your 

2846
02:27:19,608 --> 02:27:21,700
workspace. 
And if they find that you have 

2847
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:24,600
been cutting Corners, the 
consequences are real. 

2848
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,000
A baker caught selling 
underweight bread might be 

2849
02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:31,400
dragged through the streets on a
hurdle which is a kind of wooden

2850
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:34,700
sled with the offending loaf. 
Tied around his neck. 

2851
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:39,700
This is not a private reprimand.
This is a public spectacle and 

2852
02:27:39,700 --> 02:27:43,100
your neighbor's will watch and 
they will remember, and your 

2853
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:46,200
reputation will carry that 
stain, like flower carries the 

2854
02:27:46,200 --> 02:27:49,700
smell of yeast for more serious.
Offense is a baker could be 

2855
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:54,100
fined banned from the trade or 
have his oven destroyed, which 

2856
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:56,600
in Practical terms is the same 
as having your livelihood 

2857
02:27:56,600 --> 02:27:59,200
reduced to Rubble. 
So, you weigh your portions 

2858
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:03,100
carefully, you shape each one 
with the attention, The Guild is

2859
02:28:03,100 --> 02:28:05,400
watching, even when it is not 
watching. 

2860
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,800
There is also the matter of the 
size of bread, a law that has 

2861
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:11,900
been in effect. 
Since the king's grandfather, 

2862
02:28:11,900 --> 02:28:15,600
decided that bread was too 
important to be left entirely to

2863
02:28:15,600 --> 02:28:18,600
the market. 
The size, ties, the price, and 

2864
02:28:18,600 --> 02:28:20,800
weight of bread to the current 
price of wheat. 

2865
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:25,400
Creating a sliding scale that 
adjusts as grain prices rise and

2866
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:28,200
fall. 
When wheat is cheap, your loaves

2867
02:28:28,200 --> 02:28:31,600
must be heavier. 
When wheat is expensive, your 

2868
02:28:31,600 --> 02:28:34,300
loaves can be lighter, but the 
price stays fixed. 

2869
02:28:35,200 --> 02:28:37,600
The mathematics of this 
relationship are worked out by 

2870
02:28:37,600 --> 02:28:41,500
Clark's who have never baked a 
loaf in their lives, but who can

2871
02:28:41,500 --> 02:28:46,200
tell you the exact weight down 
to the last fraction that your 

2872
02:28:46,200 --> 02:28:48,000
bread should be at any given 
grain price. 

2873
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:52,000
You do not pretend to understand
the formula you simply obey it 

2874
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:54,700
because the penalty for 
disobedience is public 

2875
02:28:54,700 --> 02:28:58,100
humiliation at best and the end 
of your livelihood at worst. 

2876
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,100
The system for all its rigidity 
serves a purpose. 

2877
02:29:02,100 --> 02:29:06,900
If protects your customers from 
being cheated, which is fair, it

2878
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:10,200
protects you from undercutting 
competitors, which is also fair 

2879
02:29:10,200 --> 02:29:13,800
and it ensures that bread the 
staff of life. 

2880
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:18,500
The one food that absolutely, 
everyone depends on remains 

2881
02:29:18,500 --> 02:29:22,200
affordable, and consistent, and 
available The Guild. 

2882
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:25,300
And the size to gather create a 
framework within, which you 

2883
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:29,100
operate a set of rules that 
Define the boundaries of your 

2884
02:29:29,100 --> 02:29:32,400
craft. 
You did not choose these rules, 

2885
02:29:32,400 --> 02:29:36,400
but you have come to appreciate 
them the way a river appreciates

2886
02:29:36,400 --> 02:29:39,200
its Banks without them. 
Everything would just be a 

2887
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:42,900
flood. 
You shape the loaves most of 

2888
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:47,100
your bread is round, a simple 
Beulah because round is 

2889
02:29:47,100 --> 02:29:51,700
efficient, round bakes evenly. 
And round has been the shape of 

2890
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:53,800
bread. 
Since before anyone thought to 

2891
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,500
write it down, you tuck the 
edges under rotating the dough 

2892
02:29:57,500 --> 02:29:59,600
against the table, to create 
surface tension. 

2893
02:29:59,600 --> 02:30:02,700
Forming a smooth taut skin on 
the outside. 

2894
02:30:02,700 --> 02:30:06,900
Then you set each loaf on a 
flour, dusted board to rise 

2895
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:09,600
again. 
This second Rise of the first 

2896
02:30:09,600 --> 02:30:12,800
just long enough for the dough 
to relax, and puff up slightly 

2897
02:30:12,800 --> 02:30:16,700
before it goes into the oven. 
By now, the fire in the oven has

2898
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:21,400
done its work, the stones are 
hot, the Dome is glowing, you 

2899
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,400
rake out the coals and the ash, 
using a long-handled iron 

2900
02:30:24,400 --> 02:30:28,000
scraper, pulling everything 
forward and out the mouth into a

2901
02:30:28,008 --> 02:30:30,600
metal bucket. 
Then you take a wet. 

2902
02:30:30,600 --> 02:30:33,300
Mop, basically a rag on a stick 
and swap. 

2903
02:30:33,300 --> 02:30:37,400
The oven floor. 
The wet rag sizzles and steams 

2904
02:30:37,400 --> 02:30:40,000
cleaning the surface and 
dropping the temperature. 

2905
02:30:40,000 --> 02:30:43,300
Just slightly from scorching to 
merely very hot. 

2906
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:47,200
The steam will also help the 
bread form a good crust which 

2907
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:50,600
matters because the crust is the
first thing, your customers 

2908
02:30:50,600 --> 02:30:53,100
notice. 
You pick up the peel? 

2909
02:30:53,100 --> 02:30:55,800
This is a flat wooden paddle on 
a long handle. 

2910
02:30:55,808 --> 02:30:59,800
The baker's primary instrument 
the thing that stands between 

2911
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:02,900
you and the heat, you dust it 
with flour. 

2912
02:31:02,900 --> 02:31:06,400
Slide it under the first Loaf. 
And with a quick confident 

2913
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:10,500
motion, you send the bread into 
the oven, the loaf slides off 

2914
02:31:10,500 --> 02:31:14,300
the peel and lands on the hot 
stone with a soft hiss you 

2915
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:17,800
repeat this for every loaf 
working quickly because the oven

2916
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:19,700
is losing heat with every 
second. 

2917
02:31:19,700 --> 02:31:23,600
The mouth is open and your arm 
is memorized, the exact angle 

2918
02:31:23,600 --> 02:31:26,400
and speed needed to place each 
loaf where it belongs. 

2919
02:31:26,400 --> 02:31:30,600
Then you close the oven door and
you wait, this is the part of 

2920
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:33,500
baking that no one talks about 
the waiting. 

2921
02:31:33,500 --> 02:31:36,600
The fire was waiting. 
The tide was waiting. 

2922
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:40,600
And now the baking itself is 
waiting standing by while heat 

2923
02:31:40,600 --> 02:31:43,300
and dough and time do their work
in the dark of the oven. 

2924
02:31:43,300 --> 02:31:45,700
You cannot see what is happening
in there. 

2925
02:31:45,700 --> 02:31:50,000
You can only trust it, trust the
heat, trust the dough. 

2926
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:53,500
Trust the process that has 
Worked every morning for every 

2927
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:57,900
year of your working life. 
He used this time wisely, you 

2928
02:31:57,900 --> 02:32:01,700
clean the table, you sweep the 
floor, you refill, the flour 

2929
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:05,000
bins from the sac stacked 
against the wall sacks that were

2930
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:06,600
delivered yesterday by the 
Miller. 

2931
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:10,400
A man named Thomas who talks too
much about his back problems, 

2932
02:32:10,400 --> 02:32:14,500
but who produces flour, so fine,
and even that you forgive 

2933
02:32:14,500 --> 02:32:18,000
everything. 
Good flower is hard to find when

2934
02:32:18,000 --> 02:32:19,900
you find a good Miller, you 
treat him? 

2935
02:32:19,900 --> 02:32:24,400
Well, you pay on time, you laugh
at his jokes about his back, you

2936
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:26,900
do whatever it takes. 
Because the difference between 

2937
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:30,500
good flower and badflower is the
difference between bread that 

2938
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,500
sings and bread. 
That sits there like a stone 

2939
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:37,600
apologizing, for its existence. 
Smell begins to change. 

2940
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:42,200
You notice it before you notice 
anything else, the raw yeasty 

2941
02:32:42,200 --> 02:32:45,900
smell of doe transforms into 
something deeper, something 

2942
02:32:45,900 --> 02:32:49,700
roasted and gold, and a smell 
that reaches into the street. 

2943
02:32:49,700 --> 02:32:52,500
And pulls people toward your 
shop like an invisible hand. 

2944
02:32:53,600 --> 02:32:56,600
This is the smell of the mayard 
reaction, though. 

2945
02:32:56,600 --> 02:32:59,400
You do not call it that because 
that phrase will not be invented

2946
02:32:59,400 --> 02:33:02,800
for another 700 years. 
You call it bread, smelling 

2947
02:33:02,800 --> 02:33:06,000
done. 
You open the oven and check the 

2948
02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:10,000
loaves of transformed, their 
golden brown cracked on top 

2949
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,900
where the heat has split the 
cross to beautiful unpredictable

2950
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:17,000
patterns. 
You tap the bottom of one with 

2951
02:33:17,000 --> 02:33:20,500
your knuckle, it sounds Hollow 
like, knocking on a door with 

2952
02:33:20,500 --> 02:33:22,800
nobody home. 
This is the sign. 

2953
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:28,100
Halo means done, you pull the 
loaves out, one by one setting 

2954
02:33:28,100 --> 02:33:31,400
them on a wooden rack to cool. 
And the Bakehouse fills with the

2955
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:34,400
kind of warmth that has nothing 
to do with temperature and 

2956
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:36,100
everything to do with 
satisfaction. 

2957
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:42,700
First batch is done. 
It is perhaps five in the 

2958
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:45,300
morning. 
The sky outside is beginning to 

2959
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:48,300
lighten. 
Thin line of gray along the roof

2960
02:33:48,300 --> 02:33:51,000
tops. 
A kind of light that is less a 

2961
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:54,500
color than a suggestion of one. 
You've been awake for two hours 

2962
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:56,700
and you have already completed 
something. 

2963
02:33:57,600 --> 02:33:59,200
Most of the town is still 
sleeping. 

2964
02:34:00,100 --> 02:34:02,300
The blacksmith has not yet 
opened his Forge. 

2965
02:34:02,300 --> 02:34:06,300
The Tanner is not yet begun, his
unpleasant work, the merchant 

2966
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:10,800
has not yet unlocked his shop. 
But you the baker have already 

2967
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:13,600
made the thing that all of them 
will need before the day is 

2968
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:15,900
through. 
He start the second batch. 

2969
02:34:15,900 --> 02:34:19,600
This is the rhythm of your 
morning, Batch off to batch the 

2970
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,200
oven slowly cooling. 
As it gives up its stored heat, 

2971
02:34:22,200 --> 02:34:25,900
each successive, round of bread 
baking at a slightly lower 

2972
02:34:25,900 --> 02:34:29,500
temperature. 
First batch in the hottest oven 

2973
02:34:29,500 --> 02:34:33,900
is for the white bread. 
Finest loaves made from well 

2974
02:34:33,900 --> 02:34:36,900
sifted flour. 
Destined for the tables of the 

2975
02:34:36,900 --> 02:34:39,800
wealthier towns people. 
The second batch is for the 

2976
02:34:39,800 --> 02:34:42,600
standard brown bread. 
The everyday loaf that most 

2977
02:34:42,600 --> 02:34:45,800
families eat made from flour. 
That still contains some of the 

2978
02:34:45,800 --> 02:34:48,000
brown and germ. 
The third batch. 

2979
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:51,700
When the oven is cooler, still 
is for the course of breads, the

2980
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:55,600
dark rye, and Massillon, a 
mixture of wheat and rye, the 

2981
02:34:55,600 --> 02:34:59,200
bread of laborers, and the poor 
This hierarchy is not your 

2982
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:02,800
invention. 
It is the way things are in a 

2983
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:04,900
medieval Town, bread is a mirror
of society. 

2984
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:08,200
The whiteness of your loaf tells
the world who you are. 

2985
02:35:09,300 --> 02:35:12,400
White bread called wasteful or 
Panda. 

2986
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:16,800
Main is expensive, because white
flower requires extra sifting, 

2987
02:35:16,800 --> 02:35:20,200
extra processing and more wheat 
per loaf. 

2988
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:23,900
It is soft and light, and 
delicate, and eating. 

2989
02:35:23,900 --> 02:35:28,000
It means you can afford to eat 
well, Brown bread called cheat 

2990
02:35:28,000 --> 02:35:32,600
or cocket is the respectable 
middle, the bread of Craftsmen 

2991
02:35:32,600 --> 02:35:36,400
and Merchants dark bread called 
horse, bred by people who have 

2992
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:39,800
never had to depend on. 
It is dense and filling a 

2993
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:42,400
nutritious and it keeps the 
bellies of working people. 

2994
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:46,000
Full until supper. 
You do not judge, you bake, all 

2995
02:35:46,000 --> 02:35:49,700
of it, every loaf matters. 
There is something worth noting 

2996
02:35:49,700 --> 02:35:51,700
about the way bread moves 
through a household. 

2997
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:55,200
A loaf does not simply arrive on
the table and get eaten. 

2998
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:58,500
It has a career when it is 
fresh. 

2999
02:35:58,500 --> 02:36:03,000
Still warm still crackling at 
the crust, it is the star of the

3000
02:36:03,000 --> 02:36:07,000
meal, broken by hand and eaten 
with whatever accompaniment the 

3001
02:36:07,000 --> 02:36:10,800
household can afford. 
A day later, it has hardened 

3002
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:14,500
slightly and now it is a 
different food good for dipping 

3003
02:36:14,500 --> 02:36:17,900
into Super stew. 
Where the broth softens it back 

3004
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:21,800
to life. 
After two days, it has become a 

3005
02:36:21,800 --> 02:36:24,400
structural material. 
Hardened enough to serve as a 

3006
02:36:24,408 --> 02:36:27,600
trencher plate or to be grated 
into breadcrumbs that thicken 

3007
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:31,200
sauces and stretch the contents 
of a cooking pot after three 

3008
02:36:31,200 --> 02:36:33,700
days. 
If any survive that long, they 

3009
02:36:33,700 --> 02:36:35,800
go to the animals or into a 
bread pudding. 

3010
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:39,100
If the household is Thrifty or 
in Toledo, if the householders 

3011
02:36:39,100 --> 02:36:43,600
creative, nothing is wasted. 
A loaf of bread in a medieval 

3012
02:36:43,600 --> 02:36:45,500
household has more lives than a 
cat. 

3013
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:49,000
This long after life of bread is
something you think about when 

3014
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,800
you bake, you're not just making
food for the day. 

3015
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:55,700
You're making a raw material, 
that will be used and reused and

3016
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:57,600
transformed over the course of 
several days. 

3017
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:02,900
The density of your bread. 
Thickness of the crust and the 

3018
02:37:02,900 --> 02:37:06,900
tightness of the crumb, all of 
these affect how well the low 

3019
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:11,000
phages and how it holds up to 
dunking and slicing and grating.

3020
02:37:11,900 --> 02:37:15,800
A good loaf should be versatile.
It should be a complete sentence

3021
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:20,100
on its first day and still be 
useful punctuation 3 days later.

3022
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:25,800
As the morning brightens, you 
prepare the shop the Bakehouse 

3023
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:28,400
and the Shopper connected. 
The front room open to the 

3024
02:37:28,400 --> 02:37:31,800
street through a wide window 
with a wooden shutter that folds

3025
02:37:31,800 --> 02:37:35,300
down to create a counter, you 
arrange the cool Loaves on the 

3026
02:37:35,300 --> 02:37:37,000
counter and on shells behind 
you. 

3027
02:37:37,000 --> 02:37:40,800
The bread is the display. 
There is no sign, no 

3028
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:43,600
advertisement. 
Know painted board hanging from 

3029
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:45,900
a bracket, the bread speaks for 
itself. 

3030
02:37:45,900 --> 02:37:49,900
And the smell does the rest. 
Your first customer arrives 

3031
02:37:49,900 --> 02:37:51,900
before the sun clears, the roof 
tops. 

3032
02:37:51,900 --> 02:37:56,000
She's an older woman a widow who
lives three streets over, and 

3033
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:57,700
she comes every morning at the 
same time. 

3034
02:37:58,700 --> 02:38:00,600
She does not need to tell you 
what she wants. 

3035
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:05,300
You know, one brown loaf 
slightly smaller than standard 

3036
02:38:05,300 --> 02:38:09,200
because she lives alone and a 
full loaf goes stale before she 

3037
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:12,300
can finish it. 
You hand it to her and she hands

3038
02:38:12,300 --> 02:38:16,100
you a coin and this transaction 
repeated every morning for the 

3039
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:20,200
last six years is one of the 
fixed points of your day as 

3040
02:38:20,200 --> 02:38:23,300
reliable as the Sunrise and 
considerably more punctual. 

3041
02:38:24,400 --> 02:38:26,900
The customers come in a steady 
stream after that. 

3042
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:30,800
Servant from the house on the 
hill, buying white bread. 

3043
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:33,900
For his employers breakfast, a 
Mother with three children 

3044
02:38:33,900 --> 02:38:37,400
attached to her skirt. 
Like small noisy accessories, 

3045
02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:40,500
buying two, brown, loaves. 
That will feed her family 

3046
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,200
through the day. 
A laborer is heading to the 

3047
02:38:43,208 --> 02:38:47,300
construction site at the edge of
town, buying a dark Loaf, and a 

3048
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:50,300
handful of Dale old roles that 
you sell at Half Price because 

3049
02:38:50,300 --> 02:38:53,400
they are hard as riverstone's, 
but the man does not seem to 

3050
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:57,800
mind, you know, all of them. 
This is a small town and the 

3051
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:00,300
bakery is one of the places 
where the town meets itself 

3052
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:03,500
every morning, you know, who is 
well, and who is sick? 

3053
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,700
Who has had a baby who has lost 
a parent and who was prospering,

3054
02:39:06,700 --> 02:39:09,800
and who is struggling people 
tell you things while they wait 

3055
02:39:09,800 --> 02:39:12,400
for their bread. 
The bakery counter is a 

3056
02:39:12,400 --> 02:39:14,200
confessional without the 
religion. 

3057
02:39:14,200 --> 02:39:18,000
A place where news travels at 
the speed of small talk. 

3058
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:20,900
You learned that the cobbler's 
wife has left him. 

3059
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:24,600
You learn that the merchant on 
the corner has been buying wool 

3060
02:39:24,600 --> 02:39:27,100
from a new supplier and the 
quality is better. 

3061
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,200
You learn that the priest drank 
too much ale at the Harvest 

3062
02:39:30,200 --> 02:39:32,000
supper and fell asleep in the 
churchyard. 

3063
02:39:32,000 --> 02:39:35,600
You listen you nod you hand over
bread. 

3064
02:39:35,600 --> 02:39:40,500
This is your role. 
The baker hears, everything and 

3065
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:43,900
repeats nothing, which is a kind
of power though. 

3066
02:39:43,900 --> 02:39:47,400
It does not feel like power. 
It feels like standing behind a 

3067
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:49,100
counter while the world tells 
you it's business. 

3068
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:53,900
There is also the matter of 
credit not everyone pays in coin

3069
02:39:53,900 --> 02:39:56,600
every day. 
Some customers have a rangements

3070
02:39:56,600 --> 02:39:59,600
with you running a table that 
they settle weekly or monthly, 

3071
02:40:00,700 --> 02:40:03,100
Keep track of these debts in 
your head, because you do not 

3072
02:40:03,100 --> 02:40:05,000
read or write. 
Well, enough to keep a ledger 

3073
02:40:05,008 --> 02:40:09,500
and because your memory for who 
owes what is frankly better than

3074
02:40:09,500 --> 02:40:13,000
any written record, you know, 
that the carpet is wife owes for

3075
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:15,600
six loaves. 
You know that the old soldier 

3076
02:40:15,600 --> 02:40:18,300
who lives by the gate is three 
weeks behind and will probably 

3077
02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:21,800
never pay, but you keep giving 
him bread anyway, because he 

3078
02:40:21,800 --> 02:40:25,200
fought in the wars and lost two 
fingers and has nobody to cook 

3079
02:40:25,200 --> 02:40:27,400
for him. 
And letting an old man, go 

3080
02:40:27,400 --> 02:40:31,700
hungry, is not something you are
willing to do Guild rules, or no

3081
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:35,200
Guild rules. 
There are also the customers who

3082
02:40:35,200 --> 02:40:39,400
do not pay in money at all. 
Farmer, who brings you eggs, The

3083
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:43,000
Beekeeper, who brings you honey,
which you use to make the sweet 

3084
02:40:43,000 --> 02:40:47,000
breads that sell so well, on 
feast days, the woman who mends 

3085
02:40:47,000 --> 02:40:50,700
clothes, and who has on more 
than one occasion, repaired, the

3086
02:40:50,700 --> 02:40:53,700
growing collection of Tears in 
your work, tunic in exchange for

3087
02:40:53,700 --> 02:40:56,700
a week of bread. 
This barter economy runs 

3088
02:40:56,700 --> 02:40:59,700
alongside the money economy, 
like a second current in a river

3089
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:05,000
unofficial and unrecorded but 
deeply real a web of favors and 

3090
02:41:05,000 --> 02:41:07,100
exchanges that binds the town 
together. 

3091
02:41:07,100 --> 02:41:11,900
More tightly than any Guild 
Charter between customers, you 

3092
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:15,500
keep working. 
There is always more to do you. 

3093
02:41:15,500 --> 02:41:18,700
Mix dough for tomorrow's bread, 
starting the slow overnight 

3094
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:20,200
rise. 
That will greet you again in the

3095
02:41:20,200 --> 02:41:22,800
morning. 
You prepare specialty items 

3096
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:25,300
because bread is not the only 
thing that comes from your oven.

3097
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:29,100
You make meat pies when you can 
get the filling, the butcher, 

3098
02:41:29,100 --> 02:41:32,000
saving his scraps for you. 
In exchange for bread, you make 

3099
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:35,600
trenchers the thick slabs of 
Dale old bread that serves 

3100
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:37,300
edible plate and wealthier 
households. 

3101
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:40,700
The idea is practical in his 
brilliant's. 

3102
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:44,200
The bread, absorbs, the juices 
of whatever meal is placed on 

3103
02:41:44,200 --> 02:41:46,300
top of it. 
And when the meal is finished, 

3104
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:50,000
the trench is eaten or give him 
to the poor, or to the dogs. 

3105
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:54,400
Nothing is wasted. 
The bread has two lives. 

3106
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:58,900
You also bake for the community.
When a family, brings you a pot 

3107
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:02,100
of stew or a joint of meat, you 
put it in your oven after the 

3108
02:42:02,100 --> 02:42:05,000
bread is done, using the 
residual heat to cook their 

3109
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:07,700
meal. 
Most families in town, do not 

3110
02:42:07,708 --> 02:42:11,800
have Ovens of their own ovens 
are expensive to build expensive

3111
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:16,100
to fuel and dangerous a badly 
maintained oven can catch fire 

3112
02:42:16,100 --> 02:42:18,800
and take a whole street with it 
and in a town where the 

3113
02:42:18,800 --> 02:42:22,500
buildings a Timber and thatch 
fire is the fear that never 

3114
02:42:22,500 --> 02:42:25,300
sleeps. 
So you are in addition to being 

3115
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:29,400
a baker, a kind of public. 
Utility your oven serves, the 

3116
02:42:29,400 --> 02:42:31,400
town, the way, the well serves 
the town. 

3117
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:36,000
It is a shared resource, a 
communal half and this gives you

3118
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:38,800
a certain standing that goes 
beyond the simple selling of 

3119
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:41,600
bread. 
You charge a small fee for this 

3120
02:42:41,600 --> 02:42:45,500
service, a penny, or two per 
pot, and the income adds up over

3121
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:48,800
the course of a week. 
But more than the money, the 

3122
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:50,700
arrangement gives you. 
Something less tangible. 

3123
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:54,100
When families come to collect 
their cooked meals in the 

3124
02:42:54,100 --> 02:42:58,800
evening, they linger they chat 
they sit on the bench outside 

3125
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:00,600
your bake house and eat their 
supper. 

3126
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:04,600
While the last of the days, 
light Fades from the sky, your 

3127
02:43:04,600 --> 02:43:08,300
Bakehouse becomes without anyone
planning it a kind of 

3128
02:43:08,308 --> 02:43:11,300
Neighborhood Center. 
A place where people gather 

3129
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:14,500
because the warmth draws them 
and the bread gives them a 

3130
02:43:14,500 --> 02:43:17,700
reason to stay. 
Children play in the lane while 

3131
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:20,600
their parents collect dinner. 
Neighbors, who might otherwise 

3132
02:43:20,600 --> 02:43:24,300
pass each other without a word 
stop and talk because they're 

3133
02:43:24,300 --> 02:43:28,200
both waiting for their pots. 
The Bakehouse knits the town 

3134
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:31,700
together, stitch by Stitch loaf 
by loaf. 

3135
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,200
There is an old woman who brings
you a pot of something every 

3136
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:37,500
Tuesday and Thursday, you're not
entirely. 

3137
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:41,200
Sure what is in it. 
The smell suggests cabbage and 

3138
02:43:41,200 --> 02:43:47,400
possibly desperation whatever it
is she swears by it and she has 

3139
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:49,700
been bringing it to your oven 
for longer than you've been 

3140
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:52,900
baking since your father's time 
and you will keep putting it in 

3141
02:43:52,900 --> 02:43:54,800
the oven and until one of you 
stopped showing up. 

3142
02:43:56,300 --> 02:44:01,000
The morning passes into midday, 
the rush slows, the counter 

3143
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:04,200
empties of bread and fills. 
With crumbs, you eat your own 

3144
02:44:04,200 --> 02:44:06,200
lunch, which is, of course 
bread. 

3145
02:44:06,200 --> 02:44:09,800
Because what else would a 
bakery. you eat it with cheese, 

3146
02:44:09,800 --> 02:44:12,800
if you have it or with dripping,
or with, whatever the season 

3147
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:15,800
offers, In summer. 
There might be an onion from the

3148
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,800
garden behind the Bake House 
sharp and sweet in Autumn. 

3149
02:44:19,800 --> 02:44:22,400
There might be an apple from the
tree that grows against the back

3150
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:24,000
wall. 
The one that drops. 

3151
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:27,600
Its fruit directly onto your 
wood pile every September as if 

3152
02:44:27,600 --> 02:44:31,200
making an offering. 
After lunch, you begin. 

3153
02:44:31,200 --> 02:44:35,900
The afternoon's work, you sift 
flour. this is tedious work, 

3154
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:39,100
shaking the flour, through a 
cloth, serve to separate the 

3155
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:43,700
fine from the course, the white 
from the brown, Finest flour, 

3156
02:44:43,700 --> 02:44:46,500
sifted, two or three times 
becomes the white bread flour. 

3157
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:49,600
The medium sifting become the 
brown bread flour. 

3158
02:44:49,600 --> 02:44:53,300
The course is leftovers the bran
and the husks go into the dark 

3159
02:44:53,300 --> 02:44:57,300
breads or a sold as animal feed.
You stand there, shaking the 

3160
02:44:57,300 --> 02:45:00,500
sieve with a steady back and 
forth motion that is deeply 

3161
02:45:00,500 --> 02:45:05,000
boring and entirely necessary 
and a fine, white dust Rises 

3162
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:08,300
around you, until you look like 
a figure standing in a gentle 

3163
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:11,300
snowfall. 
You Haul water from the well? 

3164
02:45:12,100 --> 02:45:16,800
You chop wood because wood is 
fuel and fuel is life and you go

3165
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:21,400
through enormous quantity of it.
A Bakehouse consumes, would the 

3166
02:45:21,400 --> 02:45:25,500
way a river consumes, rain 
steadily, and completely, and 

3167
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:29,800
keeping the supply stock is a 
constant occupation you buy from

3168
02:45:29,800 --> 02:45:33,200
the woodcutters who work the 
forest outside Town, haggling 

3169
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:36,600
over price and quality and 
delivery, and you stack the logs

3170
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:38,200
against the side of the bake 
house. 

3171
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:40,900
Where the eaves? 
Keep them dry because wet wood 

3172
02:45:40,900 --> 02:45:45,000
is worse than no wood. 
Wet would smoke and sputters and

3173
02:45:45,000 --> 02:45:48,000
drops, the oven temperature and 
ruined the crust on every loaf. 

3174
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:50,800
The splitting is good work 
though. 

3175
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,100
There is a satisfaction to it. 
That is different from baking, 

3176
02:45:54,100 --> 02:45:57,900
but related, the satisfaction of
turning something, rough and 

3177
02:45:57,900 --> 02:46:00,200
hole into something, useful and 
specific. 

3178
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:05,000
You set a log on The Chopping 
Block, swing the axe and the 

3179
02:46:05,000 --> 02:46:08,100
wood opens along its grain with 
a clean crack. 

3180
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:09,900
The Echoes off the Bakehouse 
wall. 

3181
02:46:10,600 --> 02:46:14,300
The dog watches from a safe 
distance, he learned early on 

3182
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:15,800
that. 
The Chopping Block is not a good

3183
02:46:15,808 --> 02:46:19,500
place to sleep, and this is 
possibly the smartest thing he 

3184
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:22,700
has ever done. 
Some afternoons, you tend to 

3185
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:26,900
your starter, the sourdough 
culture needs feeding, a portion

3186
02:46:26,900 --> 02:46:30,000
of fresh flour and water to keep
the yeast alive and active. 

3187
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:32,900
You do this. 
The way you might tend to garden

3188
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:37,000
with regularity and attention 
because an neglected starter 

3189
02:46:37,000 --> 02:46:39,500
turned, sour and sluggish and 
produces bread. 

3190
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:43,000
That tastes like regret. 
Your starter lives in a clay 

3191
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:46,000
Croc on a shelf of the oven 
where the warmth keeps. 

3192
02:46:46,000 --> 02:46:48,700
It bubbling happily, you've 
given it a name. 

3193
02:46:48,700 --> 02:46:51,900
You will not tell anyone this 
because naming your sourdough 

3194
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:55,000
starter is the kind of thing 
that other Tradesmen would find 

3195
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:57,600
eccentric. 
But in the privacy of your own 

3196
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:01,200
Bakehouse, you call it what you 
call it and it does not seem to 

3197
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:04,200
mine. 
The seasons change the way you 

3198
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:09,700
bake in summer, the dough Rises 
fast, sometimes too fast and you

3199
02:47:09,700 --> 02:47:12,800
have to watch it carefully or it
will over probe and collapse 

3200
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:16,400
into a sticky useless. 
Puddle, The Bakehouse is 

3201
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:20,000
unbearable in August the heat 
from the oven, adding to the 

3202
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:22,500
heat of the day. 
Until your workspace feels like 

3203
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:26,000
the inside of a bread loaf. 
You drink water constantly. 

3204
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:29,400
The tie a cloth around your 
head, to keep the sweat from 

3205
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:33,200
dripping into the dough you 
dream of winter then winter 

3206
02:47:33,200 --> 02:47:37,400
comes and you dream of Summer. 
The cold slows, everything down.

3207
02:47:37,400 --> 02:47:41,500
The dough takes longer to rise. 
The oven takes longer to heat. 

3208
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:45,300
Your fingers are stiff in the 
morning and the water from the 

3209
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:47,800
well, is so cold. 
It makes your teeth ache when 

3210
02:47:47,800 --> 02:47:50,200
you drink it. 
You mix the dough with water, 

3211
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:53,500
you have warmed by the fire 
because cold water kills the 

3212
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:57,300
yeast, or at least puts it to 
sleep and sleeping, yeast makes 

3213
02:47:57,300 --> 02:48:01,900
flat bread and flatbread makes 
unhappy customers and unhappy 

3214
02:48:01,900 --> 02:48:05,200
customers. 
Make an unhappy Baker, spring, 

3215
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:09,700
and Autumn of the Good Seasons. 
The balance Seasons when the 

3216
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:13,200
temperature is mild and the do 
behaves, predictably, and the 

3217
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:15,100
Bakehouse is Pleasant to work 
in. 

3218
02:48:16,300 --> 02:48:19,700
Spring brings the new grain. 
Fresh Harvest. 

3219
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:23,500
Milled into flour that smells 
like cut fields and sunshine. 

3220
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:27,700
Autumn brings the apples and the
pears and the preserved fruits 

3221
02:48:27,700 --> 02:48:31,300
that you fold into enriched 
Dough's for feast days and 

3222
02:48:31,300 --> 02:48:34,000
holidays. 
You make spiced breads at 

3223
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:38,100
michaelmas, sweetbreads at 
Christmas and hot cross mark 

3224
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:41,800
buns in the weeks before Easter.
The church calendar is your 

3225
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:45,700
recipe book, each holy day, 
bringing its own tradition, its 

3226
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:49,200
own bread, and its own customers
lining up Before Dawn for 

3227
02:48:49,200 --> 02:48:51,600
something special. 
On feast days. 

3228
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:55,300
The Bakehouse is chaos. 
You start early than usual, 

3229
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:58,300
which means you start at now 
that most people would consider 

3230
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,000
the middle of the night. 
You may make twice the bread 

3231
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:05,000
three times, the bread working 
through the darkness with only 

3232
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:09,100
Tallow candles for light, their 
greasy Flames throwing moving 

3233
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:13,300
Shadows across the walls. 
You bring in your Apprentice a 

3234
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:16,200
boy of 15 who is earnest and 
willing, but who has not yet 

3235
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:19,400
developed the Instinct for dough
that separates a baker from a 

3236
02:49:19,400 --> 02:49:23,200
person who merely makes bread. 
He helps where he can carrying 

3237
02:49:23,200 --> 02:49:27,300
sacks sweeping up, sweeping the 
fire fed and occasionally 

3238
02:49:27,300 --> 02:49:31,000
dropping things at an opportune 
moments because he is 15 and 

3239
02:49:31,000 --> 02:49:32,800
dropping. 
Things is essentially his 

3240
02:49:32,800 --> 02:49:38,900
primary skill. the boy came to 
you two years ago sent by his 

3241
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:42,800
father, a farmer in the village 
three miles east, who decided 

3242
02:49:42,800 --> 02:49:46,500
that his youngest son was not 
suited for fieldwork on account 

3243
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:49,700
of being allergic, to mornings 
and constitutionally opposed a 

3244
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:55,300
mud Farming's lost was baking's.
Gains out of the boy is not bad.

3245
02:49:55,300 --> 02:49:59,600
He simply green, he over. 
Needs he under salts. 

3246
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:02,500
He wants forgot to put the 
starter in the dough and produce

3247
02:50:02,500 --> 02:50:05,400
low, so flat and dense that you 
could have used them to repair 

3248
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:10,500
the road but he is learning. 
You see glimpses of competence 

3249
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:13,400
emerging like shoots in early 
spring and you have enough 

3250
02:50:13,400 --> 02:50:14,800
patience to wait for them to 
grow. 

3251
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:18,300
After all, you are 15 months and
you were not much better. 

3252
02:50:18,300 --> 02:50:22,400
Your father told you, so 
repeatedly, your Apprentice will

3253
02:50:22,400 --> 02:50:24,900
learn, they all, learn 
eventually. 

3254
02:50:26,000 --> 02:50:29,000
The Guild requires seven years 
of apprenticeship before a young

3255
02:50:29,008 --> 02:50:32,100
bake can become a journeyman and
another period of work. 

3256
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:36,100
After that before we can attempt
to become a master The system is

3257
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:39,000
designed to be slow because 
bread does not tolerate 

3258
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:43,300
impatience, a baker who is not 
put in the Years, who is not 

3259
02:50:43,308 --> 02:50:46,700
felt the dough change under his 
hands through every season who 

3260
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:50,200
is not stood before the oven in 
the dark of a 1000 mornings is 

3261
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:52,700
not ready to bake alone. 
The Guild knows this. 

3262
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,600
You know this, you're aching 
back knows this. 

3263
02:50:56,400 --> 02:50:58,400
You teach the boy, what your 
father taught you. 

3264
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,800
How to judge the flower by 
rubbing it between your fingers,

3265
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:05,000
feeling for the right texture, 
the right dryness. 

3266
02:51:05,800 --> 02:51:08,000
How to test the water 
temperature with your elbow? 

3267
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:11,600
The way you would test a bath 
How to listen to the oven, 

3268
02:51:11,600 --> 02:51:15,400
because the oven talks in pops 
and clicks and the soft sigh of 

3269
02:51:15,400 --> 02:51:18,000
expanding are. 
And if you listen well enough, 

3270
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:21,300
it will tell you everything you 
need to know how to score the 

3271
02:51:21,300 --> 02:51:23,100
tops of the lows before they go 
in. 

3272
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:27,300
A quick slash with a sharp blade
that lets the bread expand as it

3273
02:51:27,308 --> 02:51:29,800
bakes with without tearing its 
own crust apart. 

3274
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:33,800
How to tell the difference 
between bread that is perfectly 

3275
02:51:33,800 --> 02:51:37,300
baked and bred that needs 
another few minutes, a 

3276
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:40,100
distinction, so subtle. 
It lives entirely in the air and

3277
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:41,700
the nose, and the tips of the 
fingers. 

3278
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:45,600
You also teach him things that 
have nothing to do with baking, 

3279
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:48,800
how to deal with a difficult 
customer without losing your 

3280
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:52,300
temper, or your sale, how to 
keep accounts in your head when 

3281
02:51:52,300 --> 02:51:55,900
your hands are covered in dough.
And there is no time to stop how

3282
02:51:55,900 --> 02:51:57,800
to be polite to the guild 
inspectors. 

3283
02:51:57,800 --> 02:52:00,600
Even when they are being 
unreasonable, which is often. 

3284
02:52:01,700 --> 02:52:03,300
How to treat the Miller with 
respect. 

3285
02:52:03,300 --> 02:52:06,800
Even when his flower is not up 
to standard because you will 

3286
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:10,000
need his flower again next week 
and the week after that, and 

3287
02:52:10,000 --> 02:52:12,900
burning a bridge with your 
supplier is a worse mistake than

3288
02:52:12,900 --> 02:52:17,000
any bread, you could bake. 
These are the quiet skills of a 

3289
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:19,400
Tradesmen. 
The social glue that holds a 

3290
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:22,400
business together and they're 
just as important as knowing 

3291
02:52:22,400 --> 02:52:24,800
when the dough is ready or how 
hot the oven should be. 

3292
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:29,800
The boy listens. 
He tries, he fails he tries 

3293
02:52:29,800 --> 02:52:34,200
again. 
This is how Bakers are made late

3294
02:52:34,200 --> 02:52:37,100
afternoon bleeds into evening. 
The Shoppers closed. 

3295
02:52:37,100 --> 02:52:40,400
The last loaf has been sold or 
set aside for tomorrow's 

3296
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:42,800
trenches. 
He cleaned the Bakehouse 

3297
02:52:42,800 --> 02:52:45,600
scrubbing. 
The table, sweeping the floor 

3298
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:49,000
and wiping down the peel, and 
the bench knife from the dose. 

3299
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:51,800
Scraper, cleaning is not 
glamorous work, but it is 

3300
02:52:51,808 --> 02:52:55,700
necessary work and a clean 
Bakehouse is a healthy Bakehouse

3301
02:52:56,500 --> 02:53:00,900
rats are a constant threat in a 
place that stores grain Miser 

3302
02:53:00,900 --> 02:53:04,000
worse because they are smaller 
and sneakier and can get into 

3303
02:53:04,000 --> 02:53:09,300
spaces that rat cannot You keep 
a cat for this purpose, a gray 

3304
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,200
Tabby with one torn here and a 
professional attitude toward 

3305
02:53:12,200 --> 02:53:17,200
rodents that you deeply respect.
She patrols the flower stores 

3306
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:20,800
with the dedication of a night 
Watchman and the ruthlessness of

3307
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:25,100
a small furry mercenary between 
the cat and the dog, your 

3308
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:28,000
Bakehouse is well defended 
against anything with four legs 

3309
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:32,100
and bad intentions. 
You Bank, the oven fire, not 

3310
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,500
letting it go out entirely, but 
tamping it down to a slow glow 

3311
02:53:35,500 --> 02:53:38,300
that will make tomorrow, 
morning's fire easier to start. 

3312
02:53:39,300 --> 02:53:42,900
you check the flower stores, you
make mental calculations about 

3313
02:53:42,900 --> 02:53:46,800
tomorrow's bake, how many 
loaves, what types and whether 

3314
02:53:46,800 --> 02:53:52,400
you need to send to the Miller 
for more grain Town outside is 

3315
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:56,400
settling into its evening. 
Smoke rises from chimneys, the 

3316
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:59,600
sound of children playing in the
lanes, Fades as mother's call 

3317
02:53:59,600 --> 02:54:02,700
them in for supper. 
The church bell rings for 

3318
02:54:02,700 --> 02:54:07,100
Vespers the evening prayer, and 
its deep tone rolls over the 

3319
02:54:07,100 --> 02:54:10,700
roof tops and down into your 
Bakehouse where it vibrates in 

3320
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:12,900
the stones of the oven, like a 
second heartbeat. 

3321
02:54:13,800 --> 02:54:16,900
This is the music of your town, 
the Bell and the smoke and the 

3322
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:20,100
distant murmur of voices and you
are woven into it. 

3323
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:24,900
As tightly as anyone, you go up 
stairs, you eat supper, which is

3324
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:28,800
simple bread again because waste
is a sin and there are always 

3325
02:54:28,800 --> 02:54:31,300
left over roles and ends and 
pieces that did not sell. 

3326
02:54:32,100 --> 02:54:35,900
You might add a bowl of pottage.
The thick vegetable stew that 

3327
02:54:35,908 --> 02:54:40,400
everyone in town eats because it
is cheap and filling and can be 

3328
02:54:40,408 --> 02:54:45,100
made from whatever the garden 
provides turnips in Winter peas,

3329
02:54:45,100 --> 02:54:49,000
in Spring beans in summer, 
cabbage. 

3330
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:53,900
Always because cabbage grows 
everywhere and refuses to die is

3331
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:56,500
the most persistent vegetable in
the known world. 

3332
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:00,900
After supper, you mix tomorrow's
dough, this is your evening 

3333
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:04,200
ritual, the bookend to the 
morning, the Alpha and Omega of 

3334
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:07,100
your Baker's day. 
You measure the flour, by the 

3335
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:10,200
scoop, dumping it into the 
dough, trough raising a white 

3336
02:55:10,200 --> 02:55:11,900
cloud. 
That settles on your arms and 

3337
02:55:11,900 --> 02:55:15,700
your apron and the floor, you 
had water warm from the pot that

3338
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:17,300
has been sitting near the oven 
all day. 

3339
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:21,000
You had a piece of yes, 
yesterday's dough, the starter 

3340
02:55:21,000 --> 02:55:24,100
the living bridge between 
today's bread and tomorrow's. 

3341
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:27,800
He mixed with your hands 
squeezing and turning until the 

3342
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:30,400
flour and water come together 
into a Shaggy mass. 

3343
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:34,100
That does not yet look like 
anything edible, but which by 

3344
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:38,500
morning will be transformed. 
You add the salt last. 

3345
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:43,600
Salt is expensive, more 
expensive per weight than flour,

3346
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:45,400
and you use it? 
Sparingly? 

3347
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:50,600
But salt is also essential 
without it bread, tastes flat 

3348
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:54,700
and lifeless like a story told 
without any feeling behind it. 

3349
02:55:54,700 --> 02:55:57,800
The right amount of salt pulls 
all the other flavors into 

3350
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:01,800
Focus, brightening the wheat 
deepening, the firmament and 

3351
02:56:01,800 --> 02:56:05,300
turning a plain dough into 
something with character, you 

3352
02:56:05,300 --> 02:56:08,500
pinch the salt from a small Clay
Pot that you keep on a high 

3353
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:12,300
shelf away from The Damp and 
Scatter it to cross the surface 

3354
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:16,800
of the dough before folding it 
in with long slow Strokes. the 

3355
02:56:16,800 --> 02:56:20,800
dough, resists, the salt at 
first tightening slightly, then 

3356
02:56:20,800 --> 02:56:24,500
relaxes and absorbs it He cover 
the trough with a cloth and 

3357
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:27,300
leave it. 
The yeast will do the rest. 

3358
02:56:28,500 --> 02:56:33,400
While you sleep, they will eat 
and multiply and produce the 

3359
02:56:33,400 --> 02:56:35,300
gas. 
That makes the dough rise. 

3360
02:56:35,300 --> 02:56:39,900
Doing their silent work in the 
dark of the Bakehouse the same 

3361
02:56:39,900 --> 02:56:41,100
work. 
They have been doing. 

3362
02:56:41,100 --> 02:56:43,900
Since the Egyptians first 
discovered that old dough makes 

3363
02:56:43,908 --> 02:56:47,700
new bread lighter your part for 
chain that stretches back, 

3364
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:51,300
thousands of years. 
They could debate her loaf to 

3365
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:55,600
Loaf and this knowledge sits in 
you like warmth you wash your 

3366
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:59,400
hands, you wash your face. 
The water in the basement is 

3367
02:56:59,400 --> 02:57:03,500
cold because, of course, it is. 
And the soap is rough and smells

3368
02:57:03,500 --> 02:57:06,500
of Tallow and Ash, but you are 
clean enough for bed. 

3369
02:57:07,400 --> 02:57:10,700
You hang your apron on the hook 
behind the door, where it 

3370
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:14,200
assumes its customary rigid 
posture and you climb into bed. 

3371
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:19,600
The dog has come up stairs and 
settled at the foot of the 

3372
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:22,200
mattress. 
Turning three times in a tight 

3373
02:57:22,200 --> 02:57:26,000
circle before collapsing with a 
sigh that suggests, he has had a

3374
02:57:26,000 --> 02:57:28,500
harder day than you, which he 
absolutely is not. 

3375
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:32,900
He was asleep for most of it. 
But dogs are masters of 

3376
02:57:32,900 --> 02:57:36,400
performed exhaustion and you let
him have this moment without 

3377
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:39,200
comment. 
The mattress is straw. 

3378
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:42,900
The blanket is wool. 
The pillow is a folded piece of 

3379
02:57:42,908 --> 02:57:46,700
linen, stuffed with dried herbs,
lavender and chamomile. 

3380
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:49,600
Because your grandmother told 
your mother and your mother told

3381
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:52,700
you that these help you sleep 
and whether this is true or 

3382
02:57:52,700 --> 02:57:55,400
merely, traditional the smell of
the means bed. 

3383
02:57:55,400 --> 02:58:00,200
Time means, rest means the day 
is over, and you can finally 

3384
02:58:00,200 --> 02:58:02,000
stop. 
Outside. 

3385
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:05,100
The town is quiet. 
The last drunk has stumbled home

3386
02:58:05,100 --> 02:58:08,100
from the night. 
Watchman is making his rounds. 

3387
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:11,800
His Lantern, a small yellow dot 
moving through the dark streets.

3388
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:16,900
A dog barks once then thinks 
better of it, the moon, if there

3389
02:58:16,900 --> 02:58:20,200
is a moon throw, silver light 
across the roof tops and through

3390
02:58:20,200 --> 02:58:23,500
your window and onto the floor, 
where it lies like a fallen 

3391
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:26,100
hanker chief. 
You think about tomorrow 

3392
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:30,200
tomorrow will be the same the 
same dark morning. 

3393
02:58:30,200 --> 02:58:34,000
The same cold floor, the same 
fire. 

3394
02:58:34,000 --> 02:58:38,300
The same dough. 
The same oven, the same bread. 

3395
02:58:39,100 --> 02:58:41,800
The same customers, the same 
coins. 

3396
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:45,500
The same conversations about the
cobbler's wife and the merchants

3397
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:47,600
wool and the priests drinking 
habits. 

3398
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:50,100
The same. 
This might seem monotonous. 

3399
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:54,400
Described from the outside. 
But from the inside, it feels 

3400
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:57,200
different. 
From the inside, it feels like a

3401
02:58:57,208 --> 02:59:00,800
song with a chorus, you know, by
heart where the pleasure is not 

3402
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:04,400
in surprise, but in the Deep 
satisfaction of repetition done.

3403
02:59:04,400 --> 02:59:08,400
Well, because here is the thing 
about bread, it is never exactly

3404
02:59:08,400 --> 02:59:11,300
the same twice. 
The flower changes with every 

3405
02:59:11,300 --> 02:59:14,900
harvest, the weather changes the
dough, the wood changes, the 

3406
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:19,700
fire, your own hands changes, 
UAE growing stronger, then 

3407
02:59:19,700 --> 02:59:21,900
growing tired. 
Then growing skilled in a 

3408
02:59:21,908 --> 02:59:24,200
different way that compensates 
for the tiredness. 

3409
02:59:25,200 --> 02:59:27,200
Every loaf you bake is a unique 
event. 

3410
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:32,100
A one-time collaboration between
100 variables and no amount of 

3411
02:59:32,100 --> 02:59:37,400
repetition can make that boring.
500th loaf is as much a creation

3412
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:42,400
as the first more, perhaps, 
because the 500 loaf carries the

3413
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:47,100
knowledge of the 499 before it, 
You're part of your town in a 

3414
02:59:47,108 --> 02:59:51,100
way that is difficult to explain
the Lord in his manner, owns the

3415
02:59:51,100 --> 02:59:53,100
land. 
But he does not feed the people.

3416
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:58,400
The priests in his church tends 
the souls but he does not fill 

3417
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:01,700
the bellies. 
You do every morning, you take 

3418
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:05,300
raw grain and water and fire and
time and you turn them into the 

3419
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:07,100
one thing that nobody can live 
without. 

3420
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:11,100
The poorest laborer and the 
richest Merchant both need what 

3421
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:15,200
you make the child, teething on 
a crust of your bread and the 

3422
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:19,000
grandmother softening a piece in
her suit, are both sustained by 

3423
03:00:19,000 --> 03:00:23,100
the same work of your hands. 
In a world of vast inequality, 

3424
03:00:23,100 --> 03:00:26,200
where the distance between the 
Lord's table, and The Peasants 

3425
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:28,800
table is measured in courses and
silver. 

3426
03:00:28,800 --> 03:00:33,500
And servants, bread is the great
equalizer everyone eats bread. 

3427
03:00:33,500 --> 03:00:36,800
Everyone needs the baker. 
This gives you a kind of 

3428
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:40,200
invisible Authority, you're not 
worthy, you're not powerful. 

3429
03:00:40,200 --> 03:00:44,000
You do not sit on the Town 
Council or own land or where fur

3430
03:00:44,000 --> 03:00:46,200
trimmed robes, but you are 
essential. 

3431
03:00:47,200 --> 03:00:50,500
When the Harvest fails and grain
is scarce, you are the one 

3432
03:00:50,500 --> 03:00:54,200
people turn to because you are 
the one who turns green into 

3433
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:57,300
something edible. 
When the price of wheat Rises, 

3434
03:00:57,300 --> 03:01:01,400
the whole town feels it through 
the price of your bread and you 

3435
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:05,000
are the messenger of that 
economic reality standing behind

3436
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:08,200
your counter, while people shake
their heads and tighten their 

3437
03:01:08,200 --> 03:01:12,400
purse, strings, The Guild sets 
the price, not you, but it is 

3438
03:01:12,400 --> 03:01:14,100
your face. 
They see when they pay it. 

3439
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:18,500
On Sundays, you rest? 
Church requires it. 

3440
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:23,700
The guild enforces it and your 
body demands it, you go to mass 

3441
03:01:23,700 --> 03:01:27,900
wearing your one good tunic, the
one without flour stains which 

3442
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:30,400
you keep in the chest 
specifically, for this purpose, 

3443
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,900
You stand in the Nave with the 
other Tradesmen, the blacksmith 

3444
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:38,100
and the carpenter, and the 
Chandler, and the Tanner who 

3445
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:41,400
always stands slightly apart 
because no amount of Sundee 

3446
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:44,200
scrubbing can entirely remove 
the smell of his profession. 

3447
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:48,200
You sing the hymns or at least 
you move your mouth in the 

3448
03:01:48,200 --> 03:01:51,400
general direction of the melody.
You listen to the sermon. 

3449
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:54,100
You pray though. 
Your prayers tend to be 

3450
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:57,000
practical rather than spiritual 
good weather. 

3451
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,000
Good grain, a healthy oven, no 
fires. 

3452
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:03,900
These are the prayers of a baker
and God if he is listening has 

3453
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:06,000
so far been reasonably 
responsive. 

3454
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:12,200
The church itself is the largest
building in town Stone and cool 

3455
03:02:12,200 --> 03:02:16,600
In Summer with windows that let 
in colored light on Sunny 

3456
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:19,400
mornings. 
You helped pay for one of those 

3457
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:23,500
windows, not a large one, just a
small panel of Blue Glass near 

3458
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:27,200
the back funded by a donation 
from the baker's Guild three 

3459
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:29,400
years ago. 
It is not much. 

3460
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:33,000
But every time the morning sun 
catches that blue panel and 

3461
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:36,600
throws a square of colored light
across the stone floor, you feel

3462
03:02:36,600 --> 03:02:40,300
a quiet Pride that has nothing 
to do with vanity and everything

3463
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:43,500
to do with belonging. 
Your trade helped build this 

3464
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:46,900
place your bread feeds. 
The people who fill these pews, 

3465
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:50,500
you're part of something larger 
than yourself and on Sunday 

3466
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:53,500
morning standing in the Nave 
with the light falling Blue 

3467
03:02:53,500 --> 03:02:54,400
Cross. 
Your Hands. 

3468
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:58,500
You can feel it. 
After church, you might walk to 

3469
03:02:58,500 --> 03:03:00,400
the market square. 
And look at what the other 

3470
03:03:00,400 --> 03:03:03,100
Tradesmen are selling. 
You might visit the Miller to 

3471
03:03:03,100 --> 03:03:04,900
discuss next week's flower 
delivery. 

3472
03:03:04,900 --> 03:03:08,000
You might sit on the bench 
outside your bake house and 

3473
03:03:08,000 --> 03:03:11,300
simply watch the town go by 
which is a pleasure that costs 

3474
03:03:11,300 --> 03:03:14,300
nothing and provides more 
entertainment than you might 

3475
03:03:14,300 --> 03:03:17,200
expect. 
Towns are interesting places 

3476
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:18,900
when you slow down enough to see
them. 

3477
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:22,900
The Butchers dog stealing a bone
from the gutter two children 

3478
03:03:22,900 --> 03:03:25,900
racing each other down the lane,
their laughter Rising like 

3479
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:29,100
birds. 
An old man, a sleep on a 

3480
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:32,200
doorstep with his hat. 
Over his face, perfectly at 

3481
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:33,800
peace, with the world and its 
demands. 

3482
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:37,600
Monday morning. 
You do it all again. 

3483
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:41,900
There's a particular quality to 
the repetition of a Baker's life

3484
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:45,500
that deserves more attention. 
It is not the repetition of 

3485
03:03:45,500 --> 03:03:48,800
boredom, it is the repetition of
crafts. 

3486
03:03:49,700 --> 03:03:52,700
A musician who plays the same 
piece every day is not bored by 

3487
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:54,900
it. 
A gardener who tends the same 

3488
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:57,800
beds every season is not dulled 
by familiarity. 

3489
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:00,900
The repetition is the medium 
through which Mastery is 

3490
03:04:00,908 --> 03:04:03,900
achieved and expressed the daily
practice. 

3491
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:08,200
That transforms effort into art 
Your bread is better today than 

3492
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:10,900
it was a year ago. 
It will be better next year than

3493
03:04:10,900 --> 03:04:14,400
it is today. 
This progression is so slow as 

3494
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:17,800
to be invisible on any given 
morning, but over the span of a 

3495
03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:21,300
career, it is the difference 
between bread and bread with a 

3496
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:24,100
capital letter between something
you eat. 

3497
03:04:24,100 --> 03:04:27,900
And something you remember, 
Occasionally, you try something 

3498
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:32,100
new, a different scoring pattern
on the lows, a deeper cut or 

3499
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:34,200
curved slash and stead of a 
straight one. 

3500
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:39,100
Handful of herbs from the garden
mixed into a batch of dough Rose

3501
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,400
Marie or time just to see what 
happens. 

3502
03:04:41,400 --> 03:04:45,500
A slightly longer rise a 
slightly hotter oven a change. 

3503
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:48,100
So small that nobody would 
notice unless they were looking 

3504
03:04:48,100 --> 03:04:51,200
for it. 
These experiments are how the 

3505
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:53,700
craft moves forward, not in 
great leaps. 

3506
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:58,000
But in tiny adjustments, each 
one tested and tasted and either

3507
03:04:58,000 --> 03:05:01,200
kept or discarded. 
Most of them come to nothing. 

3508
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:04,600
A few stick. 
And over the years, those few 

3509
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:07,600
accumulate into something that 
you might call a style. 

3510
03:05:07,600 --> 03:05:10,000
A way of baking. 
That is yours alone. 

3511
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:13,600
Shaped by a thousand small 
decisions made in the quiet 

3512
03:05:13,600 --> 03:05:17,700
hours before Dawn. 
The market comes to town twice a

3513
03:05:17,700 --> 03:05:21,200
week on Wednesdays and 
Saturdays, and on Market Days, 

3514
03:05:21,200 --> 03:05:24,300
the town swells with people from
the surrounding Countryside. 

3515
03:05:25,200 --> 03:05:27,600
Farmers bring their produce 
Tinkers. 

3516
03:05:27,600 --> 03:05:31,200
Bring their pots and pans 
traveling, Merchants bring cloth

3517
03:05:31,200 --> 03:05:33,200
and spices news from other 
towns. 

3518
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:37,300
The atmosphere is loud and busy 
and smells of animals and Earth 

3519
03:05:37,300 --> 03:05:40,100
and the sharp Tang of fresh cut 
cheese. 

3520
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:44,000
On Market Days, you sell more 
bread than usual because the 

3521
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:47,000
farmers wives want something to 
eat while they shop in the 

3522
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:49,800
merchants, want something to eat
while they sell and the children

3523
03:05:49,800 --> 03:05:52,300
want something to eat because 
they are children and eating is 

3524
03:05:52,300 --> 03:05:56,100
essentially their entire agenda.
You set up a trestle table 

3525
03:05:56,100 --> 03:05:58,000
outside your shop on Market 
Days. 

3526
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:00,300
Stacking it with Loaves and 
roles. 

3527
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:04,300
And if you have had an ambitious
weak little pastries filled with

3528
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:07,900
dried fruit and honey that you 
sell for a penny each These 

3529
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:11,300
pastries are popular partly 
because they are delicious and 

3530
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:13,700
partly because eating something 
sweet at a market. 

3531
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:16,100
Feels like a small Rebellion 
against the ordinary. 

3532
03:06:16,800 --> 03:06:20,400
People buy them and eat them 
standing up, getting crumbs on 

3533
03:06:20,400 --> 03:06:22,200
their clothes, and honey, on 
their fingers. 

3534
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:27,100
And the expression on their 
faces is the same every time, a 

3535
03:06:27,100 --> 03:06:30,000
brief private moment of pleasure
in the middle of the busy day. 

3536
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:34,300
You see this expression and it 
makes the early mornings worth 

3537
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:36,900
it. 
This is why you bake not for the

3538
03:06:36,908 --> 03:06:39,300
money though. 
The Money Matters, not for the 

3539
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:42,600
guilds approval, though, the 
guilds approval, also matters. 

3540
03:06:43,400 --> 03:06:46,700
You bake with that expression, 
you bake, because bread makes 

3541
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:49,600
people happy and making people 
happy turns out to be a 

3542
03:06:49,608 --> 03:06:51,800
surprisingly. 
Good reason to get out of bed 

3543
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:54,800
before the sun. 
Market days is also brings 

3544
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:58,100
strangers Travelers passing 
through, who stopped at your 

3545
03:06:58,108 --> 03:06:59,600
counter, because they are 
hungry. 

3546
03:06:59,600 --> 03:07:02,700
And because a bakery is one of 
their only shops in town that 

3547
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:06,600
requires no introduction. 
Stranger can walk up to your 

3548
03:07:06,600 --> 03:07:10,500
counter pointed a loaf hand over
a coin and leave with something 

3549
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,000
to eat. 
All without needing to know 

3550
03:07:13,000 --> 03:07:14,400
anyone or explain their 
business. 

3551
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:17,600
Bread is the universal language 
of Commerce. 

3552
03:07:17,600 --> 03:07:22,300
It needs no translation, no 
negotiation, no social currency.

3553
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:24,800
It just needs a penny and a hand
to hold it. 

3554
03:07:24,800 --> 03:07:28,300
And in a world where strangers 
are regarded with a certain 

3555
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:31,900
amount of Suspicion, the bakery 
is one of the few neutral 

3556
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:35,900
territories where anyone is 
welcome no questions asked as 

3557
03:07:35,900 --> 03:07:39,400
long as they can pay. 
Some of these Travelers, bring 

3558
03:07:39,400 --> 03:07:44,000
news a war in the East, a new 
bridge being built, Two Towns 

3559
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:48,500
over traveling, fare setting up 
outside the city walls, you 

3560
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:50,800
collect these scraps of 
information the way you collect 

3561
03:07:50,800 --> 03:07:54,300
flour dust. 
Passively and constantly until 

3562
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,600
they form a picture of The Wider
world, the world beyond your 

3563
03:07:57,600 --> 03:07:59,800
town, and its Lane's and its 
fields. 

3564
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:03,400
You have never traveled more 
than 20 miles from the place 

3565
03:08:03,400 --> 03:08:06,800
where you were born. 
You probably never will, but 

3566
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:09,400
through the stories of strangers
and the gossip of neighbors and 

3567
03:08:09,408 --> 03:08:12,600
the occasional pronouncement 
from the pulpit, you know, that 

3568
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:15,200
the world is large and 
complicated, and full of people 

3569
03:08:15,200 --> 03:08:18,200
who regardless of where they 
live, or what language, they 

3570
03:08:18,200 --> 03:08:20,100
speak. 
All need bread. 

3571
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:23,500
The afternoon of a market day is
for accounting. 

3572
03:08:24,400 --> 03:08:28,300
You count your coins, separating
the pennies into neat stacks, on

3573
03:08:28,308 --> 03:08:31,100
the table. 
Calculating what you have earned

3574
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:34,200
against what you owe. 
You owe the Miller for flour. 

3575
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:38,100
You owe The Woodcutter for fuel.
You're a small amount to the 

3576
03:08:38,108 --> 03:08:41,200
guild for your annual membership
and a larger amount of the 

3577
03:08:41,208 --> 03:08:44,800
church for your tithe, which is 
one tenth of your earnings. 

3578
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:48,200
And which you pay with the 
resigned acceptance of a man who

3579
03:08:48,200 --> 03:08:51,000
understands that arguing with 
the church is, like, arguing 

3580
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:53,500
with the weather. 
You also set aside money for 

3581
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:56,900
maintenance because ovens crack 
and peals break and roofs leak 

3582
03:08:56,900 --> 03:09:00,500
and the third step on the stairs
is still loose and will. 

3583
03:09:00,500 --> 03:09:04,000
Presumably remain loose until 
the end of time or until you 

3584
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:07,800
hire the carpenter. 
Whichever comes first What is 

3585
03:09:07,800 --> 03:09:10,500
left is yours. 
It is not a lot. 

3586
03:09:10,500 --> 03:09:14,400
You're not rich by any measure, 
but you're not poor either. 

3587
03:09:14,400 --> 03:09:17,300
You're somewhere in the 
comfortable middle of medieval 

3588
03:09:17,300 --> 03:09:20,100
economic life. 
A skilled Tradesman with a 

3589
03:09:20,108 --> 03:09:24,400
secure place in the community a 
roof over your head food in your

3590
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:28,400
belly and work that while 
exhausting gives you a clear 

3591
03:09:28,400 --> 03:09:32,000
sense of purpose and identity. 
You are a baker. 

3592
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:35,300
It is not just what you do. 
It is who you are. 

3593
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:40,500
In the evening, you might visit 
the tavern, not every evening 

3594
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,100
because you need your sleep and 
Ale is the enemy of early 

3595
03:09:43,100 --> 03:09:45,300
mornings. 
But occasionally, when the day 

3596
03:09:45,300 --> 03:09:48,200
has been good and the bread has 
come out well, and you feel like

3597
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:50,400
sitting somewhere that is not 
your Bakehouse. 

3598
03:09:50,400 --> 03:09:54,000
The Tavern is warm and dim and 
smells of wood smoke and Ale and

3599
03:09:54,008 --> 03:09:57,500
the combined efforts of 20 
people suppers You sit in your 

3600
03:09:57,508 --> 03:10:01,900
usual spot near the fire but not
too near you drink a cup of veil

3601
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:04,800
which The Tavern keeper bruised 
himself from which tastes 

3602
03:10:04,800 --> 03:10:08,300
frankly, like something brewed 
by a tavaughn keeper, not by 

3603
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:12,300
anyone with formal training. 
But it is wet and it is warming 

3604
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:14,600
and it costs less than a loaf of
your bread. 

3605
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:17,000
So you drink it and you do not 
complain. 

3606
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,800
The Tavern keeper is a large man
named Hugh who laughs at 

3607
03:10:21,800 --> 03:10:25,300
everything, including things 
that are not funny which means 

3608
03:10:25,300 --> 03:10:26,900
the tavaughn. 
Always, sounds more cheerful 

3609
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:29,900
than it probably is. 
He has been trying to get you to

3610
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:33,500
bake trenches specifically for 
his establishment slightly 

3611
03:10:33,500 --> 03:10:36,800
larger and dense than the usual 
kind to absorb. 

3612
03:10:36,800 --> 03:10:40,600
The truly remarkable quantities 
of gravy that his stews produce 

3613
03:10:41,300 --> 03:10:44,300
Your considering it. 
A standing order is a standing 

3614
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:47,600
order and Hugh pays promptly, 
which is more than you can say 

3615
03:10:47,600 --> 03:10:50,100
for half the town. 
The other Tradesmen are here 

3616
03:10:50,100 --> 03:10:53,400
too. 
The blacksmith whose hands are 

3617
03:10:53,400 --> 03:10:57,200
even more damaged than yours is 
scarred and calloused from years

3618
03:10:57,200 --> 03:11:01,200
of working with hot metal. 
The carpenter who is quiet and 

3619
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:02,700
thoughtful, and builds 
Furniture. 

3620
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:06,600
So beautiful that you sometimes,
wish you had chosen a tray, that

3621
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:09,000
produced objects that lasted 
longer than a day. 

3622
03:11:10,200 --> 03:11:13,600
The Chandler who makes candles 
and soap and who shops smells 

3623
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,400
like a complicated argument 
between Tallow and lie. 

3624
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:19,900
You sit with these men and you 
talk about nothing in particular

3625
03:11:19,900 --> 03:11:23,500
about the weather and the market
and the state of the roads and 

3626
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:25,000
the behavior of the Town 
Council. 

3627
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:29,700
And this is how Community works.
Not through grand gestures or 

3628
03:11:29,700 --> 03:11:33,300
formal institutions but through 
regular people sitting together 

3629
03:11:33,300 --> 03:11:36,700
at the end of a long day, 
sharing a drink and a complaint 

3630
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:40,200
and a laugh and going home, 
feeling slightly less alone. 

3631
03:11:40,200 --> 03:11:44,700
The months rolled past spring, 
planting gives way to summarize 

3632
03:11:44,700 --> 03:11:48,200
opening, which gives way to 
Autumn Harvest, which gives way 

3633
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:51,700
to Winter waiting each season 
brings its bread. 

3634
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:55,800
Spring bread is light and 
hopeful made from the last of 

3635
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:59,500
the stored grain before the new 
crop comes in stretched thin, 

3636
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:03,400
sometimes when the Stalls run 
low but always present always 

3637
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:05,900
there. 
Summer bread is generous and 

3638
03:12:05,900 --> 03:12:09,400
golden baked in an oven that 
barely needs stoking, because 

3639
03:12:09,400 --> 03:12:11,500
the air outside is doing half 
the work. 

3640
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:16,500
Autumn bread is the best made 
from fresh milled flour that 

3641
03:12:16,500 --> 03:12:20,900
carries the taste of the fields.
First bread of the new harvest, 

3642
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:24,500
the bread, that tells the town 
that the lean months are over 

3643
03:12:24,500 --> 03:12:28,400
and abundance has returned 
winter, bread is dark and heavy 

3644
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:32,400
and sustaining rye and barley 
and whatever grain is cheapest. 

3645
03:12:32,900 --> 03:12:35,800
Baked to last because in Winter 
you cannot bake every day. 

3646
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,600
Not when the wood is wet and the
oven loses heat to the cold air 

3647
03:12:39,600 --> 03:12:42,300
and your fingers are too stiff 
to need properly. 

3648
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,400
There are weaks in late winter, 
when the flower stores drop low 

3649
03:12:46,400 --> 03:12:48,700
and you lie awake at night doing
arithmetic in your head 

3650
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:51,700
calculating. 
How many loaves you can stretch 

3651
03:12:51,700 --> 03:12:56,000
from what remains These are the 
anxious weeks, the weeks when 

3652
03:12:56,000 --> 03:12:59,400
the price of grain climbs and 
the guild, adjust the size and 

3653
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:02,400
your loaves, grow lighter, while
your worries, grow heavy here, 

3654
03:13:02,400 --> 03:13:05,000
you have never run completely 
out. 

3655
03:13:05,000 --> 03:13:10,300
There is always been enough, 
just barely to keep the town fed

3656
03:13:10,300 --> 03:13:14,300
until the new crop comes in. 
But the fear of running out is 

3657
03:13:14,300 --> 03:13:18,600
always there a background, 
humble, the daily routine the 

3658
03:13:18,600 --> 03:13:20,500
way. 
The sound of the creek is always

3659
03:13:20,500 --> 03:13:22,300
there beneath the sounds of the 
town. 

3660
03:13:22,300 --> 03:13:25,100
You do not dwell on it. 
You bake what? 

3661
03:13:25,100 --> 03:13:28,100
You can with what you have, and 
you trust that the fields will 

3662
03:13:28,108 --> 03:13:30,600
produce and the Miller will 
grind and the cycle will 

3663
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:34,400
continue as it always has. 
And then one morning in late 

3664
03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:38,000
spring, the new grain arrives, 
Thomas, the Miller pulls up in 

3665
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:41,400
his cart sacks of fresh flower 
stacked High. 

3666
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:45,500
And the flower is pale and sweet
smelling and when you rub it 

3667
03:13:45,500 --> 03:13:47,800
between your fingers, it feels 
like a promise. 

3668
03:13:48,800 --> 03:13:52,000
First Loaf from the new grain is
always something special. 

3669
03:13:52,000 --> 03:13:55,900
You bake it with extra care, 
shaping it well scoring. 

3670
03:13:55,900 --> 03:13:59,400
It deeply and giving it the best
spot in the oven where the heat 

3671
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:03,400
is most even when it comes out 
golden and fragrant and 

3672
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:07,300
crackling softly as it cools, 
you break off a piece and eat it

3673
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:10,700
standing right there at the oven
mouth and it tastes like relief.

3674
03:14:11,700 --> 03:14:15,800
The lean weeks are over the 
year, has turned through it all 

3675
03:14:15,800 --> 03:14:19,900
the bread sustains, it is the 
foundation of every meal. 

3676
03:14:19,900 --> 03:14:22,900
It is the first thing on the 
table in the morning and the 

3677
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:25,800
last thing cleared away at 
night, it is what mothers give 

3678
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:29,100
crying children and what wives 
pack for husbands heading to the

3679
03:14:29,100 --> 03:14:31,700
fields. 
It is what the sick, eat, when 

3680
03:14:31,700 --> 03:14:35,000
they can eat nothing else and 
what the dying receive as their 

3681
03:14:35,000 --> 03:14:38,000
last Earthly comfort. 
Bread is life. 

3682
03:14:38,000 --> 03:14:42,700
And the person who makes it is 
in a sense in the life-giving 

3683
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:47,000
business, You do not think of it
in such Grand terms. 

3684
03:14:47,000 --> 03:14:51,300
Of course, you are a baker, not 
a philosopher, you think of 

3685
03:14:51,300 --> 03:14:55,500
flour and water and fire and 
time and the 900 things that can

3686
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:58,700
go wrong between the mixing and 
the selling You think about 

3687
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:00,500
whether Thomas the Miller is 
overcharging. 

3688
03:15:00,500 --> 03:15:03,100
You You think about whether 
you're Apprentice will ever 

3689
03:15:03,100 --> 03:15:06,200
learn to score a loaf without 
making it look like it lost a 

3690
03:15:06,200 --> 03:15:08,300
fight. 
You think about the third step 

3691
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:10,800
on the stairs? 
But underneath all the daily 

3692
03:15:10,800 --> 03:15:14,000
concerns underneath the flour 
dust and the aching shoulders. 

3693
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:17,500
And the permanently warm hands, 
there is something that might. 

3694
03:15:17,500 --> 03:15:21,600
If you were the kind of person 
who used such words be called 

3695
03:15:21,600 --> 03:15:25,500
contentment, you have a place in
the world, the other skill that 

3696
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:27,800
matters. 
You have a purpose that connects

3697
03:15:27,800 --> 03:15:30,000
you to your neighbor's and your 
town and the long line of 

3698
03:15:30,000 --> 03:15:33,500
Bakers, who came before you your
bread is on every table. 

3699
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:37,700
Your oven warms, the town's 
meals, your Bakehouse is a 

3700
03:15:37,700 --> 03:15:39,600
landmark. 
A Gathering Place. 

3701
03:15:40,700 --> 03:15:42,600
Fixed point in the Turning 
world. 

3702
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:45,400
The church bell rings for 
complying. 

3703
03:15:45,400 --> 03:15:50,200
The last prayer of the day, and 
it sound drifts down through the

3704
03:15:50,200 --> 03:15:53,900
darkness and through your window
and into the room where you lie 

3705
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:57,600
in your bed, smelling a flower, 
and soap and dried lavender. 

3706
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:01,400
The dough in the trough down. 
Stairs is rising slowly in the 

3707
03:16:01,408 --> 03:16:04,300
dark. 
The oven is breathing, its low 

3708
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:08,200
steady Heat. 
Town sleeps, You Close Your 

3709
03:16:08,200 --> 03:16:10,600
Eyes. 
The mattress is not comfortable.

3710
03:16:10,600 --> 03:16:14,700
The blanket is not soft. 
The pillow smells like your 

3711
03:16:14,700 --> 03:16:16,800
grandmother's Garden, but you 
are tired. 

3712
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:20,400
In the way, that only honest 
work, makes you tired tired in 

3713
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:23,600
the bones and the muscles and 
the satisfying, Center of your 

3714
03:16:23,600 --> 03:16:26,800
self, and sleep comes easily the
way. 

3715
03:16:26,808 --> 03:16:29,100
It always does when you have 
spent the day making something 

3716
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,600
real, Tomorrow, you will wake in
the dark. 

3717
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,400
The floor will be cold, the oven
will need feeding, the dough 

3718
03:16:37,400 --> 03:16:40,500
will be waiting. 
The town will need its bread and

3719
03:16:40,500 --> 03:16:43,800
you will be there to provide it 
as you were yesterday and will 

3720
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:46,200
be tomorrow. 
And the day after that, and the 

3721
03:16:46,208 --> 03:16:49,500
day after that, the baker in a 
town whose name nobody remembers

3722
03:16:49,500 --> 03:16:51,900
making the thing that everybody 
needs. 

3723
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:56,800
And just before you drift off in
that floating space between 

3724
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:00,400
waking and sleeping. 
You think about the bread about 

3725
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:03,900
the way it rises in the dark, 
about the way it transforms In 

3726
03:17:03,900 --> 03:17:07,500
the Heat of the way it feeds. 
The world, one loaf at a time 

3727
03:17:07,508 --> 03:17:10,800
without asking for anything in 
return, you're a baker. 

3728
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,000
It is enough. 
The last thing you hear before, 

3729
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,900
sleep takes you as the oven 
settling, a low contented sound 

3730
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:20,100
like a large animal curling up 
for the night. 

3731
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:24,300
The file Whispers, The Flower 
sits quietly. 

3732
03:17:24,300 --> 03:17:28,600
And it's bins, the dough dreams 
of bread and you dream of 

3733
03:17:28,600 --> 03:17:32,700
mourning, not a specific 
morning, just morning itself. 

3734
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,700
The feeling of it, the dark 
Kitchen coming to life. 

3735
03:17:37,400 --> 03:17:41,200
The fire catching the flower 
falls, through your fingers into

3736
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:45,700
the trough, the dough yields to 
your hands, the smell of bread, 

3737
03:17:45,700 --> 03:17:48,000
climbing out of the other and 
into the world. 

3738
03:17:48,000 --> 03:17:51,100
This is your life. 
It is small. 

3739
03:17:51,100 --> 03:17:54,700
It is local. 
It will not be recorded in any 

3740
03:17:54,700 --> 03:17:57,300
Chronicle or celebrated in any 
song. 

3741
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:01,300
No one will build a monument to 
the baker who made the brown 

3742
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:03,800
loaves in the town, whose name 
the maps forgot. 

3743
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:08,300
But the people you fed Will 
Remember The Taste the warmth of

3744
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:11,200
your Bakehouse will live in the 
memory of every child who 

3745
03:18:11,200 --> 03:18:13,000
pressed their nose against the 
counter. 

3746
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:17,200
And breathed in the sweet 
Wheatie are on a cold morning, 

3747
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,700
the bridge you made will become 
part of the body's that ate it. 

3748
03:18:21,300 --> 03:18:24,400
Part of the bones and the blood 
in the energy that built houses,

3749
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:27,700
and plowed fields, and carried, 
babies and laughed at the Tavon 

3750
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:29,800
on Friday nights. 
You're a baker. 

3751
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:34,100
You feed the world one loafer to
time on morning at a time on 

3752
03:18:34,100 --> 03:18:36,400
ordinary extraordinary day after
another. 

3753
03:18:37,300 --> 03:18:39,600
Sleep. 
Now the dough is rising. 

3754
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:43,900
The other is warm the morning 
will come as it always does and 

3755
03:18:43,900 --> 03:18:47,500
you will be ready for it. 
You are always ready for it. 

3756
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:51,800
Good night Baker, your town 
sleeps well because of you. 

3757
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:58,600
You wake Before Dawn and your 
Timber framed house, the kind 

3758
03:18:58,600 --> 03:19:02,300
with walls that lean slightly 
Inward and flaws the creek with 

3759
03:19:02,300 --> 03:19:06,100
the memory of 100 footsteps. 
The room smells of salt and 

3760
03:19:06,100 --> 03:19:10,300
smoke that particular blend that
never quite leaves, Coastal 

3761
03:19:10,300 --> 03:19:13,200
homes, no matter how, many times
you scrub the floorboards 

3762
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:15,900
through the gaps in the 
shutters, you can hear the 

3763
03:19:15,900 --> 03:19:18,400
harbor stirring, not with sudden
noise. 

3764
03:19:18,400 --> 03:19:21,100
But with the gradual 
accumulation of sounds, that 

3765
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:22,600
means the port is stretching 
away. 

3766
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:27,100
The first thing, you notice even
before your fully conscious is 

3767
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,300
the quality of the air It's 
different here than it would be.

3768
03:19:30,300 --> 03:19:34,600
Inland heavier somehow carrying 
the weight of ocean moisture 

3769
03:19:34,600 --> 03:19:39,000
mixed with the earthier sense of
fish and Tara and wet rope, your

3770
03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:41,300
lungs of grown. 
So accustomed to this particular

3771
03:19:41,300 --> 03:19:44,700
atmosphere that you'd probably 
feel uneasy breathing anything 

3772
03:19:44,700 --> 03:19:47,700
else when your cousin visited 
from the countryside. 

3773
03:19:47,700 --> 03:19:50,600
Last Summer, She complained that
the air felt thick enough to 

3774
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:54,200
chew you hadn't known what she 
meant until you visited her farm

3775
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:57,900
and found herself. 
Gasping at how thin and Empty 

3776
03:19:57,900 --> 03:20:01,500
the Inland air seemed you swing 
your legs out of bed, feet, 

3777
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:04,000
finding the wooden floor. 
That's always slightly damp this

3778
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,100
close to the water. 
Cold travels up through your 

3779
03:20:07,100 --> 03:20:11,200
souls a morning, greeting, 
you've learned to expect your 

3780
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:13,600
house, sits three streets back 
from the main Wharf. 

3781
03:20:13,600 --> 03:20:17,400
Close enough that you can gauge 
the tide by sound alone. 

3782
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:21,400
Right now, it's coming in. 
You can tell, by the way, the 

3783
03:20:21,400 --> 03:20:25,000
water slaps against the dock 
pilings, with a particular Halo 

3784
03:20:25,000 --> 03:20:28,600
Rhythm, When the tide goes out, 
the sound changes entirely 

3785
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:32,200
becoming more of a sucking 
Whisperer as the sea, Retreats, 

3786
03:20:32,200 --> 03:20:36,600
the mud flats, Pre-dawn light 
filtering through your shutters,

3787
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:40,600
has that strange quality. 
You've learned means fog not the

3788
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:44,300
thick pea soupers that sometimes
role in during Autumn but the 

3789
03:20:44,300 --> 03:20:46,900
light morning Haze that will 
burn off by mid-morning. 

3790
03:20:46,900 --> 03:20:50,300
Once the sun gains proper 
strength, you've learned to read

3791
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:53,900
whether the way, some people 
read books interpreting signs, 

3792
03:20:53,900 --> 03:20:56,300
that would mean nothing to 
someone who didn't live by the 

3793
03:20:56,300 --> 03:20:59,600
Seas, moods dressing in the 
half-light you pull on the same 

3794
03:20:59,600 --> 03:21:01,900
layers. 
You wore yesterday the ones that

3795
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,900
smell least of fish and sweat 
laundry happens when it happens.

3796
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:08,800
Usually when your daughter 
complains that your shirt could 

3797
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:10,600
probably walk to the Washington 
by itself. 

3798
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:14,600
The fashion here runs toward 
practical rather than decorative

3799
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:19,000
Woolen British that can survive 
salt spray a linen shirt that's 

3800
03:21:19,000 --> 03:21:20,900
been mended. 
So many times, the original 

3801
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:24,800
fabric is hard to identify and a
leather jacket that supposed to 

3802
03:21:24,808 --> 03:21:28,300
provide some protection against 
the wind never quite stops 

3803
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:30,300
blowing. 
By the time you make it down 

3804
03:21:30,300 --> 03:21:33,100
stairs, your wife has already 
coaxed, the kitchen fire back to

3805
03:21:33,100 --> 03:21:36,000
life. 
The half dominate, the main room

3806
03:21:36,000 --> 03:21:38,500
built large enough that you 
could roast a whole sheet. 

3807
03:21:38,500 --> 03:21:40,900
If you were the sort of person 
who could afford holy sheep, 

3808
03:21:40,900 --> 03:21:43,500
more typically at hosts a 
Perpetual pot of something. 

3809
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:47,300
Usually fish stew or oat 
porridge occasionally both. 

3810
03:21:47,300 --> 03:21:50,600
If you've had a particularly 
good week Fires warmth hasn't 

3811
03:21:50,608 --> 03:21:54,300
spread far yet and the corners 
of the room still hold pockets 

3812
03:21:54,300 --> 03:21:56,500
of cold air that will linger 
until noon. 

3813
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:59,200
Your wife moves through her 
morning routine with the 

3814
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:01,900
efficiency of someone who's 
performed the same actions for 

3815
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:06,300
20 years, Bread from yesterday, 
gets cut into thick slices 

3816
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:11,700
butter if there's any butter 
more likely just the bread maybe

3817
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:13,600
softened in whatever's warming 
in the pot. 

3818
03:22:14,400 --> 03:22:17,900
She doesn't say much this early.
Neither of you do morning. 

3819
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:20,500
Conversation is a luxury for 
people who don't have to be at 

3820
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:22,900
the Docks before. 
The fishing boats return through

3821
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:25,900
the open door, you can hear the 
ports morning Symphony beginning

3822
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:28,600
in Earnest now. 
Someone's hammering, metal 

3823
03:22:28,600 --> 03:22:31,800
against metal, probably the 
Smithy three streets, over 

3824
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:35,300
getting an early, start on 
whatever repairs accumulated 

3825
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:38,500
yesterday. 
A dog barks is told to shut up 

3826
03:22:38,500 --> 03:22:41,200
and Barks again. 
Anyway. footsteps on 

3827
03:22:41,200 --> 03:22:44,100
cobblestones dozens of them all 
heading in the same, general 

3828
03:22:44,100 --> 03:22:48,000
direction toward the water, you 
eat your bread quickly washing 

3829
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:50,400
it down with small beer, that 
tastes like it's gone slightly 

3830
03:22:50,400 --> 03:22:54,100
off but probably hasn't It 
tastes like it's gone slightly 

3831
03:22:54,100 --> 03:22:57,300
off when you live this close to 
fish markets, your youngest 

3832
03:22:57,300 --> 03:23:00,800
daughter appears already 
dressed, looking more awake than

3833
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:04,200
any child, should at this hour. 
She's reached that age where she

3834
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:05,400
wants to be involved in 
everything. 

3835
03:23:05,400 --> 03:23:08,700
Ask questions about ship rigging
and cargo manifests. 

3836
03:23:08,700 --> 03:23:12,000
And why exactly ships floating 
the first place you've tried 

3837
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:15,100
explaining about displacement 
and hulls and why Oak is better 

3838
03:23:15,108 --> 03:23:17,500
than Pine. 
But your understanding of these 

3839
03:23:17,500 --> 03:23:21,300
matters is more practical than 
theoretical ships float because 

3840
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,600
their belt, right? 
And they sink when they're not, 

3841
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,400
that's the extent of your Naval 
architecture. 

3842
03:23:26,400 --> 03:23:30,600
Expertise, Outside. 
The sky is lightened enough that

3843
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:32,400
you can make out the master in 
the harbor. 

3844
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,600
They rise like a forest of bare 
trees. 

3845
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:38,600
Swaying slightly even though 
there's barely any wind yet. 

3846
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:43,200
Counting them as become a habit.
You do it without thinking the 

3847
03:23:43,200 --> 03:23:44,700
same way. 
You might count your children 

3848
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:48,400
before bed, to make sure 
everyone's home. 23 ships are 

3849
03:23:48,400 --> 03:23:51,400
currently at tangka, which means
businesses decent, but not 

3850
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:53,700
booming. 
During the height of Summer, 

3851
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:57,600
you've seen 40 or more crowding,
the harbor, their Crews 

3852
03:23:57,600 --> 03:24:00,100
competing for dock space and 
unloading priority. 

3853
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:03,300
The walk to the Waterfront takes
you through streets that grow 

3854
03:24:03,300 --> 03:24:05,200
narrower. 
The closer you get to the docks.

3855
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,600
Houses, lean toward each other, 
overhead upper storeys jutting 

3856
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:11,000
out far. 
Enough that neighbors could 

3857
03:24:11,008 --> 03:24:14,200
Shake Hands Across The Gap. 
If they wanted to the streets, 

3858
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:18,200
themselves are less streets and 
more suggestions cobblestones 

3859
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:19,900
laid down. 
Whenever someone got around to 

3860
03:24:19,900 --> 03:24:23,500
it, filling in the gaps between 
buildings that were constructed.

3861
03:24:23,500 --> 03:24:27,200
According to no particular plan,
you navigate more by muscle 

3862
03:24:27,200 --> 03:24:30,900
memory than sight knowing which 
Corners to cut and which puddles

3863
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:35,100
never drain even in drought. 
Other workers appear from 

3864
03:24:35,100 --> 03:24:38,900
doorways and alleys joining the 
general flow toward the harbor. 

3865
03:24:38,900 --> 03:24:41,800
You recognize most of them by 
silhouette alone. 

3866
03:24:41,800 --> 03:24:45,300
There's Willem who works the 
crane that hoists cargo from 

3867
03:24:45,300 --> 03:24:48,300
ship to shore. 
Margaret, who sells bread to 

3868
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:49,400
Sailors? 
Fresh Off. 

3869
03:24:49,400 --> 03:24:53,100
Long voyages, young Thomas, 
whose Apprentice to a wrote 

3870
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:54,400
maker and always smells like 
hemp. 

3871
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:58,200
Nobody talks much, it's too 
early for conversation and 

3872
03:24:58,200 --> 03:25:01,500
besides you'll have 12 hours 
together at the Docks to say, 

3873
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:04,600
whatever needs to saying, the 
harbor itself opens up Suddenly,

3874
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:08,700
the cramped streets giving way 
to a wide expanse of walls and 

3875
03:25:08,700 --> 03:25:12,100
warehouses and water. 
The fog sits heavy here. 

3876
03:25:12,100 --> 03:25:14,300
Softening the edge of 
everything. 

3877
03:25:14,300 --> 03:25:17,200
So that distant ships. 
Look like ghosts vessels from 

3878
03:25:17,200 --> 03:25:19,900
some Legend. 
The water surface is glass 

3879
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:22,300
smooth in the protected Harbor 
broken. 

3880
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:25,200
Only by the occasional ripple 
from a fish or the wake of an 

3881
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:27,600
early rowing boat, you can smell
breakfast. 

3882
03:25:27,600 --> 03:25:30,600
Cooking on several of the 
anchored ships, bacon and 

3883
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:33,300
onions. 
If your nose isn't lying Sailors

3884
03:25:33,300 --> 03:25:36,300
who've been Sea for weeks often 
cook elaborate meals their first

3885
03:25:36,308 --> 03:25:40,100
morning in Port celebrating. 
The availability of fresh food. 

3886
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:43,000
That doesn't need to be pickled 
or salted or dried until it's 

3887
03:25:43,000 --> 03:25:45,900
practically inedible. 
The smell makes your stomach. 

3888
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:48,700
Remind you, that bread alone. 
Doesn't constitute a proper 

3889
03:25:48,700 --> 03:25:50,600
breakfast, but there's no help 
for it. 

3890
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:54,800
Now, the wharf Master is already
at his post which surprises 

3891
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:58,000
nobody because the wharf Master 
is always at his post. 

3892
03:25:58,000 --> 03:26:01,800
You've sometimes wondered if he 
actually sleeps there, curled up

3893
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:04,800
in the small office that juts 
out over the water like a wooden

3894
03:26:04,800 --> 03:26:07,900
growth. 
He nods as you pass checking 

3895
03:26:07,900 --> 03:26:09,700
your face against some internal 
roster. 

3896
03:26:09,700 --> 03:26:12,400
He maintains, he knows everyone 
who works. 

3897
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:15,400
The docks knows who's reliable, 
and who needs watching? 

3898
03:26:15,400 --> 03:26:17,900
Who can be trusted with delicate
cargo. 

3899
03:26:17,900 --> 03:26:21,700
And who should only handle sex 
of grain that can survive a drop

3900
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,900
or two your job. 
Today, assuming the ship's 

3901
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:28,200
cooperate will involve unloading
what ever cargo needs unloading 

3902
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:30,700
and loading whatever cargo needs
loading. 

3903
03:26:31,600 --> 03:26:35,600
It's not complicated work but 
it's particular every type of 

3904
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:39,400
goods requires its own handling.
You don't stack barrels of wine.

3905
03:26:39,400 --> 03:26:42,300
The same way, you stack crates 
of pottery and you definitely 

3906
03:26:42,300 --> 03:26:45,000
don't approach bales of wool the
same way you'd approach. 

3907
03:26:45,000 --> 03:26:48,600
Casks of gunpowder you've 
learned these distinctions the 

3908
03:26:48,600 --> 03:26:51,600
way you learn to walk through a 
combination of instruction 

3909
03:26:51,600 --> 03:26:55,100
observation and occasional 
painful mistakes. 

3910
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:58,400
The first ship scheduled to 
unload this morning sits low in 

3911
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:02,000
the water, which means she's 
carrying something heavy lead 

3912
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:06,500
may be or iron bars or possibly 
just a massive quantity of salt.

3913
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:09,700
You'll find out soon enough. 
The crew is already moving 

3914
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:12,500
around on Deck preparing lines 
and checking the rigging. 

3915
03:27:13,300 --> 03:27:16,400
Sailors, move with a particular 
Grace that land dwellers never 

3916
03:27:16,400 --> 03:27:19,300
quite achieve balancing on 
surfaces. 

3917
03:27:19,300 --> 03:27:23,900
That shift and tilt, making it 
look effortless, the sun breaks 

3918
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:25,900
through the fog. 
Just enough to turn the harbor 

3919
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:29,700
into something, almost beautiful
like, reflects off the water and

3920
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:33,100
shifting patterns and for a 
moment you can see why painters 

3921
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:36,900
sometimes set up easels along 
the Waterfront trying to capture

3922
03:27:36,900 --> 03:27:40,600
this particular quality of 
morning on canvas, then someone 

3923
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:44,600
drops a barrel behind you. 
The crash destroying any poetic 

3924
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:47,400
Ambience and the workday 
properly begins. 

3925
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:51,600
Your house like every house 
within shouting distance of the 

3926
03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:55,100
harbor Bears, the marks of its 
proximity to saltwater. 

3927
03:27:55,100 --> 03:27:58,200
The wooden shutters have that 
bleached weathered look that 

3928
03:27:58,200 --> 03:28:00,600
comes from constant exposure to 
Sea Air. 

3929
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:05,300
The nails holding them in place,
show Orange traces of rust, no 

3930
03:28:05,300 --> 03:28:06,800
matter how often they are 
placed. 

3931
03:28:06,800 --> 03:28:09,800
Even the stones in the 
foundation of Taken, on a 

3932
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:13,800
darkened damp appearance that 
never quite dries out, as if 

3933
03:28:13,808 --> 03:28:16,900
they've absorbed so much 
moisture over the years that 

3934
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:19,900
they've given up trying to be 
properly dry inside. 

3935
03:28:19,900 --> 03:28:23,300
The battle against dampness is 
constant and never truly one. 

3936
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:26,800
Your wife maintains a vigil that
would put Castle guards to 

3937
03:28:26,800 --> 03:28:31,100
shame, checking corners for mold
airing out bedding, whenever the

3938
03:28:31,100 --> 03:28:34,400
weather permits and burning 
herbs, that supposedly help. 

3939
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:36,700
Prevent rot. 
The smell of lavender and 

3940
03:28:36,700 --> 03:28:39,500
rosemary is nearly as constant 
as the smell of salt. 

3941
03:28:40,300 --> 03:28:43,200
And while it doesn't actually 
stop, the dampness at least 

3942
03:28:43,208 --> 03:28:46,600
makes the dampness smell better.
The house itself is three 

3943
03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:50,100
stories of Timber and plaster, 
the calling the third story a 

3944
03:28:50,100 --> 03:28:53,600
proper floor is generous It's 
more of a large attic where your

3945
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:56,400
older children sleep and where 
you store things that need to be

3946
03:28:56,400 --> 03:29:00,300
kept dry, which is ironic 
because the roof leaks in at 

3947
03:29:00,300 --> 03:29:04,100
least four places that you know,
about and probably several more 

3948
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:07,900
that you haven't discovered yet.
Every Heavy Rain becomes an 

3949
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:11,800
exercise in strategic bucket 
placement, the main living area,

3950
03:29:11,800 --> 03:29:14,400
occupies the ground floor 
centered around that massive 

3951
03:29:14,400 --> 03:29:16,800
half. 
The room serves as kitchen, 

3952
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:19,800
dining room, workshop, and 
general Gathering space all at. 

3953
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:23,100
Once your wife, Spinning Wheel 
sits in the corner near the 

3954
03:29:23,108 --> 03:29:26,400
window, where the light is best.
Your daughter's slate for 

3955
03:29:26,400 --> 03:29:28,300
practicing letters rests on the 
table. 

3956
03:29:28,300 --> 03:29:31,300
Surrounded by the crumbs of 
countless meals. 

3957
03:29:31,300 --> 03:29:34,400
A cabinet that belonged to your 
wife's grandmother stands 

3958
03:29:34,400 --> 03:29:37,400
against one wall, it shelves, 
displaying the few pieces of 

3959
03:29:37,400 --> 03:29:40,000
pottery, nice enough to be shown
off rather than used. 

3960
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:43,800
The floor is packed Earth. 
In most rooms covered with 

3961
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:47,500
rushes, that need replacing more
often than you'd like only the 

3962
03:29:47,500 --> 03:29:49,300
main room has actual wooden 
floorboards. 

3963
03:29:49,300 --> 03:29:52,400
And those are so worn in the 
traffic patterns that you can 

3964
03:29:52,400 --> 03:29:55,600
see the grains standing up in 
ridges, you've thought about 

3965
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:58,700
sanding them smooth again, but 
that feels like the kind of 

3966
03:29:58,708 --> 03:30:01,500
project that gets perpetually 
postponed in favor of more 

3967
03:30:01,500 --> 03:30:05,300
urgent repairs, the walls are 
supposed to be whitewashed and 

3968
03:30:05,300 --> 03:30:08,700
they are in theory in practice. 
There are Patchwork of different

3969
03:30:08,700 --> 03:30:11,700
shades where you've repaired 
sections or covered stains or 

3970
03:30:11,700 --> 03:30:14,800
just give up and let the 
original plaster show through 

3971
03:30:14,800 --> 03:30:18,400
your wife is hung bundles of 
dried herbs from the ceiling, 

3972
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:21,900
beams partly for cooking and 
partly, because she insists, 

3973
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:25,100
they help with the smell. 
Whether they actually help or 

3974
03:30:25,100 --> 03:30:27,500
just contribute, different 
smells to the existing 

3975
03:30:27,500 --> 03:30:30,900
collection is debatable. 
Furniture is sparse, and 

3976
03:30:30,900 --> 03:30:34,500
practical, the table is Oak. 
Heavy enough that moving. 

3977
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:38,400
It requires two strong people 
and a sense of purpose, the 

3978
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,800
chairs don't match 3 came from 
different neighbors. 

3979
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:45,000
Over the years, one, you built 
yourself during a winter when 

3980
03:30:45,000 --> 03:30:48,600
there wasn't enough dock work. 
And the smallest one was a gift 

3981
03:30:48,600 --> 03:30:51,300
from your brother-in-law who 
felt guilty about something 

3982
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:54,500
you've since forgotten. 
None of them are particularly 

3983
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:58,100
comfortable, but Comfort isn't 
really the point of chairs in a 

3984
03:30:58,108 --> 03:31:02,100
working household. 
The second floor holds the 

3985
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:05,300
sleeping quarters divided by 
thin walls. 

3986
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:08,100
That don't reach all the way to 
the ceiling privacy. 

3987
03:31:08,100 --> 03:31:11,600
Is More Concept than reality. 
You can hear your neighbor's 

3988
03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:14,400
arguments through the shared 
wall, and they can undoubtedly 

3989
03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:17,000
hear yours. 
You've learned to recognize 

3990
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:20,700
their footsteps and know their 
routines almost as well as your 

3991
03:31:20,700 --> 03:31:24,500
own when their baby was sick 
lost month, everyone within 

3992
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:28,100
three houses, lost sleep 
together, Your bedroom contains 

3993
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:32,200
a bed, a chest for storing 
clothes and a small table that 

3994
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:34,200
holds a candle and whatever 
book. 

3995
03:31:34,200 --> 03:31:37,800
Your currently failing, to make 
time to read the bed itself is a

3996
03:31:37,808 --> 03:31:41,000
construction of rope and a straw
mattress that needs retightening

3997
03:31:41,000 --> 03:31:44,000
regularly. 
When the ropes stretch the 

3998
03:31:44,000 --> 03:31:46,700
mattress sags into a shape that 
guarantees a backache. 

3999
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:49,900
Your wife has mastered the art 
of the Rope bed adjustment, 

4000
03:31:49,900 --> 03:31:52,400
though. 
She claims you deliberately let 

4001
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:54,300
go too long before mentioning 
the problem. 

4002
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:58,000
The children share a room that's
theoretically large enough for 

4003
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:00,400
all of them but practically 
feels like a game of human 

4004
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:04,000
Tetris. 
Two beds arranged in an L shape 

4005
03:32:04,000 --> 03:32:06,500
somehow accommodate four 
children through a combination 

4006
03:32:06,500 --> 03:32:09,600
of careful scheduling and the 
youngest ones, being small 

4007
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:11,800
enough to double up your oldest 
son. 

4008
03:32:11,800 --> 03:32:15,300
Who is nearly grown has started 
making noises about needing his 

4009
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:17,900
own space. 
You've started making noises 

4010
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:20,400
back about him, being nearly 
grown enough to find his own 

4011
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:23,700
logging. 
Water is a constant concern. 

4012
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:26,800
You have a well in the tiny 
Courtyard behind the house, 

4013
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:30,900
shared with two other families. 
The water tastes metallic and 

4014
03:32:30,900 --> 03:32:34,700
slightly off but at least it's 
reliably wet for washing. 

4015
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:36,900
You collect rainwater in 
barrels. 

4016
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:40,000
When you can though the same 
Reign that fills your barrels. 

4017
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:41,800
All so Finds Its way through 
your roof. 

4018
03:32:41,800 --> 03:32:44,700
There's probably a metaphor in 
there somewhere about the 

4019
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:48,100
double-edged nature of blessings
but you're too tired to work it 

4020
03:32:48,100 --> 03:32:50,700
out. 
The courtyard serves as an 

4021
03:32:50,700 --> 03:32:54,800
outdoor workspace, a storage 
area and the place where things 

4022
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:58,600
go to be forgotten old barrels, 
that might be useful someday 

4023
03:32:58,600 --> 03:33:01,900
lean against the wall lengths of
rope, to short, for dock work 

4024
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:05,300
but too long to throw away. 
Hang from pegs, your wife's 

4025
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:08,600
washing line, stretches across 
the space currently empty but 

4026
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:10,600
destined to be full of laundry 
by afternoon. 

4027
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:14,100
If the weather holds the privy 
occupies one corner of the 

4028
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:17,900
courtyard, a wooden structure, 
that's exactly as pleasant as 

4029
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:21,000
you'd expect for something. 
That's essentially a shed with a

4030
03:33:21,000 --> 03:33:23,000
hole in. 
It, it's positioned, downwind 

4031
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:26,200
from the house which helps in 
theory, but matters less. 

4032
03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:29,100
When you consider that the wind 
here, changes Direction about 

4033
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,400
six times, a day, your children 
have developed, impressive, 

4034
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,700
bladder control, as a result of 
wanting to avoid nighttime trips

4035
03:33:35,700 --> 03:33:38,100
to the out house. 
The neighbors, on your left 

4036
03:33:38,100 --> 03:33:39,900
side, are a family of rope 
makers. 

4037
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:43,100
You can hear the rhythmic 
whacking of their work, through 

4038
03:33:43,100 --> 03:33:46,300
the shared wall, a sound. 
That's become so familiar. 

4039
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:49,500
You barely notice it anymore. 
The Neighbors on your Right. 

4040
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:51,900
Or a widow and her adult 
daughter who taken sewing. 

4041
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:55,700
The daughter has a voice that 
carries particularly when she is

4042
03:33:55,700 --> 03:33:59,500
arguing with suitors, which is 
often, you know, more about her 

4043
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:01,600
romantic life than you've ever 
wanted to know. 

4044
03:34:02,500 --> 03:34:05,600
Your street like most streets in
this part of town lacks an 

4045
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,400
official name. 
People call it the street where 

4046
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:12,000
the sail-maker used to live. 
even though the sail-maker moved

4047
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:15,300
away, seven years ago, and was 
replaced by a man who repairs 

4048
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:19,700
Nets This seems to bother the 
net repairman but not enough for

4049
03:34:19,700 --> 03:34:22,400
him to do anything about it. 
Trying to change, what people 

4050
03:34:22,400 --> 03:34:25,100
call a street is like trying to 
change the tides schedule, 

4051
03:34:25,100 --> 03:34:28,500
theoretically possible but 
practically pointless. 

4052
03:34:29,400 --> 03:34:32,000
The house is crowd together with
barely enough space between them

4053
03:34:32,000 --> 03:34:35,700
for a skinny cat pass through. 
This isn't by Design, but rather

4054
03:34:35,700 --> 03:34:38,800
by the organic growth of a port 
town, where every square foot of

4055
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:41,400
land near. 
The docks is valuable building's

4056
03:34:41,400 --> 03:34:44,700
grew up, wherever there was 
space, some time sharing walls, 

4057
03:34:44,700 --> 03:34:47,400
Sometimes, using a neighbor's 
wall, as one of your own, 

4058
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:51,100
creating an architectural, 
Patchwork that follows no plan 

4059
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:54,900
except the plan of putting a 
roof over your head as close to 

4060
03:34:54,900 --> 03:34:58,500
work as possible. 
Windows are small and few 

4061
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:02,300
glasses expensive and shutters 
serve just fine for most 

4062
03:35:02,300 --> 03:35:05,200
purposes. 
Your house has actual glass in 

4063
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:08,500
two windows, both on the street 
side, where visitors might see 

4064
03:35:08,500 --> 03:35:10,800
them. 
The glass is thick and wavy 

4065
03:35:10,800 --> 03:35:13,800
making everything outside looks 
slightly distorted. 

4066
03:35:13,800 --> 03:35:16,400
But lets in light while keeping 
out wind. 

4067
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:21,000
That counts as luxury here, the 
door to the street is Oak, 

4068
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:25,300
reinforced with iron bands and 
heavy enough that your youngest 

4069
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:26,900
daughter can't open it without 
help. 

4070
03:35:27,600 --> 03:35:30,700
It's barred at night with a 
beam, as thick as your forearm, 

4071
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:33,900
the harbor attracts, all sorts. 
And while your neighborhood 

4072
03:35:33,900 --> 03:35:36,400
isn't particularly dangerous, 
it's not particularly safe 

4073
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:39,300
either. 
Things disappear from Courtyards

4074
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:41,600
trunk Sailors. 
Looking for lodging. 

4075
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:44,800
Sometimes try doors to see if 
they're open better to Bar the 

4076
03:35:44,808 --> 03:35:47,500
door and sleep soundly than 
trust in the kindness of 

4077
03:35:47,500 --> 03:35:49,200
strangers. 
Evening. 

4078
03:35:49,200 --> 03:35:52,500
In your home means Candlelight 
and fire like and trying to 

4079
03:35:52,500 --> 03:35:55,300
accomplish whatever needs 
accomplishing before Darkness 

4080
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,400
makes it impossible. 
Your wife so by the fire 

4081
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:01,800
squinting at her work, your 
children do their chores with 

4082
03:36:01,800 --> 03:36:04,000
varying degrees of enthusiasm 
and success. 

4083
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:07,200
You might repair some piece of 
equipment that broke during the 

4084
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:11,600
day or sharpen tools, or just 
sit and feel your back complain 

4085
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,600
about the 12th of lifting. 
You put it through the house. 

4086
03:36:14,600 --> 03:36:17,700
Settles as it cools making 
creaking and popping sounds that

4087
03:36:17,700 --> 03:36:20,900
you've learned to distinguish 
from the sounds of actual 

4088
03:36:20,900 --> 03:36:23,600
problems. 
There's the post that always 

4089
03:36:23,600 --> 03:36:26,900
growns when the temperature 
drops the board near the window 

4090
03:36:26,900 --> 03:36:30,800
that clicks when stepped on just
write the raft of the scrapes 

4091
03:36:30,800 --> 03:36:33,200
against its neighbor when the 
wind comes from the East. 

4092
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:37,500
These are the nighttime sounds 
of your home as familiar. 

4093
03:36:37,500 --> 03:36:40,900
As your own breathing, when you 
finally head upstairs to sleep, 

4094
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,900
the days work sits in your 
muscles, like stones, the bed 

4095
03:36:44,900 --> 03:36:48,100
sag becomes almost comfortable. 
When you're this tired through 

4096
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:50,600
the walls, you can hear your 
neighbors settling in as well. 

4097
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:54,200
Footsteps overhead voices 
through the plaster and the 

4098
03:36:54,200 --> 03:36:56,400
general Symphony of people 
ending their days. 

4099
03:36:57,600 --> 03:37:01,600
Outside the Harbour continues, 
its work, the tides don't care, 

4100
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:05,100
whether you're awake or asleep, 
ships arrive, and depart by 

4101
03:37:05,100 --> 03:37:09,300
their own schedules, the sea 
keeps its own hours and everyone

4102
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:11,600
who lives near it to just their 
lives accordingly. 

4103
03:37:11,600 --> 03:37:15,100
The morning Market sets up while
you're still hauling cargo at 

4104
03:37:15,100 --> 03:37:18,200
the Docks, but you can track its
progress by sound. 

4105
03:37:19,100 --> 03:37:22,000
First, comes the rumble of 
cartwheels on cobblestones, 

4106
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:25,300
dozens of them converging on the
Market Square from different 

4107
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:28,600
directions. 
Then the shouts, begin vendors, 

4108
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:31,200
claiming their spots arguing 
over, who was their first 

4109
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:34,700
negotiating, the invisible 
boundaries that separate one 

4110
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:37,700
stalled from another. 
By the time, the sun is properly

4111
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:40,500
up. 
The market is in full voice, a 

4112
03:37:40,500 --> 03:37:42,800
cacophony that can be heard 
three streets away. 

4113
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:46,600
You finish your dock work 
around, mid-morning your back. 

4114
03:37:46,600 --> 03:37:49,200
Providing detailed complaints 
about every barrel. 

4115
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:52,600
You've lifted The Wharf Mastery 
is your hours on a board that's 

4116
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:54,600
more scratches and marks than at
this point. 

4117
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,700
Payment happens on Saturday, 
assuming the merchants actually,

4118
03:37:58,700 --> 03:38:01,200
pay the wharf. 
Master, who pays the dock, 

4119
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,500
Foreman, who pays you. 
It's a system that works until 

4120
03:38:04,500 --> 03:38:06,200
it doesn't. 
And you've learned to keep 

4121
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:08,700
mental track of what your owed 
versus what you've actually 

4122
03:38:08,700 --> 03:38:11,800
received. 
The walk from Dr. Market takes 

4123
03:38:11,800 --> 03:38:14,700
you through the commercial heart
of the port town here, the 

4124
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:18,200
buildings are slightly taller, 
slightly better maintained, and 

4125
03:38:18,200 --> 03:38:21,800
bearing signs that advertise 
their Wares, A Ship Chandler, 

4126
03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:25,600
occupies a corner, building his 
windows, full of rope and canvas

4127
03:38:25,600 --> 03:38:27,300
and mysterious brass 
instruments. 

4128
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:31,800
That supposedly help with 
navigation next to him, a Tavern

4129
03:38:31,800 --> 03:38:36,100
is already doing steady business
despite the hour Sailors operate

4130
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:38,800
on their own schedules. 
And when you've just spent six 

4131
03:38:38,800 --> 03:38:42,700
weeks, at Sea, 10 in the morning
feels perfectly reasonable for a

4132
03:38:42,700 --> 03:38:46,100
drink, a man selling broadsheet 
stands near the market entrance.

4133
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,700
Shouting. 
Headlines about wars and kings, 

4134
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:50,900
and events that may or may not 
be true. 

4135
03:38:50,900 --> 03:38:54,000
You've learned to be skeptical 
of news that comes printed on 

4136
03:38:54,000 --> 03:38:56,300
cheap paper but people buy the 
sheets. 

4137
03:38:56,300 --> 03:39:00,300
Anyway, hungry for information 
about The Wider world, the 

4138
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:02,900
printer makes most of his money 
from the advertisements on the 

4139
03:39:02,908 --> 03:39:07,900
back page, notices about ships, 
departing cargo for sale and 

4140
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,700
rewards for runaway apprentices.
The Market Square isn't actually

4141
03:39:11,700 --> 03:39:13,600
Square. 
It's more of an irregular 

4142
03:39:13,600 --> 03:39:16,600
polygon that exists in the space
between buildings that were put 

4143
03:39:16,600 --> 03:39:18,800
up without much concerned for 
specific planning. 

4144
03:39:18,800 --> 03:39:22,300
Someone tried to organize it 
once painting lines to Mark, 

4145
03:39:22,300 --> 03:39:25,700
Stahl locations, but the lines 
of long since faded and been 

4146
03:39:25,700 --> 03:39:28,100
ignored. 
Anyway, stall placement is 

4147
03:39:28,100 --> 03:39:32,000
determined by tradition, 
seniority, and occasionally, by 

4148
03:39:32,000 --> 03:39:34,900
who's willing to show up early 
as to claim the best spots. 

4149
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:38,800
Sellers occupied the section 
nearest, the docks which makes 

4150
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:41,200
sense given their products 
freshness requirements. 

4151
03:39:41,200 --> 03:39:44,400
They have arranged their Wares 
on tables, covered with seaweed 

4152
03:39:45,300 --> 03:39:48,600
Fish laid out in neat rows, that
disguise the fact that most of 

4153
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:49,900
these fish were swimming 
yesterday. 

4154
03:39:49,900 --> 03:39:54,000
The sellers keep up a constant 
patter praising their fishes. 

4155
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,600
Firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 
Claiming each catch is the 

4156
03:39:57,600 --> 03:40:00,200
finest of the morning. 
You've learned to judge fish 

4157
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:02,700
quality yourself. 
The eyes are indeed important. 

4158
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:06,700
But so is the smell, the texture
of the skin and whether the 

4159
03:40:06,700 --> 03:40:10,000
gills are still bright red. 
A woman, you've known for years,

4160
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:13,600
Margaret of the good fish spots,
you and gestures toward a 

4161
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:16,400
particularly nice looking Cod. 
You examine it with the 

4162
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:18,900
seriousness. 
It deserves checking for the 

4163
03:40:18,908 --> 03:40:21,300
signs. 
That separate merely acceptable,

4164
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:25,400
fish from genuinely good fish. 
Flesh Springs. 

4165
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:28,500
Back, when you press it, the 
eyes have not clouded. 

4166
03:40:28,500 --> 03:40:32,100
Margaret watches this inspection
with the patience of someone who

4167
03:40:32,100 --> 03:40:33,700
knows. 
Her product is solid. 

4168
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:38,300
You negotiate a price, that's 
probably fair to both of you but

4169
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:40,300
you both pretend to be slightly 
dissatisfied. 

4170
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:45,000
It's expected beyond the fish 
sellers, the market spreads into

4171
03:40:45,000 --> 03:40:48,700
other Specialties vegetables 
from local farms looking 

4172
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:52,200
somewhat sad this late in Autumn
but still edible bread from 

4173
03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:55,400
three different Bakers. 
Each claiming superiority over 

4174
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:58,400
the others in ways that seem to 
involve ancient grudges and 

4175
03:40:58,408 --> 03:41:02,400
complicated, family histories, a
woman sells eggs from a cart, 

4176
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:05,900
the eggs, nested in straw, and 
swears these are from her own 

4177
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:08,500
chickens even though everyone 
knows she buys them from a 

4178
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:10,800
farmer 10 miles, Inland and 
marks them up. 

4179
03:41:10,800 --> 03:41:13,300
The butcher operates from a 
permanent stall. 

4180
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:16,800
That's more shop than stall with
actual walls and a roof and 

4181
03:41:16,800 --> 03:41:19,600
accountant. 
Smooth by years of transactions.

4182
03:41:19,600 --> 03:41:23,900
He's got mutton today and pork 
and something he claims his 

4183
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:25,700
beef, but might be old dairy 
cow. 

4184
03:41:25,700 --> 03:41:28,800
The price is a higher enough 
that you mentally calculate 

4185
03:41:28,800 --> 03:41:31,700
whether you can afford me this 
week or whether you're looking 

4186
03:41:31,700 --> 03:41:33,600
at another few days of fishing 
bread. 

4187
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:36,800
Your wife has opinions about 
your fish and bread diet. 

4188
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:40,200
specifically, that she is tired 
of cooking it and you're all 

4189
03:41:40,208 --> 03:41:44,400
tired of eating it Cloth sellers
occupy a favored position near 

4190
03:41:44,400 --> 03:41:47,800
the Market Center, their Wares, 
colorful enough to attract 

4191
03:41:47,800 --> 03:41:50,200
attention. 
Most of what they're selling is 

4192
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:53,500
wool practical, warm and 
waterproof when properly treated

4193
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,200
But there are also Linens for 
those who can afford them and 

4194
03:41:57,200 --> 03:42:00,200
even a few pieces of silk for 
those who can afford them and 

4195
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,200
want everyone to know it. 
You finger a piece of wool that 

4196
03:42:03,200 --> 03:42:05,700
would make a good winter. 
Cloak calculate the cost against

4197
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:07,400
your recent earnings and move 
on. 

4198
03:42:07,400 --> 03:42:10,400
Winter is coming, but it's not 
here yet. 

4199
03:42:10,400 --> 03:42:13,900
The general Goods Merchant has 
spread an impressive array of 

4200
03:42:13,900 --> 03:42:17,600
items across two tables. 
Nails knives, cooking pots, 

4201
03:42:17,600 --> 03:42:22,000
needles thread buttons, buckles 
and mysterious items whose 

4202
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,500
purposes you can only guess at 
is prices are higher than they 

4203
03:42:25,500 --> 03:42:28,500
should be but he's the only 
source for many of these goods 

4204
03:42:28,500 --> 03:42:30,600
and less you want to wait for a 
ship from London. 

4205
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:34,300
To bring specialized items, he 
knows this and prices 

4206
03:42:34,300 --> 03:42:37,300
accordingly. 
These seller has actual cheese 

4207
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:41,100
from actual dairy cows aged in 
caves somewhere in London. 

4208
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:44,100
And the smell alone is enough to
make your mouth water. 

4209
03:42:44,100 --> 03:42:47,100
You buy a small round of 
something hard and yellow. 

4210
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:49,400
That the seller promises will 
last through winter, without 

4211
03:42:49,400 --> 03:42:52,100
going bad weather. 
It will last through winter in 

4212
03:42:52,100 --> 03:42:55,400
your house, is another question,
your children have been known to

4213
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:58,700
chip pieces off when they think,
nobody's watching spices 

4214
03:42:58,700 --> 03:43:01,600
occupier corner of the market, 
where a merchant who considers 

4215
03:43:01,600 --> 03:43:04,800
himself several steps above the 
common vendors are set up 

4216
03:43:04,800 --> 03:43:06,200
something approaching a proper 
shot. 

4217
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:10,300
He's got pepper which is 
expensive but worth it cinnamon 

4218
03:43:10,300 --> 03:43:13,100
which is more expensive and 
possibly worth it. 

4219
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:16,400
If you're the sort of person who
put cinnamon in things Strange 

4220
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:18,500
powders in jars labeled with 
names. 

4221
03:43:18,500 --> 03:43:20,800
You can't pronounce which he 
swears. 

4222
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:24,300
Will transform ordinary food 
into extraordinary food your 

4223
03:43:24,300 --> 03:43:27,100
skeptical but your wife is 
expressed interest in something 

4224
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:29,900
called cardamom. 
So you inquire about prices and 

4225
03:43:29,900 --> 03:43:33,500
immediately regret it. 
A Potter sells bowls and cups 

4226
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:35,500
and plates. 
All of them, Brown, and 

4227
03:43:35,500 --> 03:43:37,600
practical and approximately the 
same shape. 

4228
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:41,500
He's been at this corner for 15 
years and every house in the 

4229
03:43:41,508 --> 03:43:43,800
neighborhood contains at least 
three of his bowls. 

4230
03:43:43,800 --> 03:43:46,900
They're not beautiful, but 
they're cheap and they don't 

4231
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:49,600
break easily, which matters more
than Beauty. 

4232
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,800
When you're serving stew to 
Hungry children, the market 

4233
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:55,900
also, hosts less permanent 
vendors, people who show up 

4234
03:43:55,900 --> 03:43:58,500
sporadically, with, whatever 
they've made or found or 

4235
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:01,100
salvaged. 
Today, there's a man, selling 

4236
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:04,300
rope scraps, which you might 
have used for a woman with 

4237
03:44:04,300 --> 03:44:08,100
baskets woven from reads, a boy 
who claims these shells are 

4238
03:44:08,100 --> 03:44:11,300
special shells. 
Lucky shells, shells that will 

4239
03:44:11,300 --> 03:44:13,000
bring Fortune to whoever owns 
them. 

4240
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:16,400
The shells look like regular 
shells to you, but people are 

4241
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:18,700
buying them. 
Anyway, arguments break out. 

4242
03:44:18,700 --> 03:44:23,000
Periodically accusations of 
short, weights disputes over, 

4243
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:25,800
whose customer was whose first 
and complaints. 

4244
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:29,600
About someone's fishing up, 
someone else's bread, a Market, 

4245
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:32,600
official wanders, through 
occasionally Settling disputes 

4246
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:35,900
with the authority of someone 
who seen every possible Market 

4247
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:38,600
argument and is unimpressed by 
all of them. 

4248
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:42,400
He carries a set of standard 
weights to verify scales and 

4249
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:44,500
vendors. 
Suddenly become very interested 

4250
03:44:44,500 --> 03:44:45,800
in checking their own 
measurements. 

4251
03:44:45,800 --> 03:44:48,300
When they see him coming 
children weave through the 

4252
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:51,200
crowd, some running errands for 
their parents, some just 

4253
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:53,000
running. 
Because Market day is exciting. 

4254
03:44:53,000 --> 03:44:56,000
They cluster around a man doing 
magic tricks. 

4255
03:44:56,000 --> 03:44:58,800
At least, he calls the magic 
tricks though. 

4256
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:00,800
You're fairly certain. 
That coin didn't actually 

4257
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:03,100
disappear so much as end up in 
his other hand. 

4258
03:45:03,900 --> 03:45:07,500
The children don't care. 
They gasped and applaud and beg 

4259
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:10,300
him to do it again. 
Your wife appears from somewhere

4260
03:45:10,300 --> 03:45:12,700
basket already half full of 
purchases. 

4261
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:14,000
You'll need to account for 
later. 

4262
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:17,400
She's got bread and vegetables 
and something wrapping cloth 

4263
03:45:17,400 --> 03:45:20,500
that she won't show you, which 
means it's either a surprise or 

4264
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:21,800
something. 
She thinks you'll object 

4265
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:26,400
spending money on Possibly both,
she examines your fish purchase,

4266
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,100
nods approval, and adds it to 
her basket. 

4267
03:45:30,400 --> 03:45:33,700
The market will continue until 
early afternoon then gradually 

4268
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,200
dispersed as vendors pack up 
their remaining Goods. 

4269
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:39,400
Some items will be cheaper in 
the final hour read, that won't 

4270
03:45:39,400 --> 03:45:41,900
be fresh tomorrow. 
Fish that definitely won't be 

4271
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:44,900
fresh tomorrow and vegetables 
that are already bought a line 

4272
03:45:44,908 --> 03:45:47,600
smart Shoppers with flexible 
schedulers. 

4273
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:50,900
Wait until the end gambling that
they'll get Bargains without 

4274
03:45:50,900 --> 03:45:52,300
missing out on everything. 
Good. 

4275
03:45:53,200 --> 03:45:57,200
You've tried this strategy, the 
results of have been mixed The 

4276
03:45:57,200 --> 03:46:00,000
Tavern called the mermaids. 
Rest occupies a building that 

4277
03:46:00,000 --> 03:46:03,700
looks like it might collapse. 
If everyone inside leaned left 

4278
03:46:03,700 --> 03:46:07,800
at the same time the floors 
tilted angles that seem to defy 

4279
03:46:07,800 --> 03:46:11,500
basic principles of construction
and the whole structure of its 

4280
03:46:11,500 --> 03:46:14,700
Creeks that sound like 
complaints despite this or 

4281
03:46:14,700 --> 03:46:17,300
perhaps because of it. 
The mermaid's rest has been 

4282
03:46:17,308 --> 03:46:20,300
serving ale and gossip for 
longer than anyone can remember.

4283
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:24,500
And will probably continue doing
so long after more, sensible 

4284
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:26,800
buildings are. 
Fallen down, you push through 

4285
03:46:26,800 --> 03:46:29,600
the door around the evening. 
When the days work is finally 

4286
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:32,600
finished and your muscles have 
progressed from complaining to 

4287
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:36,000
outright Rebellion. 
The interior is dark, despite 

4288
03:46:36,000 --> 03:46:39,400
several Windows partly because 
the windows are small and dirty 

4289
03:46:39,400 --> 03:46:42,600
partly, because the ceiling is 
low and smoke stained. 

4290
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:47,000
The room smells of Ale and sweat
and wood smoke with underlying 

4291
03:46:47,000 --> 03:46:51,200
notes of spilled wine. 
And yes to his stew It's not a 

4292
03:46:51,200 --> 03:46:53,100
pleasant smell, exactly. 
But it's familiar. 

4293
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:57,300
And after 12 hours of moving 
cargo familiar counts for a lot.

4294
03:46:57,308 --> 03:47:01,000
The Tavern keeper, a woman named
Beatrice who's built, like a 

4295
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:03,900
barrel and has a personality to 
match nods. 

4296
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:07,200
Toward your usual Corner, the 
table there is slightly more 

4297
03:47:07,200 --> 03:47:10,200
than the others, which is why 
it's popular and why you have to

4298
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:13,600
arrive early to claim it. 
You settle onto a bench that's 

4299
03:47:13,600 --> 03:47:16,500
been worn Smooth by countless 
other Dock Workers, settling 

4300
03:47:16,500 --> 03:47:18,400
onto it at the end of countless 
other days. 

4301
03:47:18,400 --> 03:47:22,200
Beatrice brings ale without 
asking what you want, because 

4302
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,700
what you want is always ale and 
specifically the cheap pale 

4303
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:27,600
rather than the slightly less 
cheap bail. 

4304
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:31,800
The cup is wooden the rim 
darkened, by years of lips and 

4305
03:47:31,800 --> 03:47:34,900
the aliens inside is brown and 
cloudy and tastes like bread. 

4306
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:38,200
That started to go bad, which is
basically what it is. 

4307
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:41,900
You drink it anyway. 
After the day you've had, it 

4308
03:47:41,900 --> 03:47:44,400
tastes like Victory. 
Other workers, filtering 

4309
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:46,900
gradually. 
Each claiming their customary 

4310
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:48,800
spots through a combination of 
habit. 

4311
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,500
An unspoken territorial 
agreements. 

4312
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:55,100
Villa, Maria arrives still 
smelling of the tar. 

4313
03:47:55,100 --> 03:47:58,100
He works with on the docks. 
Margaret's husband comes in 

4314
03:47:58,100 --> 03:48:01,500
probably sent by Margaret to 
limit how long he stays and how 

4315
03:48:01,500 --> 03:48:04,800
much he drinks young Thomas 
appears with his master, the 

4316
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:07,700
Rope maker who immediately 
launches into a technical 

4317
03:48:07,700 --> 03:48:11,600
discussion about rope tension 
that nobody else cares about but

4318
03:48:11,600 --> 03:48:14,600
everyone will pretend to listen 
to the conversation. 

4319
03:48:14,600 --> 03:48:18,100
Starts slowly building like a 
fire that needs time to catch. 

4320
03:48:19,000 --> 03:48:21,300
Someone mentions the ship that 
arrived this morning from 

4321
03:48:21,300 --> 03:48:23,800
Amsterdam. 
Someone else knows someone who 

4322
03:48:23,800 --> 03:48:25,400
knows. 
Someone on that ship and heard 

4323
03:48:25,400 --> 03:48:27,100
they'd had trouble with pirates 
near the channel. 

4324
03:48:27,100 --> 03:48:31,000
This leads to other pirate 
stories, each more dramatic than

4325
03:48:31,000 --> 03:48:33,400
the last until you're fairly 
certain. 

4326
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:36,300
No one involved in this 
conversation has ever actually 

4327
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,100
seen a pirate but everyone has 
strong opinions about them. 

4328
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:42,700
A group of sailors. 
Occupies the far Corner their 

4329
03:48:42,700 --> 03:48:44,900
voices loud. 
With the particular enthusiasm 

4330
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,100
of men who have recently been 
paid, they're from the merchant 

4331
03:48:48,100 --> 03:48:51,600
ship that unloaded salt, this 
morning celebrating their wages 

4332
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,700
before those wages disappear 
into the pockets of landlords 

4333
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:58,100
and Keepers and the various 
Merchants will be happy to sell 

4334
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:00,300
them things. 
They don't need one of them is 

4335
03:49:00,300 --> 03:49:03,400
demonstrating some not that he 
swears saved the ship during a 

4336
03:49:03,400 --> 03:49:05,900
storm though? 
His hands are on steady enough 

4337
03:49:05,900 --> 03:49:08,300
that the demonstration isn't 
particularly convincing. 

4338
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:12,700
The Tavern feels gradually as 
evening properly sets, in 

4339
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:16,900
workers from all over the port 
area congregate here, not just 

4340
03:49:16,900 --> 03:49:20,000
Dock Workers, but also the 
Coopers who make barrels. 

4341
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:24,000
The sail makers, who repair 
canvas the Chandlers who Supply 

4342
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:28,500
ships, the Customs officers, who
extract taxes and the scribes 

4343
03:49:28,500 --> 03:49:32,200
who record transactions, 
everyone who makes their living 

4344
03:49:32,200 --> 03:49:34,600
from the Seas, Commerce of 
eventually ends up at the 

4345
03:49:34,608 --> 03:49:38,600
mermaid's rest drawn by Cheap 
ale, and the comfort of 

4346
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:40,900
complaining to people who 
understand what you're 

4347
03:49:40,900 --> 03:49:43,900
complaining about, Beatrice 
moves through the crowd. 

4348
03:49:43,900 --> 03:49:47,100
With surprising Grace, for 
someone her size, delivering, 

4349
03:49:47,100 --> 03:49:50,100
drinks, and food, and sharp 
comments in equal measure. 

4350
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:54,600
She runs this tavaughn with iron
efficiency tolerating No 

4351
03:49:54,600 --> 03:49:56,600
Nonsense and suffering. 
No fools. 

4352
03:49:56,600 --> 03:49:58,800
When an argument breaks out near
the bar. 

4353
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:02,000
Something about someone owing 
someone money, or maybe about 

4354
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:03,600
someone looking at someone 
else's wife. 

4355
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,800
It's hard to tell. 
Beatrice simply appears between 

4356
03:50:06,800 --> 03:50:10,800
them arms crossed and the 
argument dies instantly. 

4357
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:15,200
Nobody argues with Beatrice 
Beatrice, could probably stop a 

4358
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:16,100
war. 
Through sheer force of 

4359
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:17,700
disapproval. 
The food. 

4360
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:21,900
When you order, it is basic, but
substantial, stew. 

4361
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:24,800
That's been simmering all day 
full of meat and vegetables and 

4362
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:26,900
things that might be the onions 
or potatoes. 

4363
03:50:26,900 --> 03:50:29,100
Depending on what was available 
bread. 

4364
03:50:29,100 --> 03:50:32,800
For soaking up the stew crusty 
on the outside and soft inside. 

4365
03:50:32,800 --> 03:50:34,800
Still warm from whenever it was 
baked. 

4366
03:50:35,700 --> 03:50:38,200
The portions are generous 
because Beatrice understands 

4367
03:50:38,200 --> 03:50:41,500
that men who spend 12 hours 
lifting heavy things need fuel 

4368
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:45,500
to recover music starts around 
the second our provided by an 

4369
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:48,800
old sailor who is missing three 
fingers, but can still coax 

4370
03:50:48,800 --> 03:50:51,200
surprisingly good sounds from a 
small wooden flute. 

4371
03:50:51,200 --> 03:50:55,000
He knows maybe six songs plays 
them in the same order every 

4372
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:58,700
night and nobody complains 
because these are good songs the

4373
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:01,400
kind everyone knows the words to
even if they can't remember 

4374
03:51:01,400 --> 03:51:04,500
where they learned them. 
Some songs are about the sea 

4375
03:51:04,500 --> 03:51:09,000
naturally some are about women 
inevitably some are about 

4376
03:51:09,008 --> 03:51:12,300
drinking appropriately. 
One is about a rooster that 

4377
03:51:12,300 --> 03:51:15,300
challenge the king to a duel 
which doesn't make much sense. 

4378
03:51:15,300 --> 03:51:19,000
But has a catchy Melody the 
atmosphere grows warmer and loud

4379
03:51:19,000 --> 03:51:22,600
as the evening progresses 
conversations overlap until 

4380
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:25,000
individual words become 
impossible to distinguish 

4381
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:29,600
creating a general Roar 
punctuated by occasional shouts 

4382
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:33,100
of laughter or argument the are 
gross thick with Pipe smoke. 

4383
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:35,500
Everyone seems to be smoking 
cheap. 

4384
03:51:35,500 --> 03:51:37,900
Tobacco that smells like burning
rope. 

4385
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:41,800
Your eyes water but opening a 
window would let in cold air. 

4386
03:51:41,800 --> 03:51:45,700
So the smoke stays someone 
proposes a dice game which leads

4387
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:48,800
to several dice games which 
leads to the inevitable 

4388
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:52,200
accusations of loaded Dice and 
suspicious rolling techniques 

4389
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:55,400
Money Changes hands. 
Based on the tumbling of small 

4390
03:51:55,400 --> 03:51:59,800
bone, cubes fortunes rising and 
falling with each throw you 

4391
03:51:59,800 --> 03:52:02,800
watch rather than participate 
Having learned that dice games 

4392
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,700
at the mermaid's. 
Rest tend to favor the house in 

4393
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:08,400
ways that aren't immediately 
obvious, but become clearer. 

4394
03:52:08,400 --> 03:52:10,100
When you calculate your losses 
later. 

4395
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:14,500
Stories circulate like currently
each person trying to top the 

4396
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:17,400
previous tail. 
A carpenter describes a house, 

4397
03:52:17,400 --> 03:52:19,700
he's building that. 
Supposedly the finest in the 

4398
03:52:19,708 --> 03:52:23,100
district, with glass in every 
window and floorboards. 

4399
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:26,500
So perfectly fitted, you could 
roll a marble across them with 

4400
03:52:26,508 --> 03:52:29,100
without hitting a crack. 
A fisherman talks about the 

4401
03:52:29,100 --> 03:52:32,200
enormous Cod. 
He almost caught describing it 

4402
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:34,500
with hand gestures that 
suggests, it was roughly the 

4403
03:52:34,500 --> 03:52:37,600
size of a rowboat. 
A Merchants Clark, complains 

4404
03:52:37,600 --> 03:52:40,600
about his employers son, his 
being trained to take over the 

4405
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:43,800
business despite having a 
parently the intelligence of a 

4406
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,700
wooden post. 
The tavaughn also serves as an 

4407
03:52:46,700 --> 03:52:50,300
unofficial news Bureau here, you
learn, which ships are hiring, 

4408
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:54,300
which Merchants are paying Fair 
wages, which captains a cruel 

4409
03:52:54,300 --> 03:52:57,800
and which are merely demanding. 
Hear about the storm that 

4410
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:00,400
damaged three ships last week 
off the coast of France. 

4411
03:53:00,400 --> 03:53:03,100
Someone's cousin knows. 
Someone who knows someone who 

4412
03:53:03,100 --> 03:53:06,400
heard that war might be coming 
again though, with whom and 

4413
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:09,900
about what remains unclear, a 
new regulation, from London. 

4414
03:53:09,900 --> 03:53:12,900
Apparently requires different 
paperwork for imported wine, 

4415
03:53:12,900 --> 03:53:16,700
which means more work for 
Customs officers and more delays

4416
03:53:16,700 --> 03:53:19,600
for everyone else. 
Young Thomas gets progressively 

4417
03:53:19,600 --> 03:53:23,500
drunker his face flushing read, 
as he tries to keep Pace with 

4418
03:53:23,500 --> 03:53:27,500
older more experienced drinkers,
his master notices and cuts him 

4419
03:53:27,500 --> 03:53:30,200
off over. 
Thomas's loud, protests that he 

4420
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:33,400
is perfectly fine, which he 
demonstrates by attempting to 

4421
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:37,500
stand in immediately siting back
down hard, the master Hall to 

4422
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:41,300
his feet and guides him toward 
the door Thomas still insisting.

4423
03:53:41,300 --> 03:53:43,600
That one more drink would be 
reasonable and appropriate. 

4424
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:47,700
As the night deepens, some 
people leave While others settle

4425
03:53:47,700 --> 03:53:51,500
in for the duration, the serious
drinkers separate the cells from

4426
03:53:51,500 --> 03:53:54,800
the social drinkers their 
focused narrowing to the cup in 

4427
03:53:54,800 --> 03:53:58,400
front of them and the regular 
rhythm of lifting it drinking, 

4428
03:53:58,400 --> 03:54:02,400
putting it down and repeating 
Beatrice watches them with the 

4429
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:04,400
careful eye of someone, who 
knows, exactly. 

4430
03:54:04,400 --> 03:54:07,400
When a customer is crossed from 
profitable to problematic. 

4431
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,700
The conversation at your table 
is cycled, through work 

4432
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:14,300
complaints, to family update to 
vague plans, that will probably 

4433
03:54:14,300 --> 03:54:17,700
never materialized. 
Willem mentions, he's thinking 

4434
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:21,000
of looking for better work. 
Maybe Inland where the hours are

4435
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:24,100
more predictable, you've heard 
him say this before and you'll 

4436
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:27,000
probably hear him say it again 
in six months, but you nod 

4437
03:54:27,000 --> 03:54:30,700
sympathetically anyway, everyone
talks about getting out of Doc 

4438
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:34,700
work, nobody actually does it. 
When you finally push back from 

4439
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:38,600
the table legs slightly 
unsteady, the world has taken on

4440
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:42,500
that softened quality that comes
from several cups of Ale on an 

4441
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:44,600
empty stomach. 
The walk home requires 

4442
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:48,100
concentration, the Cobblestone 
seemed determined to trip you 

4443
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:50,600
and the familiar streets looks 
slightly different in the 

4444
03:54:50,600 --> 03:54:53,000
darkness. 
The harbor water reflects 

4445
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:56,900
Moonlight turning the port into 
something almost magical at 

4446
03:54:56,900 --> 03:55:00,000
least until you remember. 
It's the same dirty water that 

4447
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:04,600
smells like fish and worse your 
house when you reach it is dark 

4448
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:06,600
except for a single candle in 
the window. 

4449
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:11,000
Your wife has left it burning as
a guide, a small gesture that 

4450
03:55:11,000 --> 03:55:14,300
fills you with more gratitude 
than several cups of Ale. 

4451
03:55:14,300 --> 03:55:18,000
Probably warrant you fumble with
the door, latch trying to be 

4452
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:22,500
quiet and failing completely and
make your way to bed where sleep

4453
03:55:22,500 --> 03:55:25,200
arrives quickly. 
And without Mercy, you've never 

4454
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:26,900
owned a clock, but you don't 
need one. 

4455
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:30,600
The tide tells time better than 
any mechanism of gears and 

4456
03:55:30,600 --> 03:55:32,900
springs ever. 
Could you've learned to read it 

4457
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:36,200
schedule in the waters voice in 
the height of the Waves against 

4458
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:39,500
the dock pilings. 
And in the smell of exposed mud 

4459
03:55:39,500 --> 03:55:43,000
flats that marks low tide, as 
surely as a bell marks the hour 

4460
03:55:43,000 --> 03:55:47,200
this morning or possibly early 
after noon, the distinction 

4461
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:50,300
matters less when your schedule 
follows water rather than Sun 

4462
03:55:50,300 --> 03:55:53,600
The Tide is going out. 
You can hear it in the 

4463
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:56,200
particular sucking sound. 
The harbor makes us water 

4464
03:55:56,200 --> 03:56:00,100
Retreats pulling back to expose.
The post that usually stay 

4465
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:03,100
submerged. 
The whole Port operates on this 

4466
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:07,900
Rhythm every activity timed to 
match what the sea allows ships.

4467
03:56:07,900 --> 03:56:11,000
Can only enter The Harbor at 
high tide when there's enough 

4468
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,200
depth to clear The Sandbar that 
looks at the harbor mouth like a

4469
03:56:14,200 --> 03:56:17,800
trap for unwary captains. 
You've watched ships attempt 

4470
03:56:17,800 --> 03:56:20,900
entry at low tide, seen them 
scrape bottom and stick fast 

4471
03:56:20,900 --> 03:56:24,100
their Crews forced to wait for 
the waters returned, while 

4472
03:56:24,100 --> 03:56:26,500
everyone on Shore, laughs at 
their impatience. 

4473
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:29,600
The local pilots who know every 
inch of the Hub of bottom 

4474
03:56:29,600 --> 03:56:31,400
charge. 
Extra for guiding ships in 

4475
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:35,300
during marginal conditions, 
unloading happens on the falling

4476
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:38,500
tide the ship, sit higher 
enough, that gang planks can 

4477
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:41,900
reach from deck to Dock and the 
work proceeds with urgency 

4478
03:56:41,900 --> 03:56:45,300
because everyone knows the 
window is limited When the tide 

4479
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:48,700
comes fully in the ship's rise 
too high, the angled becomes 

4480
03:56:48,700 --> 03:56:51,800
wrong and unloading stops until 
the tide turns again. 

4481
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:55,500
You've got maybe four hours to 
move whatever cargo needs moving

4482
03:56:55,500 --> 03:56:57,400
before, the water makes the 
decision for you. 

4483
03:56:57,400 --> 03:57:00,900
Your work today, involves 
barrels, endless. 

4484
03:57:00,900 --> 03:57:03,900
Barrels of wine. 
Brought from France in a ship 

4485
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:06,000
that smells like an enormous 
grape. 

4486
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:10,400
Each Barrel weighs as much as a 
small person and requires, two 

4487
03:57:10,400 --> 03:57:12,600
men to maneuver it safely down 
the gangplank. 

4488
03:57:13,400 --> 03:57:17,100
With a technique over the years.
A particular way of gripping the

4489
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:19,600
rim and shifting your weight 
that makes the barrels role 

4490
03:57:19,600 --> 03:57:21,500
rather than deadlifting their 
full weight. 

4491
03:57:21,500 --> 03:57:25,000
Your back still protests, but 
less violently than it would 

4492
03:57:25,000 --> 03:57:28,000
with poor technique. 
The Copper Ridge sits, 50 yards 

4493
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:31,100
from the dock positioned 
precisely to minimize the 

4494
03:57:31,100 --> 03:57:33,200
distance. 
Barrels need to travel while 

4495
03:57:33,200 --> 03:57:36,700
staying far enough from the 
water to avoid flooding, you and

4496
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:39,200
your partner today. 
It's a man named Peter who talks

4497
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:42,800
too much but works deadly. 
Rolly each Barrel along the dock

4498
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:45,000
Now. 
Navigate the uneven cobblestones

4499
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:48,500
and stack them in the Copper 
Ridge, yard, the Cooper checks 

4500
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:52,600
each Barrel looking for damaged 
leaks and suspicious, bulges, 

4501
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:54,600
that might indicate the whiners 
gone bad. 

4502
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:58,700
Between barrels, you can track 
the tides progress by watching 

4503
03:57:58,700 --> 03:58:00,500
the water line on the dock 
posts. 

4504
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,000
Each posts Bears rings of 
discoloration marking different 

4505
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,800
tide levels, dark green algae, 
near the top. 

4506
03:58:06,800 --> 03:58:09,600
Where high tide reaches lighter 
Rings below. 

4507
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:13,400
Showing the gradual progression 
downward right now, you're 

4508
03:58:13,400 --> 03:58:16,000
watching the water a seed past, 
the third ring, which means 

4509
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:17,500
you've got about an hour left 
before. 

4510
03:58:17,500 --> 03:58:21,300
The lowest point, low tide 
transforms the harbor into a 

4511
03:58:21,300 --> 03:58:24,700
different landscape entirely. 
What was underwater, becomes 

4512
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:26,800
temporary land or at least 
temporary mud. 

4513
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:31,100
The mud flat stretch out, great 
Brown and glistening marked by 

4514
03:58:31,108 --> 03:58:35,100
the tracks of birds who know 
this is feeding time clams hide 

4515
03:58:35,100 --> 03:58:38,100
in the mud along with worms and 
small crabs. 

4516
03:58:38,100 --> 03:58:40,200
And other creatures that make 
their living in the space 

4517
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:44,000
between sea and land. 
Children appear during low tide 

4518
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:47,700
armed with buckets and shovels 
digging for clams and mussels 

4519
03:58:47,700 --> 03:58:52,500
its work disguised as play or 
maybe play that produces useful 

4520
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:55,300
results. 
By the way, the children take 

4521
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:57,400
it. 
Seriously competing to see who 

4522
03:58:57,400 --> 03:59:00,700
can gather the most occasionally
stealing from each other's 

4523
03:59:00,700 --> 03:59:02,100
buckets. 
When they think no one's 

4524
03:59:02,100 --> 03:59:05,300
watching their parents will be 
glad of the free protein. 

4525
03:59:05,300 --> 03:59:08,400
Even if they have to rinse sand 
out of the shellfish for longer 

4526
03:59:08,400 --> 03:59:11,800
than seems reasonable, the 
Harbor Master uses low tide to 

4527
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,200
inspect doc foundations, 
checking for damage replacing 

4528
03:59:15,200 --> 03:59:18,100
posts that have rotted and 
assessing what repairs will be 

4529
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:21,100
needed before. 
Winter, storms arrive, he Wades 

4530
03:59:21,100 --> 03:59:23,900
through ankle deep water, 
occasionally plunging, a 

4531
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:27,400
pull-down to check the depth of 
mud making notes on a slate 

4532
03:59:27,400 --> 03:59:29,900
board that he wipes and rewrites
throughout the day. 

4533
03:59:29,900 --> 03:59:32,900
Some workers specialize in the 
mud flats themselves. 

4534
03:59:32,900 --> 03:59:36,500
Harvesting Reeds that grow in 
the marshy areas and cutting 

4535
03:59:36,500 --> 03:59:39,700
them for use in fact, thatching 
roofs or making baskets, they 

4536
03:59:39,700 --> 03:59:42,300
move with the confidence of 
people who know which mud is 

4537
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:45,400
firm enough to walk on and which
will swallow your boot. 

4538
03:59:45,400 --> 03:59:48,600
If you step wrong, you've seen 
newcomers attempt to cross the 

4539
03:59:48,600 --> 03:59:51,600
flats at low tide. 
Watch them sink to their knees 

4540
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:53,700
and her their curses as they try
to. 

4541
03:59:54,000 --> 03:59:57,300
Track themselves from mud that 
grips like it has personal 

4542
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:00,400
feelings about letting go. 
The fishing boats that were out 

4543
04:00:00,408 --> 04:00:04,200
overnight return on the incoming
tide timing, their arrival to 

4544
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:06,200
ride the rising water into 
Harbor. 

4545
04:00:06,200 --> 04:00:10,500
They sale in with the particular
exhausted satisfaction of people

4546
04:00:10,500 --> 04:00:14,600
who've worked through the night 
and are ready to be done their 

4547
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:16,000
catchers, get unloaded 
immediately. 

4548
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:18,600
The fish destined for the 
morning Market. 

4549
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:22,400
Even though morning is long past
freshness is relative in the 

4550
04:00:22,400 --> 04:00:25,000
fish trade Court. 
Last night, counts as fresh. 

4551
04:00:25,000 --> 04:00:28,800
If you get it to Market before, 
it starts to smell you finish 

4552
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:31,500
the barrel work just as the tide
begins to turn. 

4553
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:35,400
You can see it in the waters 
Behavior, the way it slows, its 

4554
04:00:35,400 --> 04:00:39,200
Retreat, pauses then starts 
moving in the other direction. 

4555
04:00:39,200 --> 04:00:44,900
It's not dramatic, there's no 
visible way or sudden surge, but

4556
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:47,700
the changes unmistakable. 
Once, you know what to watch 

4557
04:00:47,700 --> 04:00:50,100
for, the water starts, filling 
in the areas. 

4558
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,900
It recently, vacated crawling up
the dock posts ring by ring. 

4559
04:00:54,100 --> 04:00:58,100
Reclaiming, its territory. 
The rising tide brings different

4560
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,700
work ships that were too high. 
Now become accessible again as 

4561
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:03,100
they settle into their proper 
height. 

4562
04:01:03,900 --> 04:01:06,100
Cargo that couldn't be loaded 
earlier, can be loaded. 

4563
04:01:06,100 --> 04:01:09,900
Now, the whole porch shifts, its
activities to match the waters, 

4564
04:01:09,900 --> 04:01:13,200
new position, everything 
synchronized to a schedule. 

4565
04:01:13,200 --> 04:01:14,900
That's been the same since 
humans. 

4566
04:01:14,900 --> 04:01:18,600
First built, docks, and decided 
to argue with the sea about who,

4567
04:01:18,600 --> 04:01:22,000
controlled what you eat your 
midday meal sitting on a barrel 

4568
04:01:22,000 --> 04:01:24,400
watching. 
The tide, come in, your food is 

4569
04:01:24,400 --> 04:01:27,400
bread and cheese. 
The cheese already soft from the

4570
04:01:27,400 --> 04:01:30,100
heat of your pocket. 
The bread tastes like it was 

4571
04:01:30,108 --> 04:01:33,400
fresh yesterday, which means 
it's stale today, but not yet. 

4572
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:36,500
Truly old. 
You wash it down with beer from 

4573
04:01:36,500 --> 04:01:40,200
a skin that seen better days, 
the leather starting to crack at

4574
04:01:40,200 --> 04:01:43,400
the seams around you. 
The port hums with activity 

4575
04:01:43,400 --> 04:01:47,700
calibrated to the water's level.
Cranes, lift cargo from ships. 

4576
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:50,900
That are now at the correct 
height workers, secure lines. 

4577
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:53,700
Adjust fenders and shift, Goods,
around with the practice 

4578
04:01:53,700 --> 04:01:55,300
deficiency of people who've done
this. 

4579
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,900
A thousand times, a ship 
preparing to depart Waits 

4580
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,900
patiently, for high tide, 
knowing that attempting to cross

4581
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:03,000
the SandBar. 
At the wrong. 

4582
04:02:03,000 --> 04:02:06,100
Moment means either sticking 
fast or tearing out the hull. 

4583
04:02:06,100 --> 04:02:10,500
The afternoon tide Peaks around 
mid-afternoon the Water Rising 

4584
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:14,300
almost to the top of its range. 
The harbor looks full at high 

4585
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:17,600
tide with all the exposed mud 
covered and the docks nearly 

4586
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:21,100
level with the water surface. 
It's the prettiest time when 

4587
04:02:21,100 --> 04:02:24,600
everything looks clean and the 
smell of mud, flats is replaced 

4588
04:02:24,600 --> 04:02:26,900
by the relatively freshest smell
of Open Water. 

4589
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:30,000
Of course, refresher is 
relative. 

4590
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,500
This is still horrible Water 
full of everything that gets 

4591
04:02:33,500 --> 04:02:37,400
thrown or Falls or leaks in to 
it but at least the sewage is 

4592
04:02:37,400 --> 04:02:39,900
diluted. 
You work through the high tide 

4593
04:02:39,900 --> 04:02:44,000
period loading, a departing ship
with bales of wool, destined for

4594
04:02:44,008 --> 04:02:45,700
some ports. 
You've never visited and 

4595
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:48,900
Probably never will. 
The wool is heavy and awkward 

4596
04:02:48,900 --> 04:02:51,400
the ballets bound with rough 
rope. 

4597
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:54,600
That tears at your hands you've 
developed calluses on your 

4598
04:02:54,600 --> 04:02:57,000
calluses. 
But even they struggle with the 

4599
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:00,700
particularly course hemp the 
ship's Captain supervises. 

4600
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:03,900
The loading shouting Corrections
and adjustments in a voice that 

4601
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:07,400
suggests he believes everyone. 
But him is incompetent, he's 

4602
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:09,900
probably, right? 
Or at least, he's responsible 

4603
04:03:09,900 --> 04:03:12,900
for everything that goes wrong. 
Once his ship leaves Port, so 

4604
04:03:12,900 --> 04:03:16,900
his paranoia is understandable. 
You've learned to nod and adjust

4605
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:20,200
and not take the shouting 
personally, Captain shout the 

4606
04:03:20,200 --> 04:03:24,600
way fish swim it's just what 
they do as the afternoon wears 

4607
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,300
into evening. 
The tide begins its outward 

4608
04:03:27,300 --> 04:03:30,500
Journey again. 
The cycle continues twice daily 

4609
04:03:30,500 --> 04:03:33,700
as reliable as sunrise and 
considerably more important. 

4610
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:37,100
To your livelihood, you've seen 
the sun fail to appear through 

4611
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,000
fog and clouds, but you've never
seen the tide. 

4612
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,900
Forget to turn its the one 
certainty in a life full of 

4613
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:46,600
variables. 
The evening low tide, brings the

4614
04:03:46,600 --> 04:03:49,700
clam diggers back out those who 
work, multiple shifts, 

4615
04:03:49,700 --> 04:03:53,200
extracting, whatever, they can 
from the exposed Flats the 

4616
04:03:53,200 --> 04:03:56,700
Setting Sun Paints, the mud 
flats orange and pink making 

4617
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:58,600
them look almost beautiful 
though. 

4618
04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:01,000
You know that up close they're 
just mud and smell like it. 

4619
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:05,900
The birds that feed at low tide 
and circle their calls mixing 

4620
04:04:05,900 --> 04:04:09,200
with the sounds of human work. 
All of it, part of The Harbours 

4621
04:04:09,200 --> 04:04:12,300
Eternal Rhythm. 
You head home as the light fails

4622
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:16,400
your day, measured not in hours.
But in Tides two full Cycles 

4623
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:20,000
from low to high to low. 
Again your work fitted into the 

4624
04:04:20,000 --> 04:04:23,200
windows, the sea allowed 
tomorrow will be the same but 

4625
04:04:23,200 --> 04:04:26,500
shifted slightly because the 
tides come 50 minutes later, 

4626
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:30,000
each day a slow, Patient. 
That means you're never working 

4627
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:31,800
quite the same schedule, two 
days running. 

4628
04:04:32,400 --> 04:04:36,300
It should be confusing but after
Years of Living by Tides any 

4629
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:38,400
other way of tracking time would
feel stranger. 

4630
04:04:39,100 --> 04:04:42,800
Your house after Sunset smells 
like fish soup and smoke and wet

4631
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:46,100
wool drying by the fire. 
Your wife has transformed. 

4632
04:04:46,100 --> 04:04:49,400
The Cod you brought home into 
something edible through a 

4633
04:04:49,400 --> 04:04:52,100
process that involves more 
onions and herbs than seem 

4634
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:54,900
strictly necessary. 
But the result is good enough 

4635
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,400
that your children eat without 
complaining which counts as 

4636
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:01,000
success. 
The meal happens around the 

4637
04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:03,200
table. 
Everyone crowded together on 

4638
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,600
mismatched chairs, the youngest 
daughter perched on a stool 

4639
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:08,400
because there are not enough 
proper seats. 

4640
04:05:08,400 --> 04:05:11,700
Your oldest son, the one who is 
nearly grown complains that his 

4641
04:05:11,700 --> 04:05:14,800
portion is smaller of the 
brothers, which leads to a 

4642
04:05:14,800 --> 04:05:17,700
deterred comparison of Bold 
sizes that Reveals His complaint

4643
04:05:17,700 --> 04:05:21,900
is baseless but loudly defended.
Anyway, your wife settles, the 

4644
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:25,300
dispute by giving both boys 
slightly less soup and keeping 

4645
04:05:25,300 --> 04:05:28,700
the difference for herself. 
Which she claims as the mother's

4646
04:05:28,700 --> 04:05:31,600
tax for having to listen to 
arguments about soup, portions 

4647
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:35,000
conversation during meals is 
chaotic and overlapping. 

4648
04:05:35,000 --> 04:05:38,000
Your middle daughter talks about
something that happened at the 

4649
04:05:38,000 --> 04:05:41,000
market though. 
Her story keeps getting derailed

4650
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:43,800
by unnecessary details, about 
who was wearing what? 

4651
04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:47,800
And who said, what to whom your 
youngest daughter, contributes, 

4652
04:05:47,800 --> 04:05:51,900
random observations about birds.
She saw and Games you played, 

4653
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:54,000
none of it connected to anything
else. 

4654
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:58,200
Just a stream of Consciousness 
from someone who hasn't learned 

4655
04:05:58,200 --> 04:06:00,000
that conversation should have 
topics. 

4656
04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:03,900
Your wife asks about your day in
the tone of someone who doesn't 

4657
04:06:03,900 --> 04:06:08,900
really want to detail answer. 
But feels obligated to ask you 

4658
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:14,000
provide, the abbreviated version
cargo moved ships and loaded the

4659
04:06:14,000 --> 04:06:16,300
usual work. 
She nods with the understanding 

4660
04:06:16,300 --> 04:06:19,000
of someone who's heard this 
answer many times before, and 

4661
04:06:19,000 --> 04:06:21,700
will hear it many times again in
return. 

4662
04:06:21,700 --> 04:06:25,300
You ask about her day and she 
describes the market prices and 

4663
04:06:25,300 --> 04:06:28,200
which neighbor is feuding with 
which other neighbor and 

4664
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:30,600
something complicated about 
someone's cousin, getting 

4665
04:06:30,600 --> 04:06:33,600
married to someone in a 
propriate you nod and make 

4666
04:06:33,600 --> 04:06:36,200
sounds of Interest, while 
understanding, perhaps a third 

4667
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:38,000
of the social dynamics. 
She's explaining. 

4668
04:06:39,200 --> 04:06:43,300
After the meal chores divided 
along for familiar lines, The 

4669
04:06:43,300 --> 04:06:45,700
Boys carry water from the well 
because they're strong enough to

4670
04:06:45,708 --> 04:06:49,100
manage the heavy buckets. 
The girls clear the table and 

4671
04:06:49,100 --> 04:06:52,000
washed dishes, because that's 
what girls do or at least. 

4672
04:06:52,008 --> 04:06:54,000
That's what your wife in CIS, 
girls, do. 

4673
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:56,600
And you've learned not to 
involve yourself in these 

4674
04:06:56,600 --> 04:06:58,800
debates. 
You're assigned to check the 

4675
04:06:58,800 --> 04:07:01,400
shutters and make sure the fire 
is properly banked for the night

4676
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:04,100
tasks that require minimal 
skill. 

4677
04:07:04,100 --> 04:07:07,700
But someone has to do them, your
oldest son, mentions that he's 

4678
04:07:07,700 --> 04:07:09,500
been offered work on a merchant 
ship. 

4679
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:12,900
A position that we're taking 
away from months at a time, but 

4680
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:14,400
pays better than dock. 
Work. 

4681
04:07:14,400 --> 04:07:17,500
Your wife's face to something 
complicated, while trying to 

4682
04:07:17,508 --> 04:07:21,200
maintain a neutral expression, 
you can read the concern, there,

4683
04:07:21,200 --> 04:07:24,200
she's already imagining all the 
things that could go wrong at 

4684
04:07:24,200 --> 04:07:27,700
Sea, which is fair because many 
things do go wrong at sea. 

4685
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,000
But you're also thinking about 
the money, about how another 

4686
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:33,600
income could mean a better 
house, or at least repairs to 

4687
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:35,300
this one. 
You tell him. 

4688
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:38,500
You'll think about it, which is 
what you say when you need time 

4689
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:40,000
to figure out what you actually 
think. 

4690
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:43,400
The evening routine involves, 
your wife's endless battle with 

4691
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:45,700
mending. 
She sits by the fire with a 

4692
04:07:45,700 --> 04:07:48,500
basket of clothes that need 
patches or darling or buttons. 

4693
04:07:48,500 --> 04:07:51,900
Replaced working through them, 
with the steady Persistence of 

4694
04:07:51,900 --> 04:07:53,900
someone. 
Who knows the work is never, 

4695
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:57,000
truly finished. 
Because clothes continue to wear

4696
04:07:57,008 --> 04:07:59,300
out faster than they can be 
fixed. 

4697
04:08:00,100 --> 04:08:02,600
She's explained this futile 
cycle to use several times. 

4698
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:06,300
Usually, while you're wearing a 
shirt that needs mending which 

4699
04:08:06,300 --> 04:08:10,100
tends to undermine your ability 
to offer, sympathy, your younger

4700
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:12,100
children are supposed to be 
practicing their letters on 

4701
04:08:12,100 --> 04:08:14,400
slates. 
But what they're actually doing 

4702
04:08:14,400 --> 04:08:18,200
is drawing pictures and giggling
about something education in 

4703
04:08:18,200 --> 04:08:20,700
your household is sporadic and 
largely self-directed. 

4704
04:08:21,800 --> 04:08:24,600
Constrained by the fact that you
can barely read yourself. 

4705
04:08:24,600 --> 04:08:28,600
And your wife isn't much better,
you can manage to puzzle out, 

4706
04:08:28,608 --> 04:08:31,800
simple texts and sign your name,
which puts you ahead of many 

4707
04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:34,400
Dock Workers. 
But doesn't qualify you to teach

4708
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:37,600
proper reading and writing the 
local Church offers some 

4709
04:08:37,600 --> 04:08:40,800
schooling, but it costs money. 
You don't always have and 

4710
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:42,900
besides the children are needed 
for work. 

4711
04:08:42,900 --> 04:08:46,500
More often than not, the fire 
creates Shadows, that dance on 

4712
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:49,600
the walls, turning the familiar 
room into something slightly 

4713
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:52,200
mysterious your youngest 
daughter claimed. 

4714
04:08:52,200 --> 04:08:55,600
She can see faces in the Flames 
which leads to a discussion 

4715
04:08:55,600 --> 04:08:58,900
about where the fire can have 
faces which leads to your son 

4716
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:01,600
explaining that fire isn't alive
so it definitely can't have 

4717
04:09:01,600 --> 04:09:05,200
faces which leads to an argument
about whether you need to be 

4718
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,100
alive to have a face. 
You let them work this out 

4719
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:09,900
themselves. 
While you attempt to read a 

4720
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:12,300
pamphlet someone gave you about 
new regulations. 

4721
04:09:12,300 --> 04:09:16,300
On imported goods, the reading 
goes slowly, your finger tracing

4722
04:09:16,300 --> 04:09:19,100
under each word. 
Occasionally asking your wife 

4723
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:23,500
about words, you can't decipher 
Time is less of an event and 

4724
04:09:23,500 --> 04:09:27,100
more of a gradual process. 
The younger children get sleepy.

4725
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:29,900
First, their heads drooping. 
While they insist, they're not 

4726
04:09:29,908 --> 04:09:32,800
tired at all. 
Your wife, heard them up stairs 

4727
04:09:32,800 --> 04:09:35,600
with promises that tomorrow will
come faster if they just close 

4728
04:09:35,600 --> 04:09:38,900
their eyes now, which is 
technically true, but probably 

4729
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:41,700
not the Comfort. 
She intends the older children 

4730
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:44,100
stay up later. 
The privilege of being nearly 

4731
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:48,100
grown, though, staying up mostly
means sitting around looking 

4732
04:09:48,100 --> 04:09:49,600
bored because there's not much 
to do. 

4733
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:51,700
Once it's dark except sit and be
awake. 

4734
04:09:51,700 --> 04:09:56,200
Your wife tells a story before 
sleep or tries to because your 

4735
04:09:56,200 --> 04:09:58,400
youngest daughter keeps 
interrupting with questions that

4736
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,700
derail The Narrative. 
The story is about a fisherman 

4737
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:05,400
who caught a magical fish? 
That granted wishes a tail. 

4738
04:10:05,400 --> 04:10:09,200
Your wife as told many times. 
With variations tonight, the 

4739
04:10:09,200 --> 04:10:13,100
fish's gold in silver and the 
fisherman has three wishes in 

4740
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:16,100
stead of seven. 
But the morale Remains the Same 

4741
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:19,500
Be careful what you wish for 
because you're probably get it 

4742
04:10:19,500 --> 04:10:21,500
wrong. 
Your children have heard this 

4743
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:23,400
story enough times that they 
correct her. 

4744
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:26,100
When she deviates too far from 
the established version. 

4745
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:29,600
Once the children are finally 
asleep or at least pretending 

4746
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:32,700
convincingly enough you and your
wife have a brief moment of 

4747
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:36,000
quiet. 
You continues her mending, you 

4748
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:39,600
sit and feel your body catalog. 
Every complaint from the day's 

4749
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:42,100
work. 
Fire Burns low and neither of 

4750
04:10:42,100 --> 04:10:46,100
you moves to build it up. 
Fuel costs money and you're both

4751
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:48,400
tired enough that bed sounds 
better than warmth. 

4752
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,200
Anyway, she mentions that the 
neighbors daughter is getting 

4753
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:54,200
married which leads to a 
complicated discussion about 

4754
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:56,100
dowries and whether they're 
doing it properly. 

4755
04:10:56,100 --> 04:10:59,600
And what kind of life that girl 
can expect with the boys, she's 

4756
04:10:59,600 --> 04:11:01,800
marrying. 
You can contribute occasional 

4757
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:05,200
grunts of agreement because your
wife doesn't actually need you 

4758
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:08,600
to participate in this 
conversation so much as witness 

4759
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:10,600
it. 
She's thinking out loud 

4760
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:14,200
processing, the social dynamics 
of your small community and 

4761
04:11:14,200 --> 04:11:16,800
trying to understand the web of 
obligations and expectations 

4762
04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:20,600
that governs everything You 
mention the possible ship job 

4763
04:11:20,600 --> 04:11:23,500
for your oldest son. 
She silent for a moment, the 

4764
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:26,200
needle pausing in its work. 
Then she says what? 

4765
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:30,300
You both know that it's good 
money but dangerous that he's 

4766
04:11:30,300 --> 04:11:32,600
old enough to make his own 
decisions but young enough to 

4767
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:36,800
make stupid ones that you can't 
protect him forever but you're 

4768
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,700
not ready to stop trying, you 
don't resolve anything. 

4769
04:11:39,700 --> 04:11:42,600
There's nothing to resolve yet 
but at least you've said it out 

4770
04:11:42,600 --> 04:11:45,100
loud. 
Making the worries concrete 

4771
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:47,200
instead of leaving them as a 
vague anxiety. 

4772
04:11:48,800 --> 04:11:52,100
The house settles into its 
nighttime sounds upstairs. 

4773
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:55,000
Someone turned over in bed, 
making the ropes Creek. 

4774
04:11:55,700 --> 04:11:58,100
Outside the Harbour continues, 
its work. 

4775
04:11:58,800 --> 04:12:02,100
You can hear voices calling back
and forth between ships, the 

4776
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:05,400
sound of footsteps on the docks 
and a dog barking at something 

4777
04:12:05,400 --> 04:12:09,500
only, it can see the sea. 
Never sleeps, and neither, does 

4778
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,800
the port that serves it. 
When you finally head up stairs,

4779
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:16,600
your wife, extinguishing, the 
candles behind you, the day 

4780
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:19,300
feels complete in a way that has
nothing to do with 

4781
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:22,300
accomplishment and everything to
do with survival. 

4782
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:26,400
Another day of work done, family
fed house, still standing 

4783
04:12:26,400 --> 04:12:30,800
children still alive. 
It's not much by grandstands but

4784
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:33,500
by the standards of people who 
live by the Sea and work with 

4785
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:37,300
their backs, it, everything that
matters your bed receives you 

4786
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:41,100
with the same lumpy familiarity,
it always does your wife, 

4787
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:44,800
settles in beside you and for a 
moment before sleep, cums, 

4788
04:12:44,800 --> 04:12:47,700
you're aware of the simple 
comfort of another person's 

4789
04:12:47,700 --> 04:12:49,500
warmth. 
Shared life. 

4790
04:12:49,500 --> 04:12:51,800
You've built in this tilting 
house by the harbor. 

4791
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:55,000
The way your days. 
Follow the tides in your lives. 

4792
04:12:55,000 --> 04:12:59,300
Follow patterns as old as the 
port itself, the sun sets into 

4793
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:02,700
the harbor, like, it's been 
doing this all its life turning 

4794
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:05,200
the water into something 
resembling molten. 

4795
04:13:05,200 --> 04:13:08,000
Copper the evening light, does 
things to the port town that 

4796
04:13:08,008 --> 04:13:11,000
almost make you forget it's the 
same place that smells like fish

4797
04:13:11,000 --> 04:13:14,200
guts and sewage. 
During the day Shadows, stretch 

4798
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:18,000
long across the docks softening,
the rough edges of warehouses 

4799
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:21,500
and masks making everything look
gentler than it deserves. 

4800
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:25,600
You finish your last bit of work
as the light Fades securing a 

4801
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:28,000
line here. 
Checking that car goes properly 

4802
04:13:28,000 --> 04:13:31,000
covered there and doing the 
small tasks that prevent 

4803
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:32,900
tomorrow. 
From starting with disasters, 

4804
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,900
the Wolf Master walks. 
The docks one final time his 

4805
04:13:36,900 --> 04:13:38,500
Lantern bobbing in the growing 
Darkness. 

4806
04:13:38,500 --> 04:13:42,100
Making sure everything is 
secured before night fully 

4807
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:44,600
settles in. 
He's been doing this for 30 

4808
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:47,900
years checking the same things 
in the same order. 

4809
04:13:48,800 --> 04:13:51,400
Finding occasional problems that
would have become major problems

4810
04:13:51,400 --> 04:13:53,700
by morning. 
The evening brings a different 

4811
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:57,000
population to the docks. 
The daytime workers head home 

4812
04:13:57,000 --> 04:13:59,900
While others emerge Fishman, 
preparing for night, fishing, 

4813
04:13:59,900 --> 04:14:03,200
ships Cruise rotating, watch and
various individuals. 

4814
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:05,500
Whose business is better 
conducted in darkness. 

4815
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,800
You don't ask about the latter 
Port Towns attract all sorts of 

4816
04:14:09,800 --> 04:14:12,300
Commerce. 
Some of it legal, some of it, 

4817
04:14:12,300 --> 04:14:15,600
less legal, and most of it 
existing in a gray area that 

4818
04:14:15,600 --> 04:14:18,900
depends on who's asking and how 
much they're willing to pay to 

4819
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:21,700
avoid asking to closely walking 
home. 

4820
04:14:21,700 --> 04:14:24,600
You pass through streets that 
are transforming as the light 

4821
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:29,200
dies lanterns appear in Windows,
small points of Illumination, 

4822
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:32,600
that create more Shadows than 
they, dispel the taverns glow 

4823
04:14:32,600 --> 04:14:36,300
warmly, their doors opening and 
closing as workers seek the 

4824
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:39,600
comfort of drink and Company. 
Someone's cooking something that

4825
04:14:39,600 --> 04:14:42,600
smells like roasted meat. 
And your stomach, reminds you 

4826
04:14:42,600 --> 04:14:45,000
that fish soup for dinner. 
While adequate wasn't 

4827
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:48,300
particularly exciting. 
Your street is quieter than the 

4828
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:52,000
commercial areas, settling into 
evening, routines that revolve 

4829
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:55,800
around families and homes rather
than Commerce, Smoke rises from 

4830
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,100
chimneys, as people build up 
their Fires for the night 

4831
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:00,600
children play in the last bit of
light. 

4832
04:15:00,600 --> 04:15:04,100
Their games have that frantic 
quality that comes from knowing 

4833
04:15:04,100 --> 04:15:07,700
they'll be called inside soon. 
A mother yells for her son who 

4834
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:10,600
pretends not to hear which 
earned him a more infatic 

4835
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:12,500
summons that he can't pretend to
ignore. 

4836
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:15,400
Your own house has that warm 
glow. 

4837
04:15:15,400 --> 04:15:18,100
That means your wife has already
lit the candles and built up the

4838
04:15:18,100 --> 04:15:20,500
fire. 
You can see your children moving

4839
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:23,200
around inside Through the 
Windows Shadows against the 

4840
04:15:23,200 --> 04:15:26,200
light. 
It's a simple site one you see 

4841
04:15:26,208 --> 04:15:29,700
every evening, but tonight you 
pause to appreciate it. 

4842
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:33,900
The basic fact of having a home 
to return to people who expect 

4843
04:15:33,900 --> 04:15:37,100
your return and a fire that's 
been kept burning for your 

4844
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:40,100
arrival inside. 
Your wife has progressed Beyond 

4845
04:15:40,100 --> 04:15:43,400
soup and a somehow produced 
bread pudding which is ambitious

4846
04:15:43,400 --> 04:15:46,800
given your typical supplies. 
You don't ask how she managed 

4847
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:48,800
it. 
There are mysteries in household

4848
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:52,400
economy that you've learned not 
to probe to deeply the putting 

4849
04:15:52,400 --> 04:15:55,400
his heavy and sweet and taste 
like raisins that might have had

4850
04:15:55,400 --> 04:15:58,200
better days, but are still 
perfectly adequate when mixed 

4851
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:01,200
with enough, honey. 
Evening stretches out with 

4852
04:16:01,200 --> 04:16:04,300
without urgency your oldest son 
sits by the window. 

4853
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:07,000
So supposedly reading but 
probably just thinking about 

4854
04:16:07,000 --> 04:16:10,700
that ship job and whatever 
fantasies he has about life at 

4855
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:12,700
Sea. 
Your daughter's have discovered 

4856
04:16:12,700 --> 04:16:15,500
that the cat is willing to 
tolerate being dressed in doll 

4857
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:19,300
clothes at least until it isn't 
which happens suddenly and with 

4858
04:16:19,300 --> 04:16:22,900
impressive use of claws your 
middle son works on some carving

4859
04:16:22,900 --> 04:16:26,500
project creating wood shavings 
that will need sweeping up later

4860
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:30,200
absorbed in the particular Focus
that children bring to projects.

4861
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:33,700
They've chosen themselves your 
wife settles into her chair with

4862
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:37,100
a cup of something hot. 
Probably not tea because tea is 

4863
04:16:37,100 --> 04:16:39,900
expensive more likely some 
herbal mixed. 

4864
04:16:39,900 --> 04:16:42,200
She's decided as beneficial 
properties. 

4865
04:16:42,900 --> 04:16:46,000
Sips it slowly staring into the 
fire with the expression of 

4866
04:16:46,008 --> 04:16:49,400
someone whose mind is elsewhere,
working through whatever 

4867
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:52,300
calculations and worries, occupy
her thoughts. 

4868
04:16:53,000 --> 04:16:55,400
You've learned not to interrupt 
this thinking time. 

4869
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:58,300
She'll share what she needs to 
share when she's ready. 

4870
04:16:59,300 --> 04:17:03,200
Fire Burns steadily, it's like 
creating a circle of warmth and 

4871
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:06,600
visibility in the Gathering. 
Darkness beyond that Circle. 

4872
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:09,500
The corners of the room Fade 
Into Shadow and your content to 

4873
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:11,600
let them. 
There's something comforting 

4874
04:17:11,600 --> 04:17:14,400
about having the world reduced 
to this manageable size. 

4875
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:19,500
Just this room, this fire, these
people outside the Harbour 

4876
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:23,300
continues, its Eternal, you can 
hear water lapping against the 

4877
04:17:23,300 --> 04:17:25,900
docks that gentle repetitive 
sound that. 

4878
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:29,800
So constant usually don't notice
it until you're sitting still 

4879
04:17:29,800 --> 04:17:32,500
enough to pay attention, 
occasionally, a voice carries 

4880
04:17:32,500 --> 04:17:35,500
across the water. 
Someone calling instructions or 

4881
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:39,300
greetings, A bell ring 
somewhere, marking some 

4882
04:17:39,300 --> 04:17:42,900
nautical, our that has meaning 
to Sailors, but is just sound to

4883
04:17:42,908 --> 04:17:46,200
you, your youngest daughter 
climbs into your lap, which is 

4884
04:17:46,208 --> 04:17:49,000
becoming more difficult to she 
grows, but which she still 

4885
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,200
insists on doing, she smells 
like, whatever she got into 

4886
04:17:52,200 --> 04:17:55,500
today, probably the garden, 
possibly the neighbor's 

4887
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:58,700
chickens, definitely something 
that needs washing but won't get

4888
04:17:58,700 --> 04:18:01,700
washed until tomorrow. 
She asks you to tell her about 

4889
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:05,400
the big fish, which is her way 
of requesting the same story. 

4890
04:18:05,400 --> 04:18:08,100
You've told her 50 times about 
the time. 

4891
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:10,100
You saw a whale breach in the 
harbor mouth. 

4892
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:13,700
You tell the story again, 
embellishing the parts you've 

4893
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:16,900
embellished before, the whale 
growing slightly larger with 

4894
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:19,800
each retelling until it's 
probably twice the size of the 

4895
04:18:19,800 --> 04:18:22,000
actual creature. 
She listens with the 

4896
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:24,100
satisfaction of hearing a 
familiar tale. 

4897
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:27,700
Occasionally correcting your 
details when you deviate too far

4898
04:18:27,700 --> 04:18:30,200
from the established narrative 
when you finish. 

4899
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:32,800
She immediately asks, if you've 
ever seen a bigger fish than 

4900
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:36,000
that, which leads to speculation
about what might live in the 

4901
04:18:36,000 --> 04:18:38,200
deep ocean? 
Which leads to her being 

4902
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:40,500
convinced, there are definitely 
sea monsters. 

4903
04:18:40,500 --> 04:18:44,000
Your wife interrupts before the 
sea monster discussion can 

4904
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:47,500
escalate into nightmares. 
She heard the children toward 

4905
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:50,200
the stairs with Gentle 
insistence Beginning. 

4906
04:18:50,200 --> 04:18:53,700
The long process of getting 
everyone to bed, your oldest son

4907
04:18:53,700 --> 04:18:56,700
doesn't need herding. 
But goes anyway, probably glad 

4908
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:59,500
for the excuse to escape family 
time and return to whatever, 

4909
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:02,700
thoughts occupy. 
His almost adult mind you 

4910
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:05,500
remained by the fire adding 
another log because the Knight 

4911
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:08,700
is growing cold and you're not 
quite ready to surrender warmth 

4912
04:19:08,700 --> 04:19:12,500
for sleep. 
The wood catchers slowly Flames,

4913
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:15,100
licking up the sides before 
fully committing to burning. 

4914
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,100
You watch this with the 
attention of someone whose tired

4915
04:19:18,100 --> 04:19:20,200
enough that even fire becomes 
interesting. 

4916
04:19:21,100 --> 04:19:24,700
The house quiets as children 
settle into sleep, the creaking 

4917
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,200
and thumping from upstairs, 
gradually diminishes. 

4918
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:29,100
And until there's only The 
house's own sound. 

4919
04:19:29,100 --> 04:19:33,400
The Timbers settling the wind 
finding gaps in the walls and 

4920
04:19:33,400 --> 04:19:37,000
the fire popping occasionally 
when pockets of sap heat and 

4921
04:19:37,008 --> 04:19:39,400
burst. 
These sounds are so familiar. 

4922
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:42,000
They're almost silent the white 
noise of home. 

4923
04:19:42,800 --> 04:19:45,700
Your wife returns having 
achieved the minor miracle of 

4924
04:19:45,708 --> 04:19:47,800
getting everyone in bed without 
major drama. 

4925
04:19:48,600 --> 04:19:50,700
You settles back into her chair 
with a sigh. 

4926
04:19:50,700 --> 04:19:53,000
That contains a full day's worth
of tiredness. 

4927
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,400
For a while, neither of you 
speaks, there's nothing that 

4928
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:00,000
needs saying. 
And you're both too tired for 

4929
04:20:00,000 --> 04:20:03,400
Unnecessary conversation Fire 
burns. 

4930
04:20:03,400 --> 04:20:06,100
The darkness beyond the windows 
is complete. 

4931
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:09,400
Now, the harbor invisible, 
except for occasional lanterns. 

4932
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:12,800
Moving on distant ships, she 
mentions that the roof is 

4933
04:20:12,800 --> 04:20:16,300
definitely leaking worse than 
before and that the leak in the 

4934
04:20:16,308 --> 04:20:19,200
corner, has expanded to include 
the area near the window. 

4935
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:22,300
You acknowledge this, with the 
resignation of someone who 

4936
04:20:22,300 --> 04:20:25,900
knows, roof repairs cost money, 
you don't have, she suggests, 

4937
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:29,000
maybe asking your brother in law
who supposedly knows about 

4938
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:31,300
roofs. 
So you both know this is 

4939
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:35,100
unlikely to result in actual 
repairs and very likely to 

4940
04:20:35,100 --> 04:20:37,200
result in advice. 
You don't want about other 

4941
04:20:37,200 --> 04:20:40,500
things wrong with your house, 
you discuss quietly the 

4942
04:20:40,500 --> 04:20:43,200
possibility of your oldest son 
taking that ship job. 

4943
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:47,100
The conversation is careful, 
both of you, testing the edges 

4944
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:49,800
of your feelings about it 
without committing to positions.

4945
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:52,900
She worries about storms, and 
Pirates and all the things that 

4946
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:56,200
can go wrong at Sea. 
You worry about the same things 

4947
04:20:56,200 --> 04:20:59,400
but also think about the money 
about what it could mean for the

4948
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:01,500
family. 
Neither of you wants to make 

4949
04:21:01,500 --> 04:21:04,500
this decision but it's probably 
not your decision to make any 

4950
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:07,500
way. 
The boys, nearly grown and grown

4951
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:11,100
men make their own choices. 
The fire burns lower and you 

4952
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:12,400
should probably Bank it for the 
night. 

4953
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:15,600
But moving requires energy. 
You're not sure you have. 

4954
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:18,200
The wife seems to be thinking 
the same thing. 

4955
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,500
Both of you sitting there aware 
that you should go to bed, but 

4956
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:23,300
lacking the motivation to 
actually do it. 

4957
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:27,800
These moments of quiet between 
tasks are rare enough that your 

4958
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:29,500
reluctant to end them 
eventually. 

4959
04:21:29,500 --> 04:21:33,700
Necessity, overcomes inertia. 
You tend to the fire arranging 

4960
04:21:33,700 --> 04:21:35,900
logs and Ash to keep some heat 
through the night without 

4961
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:38,900
burning too much fuel. 
Your wife checks, the door is 

4962
04:21:38,900 --> 04:21:41,200
barred and the shutter is 
secured and performs all the 

4963
04:21:41,208 --> 04:21:43,500
small rituals that separate day 
from night. 

4964
04:21:43,500 --> 04:21:46,900
You follow her upstairs. 
Each step, reminding you of 

4965
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,900
muscles that were worked hard 
today and will be worked hard 

4966
04:21:49,900 --> 04:21:53,300
again tomorrow, the bedroom is 
cold, despite the lingering 

4967
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:55,800
warmth from downstairs. 
You undress. 

4968
04:21:55,800 --> 04:21:58,800
Quickly clothes folded and left 
on the chest because hanging 

4969
04:21:58,800 --> 04:22:01,300
them up is more effort and seems
worthwhile. 

4970
04:22:01,300 --> 04:22:04,900
The bed is cold until you've 
been in it for a few minutes and

4971
04:22:04,900 --> 04:22:08,100
then it becomes merely cool. 
And then, finally, warm enough 

4972
04:22:08,100 --> 04:22:12,500
that you can relax your wife 
settles in beside you and for a 

4973
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:15,500
moment, your both awake in the 
darkness, listening to the house

4974
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:19,300
around you, the harbor Beyond, 
and the whole Port Towns 

4975
04:22:19,300 --> 04:22:22,600
settling into its nighttime. 
Rhythm tomorrow will be much 

4976
04:22:22,600 --> 04:22:27,100
like today, the tide will turn 
ships will need unloading and 

4977
04:22:27,100 --> 04:22:29,800
the market will sell fish and 
bread and all the other 

4978
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:32,900
necessities of life your 
Children will grow slightly 

4979
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:34,900
older. 
Your back will hurt slightly 

4980
04:22:34,900 --> 04:22:38,500
more and the roof will leak 
exactly as much as it leaks now,

4981
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:40,700
until you eventually do 
something about it. 

4982
04:22:41,900 --> 04:22:45,800
But that's tomorrow's concern 
tonight you're warm and 

4983
04:22:45,800 --> 04:22:49,300
horizontal and your family is 
safe under your roof, leaky 

4984
04:22:49,300 --> 04:22:51,600
though. 
That roof may be the sea, 

4985
04:22:51,600 --> 04:22:56,100
murmurs in the background, 
Eternal and endless Sound that's

4986
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:58,900
been the backdrop to your life. 
Since you were born in this port

4987
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:02,000
town and will be the backdrop 
until you die here. 

4988
04:23:02,000 --> 04:23:07,600
It's not a bad sound to fall 
asleep to constant rhythmic 

4989
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:11,100
almost like breathing, if 
breathing were larger and wetter

4990
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:14,500
and involved, moving several 
million tons of water twice a 

4991
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:16,300
day. 
Sleep comes gradually 

4992
04:23:16,300 --> 04:23:20,600
Consciousness, fading like the 
tide going out and your last 

4993
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,300
thought before it takes you as 
something about tomorrow's work 

4994
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:26,300
though by morning you won't 
remember what that thought was 

4995
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:31,300
only that you had it and it 
seemed important at the time and

4996
04:23:31,300 --> 04:23:34,200
now it's gone like everything 
else in the gentle darkness of 

4997
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:42,100
sleep and home. 
You wake Before Dawn in an Amish

4998
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:44,100
Farmhouse. 
And the first thing you notice 

4999
04:23:44,100 --> 04:23:47,400
is what you don't hear. 
There's no mechanical hum, 

5000
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,200
vibrating through the 
floorboards, no compressor 

5001
04:23:50,200 --> 04:23:53,200
cycling on in the corner of the 
kitchen and no ambient 

5002
04:23:53,200 --> 04:23:55,600
electrical Buzz. 
That Modern Life has trained 

5003
04:23:55,600 --> 04:23:59,500
your ears to ignore Instead you 
hear the actual sounds of 

5004
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:03,800
mourning, a rooster clearing his
throat in the barn, the settling

5005
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:07,800
of wood beams cooling from 
yesterday's warmth and your own 

5006
04:24:07,808 --> 04:24:11,400
breathing in the darkness. 
You pad Barefoot across Wide 

5007
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:14,300
Plank, Floors that still hold a 
whisper of coolness from the 

5008
04:24:14,308 --> 04:24:18,200
night, Kitchen reveals itself 
gradually, as your eyes, adjust 

5009
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:23,100
taking shape, not from overhead 
fluorescence, from the pale blue

5010
04:24:23,100 --> 04:24:26,900
suggestion of dawn, pressing 
against the windows, everything 

5011
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:30,100
here, works on principles that 
predate Edison's, Laboratories 

5012
04:24:30,100 --> 04:24:34,300
the stove runs on propane. 
Its pilot like a tiny 

5013
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:38,300
constellation in the darkness. 
The lamps use compressed gas 

5014
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:42,400
that hisses softly when you turn
the valve and somewhere deep in 

5015
04:24:42,400 --> 04:24:45,300
the earth, Beneath Your Feet. 
It's a chamber carved from clay 

5016
04:24:45,300 --> 04:24:48,600
and stone where tonight's dinner
Waits and Perpetual Twilight. 

5017
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:52,000
Your hand finds the cool metal 
handle of what looks like a 

5018
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,500
compact refrigerator, but when 
you open it, the light that 

5019
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:59,900
appears is an electric but 
chemical Simple glow produced by

5020
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:01,800
the refrigeration processes 
itself. 

5021
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,000
This is a gas-powered 
refrigerator, a technology that 

5022
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:08,500
sounds impossible until you 
remember that. 

5023
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:10,300
Cold is simply the absence of 
heat. 

5024
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:13,900
Heat can be manipulated in more 
ways than one. 

5025
04:25:14,800 --> 04:25:19,100
The unit uses ammonia hydrogen 
and water in a continuous cycle,

5026
04:25:19,100 --> 04:25:22,400
creating cold through 
evaporation and condensation, 

5027
04:25:22,400 --> 04:25:24,700
rather than the electrical 
compression. 

5028
04:25:24,700 --> 04:25:27,600
It's quieter than its electric 
cousin. 

5029
04:25:28,300 --> 04:25:31,100
Just an occasional gurgle as 
liquids change States. 

5030
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:34,100
Doing their molecular dance 
inside. 

5031
04:25:34,100 --> 04:25:37,500
You find glass jars of milk, 
their cream rising, and thick 

5032
04:25:37,508 --> 04:25:40,200
plugs at the top because nobody 
here homogenized is anything. 

5033
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:44,000
There's a ceramic crock of 
butter firm enough to hold its 

5034
04:25:44,000 --> 04:25:46,600
shape but soft enough to spread 
easily on fresh bread. 

5035
04:25:47,700 --> 04:25:49,300
Covered dish, holds last night's
chicken. 

5036
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,700
The fat congealed into Savory, 
jelly around the meat. 

5037
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:56,400
Everything sits arranged with 
the Precision of someone who 

5038
04:25:56,400 --> 04:25:59,300
understands that cold air sinks 
and warm air rises. 

5039
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:02,900
The proper placement matters 
when your cooling system runs on

5040
04:26:02,900 --> 04:26:05,200
absorption rather than forced 
convection. 

5041
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:08,900
But this gas refrigerator is 
actually the newest technology 

5042
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:13,000
in this kitchen installed, 
perhaps 20 years ago after 

5043
04:26:13,000 --> 04:26:15,200
considerable debate within the 
community. 

5044
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:20,900
The real story of Amish food 
preservation lies deeper colder 

5045
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:25,100
and considerably older. 
It's written in the architecture

5046
04:26:25,100 --> 04:26:29,300
of the land itself, in holes, 
dug into hillsides, and Stones 

5047
04:26:29,300 --> 04:26:33,200
stacked with purpose. 
To understand how the ahmes, 

5048
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:36,200
keep food, cold without 
electricity, you need to 

5049
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:39,400
understand that they're not 
rejecting modern convenience so 

5050
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:43,000
much as embracing ancient wisdom
that never needed Improvement. 

5051
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:45,900
In the first place. 
You grab a sweater from a peg by

5052
04:26:45,908 --> 04:26:49,200
the door because even in summer,
where you're about to go remains

5053
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:53,400
locked in permanent October. 
The path outside leads around 

5054
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:56,600
the side of the house. 
Passed herb gardens still wet 

5055
04:26:56,600 --> 04:27:00,400
with Dew to adore set, almost 
flush with a gentle slope in the

5056
04:27:00,408 --> 04:27:03,000
yard. 
This isn't the entrance to a 

5057
04:27:03,000 --> 04:27:06,100
storm shelter or a coal bin. 
This is where Winter lives 

5058
04:27:06,100 --> 04:27:09,400
year-round, where the Earth 
itself becomes a refrigerator 

5059
04:27:09,400 --> 04:27:13,100
and where gravity and geology 
can spy to keep things fresh. 

5060
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,900
This is The Root Cellar and it's
about to teach you things about 

5061
04:27:16,900 --> 04:27:19,100
temperature. 
That no, Appliance manual ever. 

5062
04:27:19,100 --> 04:27:23,000
Could the door opens with a 
wooden grown exhaling? 

5063
04:27:23,000 --> 04:27:24,800
Cool. 
Air that smells like minerals 

5064
04:27:24,800 --> 04:27:28,900
and darkness like the inside of 
a cave where bears sleep through

5065
04:27:28,900 --> 04:27:31,900
blizzards. 
You descend steps carved from 

5066
04:27:31,900 --> 04:27:34,900
packed Earth. 
Your hand trailing along a stone

5067
04:27:34,900 --> 04:27:36,900
wall. 
That feels damp but not wet 

5068
04:27:36,900 --> 04:27:42,000
cool, but not cold alive in ways
that concrete never manages. 

5069
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:47,000
Each step down, brings a 
perceptible temperature drop as 

5070
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:48,900
if you're descending, through 
layers of atmosphere. 

5071
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:53,500
Moving from one microclimate to 
another at the bottom, perhaps 

5072
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:57,000
12 feet below the surface. 
You find yourself in a room that

5073
04:27:57,000 --> 04:27:59,800
shouldn't exist according to 
everything Modern Life taught 

5074
04:27:59,800 --> 04:28:03,000
you about food storage. 
There's no insulation in the 

5075
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:06,100
Contemporary sense. 
No vapor barriers or thermal 

5076
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:08,400
breaks. 
The walls are simply stacked 

5077
04:28:08,400 --> 04:28:11,600
stone fitted together with the 
patience of someone who 

5078
04:28:11,600 --> 04:28:15,700
understood the air gaps matter 
that every space between rocks 

5079
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:19,200
serves as a buffer zone. 
The floor is packed Earth. 

5080
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:22,700
Slightly damp completing a 
circuit with the walls and 

5081
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:25,300
ceiling that maintains. 
A remarkably consistent 

5082
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:28,900
temperature somewhere between 45
and 55 degrees Fahrenheit. 

5083
04:28:28,900 --> 04:28:32,900
This consistently exists because
you're now below the frost line 

5084
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:35,700
in the zone where seasonal, 
temperature, swing's, barely 

5085
04:28:35,700 --> 04:28:40,400
register while the world above 
Banks or freezes, this chamber 

5086
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:44,500
remains Locked In Perpetual 
autumn The Earth's Own Mass acts

5087
04:28:44,500 --> 04:28:48,300
as a thermal battery absorbing 
heat and summer and releasing it

5088
04:28:48,300 --> 04:28:51,600
in winter, creating a stable 
environment that your ancestors 

5089
04:28:51,600 --> 04:28:55,300
understood intuitively. 
They might not have known the 

5090
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:58,500
thermodynamics, but they knew 
that potatoes stored here in 

5091
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:00,400
October would still be firm in 
March. 

5092
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:03,900
That apples would keep their 
crunch until spring mud season 

5093
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:07,100
and that the Earth was the 
original refrigerator and 

5094
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:09,600
required. 
No maintenance plan the shells 

5095
04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:12,000
reveal themselves as your eyes 
adjust to the dim light 

5096
04:29:12,008 --> 04:29:15,800
filtering down the stairway. 
wooden boards, rest on Stone 

5097
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,900
supports each shelf 
strategically positioned, 

5098
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:22,500
according to principles of 
temperature stratification, The 

5099
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:26,000
lowest shelves, where the 
coldest air pools hold root 

5100
04:29:26,000 --> 04:29:29,800
vegetables, that tolerate near 
freezing conditions, carrots 

5101
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:34,700
packed in sand, beats nestled in
sawdust and turn its wrapped in 

5102
04:29:34,708 --> 04:29:38,100
newspaper. 
These storage methods aren't 

5103
04:29:38,100 --> 04:29:41,700
quaint expectations, but 
practical solutions to moisture 

5104
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:44,700
management. 
The sand and sawdust, prevent 

5105
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:47,500
the vegetables from touching 
each other while maintaining 

5106
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:53,000
ideal humidity stopping both 
desiccation and rocked middle 

5107
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:56,400
shelves, hold glass jars of 
preserved Goods, pickles, 

5108
04:29:56,400 --> 04:30:00,100
floating in Cloudy, brine 
applesauce the color of Sunset 

5109
04:30:00,100 --> 04:30:02,600
and green beans packed with dill
heads. 

5110
04:30:02,600 --> 04:30:07,400
That look like tiny fireworks, 
Frozen, mid explosion, These 

5111
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:11,300
Jaws represent summer captured 
and held hostage prevented from 

5112
04:30:11,300 --> 04:30:14,700
spoiling by carefully. 
Calibrated acidity and the 

5113
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:18,400
absence of air. 
Canning is its own form of Cold 

5114
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:19,700
Storage. 
When you think about it, 

5115
04:30:19,700 --> 04:30:23,900
creating an environment. 
So hostile to bacteria that food

5116
04:30:23,900 --> 04:30:27,200
remains suspended in time, 
waiting patiently to be 

5117
04:30:27,200 --> 04:30:30,800
remembered and consumed months 
after its harvest, the highest 

5118
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:35,100
shelves were temperatures climb 
closer to 60 degrees hold items 

5119
04:30:35,100 --> 04:30:38,400
that prefer less aggressive 
cooling winter squash with their

5120
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:42,500
thick skins that protect Sweet, 
Orange flesh, onions braided 

5121
04:30:42,500 --> 04:30:45,800
together like rope and garlic 
bulbs that fill the air with 

5122
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:48,700
their pungent promise, Up here 
near the ceiling. 

5123
04:30:48,700 --> 04:30:51,700
The air moves slightly stirred 
by convection. 

5124
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:55,600
Currents that flow down the 
stairs across the floor and back

5125
04:30:55,600 --> 04:31:00,500
up again in an endless loop. 
This circulation isn't designed 

5126
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:03,300
so much as allowed. 
The natural consequence of 

5127
04:31:03,308 --> 04:31:06,900
opening a cool chamber to warmer
air above but what makes this 

5128
04:31:06,900 --> 04:31:10,600
Root Cellar remarkable isn't 
just its function but also its 

5129
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:12,500
redundancy and its passive 
nature. 

5130
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:16,500
Nothing needs to be plugged in 
or turned on no. 

5131
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:18,900
Compressor will fail at midnight
during a heat wave. 

5132
04:31:18,900 --> 04:31:22,500
No power outage will leave, you 
mourning your loss groceries, 

5133
04:31:22,500 --> 04:31:26,200
The Root Cellar simply exists 
doing what it's done for 

5134
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:29,800
centuries, asking nothing but 
occasional attention and respect

5135
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:32,900
for its principles. 
It's the ultimate set it and 

5136
04:31:32,908 --> 04:31:36,600
forget it, Appliance installed 
by previous generations and 

5137
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,100
maintained by the simple Act of 
closing the door. 

5138
04:31:39,100 --> 04:31:42,300
When you're finished, retrieving
your turnips, The Root Cellar 

5139
04:31:42,300 --> 04:31:43,900
solves, the problem of modest 
cooling. 

5140
04:31:43,900 --> 04:31:48,000
But what about actual freezing? 
What happens when you need ice 

5141
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:51,300
rather than just coolness when 
preservation requires 

5142
04:31:51,300 --> 04:31:54,100
temperatures that make Frost 
feathers across surfaces? 

5143
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:57,900
For that, you need to travel 
backward in time to Winter 

5144
04:31:57,900 --> 04:32:01,100
itself or more specifically to 
the moment. 

5145
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:04,100
When winter was something you 
could Harvest and store, when 

5146
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:08,100
frozen water became currently 
and a planning tool walk with me

5147
04:32:08,100 --> 04:32:11,700
now to the ice house, that 
peculiar structure that sits 100

5148
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:13,800
yards from the main house built 
in. 

5149
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:17,100
To the north side of a hill 
where Sunshine fears To Tread 

5150
04:32:17,100 --> 04:32:19,700
even in summer. 
This building looks like an 

5151
04:32:19,700 --> 04:32:23,000
oversized Shed from the outside 
but it's construction reveals 

5152
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:24,900
obsessive attention to 
insulation. 

5153
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:29,200
Double walls, create a 6 inch 
Gap, filled with sawdust that's 

5154
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:33,800
been packed tight as insulation.
The roof Sports two layers with 

5155
04:32:33,800 --> 04:32:37,100
an air gap between them and the 
door fits into its frame like a 

5156
04:32:37,108 --> 04:32:39,900
watchmaker's masterpiece with 
wool weather. 

5157
04:32:39,900 --> 04:32:42,900
Stripping that keeps warm air 
out more effectively than any 

5158
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:46,800
modern refrigerator seal inside.
Even in July the temperature 

5159
04:32:46,800 --> 04:32:50,200
hovers, just above freezing, the
air carries a mineralized 

5160
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:51,900
coldness, that makes your breath
visible. 

5161
04:32:51,900 --> 04:32:55,600
That tightens the skin on your 
arms and raises every hair in 

5162
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:58,300
salute. 
Stacked from floor to ceiling 

5163
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:03,500
separated by layers of straw, 
sit blocks of ice, harvested 

5164
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:07,500
five months ago when the pond 
was a solid sheet and the world 

5165
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:11,900
was frozen solid. 
These blocks each roughly two 

5166
04:33:11,900 --> 04:33:15,800
feet square and 18 inches. 
Thick, represent a Winter's day 

5167
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:19,700
of communal labor of men and 
horses and saws, working in 

5168
04:33:19,700 --> 04:33:21,800
concert to capture cold for 
future. 

5169
04:33:21,800 --> 04:33:24,800
Use the ice. 
Harvest was a January ritual 

5170
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:28,700
timed precisely for that window.
After the pondered Frozen at 

5171
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:32,700
least, 12 inches thick, but 
before snow accumulated, heavily

5172
04:33:32,700 --> 04:33:37,400
enough to insulate the ice and 
slow its thickening. he would 

5173
04:33:37,400 --> 04:33:40,200
have seen the entire Community 
gather on a Saturday morning 

5174
04:33:40,200 --> 04:33:43,500
when breath frosted beards and 
children stamped their feet 

5175
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:47,200
against cold penetrated, boot 
leather, Someone would have 

5176
04:33:47,207 --> 04:33:50,000
scored the ice with a 
horse-drawn plow fitted with 

5177
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:53,300
metal teeth. 
Creating a grid of lines that 

5178
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:54,800
marked where block should be 
cut. 

5179
04:33:55,700 --> 04:34:00,099
Then the soaring would begin men
working in pairs with long two 

5180
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:04,300
handles sores that sang through 
ice with a distinctive grinding.

5181
04:34:04,300 --> 04:34:08,400
Shriek each block once freed 
from its brothers would be 

5182
04:34:08,408 --> 04:34:12,200
guided towards Shore, using Pike
poles, then hoisted onto a 

5183
04:34:12,200 --> 04:34:15,300
wooden slide where it would be 
loaded onto a wagon and 

5184
04:34:15,300 --> 04:34:19,000
transported to the Ice House. 
The loading required 

5185
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:22,599
choreography, worthy of a ballet
company, too much, haste and 

5186
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:26,500
blocks would crack too much 
delay and they'd begin freezing 

5187
04:34:26,500 --> 04:34:30,500
together, two, little sawdust 
between layers and they'd fusing

5188
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:33,300
to one, massive unusable block 
over the months. 

5189
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:38,099
The work generated A peculiar 
warmth despite sub-freezing 

5190
04:34:38,099 --> 04:34:41,900
temperatures, the kind of heat 
that comes from exertion rather 

5191
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:45,599
than environment. 
So men would shed coats and work

5192
04:34:45,599 --> 04:34:49,400
in shirtsleeves while their 
breath created private weather 

5193
04:34:49,400 --> 04:34:52,800
systems around their heads. 
The physics of Icehouse storage,

5194
04:34:52,800 --> 04:34:56,300
a brutally simple. 
But deceptively effective ice 

5195
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:59,400
wants to melt, but melting 
requires, heat energy. 

5196
04:35:00,300 --> 04:35:04,700
The sawdust insulation slows 
heat transfer to a crawl and the

5197
04:35:04,700 --> 04:35:08,000
blocks themselves create their 
own cooling Zone that resists 

5198
04:35:08,000 --> 04:35:11,099
warming. 
As outer layer slowly melt over 

5199
04:35:11,099 --> 04:35:13,500
months. 
They refreeze slightly each 

5200
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,300
night creating a self-sealing 
barrier. 

5201
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:20,099
Melt water drains away through 
the floor into a carefully 

5202
04:35:20,099 --> 04:35:23,500
engineered runoff system 
preventing the remaining ice 

5203
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:26,000
from sitting in water. 
That would accelerate melting. 

5204
04:35:26,800 --> 04:35:30,400
By late summer, you might have 
lost 40% of your Harvest to 

5205
04:35:30,400 --> 04:35:35,099
Melting, but 60% of a January 
crops still means Frozen storage

5206
04:35:35,099 --> 04:35:38,500
capacity through September. 
This ice serves multiple 

5207
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:40,300
purposes Beyond just chilling 
food. 

5208
04:35:41,400 --> 04:35:44,200
Cream destined to become ice 
cream gets packed in wooden 

5209
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:48,099
buckets surrounded by ice and 
rock salt the salt lowering the 

5210
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:51,300
freezing point and creating 
temperatures below 32 degrees 

5211
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:55,800
meet can be kept for days rather
than hours when buried in ice 

5212
04:35:55,800 --> 04:35:59,500
and butter stays firm, even when
the thermometer pushes 90 

5213
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:02,500
degrees outside. 
The Ice House essentially 

5214
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:06,300
extends winter on demand letting
you summon cold whenever 

5215
04:36:06,300 --> 04:36:09,900
necessary proof that you can 
indeed save the weather for 

5216
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:12,599
later if you plan ahead but 
perhaps the most elegant 

5217
04:36:12,599 --> 04:36:15,800
solution to food preservation 
sits where water emerges from 

5218
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:19,599
the Earth itself in structures 
built around Springs that flow 

5219
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:23,000
year-round with water that never
varies more than a few degrees 

5220
04:36:23,000 --> 04:36:25,800
from its constant 54 degree 
temperature. 

5221
04:36:27,000 --> 04:36:29,800
The Spring House combines 
running water, with careful 

5222
04:36:29,800 --> 04:36:32,700
architecture to create a cooling
system that operates 

5223
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:36,300
continuously without any input. 
Beyond gravity, and geology 

5224
04:36:36,300 --> 04:36:41,300
picture a small Stone building, 
maybe 10 feet by 12 built 

5225
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:45,700
directly over a natural spring. 
The water emerges from the 

5226
04:36:45,700 --> 04:36:49,300
ground inside the structure 
flows through a shallow Channel,

5227
04:36:49,300 --> 04:36:52,900
carved from Stone and exits 
through an opening in the wall 

5228
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:56,200
downhill. 
The building's walls are thick 

5229
04:36:56,200 --> 04:36:58,900
Stone to feet or more? 
And the roof is heavily 

5230
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:02,700
insulated with sod or slate. 
Small Windows near. 

5231
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:05,500
The roofline allow air 
circulation, but prevent direct 

5232
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:09,099
sunlight from entering. 
The door faces North and is 

5233
04:37:09,108 --> 04:37:12,700
typically double layered with an
air gap between creating an air 

5234
04:37:12,700 --> 04:37:15,099
lock that maintains the cool 
interior temperature. 

5235
04:37:15,099 --> 04:37:19,400
Inside the spring Channel, 
dominates the floor plan, This 

5236
04:37:19,400 --> 04:37:22,800
is an extreme you'd step across 
casually it's maybe two feet 

5237
04:37:22,800 --> 04:37:26,000
wide and 18 inches. 
Deep flowing with gentle 

5238
04:37:26,000 --> 04:37:29,700
insistence, the water stays 
crystal clear because Spring 

5239
04:37:29,700 --> 04:37:33,800
Water, emerges, filtered through
layers of sand and rock stripped

5240
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:35,599
of settlement and organic 
material. 

5241
04:37:36,500 --> 04:37:40,400
More importantly, it stays cold 
drawing its temperature from the

5242
04:37:40,400 --> 04:37:45,099
aquifer 50 or 100 feet below 
where seasonal variations, never

5243
04:37:45,099 --> 04:37:48,099
penetrate along both sides of 
the channel Syd. 

5244
04:37:48,099 --> 04:37:50,599
Stone platforms where crops and 
jars are placed. 

5245
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:55,200
Milk Crocs still warm from the 
morning milking are set directly

5246
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:58,300
into the water which immediately
begins stealing their heat. 

5247
04:37:59,000 --> 04:38:02,599
The flowing water carries that 
heat away Downstream preventing 

5248
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:05,099
any temperature build-up that 
would occur in Stillwater. 

5249
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,300
Within an hour milk, that left 
the cow at 98 Degrees has 

5250
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:13,599
dropped to 60 degrees, extending
its freshness, from hours to 

5251
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,300
days. 
By evening its down to the 

5252
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:18,700
springs. 
Ambient temperature, cold 

5253
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:22,099
enough, that cream Rises slowly,
and bacterial reproduction slows

5254
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:24,900
to a crawl, the buttercups sit 
on the slightly higher 

5255
04:38:24,900 --> 04:38:27,700
platforms, not in the water, but
close enough. 

5256
04:38:27,700 --> 04:38:30,500
That evaporative, cooling from 
the stream creates a 

5257
04:38:30,500 --> 04:38:33,500
micro-climate 10 degrees cooler 
than the surrounding air. 

5258
04:38:34,800 --> 04:38:38,400
Eggs rest in wire baskets that 
hang in the water flow kept 

5259
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:43,099
cool, but not cold preserved in 
that sweet spot where their last

5260
04:38:43,099 --> 04:38:47,200
weeks and of days. covered 
dishes, containing leftovers 

5261
04:38:47,200 --> 04:38:50,099
line, the shelves above the 
water benefiting from the 

5262
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:53,700
general coolness without getting
damp, the Spring House, operates

5263
04:38:53,700 --> 04:38:56,300
on principles, that modern 
refrigeration Engineers would 

5264
04:38:56,300 --> 04:39:00,800
recognize but execute with 
mechanical complexity, Cool are 

5265
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:05,099
being denser than warm air flows
downward and pulls in the lowest

5266
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:08,000
spaces. 
The spring water continuously, 

5267
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:12,500
generates cool air as it flows 
and that are stays low trapped 

5268
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:16,400
by the buildings design. 
Warm air enters through the high

5269
04:39:16,400 --> 04:39:19,200
windows and exits. 
The same way prevented from 

5270
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:21,400
descending by the cold air 
cushion below. 

5271
04:39:22,400 --> 04:39:25,900
This creates stratification with
the coldest zone right at water 

5272
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:28,400
level. 
Where the milk Croc sit slightly

5273
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:31,500
warmer zones. 
Shelf height and the warmest are

5274
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:33,900
near the ceiling when nothing 
perishable is stored. 

5275
04:39:33,900 --> 04:39:37,400
What makes the Spring House? 
Remarkable is its responsiveness

5276
04:39:37,400 --> 04:39:41,100
to external conditions. 
On hot summer days, when you 

5277
04:39:41,100 --> 04:39:44,200
need cooling, most people visit 
the Spring House, more 

5278
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:47,200
frequently, opening the door, 
and disturbing the temperature 

5279
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:52,100
stratification, but each opening
all introduces warm air that the

5280
04:39:52,100 --> 04:39:56,000
spring water immediately begins 
Cooling and the increased air 

5281
04:39:56,000 --> 04:39:59,800
circulation, actually improves 
the system's efficiency in 

5282
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:02,000
winter when cooling is less 
critical. 

5283
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:05,500
The Spring House sees less 
traffic and the building's 

5284
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:07,900
thermal Mass prevents the 
interior from freezing. 

5285
04:40:07,900 --> 04:40:11,600
Even when January drives 
temperatures below, zero outside

5286
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,900
the water that flows out of the 
Spring House, doesn't go to 

5287
04:40:14,900 --> 04:40:17,800
waste. 
Downstream, it might water. 

5288
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:22,200
Livestock, or irrigator Garden, 
his work is never done despite 

5289
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:23,800
having already served as 
refrigerant. 

5290
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:28,700
This multiple use philosophy. 
Pervs Amish food preservation, 

5291
04:40:28,700 --> 04:40:31,200
nothing exists for a single 
purpose. 

5292
04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:35,600
When it conserves several an 
energy where the human animal or

5293
04:40:35,600 --> 04:40:39,200
natural is always asked to pull 
double duty whenever possible. 

5294
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:43,300
Back in the kitchen, the gas 
refrigerator deserves a closer 

5295
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:46,400
look because it represents a 
fascinating compromise between 

5296
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:48,700
modern convenience and 
traditional principles. 

5297
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,700
Approved by most Amish 
communities because it doesn't 

5298
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:56,600
connect to the electrical grid 
the gas refrigerator operates on

5299
04:40:56,600 --> 04:40:59,200
principles that would seem like 
magic if they weren't just 

5300
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:02,900
clever chemistry the absorption 
Refrigeration Cycles sounds 

5301
04:41:02,900 --> 04:41:05,600
complicated but follows a 
beautiful logic. 

5302
04:41:06,500 --> 04:41:10,700
Insight the seals system ammonia
dissolves in water to create a 

5303
04:41:10,700 --> 04:41:13,500
solution that gets heated by a 
small gas flame. 

5304
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:16,000
No. 
Bigger than what you'd see on a 

5305
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:19,300
water heater pilot light. 
This heating separates, the 

5306
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:23,600
ammonia from the water and the 
gas ammonia Rises to a condenser

5307
04:41:23,600 --> 04:41:27,600
at the top of the unit where it 
calls back into liquid releasing

5308
04:41:27,600 --> 04:41:31,500
heat in the process. 
That liquid ammonia, then flows 

5309
04:41:31,500 --> 04:41:35,200
to an evaporator coil inside the
refrigerator compartment, where 

5310
04:41:35,200 --> 04:41:38,000
it meets hydrogen, gas in a 
low-pressure environment. 

5311
04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:39,600
Here's where it gets 
interesting. 

5312
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:44,100
The hydrogen doesn't participate
in cooling directly but lowers 

5313
04:41:44,100 --> 04:41:46,700
the partial pressure of the 
ammonia, which allows the 

5314
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:48,600
ammonia to evaporate at low 
temperatures. 

5315
04:41:48,600 --> 04:41:52,700
This evaporation absorbs heat 
from inside the refrigerator, 

5316
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:56,500
which is just a fancy way of 
saying it creates cold. 

5317
04:41:57,400 --> 04:42:00,700
The ammonia gas then flows to an
absorber, where it meets water 

5318
04:42:00,700 --> 04:42:04,900
again, dissolves back into 
solution and the cycle continues

5319
04:42:04,900 --> 04:42:07,000
indefinitely. 
As long as that, tiny flame 

5320
04:42:07,000 --> 04:42:10,200
keeps burning, the beauty of 
this system is its lack of 

5321
04:42:10,200 --> 04:42:14,800
moving Parts, no, compressor 
cycling on and off no fan motors

5322
04:42:14,800 --> 04:42:18,300
pushing are around and no 
electronic controls deciding 

5323
04:42:18,300 --> 04:42:22,200
when to defrost, The 
refrigerator runs continuously 

5324
04:42:22,200 --> 04:42:26,000
at its own pace, creating cold 
through heat in a paradox that 

5325
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:27,600
nonetheless works perfectly 
well. 

5326
04:42:28,800 --> 04:42:31,500
The only maintenance it requires
is occasional cleaning of the 

5327
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:34,800
burner and a yearly checked to 
ensure the flu isn't blocked. 

5328
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:39,500
Otherwise it's simply operates 
year after year, consuming a 

5329
04:42:39,500 --> 04:42:42,800
gallon of propane every week or 
two depending on ambient 

5330
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:46,700
temperature and how often the 
door opens, the interior looks 

5331
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:50,600
familiar to anyone, whose opened
a refrigerator shelves and door 

5332
04:42:50,600 --> 04:42:54,200
storage, a small freezer 
compartment and crisper drawers 

5333
04:42:54,200 --> 04:42:57,300
for vegetables. 
But the cooling isn't uniform 

5334
04:42:57,300 --> 04:43:01,200
like an electric model. 
The freezer sits at the top 

5335
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:05,000
where the evaporator coil runs 
coldest and temperature 

5336
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:08,900
increases gradually toward the 
bottom, this means you need to 

5337
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:12,600
store things strategically milk 
on the top shelf or it stays 

5338
04:43:12,608 --> 04:43:16,700
coldest vegetables in the bottom
drawers, where they won't freeze

5339
04:43:16,700 --> 04:43:18,800
and leftovers in the middle 
zones. 

5340
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:20,900
According to their sensitivity, 
to temperature. 

5341
04:43:20,900 --> 04:43:24,400
This temperature gradient isn't 
a floor but a feature, if you 

5342
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:28,400
understand it, Different foods 
have different optimal, storage 

5343
04:43:28,400 --> 04:43:30,300
temperatures, and a single 
temperature. 

5344
04:43:30,300 --> 04:43:33,000
Environment is actually a 
compromised that suits nothing 

5345
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:35,100
perfectly. 
Eggs. 

5346
04:43:35,100 --> 04:43:39,400
Keep best around 45 degrees, 
just barely cool enough to slow 

5347
04:43:39,400 --> 04:43:42,400
back teria, but not so cold that
flavors mute. 

5348
04:43:43,300 --> 04:43:47,300
Milk wants 308 degrees cold 
enough to suppress spoilage but 

5349
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:48,600
not so cold. 
It freezes. 

5350
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:54,500
Leafy greens prefer 32 degrees 
with high humidity while root 

5351
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:57,000
vegetables, like its slightly 
warmer and drier. 

5352
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:00,400
The gas, refrigerators natural 
temperature stratification. 

5353
04:44:00,400 --> 04:44:03,200
Let's you find the right zone 
for each food. 

5354
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:06,700
If you understand the map, most 
Amish families, who use gas 

5355
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:09,400
refrigerators, treat them as 
supplements to their traditional

5356
04:44:09,400 --> 04:44:13,200
storage methods. 
Rather than replacements, The 

5357
04:44:13,200 --> 04:44:16,500
refrigerator handles daily, use 
items and foods that don't store

5358
04:44:16,500 --> 04:44:18,300
well in root Cellars or 
springhouses. 

5359
04:44:18,300 --> 04:44:23,800
Fresh, milk, butter eggs, 
leftovers, and produce that's 

5360
04:44:23,800 --> 04:44:27,400
been cut or prepared. 
Meanwhile the bulk storage of 

5361
04:44:27,400 --> 04:44:31,200
preserved Goods, root vegetables
and seasonal harvests. 

5362
04:44:31,200 --> 04:44:35,200
Still happens in these older 
passive systems that don't 

5363
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:38,900
require fuel or maintenance. 
This layered approach to food 

5364
04:44:38,900 --> 04:44:41,100
storage demonstrates, a 
principal worth noting. 

5365
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:45,100
Sometimes the best technology is
several Technologies working 

5366
04:44:45,100 --> 04:44:48,600
together. 
He handling what it does best on

5367
04:44:48,600 --> 04:44:51,200
an August afternoon when the 
garden reaches its productive 

5368
04:44:51,200 --> 04:44:53,600
zenith. 
The kitchen transforms into 

5369
04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:57,500
something between a laboratory 
and a factory, a space dedicated

5370
04:44:57,500 --> 04:45:02,400
to the ancient art of making 
food Immortal through heat acid 

5371
04:45:02,400 --> 04:45:07,100
and sealed glass. 
Canning day has arrived at 

5372
04:45:07,100 --> 04:45:11,200
Marathon session where bushels 
of tomatoes or beans or peaches 

5373
04:45:11,200 --> 04:45:14,300
get processed into shelf, stable
jars that will feed the family. 

5374
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:17,900
When snow covers the garden. 
The process begins with washing 

5375
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:22,200
so much washing that your hands 
prune and the sink overflows 

5376
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:27,200
with discarded stems and leaves 
tomatoes Pile in bowls, their 

5377
04:45:27,200 --> 04:45:30,600
skins taught and glossy still 
warm from the garden where they 

5378
04:45:30,600 --> 04:45:34,000
were picked at dawn. 
The variety matters here. 

5379
04:45:34,800 --> 04:45:39,300
Paste tomatoes with their thick 
walls and minimal seeds, bred 

5380
04:45:39,300 --> 04:45:42,200
specifically for canning because
they break down into the perfect

5381
04:45:42,200 --> 04:45:46,200
consistency for source. 
Slicing tomatoes with their 

5382
04:45:46,200 --> 04:45:48,200
juicy Interiors wouldn't work as
well. 

5383
04:45:49,000 --> 04:45:51,300
Creating too much liquid and not
enough body. 

5384
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:55,000
The stove holds multiple pots in
various stages of the process. 

5385
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:58,600
One large pot sterilizes jars in
boiling water. 

5386
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,500
Keeping them hot until the 
moment they're filled. 

5387
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:03,500
So the glass won't crack from 
thermal shock. 

5388
04:46:04,500 --> 04:46:08,400
Another pot contains the actual 
food being canned to make those 

5389
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:11,800
cooking down with a bit of salt 
and maybe a leaf of Basil their 

5390
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:15,000
skin slipping off, in the heat 
to be scooped away and added to 

5391
04:46:15,000 --> 04:46:17,300
the compost bucket. 
Third. 

5392
04:46:17,300 --> 04:46:20,800
Pot holds the jar lids in hot 
water, softening, the rubber 

5393
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,300
sealing compound that will 
create an airtight Bond. 

5394
04:46:23,300 --> 04:46:26,700
When everything cools The 
Filling requires steady hands 

5395
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:29,900
and attention to detail. 
Each jar gets packed full 

5396
04:46:29,900 --> 04:46:33,700
leaving only a quarter inch of 
headspace at the top too much 

5397
04:46:33,700 --> 04:46:36,800
space, and bacteria, might 
survive in the airport to 

5398
04:46:36,800 --> 04:46:38,600
little. 
And the jar might not seal 

5399
04:46:38,600 --> 04:46:43,700
properly as its contents expand 
during processing. clean towel 

5400
04:46:43,700 --> 04:46:47,400
wipes each Rim because even a 
tiny smear of food can prevent a

5401
04:46:47,400 --> 04:46:51,300
proper seal The lids go on 
firmly but not obsessively 

5402
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:53,600
tight. 
Just enough to hold them in 

5403
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:56,100
place while allowing air to 
escape during processing. 

5404
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:59,400
Then comes the water bath. 
Assuming these are high acid 

5405
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:03,500
foods like tomatoes or pickles 
the jars, go into a huge pot 

5406
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:06,000
with a rack on the bottom to 
prevent direct contact with 

5407
04:47:06,000 --> 04:47:09,000
heat. 
Water must cover the jars by at 

5408
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:12,600
least an inch and then the whole
assembly gets brought to a boil 

5409
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:16,400
and maintain their however, 
long, the recipe specifies maybe

5410
04:47:16,400 --> 04:47:20,800
25 minutes for quart jars of 
tomatoes, 45 minutes for larger 

5411
04:47:20,800 --> 04:47:23,800
jars or longer. 
If you're at an altitude where 

5412
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:25,400
water boils at lower 
temperatures. 

5413
04:47:25,400 --> 04:47:28,900
During processing pressure 
inside the jars, builds as 

5414
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:33,700
contents heat and expand forcing
air out past the lids when you 

5415
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:37,000
remove the jars and they begin 
cooling, that pressure drops as 

5416
04:47:37,000 --> 04:47:39,900
contents contract. 
But now the lids are seated 

5417
04:47:39,900 --> 04:47:42,800
tightly against the rim. 
The resulting vacuum sucks. 

5418
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:46,300
The lid down with enough force 
that you hear it, seal a 

5419
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:50,400
distinctive ping or pop that 
signals success a sealed. 

5420
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:54,600
Jar sit on a shelf for a year or
more its contents protected from

5421
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:57,600
air and bacteria by nothing more
than heat treatment and the 

5422
04:47:57,600 --> 04:48:01,500
absence of oxygen low acid 
foods, like green beans or corn.

5423
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:03,700
Require more aggressive 
processing because they can 

5424
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:08,500
Harbor botulism spores that 
survive boiling temperatures for

5425
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:11,500
these, you need a pressure 
canner, A specialized pot that 

5426
04:48:11,500 --> 04:48:15,200
can raise internal temperatures 
to 240 degrees, by trapping 

5427
04:48:15,200 --> 04:48:18,600
Steam, and building pressure, 
The pressure canner sits on the 

5428
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:22,300
stove like a small bomb. 
Its gauge requiring, constant 

5429
04:48:22,300 --> 04:48:26,200
monitoring to maintain precisely
the right pressure, too little 

5430
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:30,100
and the food won't reach 
sterilization, temperature, too 

5431
04:48:30,100 --> 04:48:32,000
much. 
And you risk, either a failed 

5432
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:35,200
seal, or an extreme cases and 
explosion of glass and 

5433
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:38,400
vegetables across your kitchen. 
The canning Pantry fills 

5434
04:48:38,400 --> 04:48:42,300
gradually over summer and fall 
jars, accumulating like library 

5435
04:48:42,300 --> 04:48:45,400
books and shelves. 
Grown under the weight, there's 

5436
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:48,900
a satisfaction in looking at 
those preserved Goods, knowing 

5437
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:51,400
that February's dinner is 
already prepared and waiting 

5438
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:54,900
that, the garden's Bounty wasn't
lost to the compost heat but 

5439
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:59,300
captured at Peak rightness. 
Each jar represents not just 

5440
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:04,200
food, but time and labor. 
A choice to prepare for Seasons 

5441
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,100
ahead to Value 
self-sufficiently, over 

5442
04:49:07,100 --> 04:49:11,600
convenients canning predates 
Refrigeration by centuries and 

5443
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:15,100
remains viable precisely because
it doesn't depend on continuous 

5444
04:49:15,100 --> 04:49:19,300
energy input. 
Once processed and sealed jars. 

5445
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:20,500
Need nothing. 
But a cool. 

5446
04:49:20,500 --> 04:49:24,500
Dark storage space. 
No electricity means. 

5447
04:49:24,500 --> 04:49:28,000
No power bills and no risk of 
spoilage from mechanical 

5448
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:30,900
failure. 
The only enemy is time itself 

5449
04:49:30,900 --> 04:49:35,900
which gradually degrades quality
even in sealed jars but properly

5450
04:49:35,900 --> 04:49:38,800
canned goods. 
Remain safe for years even if 

5451
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:42,100
their Peak flavor might fade. 
After the first year, the 

5452
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:45,500
architecture of an Amish home 
reveals cooling strategies built

5453
04:49:45,500 --> 04:49:49,000
into the structure itself. 
Passive designs that work with 

5454
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:53,500
climate rather than against it. 
These aren't after thoughts, but

5455
04:49:53,500 --> 04:49:56,500
fundamental principles that 
shape how the building meets the

5456
04:49:56,500 --> 04:49:59,600
world creating comfortable. 
Interior temperatures through 

5457
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:03,900
positioning materials, and air 
flow management start with 

5458
04:50:03,900 --> 04:50:07,300
orientation. 
The long axis of the house from 

5459
04:50:07,300 --> 04:50:11,400
east west presenting a narrow 
face to the summer Sun's path. 

5460
04:50:12,200 --> 04:50:15,200
this minimizes solar game during
the hottest, part of the day, 

5461
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:20,200
when the sun tracks High across 
the southern sky, Large Windows 

5462
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:24,200
facing north and south rather 
than the East and West allowing 

5463
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:27,800
light with the harsh direct sun 
that would heat interior spaces.

5464
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:32,100
the south-facing windows get 
shaded by Deep overhangs 

5465
04:50:32,100 --> 04:50:37,200
calibrated to let in winter sun,
when it tracks low, but block 

5466
04:50:37,200 --> 04:50:41,900
summer sun, when it climbs High 
This passive solar design costs 

5467
04:50:41,900 --> 04:50:45,000
nothing to operate and never 
requires maintenance. 

5468
04:50:45,000 --> 04:50:47,800
Beyond cleaning windows 
occasionally, the walls 

5469
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:50,500
themselves are thick. 
Often, 18 inches or more 

5470
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:54,100
combining traditional framing 
with substantial insulation. 

5471
04:50:55,100 --> 04:50:58,500
This thermal Mass slows heat 
transfer in both directions. 

5472
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:02,800
Keeping cool interior air from 
escaping on hot days and 

5473
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:05,400
preventing outside heat from 
penetrating easily. 

5474
04:51:06,400 --> 04:51:10,800
The materials matter too plaster
over last creates a denser more 

5475
04:51:10,800 --> 04:51:14,400
massive, interior surface than 
modern drywall and that mass 

5476
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:17,800
stores coolness from night air 
and releases it gradually 

5477
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:21,300
through the day. 
You can feel this effect if you 

5478
04:51:21,300 --> 04:51:25,700
visit afternoon, when outside 
temperatures pushing 90 degrees 

5479
04:51:25,700 --> 04:51:28,800
but interior. 
Walls remain cool to the touch 

5480
04:51:28,800 --> 04:51:33,100
still holding onto the memory of
dawn windows, open in strategic 

5481
04:51:33,100 --> 04:51:35,800
pairs, to create 
cross-ventilation that pulls air

5482
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:38,400
through the house. 
A window near the floor. 

5483
04:51:38,400 --> 04:51:40,200
On the North side. 
Admits cool air. 

5484
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,000
That sinks naturally. 
While a window near the ceiling 

5485
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:46,500
on the south side exhaust. 
Warm air that rises, this isn't 

5486
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:49,600
random chance. 
But deliberate design creating a

5487
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:53,000
convective current that 
continuously refreshes interior 

5488
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:57,300
air without fans or blowers. 
On summer nights. 

5489
04:51:57,300 --> 04:52:01,200
Every window in the house might 
open allowing cool evening air 

5490
04:52:01,200 --> 04:52:02,700
to flush out the days 
accumulated. 

5491
04:52:02,700 --> 04:52:06,600
Heat. 
By morning the house interior 

5492
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:10,500
sits, 10 or 15 degrees cooler 
than it will be by evening and 

5493
04:52:10,500 --> 04:52:13,600
closing windows before, the day 
heats up traps, that coolness 

5494
04:52:13,600 --> 04:52:16,900
inside the basement provides 
additional cooling through its 

5495
04:52:16,900 --> 04:52:19,200
contact with stable subsurface 
temperatures. 

5496
04:52:20,100 --> 04:52:23,100
In traditional design, the 
kitchen often included a summer 

5497
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,000
kitchen in the basement where 
cooking could happen without 

5498
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,600
heating. 
The main living spaces, bread 

5499
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:32,500
could be baked meals prepared 
and preserves processed in a 

5500
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:36,300
space that never exceeded 70 
degrees even when the 

5501
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:41,800
thermometer outside 90, This 
vertical separation of function 

5502
04:52:41,800 --> 04:52:43,800
based on temperature is 
brilliant in. 

5503
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:47,400
Its Simplicity hot activities 
happen when natural coolness 

5504
04:52:47,400 --> 04:52:50,100
exists and Living Spaces. 
Stay comfortable. 

5505
04:52:50,100 --> 04:52:53,900
Porches wrap around multiple 
side of the house, creating 

5506
04:52:53,900 --> 04:52:56,900
shaded buffers zones, that 
prevent direct sun from hitting 

5507
04:52:56,900 --> 04:53:00,400
walls and windows. 
These porches serve as outdoor 

5508
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:03,700
rooms where much of Summer life 
happens, providing comfortable 

5509
04:53:03,700 --> 04:53:06,600
spaces without requiring the 
main house to accommodate 

5510
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:10,800
Gatherings during heat. 
The porch roof typically six 

5511
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:14,800
straight feet deep cast Shadows 
that move with the sun, keeping 

5512
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:16,900
walls cool during the hottest 
hours. 

5513
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:21,300
Come evening families, gather on
these porches, to catch, breezes

5514
04:53:21,300 --> 04:53:23,300
and Escape. 
Residual heat from cooking 

5515
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:27,300
talking, until Darkness brings 
mosquitoes and sends everyone 

5516
04:53:27,300 --> 04:53:29,900
inside to beds positioned near 
open Windows. 

5517
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:33,200
The attic plays a crucial role 
in the thermal system. 

5518
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:35,300
Despite being the hottest space 
in the house. 

5519
04:53:36,400 --> 04:53:40,200
Good attic ventilation typically
gable vents at each end combined

5520
04:53:40,200 --> 04:53:41,900
with soffit vents under the 
eaves. 

5521
04:53:42,600 --> 04:53:46,100
Allows hot air to escape rather 
than radiating down through 

5522
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:50,400
ceilings into Living Spaces. 
Some homes include whole house 

5523
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:54,000
fans in the ceiling of the top 
floor hall where human powered 

5524
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:56,300
fans with. 
Police that can be operated to 

5525
04:53:56,300 --> 04:53:59,900
exhaust attic heat and pull cool
air up from the basement. 

5526
04:54:01,100 --> 04:54:04,600
This creates a chimney effect. 
Moving air through the entire 

5527
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:08,400
house in a cleansing circulation
that requires no electricity. 

5528
04:54:08,400 --> 04:54:11,400
Just someone willing to pull a 
rope for a few minutes. 

5529
04:54:11,400 --> 04:54:14,400
Paint colors. 
Contribute to though, the Irish 

5530
04:54:14,400 --> 04:54:17,300
typically avoid bright colors, 
for cultural reasons rather than

5531
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:21,300
thermal management. 
White or light colored exteriors

5532
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,700
reflect solar radiation. 
Instead of absorbing it, keeping

5533
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:26,900
surface temperatures lower than 
dark colors. 

5534
04:54:26,900 --> 04:54:31,100
Would metal roofs, common on 
Amish buildings, reflect 

5535
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:34,800
considerable, heat and shed it 
quickly once the sun drops. 

5536
04:54:34,800 --> 04:54:38,300
Unlike asphalt shingles that 
store heat and radiate it for 

5537
04:54:38,308 --> 04:54:41,700
hours after Sunset, 
understanding our mesh, food 

5538
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:44,800
preservation means recognizing 
that their entire approach 

5539
04:54:44,800 --> 04:54:47,300
follows seasonal rhythms rather 
than fighting them. 

5540
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:50,400
The calendar dictates what is 
available and What needs 

5541
04:54:50,400 --> 04:54:54,100
preserving creating a yearly 
cycle where each Seasons work 

5542
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:57,400
prepares for the next spring 
arrives with a paradox. 

5543
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,800
The Root Cellar is getting low 
just as fresh food becomes 

5544
04:55:00,800 --> 04:55:03,900
available again. 
Those potatoes planted last 

5545
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:07,500
April and stored in October, a 
sprouting Eyes by March, and 

5546
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:10,700
though their still edible their 
past their Prime, but spring 

5547
04:55:10,700 --> 04:55:16,000
brings early greens, lettuce, 
spinach and radishes that need 

5548
04:55:16,000 --> 04:55:19,100
no preservation because they'll 
be eaten within days of harvest.

5549
04:55:20,200 --> 04:55:24,100
Spring means baby animals, which
means fresh milk is suddenly 

5550
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:26,200
abundant after Winter's reduced 
production. 

5551
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:30,800
This milk becomes butter and 
cheese, preserve dairy products 

5552
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:34,900
that extend freshness from days 
to months Summers preservation's

5553
04:55:34,900 --> 04:55:38,200
busy season a marathon of 
activity when the garden 

5554
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:42,200
explodes with productivity. 
June brings strawberries, that 

5555
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:45,400
must be jammed off Frozen 
quickly because they spoil 

5556
04:55:45,400 --> 04:55:48,700
within days. 
July means cucumbers turning 

5557
04:55:48,700 --> 04:55:52,200
into pickles a transformation 
that happens in Crocks on the 

5558
04:55:52,200 --> 04:55:56,500
kitchen counter assault and time
convert fresh vegetables into 

5559
04:55:56,500 --> 04:55:57,800
Tangy. 
Preserved ones. 

5560
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:02,800
August is to Meadow season, 
requiring all day, canning 

5561
04:56:02,800 --> 04:56:05,100
sessions, that leave you 
smelling like a Pizza Kitchen, 

5562
04:56:05,100 --> 04:56:08,800
but yielding dozens of jars that
will make winter pastures Source

5563
04:56:08,800 --> 04:56:11,400
possible. 
September brings the apple 

5564
04:56:11,400 --> 04:56:14,200
harvest. 
Some varieties are for immediate

5565
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:16,400
eating. 
While others are specifically 

5566
04:56:16,400 --> 04:56:19,400
grown for storage because 
they're thick skins and dense 

5567
04:56:19,400 --> 04:56:22,000
flesh, let them lasts until 
spring in The Root Cellar. 

5568
04:56:22,000 --> 04:56:25,000
Each preservation method gets 
matched to the foods 

5569
04:56:25,000 --> 04:56:27,900
characteristics. 
Watery vegetables, like 

5570
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:30,100
cucumbers and green. 
Beans are better than they 

5571
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:32,800
freeze because they texture 
would be destroyed by ice. 

5572
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:36,200
Crystals berries, freeze 
beautifully that make terrible 

5573
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:39,100
canned goods because the 
processing turns them to mush. 

5574
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:42,700
Apple's can be dried into 
leathery rings at store in 

5575
04:56:42,708 --> 04:56:45,400
deffley. 
That pairs become grainy when 

5576
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:48,300
dried and work better canned or 
fresh. 

5577
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,200
Learning these matches takes 
years of experience and 

5578
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:55,300
generations of accumulated 
knowledge about which techniques

5579
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:57,900
work. 
With which foods fall is the 

5580
04:56:57,900 --> 04:57:00,300
scoring season when The Root 
Cellar receives its winter 

5581
04:57:00,300 --> 04:57:02,000
stock. 
Potatoes. 

5582
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,700
Get Doug off to the first like 
frost kills the vines. 

5583
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:09,000
But before hard freezes damage 
the tubers they're left to dry 

5584
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:12,300
in the field for a few hours. 
So dirt Falls away, easily, then

5585
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:17,000
stored in wooden boxes, where 
air can circulate Carrots, beets

5586
04:57:17,000 --> 04:57:21,000
turnips and parsnips can stay in
the ground until needed. 

5587
04:57:21,900 --> 04:57:25,700
Soil is the perfect storage 
medium, but many get Doug, and 

5588
04:57:25,700 --> 04:57:27,700
stored to avoid, having to 
harvest in snow. 

5589
04:57:28,700 --> 04:57:31,900
Winter squash get cured for two 
weeks at warm, temperatures to 

5590
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:35,100
harden their skins before. 
Moving to Cool Storage where 

5591
04:57:35,100 --> 04:57:38,200
their last through March, winter
means, living off stored goods 

5592
04:57:38,200 --> 04:57:41,000
and understanding scarcity and 
ways that Modern Life as 

5593
04:57:41,000 --> 04:57:43,600
forgotten. 
By February, the food of 

5594
04:57:43,600 --> 04:57:45,900
available is what you plan for 
months earlier. 

5595
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:48,700
If you didn't can enough to 
mottos or pickles. 

5596
04:57:48,700 --> 04:57:52,600
Well, you don't eat the until 
summer returns this isn't 

5597
04:57:52,600 --> 04:57:56,700
hardship, but reality, a natural
consequence of seasonal, eating 

5598
04:57:56,700 --> 04:58:00,100
that creates anticipation. 
The first strawberry of June 

5599
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:02,500
taste better when you haven't 
eaten one since the previous 

5600
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:06,100
June. fresh corn in August feel 
special when you've been eating 

5601
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:09,300
dried beans or winter this 
seasonal Rhythm creates a 

5602
04:58:09,308 --> 04:58:13,600
different relationship with food
and what supermarkets offer You 

5603
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:15,500
can't eat whatever you want 
whenever you want it. 

5604
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:19,800
But you also experience food at 
its peak right after harvest. 

5605
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:24,000
When flavors are most intense, 
Modern preservation techniques 

5606
04:58:24,000 --> 04:58:28,100
like canning and freezing are 
improvements on older methods, 

5607
04:58:28,100 --> 04:58:31,200
but they're still improvements 
within a seasonal framework 

5608
04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:33,900
rather than attempts to 
eliminate Seasons entirely. 

5609
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:36,900
Yah meshech. 
Except that tomatoes, have a 

5610
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:40,500
season that fresh milk 
production drops in Winter and 

5611
04:58:40,500 --> 04:58:43,400
that some foods simply aren't 
available year-round without 

5612
04:58:43,400 --> 04:58:46,400
heroic efforts. 
They choose not to make the 

5613
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:48,900
Rhythm or so creates 
anticipation and variety. 

5614
04:58:49,800 --> 04:58:53,500
Just when your tired of winter 
squash spring greens arrived. 

5615
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:57,200
Just when you're overwhelmed by 
summer toes they stop producing 

5616
04:58:57,200 --> 04:58:59,000
and fall apples. 
Begin. 

5617
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:03,400
This variety comes not from 
importing foods from different 

5618
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:06,700
climates, but from accepting 
what each season offers. 

5619
04:59:06,700 --> 04:59:10,600
It's a less monotonous diet than
eating the same globally. 

5620
04:59:10,600 --> 04:59:13,800
Sourced Foods year-round, even 
if it's less immediately, 

5621
04:59:13,800 --> 04:59:17,600
convenient preserving food 
without electricity requires 

5622
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:19,700
knowledge. 
That must be preserved just as 

5623
04:59:19,700 --> 04:59:23,600
carefully as the food itself. 
This knowledge passes through 

5624
04:59:23,600 --> 04:59:26,500
generations, not through written
instructions, but through 

5625
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:31,300
experience through watching and 
doing and through the 

5626
04:59:31,300 --> 04:59:35,600
accumulated wisdom of success 
and failure over decades a young

5627
04:59:35,608 --> 04:59:38,800
woman learns canning from her 
mother starting with simple 

5628
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:42,400
recipes, like apple sauce that 
forgive minor errors and 

5629
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:45,700
graduating to more complex 
preserves that require precise 

5630
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:49,800
timing and Temperature Control. 
She learns that you can tell 

5631
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:53,000
when jelly is done by how it 
shoots off a spoon that the 

5632
04:59:53,000 --> 04:59:55,500
temperature of the boiling 
mixture matters, but the visual 

5633
04:59:55,500 --> 04:59:59,800
cues matter more and that recipe
is a guidelines, but experience 

5634
04:59:59,800 --> 05:00:03,500
is the real teacher. 
These lessons can't be reduced 

5635
05:00:03,500 --> 05:00:06,500
to written instructions because 
so much depends on variables 

5636
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:10,800
that change the pectin content 
of your particular apples the 

5637
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:14,900
humidity on canning day and the 
exact heat distribution in your 

5638
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,400
particular stove the young man 
learns or ice harvesting from 

5639
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,900
his father and uncle's 
discovering through cold hands 

5640
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:24,900
and aching back how to saw 
blocks that a uniform enough to 

5641
05:00:24,908 --> 05:00:28,400
stack efficiently, but not so 
perfect that the effort waste 

5642
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:30,900
time. 
He learns that ice quality 

5643
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:34,000
matters, clear ice from the 
center of the pond stores. 

5644
05:00:34,000 --> 05:00:37,800
Better than cloudy ice from near
shore, that rushing the Harvest 

5645
05:00:37,800 --> 05:00:41,900
because a warm spell threatens 
can result in blocks too thin to

5646
05:00:41,900 --> 05:00:44,600
last through summer. 
And that the sawdust used for 

5647
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:48,700
insulation needs to be dry, or 
it will compress and lose its 

5648
05:00:48,700 --> 05:00:51,500
insulating value. 
The knowledge, includes 

5649
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:55,900
understanding failure modes, how
to recognize when a jar hasn't 

5650
05:00:55,900 --> 05:00:57,900
sealed properly and needs 
reprocessing. 

5651
05:00:58,900 --> 05:01:01,000
What spoiled Foods smells like 
before? 

5652
05:01:01,000 --> 05:01:03,700
You've actually open the jar and
expose yourself to Danger. 

5653
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:08,000
Not to tell if a potato in The 
Root Cellar as started rotting 

5654
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:11,200
and needs removing before its to
its neighbors. 

5655
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:15,200
These negative lessons are as 
important as positive ones 

5656
05:01:15,200 --> 05:01:19,600
because food preservation when 
it fails can create food 

5657
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:23,000
poisoning, that kills some 
knowledge is empirical rather 

5658
05:01:23,000 --> 05:01:27,300
than theoretically nobody needs 
to know that botulism spores can

5659
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:32,200
survive boiling temperatures, 
but die at 240 degrees, they 

5660
05:01:32,200 --> 05:01:35,400
just need to know that low acid 
foods require pressure canning 

5661
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:39,100
rather than water bath canning. 
Nobody needs to understand 

5662
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:41,900
evaporative cooling. 
Thermodynamics to use a Spring 

5663
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:44,600
House, effectively. 
They just need to know that milk

5664
05:01:44,600 --> 05:01:46,900
Crocs. 
Go in the water and buttercups 

5665
05:01:46,900 --> 05:01:50,500
go above it. 
Theory is interesting but the 

5666
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:53,500
practice is what keeps food safe
and family fed. 

5667
05:01:53,500 --> 05:01:57,200
This knowledge also includes 
seasonal timing that specific to

5668
05:01:57,200 --> 05:01:59,800
local climate When to plant 
potatoes. 

5669
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:03,200
So they mature before the first 
Frost, but late enough that 

5670
05:02:03,200 --> 05:02:05,600
they're not sitting in soiled 
during the hottest part of 

5671
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:08,500
Summer. 
When various Apple varieties 

5672
05:02:08,500 --> 05:02:12,000
ripen and which ones store well 
versus which ones should be 

5673
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:17,000
eaten fresh. when to expect the 
spring to run coldest, usually 

5674
05:02:17,000 --> 05:02:20,800
April, when snow melts still 
drains underground versus when 

5675
05:02:20,800 --> 05:02:24,800
it warms slightly late summer, 
when the aquifer has been warmed

5676
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:29,100
by months of precipitation, 
These micro local Details Matter

5677
05:02:29,100 --> 05:02:32,700
enormously, but aren't written 
in books, they're learned 

5678
05:02:32,708 --> 05:02:35,600
through years of observation and
passed through conversation. 

5679
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:39,000
The knowledge system also 
includes Community, wisdom about

5680
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,600
what works and what doesn't if 
someone experiments with a new 

5681
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:45,800
preservation technique and it 
works brilliantly that 

5682
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,200
information spreads through 
social networks. 

5683
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:51,300
Similarly, if someone tries 
something that fail 

5684
05:02:51,300 --> 05:02:54,300
spectacularly that becomes 
Community knowledge too. 

5685
05:02:55,200 --> 05:02:58,800
This collective learning speeds 
adaptation and prevents repeated

5686
05:02:58,800 --> 05:03:01,000
mistakes. 
It's a form of cultural 

5687
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:04,500
Evolution where successful 
techniques persist and 

5688
05:03:04,500 --> 05:03:08,000
unsuccessful ones. 
Get a band and all without any 

5689
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:11,000
formal research program or 
extension service guidance? 

5690
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:15,400
Interestingly modern technology 
hasn't completely eliminated. 

5691
05:03:15,400 --> 05:03:17,600
This traditional knowledge even 
among the Amish. 

5692
05:03:18,400 --> 05:03:21,500
Gas refrigerator still benefit 
from traditional placement 

5693
05:03:21,500 --> 05:03:25,700
strategies, don't put them near 
heat sources, and do allow air 

5694
05:03:25,700 --> 05:03:27,500
circulation around the cooling 
coils. 

5695
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:31,900
Root Cellar, still need periodic
checking for wrote and proper 

5696
05:03:31,900 --> 05:03:35,200
humidity management. 
Springhouses still require 

5697
05:03:35,200 --> 05:03:37,800
maintenance of water channels 
and structural integrity. 

5698
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,400
The technology may have improved
in some areas but the underlying

5699
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:46,000
principles remain constant and 
understanding, those principles 

5700
05:03:46,000 --> 05:03:50,100
matters, more than understanding
the specific tools as you stand 

5701
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:53,700
here in this Amish kitchen Dawn.
Now fully arrived and the world 

5702
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:56,700
waking around you. 
You might wonder what lessons 

5703
05:03:56,700 --> 05:03:58,700
translate from this life to your
own. 

5704
05:03:59,700 --> 05:04:03,000
You're probably not going to dig
a Roots seller or harvest ice 

5705
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:05,700
from a pond. 
But the principles underlying 

5706
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:08,500
these practices aren't strictly 
about technology. 

5707
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:12,500
There are about understanding 
systems, planning ahead and 

5708
05:04:12,500 --> 05:04:15,500
accepting limits. 
The most obvious lesson is 

5709
05:04:15,500 --> 05:04:18,800
redundantly the Amish. 
Don't depend on a single 

5710
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:21,300
preservation method. 
But layer, multiple approaches 

5711
05:04:21,300 --> 05:04:25,600
root Cellars for bulk storage. 
Springhouses for daily. 

5712
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:30,400
Use items ice houses for actual 
freezing, canning for long-term.

5713
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:34,100
Shelf-stable goods and gas 
refrigerators for convenience. 

5714
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:38,100
If one system fails others 
continue working. 

5715
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,300
Compare this to Modern 
dependence on electric 

5716
05:04:41,300 --> 05:04:44,800
Refrigeration where a power 
outage or mechanical, failure 

5717
05:04:44,800 --> 05:04:48,100
means potentially losing 
everything perishable the Amish 

5718
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:50,000
approach. 
While more labor intensive is 

5719
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:52,500
also more resilient against 
individual failures. 

5720
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:56,800
Another lesson is the value of 
passive systems, root Cellars 

5721
05:04:56,800 --> 05:04:59,700
and spring houses. 
Require no ongoing energy input 

5722
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:03,400
Once built they function in 
definitely without fuel or 

5723
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:06,400
electricity maintained only by 
occasional cleaning and 

5724
05:05:06,400 --> 05:05:10,500
structural repairs. 
Modern Life tends toward active 

5725
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:13,300
systems that solve problems 
through continuous energy, 

5726
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:18,400
application, air, conditioning, 
refrigeration, and heating all 

5727
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:21,200
of, which stopped working the 
moment, power fails. 

5728
05:05:22,400 --> 05:05:24,800
Massive systems. 
Continue functioning, regardless

5729
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:28,300
of external circumstances, 
providing a baseline of 

5730
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:31,300
performance that isn't dependent
on Supply chains or 

5731
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,600
infrastructure the seasonal 
eating pattern in force by 

5732
05:05:34,600 --> 05:05:36,100
traditional preservation 
methods. 

5733
05:05:36,100 --> 05:05:40,300
All offers lessons Modern 
supermarkets, provide year-round

5734
05:05:40,300 --> 05:05:43,900
access to produce regardless of 
season which seems like pure 

5735
05:05:43,900 --> 05:05:45,800
gain until you consider the 
costs. 

5736
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:50,400
Energy for transportation and 
storage loss of flavor, from 

5737
05:05:50,400 --> 05:05:53,900
early, harvesting to survive 
shipping and disconnection from 

5738
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:57,500
local growing patterns. 
Eating seasonally doesn't 

5739
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:01,700
require going full Amish, but it
can mean prioritizing local 

5740
05:06:01,700 --> 05:06:05,400
foods during their peak season 
preserving some of that Bounty 

5741
05:06:05,400 --> 05:06:08,800
for offseason use and accepting.
That some foods are seasonal 

5742
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:10,800
treats rather than everyday 
Staples. 

5743
05:06:10,800 --> 05:06:14,100
The knowledge preservation 
aspect raises questions about 

5744
05:06:14,100 --> 05:06:16,200
skill maintenance in an 
automated world. 

5745
05:06:17,300 --> 05:06:20,900
As convenience Technologies, 
handle more tasks, the knowledge

5746
05:06:20,900 --> 05:06:23,200
of how to do things manually 
atrophies. 

5747
05:06:23,200 --> 05:06:26,900
You might not need to know how 
to can to make those until the 

5748
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:30,200
day you want to preserve your 
garden Harvest and by then 

5749
05:06:30,200 --> 05:06:32,300
you've lost access to the 
grandmother who could have 

5750
05:06:32,308 --> 05:06:35,300
taught you. 
The Amish maintain these skills,

5751
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:38,900
through continuous practice but 
that practice only happens 

5752
05:06:38,900 --> 05:06:40,800
because their life style 
requires it. 

5753
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:44,700
For the rest of us, maintaining 
traditional skills means making 

5754
05:06:44,700 --> 05:06:47,900
deliberate choices to learn and 
practice them. 

5755
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:49,800
Despite not needing them for 
survival. 

5756
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:52,900
The community aspect of 
traditional preservation. 

5757
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:57,400
Also translates beyond the Ahmed
context, Ice harvesting and 

5758
05:06:57,400 --> 05:06:59,800
large-scale canning aren't solo 
activities. 

5759
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:03,800
But community events that build 
social bonds while accomplishing

5760
05:07:03,800 --> 05:07:06,800
work. 
Modern life's convenience often 

5761
05:07:06,800 --> 05:07:10,400
come with isolation. 
You can feed yourself entirely 

5762
05:07:10,400 --> 05:07:13,100
without ever interacting with 
neighbors or sharing labor. 

5763
05:07:13,100 --> 05:07:17,000
There's nothing wrong with 
convenience, but recognizing 

5764
05:07:17,000 --> 05:07:19,600
what's lost might? 
Inspire finding other ways to 

5765
05:07:19,600 --> 05:07:23,100
build community connections. 
The architectural lessons about 

5766
05:07:23,100 --> 05:07:27,100
passive cooling applied directly
to Modern construction houses 

5767
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:30,500
can be oriented to minimize 
solar gain, designed for 

5768
05:07:30,500 --> 05:07:34,100
cross-ventilation, and built 
with thermal mass that moderates

5769
05:07:34,100 --> 05:07:37,100
temperature swings. 
These principles work, 

5770
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:40,000
regardless of whether you have 
air conditioning, they simply 

5771
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:42,800
make climate control easier and 
less energy intensive. 

5772
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:46,100
Modern building codes. 
Often ignore these traditional 

5773
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:49,200
principles in favor of 
mechanical systems, but there's 

5774
05:07:49,200 --> 05:07:52,800
no reason you can't have both 
perhaps the deepest lesson is 

5775
05:07:52,800 --> 05:07:56,300
about accepting constraints. 
The Amish choose limits. 

5776
05:07:56,300 --> 05:07:58,000
That might seem arbitrary from 
outside. 

5777
05:07:58,000 --> 05:08:00,800
No electricity, no cars. 
No internet. 

5778
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:03,900
But within those constraints, 
they've developed sophisticated,

5779
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:08,300
solutions to practical problems.
Modern Life tends toward 

5780
05:08:08,300 --> 05:08:10,300
eliminating constraints through 
technology. 

5781
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:13,700
Assuming that more options and 
greater convenience are always 

5782
05:08:13,700 --> 05:08:16,900
improvements. 
Yahoo example, suggests that 

5783
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,500
sometimes constraints Force, 
creativity and build resilience 

5784
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,400
in ways that unlimited options, 
don't you'll notice that none of

5785
05:08:24,408 --> 05:08:26,200
these is actually about 
Refrigeration. 

5786
05:08:27,000 --> 05:08:30,300
Food preservation is the visible
practice, but the underlying 

5787
05:08:30,300 --> 05:08:33,300
patterns are about living 
deliberately planning ahead 

5788
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:37,500
maintaining skills building 
community and understanding 

5789
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:41,000
systems. 
These principles apply whether 

5790
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:44,300
you're storing potatoes, in a 
root cellar or organizing your 

5791
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:48,300
life in a city apartment. 
The specific techniques might 

5792
05:08:48,300 --> 05:08:52,600
not transfer, but the mindset 
does before we finish. 

5793
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:56,600
Let's sit with one. 
Uncomfortable thought modern 

5794
05:08:56,600 --> 05:09:00,000
refrigeration for all its 
convenience is fragile. 

5795
05:09:00,700 --> 05:09:04,400
Your refrigerated depends on 
electricity flowing, reliably on

5796
05:09:04,400 --> 05:09:06,600
Supply, chains, delivering 
replacement parts. 

5797
05:09:06,600 --> 05:09:10,100
And on repair technicians are 
understanding complex systems. 

5798
05:09:10,100 --> 05:09:13,700
When hurricane is knock out, 
power or ice storms down 

5799
05:09:13,700 --> 05:09:16,400
transmission lines. 
The weakness becomes obvious 

5800
05:09:17,300 --> 05:09:21,400
Food spoils, freezers Thor and 
suddenly those old preservation 

5801
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:24,700
methods don't seem quite. 
So quaint the Amish approached 

5802
05:09:24,700 --> 05:09:27,200
to food preservation is 
resilient precisely because it 

5803
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:28,700
doesn't depend on 
infrastructure. 

5804
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:33,300
That can fail Earth doesn't stop
being cool underground. brings 

5805
05:09:33,300 --> 05:09:37,300
don't stop flowing ice once 
harvested stays Frozen if 

5806
05:09:37,300 --> 05:09:41,700
properly stored Canned goods, 
remain safe on shelves, the 

5807
05:09:41,700 --> 05:09:45,400
techniques are decentralized. 
Each household maintains its own

5808
05:09:45,400 --> 05:09:48,700
systems, rather than depending 
on electrical grids that serve 

5809
05:09:48,700 --> 05:09:52,200
thousands. 
This decentralization means that

5810
05:09:52,200 --> 05:09:55,800
problems can be local rather 
than catastrophic consider what 

5811
05:09:55,800 --> 05:09:57,800
happens when your refrigerator 
breaks. 

5812
05:09:58,700 --> 05:10:03,400
You call a repair service wait 
days or weeks for parts possibly

5813
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:06,000
lose food. 
If the timing is bad and pay 

5814
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:07,400
several hundred dollars for the 
fix. 

5815
05:10:08,200 --> 05:10:11,400
When an Amish Root Cellar has a 
problem, maybe a door, seal 

5816
05:10:11,400 --> 05:10:16,200
fails, or drainage backs up. 
Involves basic carpentry or 

5817
05:10:16,200 --> 05:10:19,500
simple excavation. 
Skills that household members 

5818
05:10:19,500 --> 05:10:23,000
already possess. 
The repair cost is measured in 

5819
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:26,000
hours of Labor, rather, than 
specialty Parts shipped from 

5820
05:10:26,000 --> 05:10:29,700
distant factorize, this 
resilience to economic 

5821
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:32,500
disruption. 
If energy costs spiked 

5822
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:35,700
dramatically modern 
refrigeration, becomes expensive

5823
05:10:35,700 --> 05:10:38,800
to operate. 
If you are Income drops and you 

5824
05:10:38,808 --> 05:10:41,900
can't afford the electricity 
bill, that expensive 

5825
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:44,500
refrigerator becomes a 
non-functional box. 

5826
05:10:45,400 --> 05:10:49,200
Traditional methods have minimal
ongoing costs, no power bills, 

5827
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:52,800
no, maintenance contracts, just 
occasional labor that you 

5828
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:56,300
provide yourself. 
An economic terms, their Capital

5829
05:10:56,300 --> 05:10:58,900
expenses rather than operating 
expenses. 

5830
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:02,500
And once the initial investment 
is made the ongoing burden, 

5831
05:11:02,500 --> 05:11:05,400
nearly disappears, the knowledge
required for traditional 

5832
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:08,200
preservation is also more 
resilient than dependence on 

5833
05:11:08,208 --> 05:11:11,500
specialists. 
When you know how to can 

5834
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:14,500
vegetables or manage a root 
cellar, you're not dependent on 

5835
05:11:14,500 --> 05:11:16,400
Experts being available and 
affordable. 

5836
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,300
The knowledge can be shared 
freely without patent concerns 

5837
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,900
or proprietary restrictions, it 
can be practiced at a small 

5838
05:11:23,900 --> 05:11:26,600
scale without requiring 
industrial infrastructure. 

5839
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:31,400
This makes it remarkably 
Democratic available to anyone 

5840
05:11:31,400 --> 05:11:34,600
willing, to invest, the time to 
learn and the labor to execute. 

5841
05:11:34,600 --> 05:11:38,800
There's also resilience in the 
Simplicity of the systems, a 

5842
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:41,000
root cellar, has fewer points of
failure than a modern 

5843
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:43,700
refrigerator. 
There's no compressor to burn 

5844
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:45,800
out. 
No electronic controls to 

5845
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:48,300
malfunction and no refrigerant 
to leak. 

5846
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:51,900
The worst that typically happens
is you need to restock some 

5847
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,900
stone or repair a door. 
Compare this to Modern 

5848
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:57,700
appliances, where a failed 
circuit board might mean 

5849
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:00,900
replacing the entire unit 
because repairs cost more than 

5850
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:03,200
replacement. 
This isn't an argument that 

5851
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,100
everyone should abandon modern 
refrigeration and dig root 

5852
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:09,000
Cellars in their backyards. 
Modern Life has different 

5853
05:12:09,000 --> 05:12:12,400
requirements and constraints 
than ahmes life, and trying to 

5854
05:12:12,408 --> 05:12:15,200
copy their methods. 
Exactly would be impractical for

5855
05:12:15,200 --> 05:12:18,900
most people, but understanding 
that Alternatives exist, that 

5856
05:12:18,900 --> 05:12:21,700
there are multiple ways to solve
food, preservation problems 

5857
05:12:21,700 --> 05:12:25,200
provides a kind of mental 
resilience, even if you never 

5858
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:29,700
act on it, knowing you could. 
If necessary preserve food, 

5859
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:32,300
without electricity, makes you 
less dependent and more 

5860
05:12:32,300 --> 05:12:36,400
confident, even if you never 
actually need to do it, Itchin 

5861
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:39,600
has warmed as morning progressed
and the sound of the day have 

5862
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:44,000
fully arrived chickens 
complaining in their run horses,

5863
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:47,900
shifting in their stalls and 
distant voices of family members

5864
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:51,100
starting their work. 
You've witnessed an alternative 

5865
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:55,200
to Modern food preservation, not
better or worse, but different 

5866
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:59,500
optimized for different values 
and constraints, the Amish, keep

5867
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,600
food, cold without electricity 
through a combination of old 

5868
05:13:02,600 --> 05:13:06,800
technique and careful adaptation
route, sellers that use Earth 

5869
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:10,500
stable, temperature springhouses
that harness flowing water. 

5870
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:14,300
Ice house is that store Winter 
for summer, use gas 

5871
05:13:14,300 --> 05:13:18,000
refrigerators, that have avoid 
electrical grids canning. 

5872
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:21,500
That makes food shelf stable, an
architectural design that keeps 

5873
05:13:21,500 --> 05:13:25,300
Living Spaces, cool. 
None of these techniques are 

5874
05:13:25,300 --> 05:13:28,300
particularly complex but there 
are effective use requires 

5875
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:31,400
knowledge planning and labor 
that Modern Life has largely 

5876
05:13:31,400 --> 05:13:34,000
automated away. 
What makes these methods 

5877
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:36,100
remarkable? 
Isn't there quaintness? 

5878
05:13:36,100 --> 05:13:37,900
But their resilience and 
sustainability. 

5879
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:41,900
They work independently of 
infrastructure that can fail. 

5880
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:45,600
They require minimal ongoing 
energy input and they can be 

5881
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:49,000
maintained with basic skills 
rather than specialized 

5882
05:13:49,000 --> 05:13:52,700
expertise in an airing. 
The concerned with grid 

5883
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:57,200
reliability energy costs and 
environmental impact, there's 

5884
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:01,300
something quietly revolutionary 
about systems that simply work 

5885
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:06,700
year after year asking nothing 
but attention and respect as you

5886
05:14:06,700 --> 05:14:09,400
prepare to leave this kit and 
return to your electrically 

5887
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:11,900
powered life. 
You carry new knowledge about 

5888
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:15,400
cold that it can be harvested 
from Winter and stored for 

5889
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:17,900
summer. 
That Earth itself is a 

5890
05:14:17,900 --> 05:14:20,200
refrigerator. 
If you dig deep enough, that 

5891
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:24,200
flowing water continuously 
creates coolness and that food 

5892
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:27,100
can be preserved in dozens of 
ways that don't require 

5893
05:14:27,100 --> 05:14:30,900
continuous energy input. 
Whether you ever use this 

5894
05:14:30,900 --> 05:14:33,500
knowledge practically or simply 
hold it as interesting 

5895
05:14:33,500 --> 05:14:36,100
background information. 
You now understand that the 

5896
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:38,900
particular Solutions, Modern 
Life chose aren't the only 

5897
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:42,400
possible solutions and sometimes
the old ways persist because 

5898
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:45,700
they work remarkably well. 
The Amish aren't preserving 

5899
05:14:45,700 --> 05:14:48,800
these techniques out of 
nostalgia stubbornness but 

5900
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:50,900
because they've chosen a 
different set of trade-offs 

5901
05:14:50,900 --> 05:14:55,600
valuing self-sufficiency 
community and independence from 

5902
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:57,600
infrastructure, over convenience
and ease. 

5903
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:02,200
Their choices aren't available 
or desirable for everyone, but 

5904
05:15:02,200 --> 05:15:04,400
they demonstrate that 
Alternatives exist. 

5905
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:07,300
The technology isn't a one-way 
ratchet. 

5906
05:15:07,300 --> 05:15:10,900
Where newer is always better and
that sometimes the most 

5907
05:15:10,900 --> 05:15:14,500
sophisticated solution is the 
one that works reliably with 

5908
05:15:14,500 --> 05:15:18,400
minimal fuss for centuries. 
So tonight when you open your 

5909
05:15:18,400 --> 05:15:21,400
electric refrigerator and cool 
air washers over your face, 

5910
05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:24,800
maybe you'll think about The 
Root Cellar dug into a hillside.

5911
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:28,600
The spring running cold through 
a stone building, the ice 

5912
05:15:28,600 --> 05:15:33,000
blocks, cut from Frozen ponds 
and the gas refrigerator quietly

5913
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:37,000
absorbing heat Through Chemistry
and maybe you'll appreciate that

5914
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:40,500
we live in a time when we can 
choose between many solutions to

5915
05:15:40,500 --> 05:15:43,800
the same problem when both 
ancient wisdom and modern 

5916
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:47,200
convenience are available. 
And when you can Harvest cold 

5917
05:15:47,200 --> 05:15:49,700
from the earth, or summon it at 
the touch of a button. 

5918
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:55,500
Both work both have their place 
and knowing both exist makes you

5919
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:57,900
richer than knowing only one 
sleep. 

5920
05:15:57,900 --> 05:16:02,500
Well, knowing that somewhere 
tonight food stays fresh in the 

5921
05:16:02,508 --> 05:16:07,700
earth's Embrace called by Stone 
and water and ice preserved by 

5922
05:16:07,700 --> 05:16:10,300
methods that predate, our 
grandparents, grandparents 

5923
05:16:10,300 --> 05:16:14,600
quietly working as they have for
centuries, asking nothing but 

5924
05:16:14,600 --> 05:16:22,800
what the land freely provides. 
Long before Neil Armstrong 

5925
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:25,200
became the celestial figure of 
American mythology. 

5926
05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:28,000
He was a boy obsessed with the 
mechanics of flight. 

5927
05:16:28,000 --> 05:16:31,600
Armstrong's Fascination, ran 
deeper than the conventional 

5928
05:16:31,600 --> 05:16:35,200
Narrative of an innocent child 
staring at the sky, dreaming of 

5929
05:16:35,200 --> 05:16:39,000
one day touching the Stars. 
His was a minded with the 

5930
05:16:39,000 --> 05:16:42,300
intricacies of how things. 
Worked Armstrong was born in 

5931
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:44,600
1931. 
During the peak of Aviation 

5932
05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:47,900
advancement when the design of 
aircraft was rapidly changing 

5933
05:16:47,900 --> 05:16:51,600
after the first world war at age
six, he experienced his first 

5934
05:16:51,600 --> 05:16:53,300
airplane. 
Ride in a Ford tri-motor 

5935
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:57,400
nicknamed the tin. 
Goose, Unlike the romanticized 

5936
05:16:57,400 --> 05:17:00,600
accounts that pervade most 
retelling Armstrong's reaction, 

5937
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:03,200
wasn't one of wide Wonder 
instead. 

5938
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:06,300
His first flight triggered, an 
analytical curiosity. 

5939
05:17:06,300 --> 05:17:10,200
According to his biographer 
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 

5940
05:17:10,200 --> 05:17:13,600
the flight studying the pilots 
movements watching the control, 

5941
05:17:13,600 --> 05:17:16,900
surfaces respond and trying to 
decipher, the relationship 

5942
05:17:16,900 --> 05:17:21,900
between action and reaction. 
His bedroom in Wapakoneta, Ohio 

5943
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:24,700
wasn't decorated with the 
typical space, posters that 

5944
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:26,200
would become common in the 
1950s. 

5945
05:17:26,200 --> 05:17:29,800
Instead Armstrong built 
intricate model airplanes with 

5946
05:17:29,800 --> 05:17:34,000
functional control, surfaces not
for display but for testing he 

5947
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:36,600
constructed a makeshift wind 
tunnel in his basement using his

5948
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:38,400
mother's vacuum cleaner running 
in reverse. 

5949
05:17:39,400 --> 05:17:42,300
While other children played 
baseball, Armstrong conducted 

5950
05:17:42,300 --> 05:17:45,900
aerodynamic experiments. 
Meticulously recording results 

5951
05:17:45,900 --> 05:17:48,600
in notebooks filled with 
calculations Beyond his years. 

5952
05:17:48,600 --> 05:17:52,600
By 16 Armstrong had earned his 
pilot's license before he could 

5953
05:17:52,600 --> 05:17:55,800
legally drive a car. 
He didn't pursue flying for the 

5954
05:17:55,800 --> 05:17:58,500
Thriller romance. 
So commonly attributed to early 

5955
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:02,500
aviators for him, piloting was 
the practical application of 

5956
05:18:02,500 --> 05:18:06,300
engineering principles a way to 
test theories against reality. 

5957
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:11,000
This pragmatic approach followed
him to Purdue University where 

5958
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:12,400
he studied Aeronautical, 
Engineering. 

5959
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:16,400
His professors noted that while 
other students were satisfied 

5960
05:18:16,400 --> 05:18:19,300
with, theoretical understanding 
Armstrong, constantly questioned

5961
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:23,800
how principles might manifest in
unusual flight conditions, the 

5962
05:18:23,800 --> 05:18:26,900
result was not the mindset of a 
future dead devil, but of a 

5963
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:29,300
methodical Problem Solver with 
an engineer's attention to 

5964
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:32,300
detail. 
When the Korean War interrupted 

5965
05:18:32,300 --> 05:18:36,900
his studies Armstrong flew 78, 
combat missions, military 

5966
05:18:36,900 --> 05:18:40,200
records reveal something telling
about his approach while other 

5967
05:18:40,200 --> 05:18:42,400
Pilots discussed their 
experiences in terms of 

5968
05:18:42,400 --> 05:18:45,800
Adventure or patriotic Duty 
Armstrong's flight reports 

5969
05:18:45,800 --> 05:18:49,500
focused on aircraft performance 
under stress Armstrong viewed 

5970
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:52,100
combat flying as an extension of
his engineering studies, 

5971
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:55,400
observing the behavior of 
aircraft under extreme pressure.

5972
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:58,900
After returning to complete his 
degree Armstrong, join the 

5973
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:02,400
National advisory committee for 
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 

5974
05:19:02,400 --> 05:19:05,100
predecessor as a research test 
pilot. 

5975
05:19:06,100 --> 05:19:08,700
At Edwards Air Force Base, he 
established himself not as the 

5976
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:12,100
stereotypical Hotshot test pilot
portrayed in films. 

5977
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:15,200
But as a meticulous data 
gatherer, he flew the 

5978
05:19:15,208 --> 05:19:18,600
experimental X-15 rocket plane 
to the edge of space reaching 

5979
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:20,700
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 
hour. 

5980
05:19:20,700 --> 05:19:24,000
But colleagues, remember him 
primarily for his detailed 

5981
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:27,500
technical debriefing rather than
braggadocio about setting 

5982
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:30,800
records, his approach to test 
flying reveals much about the 

5983
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,200
man where others saw Glory 
Armstrong saw variables to 

5984
05:19:34,200 --> 05:19:37,800
control where other sort speed 
records Armstrong sought 

5985
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:39,900
understanding. 
Chuck. 

5986
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:42,100
Yeager the first man to break 
the sound barrier. 

5987
05:19:42,100 --> 05:19:45,200
Once remarked that Armstrong 
flew an airplane, like he was 

5988
05:19:45,208 --> 05:19:48,800
wearing it Armstrong's rare 
combination of engineering 

5989
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,000
intellect and physical flying 
skill placed him in a unique 

5990
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:55,200
position when NASA began 
selecting astronauts for the 

5991
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:58,600
Gemini program. 
The space agency was moving 

5992
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:01,400
beyond the Mercury program's 
emphasis on selecting combat 

5993
05:20:01,400 --> 05:20:04,800
pilots and military test pilots.
They needed astronauts who 

5994
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:08,300
understood spacecraft as complex
systems and who could diagnose 

5995
05:20:08,300 --> 05:20:10,500
problems and Implement Solutions
far from Earth? 

5996
05:20:11,500 --> 05:20:15,700
When Armstrong joined NASA in 
1962, he brought this engineer's

5997
05:20:15,700 --> 05:20:18,300
mindset into a program still 
defining what an astronaut 

5998
05:20:18,300 --> 05:20:21,600
should be. while the Mercury 7 
had been promoted as the 

5999
05:20:21,600 --> 05:20:24,600
embodiment of American 
masculinity and daring Armstrong

6000
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:27,900
represented something different 
the cool rationality of the 

6001
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:31,500
scientist Explorer the problem 
solver who would navigate not by

6002
05:20:31,500 --> 05:20:36,300
Instinct, but by calculation 
this Foundation an engineer who 

6003
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:38,500
happened to fly rather than a 
pilot who learned engineering 

6004
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:41,200
would prove crucial when 
Armstrong later face the 

6005
05:20:41,200 --> 05:20:42,800
ultimate test of the lunar 
surface. 

6006
05:20:43,800 --> 05:20:46,300
The man who would become history
is most famous astronaut 

6007
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,100
approached spaceflight not as an
adventure, but as the most 

6008
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:51,800
complex engineering challenge 
human had ever attempted. 

6009
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:55,300
This perspective offered an 
overlooked in the heroic 

6010
05:20:55,300 --> 05:20:58,600
narrative that followed to find 
Armstrong's approached to his 

6011
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:01,800
historic Mission and shaped how 
he would handle its unexpected 

6012
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,000
challenges long before he became
synonymous with space 

6013
05:21:05,000 --> 05:21:08,400
exploration Neil Armstrong faced
mortality in the skies above 

6014
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:11,400
North Korea. 
His experiences as a Naval 

6015
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:14,000
aviator during the Korean War, a
chapter often, compressed to a 

6016
05:21:14,000 --> 05:21:15,600
single line, in most 
biographical accounts, 

6017
05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:19,600
profoundly shaped the astronaut.
He would become Armstrong 

6018
05:21:19,600 --> 05:21:23,900
arrived in Korea aboard. 
The USS Essex in August 1951, a 

6019
05:21:23,900 --> 05:21:26,300
21 year old Ensign with minimal 
combat training. 

6020
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:30,200
His assignment to Fighter. 
Squadron 51 came during a 

6021
05:21:30,200 --> 05:21:31,900
particularly intense period of 
the conflict. 

6022
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:35,500
Unlike the sanitized heroic 
narratives often constructed 

6023
05:21:35,500 --> 05:21:38,600
around military service. 
Armstrong's War experience was 

6024
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:41,800
marked by confusion, technical 
failures, and brushes with 

6025
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:44,600
death, that would inform his 
approach to risk for decades to 

6026
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:47,500
come. 
Anti-aircraft fire struck 

6027
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:52,100
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 
very first combat mission. while

6028
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:54,500
he was conducting a lower 
altitude bombing run near one 

6029
05:21:54,500 --> 05:21:58,100
saint, According to Squadron 
records, rarely cited in 

6030
05:21:58,100 --> 05:22:01,400
Armstrong biographies. 
He managed to nurse his damaged 

6031
05:22:01,400 --> 05:22:03,100
aircraft back to Friendly 
territory. 

6032
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:06,800
Before a rejecting, his first 
experience with the emergency 

6033
05:22:06,800 --> 05:22:09,300
procedures under genuine, life 
or death pressure. 

6034
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:13,300
The incident is established a 
pattern throughout his combat. 

6035
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:16,400
Tours Armstrong developed a 
reputation, not for aerial 

6036
05:22:16,400 --> 05:22:20,000
aggression, but for mechanical 
sympathy an almost intuitive 

6037
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:22,300
understanding of aircraft 
limitations and capabilities. 

6038
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:26,800
In combat most Pilots treated 
aircraft as disposable tools 

6039
05:22:26,800 --> 05:22:30,000
recalled Squadron made Charles 
Raley in an oral history. 

6040
05:22:30,000 --> 05:22:33,600
Seldom referenced by Armstrong, 
biographers Armstrong treated 

6041
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:36,400
his Panther like a partner. 
He seemed to sense when 

6042
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:39,000
something wasn't right with the 
machine before the gauges show 

6043
05:22:39,000 --> 05:22:43,400
trouble. this mechanical empathy
came with a price Armstrong's 

6044
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:45,800
flight logs reveal, he often 
volunteered to fly aircraft 

6045
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,700
Other Pilots had reported as 
problematic using his 

6046
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:52,500
engineering intuition to 
diagnose issues during flight. 

6047
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:56,400
This practice exposed him to 
greater risk, but accelerated 

6048
05:22:56,400 --> 05:22:58,700
his development as a test pilot 
in all. 

6049
05:22:58,700 --> 05:23:02,200
But name Armstrong experience 
the incident that would haunt 

6050
05:23:02,200 --> 05:23:05,900
him longest on. 
September the 3rd 1951 during a 

6051
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:08,800
close air. 
Support Mission near the 38th 

6052
05:23:08,800 --> 05:23:12,600
parallel while making a low 
strafing, run his Panthers right

6053
05:23:12,600 --> 05:23:14,000
wing struck a cable. 
Strung. 

6054
05:23:14,000 --> 05:23:17,400
Across a valley by North Korean 
forces, an anti-aircraft trap 

6055
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:21,100
rarely mentioned in history of 
the conflict. the impacted 

6056
05:23:21,100 --> 05:23:24,000
several feet of his wing, 
rendering the aircraft nearly 

6057
05:23:24,000 --> 05:23:27,100
uncontrollable, What happened 
next revealed? 

6058
05:23:27,100 --> 05:23:30,900
Armstrong's distinctive approach
to crisis voice recordings from 

6059
05:23:30,900 --> 05:23:33,900
the Squadron radio, frequency 
capture Armstrong, Carly 

6060
05:23:33,900 --> 05:23:36,300
requesting geometric 
calculations from the radar 

6061
05:23:36,300 --> 05:23:40,100
intercept officer rather than 
declaring an emergency, he 

6062
05:23:40,100 --> 05:23:42,500
systematically tested. 
The aircraft's response at 

6063
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:45,100
different airspeeds and 
configuration before attempting 

6064
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:48,800
to return to Friendly territory.
I've got asymmetric lift, but 

6065
05:23:48,800 --> 05:23:51,900
stable control. 
If I maintain 170 knots or he 

6066
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:54,500
reported displaying the 
analytical approach that would 

6067
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:57,300
later characterize his response 
to the Gemini 8 emergency. 

6068
05:23:58,400 --> 05:24:01,400
Armstrong nurse the critically 
damaged aircraft back to a US 

6069
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:04,700
controlled Airfield executing a 
one attempt Landing that 

6070
05:24:04,700 --> 05:24:08,600
Squadron mates described as 
mechanical poetry. the incident 

6071
05:24:08,600 --> 05:24:11,700
earned Armstrong, the respect of
Veteran Pilots, but also 

6072
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:15,200
revealed a psychological quality
seldom discussed in heroic 

6073
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:19,700
narratives, his unusual 
relationship with fear Post 

6074
05:24:19,700 --> 05:24:22,300
Mission debriefings, reveal 
Armstrong never denied 

6075
05:24:22,300 --> 05:24:24,700
experience in fear that 
processed it differently than 

6076
05:24:24,700 --> 05:24:27,700
the many combat Pilots. 
While others, converted fear to 

6077
05:24:27,700 --> 05:24:30,600
aggression or suppress it 
entirely Armstrong appeared to 

6078
05:24:30,600 --> 05:24:34,600
transform fear into heightened 
analytical capacity, a trait 

6079
05:24:34,600 --> 05:24:36,500
that would serve him. 
Well, in future spacecraft 

6080
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:39,800
emergencies, by the time 
Armstrong completed, his combat 

6081
05:24:39,800 --> 05:24:44,300
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 
combat missions, and earned 

6082
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:46,600
three are medals more 
significantly. 

6083
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:49,400
He had developed a distinctive 
philosophy about human machine 

6084
05:24:49,400 --> 05:24:51,700
interaction in high-stress 
environments. 

6085
05:24:52,600 --> 05:24:55,500
As he later explained to test 
pilots students in a rare at 

6086
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:57,200
Patuxent River Naval Air 
Station. 

6087
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:01,100
The aircraft doesn't care about 
your feelings, it responds to 

6088
05:25:01,100 --> 05:25:03,500
your actions understanding. 
This separation is the 

6089
05:25:03,500 --> 05:25:05,700
difference between panic and 
problem solving. 

6090
05:25:06,800 --> 05:25:10,000
Armstrong's combat experience 
informed his later career in 

6091
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:13,500
ways, rarely connected in 
historical accounts, his habit 

6092
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:16,100
of exhaustively studying 
aircraft systems before flying 

6093
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:19,200
them, a practice that made him 
exceptionally prepared for 

6094
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:22,800
Apollo 11's complex systems 
originated in Korean War. 

6095
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:26,100
Survival lessons, his preference
for methodical checklist 

6096
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:28,800
procedures. 
Over improvisation, stemmed from

6097
05:25:28,800 --> 05:25:31,100
witnessing. 
The Fatal consequences of corner

6098
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:32,200
cutting during combat 
operations. 

6099
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:36,700
Most significantly career taught
Armstrong about the Machinery of

6100
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:39,800
public mythmaking. 
He witnessed first-hand, how 

6101
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:42,700
combat deaths were transformed 
into sanitized heroic narrative 

6102
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:45,500
for public consumption. 
How messy realities were 

6103
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:48,000
reshaped into cleaner. 
Stories, this experience 

6104
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:50,600
fostered, his lifelong 
skepticism towards simplified 

6105
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:53,400
narratives, including those, 
that would later be constructed 

6106
05:25:53,400 --> 05:25:56,600
around his achievements. 
Career taught me that Complex 

6107
05:25:56,600 --> 05:25:58,500
events. 
Resists simple explanations. 

6108
05:25:58,500 --> 05:26:02,800
He told a naval aviators Rooney 
in 1997 in comments, rarely 

6109
05:26:02,800 --> 05:26:04,300
quoted in standard by 
biographies. 

6110
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:07,800
When people wanted to make 
Heroes out of Pilots, the 

6111
05:26:07,800 --> 05:26:11,000
overlooked that success often 
came from luck and failure 

6112
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:14,300
wasn't always tied to skill. 
I tried to keep this in mind 

6113
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:17,000
when people attempted to turn my
lunar Landing into something 

6114
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:18,600
more Mythic than it actually 
was. 

6115
05:26:19,500 --> 05:26:22,300
Armstrong emerged from the 
Korean war with technical skills

6116
05:26:22,300 --> 05:26:24,400
that would prove invaluable in 
his later career. 

6117
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:28,000
More importantly, he developed a
philosophical Approach To 

6118
05:26:28,000 --> 05:26:32,000
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 
that risk was inevitable in 

6119
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:35,200
pushing boundaries, but could be
managed through preparation 

6120
05:26:35,200 --> 05:26:37,900
system understanding and 
emotional discipline. 

6121
05:26:38,600 --> 05:26:41,500
This perspective forged in 
combat Skies long before 

6122
05:26:41,500 --> 05:26:44,200
spacecraft were practical. 
Would ultimately make him the 

6123
05:26:44,200 --> 05:26:47,700
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 
most dangerous exploratory 

6124
05:26:47,700 --> 05:26:50,200
Mission between Armstrong's 
Naval service. 

6125
05:26:50,200 --> 05:26:53,000
In his selection as an astronaut
lies, a critical seven-year 

6126
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:55,500
period, that fundamentally 
shaped his capabilities and 

6127
05:26:55,500 --> 05:26:59,300
approach to flight, His time as 
a civilian test pilot at the 

6128
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:02,900
national advisory committee for 
Aeronautics in ACA NASA's 

6129
05:27:02,900 --> 05:27:07,600
predecessor from 1955 to 1962 
represents. 

6130
05:27:07,600 --> 05:27:10,300
Perhaps the most technically 
formative chapter of his 

6131
05:27:10,300 --> 05:27:12,700
professional life. 
Yet one that receives 

6132
05:27:12,700 --> 05:27:14,300
disproportionately little 
attention. 

6133
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:18,300
During the Heyday of 
experimental, Aviation Edwards 

6134
05:27:18,300 --> 05:27:20,900
Air Force Base, in the 
California, desert served as 

6135
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:22,500
America's Premier flight test 
center. 

6136
05:27:23,300 --> 05:27:26,000
Armstrong arrived at Edwards Air
Force Base during the transition

6137
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:28,400
from the jet age to the Space 
Age. 

6138
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:31,700
A time when aircraft were 
consistently pushing the limits 

6139
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:35,100
of speed altitude and 
controllability what 

6140
05:27:35,100 --> 05:27:37,900
distinguished Armstrong from his
contemporaries wasn't raw 

6141
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:41,800
piloting talent but a 
distinctive cognitive approach 

6142
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:45,400
to experimental flying. 
Most test pilots approached 

6143
05:27:45,400 --> 05:27:49,500
flights as demonstrations of 
skill noted chief engineer Walt 

6144
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:52,200
Williams in previously 
unpublished interviews. 

6145
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:56,000
Armstrong approached them as 
experiments with precisely 

6146
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:59,300
defined variables. 
He was conducting research that 

6147
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:02,700
happened to involve flying 
rather than flying that happened

6148
05:28:02,700 --> 05:28:06,300
to involve research. 
This perspective made Armstrong 

6149
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:09,700
uniquely valuable in the X-15 
program the rocket powered 

6150
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:12,800
aircraft that represented 
Humanity's first real venture to

6151
05:28:12,800 --> 05:28:15,800
the edge of space. 
Unlike other test pilots who 

6152
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:19,100
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for
setting records Armstrong 

6153
05:28:19,100 --> 05:28:21,600
approached each flight as a data
Gathering opportunity. 

6154
05:28:22,700 --> 05:28:26,100
His flight debriefing preserved 
in neckie a archives, but rarely

6155
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,800
cited reveal an Engineers 
obsession with cause effect 

6156
05:28:29,800 --> 05:28:32,100
relationships and system 
behaviors rather than 

6157
05:28:32,100 --> 05:28:36,400
performance metrics Armstrong's 
most significant X-15 flight on 

6158
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:40,600
April 20th. 1962 is typically 
noted for reaching an altitude 

6159
05:28:40,600 --> 05:28:44,400
of 207,500 feet the Edge of 
space. 

6160
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:48,100
Let's discussed is how the 
flight nearly ended in disaster.

6161
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,000
When the aircraft skipped off 
the atmosphere during re-entry. 

6162
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,900
Bouncing Armstrong's far. 
Off course, the incident 

6163
05:28:54,900 --> 05:28:56,900
required him to make 
split-second decisions about 

6164
05:28:56,900 --> 05:29:00,300
energy management and reentry 
angle with minimal guidance. 

6165
05:29:00,300 --> 05:29:04,300
As the planned flight profile 
has been invalidated the X-15 

6166
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:07,500
incident directly informed how I
approached the lunar landing and

6167
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:11,400
Armstrong later explained to 
flight controllers during Apollo

6168
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:13,800
simulations. 
Both involved Energy, Management

6169
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:16,200
problems with tight margins and 
degraded information. 

6170
05:29:17,400 --> 05:29:19,800
This connection between his 
experimental aircraft to 

6171
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:22,800
experience in lunar. 
Landing challenges reveals how 

6172
05:29:22,800 --> 05:29:25,500
Armstrongs Edwards years 
directly prepared him for 

6173
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:27,800
Apollo's. 
Unique challenge, is he on the 

6174
05:29:27,808 --> 05:29:31,400
X-15 Armstrong, nearly 900 
flights in over 50 different 

6175
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:34,000
aircraft types. 
During his Edwards 10 year, what

6176
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:36,300
these flights collectively 
developed was an unusual. 

6177
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,500
Perceptual ability Armstrong 
could detect subtle, aircraft 

6178
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:42,500
behavioral changes that often 
indicated imminent problems. 

6179
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:45,700
Test engineer Bruce, Peterson 
described this Talent. 

6180
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:49,200
Armstrong could feel an aircraft
intentions before the 

6181
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:52,200
instruments showed trouble. 
He sensed patterns in machine 

6182
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:54,800
behavior that others missed 
until the emergency was upon 

6183
05:29:54,800 --> 05:29:57,500
them. 
This perceptual skill became 

6184
05:29:57,500 --> 05:30:00,100
legendary in a nearly fatal 
incident involving. 

6185
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:04,500
The lunar, Landing research 
vehicle llv, an ungainly 

6186
05:30:04,500 --> 05:30:07,700
Contraption nicknamed, The 
Flying bedstead used to simulate

6187
05:30:07,700 --> 05:30:09,300
lunar. 
Landing conditions on Earth. 

6188
05:30:10,400 --> 05:30:15,000
On May the 6th 1968 while 
hovering 200 feet above the 

6189
05:30:15,000 --> 05:30:17,400
ground. 
The vehicle experienced a total 

6190
05:30:17,408 --> 05:30:21,000
propellant system, failure, 
Armstrong detected, the failure 

6191
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:22,900
and ejected. 
Barely a half second before the 

6192
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:25,800
vehicle crashed, and the 
explosion was so narrow, that 

6193
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,300
analysis suggested, any other 
pilot would have delayed 

6194
05:30:28,300 --> 05:30:29,800
recognition along enough to 
perish. 

6195
05:30:29,800 --> 05:30:33,300
What's really connected is how 
this incident directly informed,

6196
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:36,100
Armstrong's later decision, 
making during Apollo 11s 

6197
05:30:36,100 --> 05:30:39,700
Landing, The program alarm 
crisis during lunar descent 

6198
05:30:39,700 --> 05:30:42,100
presented a similar pattern of 
degraded information. 

6199
05:30:42,100 --> 05:30:46,000
Requiring rapid assessment 
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 

6200
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:48,900
had trained him to distinguish 
between a manageable and anomaly

6201
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:52,900
and a genuine emergency, which 
was precisely the decision he 

6202
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:55,900
needed to make when the 1201 and
1202 alarms are rose. 

6203
05:30:56,700 --> 05:30:59,900
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 
shaped his communication style 

6204
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:03,700
recording from X-15 flights 
reveal his development of what 

6205
05:31:03,700 --> 05:31:07,100
flight controllers later called 
minimalist Precision, the 

6206
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,800
ability to convey complex. 
Technical information in 

6207
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:13,700
extremely concise language. 
This communication economy would

6208
05:31:13,700 --> 05:31:16,700
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
descent when radio communication

6209
05:31:16,700 --> 05:31:19,700
was intermittent and every 
second of transmission time was 

6210
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:21,400
needed to convey maximum 
information. 

6211
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:26,200
Additionally, during the Edwards
period Armstrong gained 

6212
05:31:26,200 --> 05:31:28,900
extensive experience with 
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 

6213
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:31,800
aircraft controlled 
electronically rather than 

6214
05:31:31,800 --> 05:31:33,700
through direct mechanical 
linkages. 

6215
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:37,900
The lunar module represented, 
the ultimate fly-by-wire vehicle

6216
05:31:37,900 --> 05:31:41,200
with control, responses entirely
mediated through computer 

6217
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:44,400
systems, Armstrong's unusual, 
comfort with these systems 

6218
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:48,000
originated in his experimental 
aircraft work, where he had 

6219
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,800
developed what colleagues called
digital hands, the ability to 

6220
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:55,000
adapt control inputs to computer
interpreted commands, rather 

6221
05:31:55,000 --> 05:31:58,800
than direct physical feedback. 
Perhaps most significantly 

6222
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:01,500
Armstrong's Edwards, tenure 
shaped, his relationship with 

6223
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:04,300
risk. 
Unlike The Stereotype of the 

6224
05:32:04,300 --> 05:32:07,000
Dead devil. 
Test pilot Armstrong developed, 

6225
05:32:07,000 --> 05:32:10,500
what colleague's called 
calibrated Courage, the ability 

6226
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,500
to objectively, assess danger 
with out, either minimizing or 

6227
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:17,100
exaggerating it this perspective
was captured in his response, 

6228
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:21,100
when asked about fear during 
X-15 flights, Fear is an 

6229
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:23,200
emotion. 
Risk is a calculation. 

6230
05:32:24,100 --> 05:32:26,300
I try to ensure that calculation
governs emotion. 

6231
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:30,400
This philosophy would prove 
crucial during Apollo 11's final

6232
05:32:30,400 --> 05:32:32,400
descent. 
When Armstrong faced multiple 

6233
05:32:32,400 --> 05:32:36,500
potential scenarios, his Edwards
experience had developed his 

6234
05:32:36,500 --> 05:32:40,000
ability to distinguish between 
acceptable and unacceptable risk

6235
05:32:40,000 --> 05:32:43,400
to recognize when continuing 
forward, despite problems was 

6236
05:32:43,400 --> 05:32:45,500
justified. 
And when retreat was the only 

6237
05:32:45,500 --> 05:32:50,400
rational option, This judgment 
honed over 100s of experimental 

6238
05:32:50,400 --> 05:32:53,600
flights pushing the boundaries 
of speed and altitude ultimately

6239
05:32:53,600 --> 05:32:56,300
enabled, the split-second 
decisions that made the lunar 

6240
05:32:56,300 --> 05:32:59,000
Landing possible. 
The Gemini program NASA's 

6241
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:01,100
critical bridge between the 
Mercury and Apollo missions, 

6242
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:04,400
represented Armstrong's 
transformation from experimental

6243
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:06,400
test pilot to operational 
astronaut. 

6244
05:33:07,200 --> 05:33:09,900
His experience is during this 
period, particularly commanding 

6245
05:33:09,900 --> 05:33:13,500
Gemini 8, develop specific 
capabilities that would prove 

6246
05:33:13,500 --> 05:33:16,200
decisive during Apollo 11's 
lunar Landing attempt. 

6247
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:18,300
Yet. 
This crucial developmental 

6248
05:33:18,300 --> 05:33:21,500
phases often treated as merely a
biographical stepping stone 

6249
05:33:21,500 --> 05:33:24,400
rather than the essential 
preparation at truly was 

6250
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:29,000
Armstrong joined NASA's 
astronaut Corps in 1962 as part 

6251
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:31,800
of the new 9. 
The second astronaut class 

6252
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:34,900
selected when the space agency 
recognized that Mercury's 

6253
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:37,900
original Seven astronauts 
wouldn't be sufficient for the 

6254
05:33:37,900 --> 05:33:41,700
ambitious lunar Landing program.
His selection itself represented

6255
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,400
a shift in NASA's astronaut 
requirements, unlike the Mercury

6256
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:49,100
7 who were exclusively military 
test pilots Armstrong had 

6257
05:33:49,100 --> 05:33:52,700
transferred to civilian status. 
After his Naval service, this 

6258
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,600
civilian background would give 
him a distinctive perspective on

6259
05:33:55,600 --> 05:33:59,200
the militarized culture of early
space flight, Gemini's 

6260
05:33:59,200 --> 05:34:02,000
objectives focused on developing
the capabilities required for 

6261
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:06,600
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 
docking spacewalking an extended

6262
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:09,500
duration missions. 
Armstrong was assigned as 

6263
05:34:09,508 --> 05:34:12,400
commander of Gemini, 8, 
scheduled to perform the 

6264
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:14,600
program's first docking with 
another spacecraft. 

6265
05:34:14,600 --> 05:34:17,000
Critical capability. 
For the lunar Mission 

6266
05:34:17,008 --> 05:34:20,600
architecture, his preparation 
for this Mission revealed 

6267
05:34:20,600 --> 05:34:24,100
cognitive qualities, that would 
later serve him during Apollo 

6268
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:26,800
11. 
Armstrong's approach to Mission 

6269
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:28,600
preparation was distinctive 
recalled. 

6270
05:34:28,600 --> 05:34:31,700
Flight director Gene crowns in. 
Technical debriefing rarely 

6271
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,500
quoted in popular accounts. 
Where most astronauts focused on

6272
05:34:35,500 --> 05:34:39,100
mastering planned procedures 
Armstrong devoted equal time to 

6273
05:34:39,108 --> 05:34:42,100
imagining failure, scenarios 
beyond what we had formerly 

6274
05:34:42,100 --> 05:34:45,100
simulated. 
This approach preparing for the 

6275
05:34:45,108 --> 05:34:49,000
unexpected, rather than just the
expected would prove prophetic 

6276
05:34:49,000 --> 05:34:53,500
during his Gemini flight. 
Gemini 8 launched on March, 16th

6277
05:34:53,500 --> 05:34:57,200
1966 with Armstrong commanding 
and David Scott serving as 

6278
05:34:57,200 --> 05:35:00,500
pilot, the crew successfully 
Rendezvous and docked with an 

6279
05:35:00,508 --> 05:35:03,600
uncrewed. 
A genital the first docking in 

6280
05:35:03,608 --> 05:35:05,800
space flight history. 
What happened? 

6281
05:35:05,800 --> 05:35:08,700
Next transformed, a milestone 
success into a survival 

6282
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:11,900
situation that revealed 
Armstrong's unique capabilities 

6283
05:35:11,900 --> 05:35:15,700
under extreme pressure. 
Approximately 30 minutes after 

6284
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:18,700
docking the joined Vehicles 
began to roll unexpectedly. 

6285
05:35:18,700 --> 05:35:22,200
The rotation accelerated rapidly
until the spacecraft was 

6286
05:35:22,200 --> 05:35:25,800
spinning at nearly one 
revolution per second, a rate 

6287
05:35:25,800 --> 05:35:28,100
that threatened to cause 
structural damage and was 

6288
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:30,500
approaching the threshold where 
the astronauts would lose 

6289
05:35:30,500 --> 05:35:33,400
consciousness. 
Armstrong faced a critical 

6290
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:36,600
decision with incomplete. 
Information was the Aegina 

6291
05:35:36,600 --> 05:35:39,300
causing the role or was it their
Gemini spacecraft? 

6292
05:35:39,300 --> 05:35:42,800
The reality revealed in Mission 
transcripts and Technical 

6293
05:35:42,800 --> 05:35:45,200
debriefings shows something more
significant. 

6294
05:35:46,200 --> 05:35:49,300
Schematic troubleshooting 
process, executed under extreme 

6295
05:35:49,300 --> 05:35:51,400
pressure and physiological 
stress. 

6296
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:54,800
Armstrong methodically 
eliminated variables by 

6297
05:35:54,800 --> 05:35:57,900
undocking from the agena a 
complex procedure never 

6298
05:35:57,900 --> 05:36:01,100
practiced under emergency 
conditions when the rotational 

6299
05:36:01,100 --> 05:36:03,100
worse and after separation, he 
correctly. 

6300
05:36:03,100 --> 05:36:06,000
Deduced the problem must be in 
the Gemini's orbital attitude 

6301
05:36:06,000 --> 05:36:08,900
and maneuvering system. 
The critical decision came when 

6302
05:36:08,900 --> 05:36:11,600
Armstrong bypassed standard 
procedure by shutting down the 

6303
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:14,700
primary control system entirely 
and activating the re-entry 

6304
05:36:14,700 --> 05:36:17,600
control system thrusters meant 
only for the return to Earth 

6305
05:36:17,600 --> 05:36:21,100
this decision, consumed, 
precious fuel reserves and would

6306
05:36:21,100 --> 05:36:22,700
force an early mission 
termination. 

6307
05:36:22,700 --> 05:36:25,400
But it stabilized, the 
spacecraft and saved both 

6308
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:29,100
astronauts lives three aspects 
of our arms Strong's, Gemini, 8 

6309
05:36:29,100 --> 05:36:31,800
performance would later prove 
crucial during Apollo 11? 

6310
05:36:32,600 --> 05:36:35,800
First his information processing
during the crisis revealed, an 

6311
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:39,000
unusual capacity to filter 
signal from noise to identify 

6312
05:36:39,000 --> 05:36:41,600
critical variables. 
While disregarding distractions,

6313
05:36:42,500 --> 05:36:45,000
Second his choices, showed a 
Readiness to depart from 

6314
05:36:45,008 --> 05:36:47,700
accepted practices. 
When research showed they were 

6315
05:36:47,700 --> 05:36:51,100
insufficient third, his crew 
Resource Management showed 

6316
05:36:51,100 --> 05:36:54,700
exceptional clarity about when 
to act unilaterally versus when 

6317
05:36:54,700 --> 05:36:57,700
to consult Mission Control. 
The Gemini 8. 

6318
05:36:57,700 --> 05:37:01,200
Emergency revealed Armstrong's 
defining quality as a commander 

6319
05:37:01,200 --> 05:37:04,300
flight director. 
Chris Kraft later observed in a 

6320
05:37:04,300 --> 05:37:06,400
narsa. 
Oral history interview, he could

6321
05:37:06,400 --> 05:37:08,600
move seamlessly between 
procedural, discipline and 

6322
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,100
creative problem. 
Solving, knowing exactly when 

6323
05:37:11,100 --> 05:37:14,800
each approach was appropriate, 
that balance is much rarer than 

6324
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:18,600
either quality alone. 
The aftermath of Gemini 8 proved

6325
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:21,600
equally revelatory about 
Armstrong's character, despite 

6326
05:37:21,600 --> 05:37:23,800
saving the mission from 
potential catastrophe. 

6327
05:37:23,800 --> 05:37:27,300
He focused his debriefings 
entirely on how procedures and 

6328
05:37:27,300 --> 05:37:30,700
training could be improved The 
Armstrong debrief was, like, 

6329
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:33,400
nothing we'd seen before. 
Recalled, simulation, supervisor

6330
05:37:33,400 --> 05:37:35,300
dick. 
Coos, he systematically 

6331
05:37:35,300 --> 05:37:39,000
dismantled his performance. 
Identifying, every sub-optimal 

6332
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:41,700
decision sequence, without 
defense of nurse, it was a 

6333
05:37:41,700 --> 05:37:43,600
master class in professional 
self-analysis. 

6334
05:37:44,800 --> 05:37:47,500
This capacity for dispassionate,
self-critique, became the 

6335
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:49,800
standard for astronaut 
debriefings moving forward. 

6336
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:53,400
More importantly, it fed 
directly into simulation 

6337
05:37:53,400 --> 05:37:56,500
development for Apollo missions 
with emergency scenarios 

6338
05:37:56,500 --> 05:38:00,300
specifically designed to require
the kind of flexible response on

6339
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:02,500
Armstrong and demonstrated 
during Gemini 8. 

6340
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:06,600
Beyond the emergency itself 
Gemini, 8 developed another 

6341
05:38:06,600 --> 05:38:09,200
capability, that would prove 
essential during Apollo 11 

6342
05:38:09,200 --> 05:38:12,300
manual control of Rendezvous and
docking. 

6343
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,200
While these operations were 
designed to be computer, guided 

6344
05:38:16,200 --> 05:38:19,400
Armstrong's hands on experience 
with orbital mechanics. 

6345
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,600
During Gemini gave him the 
confidence to take manual 

6346
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:25,300
control during Apollo 11's 
Landing. 

6347
05:38:25,300 --> 05:38:28,600
When the automatic system, 
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 

6348
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:31,000
Field Armstrong's Gemini 
experience. 

6349
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:33,100
All informed, his crew 
relationship with Buzz. 

6350
05:38:33,100 --> 05:38:36,600
Aldrin, during Apollo 11, unlike
some Commander, pilot pairing 

6351
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,300
Armstrong developed a 
collaborative approach that 

6352
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:42,400
leveraged each astronauts 
strengths this partnership 

6353
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:44,300
approach with clear command 
Authority. 

6354
05:38:44,300 --> 05:38:47,500
But genuine collaboration 
originated from Armstrong's 

6355
05:38:47,500 --> 05:38:50,200
assessment of crude Dynamics 
during Gemini mission's. 

6356
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:53,600
The Gemini program developed 
Armstrong's distinctive 

6357
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:57,400
communication style during 
operations Mission, transcripts,

6358
05:38:57,400 --> 05:39:01,000
show him adopting what linguists
would call High context 

6359
05:39:01,000 --> 05:39:03,900
communication. 
Conveying complex information 

6360
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:07,700
through minimal expressions with
precise, technical meaning This 

6361
05:39:07,700 --> 05:39:10,300
communication economy would 
prove crucial during Apollo 

6362
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:13,600
11's, Landing, when transmission
delays and radio interference 

6363
05:39:13,600 --> 05:39:17,300
made every word critical. 
Armstrong emerged from the 

6364
05:39:17,308 --> 05:39:19,600
Gemini program, with a 
hard-earned understanding of 

6365
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:22,400
spaceflights. 
Operational realities, the gap 

6366
05:39:22,400 --> 05:39:24,800
between theoretical Mission 
plans and in-flight. 

6367
05:39:24,800 --> 05:39:28,000
Contingencies this perspective 
would prove invaluable when 

6368
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,700
Apollo 11 encountered its own, 
unexpected challenges during 

6369
05:39:31,700 --> 05:39:34,300
Humanities first attempt to land
on another world. 

6370
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:38,300
The 20 months between Armstrong 
selection as Apollo 11's 

6371
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:41,800
commander and the actual lunar 
Mission represent, perhaps the 

6372
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:45,000
most intensive, specialized 
training program, any human has 

6373
05:39:45,000 --> 05:39:48,900
ever undertaken. 
This period of preparation often

6374
05:39:48,900 --> 05:39:52,000
reduced to generic Mansions of 
rigorous training in popular 

6375
05:39:52,000 --> 05:39:55,500
accounts reveals much about both
Armstrong's approach to 

6376
05:39:55,508 --> 05:39:59,300
unprecedented challenges and 
NASA's evolving understanding of

6377
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:00,900
what lunar exploration would 
require. 

6378
05:40:01,800 --> 05:40:05,000
Training for Apollo 11, occurred
against a backdrop of genuine 

6379
05:40:05,000 --> 05:40:08,400
uncertainty about Luna 
conditions, despite successful 

6380
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:11,400
surveyor robotic, Landers and 
extensive orbital photography 

6381
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:14,400
fundamental questions remained 
about the moon surface 

6382
05:40:14,400 --> 05:40:17,100
properties. 
With the lunar regolith support.

6383
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,300
The lunar modules, weight could 
humans function effectively in 

6384
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:22,700
one sixth gravity. 
How would equipment designed on 

6385
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:24,200
Earth? 
Behave in vacuum conditions. 

6386
05:40:24,200 --> 05:40:27,900
These are known as meant 
Armstrong wasn't merely training

6387
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:30,700
for a difficult Mission. 
But for one with fundamental 

6388
05:40:30,700 --> 05:40:35,000
uncertainties, The central 
challenge of Apollo training Was

6389
05:40:35,000 --> 05:40:37,700
preparing for contingencies. 
We couldn't fully anticipate, 

6390
05:40:37,700 --> 05:40:42,300
explain Donald K, Deke Slayton, 
director of flight crew 

6391
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:45,000
operations in a previously, 
unpublished interview. 

6392
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:48,300
Armstrong approached, this 
challenge differently than other

6393
05:40:48,300 --> 05:40:51,500
astronauts While most astronauts
sought more detail, to 

6394
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:54,200
procedures Armstrong, sort of 
deeper, understanding of 

6395
05:40:54,200 --> 05:40:57,600
systems, which enabled him to 
innovate when needed. this 

6396
05:40:57,600 --> 05:41:00,100
philosophy manifested in our 
Armstrong's, distinctive 

6397
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:03,700
approach, to simulate a 
training, While NASA scheduled 

6398
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:06,300
approximately 400 hours of 
formal simulated time. 

6399
05:41:06,300 --> 05:41:10,800
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 
log nearly 950 hours with much 

6400
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:13,900
of this additional time focused 
on deliberately inducing system 

6401
05:41:13,900 --> 05:41:16,300
failures Beyond plan training 
scenarios. 

6402
05:41:17,100 --> 05:41:20,200
Simulated technicians noted, his
unusual requests to create 

6403
05:41:20,200 --> 05:41:24,000
compound failures, multiple 
systems degrading simultaneously

6404
05:41:24,000 --> 05:41:27,700
to test, not only procedures but
also improvisational 

6405
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:30,400
capabilities. 
The lunar Landing research 

6406
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:32,900
vehicle lrv and its training 
variant. 

6407
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,600
The lunar Landing training 
vehicle, LTV represented, 

6408
05:41:36,600 --> 05:41:39,400
perhaps the most challenging and
dangerous aspect of Apollo 

6409
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:42,400
preparation. 
These ungainly Contraptions 

6410
05:41:42,400 --> 05:41:46,200
essentially flying beds powered 
by a jet engine Armstrong 

6411
05:41:46,200 --> 05:41:49,000
attempted to simulate lunar 
Landing conditions in Earth's 

6412
05:41:49,000 --> 05:41:51,600
atmosphere using hydrogen 
peroxide thrusters. 

6413
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:56,100
Armstrong spent 87 hours, flying
these vehicles significantly 

6414
05:41:56,100 --> 05:41:58,700
more than required. 
Despite their notorious Danger. 

6415
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:01,700
three of the five vehicles 
crashed during the program, 

6416
05:42:01,700 --> 05:42:05,100
including one Armstrong, barely 
escaped from What? 

6417
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:08,600
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 
approach was his systematic. 

6418
05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:11,900
Exploration of control 
boundaries While most astronauts

6419
05:42:11,900 --> 05:42:14,500
use the vehicles to practice, 
nominal, normal Landings, 

6420
05:42:14,500 --> 05:42:17,600
Armstrong deliberately induced 
oscillations and Recovery 

6421
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:21,200
scenarios testing how the 
simulated lunar module behaved 

6422
05:42:21,200 --> 05:42:24,700
at the edges of controllability.
This boundary, exploration would

6423
05:42:24,700 --> 05:42:27,200
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
actual Landing. 

6424
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:30,000
When arms strong needed to 
assess whether increasing 

6425
05:42:30,000 --> 05:42:32,900
Maneuvers for redesigning the 
landing site remained within the

6426
05:42:32,900 --> 05:42:36,500
vehicle's capabilities. 
The geological training aspect 

6427
05:42:36,500 --> 05:42:39,900
of Apollo preparation reveals 
another dimension of Armstrong's

6428
05:42:39,900 --> 05:42:43,500
approach to learning. while some
astronauts treated geology field

6429
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:47,100
training a secondary to flight 
preparation Armstrong, immersed 

6430
05:42:47,100 --> 05:42:51,200
himself in understanding lunar 
formation theories, Field notes 

6431
05:42:51,200 --> 05:42:53,900
from training sessions in 
Hawaii, Iceland and New Mexico 

6432
05:42:53,900 --> 05:42:55,800
show. 
He was particularly interested 

6433
05:42:55,800 --> 05:42:58,400
in how geological features 
revealed their formation 

6434
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:00,500
history. 
Knowledge that would help him 

6435
05:43:00,500 --> 05:43:03,400
make real-time sample collection
decisions on the lunar surface, 

6436
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:07,500
Armstrong approached geology 
training like an investigator, 

6437
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:11,600
not a tourist, noted geologist, 
Farouk elbaz, who helped develop

6438
05:43:11,600 --> 05:43:13,800
the training program for the 
Apollo Science Program. 

6439
05:43:14,600 --> 05:43:17,200
He wanted to understand the 
processes behind what he was 

6440
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:20,600
seeing not just identify 
features this process-oriented 

6441
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:23,200
thinking would prove valuable 
when making real-time decisions 

6442
05:43:23,200 --> 05:43:26,200
about which samples to collect 
during The Limited lunar surface

6443
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:28,300
time. 
Mission planning documentation 

6444
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:31,300
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 
influence on Apollo 11's 

6445
05:43:31,300 --> 05:43:34,000
operational approach. 
While early Landing plans 

6446
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:37,300
emphasized automated systems 
with minimal pilot intervention 

6447
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:41,200
Armstrong successfully advocated
for what he called monitored 

6448
05:43:41,200 --> 05:43:44,000
autonomy. 
Allowing the computer to perform

6449
05:43:44,000 --> 05:43:46,700
routine operations, while 
maintaining human override 

6450
05:43:46,700 --> 05:43:48,500
capability for critical 
decisions. 

6451
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:53,500
This philosophy reflected his 
test pilot background where he 

6452
05:43:53,500 --> 05:43:56,200
had developed a nuanced 
understanding of human machine 

6453
05:43:56,200 --> 05:44:00,200
collaboration rather than seeing
Automation and manual control as

6454
05:44:00,200 --> 05:44:03,200
binary opposites. 
Armstrong's preparation, 

6455
05:44:03,200 --> 05:44:06,300
extended Beyond technical 
aspects to cycle Readiness for 

6456
05:44:06,300 --> 05:44:09,900
Uncharted Territory, unlike 
training for previous missions 

6457
05:44:09,900 --> 05:44:12,300
where astronauts could speak 
with humans who had expressed 

6458
05:44:12,300 --> 05:44:15,900
experienced similar conditions, 
Apollo 11 that represented a 

6459
05:44:15,900 --> 05:44:19,500
journey Beyond Human Experience 
Armstrong developed. 

6460
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:22,100
What colleagues called 
comfortable uncertainty? 

6461
05:44:22,900 --> 05:44:25,500
The ability to prepare 
thoroughly while acknowledging 

6462
05:44:25,500 --> 05:44:27,500
that complete preparation was 
impossible. 

6463
05:44:28,400 --> 05:44:30,700
The distinctive quality 
Armstrong brought to Apollo 

6464
05:44:30,700 --> 05:44:34,600
training was epistemological 
humility, observed, Apollo, 

6465
05:44:34,600 --> 05:44:36,900
flight director. 
Glenn Lonnie in an all history 

6466
05:44:36,900 --> 05:44:40,700
interview, he recognized that 
our models of lunar conditions 

6467
05:44:40,700 --> 05:44:43,400
were approximations at best and 
maintained intellectual 

6468
05:44:43,400 --> 05:44:46,300
flexibility about what they 
might actually encounter. 

6469
05:44:47,400 --> 05:44:50,700
This open-minded approach 
combined with rigorous, 

6470
05:44:50,700 --> 05:44:55,000
preparation created a unique 
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.

6471
05:44:56,600 --> 05:44:59,400
Communication training, revealed
another dimension of Armstrong's

6472
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:02,400
preparation for philosophy, 
recognizing that transmission 

6473
05:45:02,400 --> 05:45:05,300
quality between Earth and the 
Moon would be limited by 

6474
05:45:05,300 --> 05:45:08,300
technology and distance. 
He developed a distinctive 

6475
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:11,500
communication economy. 
Training transcripts, show him 

6476
05:45:11,500 --> 05:45:15,000
systematically reducing message 
length while preserving critical

6477
05:45:15,000 --> 05:45:17,100
information. 
Skill, that would prove 

6478
05:45:17,100 --> 05:45:20,100
essential during the landing. 
When every second of 

6479
05:45:20,100 --> 05:45:23,400
communication time was precious,
perhaps most revealing was 

6480
05:45:23,408 --> 05:45:24,900
Armstrong's, approached, to 
failure. 

6481
05:45:24,900 --> 05:45:29,200
Simulation While most astronauts
preferred to focus on successful

6482
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,800
outcomes with occasional 
emergencies Armstrong regularly 

6483
05:45:32,800 --> 05:45:34,900
requested. 
What trainers called cascading 

6484
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:38,700
failure, scenarios situations, 
where initial problems 

6485
05:45:38,700 --> 05:45:41,100
triggered? 
Subsequent complications this 

6486
05:45:41,100 --> 05:45:42,800
approach. 
Reflected, his understanding 

6487
05:45:42,800 --> 05:45:45,600
that real emergencies rarely 
follow textbook patterns. 

6488
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:48,900
But instead evolve, 
unpredictably, as systems 

6489
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:52,400
interact, Armstrong's training, 
philosophy was captured in a 

6490
05:45:52,400 --> 05:45:54,700
note, he wrote to flight control
as before a particularly 

6491
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:59,000
difficult simulation. 
Today, let's make the task as 

6492
05:45:59,000 --> 05:46:01,400
hard as possible on the actual 
Mission. 

6493
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:03,600
We can only hope it will be 
easier than what we've 

6494
05:46:03,600 --> 05:46:06,700
practiced. 
This mindset preparing Beyond 

6495
05:46:06,700 --> 05:46:09,600
worst case. 
Scenarios created cycle margin. 

6496
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:12,500
That would prove crucial during 
Apollo 11's actual challenges. 

6497
05:46:12,500 --> 05:46:17,500
By the time Armstrong, boarded 
Apollo 11, in July of 1969, he 

6498
05:46:17,500 --> 05:46:19,800
had developed, not just 
technical professional seat but 

6499
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:22,800
a cognitive approach uniquely 
suited to exploration Beyond 

6500
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:25,700
Human Experience. 
His preparation had built, not 

6501
05:46:25,700 --> 05:46:29,300
just skills, but a philosophical
framework for navigating the 

6502
05:46:29,300 --> 05:46:32,600
unknown, a framework that would 
guide Humanity's first steps 

6503
05:46:32,600 --> 05:46:35,900
onto another world, the 13 
minutes between the separation 

6504
05:46:35,900 --> 05:46:38,900
of Apollo, 11s lunar module 
eagle from The Command Module 

6505
05:46:38,900 --> 05:46:41,900
and its landing on the moon may 
have been its most crucial, 

6506
05:46:41,900 --> 05:46:44,900
although typically simplified to
computer alerts and fuel 

6507
05:46:44,900 --> 05:46:47,100
worries. 
This brief descent phase 

6508
05:46:47,100 --> 05:46:50,200
entailed, a complex Cascade of 
technological, problems, and 

6509
05:46:50,200 --> 05:46:53,100
human decisions that highlight 
Apollo's genuine accomplishment 

6510
05:46:53,100 --> 05:46:55,800
and Armstrong's distinctive 
contributions. 

6511
05:46:56,600 --> 05:46:59,100
Armstrong and Aldrin were 
actively navigating an 

6512
05:46:59,100 --> 05:47:02,100
unfamiliar environment as Eagle 
began its powered, descent into 

6513
05:47:02,100 --> 05:47:05,000
the lunar surface. 
The Landing course was plotted. 

6514
05:47:05,000 --> 05:47:08,200
Using lunar orbital photos with 
low resolution, which left 

6515
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:10,900
surface conditions. 
Unknown Because of this 

6516
05:47:10,900 --> 05:47:14,100
information Gap, the crew had to
combine real-time observations 

6517
05:47:14,100 --> 05:47:17,000
with pre-programmed guidance, 
which was harder than expected. 

6518
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:21,000
At 4 minutes into the Descent 
Armstrong realized the lunar 

6519
05:47:21,000 --> 05:47:22,600
module's. 
Autonomous guidance system was 

6520
05:47:22,600 --> 05:47:24,900
pointing them toward a landing 
place that didn't fit 

6521
05:47:24,900 --> 05:47:28,200
pre-mission, planning voice, 
record showing quite quietly 

6522
05:47:28,200 --> 05:47:30,600
telling Alan, we're headed for 
the edge of that crater. 

6523
05:47:31,500 --> 05:47:34,400
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 
hazards of West crater. 

6524
05:47:34,400 --> 05:47:38,100
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 
a dangerous Boulder Field not 

6525
05:47:38,100 --> 05:47:39,800
seen in Mission preparation 
photos. 

6526
05:47:39,800 --> 05:47:42,900
This observation led to the 
first significant decision 

6527
05:47:42,900 --> 05:47:47,000
except the computers landing 
area or intervene Mission 

6528
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:49,000
transcripts. 
Analyzed the problem more deeply

6529
05:47:49,000 --> 05:47:52,400
than articles Armstrong 
methodically assess, surface 

6530
05:47:52,400 --> 05:47:56,600
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 
radar dependability and position

6531
05:47:56,600 --> 05:48:00,900
relative to planned Landing 
coordinates Over 20 crucial 

6532
05:48:00,900 --> 05:48:03,900
system, parameters and precise 
spacecraft attitude were 

6533
05:48:03,900 --> 05:48:06,300
monitored during this 
multi-dimensional risk 

6534
05:48:06,300 --> 05:48:09,500
assessment. 
Armstrong had to redo trajectory

6535
05:48:09,500 --> 05:48:11,600
calculations. 
The MIT designed guidance, 

6536
05:48:11,600 --> 05:48:14,600
computer had spent thousands of 
CPU Cycles on to manually 

6537
05:48:14,600 --> 05:48:17,000
re-designate. 
The landing area, he had to 

6538
05:48:17,000 --> 05:48:20,300
visually select a safe landing 
Zone estimated, its coordinates 

6539
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:23,200
relative to their position and 
evaluated if they had enough 

6540
05:48:23,200 --> 05:48:26,100
fuel. 
The cognitive test was performed

6541
05:48:26,100 --> 05:48:28,700
while flying and unstable 
spacecraft with handling 

6542
05:48:28,700 --> 05:48:30,800
characteristics. 
Unlike any aircraft on Earth, 

6543
05:48:31,700 --> 05:48:35,000
The redesignation maneuver 
wasn't just piloting skill, so 

6544
05:48:35,000 --> 05:48:37,600
David Scott Armstrong's Luna, 
Landing, training partner. 

6545
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:41,600
It required mental modeling, of 
orbital mechanics, propulsion 

6546
05:48:41,600 --> 05:48:44,300
capabilities and surface to 
typography simultaneously. 

6547
05:48:44,300 --> 05:48:47,600
Essentially doing complex 
engineering calculation in real 

6548
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:49,500
time while flying the 
spacecraft. 

6549
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:55,000
The guidance computers 1201 and 
1202 warnings complicated at an 

6550
05:48:55,000 --> 05:48:57,800
already difficult situation. 
These Warnings showed the 

6551
05:48:57,800 --> 05:49:00,800
machine was overloaded 
restarting and dropping lower 

6552
05:49:00,800 --> 05:49:04,000
priority functions. 
Although Mission Control didn't 

6553
05:49:04,000 --> 05:49:07,300
order in a bought, these alarms 
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 

6554
05:49:07,300 --> 05:49:09,300
adjust for sensor data 
fluctuations. 

6555
05:49:10,100 --> 05:49:13,000
Popular versions rarely mention 
that Armstrong, managed 3 

6556
05:49:13,000 --> 05:49:14,700
control modes throughout the 
Descent. 

6557
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:18,300
He monitored the primary 
guidance system was aware of the

6558
05:49:18,300 --> 05:49:21,400
abort guidance system, which 
might be employed if the primary

6559
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:24,000
system fails and prepared for 
human control. 

6560
05:49:24,000 --> 05:49:27,300
If both systems fail. 
His mental, tracking of several 

6561
05:49:27,300 --> 05:49:31,100
parallel systems reflected, his 
test pilot years, always being 

6562
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:35,000
aware of fullback possibilities.
Armstrong took over human 

6563
05:49:35,000 --> 05:49:39,200
control in peace, 66 mode when 
Eagle plummeted below 500 feet 

6564
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:42,300
giving rate of descent commands,
while the computer maintained 

6565
05:49:42,300 --> 05:49:45,900
attitude, Human machine 
collaboration matched, 

6566
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:48,700
Armstrong's balanced, automation
strategy, throughout Mission 

6567
05:49:48,700 --> 05:49:51,600
preparation. 
An experienced test pilot 

6568
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:54,300
analyzing aircraft response, 
uses modest precise, 

6569
05:49:54,300 --> 05:49:57,300
modifications followed by 
periods of observation in his 

6570
05:49:57,300 --> 05:49:58,800
control inputs throughout this 
phase. 

6571
05:49:58,800 --> 05:50:02,100
The radio discussion between 
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 

6572
05:50:02,100 --> 05:50:05,000
final descent shows, how 
optimized communication helps 

6573
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:07,200
people. 
Perform under duress, they 

6574
05:50:07,200 --> 05:50:10,700
discussed altitude, velocity, 
fuel condition and has a 

6575
05:50:10,700 --> 05:50:14,300
notifications with little 
outside commentary. that 

6576
05:50:14,300 --> 05:50:16,600
simulated thousands of hours to 
perfect their speech 

6577
05:50:16,600 --> 05:50:19,200
communication to provide the 
most information with less 

6578
05:50:19,200 --> 05:50:23,200
distraction Armstrong suffered 
dust obscuration as Eagle 

6579
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:26,900
reached the surface exhaust from
The Descent engine created a 

6580
05:50:26,900 --> 05:50:28,900
blinding dust cloud over lunar 
objects. 

6581
05:50:29,600 --> 05:50:32,400
Armstrong later sought Shadows, 
rocks or something. 

6582
05:50:32,400 --> 05:50:35,300
That would give me a clue to 
Velocity and altitude, but 

6583
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:38,700
visual references became harder 
to see than relate in the flight

6584
05:50:38,700 --> 05:50:41,000
sensory loss. 
Prompted him to rely 

6585
05:50:41,000 --> 05:50:44,200
increasingly on instrument data,
requiring rapid perceptual 

6586
05:50:44,200 --> 05:50:46,800
adaptation. 
Landing on the moon was 

6587
05:50:46,800 --> 05:50:50,900
doubtful, the lunar modules legs
had crushable aluminum honeycomb

6588
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:53,900
to buffer Landing stresses but 
no one understood how it would 

6589
05:50:53,900 --> 05:50:56,400
react. 
Armstrong kept the descending 

6590
05:50:56,400 --> 05:50:59,000
engine minimum thrust until 
stable contact in the last 

6591
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:03,200
second preparing for Rebound or 
sideways movement radio. 

6592
05:51:03,200 --> 05:51:06,400
Call contact light, followed by 
engine stopped and Houston 

6593
05:51:06,400 --> 05:51:10,200
Tranquility base here. 
The eagle has landed conceals 

6594
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:12,000
Armstrong, and older and 
complicated. 

6595
05:51:12,000 --> 05:51:15,100
Shut down routine. 
Within seconds of Landing, they 

6596
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:16,600
had to establish a stable 
position. 

6597
05:51:16,600 --> 05:51:20,100
Shut down The Descent engine 
switch, various systems to 

6598
05:51:20,100 --> 05:51:23,200
surface mode and prepare for an 
emergency Ascent of surface, 

6599
05:51:23,200 --> 05:51:26,900
circumstances were unstable 
Armstrong's cognitive bandwidth 

6600
05:51:26,900 --> 05:51:28,500
control during the landing was 
amazing. 

6601
05:51:29,400 --> 05:51:31,800
During The Descent, he monitored
over 30 system. 

6602
05:51:31,800 --> 05:51:36,000
Parameters processed changing 
visual information, calculated 

6603
05:51:36,000 --> 05:51:40,000
Fuel and trajectory communicated
with Aldrin and Mission Control 

6604
05:51:40,000 --> 05:51:42,800
and manually controlled the 
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 

6605
05:51:42,800 --> 05:51:45,900
environment. 
This cognitive multitasking may 

6606
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:48,100
have been the most difficult 
operational environment ever. 

6607
05:51:49,200 --> 05:51:51,800
The Landing changed Humanity's 
relationship with the universe 

6608
05:51:51,800 --> 05:51:55,400
beyond the technological feat. 
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 

6609
05:51:55,400 --> 05:51:57,300
boundary that had defined human 
existence. 

6610
05:51:57,300 --> 05:52:00,900
Since our species emerged, Being
creatures of a single world, 

6611
05:52:00,900 --> 05:52:05,400
like, going from orbit to Earth.
The drop from orbit to the land,

6612
05:52:05,400 --> 05:52:08,800
was a technical operation and a 
lasting human expansion beyond 

6613
05:52:08,800 --> 05:52:11,000
Earth. 
The Landing confirmed a human 

6614
05:52:11,000 --> 05:52:14,600
machine integration strategy 
that would shape Decades of 

6615
05:52:14,600 --> 05:52:18,200
exploration, Armstrong's, blend 
of Automation and manual 

6616
05:52:18,200 --> 05:52:19,800
control. 
Set a precedent for modern 

6617
05:52:19,800 --> 05:52:22,800
spaceflight, trusting computers 
with mundane tasks and humans 

6618
05:52:22,800 --> 05:52:26,100
with vital, judgments Armstrong 
believe that exploration 

6619
05:52:26,100 --> 05:52:28,500
required technology, Improvement
in human adaptation. 

6620
05:52:28,500 --> 05:52:32,700
Not just one, it also emphasizes
the need to simplify technical 

6621
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:34,100
Concepts without 
oversimplifying. 

6622
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:38,300
This communication method helped
Armstrong explain issues without

6623
05:52:38,300 --> 05:52:42,000
panicking during the landing. 
Armstrong's famous Association 

6624
05:52:42,000 --> 05:52:44,400
was maybe the most shocking 
selection Criterion. 

6625
05:52:45,100 --> 05:52:48,300
NASA realized that whoever led 
the first landing would face 

6626
05:52:48,300 --> 05:52:50,700
tremendous celebrity as Apollo 
neared. 

6627
05:52:50,700 --> 05:52:53,200
Its peak. 
Some psychological tests found 

6628
05:52:53,200 --> 05:52:56,100
Armstrong had exceptional 
immunity to the distorting 

6629
05:52:56,100 --> 05:52:58,900
effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

6630
05:52:58,900 --> 05:53:02,300
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

6631
05:53:02,300 --> 05:53:05,600
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, The choice was 

6632
05:53:05,600 --> 05:53:08,700
controversial. 
Some NASA employees suggested, 

6633
05:53:08,700 --> 05:53:11,600
choosing charismatic astronauts 
to Garner public attention. 

6634
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:15,200
Others preferred combat 
experience military candidates. 

6635
05:53:16,100 --> 05:53:18,400
Internal papers showed, 
disagreement about whether 

6636
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:21,200
Armstrong's reservedness would 
reduce the missions inspiration.

6637
05:53:22,100 --> 05:53:24,300
The conclusion hinged on 
judgment under uncertainty, 

6638
05:53:24,300 --> 05:53:28,400
which is hard to quantify. 
The lunar Landing would require 

6639
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:31,600
Maneuvers that Earth. 
Cannot replicate later flight 

6640
05:53:31,600 --> 05:53:33,700
director. 
Chris Kraft said we needed 

6641
05:53:33,700 --> 05:53:36,200
someone who could make the right
decision when there was no right

6642
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:39,500
answer. 
Armstrong showed his courage in 

6643
05:53:39,500 --> 05:53:41,600
real life during the Gemini at 
emergencies. 

6644
05:53:42,500 --> 05:53:45,100
When Armstrong Aldrin and 
Collins were assigned to Apollo 

6645
05:53:45,100 --> 05:53:48,800
11 in January in 69 public 
attention centered on the 

6646
05:53:48,800 --> 05:53:53,100
technical capabilities. 
Behind closed doors NASA knew 

6647
05:53:53,100 --> 05:53:56,000
that the first lunar Landing 
required more than piloting 

6648
05:53:56,000 --> 05:53:58,200
skill. 
It required a commander who 

6649
05:53:58,200 --> 05:53:59,900
could handle history without 
being crushed. 

6650
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:03,800
NASA's changing leadership 
Philosophy for space exploration

6651
05:54:03,800 --> 05:54:07,500
influenced Armstrong selection 
The perfect Commander for 

6652
05:54:07,500 --> 05:54:10,500
Humanity's first steps on 
another Globe wasn't the best 

6653
05:54:10,500 --> 05:54:14,100
pilot or most authoritative 
personality, but someone whose 

6654
05:54:14,100 --> 05:54:16,100
identity could fade behind the 
achievement. 

6655
05:54:16,900 --> 05:54:19,800
NASA found a commander in 
Armstrong who never let his ego 

6656
05:54:19,800 --> 05:54:23,700
overshadow Humanities success. 
The opening question did Neil 

6657
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:26,500
Armstrong actually walk on the 
moon reflects. 

6658
05:54:26,500 --> 05:54:28,900
One of the most persistent 
current conspiracy theories 

6659
05:54:28,900 --> 05:54:32,900
exploring moon landing denials 
history reveals Armstrong's 

6660
05:54:32,900 --> 05:54:36,300
Legacy and cultural concerns 
about technology trust and 

6661
05:54:36,300 --> 05:54:39,200
American identity. 
Contrary to popular belief 

6662
05:54:39,200 --> 05:54:42,400
conspiracy theories about the 
moon landing began immediately 

6663
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:46,900
after Apollo 11 not in the US in
1970 the Soviet aligned 

6664
05:54:46,900 --> 05:54:50,100
international organization of 
journalists published America's 

6665
05:54:50,100 --> 05:54:53,700
Journey To The Moon scientific 
feat or political Bluff, which 

6666
05:54:53,700 --> 05:54:57,400
made the first major Chargers of
fakery this story demonstrates, 

6667
05:54:57,400 --> 05:55:01,000
how cold war rhetoric not 
technology initially fueled 

6668
05:55:01,000 --> 05:55:04,200
Apollo's battle. 
People rarely discuss Neil 

6669
05:55:04,200 --> 05:55:07,300
Armstrong's direct interaction 
with these Notions, a Belgrade 

6670
05:55:07,300 --> 05:55:09,500
resident told Armstrong, The 
Landing was recorded in 

6671
05:55:09,500 --> 05:55:11,800
Hollywood during the post Apollo
Goodwill trip. 

6672
05:55:12,400 --> 05:55:15,400
In State Department Records. 
But rarely cited Armstrong said,

6673
05:55:15,400 --> 05:55:18,900
if it was a Hollywood 
production, I'd have demanded a 

6674
05:55:18,900 --> 05:55:20,800
better script and more 
comfortable costumes. 

6675
05:55:21,900 --> 05:55:24,900
He always responded to 
conspiracy accusations with wit,

6676
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,500
rather than outrage as American 
suspicion of government 

6677
05:55:28,500 --> 05:55:32,100
increased after Vietnam and 
Watergate conspiracy theories, 

6678
05:55:32,100 --> 05:55:35,900
change considerably in the 
mid-1970s bill kaysing 

6679
05:55:35,900 --> 05:55:38,200
self-published pamphlet. 
We never went to the moon 

6680
05:55:38,200 --> 05:55:40,800
changed. 
Moon hoax arguments from foreign

6681
05:55:40,800 --> 05:55:44,900
propaganda to home. 
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 

6682
05:55:44,900 --> 05:55:46,500
privately wrote to fellow 
astronauts. 

6683
05:55:46,500 --> 05:55:49,200
That distrust of achievement has
become more threatening to 

6684
05:55:49,200 --> 05:55:50,800
progress than technical 
limitations. 

6685
05:55:51,800 --> 05:55:54,900
Scientific investigation has 
disproven conspiracy theorists. 

6686
05:55:54,900 --> 05:55:58,800
Technical claims waving flags. 
Missing Stars illumination. 

6687
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:02,000
Anomalies understanding why 
these views endured despite 

6688
05:56:02,000 --> 05:56:04,100
overwhelming, evidence is more 
of healing. 

6689
05:56:04,800 --> 05:56:07,000
Moon landing denial is 
significantly linked to 

6690
05:56:07,000 --> 05:56:09,800
proportionality bias. 
The tendency to believe 

6691
05:56:09,800 --> 05:56:12,200
significant events. 
Must have equally significant 

6692
05:56:12,200 --> 05:56:14,600
causes, according to Social 
logical studies. 

6693
05:56:14,600 --> 05:56:17,700
The idea that Humanity's 
Greatest Adventure could be 

6694
05:56:17,708 --> 05:56:20,800
completed with ordinary human 
effort, albeit amazing, 

6695
05:56:20,800 --> 05:56:23,200
coordination seems insufficient 
to match. 

6696
05:56:23,200 --> 05:56:26,200
Its psychological impact 
Armstrong understood. 

6697
05:56:26,200 --> 05:56:29,800
This psychological aspect of 
Vietnam in a rare interfere in 

6698
05:56:29,800 --> 05:56:33,000
1999. 
He said the conspiracy theories 

6699
05:56:33,000 --> 05:56:35,300
aren't really about the moon. 
There are about the 

6700
05:56:35,300 --> 05:56:37,900
uncomfortable reality. 
That humans can accomplish 

6701
05:56:37,900 --> 05:56:41,100
things that seem impossible 
through processes to complex for

6702
05:56:41,100 --> 05:56:42,500
any individual to fully 
comprehend. 

6703
05:56:43,900 --> 05:56:47,200
Armstrong's lifelong emphasis on
systems thinking about heroism 

6704
05:56:47,200 --> 05:56:50,900
is shown by this Revelation. 
Moon hoax beliefs flourished on 

6705
05:56:50,900 --> 05:56:54,100
line, creating Echo Chambers 
where denialism could Thrive 

6706
05:56:54,100 --> 05:56:58,500
without evidence. 1999 polls 
showed that about 72% of 

6707
05:56:58,500 --> 05:57:01,500
American's denied, the moon 
landing proportion that has 

6708
05:57:01,500 --> 05:57:03,300
remained consistent despite new 
information. 

6709
05:57:04,200 --> 05:57:07,400
This tenacity gives insight into
how some people handle trust, 

6710
05:57:07,400 --> 05:57:11,500
evidence and Authority. 
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 

6711
05:57:11,500 --> 05:57:15,000
conspiracy claims differently. 
Other astronauts debated. 

6712
05:57:15,000 --> 05:57:18,300
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.
Punched a persistence skeptic 

6713
05:57:18,300 --> 05:57:22,300
Armstrong kept quiet on public 
platforms but addressed the 

6714
05:57:22,300 --> 05:57:25,500
concerns in schools. 
He told a university audience 

6715
05:57:25,500 --> 05:57:29,100
directly addressing conspiracy 
theories, legitimizes them 

6716
05:57:29,100 --> 05:57:32,200
better to motivate the future 
generation to exceed our 

6717
05:57:32,200 --> 05:57:33,600
achievements than defend 
history. 

6718
05:57:34,600 --> 05:57:38,300
Conspiracy theories changed 
revealing early versions claim 

6719
05:57:38,300 --> 05:57:42,000
radiation technology or physics 
impeded the travel after 

6720
05:57:42,000 --> 05:57:44,400
disproving each claim. 
Speculation switched to 

6721
05:57:44,408 --> 05:57:48,200
purported motivations cold war 
competition, military purposes 

6722
05:57:48,200 --> 05:57:50,200
and more intricate conspiracy 
Frameworks. 

6723
05:57:51,000 --> 05:57:53,400
Moon landing denial led to 
Greater rejection of 

6724
05:57:53,400 --> 05:57:57,200
institutional knowledge 
reflecting American conspiracy 

6725
05:57:57,200 --> 05:58:00,100
thinking. 
The documentary operation 

6726
05:58:00,100 --> 05:58:04,400
Avalanche 2016 explored the 
conspiracy by imagining a moon 

6727
05:58:04,400 --> 05:58:08,100
landing scam Armstrong decline 
the project but reportedly 

6728
05:58:08,100 --> 05:58:11,600
watched a screening and told 
Associates they've made faking. 

6729
05:58:11,600 --> 05:58:14,300
It seemed far more complicated 
than actually doing it. 

6730
05:58:15,400 --> 05:58:18,100
This episode explains why Moon 
hoax theories fail. 

6731
05:58:18,100 --> 05:58:21,900
The conspiracy requires more 
players technology and 

6732
05:58:21,900 --> 05:58:25,500
coordination than lunar 
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 

6733
05:58:25,500 --> 05:58:27,300
landing denial. 
As a philosophical challenge, 

6734
05:58:27,300 --> 05:58:31,400
not a personal insult. 
Friends say he saw his 

6735
05:58:31,400 --> 05:58:34,700
educational failure rather than 
malice consequence of Science 

6736
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:38,700
Education that emphasized facts 
over procedure in his final 

6737
05:58:38,700 --> 05:58:41,100
years. 
He oriented educational 

6738
05:58:41,100 --> 05:58:44,300
donations towards scientific 
methodology and critical 

6739
05:58:44,300 --> 05:58:46,500
thinking programs rather than 
the knowledge acquisition. 

6740
05:58:46,500 --> 05:58:49,100
The question of whether arms 
strong walked on the moon 

6741
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:52,900
exposes American societies 
tensions between technical 

6742
05:58:52,900 --> 05:58:55,600
achievement, and humanistic 
meaning, institutional 

6743
05:58:55,600 --> 05:58:58,200
Authority, and individual 
skepticism, and National 

6744
05:58:58,200 --> 05:59:01,900
narrative and personal identity.
Armstrong understood this, 

6745
05:59:01,900 --> 05:59:04,600
intricacy and saw that his 
Moonwalker become a test of how 

6746
05:59:04,600 --> 05:59:06,800
individuals connect to communal 
achievement. 

6747
05:59:07,600 --> 05:59:10,400
During a congressional hearing 
two years prior to his demise 

6748
05:59:10,400 --> 05:59:12,800
Armstrong, addressed conspiracy 
theories. 

6749
05:59:12,800 --> 05:59:15,700
Without directly confronting 
them asserting. 

6750
05:59:15,700 --> 05:59:18,000
That knowledge is not a finite 
resource. 

6751
05:59:18,000 --> 05:59:21,400
I can walk on the moon without 
your believing but your 

6752
05:59:21,400 --> 05:59:24,000
disbelief May prevent you from 
attaining The Impossible. 

6753
05:59:25,600 --> 05:59:28,500
Armstrong's remark shows that 
the moon landing was more than a

6754
05:59:28,500 --> 05:59:31,000
physical feat. 
It symbolized human 

6755
05:59:31,000 --> 05:59:33,600
possibilities. 
Moon landing conspiracy 

6756
05:59:33,600 --> 05:59:35,900
theories. 
Persist despite overwhelming 

6757
05:59:35,900 --> 05:59:39,500
evidence from multiple missions,
independent verification from 

6758
05:59:39,500 --> 05:59:43,000
other countries, space agencies,
retro reflectors, still working 

6759
05:59:43,000 --> 05:59:46,900
on the moon. this says something
about historical truth in the 

6760
05:59:46,900 --> 05:59:50,400
modern era, the moon landing is 
unusual in that, it was widely 

6761
05:59:50,400 --> 05:59:53,900
documented but just a few people
witnessed it Armstrong 

6762
05:59:53,900 --> 05:59:57,700
understood this epistemic issue 
he emphasized in private letters

6763
05:59:57,700 --> 06:00:00,200
with historians that space 
exploration, produced a new 

6764
06:00:00,208 --> 06:00:03,500
category of human knowledge that
required Collective confidence 

6765
06:00:03,500 --> 06:00:05,400
because it could not be 
independently validated. 

6766
06:00:06,600 --> 06:00:09,900
This knowledge, guided his 
lifelong focus on education that

6767
06:00:09,900 --> 06:00:12,200
taught how to analyze facts and 
draw conclusions. 

6768
06:00:13,300 --> 06:00:16,700
After July 1969, the topic did 
Neil Armstrong. 

6769
06:00:16,700 --> 06:00:20,000
Really walk on the moon becomes 
more about how cultures 

6770
06:00:20,000 --> 06:00:23,400
established shared reality 
Armstrong's Legacy may not be 

6771
06:00:23,400 --> 06:00:26,700
lunar dust, but his example of 
how human success succeeds 

6772
06:00:26,700 --> 06:00:29,200
individual capacity, through 
collaboration and common 

6773
06:00:29,200 --> 06:00:32,400
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 
theory can change. 

6774
06:00:33,500 --> 06:00:36,200
The man who took that little 
step realized that Humanity's 

6775
06:00:36,200 --> 06:00:38,800
greatest, achievements are 
defined by how they increase 

6776
06:00:38,800 --> 06:00:41,200
human possibility not by, who 
does them. 

6777
06:00:41,200 --> 06:00:44,800
This means that whether someone 
believes in the moon, landing is

6778
06:00:44,800 --> 06:00:47,400
less important than if it 
encourages them to push 

6779
06:00:47,400 --> 06:00:50,100
themselves. 
In his final public engagement 

6780
06:00:50,100 --> 06:00:54,100
Armstrong reminded people's. 
Our sight is limited by The 

6781
06:00:54,100 --> 06:00:56,800
Horizon. 
Moving the Horizon is progress.