The Great Snow of 1717: The Winter New England Will Never Forget | Boring History

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Hey, my little sleepy friends. 
Tonight, we're traveling back 

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through time to witness one of 
Nature's. 

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Most remarkable performance is 
when the sky decided to empty 

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itself over. 
Colonial New England and didn't 

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stop for nearly a month. 
This is a story about snow. 

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Yes but it's really about 
resilience wonder and the 

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peculiar beauty that emerges 
when the world goes quiet, under

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a blanket deeper than most 
houses were tall. 

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Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable and prepare to drift

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off with history. 
Imagine you England in late 

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February, 1717 back, when Boston
was still a collection of wooden

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buildings, huddled around a 
harbor and the entire population

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of Massachusetts numbered fewer 
people than a modern Suburban 

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shopping mall on a Saturday 
afternoon. 

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Your living in a world by 
candles and warmed by 

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fireplaces, where your 
entertainment options consist of

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reading the same books, you've 
read 20 times, doing needlework 

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until your fingers cram or 
staring out the window and 

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wondering if spring will ever 
arrive. 

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Colonial new englanders had a 
complicated relationship with 

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winter. 
On one hand, they chose to live 

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in a place where Winter lasted 
roughly from October to May. 

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So clearly they weren't entirely
opposed to cold weather. 

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On the other hand, their Diaries
and letters from this period 

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read, like extended complaints 
to a landlord who refuses to fix

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the heating. 
Winter was something you endured

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prepared for obsessively and 
then complained about with the 

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satisfaction of someone who's 
earned the right to grumble. 

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By late February, 1717 most new 
englanders thought they'd 

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already survived the worst of 
winter. 

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February and colonial times was 
what we'd call late winter. 

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The snow was old and crusty. 
The firewood pile was getting 

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concerningly low, and everyone 
was starting to think longingly 

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about mud season, which tells 
you something about how tired 

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they were of snow. 
Children had already had months 

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of what passed for snow days in 
their case, it meant more chores

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rather than sleeping in and hot 
chocolate. 

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The typical Colonial household 
in 1717 Was preparing for early 

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spring, with the optimism of 
people who really should have 

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known better. 
You'd be checking your seed 

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stores planning your guardian, 
and perhaps doing some early 

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Maple sugaring. 
If the weather cooperated, Your 

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house. 
And let's be honest about 

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Colonial architecture was 
essentially a wooden box with a 

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fireplace some small windows 
that let in drafts more 

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effectively than light and 
enough gaps in the walls that 

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you could almost see your breath
in doors on particularly cold 

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mornings. daily life, revolved 
around staying warm and fed 

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which took approximately all 
your waking hours your morning 

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began Before Dawn when someone 
had to revive the banked fire 

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from the night before a process 
that involved poking at barely 

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glowing coals and praying they'd
cooperate Water had to be 

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fetched from the well assuming 
it wasn't frozen solid. 

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Breakfast needed, cooking 
animals needed tending, and all 

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of this happened in the dark 
because the sun had the courtesy

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to arrived fashionably late in 
winter. 

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Women's spent their days in an 
endless cycle of cooking, 

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spinning, weaving sewing and 
trying to keep children from 

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either burning themselves on the
fireplace or dying of boredom. 

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Men worked out side when the 
weather permitted doing repairs 

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chopping wood and checking on 
livestock. 

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That had the good sense to look 
miserable about the whole 

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situation. 
Everyone, regardless of age, or 

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gender spent a significant 
portion of their day, simply 

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trying to stay warm enough to 
function. 

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The landscape itself in late 
February was what we might 

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charitably called tired. 
Snow, that had fallen into 

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December was now grey and 
crusty. 

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Pop marked with soot from 
chimneys and various other 

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evidence of human habitation 
that we won't detail before bed 

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time. 
Forest was skeletal black lines 

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against gray skies and the ocean
was a cold dark presence that 

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occasionally reminded everyone 
of its existence by freezing at 

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the edges. 
But there was a rhythm to this 

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life that modern people might 
find almost appealing in its 

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Simplicity, you know what needed
doing, because it was the same 

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thing that needed doing 
yesterday and would need doing 

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tomorrow. 
Your neighbor's were facing 

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identical challenges, which 
created a sense of community 

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born from shared suffering. 
When the sun set, which happened

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depressingly early, you gathered
around the fire with your family

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and whoever else was staying the
night and you made the best of 

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it. 
Late February weather in. 

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New England has always been 
unpredictable. 

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A meteorological coin. 
Flip between maybe spring is 

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coming and surprise. 
He is more winter. 

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Colonists. 
Watch the sky with the intense 

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of people whose lives depended 
on whether prediction which they

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did. 
A storm could mean being trapped

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indoors for days. 
Unable to work, unable to travel

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and possibly running. 
Dangerously low on supplies. 

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The Barns and outbuildings were 
stocked with hay for the animals

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though, by late February, those 
supplies were running low. 

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And the hay that remained was 
probably not the highest 

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quality. 
Cows horses, oxen, pigs and 

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chickens. 
All depended on human care to 

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survive the winter and all 
complained about their 

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circumstances in their own ways.
The chickens probably had the 

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most complain about actually, 
since they'd stopped, laying 

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eggs weeks ago, and were just 
eating resources while providing

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nothing. 
But the occasional egg that felt

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like winning the lottery. 
Your route seller would be 

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carefully. 
Organized with the remaining 

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stores of preserved, food 
apples, getting softer by the 

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day root vegetables. 
Beginning to sprout, barrels of 

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salted meat, Crocs of butter 
preserved, under salt and 

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whatever else you'd managed to 
preserve from last year's 

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Harvest. 
Every meal required a 

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calculation. 
Is this worth using now or 

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should we save it for later? 
How much later what if spring 

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doesn't come from another six 
weeks? 

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A social fabric of Colonial. 
New England was Titanic by 

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necessity, your nearest neighbor
might be a quarter mile away. 

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But you knew their business 
almost as well as your own, 

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because survival often depended 
on cooperation, If someone's 

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Barn caught fire, everyone came 
to help if a family, ran short 

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of food. 
Neighbors shared what they 

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could. 
If someone got sick or injured, 

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the community rallied around 
them, because there was no other

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option. religious life provided 
structure and community in ways 

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that modern people might find 
either comforting or suffocating

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depending on their perspective, 
Sunday meeting at the church was

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mandatory. 
But legally and socially. 

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You sat in an unheated building 
for hours listening to sermons. 

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That were theologically, complex
and often focused on sin and 

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Redemption with an intensity 
that made Game of Thrones seem 

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like hearted But church was also
where you saw. 

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Everyone heard news from other 
towns and felt part of something

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larger than your individual 
struggled to stay alive through 

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winter. 
Children in 1717 had childhoods,

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that would seem impossibly harsh
by modern standards. 

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They worked from the time. 
They could walk learned to read 

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using the Bible and whatever few
books, the family owned and had 

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responsibilities. 
That included genuinely 

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dangerous tasks, like managing 
fires and handling large 

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animals. 
But they were still children. 

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They played when they could 
created games from nothing and 

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found joy in Simple Pleasures 
like a successful sled ride or 

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the discovery of icicles in 
interesting shapes. 

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The elderly held a respected 
position in colonial society, 

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partly? 
Because surviving to old age was

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an achievement in itself. 
If you made it to 60 or 70, 

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You'd Survive diseases 
accidents, harsh weather. 

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Periodic conflicts with 
indigenous peoples or other 

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Colonial powers. 
Your experience and knowledge 

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were valuable resources. 
You are often consulted on 

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everything from where the 
prediction to medical treatment 

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whether or not you actually know
what you were talking about. 

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February 1717 progressed, 
towards its end, new englanders 

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had no idea. 
They were standing at the edge 

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of one of the most remarkable 
weather events in American 

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history. 
They went about their routine. 

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Complained about the cold with 
the dedication of people who 

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took complaining, seriously 
looked forward to march, with 

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the hope that it might bring 
slightly less terrible weather. 

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The sky that late February 
showed. 

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No particular warning signs. 
That we know of colonial weather

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prediction was based on folklore
care, Club, observation of 

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animal behavior, and a general 
sense of what the sky looked 

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like before trouble arrived. 
If your bones ached, more than 

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usual rain or snow was probably 
coming. 

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If the chicken is acted strange,
though. 

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Defining strange, for chickens 
is admittedly difficult, whether

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might be changing If the sunset 
looked particularly Vivid, make 

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sure you had extra firewood 
handy. 

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But nothing in anyone's 
experience prepared them for 

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what was about to happen. 
New englanders were tough and 

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resourceful and had survived 
plenty of harsh Winters. 

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They'd seen big snowstorms 
before. 

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They thought they knew what 
could throw at them. 

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They were about to discover 
they'd been underestimating, 

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Winter's Ambitions picture 
yourself in your Colonial home 

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on February 27th. 1717 you wait 
before Dawn as usual to coax the

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fire back to life. 
The house is cold enough that 

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you can see your breath, which 
is so normal. 

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You barely notice any more you 
pull on your warmest clothes and

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in colonial times this meant 
layers of wool linen and leather

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that made you look like a 
medieval Knight made a fabric 

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and begin the days endless round
of chores. 

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But something feels different 
this morning. 

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The air has that peculiar 
waiting gets before a 

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significant storm. 
Pressure that makes your ears 

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feel slightly odd and gives the 
world and muted quality. 

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The wind which has been a 
constant companion all winter 

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has gone still in a way that 
feels less peaceful and more 

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like nature holding its breath. 
By midday the first flakes. 

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Began to fall. 
Nothing dramatic, initially just

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a gentle dusting. 
That looks almost pretty against

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the gray sky. 
You've seen this hundreds of 

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times before snow in February is
about a surprising. 

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As finding out water is wet. 
You note it, make sure you have 

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enough firewood close to the 
house and continue with your 

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day. 
But the snow doesn't stop. 

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Our after our, it can continue 
with a steadiness that begins to

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seem almost purposeful. 
I evening you've got several 

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inches of fresh accumulation and
the snow is still falling with 

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no sign of letting up. 
You Bank the Firefly before bed.

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Make sure everyone is under 
enough blanket and think that 

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tomorrow, you'll need to do some
shoveling. 

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When you wake the next morning, 
your first clue that something 

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unusual is happening comes from 
the quality of light in the 

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house. 
It's too bright for Dawn. 

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A strange defused glow, that 
seems to come from everywhere 

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and nowhere When you finally 
manage to open your door and 

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this takes effort pushing 
against resistance that 

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shouldn't be there. 
You discover why? 

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The snow has piled against your 
door and drifts that reach past 

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your knees. 
The world outside has been 

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transformed into an alien 
landscape of white. 

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Where Familiar shapes have 
become strange, rounded, lumps. 

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The Horizon has disappeared into
a curtain of falling snow. 

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Storm that started yesterday, 
hasn't stopped if anything. 

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It's intensified This is the 
beginning of what contemporary 

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accounts would call the great 
snow of 1717, though, people 

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living through, it probably had 
other less polite names for it. 

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What new englanders couldn't 
have known was that they were 

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experiencing something 
meteorologically. 

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Extraordinary. series of four 
massive storms that would arrive

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in waves, over the next three 
weeks each adding to 

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accumulation that were already 
unprecedented Snow fell with a 

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relentlessness that began to 
feel almost personal. 

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Not in violent gusts and 
dramatic blizzard conditions 

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though there were certainly 
periods of that. 

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But with a steady implacable 
determination. 

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It was as if the sky decided 
that New England needed a really

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thorough covering and wasn't 
going to stop until the job was 

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done properly. 
You can imagine the progression 

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of reactions among Colonial 
families. 

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Day 1. 
Well, this is a significant 

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snowfall. 
Day two. 

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This is quite unusual day three.
This is becoming concerning. 

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Day, four. 
This is absolutely unprecedented

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and possibly the end of the 
world. 

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00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:05,100
Day 5, if I have to spend one 
more day trapped in this house 

235
00:13:05,100 --> 00:13:07,500
with these people, I'm going to 
lose my mind. 

236
00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:12,100
Practical challenges began 
immediately, your daily routine,

237
00:13:12,100 --> 00:13:15,600
which was already demanding 
suddenly required three times as

238
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:18,700
much effort. 
Every trip to the barn to feed 

239
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:20,600
animals. 
Meant waiting through snow, that

240
00:13:20,600 --> 00:13:24,000
reached your thighs, then higher
than eventually to your chest. 

241
00:13:25,100 --> 00:13:27,500
Paths that you shovel one day 
were filled in by the next 

242
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:30,000
morning. 
The livestock trapped in their 

243
00:13:30,008 --> 00:13:33,300
shelters needed constant 
attention to prevent them from 

244
00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:35,200
panicking or Worse. 
Freezing. 

245
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,800
Firewood, which, you'd carefully
stacked within easy. 

246
00:13:38,800 --> 00:13:42,600
Reach of the house became buried
under drifts Taking it out. 

247
00:13:42,600 --> 00:13:46,400
Was exhausting work in the best 
of times doing it while snow 

248
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,000
continued to fall and wind 
created drift. 

249
00:13:49,000 --> 00:13:51,800
That seemed to appear out of 
nowhere else, like some kind of 

250
00:13:51,800 --> 00:13:56,600
very cold, very tiring 
meditation on futility, yet. 

251
00:13:56,600 --> 00:13:59,600
It had to be done because 
Without fire, your family would 

252
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:05,000
freeze mathematics of survival, 
became starkly simple, dig or 

253
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,900
die. 
The psychological impact of 

254
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:10,700
being trapped indoors during an 
endless, snowstorm is something 

255
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:14,200
modern people with heated, 
homes, electricity and streaming

256
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:17,500
services. 
Can barely imagine your confined

257
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:20,500
to a space, roughly the size of 
a modern living room and kitchen

258
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:22,900
combined with your entire 
family. 

259
00:14:22,900 --> 00:14:27,000
With no entertainment Beyond 
conversation, handwork and 

260
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:30,300
staring at the fire. 
The wall seemed to close in 

261
00:14:30,300 --> 00:14:33,100
small, irritations, become major
grievances. 

262
00:14:33,100 --> 00:14:37,200
That thing your spouse does when
they chew which you've tolerated

263
00:14:37,200 --> 00:14:40,900
for years suddenly becomes 
unbearable children. 

264
00:14:40,900 --> 00:14:43,400
Bless them. 
Handled confinement with all the

265
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,200
grace and patience that children
have possessed throughout human 

266
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,800
history, which is To say none at
all. 

267
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:53,200
They were restless bored 
fighting with siblings and 

268
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:56,100
asking approximately every 10 
minutes when they could go 

269
00:14:56,100 --> 00:14:59,000
outside. 
Parents responded with the 

270
00:14:59,008 --> 00:15:02,300
Timeless patients of people who 
were also losing their minds, 

271
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:06,000
but had to pretend, they weren't
because civilization depended on

272
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:10,700
maintaining standards. 
Storms Came In Waves, each 

273
00:15:10,700 --> 00:15:13,600
separated by just enough time 
for people to think. 

274
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:17,900
Maybe it was over only to watch 
the sky dark and again, and the 

275
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:20,900
snow resume. 
Contemporary accounts. 

276
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:24,700
Describe the snow is coming in 
for great storms, over the 

277
00:15:24,708 --> 00:15:28,700
course of about three weeks. 
Distinction between separate 

278
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,100
storms. 
Probably felt academic when you 

279
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:32,400
were living through what seemed 
like? 

280
00:15:32,408 --> 00:15:37,300
One continuous Siege by winter. 
Between storms, the sun might 

281
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:39,900
break through the illuminating, 
a transformed landscape. 

282
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:44,500
Everything familiar had been 
reshaped by snow into strange 

283
00:15:44,500 --> 00:15:47,800
flowing forms. 
Fences disappeared entirely 

284
00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:51,800
under drifts trees, bent under 
the weight of snow, and their 

285
00:15:51,800 --> 00:15:54,700
branches touch the ground, 
creating natural tunnels. 

286
00:15:55,700 --> 00:15:59,100
Houses all, but vanished. 
With only their chimneys 

287
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,200
protruding above the white 
expanse, like Stone fingers, 

288
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:05,700
reaching for the sky. 
The drifts were what made this 

289
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:10,300
snowfall truly extraordinary. 
Winded, the snow in to 

290
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:16,000
formations that defied logic. 10
feet deep in some places, their 

291
00:16:16,000 --> 00:16:19,600
ground in others, and waves and 
curves that looked like a frozen

292
00:16:19,600 --> 00:16:22,300
ocean. 
You could walk across the top of

293
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:25,500
some drifts while syncing to 
your armpits in others, just a 

294
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:28,100
few feet away. 
The surface would sometimes 

295
00:16:28,100 --> 00:16:31,400
support your weight and 
sometimes not, and there was no 

296
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:35,000
reliable way to tell which would
happen until you tested it. 

297
00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:39,500
Animals suffered terribly during
the storms cows trapped in 

298
00:16:39,508 --> 00:16:43,400
Barnes needed, constant care to 
prevent them from overheating in

299
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:46,700
their confined, space, while 
simultaneously ensuring, they 

300
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:50,300
didn't freeze, chicken stopped 
laying entirely and seemed 

301
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:51,800
personally affronted by the 
weather. 

302
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:54,900
As if someone had promised them 
spring and then welched on the 

303
00:16:54,908 --> 00:16:59,200
deal, Horses knocks him. 
Usually stoic about whether 

304
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,700
showed clear signs of distress 
at being confined for days on 

305
00:17:02,700 --> 00:17:05,800
end. 
Wild animals fared even worse. 

306
00:17:05,800 --> 00:17:10,200
Dear Trapped By snow too. 
Deep to navigate either starved 

307
00:17:10,200 --> 00:17:13,400
or became easy prey for wolves 
and other predators that could 

308
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:15,099
travel on top of the Cross did 
Snow. 

309
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,700
Birds that hadn't migrated found
food scarce and shelter hard to 

310
00:17:19,700 --> 00:17:23,400
come by. 
Forest went silent in a way that

311
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,500
was eerie. 
No Birdsong, no rustling of 

312
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:29,500
small animals, just the whisper 
falling snow. 

313
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:32,500
And the occasional crack of a 
branch breaking under 

314
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:35,900
accumulated weight, the harbor 
in Boston froze. 

315
00:17:35,900 --> 00:17:39,100
Solid something that happened, 
occasionally, but always felt 

316
00:17:39,100 --> 00:17:42,400
ominous. 
Ships were trapped in ice their 

317
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,600
masks visible about the white 
expanse, like a bear Forest. 

318
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:50,200
The ice was thick enough to walk
on their only the foolhardy or 

319
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,800
desperate tried it. 
The ocean that vast presence, 

320
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:57,600
that defined so much of New 
England, life temporarily became

321
00:17:57,600 --> 00:18:01,200
just another snowfield. 
Food stores that had seemed 

322
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:03,300
adequate in January began to 
look, alarmingly. 

323
00:18:03,300 --> 00:18:06,500
Insufficient by mid-march. 
You were burning through 

324
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,400
firewood faster than planned 
because you needed to keep the 

325
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,808
fire going constantly. 
Animals were eating hay at their

326
00:18:12,816 --> 00:18:15,500
normal rate, but the hay was 
getting hard to reach. 

327
00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:19,900
Every meal required, careful, 
calculation, and families began 

328
00:18:19,900 --> 00:18:22,500
to worry about what would happen
if the snow didn't stop soon. 

329
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:27,300
Yet, there was also a strange 
Beauty to it all on clear nights

330
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:30,200
between storms. 
The Moonlight on endless snow 

331
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:33,900
created, a luminescence that 
turned the world into something 

332
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:39,400
magical Silence was profound. 
No wagon wheels on roads. 

333
00:18:39,400 --> 00:18:42,600
No church bells carrying from 
distant towns. 

334
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:46,000
Just a hush. 
So completed almost rang in your

335
00:18:46,008 --> 00:18:50,000
ears. 
The Stars seem brighter somehow 

336
00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:53,200
as if the snow reflected light 
back to the sky. 

337
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:55,700
Some people found the 
experience. 

338
00:18:55,700 --> 00:19:00,100
Almost meditative Force as the 
were to slow down and exist in 

339
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,600
the immediate moment. 
There were no trips to town, no 

340
00:19:03,600 --> 00:19:05,800
visits with neighbors and no 
church. 

341
00:19:05,808 --> 00:19:10,600
Meetings life contracted to the 
essentials, keep the fire 

342
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:14,900
burning feed your family, care 
for your animals and wait. 

343
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:19,100
In a world normally filled with 
constant labor and social 

344
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:22,600
obligations. 
This enforced, pause had an odd 

345
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:24,600
appeal at least for the first 
week or so. 

346
00:19:24,600 --> 00:19:29,100
But as the snow continued as 
drifts grew higher and supplies,

347
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:31,300
grew lower as the novelty wore 
off. 

348
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:35,300
And the reality of the situation
set in that initial sense of 

349
00:19:35,300 --> 00:19:37,900
wonder gave way to something 
close to anxiety. 

350
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:42,300
This wasn't just a big snowstorm
anymore, this was something 

351
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:44,800
different. 
Something that was rewriting. 

352
00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:46,500
What new englanders thought 
possible? 

353
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:50,800
The snow had been falling for 
over two weeks, the drifts and 

354
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,600
some places were measuring 15 18
or even 20 feet. 

355
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:59,200
Deep houses were buried to their
second stories and the snow was 

356
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:02,300
still falling. 
By the time, March arrived. 

357
00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:05,200
New England had been transformed
into an alien landscape. 

358
00:20:05,200 --> 00:20:09,200
That bore little resemblance, to
the world, colonists had known 

359
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:14,400
Imagine stepping out your door 
assuming you could open it and 

360
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:17,400
finding yourself standing on top
of what used to be your roof. 

361
00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:20,500
This wasn't an exaggeration for 
many families. 

362
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:25,400
The snow had piled so high that 
Second Story windows were at 

363
00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:28,500
ground level and chimneys 
required constant attention, to 

364
00:20:28,500 --> 00:20:30,200
prevent them, from being 
completely buried. 

365
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:34,400
Daily life had become a series 
of adaptations to absurd 

366
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:37,400
circumstances. 
You didn't walk anywhere, you 

367
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:39,300
tunnel. 
Families. 

368
00:20:39,300 --> 00:20:42,100
Created networks of passages 
through the snow, connecting 

369
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:45,400
their houses to Barnes Wells and
wood piles. 

370
00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,100
These tunnels were engineering 
projects, worthy of minors. 

371
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:52,800
Requiring constant maintenance 
of snow shifted and settled. 

372
00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:56,500
Some colonists describe their 
tunnels collapsing while they 

373
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:59,700
were in the leading to panic to 
digging at a new found. 

374
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:03,800
Appreciation for Open Spaces, 
the tunnels, created a strange, 

375
00:21:03,800 --> 00:21:08,000
new architecture of necessity. 
You descend from your door into 

376
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:11,400
a passage whose walls were 
compressed snow dimly lit by 

377
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:13,500
whatever sunlight penetrated 
from above. 

378
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,800
The tunnel would Brahms One 
Direction to the barn and 

379
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:20,600
another to the well, and a third
to the wood pile. 

380
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,800
Walking through these passages 
felt like being a very cold mold

381
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:29,100
and the disorientation of being 
surrounded by snow on all sides.

382
00:21:29,100 --> 00:21:32,900
Took some getting used to 
Feeding animals became an 

383
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:35,400
expedition. 
You'd suit up in every piece of 

384
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,700
warm clothing, you owned grab, 
whatever tools you needed like a

385
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:42,200
lantern and descend into your 
tunnel system. 

386
00:21:43,800 --> 00:21:47,100
Trip to the barn that normally 
took 30 seconds now took 15 

387
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:49,800
minutes. 
Once there you'd need to deal 

388
00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:51,900
with animals that were restless 
from confinement. 

389
00:21:51,900 --> 00:21:55,600
Nervous from the strange, 
muffled quality of sound through

390
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:58,900
snow and generally unhappy about
this circumstances. 

391
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:02,800
Getting water was perhaps the 
most challenging daily tasks. 

392
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:05,800
Wells that weren't buried. 
Had to be accessed through 

393
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,300
tunnels and Hauling water back 
through narrow passages, while 

394
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,500
trying not to spill was an 
exercise in patience and 

395
00:22:12,500 --> 00:22:15,300
balance. 
Some families resorted to 

396
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:18,600
Melting snow, which sounds 
simple Until you realize how 

397
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:21,400
much snow you need to melt to 
get a usable amount of water, 

398
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:25,200
and how much firewood that 
requires and how your firewood 

399
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:26,800
Supply or already stretched 
thin. 

400
00:22:27,700 --> 00:22:30,300
Food preparation became creative
out of necessity. 

401
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:34,300
Your variety had been limited 
before the storms now. 

402
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:38,200
It was approaching monotonous, 
root vegetables, salted meat, 

403
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:41,100
dried beans, and perhaps some 
preserved fruit. 

404
00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:44,700
If you were lucky, Every meal 
was a variation on the theme of 

405
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:47,200
things that can be boiled or 
roasted near the fire. 

406
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:50,400
The bright spot was that, at 
least you didn't have to worry 

407
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,900
about food spoiling, you could 
just stick it in a snowbank, 

408
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,400
which was basically a giant 
natural freezer that covered 

409
00:22:56,400 --> 00:23:00,200
everything you owned. children's
education such as it was 

410
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:04,000
continued, sporadically parents,
who could read would work with 

411
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,000
their children on basic literacy
and arithmetic using the Bible 

412
00:23:08,000 --> 00:23:12,300
almanacs and whatever other 
books the family owned But 

413
00:23:12,300 --> 00:23:17,300
concentration was difficult when
everyone was cold irritable and 

414
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:20,400
worried about their increasingly
precarious situation. 

415
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:24,800
Lessons often devolved into 
storytelling which at least 

416
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:27,800
passed the time and didn't 
require anyone to sit still and 

417
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,800
focus. 
The psychological strain of 

418
00:23:30,800 --> 00:23:33,700
prolonged confinement. 
Manifested in various ways. 

419
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:38,600
Some people became withdrawn and
quiet staring into the fire for 

420
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,700
hours, others became manic in 
their activity. 

421
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:46,400
Finding endless small tasks to 
occupy themselves, family died, 

422
00:23:46,400 --> 00:23:49,100
dynamics that, had been stable 
for years suddenly became 

423
00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:52,700
fraught The colonial period 
didn't have therapists or 

424
00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:55,500
self-help books. 
So people just had to cope using

425
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:58,400
prayer alcohol or sheer 
stubbornness. 

426
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:02,500
Interestingly the forced 
isolation seem to reduce 

427
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:04,400
religious attendance anxiety 
attacks. 

428
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,100
Getting to church was physically
impossible for most families, 

429
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,700
which meant missing services 
without any guilt. 

430
00:24:11,400 --> 00:24:14,300
The Puritan ministers, who 
usually took a dim view of 

431
00:24:14,308 --> 00:24:18,000
absence were, presumably too 
busy dealing with their own snow

432
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:22,100
related problems to worry, much 
about who wasn't showing up. it 

433
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:24,900
was possibly the first time in 
Colonial New England history 

434
00:24:24,900 --> 00:24:27,900
that you could skip church 
without social consequences 

435
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:30,600
neighbors, who could see each 
other's chimneys through the 

436
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,800
snow often, the only indication 
that other humans were nearby 

437
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:38,200
developed signaling systems 
Smoke patterns, could convey 

438
00:24:38,200 --> 00:24:41,600
basic information were, okay, we
need help. 

439
00:24:41,600 --> 00:24:44,000
And does anyone have any spare 
handles? 

440
00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,400
Because we're running out and 
staring into darkness for 12 

441
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:49,400
hours. 
A night is making a strange. 

442
00:24:50,200 --> 00:24:52,500
These smoke signals were 
probably not terribly 

443
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:56,100
sophisticated but they provided 
reassurance that you weren't 

444
00:24:56,100 --> 00:24:57,800
completely alone in the white 
wilderness. 

445
00:24:58,800 --> 00:25:02,900
The male such as it existed in 
1717 completely stopped. 

446
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,300
There were no postal workers 
Brave or foolish enough to 

447
00:25:06,300 --> 00:25:07,800
attempt to delivery through 20 
foot. 

448
00:25:07,800 --> 00:25:12,300
Snow drifts. this meant that 
communities became isolated, not

449
00:25:12,300 --> 00:25:16,800
just physically, but also 
informationally You had no idea 

450
00:25:16,800 --> 00:25:18,300
what was happening in the next 
town. 

451
00:25:18,300 --> 00:25:21,300
Let alone in Boston or other 
major settlements. 

452
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:25,800
For all you knew you were the 
only people left alive and the 

453
00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:28,600
rest of New England had been 
consumed by snow. 

454
00:25:29,300 --> 00:25:33,100
Animals developed their own 
coping strategies. hickens 

455
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:37,000
trapped in coops established new
pecking orders based on who 

456
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,900
could commandeer the warmest 
spots cows adapted to their 

457
00:25:40,908 --> 00:25:44,800
confinement with bovine. 
Stoicism though their milk 

458
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:46,300
production dropped 
significantly. 

459
00:25:47,700 --> 00:25:51,000
Horses seem to understand the 
gravity of the situation and 

460
00:25:51,000 --> 00:25:54,600
became unusually Cooperative, 
perhaps sensing that everyone 

461
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:56,300
needed to work together to 
survive. 

462
00:25:57,300 --> 00:26:00,000
The few people who attempt to 
travel during this period left 

463
00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,500
accounts that sounded like 
expeditions to the ark. 

464
00:26:03,700 --> 00:26:05,300
One man. 
Described walking to his 

465
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:07,800
neighbor's house. 
A journey of perhaps a quarter 

466
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,600
mile. 
That took him three hours. 

467
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:15,300
He had to navigate drifts break 
through trusted snow backtrack 

468
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:18,300
when he encountered in possible,
barriers and generally 

469
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,100
experience an adventure worthy 
of a polar Explorer. 

470
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,300
His neighbor apparently 
surprised to see anyone greeted 

471
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,600
him like he'd returned from a 
Voyage to the Moon. 

472
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:31,500
Some enterprising colonists 
discovered that the hard-packed 

473
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,500
surface of, the drifts could 
support considerable weight. 

474
00:26:34,500 --> 00:26:38,300
If approached correctly, You 
could walk on top of snow that 

475
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:40,600
in other spots would swallow you
completely. 

476
00:26:41,500 --> 00:26:44,200
This led to a strange, new form 
of travel where you'd move 

477
00:26:44,200 --> 00:26:47,900
cautiously across the surface. 
distinguishing each step moving,

478
00:26:47,900 --> 00:26:53,200
like someone walking on thin ice
because in essence, you were The

479
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:58,000
technique required practice, 
patience and acceptance that you

480
00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,300
would occasionally fall through 
and need to be pulled out. 

481
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:05,300
The soundscape of Life under the
drifts was distinctive normal 

482
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:07,500
outdoor. 
Sounds were muffled, by the snow

483
00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,500
creating an Airy quiet, broken 
only by the occasional crack of 

484
00:27:11,500 --> 00:27:15,700
breaking branches and muffled 
blowing of cattle or the scrap 

485
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,900
of shovels, as people fought to 
maintain their tunnel systems 

486
00:27:18,900 --> 00:27:24,200
inside home's, every sound 
seemed Amplified a pop of the 

487
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:26,400
fire. 
The Creeks of floorboards and 

488
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:30,300
the breathing of family members.
Some people found the choir. 

489
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:32,800
Soothing others founded 
oppressive. 

490
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:35,400
Lighting became a precious 
commodity. 

491
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,500
Canals which were already 
expensive and time-consuming to 

492
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:43,300
make burned down steadily, while
the snow showed no signs of 

493
00:27:43,300 --> 00:27:45,900
stopping. 
Families, rationed like 

494
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:49,900
carefully often going to bed 
shortly after Sunset to conserve

495
00:27:49,900 --> 00:27:51,700
candles for when they were truly
necessary. 

496
00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:56,500
Evenings were spent in 
semi-darkness with perhaps one 

497
00:27:56,500 --> 00:28:00,700
candle or the firelight to see 
by creating Shadows that danced 

498
00:28:00,700 --> 00:28:03,600
on walls and made familiar rooms
seemed strange. 

499
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:08,000
The creativity of desperate 
people manifested in unexpected 

500
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:12,000
ways, some families organized. 
Indoor festivals to maintain 

501
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,700
morale. 
Singing storytelling craft 

502
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:19,000
anything, to break the monotony.
Children created elaborate games

503
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:22,700
using household objects, adults 
told stories from memory. 

504
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:26,500
Embellishing with each retelling
until they became local Legends,

505
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:30,500
one family, reportedly performed
an entire week's worth of 

506
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:33,900
evening entertainments using 
nothing but shadow puppets, an 

507
00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:37,800
engineering Health concerns, 
added another layer of anxiety. 

508
00:28:38,900 --> 00:28:41,800
Someone got sick or injured 
during the snowstorm, there was 

509
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,500
no way to fetch a doctor. 
No way to get help from 

510
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:47,500
Neighbors and no options, 
accepted to deal with it 

511
00:28:47,500 --> 00:28:50,500
yourself, using whatever folk 
remedies and herbal knowledge, 

512
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:54,900
you possessed every Cog made 
parents nervous, every 

513
00:28:54,900 --> 00:28:58,400
complained of feeling unwell 
triggered calculations about 

514
00:28:58,400 --> 00:29:01,900
supplies of medicinal herbs and 
whether the situation might 

515
00:29:01,900 --> 00:29:05,700
become serious, Surprisingly, 
the death rate during the Great 

516
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,600
snow, at least among humans was 
relatively low. 

517
00:29:09,200 --> 00:29:13,100
New englanders were tough 
resourceful and experienced in 

518
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:16,200
dealing with harsh conditions. 
They knew how to ration food, 

519
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,600
maintain, heat, efficiently, and
keep themselves occupied during 

520
00:29:19,600 --> 00:29:23,100
long periods of confinement. 
The bigger casualties were 

521
00:29:23,100 --> 00:29:26,800
livestock, particularly those in
less dirty shelters or within 

522
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,300
adequate food stores. 
As March progressed and the snow

523
00:29:30,308 --> 00:29:33,400
finally stopped falling. 
Colonists began to reckon with 

524
00:29:33,408 --> 00:29:37,200
the full extent of what had 
happened. accumulation in most 

525
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:41,300
places measured between 10 and 
20 feet with drifts and exposed 

526
00:29:41,300 --> 00:29:46,900
areas, reaching 25 feet or more 
houses were buried roads to 

527
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:50,800
exist as recognize features. 
The landscape looked like 

528
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,300
someone had taken a giant, white
blanket and just dropped it over

529
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:56,800
everything. 
Smoothing out all the familiar 

530
00:29:56,800 --> 00:30:00,800
Contours into alien curves and 
slopes Silence. 

531
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,700
When the snow stopped was 
somehow more profound than the 

532
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:06,400
silence during the storms. 
For weeks. 

533
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,600
There had been at least the soft
Whisper of falling Flakes and 

534
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:13,800
the occasional gust of wind. 
Now, there was nothing the world

535
00:30:13,808 --> 00:30:16,900
held its breath waiting to see 
what would happen next. 

536
00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:22,500
Birds that had survived began to
tentatively explore their calls.

537
00:30:22,500 --> 00:30:24,700
Sounding impossibly loud in the 
Stillness. 

538
00:30:25,700 --> 00:30:30,400
Sun emerged from behind clouds 
making the snow surface Sparkle.

539
00:30:30,400 --> 00:30:32,600
So brightly it hurt to look at 
directly. 

540
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,300
When the snow finally stopped 
falling in mid-march new 

541
00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:39,900
englanders faced a new problem, 
they were living under 

542
00:30:39,900 --> 00:30:43,900
approximately 20 feet of Frozen 
water that showed no immediate 

543
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:47,800
interest in going anywhere. 
bring in New England, typically 

544
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,100
involves a gradual Thor with 
melting during the day and 

545
00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:55,000
refreezing at night, a slow 
transition from Winter to Mud 

546
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,800
seas and But the great snow 
wasn't interested in following 

547
00:30:58,800 --> 00:31:03,200
typical patterns, the sheer 
volume of snow created, its own 

548
00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:06,300
microclimate. 
Even as temperatures Rose above 

549
00:31:06,300 --> 00:31:08,800
freezing. 
During the day, the vast mass of

550
00:31:08,808 --> 00:31:12,300
snow stayed cold reflecting 
sunlight and keeping air 

551
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:13,600
temperatures lower than they 
might. 

552
00:31:13,600 --> 00:31:17,400
Otherwise be was like living 
inside a massive Ice Cube that 

553
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:21,000
was very slowly warming from the
outside in the process of 

554
00:31:21,000 --> 00:31:22,900
melting. 
This much snow would take weeks 

555
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:26,200
possibly months and would create
its own set of challenges. 

556
00:31:27,300 --> 00:31:30,200
Initial attempts at clearing 
paths were almost comically 

557
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:33,900
futile. 
Shovel for hours, creating a 

558
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:36,900
narrow passage that represented 
significant effort and 

559
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:39,400
exhaustion. 
Only to realize you'd made a 

560
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:42,200
barely visible dent in drifts 
that stretched in every 

561
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:44,800
direction. 
It was like trying to empty a 

562
00:31:44,800 --> 00:31:47,800
lake with a teacup. 
Some colonists gave up on 

563
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:50,200
clearing entirely and just 
focused on maintaining their 

564
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:52,900
tunnel systems. 
Figuring the snow would melt 

565
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:55,000
eventually, and there was no 
point in fighting it. 

566
00:31:55,800 --> 00:31:58,200
But isolation was becoming a 
serious problem. 

567
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:01,700
Communities have been cut off 
from each other for over three 

568
00:32:01,700 --> 00:32:05,900
weeks, Food Supplies were 
running, critically low firewood

569
00:32:05,900 --> 00:32:08,900
that had seemed adequate in 
February, was nearly exhausted. 

570
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:13,800
People needed to reconnect 
needed to trade goods and needed

571
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:15,900
to know if the rest of the world
still existed. 

572
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:20,700
This necessity drove remarkable 
efforts to create pathways 

573
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,600
through the snow. 
The solution that emerged was 

574
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:26,100
essentially a combination of 
tunneling and tramping. 

575
00:32:26,900 --> 00:32:29,500
Groups of men would work 
together to create packed down 

576
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:32,900
Trails walking the same path. 
Repeatedly until it was 

577
00:32:32,908 --> 00:32:35,000
compressed enough to support 
regular traffic. 

578
00:32:35,900 --> 00:32:39,500
It was exhausting work. 
Imagine hiking through deep snow

579
00:32:39,500 --> 00:32:44,600
for hours while caring tools, 
but gradually slowly pars began 

580
00:32:44,600 --> 00:32:47,600
to connect neighboring farms and
eventually linked to main roads.

581
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:51,600
These early Pathways were more 
like trenches than roads. 

582
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:55,200
You'd walk along the bottom of a
corridor whose walls were snow. 

583
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:59,700
Sometimes 15 feet high on either
side, unable to see anything, 

584
00:32:59,700 --> 00:33:01,900
but the sky above and the path 
ahead. 

585
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:06,100
It was disorienting and slightly
claustrophobic, but it was 

586
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:10,300
better than complete isolation. 
Travelers met in these trenches 

587
00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:13,300
with the relief of survivors. 
Finding other humans after a 

588
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,200
disaster. 
It's changing news and supplies 

589
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,200
and reassurances that they 
weren't alone. 

590
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,400
Boston being a port city with 
more resources and Manpower 

591
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:26,400
organized more, systematic 
clearing efforts, Teams of 

592
00:33:26,408 --> 00:33:28,700
workers attack the snow with a 
determination. 

593
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:33,200
Born of economic necessity. 
The city's Commerce depended, on

594
00:33:33,200 --> 00:33:36,500
ship traffic and ships. 
Couldn't move while the harbor 

595
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:38,200
was frozen and streets were 
impossible. 

596
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:42,800
The work was brutal shoveling 
snow all day in conditions, that

597
00:33:42,800 --> 00:33:45,700
range from barely tolerable to 
actively hostile. 

598
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,600
But wages were good by Colonial,
standards and Desperation made 

599
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:52,400
many willing to take on the 
tasks. 

600
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:56,900
Clearing efforts, and Boston, 
created mountains of snow that 

601
00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:00,300
had to go somewhere. without 
modern snow removal equipment, 

602
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:05,200
the only option was to Pilot up 
He's artificial Hills of plowed 

603
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:09,699
snow grew taller than buildings.
Creating a strange new cityscape

604
00:34:09,699 --> 00:34:12,000
where snow mountains loomed over
streets. 

605
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:15,800
Children found these mountains 
irresistible for sledding, 

606
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,600
despite parental warnings about 
the dangers. 

607
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:22,500
Some of these snow piles would 
remain visible well Into Summer 

608
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:26,699
slowly shrinking but stubbornly 
refusing to disappear entirely. 

609
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:30,500
Rural areas, relied more on 
nature, to do the work? 

610
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:34,500
As temperatures gradually warmed
the snow began to settle and 

611
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:38,199
compress under its own weight. 
Paths that had been impossible 

612
00:34:38,199 --> 00:34:42,199
slowly became navigable as the 
surface hardened and lowered. 

613
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,699
It was still difficult travel. 
You'd think to your knees or 

614
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:49,300
thighs with regularity. 
But it was at least possible to 

615
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:51,199
move around your property and 
reach nearby. 

616
00:34:51,199 --> 00:34:53,900
Neighbors. 
The livestock situation was 

617
00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,700
becoming critical animals that 
had survived this long needed, 

618
00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:00,700
fresh air exercise and grazing 
as soon as possible. 

619
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,400
But releasing them into deep 
snow, risked losing them in 

620
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,000
drifts or having them injure 
themselves trying to navigate 

621
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:10,700
impossible to rain. 
Farmers had to create in closed 

622
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:14,700
areas near Barnes where snow was
compressed enough for animals to

623
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,700
move safely. 
Horses and oxen were 

624
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:20,700
particularly valuable and 
received the most careful 

625
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,600
attention while chickens were 
basically left off to fend for 

626
00:35:23,608 --> 00:35:27,200
themselves, which they did with 
their usual combination of luck 

627
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,700
and spite. 
As communication, resumed 

628
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:34,200
people, discovered that the 
great snow had affected, all of 

629
00:35:34,200 --> 00:35:36,300
New England with varying degrees
of severity. 

630
00:35:37,500 --> 00:35:41,300
Some coastal areas had received 
less accumulation while Inland 

631
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:44,400
regions and higher elevations, 
were buried even deeper than 

632
00:35:44,400 --> 00:35:47,400
most places. 
Stories began to circulate, 

633
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:52,000
Tales of whole house, is being 
lost until spring of Travelers. 

634
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:55,600
Who perished attempt to cross 
him impossible distances of 

635
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:58,300
Creative Solutions to 
unprecedented problems. 

636
00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:01,800
One story that made the rounds 
involved, a family, whose 

637
00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,500
chimney became so packed with 
snow that smoke couldn't escape.

638
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:08,200
Rather than suffocate the 
carefully extinguished, their 

639
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,000
fire and spent several days in 
bitter cold while working to 

640
00:36:12,000 --> 00:36:16,300
clear the chimney from inside. 
And they finally succeeded and 

641
00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,100
relit. 
The fire, the sudden draft 

642
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:22,100
nearly blew the roof off. 
A family survived the house of 

643
00:36:22,100 --> 00:36:25,600
vived and they became local 
celebrities for their old deal. 

644
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,400
Another account described a man 
who'd been visiting Neighbors, 

645
00:36:29,400 --> 00:36:31,000
when the worst of the storms 
hit. 

646
00:36:31,700 --> 00:36:34,800
Unable to return home. 
He was trapped for nearly three 

647
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:38,300
weeks, his wife. 
Assuming he'd taken shelter, 

648
00:36:38,300 --> 00:36:41,300
somewhere wasn't particularly 
worried until he finally made it

649
00:36:41,300 --> 00:36:45,000
back half starved and with a 
beard that had grown wild. 

650
00:36:46,400 --> 00:36:49,800
She reportedly greeted him with 
relief, then immediately put him

651
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:54,400
to work on clearing their paths.
We could priorities the gradual 

652
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,600
reconnection of communities, 
brought news both good and 

653
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:01,700
troubling the death toll while 
lower than might be expected to 

654
00:37:01,700 --> 00:37:03,600
give them. 
The severity of the storms was 

655
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:07,800
still significant Mostly elderly
people who couldn't handle the 

656
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:12,300
cold a few Travelers caught 
between destinations and some 

657
00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:13,900
children who wandered from 
safety. 

658
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:16,800
Livestock losses were 
substantial. 

659
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:21,400
Estimates suggested that 
hundreds of cattle, sheep and 

660
00:37:21,400 --> 00:37:26,100
other animals had died from cold
starvation or injuries. 

661
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:29,800
Sustained in panic attempts to 
escape their shelters, but there

662
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,600
was no remarkable news of 
resilience and survival. 

663
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:35,000
Families. 
Who had been certain, they 

664
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:37,600
wouldn't make it through. 
Had found ways to endure. 

665
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:41,800
communities that had seemed on 
the brink of Crisis discovered, 

666
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:45,100
they had more resources and 
creativity than they'd realized 

667
00:37:46,200 --> 00:37:48,900
Shared experience of surviving 
something unprecedented. 

668
00:37:48,900 --> 00:37:52,500
Created bonds between neighbors 
that would last for Generations.

669
00:37:53,700 --> 00:37:56,500
religious leaders, interpreted 
the great snow, according to 

670
00:37:56,500 --> 00:38:00,100
their theological Frameworks, 
Some saw it as Divine 

671
00:38:00,100 --> 00:38:02,600
punishment. 
For Colonial sins, though. 

672
00:38:02,600 --> 00:38:05,600
There was considerable debate 
about which specific sins had 

673
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:07,900
angered God enough to Warrant 20
feet of snow. 

674
00:38:08,700 --> 00:38:10,600
Others viewed it as a test of 
faith. 

675
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,200
Trial, that would strengthen the
community's relationship with 

676
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:16,900
the divine. 
A few practical minded, 

677
00:38:16,900 --> 00:38:20,000
ministers suggested, it was 
simply weather and packs. 

678
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,600
They should focus on helping 
each other rather than debating 

679
00:38:22,600 --> 00:38:27,000
its spiritual significant As 
Mark gave way to April, the pace

680
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:29,800
of melting accelerated warmer 
temperatures. 

681
00:38:29,800 --> 00:38:32,400
And longer days. 
Finally began to make a visible 

682
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:36,600
dent in the snow accumulation 
Ruth's emerged from under their 

683
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:40,300
white bird. 
Fences reappeared trees. 

684
00:38:40,300 --> 00:38:42,900
That had been bent doubles 
slowly straightened as their 

685
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:46,400
load of snow melted. 
The landscape began to remember 

686
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,300
its original shape though. 
It would be weeks before it 

687
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:52,900
fully returned to normal the 
melting created its own set of 

688
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:55,000
problems. 
All that snow had to go 

689
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:57,600
somewhere and where it went was 
everywhere. 

690
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:02,200
Rivers and streams swell to 
flood stage roads. 

691
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:06,400
Turned into muddy rivers 
basements flooded The spring 

692
00:39:06,400 --> 00:39:08,900
runoff. 
The clear manageable annual 

693
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:12,500
event became a deluge that 
overwhelmed normal drainage and 

694
00:39:12,500 --> 00:39:15,000
created temporary lakes in 
low-lying areas. 

695
00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:19,000
It was like watching winter 
turned directly into a very wet,

696
00:39:19,000 --> 00:39:22,700
very muddy version of Springs. 
Skipping all the pleasant parts.

697
00:39:23,600 --> 00:39:27,200
But with the melting came hope 
every day, the world looked a 

698
00:39:27,200 --> 00:39:30,500
little more familiar every day 
travel became a little easier 

699
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:34,200
every day, brought them closer 
to the farming season when they 

700
00:39:34,208 --> 00:39:36,200
could begin to recover from 
Winter's assault. 

701
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:41,100
Garden's could be planned 
animals, could graze a normal 

702
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:46,300
life could resume, The first 
flowers to emerge crocuses and 

703
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:50,200
snowdrops, ionically became 
objects of Celebration 

704
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:52,600
disproportionate to their size 
or beauty. 

705
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,600
After months of nothing but 
white and gray and brown the 

706
00:39:57,600 --> 00:39:59,600
sight of actual color in the 
landscape. 

707
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:03,900
Like a miracle children, brought
handfuls of early flowers to 

708
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:06,800
their mothers who placed them, 
in whatever containers could 

709
00:40:06,800 --> 00:40:09,200
hold water. 
Treating them like Precious 

710
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:12,700
Treasures Birds returned in 
force and their songs. 

711
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,300
Seemed louder and more 
enthusiastic than anyone 

712
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:18,000
remembered. 
Or perhaps it was just that 

713
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:22,100
after weeks of muffled, silenced
under snow, any sound felt 

714
00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:24,900
remarkable. 
The geese flying overhead in 

715
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:27,100
their V. 
Formations the robins hunting 

716
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:31,100
for worms in newly exposed soil.
The Hawks circling above looking

717
00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:34,600
for prey, all of its signal that
the world was returning to its 

718
00:40:34,600 --> 00:40:39,100
normal rhythms. 
A spring truly arrived and life 

719
00:40:39,100 --> 00:40:42,000
returned to something 
approaching normal, new 

720
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,300
englanders began to reckon with 
what the great snow had done to 

721
00:40:45,300 --> 00:40:48,500
their world. 
The physical impact were obvious

722
00:40:48,500 --> 00:40:53,900
damage to buildings lost 
livestock and depleted supplies.

723
00:40:54,900 --> 00:40:57,900
But the psychological and social
impacts would resonate for much 

724
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:00,500
longer. 
The great snow became the 

725
00:41:00,500 --> 00:41:03,500
defining event against which all
other weather was measured for 

726
00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:06,100
Generations. 
Grandparents were tell their 

727
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:08,400
grandchildren about the winter, 
when the snow reached, the 

728
00:41:08,408 --> 00:41:11,600
Second Story windows, and the 
children would roll their eyes. 

729
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:14,600
The way children always do when 
elderly relatives, start talking

730
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:16,700
about how much harder things 
were in their day. 

731
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,400
Except in this case, the elderly
relatives were actually telling 

732
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,500
the truth, even if they 
embellish the details with each 

733
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:28,200
retelling. 
Diaries and letters from 1717 

734
00:41:28,200 --> 00:41:31,600
provide glimpses into how people
process their experience. 

735
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:35,900
Cotton Mather, the famous 
Puritan Minister wrote 

736
00:41:35,900 --> 00:41:39,500
extensively about the storms 
interpreting them through a 

737
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:41,900
religious lens while also 
providing detailed 

738
00:41:41,900 --> 00:41:46,300
meteorological observations. 
His accounts described snow 

739
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:50,500
depths drift patterns, and the 
challenges of daily life with 

740
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,400
the Precision of someone who 
understood this was historically

741
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:57,300
significant. other written 
records are more personal and 

742
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,700
immediate one woman wrote about 
the strange intimacy of being 

743
00:42:00,700 --> 00:42:03,900
confined with her family for 
weeks, how they learned things 

744
00:42:03,900 --> 00:42:07,000
about each other that years of 
normal life had never revealed 

745
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:10,900
Another described the terror of 
hearing, the roof Creek, under 

746
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:15,000
the weight of snow wondering, if
each Creek might be the one that

747
00:42:15,000 --> 00:42:17,900
preceded collapse. 
A farmer. 

748
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:21,100
Catalogued his livestock losses 
with the resignation of someone 

749
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:24,500
who understood that, survival, 
sometimes meant accepting 

750
00:42:24,500 --> 00:42:28,600
things, you couldn't control. 
The economic impact of the great

751
00:42:28,600 --> 00:42:30,600
snow rippled through New, 
England for months. 

752
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,100
Spring planting was delayed 
which meant smaller harvests in 

753
00:42:35,108 --> 00:42:37,800
the fall lost livestock had to 
be replaced. 

754
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,300
A significant expense for 
families whose margins were 

755
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,300
already thin. 
Buildings, needed repairs, 

756
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:46,200
Gardens. 
That have been carefully 

757
00:42:46,200 --> 00:42:49,700
established over years were 
damaged or destroyed and needed 

758
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:54,300
to be started from scratch. 
The snow had essentially reset 

759
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:57,900
progress for many families. 
Forcing them to rebuild what had

760
00:42:57,900 --> 00:43:00,400
been lost. 
But there were unexpected 

761
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:04,100
benefits as well. the Deep 
snowpack meant exceptional, 

762
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:07,900
water availability through the 
summer Wells, that sometimes ran

763
00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:11,800
low stayed full Streams that 
occasionally dried up kept 

764
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:14,000
flowing. 
The moisture in the soil 

765
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:17,400
produced crops that, despite the
late start, grew with unusual 

766
00:43:17,400 --> 00:43:21,100
Vigor nature, having delivered, 
an unprecedented winter. 

767
00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:25,200
Apparently decided to compensate
with an uncommonly productive 

768
00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:28,100
growing season. 
The shared experience of 

769
00:43:28,100 --> 00:43:31,700
surviving the great snow created
social bonds that transcended 

770
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:35,000
previous divisions. 
Disputes between neighbors, 

771
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,700
seemed Petty and light of what 
everyone had endured together. 

772
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,500
Communities that have been 
fractious, found new Unity. 

773
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:45,700
People who had survived the same
ordeal developed a kinship came 

774
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:49,500
from understanding what it meant
to face nature at its most 

775
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:51,800
imposing and come through the 
other side. 

776
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:55,100
Children who lived through the 
great snow would carry its 

777
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:56,600
memory for the rest of their 
lives. 

778
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:01,500
To then it became the dividing 
line between before and after 

779
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:04,800
the event that marked their 
transition from childhood. 

780
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:07,700
Innocence to an understanding 
that the world could be both 

781
00:44:07,700 --> 00:44:11,300
beautiful and dangerous. 
Some would develop a lifelong, 

782
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,600
weariness of winter always 
preparing more than necessary. 

783
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:19,400
Always worried that another such
storm might arrive Others, would

784
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:22,800
remember it with a strange 
Nostalgia recalling. 

785
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:25,300
The adventure and excitement of 
living through something 

786
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:28,300
extraordinary. 
The physical evidence of the 

787
00:44:28,300 --> 00:44:30,600
great snow lasted, surprisingly 
long. 

788
00:44:31,400 --> 00:44:34,700
Those massive piles of plowed 
snow in Boston, melted slowly 

789
00:44:34,700 --> 00:44:38,100
through the summer. 
Creating muddy pools that became

790
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:41,100
unofficial swimming holes for 
children and nuisance is for 

791
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,100
everyone else. 
Some snow remained in deep 

792
00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,000
shaded valleys well into June. 
Stubborn patches of winter 

793
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,300
refusing to admit that spring 
had won. 

794
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:54,200
Trees that had been damaged by 
the weight of snow or scars 

795
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:58,300
visible for years afterward. 
Bent trunks, missing branches 

796
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,800
and growth patterns that marked 
where they'd been broken and 

797
00:45:01,800 --> 00:45:04,900
healed. 
Architecture changed subtly in 

798
00:45:04,900 --> 00:45:08,100
response to the great snow. 
New buildings were constructed 

799
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,700
with steeper roofs to shed snow 
more effectively. 

800
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:15,200
Bonds were reinforced with 
additional supports storage 

801
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:18,300
buildings were designed with 
better access during High snow 

802
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:21,100
conditions. 
These weren't dramatic changes 

803
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:23,800
but they reflected a 
recalibration of what new 

804
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:25,500
englanders understood winter 
could do. 

805
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:28,600
They'd had been reminded that 
nature could exceed their 

806
00:45:28,600 --> 00:45:31,900
expectations and they adjusted 
their plans accordingly. 

807
00:45:33,100 --> 00:45:35,900
The great snow entered folklore,
almost immediately. 

808
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:39,800
Stories began to circulate, the 
probably had some basis and 

809
00:45:39,800 --> 00:45:42,400
truth but grew more elaborate 
with each telling. 

810
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,400
Tales of people walking over 
houses without realizing they 

811
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,000
were their accounts of deer 
being found. 

812
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:53,100
Frozen in standing positions 
preserved in ice, like statues. 

813
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:58,000
Stories of tunnels collapsing 
and miraculous rescues of 

814
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,600
supplies running out just as a 
Thor allowed. 

815
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:03,500
Resupply of providential 
intervention. 

816
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:05,500
That save families from 
disaster. 

817
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:10,000
Some stories focused on human 
Ingenuity and creativity under 

818
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,900
pressure. 
The man who fashioned snowshoes 

819
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:16,300
from barrel staves and managed 
to walk across drifts that 

820
00:46:16,300 --> 00:46:19,800
swallowed everyone else a family
that ran their food. 

821
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:22,900
So carefully they ended the 
ordeal with supplies to spare. 

822
00:46:23,800 --> 00:46:26,700
The woman who kept her family 
spirits up through the darkest 

823
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:29,700
days with nothing but stories 
and songs. 

824
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:33,200
These Tales celebrated, the 
resilience and resourcefulness 

825
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:35,500
that had allowed the community 
to survive. 

826
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:39,500
Other stories, had a darker tone
acknowledging, the losses, and 

827
00:46:39,508 --> 00:46:43,400
the moments of despair. 
Traveler was found Frozen 

828
00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:47,500
halfway between settlements. 
Final thoughts, unknown. 

829
00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:51,700
The elderly couple who simply 
didn't have the strength to 

830
00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:54,200
endure another month of cold and
hardship. 

831
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,900
The animals that died despite 
their owners, best efforts, he 

832
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:00,700
stories. 
Served as reminders as the 

833
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:04,000
survival had. 
Come at a cost that luck played 

834
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:06,600
as much a role as preparation or
strength. 

835
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:10,400
The great snow also entered 
religious discourse in ways that

836
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:12,800
reflected the theological 
debates of the era. 

837
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,500
Some ministers used it as 
evidence, of divine displeasure,

838
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:20,300
pointing to specific sins, they 
believed to triggered God's 

839
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,200
judgment, others saw it as a 
test at the community, had 

840
00:47:24,200 --> 00:47:27,000
passed evident of their faith 
and righteousness. 

841
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:31,200
Still others, argued. 
It was simply whether remarkable

842
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:36,300
natural and attributing moral 
significance to meet Urology was

843
00:47:36,300 --> 00:47:39,600
perhaps missing the point. 
These debates, probably 

844
00:47:39,600 --> 00:47:42,300
mattered, less to the average 
colonists than the Practical 

845
00:47:42,300 --> 00:47:44,600
question of whether they're 
chickens would start laying 

846
00:47:44,600 --> 00:47:47,200
again. 
Scientific observation in the 

847
00:47:47,200 --> 00:47:51,000
early 18th century was informal 
and often mixed with folklore. 

848
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,200
But the great snow prompted, 
some genuine attempts to 

849
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,900
understand what had happened. 
People compared experiences, 

850
00:47:57,900 --> 00:48:01,700
trying to establish patterns in 
snowfall and drift formation. 

851
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:06,000
They noticed that certain areas 
consistently receive more or 

852
00:48:06,000 --> 00:48:08,300
less snow. 
That wind patterns, created, 

853
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:12,000
predictable drift locations and 
that temperature fluctuations 

854
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:16,600
influence snow quality. 
This informal meteorology wooden

855
00:48:16,600 --> 00:48:20,200
impress modern scientists, but 
it represented colonists trying 

856
00:48:20,200 --> 00:48:23,100
to make sense of their world 
through observation and reason. 

857
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:27,100
The great snows Legacy extended 
Beyond New England. 

858
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,000
News of the extraordinary 
Winters bred to other colonies 

859
00:48:31,000 --> 00:48:35,100
and eventually to England where 
it was received with a mixed of 

860
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:39,900
sympathy and skepticism. 
English readers accustomed to 

861
00:48:39,900 --> 00:48:43,400
mild a Winter's struggled to 
imagine 20 feet of snow. 

862
00:48:44,700 --> 00:48:47,900
Some assume the accounts were 
exaggerated, surely the 

863
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:49,800
colonists were embellishing for 
effect. 

864
00:48:51,200 --> 00:48:55,400
This skepticism frustrated new 
englanders who knew exactly how 

865
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:58,400
extraordinary their experience 
had been and resented having it 

866
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:01,100
questioned by people. 
Who'd never seen snow that deep.

867
00:49:02,200 --> 00:49:05,600
In the decades that followed the
great snow became a benchmark. 

868
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:09,400
Other harsh Winters were 
compared to it and found wanting

869
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:14,700
bad but not 1717 bad became a 
common refrain. 

870
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:18,500
The event established a ceiling 
for what winter could do. 

871
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:22,200
A worst case scenario that 
seemed unlikely to be repeated 

872
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,500
And In Deed while New England 
has experienced many harsh 

873
00:49:26,500 --> 00:49:30,400
winter, since 1717. 
None have quite matched that 

874
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:33,900
remarkable season when the sky 
opened and didn't closed for 

875
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:36,900
nearly a month. 
As you sit here in your climate 

876
00:49:36,900 --> 00:49:40,400
control Comfort, perhaps with a 
warm drink and a soft blanket, 

877
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:44,300
it's worth reflecting on what 
the great snow can teach us 

878
00:49:44,300 --> 00:49:48,400
about resilience community and 
the human relationship with 

879
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,400
nature. 
We're separated from those 

880
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:53,600
Colonial. 
New englanders by over three 

881
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,800
centuries. 
Countless technological advances

882
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,600
and such dramatic changes in 
daily life. 

883
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:01,700
That they barely recognize our 
world. 

884
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:06,100
Yet their experience speaks to 
something Timeless about how 

885
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:08,900
people cope with circumstances 
beyond their control. 

886
00:50:09,600 --> 00:50:13,200
The colonists of 1717 didn't 
have weather forecasting, 

887
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:16,700
climate control, instant 
communication or any of the 

888
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:19,300
Technologies we consider 
essential for dealing with harsh

889
00:50:19,300 --> 00:50:21,700
weather. 
What they had was knowledge 

890
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:26,200
passed down through generations,
strong Community bonds, a 

891
00:50:26,200 --> 00:50:27,600
remarkable tolerance for 
discomfort. 

892
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,900
And an understanding that 
survival sometimes meant simply 

893
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:35,300
enduring When faced with 
unprecedented circumstances, 

894
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:38,800
they adapted improvised and 
supported each other through the

895
00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:41,000
crisis. 
There's something almost 

896
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:43,700
enviable about the Simplicity of
their challenges. 

897
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:47,100
Not enviable in the sense that 
we'd want to experience what 

898
00:50:47,100 --> 00:50:50,800
they did spending weeks, trapped
in a cold house with inadequate 

899
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:54,700
food while buried under 20 feet 
of snow sounds terrible. 

900
00:50:54,700 --> 00:50:58,300
No matter how you frame it. 
But enviable in its directness 

901
00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:03,000
The problems were clear. 
Stay warm, stay fed, keep 

902
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:05,200
animals alive and wait for 
spring. 

903
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:09,200
The solutions while difficult 
were equally clear. 

904
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:13,300
There was no ambiguity about 
what needed doing Modern Life, 

905
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:17,300
really offers, such clarity. 
A challenges are often abstract 

906
00:51:17,300 --> 00:51:19,900
long-term and difficult to 
Define precisely. 

907
00:51:21,100 --> 00:51:25,700
Climate change, economic 
uncertainty social division. 

908
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:29,900
These are the storms we face now
and they don't have the simple 

909
00:51:29,900 --> 00:51:34,400
directness of too much snow. 
We can't tunnel through them or 

910
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:38,000
wait for them to melt. the 
colonists who survived the great

911
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:40,600
snow had the advantage of 
knowing their ordeal had a 

912
00:51:40,608 --> 00:51:44,500
definite endpoint eventually 
spring would arrive in the snow 

913
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:48,700
would melt They just had to last
until then but perhaps we can 

914
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:51,900
learn something from how they 
approach their crisis, they 

915
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,700
didn't waste energy complaining 
about the Injustice of this 

916
00:51:54,700 --> 00:51:58,000
situation or debating. 
Whether the snow was really that

917
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:01,400
deep or speculating about 
whether better leadership could 

918
00:52:01,400 --> 00:52:04,900
have prevented it. 
They accepted the reality they 

919
00:52:04,900 --> 00:52:08,600
face and focused on what they 
could control their own actions,

920
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:11,100
their family's welfare and their
neighbor's needs. 

921
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,900
There's wisdom in that 
acceptance and choosing to work 

922
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:19,100
with reality rather than arguing
with it The community bonds 

923
00:52:19,100 --> 00:52:22,500
strength, and by the great snow 
offer another lesson modern 

924
00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:25,800
society often, prioritizes 
individual achievement and 

925
00:52:25,800 --> 00:52:29,300
self-sufficiency in ways that 
Colonial new englanders, would 

926
00:52:29,300 --> 00:52:33,000
find both bizarre and dangerous.
They understood that survival 

927
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:36,000
depended on community on 
neighbor's helping each other 

928
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:38,800
and on sharing resources and 
knowledge and labor. 

929
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:43,300
The great snow reinforce these 
bonds by making their importance

930
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,300
undeniable. 
You survive, not just through 

931
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:49,500
your own efforts but through the
web of relationships that 

932
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,800
connected you to others. 
With built a world, where such 

933
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:56,600
interdependence is less visible.
Your heat comes from distant 

934
00:52:56,600 --> 00:53:00,300
power plants or gas lines. 
Your food comes from industrial 

935
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:02,600
Farms, hundreds or thousands of 
miles away. 

936
00:53:02,600 --> 00:53:06,100
Your water arrives through 
underground pipes from treatment

937
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:09,800
facilities, you've never seen 
this system is remarkably 

938
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:13,900
efficient, but it obscures the 
reality that we're just as 

939
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:18,200
dependent on others as those 
Colonial families were We've 

940
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:21,800
just outsourced that dependence 
to systems so large and complex 

941
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:23,900
that we forget their there until
they fail. 

942
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:27,500
The great snow also reminds us 
of Nature's power and 

943
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:30,000
indifference. 
The storms didn't care about 

944
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:32,200
human plans or needs or 
survival. 

945
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:36,400
They weren't punishment or tests
or lessons, they were whether 

946
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:39,900
operating according to 
atmospheric physics, that has no

947
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:43,200
concern for whether humans, find
the results convenient. 

948
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:47,300
Colonial new englanders. 
Understood this at a visceral 

949
00:53:47,300 --> 00:53:49,300
level that modern people often 
don't. 

950
00:53:50,300 --> 00:53:53,700
They lived much closer to 
Nature's raw power and had fewer

951
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:56,100
buffers between themselves and 
its effects. 

952
00:53:56,900 --> 00:54:00,600
Our technology has given us 
unprecedented ability to predict

953
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:04,400
prepare for and protect 
ourselves from natural events. 

954
00:54:05,200 --> 00:54:08,800
We have weather satellites, 
climate models building codes, 

955
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:12,500
emergency services and 
infrastructure designed to 

956
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:16,300
handle extreme conditions. 
These are real advantages that 

957
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:20,000
save countless lives. 
But they can also create an 

958
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:21,600
illusion of control that doesn't
match. 

959
00:54:21,600 --> 00:54:25,400
Reality nature retains the 
ability to overwhelm our 

960
00:54:25,400 --> 00:54:27,800
preparations as hurricanes 
floods wildfires. 

961
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:31,900
And yes occasionally severe. 
Winter storms, continue to 

962
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:34,900
demonstrate. 
There's also something to be 

963
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:37,400
said about the pace of Life, the
great snow in force. 

964
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,400
For weeks, colonists had nothing
to do but exists with their 

965
00:54:41,400 --> 00:54:43,900
families maintain basic 
necessities. 

966
00:54:43,900 --> 00:54:48,200
And wait, no, rushing to 
appointments know, checking 

967
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:52,100
device's know, consuming media, 
no busy work. 

968
00:54:52,100 --> 00:54:53,700
That creates the illusion of 
productivity. 

969
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:58,300
Just being in the most 
fundamental sense. 

970
00:54:59,400 --> 00:55:03,000
Many people who have experienced
similar Force, slowing, whether 

971
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:06,400
through illness isolation or 
circumstance. 

972
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:11,900
Report that while difficult it 
provided unexpected insights and

973
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,900
a recalibration of priorities, 
the stories that emerge from the

974
00:55:15,900 --> 00:55:19,100
great snow highlight Humanities 
need to make meaning from 

975
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:21,900
experienced. 
People didn't just survive the 

976
00:55:21,900 --> 00:55:25,300
storms, they needed to 
understand them to fit them into

977
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,300
narratives that made sense of 
their world. 

978
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:32,000
Some narratives were religious 
others, practical and still 

979
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,700
others focused on human heroism 
or failure. 

980
00:55:35,300 --> 00:55:38,000
What matters isn't which 
interpretation was correct. 

981
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:41,800
But the creating these stories 
helped people process their 

982
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:46,300
experience and pass its lessons 
to Future Generations in our own

983
00:55:46,300 --> 00:55:49,400
area of Rapid change and 
uncertainty were creating 

984
00:55:49,400 --> 00:55:52,100
similar stories to make sense of
our experiences. 

985
00:55:52,100 --> 00:55:55,500
We are argue about their 
meaning, their implications and 

986
00:55:55,500 --> 00:55:58,000
their lessons. 
Like those Colonial new 

987
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:01,100
englanders were trying to 
understand events that exceed, 

988
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:02,900
our previous Frameworks for 
comprehension. 

989
00:56:03,700 --> 00:56:05,700
There are arguments about 
whether the great snow was 

990
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:07,500
divine judgment or natural 
weather. 

991
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:11,300
Mirror are debate about current 
challenges, we're all just 

992
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:14,000
trying to make sense of things 
that don't fit comfortably into 

993
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:17,700
our existing understanding. 
The great snows eventual, end 

994
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:21,700
offers perhaps the most 
important lesson hard times do 

995
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:24,800
end. 
Spring did arrive the snow. 

996
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:28,700
Did melt life did return to 
normal or at least to a new 

997
00:56:28,708 --> 00:56:32,300
normal shape by the experience. 
For people in the midst of 

998
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:34,100
Crisis, this can be hard to 
believe. 

999
00:56:34,900 --> 00:56:37,700
When you're trapped under 20 
feet of snow with dwindling 

1000
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:39,600
supplies and no certain end 
date. 

1001
00:56:39,600 --> 00:56:41,700
It's difficult to maintain 
faith. 

1002
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:43,800
That better days are coming but 
they came. 

1003
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:48,200
Anyway, as they generally do, 
this isn't empty optimism or 

1004
00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:51,600
toxic positivity. 
It's simply an observation based

1005
00:56:51,600 --> 00:56:54,900
on history. 
Humans are remarkably good at 

1006
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:58,300
surviving difficult 
circumstances, adapting to new 

1007
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,000
realities and rebuilding after 
disasters. 

1008
00:57:02,200 --> 00:57:04,700
We've done it. 
Countless times in countless 

1009
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:08,500
places facing challenges, that 
seemed insurmountable until they

1010
00:57:08,500 --> 00:57:11,500
were surmounted. 
Colonists, who survived the 

1011
00:57:11,500 --> 00:57:13,600
great snow didn't have any 
special abilities. 

1012
00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:16,100
We lack. 
They were ordinary people who 

1013
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:19,100
found themselves in 
extraordinary circumstances and 

1014
00:57:19,100 --> 00:57:22,300
did what needed doing until the 
circumstances changed. 

1015
00:57:23,300 --> 00:57:25,600
As we come to the end of our 
journey through that remarkable 

1016
00:57:25,600 --> 00:57:28,400
winter. 
It's time to settle deeper into 

1017
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:32,500
your comfortable spot and let 
the story find its resting place

1018
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:37,500
in your mind. 
The great snow of 1717 happened 

1019
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:41,400
over three centuries ago, but 
it's lessons remain as relevant 

1020
00:57:41,400 --> 00:57:45,800
as fresh snowfall. 
Those Colonial families living 

1021
00:57:45,800 --> 00:57:48,500
through week, after week of 
isolation and uncertainty. 

1022
00:57:49,500 --> 00:57:52,000
Probably didn't feel 
particularly heroic. 

1023
00:57:52,000 --> 00:57:57,200
They felt cold tired, worried, 
and thoroughly sick of being 

1024
00:57:57,200 --> 00:58:00,900
trapped indoors with the same 
people, eating the same food and

1025
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:05,200
having the same conversations. 
Heroism like most important 

1026
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:09,400
human qualities is usually just 
ordinary people doing what needs

1027
00:58:09,400 --> 00:58:11,800
doing without much. 
Thought about how it looks to 

1028
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:14,600
others or history. 
The physical evidence of the 

1029
00:58:14,600 --> 00:58:16,500
great snow has long since melted
away. 

1030
00:58:17,300 --> 00:58:20,500
The drifts that seemed permanent
proved as temporary as all snow,

1031
00:58:20,500 --> 00:58:24,200
eventually must be. 
The damage was repaired the 

1032
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:28,200
losses mourned and moved past in
the extraordinary slowly 

1033
00:58:28,200 --> 00:58:30,700
absorbed into ordinary life's 
continuing flow. 

1034
00:58:31,900 --> 00:58:35,800
What remains are the stories 
passed down and reshaped with 

1035
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:38,600
each generation and the quiet 
knowledge? 

1036
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,300
That humans can endure a 
Marketplace difficult 

1037
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:45,900
circumstances as when necessary.
Tonight, as you drift towards 

1038
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:49,300
sleep, in your warm bed, you 
might spare a thought for those 

1039
00:58:49,300 --> 00:58:52,900
Colonial families huddled around
their fires, waiting for a 

1040
00:58:52,900 --> 00:58:55,200
winter. 
That seemed endless to finally 

1041
00:58:55,200 --> 00:59:00,500
release its grip. they made it 
through spring arrived, life 

1042
00:59:00,500 --> 00:59:05,100
continued, the snow despite its 
overwhelming presence was 

1043
00:59:05,100 --> 00:59:08,100
ultimately just whether and 
whether always changes 

1044
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:11,800
eventually, There's comfort in 
that persistence. 

1045
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:15,800
In the knowledge that difficult 
times pass and seasons change 

1046
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:20,800
and life finds ways to continue.
The great snow was exceptional. 

1047
00:59:21,600 --> 00:59:25,000
But what's truly remarkable is 
how people lived through it, not

1048
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:27,900
through any special magic or 
Supernatural intervention. 

1049
00:59:27,900 --> 00:59:32,100
But through the ordinary magic 
of human resilience community 

1050
00:59:32,100 --> 00:59:36,600
support and simple, stubborn 
refusal to give up Sleep. 

1051
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:39,700
Well knowing that whatever 
storms we face in our own lives.

1052
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:42,700
Spring does eventually arrived 
the snow does melt. 

1053
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:46,000
The world does return to green 
and growth and warmth. 

1054
00:59:46,700 --> 00:59:49,700
And the stories we tell about 
how we survived become part of 

1055
00:59:49,708 --> 00:59:53,100
the, continuous human narrative,
that stretches from those 

1056
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:56,800
Colonial families to us. 
And from us to whoever will 

1057
00:59:56,800 --> 00:59:58,900
listen to these tales and 
centuries to come. 

1058
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,600
The great snow of 1717 is 
waiting for you in dreams. 

1059
01:00:03,600 --> 01:00:08,200
If you want to visit All that 
white silent, all that Force 

1060
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:12,000
Stillness, all those small human
moments of survival and 

1061
01:00:12,000 --> 01:00:15,700
community in endurance. 
But you're experiencing it from 

1062
01:00:15,700 --> 01:00:19,500
the warm side of History, which 
is exactly where you should be. 

1063
01:00:19,500 --> 01:00:24,900
Rest, easy, tomorrow will come 
as it always does bringing 

1064
01:00:24,900 --> 01:00:28,700
whatever weather it brings And 
if you wait to find snow outside

1065
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,200
your own window, you can smile 
knowing it probably won't reach 

1066
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:34,400
the Second Story. 
Probably. 

1067
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:47,900
Thomas Jefferson was born on 
April 13th 1743 at Shadwell a 

1068
01:00:47,900 --> 01:00:50,200
plantation in the Virginia. 
Piedmont, his father. 

1069
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:53,600
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 
and landowner renowned for 

1070
01:00:53,600 --> 01:00:56,900
physical strength and an 
adventurous Spirit, his mother 

1071
01:00:56,900 --> 01:00:59,700
Jane Randolph came from a 
prominent family. 

1072
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:03,900
Growing up amid Rolling Hills 
and dense forests young Thomas 

1073
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:07,100
embraced the frontier ethos even
as he absorbed the Gentile, 

1074
01:01:07,100 --> 01:01:09,000
expectations of the colonial 
Gentry. 

1075
01:01:09,700 --> 01:01:12,700
Delighted and for horseback 
rides, the hush of Mountain 

1076
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:15,300
Trails and the hum of 
intellectual debate. 

1077
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:19,700
Cuts of visiting tutors. 
By the 1750s, Virginia's 

1078
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:21,900
plantation economy thrived on 
Tobacco cultivation. 

1079
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:24,300
With an enslaved. 
Workforce. 

1080
01:01:24,300 --> 01:01:27,800
Forming his backbone, Peter 
Jefferson owned enslaved. 

1081
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,400
Laborers. 
Thomas grew up, witnessing the 

1082
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:33,600
institutions daily operations, 
and uneasy inheritance. 

1083
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:36,400
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years. 

1084
01:01:36,400 --> 01:01:39,900
But as a child he balanced field
observations with classical 

1085
01:01:39,900 --> 01:01:41,900
studies. 
His father died. 

1086
01:01:41,900 --> 01:01:44,900
When Thomas was 14, leaving him,
a sizable estate. 

1087
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:49,000
But also the burden of paternal 
absence this responsibility 

1088
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:52,600
shaped him and stilling a drive 
for self-reliance and scholarly 

1089
01:01:52,600 --> 01:01:56,400
achievement. 
Around age 17 Jefferson enrolled

1090
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:59,200
at the College of William and 
Mary in Williamsburg, he 

1091
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:03,200
immersed himself in philosophy 
mathematics and the law studying

1092
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,600
under influential mentors like 
George Wythe late night reading 

1093
01:02:06,600 --> 01:02:09,600
session at the Royal Governors 
Palace Library fostered, his 

1094
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:12,500
fascination with Enlightenment 
thinkers, John Locke, 

1095
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:15,700
Montesquieu and others. 
Their calls for reason over 

1096
01:02:15,700 --> 01:02:19,000
traditional resonated with 
Jefferson who scouted texts on 

1097
01:02:19,000 --> 01:02:23,400
government science and ethics, 
He also cultivated his violin 

1098
01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:26,700
skills, joining small music, 
Gatherings that balanced his 

1099
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:30,000
rigorous academic schedule. 
After concluding his college 

1100
01:02:30,000 --> 01:02:34,400
Years, Jefferson read law with 
wise forging, a bond that melted

1101
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:36,300
legal rigor, with ethical 
inquiry. 

1102
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:39,900
This training hammered him. 
The notion that laws must be 

1103
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:42,800
grounded in rational principles.
Not arbitrary. 

1104
01:02:42,800 --> 01:02:47,800
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track
of tensions Brewing between the 

1105
01:02:47,800 --> 01:02:50,800
colonies and Britain. 
Attending assemblies where 

1106
01:02:50,800 --> 01:02:54,400
Taxation and representation 
Royal de Gentry, even then 

1107
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,800
Jefferson's reflective nature. 
Showed he was not the most 

1108
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:01,400
boisterous voice, but his 
private letters revealed a keen 

1109
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:05,400
sense of Injustice of 
parliament's intrusions by 1767.

1110
01:03:05,400 --> 01:03:08,800
He began practicing law. 
After being admitted to the bar,

1111
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:11,700
he frequently represented small 
land holders in property 

1112
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,500
disputes or Merchants caught up 
in Customs Enforcement. 

1113
01:03:14,500 --> 01:03:18,900
Observers noted his calm 
demeanor, meticulous arguments 

1114
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:22,800
and persuasive writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

1115
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:26,500
reliable Advocate, who valued 
Clarity over, theatrics, that 

1116
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:30,100
skill set would soon extend to 
political life as Colonial 

1117
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:33,200
unrest over the Stamp Act and 
Townshend Duties escalated, 

1118
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:37,900
parallel to his legal career, 
jeffson oversaw the expansion of

1119
01:03:37,900 --> 01:03:41,000
Monticello his future 
architectural, Masterpiece 

1120
01:03:41,000 --> 01:03:43,600
perched, on a hill near 
Shadwell, he had begun to 

1121
01:03:43,608 --> 01:03:46,900
designing the house in his early
20s referencing Palladium, 

1122
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:50,400
styles gleaned from books. 
The properties vaunted offered 

1123
01:03:50,400 --> 01:03:53,900
sweeping views symbolizing for 
Jefferson both intellectual 

1124
01:03:53,900 --> 01:03:56,400
curiosity and the potential of 
the new world. 

1125
01:03:57,300 --> 01:03:59,700
He adored the notion of 
designing living spaces with 

1126
01:03:59,700 --> 01:04:03,800
geometric, Harmony installing 
hidden staircases symmetrical 

1127
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:06,100
wings and carefully proportioned
rooms. 

1128
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,800
Monticello was not just a home, 
but a living laboratory for 

1129
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:13,200
architecture, Horticulture and 
personal reflection. 

1130
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:19,600
Reflection. 
In 1769, he won a seat in the 

1131
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:22,900
Virginia House of Burgesses 
marking his formal entry into 

1132
01:04:22,900 --> 01:04:25,800
public affairs. 
He arrived in a tense climate 

1133
01:04:25,800 --> 01:04:28,800
radical voices called for 
boycotts of British goods 

1134
01:04:28,800 --> 01:04:32,400
Jefferson though quietly spoken 
sided with the emerging 

1135
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:34,700
Patriot's. 
He penned resolution's decking. 

1136
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:37,800
British overreach though 
initially Mildred, in tone over 

1137
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:39,800
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

1138
01:04:39,800 --> 01:04:43,400
DoubleDown on the colonial 
Authority around the Sierra 

1139
01:04:43,400 --> 01:04:47,500
courted, Martha wayles, Skelton,
a young Widow, famed for musical

1140
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:50,900
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

1141
01:04:50,900 --> 01:04:55,100
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

1142
01:04:55,100 --> 01:04:57,900
personal life. 
She joined him at Monticello, 

1143
01:04:57,900 --> 01:05:01,500
her health was fragile. 
They spent tranquil moments 

1144
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:04,300
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin. 

1145
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:09,100
Martha on hops, Accord. 
Their bond was 1000 overshadowed

1146
01:05:09,100 --> 01:05:12,400
by the mortality rates of the 
period over their decade 

1147
01:05:12,400 --> 01:05:15,600
together, Martha bought 
children, but only two daughters

1148
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:17,700
survived to adult hood her 
eventual. 

1149
01:05:17,700 --> 01:05:20,800
Passing left, Jefferson in deep 
mourning and likely influenced 

1150
01:05:20,800 --> 01:05:24,300
his future emotional Reserve. 
Early in the 17th century. 

1151
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:27,600
Jefferson found himself on the 
brink of a more significant, 

1152
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:30,900
Colonial crisis. 
The Boston Tea Party erupted, 

1153
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:34,000
the British closed, the port of 
Boston and the call for 

1154
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:38,100
intercolonial Unity, grew louder
Jefferson's pain influenced by 

1155
01:05:38,108 --> 01:05:41,200
his legal background, and 
Enlightenment convictions would 

1156
01:05:41,200 --> 01:05:44,200
soon craft arguments that 
soared, Beyond local assemblies.

1157
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,400
Fate was guiding him toward the 
epicenter of revolutionary 

1158
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,400
debate where he'd become a 
pivotal voice, championing 

1159
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:54,700
Independence, and articulating, 
a new model of governance for 

1160
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:59,000
now, though, he was a Virginia 
notable poised methodical and 

1161
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:02,000
quietly determined with 
Monticello as both sanctuary and

1162
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:05,800
symbol of evolving ideals. 
Jefferson's political instincts,

1163
01:06:05,800 --> 01:06:09,200
emerged as Colonial tensions, 
escalated into outright conflict

1164
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:13,200
in 1774. 
He drafted a summary view of the

1165
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:17,500
rights of British America. 
Pamphlet, addressing colonial 

1166
01:06:17,500 --> 01:06:20,400
grievances. 
Though, less famous than later 

1167
01:06:20,400 --> 01:06:21,800
texts. 
It's signaled. 

1168
01:06:21,800 --> 01:06:25,600
A decisive shift arguing, that 
Parliament had no authority to 

1169
01:06:25,600 --> 01:06:27,300
government colonies without 
their consent. 

1170
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:31,200
Stance. 
Radical for its time circulated.

1171
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:34,500
Widely some older Patriots, 
found at Brash, but for 

1172
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:37,000
Jefferson it was a matter of 
logical extension. 

1173
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:40,900
If reason and natural rights 
were Universal, British claims 

1174
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:44,900
to Dominion flouted moral law, 
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 

1175
01:06:44,900 --> 01:06:49,100
talents sending him in 1774 to 
the second continental congress 

1176
01:06:49,100 --> 01:06:52,200
in Philadelphia the environment 
crackled with possibility 

1177
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,900
delegates from 13 colonies 
debated whether to petition the 

1178
01:06:55,900 --> 01:06:59,200
crown or brace for Independence,
Jefferson stoic, Presence 

1179
01:06:59,200 --> 01:07:02,700
overshadowed by the fiery 
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 

1180
01:07:02,708 --> 01:07:06,200
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 
masked his deep convictions. 

1181
01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:09,300
He served on committees drafting
formal statements. 

1182
01:07:09,300 --> 01:07:12,400
The skirmishes around Lexington 
and Concord flared into the 

1183
01:07:12,408 --> 01:07:14,800
Revolutionary War. 
The push for full Independence 

1184
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:19,500
intensified In June 1776. 
The Congress appointed a 

1185
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:22,000
five-man committee to draft a 
declaration asserting. 

1186
01:07:22,000 --> 01:07:25,200
The colonies break from Britain 
despite his relative youth 

1187
01:07:25,200 --> 01:07:28,900
Jefferson was chosen with Adams 
and Franklin among the others, 

1188
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:33,200
they recognize his gift for 
articulate Pros, honed by years 

1189
01:07:33,200 --> 01:07:36,400
of reading Enlightenment 
treaters as hold up in a second 

1190
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:38,500
floor. 
Apartment Jefferson wrote 

1191
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:42,200
feverishly for two weeks. 
He produced a text that merged 

1192
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,500
locking and philosophy with a 
distinctly American context, 

1193
01:07:45,500 --> 01:07:49,500
championing life, liberty, and 
the pursuit of happiness. 

1194
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:53,400
The phrase soared Beyond local 
grievances, to a universal 

1195
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:57,100
principle of individual rights 
Adams and Franklin made slight 

1196
01:07:57,100 --> 01:07:59,400
edits. 
And the Congress after heated 

1197
01:07:59,400 --> 01:08:04,000
debate adopted, a final version 
on July 4th, 1776, thus 

1198
01:08:04,000 --> 01:08:06,700
Jefferson's words became the 
Bedrock statement of a nascent 

1199
01:08:06,700 --> 01:08:09,700
Nation though, the final text 
moderated some of his vehement 

1200
01:08:09,700 --> 01:08:13,400
attacks on slavery. speaking of 
slavery Jefferson's 

1201
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:16,899
contradictory stance, glimmered,
even then, He condemned the 

1202
01:08:16,899 --> 01:08:20,800
slave trade in an early draft of
the Declaration that passage was

1203
01:08:20,800 --> 01:08:22,600
cut under pressure from Southern
delegates. 

1204
01:08:23,200 --> 01:08:26,500
He personally owned in slaved 
individuals, at Monticello over 

1205
01:08:26,500 --> 01:08:30,000
time, he penned theoretical 
critics of slavery as morally. 

1206
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,100
Corrosive Yeti never 
comprehensively freed his own. 

1207
01:08:33,100 --> 01:08:36,800
This Paradox rarely resolved 
would haunt his legacy. 

1208
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:40,700
Despite disclaiming the system 
as an abominable crime. 

1209
01:08:40,700 --> 01:08:43,700
His economic Reliance on it. 
Ran ran deep. 

1210
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:47,399
Following the declaration's 
adoption Jefferson returned to 

1211
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:50,399
Virginia to help craft the 
State's new Constitution and 

1212
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:53,800
overhaul its legal codes. 
He championed disestablishment 

1213
01:08:53,800 --> 01:08:56,899
of the Anglican Church. 
Arguing religious freedom was a 

1214
01:08:56,899 --> 01:08:59,600
Cornerstone of Liberty. 
He also sought to reform 

1215
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:02,100
inheritance laws that 
concentrated wealth and certain 

1216
01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:06,200
families such measures including
the Statute for Religious 

1217
01:09:06,200 --> 01:09:09,700
Freedom, would become pillars of
Jefferson's vision of Republican

1218
01:09:09,700 --> 01:09:13,899
Society, a place where personal 
conscience reigned and inherited

1219
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:17,200
privileged wyndalls, Yet 
implementing them stirred, 

1220
01:09:17,200 --> 01:09:20,500
resistance from tradition-bound 
legislators during the war. 

1221
01:09:20,500 --> 01:09:26,100
Jefferson served as Virginia's 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 

1222
01:09:26,100 --> 01:09:30,500
tenure overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

1223
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:34,200
him in ways that writing never 
had. he faced logistical, chaos 

1224
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:37,899
troops, shortages, meager 
supplies, and loyalists 

1225
01:09:37,899 --> 01:09:41,500
uprisings British forces under 
Benedict, Arnold raided, 

1226
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:44,100
Richmond, nearly capturing 
Jefferson at Monticello. 

1227
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:47,700
Critiques of his governorship 
circulated branding. 

1228
01:09:47,700 --> 01:09:49,700
Him ineffective or hesitant 
Under Pressure. 

1229
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:53,899
This damaged his reputation but 
the wars chaos left, no easy 

1230
01:09:53,899 --> 01:09:58,300
solution for any leader. 
In 1781 after stepping down, 

1231
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:01,400
Jefferson retreated to 
Monticello battered in spirit. 

1232
01:10:02,400 --> 01:10:05,700
Personal realted blows 
heartbreak at the death of his 

1233
01:10:05,700 --> 01:10:09,800
wife Martha in 1782, she had 
endured multiple difficult 

1234
01:10:09,800 --> 01:10:13,800
pregnancy and her final days for
Jefferson nearly inconsolable, 

1235
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:16,600
her deathbed request, that he 
not remarried. 

1236
01:10:16,600 --> 01:10:19,900
Bound him in sorrow for weeks. 
He burned their correspondence, 

1237
01:10:19,900 --> 01:10:23,000
an actor, reflecting deep grief 
and a desire for privacy. 

1238
01:10:23,000 --> 01:10:26,500
The father of two surviving 
daughters, he turned inward 

1239
01:10:26,500 --> 01:10:30,200
focusing on writing notes, on 
the state of Virginia, a 

1240
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:33,000
comprehensive, look at his 
regions geography, economy and 

1241
01:10:33,000 --> 01:10:36,400
Moors sprinkled with 
philosophical musics that text 

1242
01:10:36,400 --> 01:10:40,000
published years later revealed, 
both his intellectual scope, and

1243
01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:42,500
the racial theories that many 
modern readers find troubling. 

1244
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:48,200
By War's end in 1783 Jefferson 
felt the weight of personal loss

1245
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,200
and the uncertainties of the new
Confederation. 

1246
01:10:51,000 --> 01:10:52,800
He took a seat in the 
Continental Congress. 

1247
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:55,600
Forging ahead with legislative 
tasks. 

1248
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:58,800
The faint outlines of a more 
stable federal government were 

1249
01:10:58,800 --> 01:11:01,800
forming. 
And so we see Jefferson father 

1250
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:05,600
of the Declaration parted from 
his wife and certain about the 

1251
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:08,700
new nations trajectory but 
steadfast in pursuit of 

1252
01:11:08,700 --> 01:11:12,300
reason-based governance. 
His next chapter, beckoned a 

1253
01:11:12,300 --> 01:11:15,300
diplomatic role in Europe, 
giving him advantage on global 

1254
01:11:15,300 --> 01:11:16,900
politics. 
That would shape his future, as 

1255
01:11:16,900 --> 01:11:19,200
Secretary of State and 
eventually president. 

1256
01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:24,200
For now, though he was a man in 
flux bridging heartbreak, 

1257
01:11:24,200 --> 01:11:27,300
revolutionary ideals. 
And the complexities of forging 

1258
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:31,700
a stable Republic from scratch 
and 1784 Congress appointed 

1259
01:11:31,700 --> 01:11:33,600
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 
to France. 

1260
01:11:33,600 --> 01:11:36,900
Succeeding Benjamin Franklin in 
representing the fledgling. 

1261
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:41,000
United States abroad. 
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 

1262
01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:43,700
found the city teeming with 
Enlightenment further 

1263
01:11:43,700 --> 01:11:48,500
intellectual salons, Noble, 
flamboyant despite missing 

1264
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:51,400
Monticello's quiet Hills. 
He savored the chance to 

1265
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:54,300
cultivate ties with European 
thinkers and push for commercial

1266
01:11:54,300 --> 01:11:55,700
treaties. 
Beneficial to the US. 

1267
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,500
He immersed himself in French 
culture, tending theater, 

1268
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:02,500
frequenting scientific 
demonstrations and forging 

1269
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:04,900
friendships with luminaries like
the Marquee de Lafayette. 

1270
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:09,600
This diplomatic post sharpened 
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 

1271
01:12:09,600 --> 01:12:13,100
He observed how Europe's 
monarchical structures, stifled 

1272
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:16,400
personal freedoms reinforcing 
his belief that the American 

1273
01:12:16,400 --> 01:12:19,300
Express experiment in Republican
governance was unique 

1274
01:12:19,300 --> 01:12:22,300
impressions. 
At the same time, he recognized 

1275
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,000
that Europe's manufacturing, 
base dwarfed, that of the US. 

1276
01:12:25,000 --> 01:12:28,700
He lobbied European states, to 
accept American exports 

1277
01:12:28,700 --> 01:12:32,400
specialty tobacco, and Timba, 
hoping to reduce Reliance on 

1278
01:12:32,400 --> 01:12:36,100
British Markets. 
Negotiation was proved slow but 

1279
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:38,300
Jeff's Car. 
Intellect helped cultivate 

1280
01:12:38,300 --> 01:12:41,800
Goodwill. 
While in Paris Jefferson served 

1281
01:12:41,800 --> 01:12:44,900
as a cultural conduit, he 
introduced French Elites to 

1282
01:12:44,908 --> 01:12:48,300
American plants and produce 
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 

1283
01:12:48,300 --> 01:12:51,800
pecan trees in return. 
He noted Advanced French 

1284
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:55,000
architecture and engineering, 
particularly the building of 

1285
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:58,900
canals and mechanisms to flour. 
Mills letters, home brimmed with

1286
01:12:58,908 --> 01:13:01,800
ideas for implementing such 
Innovations in the new United 

1287
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:05,300
States reflecting, his 
unwavering desire to see his 

1288
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:08,600
homeland flourish. 
He also studied the nascent 

1289
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,400
politics swirling. 
In France though, few predicted 

1290
01:13:11,400 --> 01:13:14,600
how rapidly the monarchy would 
topple in the coming years, on a

1291
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:17,700
personal note, Jefferson's time 
in France was laced with 

1292
01:13:17,700 --> 01:13:21,200
paternal obligations. 
He brought his daughter Patsy 

1293
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:24,500
later joined by younger daughter
Polly to ensure they had a 

1294
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:27,700
European education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

1295
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:30,100
that included enslaved 
individuals from Monticello 

1296
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:34,800
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

1297
01:13:34,800 --> 01:13:36,700
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

1298
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:40,600
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship but many 

1299
01:13:40,600 --> 01:13:44,200
conclude that she bore children.
Father by Jefferson while 

1300
01:13:44,200 --> 01:13:47,600
details remain partly opaque the
power imbalance on schools. 

1301
01:13:47,600 --> 01:13:49,900
The moral complexities 
overshadowing, his public 

1302
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:53,700
championing of Liberty. 
And 1789 as the French 

1303
01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:57,300
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 
initially celebrated the wave of

1304
01:13:57,300 --> 01:14:00,000
Reform. 
He saw parallels, with America's

1305
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:03,500
recent Independence, struggle 
welcoming calls to curb a rustic

1306
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:06,100
privilege. 
Yet the revolution escalation 

1307
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,300
when moderate hopes gave way to 
the reign of terror alarmed him.

1308
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:13,800
Before that radical shift. 
He had already departed, France.

1309
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:17,300
recalled to serve as the first 
Secretary of State under 

1310
01:14:17,300 --> 01:14:22,400
President George Washington in 
1790 His Paris sojourn ended 

1311
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:25,000
with a mix of admiration for 
French Enlightenment. 

1312
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:28,200
An unease at the extremes, their
Revolution might unleash. 

1313
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:31,400
Returning to the US. 
Jefferson joined Washington's 

1314
01:14:31,400 --> 01:14:35,000
cabinet tasked with shaping 
foreign policy, this role put 

1315
01:14:35,000 --> 01:14:38,000
him at odds with treasury 
secretary Alexander Hamilton who

1316
01:14:38,000 --> 01:14:40,300
championed a strong federal 
government and close ties with 

1317
01:14:40,300 --> 01:14:43,100
Britain. 
Jefferson conversely favored, 

1318
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:47,100
robust State autonomy and warmer
relations with France, their 

1319
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:49,800
clashes anchored, the birth of 
America's first party system. 

1320
01:14:49,800 --> 01:14:54,900
The Federalists led by Hamilton 
advocated centralization while 

1321
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:58,700
the Democratic Republicans, led 
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian

1322
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:02,000
base, to democracy and suspicion
of concentrated Federal power. 

1323
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:06,400
During the cabinet period, 
Jefferson navigated multiple 

1324
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,700
crises tensions with Britain. 
Over Frontier 4S, uncertain 

1325
01:15:10,700 --> 01:15:13,300
alliances with 
post-revolutionary, France and 

1326
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:15,200
domestic Strife like the Whiskey
Rebellion. 

1327
01:15:15,200 --> 01:15:17,900
He championed free trade and a 
minimal Navy. 

1328
01:15:17,900 --> 01:15:20,500
Resisting, Hamilton's push for 
standing army. 

1329
01:15:21,300 --> 01:15:24,300
Deep philosophical differences, 
turned personal, prompting 

1330
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:27,300
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 
in 1793 soon. 

1331
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:30,200
He built a political Network 
harnessing sympathetic 

1332
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:31,700
newspapers to shape public 
opinion. 

1333
01:15:31,700 --> 01:15:34,800
This Dynamic signaled, the 
future of American politics, 

1334
01:15:34,800 --> 01:15:37,800
where parties and alignments 
would drive policy discourse. 

1335
01:15:39,100 --> 01:15:43,700
By 1796 the Schism was public 
Jefferson found himself running 

1336
01:15:43,700 --> 01:15:46,000
for president against John 
Adams, though. 

1337
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,300
Somewhat reluctantly, He lost 
narrowly and became Adams's 

1338
01:15:49,300 --> 01:15:51,600
vice. 
President, a job lacking much 

1339
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:54,400
real power. 
From the Senate's, Vantage 

1340
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:57,400
Jefferson observed atoms as 
presidency enacting laws like 

1341
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,200
the Alien and Sedition Acts 
which Jefferson deemed 

1342
01:16:00,200 --> 01:16:03,300
tyrannical. 
Furious covertly authored The 

1343
01:16:03,300 --> 01:16:06,300
Kentucky, Resolution suggesting 
States could nullify 

1344
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:10,200
unconstitutional, Federal 
statutes, the move introduced, a

1345
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,500
heated debate, over federal 
state relations critics, labeled

1346
01:16:13,500 --> 01:16:16,700
its subversive, but Jefferson 
saw it as safeguarding the 

1347
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:20,600
Spirit of 76, thus by the cusp 
of the 1800 election. 

1348
01:16:20,600 --> 01:16:24,500
Jefferson embodied a republican 
Champion for agrarian liberties.

1349
01:16:25,400 --> 01:16:27,400
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

1350
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:31,000
Yet, he also carried personal 
baggage from his slave 

1351
01:16:31,000 --> 01:16:33,400
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

1352
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:37,800
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

1353
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:41,200
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

1354
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:44,400
editorials and backroom deals, 
the election would test whether 

1355
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:47,000
the flexing Republic, could 
survive, a peaceful transition 

1356
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:51,700
of power or devolve into rancor.
Jefferson's calm. 

1357
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:54,100
But determined approach. 
Once again, pressed him into a 

1358
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:56,900
central role, bridging 
Enlightenment ideals and the 

1359
01:16:56,900 --> 01:16:59,200
gritty realities of partisan 
brawls. 

1360
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:02,400
The election of 1800 brought 
turmoil. 

1361
01:17:02,400 --> 01:17:06,600
John Adams, sought re-election, 
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 

1362
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:09,600
and Jefferson's Democratic 
Republicans Consolidated around 

1363
01:17:09,600 --> 01:17:12,100
him. 
The campaign was vitriolic 

1364
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:16,200
filled with accusations, 
Federalists called Jefferson and

1365
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:19,100
atheist. 
Radical Republicans, branded 

1366
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:22,000
Adams. 
A monarchist in an era before 

1367
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,800
direct popular, ballots 
electors, cast votes for 

1368
01:17:24,800 --> 01:17:28,600
President and Vice President. 
In a complicated procedure, a 

1369
01:17:28,600 --> 01:17:31,300
tire emerged between Jefferson 
and his running, mate, Aaron 

1370
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:35,100
Burr each receiving, the same 
number of electoral votes, the 

1371
01:17:35,100 --> 01:17:38,400
House of Representatives control
by Federalists had to break. 

1372
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:42,900
The tie days of tents, balloting
ensued, ultimately with 

1373
01:17:42,900 --> 01:17:46,900
Hamilton's reluctant nod, 
Jefferson triumphed, the ordeal 

1374
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:50,900
spurred the 12th Amendment. 
In future presidential and vice 

1375
01:17:50,900 --> 01:17:53,100
presidential candidates had 
distinct ballots. 

1376
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:58,000
The pursuit. 
The Jefferson assume the 

1377
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:01,900
president see in 1801 his 
inaugural address famously. 

1378
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,200
Stoled Unity, we are all 
Republican. 

1379
01:18:04,200 --> 01:18:06,900
We are all Federalists 
signifying. 

1380
01:18:06,900 --> 01:18:08,800
A desire to heal partners and 
wounds. 

1381
01:18:09,800 --> 01:18:12,600
Scaled back, certain Federalist 
measures cutting the Army, 

1382
01:18:12,600 --> 01:18:16,300
budget, abolishing some taxes, 
and releasing those imprisoned 

1383
01:18:16,300 --> 01:18:19,600
under the Sedition Act. 
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 

1384
01:18:19,600 --> 01:18:22,800
government believing the US 
should remain primarily agrarian

1385
01:18:22,800 --> 01:18:25,500
suspicious of large cities and 
Banks. 

1386
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:29,400
This pastoral Vision resonated 
with many Frontier settlers who 

1387
01:18:29,400 --> 01:18:31,200
saw the new president as their 
champion. 

1388
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:34,800
One early success was the 
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 

1389
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:40,400
Napoleon embroiled in European 
Wars unexpectedly, offered to 

1390
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:42,600
sell France's vast North 
American Holdings. 

1391
01:18:43,600 --> 01:18:47,500
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 
Constitution provided no 

1392
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:49,900
explicit power for land deals of
this magnitude. 

1393
01:18:50,800 --> 01:18:54,000
At the chance to double the 
nation's territory overshadowed,

1394
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:58,300
strict constitutional Scruples, 
for 15 million dollars US 

1395
01:18:58,300 --> 01:19:01,000
acquired a domain stretching 
from the Mississippi River to 

1396
01:19:01,000 --> 01:19:04,400
the Rocky Mountains. 
This bold, stroke control of the

1397
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:07,400
Mississippi's, crucial Port of 
New Orleans and opened a 

1398
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:11,000
frontier for expansion. 
Westerners Rejoice, the 

1399
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:14,300
Federalists bought claiming it 
diluted the Eastern State's 

1400
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:17,000
political power. 
Still Jefferson proceeded 

1401
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:20,600
blending, principal with 
pragmatic advantage to explore. 

1402
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:22,800
These new lands, Jefferson 
commissioned. 

1403
01:19:22,800 --> 01:19:26,300
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 
Merriweather Lewis has former 

1404
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,500
secretary and William Clark, led
a team from the Missouri River 

1405
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:33,700
to the Pacific coast. 
Their 1804 to 1806 Journey map 

1406
01:19:33,700 --> 01:19:38,000
to Roots documented flora and 
fauna an Engaged with indigenous

1407
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:41,000
Nations. 
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 

1408
01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:44,500
findings seeing it as a 
scientific Quest paralleling his

1409
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:48,300
Enlightenment ideals the 
Expedition success fueled 

1410
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:50,700
national pride and curiosity 
about the continents vast 

1411
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:53,300
potential. 
Yet, it also signified new 

1412
01:19:53,300 --> 01:19:54,900
tensions with tribal 
communities. 

1413
01:19:54,900 --> 01:19:58,400
As more settlers pressed. 
Westward domestically Jefferson 

1414
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:02,000
faced controverses, he disliked 
the existence of the bank of the

1415
01:20:02,008 --> 01:20:04,100
United States. 
But tolerated, it when 

1416
01:20:04,100 --> 01:20:08,200
expedient, he slashed Federal 
budgets forcing some in the Navy

1417
01:20:08,200 --> 01:20:11,900
to protest that the nation's sea
defenses weakened, furthermore, 

1418
01:20:11,900 --> 01:20:15,300
he issue of slavery. 
Persisted Jefferson's, personal 

1419
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,100
writings described in does a 
Moral, and political Hazard. 

1420
01:20:18,100 --> 01:20:21,700
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

1421
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:25,900
championed Federal abolition 
Indeed, the 1807 law. 

1422
01:20:25,900 --> 01:20:27,400
Banning the importation of 
enslaved. 

1423
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:30,800
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

1424
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:33,400
Mr. Critical chance to push for 
more sweeping reforms. 

1425
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:37,100
Foreign Affairs, proved trickier
Britain and France. 

1426
01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:41,400
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality seizing 

1427
01:20:41,400 --> 01:20:43,300
American Merchant ships an 
impressing. 

1428
01:20:43,300 --> 01:20:47,200
US Sailors into their navies 
incense, Jefferson tried 

1429
01:20:47,200 --> 01:20:49,800
economic Warfare. 
Championing the Embargo Act of 

1430
01:20:49,808 --> 01:20:52,700
1807. 
Halting nearly all US exports. 

1431
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:55,700
He reasoned, Britain and France 
needed American Goods. 

1432
01:20:55,700 --> 01:21:00,900
Instead the measured devastated 
us ports, invited smuggling and 

1433
01:21:00,900 --> 01:21:02,500
turned public opinion against 
him. 

1434
01:21:03,500 --> 01:21:06,400
The Fiasco Illustrated the 
limits of Peaceable coercion. 

1435
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:10,600
Eventually the unpopular embargo
was repealed tarnishing 

1436
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:14,600
Jefferson's last year, in 
office, in 1809, he handed the 

1437
01:21:14,600 --> 01:21:18,500
presidency to his close, Ally 
James, Madison quietly retiring 

1438
01:21:18,500 --> 01:21:22,900
to Monticello his two terms 
shaped the US expanded territory

1439
01:21:22,900 --> 01:21:27,000
a stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional 

1440
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:31,600
tensions, his approach mix of 
lofty Republican ideals and 

1441
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:34,500
occasional pragmatic 
contradictions left a complex 

1442
01:21:34,500 --> 01:21:38,900
imprint People revered him as a 
philosophical statement, but 

1443
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:41,000
criticized his moral 
inconsistencies. 

1444
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:44,900
He parted from Washington, DC, 
warned from the tribulation of 

1445
01:21:44,900 --> 01:21:47,000
governance yet proud, he had 
preserved, a measure of 

1446
01:21:47,008 --> 01:21:50,400
individual liberty and doubled 
the nation's without large-scale

1447
01:21:50,400 --> 01:21:53,900
War back at Monticello. 
The next chapter in Jefferson's 

1448
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:57,100
life would revolve around the 
pursuit of knowledge, founding a

1449
01:21:57,100 --> 01:22:00,400
university and hosting endless 
visitors and treed by the sage 

1450
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:03,600
of the revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers over slavery 

1451
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:07,500
and State's rights would soon 
overshadow the era, complicating

1452
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,700
his cherished vision of a 
harmonious agrarian democracy. 

1453
01:22:11,600 --> 01:22:15,100
For now though, he retreated to 
the place, he loved surrounded 

1454
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:19,100
by invention's fields of crops 
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 

1455
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,300
staying active in public 
discourse through letters that 

1456
01:22:22,300 --> 01:22:25,300
carried enormous influence in 
the young republics intellectual

1457
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:27,600
circles. 
Retirement for Thomas. 

1458
01:22:27,600 --> 01:22:30,900
Jefferson did not equate to 
seclusion back at Monticello. 

1459
01:22:30,900 --> 01:22:35,300
After 1809, he embraced the role
of sage of Monticello receiving 

1460
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:38,300
Statesmen foreign visitors and 
curious Travelers. 

1461
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:41,900
He corresponded widely shaping 
discourse on her American 

1462
01:22:41,900 --> 01:22:46,000
identity and preserving his 
Revolution era repute. the 

1463
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:50,500
estate itself, reflected his 
Restless creativity expansions 

1464
01:22:50,500 --> 01:22:53,500
to the house Pavilions and 
elaborate of gardens for 

1465
01:22:53,500 --> 01:22:57,000
experimental horticulture 
Visitors often found him in his 

1466
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:59,400
library or tinkering with 
mechanical gadgets, like a 

1467
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:02,300
polygraph machine that 
duplicated his handwriting. 

1468
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:05,400
His thirst for Innovation 
remained undimmed. 

1469
01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:08,600
However Monticello's Finance is 
were precarious. 

1470
01:23:08,600 --> 01:23:12,700
Jefferson indulged in 
architectural, whims financed 

1471
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:16,200
extended family and endured the 
fluctuating price of tobacco 

1472
01:23:16,200 --> 01:23:20,400
gets mounted specially as he 
refused to scale back a gracious

1473
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:24,000
Life Style slavery. 
Under pinned Monticello's 

1474
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:27,300
operations with over 100 and 
slaved individuals performing 

1475
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:31,500
the labor Jefferson supervised 
them recording births tasks and 

1476
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:35,300
schedules with methodical detail
yet Behind These Legends like 

1477
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:39,000
human lives subjected to force 
servitude, he recognized the 

1478
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:42,100
moral Quagmire, but rationalized
it with incrementalist 

1479
01:23:42,100 --> 01:23:44,400
arguments, or deferrals, to 
Future Generations. 

1480
01:23:44,400 --> 01:23:48,200
This tension complicated, his 
Public Image as a champion of 

1481
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:50,800
Liberty. 
One of his crowning, retirement.

1482
01:23:50,800 --> 01:23:53,100
Achievements was founding the 
University of Virginia. 

1483
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,700
Jefferson felt older 
institutions clung to religious 

1484
01:23:56,700 --> 01:23:58,600
influences or archaic 
curricular. 

1485
01:23:58,600 --> 01:24:02,100
He envisioned a secular campus 
emphasizing modern languages 

1486
01:24:02,100 --> 01:24:05,000
science and a broad-based 
liberal education. 

1487
01:24:05,800 --> 01:24:08,400
Persuading, the Virginia 
legislature to back it required 

1488
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:11,000
political finesse. 
He personally designed the 

1489
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:14,300
campus layout with a central 
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman

1490
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:18,000
Pantheon flanked by academical 
Village Pavilions. 

1491
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:21,400
Construction began in 
Charlottesville near Monticello 

1492
01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:26,400
around 1817, even in his 70s, 
Jefferson frequently visited, 

1493
01:24:26,400 --> 01:24:29,700
the site, checking architectural
details, conferring with 

1494
01:24:29,700 --> 01:24:34,000
Builders and selecting faculty 
Aimed to cultivate in lightning 

1495
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:37,000
citizen leaders for a republic 
that demanded knowledge base 

1496
01:24:37,000 --> 01:24:39,900
self-governance. 
Meanwhile, National issues, 

1497
01:24:39,900 --> 01:24:43,000
still beckoned as an elder 
statement of the democratic 

1498
01:24:43,000 --> 01:24:45,200
Republican party. 
Jeffrey Jefferson provided 

1499
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:49,200
advice to Madison and later to 
Monroe, he supported the 

1500
01:24:49,200 --> 01:24:52,800
Louisiana purchases expansion 
further welcoming new States 

1501
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:55,800
into the Union. 
However, the War of 1812 with 

1502
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,900
Britain tested his conviction 
about limited government and a 

1503
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:02,400
small military eliminated, that 
some federal state seemed 

1504
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,400
willing to undermine National 
Unity, especially in the 

1505
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:08,200
Northeast. 
Let us show him, torn between 

1506
01:25:08,208 --> 01:25:11,200
localism and the emergence of a 
broader national identity. 

1507
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:15,500
As the US overcame that conflict
Jefferson expressed relief that 

1508
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:19,000
Europe's meddling was lessening.
Parallel development was his 

1509
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:20,800
rekindled friendship with John 
Adams. 

1510
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:24,100
The two had been friends, turned
adversaries, turned icy 

1511
01:25:24,100 --> 01:25:27,500
correspondence for years. 
But in retirement, both 

1512
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:32,100
recognized by the revolution's 
intensity through letters. 

1513
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,400
They Revisited old debates. 
Monarchy versus republic, the 

1514
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,300
role of religion, the fragility 
of democracy, their exchange 

1515
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:42,700
sword with philosophical 
reflection, spiced with humor, 

1516
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:45,900
about Advanced age. 
The Revival of their friendships

1517
01:25:45,900 --> 01:25:48,900
stands as a testament. 
The capacity for a bridging old 

1518
01:25:48,900 --> 01:25:52,400
political Rifts, in these 
letters, jeffersson revealed his

1519
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:55,400
abiding optimism, that the 
American experiment though in 

1520
01:25:55,408 --> 01:25:58,900
perfect would endure. 
If Guided by reason and virtuous

1521
01:25:58,900 --> 01:26:03,400
leadership, yet personal sorrow.
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

1522
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:06,100
several of his children, in 
during repeated heartbreak. 

1523
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:08,600
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

1524
01:26:08,600 --> 01:26:12,900
Domain, grandchildren ran about 
extended relative sought 

1525
01:26:12,900 --> 01:26:16,400
financial aid, and guests 
arrived unannounced to glean a 

1526
01:26:16,400 --> 01:26:20,100
moment with the iconic founder. 
He wore the mask of a benevolent

1527
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:22,900
patriarch. 
But Diaries hint at bouts of 

1528
01:26:22,908 --> 01:26:25,800
melancholy. 
And precarious economy pressed 

1529
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:28,600
him to mortgage properties and 
he relied on lines of credit 

1530
01:26:28,600 --> 01:26:30,200
that threatened to upend the 
estate. 

1531
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:33,900
The image of Monticello as a 
microcosm of Republican in 

1532
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,800
lightning concealed. 
A precarious Ledger balancing As

1533
01:26:37,800 --> 01:26:41,100
Jefferson neared 80 he took 
pride in the University of 

1534
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:44,300
Virginia's nearing completion. 
He personally, selected some 

1535
01:26:44,300 --> 01:26:47,900
Library materials established 
faculty guidelines and wrote 

1536
01:26:47,900 --> 01:26:50,600
about its potential to transform
the American Education. 

1537
01:26:51,700 --> 01:26:55,400
In 1825, the university opened 
to its first class of students. 

1538
01:26:56,400 --> 01:26:59,800
Jefferson's dream had become 
real a secular institution 

1539
01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:04,100
dedicated to free inquiry 
unencumbered by rigid religious 

1540
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:07,700
Dogma or stale tradition. 
He believed it would Foster the 

1541
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:10,800
next generation of leaders to 
safeguard the Republic's ideals.

1542
01:27:11,700 --> 01:27:17,100
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 
slipping freed from daily policy

1543
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:19,300
fights. 
He dedicated his final energy to

1544
01:27:19,300 --> 01:27:21,000
ensuring the University's 
stability. 

1545
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:24,700
People noticed his health fading
but he refused to slow. 

1546
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:27,400
He yearned to see July 4th, 
1826. 

1547
01:27:27,400 --> 01:27:30,800
The 50th anniversary of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

1548
01:27:31,800 --> 01:27:35,600
That day arrived in a poetic 
twist, John Adams, and 

1549
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:38,900
Jefferson, both passed away on 
that date with Jefferson dying 

1550
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:41,800
in the early afternoon. 
The Synergy of these two 

1551
01:27:41,800 --> 01:27:44,200
revolutionaries departing on the
nation's half-century. 

1552
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:48,400
Mark cemented a legend thus 
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 

1553
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,100
was no quiet Twilight. 
But a culminating chapter of 

1554
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:54,500
architectural, Innovation, 
educational reform and 

1555
01:27:54,500 --> 01:27:56,200
reflection on a revolution's 
legacy. 

1556
01:27:56,200 --> 01:28:00,000
He left behind a complicated 
estate, weighed by debt, a 

1557
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:02,200
family overshadowed, by the 
institution of slavery. 

1558
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:06,000
Yet also a shining new 
University in a trove of letters

1559
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,000
that would shape America's 
self-perception for Generations.

1560
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,100
In him. 
Older illusions of an agrarian 

1561
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:15,100
Utopia, mingled with the 
Unstoppable push of a 

1562
01:28:15,100 --> 01:28:17,800
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

1563
01:28:17,800 --> 01:28:21,400
that still Define the American 
ethos, In the immediate wake of 

1564
01:28:21,408 --> 01:28:25,600
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed over his legacy,

1565
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:29,200
many hailed him as the pain 
behind the Declaration of 

1566
01:28:29,208 --> 01:28:31,700
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

1567
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,100
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

1568
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:38,600
championed religious freedom. 
Others lambasted his 

1569
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:41,700
inconsistencies, a 
self-proclaimed, egalitarian, 

1570
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:45,200
who held in slave laborers, and 
Enlightenment thinker, who let 

1571
01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:47,200
personal finances descend into 
chaos. 

1572
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:51,400
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

1573
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:54,000
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

1574
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,200
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect soon faced Financial 

1575
01:28:57,200 --> 01:28:59,500
turmoil. 
His heirs, struggled to pay his 

1576
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:02,500
debts, they sold land and 
eventually auctioned off 

1577
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:06,200
furniture and slaved individuals
fracturing, the community that 

1578
01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:09,800
had sustained the plantation. 
Monticello changed hands 

1579
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:13,000
multiple times deteriorating 
until the early 20th century. 

1580
01:29:13,000 --> 01:29:15,900
When the Thomas Jefferson 
Foundation, Acquired and 

1581
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,000
restored it, symbolically 
reassembling his architectural 

1582
01:29:19,000 --> 01:29:20,700
dream as an American heritage 
site. 

1583
01:29:20,700 --> 01:29:24,200
This restoration also reignited 
debate about the everyday 

1584
01:29:24,200 --> 01:29:28,200
reality of enslaved families who
wants toiled their culminating 

1585
01:29:28,200 --> 01:29:31,200
in renewed, emphasis on their 
stories, a dimension 

1586
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:33,500
historically, muted in the 
veneration of Jefferson. 

1587
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:37,400
Meanwhile the broader American 
public constructed, a Mythic 

1588
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:41,400
image of Jefferson in the 19th 
century, as political parties 

1589
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:45,200
shifted references to 
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 

1590
01:29:45,200 --> 01:29:50,000
praising, his emphasis on small 
government minimal taxes and the

1591
01:29:50,000 --> 01:29:54,000
righteousness of Rural Life. 
Andrew Jackson supporters in 

1592
01:29:54,000 --> 01:29:57,100
Volks Jefferson as a figure who 
championed the Common Man. 

1593
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:00,700
But historians recognize that 
Jefferson's own approach to 

1594
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:04,200
governance was more nuanced than
populist idealists claimed. 

1595
01:30:04,900 --> 01:30:08,000
He recognized the necessity of 
compromise and occasionally 

1596
01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:11,400
invoked strong Federal measures.
Especially in foreign affairs. 

1597
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:15,300
The early 20th century saw the 
Progressive Era, adopted 

1598
01:30:15,300 --> 01:30:18,700
different aspect of Jefferson 
the intellectual founder who 

1599
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:22,500
believed in educated citizenry. 
Debates around the founders 

1600
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:26,800
intentions sword, The Jeffersons
letters cited by all sides, 

1601
01:30:26,800 --> 01:30:30,000
archival, releases of his 
personal correspondence. 

1602
01:30:30,000 --> 01:30:33,700
Lent, more profound insight into
his moral grappling with slavery

1603
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:36,400
in his Dynamic shift, from 
localist to expansionist. 

1604
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:38,800
The public began to appreciate 
that. 

1605
01:30:38,800 --> 01:30:41,300
The founders were not 
monolithically consistent 

1606
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:45,600
Paragons but flawed statement 
shaped by urgent demands in 

1607
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:49,500
scholarship, the 1970s and 
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 

1608
01:30:49,500 --> 01:30:52,600
of inquiry, focusing on 
Jefferson's relationship with 

1609
01:30:52,600 --> 01:30:55,000
Sally. 
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 

1610
01:30:55,008 --> 01:30:59,000
late 1990s pointed strongly to 
him fathering his children. 

1611
01:30:59,000 --> 01:31:02,600
This Revelation forced a 
national reevaluation of the so 

1612
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:06,600
called sage of Monticello. 
Some were scandalized others 

1613
01:31:06,600 --> 01:31:10,500
found it wholly unsurprising in 
retrospect it underscored the 

1614
01:31:10,508 --> 01:31:13,300
complexities swirling. 
Under his polished philosophical

1615
01:31:13,300 --> 01:31:16,900
veneer for a man who wrote all 
men are created equal 

1616
01:31:16,900 --> 01:31:20,600
reconciling these. 
Two Realms intellectual champion

1617
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:23,700
of Liberty and personal 
practitioner of slavery was 

1618
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:26,400
never straightforward. 
Academic attention. 

1619
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:29,800
Also delved deep into his 
political philosophy Jefferson's

1620
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:33,300
notion of an Empire of Liberty 
and held agrarian expansion 

1621
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:36,500
across the continent. 
Yet it set the stage for Native 

1622
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:39,500
displacement and further 
entrenchment of slave labor in 

1623
01:31:39,500 --> 01:31:42,500
new territories. 
While he personally doubted, the

1624
01:31:42,500 --> 01:31:44,900
morality of forcibly taking 
indigenous lands. 

1625
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:48,500
He accepted the Unstoppable 
momentum of Frontier settlers. 

1626
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:52,700
This acceptance shaped federal 
policy that stoked tensions for 

1627
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,900
Generations culminating in 
forced relocations. 

1628
01:31:56,700 --> 01:32:00,000
Today, some re-evaluate 
Jefferson's role in establishing

1629
01:32:00,000 --> 01:32:03,100
moral Frameworks that 
facilitated expansion at others 

1630
01:32:03,100 --> 01:32:06,500
invents. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

1631
01:32:06,500 --> 01:32:11,200
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

1632
01:32:11,200 --> 01:32:14,500
as a testament to his rhetorical
Brilliance visitors, read 

1633
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:17,400
excerpts from the Declaration of
Independence and letters on the 

1634
01:32:17,408 --> 01:32:20,900
rotunda's walls underscoring. 
His luminous call for equality 

1635
01:32:20,900 --> 01:32:24,500
and freedom of conscience. 
The monument, ironically does 

1636
01:32:24,500 --> 01:32:26,400
not portray the full tangle of 
contradictions. 

1637
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:29,900
Yet more incisive, interpretive 
programs. 

1638
01:32:29,900 --> 01:32:32,900
Now incorporate nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

1639
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:36,400
achievements, and moral failings
side by side amid, these 

1640
01:32:36,400 --> 01:32:39,200
controversies Jefferson's 
intellectual achievements. 

1641
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:42,600
Remain uncontested His 
articulation of natural rights 

1642
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:45,400
and the notion that legitimate 
governments stems from the 

1643
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:49,000
consent of the governed carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

1644
01:32:49,000 --> 01:32:52,200
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

1645
01:32:52,200 --> 01:32:54,500
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

1646
01:32:54,500 --> 01:32:58,400
from religious tolerance to 
public education. meanwhile 

1647
01:32:58,400 --> 01:33:01,400
University of Virginia stands as
living reminders of his 

1648
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:03,900
conviction that knowledge, 
Fosters responsible governance, 

1649
01:33:04,800 --> 01:33:06,700
Its returned under 
overshadowing. 

1650
01:33:06,700 --> 01:33:10,300
The lawn keeps the spirit of 
Enlightenment learning alive. 

1651
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:14,700
Hence, two centuries on Thomas. 
Jefferson remains as complicated

1652
01:33:14,700 --> 01:33:17,400
as the era, he shaped illuminous
author. 

1653
01:33:17,400 --> 01:33:21,700
Democracy's founding Creed 
overshadowed by glaring 

1654
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:25,500
contradictions on race and 
personal conduct His life 

1655
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:29,000
prompts reflection on how lofty 
ideals can Clash with ingrained,

1656
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:31,300
social structures and personal 
entanglements. 

1657
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:35,300
For many Americans and observes 
abroad, grappling with Jefferson

1658
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:38,500
is akin to grappling with the 
nation's own layered identity. 

1659
01:33:38,500 --> 01:33:42,300
Built on Noble declarations yet.
Intimately entangled in 

1660
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:45,300
unresolved Injustice. 
The conversation. 

1661
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:48,800
He started continues bridging 
history and contemporary debates

1662
01:33:48,800 --> 01:33:52,100
on Liberty equality and the 
messy realities in between 

1663
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:55,200
Thomas Jefferson's life. 
Invites Reflections on how 

1664
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:58,400
Visionary ideals intersect with 
the flawed scope of practical 

1665
01:33:58,400 --> 01:34:01,000
living. 
He exemplifies the possibility 

1666
01:34:01,000 --> 01:34:05,000
that one can be intellectually 
gifted deeply principled yet. 

1667
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:08,800
Remain in Tangled in personal 
contradictions, Observing his 

1668
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:10,400
journey reveals lessons on 
leadership. 

1669
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:13,900
Creativity compromise and moral 
blind spots. 

1670
01:34:13,900 --> 01:34:17,800
Each a facet that resonates in 
modern times where we juggle 

1671
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:20,800
personal conviction with 
structural constraints, at 

1672
01:34:20,800 --> 01:34:23,800
Monticello, his architectural, 
flourishes, highlight, how 

1673
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:26,900
creativity can transform 
personal space in to a canvas of

1674
01:34:26,900 --> 01:34:31,900
experimentation secret passages 
rotating books, stands an 

1675
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:35,000
advanced ventilation remind us 
that even domestic life can 

1676
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:36,400
become a playground of 
innovation. 

1677
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:39,500
We can learn that invention can 
change any environment, 

1678
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:43,800
including Home and Office, The 
Monticello also underscores, how

1679
01:34:43,808 --> 01:34:45,700
Comfort can rely on unseen, 
labor? 

1680
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:49,800
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 
enslaved, men and women forced 

1681
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:53,400
to cater to Jefferson's designs.
This reality, cautions that 

1682
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:56,100
technological or aesthetic 
progress, can co-exist with 

1683
01:34:56,100 --> 01:34:59,200
ethical failings Jefferson's 
public service. 

1684
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:02,900
From drafting the Declaration to
guiding foreign policy 

1685
01:35:02,900 --> 01:35:06,000
underscores the power of 
well-crafted language. 

1686
01:35:06,000 --> 01:35:09,500
He harnessed rhetorical 
Precision to unify disparate 

1687
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:12,800
colonies under ideals. 
That centuries later remain a 

1688
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:15,800
moral yardstick. 
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,

1689
01:35:15,800 --> 01:35:18,600
we cannot dismiss how 
effectively words shape, 

1690
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:22,200
Collective identity. 
In an age of digital media, 

1691
01:35:22,200 --> 01:35:25,700
Jefferson's example of firms 
that carefully chose on language

1692
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:28,000
can galvanized or fractionally 
divided. 

1693
01:35:28,800 --> 01:35:32,100
His success in bridging disputes
among the founders, suggest the 

1694
01:35:32,100 --> 01:35:35,900
value of measured compromise. 
At the same time, your deal of 

1695
01:35:35,908 --> 01:35:38,700
the 1800 election warned us, 
that partnership can nearly 

1696
01:35:38,700 --> 01:35:42,500
fracture young democracy, One 
cannot ignore the deeper, moral 

1697
01:35:42,500 --> 01:35:45,100
debate, how man? 
Proclaiming Universal rights, 

1698
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:48,800
upheld the structure of slavery.
Modern readers might view that 

1699
01:35:48,800 --> 01:35:50,400
as an irredeemable 
contradiction. 

1700
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:54,100
Alternatively one might 
interpret it as historical 

1701
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:57,200
caution that even well, 
intentioned reformers can remain

1702
01:35:57,200 --> 01:36:01,600
captive to entrench deck in a 
social norms Jefferson story 

1703
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:04,000
prominently highlights the 
difference between personal 

1704
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:07,500
moral Clarity and institutional,
inertia it compels us to 

1705
01:36:07,500 --> 01:36:10,300
question our complicity in 
modern systems that might 

1706
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:11,600
conflict with our professed 
values. 

1707
01:36:11,600 --> 01:36:15,400
Additionally, Jefferson's 
championing of religious freedom

1708
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:18,500
stands out. 
He insisted that each person's 

1709
01:36:18,500 --> 01:36:20,300
beliefs, lay Beyond governmental
reach. 

1710
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:24,200
Stance that shaped not just 
American, but Global Norms on 

1711
01:36:24,208 --> 01:36:26,800
religious liberty. 
The Statute for Religious 

1712
01:36:26,800 --> 01:36:29,400
Freedom in Virginia, though. 
Overshadowed by the 

1713
01:36:29,400 --> 01:36:32,200
declaration's fame. 
Seeded, the principle that 

1714
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:35,600
government cannot coerce 
spiritual conviction today. 

1715
01:36:35,600 --> 01:36:39,500
As debate on religious 
expression swirl worldwide, his 

1716
01:36:39,500 --> 01:36:42,000
early, push for disestablishment
remains relevant. 

1717
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:46,000
Another subtle Dimension is 
Jefferson's approached to 

1718
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:48,900
educational Frameworks. 
Founding the University of 

1719
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:51,100
Virginia, mirrored, his 
conviction that informed 

1720
01:36:51,100 --> 01:36:52,800
populace anchors, a stable 
Republic. 

1721
01:36:52,800 --> 01:36:56,800
He favored broad curricula from 
ancient languages to Modern 

1722
01:36:56,800 --> 01:36:59,300
science's rejecting Church 
oversight. 

1723
01:37:00,300 --> 01:37:02,800
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

1724
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:06,300
freedom, the role of public 
University's and how to equip 

1725
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:08,400
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

1726
01:37:09,300 --> 01:37:12,000
His notion that education 
Fosters, self-rule might be more

1727
01:37:12,000 --> 01:37:15,600
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

1728
01:37:15,608 --> 01:37:19,800
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculation can 

1729
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:23,100
overshadow public triumphs? 
The man who shaped a nation 

1730
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:26,700
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

1731
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:28,200
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

1732
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:32,100
The story underscores that 
bright Minds can still falter in

1733
01:37:32,108 --> 01:37:35,000
everyday management. 
For modern professionals 

1734
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:37,100
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

1735
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,800
Brilliance in some Arenas, does 
not inoculate against practical.

1736
01:37:40,800 --> 01:37:44,800
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

1737
01:37:44,800 --> 01:37:49,300
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagas. 

1738
01:37:49,300 --> 01:37:53,400
Observers then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

1739
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:55,200
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

1740
01:37:55,900 --> 01:37:58,800
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

1741
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:01,500
Republic's half-century Mark 
remains a striking historical 

1742
01:38:01,500 --> 01:38:03,900
coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

1743
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,100
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

1744
01:38:07,100 --> 01:38:09,100
were aging Patriots. 
Who parted with an American 

1745
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,300
still in flux. 
Fragile, expanding, and 

1746
01:38:12,300 --> 01:38:15,700
grappling with unsolved 
tension's the rhetorical Arts. 

1747
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:19,000
They set forth would guide and 
horned subsequent Generations in

1748
01:38:19,008 --> 01:38:23,800
deciding how or whether to 
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 

1749
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:28,800
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as
a mosaic liberation's poet, 

1750
01:38:28,800 --> 01:38:33,000
contradictory slave owner, 
Visionary statement, Florida, 

1751
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:36,100
caretaker of finance's, and 
father of and institution 

1752
01:38:36,100 --> 01:38:39,700
championing reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

1753
01:38:39,700 --> 01:38:42,100
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

1754
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:45,200
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

1755
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:49,400
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

1756
01:38:49,408 --> 01:38:51,700
to measure our convictions 
against the structures we 

1757
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:54,900
inhabit and confronting 
Jefferson's complexities. 

1758
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,200
We do not just revisit a 
Founding Father. 

1759
01:38:57,200 --> 01:39:00,200
We confront the universal 
tensions of forging, a just 

1760
01:39:00,200 --> 01:39:04,000
Society in an imperfect world 
and that conversation spurred by

1761
01:39:04,008 --> 01:39:06,200
the man from Monticello remains 
as vital. 

1762
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:15,400
Picture yourself waking up in a 
narrow bed. 

1763
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:17,300
That's barely wider than a 
coffin. 

1764
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:19,400
That somehow more comfortable 
than anything. 

1765
01:39:19,400 --> 01:39:21,100
You'd known before coming to 
Ashworth. 

1766
01:39:21,100 --> 01:39:22,300
Manor. 
The room. 

1767
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:24,700
You share with two other 
housemates is tucked under the 

1768
01:39:24,700 --> 01:39:27,100
eaves where the sealing slopes 
down. 

1769
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:29,700
So dramatically that you've 
learned to duck instinctively 

1770
01:39:29,700 --> 01:39:32,800
when getting dressed the walls 
are thin enough that you can 

1771
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:35,900
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

1772
01:39:35,900 --> 01:39:38,200
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

1773
01:39:38,200 --> 01:39:40,800
Wooden spoon's conducting an 
orchestra of copper pots. 

1774
01:39:40,800 --> 01:39:44,300
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

1775
01:39:44,300 --> 01:39:47,000
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

1776
01:39:47,000 --> 01:39:48,600
You know, no longer need the 
Bell. 

1777
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:51,600
That Martha, the senior 
house-made rings to wake 

1778
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:54,300
everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

1779
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,900
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

1780
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:00,000
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

1781
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:02,500
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

1782
01:40:02,500 --> 01:40:05,700
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

1783
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:08,900
where you need the most The 
floorboards Creak they're 

1784
01:40:08,900 --> 01:40:10,900
familiar, greeting, as you 
tiptoe around your sleeping, 

1785
01:40:10,900 --> 01:40:13,900
roommates. 
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 

1786
01:40:13,900 --> 01:40:16,500
in her sleep, about her sweet 
heart, back in the village while

1787
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:19,600
Emma, who works in the laundry, 
snores with the dedication of 

1788
01:40:19,600 --> 01:40:21,700
someone who's earned every 
moment of rest. 

1789
01:40:22,600 --> 01:40:25,300
The servants staircase serves as
your primary route, to all 

1790
01:40:25,300 --> 01:40:28,600
important places, it's narrow 
and steep designed by 

1791
01:40:28,600 --> 01:40:30,600
architects. 
Who clearly never had to carry a

1792
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,700
coal scuttle up for flights 
while balancing a chamber pot 

1793
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:36,200
and trying not to wake the 
entire household. 

1794
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:40,500
You've developed a peculiar 
Grace, navigating these stairs, 

1795
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:45,200
part mountain goat part ballet 
dancer, all determination, not 

1796
01:40:45,200 --> 01:40:47,100
to Tumble backward into 
catastrophe. 

1797
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:50,700
Your first stop is the 
Magnificent Hall where 

1798
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:52,800
yesterday's ashes in the massive
fireplace. 

1799
01:40:52,800 --> 01:40:54,700
Look like the remains of a small
dragon. 

1800
01:40:55,500 --> 01:40:57,800
The greatest heavy enough to 
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 

1801
01:40:57,800 --> 01:41:00,400
It requires the kind of athletic
ability that would impress 

1802
01:41:00,400 --> 01:41:03,400
circus performers, you've 
learned to approach it like a 

1803
01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:06,800
puzzle first, the smaller 
pieces, then the great itself 

1804
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,200
always mindful that coal dust 
has a magical ability to appear 

1805
01:41:10,200 --> 01:41:12,100
on surfaces. 
You haven't even touched yet. 

1806
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:15,900
The manner wakes up around you 
in layers, first come the other 

1807
01:41:15,900 --> 01:41:18,800
servants moving through their 
morning routines with the 

1808
01:41:18,808 --> 01:41:21,600
synchronized Precision of 
dancers who have rehearsed the 

1809
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:24,900
same performance for years. 
Then come the dogs Lord 

1810
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:27,700
ashworths hunting hounds who 
seem to insist on serving 

1811
01:41:27,700 --> 01:41:31,100
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 
of human convenience. 

1812
01:41:31,100 --> 01:41:35,800
Finally, the house itself begins
to stir floorboards settling 

1813
01:41:35,800 --> 01:41:39,300
pipes, gurgling their morning 
complaints and somewhere in the 

1814
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:41,300
distance. 
The grandfather clock in the 

1815
01:41:41,300 --> 01:41:43,900
entrance hall, chiming the hours
like a Stern Headmaster. 

1816
01:41:43,900 --> 01:41:47,100
Keeping everyone on schedule. 
You've learned to love these 

1817
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,000
early morning moments, when the 
man of belongs entirely to its 

1818
01:41:50,008 --> 01:41:52,200
servants. 
Let's something peaceful about 

1819
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:54,500
moving through rooms. 
That will later Buzz with the 

1820
01:41:54,500 --> 01:41:56,900
complicated social Machinery of 
the upper classes. 

1821
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:01,200
But for now exists in a state of
suspended animation, The drawing

1822
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:04,200
room with its silk wallpaper and
furniture that cost more than 

1823
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:07,100
most people earn in a decade 
feels almost friendly in the 

1824
01:42:07,100 --> 01:42:10,700
pre-dawn darkness, you dust the 
mahogany, tables and straighten.

1825
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:13,300
The cushions on chairs, that 
probably have their own names 

1826
01:42:13,300 --> 01:42:16,400
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tool 

1827
01:42:16,400 --> 01:42:19,500
Windows reveals dust modes 
dancing in the air like tiny 

1828
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:22,300
rebellious spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

1829
01:42:22,300 --> 01:42:25,300
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

1830
01:42:25,300 --> 01:42:28,500
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

1831
01:42:28,500 --> 01:42:31,400
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

1832
01:42:31,408 --> 01:42:33,100
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

1833
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:36,300
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

1834
01:42:37,100 --> 01:42:40,400
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

1835
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:43,700
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

1836
01:42:43,700 --> 01:42:47,100
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

1837
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:49,400
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

1838
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:52,500
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

1839
01:42:52,500 --> 01:42:54,700
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

1840
01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:58,600
Fires a lit, the main rooms are 
clean and you've managed to 

1841
01:42:58,600 --> 01:43:00,500
avoid waking. 
Anyone, who might dock your 

1842
01:43:00,508 --> 01:43:03,800
wages for disturbing their 
beauty, sleep, your back aches. 

1843
01:43:03,800 --> 01:43:06,500
In that particular way that 
comes from bending over greats 

1844
01:43:06,500 --> 01:43:09,500
and reaching under furniture, 
But there's also a satisfaction 

1845
01:43:09,500 --> 01:43:12,300
in seeing the manor slowly come 
to life around your efforts. 

1846
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:15,300
The kitchen. 
When you finally make it there 

1847
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:18,600
for your breakfast is a warm 
Refuge filled with the smell of 

1848
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:22,400
fresh bread and the comfortable 
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 

1849
01:43:22,400 --> 01:43:24,500
domain. 
She rules her realm with the 

1850
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:26,700
authority of a general and the 
warmth of a favorite, aunt, 

1851
01:43:27,300 --> 01:43:29,800
Dispensing, both orders and 
wisdom in equal measure. 

1852
01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:32,500
The pecking order in a 
Victorian, Mansion is more 

1853
01:43:32,500 --> 01:43:35,800
complex than the family tree of 
European royalty and twice as 

1854
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,400
confusing for newcomers, you've 
learned to navigate this social 

1855
01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:42,800
Labyrinth with the skill of a 
diplomat, always mindful of who 

1856
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:46,300
out-ranks who and exactly how 
much courtesy each position 

1857
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:49,300
demands. 
At the top of the servants 

1858
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:52,000
hierarchy. 
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 

1859
01:43:52,000 --> 01:43:54,900
who carries himself with the 
Dignity of a man who has never 

1860
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,000
doubted his place in the world. 
Mr. Whitmore. 

1861
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:00,200
The butler, possesses the 
ability to elevate. 

1862
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:04,000
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

1863
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:07,600
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduced footman 

1864
01:44:07,600 --> 01:44:09,600
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

1865
01:44:09,600 --> 01:44:13,100
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

1866
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:15,700
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

1867
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:19,400
Who manages the female star with
the organizational skills of a 

1868
01:44:19,400 --> 01:44:21,800
military commander? 
And the intuition of someone 

1869
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:25,600
whose raised 12 children Carries
a massive ring of keys that 

1870
01:44:25,600 --> 01:44:28,700
Jangles with every step 
announcing her presence. 

1871
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:32,300
Like a one woman Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

1872
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:34,400
from the linen closets to The 
Wine Cellar. 

1873
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:37,600
And the sound of them has become
the soundtrack of authority in 

1874
01:44:37,600 --> 01:44:40,300
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

1875
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,600
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 
and a heart that softer than her

1876
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:46,400
Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

1877
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:49,800
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

1878
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:53,000
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

1879
01:44:53,800 --> 01:44:56,500
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher key. 

1880
01:44:56,500 --> 01:45:00,200
As she reports directly to Mrs, 
Hartwell however, within her 

1881
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:03,400
kitchen, her Authority as 
unquestioned, you found your 

1882
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:05,800
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social machine, or 

1883
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:09,200
as a housemaid, you're above the
scholarly maids and the kitchen 

1884
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:13,100
help, but below the lady's-maids
in the governments To position 

1885
01:45:13,100 --> 01:45:15,500
that requires a peculiar kind of
social awareness. 

1886
01:45:15,500 --> 01:45:17,900
You need to be respectful to 
those above. 

1887
01:45:17,900 --> 01:45:21,500
You kind to those below you and 
cautious around those at your 

1888
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:23,400
level. 
Because horizontal politics 

1889
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:25,600
among servants, can be more 
treacherous than anything 

1890
01:45:25,600 --> 01:45:29,200
happening up stairs, the footmen
occupy their own strange 

1891
01:45:29,200 --> 01:45:32,700
category in this higher Archie, 
their technically, your equals, 

1892
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,100
but they seem to believe their 
fancy uniforms and proximity to 

1893
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:38,100
the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

1894
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:41,300
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

1895
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,700
mastered the skill of sneering 
at people while simultaneously, 

1896
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:48,900
serving them soup, his permitted
hair and pristine white gloves, 

1897
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:51,700
make him look like he's 
constantly ready for a formal 

1898
01:45:51,700 --> 01:45:54,800
portrait even when he's just 
carrying cold, scuttles. 

1899
01:45:56,300 --> 01:45:59,400
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100 small ways. 

1900
01:45:59,400 --> 01:46:03,000
Who enters the servants Hall? 
First for meals, who gets the 

1901
01:46:03,000 --> 01:46:06,300
best seat near the fire, whose 
allowed to voice opinions about 

1902
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:09,800
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

1903
01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:13,400
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

1904
01:46:13,400 --> 01:46:16,900
studying ancient texts because 
misunderstanding your place can 

1905
01:46:16,900 --> 01:46:19,800
result in anything from cold 
shoulders to actual dismissal. 

1906
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:23,300
The Strangers part of this 
hierarchy as how it mirrors the 

1907
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:26,000
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

1908
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:30,100
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

1909
01:46:30,100 --> 01:46:32,800
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

1910
01:46:32,800 --> 01:46:36,300
conducting a subtle campaign of 
cycle Warfare against Thomas. 

1911
01:46:36,300 --> 01:46:39,900
The whole Boy, Over whose 
responsibility, it is to polish 

1912
01:46:39,900 --> 01:46:43,100
the brass door knobs. 
The servant dramas unfold 

1913
01:46:43,100 --> 01:46:46,800
parallel to the family's lives 
invisible to them, but consuming

1914
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,600
tremendous energy below stairs, 
you've developed a strategy for 

1915
01:46:50,600 --> 01:46:53,900
navigating these social Waters 
that involves generous amounts 

1916
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:57,700
of tea, careful listening, and 
almost Supernatural ability to 

1917
01:46:57,700 --> 01:46:59,400
become invisible. 
When tensions rise. 

1918
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:02,800
Key is understanding that 
everyone from the lowliest. 

1919
01:47:02,800 --> 01:47:05,000
Scullery maid to the most 
exalted ladies. 

1920
01:47:05,000 --> 01:47:07,900
Maid is desperately trying to 
maintain their dignity. 

1921
01:47:07,900 --> 01:47:10,100
In a world that offers very 
little of it. 

1922
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:13,300
People in service. 
The laundrymates exist in their 

1923
01:47:13,300 --> 01:47:17,000
own steamy Universe emerging 
from the basement washhouse. 

1924
01:47:17,000 --> 01:47:19,400
Looking like they've been 
wrestling with clouds. 

1925
01:47:20,100 --> 01:47:23,200
They speak their language of 
starch and soap and their hands 

1926
01:47:23,200 --> 01:47:25,300
are permanently. 
Pruned from constant contact 

1927
01:47:25,300 --> 01:47:28,400
with water. 
Emma, who shares your attic room

1928
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:31,700
comes to bed every night 
smelling like carbolic soap and 

1929
01:47:31,700 --> 01:47:33,200
lavender. 
A combination. 

1930
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:35,100
That's become as comforting as a
lullaby. 

1931
01:47:36,100 --> 01:47:39,100
Truly fascinating members of 
this servant, ecosystem are the 

1932
01:47:39,108 --> 01:47:42,900
Specialists, the lamp trimmer 
who treats each fixture like a 

1933
01:47:42,900 --> 01:47:44,600
delicate patient, requiring 
surgery? 

1934
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:48,400
The boot boy, who knows the 
Footwear preferences of every 

1935
01:47:48,400 --> 01:47:51,800
family member and guest and the 
under Butler who's being groomed

1936
01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:54,800
from Mr. Whitmore's position and
carries the weight of that 

1937
01:47:54,800 --> 01:47:57,800
future responsibility like a 
crown that still being fitted. 

1938
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:00,800
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

1939
01:48:00,800 --> 01:48:04,000
Worlds, simultaneously like 
being an actor in a play where 

1940
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:06,300
half the cast doesn't know the 
other half exists. 

1941
01:48:06,300 --> 01:48:09,500
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

1942
01:48:09,500 --> 01:48:12,600
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

1943
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:16,400
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

1944
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:19,900
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

1945
01:48:19,900 --> 01:48:21,700
that connects every floor of the
house. 

1946
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:25,000
Designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

1947
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:28,100
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

1948
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:30,700
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

1949
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:34,800
stairs and complete, darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

1950
01:48:34,800 --> 01:48:37,800
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles, it's like 

1951
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:40,700
having a secret passage to 
everywhere that matters except 

1952
01:48:40,700 --> 01:48:43,300
the secret is that you're not 
supposed to exist while using 

1953
01:48:43,300 --> 01:48:45,200
it. 
The family's daily routine 

1954
01:48:45,200 --> 01:48:48,100
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

1955
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:50,600
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

1956
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:52,800
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

1957
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:55,600
means you need to have her room 
and Immaculate by 7:30. 

1958
01:48:56,700 --> 01:48:59,300
She has a particular way of 
saying when things aren't range 

1959
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:02,400
to her satisfaction, not quite 
disapproval, but definitely 

1960
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:05,000
disappointment that can ruin 
your entire morning. 

1961
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:08,300
If you're not prepared for it. 
The children present their own 

1962
01:49:08,300 --> 01:49:12,000
unique challenge is Master 
fredric 8 years old, and 

1963
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:14,800
convinced of his military 
greatness has transformed the 

1964
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:16,800
third floor in to his personal 
Battlefield. 

1965
01:49:17,600 --> 01:49:20,200
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

1966
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:22,900
soldiers, knowing that 
disturbing his campaigns could 

1967
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:25,500
result in the kind of tantrum. 
That brings his mother running 

1968
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,000
and gets servants blamed for 
corrupting young. 

1969
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:32,100
Mine's His sister. 
Miss Carolyn is 12 and has 

1970
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:34,700
recently discovered, the power 
of treating servants like her 

1971
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:37,900
personal confidence. 
Littering Until you realize 

1972
01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:40,600
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household. 

1973
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:43,000
The guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

1974
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:45,900
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

1975
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:48,200
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

1976
01:49:49,000 --> 01:49:52,000
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

1977
01:49:52,000 --> 01:49:55,100
like Furniture. 
Others like family pets, and a 

1978
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:57,100
precious few, like actual human 
beings. 

1979
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,000
Those who attempt to appear 
friendly yet. 

1980
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:02,500
Make it evident that they view 
you as a completely different 

1981
01:50:02,500 --> 01:50:06,600
species. 
Are the worst Mrs, Fitzpatrick, 

1982
01:50:06,600 --> 01:50:10,000
lady Ashworth, sister visits 
monthly and treats the servants 

1983
01:50:10,000 --> 01:50:11,900
Hall like her personal 
entertainment venue. 

1984
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:16,100
Sweeps through asking intrusive 
questions about your personal 

1985
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:18,800
life, while simultaneously 
rearranging everything, 

1986
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:20,400
according to her own 
preferences. 

1987
01:50:21,400 --> 01:50:24,300
Her ladies made. 
Miss Prentice apologizes 

1988
01:50:24,300 --> 01:50:27,700
constantly for her mysterious as
Behavior while somehow making it

1989
01:50:27,700 --> 01:50:29,100
clear that she considers 
herself. 

1990
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:33,200
Superior to the permanent staff,
The dinner party is aware your 

1991
01:50:33,200 --> 01:50:35,300
invisibility skills, get their 
greatest work out. 

1992
01:50:36,200 --> 01:50:38,400
You've learned to move through 
the dining room like a ghost. 

1993
01:50:38,400 --> 01:50:41,300
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses. 

1994
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,400
While 8 to 12 people conduct 
conversations that range from 

1995
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,700
fascinating to horrifying. 
Within the same sentence. 

1996
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:51,100
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen to 

1997
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:53,300
anticipate needs without singing
to pay attention. 

1998
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:56,100
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

1999
01:50:56,100 --> 01:50:57,400
all the moment, you lose the 
room. 

2000
01:50:58,200 --> 01:51:01,900
Overhearing conversations about 
politics and social scandals. 

2001
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:03,700
That would make excellent 
gossip. 

2002
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:07,000
If you could share them, you've 
gained valuable insights, the 

2003
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:09,200
family, discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

2004
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,100
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

2005
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:14,800
the weather to the Empire all 
while servants. 

2006
01:51:14,800 --> 01:51:17,400
Move around them like 
well-trained Spirits, it has 

2007
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:20,400
provided you with an education 
in human nature that no school 

2008
01:51:20,400 --> 01:51:23,400
could match the most challenging
aspect of this Upstairs 

2009
01:51:23,400 --> 01:51:25,200
Downstairs. 
Existence is maintaining your 

2010
01:51:25,200 --> 01:51:29,400
sense of self while pretending 
to be invisible. you've learned 

2011
01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:31,700
to find moments of genuine 
connection with the family 

2012
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:35,100
members, a shared joke with Miss
Carolyn, a moment of 

2013
01:51:35,108 --> 01:51:38,200
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,
when you've arranged her flowers

2014
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:41,200
particularly well or not of 
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,

2015
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:43,700
when you've managed to clean his
study without disturbing his 

2016
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:48,100
carefully, organized chaos, 
House itself becomes a character

2017
01:51:48,100 --> 01:51:51,100
in this daily drama, different 
rooms have different 

2018
01:51:51,100 --> 01:51:53,800
personalities. 
Different moods and different 

2019
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:55,300
requirements. 
For how you're supposed to 

2020
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:57,800
behave in the library demands 
quiet. 

2021
01:51:57,800 --> 01:52:00,900
Reverence the drawing room 
requires careful, attention to 

2022
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:03,000
every surface and the nurse 
needs. 

2023
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:04,600
The kind of vigilance that comes
from. 

2024
01:52:04,600 --> 01:52:07,200
Knowing that children can 
destroy a perfectly clean room 

2025
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:10,800
in the time, it takes to Blink 
cleaning a Victorian Mansion is 

2026
01:52:10,800 --> 01:52:13,200
like being a detective, a 
chemist and an athlete. 

2027
01:52:13,200 --> 01:52:16,600
All rolled in to one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

2028
01:52:16,600 --> 01:52:21,000
every stain tells a story every 
surface has its personality and 

2029
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:23,900
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the day

2030
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:26,400
or create a disaster that 
follows you for months. 

2031
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:29,400
Cleaning supplies in Mrs. 
Hartwell's locked. 

2032
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:31,000
Cupboard. 
Looked like ingredients for 

2033
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:33,500
either medicine or Mayhem 
depending on your level of 

2034
01:52:33,500 --> 01:52:36,200
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

2035
01:52:36,200 --> 01:52:39,100
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

2036
01:52:39,100 --> 01:52:42,100
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

2037
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:46,200
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

2038
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:48,900
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots. 

2039
01:52:48,900 --> 01:52:51,400
Often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

2040
01:52:51,400 --> 01:52:54,000
sandpaper. 
You've developed a personal 

2041
01:52:54,000 --> 01:52:55,900
relationship with different 
types of dirt. 

2042
01:52:55,900 --> 01:52:59,300
There's the honest dirt that 
comes from daily living dust, 

2043
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:02,700
mud the occasional spilled tea, 
which responds to 

2044
01:53:02,700 --> 01:53:05,300
straightforward cleaning methods
and doesn't hold grudges. 

2045
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:09,200
Then there's the sneaky dirt 
that hides in corners and behind

2046
01:53:09,200 --> 01:53:11,400
Furniture waiting to embarrass 
you. 

2047
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:15,000
When important guests, visit the
worst is the mysterious dirt 

2048
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:16,800
that appears overnight on 
surfaces. 

2049
01:53:16,800 --> 01:53:20,000
You cleaned perfectly the day 
before which your convinced is 

2050
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:22,300
either Supernatural or the 
result of some servant 

2051
01:53:22,300 --> 01:53:23,900
conspiracy you have not figured 
out yet. 

2052
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:27,300
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 
the chandeliers requires the 

2053
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:30,500
kind of Courage usually reserved
for mountain climbing, you've 

2054
01:53:30,500 --> 01:53:33,200
mastered the art of dismantling.
These Crystal monsters 

2055
01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:36,900
meticulously cleaning each 
individual Crystal with a 

2056
01:53:36,900 --> 01:53:38,900
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates. 

2057
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,600
But withholds the recipe, the 
crystals have to be dried with 

2058
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:45,900
specific cloths, polished with 
particular movements and 

2059
01:53:45,900 --> 01:53:49,500
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

2060
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,000
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

2061
01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:54,300
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

2062
01:53:54,308 --> 01:53:57,800
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

2063
01:53:57,800 --> 01:54:00,500
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

2064
01:54:00,500 --> 01:54:03,500
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

2065
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:06,100
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

2066
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:08,400
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

2067
01:54:08,400 --> 01:54:11,600
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

2068
01:54:11,600 --> 01:54:14,400
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

2069
01:54:14,400 --> 01:54:17,500
The silver surface is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

2070
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:20,300
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

2071
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:23,300
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

2072
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:26,000
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

2073
01:54:26,000 --> 01:54:29,100
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

2074
01:54:29,100 --> 01:54:31,000
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

2075
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:33,900
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

2076
01:54:33,900 --> 01:54:38,000
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

2077
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:41,700
unsuspecting footland. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

2078
01:54:41,700 --> 01:54:45,000
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

2079
01:54:45,000 --> 01:54:48,300
it that Different materials 
require different approaches 

2080
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:50,800
different solutions and 
different techniques. 

2081
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:52,900
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

2082
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:55,000
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

2083
01:54:55,000 --> 01:54:58,200
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

2084
01:54:58,200 --> 01:55:00,000
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

2085
01:55:00,008 --> 01:55:03,800
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

2086
01:55:03,800 --> 01:55:06,200
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

2087
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:10,400
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

2088
01:55:10,400 --> 01:55:13,100
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

2089
01:55:13,100 --> 01:55:15,900
Why needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine? 

2090
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:18,600
If you can get it, a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

2091
01:55:18,600 --> 01:55:21,600
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and what 

2092
01:55:21,600 --> 01:55:24,400
ever Mrs, Pemberton recommends 
from her arsenal of kitchen 

2093
01:55:24,400 --> 01:55:27,000
remedies, Your skills truly 
test. 

2094
01:55:27,000 --> 01:55:30,000
During the seasonal cleaning 
rituals spring cleaning means 

2095
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:33,000
taking apart every room. 
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 

2096
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:35,700
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

2097
01:55:35,700 --> 01:55:37,400
problems that have been hiding 
all winter. 

2098
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:40,500
You've learned to approach these
marathon's, like a military 

2099
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:44,900
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management and 

2100
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:46,700
the kind of determination that 
comes from. 

2101
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:48,900
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

2102
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:52,100
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

2103
01:55:52,100 --> 01:55:55,300
become extensions of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

2104
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:58,600
pressure each brush can handle, 
which cloths work best on which 

2105
01:55:58,600 --> 01:56:01,600
surfaces and how to make a 
feather duster perform, like a 

2106
01:56:01,608 --> 01:56:04,300
Precision instrument. 
Your hands have developed. 

2107
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:07,900
Calluses in places that tell the
story of your daily routine and 

2108
01:56:07,900 --> 01:56:10,700
your back is learned to bend and
twist in ways that would impress

2109
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,300
contortionists, the kitchen is 
the heart of the manner but it's

2110
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:16,800
a heart that beats with the 
rhythm of organized, chaos, 

2111
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:20,700
military, precision, and the 
occasional minor explosion when 

2112
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:23,400
someone forgets that the 
temperamental stove has a mind 

2113
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:26,700
of its own, you've learned to 
navigate this coloring 

2114
01:56:26,700 --> 01:56:29,900
Battlefield with the skill of a 
diplomat and the reflexes of 

2115
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:34,800
someone who has been hit by 
flying pastry once to offer This

2116
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:37,700
is Pemberton governs, her domain
with a wooden spoon that has 

2117
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:39,900
endured more use than most 
medieval weapons. 

2118
01:56:39,900 --> 01:56:43,000
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adaptively prepares a 

2119
01:56:43,000 --> 01:56:46,700
seven-course dinner for 12 
guests managers, the daily meals

2120
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:50,200
for 23 servants, monitors, 
dietary restrictions that 

2121
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:53,300
fluctuate with the weather and 
maintains a constant commentary 

2122
01:56:53,300 --> 01:56:55,900
on the moral failing of anyone 
who has ever questioned her 

2123
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:58,300
gravy. 
The kitchen follows a schedule 

2124
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:00,500
that would leave Railway 
conductors feeling envious 

2125
01:57:00,500 --> 01:57:03,800
breakfast. 
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 

2126
01:57:03,800 --> 01:57:06,500
the great stove been cooked to 
life, like a temperamental 

2127
01:57:06,500 --> 01:57:10,200
dragon that requires specific 
rituals to avoid breathing fire 

2128
01:57:10,200 --> 01:57:13,400
in the wrong direction. 
The bread has to rise at 

2129
01:57:13,400 --> 01:57:16,900
precisely the right temperature,
the porridge must be stirred in 

2130
01:57:16,900 --> 01:57:19,900
a particular pattern to avoid 
lumps and the bacon requires the

2131
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:22,200
kind of attention. 
Usually reserved for diplomatic 

2132
01:57:22,200 --> 01:57:25,700
negotiations, you've learned to 
read the kitchen's, moods like a

2133
01:57:25,708 --> 01:57:29,300
weather forecaster When Mrs, 
Pemberton starts humming while 

2134
01:57:29,300 --> 01:57:32,600
she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

2135
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:36,100
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

2136
01:57:36,100 --> 01:57:38,200
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

2137
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:40,700
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

2138
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:45,700
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. when she 

2139
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:49,500
starts banging pots loud of the 
necessary, everyone knows to 

2140
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:54,700
work faster and Speak less. 
The scholarly made poor Sarah 

2141
01:57:54,708 --> 01:57:58,700
lives in a world of endless 
dishes where every meal creates 

2142
01:57:58,700 --> 01:58:01,900
a mountain of plates glasses and
serving pieces that need to be 

2143
01:58:01,900 --> 01:58:04,900
washed, dried and put away 
before the next meal Begins the 

2144
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:07,800
cycle again. 
She's developed arms that could 

2145
01:58:07,800 --> 01:58:10,800
probably arm wrestle, most of 
the footmen and a philosophical 

2146
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:12,900
approach to dishwater, that was 
on the mystical. 

2147
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:17,200
Her domain is the enormous sink,
a porcelain monster that could 

2148
01:58:17,208 --> 01:58:20,900
probably the small horse and she
approaches each load of dishes, 

2149
01:58:20,900 --> 01:58:22,600
like a general, planing a 
campaign. 

2150
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:26,200
The preparation of meals for 
upstairs, is a performance that 

2151
01:58:26,200 --> 01:58:29,200
requires choreography timing. 
And the kind of attention to 

2152
01:58:29,200 --> 01:58:32,900
detail that would impress Swiss 
watchmakers every plate, must be

2153
01:58:32,900 --> 01:58:36,000
warm to the exact temperature, 
every garnish placed with 

2154
01:58:36,000 --> 01:58:39,100
artistic precision. 
And every course time to arrive 

2155
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:41,800
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

2156
01:58:42,500 --> 01:58:44,900
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

2157
01:58:44,900 --> 01:58:47,600
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

2158
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:51,000
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

2159
01:58:51,000 --> 01:58:53,800
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

2160
01:58:53,808 --> 01:58:57,400
way, Servants meals, present 
their challenges. 

2161
01:58:57,400 --> 01:59:01,800
We need to feed 23 people 
substantial, satisfying food 

2162
01:59:01,800 --> 01:59:04,600
that is efficient to prepare and
doesn't require the same 

2163
01:59:04,600 --> 01:59:06,300
ingredients as the family's 
meals. 

2164
01:59:07,200 --> 01:59:10,400
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 
The skill of maximizing, the use

2165
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:13,700
of ingredients resulting in 
meals, that not only economical,

2166
01:59:13,700 --> 01:59:17,000
but also delicious, despite her 
reluctance to acknowledge their 

2167
01:59:17,000 --> 01:59:20,500
deliciousness. 
The weekly delivery of supplies 

2168
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:23,000
turns the kitchen into a small 
version of a Marketplace, 

2169
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:26,300
Tradesmen arrived with 
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 

2170
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:28,500
Goods. 
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects. 

2171
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:31,300
Everything with the critical eye
of someone who has been fooled 

2172
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:33,400
by wilted lettuce. 
Exactly. 

2173
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:38,300
Once and learned her lesson, She
Huggles over prices rejects 

2174
01:59:38,300 --> 01:59:41,100
inferior products and somehow, 
manages to maintain 

2175
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:43,700
relationships with suppliers 
that ensure the Mana gets the 

2176
01:59:43,708 --> 01:59:45,900
best of everything while staying
within budget. 

2177
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:49,500
The kitchen gossip network is 
more efficient than the Postal 

2178
01:59:49,500 --> 01:59:52,900
Service information travels from
the tradesman's entrance to the 

2179
01:59:52,908 --> 01:59:55,100
servants Hall. 
Faster than Steam from a kettle 

2180
01:59:55,100 --> 01:59:58,400
and Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows
about neighborhood scandals 

2181
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:01,100
before they happen. 
She dispenses wisdom about 

2182
02:00:01,100 --> 02:00:04,400
everything from unreliable 
butchers to unsuitable 

2183
02:00:04,400 --> 02:00:07,700
marriages, all while stirring 
sources and timing roasts with 

2184
02:00:07,700 --> 02:00:09,200
the Precision of a master 
conductor. 

2185
02:00:10,400 --> 02:00:12,900
Kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening 

2186
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:15,200
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

2187
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:18,900
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

2188
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:22,000
for the next day's battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

2189
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:25,500
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

2190
02:00:25,500 --> 02:00:27,900
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

2191
02:00:29,100 --> 02:00:31,400
It's during These Quiet Moments 
that you appreciate the 

2192
02:00:31,400 --> 02:00:34,400
kitchen's warmth, both literal 
and metaphorical. 

2193
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:37,300
An understand why? 
It's considered the heart of the

2194
02:00:37,300 --> 02:00:40,800
entire household, living in a 
Victorian Mansion, also makes 

2195
02:00:40,800 --> 02:00:43,600
you an unwilling keeper of 
family secrets neighborhood, 

2196
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:46,600
gossip and blackmail material, 
which you would never do, 

2197
02:00:46,600 --> 02:00:49,100
because that would be wrong, and
you need this job. 

2198
02:00:50,400 --> 02:00:53,000
The servants Hall after dinner 
is where information flows like 

2199
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:55,300
tea from a pot. 
Sometimes bitter. 

2200
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:57,300
Sometimes. 
Sweet always hot. 

2201
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:00,300
You've learned to listen 
carefully and speak cautiously 

2202
02:01:00,300 --> 02:01:04,200
because gossip is currency in 
the servant world and spending 

2203
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:06,500
it unwisely can leave you 
socially bankrupt. 

2204
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,300
The trick is knowing which 
stories are safe to share, which

2205
02:01:10,300 --> 02:01:13,600
ones are too dangerous to repeat
and which ones are so delicious 

2206
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,500
that keeping them secret. 
Feels like a physical sacrifice.

2207
02:01:17,500 --> 02:01:19,500
Martha. 
The senior housemaid has been 

2208
02:01:19,508 --> 02:01:22,700
with the family for 15 years and
knows everything about everyone.

2209
02:01:23,700 --> 02:01:26,000
He possesses an extensive 
knowledge of scandals. 

2210
02:01:26,000 --> 02:01:29,500
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,
youthful gambling, debts to the 

2211
02:01:29,500 --> 02:01:32,800
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 
sisters exclusion from Christmas

2212
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:35,100
dinner. 
Martha dispenses this 

2213
02:01:35,100 --> 02:01:37,100
information. 
Like a careful Farmers assist. 

2214
02:01:37,100 --> 02:01:40,800
Giving you just enough to 
satisfy your curiosity without 

2215
02:01:40,800 --> 02:01:42,600
providing enough to get you into
trouble. 

2216
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:46,200
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

2217
02:01:46,200 --> 02:01:49,000
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

2218
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,600
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

2219
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:54,300
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

2220
02:01:54,300 --> 02:01:56,200
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

2221
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:58,900
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

2222
02:01:58,900 --> 02:02:01,900
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

2223
02:02:01,908 --> 02:02:05,400
expected to comprehend. 
The art is an appearing 

2224
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:08,600
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

2225
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:10,800
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it. 

2226
02:02:10,800 --> 02:02:13,800
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

2227
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:17,000
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

2228
02:02:17,000 --> 02:02:19,900
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

2229
02:02:19,900 --> 02:02:22,500
correspondence and their 
requests for specific Services 

2230
02:02:22,500 --> 02:02:27,000
Colonel wetherby who visits 
quarterly always brings his soap

2231
02:02:27,000 --> 02:02:30,200
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

2232
02:02:30,200 --> 02:02:32,700
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

2233
02:02:32,708 --> 02:02:36,300
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

2234
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:38,800
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

2235
02:02:38,800 --> 02:02:40,500
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

2236
02:02:40,500 --> 02:02:42,700
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

2237
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:46,300
either her standards or her 
superstitions the most dangerous

2238
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,700
secrets are the ones that 
involve the family's finances. 

2239
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:52,100
You've overheard enough 
conversations to understand that

2240
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:54,700
the manners. 
Magnificent appearance might not

2241
02:02:54,700 --> 02:02:56,900
reflect the actual state of the 
family's resources. 

2242
02:02:56,900 --> 02:03:00,900
There are whispered discussions 
about mortgages Investments and 

2243
02:03:00,900 --> 02:03:03,500
the need to make certain 
economies that must never be 

2244
02:03:03,500 --> 02:03:06,600
apparent to visitors this 
knowledge lingers in your mind 

2245
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:10,200
to significant to overlook yet 
to perilous to divulge. 

2246
02:03:11,100 --> 02:03:13,900
The Romantic entanglements of 
the family, provide endless 

2247
02:03:13,900 --> 02:03:15,400
entertainment for the servants 
Hall. 

2248
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,700
Everyone is eagerly anticipating
the moment when Miss Caroline's 

2249
02:03:19,700 --> 02:03:22,700
parents will notice her obvious 
infatuation with the young cure,

2250
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:25,100
it was visiting to discuss her 
charitable work. 

2251
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,100
Master Frederick's, current 
obsession with military history,

2252
02:03:29,100 --> 02:03:31,700
seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress. 

2253
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,300
Miss Julia. 
The daughter of a visiting 

2254
02:03:34,300 --> 02:03:37,700
general, which is adorable, 
Until you realize that 8 year 

2255
02:03:37,700 --> 02:03:41,000
old romantic strategies 
involving, elaborate displays of

2256
02:03:41,008 --> 02:03:44,500
toy soldier expertise. 
Observing the relationship 

2257
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:47,400
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 
from the unique perspective of 

2258
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:50,200
someone who maintains their 
private spaces is a fascinating 

2259
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:53,700
study in Victoria and marriage, 
they maintain the perfect facade

2260
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:56,700
of domestic Harmony and public. 
But you've learned to read the 

2261
02:03:56,700 --> 02:04:00,400
subtle signs of tension separate
bedrooms During certain weeks 

2262
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,000
conversations that are too 
polite to be natural. 

2263
02:04:03,000 --> 02:04:05,800
And the way they sometimes 
communicate through servants 

2264
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:09,000
rather than directly to each 
other The most unexpected 

2265
02:04:09,000 --> 02:04:11,600
secrets are the ones that reveal
the family's Humanity. 

2266
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:15,300
You've discovered that Lord 
Ashworth writes poetry which he 

2267
02:04:15,300 --> 02:04:17,900
hides in his desk drawer like 
its evidence of criminal 

2268
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:21,800
activity. lady ashwath, 
discreetly transfers funds to 

2269
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:25,500
her former governors who was 
struggling financially, Master 

2270
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:27,900
Frederick sleeps with a stuffed 
elephant, he's had since 

2271
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:30,400
infancy. 
A Miss Carolyn keeps a diary 

2272
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,300
locked in a box, you would never
dream of opening, even though, 

2273
02:04:33,300 --> 02:04:36,400
you know exactly where she hides
the key, the neighborhood 

2274
02:04:36,400 --> 02:04:38,700
scandals that filter through the
servants Network are like 

2275
02:04:38,708 --> 02:04:40,400
chapter in a novel That Never 
Ends. 

2276
02:04:41,100 --> 02:04:43,800
Because the ongoing mystery of 
why the Pemberton family down 

2277
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:46,300
the road, suddenly dismissed 
their entire staff last month. 

2278
02:04:46,300 --> 02:04:49,500
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

2279
02:04:49,508 --> 02:04:52,400
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

2280
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:55,100
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter, 

2281
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:58,100
who's been seen walking on 
chaperone with the young man 

2282
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:01,200
whose definitely not from 
suitable family after 18 months 

2283
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:03,900
in service, you've learned that 
life in a Victorian Mansion is 

2284
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:06,700
built on Rhythm. 
The daily beet of routine that 

2285
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,700
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

2286
02:05:09,700 --> 02:05:12,800
unexpected magic that make all 
the hard work worth while. 

2287
02:05:13,400 --> 02:05:16,500
Your days of developed, a 
musical quality each task 

2288
02:05:16,500 --> 02:05:19,500
flowing into the next with the 
kind of precision that comes 

2289
02:05:19,500 --> 02:05:22,500
from repetition and the 
knowledge that 22 other people 

2290
02:05:22,500 --> 02:05:24,900
depend on, you doing your part 
perfectly. 

2291
02:05:26,300 --> 02:05:28,700
Changing seasons, bring 
different rhythms to the manor. 

2292
02:05:28,700 --> 02:05:31,900
Spring means opening Windows 
that have been sealed against 

2293
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:34,300
Winter's. 
Cold beating rugs, that have 

2294
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,200
collected months of fireplace 
smoke and the general 

2295
02:05:37,200 --> 02:05:40,700
resurrection of a house that's 
been hibernating, summer brings 

2296
02:05:40,700 --> 02:05:44,500
Garden parties house guests and 
the challenge of keeping cool in

2297
02:05:44,500 --> 02:05:46,000
rooms that face, the afternoon 
sun. 

2298
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:50,600
Autumn means preparing for 
winter Siege preserving food and

2299
02:05:50,600 --> 02:05:53,200
The Melancholy beauty of 
watching The Grounds transformed

2300
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:57,500
into a landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

2301
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:01,800
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

2302
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:04,300
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

2303
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:08,500
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze everything solid You've 

2304
02:06:08,500 --> 02:06:10,900
learned to find beauty in the 
most mundane tasks. 

2305
02:06:11,600 --> 02:06:14,000
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

2306
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:17,300
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

2307
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:19,600
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

2308
02:06:19,600 --> 02:06:21,500
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

2309
02:06:22,200 --> 02:06:23,700
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

2310
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,700
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

2311
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,800
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

2312
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:34,100
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

2313
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:37,600
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

2314
02:06:37,600 --> 02:06:40,400
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

2315
02:06:40,400 --> 02:06:43,800
appreciate Lord ashworth's 
absent-minded Professor 

2316
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:47,500
tendencies mean you never move 
anything on his desk even when 

2317
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:49,400
it's been sitting in the same 
spot for months. 

2318
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:52,600
Lady Ashworth. 
Perfectionist streak has taught 

2319
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:55,200
you to anticipate problems 
before they occur. 

2320
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:59,500
And to take pride in exceeding 
expectations, the children have 

2321
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:02,100
shown you that growing up in 
privilege, doesn't necessarily 

2322
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:03,600
mean growing up without 
challenges. 

2323
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:06,600
And that being wealthy doesn't 
protect you from the universal 

2324
02:07:06,600 --> 02:07:09,400
experience of childhood 
confusion and the need for 

2325
02:07:09,400 --> 02:07:12,300
kindness, your fellow servants, 
have become the family. 

2326
02:07:12,300 --> 02:07:15,900
You never expected to find. 
Martha's tough exterior, 

2327
02:07:15,900 --> 02:07:19,200
conceals a heart Shattered by 
numerous disappointments yet. 

2328
02:07:19,200 --> 02:07:21,600
She's the first to extend 
assistance, when you're in need 

2329
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:25,100
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 
complaints about ungrateful. 

2330
02:07:25,100 --> 02:07:29,100
People conceal a profound joy in
providing nutritious food and 

2331
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:32,000
maintaining their health. 
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 

2332
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:35,700
intimidating, dignity has shown 
moments of unexpected humor, and

2333
02:07:35,700 --> 02:07:38,900
surprising kindness. 
The skills you've developed in 

2334
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:41,300
service have changed you in 
ways, you didn't anticipate, 

2335
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:44,800
your hands of become capable of 
delicate work. 

2336
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:47,400
That would have been impossible,
18 months ago. 

2337
02:07:47,400 --> 02:07:50,900
Your back has grown stronger 
from all the bending and lifting

2338
02:07:50,900 --> 02:07:55,000
your mind has become more 
organized, more efficient, and 

2339
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:58,500
better at solving problems 
quickly, you've learned to read 

2340
02:07:58,500 --> 02:08:02,400
people's moods to anticipate 
needs and to provide Comfort 

2341
02:08:02,400 --> 02:08:05,700
without being asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

2342
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:09,100
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service has 

2343
02:08:09,100 --> 02:08:11,600
taught you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

2344
02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:13,600
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

2345
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:17,300
adapt unexpected situations that
you can do more than you thought

2346
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:20,100
and that dignity isn't based on 
social status. 

2347
02:08:21,200 --> 02:08:23,800
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

2348
02:08:23,800 --> 02:08:26,900
You're still learning to imagine
some servants, spend their 

2349
02:08:26,900 --> 02:08:30,700
entire careers in service Rising
through the ranks to positions 

2350
02:08:30,700 --> 02:08:34,400
of respect and responsibility 
others, save their wages and 

2351
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:36,200
eventually establish their 
households. 

2352
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:39,700
A few Marion leave service 
altogether, carrying their 

2353
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:43,000
skills into different lives. 
You haven't decided which path 

2354
02:08:43,000 --> 02:08:46,500
you'll take, but you've learned 
that having choices is a luxury,

2355
02:08:46,500 --> 02:08:51,000
your grateful for As you settle 
into your narrow bed, at the end

2356
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:54,200
of another long day, listening 
to Sarah, Murray about her, 

2357
02:08:54,200 --> 02:08:56,300
sweet heart, and Emma's, 
reliable snores. 

2358
02:08:56,300 --> 02:08:59,600
You realize that this life 
you've built in service is more 

2359
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:03,800
than just a job. 
A community, an education and a 

2360
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:05,200
foundation for whatever comes 
next. 

2361
02:09:06,200 --> 02:09:09,600
The manor house sleeps around 
you peaceful and secure and 

2362
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:11,300
drift off. 
Knowing that tomorrow will bring

2363
02:09:11,300 --> 02:09:14,100
the same rhythm of routine and 
the same possibility of small 

2364
02:09:14,100 --> 02:09:16,600
Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

2365
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,100
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

2366
02:09:19,108 --> 02:09:23,100
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

2367
02:09:23,100 --> 02:09:25,200
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

2368
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:29,400
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

2369
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:32,100
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

2370
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:33,800
matters more than you might 
have. 

2371
02:09:33,808 --> 02:09:36,700
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servant stairs with 

2372
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:40,000
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

2373
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,000
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

2374
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:45,800
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

2375
02:09:45,800 --> 02:09:47,200
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

2376
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,600
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and family

2377
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:54,900
is the people who know exactly 
how you like your tea and never 

2378
02:09:54,900 --> 02:09:57,100
forget to save you. 
The last slice of Mrs. 

2379
02:09:57,100 --> 02:10:11,200
Pemberton's apple tart. 
Let's slip quietly into the past

2380
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,200
and find ourselves among ink 
stained fingertips. 

2381
02:10:14,200 --> 02:10:17,700
And the whispered Russell of 
papyrus, this is what it was 

2382
02:10:17,700 --> 02:10:20,000
like to be a librarian in 
ancient Alexandria. 

2383
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:23,400
You wake up Before Dawn in your 
small quarters Behind The Great 

2384
02:10:23,400 --> 02:10:26,600
Library of Alexandria and the 
first thing you notice is that 

2385
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:30,600
Mediterranean humidity clinging 
to everything, your simple tunic

2386
02:10:30,600 --> 02:10:33,700
feels damp already, you have to 
even stepped out side yet. 

2387
02:10:35,100 --> 02:10:37,800
This is your life. 
Now you're the chief librarian 

2388
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:40,500
of the most important collection
of knowledge in the known world.

2389
02:10:40,500 --> 02:10:44,300
Yet you find yourself worried 
about sweaty clothes, The 

2390
02:10:44,300 --> 02:10:46,900
Roosters are doing their thing 
across the city, but you've got 

2391
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:49,200
bigger concerns than poultry 
today. 

2392
02:10:49,200 --> 02:10:52,100
Like every day for the past 
three years, you need to figure 

2393
02:10:52,100 --> 02:10:56,100
out how to organize roughly 
400,000 Scrolls, without losing 

2394
02:10:56,100 --> 02:10:59,500
your mind. 
And trust me some days that 

2395
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:02,700
second part feels harder than 
the first, you water on your 

2396
02:11:02,708 --> 02:11:05,900
face from the base and by your 
bed, the waters been sitting 

2397
02:11:05,900 --> 02:11:07,800
there since yesterday, but it'll
have to do. 

2398
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:11,200
Palace life. 
This isn't Your more like a very

2399
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:14,600
educated, custodian who happens 
to know seven languages and can 

2400
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:16,100
debate philosophy with the best 
of them. 

2401
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:18,800
Your mother back in Athens, 
still doesn't quite understand 

2402
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:22,900
what you do for a living. 
You read Scrolls all day she 

2403
02:11:22,900 --> 02:11:27,100
asks in her letters. 
Well yes but also no, it's 

2404
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:29,700
complicated. 
The Morning Light filtered 

2405
02:11:29,700 --> 02:11:31,800
through the small window, 
creating Long Shadows, that 

2406
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:34,500
cover your workspace. 
You've got three Scrolls. 

2407
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:37,200
Open on your desk from last 
night's cataloging session. 

2408
02:11:38,200 --> 02:11:41,100
One scroll is A Treatise on 
astronomy written by a fellow 

2409
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:43,400
from Babylon. 
Another contains a collection of

2410
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:46,700
medical procedures that could 
make your stomach turn and the 

2411
02:11:46,708 --> 02:11:49,600
third is a philosophical work. 
That is either brilliant or 

2412
02:11:49,600 --> 02:11:54,100
complete nonsense you'll still 
deciding Your assistant Marcus 

2413
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:57,700
won't arrive for another hour. 
He's a talented kid enthusiastic

2414
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,600
about learning, but he has this 
unfortunate habit of dropping 

2415
02:12:00,600 --> 02:12:05,200
things important things. 
Last week, it was a scroll about

2416
02:12:05,200 --> 02:12:08,000
engineering principles that took
two scribes three months to 

2417
02:12:08,000 --> 02:12:09,700
copy. 
You heard it. 

2418
02:12:09,700 --> 02:12:12,800
Hit the floor from three rooms 
away and felt your soul. 

2419
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:15,800
Leave your body for a moment. 
You pull on your sandals and 

2420
02:12:15,800 --> 02:12:19,200
head towards the main hall? 
The library at this hour is 

2421
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:23,200
peaceful almost sacred know 
Scholars arguing about where the

2422
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:26,500
home was one person or seven. 
No politicians demanding to see 

2423
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:29,400
maps of territories, their 
planning to conquer and no 

2424
02:12:29,400 --> 02:12:32,100
Physicians debating whether the 
heart or the brain controls 

2425
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:36,800
human emotion, it's just you the
Scrolls and the gentle sound of 

2426
02:12:36,800 --> 02:12:41,100
your footsteps on the marble. 
The smell hits you first Papyrus

2427
02:12:41,100 --> 02:12:43,600
ink. 
And that particular mustiness 

2428
02:12:43,600 --> 02:12:46,200
that comes from housing. 
Hundreds of thousands of written

2429
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:47,600
works in a building near the 
sea. 

2430
02:12:47,600 --> 02:12:51,700
It's not unpleasant exactly. 
It's become the smell of home. 

2431
02:12:52,500 --> 02:12:55,300
Your friends back in Athens, 
think you're crazy for leaving a

2432
02:12:55,300 --> 02:12:57,500
perfectly. 
Good teaching position to come 

2433
02:12:57,500 --> 02:13:00,400
manage a library but they don't 
understand the magic of having 

2434
02:13:00,400 --> 02:13:03,600
all this knowledge in one place,
you'd like the oil lamps in your

2435
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:05,700
section and start your daily 
routine. 

2436
02:13:06,700 --> 02:13:10,100
First check for any Scrolls that
might have been damaged, causes 

2437
02:13:10,100 --> 02:13:13,300
significant damage to Papyrus 
and you have honed your ability 

2438
02:13:13,300 --> 02:13:16,000
to identify, you've learned to 
spot the early signs of 

2439
02:13:16,000 --> 02:13:19,300
deterioration. 
A scroll that's perfectly fine. 

2440
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:21,000
One day can be crumbling the 
next. 

2441
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:24,400
If you're not careful, you've 
developed what you call Papyrus.

2442
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:29,000
Paranoia constantly checking 
touching and adjusting Next, you

2443
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:30,600
review the requests that came in
yesterday. 

2444
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:34,200
Scholar from Rome wants 
everything you have on Egyptian,

2445
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:38,000
burial practices, a merchant 
from Syria needs maps of trade, 

2446
02:13:38,000 --> 02:13:41,300
routes to India, a young student
is looking for anything about 

2447
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:43,200
mathematics. 
That doesn't make his head hurt.

2448
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:46,700
You make notes about where to 
find these materials knowing 

2449
02:13:46,700 --> 02:13:49,600
that the finding part is often 
more challenging than the 

2450
02:13:49,600 --> 02:13:52,400
knowing part. 
The library's organization 

2451
02:13:52,400 --> 02:13:55,700
system is your invention born 
from necessity and refined 

2452
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,800
through trial and error. 
If you're being honest, it's 

2453
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:02,000
mostly through trial and error. 
You have organized the items by 

2454
02:14:02,000 --> 02:14:05,900
subject, then by region, and 
finally, by author, but only 

2455
02:14:05,900 --> 02:14:09,200
when you know, the authorship of
each item, it works most of the 

2456
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:11,100
time. 
But sometimes you'll spend half 

2457
02:14:11,100 --> 02:14:13,600
a day looking for a scroll that 
turns out to be, where it should

2458
02:14:13,600 --> 02:14:15,800
be. 
Just not where you thought by 

2459
02:14:15,800 --> 02:14:18,600
the time, the sun is properly up
your first visitors. 

2460
02:14:18,600 --> 02:14:22,300
Start arriving. 
Today's crowd is typical a mix 

2461
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:24,700
of serious Scholars, curious 
Travelers. 

2462
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:28,000
And the occasional person who's 
clearly just trying to get out 

2463
02:14:28,000 --> 02:14:31,300
of the heat, you've learned to 
distinguish between them pretty 

2464
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:33,900
quickly. 
Serious Scholars, arrived with 

2465
02:14:33,900 --> 02:14:36,000
specific questions and infinite 
patience. 

2466
02:14:36,000 --> 02:14:39,900
They'll spend hours reading 
taking notes and asking 

2467
02:14:39,900 --> 02:14:42,800
thoughtful questions you enjoy 
working with them. 

2468
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:45,400
Even when they're questions, 
send you scrambling through 

2469
02:14:45,400 --> 02:14:47,400
sections, you haven't visited in
months. 

2470
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:50,500
Today's first scholar is a 
middle-aged woman from Crete. 

2471
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:52,800
Whose researching ancient 
cooking methods. 

2472
02:14:52,800 --> 02:14:56,300
She's particularly interested in
how different cultures preserved

2473
02:14:56,300 --> 02:14:59,100
meat, which sounds mundane Until
you realize, she's trying to 

2474
02:14:59,108 --> 02:15:01,200
solve practical problems for sea
voyages. 

2475
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:05,100
You guide her to the domestic 
arts section which is tucked 

2476
02:15:05,100 --> 02:15:06,900
between Agriculture and animal 
husbandry. 

2477
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,500
She settles in with stack of 
Scrolls and a wax tablet for 

2478
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:13,200
notes and you know you won't 
hear from her again until the 

2479
02:15:13,200 --> 02:15:16,300
Sun starts setting. 
Scholars like her are a 

2480
02:15:16,300 --> 02:15:19,400
Librarians dream, they know what
they want, their careful with 

2481
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:21,200
the materials, and they clean up
after themselves. 

2482
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:25,300
A curious Travelers are more 
challenging they want to see the

2483
02:15:25,300 --> 02:15:28,500
famous library, but don't have 
specific research needs. 

2484
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:32,600
There are essentially tourists 
even though the term tourist has

2485
02:15:32,600 --> 02:15:36,000
not yet been coined. 
You've developed a standard tour

2486
02:15:36,000 --> 02:15:38,200
that covers the highlights 
without getting too deep into 

2487
02:15:38,200 --> 02:15:40,100
the organizational details, that
would bore them. 

2488
02:15:40,800 --> 02:15:43,200
You show them. 
The astronomy section point out 

2489
02:15:43,200 --> 02:15:45,900
some of the more impressive 
medical texts and always end 

2490
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:48,100
with the Poetry collection 
because people seem to like 

2491
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:52,100
that, Today's tourist is a 
merchant from Gaul who's heard 

2492
02:15:52,100 --> 02:15:54,100
about Alexandria's reputation 
for learning. 

2493
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:58,000
He speaks possible, Greek and 
appears genuinely interested as 

2494
02:15:58,000 --> 02:16:00,500
he asks questions about how you 
acquire new texts. 

2495
02:16:00,500 --> 02:16:03,000
And if you have any from his 
homeland, you don't, 

2496
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:06,000
unfortunately, but you make a 
note to ask the next Trader from

2497
02:16:06,000 --> 02:16:08,700
that region to bring back 
anything written building a 

2498
02:16:08,700 --> 02:16:11,500
universal collection means being
opportunistic about sources. 

2499
02:16:11,500 --> 02:16:15,200
Then, there are other heat 
Seekers Alexandria, summer is 

2500
02:16:15,200 --> 02:16:18,300
brutally hot and the library is 
one of the few places in the 

2501
02:16:18,308 --> 02:16:21,900
city that stays relatively cool,
the thick walls, and high 

2502
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:23,600
ceilings, creating natural 
refuge. 

2503
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:26,400
And you've learned tolerate, the
people who come in just to 

2504
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,500
escape the Sun as long as 
they're quiet and don't touch 

2505
02:16:29,500 --> 02:16:33,600
anything, you let them stay 
around midday, you get a visitor

2506
02:16:33,600 --> 02:16:35,400
who doesn't fit any of your 
usual categories. 

2507
02:16:35,400 --> 02:16:39,100
He's well-dressed speaks with 
the accent of the educated 

2508
02:16:39,100 --> 02:16:41,900
classes and claims to be 
researching the nature of 

2509
02:16:41,900 --> 02:16:44,700
knowledge itself. 
His claim sounds impressive 

2510
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:47,400
Until you realize he's one of 
those philosophers who like to 

2511
02:16:47,400 --> 02:16:48,900
ask questions that don't have 
answers. 

2512
02:16:49,900 --> 02:16:52,299
What is the difference between 
knowing something and 

2513
02:16:52,299 --> 02:16:55,200
understanding it? 
He asks you want to tell him 

2514
02:16:55,200 --> 02:16:57,299
that right now? 
The difference is that you 

2515
02:16:57,299 --> 02:16:59,900
understand he's going to make 
your day more complicated than 

2516
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:02,500
it needs to be. 
You set him up in the philosophy

2517
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,799
section with some basic texts 
and hope he'll get absorbed in 

2518
02:17:05,799 --> 02:17:08,700
Reading instead of pestering you
with unanswerable questions. 

2519
02:17:08,700 --> 02:17:12,700
Philosophies important, you know
that, but you've got practical 

2520
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:15,299
problems to solve. 
The confusion between your 

2521
02:17:15,299 --> 02:17:17,799
astronomy and Mathematics 
Scrolls arises from the 

2522
02:17:17,799 --> 02:17:20,600
apparent, inability of ancient 
Scholars to differentiate 

2523
02:17:20,600 --> 02:17:24,400
between the two disciplines. 
Marcus arrives during the lunch 

2524
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:27,500
hour, apologetic about being 
late but carrying news from the 

2525
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:30,100
harbor. 
The ship from Rhodes has arrived

2526
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:32,000
with a cargo that includes 
several Scrolls. 

2527
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,407
The captain is willing to trade.
this is how you acquire a lot of

2528
02:17:35,415 --> 02:17:39,000
your collection through trade 
purchase and the occasional 

2529
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:42,000
generous donation from Scholars 
who want their work preserved, 

2530
02:17:42,799 --> 02:17:45,200
you send Marcus to negotiate 
with the ship's Captain. 

2531
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:48,700
While you handle the afternoon, 
crowd the afternoon, people are 

2532
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:49,700
different from the morning 
people. 

2533
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:52,900
There are often local residents 
who finished their daily work 

2534
02:17:52,900 --> 02:17:54,400
and want to spend time reading 
for pleasure. 

2535
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:57,600
You've got a regular crowd of 
Alex Sandra residents, who come 

2536
02:17:57,600 --> 02:18:01,299
in to read, poetry browse the 
historical texts or just sit 

2537
02:18:01,299 --> 02:18:03,299
quietly with a scroll of about 
guardians or cooking. 

2538
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:06,799
One of your regulars is an 
elderly man named Demetrius. 

2539
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,000
Who worked as a scribe before 
his hands. 

2540
02:18:09,000 --> 02:18:12,900
Got too shaky for detail work. 
He comes in most afternoons to 

2541
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:15,299
read military, histories, 
particularly accounts of 

2542
02:18:15,308 --> 02:18:18,500
Alexander the Great's campaigns.
He fought in some of those 

2543
02:18:18,500 --> 02:18:21,700
battles as a young man, and he 
enjoys comparing his memories 

2544
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:25,000
with the official accounts. 
Sometimes he'll mutter 

2545
02:18:25,000 --> 02:18:28,000
corrections to the Scrolls which
would be amusing if you were 

2546
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:30,500
worried about other people 
overhearing and thinking your 

2547
02:18:30,500 --> 02:18:33,200
collection contained errors, the
afternoon brings one of your 

2548
02:18:33,200 --> 02:18:35,100
favorite parts of the job 
though. 

2549
02:18:35,100 --> 02:18:36,400
It's also one of the most 
stressful. 

2550
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:39,700
Marcus returns from the harbor 
with news about the road 

2551
02:18:39,700 --> 02:18:43,200
Scrolls, and you must decide 
what to buy and how much to pay 

2552
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:46,000
This stage is where your job 
becomes part. 

2553
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:49,100
Scholarship part negotiation and
part detective work. 

2554
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,000
The captain has brought five 
Scrolls and his willing to let 

2555
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:54,600
you examine them before, making 
an offer. 

2556
02:18:55,400 --> 02:18:57,200
Three of the scrolls are copies 
of works. 

2557
02:18:57,200 --> 02:19:00,000
You already possess but this 
isn't necessarily a problem. 

2558
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:03,900
Multiple copies of valuable 
especially when your existing 

2559
02:19:03,900 --> 02:19:07,299
versions are showing where but 
you need to compare them to see 

2560
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:10,500
if these new copies, might have 
different versions of the text 

2561
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:13,799
additional passages or 
Corrections that make them worth

2562
02:19:13,799 --> 02:19:17,200
the query. 
The fourth scroll is something 

2563
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:20,400
you've never seen before. 
Treat is on navigation, 

2564
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:22,400
techniques, used by Egyptian 
sailors. 

2565
02:19:23,000 --> 02:19:25,900
This material is potentially 
valuable since your collection 

2566
02:19:25,900 --> 02:19:29,200
has very little practical 
Maritime knowledge. 5th. 

2567
02:19:29,200 --> 02:19:32,700
Scroll is the real prize a 
collection of mathematical 

2568
02:19:32,700 --> 02:19:35,900
problems and solutions that 
appears to be original work by a

2569
02:19:35,900 --> 02:19:39,000
scholar from Rhodes whose name 
you recognize from other texts, 

2570
02:19:39,000 --> 02:19:42,400
you spend an hour examining each
scroll checking for damage 

2571
02:19:42,400 --> 02:19:46,100
authenticity and content. 
Quality navigation. 

2572
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:49,700
Scroll has some water damage but
is still readable mathematics. 

2573
02:19:49,700 --> 02:19:53,700
Scroll is in excellent condition
but expensive the captain knows 

2574
02:19:53,700 --> 02:19:55,900
what he has and isn't going to 
let it go cheaply. 

2575
02:19:55,900 --> 02:20:00,400
Negotiating for Scrolls requires
a delicate balance, you can't 

2576
02:20:00,400 --> 02:20:03,700
appear to eager for the price. 
Will go up but you can't be too 

2577
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:06,700
casual either or you might lose 
the opportunity entirely. 

2578
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:09,600
You've learned to ask questions 
that demonstrate your knowledge 

2579
02:20:09,600 --> 02:20:12,000
without revealing exactly how 
interested you are. 

2580
02:20:13,300 --> 02:20:16,200
Interesting approach to start 
navigation, you might say, while

2581
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:19,500
examining scroll. 
Though, I noticed the author 

2582
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:22,000
doesn't address the seasonal 
variations that most Sailors 

2583
02:20:22,000 --> 02:20:25,600
consider essential the captain 
is experienced at this game too.

2584
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:29,400
He mentions casually that 
another library in pergamon has 

2585
02:20:29,408 --> 02:20:32,500
expressed interest in the 
mathematics scroll the statement

2586
02:20:32,500 --> 02:20:35,200
might be true or it might be a 
negotiating tactic. 

2587
02:20:35,200 --> 02:20:39,000
Either way it adds pressure to 
your decision-making process, 

2588
02:20:39,000 --> 02:20:42,000
you end up purchasing the 
navigation, scroll in the 

2589
02:20:42,000 --> 02:20:44,600
mathematics, scroll plus one of 
the duplicates because it 

2590
02:20:44,600 --> 02:20:47,100
contains marginalia that might 
be interesting to Scholars. 

2591
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:50,800
The total cost will put a dent 
in your quarterly budget but 

2592
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:52,200
good materials are worth the 
investment. 

2593
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:55,600
You arrange for the Scrolls to 
be delivered, to the library, 

2594
02:20:55,600 --> 02:20:58,100
the next morning. 
After you've had time to prepare

2595
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:01,100
proper storage for them. 
While your handling, the 

2596
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:03,800
acquisition Marcus is dealing 
with a different kind of 

2597
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:07,100
challenge, a group of visiting 
Scholars from pergamon as 

2598
02:21:07,100 --> 02:21:08,900
arrived. 
They're not here for friendly 

2599
02:21:08,900 --> 02:21:10,700
research. 
Their conducting. 

2600
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:13,200
What amounts to competitive 
intelligence trying? 

2601
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:15,500
To determine what Alexandria has
that they don't? 

2602
02:21:16,400 --> 02:21:19,000
Libraries in the ancient world 
are Prestige projects for their 

2603
02:21:19,000 --> 02:21:21,100
cities. 
And there's definitely rivalry 

2604
02:21:21,100 --> 02:21:24,200
between major collections. 
The permanent Scholars are 

2605
02:21:24,200 --> 02:21:26,800
polite but persistent. 
They want to know about your 

2606
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:30,100
acquisition practices, your 
cataloging methods, and 

2607
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:31,900
particularly your sources for 
rare techs. 

2608
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:36,000
We can't be openly hostile. 
Scholarly cooperation is 

2609
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:38,700
important, and you might need 
favors from the someday. 

2610
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:41,900
But you also can't give away 
information that might 

2611
02:21:41,900 --> 02:21:45,400
compromise Alexandria's. 
Competitive advantages, you 

2612
02:21:45,400 --> 02:21:48,800
decide to give them the standard
tour, emphasizing the size and 

2613
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:51,900
scope of your collection without
getting into specifics about 

2614
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:55,200
rare or unique items. 
You show them impressive, but 

2615
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:57,700
not Irreplaceable texts. 
And you, make sure they 

2616
02:21:57,700 --> 02:22:00,500
understand that Alexandria's 
real strength is the 

2617
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,600
comprehensive of the collection 
rather than any particular 

2618
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:06,300
Treasures. 
One of the visiting Scholars 

2619
02:22:06,300 --> 02:22:08,800
asks about your medical texts 
which makes you nervous. 

2620
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:12,000
Alexandria has the best medical 
collection in the world, 

2621
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,300
including some unique surgical 
procedures and anatomical 

2622
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:17,700
observations. 
You show them some of the more 

2623
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:20,000
common medical Works while 
steering them away from the 

2624
02:22:20,000 --> 02:22:23,800
truly valuable items. 
The visit ends cordially with 

2625
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:27,100
polite expression of mutual 
respect and vague promises to 

2626
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:30,600
share information in the future.
Your sure, they learned more 

2627
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:32,500
than you wanted but less than 
they hoped. 

2628
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:35,700
This kind of diplomatic 
Balancing Act, is part of the 

2629
02:22:35,708 --> 02:22:38,000
job you never expected when you 
took the position. 

2630
02:22:39,000 --> 02:22:40,600
As the permanent delegation 
leaves. 

2631
02:22:40,600 --> 02:22:43,400
You notice that one of them, 
spent a lot of time, looking at 

2632
02:22:43,400 --> 02:22:47,000
your organizational system. 
Libraries are starting to copy 

2633
02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:50,100
each other's methods, which is 
flattering, but also concerning 

2634
02:22:50,100 --> 02:22:53,900
you've put a lot of thought into
your cataloging approach and you

2635
02:22:53,908 --> 02:22:56,500
prefer to keep some of those 
Innovations in Alexandria. 

2636
02:22:56,500 --> 02:22:59,900
As the day, winds down, you face
one of the constant challenges 

2637
02:22:59,900 --> 02:23:03,100
of Library management, the 
scholars who want to work late 

2638
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:06,900
into the night oil for lamps is 
expensive and keeping the 

2639
02:23:06,900 --> 02:23:09,600
building properly lit. 
After Sunset requires careful 

2640
02:23:09,600 --> 02:23:12,200
planning. 
But serious research, often 

2641
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:15,200
requires extended hours and 
turning away, dedicated 

2642
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:17,700
Scholars, would damage 
Alexandria's reputation. 

2643
02:23:18,600 --> 02:23:21,200
You've developed an informal 
system for late night access. 

2644
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:23,900
Scholars, who demonstrate 
serious research? 

2645
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:27,200
Needs can request permission to 
work after normal hours, but 

2646
02:23:27,200 --> 02:23:29,900
they need to provide their oil 
and commit to following strict 

2647
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:32,900
safety procedures. 
Fire is your greatest fear. 

2648
02:23:32,900 --> 02:23:36,300
One careless moment with a lamp 
could destroy centuries of 

2649
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:39,500
accumulated knowledge. 
Tonight's late night scholar is 

2650
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:42,500
a physician from Syria, who was 
researching eye diseases? 

2651
02:23:42,500 --> 02:23:45,900
He's been working on A Treatise 
about surgical procedures for 

2652
02:23:45,900 --> 02:23:49,200
treating cataracts needs to 
compare different approaches 

2653
02:23:49,200 --> 02:23:50,700
described in your medical 
collection. 

2654
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:54,800
This is exactly the kind of work
that justifies extended hours, 

2655
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:57,300
practical research, that could 
help people. 

2656
02:23:57,300 --> 02:24:00,500
You set him up in a corner of 
the medical section, with clear 

2657
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:03,000
instructions, about lamps 
safety, and scroll handling. 

2658
02:24:03,000 --> 02:24:05,700
These worked here before so you 
trust him to be careful. 

2659
02:24:05,700 --> 02:24:09,000
Still you'll check on him 
periodically throughout the 

2660
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:11,200
evening to make sure 
everything's going smoothly. 

2661
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:15,400
He settles in with his research,
you tackle, one of your least 

2662
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:19,000
favorite, but most necessary 
tasks Inventory management. 

2663
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,700
Every few months, you need to 
conduct a systematic review of 

2664
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:25,100
The Collection. 
Checking for damage Scrolls, 

2665
02:24:25,100 --> 02:24:28,100
missing items, and 
organizational problems. 

2666
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:31,700
The tedious work but essential 
for maintaining the collections 

2667
02:24:31,700 --> 02:24:34,300
integrity. 
Tonight, you're working on the 

2668
02:24:34,300 --> 02:24:37,000
astronomy section, which has 
been growing rapidly. 

2669
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:39,400
Thanks to active scholarly 
interest in Celestial 

2670
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:41,900
observations. 
The problem is that astronomy 

2671
02:24:41,900 --> 02:24:45,000
overlaps with mathematics 
navigation and even medicine. 

2672
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,000
So you're constantly deciding 
whether Scrolls belong in this 

2673
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:51,700
section or somewhere else. 
You discover three Miss shelled,

2674
02:24:51,700 --> 02:24:55,100
Scrolls, likely the result of 
well-intentioned Scholars are 

2675
02:24:55,100 --> 02:24:57,800
tempting to reassign materials 
to the incorrect locations. 

2676
02:24:57,800 --> 02:25:00,700
This is an ongoing challenge 
individuals. 

2677
02:25:00,700 --> 02:25:03,300
Often believe that placing 
Scrolls in roughly the correct 

2678
02:25:03,300 --> 02:25:06,600
areas beneficial but it actually
increases your workload. 

2679
02:25:06,600 --> 02:25:09,900
You've learned to check the most
obvious wrong locations. 

2680
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:13,700
When you can't find something 
where it should be, The real 

2681
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:16,300
Discovery tonight is a scroll 
that you thought was lost. 

2682
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:19,800
The Treatise on predicting a 
clip's that disappeared from the

2683
02:25:19,800 --> 02:25:21,300
astronomy section three months 
ago. 

2684
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,800
He finally find it wedged behind
some mathematical texts, 

2685
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:28,600
probably not back there. 
Accidentally Finding it brings 

2686
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:31,400
immense relief as the loss of 
Irreplaceable. 

2687
02:25:31,400 --> 02:25:34,100
Materials is a librarian's 
greatest concern. 

2688
02:25:34,900 --> 02:25:37,800
Around midnight, you take a 
break to check on the Syrian 

2689
02:25:37,800 --> 02:25:41,200
physician, he's made excellent 
progress and has several wax 

2690
02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:44,300
tablets covered with notes. 
More importantly, he's been 

2691
02:25:44,300 --> 02:25:46,900
careful with the lamp and has 
kept his workspace organized. 

2692
02:25:46,900 --> 02:25:50,400
You bring him some water and a 
small meal, partly out of 

2693
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:52,800
hospitality. 
And partly to give yourself an 

2694
02:25:52,800 --> 02:25:55,800
excuse to verify that everything
still under control. 

2695
02:25:55,800 --> 02:25:58,900
He's excited about his research 
and wants to share his findings.

2696
02:26:00,000 --> 02:26:02,100
Apparently he is discovered that
three different medical 

2697
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,100
Traditions have developed 
similar but slightly different 

2698
02:26:05,100 --> 02:26:09,600
approaches to cataract surgery. 
By comparing them, he thinks he 

2699
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:12,000
can develop an improved 
technique that combines the best

2700
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:15,300
elements of each approach. 
This is why the library matters.

2701
02:26:15,300 --> 02:26:19,200
It's not just about preserving 
knowledge but about enabling new

2702
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:21,200
discoveries through the 
combination of different 

2703
02:26:21,200 --> 02:26:24,400
sources. 
You listen to him intently but 

2704
02:26:24,400 --> 02:26:27,100
part of your focus is on the 
lamp flame and the Scrolls 

2705
02:26:27,100 --> 02:26:30,100
around his desk. 
Scholarly enthusiasm is 

2706
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:32,400
wonderful but it can make people
care. 

2707
02:26:32,400 --> 02:26:35,300
Less about practical, safety 
concerns, you've learned to 

2708
02:26:35,300 --> 02:26:37,800
balance and encouragement with 
gentle reminders about being 

2709
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:40,300
careful. 
As you return to your inventory 

2710
02:26:40,300 --> 02:26:43,500
work, you reflect on how much 
your job has changed since you 

2711
02:26:43,500 --> 02:26:46,200
started. 
Initially, you thought you'd 

2712
02:26:46,200 --> 02:26:49,000
spend your time reading and 
discussing ideas with visiting 

2713
02:26:49,000 --> 02:26:52,500
Scholars, the reality involves 
much more practical management 

2714
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:56,900
tracking materials, negotiating 
Acquisitions maintaining 

2715
02:26:56,900 --> 02:27:00,300
building security and dealing 
with the endless Logistics of 

2716
02:27:00,300 --> 02:27:02,900
keeping a large collection 
accessible to researchers. 

2717
02:27:02,900 --> 02:27:06,200
But nights like this remind you 
why the work matters. 

2718
02:27:06,200 --> 02:27:10,000
The Syrian physician will return
home with new knowledge that 

2719
02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:12,100
could improve medical treatment 
for his patients. 

2720
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:15,100
The Scholar from Crete will 
develop better food preservation

2721
02:27:15,100 --> 02:27:17,200
techniques that could make sea 
voyages safer. 

2722
02:27:17,900 --> 02:27:20,500
The mathematic scroll, you 
acquired today might contain 

2723
02:27:20,500 --> 02:27:23,500
insights that Inspire. 
New discoveries, you're not just

2724
02:27:23,500 --> 02:27:26,200
managing a collection, your 
supporting a network of 

2725
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:28,000
knowledge that spans the Known 
World. 

2726
02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:30,100
The next morning, brings a 
challenge. 

2727
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:33,200
You've been dreading a visit 
from government officials who 

2728
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,400
want to discuss the library's 
role and supporting Alexandria's

2729
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:39,600
political interests. 
This is the delicate dance. 

2730
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:42,100
You perform, regularly 
maintaining the library's 

2731
02:27:42,100 --> 02:27:44,600
scholarly Independence while 
satisfying, the political 

2732
02:27:44,600 --> 02:27:46,400
authorities, who fund your 
operations. 

2733
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,200
The delegation includes a 
representative from the Royal 

2734
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:53,400
Court, the military officer, and
a trade, official, their polite.

2735
02:27:53,400 --> 02:27:57,000
But clearly have an agenda, The 
Royal representative explains 

2736
02:27:57,000 --> 02:27:59,700
that Alexandria is negotiating a
treaty with a neighboring 

2737
02:27:59,700 --> 02:28:01,600
Kingdom. 
And they need information about 

2738
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:04,800
that, Region's military 
capabilities, natural resources,

2739
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:07,700
and trade relationships. 
This puts you in an awkward 

2740
02:28:07,700 --> 02:28:11,200
position. 
The library contains exactly the

2741
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:14,700
information, they're seeking 
military, histories geographical

2742
02:28:14,700 --> 02:28:18,700
surveys, an economic analysis. 
But providing this information 

2743
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:21,700
for political purposes, feels 
like a betrayal of the scholarly

2744
02:28:21,700 --> 02:28:22,900
trust. 
That makes your collection, 

2745
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:25,900
possible Scholars, share their 
knowledge with you because they 

2746
02:28:25,900 --> 02:28:28,500
believe it will be used for 
learning, not for political 

2747
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:30,900
Advantage. 
You navigate this carefully 

2748
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:33,900
explaining that you can provide 
access to publicly available 

2749
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,600
information but cannot conduct 
targeted intelligence research. 

2750
02:28:37,600 --> 02:28:40,800
You offer to show them relevant 
materials and let them draw 

2751
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:43,600
their own conclusions. 
But you won't compile reports or

2752
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:45,800
make recommendations this 
Arrangement. 

2753
02:28:45,800 --> 02:28:48,800
Satisfies their immediate needs 
while preserving your scholarly 

2754
02:28:48,800 --> 02:28:51,800
neutrality. 
The military officer is 

2755
02:28:51,808 --> 02:28:55,000
particularly interested in your 
maps and geographical texts. 

2756
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:57,900
You show him some general 
materials about the region in 

2757
02:28:57,900 --> 02:29:00,800
question, but you avoid 
mentioning the details military 

2758
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:02,900
surveys that are kept in a 
Restricted Section. 

2759
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:06,200
You know, to be careful about 
what you share as some 

2760
02:29:06,200 --> 02:29:08,100
information is too sensitive for
the public. 

2761
02:29:09,100 --> 02:29:11,900
Trade official wants information
about commercial routes and 

2762
02:29:11,900 --> 02:29:15,000
market conditions. 
This is easier to provide since 

2763
02:29:15,000 --> 02:29:18,000
much of this information is 
contained in travel accounts and

2764
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:20,700
Merchants records that are 
genuinely scholarly in nature. 

2765
02:29:20,700 --> 02:29:24,600
You spend an hour, helping him, 
locate relevant materials, and 

2766
02:29:24,600 --> 02:29:26,600
he seems satisfied with what he 
finds. 

2767
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:30,100
After the officials leave you 
deal with a different kind of 

2768
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:33,500
political challenge, a group of 
local, religious leaders has 

2769
02:29:33,500 --> 02:29:36,000
requested, a meeting to discuss 
some of the materials in your 

2770
02:29:36,008 --> 02:29:38,800
collection, their concerned 
about texts, that present, 

2771
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:41,300
alternative religious 
viewpoints, or challenged 

2772
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:44,500
traditional beliefs. 
This is always a sensitive issue

2773
02:29:44,500 --> 02:29:47,700
in a diversity, like Alexandria,
where different cultural and 

2774
02:29:47,700 --> 02:29:51,000
religious Traditions coexist, 
You meet with them in your 

2775
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:53,800
office serving wine and trying 
to keep the conversation, 

2776
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,100
friendly, their leader explains 
that they're not asking you to 

2777
02:29:57,100 --> 02:29:59,900
remove materials, but they want 
to ensure that potentially 

2778
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:03,400
controversial texts are clearly 
identified so that people can 

2779
02:30:03,400 --> 02:30:05,300
make informed decisions about 
what to read. 

2780
02:30:05,300 --> 02:30:08,800
The request, seems reasonable on
the surface, but you're wary of 

2781
02:30:08,800 --> 02:30:11,400
anything that might lead to 
censorship or restricted access.

2782
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:15,200
You explain that the library's 
mission is to preserve Knowledge

2783
02:30:15,200 --> 02:30:18,500
from all sources and traditions.
And that scholarly inquiry 

2784
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:20,600
requires exposure to different 
viewpoints. 

2785
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:23,600
You offered a work with them to 
develop better description of 

2786
02:30:23,600 --> 02:30:26,400
controversial materials. 
But you stress that you won't 

2787
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,900
restrict access to legitimate 
scholarly resources, a 

2788
02:30:29,900 --> 02:30:32,900
conversation remains cordial but
you can sense, underlying 

2789
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:35,400
tensions. 
Some of the religious leaders 

2790
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:37,900
are clearly uncomfortable with 
the idea that their beliefs 

2791
02:30:37,900 --> 02:30:40,900
might be challenged by 
alternative viewpoints others 

2792
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,400
appear more concerned with 
accurately representing their 

2793
02:30:43,400 --> 02:30:44,900
own Traditions within the 
collection. 

2794
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:48,200
You pledged to scrutinize the 
descriptions of various 

2795
02:30:48,200 --> 02:30:50,700
religious, and philosophical 
traditions in your catalogs, 

2796
02:30:50,700 --> 02:30:53,500
seeking to offer more impartial 
and precise information. 

2797
02:30:54,500 --> 02:30:57,100
Meanwhile, Marcus is dealing 
with a practical political 

2798
02:30:57,100 --> 02:30:59,400
problem. 
A wealthy Merchant has offered 

2799
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:01,800
to donate a significant 
collection of Scrolls to the 

2800
02:31:01,800 --> 02:31:05,300
library, but he wants his name 
prominently, displayed and 

2801
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:07,700
expect special recognition for 
his generosity. 

2802
02:31:07,700 --> 02:31:11,300
This kind of patronage is 
important for your funding, but 

2803
02:31:11,300 --> 02:31:14,000
it creates complications when 
donors try to influence how 

2804
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,000
their contributions are used. 
You review, the proposed 

2805
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:20,400
donation with Markus, the 
Scrolls of valuable, mostly 

2806
02:31:20,400 --> 02:31:22,500
historical and literary works, 
that would enhance your 

2807
02:31:22,500 --> 02:31:25,300
collection. 
But the merchants terms include 

2808
02:31:25,300 --> 02:31:27,900
rules on how to display the 
materials and who can access 

2809
02:31:27,900 --> 02:31:29,700
them. 
You're willing to acknowledge 

2810
02:31:29,700 --> 02:31:33,300
his generosity publicly, but you
can't accept limitations on 

2811
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:36,800
scholarly access urge a meeting 
with the merchant for the 

2812
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:39,200
following week. 
Planning to negotiate terms. 

2813
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,300
That satisfy his desire for 
recognition, while preserving 

2814
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:45,800
the library's principles. 
This kind of diplomacy is an 

2815
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:48,600
increasingly important part of 
your job as the library's 

2816
02:31:48,600 --> 02:31:52,000
reputation grows and attracts 
more high-profile supporters. 

2817
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:56,500
The afternoon brings a different
kind of political challenge when

2818
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,300
two rival, Scholars arrive to 
research the same topic. 

2819
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:01,900
They're both working on 
histories of recent military 

2820
02:32:01,900 --> 02:32:05,200
campaigns and they clearly see 
each other as competitors rather

2821
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:08,300
than colleagues. 
You need to provide equal access

2822
02:32:08,300 --> 02:32:11,600
to both while preventing their 
rivalry from disrupting other 

2823
02:32:11,600 --> 02:32:14,200
Scholars work. 
You set them up in different 

2824
02:32:14,200 --> 02:32:17,500
sections of the historical 
materials ensuring that each has

2825
02:32:17,500 --> 02:32:20,600
access to the resources. 
They need without forcing them 

2826
02:32:20,600 --> 02:32:24,200
to work in close proximity. 
Additionally, you ensure that 

2827
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:26,900
they comprehend the importance 
of resolving, any disputes 

2828
02:32:26,900 --> 02:32:29,900
regarding interpretation or 
methodology outside the library.

2829
02:32:29,900 --> 02:32:33,700
You dedicate your space to 
research not to scholarly 

2830
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:37,100
dispute late in the afternoon 
your cataloging a recently, 

2831
02:32:37,100 --> 02:32:39,800
acquired collection, when you 
make a discovery that reminds 

2832
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:43,300
you, why you love this work? 
Hidden among stack of routine. 

2833
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:46,700
Administrative documents is a 
scroll that contains what 

2834
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:48,800
appears to be a lost work by a 
philosopher? 

2835
02:32:48,800 --> 02:32:52,400
You've studied for years. 
The text is fragmentary and the 

2836
02:32:52,400 --> 02:32:55,800
Papyrus is badly damaged. 
But enough remains to suggest 

2837
02:32:55,800 --> 02:32:57,600
that this could be a significant
fine. 

2838
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,100
Your hands Shake slightly as you
examine the scroll. 

2839
02:33:01,100 --> 02:33:04,600
If this is authentic, it could 
change scholarly understanding 

2840
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:08,700
of this philosopher's work but 
authenticating, ancient texts as

2841
02:33:08,700 --> 02:33:11,900
complex, requiring careful, 
analysis of writing styles, 

2842
02:33:11,900 --> 02:33:16,200
material composition and 
historical context, you'll need 

2843
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:19,200
to consult experts and compare 
this text with other known Works

2844
02:33:19,200 --> 02:33:21,800
before making any claims about 
its significance. 

2845
02:33:21,800 --> 02:33:25,800
You carefully wrap the scroll in
protective cloth and place it in

2846
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:28,800
a secure storage area. 
Tomorrow, you'll begin the 

2847
02:33:28,808 --> 02:33:31,900
process of detailed examination.
But tonight, you want to save 

2848
02:33:31,900 --> 02:33:35,900
the excitement of discovery? 
These moments are rare, most of 

2849
02:33:35,900 --> 02:33:38,100
your Acquisitions are routine 
additions, to existing 

2850
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:40,300
knowledge, rather than genuine 
surprises. 

2851
02:33:41,400 --> 02:33:43,800
The discovery reminds you of why
Scholars are willing to travel, 

2852
02:33:43,800 --> 02:33:45,700
hundreds of miles to work in 
Alexandria. 

2853
02:33:45,700 --> 02:33:49,100
Your collection contains, not 
just the well-known works that 

2854
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:52,800
exists in multiple copies, but 
also unique materials that can't

2855
02:33:52,800 --> 02:33:55,700
be found anywhere else. 
Some of these items arrive 

2856
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:58,500
through careful acquisition. 
But others are accidental, 

2857
02:33:58,500 --> 02:34:01,500
discoveries. 
Like to tonight's fine as your 

2858
02:34:01,500 --> 02:34:04,300
securing, the scroll markers. 
Approaches with news about the 

2859
02:34:04,308 --> 02:34:06,400
Syrian physician who worked late
last night. 

2860
02:34:07,300 --> 02:34:10,000
He's completed, his research and
wants to leave a copy of his 

2861
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:12,900
notes for future Scholars, 
working on similar problems. 

2862
02:34:13,800 --> 02:34:17,000
This is one of the ways, your 
collection, grows Scholars 

2863
02:34:17,000 --> 02:34:19,700
contribute, their own research 
findings to supplement, the 

2864
02:34:19,700 --> 02:34:23,600
existing materials you review 
his notes which are detailed and

2865
02:34:23,600 --> 02:34:27,300
well-organized his documented, 
his sources carefully and 

2866
02:34:27,300 --> 02:34:29,700
explained his reasoning. 
Clearly This kind of 

2867
02:34:29,700 --> 02:34:32,700
contribution is valuable because
it shows how existing knowledge 

2868
02:34:32,700 --> 02:34:35,100
can be synthesized and applied 
to practical problems. 

2869
02:34:35,100 --> 02:34:38,300
You'll add his notes to the 
medical section with proper 

2870
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:39,900
attribution. 
The evening. 

2871
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:42,400
Brings your weekly meeting with 
the other senior staff members. 

2872
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:44,900
There are four of you 
responsible for different 

2873
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:48,500
aspects of Library, operations 
collections, Building 

2874
02:34:48,500 --> 02:34:51,700
Maintenance, security, and 
external relations. 

2875
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:55,300
These meetings help coordinate 
your activities and address 

2876
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:57,400
problems before they become 
serious issues. 

2877
02:34:58,400 --> 02:35:00,600
Tonight's main topic is the 
growing space problem. 

2878
02:35:00,600 --> 02:35:04,000
The Collection is expanding fast
at the building can accommodate 

2879
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:05,800
it. 
You're running out of room for 

2880
02:35:05,800 --> 02:35:08,400
new acquisitions. 
Several Solutions are under 

2881
02:35:08,400 --> 02:35:11,500
consideration including 
expanding the existing structure

2882
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:15,100
establishing satellite 
collections or implementing more

2883
02:35:15,100 --> 02:35:19,000
selective acquisition policies. 
Each option has advantages and 

2884
02:35:19,000 --> 02:35:22,400
drawbacks Expansion would be 
expensive and disruptive to 

2885
02:35:22,400 --> 02:35:25,100
ongoing operations. 
Satellite collections would 

2886
02:35:25,100 --> 02:35:27,800
reduce the libraries 
Effectiveness by scattering 

2887
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:30,100
related materials across 
multiple locations. 

2888
02:35:31,400 --> 02:35:33,800
More selective acquisition would
limit the collections 

2889
02:35:33,800 --> 02:35:37,300
comprehensiveness which is one 
of Alexandria's main competitive

2890
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:41,000
advantages, you advocate for 
expansion arguing that the 

2891
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:44,600
short-term costs are justified 
by the long-term benefits of 

2892
02:35:44,600 --> 02:35:46,400
maintaining a comprehensive 
collection. 

2893
02:35:47,400 --> 02:35:49,400
The building maintenance 
supervisor worries about the 

2894
02:35:49,408 --> 02:35:52,000
structural challenges of adding 
new Wings to the existing 

2895
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:54,900
structure. 
The security Chief is concerned 

2896
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:57,800
about protecting a larger 
facility with the same number of

2897
02:35:57,800 --> 02:36:00,500
guards. 
The external relations manager 

2898
02:36:00,500 --> 02:36:03,700
reports that several patrons 
have expressed interest in 

2899
02:36:03,700 --> 02:36:07,400
funding expansion projects, an 
exchange for naming rights to 

2900
02:36:07,400 --> 02:36:10,400
new sections. 
The arrangement could solve the 

2901
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:12,800
funding problem while creating 
new political complications, 

2902
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:16,700
you'll need to balance donor 
recognition with scholarly 

2903
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:20,200
Independents. 
No decision made tonight but you

2904
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:22,500
agree to develop detail 
proposals for each option. 

2905
02:36:22,500 --> 02:36:25,800
These will be presented to the 
Royal Court for final approval. 

2906
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:28,800
Since major changes to the 
library required governmental 

2907
02:36:28,800 --> 02:36:31,300
support. 
You hope the decision makers 

2908
02:36:31,300 --> 02:36:34,500
understand that the library's 
value to Alexandria depends on 

2909
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:38,200
its ability to continue growing 
and adapting to scholarly needs.

2910
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:42,200
After the meeting you spend time
reviewing acquisition requests 

2911
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:43,700
that have accumulated during the
day. 

2912
02:36:44,600 --> 02:36:45,500
Scholars. 
And collectors. 

2913
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:47,900
Regularly contact you about 
materials, they're willing to 

2914
02:36:47,900 --> 02:36:51,300
sell or donate each request 
requires evaluation of the 

2915
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:54,300
materials quality relevance to 
your collection and 

2916
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:57,200
authenticity. 
As your day, winds down, you 

2917
02:36:57,200 --> 02:37:00,400
find yourself in the quiet, 
astronomy section, surrounded by

2918
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:03,200
Scrolls, that map, the movements
of stars and planets. 

2919
02:37:04,100 --> 02:37:06,700
The evening light filtering 
through the high Windows creates

2920
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:09,900
Long Shadows across the reading 
tables and you can hear the 

2921
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:12,600
distant sounds of Alexandria 
settling into night. 

2922
02:37:12,600 --> 02:37:16,200
Merchants closing, their shops, 
families gathering for dinner 

2923
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:20,000
ships, creaking in the harbor. 
Your checking on a scroll, 

2924
02:37:20,000 --> 02:37:22,900
that's been giving you trouble. 
It's A Treatise on planetary 

2925
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:25,500
movements that arrived last 
month from a scholar in Babylon,

2926
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:27,900
but the mathematical 
calculations don't match. 

2927
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:31,400
Other works on the same subject.
Either this scholar has made 

2928
02:37:31,400 --> 02:37:34,000
errors or he's discovered 
something that challenges 

2929
02:37:34,000 --> 02:37:37,600
existing astronomical Theory. 
Determining, which is the case 

2930
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:40,900
requires, careful, comparison 
with other sources, and possibly

2931
02:37:40,900 --> 02:37:44,100
consultation with 
mathematicians, this is the kind

2932
02:37:44,100 --> 02:37:47,200
of problem that makes your job 
intellectually satisfying. 

2933
02:37:47,900 --> 02:37:51,300
You're not just organizing and 
preserving knowledge, you're 

2934
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:54,100
helping to advance it by 
identifying and consistencies 

2935
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:58,000
comparing different approaches 
and facilitating, the scholarly 

2936
02:37:58,000 --> 02:37:59,800
discussions that lead to new 
discoveries. 

2937
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:02,200
The library isn't just a 
repository. 

2938
02:38:02,200 --> 02:38:05,200
It's an active participant in 
the creation of knowledge. 

2939
02:38:05,200 --> 02:38:09,200
As you work, you notice that the
astronomer section has become 

2940
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:12,700
popular with a new type of 
visitor practical Navigators who

2941
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:14,300
use star positions for sea 
travel. 

2942
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:18,600
Their less interested in 
theoretical astronomy than an 

2943
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:20,900
accurate usable information 
about Celestial navigation. 

2944
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:24,700
This scenario creates an 
interesting challenge for your 

2945
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:27,800
organization System since the 
same information serves both 

2946
02:38:27,800 --> 02:38:29,600
scholarly and practical 
purposes. 

2947
02:38:31,000 --> 02:38:33,100
You plan to discuss this with 
Marcus tomorrow. 

2948
02:38:33,100 --> 02:38:35,600
Perhaps you need to create cross
references. 

2949
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:38,400
That help different types of 
users, find relevant materials 

2950
02:38:38,400 --> 02:38:41,000
without disrupting The Logical 
organization of the collection. 

2951
02:38:42,100 --> 02:38:45,100
The library success depends on 
its ability to serve diverse 

2952
02:38:45,100 --> 02:38:47,400
needs while maintaining 
scholarly integrity. 

2953
02:38:48,500 --> 02:38:51,600
The building grows quieter as 
evening, approaches most 

2954
02:38:51,600 --> 02:38:54,300
Scholars of finished their work 
for the day, and the few 

2955
02:38:54,300 --> 02:38:56,900
remaining researchers are 
settling into focused study. 

2956
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:00,400
You enjoy these peaceful hours 
when the library feels most 

2957
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:02,200
sacred. 
A temple to. 

2958
02:39:02,500 --> 02:39:05,600
Human curiosity and learning. 
You think about the scroll you 

2959
02:39:05,600 --> 02:39:08,500
discovered earlier the one that 
might be a lost philosophical 

2960
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:11,200
work tomorrow. 
You'll begin the careful process

2961
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:15,100
of authentication but tonight 
your content to know that it's 

2962
02:39:15,100 --> 02:39:17,500
safely, stored and waiting for 
proper examination. 

2963
02:39:19,100 --> 02:39:21,900
Whether it proves to be a 
significant Discovery or just an

2964
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:25,100
interesting curiosity, it 
represents the ongoing adventure

2965
02:39:25,100 --> 02:39:29,200
of scholarly exploration. 
Your work continues long after 

2966
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:33,200
the sunsets by Lamplight, you 
review the day's activities and 

2967
02:39:33,200 --> 02:39:36,800
plan tomorrow's priorities, the 
Syrian physician has left 

2968
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:38,300
detailed notes about his 
research. 

2969
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:41,400
The visiting Scholars from 
Bergman have departed, with 

2970
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:44,900
polite expression of gratitude, 
The government officials have 

2971
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:47,600
the information they needed. 
The religious leaders have 

2972
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:49,900
received your promise to review 
the catalog description. 

2973
02:39:50,900 --> 02:39:53,300
For wealthy merchants donation, 
awaits negotiation. 

2974
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:57,000
Each interaction represents a 
different aspect of your role as

2975
02:39:57,000 --> 02:40:00,200
keeper of Alexandria's 
intellectual Treasures, your 

2976
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:03,200
simultaneously, a scholar, a 
diplomat, and negotiator, and a 

2977
02:40:03,208 --> 02:40:05,800
guardian. 
The work is more complex than 

2978
02:40:05,800 --> 02:40:07,800
you anticipated when you 
accepted the position. 

2979
02:40:07,800 --> 02:40:11,800
But it's also more rewarding, 
the new imagined as you prepare 

2980
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:13,200
to lock up the library for the 
night. 

2981
02:40:13,200 --> 02:40:16,700
He walk through the main hall 
one more time, the oil lamps 

2982
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:20,500
casting Shadows on the walls 
line, with Scrolls creating an 

2983
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:22,400
atmosphere of mystery and 
possibility. 

2984
02:40:23,200 --> 02:40:26,500
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges, new discoveries, and

2985
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,600
new opportunities to support the
advancement of human knowledge. 

2986
02:40:29,600 --> 02:40:33,100
You've learned that being a 
librarian in ancient Alexandria 

2987
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:34,700
isn't just about organizing 
information. 

2988
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:37,700
It's about nurturing. 
The intellectual curiosity, that

2989
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:41,600
drives human progress. 
Every scroll, you acquire, every

2990
02:40:41,600 --> 02:40:43,900
scholar, you assist. 
And every problem you solve 

2991
02:40:43,900 --> 02:40:46,700
contributes to the vast network 
of learning that connects 

2992
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:48,600
thinkers across cultures and 
centuries. 

2993
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,100
The work will continue as long 
as humans are curious about the 

2994
02:40:52,100 --> 02:40:55,300
world tonight. 
Your satisfied knowing that 

2995
02:40:55,300 --> 02:40:57,900
you've played a small, but 
important role in keeping the 

2996
02:40:57,900 --> 02:40:59,700
flame of knowledge. 
Burning Brightly in this. 

2997
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:03,200
Remarkable City by the sea. 
He blow out the last lamp, 

2998
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:05,700
secure the doors and head to 
your quarters. 

2999
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:11,000
Outside Alexandria sleeps, under
a canopy of stars that your 

3000
02:41:11,000 --> 02:41:12,800
astronomical Scrolls of helped 
humans. 

3001
02:41:12,800 --> 02:41:14,400
Understand just a little bit 
better. 

3002
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:17,600
Tomorrow will bring new 
questions, new discoveries and 

3003
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:20,100
new opportunities to serve the 
endless human quest, for 

3004
02:41:20,100 --> 02:41:29,500
knowledge and understanding 
Picture. 

3005
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:32,700
This you're living in ancient 
Rome around 58. 

3006
02:41:32,700 --> 02:41:36,000
You've got your Toga, press your
sandals polished and you think 

3007
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:38,800
life is pretty good. 
Then you discover your spouse 

3008
02:41:38,800 --> 02:41:40,700
has been spending that after 
newnan's with someone else. 

3009
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:44,000
And suddenly, your carefully 
ordered World feels about a 

3010
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:46,000
stable as a house of cards in a 
wind storm. 

3011
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:50,300
Now, if you adjust any regular 
Roman citizen, you might have 

3012
02:41:50,300 --> 02:41:51,900
done what most people did back 
then. 

3013
02:41:51,900 --> 02:41:55,600
Maybe thrown some pottery 
started, a public shouting match

3014
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:58,500
or plotted, some elaborate 
Revenge involving questionable 

3015
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:01,900
Seafood left in strategic 
locations, but you're different.

3016
02:42:01,900 --> 02:42:06,100
You've been studying this new 
philosophy called stoicism and 

3017
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:08,200
you're about to find out whether
all those hours spent reading 

3018
02:42:08,200 --> 02:42:12,800
epic Titus were worth it. 
It's proposed the radical notion

3019
02:42:12,800 --> 02:42:15,600
that you could master your 
reaction, to betrayal, the 

3020
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:18,500
Betrayal itself had already 
occurred likely, while you were 

3021
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:21,700
occupied with rearranging your 
collection of Scrolls, but your 

3022
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:23,700
reaction that was entirely up to
you. 

3023
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:26,800
And the issue wasn't just 
theoretical philosophy class not

3024
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:28,600
since these were practical 
people. 

3025
02:42:28,600 --> 02:42:31,400
Dealing, with real problems, 
just like you are right now, 

3026
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:35,400
thousands of years later. 
Marcus Aurelius, who spent his 

3027
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:36,300
days? 
Running an Empire. 

3028
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:39,200
And his Knights writing, what 
essentially amounted to diary 

3029
02:42:39,200 --> 02:42:42,300
entries about not losing his 
mind, he understood the 

3030
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:46,000
circumstances better than most 
in that people would do what 

3031
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:47,700
they wanted. 
No matter what you want wanted 

3032
02:42:47,700 --> 02:42:50,200
or expected. 
Your spouse choosing to be. 

3033
02:42:50,200 --> 02:42:52,600
Unfaithful wasn't really about 
you controlling them. 

3034
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:54,700
It was about you controling, 
you. 

3035
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:58,800
Taking a deep breath and asking 
yourself a simple question. 

3036
02:42:58,800 --> 02:43:01,500
What exactly can you control in 
this situation? 

3037
02:43:01,500 --> 02:43:04,100
Is the first thing? 
A stoic would advise. 

3038
02:43:04,100 --> 02:43:06,800
You can't control what your 
partner did yesterday. 

3039
02:43:06,800 --> 02:43:09,300
You can't control whether 
they'll do it again. 

3040
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:12,600
You cannot influence the actions
of your partner from yesterday. 

3041
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:15,500
Nor can you determine if they 
will repeat those actions? 

3042
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:18,600
Additionally, you have no 
control over whether the 

3043
02:43:18,600 --> 02:43:20,200
individual with whom they were 
Unfaithful. 

3044
02:43:20,200 --> 02:43:22,600
Possesses more appealing hair 
than you. 

3045
02:43:23,400 --> 02:43:26,600
However, you do have the power 
to decide how you will think 

3046
02:43:26,600 --> 02:43:30,400
about the situation, how you 
will respond and what actions 

3047
02:43:30,400 --> 02:43:33,800
you will take moving forward. 
this may seem almost overly 

3048
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:36,500
simplistic, but The stoics held 
a strong belief. 

3049
02:43:36,500 --> 02:43:39,700
In the value of straightforward 
truths that you can control your

3050
02:43:39,700 --> 02:43:44,100
thoughts reactions. 
And next steps, These principles

3051
02:43:44,100 --> 02:43:47,500
might sound almost ridiculously 
simple, but the stoics were big 

3052
02:43:47,500 --> 02:43:50,600
Believers and simple truths. 
They figured that most of human 

3053
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:52,800
suffering came from trying to 
control things that were 

3054
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:54,400
completely outside our 
influence. 

3055
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:57,300
While ignoring the things that 
were actually within our power, 

3056
02:43:57,300 --> 02:43:59,800
it's like spending all your 
energy, trying to change the 

3057
02:43:59,800 --> 02:44:02,800
weather while for getting to 
grab an umbrella, Seneca. 

3058
02:44:02,800 --> 02:44:05,800
Another famous story who had 
plenty of experience with life's

3059
02:44:05,800 --> 02:44:08,600
unexpected curveballs. 
The probably remind you that 

3060
02:44:08,600 --> 02:44:11,700
betrayal hurts, precisely 
because we had expectations 

3061
02:44:11,700 --> 02:44:13,200
about how other people should 
behave. 

3062
02:44:13,200 --> 02:44:16,700
We create these elaborate mental
contracts with the people in our

3063
02:44:16,700 --> 02:44:20,700
lives unspoken agreements about 
loyalty honesty, and not 

3064
02:44:20,700 --> 02:44:22,400
sneaking around behind our 
backs. 

3065
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,200
When someone breaks that 
contract, we feel violated not 

3066
02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:29,000
just by their actions but also 
by the shattering of our 

3067
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:31,100
assumptions about how the world 
should work. 

3068
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:33,200
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

3069
02:44:33,200 --> 02:44:37,500
The stoics would suggest that 
those expectations were the real

3070
02:44:37,508 --> 02:44:40,300
problem all along. 
It's not that your desire for 

3071
02:44:40,300 --> 02:44:42,200
faithfulness and honesty was 
incorrect. 

3072
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:46,500
Those are entirely valid 
desires, rather, it's because 

3073
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:48,900
you mistakenly believe that 
you're strong, desire for 

3074
02:44:48,900 --> 02:44:51,300
faithfulness and honesty could 
ensure their fulfillment. 

3075
02:44:52,300 --> 02:44:55,400
So there you are standing in 
your Roman villa or your modern 

3076
02:44:55,400 --> 02:44:58,600
apartment holding the pieces of 
what you thought was your life. 

3077
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:01,700
And some ancient philosopher is 
essentially telling you that 

3078
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:05,100
this moment, this exact moment 
of discovering betrayal is 

3079
02:45:05,100 --> 02:45:08,600
actually an opportunity. 
An opportunity to practice the 

3080
02:45:08,600 --> 02:45:12,200
most important skill, any human 
can develop the ability to 

3081
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:14,100
respond rather than simply 
react. 

3082
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:17,000
You know what's amusing about 
finding out you've been cheated 

3083
02:45:17,000 --> 02:45:20,900
on your brain, immediately 
starts working overtime, like a 

3084
02:45:20,900 --> 02:45:24,200
detective who had way too much 
coffee and as convinced they're 

3085
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:25,600
about to crack the case of the 
century. 

3086
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:29,400
You start remembering every 
little detail how they seem 

3087
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:32,600
distracted last Tuesday. 
Why they suddenly needed to work

3088
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:35,800
late on Fridays and what that 
weird smile meant when they 

3089
02:45:35,800 --> 02:45:39,000
looked at their phone, your mind
becomes this Relentless 

3090
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:42,100
investigation machine. 
And honestly, it's exhausting 

3091
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:45,400
the ancient stoics would have 
recognized this mental spiral 

3092
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:48,300
immediately. 
The ancient stoics referred to 

3093
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:51,100
this mental spiral as getting 
carried away by your initial 

3094
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:54,000
Impressions and they offered 
some surprisingly practical, 

3095
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:56,800
advice for addressing it. 
Epic Titus. 

3096
02:45:56,800 --> 02:45:58,500
Who understood a thing? 
Or two about life? 

3097
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:00,700
Not going. 
According to plan, would suggest

3098
02:46:00,700 --> 02:46:03,700
starting by separating facts. 
From the stories, you tell 

3099
02:46:03,700 --> 02:46:06,700
yourself about those facts. 
Here's what he meant. 

3100
02:46:07,600 --> 02:46:09,500
Fact, is that your partner was 
unfaithful? 

3101
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:12,600
That's it. 
That's the actual event that 

3102
02:46:12,600 --> 02:46:15,700
happened in the world. 
But then your mind starts adding

3103
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:18,800
layers to this fact. 
Stories about what it means 

3104
02:46:18,800 --> 02:46:21,700
about. 
You about your worth about your 

3105
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:24,700
future about whether you're 
attractive enough or interesting

3106
02:46:24,700 --> 02:46:27,000
enough or whether you should 
have seen it coming. 

3107
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:29,200
What do all those additions 
mean? 

3108
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:33,400
Those aren't facts. 
These are interpretations and 

3109
02:46:33,400 --> 02:46:35,900
interpretations are something 
you can effectively work. 

3110
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:39,100
With this, does not imply. 
That one should disregard the 

3111
02:46:39,100 --> 02:46:41,900
pain or minimize the significant
of betrayal. 

3112
02:46:41,900 --> 02:46:45,600
The stoic weren't advocating for
becoming emotionally numb. 

3113
02:46:45,600 --> 02:46:47,400
They will wait to smart for 
that. 

3114
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:51,100
They understood that pain is a 
natural human response to loss 

3115
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:54,000
and disappointment, but they 
also understood the difference 

3116
02:46:54,000 --> 02:46:57,500
between pain and suffering pain 
is what happens when something 

3117
02:46:57,500 --> 02:47:00,400
undesirable occurs. 
Suffering occurs. 

3118
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,500
When you take that pain and 
amplify it with narratives about

3119
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:07,100
how terrible everything is, how 
things will never improve and 

3120
02:47:07,100 --> 02:47:09,900
how this validates all your 
deepest fears about yourself. 

3121
02:47:10,700 --> 02:47:13,500
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
himself little reminders about 

3122
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,100
this distinction. 
He note that when something 

3123
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:17,800
unpleasant happened, he had a 
choice. 

3124
02:47:17,808 --> 02:47:21,400
He could experience it as just, 
that one unpleasant thing. 

3125
02:47:21,400 --> 02:47:24,500
He could let it contaminate 
everything else in his life. 

3126
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:27,300
Getting cheated on could be one 
of the worst things that 

3127
02:47:27,300 --> 02:47:30,700
happened or it could prove that 
love is impossible that you're 

3128
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:33,800
unlovable that you can't trust 
anyone and that you should just 

3129
02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:36,200
get 17 cats and give up on human
relationships. 

3130
02:47:37,400 --> 02:47:39,600
The stoics were all. 
So, surprisingly practical about

3131
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:42,000
the whole others are going to do
what other people do. 

3132
02:47:42,000 --> 02:47:44,600
Think they weren't naive about 
human nature. 

3133
02:47:44,600 --> 02:47:48,500
Seneca, who lived through some 
pretty dramatic, political times

3134
02:47:48,500 --> 02:47:52,100
and saw plenty of betrayal up, 
close to extensively about how 

3135
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:56,100
people offer an act out of their
pain, confusion or weakness 

3136
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:58,100
rather than out of some 
calculated. 

3137
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:01,800
Desire to hurt you specifically.
This view doesn't lessen the 

3138
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:05,000
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 
but it does take you out of the 

3139
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:06,900
center of someone else's bad 
choices. 

3140
02:48:06,900 --> 02:48:09,700
Maybe your partner cheated, 
because they're going through 

3141
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:12,900
something, you don't understand,
maybe they cheated, because they

3142
02:48:12,900 --> 02:48:14,900
never learned healthy ways to 
resolve problems in 

3143
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:17,300
relationships. 
Maybe they cheated because their

3144
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:21,000
fundamentally selfish or scared 
or they just make really poor 

3145
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:22,000
choices when they're feeling 
overwhelmed. 

3146
02:48:23,200 --> 02:48:26,800
These reasons don't justify the 
Betrayal, but they do lessen its

3147
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:30,500
impact on your humanity and 
that's vital, as infidelity can 

3148
02:48:30,500 --> 02:48:32,500
make you doubt everything about 
yourself. 

3149
02:48:33,500 --> 02:48:37,000
The stoics would remind you that
someone else is poor choices or 

3150
02:48:37,000 --> 02:48:38,800
information about them, not 
about you. 

3151
02:48:39,800 --> 02:48:43,000
The really revolutionary part of
stoic thinking is how they 

3152
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:46,600
approach the whole question of 
what you deserve from other 

3153
02:48:46,600 --> 02:48:48,900
people. 
Most of us operate with the 

3154
02:48:48,900 --> 02:48:52,900
underlying assumption that if 
we're good partners loyal loving

3155
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:56,000
and supportive, then we've 
somehow earned the right to be 

3156
02:48:56,000 --> 02:48:58,900
treated the same way in return. 
The universe owes us 

3157
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:02,500
faithfulness because we've been 
faithful But the stoic would 

3158
02:49:02,500 --> 02:49:05,500
gently suggest that this entire 
framework is based on a 

3159
02:49:05,500 --> 02:49:07,600
misunderstanding of how the 
world actually works. 

3160
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:11,800
Even the best partner can be 
betrayed, this isn't due to your

3161
02:49:11,800 --> 02:49:15,100
deservingness or inadequacy. 
But rather because individuals 

3162
02:49:15,100 --> 02:49:18,600
possess their own free will 
intricate inner lives and the 

3163
02:49:18,608 --> 02:49:20,400
ability to make Dreadful 
choices. 

3164
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:23,300
Let's clarify. 
That acceptance does not equate 

3165
02:49:23,300 --> 02:49:26,200
to being a doormat. 
This principle is probably one 

3166
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,200
of the most misunderstood 
aspects of stoic philosophy and 

3167
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:31,600
it's particularly important when
your dealing with betrayal. 

3168
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,000
When epic Titus talked about 
accepting, what you cannot 

3169
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:37,100
control. 
It wasn't suggesting that you 

3170
02:49:37,100 --> 02:49:39,400
should just smile and Nod when 
someone treats you badly. 

3171
02:49:40,100 --> 02:49:42,000
He was emphasizing a more 
practical Point. 

3172
02:49:42,000 --> 02:49:45,600
Resisting reality is a futile 
struggle that depletes your 

3173
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:47,700
energy and leaves you feeling 
helpless. 

3174
02:49:48,600 --> 02:49:52,100
But how do you accept reality? 
That's actually the first step 

3175
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:54,600
toward figuring out what you can
do about your situation. 

3176
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:57,800
Think about it this way? 
As long as you're spending all 

3177
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:00,000
your mental energy being 
outraged that this thing 

3178
02:50:00,000 --> 02:50:02,100
happened. 
Trying to figure out how to make

3179
02:50:02,100 --> 02:50:05,300
it not happen or spinning. 
Elaborate fantasies about what 

3180
02:50:05,300 --> 02:50:07,100
you should have done differently
to prevent it. 

3181
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:10,200
You're not available to deal 
with what's actually in front of

3182
02:50:10,200 --> 02:50:12,900
you right now. 
You resemble an individual 

3183
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:16,400
standing in the rain, shaking 
your fist at the clouds and 

3184
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:20,100
insisting that they see being 
wet rather than seeking shelter,

3185
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:23,500
or obtaining an umbrella. 
The stoics understood that 

3186
02:50:23,500 --> 02:50:25,300
acceptance is actually a form of
power. 

3187
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:28,600
When you accept that your 
partner cheated, not that it was

3188
02:50:28,608 --> 02:50:32,100
okay, not the, you have to like 
it, but simply that it happened 

3189
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:33,900
and you can't change. 
The fact that it happened. 

3190
02:50:33,900 --> 02:50:37,900
Suddenly you free up, all, that 
energy you were using to fight 

3191
02:50:37,900 --> 02:50:40,500
reality. 
And now you can use that energy 

3192
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:43,000
for something useful, like, 
figuring out what you want to do

3193
02:50:43,000 --> 02:50:46,000
next. 
This is where the stoic approach

3194
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:49,000
gets intriguing because they 
were big Believers and focusing 

3195
02:50:49,000 --> 02:50:50,600
on the future rather than the 
past. 

3196
02:50:51,400 --> 02:50:54,300
Marcus, Aurelius used to remind 
himself that he couldn't change 

3197
02:50:54,300 --> 02:50:57,700
what happened yesterday, but he 
had complete control over what 

3198
02:50:57,700 --> 02:51:00,300
he chose to do today. 
And when you're dealing with 

3199
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:04,000
infidelity, this perspective can
be liberating You can't make 

3200
02:51:04,000 --> 02:51:07,200
your partner, not have cheated, 
but you can decide whether you 

3201
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,400
want to try to work things out. 
Or in the relationship, you 

3202
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:12,700
can't control whether they'll be
in the future. 

3203
02:51:13,700 --> 02:51:15,900
But you can decide what your 
boundaries are and what you're 

3204
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:19,500
willing to accept going forward.
We can't erase the hurt and 

3205
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:23,000
betrayal your feeling. 
Can choose how to process your 

3206
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:25,200
feelings, and what to learn 
about yourself and your 

3207
02:51:25,200 --> 02:51:27,600
relationships. 
Stoics were all. 

3208
02:51:27,600 --> 02:51:30,600
So remarkably practical about 
the whole forgiveness question. 

3209
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:34,700
They didn't think you owe anyone
forgiveness the knot on someone 

3210
02:51:34,700 --> 02:51:38,000
else's timeline but they did 
understand that carrying around 

3211
02:51:38,000 --> 02:51:41,000
anger and resentment is 
exhausting and ultimately 

3212
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:44,600
self-destructive. 
Seneca wrote about how anger is 

3213
02:51:44,600 --> 02:51:46,700
like picking up a hot cold to 
throw at someone else. 

3214
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:50,500
You're the one who receives 
burned This doesn't mean you 

3215
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:52,900
have to forgive and forget and 
pretend nothing happened. 

3216
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:56,500
It means that at some point, for
your own well-being, you might 

3217
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:59,700
choose to let go of the anger, 
not because the person who hurt,

3218
02:51:59,700 --> 02:52:02,800
you deserves it but because you 
deserve to not carry around that

3219
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:05,700
burden anymore. 
It's less about them and more 

3220
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:07,400
about you reclaiming, your peace
of mind. 

3221
02:52:07,400 --> 02:52:10,800
The ancient stoics also had some
Modern insights about 

3222
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:13,300
self-worth. 
They understood that basing, 

3223
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:16,200
your sense of value on how other
people treat you is essentially 

3224
02:52:16,200 --> 02:52:18,600
giving other people control over
your emotional well-being. 

3225
02:52:19,700 --> 02:52:22,600
If you're worth depends on your 
partner being faithful, then 

3226
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,000
their infidelity doesn't just 
betray the relationship. 

3227
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:27,700
It attacks, your fundamental 
sense of self. 

3228
02:52:28,500 --> 02:52:31,100
But what if you're worth was 
based on something more stable? 

3229
02:52:31,100 --> 02:52:34,900
What if it was based on your 
character, your values, your 

3230
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:37,200
choice is and your growth as a 
person. 

3231
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:40,800
What if it was based on how you 
treat others, how you handle 

3232
02:52:40,800 --> 02:52:43,000
difficulties, and how you show 
up in the world? 

3233
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:47,300
These are all things that belong
to you, regardless of what 

3234
02:52:47,300 --> 02:52:51,900
anyone else does or doesn't do. 
But Peter's, who lived as a 

3235
02:52:51,900 --> 02:52:54,300
slave before, becoming a 
philosopher understood better 

3236
02:52:54,300 --> 02:52:56,200
than most that other people 
might control your 

3237
02:52:56,200 --> 02:52:59,200
circumstances, but they couldn't
control your character unless 

3238
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:02,100
you let them your partners 
betrayal, might change your 

3239
02:53:02,100 --> 02:53:04,800
relationship status but it 
doesn't have to change who you 

3240
02:53:04,808 --> 02:53:07,600
are or what your capable of or 
what you deserve in life. 

3241
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:10,200
Here's something the stoics 
understood that we're still 

3242
02:53:10,200 --> 02:53:12,800
figuring out today. 
Emotions are a lot more like 

3243
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:16,200
weather than we usually admit 
emotions, fluctuate in 

3244
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:18,800
frequency, and intensity, and 
attempting. 

3245
02:53:18,800 --> 02:53:21,600
Direct Control is akin to 
attempting to Halt, the rain. 

3246
02:53:22,200 --> 02:53:24,900
Just as you can learn to read 
weather patterns and prepare for

3247
02:53:24,900 --> 02:53:27,100
storms. 
You can also learn to work with 

3248
02:53:27,100 --> 02:53:29,500
your emotions. 
Instead of being completely at 

3249
02:53:29,500 --> 02:53:33,500
their Mercy, When you first 
discover infidelity, the 

3250
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:35,700
emotional storm is usually 
pretty intense. 

3251
02:53:35,700 --> 02:53:39,000
You might feel angry one minute 
devastated, the next, then maybe

3252
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:41,900
numb and Furious again. 
If you're anything like most 

3253
02:53:41,900 --> 02:53:44,700
people, you probably also feel 
guilty about feeling so many 

3254
02:53:44,700 --> 02:53:47,800
different things. 
Shouldn't you just be angry or 

3255
02:53:47,800 --> 02:53:50,300
just be sad? 
while you cycling through 

3256
02:53:50,300 --> 02:53:54,000
emotions, like you're trying on 
different outfits, The stoics 

3257
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:56,500
would tell you that this 
emotional chaos is completely 

3258
02:53:56,500 --> 02:54:00,500
normal and actually kind of 
useful information Epictetus 

3259
02:54:00,500 --> 02:54:02,000
taught that emotions are 
signals. 

3260
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:04,800
They tell you something about 
how you're interpreting. 

3261
02:54:04,800 --> 02:54:07,900
What's happening to you your 
anger might be telling you that 

3262
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:10,800
an important boundary was 
crossed your sadness. 

3263
02:54:10,800 --> 02:54:13,300
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that matters to 

3264
02:54:13,300 --> 02:54:15,200
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

3265
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:18,200
that you're worrying about. 
What comes next, none of these 

3266
02:54:18,200 --> 02:54:22,500
emotions are wrong or bad. 
They're just information, the 

3267
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:24,500
issue arises. 
When you either let them make 

3268
02:54:24,500 --> 02:54:26,400
all your decisions or try to 
shut them down. 

3269
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:30,200
The stoic approach is more like 
being a weather forecaster for 

3270
02:54:30,200 --> 02:54:32,600
your own inner climate. 
You observe what's happening, 

3271
02:54:32,600 --> 02:54:36,000
you acknowledge it and then you 
make conscious choices about how

3272
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,400
you want to respond Marcus. 
Aurelius used to practice, this 

3273
02:54:39,400 --> 02:54:42,500
kind of emotional observation, 
he'd notice when he was feeling 

3274
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:45,800
frustrated or disappointed or 
hurt and instead of immediately 

3275
02:54:45,800 --> 02:54:48,900
reacting he'd pause and ask 
himself what story he was 

3276
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:52,200
telling about the situation. 
Was he making it worse by adding

3277
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:55,500
layers of interpretation? 
Was he catastrophizing about the

3278
02:54:55,500 --> 02:54:57,600
future? 
Was he taking someone else's 

3279
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:01,400
Behavior more personally than he
needed to such Behavior, doesn't

3280
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,400
mean you should talk yourself 
out of legitimate feelings and 

3281
02:55:04,400 --> 02:55:07,100
someone betrays you. 
It's understandable to feel hurt

3282
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:09,300
and angry. 
But there's a difference between

3283
02:55:09,300 --> 02:55:12,500
feeling hurt and angry and 
deciding that being hurt and 

3284
02:55:12,500 --> 02:55:15,500
angry means your life is ruined,
and you'll never be happy again.

3285
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:19,300
And you should probably start 
collecting ceramic cats and 

3286
02:55:19,300 --> 02:55:22,100
become suspicious of everyone 
you meet for the rest of your 

3287
02:55:22,100 --> 02:55:24,900
life. 
The stowitts were particularly 

3288
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:27,700
adapted distinguishing between 
what they called First 

3289
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,800
Impressions and judgments. 
Your first impression when you 

3290
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:35,000
discover in Fidelity, might be 
something like this is terrible 

3291
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:37,500
and painful. 
That's a pretty accurate first 

3292
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,300
impression, but then your mind 
might add judgments. 

3293
02:55:40,300 --> 02:55:44,400
Like this means I'm not lovable 
or this proves that all the 

3294
02:55:44,400 --> 02:55:47,400
relationships are doomed, or I 
should have known better. 

3295
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:50,000
Those judgments are where you 
have some choice. 

3296
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:54,500
You can examine Them Questions 
them and decide whether they're 

3297
02:55:54,500 --> 02:55:58,200
actually beneficial or true. 
Maybe the Betrayal does indicate

3298
02:55:58,200 --> 02:56:00,100
some problems with this 
particular relationship. 

3299
02:56:00,100 --> 02:56:03,700
But does it really proved that 
all relationships are doomed? 

3300
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:07,300
You may wish you had seen some 
red flags, but does that mean 

3301
02:56:07,300 --> 02:56:10,200
you should have known better or 
just that your partner got good 

3302
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:14,000
at hiding things. 
Seneca wrote about this process 

3303
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:16,200
as being like a judge in your 
own mental Court. 

3304
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:19,000
You can listen to all the 
different arguments your mind. 

3305
02:56:19,000 --> 02:56:22,300
Presents a prosecutor who 
insists that this proves your 

3306
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:25,400
fundamentally flawed, the 
defense attorney who argues 

3307
02:56:25,400 --> 02:56:27,200
that. 
None of this is your fault and 

3308
02:56:27,200 --> 02:56:29,900
the witness who just wants to go
over every detail again. 

3309
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:33,700
And again, But ultimately, you 
get to decide which arguments 

3310
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:36,300
are convincing and which ones 
are just your pain and fear 

3311
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:39,900
talks, this stoic approach, 
truly liberates, You by 

3312
02:56:39,900 --> 02:56:43,200
restoring your control, over 
your emotional life, you're not 

3313
02:56:43,208 --> 02:56:45,800
just a victim of whatever 
feelings happen to wash over. 

3314
02:56:45,800 --> 02:56:48,800
You, you're an active 
participant in deciding what 

3315
02:56:48,800 --> 02:56:52,400
these feelings mean and how much
power you want to exercise them,

3316
02:56:52,400 --> 02:56:54,500
over your choices. 
You know, what's weird? 

3317
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:57,800
About major life crisis, they 
have this uncomfortable way of 

3318
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:00,300
showing you who you actually are
underneath all the roles you 

3319
02:57:00,300 --> 02:57:02,000
play. 
And the image, you try to 

3320
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:05,600
maintain when your world becomes
turned upside down by betrayal, 

3321
02:57:05,600 --> 02:57:09,000
all your usual coping, 
mechanisms and social masks tend

3322
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:12,200
to fall away and your left face 
to face with your raw unfiltered

3323
02:57:12,200 --> 02:57:15,300
self. 
The stoics actually thought that

3324
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:18,000
such vulnerability was one of 
the most valuable things about 

3325
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:21,600
difficult experiences. 
Epic Titus used to tell his 

3326
02:57:21,600 --> 02:57:24,300
students that every challenge 
was an opportunity to practice 

3327
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:26,800
virtue. 
He did this not in a preach, 

3328
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:30,800
your sanctimonious manner, but 
rather in a practical sense when

3329
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:33,800
everything is going well, it's 
easy to think your patient for 

3330
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:37,900
giving resilient and wise but 
when someone you love betrays 

3331
02:57:37,900 --> 02:57:41,500
you, that's when you find out 
what you're actually made of and

3332
02:57:41,500 --> 02:57:44,400
more importantly, that's when 
you begin to decide who you want

3333
02:57:44,400 --> 02:57:49,300
to become The stoics identified 
four main virtues, wisdom 

3334
02:57:49,300 --> 02:57:54,600
Justice, courage and Temperance.
These were abstract ideals 

3335
02:57:54,600 --> 02:57:56,500
floating around in some 
philosophical Cloud. 

3336
02:57:56,500 --> 02:57:59,200
They were practical skills. 
You could develop through 

3337
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,800
practice especially during 
difficult times and dealing with

3338
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:04,600
infidelity. 
It turns out provides you 

3339
02:58:04,600 --> 02:58:06,200
opportunities to practice all 
four. 

3340
02:58:07,200 --> 02:58:10,300
Wisdom involves seeing 
situations clearly without the 

3341
02:58:10,300 --> 02:58:13,000
Distortion of wishful thinking 
or catastrophic fear. 

3342
02:58:13,900 --> 02:58:17,000
When you've experienced 
infidelity wisdom requires you 

3343
02:58:17,000 --> 02:58:19,900
to be truthful about the events 
without exaggerating or 

3344
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:23,100
downplaying them, it means 
recognizing the difference 

3345
02:58:23,100 --> 02:58:24,500
between what, you know, for 
sure. 

3346
02:58:24,500 --> 02:58:27,700
And what you're assuming, it 
means acknowledging your 

3347
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:30,400
feelings without letting them 
completely Cloud your judgment. 

3348
02:58:31,300 --> 02:58:35,100
Justice in the stoic sense. 
Wasn't about revenge or 

3349
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:37,200
punishment. 
It was about treating people 

3350
02:58:37,200 --> 02:58:40,900
fairly, including yourself. 
Justice Means holding your 

3351
02:58:40,900 --> 02:58:43,300
partner accountable for their 
choices without turning them 

3352
02:58:43,300 --> 02:58:46,400
into a cartoon villain. 
It means protecting yourself 

3353
02:58:46,400 --> 02:58:49,600
from further harm, without 
unnecessarily, inflicting it on 

3354
02:58:49,608 --> 02:58:52,000
others. 
It means being fair to yourself 

3355
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:54,300
about what you deserve and what 
you're willing to accept. 

3356
02:58:55,100 --> 02:58:58,000
Courage, doesn't just mean being
brave in the face of physical 

3357
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:00,200
danger. 
It means being willing to face 

3358
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,600
difficult truths to have hard 
conversations and to make 

3359
02:59:03,600 --> 02:59:07,900
changes that scare you When you 
discover infidelity courage, 

3360
02:59:07,900 --> 02:59:11,000
might mean confronting your 
partner, even though you're 

3361
02:59:11,000 --> 02:59:14,000
afraid of what you might learn. 
It might mean ending a 

3362
02:59:14,000 --> 02:59:17,600
relationship, even though you're
terrified of being alone, it may

3363
02:59:17,600 --> 02:59:19,900
involve remaining in the 
relationship and striving to 

3364
02:59:19,900 --> 02:59:22,800
resolve issues, despite 
uncertainties regarding your 

3365
02:59:22,800 --> 02:59:25,800
ability to trust. 
Once more Temperance is about 

3366
02:59:25,800 --> 02:59:29,800
moderation and self-control. 
It's probably the most relevant 

3367
02:59:29,800 --> 02:59:32,600
virtue when you're dealing with 
the intense emotions that come 

3368
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:35,800
with betrayal Temperance, means 
feeling your anger without 

3369
02:59:35,800 --> 02:59:37,800
letting it. 
Consume you, it means 

3370
02:59:37,800 --> 02:59:41,400
acknowledging your hurt without 
drowning in self-pity, it 

3371
02:59:41,400 --> 02:59:43,900
involves taking care of yourself
without completely shutting 

3372
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:45,900
down, or going completely out of
control. 

3373
02:59:45,900 --> 02:59:49,400
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 
about how every difficult 

3374
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:51,900
situation was like a training 
ground for these virtues. 

3375
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,900
He'd remind himself that he 
couldn't control what other 

3376
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:57,600
people did, but he could control
whether he responded with 

3377
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:00,600
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 
Temperance. 

3378
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:03,900
And the more he practiced these 
responses the stronger. 

3379
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:07,200
His qualities became This 
perspective can be incredibly 

3380
03:00:07,200 --> 03:00:10,400
empowering when you're dealing 
with infidelity rather than 

3381
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:12,600
viewing yourself. 
As merely a victim of someone 

3382
03:00:12,600 --> 03:00:15,500
else's poor decisions, you can 
perceive yourself as an 

3383
03:00:15,500 --> 03:00:18,500
individual undergoing, a 
comprehensive education in 

3384
03:00:18,500 --> 03:00:21,800
essential life skills. 
Your learning, how to maintain 

3385
03:00:21,800 --> 03:00:24,400
your integrity under pressure. 
Your learning how to make 

3386
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:26,500
difficult decisions with 
incomplete information. 

3387
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:30,000
Your learning how to take care 
of yourself while still treating

3388
03:00:30,000 --> 03:00:34,600
others with basic human decency.
The stoics also recognized that 

3389
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:37,500
character development involves 
more than just persevering 

3390
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:40,500
through challenging times. 
It's about consciously choosing 

3391
03:00:40,500 --> 03:00:43,700
to use those challenging times 
as opportunities to become the 

3392
03:00:43,700 --> 03:00:47,000
kind of person you want to be. 
Every time you choose to respond

3393
03:00:47,000 --> 03:00:50,000
thoughtfully, instead of just 
reacting emotionally, your 

3394
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:52,200
strengthening, your capacity for
thoughtful responses. 

3395
03:00:53,200 --> 03:00:56,900
Every time you choose self-care 
over self-destruction, you're 

3396
03:00:56,900 --> 03:00:58,700
building your ability to take 
care of yourself. 

3397
03:00:58,700 --> 03:01:01,900
This doesn't mean you have to be
perfect or that you won't make 

3398
03:01:01,900 --> 03:01:04,200
mistakes. 
The stoics were compassionate 

3399
03:01:04,200 --> 03:01:07,300
about human imperfection, they 
understood that developing 

3400
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:09,100
wisdom. 
And virtue is a lifelong process

3401
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:12,300
and that set backs and failures 
are part of that process. 

3402
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:16,300
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's been committed to

3403
03:01:16,300 --> 03:01:18,700
learning and growing from what 
ever life throws at you. 

3404
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:22,900
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

3405
03:01:22,900 --> 03:01:26,200
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

3406
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:29,400
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

3407
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:33,600
the ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental zooming 

3408
03:01:33,600 --> 03:01:36,600
out and they applied it to 
everything, including heartbreak

3409
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:40,400
and betrayal Marcus Aurelius who
had plenty of experience with 

3410
03:01:40,400 --> 03:01:43,300
both personal loss and the 
broader challenges of human 

3411
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:46,500
existence used to practice, what
we might call, the view from 

3412
03:01:46,500 --> 03:01:49,800
above He'd imagined looking at 
his problems from a great 

3413
03:01:49,808 --> 03:01:53,000
height. 
First from across the city, then

3414
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:56,300
from high above the Earth and 
finally, from the perspective of

3415
03:01:56,300 --> 03:02:01,900
years decades or even centuries.
He aimed to contextualize his 

3416
03:02:01,900 --> 03:02:04,800
problems, not to downplay his 
pain, or deny their 

3417
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,400
significance. 
When you're in the immediate 

3418
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:10,700
aftermath of discovering and 
Fidelity, Everything feels 

3419
03:02:10,700 --> 03:02:15,200
enormous and permanent the hurt 
feels like it will never end the

3420
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:18,600
anger feels Justified and 
necessary the whole situation. 

3421
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:21,600
Feels like it defines everything
about your life and your future.

3422
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:25,700
But the stoics would gently 
encourage you to experiment with

3423
03:02:25,700 --> 03:02:29,200
different time perspectives. 
What if you imagine looking back

3424
03:02:29,200 --> 03:02:31,500
at this situation from five 
years in the future? 

3425
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:35,200
What would matter most to you 
then the fact that this painful 

3426
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:37,500
thing happened or how you chose 
to handle it. 

3427
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:40,500
What would you want to tell your
current self about getting 

3428
03:02:40,500 --> 03:02:43,100
through this period? 
What would you be proud of 

3429
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:46,400
yourself for doing or not? 
Doing what if you zoomed out 

3430
03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:48,800
even further in the view from 
the end of your life? 

3431
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:51,900
When you're old and looking 
back, how much of your life 

3432
03:02:51,900 --> 03:02:54,900
story will this betrayal, take 
up what other chapters will 

3433
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:56,800
there be? 
What will you have learned? 

3434
03:02:56,800 --> 03:02:59,700
How will this difficult 
experience of contributed to 

3435
03:02:59,700 --> 03:03:02,900
your growth as a person? 
This isn't about minimizing the 

3436
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:04,600
Real Pain you're experiencing 
right now. 

3437
03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:07,200
It's about remembering that this
moment. 

3438
03:03:07,200 --> 03:03:09,300
However, intense and 
overwhelming. 

3439
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,500
It feels is just one in a much 
larger life. 

3440
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:15,800
The stoics understood that we 
suffer more. 

3441
03:03:15,800 --> 03:03:19,200
When we lose perspective, when 
we let one painful experience 

3442
03:03:19,200 --> 03:03:22,600
Eclipse, everything else about 
our existence, Seneca wrote 

3443
03:03:22,600 --> 03:03:26,000
extensively about the temporary 
nature of all human experiences,

3444
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:29,400
both good and bad. 
He reminded himself that periods

3445
03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:32,400
of Happiness, don't last forever
but neither do periods of pain, 

3446
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:35,300
everything passes, Everything 
Changes. 

3447
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:39,000
The acute Agony. 
You feel right after discovering

3448
03:03:39,000 --> 03:03:42,200
betrayal, will not feel the same
six months from now, even if the

3449
03:03:42,200 --> 03:03:45,800
situation hasn't resolved 
completely Stokes also had a 

3450
03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:48,500
sophisticated understanding of 
how relationships work over 

3451
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:50,500
time. 
They understood that people 

3452
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:52,700
change that love itself, 
changes. 

3453
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:55,700
And that expecting any 
relationship to remain exactly 

3454
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,800
the same forever is unrealistic.
This understanding doesn't 

3455
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,000
excuse, betrayal or suggest that
you should accept poor 

3456
03:04:03,000 --> 03:04:06,100
treatment, but it does suggest 
that maybe some of our suffering

3457
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:08,200
around. 
Relationship problems comes from

3458
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:12,300
unrealistic expectations about 
permanence and control consider 

3459
03:04:12,300 --> 03:04:14,800
this, you are likely not the 
same individual. 

3460
03:04:14,800 --> 03:04:18,000
You were at the onset of your 
relationship, you've grown 

3461
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:22,300
changed learned new things 
developed, new interests, and 

3462
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:24,300
maybe even discovered parts of 
yourself. 

3463
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:27,500
You didn't know existed, your 
partner has probably changed 

3464
03:04:27,500 --> 03:04:29,500
too. 
Sometimes people change 

3465
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:33,200
incompatible ways and sometimes 
they don't Sometimes people 

3466
03:04:33,200 --> 03:04:36,300
change in ways that make them 
better partners and sometimes 

3467
03:04:36,300 --> 03:04:40,100
they change in ways that make 
them worse Partners, the stoic 

3468
03:04:40,100 --> 03:04:42,300
approach would be to acknowledge
these changes without 

3469
03:04:42,300 --> 03:04:44,100
necessarily taking them 
personally. 

3470
03:04:44,100 --> 03:04:47,400
It is possible that your 
partner's infidelity reflects 

3471
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:48,800
changes. 
They have undergone or 

3472
03:04:48,800 --> 03:04:52,800
challenges their facing maybe it
says something about problems in

3473
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:55,200
your relationship that neither 
of you knew how to address 

3474
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:57,700
directly. 
Maybe it doesn't say anything 

3475
03:04:57,700 --> 03:04:59,400
particularly meaningful about 
you. 

3476
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:02,300
At all, this perspective can be 
oddly freeing. 

3477
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:05,400
Review, the Betrayal is 
information about where things 

3478
03:05:05,400 --> 03:05:09,000
stand right now, rather than as 
proof of some fundamental flaw 

3479
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:11,700
in your self your relationship 
or love in general. 

3480
03:05:12,700 --> 03:05:16,600
And right now is just one point,
not a permanent verdict on your 

3481
03:05:16,600 --> 03:05:20,200
worth, or your future. 
The stoics were all so realistic

3482
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:22,800
about the fact that some 
relationships simply run their 

3483
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:24,900
course. 
It's not because someone 

3484
03:05:24,900 --> 03:05:28,300
committed a heinous act or love 
faltered, but rather, because 

3485
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,200
individuals and situations 
undergo Transformations that 

3486
03:05:31,200 --> 03:05:34,000
render the continuation of a 
relationship more detrimental 

3487
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:37,500
than beneficial sometimes 
betrayal, is a symptom of a 

3488
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,200
relationship that has already 
ended emotionally, even if 

3489
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,000
nobody has been willing to admit
it yet, you may think the 

3490
03:05:43,000 --> 03:05:45,300
ancient stoics had useful 
insights on betrayal. 

3491
03:05:45,300 --> 03:05:48,000
But you may also wonder how to 
apply this to your own 

3492
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:52,100
situation. the beautiful thing 
about stoic philosophy is that 

3493
03:05:52,100 --> 03:05:55,200
it was always meant to be 
practical, not just intellectual

3494
03:05:55,200 --> 03:05:58,700
ideas to contemplate but actual 
technique you could use in daily

3495
03:05:58,700 --> 03:06:01,400
life The stowitts developed, 
what they called. 

3496
03:06:01,400 --> 03:06:05,300
Spiritual exercises, regular 
practices designed to train your

3497
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:08,300
mind the same way, you might 
train your body, These work 

3498
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:12,000
religious, or mystical practices
but practical mental habits that

3499
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:14,400
could help you respond to 
difficult situations with more 

3500
03:06:14,400 --> 03:06:16,800
wisdom, courage, and peace of 
mind. 

3501
03:06:18,000 --> 03:06:20,700
One of the most fundamental 
practices is what epic Titus 

3502
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:23,500
call the dichotomy of control 
every morning. 

3503
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:26,500
Or whenever you're feeling 
overwhelmed, you can take a few 

3504
03:06:26,508 --> 03:06:28,800
minutes to sort your concerns 
into two categories. 

3505
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:32,400
Things you can control and 
things, you can't control. 

3506
03:06:33,300 --> 03:06:36,000
When you're dealing with 
infidelity, your approach might 

3507
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:38,700
look like acknowledging that you
can't control what your partner 

3508
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:42,000
did, what they're feeling now, 
or what, they'll choose to do in

3509
03:06:42,000 --> 03:06:45,300
the future, but you can choose 
how to care for yourself set, 

3510
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:47,400
boundaries Converse and 
interpret events. 

3511
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:51,000
Another useful practice is what 
Marcus Aurelius called, 

3512
03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:55,100
objective representation, trying
to see situations as clearly as 

3513
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:57,100
possible. 
Without the emotional coloring 

3514
03:06:57,100 --> 03:06:59,700
that can make everything seem 
worse than it actually is. 

3515
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,200
And of thinking, my life is 
ruined, you might practice 

3516
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:06,100
thinking, my partner was 
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 

3517
03:07:06,100 --> 03:07:09,500
and angry about it. 
Instead of saying I'll never be 

3518
03:07:09,500 --> 03:07:12,700
able to trust anyone. 
Again, you might think right 

3519
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:15,100
now, I'm having trouble trusting
and that makes sense. 

3520
03:07:15,100 --> 03:07:18,200
Given what I've just learned the
stowitts, also practice 

3521
03:07:18,200 --> 03:07:19,700
something. 
We might call negative 

3522
03:07:19,700 --> 03:07:21,900
visualization. 
Not to make themselves 

3523
03:07:21,900 --> 03:07:24,700
miserable, but to build 
resilience and gratitude, 

3524
03:07:25,600 --> 03:07:27,900
Imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

3525
03:07:27,900 --> 03:07:30,900
completely and stead of 
persuading yourself that the 

3526
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:34,000
relationship should end, you 
should reassure yourself that 

3527
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:36,800
you could endure it, if it did. 
Often. 

3528
03:07:36,800 --> 03:07:39,600
When we are terrified of a 
particular outcome, half of our 

3529
03:07:39,600 --> 03:07:42,400
suffering comes from the fear 
itself rather than the actual 

3530
03:07:42,400 --> 03:07:45,400
situation. 
Seneca recommended keeping what 

3531
03:07:45,400 --> 03:07:49,000
he called a philosophical 
Journal, a regular practice of 

3532
03:07:49,000 --> 03:07:51,600
writing about your experiences 
and examining your thoughts and 

3533
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:53,800
reactions. 
When you're dealing with 

3534
03:07:53,800 --> 03:07:57,300
betrayal writing, can help you 
sort through the complicated mix

3535
03:07:57,300 --> 03:08:00,100
of feelings and thoughts that 
tend to swirl around in your 

3536
03:08:00,108 --> 03:08:02,100
head. 
You might write about what 

3537
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:05,700
happened, how you're feeling, 
what you're afraid of what 

3538
03:08:05,700 --> 03:08:07,900
you're learning, and what you 
want to do next? 

3539
03:08:09,000 --> 03:08:11,700
The key to all of these 
practices is consistency, rather

3540
03:08:11,700 --> 03:08:15,500
than Perfection you don't have 
to become a perfectly wise, calm

3541
03:08:15,500 --> 03:08:18,500
rational person overnight, you 
just have to be willing to 

3542
03:08:18,500 --> 03:08:21,700
practice responding thoughtfully
rather than just reacting 

3543
03:08:21,700 --> 03:08:24,100
emotionally. 
And every time you choose to 

3544
03:08:24,100 --> 03:08:27,400
pause and think before you act, 
every time you focus on what you

3545
03:08:27,408 --> 03:08:28,900
can control rather than what you
can't. 

3546
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:32,000
And every time you treat 
yourself and others with basic 

3547
03:08:32,000 --> 03:08:35,800
decent sea, despite being hurt 
your strengthening, those mental

3548
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:38,900
muscles, the ancient stoics, 
understood something that we 

3549
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,000
sometimes forget in our modern 
world, Wisdom, isn't something 

3550
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,800
you either have or don't have, 
it's something you develop 

3551
03:08:44,800 --> 03:08:47,200
through practice. 
Specially through practicing 

3552
03:08:47,200 --> 03:08:50,600
during difficult times. 
Your current situation painful 

3553
03:08:50,600 --> 03:08:53,500
as it is is actually an 
opportunity to develop some of 

3554
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:56,900
the most valuable life skills. 
There are The ability to stay 

3555
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,700
grounded during a crisis, to 
make good decisions Under 

3556
03:08:59,700 --> 03:09:01,600
Pressure to maintain your 
integrity. 

3557
03:09:01,600 --> 03:09:04,300
When you've been wronged and to 
take care of yourself while 

3558
03:09:04,300 --> 03:09:07,300
still treating others. 
With compassion these skills 

3559
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:09,800
will serve you well beyond your 
current relationship drama, 

3560
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:13,100
they'll help you navigate future
challenges with more confidence 

3561
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:15,600
and less suffering. 
They'll help you build better 

3562
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,400
relationships because you'll 
know better what you need and 

3563
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:20,900
what you're willing to give. 
They will assist you in 

3564
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:24,200
cultivating self-trust as you 
will recognize your ability to 

3565
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:26,000
manage whatever challenges life 
presents. 

3566
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:29,800
The stoics believed that the 
goal of philosophy wasn't to 

3567
03:09:29,800 --> 03:09:31,400
eliminate all problems from 
life. 

3568
03:09:31,400 --> 03:09:34,600
That would be impossible and 
probably boring anyway. 

3569
03:09:35,500 --> 03:09:37,900
The goal was to develop the 
inner resources to meet whatever

3570
03:09:37,900 --> 03:09:40,500
problems arise with wisdom, 
courage, and Grace. 

3571
03:09:41,300 --> 03:09:43,600
In that sense, dealing with 
betrayal isn't just about 

3572
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:44,900
getting through a difficult 
time. 

3573
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:47,800
It's about becoming the kind of 
person who can get through 

3574
03:09:47,800 --> 03:09:50,900
difficult time and maybe even 
grow stronger in the process. 

3575
03:10:02,300 --> 03:10:05,100
Picture yourself on the front, 
porch of a house, and a small 

3576
03:10:05,100 --> 03:10:08,900
town in America on October 31st 
1909. 

3577
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:12,900
It's about 5:00 in the evening 
and the light in the fall. 

3578
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:16,100
Has that special quality that 
photographers spend their whole 

3579
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:20,300
lives, trying to get golden 
slanting, making everything it 

3580
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:23,000
touches look like it belongs in 
a painting, you'd find in your 

3581
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:25,600
grandmother's parlor. 
The air is cool. 

3582
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:28,300
Like it is in October which 
makes you happy to have a 

3583
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:31,400
cardigan or wool jacket. 
But not so cold that you need to

3584
03:10:31,408 --> 03:10:34,400
hurry inside. 
You can't make the smell in the 

3585
03:10:34,408 --> 03:10:37,500
air to fishly. 
To mix of wood, smoke from 

3586
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:40,700
someone's chimney, and the 
earthy smell of leaves that fell

3587
03:10:40,700 --> 03:10:42,200
yesterday and got wet in the 
rain. 

3588
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:46,300
Underneath It All. 
There's that smell of autumn 

3589
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:49,700
that can't be put into words. 
You could be an any number of 

3590
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:54,300
towns like Oberlin, Ohio, 
Concord, Massachusetts, or 

3591
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:59,400
Galesburg, Illinois. in 1909 
these towns all had Tree Line 

3592
03:10:59,400 --> 03:11:01,800
streets with Maples that were 
putting on their annual 

3593
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:05,600
firework, show of color housing,
that were close enough to feel 

3594
03:11:05,600 --> 03:11:09,700
like neighbors, but far enough 
apart for privacy and a pace of 

3595
03:11:09,708 --> 03:11:13,800
life that modern people would 
find either relaxing or 

3596
03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:16,400
maddeningly slow depending on 
their mood. 

3597
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:20,500
Most of the house is on your 
street are made of wood and a 

3598
03:11:20,500 --> 03:11:25,000
painted insensible colors like 
white gray or sometimes a bold 

3599
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:27,700
cream. 
These are not the perfectly 

3600
03:11:27,700 --> 03:11:30,600
restored, Victorian homes. 
You see in historic districts 

3601
03:11:30,600 --> 03:11:33,100
today. 
These are homes that people live

3602
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:36,100
in and some of them need a 
little paint, touch-up While 

3603
03:11:36,100 --> 03:11:38,700
others have porches that sag a 
little in the middle from years 

3604
03:11:38,700 --> 03:11:41,500
of use. 
But they are all well taken care

3605
03:11:41,500 --> 03:11:45,200
of with walkways that are swept 
and windows, that catch the 

3606
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:49,200
evening light like Amber. 
The big party that October 31st 

3607
03:11:49,200 --> 03:11:52,000
1909 would become wasn't yet a 
big deal. 

3608
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:56,900
People still called it Halloween
or Halloween, which is a cute 

3609
03:11:56,900 --> 03:11:59,900
old-fashioned way to say it. 
But it wasn't a day that needed 

3610
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:02,400
to be planned weeks in advance 
or taken off work. 

3611
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:06,400
Kids went to school like usual, 
adults went about their daily 

3612
03:12:06,400 --> 03:12:10,300
lives and the parties that night
mostly took place in homes, and 

3613
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:13,000
church, social halls, and of 
turning entire neighborhoods in 

3614
03:12:13,008 --> 03:12:16,600
horned to displays. 
At this time of day, the streets

3615
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:20,500
of starting to quiet down, men 
are coming home from work stores

3616
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:23,000
and offices. 
They are walking home because in

3617
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:25,500
a town like this, most things 
are close enough to walk to 

3618
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:29,500
Their dressed up in suits but 
not because it's a special 

3619
03:12:29,508 --> 03:12:32,100
occasion. 
That's just what men want to 

3620
03:12:32,108 --> 03:12:34,700
work. 
It will Dark wall suits with 

3621
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:38,800
vests pocket watches on chains 
and hats that they would hang on

3622
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:41,800
coat racks. 
As soon as they got home, women 

3623
03:12:41,800 --> 03:12:44,900
can be seen through lip Windows 
moving around their kitchens in 

3624
03:12:44,900 --> 03:12:46,700
the strange, dance of making 
dinner. 

3625
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:51,300
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 
mean following an online recipe 

3626
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:53,800
or a heating? 
Something from the store? 

3627
03:12:54,400 --> 03:12:58,400
It was a big deal that needed 
constant attention coal or wood 

3628
03:12:58,400 --> 03:13:01,800
stoves ingredients that had been
picked out the day before or 

3629
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:05,500
that morning and skills that 
took years to learn and were 

3630
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:09,400
passed down through generations.
Like family heirlooms The kids 

3631
03:13:09,408 --> 03:13:12,100
are all excited and this is 
where Halloween starts to show 

3632
03:13:12,100 --> 03:13:14,200
itself. 
Their parents are trying to keep

3633
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:17,300
them calm until after dinner, 
there will be parties tonight 

3634
03:13:17,300 --> 03:13:20,300
after dinner and the dishes are 
done, not the kind you're 

3635
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:22,800
thinking of with loud music and 
lots of people, you don't know. 

3636
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:27,300
These are gatherings in parlors 
and church basements where games

3637
03:13:27,300 --> 03:13:30,900
will be played, fortunes will be
told and the line between the 

3638
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:33,600
normal world and something, a 
little stranger will seem to 

3639
03:13:33,600 --> 03:13:36,800
blur for a few hours. 
You can tell it's full from the 

3640
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:38,400
porch as the evening gets 
darker. 

3641
03:13:38,400 --> 03:13:41,700
There are things that make it 
clear that this is full no 

3642
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:44,700
matter what year it is. 
There a pumpkin on the porches? 

3643
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:47,900
These are not the carved 
jack-o-lanterns that will become

3644
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,000
popular later. 
Instead, they are whole pumpkin.

3645
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:54,500
Some of which are quite large 
but were bought from local farms

3646
03:13:54,500 --> 03:13:56,700
to be used as decorations and 
eaten later. 

3647
03:13:57,700 --> 03:14:01,100
Some might have simple faces 
carved into them, but just as 

3648
03:14:01,100 --> 03:14:04,200
many are left. 
Whole The orange color is enough

3649
03:14:04,200 --> 03:14:07,900
to make them look like Christmas
people of tied corn stalks to 

3650
03:14:07,908 --> 03:14:10,600
the railings of their porches 
and the posts of their fences. 

3651
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:14,200
They're already dry and rustling
in the light evening Breeze. 

3652
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:17,900
Making a sound that is both sad 
and somehow comforting. 

3653
03:14:18,800 --> 03:14:21,800
Some homes, have put them 
together in shocks, which are 

3654
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:24,400
tent-like structures. 
That farmers use in fields, but 

3655
03:14:24,400 --> 03:14:28,100
are smaller for decoration. 
You might also see gourds in 

3656
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:32,500
different shapes Autumn Leaves 
tied together in bundles and may

3657
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:35,200
be some pots with late blooming,
chrysanthemums in them. 

3658
03:14:36,000 --> 03:14:39,300
The decorations from 1909 are 
handmade, seize, seasonal and 

3659
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:41,500
temporary, which shows a 
different way of thinking about 

3660
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:44,200
material Goods. 
There are no plastic or 

3661
03:14:44,200 --> 03:14:48,100
mass-produced items here. 
Everything has been made bought 

3662
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:51,900
or found locally. 
These decorations won't be put 

3663
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:54,600
away in labeled storage bins for
next year when November comes 

3664
03:14:54,600 --> 03:14:59,600
instead, they'll be composted 
burned or return to the ground. 

3665
03:14:59,600 --> 03:15:02,100
And new ones will be made in 
October. 

3666
03:15:02,900 --> 03:15:06,000
When it starts to get dark, 
which happens around 6:00 in 

3667
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:09,900
late October 1909 without 
daylight, saving time, you can 

3668
03:15:09,908 --> 03:15:14,300
see candles being lit in Windows
in 1909 there are electric 

3669
03:15:14,300 --> 03:15:15,900
lights but they aren't 
everywhere. 

3670
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:18,500
Especially in small towns and 
rural areas. 

3671
03:15:18,500 --> 03:15:21,900
A lot of homes, still, use 
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 

3672
03:15:21,900 --> 03:15:25,100
even homes with their 
electricity, might use candles 

3673
03:15:25,100 --> 03:15:28,200
to night to set the mood. 
These aren't the fake flameless 

3674
03:15:28,200 --> 03:15:32,100
LED candles you have now or even
the scented candles that come in

3675
03:15:32,108 --> 03:15:35,200
pretty jars. 
These candles are made of Tallow

3676
03:15:35,200 --> 03:15:38,200
or beeswax and some are 
hand-dipped While others are 

3677
03:15:38,200 --> 03:15:40,400
molded. 
They all give off a warm 

3678
03:15:40,400 --> 03:15:41,800
slightly. 
Flickering light. 

3679
03:15:41,800 --> 03:15:44,800
That makes every room look like 
a painting by a Dutch Master. 

3680
03:15:45,800 --> 03:15:50,000
The light doesn't fill rooms 
like, electric bulbs do instead.

3681
03:15:50,000 --> 03:15:53,300
It makes pools of light 
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 

3682
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:56,100
which makes homes, look, both 
cozy and mysterious. 

3683
03:15:57,200 --> 03:16:00,000
To get a better idea of what 
Halloween meant in 1909. 

3684
03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:03,800
You need to go back. 
Even further in time to win this

3685
03:16:03,800 --> 03:16:05,800
night. 
Had other names and served other

3686
03:16:05,800 --> 03:16:08,800
purposes. 
Don't worry, this won't be a 

3687
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:11,000
boring history class. 
Think of it more. 

3688
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:13,800
Like figuring out the layers of 
tradition that have built up on 

3689
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:18,600
this date over time like rings 
on a tree. each layer adds 

3690
03:16:18,600 --> 03:16:23,100
meaning without completely 
erasing what came before it Like

3691
03:16:23,100 --> 03:16:26,500
many stories from October. 
This one starts with the ancient

3692
03:16:26,500 --> 03:16:29,000
Celts who lived in what is now 
Ireland? 

3693
03:16:29,000 --> 03:16:32,600
Scotland, Wales and parts of 
France, thousands of years ago. 

3694
03:16:33,600 --> 03:16:35,800
Saman was a festival that people
pronounced. 

3695
03:16:35,800 --> 03:16:40,700
So in like the female pig, not 
Sam Hine, which is what most 

3696
03:16:40,700 --> 03:16:44,000
people think. 
The Celts thought of winter as a

3697
03:16:44,008 --> 03:16:47,600
time of death, just like they 
thought of spring as a time of 

3698
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:50,200
life. 
Samhain marked the end of the 

3699
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:51,900
harvest season and the start of 
winter. 

3700
03:16:51,900 --> 03:16:56,300
But from your cozy spot in the 
present, he is what makes saman 

3701
03:16:56,300 --> 03:16:59,000
in interesting. 
It wasn't mostly a scary 

3702
03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:00,400
holiday. 
Yes. 

3703
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:03,400
The Celts thought that the line 
between the living world and the

3704
03:17:03,408 --> 03:17:06,100
world of the Dead became less 
clear on this night. 

3705
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:10,800
Yes, they believed that Spirits 
could cross over but they didn't

3706
03:17:10,800 --> 03:17:14,600
respond with fear. 
Instead they were friendly, but 

3707
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,000
careful. 
They left food out for 

3708
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:21,000
wandering, Spirits lit, bonfires
to help The Souls of the Dead, 

3709
03:17:21,000 --> 03:17:24,200
find their way and were happy to
be able to talk to their 

3710
03:17:24,200 --> 03:17:27,000
ancestors who had died. 
Picture this. 

3711
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:30,600
Once a year, the barrier between
you and your beloved 

3712
03:17:30,600 --> 03:17:33,600
grandmother, who died becomes. 
So thin that she can come over 

3713
03:17:33,600 --> 03:17:36,100
for dinner, you wouldn't lock 
the doors and fear. 

3714
03:17:36,100 --> 03:17:40,000
Instead you set an extra place 
at the table and hope she'd 

3715
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:41,500
share her knowledge with you one
more time. 

3716
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:45,500
That was more like the spirit of
Sam and the scary Halloween we 

3717
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:48,400
know today. 
As Christianity spread through 

3718
03:17:48,400 --> 03:17:52,100
Celtic lands, which took 
hundreds of years and wasn't a 

3719
03:17:52,100 --> 03:17:53,500
single dramatic conversion 
moment. 

3720
03:17:54,400 --> 03:17:58,000
Church did something smart that 
they had done with many Pagan 

3721
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,700
festivals. 
Instead of trying to get rid of 

3722
03:18:00,708 --> 03:18:04,100
Samhain completely, they just 
took it in and made All Saints 

3723
03:18:04,100 --> 03:18:06,800
Day on November 1st and All 
Souls day on November 2nd. 

3724
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:10,300
All Hallows Eve was the night 
before All Saints Day. 

3725
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:15,900
Over time, it became Halloween. 
This Christian layer didn't get 

3726
03:18:15,900 --> 03:18:20,200
rid of the older traditions 
instead, it baptized them giving

3727
03:18:20,200 --> 03:18:22,900
them new meanings while the old 
one still echoed underneath. 

3728
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:26,400
It became a Christian tradition 
to like candles for the dead, 

3729
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:29,300
but it wasn't that different 
from the Celtic bonfires. 

3730
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:32,700
The idea that the dead was 
somehow closer on this night 

3731
03:18:32,700 --> 03:18:35,900
stayed the same, but it was seen
through a different religious 

3732
03:18:35,900 --> 03:18:40,600
lens when these Customs got to 
America mostly through Irish and

3733
03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:42,700
Scottish immigrants in the 
1800s. 

3734
03:18:42,700 --> 03:18:45,400
They had already changed a 
little, from where they came 

3735
03:18:45,400 --> 03:18:48,600
from the immigrants brought 
memories of home that were part 

3736
03:18:48,600 --> 03:18:53,100
real folk, practice and part 
romanticized, nostalgia, They 

3737
03:18:53,100 --> 03:18:57,200
remembered the parties, the 
games, the fortune-telling, and 

3738
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,600
the general feeling that this 
night was special, even if they 

3739
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:04,400
weren't sure why, it had started
Halloween in America are still 

3740
03:19:04,408 --> 03:19:08,000
figuring out who it is in 1909. 
It won't be a holiday for kids 

3741
03:19:08,000 --> 03:19:12,600
to get candy, until the 1950s. 
Instead, it's mostly an evening 

3742
03:19:12,600 --> 03:19:15,500
for teens and young adults to 
hang out, play games. 

3743
03:19:15,500 --> 03:19:17,900
And most importantly, tell 
fortunes about love. 

3744
03:19:18,900 --> 03:19:21,800
One of the most common beliefs 
about Halloween, which has 

3745
03:19:21,800 --> 03:19:24,600
changed over time, is that it 
was a good night to find out 

3746
03:19:24,600 --> 03:19:26,200
what your love life would be 
like in the future. 

3747
03:19:26,200 --> 03:19:30,200
People who celebrated Halloween 
in 1909, probably didn't know 

3748
03:19:30,200 --> 03:19:33,500
much about Samantha's, history. 
All the complicated theological 

3749
03:19:33,500 --> 03:19:37,300
talks that went on in the 
medieval Church They know that 

3750
03:19:37,300 --> 03:19:40,900
their grandparents and parents 
celebrated this night that there

3751
03:19:40,900 --> 03:19:43,800
are certain things you do on 
Halloween and that this 

3752
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:46,000
something nice and mysterious 
about a night. 

3753
03:19:46,008 --> 03:19:49,300
When you look into the future, 
and realized that the world 

3754
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:52,500
might be Stranger Than it, seems
you could say that this is 

3755
03:19:52,500 --> 03:19:55,800
Halloween in the middle of a 
change, it has changed a lot 

3756
03:19:55,808 --> 03:19:59,000
since its folk routes, but it 
hasn't yet become the commercial

3757
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:02,400
Powerhouse of your time. 
It lives in this interesting 

3758
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,500
middle ground where folk 
Traditions mixed with Victorian 

3759
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:09,600
parlor games, rural Harvest 
celebrations, mixed with Urban 

3760
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:14,100
social entertainment, and real 
belief in the Supernatural turns

3761
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:18,000
into playful superstition. 
Once the sun goes down in your 

3762
03:20:18,000 --> 03:20:21,600
1909 neighborhood, the real work
of getting ready for Halloween 

3763
03:20:21,600 --> 03:20:24,300
begins. 
Inside the houses, this is where

3764
03:20:24,300 --> 03:20:27,500
you'd see how people celebrated 
holidays in the past compared to

3765
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:31,700
now, There are no costume shops 
know places to buy a lot of 

3766
03:20:31,700 --> 03:20:35,200
pre-made decorations and no 
party supply warehouses. 

3767
03:20:36,100 --> 03:20:39,100
You have to make everything by 
hand for tonight to be special 

3768
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,300
and making things is part of the
celebration itself. 

3769
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:45,100
Let's take a look inside a 
normal home. 

3770
03:20:45,100 --> 03:20:46,500
That is hosting a Halloween 
party. 

3771
03:20:47,500 --> 03:20:50,700
Parlor has changed. 
If you don't know what a parlor 

3772
03:20:50,700 --> 03:20:53,800
is, it's the formal sitting room
where guests were entertained. 

3773
03:20:54,800 --> 03:20:57,500
In homes of working class or 
middle class people. 

3774
03:20:57,500 --> 03:21:00,800
This might be the only room 
besides bedrooms, that is used 

3775
03:21:00,800 --> 03:21:03,000
for both every day living and 
special events. 

3776
03:21:03,900 --> 03:21:07,000
In wealthier homes. 
The Parlor was used for guests 

3777
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:10,400
while the family used to less 
formal sitting room for Every 

3778
03:21:10,400 --> 03:21:12,900
Day Life. 
The everyday Furniture has been 

3779
03:21:12,908 --> 03:21:15,000
moved around to make more room 
for tonight's Gathering. 

3780
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,400
Heavier, pollster chairs, and 
settees, which are made to last 

3781
03:21:19,400 --> 03:21:22,400
for generations and weigh about 
as much as modern cars have been

3782
03:21:22,408 --> 03:21:25,700
pushed back against the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

3783
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:29,000
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

3784
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:33,800
Keep in mind that this is 1909 
and Victorian, manners are still

3785
03:21:33,808 --> 03:21:37,200
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

3786
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:38,500
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

3787
03:21:39,500 --> 03:21:42,100
Decoration, show both creativity
and a lack of it. 

3788
03:21:42,900 --> 03:21:45,700
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

3789
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:48,100
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

3790
03:21:48,800 --> 03:21:52,500
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

3791
03:21:52,500 --> 03:21:55,900
younger siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

3792
03:21:55,908 --> 03:22:00,200
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

3793
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,300
flour paste. 
Some of the circles and the 

3794
03:22:03,308 --> 03:22:06,300
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

3795
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:10,100
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand, there are cut outs

3796
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:13,900
of black cats witches on 
broomsticks and Crescent Moon's 

3797
03:22:13,900 --> 03:22:16,700
on the walls. 
These were probably copied from 

3798
03:22:16,700 --> 03:22:20,300
templates in women's magazines, 
like, Ladies Home Journal or 

3799
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:23,600
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

3800
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:28,300
holidays The Silhouettes are 
simple and easy to recognize and

3801
03:22:28,300 --> 03:22:31,200
they make the room feel festive 
without being too scaredy. 

3802
03:22:32,700 --> 03:22:35,700
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

3803
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:39,200
not scared. 
The Jacqueline is probably the 

3804
03:22:39,200 --> 03:22:43,300
most atmospheric decoration, but
in 1909 it might have been a 

3805
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:46,400
turnip planter or a hollowed out
gored instead of a pumpkin. 

3806
03:22:47,600 --> 03:22:51,200
The custom of carving vegetables
into Lantern started in Ireland,

3807
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:54,900
and Scotland, where they used 
turnips and rutabagas at first. 

3808
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:59,800
Irish immigrants brought the 
tradition to America and found 

3809
03:22:59,800 --> 03:23:03,400
that pumpkins worked even better
because they were bigger softer 

3810
03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:07,300
and easier to carve the 
jack-o-lantern on the table or 

3811
03:23:07,300 --> 03:23:10,200
mantle piece has a face. 
That is more funny than scary. 

3812
03:23:11,000 --> 03:23:15,300
The features are simple, a 
triangular nose and eyes a gap, 

3813
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:18,200
toothed grin, and a lot of 
patience and a strong knife. 

3814
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,200
Candle flickers inside making 
the face look like it's moving 

3815
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:25,800
and dancing in the low light, 
the smell of slightly burnt 

3816
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:28,800
pumpkin flesh. 
Adds to the mood mixing with the

3817
03:23:28,808 --> 03:23:32,300
other smells of the night. 
Speaking of smells the house is 

3818
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:35,000
full of them, which might be too
much for someone who is used to 

3819
03:23:35,008 --> 03:23:37,500
Modern air conditioning and 
places that don't smell. 

3820
03:23:38,400 --> 03:23:40,400
The smell of wood smoke from the
stove. 

3821
03:23:41,300 --> 03:23:43,900
Tang of apples from a bowl 
waiting to be used in the 

3822
03:23:43,900 --> 03:23:47,400
evening's game. 
The sweet spicy smell of cider 

3823
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:50,600
warming on the stove and the 
smell of a house that has been 

3824
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:52,600
closed up against the cooling 
evening. 

3825
03:23:53,300 --> 03:23:57,500
It's a mix of wood fabric old 
paper and people living there 

3826
03:23:57,500 --> 03:23:59,500
that isn't bad. 
But his very alive. 

3827
03:24:00,300 --> 03:24:02,000
People are getting ready for the
snacks. 

3828
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:04,200
That will be served later in the
dining room or kitchen. 

3829
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:08,300
This isn't a full meal. 
Guess would have eaten dinner at

3830
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:12,100
home before coming instead? 
It's what people of this time 

3831
03:24:12,100 --> 03:24:16,400
called light refreshments This 
usually means cider, both 

3832
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:20,000
regular and maybe some spiked 
for the adults cookies or small 

3833
03:24:20,000 --> 03:24:24,000
cakes, candied apples, popcorn 
balls and maybe roasted nuts. 

3834
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:27,000
The kitchen is a place where 
people work hard. 

3835
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:30,500
Stove, whether it's a cold 
range, or one of the newer gas 

3836
03:24:30,500 --> 03:24:34,000
models has been going for hours,
keeping the right temperature 

3837
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:38,300
for each dish. 
In 1909 baking was more like 

3838
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,900
chemistry done by Instinct and 
experience and following exact 

3839
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:45,900
recipes. a woman who has been in
charge of a household for years 

3840
03:24:45,900 --> 03:24:48,800
can tell if the oven is at the 
right temperature by how quickly

3841
03:24:48,800 --> 03:24:52,300
a piece of paper browse she can 
also tell if bread is done by 

3842
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,900
the sound, it makes when tapped 
on the bottom, treats being made

3843
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,000
a base on both tradition and 
what is going on in farming in 

3844
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:02,100
October. 
Apple's are a big part of this 

3845
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:04,600
time of year because it's the 
height of Apple seas. 

3846
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:07,800
And they've been a big part of 
Halloween for hundreds of years.

3847
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:11,200
Some apples are being Candy by 
dipping them in a mixture of 

3848
03:25:11,208 --> 03:25:15,100
sugar, corn syrup and red food 
coloring, and then letting them 

3849
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,900
hard on waxed paper. 
Sticky and somewhat difficult 

3850
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:21,200
process. 
That makes treats that are so 

3851
03:25:21,200 --> 03:25:23,000
sweet. 
They hurt your teeth and so 

3852
03:25:23,000 --> 03:25:24,700
hard. 
You have to work hard to chew 

3853
03:25:24,700 --> 03:25:26,800
them. 
Some apples are meant for games 

3854
03:25:26,800 --> 03:25:30,000
and of eating, they've been 
polished until they shine and 

3855
03:25:30,000 --> 03:25:32,200
put in a big metal tub or wooden
barrel. 

3856
03:25:32,200 --> 03:25:34,800
That will be filled with water 
for apple bobbing. 

3857
03:25:35,800 --> 03:25:37,900
This is one of the most 
traditional and popular 

3858
03:25:37,900 --> 03:25:40,800
Halloween activities, even 
though it's hard and not very 

3859
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:43,700
dignified. 
A big pot on the stove is making

3860
03:25:43,700 --> 03:25:46,600
popcorn. 
The kernels were bought in bulk 

3861
03:25:46,600 --> 03:25:49,100
from a general store, and a kept
in a jar in the pantry. 

3862
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:51,500
You have to keep an eye on the 
pot and shake it. 

3863
03:25:51,500 --> 03:25:54,200
Hard to keep the popcorn from 
burning in 1909. 

3864
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:58,100
After they pop, the fluffy white
kernels will be shaped into 

3865
03:25:58,100 --> 03:26:00,800
balls and held together with 
molasses or sugar syrup. 

3866
03:26:01,500 --> 03:26:05,800
These treat to park candy Parts,
snack and all seasonal usually 

3867
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:08,700
more than one generation works 
together to make these drinks. 

3868
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:11,400
The grandmother of the house 
might be in charge. 

3869
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:14,400
While a daughter, does the 
harder work, the kids can help 

3870
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,600
with easy tasks like polishing 
apples or counting out cookies 

3871
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:20,800
onto serving plates. 
Even getting ready as a kind of 

3872
03:26:20,800 --> 03:26:23,700
visit since family members 
worked together and talk about 

3873
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:25,700
the days of events gossip and 
opinions. 

3874
03:26:26,800 --> 03:26:31,000
As the time for guests to arrive
draws near probably around 7 or 

3875
03:26:31,000 --> 03:26:34,800
7:30 in the evening. 
Final check of the preparations 

3876
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:37,900
is made. 
Are there enough seats is the 

3877
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,200
jack-o-lantern in a place? 
Where people can see it, but not

3878
03:26:41,200 --> 03:26:45,908
accidentally knock it over the 
game set up is the fire in the 

3879
03:26:45,916 --> 03:26:48,000
fireplace. 
Keeping the room warm without 

3880
03:26:48,000 --> 03:26:51,300
making it too hot. 
The house is ready, as it's 

3881
03:26:51,300 --> 03:26:53,300
going to get. 
It's changed from how it usually

3882
03:26:53,300 --> 03:26:56,400
looks into something special. 
The changes isn't big. 

3883
03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:59,100
No one would think this is 
anything other than a nice 

3884
03:26:59,108 --> 03:27:02,000
middle class home, but there is 
a purpose behind it. 

3885
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:05,400
And it seems like effort has 
been made to make the place feel

3886
03:27:05,400 --> 03:27:07,100
right for this mysterious 
Knight. 

3887
03:27:08,700 --> 03:27:11,500
As guests start to arrive 
walking through the darkening 

3888
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:14,000
streets because most people live
close enough that they don't 

3889
03:27:14,000 --> 03:27:18,500
need cars, the real heart of a 
1909 Halloween party starts to 

3890
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:21,900
show itself. 
This is a night mostly for 

3891
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:25,500
games, but not just any games. 
These games are meant to show 

3892
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:28,900
you what your romantic future 
will be like these days 

3893
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:32,700
Halloween is less about 
costumes, and candy and more 

3894
03:27:32,700 --> 03:27:35,100
about young people, trying to 
figure out who they might marry 

3895
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:38,900
You need to know what's going on
in society to understand why 

3896
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:43,000
this is so important. 
Romantic relationships in 1909 

3897
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:45,700
were both more limited and more 
important than they are now. 

3898
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:50,300
Young men and women didn't date.
A lot of people at once lived 

3899
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,300
together before, getting married
or spend years, trying to figure

3900
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:56,800
out what they wanted. 
Courtship was a serious matter 

3901
03:27:56,800 --> 03:27:59,700
that had real effects on 
people's lives and finances. 

3902
03:27:59,700 --> 03:28:02,600
And marriage was the most 
important thing that happened to

3903
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:06,600
most people, especially women. 
So an evening of games that 

3904
03:28:06,600 --> 03:28:10,300
might show you your romantic 
future wasn't just a fun way to 

3905
03:28:10,300 --> 03:28:13,300
pass the time. 
It was a way to deal with a real

3906
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:16,400
worry through the socially 
acceptable form of light-hearted

3907
03:28:16,400 --> 03:28:19,500
superstition. 
No one really thought that 

3908
03:28:19,500 --> 03:28:21,900
bobbing for apples could tell 
them who their future spouse 

3909
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:24,300
would be, but no one really 
didn't believe it either. 

3910
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:28,700
It was in that comfortable space
between what is certain and what

3911
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:31,700
is possible that makes folklore 
work. 

3912
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:35,300
The host, family Greeks, the 
first guests at the door and for

3913
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:37,100
a brief moment. 
People move from the cold 

3914
03:28:37,100 --> 03:28:40,000
October night to the warm candle
in side. 

3915
03:28:40,700 --> 03:28:43,400
People take off their coats and 
hang them on the coach in the 

3916
03:28:43,408 --> 03:28:46,700
hall, hats are carefully. 
Put on the right surface's, 

3917
03:28:46,700 --> 03:28:50,300
people greet each other 
properly, which may seem stiff 

3918
03:28:50,300 --> 03:28:53,300
to Modern people. 
But gives social interactions 

3919
03:28:53,300 --> 03:28:56,500
are comfortable structure. 
Most of the guests are young 

3920
03:28:56,500 --> 03:28:58,400
people in their late, teens and 
early 20s. 

3921
03:28:59,500 --> 03:29:02,200
Some older friends or family 
members might come along to keep

3922
03:29:02,208 --> 03:29:05,700
an eye on them or just because 
Community social events aren't 

3923
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:07,800
as age segregated. 
As they will be later. 

3924
03:29:07,800 --> 03:29:11,200
Everyone is wearing their best 
clothes which aren't fancy 

3925
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,500
formal clothes. 
But nicer day or evening clothes

3926
03:29:14,500 --> 03:29:16,600
that show respect for the event 
and the hosts. 

3927
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:20,000
The game start, when enough 
people are there to make a real 

3928
03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:22,400
party. 
And the first game is almost 

3929
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:25,900
always apple bobbing, which is 
an old game that somehow 

3930
03:29:25,900 --> 03:29:27,800
manages, to be both silly and 
serious. 

3931
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,800
At the same time, the apples are
floating on the surface of the 

3932
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,300
big tub or barrel of water. 
They bob up and down slowly 

3933
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:36,400
making them look like they are 
easy to catch. 

3934
03:29:37,800 --> 03:29:40,600
The rule is simple. 
You can only catch an apple with

3935
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:44,800
your mouth, not your hands. 
The truth is that it's a lot 

3936
03:29:44,808 --> 03:29:48,100
harder, especially when you 
think about how strict fashion 

3937
03:29:48,100 --> 03:29:52,800
and propriety were in 1909. 
The young women wear blouses or 

3938
03:29:52,800 --> 03:29:57,000
dresses with high collars and 
fancy fronts that absolutely 

3939
03:29:57,000 --> 03:30:00,300
cannot get wet without causing 
real social problems. 

3940
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:03,500
The young men wear collars that 
will Wilt right away. 

3941
03:30:03,500 --> 03:30:07,100
If they get wet ruining the 
carefully, starched look, they 

3942
03:30:07,100 --> 03:30:10,300
had before So the game is all 
about trying to keep your 

3943
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:13,900
dignity while you dunk your face
into cold water and Chase 

3944
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:15,800
slippery apples around with your
teeth. 

3945
03:30:16,700 --> 03:30:19,600
The first Brave person to try 
usually walks up to the tub with

3946
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:23,200
confidence, but that confidence 
quickly Fades after the first 

3947
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:25,900
try. 
The Apple moves away just as 

3948
03:30:25,900 --> 03:30:29,300
your mouth gets to it, pushed by
the ripples, your own movement 

3949
03:30:29,300 --> 03:30:32,700
makes you come up sputtering. 
And your friends laugh at you, 

3950
03:30:32,700 --> 03:30:35,700
your hair is wet and your pride 
is a little hurt. 

3951
03:30:36,500 --> 03:30:39,700
But social pressure and real 
fun, make you want to try again.

3952
03:30:39,700 --> 03:30:42,800
And if you're lucky, you're 
persistent, you finally win with

3953
03:30:42,800 --> 03:30:46,000
an apple in your mouth. 
Tradition says that the first 

3954
03:30:46,000 --> 03:30:48,400
person to Bob, an apple will be 
the first person in the group to

3955
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,000
get married. 
This is where the Romantic 

3956
03:30:51,000 --> 03:30:54,400
fortune telling part comes from.
It doesn't really matter. 

3957
03:30:54,400 --> 03:30:57,200
If anyone believes this, the 
attempt is Fun. 

3958
03:30:57,200 --> 03:31:01,000
The success is a small win and 
the prophecy gives you something

3959
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:02,700
to laugh about for the rest of 
the night. 

3960
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:07,100
And another fun game is to hang 
Donuts or apples on strings that

3961
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:08,800
are attached to a rod or the 
ceiling. 

3962
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:11,700
People have to wait the treat 
that is hanging without using 

3963
03:31:11,700 --> 03:31:14,900
their hands, which is harder 
than its sound because the 

3964
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:16,500
target moves away with each 
bite. 

3965
03:31:16,500 --> 03:31:19,800
The good thing about this game 
is that it keeps everyone's 

3966
03:31:19,800 --> 03:31:23,100
clothes mostly dry while still 
being funny and hard. 

3967
03:31:24,000 --> 03:31:27,000
There are also quieter more 
mysterious games that use real 

3968
03:31:27,000 --> 03:31:29,100
divination instead of just 
playing to win. 

3969
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:33,700
One of the oldest ones is to sit
in a dark room in front of a 

3970
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:35,800
mirror. 
Eat an apple by candlelight. 

3971
03:31:35,800 --> 03:31:38,600
And look over your shoulder. 
Into the mirror, as midnight 

3972
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:41,800
approaches. 
People say that if you look in 

3973
03:31:41,800 --> 03:31:44,300
there, you will see the face of 
your future spouse. 

3974
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:48,400
Not many people take this ritual
seriously, they usually laugh, 

3975
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,700
make nervous jokes and feel 
better when nothing strange 

3976
03:31:51,700 --> 03:31:54,100
happens. 
But the attempt shows that 

3977
03:31:54,108 --> 03:31:56,800
Halloween is supposed to be a 
night when the normal rules are 

3978
03:31:56,800 --> 03:31:59,500
broken and you might see 
something Beyond normal reality.

3979
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,200
Putting nuts on the half of the 
fireplace, is another way to 

3980
03:32:03,208 --> 03:32:06,600
tell the future. 
Two Nuts and named after a 

3981
03:32:06,600 --> 03:32:10,200
couple and as they heat up their
behavior is supposed to show, 

3982
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:12,000
what will happen in the future 
of the relationship. 

3983
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:15,900
The relationship will be good if
the nuts burn quietly next to 

3984
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:18,600
each other. 
If they pop and jump apart, the 

3985
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:22,300
love is over. 
Fact that nutty behavior when 

3986
03:32:22,300 --> 03:32:25,600
heated probably has more to do 
with moisture content, the 

3987
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:28,800
mystical Revelation doesn't make
anyone less interested in seeing

3988
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,500
their romantic future. 
Supposedly revealed in little 

3989
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:34,700
explosions. 
Another way to tell the future 

3990
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:37,800
is to peel apples. 
The goal is to peel an apple in 

3991
03:32:37,800 --> 03:32:41,700
one long on broken strip of skin
and then throw the peel over 

3992
03:32:41,700 --> 03:32:44,600
your shoulder. 
The way, the peel lands is said 

3993
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:47,500
to make the first letter of your
future spouses name. 

3994
03:32:48,200 --> 03:32:50,400
You need to be good at peeling 
apples and have a lot of 

3995
03:32:50,400 --> 03:32:53,600
imagination to figure out what 
the shapes mean since they don't

3996
03:32:53,600 --> 03:32:57,200
usually look like letters. 
In between these more 

3997
03:32:57,200 --> 03:33:00,100
traditional activities, people 
play card games and parlor 

3998
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:04,500
games, people play games like 
charades Progressive Euchre, and

3999
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:06,500
other guessing games that were 
popular at the time. 

4000
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:09,800
The games are meant to help 
people who don't know each other

4001
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:11,300
well get to know each other 
better. 

4002
03:33:11,300 --> 03:33:16,200
They are so social, not solitary
and competitive but not cut 

4003
03:33:16,200 --> 03:33:18,700
throat. 
The entertainment for the 

4004
03:33:18,708 --> 03:33:21,700
evening, shows a different way 
of dealing with boredom and fun 

4005
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:25,200
than your used to. 
When conversation slows down in 

4006
03:33:25,200 --> 03:33:29,300
1909, there are no TVs phones or
Internet. 

4007
03:33:29,300 --> 03:33:32,500
To look at people have learned 
how to make entertainment in 

4008
03:33:32,500 --> 03:33:35,100
stead of just watching it and 
they have the skills and 

4009
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:37,900
patience to do things that 
require a lot of focus and 

4010
03:33:37,900 --> 03:33:41,200
engagement. 
This means that charades which 

4011
03:33:41,200 --> 03:33:44,100
might seem old-fashioned or 
boring to someone who is used to

4012
03:33:44,108 --> 03:33:48,200
constant digital stimulation. 
Can be really fun when it's the 

4013
03:33:48,200 --> 03:33:51,300
only thing to do and the 
audience is good are both acting

4014
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:55,900
and guessing Slow pace of the 
evening, getting games ready, 

4015
03:33:55,900 --> 03:34:00,400
playing them and finishing them.
Feels nice instead of boring 

4016
03:34:00,400 --> 03:34:03,400
because no one is always 
comparing it to faster. 

4017
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:06,000
Pace options as the evening goes
on. 

4018
03:34:06,000 --> 03:34:08,300
In the parlor games come to a 
natural end. 

4019
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:11,900
Someone suggests one of the most
popular Halloween traditions of 

4020
03:34:11,900 --> 03:34:14,000
the time a walk through the 
night. 

4021
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:17,800
This wasn't a planned event like
trick or treating would later 

4022
03:34:17,800 --> 03:34:20,800
become. 
Instead it was an unplanned trip

4023
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:23,500
into the dark that served many 
purposes at once. 

4024
03:34:24,300 --> 03:34:27,200
For the teens at the party and 
nightwalk gave them something 

4025
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:30,700
rare in a time when adults were 
always watching them some 

4026
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:33,400
privacy. 
Chaperones might go with the 

4027
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:35,500
group. 
But once everyone was spread out

4028
03:34:35,508 --> 03:34:39,100
along a dark Country Road or 
Village Street, couples could 

4029
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:42,100
drift apart a little and have 
short conversations without old 

4030
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:46,400
people watching every move. 
It wasn't exactly scandalous but

4031
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:49,000
it was a rare chance to be alone
with someone in a world where 

4032
03:34:49,000 --> 03:34:50,500
most courtship happened in 
public. 

4033
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:53,600
The group meets in the front 
hall and gets their coats and 

4034
03:34:53,608 --> 03:34:57,000
wraps from where they left the 
early. the women put on wall 

4035
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:01,400
cloaks or coats and sometimes 
shawls to keep warm the men put 

4036
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:04,800
on their suits and overcoats as 
well as the hats that no 

4037
03:35:04,800 --> 03:35:08,600
respectable person would go 
outside without Someone like to 

4038
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:11,900
Lantern either an oil lamp or a 
flashlight, if they are lucky 

4039
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:14,000
enough to have one of those 
newfangled devices. 

4040
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:19,400
The moon, if it is visible also 
provides a light, once your eyes

4041
03:35:19,408 --> 03:35:22,500
get used to it. 
Going outside is like going to A

4042
03:35:22,500 --> 03:35:25,700
Whole New World. 
The air has that crisp clear 

4043
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:29,200
quality that Autumn nights have 
and the temperature is dropped a

4044
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:32,200
lot since sunset. 
The cold feels good instead of 

4045
03:35:32,208 --> 03:35:36,000
bad, when you breathe, you make 
small clouds that quickly 

4046
03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:38,800
disappear. 
The smells from earlier in the 

4047
03:35:38,800 --> 03:35:41,800
evening like wood smoke and damp
leaves have gotten stronger. 

4048
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:45,800
You might even be able to smell 
Frost even though it hasn't 

4049
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:49,400
gotten cold enough yet. 
It's hard to imagine how dark it

4050
03:35:49,400 --> 03:35:51,700
was in 1909 in most places to 
stay. 

4051
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:55,700
There aren't any streetlights in
neighborhoods porch lights. 

4052
03:35:55,700 --> 03:35:58,600
That stay on all night or 
shopping center or Office 

4053
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:02,500
Buildings that give off light. 
The windows of individual homes,

4054
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:05,700
letting warm light. 
But these little spots of light 

4055
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:08,200
only make the darkness around 
them seem deeper. 

4056
03:36:09,400 --> 03:36:11,900
Guys. 
Clear, the stars are beautiful. 

4057
03:36:11,900 --> 03:36:15,800
Lots of light that people in 
your time usually only see in 

4058
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:19,500
planetariums the group leaves 
without a specific destination 

4059
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:22,300
in mind. 
They walk along streets and 

4060
03:36:22,300 --> 03:36:25,400
paths that everyone knows during
the day, but that looked 

4061
03:36:25,400 --> 03:36:28,800
different at night. 
Landmarks that are easy to find.

4062
03:36:28,800 --> 03:36:32,800
Turn into strange shapes. 
The tree that marks the edge of 

4063
03:36:32,808 --> 03:36:36,100
someone's property, becomes a 
shadowy figure against the sky, 

4064
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:39,900
which is a little lighter. 
You don't notice the fence you 

4065
03:36:39,900 --> 03:36:42,400
pass every day until you trip 
over it and need to pay 

4066
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:45,300
attention to it. 
Voices sound different at night 

4067
03:36:45,300 --> 03:36:48,600
than they do during the day, 
they sound clearer and farther 

4068
03:36:48,600 --> 03:36:51,500
away. 
The group's talking makes a 

4069
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:54,400
bubble of human sound. 
That is surrounded by the sound 

4070
03:36:54,400 --> 03:36:58,000
of the night. 
Like the rustling of leaves, The

4071
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:01,400
Barking, of a dog in the 
distance, the hooting of an owl 

4072
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:04,900
and the wind moving through bare
branches with a sound like 

4073
03:37:04,900 --> 03:37:08,400
running water. 
These natural sounds aren't 

4074
03:37:08,400 --> 03:37:10,800
scary. 
They're more like friends. 

4075
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:14,700
Reminding us that the dark is 
full of life going about its 

4076
03:37:14,700 --> 03:37:17,100
business. 
While the group is walking, 

4077
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:19,700
someone might tell ghost stories
or stories about the area. 

4078
03:37:20,500 --> 03:37:24,700
In 1909 every town had these 
things the house where someone 

4079
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:28,000
died in a strange. 
Way 50 years ago, the crossroads

4080
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:30,000
were a headless horseman is said
to ride. 

4081
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:34,200
Washington Irving story was 
published in 1820 and had become

4082
03:37:34,208 --> 03:37:37,200
very popular and the cemetery 
where lights are. 

4083
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,800
Sometimes seemed floating among 
the graves These stories aren't 

4084
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:43,800
meant to scare you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

4085
03:37:43,800 --> 03:37:46,400
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

4086
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:48,500
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

4087
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:52,200
every day. 
The Storyteller talks in a low 

4088
03:37:52,200 --> 03:37:55,600
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

4089
03:37:55,600 --> 03:37:57,500
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

4090
03:37:58,500 --> 03:38:01,300
The people who hear it. 
Laugh nervously and shiver a 

4091
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:03,700
lot. 
Showing fear more than feeling 

4092
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:06,600
it. 
If the group goes past a 

4093
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:10,000
cemetery which is often close to
homes in small towns, they might

4094
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,100
stop at the fence, not to go in 
because that would be 

4095
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:16,800
disrespectful to the dead, but 
to recognize the place and maybe

4096
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:18,800
think of friends and family who 
are buried there. 

4097
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:22,500
The victorians and edwardians 
had a complicated relationship 

4098
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:25,100
with death. 
They were more familiar with it 

4099
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:27,700
than people today, because it 
happened at home instead of in 

4100
03:38:27,700 --> 03:38:30,300
hospitals and the death rate was
higher, they were all. 

4101
03:38:30,300 --> 03:38:33,800
So more sentimental about it, 
the walk could take you to a 

4102
03:38:33,800 --> 03:38:37,000
place that is important to the 
area like a Hilltop with a view 

4103
03:38:37,000 --> 03:38:41,100
of the countryside, a bridge 
over a stream or a big old tree 

4104
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:42,900
that has been a landmark for 
Generations. 

4105
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:47,700
These places the group might 
stop not for any planned reason,

4106
03:38:47,700 --> 03:38:52,100
but just to enjoy the night, the
October are and being young 

4107
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:56,300
alive and part of a community. 
This Knight walk gives some of 

4108
03:38:56,308 --> 03:38:58,900
the group, a chance to think 
about the deeper meanings of 

4109
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:02,300
Halloween, it's easier to 
believe that the veil Between 

4110
03:39:02,300 --> 03:39:05,900
Worlds is really thinner, and 
that those who have died are 

4111
03:39:05,900 --> 03:39:09,500
really closer when you stand in 
the dark Under the Stars, these 

4112
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:13,000
thoughts don't have to be scary.
It's comforting rather than 

4113
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:15,900
scary to think that your 
grandmother or a friend who has 

4114
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:20,600
passed away, might be nearby. 
It's called parts of the Walker 

4115
03:39:20,600 --> 03:39:23,700
Charming in their own way. 
Women walk through the dark 

4116
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:27,400
while wearing long skirts that 
get caught on plants and shoes 

4117
03:39:27,400 --> 03:39:28,900
that aren't meant for rough 
ground. 

4118
03:39:29,900 --> 03:39:33,600
Men offer their arms to help 
women over hard places, which is

4119
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:37,600
both practical and romantic. 
The person carrying the lantern 

4120
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:40,400
becomes important. 
For a short time, they hold the 

4121
03:39:40,400 --> 03:39:43,100
light that keeps everyone on the
path and draw the group's 

4122
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:45,600
attention. 
Eventually the group goes home 

4123
03:39:45,600 --> 03:39:47,300
because it's too cold. 
It's too late. 

4124
03:39:47,300 --> 03:39:49,700
Or they're just too tired from 
all the fun. 

4125
03:39:49,700 --> 03:39:52,300
They had that night. 
The walk back. 

4126
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:55,900
Often seemed short of the walk 
out, which is what happens when 

4127
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:59,000
you walk home. 
People might be talking less now

4128
03:39:59,000 --> 03:40:02,200
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening as 

4129
03:40:02,200 --> 03:40:04,100
turned into satisfied, 
tiredness. 

4130
03:40:05,100 --> 03:40:08,700
As they get closer to the house 
with the party started, the warm

4131
03:40:08,700 --> 03:40:10,400
light coming through the windows
looks. 

4132
03:40:10,400 --> 03:40:13,400
Especially inviting after being 
in the dark for a while. 

4133
03:40:14,200 --> 03:40:16,800
The group is grateful for the 
warmth and light when they come 

4134
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:20,400
back in, especially since it's 
so cold and dark outside. 

4135
03:40:22,000 --> 03:40:25,700
This change from dark to light 
and cold to warm is small. 

4136
03:40:26,500 --> 03:40:29,200
But it touches on something. 
Deep down that makes a home, 

4137
03:40:29,200 --> 03:40:34,800
feel like a safe place. once 
back in the warm house with cold

4138
03:40:34,800 --> 03:40:38,300
cheeks and hair that have been 
messed up by the wind, The 

4139
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:41,100
conversation often turns to the 
spooky parts of Halloween. 

4140
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:45,700
But in 1909 beliefs in the 
Supernatural are in a strange 

4141
03:40:45,700 --> 03:40:49,500
Place between real faith and fun
between old-fashioned beliefs 

4142
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:53,600
and new fashioned out. 
You should know that 1909 is an 

4143
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:56,000
interesting time in history for 
people who believe in the 

4144
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:58,700
Supernatural. 
This is an age of growing 

4145
03:40:58,700 --> 03:41:03,200
scientific knowledge, widespread
education and technological 

4146
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:05,500
progress. 
That is changing how people live

4147
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:09,400
every day. 
Spiritualism, the idea that the 

4148
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:10,900
dead can talk to the living 
through. 

4149
03:41:10,900 --> 03:41:15,600
Mediums was very popular in the 
late 1800s, and still has a lot 

4150
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,400
of followers. 
The ghost stories and Gothic 

4151
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,700
literature of the last 100 years
have made Supernatural, 

4152
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:26,000
encounters seem very romantic. 
As a result, most educated 

4153
03:41:26,000 --> 03:41:28,400
people in 1909. 
Don't really believe in the 

4154
03:41:28,408 --> 03:41:32,100
Halloween superstitions but they
don't completely disbelieve them

4155
03:41:32,100 --> 03:41:33,700
either. 
You might not believe in 

4156
03:41:33,700 --> 03:41:37,300
astrology but you still know 
your zodiac sign and feel good. 

4157
03:41:37,300 --> 03:41:39,300
When your horoscope says good 
things are coming. 

4158
03:41:40,100 --> 03:41:42,600
The Supernatural is one of those
things that probably aren't 

4159
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:45,800
real, but could be and it's fun 
to think about them. 

4160
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:50,200
Anyway, In 1909 Halloween 
folklore was mostly about 

4161
03:41:50,200 --> 03:41:53,600
spirits of the Dead, not demons 
or other evil beings. 

4162
03:41:54,500 --> 03:41:57,000
People believe that the Knight 
is a time when people who have 

4163
03:41:57,008 --> 03:42:00,800
died can come back to see the 
people and places they loved in 

4164
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:03,700
life. 
Instead of being scaredy, this 

4165
03:42:03,700 --> 03:42:06,600
is usually shown as a soft even 
beautiful chants. 

4166
03:42:07,600 --> 03:42:11,100
Of leaving food for the dead. 
Which goes back to Celtic. 

4167
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:14,800
Sam Hine is still going on, but 
in a less strict way. 

4168
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:19,000
Some families might set a place 
at the table or put out a plate 

4169
03:42:19,000 --> 03:42:21,400
of treats to show that their 
loved ones, who have passed 

4170
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:23,300
away, a welcome to come by if 
they want to. 

4171
03:42:24,100 --> 03:42:27,700
You don't do this out of fear or
dread you do it out of the same.

4172
03:42:27,700 --> 03:42:30,300
Kindness you would show to 
living relatives who might stop 

4173
03:42:30,300 --> 03:42:34,200
by without warning. 
The stories told at Halloween 

4174
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:36,900
parties are more likely to be 
sad and scary. 

4175
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:41,100
Someone might tell a story about
a grandmother who died and whose

4176
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:44,000
favorite perfume was in her old 
room on Halloween night. 

4177
03:42:44,800 --> 03:42:48,500
Or about a father, who died and 
whose pocket watch, which had 

4178
03:42:48,500 --> 03:42:51,800
stopped at the moment of his 
death rang, once at midnight on 

4179
03:42:51,800 --> 03:42:55,700
All Hallows, Eve for no reason. 
These stories talk about loss 

4180
03:42:55,700 --> 03:42:58,000
and grief. 
But they also say that love 

4181
03:42:58,000 --> 03:43:02,100
lives on after death. the ghosts
and Halloween stories from 1909 

4182
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:05,000
aren't the evil ghosts that show
up in later horror stories, 

4183
03:43:05,000 --> 03:43:08,600
they're more like kind spirits 
who might help or comfort you if

4184
03:43:08,608 --> 03:43:12,900
you treat them with respect, The
fortune telling games that were 

4185
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:16,200
played in the evening seemed to 
call on the spirits as sources 

4186
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:19,700
of information about the future.
When you look in the mirror and 

4187
03:43:19,700 --> 03:43:23,300
hope to see your future spouse, 
your asking the spirits to show 

4188
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,300
you what they know. 
Even the scary part of 

4189
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:28,100
Halloween. 
These days are very mild 

4190
03:43:28,100 --> 03:43:29,600
compared to what they used to 
be. 

4191
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,600
There are black cats and witches
in the decorations, but they are

4192
03:43:33,608 --> 03:43:35,800
more stylized and decorative and
scary. 

4193
03:43:36,600 --> 03:43:39,500
The witch on a broomstick isn't 
a bad old woman who eats kids, 

4194
03:43:39,500 --> 03:43:43,700
she is a symbol of folk magic 
and wisdom from the countryside.

4195
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:46,400
The black cat isn't a sign of 
bad luck. 

4196
03:43:46,400 --> 03:43:50,400
It's a creature that is linked 
to mystery in the line between 

4197
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:53,600
home and wild space is most of 
the time. 

4198
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,500
The local Legends told at night 
are about strange things that 

4199
03:43:56,500 --> 03:44:00,200
happen not real horror. 
The lights in the cemetery, 

4200
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:03,800
could be Spirits or Marsh gas. 
The fact that it's not clear 

4201
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:05,600
what they are is part of what 
makes them. 

4202
03:44:05,600 --> 03:44:09,000
Interesting, the strange sounds 
near The Old Mill, could be 

4203
03:44:09,008 --> 03:44:11,500
ghosts or the wind and ones 
imagination. 

4204
03:44:12,300 --> 03:44:14,900
The fact that we don't know, for
sure is what makes the story 

4205
03:44:14,900 --> 03:44:17,300
interesting instead of just 
scary. 

4206
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:20,600
Halloween also has a lot of what
we might call protective 

4207
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:22,900
folklore. 
There are ideas about how to 

4208
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:25,800
tell the future and there are 
also ideas about how to keep 

4209
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:28,300
yourself safe from bad things 
that might happen on this night.

4210
03:44:29,200 --> 03:44:32,000
Evil spirits will be confused if
you turn your clothes inside 

4211
03:44:32,000 --> 03:44:35,400
out, have a little salt in your 
pocket will keep you safe. 

4212
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:39,500
Walking around your house in the
direction of the Sun clockwise 

4213
03:44:39,500 --> 03:44:43,500
before bed will keep it safe. 
These protective Customs are 

4214
03:44:43,500 --> 03:44:47,800
done with a wink and a smile as 
if to say just in case and they 

4215
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,900
don't cost anything and might 
help you don't really believe 

4216
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:54,200
that these things matter but the
ritual of acknowledging them 

4217
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:57,200
connects you to generations of 
people who found comfort in 

4218
03:44:57,200 --> 03:45:01,000
these small protective gestures.
It's like how you might avoid 

4219
03:45:01,000 --> 03:45:04,600
walking under ladders or feel a 
small superstitious pleasure in 

4220
03:45:04,600 --> 03:45:09,500
finding a penny heads up. 
In 1909 Halloween had more 

4221
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:11,900
religious meaning than it does. 
Now when it is more 

4222
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:17,600
commercialized, The name itself,
All Hallows Eve which means the 

4223
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:20,800
night before. 
All Saints Day keeps the link to

4224
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:24,900
Christian tradition even though 
the holiday has many older Pagan

4225
03:45:24,900 --> 03:45:26,800
elements. 
Some families. 

4226
03:45:26,800 --> 03:45:29,500
Go to special church services on
November 1st. 

4227
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:32,500
To remember Saints and family 
members who have died. 

4228
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:36,000
This makes Halloween part of a 
longer time of remembering and 

4229
03:45:36,000 --> 03:45:39,300
spiritual reflection. 
Most people don't seem to mind 

4230
03:45:39,300 --> 03:45:41,600
that Christian and non-Christian
elements live together. 

4231
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:45,500
A Christian calendar has always 
been open to including local 

4232
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:50,800
customs and folk practices. 
By 9909 this mixing of cultures 

4233
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:53,600
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

4234
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:58,400
You can honor, Christian Saints 
and also Bob for apples to see 

4235
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:00,600
what your love life will be like
in the future without any 

4236
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:03,400
problems. 
The lack of light adds to the 

4237
03:46:03,400 --> 03:46:07,100
supernatural of the night. 
He keep in mind that electric 

4238
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:10,100
lights aren't common yet and 
even where they are people don't

4239
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:14,000
use them very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

4240
03:46:14,000 --> 03:46:16,600
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

4241
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:20,300
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

4242
03:46:20,300 --> 03:46:24,000
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, that change and move. 

4243
03:46:24,900 --> 03:46:28,300
Faces that come out of the dark 
and into pools of light and 

4244
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:30,500
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

4245
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:33,900
In this light is easy to think 
that you might see something 

4246
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:37,600
strange. shadow that moves in a 
strange way, could be an 

4247
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:41,600
effective of the candlelight or 
it could be something else that 

4248
03:46:41,600 --> 03:46:44,300
feeling of being there, when 
you're alone in dark room, Could

4249
03:46:44,300 --> 03:46:47,300
Be Your Mind Playing Tricks on 
you or it could be a loved one 

4250
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:51,900
who's passed away checking in 
The uncertainty is part of the 

4251
03:46:51,900 --> 03:46:56,000
experience. and it seems that 
most people in 1909 are happy to

4252
03:46:56,008 --> 03:46:59,500
leave it that way instead of 
insisting, on either total 

4253
03:46:59,500 --> 03:47:03,700
belief, or total doubt, the fact
that people in 1909 were more 

4254
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:06,900
comfortable with not knowing 
about the supernatural shows, a 

4255
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:10,900
bigger cultural difference 
between then and now, In today's

4256
03:47:10,900 --> 03:47:14,100
world, there is a lot of 
pressure to put things into one 

4257
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:17,300
of two groups. 
Scientifically proven facts or 

4258
03:47:17,300 --> 03:47:21,900
superstitions that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

4259
03:47:21,908 --> 03:47:23,500
okay. 
With the idea that some things 

4260
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:27,400
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

4261
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:29,500
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

4262
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:33,500
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy chairs with 

4263
03:47:33,500 --> 03:47:36,700
cups of warm side, her the 
conversation might turn to the 

4264
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:40,700
idea of thin places which are 
places where the line between 

4265
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:43,200
the normal world and something 
else seems to be very thin. 

4266
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:47,900
There are such places in every 
town, the old churchyard, the 

4267
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:51,100
crossroads at the edge of town, 
the ancient tree, that was 

4268
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:54,200
already old when the first 
settlers came in the spring that

4269
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:56,800
never freezes. 
Even in the coldest winter 

4270
03:47:57,700 --> 03:47:59,800
People don't think these thin 
places are dangerous. 

4271
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:03,300
Instead, they think they are 
special and should be respected 

4272
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:06,500
and given attention. 
People don't stay away from 

4273
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:09,200
them. 
Instead they go to them knowing 

4274
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:11,100
that they might find something 
strange there. 

4275
03:48:12,100 --> 03:48:15,200
Halloween is a time when people 
believed that the veil Between 

4276
03:48:15,200 --> 03:48:18,600
Worlds gets thinner. 
This makes the whole night feel 

4277
03:48:18,600 --> 03:48:20,600
like a thin time when Anything 
Could Happen. 

4278
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:23,900
The party is now in its last 
phase. 

4279
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:27,800
The calm time before midnight 
when everyone is tired, but not 

4280
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:31,500
too tired to have fun. 
The group has enjoyed the snacks

4281
03:48:31,500 --> 03:48:36,000
played the game and had their 
fortunes told with varying 

4282
03:48:36,000 --> 03:48:38,300
levels of faith in how accurate 
they were. 

4283
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:41,700
Then they went outside into the 
October night and came back 

4284
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:44,600
safely. 
This is the time for quieter 

4285
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:47,500
activities. 
The talking that has become more

4286
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:50,700
personal as the night went on 
and people let their guard down 

4287
03:48:50,700 --> 03:48:54,100
and for thinking about what 
Halloween means beyond the games

4288
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,600
and traditions, if the family is
Rich enough to have a piano, 

4289
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:00,700
someone might be playing soft 
music that fits the time of day.

4290
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:04,400
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

4291
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:06,100
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

4292
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:10,300
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very 

4293
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:13,700
old-fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

4294
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:17,100
The Melodies are simple. showing
how people thought in the 

4295
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:20,500
Victorian era but with a more 
positive view of the Edwardian 

4296
03:49:20,500 --> 03:49:24,700
era But in this case, with the 
October night, pressing against 

4297
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:27,400
the windows and the candles 
burning low in their holders, 

4298
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:31,200
the music does its job of 
setting the mood and giving 

4299
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:33,000
people something to do with 
their attention. 

4300
03:49:33,000 --> 03:49:36,800
That isn't as demanding as games
or deep conversation. 

4301
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:41,000
Some guests have already left. 
Ashley those who have to walk 

4302
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:43,500
along way home or who strict 
parents are waiting up for the 

4303
03:49:44,500 --> 03:49:46,700
Elaborate politeness rituals of 
the time. 

4304
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:50,200
Mark their departures thanking, 
their hosts several times, 

4305
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:53,900
putting on their outdoor clothes
making last jokes and promising 

4306
03:49:53,900 --> 03:49:56,400
to see each other soon at church
or around town. 

4307
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:00,600
Those who are still there at the
strong ones, the ones who 

4308
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:03,000
haven't quite let go of the 
magic of the night yet. 

4309
03:50:04,100 --> 03:50:07,100
The mother of the host family 
might be in the kitchen quietly,

4310
03:50:07,100 --> 03:50:09,800
starting to clean up the mess 
that can't wait until morning. 

4311
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:14,100
She might be putting away food. 
That will spoil washing cups and

4312
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:16,800
plates and banking the fire in 
the stove. 

4313
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,200
This work is done without 
complaint or martyrdom, just 

4314
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:22,700
because it's part of being a 
host. 

4315
03:50:24,000 --> 03:50:26,800
There will be more cleaning up 
in the morning but the worst of 

4316
03:50:26,800 --> 03:50:28,600
it can be done. 
Now, while guests are still 

4317
03:50:28,608 --> 03:50:31,900
there but busy If there are any 
younger kids in the house, they 

4318
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:35,400
have long since gone to bed, 
however, they may still be awake

4319
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:37,800
in their rooms. 
Trying to stay alert for any 

4320
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:41,400
Supernatural visits or just 
excited by the strange. 

4321
03:50:41,400 --> 03:50:43,400
Sounds of a party going on late 
Into the Night. 

4322
03:50:44,300 --> 03:50:46,300
They will remember this night in
their own way. 

4323
03:50:46,300 --> 03:50:51,000
The strange Shadows cast by the 
candlelight, the guests laughed 

4324
03:50:51,000 --> 03:50:54,700
after the special snacks, they 
got to eat before bed and the 

4325
03:50:54,700 --> 03:50:58,200
feeling that something important
magical was going on, even 

4326
03:50:58,200 --> 03:51:00,300
though they were old enough to 
fully take part. 

4327
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:04,600
As the clock, whether it's a 
mantle piece clock, a wall clock

4328
03:51:04,600 --> 03:51:07,400
or someone's pocket. 
Watch gets closer to midnight 

4329
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:09,500
people. 
Often take a moment to 

4330
03:51:09,500 --> 03:51:12,500
acknowledge it. 
Halloween night is traditionally

4331
03:51:12,500 --> 03:51:15,900
the most powerful time of the 
year and midnight is when the 

4332
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:19,700
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.
Spirits are most likely to be 

4333
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:23,000
present and divination is most 
likely to be accurate. 

4334
03:51:23,900 --> 03:51:26,400
The group might stand by a 
window and look out at the 

4335
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:28,900
night, which is now very still 
and dark. 

4336
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:33,400
Has families go to bed, most of 
the lights in nearby houses have

4337
03:51:33,400 --> 03:51:36,400
gone out. 
If you can see the moon, it has 

4338
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:39,400
moved across the sky. 
Since the party started, the 

4339
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:41,000
wind could have gotten stronger 
or weaker. 

4340
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:43,600
The temperature has definitely 
dropped even more. 

4341
03:51:43,600 --> 03:51:47,900
And by morning, there will 
probably be frost In some places

4342
03:51:47,900 --> 03:51:49,900
people, have a tradition of 
being quiet. 

4343
03:51:49,900 --> 03:51:53,300
When the clock, strikes midnight
and listening for sounds that 

4344
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:57,600
might not be from this world. we
do this with Open Hearts, not 

4345
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:01,200
scared ones, because we know 
that if Spirits are around, this

4346
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:04,800
is when they might show 
themselves, Silence is friendly,

4347
03:52:04,800 --> 03:52:08,300
not tense and the only sound is 
the clock's mechanism. 

4348
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:11,800
Getting ready to strike 12. 
When the clock strikes midnight,

4349
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:14,000
there is often a small 
Collective. 

4350
03:52:14,000 --> 03:52:17,700
Exhale as if everyone has 
crossed a line this can be 

4351
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:21,900
marked by chime's bells or just 
the quiet agreement of those, 

4352
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:25,300
checking their watches. 
All Saints Day has started, 

4353
03:52:25,300 --> 03:52:26,900
which means that Halloween is 
over. 

4354
03:52:26,900 --> 03:52:31,000
The magical time is over. 
And while people were aware of 

4355
03:52:31,000 --> 03:52:34,700
and welcome the spirits, no one 
seems to be upset that, nothing 

4356
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:36,500
dramatic, or Supernatural 
happened. 

4357
03:52:37,700 --> 03:52:42,000
What matters was the possibility
being opened to the unknown 

4358
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,500
rather than knowing it. 
Someone might raise a glass with

4359
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:47,500
the last of the cider or other 
drink. 

4360
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:51,400
The toast could be to All Saints
to friends, who can't be there 

4361
03:52:51,400 --> 03:52:55,100
to the winter that everyone 
needs to get ready for, or just 

4362
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:57,000
to the success of the knights 
events. 

4363
03:52:57,000 --> 03:53:00,300
People raise their glasses or 
cups and drink the toast, which 

4364
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:01,800
makes the party feel like it's 
over. 

4365
03:53:01,800 --> 03:53:06,600
Now, is when the last departures
really start even the most 

4366
03:53:06,600 --> 03:53:10,500
dedicated party-goers know that 
the night has come to an end and

4367
03:53:10,500 --> 03:53:14,700
that tomorrow technically today 
will come soon with its demands 

4368
03:53:14,700 --> 03:53:17,400
of work school and other daily 
tasks. 

4369
03:53:18,400 --> 03:53:21,500
The front door opens several 
times to let groups of guests 

4370
03:53:21,500 --> 03:53:25,200
out into the night each time 
they say thank you and goodbye 

4371
03:53:25,200 --> 03:53:28,500
and remind everyone about 
upcoming community events. 

4372
03:53:29,500 --> 03:53:32,200
For the host family. 
There is a strange mix of 

4373
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:35,600
tiredness and happiness that 
comes from having successfully 

4374
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:39,500
entertained. 
The house is a mess candles are 

4375
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:43,000
almost out and there is still 
work to be done but the evening 

4376
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:47,000
did what it was supposed to do. 
Bring people together on a 

4377
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:50,700
tradition acknowledge mystery 
and give young people a chance 

4378
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:52,800
to hang out in a safe structured
way. 

4379
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:56,700
When the last guests leave for 
the night, the house becomes 

4380
03:53:56,700 --> 03:54:00,400
quiet in a different way. 
It's not the quiet of waiting 

4381
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:04,500
for the party to start. 
The quiet of an event that has 

4382
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,400
ended. 
The parents and maybe some older

4383
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:09,500
children, who helped host the 
party start. 

4384
03:54:09,500 --> 03:54:11,900
The process of turning the house
back into a home. 

4385
03:54:12,800 --> 03:54:16,500
This process has its own calm, 
one by one, the candles, go out 

4386
03:54:16,500 --> 03:54:19,200
and the light gets dimmer and 
dimmer until they're only one or

4387
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:22,600
two lamps left to work by. 
The decorations will stay up for

4388
03:54:22,600 --> 03:54:24,600
now. 
They'll come down tomorrow or in

4389
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:27,000
the next few days. 
The furniture. 

4390
03:54:27,000 --> 03:54:29,800
On the other hand is starting to
move back to its normal places. 

4391
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:33,300
The cushions are fluffed. 
The windows are checked to make 

4392
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:35,900
sure they're properly latched 
against the night air and the 

4393
03:54:35,908 --> 03:54:38,000
front door is locked with a 
solid sound. 

4394
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:40,600
That lets everyone know the 
house is ready for sleep. 

4395
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:44,000
The last cleaning in the kitchen
is done quickly because of 

4396
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:47,700
years, of practice, the stove, 
heats the water for washing 

4397
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:51,200
dishes and the towels that have 
been warming up nearby dry them 

4398
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:53,800
off. 
Then the dishes are put back in 

4399
03:54:53,800 --> 03:54:57,300
their places in the cupboards. 
The leftover food is looked at 

4400
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,200
to see what can be saved. 
What should be eaten tomorrow 

4401
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,300
and what can be given to the 
chickens if the family has them?

4402
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:07,400
In a world where most families 
lived, much closer to the edge 

4403
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:11,400
of subsistence than we do today.
There was no such thing as 

4404
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,000
waste. 
The mother of the house, does 

4405
03:55:14,000 --> 03:55:17,100
one last check of the rooms 
where guests are making sure 

4406
03:55:17,100 --> 03:55:20,500
there are no forgotten items 
that the candles are really out 

4407
03:55:20,500 --> 03:55:23,700
and don't pose a fire risk and 
that she knows what needs to be 

4408
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:27,100
done in the morning. 
This isn't obsessive caretaking,

4409
03:55:27,100 --> 03:55:30,100
it's just the responsible 
oversight, that comes with 

4410
03:55:30,100 --> 03:55:33,300
running a household. 
It requires a lot more attention

4411
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:37,300
to safety and maintenance than 
modern conveniences do. the 

4412
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:41,100
father might go outside one last
time before bed partly to make 

4413
03:55:41,108 --> 03:55:43,900
sure everything is safe and 
partly for that private moment 

4414
03:55:43,900 --> 03:55:48,100
under the October stars that men
of his age like He might smoke 

4415
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:51,200
one last pipe on the portrait or
in the yard thinking about the 

4416
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:55,000
night in the season. every one 
can feel that winter is coming 

4417
03:55:55,000 --> 03:55:58,500
in the cold and night air, there
are still things to do to get 

4418
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:03,100
ready, hang storm, windows, 
split and stack wood and get the

4419
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:05,300
garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

4420
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:10,100
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

4421
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,900
upstairs and houses with the 
second floor in 1909, made me 

4422
03:56:13,900 --> 03:56:17,100
feel good about the day. 
The stairs might creep with 

4423
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:21,700
familiar sounds the banister, 
feels smooth and your hand, and 

4424
03:56:21,700 --> 03:56:24,900
the Darkness of the upstairs, 
feels cozy instead of strange 

4425
03:56:24,900 --> 03:56:29,400
now that Halloween is over. 
By today's standards, bedrooms 

4426
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:33,100
were cold in 1909. 
Most homes don't have Central 

4427
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:36,200
Heating. 
Downstairs rooms might be warmed

4428
03:56:36,200 --> 03:56:40,000
by stoves or fireplaces but 
upstairs rooms get most of their

4429
03:56:40,000 --> 03:56:43,700
heat from the rising warmth of 
daytime fires, which has long 

4430
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:45,500
since gone away on a late 
October night. 

4431
03:56:46,500 --> 03:56:49,900
People expect bedrooms to be 
cold and they are for sleeping. 

4432
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:52,900
Not lounging around, getting 
ready for bed. 

4433
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:56,600
Includes both cleaning up and 
relaxing, rituals people wash 

4434
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,600
their faces, by pouring water 
from a picture into a basin. 

4435
03:57:00,300 --> 03:57:02,800
Indoor plumbing is common in 
cities but not everywhere. 

4436
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:07,200
Tooth powered or paste is used 
to clean teeth women. 

4437
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:10,800
Especially do the ritual of 
brushing their hair one 100 

4438
03:57:10,800 --> 03:57:13,200
times which was thought to be 
good for hair health. 

4439
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:16,900
Taking off clothes carefully and
either folding them up to where 

4440
03:57:16,900 --> 03:57:19,100
again, if they're clean enough 
or putting them in the lawn 

4441
03:57:19,100 --> 03:57:22,100
tree. 
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 

4442
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:26,300
women wore long, nightgowns men 
were like shirts, and they might

4443
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:28,100
have sleeping caps and bed 
socks. 

4444
03:57:28,100 --> 03:57:31,700
When it was cold, People sleep 
with more clothes on the new use

4445
03:57:31,700 --> 03:57:35,300
to partly, because it's cold and
partly because modesty standards

4446
03:57:35,300 --> 03:57:40,000
apply even when you're sleeping.
In the day, the bed was made 

4447
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:43,600
with smooth sheets and a range 
blankets, and quilts were added,

4448
03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:45,300
or taken away, depending on the 
season. 

4449
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:48,800
When you slip between the 
sheets, they are cold at first, 

4450
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:50,400
but will warm up from your body 
heat? 

4451
03:57:51,200 --> 03:57:54,400
For a moment, your body can 
finally rest after hours of 

4452
03:57:54,400 --> 03:57:56,900
standing walking and Performing 
socially. 

4453
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:01,400
Pillow is just write the 
blankets are heavy and warm and 

4454
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:04,100
the bedroom is completely dark 
in a way that modern people 

4455
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:07,700
don't often experience. 
There are no LED lights from 

4456
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:11,600
Electronics, no streetlight, 
shining through the curtains and

4457
03:58:11,600 --> 03:58:15,900
no ambient Urban light. 
In this darkness and quiet. 

4458
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:19,000
Thoughts might go back over the 
events of the evening. 

4459
03:58:19,900 --> 03:58:23,100
The games and laughed after the 
talks and flirting. 

4460
03:58:24,000 --> 03:58:27,500
The time spent outside under the
stars, realizing that life may 

4461
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:30,800
be more mysterious than it seems
and the comfort of community and

4462
03:58:30,800 --> 03:58:33,900
tradition. 
These thoughts mix with the 

4463
03:58:33,900 --> 03:58:36,000
start of dreams as 
Consciousness. 

4464
03:58:36,000 --> 03:58:41,200
Lets go and sleep come. 
Morning comes like it does in 

4465
03:58:41,200 --> 03:58:44,500
November late and unwilling with
gray light. 

4466
03:58:44,500 --> 03:58:47,500
That seems to come from the air 
itself instead of from a 

4467
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:50,900
specific Direction. 
The first person to wake up has 

4468
03:58:50,900 --> 03:58:54,200
to start the fire again by 
cleaning out the ashes, putting 

4469
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:57,700
down new kindling and coaxing 
Flames from Embers or matches. 

4470
03:58:57,700 --> 03:59:01,000
This will gradually build the 
fire that will warm the house 

4471
03:59:01,000 --> 03:59:04,400
and cook breakfast. 
The light on November 1st shows 

4472
03:59:04,400 --> 03:59:06,300
that the house is still 
decorated for Halloween. 

4473
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:10,000
But in the light of day, the 
decorations look less mysterious

4474
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:14,200
and more like what they are. 
Paper and vegetables arrange for

4475
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:17,100
a short time. 
He's decorations, will be taken 

4476
03:59:17,100 --> 03:59:20,700
down in the next day or two. 
You could cut the pumpkin up for

4477
03:59:20,700 --> 03:59:24,800
pies or stews, the paper 
decorations will be careful down

4478
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:26,700
and either stored or burned in 
the stove. 

4479
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:29,200
Since new ones will be needed 
next year anyway. 

4480
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:33,000
But today, All Saints Day for 
those who follow the religious 

4481
03:59:33,000 --> 03:59:35,900
calendar, there's no need to 
break up the magic from last 

4482
03:59:35,900 --> 03:59:39,200
night, right away. 
Every day people have to make 

4483
03:59:39,200 --> 03:59:41,900
and eat breakfast. 
Do their chores and go back to 

4484
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,000
their normal lives. 
But the memory of the party is 

4485
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:48,100
still fresh giving, people 
something to talk about at 

4486
03:59:48,100 --> 03:59:50,300
breakfast. 
And when they run into neighbors

4487
03:59:50,300 --> 03:59:53,500
and Friends during the day, On 
November 1st. 

4488
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,100
The town feels a little 
different than it did on October

4489
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,900
31st. 
But someone looking in from the 

4490
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:01,500
outside, might have a hard time 
figuring out what has changed. 

4491
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:05,200
Partly, because the calendar has
changed to a new month. 

4492
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:08,800
Partly because the weather is 
getting colder and partly, 

4493
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:12,700
because the feeling that a 
holiday, no matter how small has

4494
04:00:12,700 --> 04:00:15,600
come and gone and taken, its 
special quality with it. 

4495
04:00:16,400 --> 04:00:18,900
People who went to Halloween 
parties, the night before might 

4496
04:00:18,900 --> 04:00:22,300
be a little tired from staying 
up later than usual, but it's a 

4497
04:00:22,300 --> 04:00:25,100
nice tiredness that comes from 
having fun with friends rather 

4498
04:00:25,100 --> 04:00:28,600
than from stress or worry. 
People talk about different 

4499
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:30,800
parties at work and school. 
Share. 

4500
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:34,000
Funny stories, wonder if the 
fortune telling games were 

4501
04:00:34,000 --> 04:00:36,500
right. 
And tease, those whose romantic 

4502
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,600
Futures were supposedly revealed
by Apple's nuts. 

4503
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:43,300
All looking in a mirror, For 
those who go the church service 

4504
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:46,200
on All Saints Day is a more 
serious Counterpoint to the fun 

4505
04:00:46,200 --> 04:00:49,200
of Halloween. 
This day is for remembering the 

4506
04:00:49,200 --> 04:00:53,400
dead, recognizing the communion 
of saints and thinking about 

4507
04:00:53,400 --> 04:00:57,100
death and faith. 
There may be prayers for the 

4508
04:00:57,100 --> 04:00:59,200
dead. 
Him's that talk about the 

4509
04:00:59,200 --> 04:01:02,200
eternal life and meeting again 
in heaven, the reading of the 

4510
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:04,500
names of church members who died
in the past year. 

4511
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:08,700
There is no conflict between the
game's from last night and the 

4512
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:12,600
seriousness of this morning. 
Halloween and All Saints Day are

4513
04:01:12,600 --> 04:01:16,000
both ways to remember the Dead 
Halloween, does this with fun. 

4514
04:01:16,000 --> 04:01:19,300
And hope, while All Saints Day, 
does it with respect and prayer?

4515
04:01:19,300 --> 04:01:22,300
Both of them, know, that death 
doesn't end a relationship. 

4516
04:01:22,300 --> 04:01:27,100
It just changes it as November 
1st goes on into the afternoon 

4517
04:01:27,100 --> 04:01:32,200
and evening, the change of 
seasons becomes more obvious Sun

4518
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:35,900
sets noticeably earlier than it 
did just a few weeks ago, even 

4519
04:01:35,900 --> 04:01:37,900
though it is already low in the 
sky at noon. 

4520
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:41,900
The evening comes on with that 
special kind of November 

4521
04:01:41,900 --> 04:01:45,300
darkness that isn't as golden as
October, but is more complete. 

4522
04:01:46,200 --> 04:01:48,600
This kind of Darkness will last 
for the next few months. 

4523
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:52,000
Farmers and people with Gardens 
are getting ready for winter. 

4524
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:55,000
Before a killing Frost ends, the
growing season. 

4525
04:01:55,000 --> 04:01:57,800
The last Hardy vegetables need 
to be picked. 

4526
04:01:57,800 --> 04:02:00,800
You need to dig up and store, 
root vegetables. 

4527
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:03,100
Like turnips, carrots and 
potatoes. 

4528
04:02:03,100 --> 04:02:07,000
You need to get rid of any dead 
plants in your garden beds. 

4529
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:10,000
You can either add them to 
compost, piles or let them break

4530
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,100
down over the winter. 
The change from October to 

4531
04:02:13,100 --> 04:02:16,000
November also helps people get 
ready for the holidays. 

4532
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,600
There will be a series of 
holidays coming up, Thanksgiving

4533
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:23,500
Christmas, New Year's. 
These will break up the dark 

4534
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:26,600
months, but on November 1st, 
those holidays. 

4535
04:02:26,600 --> 04:02:30,000
Still seem far away. 
For now, the main thing to do is

4536
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,800
get used to the fact that winter
means shorter days, Colder 

4537
04:02:33,800 --> 04:02:36,000
Weather and having to spend more
time inside. 

4538
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:39,000
Family start to think about 
winter projects. 

4539
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:41,700
Well things they can do when 
they can't work out side. 

4540
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:45,200
Women might plan. 
So in projects, like making 

4541
04:02:45,200 --> 04:02:49,500
quilts fixing, or changing 
clothes, or making new clothes 

4542
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:53,000
during the winter when they have
to stay inside men might have to

4543
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:56,200
fix things sharp and tools or 
finish projects and bombs or 

4544
04:02:56,208 --> 04:02:59,200
workshops. 
Kids know that school days will 

4545
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:02,000
start and end in the dark. 
And that recess might be too 

4546
04:03:02,000 --> 04:03:04,100
cold for them to play outside 
comfortably. 

4547
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:08,400
As the month, get darker, 
remembering Halloween night is a

4548
04:03:08,400 --> 04:03:11,800
bright spot to look back on the 
games, the laughter. 

4549
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:15,400
And the time spent under the 
stars in October, all become 

4550
04:03:15,400 --> 04:03:19,500
stories that can be told again 
and again and private memories, 

4551
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:22,600
that can be enjoyed. 
Depending on your mood and 

4552
04:03:22,600 --> 04:03:25,400
beliefs, the predictions made by
fortune. 

4553
04:03:25,400 --> 04:03:29,400
Tellers can be funny or serious.
The party helped people feel 

4554
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:32,100
like they were part of a 
community which makes the coming

4555
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:33,400
winter. 
Feel less lonely. 

4556
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:36,800
Now that it's been over 100 
years since that Halloween night

4557
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:40,700
in 1909, it's worth thinking 
about what was lost and what was

4558
04:03:40,700 --> 04:03:43,300
kept as Halloween changed into 
the holiday. 

4559
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:47,200
You know, today in many ways 
Halloween 1909 was the end of an

4560
04:03:47,208 --> 04:03:49,300
era. 
It was the last time, the 

4561
04:03:49,300 --> 04:03:52,500
holiday kept its folk character 
before commercial interests, 

4562
04:03:52,500 --> 04:03:54,600
changed it into something 
completely different. 

4563
04:03:55,900 --> 04:04:00,400
At first, the change happened 
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 

4564
04:04:00,400 --> 04:04:04,300
was becoming more about kids 
schools and Community groups 

4565
04:04:04,300 --> 04:04:06,700
with throwing parties that were 
like the ones that happen in 

4566
04:04:06,700 --> 04:04:10,600
homes in 1909 but they were more
organized and less mysterious 

4567
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:13,400
trick or treating. 
As we know it started in the 

4568
04:04:13,408 --> 04:04:16,700
1930s but it didn't become 
popular until after World War 

4569
04:04:16,700 --> 04:04:20,200
Two. 
In the 1950s Halloween, became a

4570
04:04:20,208 --> 04:04:23,500
candy holiday for kids with 
store-bought costumes and 

4571
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:26,600
decorations. 
Every change had its pros and 

4572
04:04:26,600 --> 04:04:29,900
cons Halloween today. 
Reaches more people gives 

4573
04:04:29,900 --> 04:04:33,600
millions of kids fun memories 
and makes people really happy 

4574
04:04:33,600 --> 04:04:36,900
and excited. but when folk 
Traditions turned into a 

4575
04:04:36,908 --> 04:04:41,100
commercial holiday, Something 
was lost the real sense of 

4576
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:44,700
mystery the connection to 
ancestors and traditions that go

4577
04:04:44,700 --> 04:04:48,500
back hundreds of years. 
And the focus on fortune-telling

4578
04:04:48,500 --> 04:04:51,600
and romantic Futures that made 
Halloween special for young 

4579
04:04:51,600 --> 04:04:54,900
adults. 
Halloween of 1909 was a part of 

4580
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:58,700
a cultural history that could 
not last it needed a slow pace 

4581
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:00,600
of life. 
So the people could make 

4582
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,000
decorations by hand and play 
long games. 

4583
04:05:03,000 --> 04:05:06,100
It needed communities. 
That were small enough for most 

4584
04:05:06,100 --> 04:05:09,000
people to know each other and 
feel comfortable meeting in 

4585
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:11,600
home's. 
It needed a connection to 

4586
04:05:11,600 --> 04:05:14,700
Darkness and the supernatural 
that more electricity and 

4587
04:05:14,700 --> 04:05:18,500
Science Education would weaken 
it needed a social structure for

4588
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:21,100
dating and marriage that were 
changed because of how gender 

4589
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:23,800
roles and romantic Freedom 
changed in the 20th century. 

4590
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:28,300
But the main ideas behind 
Halloween in 1909 are still 

4591
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:30,200
there in modern version of the 
holiday. 

4592
04:05:31,000 --> 04:05:34,800
The desire to play with fear in 
a safe way, the appeal of 

4593
04:05:34,800 --> 04:05:38,600
changing through costumes, the 
joy of celebrating the seasons, 

4594
04:05:38,600 --> 04:05:41,600
and the recognition that the 
line between life and death 

4595
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:44,700
needs to be respected. 
All of these things are still 

4596
04:05:44,700 --> 04:05:49,200
around, but in different ways. 
Fortune telling games that were 

4597
04:05:49,200 --> 04:05:52,500
such a big part of Halloween in 
1909 and mostly gone. 

4598
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:55,900
Now this is because people's 
views on marriage have changed 

4599
04:05:55,900 --> 04:05:58,900
people. 
Move around more and people are 

4600
04:05:58,900 --> 04:06:00,400
less likely to believe in 
divination. 

4601
04:06:01,300 --> 04:06:04,200
But their Spirit lives on, in 
the silly superstitions that 

4602
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:07,700
still surround Halloween. 
Like the idea that some costumes

4603
04:06:07,700 --> 04:06:11,100
bring good luck, the rituals 
that go along with eating candy 

4604
04:06:11,100 --> 04:06:14,200
in the small thrill of staying 
up late and walking around 

4605
04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:17,800
neighborhoods after dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

4606
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:21,300
Harvest festivals at churches. 
School parties, neighborhood 

4607
04:06:21,300 --> 04:06:23,700
trick, or treating roots that 
get people out of their homes. 

4608
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:27,200
At the same time, have kept the 
focus on community Gathering 

4609
04:06:27,200 --> 04:06:29,700
even adult. 
Halloween parties are like the 

4610
04:06:29,700 --> 04:06:33,400
social events of 1909, but with 
less fortune telling, and more 

4611
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:36,900
cost Tunes, the links to the 
supernatural has changed in 

4612
04:06:36,900 --> 04:06:40,800
stead of going away, modern 
Halloween, focuses on fake 

4613
04:06:40,800 --> 04:06:45,500
scares, like haunted houses, 
horror movies and scary 

4614
04:06:45,500 --> 04:06:48,500
decorations. 
Instead of real interactions 

4615
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:52,600
with the idea of spirits, But 
even though commercial horror is

4616
04:06:52,600 --> 04:06:54,700
scary. 
There are still a recognition 

4617
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:56,600
that death deserves to be 
remembered. 

4618
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:00,200
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfully crossed. 

4619
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:03,800
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human. 

4620
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:06,900
From your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

4621
04:07:06,900 --> 04:07:09,400
Halloween 1909 is how gentle it 
is. 

4622
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:13,700
The spirits were nice, the 
darkness was friendly, the 

4623
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,300
fortune telling was more fun 
than serious, and the 

4624
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:20,300
celebration brought people of 
all ages and interests together 

4625
04:07:20,300 --> 04:07:24,300
in state of separating them. 
It was a holiday that recognized

4626
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:26,300
mystery without requiring 
belief. 

4627
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:30,400
That respected tradition without
being strict about it and that 

4628
04:07:30,400 --> 04:07:33,700
made room for love, hope and 
connection with others. 

4629
04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:37,300
This gentleman shows that people
in this culture, had a different

4630
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:40,600
view of fear and Supernatural 
than they did later in the 20th 

4631
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:43,300
century. 
Even though people say, the 

4632
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:46,600
Victorian and Edwardian here as 
were very strict, they were 

4633
04:07:46,608 --> 04:07:48,800
actually very open about death 
and spirits. 

4634
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:53,000
People talked about death fairly
openly and it was a part of life

4635
04:07:53,000 --> 04:07:55,400
through mourning rituals and 
Memorial practices. 

4636
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:58,900
The thought that the dead might 
come back for a visit wasn't 

4637
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,400
scaredy, it was comforting, it 
was like saying that love and 

4638
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:06,000
connection live on after death. 
By making death and medical 

4639
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:08,700
issue and taking it out of the 
home culture. 

4640
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:11,700
In the later 20th century made 
it both less familiar and more 

4641
04:08:11,700 --> 04:08:14,900
scary. 
Halloween changed to reflect 

4642
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:17,500
this. 
Becoming more about fear and 

4643
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:20,400
horror than about gentle mystery
and Family Ties. 

4644
04:08:21,300 --> 04:08:23,900
People stopped being careful 
about the Supernatural and 

4645
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:27,800
started to be afraid of it. 
Spirits turned into scary beings

4646
04:08:27,800 --> 04:08:29,400
and stead of loved ones coming 
back. 

4647
04:08:31,000 --> 04:08:34,400
But that October night in 1909, 
when we spent time together, 

4648
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:37,300
Halloween was still the same as 
it had always been. 

4649
04:08:38,000 --> 04:08:40,500
It was a night for young people 
to dream about their romantic, 

4650
04:08:40,500 --> 04:08:44,200
futures for communities to come 
together in warmth and light, 

4651
04:08:44,200 --> 04:08:48,000
while ignoring the cold 
Darkness, outside for traditions

4652
04:08:48,000 --> 04:08:51,700
to be honored and passed on and 
for the possibility of mystery 

4653
04:08:51,700 --> 04:08:53,500
to be acknowledged with without 
needing proof. 

4654
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:58,100
As you get ready for bed with 
your own October night, pressing

4655
04:08:58,100 --> 04:09:01,200
against your windows, think 
about what parts of that 

4656
04:09:01,200 --> 04:09:04,800
Halloween in 1909 might be worth
keeping or getting back. 

4657
04:09:06,000 --> 04:09:09,100
Not in a nostalgic way that 
tries to bring back the past. 

4658
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:12,800
Because that passed had its own 
problems and limitations that we

4659
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:16,600
shouldn't romanticize. 
Instead we should think about 

4660
04:09:16,600 --> 04:09:19,800
what human needs those 
Traditions met and how those 

4661
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:24,000
needs might still be relevant. 
The decorations made by hand in 

4662
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:26,500
1909 were both necessary and 
creative. 

4663
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:29,500
In a world where holiday 
decorations are made in 

4664
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:33,200
factories, the idea of making 
your own decorations, even 

4665
04:09:33,200 --> 04:09:37,400
simple ones is appealing. 
For example, cutting out shapes 

4666
04:09:37,400 --> 04:09:41,900
from paper, carving pumpkins, 
with care and arranging, Autumn 

4667
04:09:41,900 --> 04:09:44,700
Leaves and corn stalks into 
Arrangements that celebrate the 

4668
04:09:44,700 --> 04:09:47,700
season. 
The fortune telling games were 

4669
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:51,400
Silly and fun. 
But they had a point to remind 

4670
04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:54,700
people that the future is 
unknown, and to give them a 

4671
04:09:54,700 --> 04:09:57,800
chance to think about their 
hopes and dreams in a fun way. 

4672
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:01,900
We don't often let us sells play
with uncertainty like this 

4673
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:04,800
because modern life is so 
focused on planning and control.

4674
04:10:05,800 --> 04:10:08,900
There may be Merit in Pursuits 
that Amalgamated Amusement with 

4675
04:10:08,900 --> 04:10:11,300
mild contemplation of our 
aspirations. 

4676
04:10:12,300 --> 04:10:15,700
The night walks of 1909, made it
possible to experience darkness,

4677
04:10:15,700 --> 04:10:18,500
which is becoming less common in
Modern Life. 

4678
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:22,500
When was the last time you 
walked in real darkness without 

4679
04:10:22,500 --> 04:10:27,000
streetlights flashlights or 
phone screen, when was the last 

4680
04:10:27,000 --> 04:10:29,400
time you felt what it was like 
to be a human being for 

4681
04:10:29,400 --> 04:10:32,800
thousands of years. 
It's good for you to get away 

4682
04:10:32,800 --> 04:10:36,000
from artificial light every now 
and then and experience the 

4683
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:37,800
natural rhythms of day and 
night. 

4684
04:10:38,700 --> 04:10:42,200
The community aspect of 
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 

4685
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:45,200
needs for connection, and 
belonging that don't go away 

4686
04:10:45,200 --> 04:10:47,500
just because we have social 
media and texting. 

4687
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:51,500
Even in our connected age, it 
still worth it to share physical

4688
04:10:51,500 --> 04:10:54,800
space play games together and 
make memories in real time 

4689
04:10:54,800 --> 04:10:58,400
instead of writing them down. 
And posting them later, the most

4690
04:10:58,408 --> 04:11:01,500
important thing about the 1909 
Halloween is its relationship 

4691
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:05,100
with the supernatural that was 
open to possibilities, without 

4692
04:11:05,100 --> 04:11:08,400
needing to be sure and it 
accepted mystery without being 

4693
04:11:08,400 --> 04:11:11,600
scared of it. 
This is a good way to deal with 

4694
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:14,500
the unknowns in life. 
We live in a time when 

4695
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:18,000
everything needs proof and 
evidence which is useful in some

4696
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:22,900
situations but not in others. 
Some experience is such as love 

4697
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:27,000
beauty meaning, and the 
potential for something Beyond 

4698
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,300
every day. 
Reality allude empirical 

4699
04:11:30,300 --> 04:11:33,800
validation, yet remained 
significant to human existence 

4700
04:11:33,800 --> 04:11:39,100
that Halloween night in 1909 
with its candles and cider 

4701
04:11:39,100 --> 04:11:42,300
games. 
And Gatherings walks in the dark

4702
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:44,400
of October and back to the warm 
light. 

4703
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:48,500
And the idea that Spirits might 
be near without being scary, was

4704
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:52,300
a way of being in the world of 
focused on connection Community 

4705
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:56,400
mystery and gentle Joy. 
You might picture yourself at 

4706
04:11:56,400 --> 04:11:58,500
that 1909 party as you fall 
asleep. 

4707
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,500
After coming in from the cold 
night, you can feel the warmth 

4708
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:05,000
of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

4709
04:12:05,000 --> 04:12:08,600
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter as 

4710
04:12:08,600 --> 04:12:12,000
someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm than skill.

4711
04:12:12,800 --> 04:12:15,200
You can see the candles 
flickering and the Shadows 

4712
04:12:15,200 --> 04:12:17,900
dancing on the walls that are 
covered in hand cut paper. 

4713
04:12:18,900 --> 04:12:21,100
You can smell the wood smoke, 
the fall are. 

4714
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,200
And that hard to describe smell 
of a house. 

4715
04:12:23,208 --> 04:12:26,700
Full of people celebrating. 
You're part of a tradition that 

4716
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:30,300
goes back, hundreds of years, it
connects you to the cells Who 

4717
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:32,000
lit. 
Bonfires at Sam Haines. 

4718
04:12:32,000 --> 04:12:35,400
The Christians who prayed for 
the dead on All Hallows Eve. 

4719
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:38,800
The fortune tellers who looked 
into mirrors in the Victorian 

4720
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:42,800
era, the 1909 Gathering where 
young people laughed and played 

4721
04:12:42,800 --> 04:12:46,600
and hoped for happy Futures. 
And every Halloween celebration 

4722
04:12:46,600 --> 04:12:50,500
that has recognized that mystery
and darkness and the chance to 

4723
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:52,600
connect with others beyond the 
normal world. 

4724
04:12:54,200 --> 04:12:58,300
November will keep moving toward
winter tomorrow but tonight in 

4725
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:01,600
the space between waking and 
sleeping, you can rest in the 

4726
04:13:01,600 --> 04:13:04,400
kind Spirit of that Halloween in
1909. 

4727
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:09,400
Spirits were friendly, Darkness 
was kind, and the future was 

4728
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:13,500
uncertain, but full of Hope. 
sleep well, surrounded by the 

4729
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:16,400
customs of those who came before
and those who will come after 

4730
04:13:17,200 --> 04:13:20,500
These Customs connectors across 
time because we all need to Mark

4731
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:24,100
the changing of the seasons 
gathered together to stay warm 

4732
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:26,600
against the cold, hope for good 
things to come. 

4733
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:30,300
And remember that the world may 
hold more mystery and Magic than

4734
04:13:30,300 --> 04:13:44,600
we see in our daily lives. 
With clothing, you owned held. 

4735
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:46,700
The belief that the human body 
was merely a suggestion. 

4736
04:13:46,700 --> 04:13:50,700
Welcome to Victorian fashion 
where Comfort became Obsolete. 

4737
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:53,800
And Common Sense took a long 
Hiatus picture. 

4738
04:13:53,800 --> 04:13:57,600
This it's 1850 and you're a 
well-to-do lady preparing for 

4739
04:13:57,600 --> 04:14:00,600
your day. 
But first, you need to put on 

4740
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:02,600
approximately 17 different 
garments. 

4741
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:05,000
Each one more bewildering than 
the last. 

4742
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:07,700
Your morning routine, doesn't 
start with coffee. 

4743
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,700
It starts with an engineering 
degree in the patience of a 

4744
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:13,900
saint. 
The victorians had this peculiar

4745
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:15,400
relationship with the human 
form. 

4746
04:14:16,300 --> 04:14:19,100
They believed that nature had 
created significant design for 

4747
04:14:19,100 --> 04:14:22,200
laws, and they were determined 
to rectify these floors using 

4748
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:25,800
materials such as whalebone 
steal and unwavering 

4749
04:14:25,800 --> 04:14:28,700
determination. 
It was like, they looked at the 

4750
04:14:28,700 --> 04:14:32,300
human body and said, you know 
what, this individual needs more

4751
04:14:32,300 --> 04:14:34,600
geometric shapes and less 
ability to breathe. 

4752
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:37,700
But here's the thing that makes 
Victorian fashion so 

4753
04:14:37,700 --> 04:14:41,000
fascinatingly absurd. 
None of these changes happened 

4754
04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:43,200
overnight. 
It wasn't like someone woke up 

4755
04:14:43,208 --> 04:14:47,100
one morning in 1837 and declared
from now on women's waist shall 

4756
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:48,600
be the circumference of a coffee
mug. 

4757
04:14:48,600 --> 04:14:52,700
Know, the outcome was a gradual 
slide into sartorial Madness 

4758
04:14:52,700 --> 04:14:57,000
that took decades to perfect. 
The truly surprising aspect is 

4759
04:14:57,000 --> 04:14:59,500
that people at the time believed
they were acting completely 

4760
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:01,800
rationally. 
They had elaborate 

4761
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:04,000
justifications for every 
ridiculous element. 

4762
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:09,200
Corsets needless to say, they 
were beneficial for posture of 

4763
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:11,900
the skirts so wide that they 
can't fit through doorways. 

4764
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:15,900
Undoubtedly, they are essential 
for maintaining modesty to 

4765
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:19,200
sleeves need their own unique. 
Zip code, simply fashionable, 

4766
04:15:19,200 --> 04:15:21,000
darling. 
You have to admire the 

4767
04:15:21,000 --> 04:15:23,900
dedication really. 
These were people who have 

4768
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,300
committed to anything when 
victorians decided to complicate

4769
04:15:27,300 --> 04:15:30,400
fashion, it went all in like 
they were trying to win an 

4770
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:33,100
Olympic medal in most 
impractical clothing design. 

4771
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:36,700
They approached fashion the way 
modern people approach extreme 

4772
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:39,800
sports with enthusiasm that 
bordered on the Reckless. 

4773
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,100
Men were not exempt from this 
madness though. 

4774
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,500
Their version was more subtlety.
Ridiculous, while women were 

4775
04:15:46,500 --> 04:15:49,700
being transformed into human, 
geometric shapes men were busy, 

4776
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:52,400
perfecting the art of looking 
like very serious Penguins. 

4777
04:15:52,400 --> 04:15:56,000
They were top hats, that 
accentuated their height coats 

4778
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:58,900
with useless tales and enough 
starch in their collars to 

4779
04:15:58,908 --> 04:16:02,900
construct a miniature boat. 
Sneaking thing is how this all 

4780
04:16:02,900 --> 04:16:06,600
started with genuine intentions.
The early victorians weren't 

4781
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:09,500
trying to create a fashion 
nightmare, they were responding 

4782
04:16:09,500 --> 04:16:11,600
to real social and economic 
changes. 

4783
04:16:12,400 --> 04:16:15,600
The industrial revolution had 
created New Wealth, new social 

4784
04:16:15,600 --> 04:16:17,400
classes. 
New anxieties about 

4785
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:21,000
respectability. 
Fashion became a language a way 

4786
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:23,400
to communicate your place in 
this rapidly changing world. 

4787
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,300
Somewhere along the way that 
language became increasingly 

4788
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:31,100
complex, like a secret code that
only the initiated could 

4789
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,900
understand what started as 
dressed nicely to show your 

4790
04:16:34,900 --> 04:16:38,200
respectable. 
The Volta, transform yourself 

4791
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:41,100
into a walking architectural, 
Marvel or risk social 

4792
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:44,700
Extinction. the irony is 
delicious, when you contemplated

4793
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,600
Here was an ERA obsessed with 
moral virtue and proper 

4794
04:16:48,600 --> 04:16:50,900
behavior. 
Yet they created clothing that 

4795
04:16:50,900 --> 04:16:53,900
made simple human activities 
like sitting walking or 

4796
04:16:53,900 --> 04:16:57,700
breathing into minor athletic 
achievements. it was as if they 

4797
04:16:57,708 --> 04:17:00,500
believed that suffering for 
beauty was not just acceptable 

4798
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:04,700
but actually virtuous, As we 
drift into this story together, 

4799
04:17:04,700 --> 04:17:09,100
imagine the rustling of silk, 
the creaking of whalebone and 

4800
04:17:09,100 --> 04:17:12,000
the gentle chaos of an era, when
getting dressed was an adventure

4801
04:17:12,000 --> 04:17:15,100
and staying dressed was an 
endurance test. 

4802
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:19,500
The victorians may have been 
many things, but boring wasn't 

4803
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:21,800
one of them. 
Let's talk about the corset, 

4804
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:24,200
shall we? 
If Victorian fashion were a 

4805
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:25,600
movie The corset would be the 
villain. 

4806
04:17:25,600 --> 04:17:29,200
Everyone loves to hate 
simultaneously, fascinating and 

4807
04:17:29,200 --> 04:17:32,600
horrifying, like a beautifully 
crafted instrument of torture 

4808
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:34,900
that someone decided to wear to 
afternoon tea. 

4809
04:17:34,900 --> 04:17:37,500
You've probably heard the 
stories about women fainting 

4810
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:40,500
left and right their organs 
rearranged like Furniture in a 

4811
04:17:40,508 --> 04:17:43,900
studio apartment. 
However, the truth about corset 

4812
04:17:43,900 --> 04:17:45,800
wearing was not as dramatic as 
the legend. 

4813
04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:49,600
Portray this like that friend 
who tells fish stories, the 

4814
04:17:49,600 --> 04:17:52,400
basic facts are there. 
They've grown considerably in 

4815
04:17:52,400 --> 04:17:56,600
the telling Let's first, tackle 
the issue of the 18 inch waist 

4816
04:17:56,600 --> 04:17:59,300
in The Parlor. 
Do you notice the remarkably 

4817
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:01,600
small ways and fashion plates 
and photos? 

4818
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:05,200
Many of them were about as real 
as a unicorn wearing a tutu. 

4819
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:08,800
Victorian photographers, and 
illustrators were just as fond 

4820
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:11,000
of creative editing, as modern 
Instagram, users. 

4821
04:18:11,000 --> 04:18:15,200
They pinch in wastes and hearts 
curves and generally, present an

4822
04:18:15,200 --> 04:18:18,200
idealized version that was 
achievable as becoming, a 

4823
04:18:18,200 --> 04:18:21,100
professional mermaid. 
But that doesn't mean corsets 

4824
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:23,000
were just gentle supportive 
garments either. 

4825
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:25,300
These were indeed serious 
business. 

4826
04:18:25,300 --> 04:18:28,400
A well-made Victorian. 
Corset was like wearing an 

4827
04:18:28,400 --> 04:18:31,100
architectural support system 
designed by someone. 

4828
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:33,200
Who'd never actually met a human
spine. 

4829
04:18:33,200 --> 04:18:37,100
They were marvels of engineering
really dozens of pieces of whale

4830
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:40,400
bone or steel carefully shaped 
and sewn into what was 

4831
04:18:40,400 --> 04:18:43,600
essentially a wearable cage. 
The thing is, most women didn't 

4832
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:45,100
tight lace to the extreme 
degrees. 

4833
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:48,300
You might imagine your average, 
Victorian lady laced, her 

4834
04:18:48,308 --> 04:18:50,900
corsets snugly indeed. 
But, not to the extent that she 

4835
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:53,700
required smelling salts each 
time she sent her to staircase. 

4836
04:18:54,700 --> 04:18:57,300
The fainting epidemic was more 
about the combination of tight 

4837
04:18:57,300 --> 04:19:00,300
lacing, heavy clothing, 
overheated rooms. 

4838
04:19:00,300 --> 04:19:03,700
And the Victorian ladies 
delicate Constitution which was 

4839
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,500
often more performed, in 
January, think of it this way. 

4840
04:19:06,500 --> 04:19:09,600
If women were really fainting on
Mass from their undergarments, 

4841
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:12,800
the Victorian era would have 
been remarkably unproductive. 

4842
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:17,200
Yet somehow the same corseted 
women managed to run households 

4843
04:19:17,200 --> 04:19:21,500
raised children, engaging social
causes and even work in 

4844
04:19:21,508 --> 04:19:24,000
factories. 
They were delicate flowers. 

4845
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:27,200
They were surprisingly Hardy 
individuals who happen to dress 

4846
04:19:27,200 --> 04:19:29,400
like they were preparing for 
battle with their bodies. 

4847
04:19:30,100 --> 04:19:32,700
The corset also served purposes 
beyond the aesthetic. 

4848
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:34,900
In an era before brass were 
invented. 

4849
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:37,800
It provided necessary support 
for women's busts. 

4850
04:19:37,800 --> 04:19:41,000
It also helped distribute the 
weight of those massive skirts. 

4851
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:44,200
We'll talk about shortly. 
Imagine carrying a small tent 

4852
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:46,800
around your waist all day. 
You'd want some structural 

4853
04:19:46,800 --> 04:19:49,800
support too. 
But here's where the corset 

4854
04:19:49,800 --> 04:19:53,100
story gets really interesting. 
It became a symbol of women's 

4855
04:19:53,100 --> 04:19:58,000
oppression and Liberation. 
Simultaneously critics argued 

4856
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:00,300
that tight lacing represented 
societies. 

4857
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:03,500
Control over women's bodies, 
forcing them into unnatural 

4858
04:20:03,500 --> 04:20:05,600
shapes to please. 
Male ideals of beauty. 

4859
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,900
Supporters countered, that the 
course it gave women, an 

4860
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,100
hourglass figure that 
emphasized, their femininity and

4861
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:14,000
Power. 
The medical establishment never 

4862
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:15,800
want to miss an opportunity to 
have opinions. 

4863
04:20:15,800 --> 04:20:19,100
About women's bodies weighed in 
with dial warning about the 

4864
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,700
dangers of tight lacing. 
Doctors wrote lengthy, Treasures

4865
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:26,400
about corset liver and Corset 
lung conditions. 

4866
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:28,700
That sound like they were 
invented by someone who never 

4867
04:20:28,700 --> 04:20:32,100
actually examined a corseted 
woman but had profound feelings 

4868
04:20:32,100 --> 04:20:34,500
about fashion. 
Meanwhile the women actually 

4869
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,600
wearing these garments had more 
nuanced views, many found their 

4870
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:40,100
corsets comfortable and 
supportive when properly fitted 

4871
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:44,400
others endured silent suffering 
for the sake of fashion, some 

4872
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:47,500
rebelled entirely and joined the
dress Reform movement, which 

4873
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:51,500
sounds much more exciting than 
it actually was in a group of 

4874
04:20:51,500 --> 04:20:53,600
very Earnest. 
Women campaigning for the right 

4875
04:20:53,600 --> 04:20:56,800
to wear clothing, that didn't 
require an engineering degree to

4876
04:20:56,800 --> 04:21:01,200
put on Corset industry itself 
was fascinating a complex 

4877
04:21:01,208 --> 04:21:04,900
network of Manufacturers from 
high-end corsetieres who created

4878
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:08,400
custom pieces that fit like a 
second skin to mass-market. 

4879
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:10,900
Producers who churned out 
ready-made versions for the 

4880
04:21:10,908 --> 04:21:13,800
growing middle class. 
Getting a course at properly 

4881
04:21:13,800 --> 04:21:16,500
fitted was like visiting a very 
specialized architect, who 

4882
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:18,800
worked exclusively in human 
modification. 

4883
04:21:19,600 --> 04:21:22,700
As you settle deeper into your 
comfortable and corseted 

4884
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:24,700
evening. 
Remember that for Victorian 

4885
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:28,000
women, this daily ritual of 
lacing and lacing was simply 

4886
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:30,400
part of life. 
They adapted to their 

4887
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:34,000
constraints with remarkable 
engineuity developing technique 

4888
04:21:34,000 --> 04:21:37,700
for movement, breathing, and 
even dancing while wearing, what

4889
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:39,500
was essentially a fabric covered
cage. 

4890
04:21:40,400 --> 04:21:43,000
The human capacity for 
adaptation is truly remarkable. 

4891
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:47,300
Even when adapting to something,
utterly ridiculous, let's pause 

4892
04:21:47,300 --> 04:21:49,700
here while you adjust your 
position on the couch something.

4893
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:52,200
Victorian women couldn't do 
quite so easily. 

4894
04:21:53,100 --> 04:21:56,200
If corsets were the foundation 
of Victorian fashion Madness, 

4895
04:21:56,200 --> 04:22:00,300
then skirts with a magnificent 
in Practical superstructure on 

4896
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:03,300
top We're talking about garments
that required their own 

4897
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,300
transportation planning, and had
a carbon footprint larger than 

4898
04:22:06,308 --> 04:22:08,900
some small countries. 
Picture yourself. 

4899
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:12,800
Getting ready for a simple trip 
to the market in 1860 first, 

4900
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:15,200
you'd need to consider your 
skirts diameter. 

4901
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:19,800
Typically anywhere from 6 to 12 
feet across that's not a typo. 

4902
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:22,700
We're talking about wearing a 
fabric template that could house

4903
04:22:22,700 --> 04:22:25,100
a small family. 
You couldn't just walk out the 

4904
04:22:25,100 --> 04:22:27,300
door. 
You had to strategize your exit,

4905
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:28,700
like you were launching a space 
mission. 

4906
04:22:30,300 --> 04:22:32,900
The evolution of the Victorian 
skirt can be compared to a 

4907
04:22:32,900 --> 04:22:36,500
person gradually, losing their 
sense of reality, or be it in a 

4908
04:22:36,500 --> 04:22:40,200
methodical manner. 
It started reasonably enough in 

4909
04:22:40,200 --> 04:22:42,500
the 1840s full skirts. 
Yes. 

4910
04:22:42,500 --> 04:22:45,200
But nothing that required 
architectural consultation. 

4911
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:48,600
Then something happened, maybe 
it was competition. 

4912
04:22:48,600 --> 04:22:52,100
Maybe it was boredom or maybe 
someone made a bet about how 

4913
04:22:52,100 --> 04:22:54,500
wide they could make women 
Silhouettes before physics and 

4914
04:22:54,500 --> 04:22:58,400
by the 1850s, the crinoline had 
become ubiquitous and 

4915
04:22:58,408 --> 04:23:01,900
irreversible, the crinoline was 
essentially a cage who wore 

4916
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:05,600
under your skirt, whoops of 
steal away bone that created a 

4917
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:08,400
bell-shaped Foundation. 
It was like wearing a personal 

4918
04:23:08,400 --> 04:23:11,700
tent frame, except the tent was 
made of silk and you were 

4919
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,100
expected to walk in it. 
The logistics of crinoline life 

4920
04:23:15,100 --> 04:23:19,200
was staggering doorways, became 
navigation, challenges sitting 

4921
04:23:19,200 --> 04:23:22,100
required, careful calculation 
and preferably a chair without 

4922
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:24,600
arms. 
Getting into a carriage was like

4923
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:27,400
solving a three-dimensional 
puzzle while wearing a small 

4924
04:23:27,400 --> 04:23:30,400
building Victorian women 
developed skills, that would 

4925
04:23:30,400 --> 04:23:33,900
have made NASA Engineers weep 
with admiration and yet they 

4926
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:36,700
made it look. 
Effortless photos from the era 

4927
04:23:36,700 --> 04:23:39,600
show, women gliding around in 
these massive skirts as if they 

4928
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:43,000
were Perfectly Natural. 
However a complex science 

4929
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:46,200
underlay, the management of 
crinolines women learn to 

4930
04:23:46,200 --> 04:23:49,200
compress their skirts. 
By pressing down on the Hoops to

4931
04:23:49,200 --> 04:23:51,600
navigate stairs, by lifting the 
front of their skirts. 

4932
04:23:51,600 --> 04:23:54,800
Just so and to sit by 
effortlessly collapsing, their 

4933
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,800
criminals, the really 
magnificent part was how the 

4934
04:23:57,800 --> 04:24:01,600
fashion industry supported this 
madness, crinoline manufacturers

4935
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:03,400
competed on engineering 
principles. 

4936
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:07,300
Some criminals have collapsible 
sections for sitting others. 

4937
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:09,800
Featured graduated Hoops that 
created the perfect. 

4938
04:24:09,800 --> 04:24:13,300
Bell-shaped, he advertisements 
read like technical manuals for 

4939
04:24:13,300 --> 04:24:17,800
personal Transportation devices.
Crinoline had their dangers and 

4940
04:24:17,800 --> 04:24:20,600
not just the obvious ones like 
getting stuck in doorways or 

4941
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:24,300
accidentally sweeping objects 
off tables, fire was a genuine 

4942
04:24:24,300 --> 04:24:27,100
Hazard. 
All that fabric often treated 

4943
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:31,200
with flammable starches and dies
combined with open Flames for 

4944
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:34,500
lighting and Heating. 
Victorian newspapers are full of

4945
04:24:34,500 --> 04:24:38,200
tragic stories of women, who 
skirts caught fire and the width

4946
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:40,500
of their crinolines made it 
difficult to extinguish the 

4947
04:24:40,500 --> 04:24:43,100
Flames quickly. 
Then there were the weather 

4948
04:24:43,100 --> 04:24:47,300
related challenges, wind turned 
a criminal in into a sale, which

4949
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:49,100
sounds poetic Until you realize 
it meant. 

4950
04:24:49,100 --> 04:24:50,600
Women could be literally blown 
off. 

4951
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:52,200
Course, during their daily 
walks. 

4952
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:56,300
Rain was particularly 
problematic, imagine trying to 

4953
04:24:56,300 --> 04:24:58,200
dry a tent that you'd been 
wearing all day. 

4954
04:24:59,100 --> 04:25:03,000
The social implications were 
equally complex a wide crinoline

4955
04:25:03,000 --> 04:25:05,900
was a status symbol proof that 
you could afford not just the 

4956
04:25:05,900 --> 04:25:07,700
Garment itself. 
But the lifestyle that 

4957
04:25:07,700 --> 04:25:11,300
accommodated it If you could 
wear a six foot wide skirt, he 

4958
04:25:11,300 --> 04:25:14,400
didn't need to work cook clean 
or engage in any practical 

4959
04:25:14,400 --> 04:25:17,100
activity. 
It was conspicuous consumption 

4960
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:20,600
in its most literal form. 
You were conspicuously consuming

4961
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:22,900
space. 
And here's what makes the 

4962
04:25:22,900 --> 04:25:25,900
crinoline era. 
So endearing in retrospect, the 

4963
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:28,500
Victorian women took these 
absurd constraints and somehow 

4964
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:31,100
made them work. 
They developed elaborate 

4965
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:34,200
etiquettes for criminal in 
navigation techniques for 

4966
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:37,800
managing their skirts in various
social situations and even 

4967
04:25:37,808 --> 04:25:40,400
Sports modified for women 
wearing personal tents. 

4968
04:25:41,200 --> 04:25:43,900
Croquet became popular partly 
because it was one of the few 

4969
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:46,900
activities or a criminal in 
wasn't a complete impediment 

4970
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:49,200
dancing. 
Required choreography. 

4971
04:25:49,200 --> 04:25:51,100
That accounted for each 
partner's. 

4972
04:25:51,100 --> 04:25:54,200
Circumference, even something. 
As simple as walking with a 

4973
04:25:54,200 --> 04:25:58,400
friend became an exercise and 
spatial coordination, The 

4974
04:25:58,400 --> 04:26:02,700
crinoline reached its peak 
absurdity in the 1860s when 

4975
04:26:02,700 --> 04:26:05,200
skirts achieved their maximum 
circumference. 

4976
04:26:05,200 --> 04:26:08,700
It was as if Victorian fashion 
had been steadily expanding, 

4977
04:26:08,700 --> 04:26:11,800
like a balloon and everyone was 
waiting to see, who would be 

4978
04:26:11,808 --> 04:26:15,900
brave enough to suggest that 
maybe, just, maybe this was 

4979
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,800
getting a bit ridiculous. 
Little did they know the next 

4980
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:21,900
chapter? 
Would involve bustles because 

4981
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,600
apparently making skirts 
impossibly wide wasn't quite 

4982
04:26:24,600 --> 04:26:27,000
enough. 
The victorians were just getting

4983
04:26:27,000 --> 04:26:28,900
warmed up. 
Just when you think the 

4984
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:30,700
victorians, couldn't possibly 
make clothing. 

4985
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:34,200
More complicated Along Came the 
bustle area to prove that human 

4986
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:37,400
Ingenuity in the service of 
impracticality knows no bounds. 

4987
04:26:38,300 --> 04:26:41,000
If the crinoline was like 
wearing a bell, the bustle was 

4988
04:26:41,000 --> 04:26:43,700
like strapping a small shelf to 
your posterior and pretending 

4989
04:26:43,700 --> 04:26:45,100
your posture was perfectly 
normal. 

4990
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:49,600
The transition from crinoline to
bustle in the 1870s wasn't 

4991
04:26:49,600 --> 04:26:51,900
gradual. 
It was like watching a balloon 

4992
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:54,800
deflate and then re-inflate in a
completely different shape. 

4993
04:26:54,800 --> 04:26:58,200
One day, women were navigating 
doorways sideways because of 

4994
04:26:58,208 --> 04:27:01,400
their wit and the next they were
backing into rooms because their

4995
04:27:01,400 --> 04:27:03,500
skirts projected three feet 
behind them. 

4996
04:27:03,500 --> 04:27:06,900
It was as if Victorian fashion 
designers had gotten bored with 

4997
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:09,600
horizontal challenges and 
decided to explore vertical 

4998
04:27:09,600 --> 04:27:13,200
possibilities. 
The bustle itself was a Marvel 

4999
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:15,600
of engineering that would have 
made Bridge Builders jealous. 

5000
04:27:15,600 --> 04:27:19,500
Early bustles were essentially 
wire cages designed to create a 

5001
04:27:19,500 --> 04:27:21,300
shelf like projection at the 
back of the skirt. 

5002
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:25,100
Later versions became 
increasingly elaborate, some had

5003
04:27:25,108 --> 04:27:27,300
Springs. 
Others featured adjustable 

5004
04:27:27,300 --> 04:27:30,900
Frameworks and the most advanced
models included collapsible 

5005
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:34,800
sections for sitting Imagine 
attempting to sit down while 

5006
04:27:34,800 --> 04:27:37,200
wearing a bustle. 
It wasn't just a matter of 

5007
04:27:37,208 --> 04:27:39,700
bending at the waist. 
It required a carefully 

5008
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:42,700
choreographed sequence of 
movements You'd approach the 

5009
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:45,500
chair from the side, collapse, 
your bustle by pressing down on 

5010
04:27:45,500 --> 04:27:47,500
it. 
Lower yourself carefully while 

5011
04:27:47,500 --> 04:27:50,900
managing several layers of skirt
and then somehow arrange all 

5012
04:27:50,900 --> 04:27:52,600
that fabric. 
So you didn't look like you were

5013
04:27:52,600 --> 04:27:53,900
being swallowed by your 
clothing. 

5014
04:27:54,700 --> 04:27:57,600
The logistics of bustle. 
Life were even more complex than

5015
04:27:57,600 --> 04:28:00,300
crinoline management at least 
with the crinoline. 

5016
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:02,800
You needed extra space in all 
directions. 

5017
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,600
You never know what's going on 
behind you, when there's a 

5018
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:09,100
bustle, Victorian women often 
kind of spatial awareness that 

5019
04:28:09,100 --> 04:28:12,500
modern people can't imagine. 
They could sense exactly how 

5020
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:15,600
much room their rear projection 
required and navigated 

5021
04:28:15,600 --> 04:28:19,000
accordingly. 
Doorways remain challenging, but

5022
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:23,000
in new ways instead of squeezing
through sideways bustled women 

5023
04:28:23,000 --> 04:28:26,600
had to judge, angles carefully. 
If your approach was too steep, 

5024
04:28:26,600 --> 04:28:28,700
your skirt, might snag on the 
door frame. 

5025
04:28:28,700 --> 04:28:32,100
If the approach was too shallow,
you wouldn't be able to pass. 

5026
04:28:32,100 --> 04:28:35,500
It was like parking a car, 
except the car was attached to 

5027
04:28:35,508 --> 04:28:39,800
your body, and made of silk, The
bustle also created intriguing, 

5028
04:28:39,800 --> 04:28:44,000
social dynamics, conversations 
became exercises in Geometry. 

5029
04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:46,500
Her clothes, could you stand to 
someone when you were both 

5030
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:50,200
wearing rear projections? 
Dancing required new techniques 

5031
04:28:50,200 --> 04:28:52,600
and something as simple as 
walking arm and arm with a 

5032
04:28:52,608 --> 04:28:55,200
friend, became a coordination 
challenge, worthy of 

5033
04:28:55,200 --> 04:28:57,900
synchronized swimmers. 
But, perhaps, the most 

5034
04:28:57,900 --> 04:29:00,200
remarkable thing about the 
bustle area was how it 

5035
04:29:00,200 --> 04:29:03,200
demonstrated Victoria in 
societies ability to adapt to 

5036
04:29:03,200 --> 04:29:06,100
absolutely anything. 
Furniture makers, began 

5037
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:08,300
designing chairs. 
That accommodated bustles 

5038
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,500
architecture started accounting 
for the extra space women 

5039
04:29:11,500 --> 04:29:14,200
required. 
Social Customs evolved to 

5040
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:15,900
handle. 
The new spatial requirements of 

5041
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:18,400
female fashion. 
The fashion plate of the era 

5042
04:29:18,400 --> 04:29:21,100
show women looking perfectly 
composed in their bustled gowns.

5043
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:24,500
But the reality behind the 
scenes was a constant comedy of 

5044
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:28,200
spatial miscalculations. 
Victorian literature is full of 

5045
04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:30,700
subtle references to the 
challenges of bustled life. 

5046
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:33,600
Women getting stuck in 
carriages, skirts, caught 

5047
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:36,800
indoors, and the general chaos 
of trying to live normally while

5048
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:39,000
wearing architectural elements 
yet. 

5049
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:41,100
Somehow Victorian. 
Women made it work. 

5050
04:29:41,900 --> 04:29:44,900
They developed techniques for 
bustle maintenance strategies 

5051
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:48,500
for navigation, and even created
new forms of social interaction 

5052
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,000
that accommodated their enhanced
silhouettes. 

5053
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:55,000
The human ability to normalize. 
The Absurd is truly impressive. 

5054
04:29:55,000 --> 04:29:58,500
The bustle went through several 
iterations, during its Reign. 

5055
04:29:58,500 --> 04:30:01,800
The first bustle error featured 
relatively modest projections, 

5056
04:30:01,800 --> 04:30:04,400
consider it to be training 
wheels for posterior 

5057
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:07,800
architecture. 
The early 1880s brought a brief 

5058
04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:09,800
respite, when skirts became more
streamlined. 

5059
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:13,700
Likely bringing a sense of 
relief to everyone, But 

5060
04:30:13,700 --> 04:30:17,400
Victorian fashion wasn't done 
yet the second bustle era 

5061
04:30:17,400 --> 04:30:21,200
beginning in the mid-1880s 
brought projections that defied.

5062
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:23,100
Not just Comfort, but basic 
physics. 

5063
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:26,900
These were just bustles. 
They were engineering Marvels, 

5064
04:30:26,900 --> 04:30:29,300
that critic Silhouettes. 
So extreme, they look like 

5065
04:30:29,300 --> 04:30:31,700
costume designs for a play about
furniture. 

5066
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:35,600
Final bustled designs were so 
elaborate, they came with their 

5067
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:39,400
instruction manuals, some 
featured multiple tiers, others 

5068
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,700
have adjustable angles, and the 
most advanced models included 

5069
04:30:42,700 --> 04:30:45,000
patented mechanisms for collapse
and expansion. 

5070
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:49,100
It was as if Victorian women 
were wearing Transformer robots.

5071
04:30:49,100 --> 04:30:53,700
Except instead of turning into 
cars, they turned into chairs As

5072
04:30:53,700 --> 04:30:56,800
we move through this fashion 
timeline, remember that each of 

5073
04:30:56,800 --> 04:31:01,000
these Trends lasted for years. 
This wasn't a brief moment of 

5074
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,100
collective Madness, entire 
generations of women live. 

5075
04:31:04,100 --> 04:31:06,800
Their daily lives. 
In these Contraptions adapting 

5076
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,500
with remarkable Grace to 
constraints that seemed 

5077
04:31:09,500 --> 04:31:10,900
impossible from our modern 
perspective. 

5078
04:31:10,900 --> 04:31:13,300
If you thought, Victorian 
fashion was done. 

5079
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:16,200
Surprising us after corsets 
crinolines and bustles. 

5080
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:19,600
You clearly underestimated their
commitment to making every part 

5081
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:21,500
of the human body and 
engineering challenge. 

5082
04:31:21,500 --> 04:31:26,200
Enter the 1890 sleeve also known
as the leg of mutton sleeve 

5083
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:28,200
though, that name doesn't quite 
capture. 

5084
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,100
The full absurdity of wearing, 
what amounted to small, hot air,

5085
04:31:31,100 --> 04:31:32,600
balloons attached to your 
shoulders. 

5086
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:35,600
Early. 
Victorian sleeves were snug 

5087
04:31:35,600 --> 04:31:38,000
practical Affairs. 
That allowed for actual arm 

5088
04:31:38,000 --> 04:31:40,500
movement. 
However, as the century 

5089
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:44,300
progressed sleeves began to 
expand as if they were competing

5090
04:31:44,300 --> 04:31:47,600
with skirts for the title of 
most impractical garment 

5091
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:51,200
component. 
By the 1890s sleeves are 

5092
04:31:51,200 --> 04:31:54,100
achieved such Monumental 
proportions, that women needed 

5093
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:57,300
to turn sideways to fit through 
doorways, not because of this 

5094
04:31:57,300 --> 04:32:00,600
skirt this time but because 
their shoulders are defectively 

5095
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:03,200
doubled in width. 
These garments were not. 

5096
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:05,500
Merely sleeves. 
They resembled fabric 

5097
04:32:05,500 --> 04:32:07,800
architecture with arms hidden 
inside them. 

5098
04:32:09,000 --> 04:32:10,700
Construction of a proper leg of 
mutton. 

5099
04:32:10,700 --> 04:32:13,600
Sleeve was an engineering 
Marvel, that required more 

5100
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:15,800
planning than most modern home 
renovations. 

5101
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:19,900
Sleeve had to be supported from 
within using various Frameworks 

5102
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:23,600
wire, whalebone or even cotton 
padding arranged in precise 

5103
04:32:23,600 --> 04:32:26,800
configurations to maintain the 
proper shape, getting dressed 

5104
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:28,300
involved. 
Not just putting on clothing, 

5105
04:32:28,300 --> 04:32:30,700
but assembling a complex 
structural system. 

5106
04:32:32,400 --> 04:32:34,600
Imagine trying to eat dinner 
while wearing sleeves that 

5107
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:36,400
extended. 
Well, beyond your actual arm 

5108
04:32:36,400 --> 04:32:39,700
span Victorian women developed 
eating techniques that would 

5109
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:42,600
have impressed contortionists. 
They learned to approach their 

5110
04:32:42,600 --> 04:32:45,800
plates at specific angles to cut
food using carefully. 

5111
04:32:45,800 --> 04:32:49,000
Calculated our movements and to 
drink tea without completely 

5112
04:32:49,000 --> 04:32:51,300
obscuring, their faces behind 
walls of fabric. 

5113
04:32:52,400 --> 04:32:53,900
The Practical challenges were 
endless. 

5114
04:32:53,900 --> 04:32:57,900
Embracing someone required 
strategic planning, getting into

5115
04:32:57,900 --> 04:32:59,800
a carriage. 
Meant compressing, your sleeves 

5116
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:02,500
like a kordians. 
Even something as simple as 

5117
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,800
reaching for an object on a 
shelf, became an exercise and 

5118
04:33:05,800 --> 04:33:08,900
special mathematics. 
Victorian. 

5119
04:33:08,900 --> 04:33:11,200
Women lived in a world where 
their clothing had a larger 

5120
04:33:11,200 --> 04:33:12,700
footprint than their actual 
bodies. 

5121
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,800
But the sleeves were just large,
they were elaborately decorated.

5122
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:21,400
Puffed pleated, gathered. 
And trimmed with every 

5123
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:25,000
conceivable ornament they were 
like wearing two small rooms 

5124
04:33:25,000 --> 04:33:27,400
complete with their interior 
design schemes. 

5125
04:33:28,200 --> 04:33:31,500
Some sleeves featured, multiple 
tears of fabric, creating 

5126
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:34,500
layered architectural effects, 
that would have made wedding 

5127
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:36,400
cake. 
Decorators weep With Envy. 

5128
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:38,500
The maintenance requirements 
were staggering. 

5129
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:41,700
These sleeves needed to be 
pressed into shape regularly 

5130
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:45,400
their internal structures, 
adjusted and repaired and their 

5131
04:33:45,400 --> 04:33:47,000
elaborate decorations kept 
pristine. 

5132
04:33:48,099 --> 04:33:51,300
Victorian women employed armies 
of servants or spent hours 

5133
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:53,300
themselves maintaining their 
sleeve architecture. 

5134
04:33:53,300 --> 04:33:56,599
It was like owning a very high 
maintenance, pet that you wore 

5135
04:33:56,599 --> 04:33:59,300
to social events. 
Then there were the seasonal 

5136
04:33:59,300 --> 04:34:01,500
challenges. 
Some are sleeves in heavy, 

5137
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:05,500
Fabrics created portable saunas.
Around women's Arms, Winter 

5138
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:07,800
meant adding even more layers to
already Monumental 

5139
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:10,900
constructions. 
Rain posed, a significant 

5140
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:13,500
challenge. 
Imagine a tempting to dry to 

5141
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:16,700
fabric Pavilions faster. 
To your shoulders, the social 

5142
04:34:16,700 --> 04:34:19,099
implications of extreme sleeves 
were fascinating. 

5143
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,200
They were clear indicators of 
Leisure Class status. 

5144
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:25,500
If you could wear sleeves that 
made practical work impossible, 

5145
04:34:25,500 --> 04:34:29,099
you obviously didn't need to 
engage in any They were an 

5146
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:32,400
extreme form of conspicuous 
consumption demonstrating that 

5147
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:34,300
one could afford to be 
completely impractical. 

5148
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:38,400
But Victorian fashion wasn't 
finished with extremities yet 

5149
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:42,300
hats during this era became 
increasingly elaborate often 

5150
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:45,500
featuring entire Garden of 
artificial flowers, preserved, 

5151
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:48,400
birds, and decorative elements. 
That would have been impressive 

5152
04:34:48,400 --> 04:34:51,200
on a parade float. 
These weren't hats. 

5153
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,400
They were portable ecosystems 
that happened to sit on people's

5154
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:57,700
heads. 
The military Arts reached new 

5155
04:34:57,700 --> 04:34:59,900
heights of complexity during the
Victorian era. 

5156
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,900
Hat construction involved. 
Multiple Specialists one person,

5157
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:05,400
might create the basic 
structure. 

5158
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:08,500
Another would handle the 
flowers, and a third would add 

5159
04:35:08,500 --> 04:35:09,900
the birds and ornamental 
elements. 

5160
04:35:09,900 --> 04:35:13,000
Some Victorian hats required 
their own Structural 

5161
04:35:13,000 --> 04:35:16,900
Engineering, consultations 
gloves, 2 became exercises in 

5162
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:20,400
extremity enhancement. 
Victorian gloves were often so 

5163
04:35:20,400 --> 04:35:22,900
long they disappeared entirely 
under those enormous sleeves. 

5164
04:35:22,900 --> 04:35:25,800
Creating the impression that 
women's arms simply ended in 

5165
04:35:25,800 --> 04:35:27,400
fabric somewhere around the 
elbow. 

5166
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:31,599
The longest gloves extended past
the elbow requiring complex 

5167
04:35:31,599 --> 04:35:33,700
systems of buttons and hooks for
removal. 

5168
04:35:33,700 --> 04:35:37,000
Even shoes, joined the extremity
and Huntsman project. 

5169
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:41,200
Victorian boots, often featured 
dozens of tiny buttons or an 

5170
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:44,200
elaborate lacing system that 
required special tools to 

5171
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:47,000
fasten. 
Getting dressed from head to toe

5172
04:35:47,000 --> 04:35:50,000
could take hours and often 
required assistance from 

5173
04:35:50,000 --> 04:35:53,599
servants or family members. 
The cumulative effect of all 

5174
04:35:53,599 --> 04:35:56,900
these extremity enhancements was
that Victorian, women became 

5175
04:35:56,900 --> 04:35:59,800
walking demonstrations of their 
society's relationship with 

5176
04:35:59,800 --> 04:36:03,700
practicality, which was to say, 
they broke up entirely and 

5177
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:06,599
weren't on speaking terms. 
Now, settle in, for this part of

5178
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,800
our story, because we're about 
to explore how Victorian fashion

5179
04:36:09,800 --> 04:36:13,200
became more complex than quantum
physics, but with more rules 

5180
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:16,900
about appropriate neckline. 
Behind all this sartorial 

5181
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:19,700
Madness was a scientific 
approach to respectability that 

5182
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:21,500
would have impressed laboratory 
researchers. 

5183
04:36:21,500 --> 04:36:24,900
The victorians didn't just 
randomly decide to make clothing

5184
04:36:24,900 --> 04:36:28,200
complicated, they developed 
elaborate systems of social 

5185
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:31,400
communication through fabric, 
creating a language. 

5186
04:36:31,400 --> 04:36:34,500
So complex, that anthropologists
are still trying to decode it. 

5187
04:36:35,400 --> 04:36:37,800
The Victorian dress code wasn't 
just about looking nice. 

5188
04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:42,000
It was about broadcasting your 
moral character, social status 

5189
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:46,500
economic situation marital 
availability and probably your 

5190
04:36:46,500 --> 04:36:48,599
opinion on the weather. 
All through carefully, 

5191
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:51,900
calculated costume choices. 
It was like, wearing a social 

5192
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:56,000
media profile, except instead of
posting update, you changed her 

5193
04:36:56,000 --> 04:36:59,400
outfit morning. 
Dress after noon dress, evening 

5194
04:36:59,400 --> 04:37:02,200
dress, calling dress, walking 
dress, traveling dress, 

5195
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:04,800
Victorian. 
Women needed different costumes 

5196
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:07,000
for different hours of the day 
and different social activities.

5197
04:37:07,000 --> 04:37:11,200
It was as if they were actors in
an incredibly elaborate play, 

5198
04:37:11,200 --> 04:37:14,400
where the costumes changed every
few hours and forget getting 

5199
04:37:14,400 --> 04:37:18,800
your lines meant social death. 
The specificity of the rules was

5200
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:21,500
astounding. 
There were appropriate colors 

5201
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:24,800
for widows at different stages 
of mourning, precise neckline 

5202
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:28,599
depths for various social 
occasions and exact sleeks that 

5203
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:31,300
communicated whether you were 
available for courtship or 

5204
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:35,500
properly chaperone Getting it 
wrong, wasn't just a fashion 

5205
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,099
flow pair. 
It was a social catastrophe that

5206
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:40,599
could affect your family's 
reputation for Generations. 

5207
04:37:40,599 --> 04:37:44,900
Take morning dress for example. 
Victorian society had developed 

5208
04:37:44,900 --> 04:37:47,900
mourning into a complex ritual 
that lasted for years and 

5209
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,500
involved costume changes more 
elaborate than a Broadway 

5210
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:52,700
production. 
Full morning, required, 

5211
04:37:52,700 --> 04:37:55,700
completely black clothing, with 
no ornamentation for the first 

5212
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:58,400
year. 
Then came half morning, which 

5213
04:37:58,400 --> 04:38:01,099
allowed for touches of white, 
gray or purple. 

5214
04:38:01,099 --> 04:38:04,599
The gradations were so specific.
That there were etiquette books 

5215
04:38:04,599 --> 04:38:07,800
devoted to entirely to 
appropriate mourning attire, the

5216
04:38:07,800 --> 04:38:09,599
fabric choices. 
Alone were a science. 

5217
04:38:09,599 --> 04:38:12,500
Certain materials were 
appropriate for certain Seasons 

5218
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:16,200
social classes and life stages. 
Silk was appropriate for formal 

5219
04:38:16,200 --> 04:38:21,000
occasions cotton for every day 
wear for winter and linen for 

5220
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:23,400
summer. 
But not just any type of silk, 

5221
04:38:23,400 --> 04:38:28,200
cotton, wool or linen. 
There were dozens of varieties 

5222
04:38:28,200 --> 04:38:31,700
of each and choosing the wrong 
type, could broadcast ignorance 

5223
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,300
of social codes, more 
effectively than wearing a sign.

5224
04:38:35,300 --> 04:38:36,800
Color. 
Symbolism reached levels of 

5225
04:38:36,808 --> 04:38:39,900
complexity that would have 
challenged medieval Scholars, 

5226
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:42,599
white, symbolizes, Purity and 
youth. 

5227
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,200
But this symbolism is limited to
unmarried. 

5228
04:38:45,200 --> 04:38:49,900
Women specific fabrics, and 
specific Seas black signifies, 

5229
04:38:49,900 --> 04:38:53,800
respectability and Authority. 
Yet its significant fairies on 

5230
04:38:53,800 --> 04:38:57,900
factors, such as age marital 
status and the particular shade 

5231
04:38:57,900 --> 04:39:02,900
of black Purple was mourning but
also royalty but also dangerous.

5232
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,400
If worn by the wrong person at 
the wrong time, the trimming and

5233
04:39:06,400 --> 04:39:10,099
decoration systems were equally.
Elaborate ribbons lace 

5234
04:39:10,099 --> 04:39:12,800
embroidery Buttons and Bows 
weren't just decorative 

5235
04:39:12,800 --> 04:39:15,000
elements. 
They were parts of a complex 

5236
04:39:15,000 --> 04:39:17,800
Communication System. 
The amount of ornamentation 

5237
04:39:17,800 --> 04:39:21,099
appropriate for your age social 
status and the occasion, 

5238
04:39:21,099 --> 04:39:24,099
required calculations more 
complex than filing tax returns.

5239
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:27,500
Even undergarments were part of 
this social communication 

5240
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:31,800
system, the right corset shommys
drawers and petticoats weren't 

5241
04:39:31,800 --> 04:39:33,200
just about creating the proper 
silhouette. 

5242
04:39:33,200 --> 04:39:36,000
They were about demonstrating 
that you understood and could 

5243
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:38,800
afford to participate in the 
full complexity of Victorian 

5244
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:42,200
culture. 
The economic implications were 

5245
04:39:42,200 --> 04:39:44,800
staggering a proper. 
Victorian ladies wardrobe, 

5246
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:49,000
required a fortune, not just to 
acquire, but to maintain the 

5247
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:52,000
cleaning pressing mending, and 
updating needed to keep Pace 

5248
04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:55,200
with fashion changes. 
Meant that clothing consumed a 

5249
04:39:55,200 --> 04:39:58,100
significant portion of middle 
and upper class household 

5250
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:02,100
budgets dressmakers became 
crucial figures in Victorian 

5251
04:40:02,100 --> 04:40:05,600
society, not just as crafts 
people, but as cultural 

5252
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:10,200
interpreters, A competent 
dressmaker didn't just so she 

5253
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,300
guided her clients through the 
complex social codes in bedded, 

5254
04:40:13,300 --> 04:40:15,600
in fashion choices. 
She was part. 

5255
04:40:15,600 --> 04:40:19,600
Counselor part artist part 
social strategist and part 

5256
04:40:19,600 --> 04:40:23,100
structural engineer. 
The seasonal transitions were 

5257
04:40:23,100 --> 04:40:26,400
particularly complex. 
Sprinkling wasn't just about 

5258
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:29,400
houses. 
It was about wardrobes summer 

5259
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:31,000
and winter. 
Wardrobes were stored separately

5260
04:40:31,000 --> 04:40:35,200
with elaborate systems for 
preservation moth prevention and

5261
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,100
maintaining the shapes of 
complex garments during storage.

5262
04:40:38,900 --> 04:40:41,700
Fashion magazines became 
essential reading, not for 

5263
04:40:41,700 --> 04:40:45,200
inspiration, but for survival. 
They provided the constantly 

5264
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:48,300
updated information necessary to
navigate the changing rules of 

5265
04:40:48,308 --> 04:40:52,200
appropriate dress. 
Reading goes ladies book or 

5266
04:40:52,200 --> 04:40:54,100
Peterson's. 
Magazine wasn't Leisure. 

5267
04:40:54,100 --> 04:40:57,000
It was continuing education in 
the science of social 

5268
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:00,000
acceptability. 
The really remarkable thing is, 

5269
04:41:00,000 --> 04:41:02,800
how Victorian women managed to 
internalize all these rules 

5270
04:41:02,800 --> 04:41:06,200
while making their complexion 
choices appear effortless and 

5271
04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:08,600
natural. 
Behind every graceful. 

5272
04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:11,100
Victorian lady gliding through a
social Gathering. 

5273
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:13,700
Was someone who had mastered a 
system of cultural 

5274
04:41:13,700 --> 04:41:16,900
communication, more complex than
most modern professional 

5275
04:41:16,900 --> 04:41:20,000
training programs. 
By the 1890s, something crazy 

5276
04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:21,900
was happening in the world of 
Victorian fashion. 

5277
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:24,900
People were beginning to realize
that clothing should allow for 

5278
04:41:24,900 --> 04:41:28,500
basic human functions like 
breathing sitting and moving 

5279
04:41:28,500 --> 04:41:31,400
one's arms. 
Though it took several decades 

5280
04:41:31,400 --> 04:41:34,500
for this revolutionary concept 
to gain traction, women's 

5281
04:41:34,500 --> 04:41:37,600
freedom, to move was a 
significant Catalyst for change.

5282
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:41,100
The dress Reform movement had 
been percolating throughout the 

5283
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:45,100
Victorian era, led by brave, 
souls who dared to suggest that 

5284
04:41:45,100 --> 04:41:47,600
perhaps women's clothing 
shouldn't require engineering 

5285
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:51,500
degrees to operate these fashion
Rebels, proposed radical ideas, 

5286
04:41:51,500 --> 04:41:55,400
like, skirts that didn't require
their own ZIP codes and sleeves 

5287
04:41:55,400 --> 04:41:57,600
that acknowledge the existence 
of human arms. 

5288
04:41:58,800 --> 04:42:01,700
Dr. Gustav Yager introduced the 
world to Woolen undergarments 

5289
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:04,600
that prioritized health over 
silhouette manipulation. 

5290
04:42:05,600 --> 04:42:08,100
The rational dress movement 
promoted clothing that allowed 

5291
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:12,000
for actual physical activity. 
Casual clothing, that valued 

5292
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:14,900
Comfort over. 
Structural soundness tea-gowns 

5293
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:18,600
gained popularity, it was like 
watching civilization slowly. 

5294
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:21,600
Remember that humans had bodies 
underneath all that 

5295
04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:26,000
architectural clothing? 
The bicycle craze of the 1890s 

5296
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:28,500
delivered, a particularly 
effective blow to impractical 

5297
04:42:28,500 --> 04:42:32,200
fashion, you simply cannot ride 
a bicycle while wearing a bustle

5298
04:42:32,200 --> 04:42:34,400
and Victorian. 
Women were not about to give up 

5299
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:37,000
this exciting new form of 
transportation just to maintain 

5300
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:41,000
their rear projections. 
Cycling costumes, featured a 

5301
04:42:41,000 --> 04:42:44,300
revolutionary concept divided 
skirts that allowed women to 

5302
04:42:44,300 --> 04:42:45,800
actually move their legs 
independently. 

5303
04:42:47,000 --> 04:42:50,100
Sports in general began to 
influence fashion in ways that 

5304
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:54,000
prioritize function over form. 
Tennis required clothing, that 

5305
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:57,600
allowed our movement golf needed
skirts, that didn't interfere 

5306
04:42:57,600 --> 04:43:01,400
with swing mechanics even 
croquet that most Victorian of 

5307
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:03,700
games worked better. 
When players could actually see 

5308
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,400
their feet and move without 
strategic planning, The 

5309
04:43:07,400 --> 04:43:10,400
influence of artistic movements 
cannot be understated. 

5310
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:15,500
The aesthetic movement promoted,
artistic dress, that prioritized

5311
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:19,700
Beauty and comfort over rigid 
social signaling Pre-raphaelite 

5312
04:43:19,700 --> 04:43:21,800
artists painted women in flowing
gowns. 

5313
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:24,700
That actually followed the lines
of the human body rather than 

5314
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:28,600
imposing geometric shape upon 
it. was as if artists were 

5315
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:31,500
reminding Society, what people 
actually looked like under, all 

5316
04:43:31,500 --> 04:43:34,900
that Structural Engineering, 
World War one would ultimately 

5317
04:43:34,900 --> 04:43:39,200
bring an end to the excesses of 
Victorian fashion but by 1900 

5318
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:41,700
the seeds of change had already 
begun to emerge. 

5319
04:43:42,400 --> 04:43:44,900
Women were entering the 
workforce, increasing numbers 

5320
04:43:44,900 --> 04:43:48,900
pursuing, higher education, and 
engaging in social causes that 

5321
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:52,300
required practical clothing. 
You can't effectively advocate 

5322
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:54,100
for social change, while wearing
a garment. 

5323
04:43:54,100 --> 04:43:56,500
That requires two people and a 
manual to put on. 

5324
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:00,700
The corset began its long, slow 
Retreat from Maximum tightness. 

5325
04:44:00,700 --> 04:44:04,700
The s-curve silhouette of the 
early 1900s while still 

5326
04:44:04,700 --> 04:44:07,900
involving serious Foundation 
garments allowed for a somewhat 

5327
04:44:07,900 --> 04:44:11,900
more natural waste placement 
skirts began to narrow sleeves 

5328
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:14,900
returned to more reasonable 
proportions and hat stopped. 

5329
04:44:14,900 --> 04:44:16,300
Requiring their own postal 
codes. 

5330
04:44:16,300 --> 04:44:19,200
Fashion magazines, began 
featuring articles about 

5331
04:44:19,200 --> 04:44:22,300
healthful dress and rational 
clothing choices. 

5332
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:26,200
Doctors who had warned for 
decades about the dangers of 

5333
04:44:26,200 --> 04:44:28,400
tight lacing were finally 
receiving attention. 

5334
04:44:29,200 --> 04:44:31,700
Social pressure for impossible 
Silhouettes, was beginning to 

5335
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:34,100
give away to the medical 
establishments concerned about 

5336
04:44:34,100 --> 04:44:36,000
corset liver and compressed 
organisms. 

5337
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:39,500
Perhaps most importantly, women 
themselves were beginning to 

5338
04:44:39,500 --> 04:44:42,300
question, why their clothing 
should be more complex than 

5339
04:44:42,300 --> 04:44:46,500
their education. 
The new woman of the 1890s and 

5340
04:44:46,500 --> 04:44:49,900
early 1900s wanted clothing, 
that matched her expanded role 

5341
04:44:49,900 --> 04:44:52,600
in society. 
Practical enough for work 

5342
04:44:52,600 --> 04:44:55,900
comfortable enough for an active
lifestyle and sensible enough to

5343
04:44:55,908 --> 04:44:58,000
allow for the full range of 
human activities. 

5344
04:44:59,300 --> 04:45:01,400
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete. 

5345
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:05,200
Many Victorian fashion elements 
persisted well into the 20th 

5346
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:07,900
century and some never entirely 
disappeared. 

5347
04:45:08,700 --> 04:45:12,600
But by 1910, the era of truly 
extreme fashion, construction 

5348
04:45:12,600 --> 04:45:16,000
was winding down. 
Women were beginning to dress 

5349
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:19,000
like human beings rather than 
walking demonstrations of their 

5350
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:21,800
families economic status and 
their tolerance for physical 

5351
04:45:21,800 --> 04:45:24,300
discomfort. 
Looking back at Victorian 

5352
04:45:24,300 --> 04:45:26,500
fashion from our comfortable, 
modern perspective. 

5353
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:30,400
It's easy to laugh at the 
absurdity of it all, but there's

5354
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,100
something admirable about the 
sheer human adaptability. 

5355
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:36,500
It represented Victorian. 
Women took clothing that seems 

5356
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,500
impossible to live in and 
somehow build entire lives 

5357
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:42,500
around it. 
They developed skills techniques

5358
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:45,800
and social systems that allowed 
them to function despite wearing

5359
04:45:45,800 --> 04:45:49,100
architectural elements. 
The Victorian fashion area 

5360
04:45:49,100 --> 04:45:51,000
teaches us. 
Something important about human 

5361
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:54,900
nature, we can adapt to almost 
anything but that doesn't mean 

5362
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,900
we should have to Admitting that
something widely accepted is 

5363
04:45:58,900 --> 04:46:01,300
actually ridiculous. 
And needs change. 

5364
04:46:01,300 --> 04:46:04,100
Can often be the most 
revolutionary Act. 

5365
04:46:04,900 --> 04:46:07,200
As you settle in, for a 
comfortable night's sleep, in 

5366
04:46:07,200 --> 04:46:10,500
your practical breathable 
pajama's spare a thought for 

5367
04:46:10,500 --> 04:46:13,400
those Victorian women who 
managed to build Rich complex 

5368
04:46:13,400 --> 04:46:16,200
lives while wearing clothing 
that defied both physics and 

5369
04:46:16,200 --> 04:46:18,500
Common Sense. 
They may not have been 

5370
04:46:18,500 --> 04:46:21,000
comfortable but they were 
certainly never boring. 

5371
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,600
And with that we can conclude 
one of history is most intricate

5372
04:46:24,600 --> 04:46:27,500
attempts to overly complicate 
daily life through fashion. 

5373
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:31,600
Sweet dreams and be grateful for
elastic, waistbands. 

5374
04:46:41,400 --> 04:46:45,400
Imagine America in 1928 a nation
that had figured out the key to 

5375
04:46:45,400 --> 04:46:49,300
Eternal Bliss. 10 years, had 
passed since the Great War and 

5376
04:46:49,300 --> 04:46:51,200
Americans had a renewed sense of
hope. 

5377
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:54,700
After that horrific struggle, 
everyone was invited to a party 

5378
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,900
that seemed to have been planned
by the entire country and lasted

5379
04:46:57,900 --> 04:47:01,500
for years, the sound of jazz 
leaking from Speak Easy doors, 

5380
04:47:01,500 --> 04:47:04,300
filled the night are in the 
cities, where electric lights 

5381
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:06,400
painted the streets, in warm 
yellow pools. 

5382
04:47:06,400 --> 04:47:10,000
Thank you very much. 
Women who had worked in offices 

5383
04:47:10,000 --> 04:47:12,900
in factories during the War 
years had found that they really

5384
04:47:12,900 --> 04:47:15,600
enjoyed being independent and 
making their own decisions. 

5385
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:18,100
He danced the Charleston with a 
freedom. 

5386
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:20,200
That would have been 
unimaginable only a few years 

5387
04:47:20,200 --> 04:47:24,300
ago bobbed their hair cut their 
skirt short and scandalized 

5388
04:47:24,300 --> 04:47:26,900
their mothers. 
The are literally smelled of 

5389
04:47:26,900 --> 04:47:29,800
prosperity. 
It was the aroma of brand new 

5390
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:32,900
cars coming off, Henry Ford's 
production line, and the new 

5391
04:47:32,900 --> 04:47:34,300
leather of the seats in the 
Model. 

5392
04:47:34,300 --> 04:47:36,200
T that regular families could 
now afford. 

5393
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:39,800
With a machine that would have 
seemed like magic to his 

5394
04:47:39,800 --> 04:47:42,800
grandfather. 
Farmer's son, could enter a car 

5395
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:45,700
dealership and drive out. 
Making them temples of the new 

5396
04:47:45,700 --> 04:47:48,600
American Dream. 
America's new National Pastime 

5397
04:47:48,600 --> 04:47:51,900
was the stock market Housewives 
talked about their portfolios, 

5398
04:47:51,900 --> 04:47:53,900
over afternoon, tea with the 
same further. 

5399
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:56,400
They used to save for talking 
about their Gardens and 

5400
04:47:56,400 --> 04:47:58,900
barbershops were humming with 
advice on which stocks to 

5401
04:47:58,908 --> 04:48:02,100
purchase it appeared so 
straightforward and infallible. 

5402
04:48:02,100 --> 04:48:05,000
You purchase stocks The 
increased in value and you 

5403
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,600
profited. 
The fact that even Wall Street 

5404
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,100
shoe, shine boys were giving 
stock advice should have been a 

5405
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:12,500
red flag. 
Some reason it seemed like 

5406
04:48:12,508 --> 04:48:16,300
evidence that Prosperity had 
truly turned into democracy Main

5407
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,600
Street was flourishing in small 
towns all over the nation to the

5408
04:48:19,600 --> 04:48:22,500
extent that later paintings by 
Norman Rockwell resembled 

5409
04:48:22,500 --> 04:48:25,900
documentary photography. 
The newest electric appliances 

5410
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:28,700
were added to hardware stores, 
inventory, big city. 

5411
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:32,200
Fashioned Rural America. 
When department stores installed

5412
04:48:32,200 --> 04:48:35,200
plate, glass, windows to 
Showcase ready-made, dresses and

5413
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:37,800
suits. 
Why wouldn't the president of 

5414
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:39,600
the local bank? 
Be the most well-liked 

5415
04:48:39,600 --> 04:48:42,700
individual in town. 
People who thought economic 

5416
04:48:42,700 --> 04:48:45,600
growth was as Dependable as 
Sunrise were casually trusting 

5417
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,400
Banks to make loans. 
The nation had been miraculously

5418
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:51,200
connected by radio in the 
evenings. 

5419
04:48:51,200 --> 04:48:54,400
Families would congregate around
their wooden philco sets to 

5420
04:48:54,400 --> 04:48:57,300
listen to shows that help them 
understand the broader Narrative

5421
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:02,200
of America comedy shows from 
Chicago, Jazz from New York and 

5422
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:05,200
a feeling that the entire nation
was taking part in something. 

5423
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:07,600
Amazing. 
And unprecedented were all 

5424
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:09,700
brought about by the radio 
farmers. 

5425
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:12,300
Were finally starting to benefit
from the country's Prosperity 

5426
04:49:12,300 --> 04:49:15,000
after struggling for the 
majority of the decade. 

5427
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:18,700
Agriculture was becoming more 
like modern industry, thanks to 

5428
04:49:18,708 --> 04:49:21,800
mechanization which was 
replacing back-breaking labor. 

5429
04:49:22,500 --> 04:49:25,800
A new tracker allowed a farmer 
to work land that only a 

5430
04:49:25,800 --> 04:49:27,800
generation ago would have taken 
a dozen men. 

5431
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,100
Farm wives were learning the 
magic of electric vacuum 

5432
04:49:31,100 --> 04:49:34,700
cleaners, and washing machines. 
Rural electrification, programs 

5433
04:49:34,700 --> 04:49:37,500
were starting to install power 
lines in places that had never 

5434
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,300
had electric lights. 
The credit system had developed 

5435
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:42,400
to the point where it seemed 
reasonable to purchase nearly 

5436
04:49:42,400 --> 04:49:46,100
anything. 
Buy now, pay later was more than

5437
04:49:46,100 --> 04:49:48,900
just a catchphrase. 
It was a way of thinking that 

5438
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:51,800
represented America's optimism 
about its economic future. 

5439
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:55,800
Instead of saving months to 
purchase a refrigerator, you 

5440
04:49:55,800 --> 04:49:57,900
could take it home today and pay
for it over time. 

5441
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:02,500
After all, there were plenty of 
jobs wages were increasing and 

5442
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:05,400
the Future Would undoubtedly be 
more prosperous than the present

5443
04:50:05,400 --> 04:50:07,500
confident that they're growing 
incomes. 

5444
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:09,200
Would make the monthly payments 
manageable. 

5445
04:50:09,200 --> 04:50:12,600
Young couples were purchasing 
homes with down payments that 

5446
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:14,600
would seem Impossible by today's
standards. 

5447
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:18,900
On the outskirts of cities, 
neighborhoods were emerging with

5448
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:21,600
streetcar lines, connecting 
them, and modest homes that 

5449
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:24,600
symbolized upward Mobility for 
families whose parents had 

5450
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:27,000
previously lived in Hard, 
Scrabble, Farms, or tenements. 

5451
04:50:27,000 --> 04:50:29,800
This optimism across the country
was mirrored in the 

5452
04:50:29,800 --> 04:50:33,300
entertainment sector Hollywood 
was making films, that praised 

5453
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:35,400
the achievements and 
inventiveness of Americans. 

5454
04:50:35,400 --> 04:50:39,400
As if human endurance itself was
growing along with the economy 

5455
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:42,500
dance, marathon's attracted 
audiences, who marveled at 

5456
04:50:42,500 --> 04:50:44,200
couples, who could dance for 
days. 

5457
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:47,400
With figures, like Babe Ruth, 
representing a sort of 

5458
04:50:47,408 --> 04:50:49,400
exaggerated American success 
story. 

5459
04:50:49,400 --> 04:50:53,400
Professional sports was starting
to take off the confidence of 

5460
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:55,500
the time was even reflected in 
fashion. 

5461
04:50:56,300 --> 04:50:58,400
While women's clothing 
celebrated, a new kind of 

5462
04:50:58,408 --> 04:51:01,900
freedom and Mobility, men suits 
became more relaxed and 

5463
04:51:01,900 --> 04:51:04,400
comfortable. 
Simple, elegant designs 

5464
04:51:04,400 --> 04:51:07,100
replaced, the constricting 
corsets and ornate dresses of 

5465
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:10,000
early Generations. 
Enabling the active Lifestyles 

5466
04:51:10,000 --> 04:51:12,700
that Prosperity was enabling 
most significantly though. 

5467
04:51:12,700 --> 04:51:16,300
Americans, in 1928 had grown to 
have an unwavering faith in 

5468
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:19,500
progress itself. 
Problems were being solved by 

5469
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:22,000
technology more quickly than 
they could be created. 

5470
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:25,500
Everything from manufacturing to
Medicine was being revealed by 

5471
04:51:25,500 --> 04:51:28,200
science. 
Like a train that had left the 

5472
04:51:28,200 --> 04:51:31,000
station and could not be stopped
the future appeared, not only 

5473
04:51:31,000 --> 04:51:34,600
bright, but inevitable in its 
brightness at the time, it 

5474
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:37,600
didn't feel naive. 
But this wasn't naive optimism 

5475
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:39,900
either. 
A prosperity of the United 

5476
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:44,000
States was actually demonstrated
Innovations were changing Every 

5477
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:46,900
Day Life at a rate that left 
even the most astute. 

5478
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:51,100
Observers speechless production 
was up and unemployment was low.

5479
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:55,100
The majority of Americans. 
In 1928 would have regarded, you

5480
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:57,600
with the courteous, confusion, 
typically reserved, for those 

5481
04:51:57,600 --> 04:51:59,300
who asserted that the Earth was 
flat. 

5482
04:51:59,300 --> 04:52:02,600
If you had suggested that their 
economic system was unstable or 

5483
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,100
unsustainable. 
Of course, the warning signs 

5484
04:52:05,100 --> 04:52:08,100
were there, Farm prices were 
declining due to agricultural. 

5485
04:52:08,100 --> 04:52:11,700
Overproduction in comes were not
keeping up with the rate of 

5486
04:52:11,708 --> 04:52:15,200
increase in Consumer Debt. 
The stock market was acting in a

5487
04:52:15,200 --> 04:52:17,100
way that was speculative enough 
to worry. 

5488
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,100
Experienced investors. 
However, these appear to be 

5489
04:52:20,108 --> 04:52:23,000
small technical problems, that 
could be readily fixed by the 

5490
04:52:23,000 --> 04:52:26,400
same American resourcefulness 
that had resolved, all the other

5491
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:29,500
issues. 
As 1929 got underway, the 

5492
04:52:29,500 --> 04:52:32,100
majority of Americans were 
making plans for what appeared 

5493
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:33,400
to be a better future than the 
one. 

5494
04:52:33,408 --> 04:52:35,800
They were living in. 
At the time one that was more 

5495
04:52:35,800 --> 04:52:39,400
prosperous, more comfortable and
full of opportunities that would

5496
04:52:39,400 --> 04:52:41,100
make rising in the morning and 
Adventure. 

5497
04:52:41,100 --> 04:52:44,300
Rather than a chore, the crisp 
autumn whether that typically 

5498
04:52:44,300 --> 04:52:47,700
made, people feel energized, and
optimistic arrived in New York 

5499
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:50,500
in October 1929. 
A city. 

5500
04:52:50,508 --> 04:52:53,800
Had that strange Clarity that 
comes with the first cool days. 

5501
04:52:53,800 --> 04:52:56,800
After a long summer, and the 
leaves in Central Park were 

5502
04:52:56,800 --> 04:53:00,900
turning brilliant shades of red 
and gold with men in dark suits,

5503
04:53:00,900 --> 04:53:03,100
moving with purpose and winding 
streets. 

5504
04:53:03,100 --> 04:53:06,300
The Familiar sound of 
construction and traffic, and 

5505
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:08,500
the comforting bustle of a 
financial district. 

5506
04:53:08,500 --> 04:53:10,400
That seemed to operate on pure 
confidence. 

5507
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:13,300
Wall Street appeared exactly as 
it had for months. 

5508
04:53:13,300 --> 04:53:16,100
However, if you had been 
listening carefully, that 

5509
04:53:16,100 --> 04:53:19,200
October you may have observed 
minor shifts in the daily 

5510
04:53:19,200 --> 04:53:22,300
routine. 
Restaurant conversations were a 

5511
04:53:22,300 --> 04:53:24,800
little different now, still 
hopeful, but with a hint of 

5512
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,500
worried that had not been 
present during the summer, like,

5513
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:30,600
a normally dependable car that 
had begun to make strange noises

5514
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:32,700
stock prices. 
Had been acting strangely 

5515
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:36,400
dropping sharply and then Rising
again the morning of Thursday, 

5516
04:53:36,400 --> 04:53:39,800
October 24th started out in 
Manhattan, just like any other 

5517
04:53:39,800 --> 04:53:42,700
fall morning. 
From subway stations, office 

5518
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:45,600
workers came out with newspapers
that contain the typical mix of 

5519
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:49,000
social gossip sports scores and 
political news. 

5520
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:52,400
There were some alarming figures
in the financial pages but 

5521
04:53:52,400 --> 04:53:55,100
nothing that would have seemed 
disastrous to the untrained eye.

5522
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,000
The majority of people were not 
as interested in the technical 

5523
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,100
aspects of stock market 
fluctuations, as they were in 

5524
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:04,400
the latest Hollywood scandals or
the World Series. 

5525
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:08,700
However, something extraordinary
was taking place inside the New 

5526
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:12,000
York Stock Exchange. 
Sales orders were coming in more

5527
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:13,800
quickly than the system could 
handle them. 

5528
04:54:13,800 --> 04:54:17,100
There was a growing franticness 
to The Familiar sound of 

5529
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:19,200
trading. 
The mechanical clicking of 

5530
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:23,000
ticker tape machines and the 
voices calling out prices by 

5531
04:54:23,000 --> 04:54:24,700
mid-morning. 
The market was unable to operate

5532
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:27,900
normally due to the overwhelming
selling pressure, the mechanical

5533
04:54:27,900 --> 04:54:31,000
Wonder's known as ticker tape 
machines, which had provided 

5534
04:54:31,000 --> 04:54:34,900
America with stock price updates
started to deteriorate rapidly. 

5535
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:38,500
Crowds gathered around the 
slow-moving tape in brokerage 

5536
04:54:38,500 --> 04:54:41,700
officers Across the Nation, to 
watch their Investments vanish 

5537
04:54:41,700 --> 04:54:45,600
in real time, due to the delay. 
Stock prices were frequently 

5538
04:54:45,600 --> 04:54:48,100
significantly out of date. 
By the time they were seen. 

5539
04:54:48,100 --> 04:54:51,200
Imagine seeing grown men looking
at ticker tape in a general 

5540
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:54,500
store in Iowa or a barbershop in
Detroit with the expression of 

5541
04:54:54,500 --> 04:54:56,200
those who have just been in a 
car accident. 

5542
04:54:57,300 --> 04:55:00,600
Like, Morning, Mist, the 
informal confidence that had 

5543
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:02,500
defined stock market 
conversations for years 

5544
04:55:02,500 --> 04:55:05,500
vanished. 
What started out as discussions 

5545
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:08,400
about which stocks to purchase 
turned into urgent. 

5546
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:11,700
Whispered consultations about 
whether to sell it was 

5547
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:14,700
heartbreaking and surreal to 
watch the human drama unfold in 

5548
04:55:14,708 --> 04:55:17,100
brokerage offices well-dressed 
businessman. 

5549
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:19,500
Who had come feeling Rich that 
morning found their paper 

5550
04:55:19,500 --> 04:55:22,700
profits gone by lunchtime. 
Clients would call secretaries 

5551
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:25,100
in a panic asking. 
If the numbers they were seeing 

5552
04:55:25,100 --> 04:55:28,000
were legitimate as it turned 
out, black Thursday was like 

5553
04:55:28,000 --> 04:55:30,700
witnessing a masterfully, 
composed Symphony, fall apart 

5554
04:55:30,700 --> 04:55:33,700
into Anarchy. 
When put to the test by real 

5555
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:36,100
Panic, the financial system that
had appeared. 

5556
04:55:36,100 --> 04:55:39,600
So stable and predictable turned
out to be surprisingly brittle. 

5557
04:55:40,600 --> 04:55:42,100
As they went about their daily 
lives. 

5558
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:45,000
However, the majority of 
American saw the day not as an 

5559
04:55:45,000 --> 04:55:48,200
immediate crisis but as a 
distant Rumble of trouble, a 

5560
04:55:48,200 --> 04:55:50,600
brief reprieve and a glimmer of 
hope that maybe the worst was 

5561
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:52,100
over, were brought about by The 
Weeknd. 

5562
04:55:53,100 --> 04:55:55,700
Financial leaders made 
comforting claims in newspapers 

5563
04:55:55,700 --> 04:55:58,500
that the markets fundamentals 
were still stable. 

5564
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:02,000
The administration of President 
Hoover made optimistic forcast 

5565
04:56:02,000 --> 04:56:05,400
regarding the disruption as 
transient nature that weekend. 

5566
04:56:05,400 --> 04:56:08,400
A lot of Americans convinced 
themselves that the markets 

5567
04:56:08,400 --> 04:56:11,000
actions had been an anomaly 
rather than an awarding. 

5568
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:13,900
However any last Illusions 
regarding the crisis. 

5569
04:56:13,900 --> 04:56:15,800
Transient nature were destroyed 
on Tuesday. 

5570
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:20,500
October, the 29th also known as 
Black Tuesday With even more 

5571
04:56:20,500 --> 04:56:22,500
Vigor. 
The selling that had started the

5572
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:26,600
week before resumed, this time, 
there was no comeback know, 

5573
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,300
rally in the afternoon to boost 
Spirits, millions of frantic 

5574
04:56:30,300 --> 04:56:32,100
decisions to sell at any price 
caused. 

5575
04:56:32,100 --> 04:56:35,500
The market to Simply collapse 
crowds gathered outside Banks 

5576
04:56:35,500 --> 04:56:37,500
and brokerage houses in American
cities. 

5577
04:56:37,500 --> 04:56:40,400
Not to make investment 
decisions, but to learn what was

5578
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:44,300
happening to their life savings.
People appeared stunned rather 

5579
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:47,100
than angry as if they were 
processing information that 

5580
04:56:47,100 --> 04:56:49,500
didn't fit with their conception
of how the world worked. 

5581
04:56:50,600 --> 04:56:53,600
The atmosphere was remarkably 
quiet for such large Gatherings 

5582
04:56:53,600 --> 04:56:55,800
black. 
Tuesday's human cost was not 

5583
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:58,500
immediately evident. 
In Striking ways, most people 

5584
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:00,600
didn't tear up stock, 
certificates, or jump out of 

5585
04:57:00,600 --> 04:57:03,000
Windows. 
Rather, they returned home to 

5586
04:57:03,000 --> 04:57:04,900
dinner. 
Tables with quiet, unsure 

5587
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:08,700
conversations youngsters felt 
that something significant had 

5588
04:57:08,700 --> 04:57:12,200
changed, but they weren't sure 
what it was rather than being 

5589
04:57:12,200 --> 04:57:14,200
dramatic. 
The first indication of trouble,

5590
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:18,200
for many families was pragmatic.
The father put off buying a new 

5591
04:57:18,208 --> 04:57:21,800
car in definitely the mother 
decided her old winter coat 

5592
04:57:21,800 --> 04:57:25,200
would last another season after 
shopping for a new one budgets 

5593
04:57:25,200 --> 04:57:28,700
for small luxury, purchases such
as movie tickets flowers for the

5594
04:57:28,708 --> 04:57:31,500
table and candy for the kids 
were subtly cut. 

5595
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:34,400
Perhaps, even more important 
than the immediate financial 

5596
04:57:34,400 --> 04:57:38,400
harm, was the psychological toll
for years, Americans had assumed

5597
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:41,100
that their economic system was 
fundamentally sound. 

5598
04:57:41,100 --> 04:57:44,400
And that short-term setbacks 
were always followed by recovery

5599
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:47,800
that basic premise was called, 
into question, by Black Tuesday 

5600
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:50,400
in ways that were changed 
people's perspectives on money 

5601
04:57:50,400 --> 04:57:53,700
security and the future. 
Thank tellers were asked 

5602
04:57:53,700 --> 04:57:55,200
questions they were unable to 
respond. 

5603
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:57,800
To after years of urgent, 
clients to put their savings 

5604
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,300
into the stock market. 
How do you tell a depositor that

5605
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:04,100
their money which they believed 
was growing safely and 

5606
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:06,400
conservative Investments has 
just disappeared? 

5607
04:58:06,400 --> 04:58:09,700
When that the experts were. 
So utterly mistaken about what 

5608
04:58:09,700 --> 04:58:12,500
was feasible, how can one 
continue to have faith in 

5609
04:58:12,500 --> 04:58:16,000
financial institutions? 
Suddenly small business owners 

5610
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:19,000
who had grown their operations 
on the basis of easy credit were

5611
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,100
exposed and overburdened. 
After stocking up for the 

5612
04:58:22,108 --> 04:58:25,000
holidays, The Corner, Grocery 
found that consumers were 

5613
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:26,800
suddenly much more frugal with 
their money. 

5614
04:58:27,600 --> 04:58:30,400
As prospective buyers decided 
that perhaps their old cars 

5615
04:58:30,400 --> 04:58:32,900
would last a few more years, the
local car. 

5616
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:35,800
Dealer watched his showroom, 
empty, the psychological effects

5617
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:38,600
of the crash were felt even by 
those who had not made direct 

5618
04:58:38,600 --> 04:58:42,000
stock market Investments, What 
other presumptions about 

5619
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:44,800
contemporary life? 
Might be just as faulty if the 

5620
04:58:44,808 --> 04:58:47,900
experts could be so mistaken 
about something as basic as the 

5621
04:58:47,908 --> 04:58:51,900
stability of the market more 
cautious and certain approach to

5622
04:58:51,900 --> 04:58:54,900
planning and spending started to
replace the confident optimism, 

5623
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:59,008
that are defined the 1920s in 
many respects, the week of the 

5624
04:58:59,016 --> 04:59:01,900
crash signaled, the end of an 
era, it went beyond the fact 

5625
04:59:01,900 --> 04:59:04,900
that some investors had lost 
money or that stock, price is a 

5626
04:59:04,900 --> 04:59:07,100
dropped. 
In ways that would impact 

5627
04:59:07,100 --> 04:59:10,100
American culture for 
Generations, the entire system 

5628
04:59:10,100 --> 04:59:13,400
of presumptions regarding 
American Prosperity, the 

5629
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:16,400
correlation between effort and 
reward and the validity of 

5630
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:18,600
progress itself had been called 
into question. 

5631
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:22,800
In late 1929, New York City was 
like a patient recuperating from

5632
04:59:22,800 --> 04:59:26,500
major surgery, still breathing, 
still functioning but moving 

5633
04:59:26,500 --> 04:59:29,300
more cautiously questioning 
every sensation. 

5634
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:33,300
From a distance, the city 
appeared identical, the same 

5635
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:37,100
tool skyscrapers gleaming in the
Morning, Light the same streams 

5636
04:59:37,100 --> 04:59:40,100
of traffic rushing through 
streets that resembled Canyon's 

5637
04:59:40,100 --> 04:59:43,700
and the same Vitality that had 
always made Manhattan seem like 

5638
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:46,500
the center of the universe, the 
changes, however, were 

5639
04:59:46,500 --> 04:59:48,000
everywhere. 
If you knew how to look, 

5640
04:59:49,000 --> 04:59:50,800
Previously bustling with stock 
tips. 

5641
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:53,700
The shoe shine stands. 
Now provided services in almost 

5642
04:59:53,708 --> 04:59:56,600
complete silence. 
During what should have been 

5643
04:59:56,600 --> 04:59:58,900
peak hours. 
The upscale lunch restaurants 

5644
04:59:58,900 --> 05:00:01,200
that have been crowded with 
diners with expense accounts 

5645
05:00:01,200 --> 05:00:03,800
were left empty. 
People appeared to be moving 

5646
05:00:03,800 --> 05:00:07,100
with purpose, but unsure of 
their destinations as evidence 

5647
05:00:07,100 --> 05:00:10,100
by the altered rhythm of foot 
traffic which was less assured 

5648
05:00:10,100 --> 05:00:11,900
and more hurried, the Upper East
Side. 

5649
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:15,100
Apartment complex is started to 
narrate Tales of subdued 

5650
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:18,300
economic turmoil. 
Families who had relocated to 

5651
05:00:18,300 --> 05:00:21,300
larger Apartments during the 
boom years were forced to the 

5652
05:00:21,300 --> 05:00:24,300
look for smaller Apartments. 
They could truly afford or 

5653
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:26,100
bargain with landlords for lower
rent. 

5654
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:29,900
The lavish dinner party is that 
had characterized social life in

5655
05:00:29,900 --> 05:00:34,100
the 1920s, either, shrinking 
size became more straightforward

5656
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:37,300
events, or vanished completely 
using the money from 

5657
05:00:37,300 --> 05:00:39,200
Investments. 
Her late husband had made in 

5658
05:00:39,200 --> 05:00:42,500
railroad stops, Martha Wilson. 
Let's call her Martha. 

5659
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:45,800
She could have been any of 
thousands of women in similar 

5660
05:00:45,800 --> 05:00:49,500
situations. 
Her apartment on East 73rd, 

5661
05:00:49,500 --> 05:00:52,000
Street featured Windows 
overlooking a tree-lined street.

5662
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:55,100
That felt like a Haven in the 
middle of the city, the doorman,

5663
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:58,000
an elevator service. 
She'd gone shopping at 

5664
05:00:58,000 --> 05:01:00,800
Bloomingdale's in the mornings 
to ladies, luncheons in the 

5665
05:01:00,800 --> 05:01:04,300
afternoons and to the Opera or 
theater in the evenings, by 

5666
05:01:04,300 --> 05:01:08,000
December 1929, Martha was 
learning that railroad stocks 

5667
05:01:08,000 --> 05:01:10,000
were no longer a consistent 
source of income. 

5668
05:01:10,000 --> 05:01:14,200
Her first economy was firing her
housekeeper, a difficult choice 

5669
05:01:14,200 --> 05:01:16,900
that required not only careful 
budgeting, but also the 

5670
05:01:16,900 --> 05:01:19,700
realization that she would need 
to make significant changes to 

5671
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:22,200
her way of life. 
She learned how to manage 

5672
05:01:22,200 --> 05:01:24,900
household chores that she had 
never thought of as part of her 

5673
05:01:24,900 --> 05:01:28,000
duties and how to prepare meals.
That she'd previously taken for 

5674
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:30,900
granted perhaps more challenging
than the Practical adjustments 

5675
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:34,300
was the psychological shift. 
Martha had to balance her 

5676
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:37,100
perception of herself as a 
self-sufficient woman with the 

5677
05:01:37,100 --> 05:01:39,700
fact that she was now 
meticulously planning her 

5678
05:01:39,700 --> 05:01:42,900
grocery budget and determining 
whether she could afford a cab. 

5679
05:01:42,900 --> 05:01:46,100
Or if she would have to take the
subway, she was no longer able 

5680
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:48,700
to afford the social activities 
that shape her days. 

5681
05:01:48,700 --> 05:01:52,000
The financial district downtown 
was acclimating to a new 

5682
05:01:52,008 --> 05:01:54,400
reality. 
With the Grim resolve that New 

5683
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:58,000
Yorkers had always displayed 
during times of crisis, Just 

5684
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:02,000
months before brokerage firms, 
that had hired dozens of Clarks 

5685
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:04,900
and Runners were forced to lay 
off employees, who had seemed 

5686
05:02:04,900 --> 05:02:07,600
indispensable. 
The survivors processed the 

5687
05:02:07,608 --> 05:02:10,700
paperwork of an economy that was
Contracting rather than growing 

5688
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:14,300
while putting in more hours for 
the same pay, with the Practical

5689
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:16,600
urgency of people whose rent was
due next month. 

5690
05:02:16,600 --> 05:02:19,400
Young men who had come to New 
York with hopes of becoming 

5691
05:02:19,400 --> 05:02:22,500
wealthy on Wall Street, the 
forced to re-evaluate their 

5692
05:02:22,500 --> 05:02:25,500
career plans. 
Some brought Tales of urban 

5693
05:02:25,500 --> 05:02:27,800
Adventures that ended more 
suddenly than they had 

5694
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:29,700
anticipated back to their 
hometowns. 

5695
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:34,000
Others chose to stay and adjust 
accepting positions that paid 

5696
05:02:34,000 --> 05:02:37,000
less than they had hoped for, 
but gave them the stable income 

5697
05:02:37,000 --> 05:02:39,400
that had suddenly gained more 
value than the prospect of 

5698
05:02:39,400 --> 05:02:42,600
extraordinary success. 
As consumers became more frugal 

5699
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:45,300
with their spending, the 
entertainment sector, which had 

5700
05:02:45,300 --> 05:02:47,600
appeared to be immune to the 
recession during the boom 

5701
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,200
started to suffer Broadway 
Theater. 

5702
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:53,400
That had anticipated packed 
houses were forced to provide 

5703
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:57,100
matinee specials and discounted 
tickets, double features, and 

5704
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:00,200
prize Knights were introduced by
movie theaters in an attempt to 

5705
05:03:00,208 --> 05:03:03,100
attract patrons who now 
considered entertainment to be a

5706
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:06,300
luxury, rather than a need 
restaurant in the city, adjusted

5707
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:09,200
with the kind of inventive, that
is frequently stimulated by 

5708
05:03:09,200 --> 05:03:12,400
economic pressure. 
Restaurants that have 

5709
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,700
established their reputations on
pricing ingredients, and ornate,

5710
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:19,200
presentation started serving 
simpler food that costs that 

5711
05:03:19,208 --> 05:03:21,300
mirrored the lower incomes of 
their patrons. 

5712
05:03:22,200 --> 05:03:24,700
Speakeasies, is that a prospered
during the prohibition era, 

5713
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:28,400
discovered that when people's 
disposable income decreased even

5714
05:03:28,400 --> 05:03:30,600
illegal drinking became more 
cost-conscious. 

5715
05:03:30,600 --> 05:03:33,800
Department stores, such as 
Macy's and gimbals, turned into 

5716
05:03:33,800 --> 05:03:36,900
research labs to study, how 
consumer Behavior shifts when 

5717
05:03:36,900 --> 05:03:40,900
caution replaces optimism 
Consumers, who used to peruse 

5718
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:44,100
Goods at leisure and buy things 
on a whim, rather, than out of 

5719
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,500
necessity of turned into 
targeted buyers with meticulous 

5720
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:51,300
budgets, and lists sales, Clarks
discovered that value and 

5721
05:03:51,300 --> 05:03:53,700
Longevity were more important 
than style and Novelty. 

5722
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:57,600
The city's extensive network of 
small businesses including 

5723
05:03:57,600 --> 05:03:59,500
family, run eateries 
neighborhood. 

5724
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:01,700
Barber shops and Corner. 
Grocery Stores. 

5725
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:05,500
Saw the crashes as a slow 
tightening rather than an Abrupt

5726
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,500
disaster. 
Once prompted Bill payers 

5727
05:04:08,500 --> 05:04:11,700
started, requesting credit 
extensions, specialty item 

5728
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:13,200
orders. 
Decrease as consumers, 

5729
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:17,000
prioritized Necessities, like 
Steam from the subway greats, 

5730
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:20,100
the sporadic Prosperity that had
sustained thousands of small 

5731
05:04:20,100 --> 05:04:23,400
businesses started to dissipate 
people who had previously used 

5732
05:04:23,400 --> 05:04:26,700
taxes now, shared buses. 
And subway cars with a wide 

5733
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:30,400
range of the City's population 
making public transportation a 

5734
05:04:30,400 --> 05:04:34,100
more democratic experience. 
As economic necessity, brought 

5735
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:36,700
people together, who might have 
previously traveled in different

5736
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:39,600
spheres, the subway system, 
which had always been a great 

5737
05:04:39,608 --> 05:04:43,100
equalizer became even more. 
So, as a free venue for 

5738
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:46,100
recreation, and Entertainment 
Central Park gained new 

5739
05:04:46,100 --> 05:04:49,400
importance families, that had 
previously spent weekends at 

5740
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:52,700
pricey entertainment, venues 
learned to enjoy easy, picnics 

5741
05:04:52,700 --> 05:04:56,300
and strolls along the parks 
Meandering paths conversations 

5742
05:04:56,300 --> 05:04:59,300
about jobs prospects and the 
uncertain future that everyone 

5743
05:04:59,300 --> 05:05:02,000
was attempting to navigate. 
Took place on the park benches 

5744
05:05:02,000 --> 05:05:05,100
informally communities of 
immigrants who had historically 

5745
05:05:05,100 --> 05:05:07,800
made up the majority of the 
city's Workforce were 

5746
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:11,700
susceptible to changes in the 
economy increased demand and 

5747
05:05:11,700 --> 05:05:14,300
dwindling resources. 
Put pressure on the networks of 

5748
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:17,600
mutual support that had helped 
newcomers, establish themselves 

5749
05:05:17,600 --> 05:05:20,400
and factory jobs that had 
offered stable employment 

5750
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:23,900
started to disappear. 
However, even in the face of 

5751
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:27,900
Christ's New York's fundamental 
qualities, its adaptability its 

5752
05:05:27,900 --> 05:05:31,300
resilience and its unwavering 
refusal to let circumstances win

5753
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:35,400
began to show New goods were 
discovered for Street vendors to

5754
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:38,800
sell in the evolving economy, 
entrepreneurs found 

5755
05:05:38,800 --> 05:05:42,100
opportunities. 
The city that had established a 

5756
05:05:42,100 --> 05:05:45,400
reputation for Ingenuity and 
ambition started the process of 

5757
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:48,400
redefining itself for a world, 
that was becoming less certain 

5758
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:51,400
the people navigating the 
streets Below had learned some 

5759
05:05:51,400 --> 05:05:53,900
hard lessons about the 
distinction between appearance 

5760
05:05:53,900 --> 05:05:57,400
and reality between fleeting 
prosperity and long-term 

5761
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:01,800
security, but the skyline still 
soared toward heaven with the 

5762
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:06,000
same bold confidence, though, 
New York was still New York. 

5763
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:08,900
It was evolving into a more 
deliberate cautious form of 

5764
05:06:08,908 --> 05:06:10,900
itself. 
There was little you could do, 

5765
05:06:10,900 --> 05:06:13,500
but prepare as best, you could, 
and hope your preparations would

5766
05:06:13,500 --> 05:06:15,600
be sufficient. 
When the crash struck Rural 

5767
05:06:15,600 --> 05:06:20,200
America like a slow-moving storm
system The rural experience was 

5768
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:23,200
more, akin to watching, water 
slowly drain from a bathtub 

5769
05:06:23,200 --> 05:06:27,300
steady and unrelenting but not 
necessarily disastrous on any 

5770
05:06:27,300 --> 05:06:31,300
given day in contrast to the 
dramatic immediate impact felt 

5771
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:35,400
on Wall Street in 1929, Tom 
Henderson, who could speak for 

5772
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:38,100
any of the thousands of farmers 
in the midwest had been 

5773
05:06:38,100 --> 05:06:40,200
cautiously optimistic about his 
future. 

5774
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:43,600
Harvest season had shown the 
value of the new track to. 

5775
05:06:43,600 --> 05:06:46,900
He had purchased on credit the 
year before and his farm outside

5776
05:06:46,900 --> 05:06:50,100
of Topeka Kansas had been 
yielding respectable corn and 

5777
05:06:50,108 --> 05:06:52,800
wheat crops, Given their recent 
success. 

5778
05:06:52,800 --> 05:06:56,200
His wife, Sarah had been 
discussing improvements, like, 

5779
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,000
installing indoor plumbing and 
possibly electricity. 

5780
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:02,100
It was the weekly trip to town 
for male and supplies that 

5781
05:07:02,100 --> 05:07:05,600
brought the crash to Tom's Farm.
Not ticker tape or desperate 

5782
05:07:05,600 --> 05:07:08,500
phone calls. 
The banker who had granted Tom's

5783
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,400
tract alone gave him a phony 
smile and said they might want 

5784
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:14,600
to talk about adjusting the 
payment schedule to reflect the 

5785
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:17,500
state of the economy. 
Although the conversation was 

5786
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:21,400
courteous even friendly, there 
was a subliminal message that 

5787
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:25,200
Tom's financial status had 
deteriorated overnight cautious 

5788
05:07:25,200 --> 05:07:28,000
discussion about what was 
happening in the cities and what

5789
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:30,700
it might mean for Rural 
communities, replace the weather

5790
05:07:30,700 --> 05:07:33,000
and crop prices, that had 
previously dominated 

5791
05:07:33,000 --> 05:07:34,600
conversations at the General 
Store. 

5792
05:07:35,500 --> 05:07:38,700
In private the store keeper, who
gave credit to the majority of 

5793
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:41,500
his farming clients was 
concerned about the number of 

5794
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:43,600
accounts that might become 
challenging to collect. 

5795
05:07:44,500 --> 05:07:47,700
However knowing that rural 
communities relied on Mutual 

5796
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,400
trust and support. 
He kept his worries to himself, 

5797
05:07:50,400 --> 05:07:52,900
Sarah Henderson, felt the impact
of the crash. 

5798
05:07:52,900 --> 05:07:55,600
Through a gradual, titling of 
the household budget that 

5799
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:59,400
required constant small 
adjustments, the chicago-based 

5800
05:07:59,400 --> 05:08:02,200
magazines, she subscribed to 
ended up being an unnecessary 

5801
05:08:02,200 --> 05:08:05,100
expense. 
New kitchen, curtain plans were 

5802
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:08,900
put on hold indefinitely. 
A family's routine, gradually 

5803
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:12,400
vanished, along with the little 
Comforts that had made Farm like

5804
05:08:12,400 --> 05:08:14,900
more enjoyable. 
Such as store-bought cookies for

5805
05:08:14,900 --> 05:08:18,700
the kids, a new dress for church
and sporadic outings to the 

5806
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:22,100
county seat for entertainment. 
The rhythm of Rural Life, served

5807
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:25,000
as a sort of buffer against the 
sharp fluctuations of the urban 

5808
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:28,500
economic crisis, regardless of 
the state of stock prices 

5809
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:31,200
Farmers. 
Still had to milk, cows twice a 

5810
05:08:31,200 --> 05:08:33,300
day. 
In accordance with natural 

5811
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:36,100
cycles that had little to do 
with human economic systems, 

5812
05:08:36,100 --> 05:08:39,300
crops still had to be planted in
the spring and harvested in the 

5813
05:08:39,300 --> 05:08:41,900
fall. 
During a period when many City, 

5814
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:45,300
dwellers totally disoriented 
this routine, offered both 

5815
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:48,900
stability and perspective. 
However, in ways that earlier 

5816
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:50,700
generations of farmers might not
have noticed. 

5817
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:54,700
The crash also revealed rural 
America's growing Reliance on 

5818
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:58,000
the larger National economy 
Tom's corn was now used in 

5819
05:08:58,000 --> 05:09:01,600
commodity markets that spam the 
continent, not just defeat his 

5820
05:09:01,608 --> 05:09:04,900
family in the neighborhood in 
individual Farms experience the 

5821
05:09:04,900 --> 05:09:08,000
repercussions of those markets 
contraction with unexpected 

5822
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:11,500
force and speed the tension of 
the larger Financial system 

5823
05:09:11,500 --> 05:09:15,000
started to be reflected in the 
local bank which had previously 

5824
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:17,500
appeared to be such a pillar of 
community stability. 

5825
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:21,000
The bank president was torn 
between the human needs of his 

5826
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,400
community and the increasingly 
strict requirements of banking 

5827
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:26,300
regulations and economic 
reality. 

5828
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:30,500
He knew most of his customers 
personally and had granted loans

5829
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:32,500
based on character, as much as 
collateral. 

5830
05:09:32,500 --> 05:09:35,400
Small town business owners found
that their clients spending 

5831
05:09:35,400 --> 05:09:37,900
habits had changed in minor, but
important ways. 

5832
05:09:37,900 --> 05:09:40,900
The owner of the hardware store 
observed that farmers were 

5833
05:09:40,900 --> 05:09:42,900
fixing their equipment more 
frequently, rather than 

5834
05:09:42,900 --> 05:09:45,700
replacing it. 
Instead of buying ready-made 

5835
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:47,700
clothing, the dress shop 
discovered that women were 

5836
05:09:47,700 --> 05:09:49,600
buying fabric to make their own 
clothes. 

5837
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:52,600
Although these were not 
significant changes, they did 

5838
05:09:52,600 --> 05:09:55,600
reflect a move towards 
self-sufficiency and a waning 

5839
05:09:55,600 --> 05:09:58,600
faith in future Prosperity. 
The Henderson children's 

5840
05:09:58,600 --> 05:10:01,300
one-room schoolhouse served as a
window into the impact of the 

5841
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:04,800
crash on rural families. 
Youngsters started to wear older

5842
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:07,400
clothing. 
Bring simpler lunches and engage

5843
05:10:07,400 --> 05:10:09,000
in fewer activities that cost 
money. 

5844
05:10:09,900 --> 05:10:13,400
The teacher, who frequently 
bored with local families turned

5845
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:15,600
into an unofficial social 
worker, who was able to 

5846
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:18,400
identify, which kids might be 
lacking proper clothing or food 

5847
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:21,300
after urging Farmers to 
modernize and expand their 

5848
05:10:21,300 --> 05:10:25,300
operations during the 1920s. 
Agricultural Extension, agents 

5849
05:10:25,300 --> 05:10:28,800
found themselves providing a 
variety of advice in late 1929. 

5850
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:32,400
Efficiently, in conservation 
became more important than 

5851
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:35,600
expansion and innovation. 
Farmers were now urged to 

5852
05:10:35,608 --> 05:10:37,700
diversify and make sure they 
could provide for their 

5853
05:10:37,700 --> 05:10:41,200
families, regardless of market 
conditions, after previously 

5854
05:10:41,200 --> 05:10:44,500
being urged to focus on cash. 
Crops a Lifeline for information

5855
05:10:44,500 --> 05:10:47,400
and emotional support. 
The rural telephone system was 

5856
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:51,100
still relatively new in many 
places party lines, buzzed with 

5857
05:10:51,108 --> 05:10:53,900
conversations about who was 
struggling who might need help 

5858
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:56,200
and how communities could 
support their members. 

5859
05:10:56,200 --> 05:11:00,300
Through uncertain times, the 
local exchanges operator took on

5860
05:11:00,300 --> 05:11:03,300
the role of an unofficial 
Community coordinator bringing 

5861
05:11:03,300 --> 05:11:06,000
together those in need of help. 
And those who might be able to 

5862
05:11:06,000 --> 05:11:09,200
offer it Church congregations 
discovered that they were taking

5863
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:11,900
on more responsibilities as 
networks of practical and 

5864
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:15,100
spiritual support. 
While prayers for economic 

5865
05:11:15,100 --> 05:11:17,100
recovery were offered during 
Sunday Services. 

5866
05:11:17,100 --> 05:11:20,300
The real work took place in 
Fellowship halls and church 

5867
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,000
basements where local 
communities arranged clothing, 

5868
05:11:23,000 --> 05:11:25,800
exchanges, food drives and 
unofficial job placement 

5869
05:11:25,800 --> 05:11:28,600
services. 
The minister frequently turned 

5870
05:11:28,600 --> 05:11:31,400
into a financial advisor, 
assisting families in making 

5871
05:11:31,400 --> 05:11:34,800
tough choices regarding debt and
expenditure country, doctors 

5872
05:11:34,800 --> 05:11:36,900
found that their patients were 
delaying medical care. 

5873
05:11:36,900 --> 05:11:40,600
That wasn't absolutely necessary
paying for services with labor 

5874
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:43,800
or produce, and stead of money 
and using folk medson and home 

5875
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:47,000
remedies more and more. 
The doctors rounds grew longer 

5876
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:49,300
and more intricate. 
As he struck a balance between 

5877
05:11:49,300 --> 05:11:52,200
his knowledge of his patients 
Financial constraints and 

5878
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:55,700
Professional Medical judgment. 
The local newspaper, which had 

5879
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:58,100
Chronicle, the communities 
Prosperity during the boom years

5880
05:11:58,100 --> 05:12:01,400
began to focus more on practical
advice and Community 

5881
05:12:01,400 --> 05:12:04,500
cooperation. 
Once praising modernization and 

5882
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:07,900
progress editorial Pages. 
Now, highlighted the benefits of

5883
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:09,800
self-reliance Thrift and 
camaraderie. 

5884
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:13,200
Reports of lavish parties, gave 
way to stories about 

5885
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:15,900
collaborative, efforts and 
community service projects and 

5886
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:18,700
social columns. 
However, the reaction of Rural 

5887
05:12:18,700 --> 05:12:22,000
America to the crash also, 
demonstrated advantages that 

5888
05:12:22,000 --> 05:12:23,600
Urban regions occasionally 
lacked. 

5889
05:12:24,400 --> 05:12:26,800
Farming communities had always 
been aware of economic 

5890
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:30,000
uncertainty, they lived in 
constant fear that their 

5891
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:32,800
prosperity could be drastically 
impacted by uncontrollable 

5892
05:12:32,800 --> 05:12:34,800
Market forces illness and 
weather. 

5893
05:12:35,500 --> 05:12:38,200
They had developed resilience 
and adaptability, as a result of

5894
05:12:38,200 --> 05:12:40,900
this experience which helped 
them when the overall economy. 

5895
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:43,700
Collapsed. 
The customs of rural life, such 

5896
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:47,800
as quilting, bees barn-raising, 
and harvest cooperatives gained 

5897
05:12:47,800 --> 05:12:49,900
new important as economic 
necessities. 

5898
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:54,500
When resources became limited 
but labor and camaraderie were 

5899
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:57,600
plentiful communities that had 
appeared to be moving away, from

5900
05:12:57,600 --> 05:12:59,700
these Antiquated, Customs found 
their value. 

5901
05:12:59,700 --> 05:13:01,800
Again. 
During this time children, who 

5902
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:04,100
grew up on farms, learned 
lessons about Community 

5903
05:13:04,100 --> 05:13:06,400
cooperation, and 
self-sufficiency that would 

5904
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:08,200
shape their entire outlook on 
life. 

5905
05:13:08,200 --> 05:13:11,700
They witnessed their parents 
handle tough choices with grace 

5906
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:15,600
to uncontrollable situations, 
and hold on to hope for better 

5907
05:13:15,600 --> 05:13:18,700
days while navigating the 
realities of the present in the 

5908
05:13:18,700 --> 05:13:20,600
months. 
After the crash, the ability of 

5909
05:13:20,600 --> 05:13:23,800
regular Americans to innovate 
adapt and maintain their dignity

5910
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:27,700
in the face of unimaginable 
adversity was made evident. 

5911
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:33,200
In late 1929 and early 1930. 
Millions of people were subtly 

5912
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,100
reimagining their everyday 
lives, with a creativity born of

5913
05:13:36,108 --> 05:13:39,600
necessity, but it wasn't as 
dramatic or newsworthy as bread,

5914
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:42,400
lines and bank failures would 
later become Ellen. 

5915
05:13:42,400 --> 05:13:44,900
Murphy a secretary in an 
insurance office. 

5916
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:48,100
In Detroit, found that her small
Investment Portfolio. 

5917
05:13:48,100 --> 05:13:51,000
Suddenly had far less value than
her clerical skills. 

5918
05:13:52,000 --> 05:13:54,600
Those who stayed had to perform 
the duties of two or three 

5919
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:56,900
people as companies started to 
lay off. 

5920
05:13:56,900 --> 05:14:00,500
Employees, even though Ellen, as
days grew longer and more 

5921
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:02,500
demanding. 
She was thankful for her stable 

5922
05:14:02,500 --> 05:14:04,400
job at a time. 
When many others were losing 

5923
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:08,700
theirs, she increased her typing
speed learned shorthand and 

5924
05:14:08,700 --> 05:14:11,700
became indispensable by taking 
on tasks that had previously, 

5925
05:14:11,700 --> 05:14:14,900
been split among several 
employees her evenings. 

5926
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:17,000
Which she used to spend with 
friends at restaurants, or 

5927
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:20,700
movies were now devoted to 
household engineering, figuring 

5928
05:14:20,700 --> 05:14:23,400
out, how to stretch her, pay to 
pay for things that used to seem

5929
05:14:23,400 --> 05:14:25,400
doable. 
She discovered how to make 

5930
05:14:25,400 --> 05:14:28,700
economical and nourishing meals,
how to repair rather than buy 

5931
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:31,400
new clothes and how to find 
entertainment that didn't 

5932
05:14:31,400 --> 05:14:33,900
require her to spend money. 
She needed for grocery and rent 

5933
05:14:33,900 --> 05:14:36,800
the apartment complex. 
Were Eleanor live turned into a 

5934
05:14:36,808 --> 05:14:38,700
miniature example of urban 
adaptation. 

5935
05:14:39,500 --> 05:14:42,300
Once courteous strangers 
neighbors, started to work 

5936
05:14:42,300 --> 05:14:44,500
together in little. 
But significant ways, 

5937
05:14:44,500 --> 05:14:48,000
alterations were provided by a 
person with a sewing machine. 

5938
05:14:48,000 --> 05:14:50,600
After losing his job as a shoe 
salesman. 

5939
05:14:50,600 --> 05:14:53,600
Another tenant started fixing 
shoes for the building's 

5940
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:57,400
occupants a woman whose husband 
was on business established a 

5941
05:14:57,400 --> 05:14:59,800
small laundry service. 
Drying her clothes on the 

5942
05:14:59,808 --> 05:15:02,500
building's roof and in the 
bathtub of her apartment. 

5943
05:15:02,500 --> 05:15:06,100
The Kowalski family in Chicago 
found that in order to thrive in

5944
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,300
the shifting economic climate. 
Their modest grocery store had 

5945
05:15:09,300 --> 05:15:12,200
to change Stefan. 
Kowalski had established his 

5946
05:15:12,200 --> 05:15:15,300
company by offering a community 
of working-class families, 

5947
05:15:15,300 --> 05:15:17,500
high-quality goods, and amiable 
service. 

5948
05:15:17,500 --> 05:15:21,800
He adjusted by providing credit,
taking barter agreements and 

5949
05:15:21,800 --> 05:15:24,500
caring, less costly substitutes 
for the name brand Goods that 

5950
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:26,500
had been his staple as his 
clients. 

5951
05:15:26,500 --> 05:15:30,100
In comes grew less consistent in
ways that surprise both of them,

5952
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:33,900
Annika would previously 
concentrated on running the home

5953
05:15:33,900 --> 05:15:36,800
while Stefan operated, the 
store, joined him as a business 

5954
05:15:36,800 --> 05:15:39,200
partner. 
Despite having to make tough 

5955
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:42,200
choices regarding pricing and 
credit due to economic pressure.

5956
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:45,000
She found a knack for 
bookkeeping and customer service

5957
05:15:45,000 --> 05:15:47,800
that allowed the store to keep 
its ties to the community. 

5958
05:15:47,800 --> 05:15:51,700
Their kids gained hands on 
experience in business, and the 

5959
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:54,300
realities of financial hardship 
by learning to work in the 

5960
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:56,300
store. 
After school, an unofficial 

5961
05:15:56,300 --> 05:15:59,300
economy, built on cooperation 
and Innovative problem, solving 

5962
05:15:59,300 --> 05:16:01,700
emerged in the area, surrounding
the quality store. 

5963
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:05,500
Mrs. O'Brien began taking in 
laundry and doing repairs. 

5964
05:16:05,500 --> 05:16:07,400
After her husband was fired from
the steel mill. 

5965
05:16:08,000 --> 05:16:10,800
The Rossi family grew a garden 
in their backyard and started 

5966
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:13,500
selling vegetables. 
An unofficial garage was 

5967
05:16:13,500 --> 05:16:16,100
established in the alley behind 
his apartment building by Mr. 

5968
05:16:16,100 --> 05:16:19,700
Johnson, a laid-off mechanic, 
who fixed cars and bicycles for 

5969
05:16:19,700 --> 05:16:22,400
Neighbors, who paid him with 
food, small loans, or Promises 

5970
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:25,400
of future work children. 
Displayed the extraordinary 

5971
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:27,900
resilience that frequently 
defines young people facing 

5972
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:30,400
adversity as they adjusted to 
the changing circumstances. 

5973
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:34,800
They learned to find Amusement 
in small Pleasures, created 

5974
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,900
games that didn't require store 
bought toys and gradually 

5975
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:40,600
realized that their families. 
Less fortunate circumstances 

5976
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,500
meant they had to be more 
responsible and less demanding 

5977
05:16:43,500 --> 05:16:46,500
than they might have been in 
more prosperous times family who

5978
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:49,300
believed that education was the 
key to better opportunities for 

5979
05:16:49,300 --> 05:16:51,600
their kids, placed an even 
greater value on education. 

5980
05:16:52,800 --> 05:16:55,300
Even in situations where 
immediate income would have been

5981
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:57,500
useful. 
Parents who had previously 

5982
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:00,200
thought about letting older 
children, drop out of school to 

5983
05:17:00,200 --> 05:17:03,600
pursue employment opportunities.
Now, insisted that educational 

5984
05:17:03,600 --> 05:17:05,800
was an investment that couldn't 
be compromised. 

5985
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,600
In addition to being Educators 
teachers, also became social 

5986
05:17:09,600 --> 05:17:13,200
workers and Community counselors
assisting families in overcoming

5987
05:17:13,200 --> 05:17:16,300
the psychological and practical 
difficulties brought on by 

5988
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:19,800
unstable economic conditions, as
people looked for free 

5989
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:23,900
entertainment and education. 
Libraries saw a Resurgence once 

5990
05:17:23,900 --> 05:17:26,100
mostly used by academics and 
researchers. 

5991
05:17:26,100 --> 05:17:28,900
The reading rooms were now open 
to family searching for 

5992
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:32,700
inexpensive evening, activities 
library programs, grew to 

5993
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:35,500
include useful workshops on 
subjects like cooking, budgeting

5994
05:17:35,500 --> 05:17:39,400
and home repair and Librarians, 
became informal councilors on 

5995
05:17:39,400 --> 05:17:41,600
everything from household 
management to job. 

5996
05:17:41,600 --> 05:17:45,200
Hunting tactics congregations of
religious people became more and

5997
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:47,900
more significant as hubs for 
both practical and spiritual 

5998
05:17:47,900 --> 05:17:51,200
support. 
Food, pantries, clothing drives 

5999
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:54,700
and job placement Services, were
arranged by Churches synagogues 

6000
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:58,300
and other places of worship. 
Religious communities became 

6001
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:01,000
test site for the type of mutual
Aid, that would eventually be 

6002
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:04,100
codified in government programs 
and religious leaders found 

6003
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:05,900
themselves. 
Advising families on matters of 

6004
05:18:05,908 --> 05:18:09,200
both financial, and spiritual 
concern, local businesses, that 

6005
05:18:09,200 --> 05:18:11,100
survive. 
The initial shock of the crash 

6006
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:14,000
did so by developing closer 
relationships with their 

6007
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:17,700
customers and communities? 
Men began exchanging information

6008
05:18:17,700 --> 05:18:21,000
about job openings at the corner
Barber Shop which evolved into 

6009
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:24,900
an unofficial Employment Agency.
Regular patrons were given 

6010
05:18:24,900 --> 05:18:27,400
credit at the neighborhood 
Diner, which also served as 

6011
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:29,900
Gathering Spot for those 
planning community service 

6012
05:18:29,900 --> 05:18:32,800
initiatives. 
In order to provide the social 

6013
05:18:32,800 --> 05:18:35,300
services that larger 
corporations were unable or 

6014
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:38,400
unwilling to provide small 
businesses, learn to operate on 

6015
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,400
thinner, margins. 
Specifically, women found that 

6016
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,200
the crisis had created new 
chances for initiative and 

6017
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:47,200
Leadership whether through 
formal employment or The 

6018
05:18:47,200 --> 05:18:50,200
Unofficial economy of food, 
preparation small-scale 

6019
05:18:50,200 --> 05:18:52,300
manufacturing and domestic 
Services. 

6020
05:18:52,300 --> 05:18:56,400
Many became the main providers 
for their families, cooking 

6021
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,600
sowing and managing the home 
skills that had been viewed as 

6022
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:01,300
women's work in prosperous 
times. 

6023
05:19:01,300 --> 05:19:05,400
All of a sudden became important
economic assets though, subtle 

6024
05:19:05,400 --> 05:19:08,100
the cultural shift was 
significant, what could be 

6025
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:11,000
referred to as conspicuous 
competence replaced? 

6026
05:19:11,000 --> 05:19:13,100
The conspicuous consumption that
had defined. 

6027
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:17,000
The 1920s people took pride in 
their capacity, to get by on 

6028
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:20,300
less to come up with innovative 
solutions to real world issues, 

6029
05:19:20,300 --> 05:19:23,700
and to preserve their sense of 
self and Community, despite less

6030
05:19:23,700 --> 05:19:26,700
favorable circumstances. 
Once centered on social 

6031
05:19:26,700 --> 05:19:29,900
activities, neighborhood 
organization started to focus on

6032
05:19:29,900 --> 05:19:33,400
practical needs, Cooperative 
buying groups were established 

6033
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:37,000
by women's clubs in order to 
obtain better deals on household

6034
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:40,200
goods and groceries. 
Fraternal groups for men 

6035
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:43,100
developed into networks for 
exchanging job, openings and 

6036
05:19:43,100 --> 05:19:44,500
planning. 
Volunteer projects in the 

6037
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:47,900
community potluck. 
Dinners amateur, theatrical 

6038
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:49,900
Productions and other 
recreational activities. 

6039
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:54,100
That prioritize participation 
overconsumption replaced costly 

6040
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:56,300
entertainment as the primary 
social activity. 

6041
05:19:56,300 --> 05:19:58,500
Families. 
Split up by the pursuit of 

6042
05:19:58,500 --> 05:20:01,500
employment and opportunity were 
reunited by the Postal Service. 

6043
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:05,600
Letters, contained useful 
information about jobs, living 

6044
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:09,200
conditions in various cities and
survival tactics that had worked

6045
05:20:09,200 --> 05:20:12,800
in other communities. 
In addition to personal news in 

6046
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:15,800
times of uncertainty, the custom
of sending and receiving 

6047
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:17,700
letters. 
Offered emotional support that 

6048
05:20:17,700 --> 05:20:20,900
kept people, connected, and 
hopeful the new reality, even 

6049
05:20:20,900 --> 05:20:23,600
affected fashion. 
Instead of replacing their 

6050
05:20:23,600 --> 05:20:27,000
entire wardrobe, women, learn to
update it with accessories and 

6051
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:30,400
alterations men carefully 
repairs and maintained their 

6052
05:20:30,400 --> 05:20:34,400
suits to extend their lifespan. 
Classic Styles, and practical 

6053
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:37,400
considerations became the focus 
of fashion Magazine's that had 

6054
05:20:37,400 --> 05:20:40,400
previously encouraged constant 
change, and Novelty in the 

6055
05:20:40,408 --> 05:20:43,400
immediate aftermath of the crash
American showed greater 

6056
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:47,800
resourcefulness Community spirit
and adaptability than the 1920s 

6057
05:20:47,800 --> 05:20:51,100
Prosperity had demanded. 
Qualities that had always 

6058
05:20:51,100 --> 05:20:54,500
existed but had been obscured by
the ease and optimism of the 

6059
05:20:54,500 --> 05:20:56,600
boom years were brought to light
by the crisis. 

6060
05:20:56,600 --> 05:21:00,200
Shock can be absorbed by culture
and turned into something that 

6061
05:21:00,200 --> 05:21:04,200
makes sense of the experience. 
American culture underwent a 

6062
05:21:04,200 --> 05:21:07,000
subtle but profound 
transformation in the months 

6063
05:21:07,000 --> 05:21:10,700
after the crash not immediately 
not drastically but with the 

6064
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:14,000
kind of slow change that only 
becomes apparent in hindsight 

6065
05:21:14,000 --> 05:21:18,300
exuberant Jazz, upbeat dance, 
tunes and songs that celebrated 

6066
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:21,100
Youth and prosperity. 
The music that had characterized

6067
05:21:21,100 --> 05:21:24,800
the 1920s started to sound a 
little out of step with the 

6068
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:26,400
prevailing sentiment in the 
country. 

6069
05:21:27,300 --> 05:21:29,600
Having always been Keen 
observers of public opinion, 

6070
05:21:29,600 --> 05:21:32,600
musicians and songwriters began 
to produce music that 

6071
05:21:32,600 --> 05:21:36,300
represented a wide range of 
emotions. the blues influenced 

6072
05:21:36,300 --> 05:21:38,900
Melodies that acknowledged, 
struggle while retaining hope 

6073
05:21:38,900 --> 05:21:43,200
replaced the brassy confidence 
of early jazz radio programming 

6074
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:46,300
was remarkably sensitive to the 
shifting circumstances of its 

6075
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:50,200
listeners, programs that 
provided helpful advice, amateur

6076
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:53,600
Talent, competitions, involving 
regular people and serialized 

6077
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:55,800
dramas that addressed family 
issues, and Community 

6078
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:58,200
collaboration, gradually 
supplanted shows that had 

6079
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,300
previously concentrated on 
glitzy, Lifestyles and pricey 

6080
05:22:01,300 --> 05:22:05,000
entertainment The radio evolved 
into a mirror reflecting, the 

6081
05:22:05,000 --> 05:22:08,300
experience of its listeners 
rather than a window into an 

6082
05:22:08,300 --> 05:22:12,100
idealized world Hollywood, which
had made its name on glitzy 

6083
05:22:12,100 --> 05:22:13,600
fantasies and Escapist 
entertainment. 

6084
05:22:13,600 --> 05:22:17,000
Started making movies that 
addressed viewers, who are 

6085
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:20,400
facing Financial instability? 
Movies about regular people. 

6086
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:22,900
Dealing with extraordinary, 
challenges joined the late 

6087
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:27,000
1920s, sophisticated comedies, 
and romantic dramas, while 

6088
05:22:27,000 --> 05:22:28,800
audiences still desired 
entertainment. 

6089
05:22:28,800 --> 05:22:32,000
They also desired stories that 
took into account the realities 

6090
05:22:32,000 --> 05:22:35,300
of their everyday lives. 
The time started to be reflected

6091
05:22:35,300 --> 05:22:37,600
in literature, in both overt and
covert ways. 

6092
05:22:38,400 --> 05:22:40,800
Stories about successful 
businesses and affluent 

6093
05:22:40,800 --> 05:22:44,200
socialites gave away to stories 
about Community collaboration 

6094
05:22:44,200 --> 05:22:46,500
and family. 
Resiliency, and popular 

6095
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:50,200
magazines, fiction, that 
examined, the psychological and 

6096
05:22:50,200 --> 05:22:53,100
social effects of economic 
upheaval was added to the 

6097
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:55,600
adventure, tales, and romantic 
fantasies that had dominated 

6098
05:22:55,600 --> 05:22:59,100
magazine stands newspapers. 
Now offer readers, helpful 

6099
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:02,100
advice for navigating uncertain 
times rather than just reporting

6100
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:05,400
on events. 
Once investment focused 

6101
05:23:05,400 --> 05:23:07,800
Financial Pages. 
Started to provide guidance on 

6102
05:23:07,808 --> 05:23:10,800
debt management and budgeting 
Stories about family 

6103
05:23:10,800 --> 05:23:13,900
resourcefulness and Community, 
cooperation started to appear on

6104
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,500
social pages that had previously
documented lavish parties and 

6105
05:23:17,508 --> 05:23:20,300
costly entertainment. 
The advertising industry which 

6106
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:22,800
had mastered the art of 
generating consumer goods, 

6107
05:23:22,800 --> 05:23:26,100
desire had to come up with new 
tactics for audiences. 

6108
05:23:26,100 --> 05:23:30,000
That prioritized necessity over 
luxury instead of focusing on 

6109
05:23:30,000 --> 05:23:32,700
status and Novelty, 
advertisement started to 

6110
05:23:32,700 --> 05:23:36,800
highlight practical benefits 
value and durability. it was 

6111
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:39,600
necessary to reframe, the 
psychological appeals that had 

6112
05:23:39,600 --> 05:23:42,500
worked so well in prosperous 
times for consumers who have 

6113
05:23:42,500 --> 05:23:45,500
become more frugal with their 
spending while still emphasizing

6114
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:48,400
Beauty and style fashion 
magazines, started to highlight 

6115
05:23:48,400 --> 05:23:52,000
affordability and adaptability 
Features on how to update 

6116
05:23:52,000 --> 05:23:55,000
existing wardrobes. 
So at home and take care of 

6117
05:23:55,008 --> 05:23:57,700
clothing, counterbalanced 
articles about pricey designer 

6118
05:23:57,700 --> 05:24:01,200
clothing, The fashion industry 
found that readers might be more

6119
05:24:01,200 --> 05:24:04,500
interested in originality and 
inventiveness in the newest 

6120
05:24:04,500 --> 05:24:07,800
style, from New York or Paris 
Sports continued, to be popular 

6121
05:24:07,800 --> 05:24:12,000
but their cultural connotations 
changed Heroes and entertainment

6122
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,000
from professional sports. 
Persisted, the amateur and 

6123
05:24:15,000 --> 05:24:17,500
Community sports, that 
prioritized involvement over, 

6124
05:24:17,500 --> 05:24:21,700
spectatorship gained popularity,
Basketball teams, local, 

6125
05:24:21,700 --> 05:24:24,400
baseball, League's and other 
community, Sports initiatives 

6126
05:24:24,400 --> 05:24:28,100
gained importance as places to 
socialize and have fun in ways 

6127
05:24:28,108 --> 05:24:30,700
that would become increasingly 
clear in the years that followed

6128
05:24:30,700 --> 05:24:33,400
art reflected the shifting 
times. 

6129
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,800
In the affluent. 1920s artists 
who had been experimenting with 

6130
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:41,100
abstract and experimental forms 
started producing more 

6131
05:24:41,100 --> 05:24:43,300
approachable art. 
That was more closely related to

6132
05:24:43,300 --> 05:24:46,500
Everyday Life. 
While artistic Expressions that 

6133
05:24:46,500 --> 05:24:49,000
addressed broader audiences 
about common experiences of 

6134
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:52,900
Challenge and adaptation replace
the avant-garde, it did not 

6135
05:24:52,900 --> 05:24:55,300
vanish. 
While theater continued to be a 

6136
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:57,000
significant entertainment 
medium. 

6137
05:24:57,000 --> 05:25:00,900
It started to tackle new issues 
and themes Productions. 

6138
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:04,800
That examined, family, Dynamics,
Community relationships, and the

6139
05:25:04,808 --> 05:25:07,700
psychological effects of 
economic change, joined plays 

6140
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:11,000
that had previously concentrated
on sophisticated urban life and 

6141
05:25:11,000 --> 05:25:14,500
social satire, as more people 
looked for Creative outlets and 

6142
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:16,800
entertainment that didn't 
require large sums of money 

6143
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:19,100
Community. 
Theater groups became more 

6144
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,500
active education began to 
emphasize practical skills 

6145
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:24,400
alongside traditional academic 
subjects. 

6146
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:27,200
To help students deal with an 
uncertain. 

6147
05:25:27,200 --> 05:25:30,200
Economic future schools added 
courses in small business 

6148
05:25:30,200 --> 05:25:33,700
operations, household management
and other subjects to their 

6149
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:37,100
vocational programs. 
There was renewed emphasis on 

6150
05:25:37,100 --> 05:25:41,100
and support for the idea that 
education should not only refine

6151
05:25:41,100 --> 05:25:44,500
culture, but also prepare 
students for success in the real

6152
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:47,900
world, Community organizations 
found that their function had 

6153
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:50,900
broadened to Encompass cultural 
programming and practical 

6154
05:25:50,900 --> 05:25:53,500
assistance, in addition to 
social activities. 

6155
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:57,200
Home, economics, and financial 
management lectures were 

6156
05:25:57,200 --> 05:26:00,100
arranged by women's clubs. 
Seminars on Business 

6157
05:26:00,100 --> 05:26:02,700
Development, and job training 
were sponsored by men's for 

6158
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:06,100
Eternal organizations 
congregations expanded, their 

6159
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:09,400
traditional spiritual mission to
include Community, Education and

6160
05:26:09,408 --> 05:26:12,300
Social Services, even the 
definition of leisure was 

6161
05:26:12,308 --> 05:26:15,200
changing. 
Pleasure in the affluent, 1920s 

6162
05:26:15,200 --> 05:26:18,400
had frequently meant spending 
money on entertainment, dining 

6163
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:22,100
out, and the newest technology 
or Fashions participation. 

6164
05:26:22,100 --> 05:26:25,300
Became the new definition of 
leisure creating rather than 

6165
05:26:25,300 --> 05:26:29,100
merely consuming playing games 
rather than merely watching and 

6166
05:26:29,100 --> 05:26:31,400
producing music rather than 
merely listening to it. 

6167
05:26:31,400 --> 05:26:34,600
There was a Resurgence of 
entertainment at home, reading 

6168
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:36,600
aloud playing cards and getting 
together. 

6169
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:39,800
Around the piano for casual 
concerts were all enjoyed Again 

6170
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:42,200
by families cooking from 
scratch. 

6171
05:26:42,200 --> 05:26:46,400
Needlework Woodworking and 
gardening skills that had seemed

6172
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:49,700
outdated during the Jazz era 
regain their status as both 

6173
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:52,000
useful, necessities and sources 
of fulfillment. 

6174
05:26:52,000 --> 05:26:56,200
Individual success material 
accumulation and competitive 

6175
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:59,300
achievement values that had 
characterized American culture 

6176
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:01,100
during the boom years. 
But not lost. 

6177
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:03,800
But they were replaced by a 
fresh appreciation of 

6178
05:27:03,800 --> 05:27:07,200
collaboration frugal living and 
Community cohesion. 

6179
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:11,100
From getting ahead to getting 
through and from making it big 

6180
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:14,800
to making do the cultural 
narrative started to change in 

6181
05:27:14,800 --> 05:27:17,400
order to reflect the new 
realities language itself, 

6182
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:23,000
changed the terms economy, 
thrifted, conservation, and 

6183
05:27:23,000 --> 05:27:26,000
cooperation which had seemed 
meaningless and prosperous, 

6184
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:29,400
time's gained new significance 
and urgency as they entered 

6185
05:27:29,400 --> 05:27:32,400
common speech. 
The language of mutual support 

6186
05:27:32,400 --> 05:27:34,000
and careful management. 
Replace. 

6187
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:36,500
The language of Plenty 
children's culture was 

6188
05:27:36,500 --> 05:27:40,500
particularly inventive in its 
adaptation, versions of games. 

6189
05:27:40,500 --> 05:27:43,100
And toys, that could be made at 
home using readily available 

6190
05:27:43,100 --> 05:27:45,700
materials. 
Took the place of those that had

6191
05:27:45,700 --> 05:27:48,800
previously depended on 
manufactured materials, the 

6192
05:27:48,800 --> 05:27:52,700
themes of family collaboration, 
civic duty, and finding joy, in 

6193
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:56,000
small Pleasures rather than 
far-flung Adventures or pricy 

6194
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:58,200
belonging started to appear in 
children's literature. 

6195
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:02,400
The new culture was not wholly, 
Grim, or gloomy Americans had 

6196
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:04,900
always been exceptionally Adept,
at finding humor in trying 

6197
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:08,600
situations in the years, after 
the crash, a certain type of 

6198
05:28:08,600 --> 05:28:12,300
Comedy emerged that recognized 
adversity without allowing it to

6199
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:15,900
defeat it jokes about Frugal 
spending in Ingenuity and 

6200
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:19,200
surviving on less became a means
of coping with challenging 

6201
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:22,500
situations, while preserving 
Spirits during the modernizing 

6202
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,400
1920s, folk Traditions that had 
appeared to be fading gained new

6203
05:28:26,400 --> 05:28:29,900
significant Songz, tales and 
traditions that stressed 

6204
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:33,100
communal values and Common Sense
were brought back to life and 

6205
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:36,300
modified for the modern era. 
During uncertain times, the 

6206
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:38,900
cultural Legacy that had 
appeared Antiquated during the 

6207
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:41,400
Jazz era offered continuity and 
stability. 

6208
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:44,800
As National Consumer culture 
became less accessible to many 

6209
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:48,700
families Regional cultures 
gained importance after being 

6210
05:28:48,700 --> 05:28:51,700
eclipsed by national Brands and 
mass produced entertainment, 

6211
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:56,000
local Customs, Regional Cuisine 
and Community practices. 

6212
05:28:56,000 --> 05:28:59,000
Once again, gained importance of
sources of continuity and 

6213
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:02,500
identity during this time, 
cultural institutions that were 

6214
05:29:02,500 --> 05:29:04,700
able to adapt to new ways of 
serving their communities. 

6215
05:29:04,700 --> 05:29:07,900
While retaining their 
fundamental qualities were the 

6216
05:29:07,900 --> 05:29:11,900
ones that survived and prospered
museums offered free or low-cost

6217
05:29:11,900 --> 05:29:15,700
educational programs concert 
Halls, served as places for the 

6218
05:29:15,700 --> 05:29:19,000
community to come together. 
libraries now, offer both 

6219
05:29:19,000 --> 05:29:21,800
cultural and practical resources
as part of their expanded 

6220
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:25,100
Services, the cultural change, 
even started to show in the 

6221
05:29:25,100 --> 05:29:28,700
Wake, community's looked Simpler
more functional storefronts 

6222
05:29:28,700 --> 05:29:31,400
replaced, the ornate commercial 
displays that had defined the 

6223
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:34,100
boom years. 
As people looked for free or 

6224
05:29:34,100 --> 05:29:37,500
low-cost places to relax and 
socialize public spaces were 

6225
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,500
kept up and used more 
frequently, American society 

6226
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:44,000
would ultimately undergo a 
fundamental transformation, as a

6227
05:29:44,000 --> 05:29:46,400
result of the cultural shifts 
that started in the months after

6228
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:49,300
the crash. 
A more complex culture was 

6229
05:29:49,300 --> 05:29:51,400
replacing. 
The individualistic consumer 

6230
05:29:51,400 --> 05:29:55,600
culture of the 1920s one that 
preserved American inventiveness

6231
05:29:55,600 --> 05:29:58,600
and optimism while embracing 
lessons about collaboration 

6232
05:29:58,600 --> 05:30:02,400
environmental preservation, and 
the value of community support, 

6233
05:30:02,400 --> 05:30:05,700
in trying times, this cultural 
change wasn't quick or 

6234
05:30:05,700 --> 05:30:09,300
consistent communities varied in
how, and how quickly they 

6235
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:12,100
adapted. 
However, the general Trend was 

6236
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:15,700
evident American culture was 
growing more realistic grounded 

6237
05:30:15,700 --> 05:30:18,800
and centered on the kinds of 
principles that enabled 

6238
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:22,100
societies to withstand adversity
while preserving, their core 

6239
05:30:22,100 --> 05:30:23,800
identity and optimism for the 
future. 

6240
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:27,600
Americans were experiencing, 
what many still hoped would be a

6241
05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:31,100
brief economic adjustment, as 
1930, got underway rather, than 

6242
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:33,100
the start of a 10 year 
transformation. 

6243
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:37,500
Although the crashes immediate 
Panic had passed, the underlying

6244
05:30:37,500 --> 05:30:39,400
changes. 
It had sparked were beginning to

6245
05:30:39,400 --> 05:30:42,200
take hold and would alter 
American Society for many 

6246
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:45,400
generations to come ordinary. 
People were already establishing

6247
05:30:45,400 --> 05:30:47,800
The Unofficial networks and 
adaptations that would have 

6248
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:49,900
eventually impact official 
government programs. 

6249
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,600
Even as the legislative and 
policy responses to the crash 

6250
05:30:53,600 --> 05:30:57,700
were still in their infancy. 
Local job, sharing agreements 

6251
05:30:57,700 --> 05:31:00,900
neighborhood, Mutual Aid, 
organizations and Community Food

6252
05:31:00,900 --> 05:31:03,100
cooperatives. 
We're all developing naturally 

6253
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:05,300
out of the pressing needs of 
those attempting to support 

6254
05:31:05,300 --> 05:31:08,900
their families and communities, 
a family doctor in Columbus Ohio

6255
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:12,400
named Dr. James Harrison found 
himself treating, not only 

6256
05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:15,600
physical ailments, but also the 
mental anguish brought on by 

6257
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:19,300
unstable economic conditions. 
He had never seen so many 

6258
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:22,300
patients suffering from 
depression, anxiety, and 

6259
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:25,400
insomnia. 
However, he also noticed that 

6260
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:27,800
people were adjusting to their 
altered circumstances with 

6261
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,400
Incredible inventiveness and 
resilience Dr. Harrison started 

6262
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:33,700
to realize that his 
responsibilities went beyond 

6263
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:37,000
providing standard medical care.
He ended up acting as an 

6264
05:31:37,000 --> 05:31:39,500
informal social worker for 
families, whose issues were as 

6265
05:31:39,500 --> 05:31:42,400
much Financial as medical 
advising them on financial 

6266
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:45,200
choices that had an impact on 
their health and putting 

6267
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:46,900
patients in touch with local 
resources. 

6268
05:31:47,900 --> 05:31:50,800
Professionals Across the Nation,
were replicating, his experience

6269
05:31:50,800 --> 05:31:52,900
finding that the crash had 
dissolved. 

6270
05:31:52,900 --> 05:31:55,800
The conventional lines between 
various forms of support and 

6271
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:58,800
service the business Community, 
was gaining knowledge that would

6272
05:31:58,800 --> 05:32:00,900
impact American trade for many 
years to come. 

6273
05:32:01,700 --> 05:32:03,900
Businesses that made it through 
the initial shock. 

6274
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,600
Found that Community ties and 
Customer, Loyalty were more 

6275
05:32:07,608 --> 05:32:10,800
valuable than they had thought 
during the boom years companies 

6276
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:13,200
that had only concentrated on 
increasing profits. 

6277
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:15,800
Had to adjust to a new 
environment where enduring 

6278
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:18,600
connections and Community 
standing were more important 

6279
05:32:18,600 --> 05:32:21,900
than immediate profits. 
Particularly local banks were 

6280
05:32:21,900 --> 05:32:24,300
learning that their contribution
to the community went well 

6281
05:32:24,300 --> 05:32:27,900
beyond straightforward business.
Dealings during uncertain, times

6282
05:32:27,900 --> 05:32:30,500
Bank, presidents found 
themselves acting as unofficial 

6283
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:34,200
economic advisors coordinators 
of Community Development and 

6284
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:37,600
sources of stability banks. 
That recognize their role as 

6285
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:40,400
Community institutions rather 
than solely as profit. 

6286
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:43,800
Making businesses were the ones 
that made it through fundamental

6287
05:32:43,800 --> 05:32:46,400
issues regarding their function 
in preparing youth for an 

6288
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:48,900
uncertain future. 
The starting to be raised by 

6289
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:52,400
educational institutions, the 
Practical and Vocational 

6290
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:55,300
programs of schools that have 
previously concentrated on 

6291
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:57,700
academic. 
Preparation for White Collar, 

6292
05:32:57,700 --> 05:33:00,900
jobs were being expanded 
curricula that prioritized 

6293
05:33:00,900 --> 05:33:03,300
theoretical Knowledge over 
practical skills were being 

6294
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:06,700
re-examined by University's. 
The crash made clear how 

6295
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:09,000
inadequate academic education is
at Preparing? 

6296
05:33:09,000 --> 05:33:12,900
People for economic uncertainty.
Students and their families were

6297
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:14,100
calling for more Hands-On 
training. 

6298
05:33:14,100 --> 05:33:18,000
The greater focus on skills that
would be useful in any economic 

6299
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:21,100
climate and improved Readiness 
for the kind of resilience and 

6300
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:24,700
adaptability that the shifting 
economy appeared, demand labor 

6301
05:33:24,700 --> 05:33:27,200
groups were shifting, their 
priorities from wage talks and 

6302
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,000
working conditions to more 
General issues like job security

6303
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,100
and the well-being of the 
community. 

6304
05:33:33,100 --> 05:33:36,400
As the number of unemployed and 
underemployed workers started to

6305
05:33:36,400 --> 05:33:39,800
rise union leaders found 
themselves fighting not only for

6306
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:43,500
their existing members, but also
for these newcomers, work itself

6307
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:46,800
was being redefined the 
employment, expectations, and 

6308
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:50,000
career Pathways that had 
appeared stable in the 1920s 

6309
05:33:50,000 --> 05:33:53,200
returning out to be more brittle
than anyone had expected. 

6310
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:57,800
Employees were being taught to 
acquire a variety of skills to 

6311
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:00,400
think of their careers in terms 
of flexibility rather than 

6312
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:03,800
straight line of advancement. 
To see jobs security is 

6313
05:34:03,800 --> 05:34:05,600
something they had to create 
rather than something. 

6314
05:34:05,600 --> 05:34:08,900
Their employers would offer as a
result of Shifting social norms 

6315
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:11,900
and economic necessity. 
Women's roles in families and 

6316
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:15,100
communities were growing. 
Women who had never thought of 

6317
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:16,900
working outside. 
The home were learning how to 

6318
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:19,900
make money women who had 
previously worked were staying 

6319
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:23,000
in the workforce longer, going 
back to work when their families

6320
05:34:23,000 --> 05:34:25,900
find natural situation demanded.
It has everyone had to 

6321
05:34:25,900 --> 05:34:28,700
contribute in whatever way they 
could do to economic pressure. 

6322
05:34:28,700 --> 05:34:31,600
The traditional division of 
labor within families was 

6323
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:34,900
becoming less rigid. 
Men were forced to learn skills.

6324
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:37,200
That had previously been viewed 
as the domain of women. 

6325
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,500
Women's roles were extended 
Beyond traditional household 

6326
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:43,700
management, and children were 
given greater responsibility, 

6327
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:45,900
community. 
And religious groups were 

6328
05:34:45,900 --> 05:34:48,500
creating new services and 
programs that would eventually 

6329
05:34:48,500 --> 05:34:51,300
serve as models for social 
programs run by the government. 

6330
05:34:52,300 --> 05:34:55,900
Churches were setting up systems
for food, distribution family, 

6331
05:34:55,900 --> 05:34:59,600
counseling and employment 
networks Cooperative businesses,

6332
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:03,600
skill, sharing initiatives, and 
networks of mutual support, were

6333
05:35:03,600 --> 05:35:06,700
being established by Community 
organizations, to help people 

6334
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:09,700
retain their dignity, while 
getting Aid, a more realistic 

6335
05:35:09,700 --> 05:35:12,700
view of Technologies role in 
Social and economic stability, 

6336
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:16,100
was tempering, the technological
optimism that are defined the 

6337
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:20,500
1920s, instead of just making 
life more exciting or opulent 

6338
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:23,500
people were learning to value 
innovation that made life, more 

6339
05:35:23,500 --> 05:35:26,900
economical and efficient. 
Technology is a useful tool 

6340
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:28,700
replacement technology as a 
spectacle. 

6341
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:31,500
The change in agriculture was 
starting that would eventually 

6342
05:35:31,500 --> 05:35:34,700
change Rural America. 
Farmers were learning to think 

6343
05:35:34,700 --> 05:35:38,300
of themselves as part of larger 
economic systems, rather than as

6344
05:35:38,300 --> 05:35:41,500
independent operators, to 
diversify their crops and 

6345
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:44,400
sources of income. 
And to use scientific methods to

6346
05:35:44,400 --> 05:35:47,700
improve efficiency, rather than 
just increased production, New 

6347
05:35:47,700 --> 05:35:50,300
Perspectives on agricultural 
policy and rural development 

6348
05:35:50,300 --> 05:35:53,400
were necessary as a result of 
the crashes demonstration of the

6349
05:35:53,400 --> 05:35:57,000
interdependence of the rural and
urban economies farmers were 

6350
05:35:57,000 --> 05:35:59,500
coming to understand that the 
health of the larger economy, 

6351
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:01,400
which bought their goods and 
met. 

6352
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,600
Their needs was just as 
important to their success as 

6353
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:05,600
their own hard. 
Work. 

6354
05:36:05,600 --> 05:36:08,600
Lessons learned from the crash, 
regarding the significance of 

6355
05:36:08,608 --> 05:36:11,100
community. 
Self-sufficiency, and economic 

6356
05:36:11,100 --> 05:36:14,400
resilience were starting to be 
reflected in urban planning and 

6357
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:17,500
Community Development. 
Communities were starting to 

6358
05:36:17,500 --> 05:36:20,600
consider how to preserve vital 
services and economic 

6359
05:36:20,600 --> 05:36:24,200
opportunities during times of 
diminished prosperity and cities

6360
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:26,300
were re-evaluating development 
patterns. 

6361
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:29,900
That had prioritized growth over
sustainability values. 

6362
05:36:29,900 --> 05:36:32,800
And expectations were changing 
more fundamentally as a result 

6363
05:36:32,800 --> 05:36:35,600
of the cultural changes that had
started right after the crash. 

6364
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,600
The 1920s individualistic 
success culture was giving way 

6365
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:43,200
to a more nuanced view of 
success, that encompassed not 

6366
05:36:43,200 --> 05:36:45,700
only material success. 
But also family stability, 

6367
05:36:45,700 --> 05:36:48,300
personal resilience and 
community service. 

6368
05:36:48,300 --> 05:36:51,200
These changes weren't happening 
consistently or without 

6369
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:53,900
opposition, many Americans still
held out. 

6370
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:56,800
Hope that the crash was merely a
brief disruption of regular 

6371
05:36:56,800 --> 05:37:00,200
Prosperity, rather than a 
significant change in the state 

6372
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:03,100
of the economy. 
However, the changes people were

6373
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:05,800
making in their daily lives. 
Were establishing new norms and 

6374
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:08,600
expectations, that would have an
impact on American culture. 

6375
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:12,000
Long after the economy had 
improved eventually, the social 

6376
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:14,800
programs business practices and 
cultural values that would 

6377
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:17,800
define American Society. 
For the remainder of the 20th 

6378
05:37:17,800 --> 05:37:22,100
century would Sprout from the 
seeds sown during this time of 

6379
05:37:22,108 --> 05:37:25,900
adaptation and adjustment. 
Formal social safety nets would 

6380
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:27,800
develop from The Unofficial 
networks of support. 

6381
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:30,800
Corporate policies would 
eventually adopt the business 

6382
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:33,400
practices that prioritize 
Community Connection. 

6383
05:37:34,300 --> 05:37:37,700
Instead of being the exception 
educational methods, that struck

6384
05:37:37,700 --> 05:37:40,100
a balance between theoretical 
knowledge and Real World 

6385
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:41,700
Experience would become the 
standard. 

6386
05:37:41,700 --> 05:37:45,500
Most significantly Americans 
were learning that security and 

6387
05:37:45,500 --> 05:37:47,700
prosperity were not something to
be taken for granted. 

6388
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:51,300
But they were all so learning 
that their society had reserves 

6389
05:37:51,300 --> 05:37:55,800
of creativity, resilience and 
support for one another that 

6390
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:58,100
could enable them to deal with 
uncertainty while preserving 

6391
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:00,200
their core beliefs and 
aspirations for the future. 

6392
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:02,700
As we come to the end of this 
pivotal time. 

6393
05:38:02,700 --> 05:38:05,700
It's important to consider how 
the everyday experience of the 

6394
05:38:05,700 --> 05:38:09,800
1929 crash and its immediate 
aftermath continued to impact 

6395
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:12,300
American Life in both overt and 
covert ways. 

6396
05:38:12,300 --> 05:38:16,100
Some reverberating into our own 
era and others lasting for 

6397
05:38:16,100 --> 05:38:18,000
decades. 
The lessons learned from the 

6398
05:38:18,000 --> 05:38:20,700
crashed stayed with the 
generation that experienced it. 

6399
05:38:20,700 --> 05:38:23,600
As adults, they became the 
parents who prioritized 

6400
05:38:23,600 --> 05:38:26,200
Financial stability over 
Financial opportunity. 

6401
05:38:26,200 --> 05:38:30,400
Insisted that their kids acquire
practical skills and saved money

6402
05:38:30,400 --> 05:38:33,500
instead of spending it. 
These were the grandparents who 

6403
05:38:33,500 --> 05:38:35,000
maintained well stopped 
pantries. 

6404
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:38,200
You didn't discard anything that
might come in handy later and 

6405
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:40,400
who defined success not by 
material possessions. 

6406
05:38:40,400 --> 05:38:44,200
But by security, these values 
were complexly internalized. 

6407
05:38:44,200 --> 05:38:46,400
By their children who grew up 
during the Great Depression. 

6408
05:38:47,700 --> 05:38:51,700
By emphasizing consistent work 
prudent spending and long-term 

6409
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:54,000
planning. 
Some people adopted the lessons 

6410
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,700
of caution and Thrift and became
the Cornerstone of America's 

6411
05:38:57,700 --> 05:39:00,800
post-war Prosperity. 
Others rebelled against what 

6412
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:02,700
they perceived as overly 
cautious behavior. 

6413
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:05,700
And they went on to become the 
risk-takers and entrepreneurs 

6414
05:39:05,700 --> 05:39:07,200
who propelled American 
innovation. 

6415
05:39:07,200 --> 05:39:10,500
In the mid-1900s, modern 
American Social and economic 

6416
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:13,400
policy was ultimately on the 
institutional reforms that 

6417
05:39:13,400 --> 05:39:15,200
started in the months after the 
crash. 

6418
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:18,600
Formal social safety, nets 
developed from unofficial 

6419
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,800
Community Support networks 
business strategies that 

6420
05:39:21,800 --> 05:39:25,400
prioritize community service and
customer relationships evolved 

6421
05:39:25,400 --> 05:39:27,200
into accepted methods of 
corporate governance. 

6422
05:39:28,300 --> 05:39:31,100
American public education was 
modeled after educational 

6423
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:33,500
innovations, that struck a 
balance between academic and 

6424
05:39:33,508 --> 05:39:36,300
practical training, the 
regulatory Frameworks that 

6425
05:39:36,300 --> 05:39:38,100
arose. 
As a direct result of the crash 

6426
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:42,100
included, Federal Insurance 
programs Securities, oversight, 

6427
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:46,200
and banking regulation, however,
the informal adaptations made by

6428
05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:50,100
Regular People in the immediate 
aftermath of the crisis served 

6429
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:51,900
as the basis for these official 
policies. 

6430
05:39:51,900 --> 05:39:55,300
The fundamental shift in 
American values, that affected 

6431
05:39:55,300 --> 05:39:57,800
everything from family 
structures to artistic 

6432
05:39:57,800 --> 05:40:01,100
expression was a result of the 
cultural shifts that started in 

6433
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:05,200
1929. 
A more complex culture emerged 

6434
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:08,800
from the consumer culture of the
1920s, one that incorporated 

6435
05:40:08,800 --> 05:40:11,700
lessons about the value of 
community conservation and 

6436
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:14,500
mutual support while retaining 
American optimism and 

6437
05:40:14,500 --> 05:40:18,400
inventiveness this era, gave 
rise to literature music and art

6438
05:40:18,400 --> 05:40:21,400
that reflected themes that would
reverberate across American 

6439
05:40:21,400 --> 05:40:24,100
society. 
The value of family and 

6440
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:26,700
Community ties, the Dignity of 
routine labor. 

6441
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:30,100
The fortitude of individuals 
confronting extraordinary 

6442
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:33,600
adversity and the potential for 
finding fulfillment and meaning 

6443
05:40:33,600 --> 05:40:36,400
in situations that did not 
involve material abundant. 

6444
05:40:36,400 --> 05:40:40,800
Community's responses to the 
crash buried by region which led

6445
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:43,700
to long-lasting differences in 
American social and political 

6446
05:40:43,700 --> 05:40:46,400
culture. 
Communities, that established 

6447
05:40:46,400 --> 05:40:50,400
robust customs of mutual Aid and
Community collaboration served 

6448
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:52,700
as the Cornerstone for 
Collective action and the 

6449
05:40:52,700 --> 05:40:56,300
support of social programs. 
American traditions of 

6450
05:40:56,300 --> 05:40:59,500
Entrepreneurship and personal 
accountability have persisted 

6451
05:40:59,500 --> 05:41:02,000
because of regions that 
prioritized individual 

6452
05:41:02,000 --> 05:41:06,200
adaptation and self-reliance, 
modern macroeconomic policy, 

6453
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:08,700
eventually grew out of the 
economic theories and methods 

6454
05:41:08,700 --> 05:41:10,500
that arose from the crashes 
analysis. 

6455
05:41:11,400 --> 05:41:13,900
For many years. 
Government policy was shaped by 

6456
05:41:13,908 --> 05:41:16,900
the realization that economic 
systems needed active 

6457
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:19,800
management. 
As a straightforward essay Fair 

6458
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,300
methods. 
It became a fundamental premise 

6459
05:41:22,300 --> 05:41:25,100
of American political discourse 
that the well-being of 

6460
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:27,900
individuals and communities was 
linked to the stability of the 

6461
05:41:27,900 --> 05:41:30,900
economy as a whole, the 
spectacular but unworkable 

6462
05:41:30,900 --> 05:41:34,000
technological advancements of 
the boom years were frequently 

6463
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:36,900
outperformed by those that arose
During the period of economic 

6464
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:39,400
constraint in terms of 
durability in usefulness. 

6465
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:44,400
Post-crash innovation's emphasis
on Effectiveness robustness and 

6466
05:41:44,400 --> 05:41:47,500
real world use became a defining
characteristic of American 

6467
05:41:47,500 --> 05:41:50,700
technological advancement. 
Additionally, the crash had a 

6468
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:53,000
long-lasting impact on 
American's perceptions of risk 

6469
05:41:53,000 --> 05:41:55,500
and security. 
The relationship between 

6470
05:41:55,500 --> 05:41:58,500
opportunity and danger was 
better understood by the 

6471
05:41:58,500 --> 05:42:02,300
generation that experienced. 
The immediate aftermath They 

6472
05:42:02,300 --> 05:42:04,900
improve their ability to spot 
early indicators of economic 

6473
05:42:04,900 --> 05:42:08,300
instability and strengthen their
resolve to keep reserves and 

6474
05:42:08,300 --> 05:42:11,500
backup plans in place in case of
emergencies libraries that 

6475
05:42:11,508 --> 05:42:16,100
extended their services churches
that created social programs and

6476
05:42:16,100 --> 05:42:19,600
schools, that balanced academic 
and practical education were 

6477
05:42:19,600 --> 05:42:22,800
among the community institutions
that successfully adjusted to 

6478
05:42:22,800 --> 05:42:26,800
the post-crash environment. 
These institutions became models

6479
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:29,400
that impacted institutional 
Development Across the United 

6480
05:42:29,400 --> 05:42:32,500
States. 
Americans learned from the crash

6481
05:42:32,500 --> 05:42:35,100
that their most valuable 
institutions were those that 

6482
05:42:35,100 --> 05:42:37,100
could change to meet the needs 
of the community. 

6483
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,900
In both prosperous and 
challenging times the crashes 

6484
05:42:40,900 --> 05:42:44,300
Global ramifications and the US 
response to it created trends, 

6485
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:46,900
that would shape US foreign 
policy for many years to come. 

6486
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,200
If fundamental tenet of American
foreign policy as the 

6487
05:42:50,200 --> 05:42:53,400
recognition of the link between 
Global and domestic, economic 

6488
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:56,700
stability, everything from trade
policy to International 

6489
05:42:56,700 --> 05:42:59,300
Development. 
Initiatives was impacted by the 

6490
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:01,900
realization that American 
Prosperity was partially 

6491
05:43:01,900 --> 05:43:03,900
dependent on the state of the 
world economy. 

6492
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:07,300
Long-lasting alterations in 
American gender roles and family

6493
05:43:07,300 --> 05:43:11,800
structures influenced by the 
crash and its aftermath long 

6494
05:43:11,800 --> 05:43:14,300
term shifts and perceptions of 
women's potential and 

6495
05:43:14,300 --> 05:43:17,700
opportunities were influenced by
the economic necessity that 

6496
05:43:17,700 --> 05:43:20,300
forced women to assume larger 
roles in both families and 

6497
05:43:20,300 --> 05:43:23,300
communities. 
More adaptable views of gender, 

6498
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:26,600
norms, and family duties. 
Resulted from the experience of 

6499
05:43:26,600 --> 05:43:29,500
men, whose traditional roles as 
the main Breadwinners were 

6500
05:43:29,500 --> 05:43:32,500
called into question by economic
conditions, although not 

6501
05:43:32,500 --> 05:43:35,400
entirely understood at the time,
the crashes effects on the 

6502
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:37,900
environment were also noteworthy
early. 

6503
05:43:37,900 --> 05:43:40,900
Recognition of the significance 
of sustainable resource. 

6504
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:44,400
Use was aided by the emphasis on
efficiency and conservation that

6505
05:43:44,400 --> 05:43:46,300
resulted from economic 
necessity. 

6506
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:49,500
Patterns that would later 
impact, Agricultural and 

6507
05:43:49,500 --> 05:43:52,300
environmental policy were 
established by the local food 

6508
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:55,100
production and consumption that 
became necessary. 

6509
05:43:55,100 --> 05:43:58,500
During times of economic 
hardship, most significantly the

6510
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:00,900
crash showed that American 
society had extraordinary 

6511
05:44:00,900 --> 05:44:03,400
reserves of fortitude in genuity
and camaraderie. 

6512
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:07,600
That could be called upon in 
emergency situation as models 

6513
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:10,700
for how communities could handle
future difficulties, The 

6514
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:13,500
Unofficial networks and 
adaptable tactics that developed

6515
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:16,600
in the months after the crash 
became an enduring component of 

6516
05:44:16,600 --> 05:44:20,400
American Social infrastructure. 
The tales of Dr. Harrison the 

6517
05:44:20,400 --> 05:44:23,400
Kowalski family, Eleanor Murphy 
and Tom and Sarah Henderson, 

6518
05:44:23,400 --> 05:44:25,700
weren't particularly noteworthy 
or unique. 

6519
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:29,300
They symbolize the experience of
millions of Americans who 

6520
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:31,200
learned that they could adjust 
the situations. 

6521
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:34,200
They never would have thought 
possible, finding dignity. 

6522
05:44:34,200 --> 05:44:37,200
And meaning in situations that 
contradicted their fundamental 

6523
05:44:37,200 --> 05:44:38,700
beliefs about safety and 
prosperity. 

6524
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:42,200
Their experiences were ingrained
in the collective memory of 

6525
05:44:42,208 --> 05:44:45,500
Americans helping to foster a 
national awareness that the 

6526
05:44:45,500 --> 05:44:48,200
welfare of the community. 
And individual success were 

6527
05:44:48,200 --> 05:44:51,800
closely related, that Prosperity
could not be taken for granted, 

6528
05:44:51,800 --> 05:44:55,400
but could be restored with hard 
work and collaboration and that 

6529
05:44:55,400 --> 05:44:59,300
the most valuable assets of any 
society with a moral fiber 

6530
05:44:59,300 --> 05:45:03,600
inventiveness and camaraderie of
its members, think about how the

6531
05:45:03,600 --> 05:45:06,500
1929 crash story relates to your
own life. 

6532
05:45:06,500 --> 05:45:10,500
In both Overton covert ways. 
As you curl up deeper under your

6533
05:45:10,500 --> 05:45:13,800
blanket, and feel the soft 
weight of sleep, starting to 

6534
05:45:13,800 --> 05:45:17,400
take you over. 
The circumstances that the 

6535
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:20,700
people we met tonight, Eleanor 
learning to stretch a salary. 

6536
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:24,800
Tom Henderson renegotiating his 
farm loans, the kowalskis 

6537
05:45:24,800 --> 05:45:28,000
adjusting their small business, 
and Dr. Harrison deepening. 

6538
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:31,100
His understanding of community 
service, had to deal with. 

6539
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:35,400
Were unprecedented for them but 
they were all familiar to anyone

6540
05:45:35,400 --> 05:45:38,700
who has ever experienced, 
economic uncertainty, their 

6541
05:45:38,700 --> 05:45:41,400
narrative serves as a reminder 
that community support and 

6542
05:45:41,400 --> 05:45:44,700
personal resiliency are not 
merely historical Oddities but 

6543
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:48,300
rather essential needs. 
Anyone managing the intricacies 

6544
05:45:48,300 --> 05:45:51,000
of contemporary economic life 
can still benefit from The 

6545
05:45:51,000 --> 05:45:54,100
Unofficial networks of support 
for one another, the Innovative 

6546
05:45:54,100 --> 05:45:57,200
responses to shifting conditions
and the harmony between 

6547
05:45:57,200 --> 05:46:00,400
individual initiative and group 
responsibility that developed in

6548
05:46:00,400 --> 05:46:04,200
the wake of the crash the 1929 
crash was more than just a 

6549
05:46:04,200 --> 05:46:07,300
historical occurrence. 
It was a manifestation of human 

6550
05:46:07,300 --> 05:46:11,100
adaptability and vulnerability 
for agility was brought about by

6551
05:46:11,100 --> 05:46:14,300
the same forces that brought 
about Prosperity but the same 

6552
05:46:14,300 --> 05:46:17,500
Ingenuity and collaboration. 
That enabled people to weather 

6553
05:46:17,500 --> 05:46:21,200
the crisis also set the stage 
for stability and expansion in 

6554
05:46:21,208 --> 05:46:23,800
the future. 
As you fall asleep, you may 

6555
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:26,600
dream of farmers looking through
their account books by Lamplight

6556
05:46:26,600 --> 05:46:29,600
of ticker tape machines. 
Clicking out their cryptic 

6557
05:46:29,600 --> 05:46:33,400
messages or a families huddled 
Around Radio sets that provided 

6558
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:37,300
both reassuring entertainment 
and upsetting news these dreams 

6559
05:46:37,300 --> 05:46:39,100
link you to an ongoing, American
narrative. 

6560
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:41,800
Concerning the interplay between
personal aspirations and the 

6561
05:46:41,808 --> 05:46:45,000
well-being of the community 
material wealth and personal 

6562
05:46:45,000 --> 05:46:48,300
safety, and the promises of 
advancement and the realities of

6563
05:46:48,300 --> 05:46:51,300
human Frailty. 
We can learn from the 1929 

6564
05:46:51,300 --> 05:46:53,000
crash. 
That economic systems are 

6565
05:46:53,000 --> 05:46:55,300
ultimately human constructs. 
That represent Human 

6566
05:46:55,300 --> 05:46:59,000
Relationships values and 
decisions those who survived the

6567
05:46:59,000 --> 05:47:01,500
crash learn that their most 
valuable assets were not their 

6568
05:47:01,500 --> 05:47:04,300
money, but rather their 
abilities connections and 

6569
05:47:04,300 --> 05:47:07,600
ability to support one another 
The significance of these 

6570
05:47:07,600 --> 05:47:10,000
resources has not changed since 
1929. 

6571
05:47:10,000 --> 05:47:13,000
You will be carrying on the 
narrative that started long 

6572
05:47:13,000 --> 05:47:16,000
before the crash and will 
continue long after our present 

6573
05:47:16,000 --> 05:47:17,600
economic difficulties are 
resolved. 

6574
05:47:17,600 --> 05:47:20,600
When you wake up tomorrow and 
examine your own financial 

6575
05:47:20,600 --> 05:47:24,600
status, make your own financial 
decisions and engage in your own

6576
05:47:24,600 --> 05:47:27,600
Community networks. 
The crash serves as a reminder 

6577
05:47:27,600 --> 05:47:30,300
that Prosperity is a state that 
needs ongoing care and 

6578
05:47:30,300 --> 05:47:32,200
attention, rather than a 
destination. 

6579
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:36,400
Security comes from building the
institutions connections and 

6580
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:40,000
abilities that will enable us to
deal with any situation that may

6581
05:47:40,000 --> 05:47:42,200
arise. 
Not from a massing wealth. 

6582
05:47:42,200 --> 05:47:44,400
The crash is most significant 
lesson though. 

6583
05:47:44,400 --> 05:47:49,300
Maybe that people are incredibly
resilient inventive and adaptive

6584
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:52,700
when they cooperate, anyone 
dealing with uncertainty, or 

6585
05:47:52,708 --> 05:47:55,400
change can learn from The 
Unofficial support systems 

6586
05:47:55,400 --> 05:47:59,300
innovative solutions to real 
world issues and the harmony 

6587
05:47:59,300 --> 05:48:01,900
between individual initiative 
and group collaboration. 

6588
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:05,500
That arose following the crash. 
You can rest easy knowing that 

6589
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:07,600
you're a part of the ongoing, 
human Narrative of the 

6590
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:09,700
adaptability fortitude and 
camaraderie. 

6591
05:48:09,700 --> 05:48:13,100
Although the difficulties you 
encounter are personal your 

6592
05:48:13,100 --> 05:48:15,900
connected to everyone who has 
ever had to adjust a 

6593
05:48:15,900 --> 05:48:18,400
Situation's, beyond their Direct
Control by the resources, you 

6594
05:48:18,400 --> 05:48:23,600
have creatively, relationships 
Community connections, and the 

6595
05:48:23,600 --> 05:48:26,200
collective knowledge of others 
who have encountered comparable 

6596
05:48:26,200 --> 05:48:29,000
difficulties, the fact that 
people have always managed to 

6597
05:48:29,000 --> 05:48:32,700
survive, adapt, and even 
flourish in situations that at 

6598
05:48:32,700 --> 05:48:35,300
first, Can't seemed 
insurmountable maybe the most 

6599
05:48:35,300 --> 05:48:40,300
consoling realization of all. 
The people of 1929 had no idea 

6600
05:48:40,300 --> 05:48:42,400
how their story would turn out 
that. 

6601
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:46,000
They handled it with honor 
Ingenuity and camaraderie which 

6602
05:48:46,000 --> 05:48:49,100
enabled them to rise above the 
rubble of what they had lost and

6603
05:48:49,100 --> 05:48:52,300
create something better, your 
ability to adjust, support and 

6604
05:48:52,300 --> 05:48:54,100
receive support from the 
communities. 

6605
05:48:54,100 --> 05:48:58,200
You're a part of is how their 
story lives on in yours. sweet 

6606
05:48:58,200 --> 05:49:01,500
dreams and may you rest in the 
knowledge that we still possess 

6607
05:49:01,500 --> 05:49:05,500
the human ability to bounce back
and the resiliency that kept our

6608
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:15,700
four in 1158 a 7 year old Noble 
boy, named Conrad leaves, his 

6609
05:49:15,700 --> 05:49:19,300
family, Manor to serve as a page
in the castle of Duke, Otto in 

6610
05:49:19,300 --> 05:49:22,700
the Holy Roman Empire, this 
experience is the beginning of 

6611
05:49:22,700 --> 05:49:27,000
his path and Knighthood, Wide 
and anxious Conrad enters the 

6612
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:29,700
Castle's in Norma's Hall, and 
quickly become immersed and 

6613
05:49:29,700 --> 05:49:32,900
Castle life. 
As a page, he is kept busy from 

6614
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:36,500
dawn until dusk. 
He must learn to sing him serve 

6615
05:49:36,500 --> 05:49:39,600
at table with proper etiquette 
and even assist in the Castle's 

6616
05:49:39,600 --> 05:49:43,200
hunts and falconry session's. 
Under the tutelage of the Master

6617
05:49:43,200 --> 05:49:46,600
at Arms Conrad and the other 
Pages, Practice Sword, play with

6618
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:48,600
wooden weapons and learn to ride
Ponys. 

6619
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,000
The castle in the spiritual 
upbringing. 

6620
05:49:52,000 --> 05:49:55,100
So Conrad grows in piety 
alongside prowess. 

6621
05:49:55,900 --> 05:49:58,500
Nothing is wasted even playtime 
in the courtyard. 

6622
05:49:58,500 --> 05:50:01,200
Mock battles on stick horses. 
And playful jousts with 

6623
05:50:01,208 --> 05:50:04,100
broomsticks is training in 
Disguise building the boys 

6624
05:50:04,100 --> 05:50:07,100
strength and coordination. 
Conrad idolizes. 

6625
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:10,300
The knights, he serves one 
friendly Knights or Reinhart. 

6626
05:50:10,300 --> 05:50:13,100
Sometimes shares Tales from the 
halves of legendary Warriors and

6627
05:50:13,100 --> 05:50:15,300
battles. 
Fueling Conrad's dreams of 

6628
05:50:15,308 --> 05:50:18,300
Valor. 
Through hard work and Keen 

6629
05:50:18,300 --> 05:50:22,400
observation Conrad grows in both
body and character by age 14, he

6630
05:50:22,400 --> 05:50:26,000
graduates to the rank of Squire.
He is now assigned as serine 

6631
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:30,700
Hearts, personal attend and 
protege, his duties intensify 

6632
05:50:30,700 --> 05:50:35,200
Conrad Rises at dawn to help, 
Reinhard Don his mail armor and 

6633
05:50:35,200 --> 05:50:39,300
Spurs. tends to the knights 
horse and a company's him 

6634
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:42,600
everywhere, being a squire 
resembles, an apprenticeship 

6635
05:50:43,500 --> 05:50:47,100
Conrad learns by doing cleaning 
armor sharpening swords, and 

6636
05:50:47,100 --> 05:50:50,200
practicing jousts with real 
answers under reinhardt's 

6637
05:50:50,200 --> 05:50:51,700
guidance. 
In the afternoon. 

6638
05:50:51,700 --> 05:50:55,000
He practiced his falconry were 
joined sarine in weapons. 

6639
05:50:55,000 --> 05:50:58,500
Training, aiming, his Lance at 
the quintaine, spinning Target 

6640
05:50:58,500 --> 05:51:00,700
to hone his accuracy on 
horseback. 

6641
05:51:01,600 --> 05:51:05,900
Mistakes, earn Stone correction 
but also patient instruction in 

6642
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:09,600
Quiet Moments sir Reinhart 
stresses the code of chivalry, a

6643
05:51:09,600 --> 05:51:13,400
knight must be brave but also 
just and merciful Conrad takes 

6644
05:51:13,400 --> 05:51:15,600
these lessons to Heart determine
to one day. 

6645
05:51:15,608 --> 05:51:19,000
Embody those ideals. 
His first taste of real. 

6646
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,600
Conflict comes at 16 while 
escorting, a Supply Convoy 

6647
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:25,700
through a forest. 
So reinhardt's party is ambushed

6648
05:51:25,700 --> 05:51:29,700
by Bandits Conrad's heart pounds
as he sticks close to his 

6649
05:51:29,700 --> 05:51:33,000
mentor. 
Amid the chaos, he uses his 

6650
05:51:33,000 --> 05:51:37,000
training reflexively that one 
point even Nots abandoned it off

6651
05:51:37,000 --> 05:51:39,200
a horse with a well-timed. 
Lance thrust. 

6652
05:51:40,100 --> 05:51:42,200
So Reinhard proudly claps Conrad
shoulder. 

6653
05:51:42,200 --> 05:51:45,900
After driving the bandits off 
young, Squire has demonstrated 

6654
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:47,400
his bravery in the face of 
danger. 

6655
05:51:47,400 --> 05:51:51,000
This brief, Skirmish shows 
Conrad the Stark reality of 

6656
05:51:51,000 --> 05:51:55,000
combat terrifying and brutal. 
It is Duty as to face it with 

6657
05:51:55,000 --> 05:51:58,500
courage. 
By age, 21 Conrad has spent 

6658
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:01,700
years and Service Learning the 
Arts of Knight Hood and the 

6659
05:52:01,708 --> 05:52:03,200
responsibilities that come with 
it. 

6660
05:52:04,200 --> 05:52:07,300
He is tended to Sir, Ryan Harden
tournaments on minor campaigns. 

6661
05:52:07,300 --> 05:52:09,800
Steadily growing and skill and 
maturity. 

6662
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:13,100
Now he stands on the brink of 
achieving his lifelong dream. 

6663
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:16,600
All the years of training, 
mastering horsemanship honing, 

6664
05:52:16,600 --> 05:52:19,900
his sword arm and learning's 
courtesy and strategy of shape 

6665
05:52:19,900 --> 05:52:22,200
Conrad in to a worthy candidate 
for Knight Hood. 

6666
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:25,800
He helps her Reinhard prepare 
for a winter Feast where several

6667
05:52:25,800 --> 05:52:29,100
Squires will be honored Conrad 
cannot help but feel a mix of 

6668
05:52:29,108 --> 05:52:32,300
excitement and nerves the dawn 
of his Knighthood approaches. 

6669
05:52:32,300 --> 05:52:34,900
And with it, the life of honor 
and Adventure that he has 

6670
05:52:34,900 --> 05:52:37,600
envisioned it. 
Since that day, he first arrived

6671
05:52:37,600 --> 05:52:40,500
at Duke Otto's Castle. 
As a wide-eyed boy, the winter 

6672
05:52:40,500 --> 05:52:44,500
of 11 to 75 brings Conrad to a 
grand celebration at Duke, 

6673
05:52:44,500 --> 05:52:48,108
Otto's castle at 21, after years
of training, he has to be 

6674
05:52:48,116 --> 05:52:50,700
knighted. 
The Magnificent Hall is decked 

6675
05:52:50,700 --> 05:52:53,800
with Evergreen bowels and with 
hundreds of candles in honor of 

6676
05:52:53,800 --> 05:52:55,400
Christmas and the knighting 
ceremony. 

6677
05:52:56,200 --> 05:53:00,200
Dressed in a simple white tunic 
symbolizing Purity Conrad stands

6678
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:02,300
alongside other squires are 
waiting the right. 

6679
05:53:02,300 --> 05:53:05,800
He feels his heart pounding with
a mix of excitement and nerves. 

6680
05:53:06,500 --> 05:53:09,700
Reinhard squeezes his shoulder 
and support recalling his Knight

6681
05:53:09,700 --> 05:53:11,600
hood and assuring Conrad that he
is ready. 

6682
05:53:12,800 --> 05:53:14,900
On the eve of the ceremony 
Conrad undergoes, the 

6683
05:53:14,900 --> 05:53:18,200
traditional vigil of arms. 
He bathes and owns a clean white

6684
05:53:18,200 --> 05:53:20,800
robe and a Red Cloak for the 
blood of Martyrs and courage of 

6685
05:53:20,800 --> 05:53:23,900
a night all night. 
He kneels in the castle Chapel, 

6686
05:53:23,900 --> 05:53:26,200
his sword and armor placed on 
the altar before him. 

6687
05:53:27,000 --> 05:53:30,300
By flickering Candlelight he 
prays reflecting on the solemn 

6688
05:53:30,300 --> 05:53:33,700
vowels, who will take a dawn 
despite aching knees and little 

6689
05:53:33,700 --> 05:53:37,500
sleep Conrad remains focused. 
This vigil is a spiritual 

6690
05:53:37,500 --> 05:53:40,700
purification. 
Time to seek God's blessing and 

6691
05:53:40,700 --> 05:53:44,400
contemplate the chivalric code. 
He must uphold He promises 

6692
05:53:44,400 --> 05:53:48,600
himself to be a just loyal and 
pious night devoted to 

6693
05:53:48,600 --> 05:53:50,500
protecting the weak and serving 
the church. 

6694
05:53:51,700 --> 05:53:54,800
But first light masses 
celebrated the squires confess 

6695
05:53:54,800 --> 05:53:56,400
their sins and hear a final 
blessing. 

6696
05:53:56,400 --> 05:54:00,500
Then comes the oath. 
Swearing one by one each Squire 

6697
05:54:00,500 --> 05:54:02,200
stands. 
Before the gathered Nobles in 

6698
05:54:02,200 --> 05:54:05,800
the chapel, when Conrad's turn 
arrives, he declares his nightly

6699
05:54:05,800 --> 05:54:08,800
vowels in a clear voice He will 
speak truth. 

6700
05:54:08,800 --> 05:54:14,600
Uphold the faith obey his Lord 
defend the helpless and be 

6701
05:54:14,600 --> 05:54:19,600
honorable in all the things. 
Each promise ring rings out in 

6702
05:54:19,600 --> 05:54:22,200
the cold morning. 
Air, sealing Conrad's commitment

6703
05:54:22,200 --> 05:54:25,800
to the ideals of Knight Hood. 
Even before the sword touches 

6704
05:54:25,800 --> 05:54:28,800
his shoulders, he feels the 
weight of responsibility settle 

6705
05:54:28,800 --> 05:54:32,500
on his shoulders that evening, a
formal knighting ceremony, the 

6706
05:54:32,500 --> 05:54:36,900
Accolade takes place in the 
Great Hall Duke, Otto respondent

6707
05:54:36,900 --> 05:54:39,400
in fur trimmed robes calls 
Conrad forward. 

6708
05:54:40,700 --> 05:54:43,400
Conrad kneels on the rush stream
floor before his Lord. 

6709
05:54:44,100 --> 05:54:46,900
In the hushed, hold the Duke. 
Gently Taps Conrad shoulders, 

6710
05:54:46,900 --> 05:54:49,500
with the flat of the sword and 
proclaims in French. 

6711
05:54:50,400 --> 05:54:53,400
Soyuz Chevalier being be a 
knight. 

6712
05:54:54,800 --> 05:54:57,800
Conrad bows, his head overcome 
with emotion as those words. 

6713
05:54:57,800 --> 05:54:59,900
Transformed him from Squire to 
Sir Conrad. 

6714
05:55:00,800 --> 05:55:04,600
Applause breaks out among this 
assembled Lords and Ladies So 

6715
05:55:04,600 --> 05:55:09,300
Conrad Rises heart, swelling 
with pride and humility, all his

6716
05:55:09,300 --> 05:55:11,000
years of hard work of led to 
this moment. 

6717
05:55:11,000 --> 05:55:15,700
He is now a knight of the realm 
following the Accolade Conrad is

6718
05:55:15,700 --> 05:55:17,100
bad in the cymbals of 
Knighthood. 

6719
05:55:17,100 --> 05:55:21,700
So reinhardt's gilded Spurs to 
his boots, the sign that Conrad 

6720
05:55:21,700 --> 05:55:24,800
is now a night of the spur, 
another attendant buckles on a 

6721
05:55:24,800 --> 05:55:28,400
sword, belt holding a finely 
crafted sword, Conrad Don's 

6722
05:55:28,400 --> 05:55:31,600
family's coat of arms, over his 
male and a Herald, announces his

6723
05:55:31,600 --> 05:55:33,900
new title, so Conrad of 
dornburg. 

6724
05:55:35,000 --> 05:55:37,800
Cheers echo in the hall. 
Conrad's father, who traveled 

6725
05:55:37,800 --> 05:55:40,000
here for the occasion. 
White's. 

6726
05:55:40,000 --> 05:55:43,600
Proud tears from his eyes. 
Duke Otto then presents Conrad 

6727
05:55:43,600 --> 05:55:45,200
with the final symbol of Knight 
Hood. 

6728
05:55:45,200 --> 05:55:49,900
A heavy sword belted at his side
fully clad in male and armed. 

6729
05:55:49,900 --> 05:55:53,000
So Conrad mounts are waiting 
charger in the courtyard for the

6730
05:55:53,000 --> 05:55:56,400
Pod, damn, a ritual display of 
Martial skill. 

6731
05:55:56,400 --> 05:56:00,000
It is customary that after being
dubbed the United demonstrate 

6732
05:56:00,000 --> 05:56:03,900
their power in jousts, or mock 
combat Conrad guide, the horse 

6733
05:56:03,900 --> 05:56:07,000
feeling the strange yet, 
empowering weight of his armor. 

6734
05:56:07,700 --> 05:56:10,700
He salutes the crowd lining the 
yard together with the other 

6735
05:56:10,700 --> 05:56:13,700
fresh Knights, he participates 
in a friendly joust. 

6736
05:56:14,400 --> 05:56:17,300
His Lance shatters against 
another night shield in a 

6737
05:56:17,300 --> 05:56:20,200
thunderous hit. 
And although unhorsed in a later

6738
05:56:20,200 --> 05:56:22,500
round, he remounts, a mid 
Applause. 

6739
05:56:24,000 --> 05:56:26,500
The exercise is proved to all 
that these young men have the 

6740
05:56:26,500 --> 05:56:28,600
skill and courage befitting 
their new station. 

6741
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:33,200
Conrad's face flushes with joy 
beneath his visors, he realizes 

6742
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:36,600
his achievement is not training 
or pretend it is real Knight 

6743
05:56:36,600 --> 05:56:40,500
Hood his Knight Hood, one by 
Merit and blessed by God and 

6744
05:56:40,500 --> 05:56:43,800
Lord. 
That night, the castle is a 

6745
05:56:43,800 --> 05:56:47,300
light with the celebration. 
At the bank in the hall. 

6746
05:56:47,300 --> 05:56:50,100
So Conrad sits in a place of 
honor at serine hardside. 

6747
05:56:50,100 --> 05:56:54,700
No longer does he serve instead 
Pages, poor for him and the 

6748
05:56:54,700 --> 05:56:57,700
other nights. 
He toasts his mentors and shares

6749
05:56:57,700 --> 05:56:59,600
in the camera of the Chevrolet 
Brotherhood. 

6750
05:57:00,400 --> 05:57:03,000
Gifts are bestowed. 
The Duke grants Conrad a fine 

6751
05:57:03,000 --> 05:57:05,700
destroyer warhorse from his 
stables and a new sword of 

6752
05:57:05,700 --> 05:57:08,900
Toledo Steel. 
Minstrels compose a few witty 

6753
05:57:08,900 --> 05:57:11,300
Rhymes in honor of the newly 
Dublin nights, eliciting 

6754
05:57:11,300 --> 05:57:14,300
laughter. 
Amidst, the revelry Conrad 

6755
05:57:14,300 --> 05:57:17,700
remains humble and grateful. 
He recalls the sacred vows from 

6756
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:21,500
that morning and steals himself 
to live by the When the Duke 

6757
05:57:21,500 --> 05:57:24,200
Stewart offers him, a purse of 
coins as the traditional nightly

6758
05:57:24,200 --> 05:57:27,600
gift Conrad quietly resolves, to
use some of it in arms for the 

6759
05:57:27,600 --> 05:57:29,600
poor. 
His First Act of Charity as a 

6760
05:57:29,600 --> 05:57:32,700
knight. 
Late at night Conrad reflects on

6761
05:57:32,700 --> 05:57:35,600
the transformation of this day. 
As he dof's, his armor and 

6762
05:57:35,600 --> 05:57:37,300
prepares to rest in a guest 
chamber. 

6763
05:57:37,300 --> 05:57:41,500
Feeling strange with his usual, 
place by Sir reinhard's door, he

6764
05:57:41,500 --> 05:57:45,000
entered the morning as a squire,
and now retires as a knight with

6765
05:57:45,000 --> 05:57:47,300
all the Privileges and 
responsibilities that entails. 

6766
05:57:48,300 --> 05:57:51,400
With Knighthood come privileges 
the right to wear armor and bear

6767
05:57:51,400 --> 05:57:54,400
arms publicly to hold land in 
fifth and to sit at the high 

6768
05:57:54,400 --> 05:57:57,500
tape with Lourdes. 
However, there are also duties 

6769
05:57:57,500 --> 05:58:01,800
Leading Men in battle if called 
dispensing Justice on one's land

6770
05:58:01,800 --> 05:58:04,800
and serving loyally. 
The weight of his sword on the 

6771
05:58:04,808 --> 05:58:06,800
bedside rack is a reminder of 
both. 

6772
05:58:07,600 --> 05:58:11,500
So, Conrad's sleeps deeply that 
night the Vigilant citement 

6773
05:58:11,500 --> 05:58:15,300
having exhausted him unaware of 
just how soon his nightly ideals

6774
05:58:15,300 --> 05:58:18,100
will be tested in the harsh 
reality of medieval warfare and 

6775
05:58:18,100 --> 05:58:21,700
politics by 1177. 
So Conrad is serving at the 

6776
05:58:21,708 --> 05:58:24,100
Imperial Court of Emperor. 
Frederick Barbarossa. 

6777
05:58:24,800 --> 05:58:27,100
Here, amidst glittering, 
Banquets and tournaments. 

6778
05:58:27,100 --> 05:58:30,700
He experienced is the Pinnacle 
of courtly civil Reece minstrels

6779
05:58:30,700 --> 05:58:34,300
sing of Brave Knights, and pure,
ladies and Conrad strives to 

6780
05:58:34,300 --> 05:58:38,100
exemplify those ideals. 
He's unfailingly courteous 

6781
05:58:38,100 --> 05:58:40,800
Rising when Noble. 
Women enter speaking. 

6782
05:58:40,800 --> 05:58:44,500
Only with respectful words and 
behaving as the perfect night in

6783
05:58:44,500 --> 05:58:48,000
every social setting, The older 
courtiers sometimes, chuckle 

6784
05:58:48,000 --> 05:58:50,600
that sir Conrad still sees the 
world through rose-colored 

6785
05:58:50,600 --> 05:58:55,200
lenses of chivalry, but they 
admire his earnestness. at a 

6786
05:58:55,200 --> 05:58:58,100
grand tournament held in 
Wurzburg Conrad has a chance to 

6787
05:58:58,100 --> 05:59:01,000
prove his Valor clad in shining 
armor. 

6788
05:59:01,000 --> 05:59:02,700
He rides into the lists under 
Duke. 

6789
05:59:02,700 --> 05:59:05,200
Otto's Banner in one joust. 
He on horses. 

6790
05:59:05,200 --> 05:59:07,500
A seasoned opponent with a 
well-placed lance strike. 

6791
05:59:07,500 --> 05:59:10,100
Earning cheers from the crowd 
later. 

6792
05:59:10,100 --> 05:59:13,100
He restrained himself in the 
melee, the mock battle showing 

6793
05:59:13,100 --> 05:59:15,100
Mercy by not striking a fall in 
opponent. 

6794
05:59:15,800 --> 05:59:18,700
His skill and honor winning 
recognition, the presiding 

6795
05:59:18,700 --> 05:59:22,000
Duchess Awards, him a silk 
favoring a ribbon on his arm as 

6796
05:59:22,008 --> 05:59:26,600
a token of esteem. 
Flashed with pride Conrad feels.

6797
05:59:26,600 --> 05:59:29,000
He is living the very romances 
heard as a boy. 

6798
05:59:29,800 --> 05:59:32,700
Yet beneath the pageantry Conrad
begins to notice troubling 

6799
05:59:32,700 --> 05:59:35,600
cracks in nightly behavior. 
In whispered corners of the 

6800
05:59:35,608 --> 05:59:37,300
hall. 
He overhears Petty jealousies 

6801
05:59:37,300 --> 05:59:40,900
nights arguing over who deserves
more credit for a minor Skirmish

6802
05:59:40,900 --> 05:59:42,900
or who should sit close to the 
emperor. 

6803
05:59:42,900 --> 05:59:46,200
One night, he Witnesses. 
Two renowned Knights nearly draw

6804
05:59:46,200 --> 05:59:47,900
swords at a banquet over an 
insult. 

6805
05:59:47,900 --> 05:59:51,700
Only stopping when the emperor 
himself intervenes, This 

6806
05:59:51,700 --> 05:59:54,900
bickering disappoints Conrad 
were, they not all sworn to 

6807
05:59:54,900 --> 05:59:58,000
Brotherhood and honor worse 
Conrad, learns of outright 

6808
05:59:58,000 --> 06:00:01,200
violations of the shiver at 
code. a lady in waiting 

6809
06:00:01,200 --> 06:00:04,500
confides, that a famous knight 
Who publicly boasts of 

6810
06:00:04,508 --> 06:00:08,100
defending, the innocent once 
forced himself on a peasant, 

6811
06:00:08,100 --> 06:00:11,600
girl, during a past campaign. 
Conrad is horrified. 

6812
06:00:11,600 --> 06:00:15,000
He realizes that not all nights 
live up to the high ideals. 

6813
06:00:15,000 --> 06:00:18,500
They Proclaim chivalry. 
He sees is often more praise 

6814
06:00:18,500 --> 06:00:21,800
than practiced, this realization
hits hardest on a journey 

6815
06:00:21,800 --> 06:00:25,300
through the countryside. 
Riding between Imperial Castle's

6816
06:00:25,300 --> 06:00:28,200
Conrad's party passes through a 
village recently. 

6817
06:00:28,200 --> 06:00:31,300
Raided by Robert Knights, the 
houses are charred and The 

6818
06:00:31,300 --> 06:00:35,700
Villages mostly peasants. 
A destitute and terrified Conrad

6819
06:00:35,700 --> 06:00:38,000
is moved to compassion and urges
immediate help. 

6820
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:41,200
But one of his fellow, Knights 
nearly scoffs this is none of 

6821
06:00:41,200 --> 06:00:44,300
our concern and suggest. 
The peasants likely provoked, 

6822
06:00:44,300 --> 06:00:48,000
the attack by withholding taxes 
and other night tosses, a few 

6823
06:00:48,008 --> 06:00:52,200
coins and rides on in different 
Conrad cannot fathom such 

6824
06:00:52,200 --> 06:00:55,200
callousness. 
He lingers to distribute food 

6825
06:00:55,200 --> 06:00:57,000
from his pack and Promises The 
Villages. 

6826
06:00:57,000 --> 06:00:59,800
He will report this outrage 
Catching up. 

6827
06:00:59,800 --> 06:01:02,900
He challenges the other nights. 
How can they ignore their duty 

6828
06:01:02,900 --> 06:01:06,000
to protect the defenseless? 
They shrug off his idealism 

6829
06:01:06,000 --> 06:01:09,200
saying a knight's first loyalty 
as to his prophet and Lord 

6830
06:01:09,200 --> 06:01:11,600
Conrad rides on in angry 
silence. 

6831
06:01:11,600 --> 06:01:16,000
His faith in the Brotherhood of 
knights deeply shaken, Back at 

6832
06:01:16,000 --> 06:01:18,400
court Conrad confides his 
worries to his mentor. 

6833
06:01:18,400 --> 06:01:22,100
So Reinhart, the older Knight 
now retired from Battle smiled. 

6834
06:01:22,100 --> 06:01:25,600
Sadly and says, the world is 
flawed lad be the night that 

6835
06:01:25,600 --> 06:01:29,100
others fail to be, hold yourself
to the code even if others fall 

6836
06:01:29,100 --> 06:01:31,500
short. 
Taking this advice to Heart 

6837
06:01:31,500 --> 06:01:35,500
Conrad intensifies, his virtue, 
he gains a quiet reputation as a

6838
06:01:35,500 --> 06:01:38,800
true and gentle night. 
When other nights mock a servant

6839
06:01:38,800 --> 06:01:41,800
or a gesture Conrad intervenes 
to stop the bullying. 

6840
06:01:42,400 --> 06:01:46,000
When a dispute arises over a 
contested inheritance, he speaks

6841
06:01:46,000 --> 06:01:48,900
up for a fair compromise rather 
than signing blindly with a 

6842
06:01:48,908 --> 06:01:51,800
powerful Lord. 
Summit Court, respect him for 

6843
06:01:51,800 --> 06:01:55,000
his actions While others mock 
his Scruples, but Conrad is 

6844
06:01:55,000 --> 06:01:58,000
unaffected by popularity. 
He is determined to practice 

6845
06:01:58,000 --> 06:02:00,700
what other peers only preached 
during this time. 

6846
06:02:00,700 --> 06:02:04,200
Conrad also experiences, the 
tenderness of courtly love, he 

6847
06:02:04,200 --> 06:02:07,800
becomes enamored of Lady, Adele 
endure a kind and gracious Noble

6848
06:02:07,800 --> 06:02:09,900
woman. 
There are fiction is never 

6849
06:02:09,900 --> 06:02:12,900
openly declared. 
She has promised to another but 

6850
06:02:12,900 --> 06:02:16,400
through exchange glances and 
secret Smiles, Conrad finds 

6851
06:02:16,400 --> 06:02:20,200
inspiration in her presence. 
He carries her silk favor on his

6852
06:02:20,200 --> 06:02:22,900
arm during jousts. 
And imagines himself her 

6853
06:02:22,900 --> 06:02:26,200
Champion though, their Love 
Remains chased and unfulfilled 

6854
06:02:26,200 --> 06:02:30,100
it deepens Conrad's resolve to 
uphold the Knightly virtues that

6855
06:02:30,100 --> 06:02:34,800
lady in her admirers in him. 
The drums of War inevitably 

6856
06:02:34,800 --> 06:02:36,700
replaced the songs and dances of
court. 

6857
06:02:37,500 --> 06:02:41,700
By the later 1170s Emperor. 
Barbarossa calls his vassals to 

6858
06:02:41,700 --> 06:02:45,000
March into Italy aiming to 
subdue, rebellious city-states. 

6859
06:02:45,000 --> 06:02:47,900
So Conrad must leave. 
The comfort of court and test 

6860
06:02:47,900 --> 06:02:49,200
his principles on the 
battlefield. 

6861
06:02:50,300 --> 06:02:53,500
On the eve of departure lady 
Adeline quietly ties. 

6862
06:02:53,500 --> 06:02:57,400
A small embroidered token to his
arm for luck Conrad bows and 

6863
06:02:57,408 --> 06:03:00,800
Promises to return with honor. 
As he rides South with the 

6864
06:03:00,800 --> 06:03:04,100
Imperial host, he braces himself
for real Siege and battle. 

6865
06:03:04,800 --> 06:03:08,600
A place where many nights ideals
crumble Conrad praised, that he 

6866
06:03:08,600 --> 06:03:11,300
can carry the light of chivalry 
with him, into the coming storm,

6867
06:03:11,300 --> 06:03:14,600
not knowing how severely those 
ideals will be tried in The 

6868
06:03:14,608 --> 06:03:18,200
Crucible of war. 
The year, 1178 finds a Conrad in

6869
06:03:18,200 --> 06:03:22,300
golf in the brutal reality of 
warfare Emperor, Barbara Ross's 

6870
06:03:22,300 --> 06:03:25,200
campaign in Northern Italy, 
drags on and Conrad experience 

6871
06:03:25,200 --> 06:03:28,200
is Siege. 
Warfare first-hand, the Imperial

6872
06:03:28,200 --> 06:03:31,900
Army lays Siege to a rebellious 
Lombard City one of the many 

6873
06:03:31,900 --> 06:03:35,500
Fortress certified towns defying
the emperor Conrad stands for 

6874
06:03:35,508 --> 06:03:39,300
hours in mud and blood before 
the city walls ducking arrows 

6875
06:03:39,300 --> 06:03:42,000
and dodging Stones hurled by sea
engines. 

6876
06:03:42,800 --> 06:03:45,800
He is exchanged the silk and 
songs of court for the iron and 

6877
06:03:45,800 --> 06:03:49,200
screams of the battlefield, 
nothing in his training, fully 

6878
06:03:49,200 --> 06:03:52,600
prepared him for the brutality 
of a protracted Siege. 

6879
06:03:53,300 --> 06:03:56,500
The Defenders, desperate and 
fierce rained down bolts and 

6880
06:03:56,500 --> 06:04:00,300
boiling water, Conrad Witnesses,
comrade struck down beside him. 

6881
06:04:00,300 --> 06:04:03,900
One night falls with a crossbow 
bolt through his eye and another

6882
06:04:03,900 --> 06:04:08,000
is crushed by a hurled Boulder. 
Each day brings new Horrors 

6883
06:04:08,000 --> 06:04:11,300
under orders Conrad takes his 
turn in the assault rotations, 

6884
06:04:11,300 --> 06:04:14,400
in one attack. 
He climbs a lady amid, a storm 

6885
06:04:14,408 --> 06:04:17,200
of arrows and briefly. 
Breaches The battlements Sword 

6886
06:04:17,200 --> 06:04:21,700
in hand face to face with an 
enemy militiamen Conrad, parry's

6887
06:04:21,700 --> 06:04:23,200
a blow. 
And with reflects, born of years

6888
06:04:23,200 --> 06:04:25,900
of training drives his sword, 
into the man's side. 

6889
06:04:26,600 --> 06:04:29,700
Militiamen crumples. 
So Conrad has killed his first 

6890
06:04:29,700 --> 06:04:32,800
phone in single combat. 
There is no glory in it. 

6891
06:04:32,800 --> 06:04:36,900
Only a numb shot as the dying 
man's blood spills on his mail. 

6892
06:04:37,800 --> 06:04:40,700
Conrad, remember his vows of 
Mercy, but in the frenzy of 

6893
06:04:40,700 --> 06:04:43,500
battle there is little chance to
spare opponents who fight to the

6894
06:04:43,500 --> 06:04:46,800
death, he fights onto survive 
and protect his fellow Knights 

6895
06:04:46,800 --> 06:04:50,200
all while praying quietly for 
the souls lost on both sides. 

6896
06:04:51,700 --> 06:04:54,700
After months of Siege, the 
starving City, finally 

6897
06:04:54,700 --> 06:05:00,400
surrendered of chivalrous 
Clemente, spectacle unfolds 

6898
06:05:00,400 --> 06:05:04,900
despite Promises of Mercy, the 
Victorious Imperial troops Loot 

6899
06:05:04,900 --> 06:05:07,000
and raise the city in a frenzy 
of vengeance. 

6900
06:05:08,000 --> 06:05:11,600
Conrad watches in dismay as 
discipline breaks down soldiers,

6901
06:05:11,600 --> 06:05:15,000
Rampage through the streets, 
looting tormenting and burning 

6902
06:05:15,000 --> 06:05:17,100
everything in their path 
civilians. 

6903
06:05:17,100 --> 06:05:21,600
The very people Conrad swatted 
and not spared Conrad does, what

6904
06:05:21,600 --> 06:05:24,900
little he can he strikes down a 
Marauder who was about to hurt. 

6905
06:05:24,900 --> 06:05:27,600
A trembling old man and he 
Shields a terrified. 

6906
06:05:27,600 --> 06:05:30,700
Young woman is ushering. 
Someone into a church but so 

6907
06:05:30,700 --> 06:05:32,700
Conrad alone cannot halt, the 
tide of Cruelty. 

6908
06:05:32,700 --> 06:05:37,500
The sights pierced, his soul 
family in doorways, homes in 

6909
06:05:37,500 --> 06:05:41,100
flames, and wounded individuals,
Desperately Seeking water. 

6910
06:05:41,100 --> 06:05:44,400
The scene is not the noble 
combat of nightly romance's, 

6911
06:05:44,400 --> 06:05:47,700
it's a vision. 
No one should see Conrad Treads 

6912
06:05:47,700 --> 06:05:50,600
over the corpses of both 
soldiers and townsfolk the City 

6913
06:05:50,600 --> 06:05:53,300
of smoking ruin. 
You Witnesses some Imperial 

6914
06:05:53,300 --> 06:05:56,300
Knights executing captive 
townspeople under the pretext of

6915
06:05:56,300 --> 06:06:00,200
teaching a lesson Conrad feels 
more kinship with the frightened

6916
06:06:00,200 --> 06:06:03,400
survivors than with these 
rampaging Victors that night, 

6917
06:06:03,400 --> 06:06:06,500
Conrad tends to the wounded 
enemy and friend alike. 

6918
06:06:06,500 --> 06:06:10,400
In a makeshift Camp hospital, he
offers water to a dying Italian 

6919
06:06:10,400 --> 06:06:14,200
footman, who classes Conrad's 
hand, weekly, and Whispers a 

6920
06:06:14,200 --> 06:06:17,700
graze before passing away. 
Conrad ensures the man receives 

6921
06:06:17,700 --> 06:06:21,500
last rites treating him as a 
fellow human soul, rather than a

6922
06:06:21,500 --> 06:06:23,900
foe. 
Such acts of compassion stand in

6923
06:06:23,900 --> 06:06:28,000
stark contrast to the savagery 
he witnessed By the end of this 

6924
06:06:28,000 --> 06:06:30,000
campaign. 
So Conrad has undergone a 

6925
06:06:30,000 --> 06:06:32,700
transformation. 
His once polished armor is 

6926
06:06:32,700 --> 06:06:35,600
dented and scarred. 
He himself Bears, a deep cut on 

6927
06:06:35,600 --> 06:06:39,200
his thigh and a berm scar on his
forearm lasting reminders of 

6928
06:06:39,200 --> 06:06:42,200
these brutal campaigns. 
More profoundly. 

6929
06:06:42,200 --> 06:06:45,400
A sober understanding of the 
true nature of War has tempered 

6930
06:06:45,400 --> 06:06:49,400
the idealism of his youth even 
so Conrad core values. 

6931
06:06:49,400 --> 06:06:52,400
Persist, he did not descend into
wanton cruelty. 

6932
06:06:52,400 --> 06:06:56,400
He maintained honor where he 
could sparing those who yielded 

6933
06:06:56,400 --> 06:06:58,500
and aiding the helpless amid 
chaos. 

6934
06:06:59,200 --> 06:07:02,100
Among the Knights Inn Barbara's.
Host, he becomes known sometimes

6935
06:07:02,100 --> 06:07:05,800
mockingly, sometimes admirably 
as the one who will treat a 

6936
06:07:05,800 --> 06:07:08,900
wounded enemy or protect a 
peasant child, In an age of 

6937
06:07:08,908 --> 06:07:11,000
Terror. 
So Conrad manages to keep a 

6938
06:07:11,000 --> 06:07:14,100
spark of chivalry alive. 
When Barbara Ross are finally 

6939
06:07:14,100 --> 06:07:15,600
makes peace with the Lombard 
League. 

6940
06:07:15,600 --> 06:07:19,400
Conrad is relieved. 
He survives the Italian Wars but

6941
06:07:19,400 --> 06:07:22,900
at enormous cost to his spirit. 
Returning to Camp after the 

6942
06:07:22,900 --> 06:07:25,400
final seed, Conrad kneels in 
private prayer. 

6943
06:07:25,400 --> 06:07:29,000
He asked God to forgive the 
atrocities committed and to 

6944
06:07:29,000 --> 06:07:32,300
guide him moving forward. 
He realizes that being a true 

6945
06:07:32,300 --> 06:07:35,100
Knight in Wartime is far more 
difficult than he ever imagined.

6946
06:07:35,100 --> 06:07:38,000
It means doing what is right. 
Even when surrounded by 

6947
06:07:38,000 --> 06:07:42,100
Darkness, And though he is 
scarred and weary Conrad's 

6948
06:07:42,100 --> 06:07:44,900
silently, vows that he will not 
let the brutality of War. 

6949
06:07:44,900 --> 06:07:48,200
Extinguish, the values that 
Define his Knighthood, the Third

6950
06:07:48,200 --> 06:07:51,100
Crusade soon gives a Conrad a 
chance to seek spiritual 

6951
06:07:51,100 --> 06:07:55,900
Redemption for the blood. 
He has shed in 1188, new spreads

6952
06:07:55,900 --> 06:07:59,600
that Jerusalem has fallen to 
Saladin calls for Crusade echo 

6953
06:07:59,600 --> 06:08:02,500
through Christendom. 
Despite his exhaustion from 

6954
06:08:02,500 --> 06:08:06,300
Decades of fighting Conrad takes
the cross, swearing to Journey 

6955
06:08:06,300 --> 06:08:09,800
to the Holy Land to liberate the
sacred sites, his both the duty 

6956
06:08:09,800 --> 06:08:11,400
and a deeply personal 
pilgrimage. 

6957
06:08:13,000 --> 06:08:14,800
Like many nights Conrad hopes 
this. 

6958
06:08:14,800 --> 06:08:16,900
Holy Endeavor will atone for 
past sins. 

6959
06:08:16,900 --> 06:08:20,900
The pope promises remission of 
sins, for those who Crusade and 

6960
06:08:20,900 --> 06:08:24,300
Conrad haunted by the Sea of the
Lombard City craves forgiveness 

6961
06:08:24,300 --> 06:08:28,200
and in a piece he joins Emperor 
Frederick Barbara's, Mighty Army

6962
06:08:28,200 --> 06:08:30,500
of Crusaders trekking, Overland 
towards Jerusalem. 

6963
06:08:31,400 --> 06:08:33,600
The journey is arduous but Also 
spiritually. 

6964
06:08:33,600 --> 06:08:36,200
Uplifting, the Crusaders into 
your hunger. 

6965
06:08:36,200 --> 06:08:39,700
Harsh, desert heat and 
skirmishes with hostile forces 

6966
06:08:39,700 --> 06:08:41,600
which creates a challenging 
environment. 

6967
06:08:42,700 --> 06:08:45,700
Through it all Conrad acts as a 
model of nightly piety. 

6968
06:08:46,500 --> 06:08:48,000
He leads evening prayers in 
Camp. 

6969
06:08:48,000 --> 06:08:51,000
Shares his water with those 
thirsty and he keeps the 

6970
06:08:51,000 --> 06:08:52,800
Crusades holy purpose in his 
heart. 

6971
06:08:54,100 --> 06:08:58,200
Tragedy strikes in June 11 to 90
when Emperor Barbarossa himself,

6972
06:08:58,200 --> 06:09:02,400
drowns while crossing a river in
cilicia the shock of losing 

6973
06:09:02,400 --> 06:09:05,400
their legendary leader sends 
ripples of Despair through the 

6974
06:09:05,408 --> 06:09:08,000
army. 
Conrad Mourns the emperor. 

6975
06:09:08,000 --> 06:09:11,100
Deeply, this was the same 
Frederick who ignited him and 

6976
06:09:11,100 --> 06:09:14,900
led him through so many battles.
Many disheartened Crusaders turn

6977
06:09:14,900 --> 06:09:17,900
back after Barbara, Ross's 
death, but Conrad resolved to 

6978
06:09:17,900 --> 06:09:21,400
continue on to the Holy Land. 
He has sworn a sacred vow and 

6979
06:09:21,400 --> 06:09:24,100
will not abandon it. 
Taking up the banner of his 

6980
06:09:24,100 --> 06:09:26,800
Fallen Emperor, he presses on 
with the remaining German 

6981
06:09:26,800 --> 06:09:30,400
Knights and they finally reached
the walls of Accra on the coast 

6982
06:09:30,400 --> 06:09:35,400
of Palestine in mid 1191, in the
siege of AKA Conrad faces battle

6983
06:09:35,400 --> 06:09:37,800
again. 
But this time in a distinctly 

6984
06:09:37,800 --> 06:09:40,800
religious context, the 
atmosphere among the Crusaders 

6985
06:09:40,800 --> 06:09:43,800
is penitential. 
They fight not for Conquest, but

6986
06:09:43,800 --> 06:09:46,100
in their view, for God's 
justice. 

6987
06:09:47,200 --> 06:09:48,800
Conrad. 
Now one of the older nights 

6988
06:09:48,800 --> 06:09:52,800
distinguishes himself by both 
and compassion during assaults 

6989
06:09:52,800 --> 06:09:55,200
on accuracy walls. 
He protects unarmed camp 

6990
06:09:55,200 --> 06:09:57,600
followers from enemy arrows and 
lifts a wounded. 

6991
06:09:57,600 --> 06:10:00,100
Fellow Crusade onto his horse to
carry him out of danger. 

6992
06:10:00,100 --> 06:10:05,100
He also shows Mercy to defeated 
foes, After Accra capitulates, 

6993
06:10:05,100 --> 06:10:08,300
you prevent some vengeful 
Crusaders from Massacre and 

6994
06:10:08,300 --> 06:10:11,600
captive Muslim soldiers, arguing
that killing prisoners would 

6995
06:10:11,600 --> 06:10:15,400
dishonor their Christian cause 
some nights near at Conrad's 

6996
06:10:15,400 --> 06:10:18,500
leniency, but others, including 
a devout Hospital, a brother 

6997
06:10:18,500 --> 06:10:21,600
Praises consistency with the 
Chevelle, Rick, and Christian 

6998
06:10:21,600 --> 06:10:26,100
ideal of Mercy, with Accra taken
in 1191, The Crusade largely 

6999
06:10:26,100 --> 06:10:28,700
succeeds in re-establishing 
Christian control of coastal 

7000
06:10:28,700 --> 06:10:31,300
strongholds. 
Conrad finally has the 

7001
06:10:31,300 --> 06:10:34,200
opportunity to fulfill his 
pilgrims vow to visit the holy 

7002
06:10:34,200 --> 06:10:37,700
city of Jerusalem, which through
diplomacy is open to Christian 

7003
06:10:37,700 --> 06:10:41,900
pilgrims, even though it remains
under Muslim control, dressed in

7004
06:10:41,900 --> 06:10:43,800
Humble Pilgrim, roads rather 
than armor. 

7005
06:10:43,800 --> 06:10:47,500
So Conrad travels to Jerusalem. 
Alongside other Knights turned 

7006
06:10:47,500 --> 06:10:50,400
pilgrims entering the Church of 
the Holy Sepulchre. 

7007
06:10:50,400 --> 06:10:53,100
He falls to his knees before the
tomb of Christ. 

7008
06:10:53,900 --> 06:10:56,900
All the violence and hardship of
his life, seemed to melt away in

7009
06:10:56,900 --> 06:10:59,800
that Sacred Space tears. 
Streamed down his face as he 

7010
06:10:59,808 --> 06:11:02,800
prays for forgiveness. 
For any innocent bloody spilled 

7011
06:11:02,800 --> 06:11:05,300
and for all the comrades and 
even enemies who lost their 

7012
06:11:05,300 --> 06:11:08,400
lives, he feels a profound sense
of Peace wash over him. 

7013
06:11:08,400 --> 06:11:11,200
The burden of guilt that he has 
carried Lightning's. 

7014
06:11:11,900 --> 06:11:14,600
Conrad reverently touches what 
is believed to be the Nativity 

7015
06:11:14,600 --> 06:11:17,100
site in Bethlehem each holy 
place. 

7016
06:11:17,100 --> 06:11:19,500
He visits is like bar on his 
Warrior's Soul. 

7017
06:11:19,500 --> 06:11:21,300
Assuring him. 
That God's grace is still 

7018
06:11:21,300 --> 06:11:24,100
attainable. 
Throughout his time in the Holy 

7019
06:11:24,100 --> 06:11:26,900
Land Conrad also interacts with 
the church's, clergy and 

7020
06:11:26,900 --> 06:11:29,800
Military orders. 
He befriends a Franciscan Friar 

7021
06:11:29,800 --> 06:11:33,100
who serves as a Chaplain for the
Crusaders confessing to him the 

7022
06:11:33,100 --> 06:11:35,000
nightmares, that still haunt his
Knights. 

7023
06:11:35,000 --> 06:11:39,400
The fryer in turn gives Conrad 
Absolution and Council violence.

7024
06:11:39,400 --> 06:11:42,500
Leaves scars on the soul 
tonight, but acts of love and 

7025
06:11:42,500 --> 06:11:46,500
Penance will heal them. 
Conrad reflects deeply on these 

7026
06:11:46,500 --> 06:11:49,600
words, he spends part of his 
Crusader days, helping sort of 

7027
06:11:49,600 --> 06:11:52,600
field Hospital run by the 
knights Hospital attending Sikh 

7028
06:11:52,600 --> 06:11:55,200
pilgrims. 
Although this humble service of 

7029
06:11:55,200 --> 06:11:58,200
washing wounds and distributing 
bread is far from the glory of 

7030
06:11:58,200 --> 06:12:02,400
battle Conrad finds. 
It deeply fulfilling in caring 

7031
06:12:02,400 --> 06:12:04,100
for others. 
He reconnects with the core 

7032
06:12:04,100 --> 06:12:07,100
Christian virtues of Charity and
humility that are sometimes lost

7033
06:12:07,100 --> 06:12:11,400
in a night scythe. 
By 1192 so Conrad begins his 

7034
06:12:11,400 --> 06:12:13,900
journey home to Germany 
spiritually, renewed. 

7035
06:12:13,900 --> 06:12:17,300
He returns with a few keepsakes 
from the holy land and more 

7036
06:12:17,300 --> 06:12:19,500
importantly with the heart that 
feels cleanse. 

7037
06:12:20,400 --> 06:12:23,500
Through the trials of crusade 
and pilgrimage he believes, God 

7038
06:12:23,500 --> 06:12:26,200
has granted him forgiveness and 
a chance to live in you. 

7039
06:12:26,800 --> 06:12:29,700
The Aging night rides back to 
his homeland, not in Triumph, 

7040
06:12:29,700 --> 06:12:32,800
but in quiet, contemplation 
determined to spend his 

7041
06:12:32,800 --> 06:12:35,400
remaining years living out the 
lessons of mercy and devotion. 

7042
06:12:35,400 --> 06:12:38,900
He learned on this, holy Journey
returning home to Germany in the

7043
06:12:38,900 --> 06:12:41,600
1190. 
So Conrad finds a realm in 

7044
06:12:41,600 --> 06:12:44,300
political turmoil. 
Emperor, Barbara Ross's death 

7045
06:12:44,300 --> 06:12:47,600
has been followed by disputes 
over the crown rival. 

7046
06:12:47,600 --> 06:12:50,900
Factions of Noble support 
different claimants, one side 

7047
06:12:50,900 --> 06:12:54,900
backs, Barber of his son, the 
hohnstein are and another backs 

7048
06:12:54,900 --> 06:12:57,800
are wealth Prince. 
The once United Empire fractures

7049
06:12:57,800 --> 06:13:01,500
into camps as a knight, who has 
the Empire Faithfully for 

7050
06:13:01,500 --> 06:13:04,400
decades Conrad is dismayed to 
see former comrades prepared to 

7051
06:13:04,400 --> 06:13:07,500
fight each other for power 
Conrad's loyalty as tested. 

7052
06:13:07,500 --> 06:13:11,000
When his Lord precious him to 
support a rival claimants Conrad

7053
06:13:11,000 --> 06:13:13,400
refuses. 
He will not betray the oath he 

7054
06:13:13,400 --> 06:13:15,200
swore to what he sees as the 
rightful King. 

7055
06:13:16,000 --> 06:13:18,900
His principled Stan nearly costs
in his lands and makes him 

7056
06:13:18,900 --> 06:13:21,900
powerful enemies, but Conrad 
holds fast while many other 

7057
06:13:21,900 --> 06:13:26,400
nights compromised their honor. 
The conflict that ensues a brief

7058
06:13:26,400 --> 06:13:30,700
Civil War plungers, the land in 
chaos. without a strong central 

7059
06:13:30,700 --> 06:13:34,200
Authority, Robert Barron spring 
upper cross Germany, taking 

7060
06:13:34,200 --> 06:13:38,700
advantage of the disorder, bands
of Rogue Knights fortify castles

7061
06:13:38,700 --> 06:13:41,900
and extort Travelers and 
peasants, people say that 

7062
06:13:41,900 --> 06:13:45,600
Germany descends into a state of
near Anarchy, where robber 

7063
06:13:45,600 --> 06:13:49,100
barons operate without 
opposition So Conrad, now, in 

7064
06:13:49,100 --> 06:13:51,600
his 50s can do little to 
influence Imperial politics. 

7065
06:13:51,600 --> 06:13:54,300
But he becomes a pillar of 
stability in his district. 

7066
06:13:55,300 --> 06:13:58,200
When local Knights viewed or 
prey on Merchant, Caravans 

7067
06:13:58,200 --> 06:14:02,100
Conrad intervenes as a mediator,
his reputation for honesty as 

7068
06:14:02,100 --> 06:14:05,500
well established, by this point,
both commoners and Nobles trust 

7069
06:14:05,500 --> 06:14:08,600
his counsel. 
A more than one occasion Conrad 

7070
06:14:08,600 --> 06:14:10,100
rides out to confront a 
marauding. 

7071
06:14:10,100 --> 06:14:14,400
Rao Brita Robert Knight who has 
been terrorizing villages on one

7072
06:14:14,400 --> 06:14:16,400
occasion a rash on Robert Knight
challenges. 

7073
06:14:16,400 --> 06:14:19,900
Him only to be swiftly disarmed 
and shamed into repentance by 

7074
06:14:19,900 --> 06:14:23,000
the veteran. 
Word of Sir, Conrad's Fearless 

7075
06:14:23,000 --> 06:14:26,800
stand against lawlessness. 
Spreads to peasants, he become 

7076
06:14:26,800 --> 06:14:30,200
something of a hero, the Aging 
night to still protects them 

7077
06:14:30,200 --> 06:14:34,000
when others exploit them, 
despite the chaos Conrad never 

7078
06:14:34,000 --> 06:14:37,900
loses sight of the chivalric 
code, he advises the local Abbey

7079
06:14:37,900 --> 06:14:40,700
and Town Council on how to 
fortify against Brigham's 

7080
06:14:40,700 --> 06:14:43,000
without the cells. 
Committing excess. 

7081
06:14:43,000 --> 06:14:47,400
He hosts peace talks, between 
quarreling minor Lords in the 

7082
06:14:47,400 --> 06:14:49,400
old ideals of Knighthood to 
shame them. 

7083
06:14:49,400 --> 06:14:52,100
For shedding the blood of fellow
Christians, while he thegns 

7084
06:14:52,100 --> 06:14:54,100
nearly conquered the Holy Land, 
not long ago. 

7085
06:14:54,100 --> 06:14:58,900
Some heed his words others do 
not Nevertheless Conrad's 

7086
06:14:58,900 --> 06:15:02,600
presence is a stabilizing Force.
So Conrad's conduct shines. 

7087
06:15:02,600 --> 06:15:05,200
All the more brightly in an era 
where many nights tarnish their 

7088
06:15:05,200 --> 06:15:09,300
name with greed or cruelty, 
civil Strife, subsides by 12:00 

7089
06:15:09,300 --> 06:15:11,300
marking, the recognition of a 
new emperor. 

7090
06:15:11,300 --> 06:15:15,200
The young Frederick the second 
tired of war and intrigues a 

7091
06:15:15,200 --> 06:15:17,200
Conrad finally retires from 
Royal Service. 

7092
06:15:17,200 --> 06:15:20,900
He formally resigned his command
turning over his duties to 

7093
06:15:20,908 --> 06:15:23,600
younger Knights. 
Many of those younger men grew 

7094
06:15:23,600 --> 06:15:25,400
up. 
Idolizing Conrad's Deeds. 

7095
06:15:25,400 --> 06:15:27,100
He spends. 
Time, teaching them. 

7096
06:15:27,100 --> 06:15:30,200
The true Knight hood is not 
about ambition or ruthlessness 

7097
06:15:30,200 --> 06:15:33,600
but about loyalty Justice and 
restraint. 

7098
06:15:34,600 --> 06:15:38,900
Now in his early 60s, an old man
by medieval standards Conrad 

7099
06:15:38,900 --> 06:15:42,900
feels the weight of years, his 
joints from Old Wounds and long 

7100
06:15:42,900 --> 06:15:46,100
rides. 
He walks with a slight limp, a 

7101
06:15:46,100 --> 06:15:48,400
crusader Turks Arrow wound that 
never fully healed. 

7102
06:15:49,300 --> 06:15:52,600
Yet his mind remained sharp, and
his Spirit Resolute in these 

7103
06:15:52,600 --> 06:15:55,500
Twilight years. 
Conrad focuses on his legacy. 

7104
06:15:56,200 --> 06:15:58,800
He strengthens the management of
his estate to ensure his 

7105
06:15:58,800 --> 06:16:00,500
peasants are protected and 
prosperous. 

7106
06:16:01,800 --> 06:16:04,300
He quietly finances, the 
rebuilding of a village church. 

7107
06:16:04,300 --> 06:16:06,500
That was burned by Raiders 
during the dark times, 

7108
06:16:06,500 --> 06:16:09,100
considering it an act of 
Thanksgiving for his survival. 

7109
06:16:10,100 --> 06:16:13,300
With Imperial peace, restored, 
Conrad can at last laid down his

7110
06:16:13,300 --> 06:16:15,100
sword. 
He spends his days. 

7111
06:16:15,100 --> 06:16:17,700
Quietly, overseeing his lands 
defending the weak in his 

7112
06:16:17,708 --> 06:16:20,600
jurisdiction and Advising his 
neighbor's in matters of 

7113
06:16:20,600 --> 06:16:22,500
Justice. 
The younger knights in the 

7114
06:16:22,500 --> 06:16:25,800
region often, seek his counsel 
and many saluting respectfully 

7115
06:16:25,800 --> 06:16:29,000
whenever he appears a living 
legend of integration in their 

7116
06:16:29,008 --> 06:16:31,200
midst. 
Looking Back, Sir Conrad 

7117
06:16:31,200 --> 06:16:33,000
realizes that his life's true 
battles. 

7118
06:16:33,000 --> 06:16:36,200
Were often not determined by 
swords, but by the moral 

7119
06:16:36,200 --> 06:16:39,100
decisions, he made, He is 
outlived most of his 

7120
06:16:39,100 --> 06:16:41,500
contemporaries and witnessed the
worst and best of Knight Hood. 

7121
06:16:42,400 --> 06:16:45,000
Though, the Holy Roman Empire 
will always have its Strife, 

7122
06:16:45,000 --> 06:16:48,900
Conrad steadfast example as 
influenced to generation in his 

7123
06:16:48,900 --> 06:16:51,700
corner of the world. 
And as he settles in to a 

7124
06:16:51,708 --> 06:16:53,700
well-deserved. 
Retirement, he does. 

7125
06:16:53,700 --> 06:16:56,900
So with his honor intact and his
conscience, clear, having 

7126
06:16:56,900 --> 06:17:00,000
navigated, the shifting tides of
politics and War without 

7127
06:17:00,000 --> 06:17:02,900
compromising the Knightly 
virtues that Define his very 

7128
06:17:02,900 --> 06:17:06,700
being in the year 1215. 
So Conrad of venerable night of 

7129
06:17:06,708 --> 06:17:08,900
about 76 by the half of his 
manner. 

7130
06:17:08,900 --> 06:17:12,800
His hair is white and His Hands 
tremble slightly but his gazes 

7131
06:17:12,800 --> 06:17:16,000
warm and clear. 
He spends his days and peaceful 

7132
06:17:16,000 --> 06:17:19,300
routine walking among his 
Fields, praying in the small 

7133
06:17:19,300 --> 06:17:22,200
Chapel Hill years ago and 
sharing stories with his 

7134
06:17:22,200 --> 06:17:25,000
grandchildren and Squires. 
He has become a beloved 

7135
06:17:25,000 --> 06:17:29,400
patriarch in his community, With
his legacy in mind Conrad makes 

7136
06:17:29,400 --> 06:17:31,300
sure to transmit the values he 
upheld. 

7137
06:17:32,100 --> 06:17:35,900
He has trained his only son now 
a night in his prime to be just 

7138
06:17:35,900 --> 06:17:40,300
and compassionate in a small 
private ceremony Conrad even had

7139
06:17:40,300 --> 06:17:42,600
the honor of dubbing his son a 
night tapping. 

7140
06:17:42,600 --> 06:17:45,200
The young man's shoulder with 
the same sword Duke Otto had 

7141
06:17:45,200 --> 06:17:48,700
once placed on him, the circle 
of Knighthood, from father to 

7142
06:17:48,700 --> 06:17:50,500
son gives Conrad immense 
satisfaction. 

7143
06:17:51,800 --> 06:17:54,200
As the years press on Conrad 
feels his strength. 

7144
06:17:54,200 --> 06:17:56,800
Fading one winter, a persistent 
cough. 

7145
06:17:56,800 --> 06:17:59,400
Lays him low. 
He takes a bed in the sun where 

7146
06:17:59,400 --> 06:18:02,300
sunlight Falls, gently on 
tapestries depicting, saintly 

7147
06:18:02,300 --> 06:18:04,800
nights. 
Sensing the his final days are 

7148
06:18:04,800 --> 06:18:06,400
near Conrad arranges his 
affairs. 

7149
06:18:06,400 --> 06:18:09,600
With calm Clarity. 
He sends messages of farewell 

7150
06:18:09,600 --> 06:18:11,700
and forgiveness to his old 
friends and even to his old 

7151
06:18:11,700 --> 06:18:14,300
rivals, wishing that. 
No bitterness remain. 

7152
06:18:14,300 --> 06:18:18,400
A fryer, comes to administer. 
The last rites Conrad confesses,

7153
06:18:18,400 --> 06:18:21,900
whatever ways on his soul 
mercifully, little for his lived

7154
06:18:21,900 --> 06:18:24,000
up rightly and receives 
absolution. 

7155
06:18:25,300 --> 06:18:27,800
His family and a few Brothers in
Arms gather at his bedside. 

7156
06:18:27,800 --> 06:18:34,200
Now an Old Knight himself is 
there holding Conrad's hand in 

7157
06:18:34,200 --> 06:18:36,500
his last hours, a Conrad 
addresses. 

7158
06:18:36,500 --> 06:18:40,100
His son and the young Squires 
present His voice is weak but 

7159
06:18:40,100 --> 06:18:43,900
Resolute, he reminds them that 
Knighthood is not about Glory, 

7160
06:18:43,900 --> 06:18:48,100
but Duty. 
Remember, he asked softly, a 

7161
06:18:48,100 --> 06:18:49,900
knight's honor is worth more 
than his sword. 

7162
06:18:49,900 --> 06:18:54,000
Protect the innocent be devout 
and true, and you will have a 

7163
06:18:54,000 --> 06:18:58,100
life worthy of praise Tears 
glisten, in many eyes as the 

7164
06:18:58,100 --> 06:19:01,300
dying night in Parts. 
This wisdom with a faint smile 

7165
06:19:01,300 --> 06:19:04,500
Conrad asks his son to bring him
his old sword and shield one 

7166
06:19:04,500 --> 06:19:07,500
last time. 
Despite his inability to lift 

7167
06:19:07,500 --> 06:19:11,500
them Conrad gazes proudly at The
Familiar arms in his hands. 

7168
06:19:12,300 --> 06:19:14,300
He's battered pieces of Steel 
and wood. 

7169
06:19:14,300 --> 06:19:16,200
Other Witnesses of his long 
journey. 

7170
06:19:16,200 --> 06:19:19,500
From the eager page, who first 
polished that Shield to the 

7171
06:19:19,508 --> 06:19:22,000
seasoned Warrior, Who Bore it 
through, countless trials. 

7172
06:19:22,900 --> 06:19:24,800
So Conrad breathes, a final 
prayer. 

7173
06:19:24,800 --> 06:19:28,900
He thanked God for guiding him 
and humbly prays that he might 

7174
06:19:28,900 --> 06:19:32,800
be welcomed into heaven, not by 
my Deeds, Lord, but by thy 

7175
06:19:32,800 --> 06:19:38,500
mercy, As his family, murmurs a 
man, Conrad closes, his eyes, a 

7176
06:19:38,500 --> 06:19:41,900
final breath escapes, his lips, 
and the life of this good night,

7177
06:19:41,900 --> 06:19:45,900
quietly ends, he passes away 
surrounded by love and respect 

7178
06:19:45,900 --> 06:19:48,100
with his sword still resting in 
his hand. 

7179
06:19:48,100 --> 06:19:51,400
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 
Spreads through the region 

7180
06:19:51,400 --> 06:19:53,400
though. 
He was not a prince or famous 

7181
06:19:53,400 --> 06:19:56,200
General the morning as 
widespread peasants. 

7182
06:19:56,200 --> 06:19:58,100
Liked handles for the night to 
defended them. 

7183
06:19:58,100 --> 06:20:01,900
The local Abbott ordered the 
church bells tolled at midday in

7184
06:20:01,900 --> 06:20:05,800
Conrad's on her. 
At his modest funeral villagers 

7185
06:20:05,800 --> 06:20:08,700
and Nobles stand side by side in
the small church he helped 

7186
06:20:08,700 --> 06:20:11,800
rebuild the choir's. 
Final Requiem leaves, no one 

7187
06:20:11,800 --> 06:20:16,000
unmoved as his custom Conrad 
shield in blazed with his coat. 

7188
06:20:16,000 --> 06:20:19,100
Of arms is hung high on a pillow
inside the church to commemorate

7189
06:20:19,100 --> 06:20:21,100
him. 
Those who attend the service 

7190
06:20:21,100 --> 06:20:23,900
whisper that the world feels 
poorer without sir, Conrad 

7191
06:20:23,900 --> 06:20:26,600
steady presence. 
Yet his legacy lives on in the 

7192
06:20:26,600 --> 06:20:28,700
lives. 
He touched his son carries 

7193
06:20:28,700 --> 06:20:30,300
forward, his lineage and his 
principles. 

7194
06:20:30,300 --> 06:20:34,900
Governing their lands kindly. 
The squires trained under Conrad

7195
06:20:34,900 --> 06:20:37,900
were called his teachings. 
When they themselves face moral 

7196
06:20:37,900 --> 06:20:40,900
dilemmas and taverns, and great 
Halls alike. 

7197
06:20:40,900 --> 06:20:45,100
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse
about Conrad, the constant, the 

7198
06:20:45,100 --> 06:20:47,900
gentle night. 
We remain true from youth to old

7199
06:20:47,900 --> 06:20:51,800
age, The tale of his life full 
of hardship and Triumph doubt 

7200
06:20:51,800 --> 06:20:54,500
and Faith War and Peace becomes 
an example to others. 

7201
06:20:55,400 --> 06:20:58,700
Its ends of Conrad's story. 
He journeyed from a bright-eyed 

7202
06:20:58,700 --> 06:21:00,400
page to an old Knight full of 
wisdom. 

7203
06:21:00,400 --> 06:21:04,200
Navigating a changing world 
without forsaking his ideals, in

7204
06:21:04,200 --> 06:21:05,800
an age of violence and 
uncertainty. 

7205
06:21:05,800 --> 06:21:08,300
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

7206
06:21:08,308 --> 06:21:11,200
battles, he wins. 
But in the honor, compassion, 

7207
06:21:11,200 --> 06:21:15,100
and faithfulness with which he 
lives and dies in the year 1215.

7208
06:21:15,100 --> 06:21:18,600
So Conrad a venerable night of 
about 70, sits by the half of 

7209
06:21:18,600 --> 06:21:21,200
his manner. 
His hair is white and His Hands 

7210
06:21:21,200 --> 06:21:24,000
tremble slightly but his gazes 
warm and clear. 

7211
06:21:24,800 --> 06:21:27,700
He spends his days and peaceful 
routine walking among his 

7212
06:21:27,700 --> 06:21:31,400
Fields, praying in the small 
Chapel Hill years ago and 

7213
06:21:31,400 --> 06:21:33,700
sharing stories with his 
grandchildren and Squires. 

7214
06:21:33,700 --> 06:21:37,900
He has become a beloved 
patriarch in his community, with

7215
06:21:37,900 --> 06:21:41,000
his legacy in mind Conrad, make 
sure to transmit the values. 

7216
06:21:41,000 --> 06:21:45,000
He upheld, he has trained his 
only son now a night in his 

7217
06:21:45,000 --> 06:21:48,700
prime to be just and 
compassionate in a small private

7218
06:21:48,700 --> 06:21:51,900
ceremony Conrad even had the 
owner of dubbing his son a night

7219
06:21:51,908 --> 06:21:53,800
tapping. 
The young man's shoulder with 

7220
06:21:53,800 --> 06:21:57,300
the same sword Duke Otto had. 
Once placed on him, the circle 

7221
06:21:57,300 --> 06:22:00,400
of Knight Hood from father to 
son, gives Conrad in mint 

7222
06:22:00,400 --> 06:22:03,600
satisfaction. 
As the years press on Conrad 

7223
06:22:03,600 --> 06:22:06,700
feels his strength. 
Fading one winter, a persistent 

7224
06:22:06,700 --> 06:22:09,600
cough, lays him low. 
He takes a bed in the sun where 

7225
06:22:09,600 --> 06:22:12,100
sunlight Falls, gently on 
tapestries depicting. 

7226
06:22:12,100 --> 06:22:15,600
Saintly, Knights sensing that 
his final days are near Conrad 

7227
06:22:15,600 --> 06:22:17,600
arranges his affairs. 
With calm Clarity. 

7228
06:22:17,600 --> 06:22:20,800
He sends messages of farewell 
and forgiveness to his old 

7229
06:22:20,800 --> 06:22:23,400
friends and even to his old 
rivals, wishing that. 

7230
06:22:23,400 --> 06:22:26,800
No bitterness remain a fryer, 
comes to administer the last 

7231
06:22:26,800 --> 06:22:31,000
rites Conrad confesses, whatever
ways on his soul mercifully 

7232
06:22:31,000 --> 06:22:34,200
little for he has lived up 
rightly and receives absolution.

7233
06:22:35,500 --> 06:22:38,100
His family and a few Brothers in
Arms gather at his bedside. 

7234
06:22:38,100 --> 06:22:41,700
So, Ryan Hart's, son. 
Now on Old Knight himself is 

7235
06:22:41,700 --> 06:22:45,800
there holding Conrad's hand in 
his last hours a Conrad 

7236
06:22:45,800 --> 06:22:48,100
addresses. 
His son and the young Squires 

7237
06:22:48,100 --> 06:22:52,400
present His voice is weak but 
Resolute he reminds them that 

7238
06:22:52,400 --> 06:22:54,800
night hood is not about Glory, 
but Duty. 

7239
06:22:55,600 --> 06:22:59,300
Remember you asked softly, a 
knight's honor is worth more 

7240
06:22:59,300 --> 06:23:02,500
than his sword? 
Protect the innocent be devout 

7241
06:23:02,500 --> 06:23:06,700
and true, and you will have a 
life worthy of praise Tears 

7242
06:23:06,700 --> 06:23:09,400
glistening in many eyes as the 
dying night in Parts. 

7243
06:23:09,400 --> 06:23:13,100
This wisdom with a faint smile 
Conrad asked his son to bring 

7244
06:23:13,100 --> 06:23:15,200
him, his old sword and shield 
one last time. 

7245
06:23:16,200 --> 06:23:20,200
Despite his inability to lift 
them Conrad gazes proudly at The

7246
06:23:20,200 --> 06:23:24,200
Familiar arms in his hands. 
These battered pieces of Steel 

7247
06:23:24,200 --> 06:23:26,500
and wood are the witnesses of 
his long journey. 

7248
06:23:26,500 --> 06:23:29,700
From the eager page, who first 
polished that Shield to the 

7249
06:23:29,708 --> 06:23:32,200
seasoned Warrior Who Bore it 
through countless trials. 

7250
06:23:33,100 --> 06:23:35,000
So Conrad breathes, a final 
prayer. 

7251
06:23:35,000 --> 06:23:38,400
He thanks. 
God for guiding him and humbly 

7252
06:23:38,400 --> 06:23:40,300
prays that he might be welcomed 
into heaven. 

7253
06:23:40,300 --> 06:23:43,500
Not by my Deeds Lord. 
By thy mercy. 

7254
06:23:45,100 --> 06:23:49,100
As his family, murmurs a man, 
Conrad closes, his eyes, a final

7255
06:23:49,100 --> 06:23:52,100
breath escapes, his lips, and 
the life of this good night, 

7256
06:23:52,100 --> 06:23:56,000
quietly ends, he passes away 
surrounded by love and respect 

7257
06:23:56,000 --> 06:23:58,300
with his sword still resting in 
his hand. 

7258
06:23:58,300 --> 06:24:01,500
News of Sir, Conrad's death. 
Spreads through the region 

7259
06:24:01,500 --> 06:24:03,500
though. 
He was not a prince or famous 

7260
06:24:03,500 --> 06:24:06,400
General. 
The morning as white peasants 

7261
06:24:06,400 --> 06:24:09,800
liked, candles for the night to 
defended them, the local Abbott 

7262
06:24:09,800 --> 06:24:12,800
orders the church bells to hold 
it at midday in Conrad's honor. 

7263
06:24:14,100 --> 06:24:17,800
At his modest funeral villagers 
and Nobles stand side by side in

7264
06:24:17,800 --> 06:24:20,400
the small church. 
He helped rebuild the quiet 

7265
06:24:20,400 --> 06:24:23,700
final Requiem leaves. 
No one on moved as his custom 

7266
06:24:23,700 --> 06:24:27,300
Conrad shield in blazing with 
his, coat of arms is hung high 

7267
06:24:27,300 --> 06:24:29,400
on a pillow inside the church to
commemorate him. 

7268
06:24:30,100 --> 06:24:32,600
Those who attend the service 
whisper that the world feels 

7269
06:24:32,600 --> 06:24:34,800
poorer without sir, Conrad 
steady presence. 

7270
06:24:34,800 --> 06:24:37,300
Yet his legacy lives on in the 
lives. 

7271
06:24:37,300 --> 06:24:40,000
He touched his son carries 
forward, his lineage and his 

7272
06:24:40,000 --> 06:24:42,500
principles. 
Governing their lands kindly. 

7273
06:24:43,600 --> 06:24:46,100
The squires trained under Conrad
recalled his teachings. 

7274
06:24:46,100 --> 06:24:50,500
When they themselves face moral 
dilemmas in taverns and great 

7275
06:24:50,500 --> 06:24:53,400
Halls alike. 
Minstrels sometimes sing a verse

7276
06:24:53,400 --> 06:24:57,300
about Conrad the constant the 
gentle night, he remained true 

7277
06:24:57,300 --> 06:25:00,400
from youth to old age. 
The tale of his life full of 

7278
06:25:00,408 --> 06:25:02,800
hardship and triumphed, and 
peace. 

7279
06:25:02,800 --> 06:25:06,900
Comes an example to others. 
Thus ends a Conrad story. 

7280
06:25:06,900 --> 06:25:10,100
He journeyed from a bright-eyed 
page to an old Knight full of 

7281
06:25:10,108 --> 06:25:13,000
wisdom, navigating a changing 
world without forsaking his 

7282
06:25:13,000 --> 06:25:15,900
ideals, in an age of violence 
and uncertainty. 

7283
06:25:15,900 --> 06:25:18,600
He proved that a knight's true. 
Greatness lies, not in the 

7284
06:25:18,600 --> 06:25:21,400
battles, he wins. 
But in the honor, compassion, 

7285
06:25:21,400 --> 06:25:23,600
and faithfulness with which he 
lives and dies.