Boring History For Sleep | Why You Wouldn’t Last a Day During the Great Famine and more

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Tonight, my friends were 
exploring. 

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Why you wouldn't last a day 
during the Great Famine the time

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when food, vanished fear spread 
faster than crops failed and 

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survival, became a brutal 
gamble. 

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You'd wake up hungry and stay 
that way. 

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Bread was rare animals were 
dying and even tree bark. 

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Started to look like a snack 
rain flooded, the fields, crops 

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rotted and hope was rationed 
like the few remaining turnips 

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in The Root Cellar. 
So before you get comfortable, 

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as we always do here, take a 
moment to like the video and 

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subscribe to the channel. 
If you love the concept, we 

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build all around. 
You also, please let us know 

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where you're watching from and 
what time it is for you. 

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Now as you settle in and turn on
a fan for some noise, imagine 

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the sound of your stomach 
growling under a cold Sky, The 

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Damp chill of a home with no 
food and the weight of choosing 

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which meal to skip. 
Let's begin. 

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Picture this you wake up 
tomorrow morning but instead of 

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reaching for your phone to check
the weather, your reaching for a

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wooden bucket to collect 
rainwater from The Leaky thatch 

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of your head. 
And congratulations, you've just

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been transported to rural Island
in 1847, right in the midst of 

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what historians politely refer 
to as the Great Famine. 

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Although the locals have more 
colorful names for it. 

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You stretch expecting your usual
morning aches but instead you're

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greeted by a hollowing in your 
stomach that feels like you've 

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swallowed a particularly angry 
badger. 

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Pain isn't your? 
I skipped breakfast hunger. 

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This is your, I have had a 
proper meal in three weeks 

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hunger, and your body is 
starting to send some very Stern

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memos to your brain about the 
situation. 

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Probably your initial reaction 
is to head to the kitchen to 

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check. 
What's in the fridge 

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unsurprisingly? 
There's no frigate site. 

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There's barely a kitchen. 
What you've got is a single room

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with a dirt floor, stone walls. 
That seem to specialize in 

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letting in the cold and a 
fireplace. 

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That's more optimistic than 
functional. 

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The pantry consists of a wooden 
shelf that is looking as empty 

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as a politician's promise. 
Now, you might be thinking how 

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bad could it really be? 
People survived famines 

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throughout history. 
You're right. 

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Some did. 
But here's the thing, you're not

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just dealing with a little food 
shortage. 

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You're dealing with a perfect 
storm of agricultural disaster, 

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economic exploitation, and 
social upheaval. 

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That would make your worst 
Monday at the office look like a

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spa day. 
Potato. 

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Yes, that humble two but you 
probably take for granted in 

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your French fries was literally 
the difference between life and 

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death for most Irish families. 
We're not talking about potatoes

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as a side dish here. 
We're talking about potatoes for

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breakfast, potatoes, for lunch, 
potatoes for dinner, and if you 

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are really lucky, maybe some 
buttermilk to wash them down. 

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The typical Irish Labour ate 
between 12 and 14 pounds of 

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potatoes per day. 
That's like eating 46, medium 

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potatoes. 
This amount was consumed on a 

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daily basis. 
But here's where the real 

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trouble starts. 
Potatoes are vanished. 

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The potatoes of not only become 
scarce, but have completely 

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disappeared. 
A microscopic fungus called 

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phytophthora investors which 
sounds like a spell from Harry 

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Potter but is actually far more 
deadly than any dark magic as 

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rotted the potatoes in the 
ground. 

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Stepping outside your small 
cottage, you Harbor a faint. 

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Hope that perhaps just possibly 
you overlooked to healthy patch 

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of potatoes, the previous day. 
Instead feels akin to a 

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Botanical apocalypse, Greek, you
a plants are black slimy and 

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they smell like death to decide 
to take up gardening your 

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rumbles again. 
This time loud enough, that 

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you're pretty sure that the 
neighbor's heard it. 

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By the way, the neighbor's are 
in the same situation as used. 

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So, no one is likely to drop by 
with a Castro anytime soon. 

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In fact, if you had a Castro, 
you'd probably have to post 

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armed, guards around it, you 
decide to take inventory of your

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resources because surely there 
must be something edible around 

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here. 
Let's examine your possessions. 

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You have a few worn out clothes,
some rough furniture and well 

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that's about it. 
You have no savings account, no 

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credit cards. 
And no door Dash app. 

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Your wealth was literally 
growing in the ground and now 

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it's a stinking mess of plant 
matter. 

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That would make a compost pile, 
weep, Truly maddening part 

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there's food in Ireland. 
There is an abundance of grain 

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cattle and dairy products 
available in Ireland. 

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The issue lies in the fact that 
landlords in England who have 

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never set foot on Irish soil, a 
receiving, it all as rent, it's 

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like watching a loaded. 
Grocery truck drive past your 

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house every day while you're 
starving, except the truck 

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belongs to someone who thinks 
you're not quite human enough to

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deserve what's on it. 
So, here, you are facing your 

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first full day and famine are 
Ireland. 

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And you're starting to realize 
that your greatest challenge 

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isn't just finding food. 
It's finding food that won't 

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kill you. 
When your desperate enough, 

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you'll eat just about anything 
and nature has a twisted sense 

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of humor about what looks edible
versus what actually is. 

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Your grandmother bless her heart
has been experimenting with 

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what, the locals euphemistically
call famine Foods. 

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This morning, she is preparing a
delightful breakfast of nettles 

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dandelions and something. 
She insists is grass soup, 

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though. 
You are pretty sure, grasses 

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supposed to be left to the cows.
She's also managed to find some 

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tree bark, which is grinding 
into flour with the kind of 

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determination, usually, reserved
for Olympic athletes. 

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Now, you might think how bad 
could tree bark be? 

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Let me illustrate the situation 
for you. 

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Imagine chewing on a wooden 
coffee. 

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Stirrer. 
Only to find it bitter and 

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fibrous leaving your digestive 
system unsure of how to handle 

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it. 
Your stomach already confused 

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and angry about the whole 
situation decides to Stage a 

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full-scale revolt. 
The ensuing cramps prompt you to

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question whether your modern 
life's food. 

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Waste is punishing you but wait,
there's more you're well-meaning

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neighbor as heard about 
something called yellow meal. 

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Cornmeal centers relief from 
America sound promising, right 

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wrong. 
The preparation of cornmeal is 

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beyond the comprehension of 
anyone in Ireland. 

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The instructions might as well 
be written in ancient Sumerian. 

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So what do people do? 
They mix it with water and eat 

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it raw, which results in 
digestive issues that would make

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a medical textbook blush. 
It's like someone shipped over a

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1,000 pounds of concrete mix and
told everyone, it was food, 

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speaking of your digestive 
system. 

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Let's talk about something, 
truly, horrifying, your body is 

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starting to eat itself. 
When you don't consume enough 

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calories. 
And right now you're consuming 

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about as many calories as a 
small bird, your body begins 

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breaking down muscle tissue for 
energy. 

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You'll notice that climbing the 
small hill to the well feels 

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like summiting Mount Everest, 
your legs, shake your vision 

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gets spotty and you find 
yourself taking breaks every 10 

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steps, like your 90 years old, 
The psychological effects are 

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almost worse than the physical 
ones, your brain Running on 

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Fumes, and whatever nutrients it
can scavenge from that 

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questionable bark. 
Soup starts playing tricks on 

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you. 
You find yourself having 

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elaborate fantasies about food, 
not just any food but specific 

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foods, you can practically taste
that ham sandwich. 

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You have three months ago, you 
dream about apples. 

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So vividly that you wake up 
chewing on your sleeve. 

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Then there's the social aspect 
of starving, which nobody really

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prepares you for Hunger. 
Doesn't bring out the best in 

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people that friendly neighbor, 
who used to chat about the 

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weather, Now is eyeing, your 
family's cooking pot with the 

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intensity of a hawk watching a 
mouse. 

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Trust turns into an inaccessible
luxury. 

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You find yourself hiding the few
scraps you manage to find even 

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from your family because the 
animal part of your brain has 

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taken over the rational part. 
Your daily routine now, evolves 

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entirely around the search for 
anything. 

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Remotely edible, you spend hours
picking through ditches looking 

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for forgotten turnips or 
overlooked grain. 

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You examine every plant, every 
route every suspicious looking 

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fungus trying to remember if 
your grandmother ever mentioned,

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whether it was safe to eat. 
The answer is usually no, but 

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desperation makes you consider 
it anyway. 

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What's the most concerning 
aspect, your starting to 

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understand why people are 
abandoning their homes and 

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walking to the nearest Port 
Town, hoping to catch a ship to 

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anywhere else? 
The problem is that walking to 

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the port requires energy, you 
don't have and ship passage 

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costs money. 
You definitely don't have. 

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It's like being trapped in the 
world's most depressing escape 

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room except the only way out is 
through a door that might not 

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even exist. 
You've likely come to the 

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realization that obtaining food 
is only half the struggle. 

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The other half is finding clean 
water and in 1847 Ireland, clean

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water is about as common as a 
unicorn with a college degree 

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that it rains in Ireland. 
Approximately every 12 minutes. 

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You might assume that finding 
clean water would be easy. 

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However, this is where your 
modern sensibilities could 

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potentially lead you into 
serious trouble? 

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That beautiful Babbling. 
Brook behind your cottage. it's 

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essentially an open sewer not 
because people are intentionally

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polluting it, but because when 
your starving and sick 

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sanitation becomes a luxury you 
can't afford Your village uses. 

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The same water source for 
drinking cooking washing and 

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well, everything else. 
Your stomach already upset about

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the bark soup, situation is 
about to become absolutely 

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Furious. 
You fill your wooden bucket from

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the streams. 
Cleanest looking part. 

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Trying not to think of what 
might be in it. 

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Back in your time, you'd boil 
this water without a second 

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thought, but fuel is precious 
here. 

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You need every scrap of turf and
wood for cooking, what little 

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food you can find. 
You must make a difficult 

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decision, consume potentially 
contaminated, water, or wrist 

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dehydration, in the midst of 
starvation. 

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It's like choosing between being
attacked by a bear or a wolf 

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within a day of drinking the 
local water. 

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You discover something that 
historical accounts politely 

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refer to as the flux though. 
Your ancestors had much more 

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colorful terms for it. 
Your digestive system already 

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confused by the unconventional 
menu decides to evacuate 

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everything with the urgency of a
fire drill. 

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This scenario wouldn't just be 
uncomfortable, it would be life.

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Threatening every time your body
expels fluids, your losing, 

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precious, nutrients, and salt, 
that you can't afford to lose 

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the cruel. 
Irony is that you need water to 

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survive that the water available
might kill you faster than 

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dehydration would imagine 
receiving a glass of water in 

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the desert. 
Only to discover that. 

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It could potentially Harbor 
cholera. 

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Your ancestors didn't know about
bacteria and viruses, but they 

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knew that certain water sources 
made people sick. 

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00:10:21,500 --> 00:10:25,100
The problem is when you're 
desperate enough, you'll drink 

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from anywhere, let's discuss 
typhus not because it's nice but

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because you need to know what 
you're facing. 

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Typhus is transmitted by lice 
during a famine, maintaining 

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personal hygiene becomes nearly 
impossible. 

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You can't afford soap, you can't
heat enough water for regular 

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bathing and you're probably 
sharing living space with more 

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people than the room was 
designed for life, becomes 

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common as breathing and with 
them comes typhus. 

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Fever starts slowly, you might 
mistake it for just being tired 

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from Hunger but then escalates 
the temperature saws, you 

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develop a rash. 
That looks like someone 

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splattered red paint to cross 
your body. 

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Your head feels like someone's 
using it as a drum. 

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In your weakened State. 
Typhus isn't just dangerous, 

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00:11:08,700 --> 00:11:13,100
it's often fatal, the graveyards
are filling up with people who 

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survived months of hunger. 
Only to be killed by tiny 

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insects they couldn't even see. 
However, even if you manage to 

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avoid typhus, you still face the
threat of dysentery cholera and 

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a variety of other water-borne 
diseases that could frighten 

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even a medieval plague doctor, 
your immune system already 

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compromised by malnutrition, 
can't fight off infections that 

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00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:37,000
are healthy person, might shake 
off in a few days. 

231
00:11:37,800 --> 00:11:41,300
The cycle of constant illness is
almost worse than the physical 

232
00:11:41,300 --> 00:11:43,900
effects you wake up each 
morning, not knowing. 

233
00:11:43,900 --> 00:11:47,100
If today's the day, your body 
finally gives up every stomach, 

234
00:11:47,100 --> 00:11:48,700
cramp, could be the beginning of
the end. 

235
00:11:48,700 --> 00:11:53,000
Every fever could be your last 
We find yourself making more bid

236
00:11:53,000 --> 00:11:57,300
calculations if I drink from the
well, I might get sick, but if I

237
00:11:57,300 --> 00:11:59,800
don't drink anything, I'll 
definitely die of thirst. 

238
00:12:00,700 --> 00:12:03,200
If you possess any modern 
medical knowledge, it turns into

239
00:12:03,200 --> 00:12:06,700
a burden rather than a benefit. 
You know how dangerous your 

240
00:12:06,700 --> 00:12:09,400
situation is, but you can't get 
any of the treatments that could

241
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:11,400
help. 
It's like being a mechanic 

242
00:12:11,400 --> 00:12:13,600
trapped in a broken down car, 
without any tools. 

243
00:12:13,600 --> 00:12:18,300
Now, let's talk about money or 
rather, your complete and utter 

244
00:12:18,300 --> 00:12:21,400
lack of it in your Modern Life. 
Being broke, might mean, 

245
00:12:21,400 --> 00:12:25,000
skipping a few restaurant meals 
or putting off that vacation in 

246
00:12:25,000 --> 00:12:28,200
1847, Ireland. 
Being broke means watching your 

247
00:12:28,200 --> 00:12:31,100
family die slowly. 
While this food literally all 

248
00:12:31,100 --> 00:12:32,800
around you, that you can't 
afford to buy. 

249
00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:35,200
Here's how the economics work 
in. 

250
00:12:35,200 --> 00:12:38,700
This delightful situation, 
you're probably a tenant farmer 

251
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:40,900
which means you don't own the 
land you work. 

252
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,400
You pay rent to a landlord who 
may or may not live in Ireland, 

253
00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:48,100
and that rent is due where the 
crops succeed or fail. 

254
00:12:49,000 --> 00:12:52,300
Potato crop that just rotted. 
That was your rent, money, your 

255
00:12:52,300 --> 00:12:55,800
food, and your entire economic 
Foundation all rolled into one. 

256
00:12:55,800 --> 00:12:59,100
Tuber, your landlord, meanwhile 
is having his own financial 

257
00:12:59,100 --> 00:13:03,000
troubles The famine has made his
Irish properties worthless and 

258
00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:07,200
he's got debts to pay in London 
his solution, evict the tenants 

259
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,800
who can't pay rent and convert 
the land to cattle grazing which

260
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,100
is more profitable. 
So not only you starving but 

261
00:13:13,100 --> 00:13:15,800
you're all so facing the very 
real possibility of being thrown

262
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,200
out of your home, the eviction 
process in famine near Ireland 

263
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,300
is particularly brutal. 
The landlord sends men to 

264
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:25,600
physically remove you and your 
family from the property, then 

265
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:27,700
they knock down your house. 
So you can't come back. 

266
00:13:28,500 --> 00:13:31,100
They don't just put your stuff 
on the curb, they destroy your 

267
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:34,100
shelter entirely. 
Your left standing in the rain 

268
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:36,100
with whatever you could carry 
watching. 

269
00:13:36,100 --> 00:13:38,800
The only home you've ever known 
get reduced to a pile of stones.

270
00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:42,200
Now, you might think. 
Surely, there's some kind of 

271
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:47,100
government assistance. 
Oh there is sort of The British 

272
00:13:47,100 --> 00:13:50,400
government has set up workhouses
and soup kitchens, but accessing

273
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,100
them requires navigating a 
bureaucracy that would make the 

274
00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:56,400
modern DMV. 
Look efficient. first, you have 

275
00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:00,300
to prove your truly destitute, 
Which involves surrendering any 

276
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:03,700
remaining possessions, then you 
have to travel to the workhouse,

277
00:14:03,700 --> 00:14:06,900
which might be days away on foot
while you're already weak from 

278
00:14:06,900 --> 00:14:09,600
Hunger. 
The workhouse is the cells are 

279
00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:12,500
designed to be so unpleasant 
that only the truly desperate 

280
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:16,200
would enter them, they separate 
families, provide barely enough 

281
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,200
food to keep you alive and 
require you to perform mine 

282
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:20,700
numbing labor for 12 hours a 
day. 

283
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:25,200
It's like a prison except your 
only crime was being poor during

284
00:14:25,200 --> 00:14:27,600
a famine. 
Many people choose to die, 

285
00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:30,600
rather than to the workhouse, 
which tells you everything you 

286
00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,000
need to know about conditions. 
Inside let's say you decide to 

287
00:14:34,000 --> 00:14:37,300
try your luck in the job market.
After all, surely someone needs 

288
00:14:37,300 --> 00:14:38,800
workers, right? 
Wrong. 

289
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:42,100
The economy has collapsed along 
with the potato crop. 

290
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:45,000
The people who might normally 
hire laborers, are either dead 

291
00:14:45,000 --> 00:14:49,300
emigrated or broke themselves. 
Those few jobs that do exist, 

292
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:51,800
pay wages that wouldn't buy 
enough food to sustain a 

293
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:53,700
sparrow. 
Let alone a human being. 

294
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,600
You might consider selling your 
few remaining possessions, but 

295
00:14:57,600 --> 00:15:00,300
here's the catch. 
Everyone else is trying to do 

296
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,300
the same thing. 
The market is flooded with 

297
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:05,800
desperate people selling 
everything they own. 

298
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:08,900
That family heirloom that might 
have been worth something in 

299
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:11,600
normal times. 
Now, it's competing with 

300
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:14,300
thousands of other family, 
heirlooms from families. 

301
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:17,800
Just as desperate as yours. 
The psychological impact of 

302
00:15:17,800 --> 00:15:21,000
economic helplessness is 
devastating in your Modern Life.

303
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,200
Even if you're struggling 
financially, you probably have 

304
00:15:24,200 --> 00:15:27,400
options, credit cards, family 
members who could help 

305
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,800
government assistance programs. 
Here you have, none of that. 

306
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:33,500
There's no safety. 
Net, no bailout, no stimulus 

307
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:36,000
package, you're watching your 
family, waste away. 

308
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,000
And there's absolutely nothing 
you can do about it because the 

309
00:15:39,000 --> 00:15:42,700
entire economic system has 
collapsed, The truly maddening 

310
00:15:42,700 --> 00:15:45,000
part is that this isn't a 
natural disaster in the 

311
00:15:45,008 --> 00:15:48,300
traditional sense. 
There's food in Ireland, lots of

312
00:15:48,300 --> 00:15:51,600
it, but it's being exported to 
pay debts and rents to English. 

313
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:55,100
Landlords ships, loaded with 
grain leave Irish ports every 

314
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:57,300
day while Irish people starve on
the docks. 

315
00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:01,200
It's like watching ambulance is 
drive past axon victims because 

316
00:16:01,200 --> 00:16:03,100
the victims can't afford the 
right to the hospital. 

317
00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:06,700
By now you've probably noticed 
that Society is you know, it has

318
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,300
completely broken down. 
What were the social norms and 

319
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:12,100
Customs? 
That United, your community, 

320
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:16,500
their dissolving fast and sugar 
in rain when survival is at 

321
00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:18,500
stake. 
Civilization becomes a luxury 

322
00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:22,100
that nobody can afford. 
Let's start with something. 

323
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:24,000
That would shock your modern 
sensibilities. 

324
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,800
The abandonment of the elderly. 
In normal times, Irish families,

325
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:31,000
took care of their grandparents 
and aging relatives. 

326
00:16:31,000 --> 00:16:34,400
But when you're choosing between
feeding your children or feeding

327
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:38,000
your elderly parent, the choice 
becomes brutally simple. 

328
00:16:38,000 --> 00:16:41,900
You find yourself participating 
in decisions that would have 

329
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:43,700
been Unthinkable just months 
ago. 

330
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:46,800
Grandpa wants a Storyteller by 
the fire. 

331
00:16:46,800 --> 00:16:50,100
Now serves as an additional 
source of sustenance in a 

332
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:51,800
household where food is scarce 
for everyone. 

333
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:55,400
The disintegration of family 
structures continues Beyond this

334
00:16:55,400 --> 00:16:59,000
point, parents are abandoning 
their children, not out of 

335
00:16:59,008 --> 00:17:02,000
Cruelty, but out of desperate 
hope that the children might 

336
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,000
have a better chance of survival
on their own. 

337
00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:07,400
The local workhouse is full of 
children, whose parents are 

338
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:09,500
either dead or unable to care 
for them. 

339
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:12,000
These aren't orphans in the 
traditional sense. 

340
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,599
He's a children whose families 
have been destroyed by 

341
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:16,800
circumstances Beyond anyone's 
control. 

342
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:20,599
Your neighbor's who used to help
with Harvest and share tools. 

343
00:17:20,599 --> 00:17:22,400
Now, I each other with 
suspicion. 

344
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,099
Which family down the lane 
borrowed a cup of flour, last 

345
00:17:26,099 --> 00:17:29,400
spring, they're not giving it 
back and you're not asking for 

346
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:30,700
it. 
Because you understand that 

347
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:33,100
asking for food back is 
essentially asking them to 

348
00:17:33,100 --> 00:17:36,900
choose between your family 
survival and their own trust, 

349
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:39,900
which took generations to build 
in rural communities. 

350
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:44,600
Evaporates in a matter of weeks,
the local church, which used to 

351
00:17:44,608 --> 00:17:47,400
be the center of community life.
It's overwhelmed. 

352
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:51,300
Priest is trying to minister to 
a congregation that's literally 

353
00:17:51,300 --> 00:17:54,100
dying in front of him. 
Sunday Services become 

354
00:17:54,100 --> 00:17:57,700
increasingly Grim Affairs, where
the main topic is who died 

355
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:01,900
during the week and who might be
next The Collection plate, which

356
00:18:01,900 --> 00:18:05,300
used to help support the church 
and local charity sits empty 

357
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:09,400
because nobody has anything to 
give crime, which was relatively

358
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:13,900
rare, in rural Irish communities
becomes commonplace But we're 

359
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:16,500
not talking about sophisticated 
criminal Enterprises here. 

360
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,400
We're talking about desperate 
people, doing desperate things, 

361
00:18:19,400 --> 00:18:23,500
children, steal turnips from 
Fields, adults break into houses

362
00:18:23,500 --> 00:18:26,700
seeking hidden food stores. 
People each other for resources,

363
00:18:26,700 --> 00:18:29,100
that wouldn't have been worth 
stealing in normal times. 

364
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:32,200
A single potato becomes valuable
enough to fight over. 

365
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,900
Most heartbreaking aspect of 
social breakdown, is the loss of

366
00:18:35,908 --> 00:18:38,600
Hope. 
In normal times, even during 

367
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,200
hardship, it was always the 
sense that things would have 

368
00:18:41,200 --> 00:18:44,700
eventually get better bad 
Harvest happened, but they were 

369
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:48,600
followed by good harvests. 
Economic downturns occurred, but

370
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:52,500
recovery usually followed during
the Great Famine that optimism 

371
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:55,500
disappears entirely. 
People stopped planning for the 

372
00:18:55,500 --> 00:18:59,400
future because they're not sure 
there will be one married births

373
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:02,400
and other celebrations. 
That Mark the passage of normal 

374
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:05,700
life virtually disappear. 
Who would plan a wedding when 

375
00:19:05,700 --> 00:19:07,300
there isn't enough food for a 
celebration? 

376
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:10,600
Going to bring a child into a 
world where that child will 

377
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:13,600
likely starve. 
The normal rhythms of life that 

378
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,900
give meaning to human existence 
a replaced by the single 

379
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:19,800
monotonous rhythm of searching 
for food. 

380
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,300
Education stops entirely. 
Children who might have been 

381
00:19:24,308 --> 00:19:27,600
learning to read and write, or 
instead Scavenging, for anything

382
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:30,500
edible. 
Schools closed because teachers 

383
00:19:30,500 --> 00:19:33,500
can't survive on their salaries 
and students are too weak to 

384
00:19:33,508 --> 00:19:36,000
attend. 
The transmission of Knowledge 

385
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,500
from one generation to the next.
One of the fundamental functions

386
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:42,000
of human society comes to a 
complete halt. 

387
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:45,700
Perhaps most disturbing of all 
is the normalization of death. 

388
00:19:46,700 --> 00:19:49,500
In your Modern Life, Death is 
relatively rare and always 

389
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,200
shocking death. 
Becomes so commonplace during 

390
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:55,200
the famine that people no longer
react emotionally to it. 

391
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,100
Your emotional capacity 
overwhelms you as you walk, past

392
00:19:59,100 --> 00:20:02,700
bodies on the road. 
Grief becomes a luxury, Carter 

393
00:20:02,700 --> 00:20:05,300
Ford because you need all your 
emotional energy focused on 

394
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:08,000
staying alive. 
Let's discuss the rapid and 

395
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:10,300
horrifying physical 
deterioration, your body's 

396
00:20:10,300 --> 00:20:12,100
undergoing during this prolonged
starvation. 

397
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:15,800
Your body which you probably 
take him for granted in your 

398
00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:17,700
modern. 
Life is about to demonstrate, 

399
00:20:17,700 --> 00:20:21,100
just how quickly it can turn 
from a reliable machine into a 

400
00:20:21,100 --> 00:20:24,300
collection of failing systems. 
After about three weeks of 

401
00:20:24,300 --> 00:20:27,200
severe malnutrition your body 
enters, what medical 

402
00:20:27,200 --> 00:20:29,000
professionals, call starvation 
mode. 

403
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:32,100
Though, your ancestors had more 
descriptive terms for it. 

404
00:20:33,100 --> 00:20:35,900
Your metabolism slows down 
dramatically as your body, tries

405
00:20:35,900 --> 00:20:38,800
to conserve energy. 
This phase sounds like it might 

406
00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,600
be helpful, but it actually 
makes you feel terrible, your 

407
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,500
cold all the time not just 
chilly, but bone deep cold that?

408
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:50,100
No amount of layering can fix. 
You shiver all the time because 

409
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,700
your body no longer generates 
enough heat to keep you warm 

410
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:54,700
burning. 
Even more of the calories, you 

411
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:58,100
don't have your muscles are 
literally disappearing, your 

412
00:20:58,100 --> 00:21:00,800
body desperate for protein 
starts, breaking down muscle 

413
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:02,400
tissue to feed your vital 
organs. 

414
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,300
You'll notice the change first 
in your arms and legs which 

415
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:10,100
become so weak that tasks. 
You could do easily before like,

416
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,300
carrying water from the well 
become Monumental challenges. 

417
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:18,600
Your hands Shake constantly not 
from nervousness but because 

418
00:21:18,600 --> 00:21:20,900
your muscles no longer have the 
strength to remain steady. 

419
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:25,500
But here's where it gets really 
disturbing your body starts 

420
00:21:25,500 --> 00:21:27,500
consuming itself in a specific 
order. 

421
00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:33,000
Goes off after fat first then 
muscle and finally, when there's

422
00:21:33,000 --> 00:21:35,300
nothing else left. 
It starts breaking down your 

423
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,900
organs, your heart already 
straining to pump blood through 

424
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:41,200
a depleted system starts to 
contract. 

425
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,200
Your liver kidneys and other 
vital organs start failing as 

426
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:47,000
their literally digested by your
body. 

427
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,300
To keep you alive for a few more
days. 

428
00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:53,400
Your skin takes on a particular 
appearance that people of the 

429
00:21:53,408 --> 00:21:56,600
time could recognize from a 
distance, it becomes thin and 

430
00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,200
translucent stretched tight over
bones, that are increasingly 

431
00:22:00,200 --> 00:22:02,100
visible. 
You develop what? 

432
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:03,900
Looks like an elderly person's 
skin. 

433
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:08,100
Regardless of your actual age, 
your hair falls out in clumps 

434
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:12,200
and what remains becomes brittle
and colorless your teeth become 

435
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,300
loose in your gums and a 
distinct. 

436
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:16,900
Sweet sickly smell develops in 
your breath. 

437
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:20,100
Indicating that your body is 
breaking down protein in a 

438
00:22:20,108 --> 00:22:24,000
desperate attempt to survive. 
The swelling is perhaps the most

439
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,900
deceptive symptoms your legs 
feet and face, begin to swell 

440
00:22:27,900 --> 00:22:30,400
with fluid, which might make you
think you're getting better. 

441
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:35,400
You're not This phenomenon is 
called kwashiorkor and it's a 

442
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:37,700
sign that your body's protein 
reserves are completely 

443
00:22:37,700 --> 00:22:40,100
depleted. 
The swelling, makes you look 

444
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,300
less skeletal but it's actually 
a sign that you're closer to 

445
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:47,200
death, not farther from it. 
Your mental state deteriorates, 

446
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:49,600
along with your physical 
condition if you could 

447
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:51,200
understand what was happening to
you. 

448
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:53,600
So severe malnutrition would 
terrify you. 

449
00:22:53,600 --> 00:22:56,600
You become irritable. 
Aesthetic then. 

450
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:59,700
Confused simple, decisions. 
Become impossible. 

451
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:02,600
You might stand in front of your
door for several minutes. 

452
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:05,700
Unable to remember, whether you 
were going inside or outside, 

453
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:08,700
Hallucinations become common as 
your brain. 

454
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:12,800
Starved of glucose and essential
nutrients begins to malfunction.

455
00:23:13,800 --> 00:23:15,200
You might see food that isn't 
there. 

456
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:19,200
He a voice is calling your name 
or experience vivid dreams that 

457
00:23:19,208 --> 00:23:22,700
feel more real than reality. 
Your ancestors thought these 

458
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:25,600
symptoms were caused by 
Supernatural forces because they

459
00:23:25,600 --> 00:23:29,400
didn't know the brain is just 
another organ that fails without

460
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:32,600
nutrients. 
Sleep becomes both Elusive and 

461
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,100
you're only Escape you're 
constantly exhausted. 

462
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:38,600
But actual, sleep is difficult 
because your body is in a state 

463
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,500
of high alert desperately 
searching for resources. 

464
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:45,100
When you do sleep. 
You dream almost exclusively 

465
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:49,000
about food, not just any food 
but specific meals. 

466
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,400
You remember from better times 
you wake up feeling worse than 

467
00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:54,800
when you went to sleep because 
the dream was so different from 

468
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,200
reality. 
Your immune system already, 

469
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,000
compromised stops functioning 
entirely minor Cuts refused to 

470
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,000
heal and often become infected. 
A simple cold which might have 

471
00:24:05,000 --> 00:24:07,500
been a minor inconvenience in 
your modern life becomes life. 

472
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:10,700
Threatening your body has no 
resources left to fight off. 

473
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:14,200
Even the most basic infections, 
the final stage is something 

474
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:17,100
called terminal starvation, and 
it's exactly. 

475
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:20,400
As pleasant as it sounds, your 
body temperature drops to 

476
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:23,500
dangerous levels, your heart 
rate becomes a regular you slip 

477
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:25,800
in and out of Consciousness at 
this point. 

478
00:24:25,800 --> 00:24:29,100
Even if food suddenly became 
available, your digestive system

479
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,400
might not be able to process it.
People who survived until the 

480
00:24:32,400 --> 00:24:34,900
very end of the family and 
sometimes died from receding 

481
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:36,900
syndrome. 
Their bodies could not handle 

482
00:24:36,900 --> 00:24:39,200
the shock of suddenly having 
adequate nutrition again. 

483
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:42,100
So, here you are having survived
longer than you probably should 

484
00:24:42,100 --> 00:24:44,600
have in this historical 
Nightmare, and you're beginning 

485
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:47,000
to understand something. 
That statistics and history 

486
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:50,800
books can't really convey. 
The Great Famine wasn't just a 

487
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,500
period of food shortage. 
There was a complete collapse of

488
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:56,300
human society. 
A breakdown of everything that 

489
00:24:56,300 --> 00:24:59,700
makes life worth living and a 
demonstration of how quickly 

490
00:24:59,700 --> 00:25:03,000
civilization can disappear when 
survival becomes the only 

491
00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:06,600
priority You've learned that 
starvation isn't just about 

492
00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,600
being hungry, it's about 
watching your body consume 

493
00:25:09,600 --> 00:25:12,400
itself, while your mind. 
Slowly disconnects from reality,

494
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,600
you've discovered, that thirst 
can be more dangerous than 

495
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,000
hunger when clean water doesn't 
exist. 

496
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,800
You've experienced the horror of
economic helplessness in a 

497
00:25:21,808 --> 00:25:24,800
system designed to extract 
wealth from the poorest people 

498
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:26,900
during their most vulnerable 
moments. 

499
00:25:27,900 --> 00:25:31,000
Perhaps most importantly, you've
witnessed the complete breakdown

500
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:33,600
of social structures that took 
centuries to develop. 

501
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,400
You've seen families, torn 
apart, community's, destroyed, 

502
00:25:37,400 --> 00:25:41,000
and individuals reduced to their
most basic survival instincts. 

503
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:44,400
You've participated in decisions
that would have been morally, 

504
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,400
Unthinkable, in normal times. 
And you've understood that 

505
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,700
morality itself becomes a luxury
during existential crisis. 

506
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:54,500
The truly disturbing 
realization, is that nothing 

507
00:25:54,500 --> 00:25:56,400
about your situation was 
inevitable. 

508
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:59,700
Throughout the famine, food 
remained in Ireland, destined 

509
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:02,600
for export to cover rents and 
debts, owed to English, 

510
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:07,100
landlords Ships loaded with 
grain left Irish ports, while 

511
00:26:07,100 --> 00:26:09,300
Irish people starved on the 
docks. 

512
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:12,500
The British government had the 
resources to provide adequate 

513
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:16,200
relief, but chose not to because
of ideological beliefs about 

514
00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:18,600
free markets and Irish racial 
inferiority. 

515
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,800
Your suffering wasn't caused by 
natural disaster alone. 

516
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:26,200
It was the result of human 
decisions made by people who 

517
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,300
could have chosen differently. 
This incident brings up 

518
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:31,300
uncomfortable. 
Questions about your own time, 

519
00:26:31,300 --> 00:26:33,800
period. 
How many preventable disasters 

520
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,300
are happening right now? 
While people with the power to 

521
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:40,000
help choose not to If people 
with adequate resources, made 

522
00:26:40,000 --> 00:26:43,400
different choices, how many 
famines epidemics and social 

523
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,000
collapses? 
Could we prevent The Great 

524
00:26:46,000 --> 00:26:49,600
Famine wasn't ancient tragedy. 
It happened in the modern era 

525
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,800
during the Industrial Revolution
and one of the wealthiest 

526
00:26:52,800 --> 00:26:55,600
Empires and human history, 
you've also learned something 

527
00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:58,800
about human resilience, that's 
both inspiring and terrifying. 

528
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:02,100
Some people survive conditions 
that should have been fatal, 

529
00:27:02,100 --> 00:27:05,900
they endured months of 
starvation disease, social 

530
00:27:05,900 --> 00:27:08,100
breakdown and psychological 
trauma. 

531
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:11,400
Then somehow found the strength 
to rebuild their lives. 

532
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:14,700
The fact that you're reading 
this story means that at least 

533
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:19,400
some of your ancestors survived 
famines plagues Wars and other 

534
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:22,500
disasters that killed millions 
of their contemporaries, but 

535
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:24,900
survival came at a cost. 
That's difficult to calculate. 

536
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:28,400
The trauma of the Great Famine 
was passed down through 

537
00:27:28,400 --> 00:27:32,000
generations families, that 
survived developed, behaviors 

538
00:27:32,000 --> 00:27:35,900
and attitudes about food, money 
and security that persisted for 

539
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:38,900
decades. 
Famine destroyed social trust, 

540
00:27:38,900 --> 00:27:41,000
which took generations to 
rebuild. 

541
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:45,200
The economic systems that fail 
during the crisis were replaced 

542
00:27:45,200 --> 00:27:47,800
by new systems that carried 
their forms of Injustice and 

543
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:51,000
vulnerability. 
The emigration that resulted 

544
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:52,300
from the famine changed the 
world. 

545
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:56,000
Millions of Irish immigrants, 
took their skills and Trauma to 

546
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,900
America, Australia and 
elsewhere, Irish American 

547
00:27:58,900 --> 00:28:02,800
culture with its emphasis on 
family loyalty, political 

548
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:06,500
organization, and suspicion of 
authority was shaped by the 

549
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:10,500
famine experience, the global 
Irish diaspora exists because 

550
00:28:10,500 --> 00:28:12,600
staying in Ireland meant death, 
for many families. 

551
00:28:13,500 --> 00:28:15,800
As you contemplate your 
hypothetical day, during the 

552
00:28:15,800 --> 00:28:18,800
Great Famine, you might wonder 
what lessons apply to your 

553
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,500
actual life. 
Perhaps, it's an appreciation 

554
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:25,300
for the fragility of the systems
that keep you fed household and 

555
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:27,900
healthy perhaps. 
It's an understanding that 

556
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:30,800
individual survival often 
depends on social cooperation 

557
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,900
and mutual Aid. 
Perhaps it's a recognition that 

558
00:28:33,900 --> 00:28:36,600
government policies and economic
systems have life and death 

559
00:28:36,608 --> 00:28:40,300
consequences for ordinary people
or about the lesson is simpler 

560
00:28:40,300 --> 00:28:44,100
that human beings are capable of
enduring almost unimaginable 

561
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:48,200
hardship that they shouldn't 
have to many of the calamities 

562
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:50,100
occurring in the world. 
Today could have been avoided. 

563
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,500
Just as the Great Famine, was 
the difference between 

564
00:28:53,500 --> 00:28:56,000
catastrophe and Recovery. 
Often comes down to whether 

565
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,000
people with power choose to help
or to ignore the suffering of 

566
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:00,600
others. 
Your day. 

567
00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:03,100
During the Great Famine is over,
and you can return to your 

568
00:29:03,100 --> 00:29:04,800
Modern Life with its 
refrigerators. 

569
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,500
Clean water, social safety nets,
and Medical Care. 

570
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:12,200
Somewhere in the world. 
People are still facing the 

571
00:29:12,200 --> 00:29:15,000
choice between impossible 
options, still watching their 

572
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,400
children. 
Go hungry while food exists that

573
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,600
they can't afford to buy still 
struggling against systems 

574
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,100
designed to extract wealth from 
those who have the least. 

575
00:29:24,300 --> 00:29:27,300
The Great Famine ended but the 
conditions that made it 

576
00:29:27,300 --> 00:29:30,500
possible. 
Extreme inequality, Colonial 

577
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:34,200
exploitation an ideological 
blindness to human suffering, 

578
00:29:34,200 --> 00:29:36,000
did not disappear from the 
world. 

579
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:41,200
Your hypothetical day in 1847 is
over, but for millions of people

580
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:44,600
around the world that they 
continues, How do you plan to 

581
00:29:44,600 --> 00:29:50,800
address this issue? 
Why wouldn't you last a day 

582
00:29:50,800 --> 00:29:54,100
during the Great Famine? 
Let's begin by acknowledging the

583
00:29:54,100 --> 00:29:58,000
scarcity of food, the unclean 
conditions and the overwhelming 

584
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,500
threat to your immune system. 
When you arrived in search of a 

585
00:30:01,500 --> 00:30:04,900
snack, you encountered, boiled 
weeds, endured rain, soaked 

586
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:07,800
misery and faced, a significant 
risk of dysentery. 

587
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:11,600
Before Sundown, the roads were 
flooded, the grain was rotting. 

588
00:30:11,600 --> 00:30:13,700
And if you weren't starving, you
were sick. 

589
00:30:13,700 --> 00:30:16,500
And if you weren't sick, you 
were probably digging someone 

590
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:19,000
else's grave with a wooden 
spoon, but don't worry. 

591
00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,400
You're not there you're here. 
You have a roof over your head 

592
00:30:22,400 --> 00:30:26,100
food in your stomach, hopefully,
and there's no danger of eating 

593
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,700
Moss for dinner. 
Let the hunger and hardship fade

594
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:30,800
in the distance. 
We have other stories placed 

595
00:30:30,800 --> 00:30:33,600
here. 
Older, new has always to help 

596
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:36,900
you sleep. 
No matter what Now I'll be over 

597
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,800
here by the fireplace and my 
lovely home, sipping tea and 

598
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:42,000
giving thanks for central 
heating and the Miracle of 

599
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:43,500
bread. 
That doesn't have to be stole 

600
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,300
and sweet dreams, my friends. 
And as always, sleep tight and 

601
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:58,900
good night. 
Picture. 

602
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:03,100
If you will the year 1564 in 
stratford-upon-avon Where the 

603
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:05,800
River Avon meanders like a 
drunken playwright searching for

604
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:09,400
his next line here in a Timber 
framed house that creaks like 

605
00:31:09,408 --> 00:31:12,500
old bones young, William 
Shakespeare draws his first 

606
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:15,100
breath into a world that will 
spend the next four. 

607
00:31:15,100 --> 00:31:19,400
Centuries arguing about whether 
he actually existed the irony 

608
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:22,000
dealer listeners is that 
existing was precisely his 

609
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:25,000
problem. 
Born to John Shakespeare, A 

610
00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:28,300
Glover, whose hands shaped 
leather, but whose dreams shaped

611
00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:31,000
disappointment, William 
inherited more than just his 

612
00:31:31,000 --> 00:31:34,700
father's trade aspirations, he 
inherited, the crushing weight 

613
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,300
of middle-class respectability 
in an age. 

614
00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:40,600
When stepping outside, your 
designated social box was like 

615
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:42,400
performing Hamlet without a 
script. 

616
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:46,000
John you see wasn't content with
merely crafting gloves. 

617
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:50,100
He harbored, Municipal Ambitions
becoming an Alderman and 

618
00:31:50,100 --> 00:31:53,800
eventually bailiff of Stratford 
Success, however, proved as 

619
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:56,700
slippery as wet leather. 
And by the time young will 

620
00:31:56,700 --> 00:31:59,700
reached out lessons, the 
family's fortunes a tumbled fast

621
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:01,400
at the poorly rehearsed death 
scene. 

622
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,900
The Shakespeare household, 
echoed with the peculiar tension

623
00:32:04,900 --> 00:32:08,400
of Fallen gentility, that 
special kind of misery reserved 

624
00:32:08,400 --> 00:32:10,900
for families who remember better
times while counting their 

625
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:13,800
remaining coins. 
John's financial troubles 

626
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:17,800
weren't merely about money. 
They were about identity and 

627
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:19,800
Elizabethan England. 
You're worth was measured not 

628
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:23,400
just by your purse, but by your 
position and John's declining 

629
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,600
fortunes meant the family name. 
Carried the particular stigma of

630
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:29,700
ambitious failure, young William
blessed with what? 

631
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:32,700
We now recognize as genius but 
what his contemporaries might 

632
00:32:32,700 --> 00:32:35,500
have called Dangerous 
imagination found himself 

633
00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:37,200
trapped between his father's 
expectations. 

634
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,500
And his own impossible Dreams, 
grammar school, provided him 

635
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:43,400
with Latin rhetoric and a 
dangerous taste for stories that

636
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:46,000
transported him far beyond 
Stratford suffocating 

637
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,300
boundaries. 
However, the duel nature of 

638
00:32:48,300 --> 00:32:51,900
Education, only served to stifle
his provincial life, akin to 

639
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:54,400
attempting to encapsulate the 
vastness of the ocean. 

640
00:32:54,400 --> 00:32:58,900
Within a tiny teacup. the boy 
who had become England's 

641
00:32:58,900 --> 00:33:01,700
greatest writer, spent his 
formative years watching his 

642
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:04,500
father's dreams crumble while 
his own grew increasingly 

643
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:09,000
impossible, In a society where 
most people died within 20 miles

644
00:33:09,000 --> 00:33:12,100
of where they were born 
William's imagination roamed 

645
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:16,000
freely through the ancient Rome,
mythical Athens and magical 

646
00:33:16,000 --> 00:33:20,200
islands that existed nowhere. 
But in his Restless mind, This 

647
00:33:20,200 --> 00:33:22,600
disconnect between inner 
vastness and outer limitation 

648
00:33:22,600 --> 00:33:23,900
would haunt him throughout his 
life. 

649
00:33:23,900 --> 00:33:26,900
The eternal struggle of the 
artist born into the wrong 

650
00:33:26,900 --> 00:33:31,200
circumstances. 
But perhaps most cruelty young 

651
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:33,400
Shakespeare possess, something 
that made his situation 

652
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:37,100
unbearable Talent, his talent 
was not the comfortable 

653
00:33:37,100 --> 00:33:39,000
mediocrity. 
That would have enabled him to 

654
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:40,900
follow his father's trade with 
contentment. 

655
00:33:40,900 --> 00:33:45,600
But a blazing undeniable gift 
that made ordinary life. 

656
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,000
Feel like wearing clothes, 
several sizes, too small. 

657
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:50,500
He could see the Poetry in 
everyday speech. 

658
00:33:50,500 --> 00:33:54,000
Hear the music in casual 
conversation and feel the 

659
00:33:54,000 --> 00:33:56,500
dramatic potential in the 
mundane interactions of 

660
00:33:56,500 --> 00:34:00,800
provincial life. 
This sensitivity, this capacity 

661
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:04,600
to elevate the ordinary to the 
extraordinary served as both, 

662
00:34:04,600 --> 00:34:07,000
his greatest gift, and his most 
enduring curse. 

663
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,600
The Stratford of Shakespeare's 
youth was a place where dreams 

664
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:14,500
were luxuries, few could afford 
Market Days, brought temporary 

665
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:17,500
excitement, travelling players, 
occasionally provided glimpses 

666
00:34:17,500 --> 00:34:21,000
of The Wider world but mostly 
life moved with the inexorable 

667
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:23,500
rhythm of seasonal, Agriculture 
and traditional expectations. 

668
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:27,500
For most residents this 
predictability provided comfort 

669
00:34:27,500 --> 00:34:29,900
for young. 
William, it felt like a gradual 

670
00:34:29,900 --> 00:34:32,400
Suffocation. 
He was born into a cup of 

671
00:34:32,408 --> 00:34:35,600
contented chickens and everyone 
wondered why he couldn't simply 

672
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,699
be satisfied with the available 
seeds at 18. 

673
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:42,199
Our future Bard found himself in
snared in life's most common 

674
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:47,199
Trap by Anne Hathaway. 8 years 
is senior and already showing 

675
00:34:47,199 --> 00:34:50,800
signs of their impending, child 
represented, both salvation and 

676
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:52,199
imprisonment for young 
Shakespeare. 

677
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:56,699
The marriage hastily arranged in
November 1582 solved. 

678
00:34:56,699 --> 00:34:59,800
One immediate problem while 
creating a dozen others like 

679
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:03,300
using a beautiful bandage to 
cover a gaping wound and 

680
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,500
daughter of a prosperous 
shottery farmer brought to the 

681
00:35:06,500 --> 00:35:10,400
union, everything William Lacked
maturity, practical knowledge 

682
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,700
and the grounding influence of 
someone who understood that life

683
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:16,200
required more than pretty words 
and soaring imagination. 

684
00:35:17,200 --> 00:35:20,700
She also brought pregnancy, 
which in Elizabethan England. 

685
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:24,100
Meant marriage wasn't a choice 
but a moral imperative wrapped 

686
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:26,600
in social necessity. 
The wedding conducted with 

687
00:35:26,600 --> 00:35:30,200
unseemly, haste, whispered of 
Scandal in a society where 

688
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:34,400
reputation was currency and 
shame was bankruptcy within two 

689
00:35:34,400 --> 00:35:36,200
years. 
The couple had three children, 

690
00:35:36,200 --> 00:35:39,600
Suzanna followed by twins Hamlet
and Judith. 

691
00:35:40,300 --> 00:35:42,800
Suddenly the dreamy young man 
who had spent his youth 

692
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:46,100
crafting, sonnets in his head 
found himself responsible for 

693
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:50,300
four mouths to feed and a 
household to maintain fatherhood

694
00:35:50,300 --> 00:35:52,900
that magnificent. 
Destroyer of our artistic 

695
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:56,100
pretensions descended upon 
Shakespeare, like a plague of 

696
00:35:56,100 --> 00:36:00,000
locusts consuming his time 
energy and the luxury of 

697
00:36:00,008 --> 00:36:03,500
self-contemplation The irony was
Exquisite. 

698
00:36:03,500 --> 00:36:06,400
The man who had write the most 
psychologically complex 

699
00:36:06,400 --> 00:36:09,000
characters in literature, found 
himself, trapped in the most 

700
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:12,700
conventional of plots morning. 
Brought not inspiration but the 

701
00:36:12,700 --> 00:36:14,900
demands of crying babies 
evening. 

702
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:18,300
Arrived with the exhaustion, in 
stead of Creative Energy and the

703
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,400
night hours that should have 
belonged to his Muse, were 

704
00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:23,600
claimed by the basic 
requirements of survival, and 

705
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,000
practical and patient manage the
household with competent 

706
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:29,100
efficiency. 
While William struggled to 

707
00:36:29,100 --> 00:36:32,600
reconcile, his soaring Ambitions
with the grinding reality of 

708
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:37,400
domestic responsibility. 
Money that Eternal antagonist in

709
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:40,500
the drama of artistic 
aspiration, became an obsessive 

710
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:44,400
concern, teaching his most 
obvious career path, offered 

711
00:36:44,400 --> 00:36:47,900
meager compensation. 
And a soul-crushing routine, the

712
00:36:47,900 --> 00:36:49,800
law. 
Another possibility required 

713
00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:53,300
connections and capital. 
He didn't possess His father's 

714
00:36:53,300 --> 00:36:55,900
glove making trade promised, 
steady, income, and social 

715
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:59,400
respectability, but the thought 
of spending his days shaping 

716
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,500
leather while his imagination 
withered felt like creative 

717
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:05,200
suicide. 
The young father found himself 

718
00:37:05,200 --> 00:37:08,900
caught in the classic bind of 
the dreamer made practical every

719
00:37:08,900 --> 00:37:10,800
moment spent earning money was 
time. 

720
00:37:10,800 --> 00:37:15,100
Stolen from his art yet without 
money, his family would starve 

721
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,900
in his dreams would become 
irrelevant luxuries and growing 

722
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:20,700
more practical with each passing
day. 

723
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:23,400
Began to view her husband's 
artistic inclination with the 

724
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,700
barely concealed in patients of 
someone who understood that, 

725
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:29,600
poetry didn't pay rent or put 
food on the table. 

726
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:34,400
Stratford once merely confining 
now felt like a velvet Line 

727
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:36,900
Coffee. 
The Familiar streets that had 

728
00:37:36,900 --> 00:37:38,300
nurtured, his Boyhood 
imagination. 

729
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:40,000
Now, seem to mock his trapped 
condition. 

730
00:37:40,900 --> 00:37:44,200
In you every face. 
Every story, every possibility 

731
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,000
for advancement. 
And none of them included, 

732
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,200
becoming the greatest writer in 
the English language. 

733
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:52,800
The provinces he was learning 
were designed for raising 

734
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,600
families and maintaining 
Traditions not for nurturing 

735
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,800
revolutionary genius. 
Yet amid this domestic 

736
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,900
imprisonment something 
unexpected began to emerge. 

737
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:04,900
The very constraints that seemed
to strangle. 

738
00:38:04,900 --> 00:38:07,400
His creativity began to teach 
him about human nature. 

739
00:38:07,400 --> 00:38:10,900
In ways his Bachelor, Freedom 
never could Watching his wife 

740
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:14,200
manage, their household, 
observing his children, develop 

741
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:17,000
their distinct personalities and
struggling with the daily 

742
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:20,300
negotiations of marriage 
provided him with insights into 

743
00:38:20,300 --> 00:38:23,300
character and demotivation that 
would later inform his greatest 

744
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,100
works. 
Forced to live among understand 

745
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,400
and depend upon real people. 
He was learning to write about 

746
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:32,600
them between 1585 and 15092, 
William. 

747
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:35,000
Shakespeare vanished from 
historical record like a 

748
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:37,600
magician's assistant stepping 
behind a curtain leaving 

749
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:39,900
Scholars to debate his 
whereabouts with the further of 

750
00:38:39,908 --> 00:38:44,000
theologians arguing about angels
and pinheads these Lost Years 

751
00:38:44,000 --> 00:38:46,500
represent. 
Perhaps the most crucial period 

752
00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:49,800
of his development. when the 
provincial Family Man, somehow 

753
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:53,600
transformed into London's most 
promising, playwright The 

754
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:55,500
Transformations. 
However, came at a cost that 

755
00:38:55,500 --> 00:38:57,400
would echo through every 
subsequent trial. 

756
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:01,300
The decision to leave Stratford 
required courage that bordered 

757
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:05,000
on Madness. 
In the 1580s, London was a 

758
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,500
tumultuous mix of ambition 
disease, creativity and 

759
00:39:08,500 --> 00:39:11,900
violence, a city, where people 
made and lost fortunes on a 

760
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:15,600
daily basis, where Geniuses and 
charlatans interacted and where 

761
00:39:15,600 --> 00:39:18,500
the difference between success 
and destitution was measured in 

762
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:21,300
single performances for a 
married man. 

763
00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,600
With three children, abandoning 
the security of provincial life 

764
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:26,100
for the uncertainties of the 
theater. 

765
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:29,200
World wasn't a romantic 
adventure, it was a potential 

766
00:39:29,200 --> 00:39:32,400
catastrophe yet. 
London's theatrical scene 

767
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:36,200
beckoned with irresistible 
Allure The playhouses the 

768
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:39,200
theater, the curtained one. 
And the rows were 

769
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,500
revolutionizing entertainment 
transforming drama from 

770
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:44,500
religious instruction into 
popular art. 

771
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:49,100
Here, writers like Christopher 
Marlowe, a crafting place that 

772
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,500
made audience's gas with 
recognition and Terror. 

773
00:39:51,500 --> 00:39:54,800
While actors achieved Fame that 
rivaled nobility. 

774
00:39:55,800 --> 00:39:58,100
For Shakespeare whose 
imagination had been cramped by 

775
00:39:58,100 --> 00:40:00,900
the Stratford's, limitations 
London's, the theater's 

776
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:03,600
represented, Liberation from 
everything that had constrained,

777
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:06,900
his artistic development. 
The Practical challenges were 

778
00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,900
staggering London's population 
had swollen to nearly 200,000 

779
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:14,100
making it one of Europe's 
largest cities and certainly its

780
00:40:14,100 --> 00:40:16,800
most chaotic housing was scarce 
and expensive. 

781
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:20,300
Food was often contaminated and 
disease spread through crowded 

782
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:22,200
neighborhoods with devastating 
efficiency. 

783
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:25,700
The plague that recurring 
nightmare of Elizabethan life, 

784
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,500
could shut down theaters for 
months leaving actors and 

785
00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:31,100
writers without income and 
audiences without entertainment.

786
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:35,200
Success required, not just 
talent but survival and survival

787
00:40:35,200 --> 00:40:37,500
demanded adaptability that few 
possessed. 

788
00:40:38,200 --> 00:40:40,900
Shakespeare's entry into 
London's theatrical World likely

789
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,900
began at the bottom. 
Perhaps as a prompter possibly 

790
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:47,100
as an actor in minor role, 
certainly as someone willing to 

791
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:50,000
perform whatever tasks, kept him
near the Creative Energy, he 

792
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,700
craved He established 
playwrights University educated 

793
00:40:53,700 --> 00:40:55,800
men like Marlowe, green and 
Nash. 

794
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,600
Initially regarded. 
This provincial interloper with 

795
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:01,600
suspicion and condescension, 
they possessed classical 

796
00:41:01,600 --> 00:41:04,900
education, aristocratic 
connections and the intellectual

797
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:07,600
arrogance that comes from 
believing oneself, naturally 

798
00:41:07,600 --> 00:41:11,300
Superior to one's competitors, 
the famous attack by Robert 

799
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:14,800
Greene, calling Shakespearean, 
upstart Crow revealed, the 

800
00:41:14,808 --> 00:41:17,500
complex social dynamics of 
Elizabethan theater. 

801
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,600
Green dying in poverty, despite 
his university education and 

802
00:41:22,600 --> 00:41:26,300
literary reputation resented. 
Shakespeare's rapid rise through

803
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:28,100
sheer talent and Commercial 
instinct. 

804
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:31,800
The insults stung not because it
was unfair, but because it 

805
00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:33,600
contained an uncomfortable 
truth. 

806
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:37,100
Shakespeare was indeed an 
outsider, someone who had 

807
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:39,700
achieved through Merit, what 
others claimed by Birthright 

808
00:41:39,700 --> 00:41:42,900
yet. 
This very Outsider status became

809
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:46,500
Shakespeare's greatest 
advantage, while his university 

810
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:49,400
educated competitors wrote for 
their intellectual peers, 

811
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,800
Shakespeare understood ordinary 
audiences because he came from 

812
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,000
ordinary circumstances. 
He could craft entertainment 

813
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:59,000
that Satisfied by both 
Groundlings and Aristocrats 

814
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,300
because he possessed the rare 
ability to see human nature from

815
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:03,800
multiple perspectives 
simultaneously. 

816
00:42:05,000 --> 00:42:08,500
His provincial background rather
than limiting his vision and to 

817
00:42:08,500 --> 00:42:11,500
observe and understand the full 
spectrum of human behavior. 

818
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:15,400
The separation from his family. 
However, created wounds that 

819
00:42:15,400 --> 00:42:18,400
never fully healed. 
And the children remained in 

820
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:21,700
Stratford supported by whatever 
money William could send from 

821
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:23,800
London's and certain theatrical 
economy. 

822
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:28,300
Letters travels slowly visits 
were in frequent and the growing

823
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:29,800
distance between husband and 
wife. 

824
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:31,600
Extended Far Beyond near 
geography. 

825
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,000
And was raising their children, 
essentially as a single mother 

826
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:37,000
while William was becoming 
someone. 

827
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,000
She barely recognized successful
celebrated, but increasingly 

828
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:43,500
foreign to the man. 
She had married London's 

829
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:46,300
theaters in the 1590s operated 
under constant threat of 

830
00:42:46,308 --> 00:42:49,600
closure, not from artistic 
failure but from biological 

831
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:53,900
catastrophe, the plague that 
medieval Horsemen who refused to

832
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:56,800
acknowledge the Renaissance. 
Stalked, Elizabethan England, 

833
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,800
with particular, fondness for 
crowded spaces where people 

834
00:42:59,800 --> 00:43:04,200
gathered for entertainment, When
death rates, climbed authorities

835
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:07,000
shuttered, playhouses faster 
than a negative review, could 

836
00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:10,200
close a modern production 
leaving, everyone connected to 

837
00:43:10,208 --> 00:43:13,200
the theater industry, suddenly 
unemployed and searching for 

838
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:16,200
alternative income. 
Shakespeare experience, these 

839
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:19,800
closures as artistic and 
financial disasters, that tested

840
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:21,400
his commitment to theatrical 
life. 

841
00:43:22,200 --> 00:43:26,500
During the prolonged closure of 
1593 to 1594 when the plague 

842
00:43:26,500 --> 00:43:29,700
killed over 10,000 londoners, he
turned to poetry as both the 

843
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:31,800
creative outlet and a potential 
income source. 

844
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:36,000
Venus and Adonis, his first 
published work became the 

845
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,500
literary sensation of its time. 
Establishing his reputation, 

846
00:43:39,500 --> 00:43:42,600
among educated readers who might
never have attended his plays 

847
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:46,400
yet success in poetry, while 
gratifying couldn't replace the 

848
00:43:46,400 --> 00:43:48,600
immediate income and 
collaborative energy that the 

849
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:52,800
theater provided The competitive
landscape of Elizabethan drama 

850
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:56,200
was ruthlessly darwinian. 
Playwright stole plots, 

851
00:43:56,200 --> 00:43:59,000
characters and even entire 
speeches from each other. 

852
00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:02,700
With casual efficiency, creating
an environment where originality

853
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:04,900
was less important than 
effective adaptation. 

854
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:08,500
Shakespeare, who would later be 
criticized for borrowing? 

855
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:11,600
Most of his plots were simply 
following industry practice. 

856
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,000
The real challenge wasn't 
finding Source material. 

857
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:16,500
But transforming it into 
something? 

858
00:44:16,500 --> 00:44:19,300
Commercially viable. 
And artistically. 

859
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:22,200
Satisfying. 
The tasks required not just 

860
00:44:22,200 --> 00:44:25,200
literary skill but practical 
understanding of what audiences 

861
00:44:25,200 --> 00:44:28,700
wanted and actors could deliver.
Christopher Marlow's death in 

862
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:33,200
1593 removed Shakespeare's most 
formidable while creating a 

863
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:35,900
cautionary tale about the 
dangers of literary ambition. 

864
00:44:37,300 --> 00:44:40,400
Marlow who's plays like doctor 
Faustus and Tamara Lane. 

865
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:42,700
Had redefined dramatic 
possibility. 

866
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:45,600
Died under mysterious 
circumstances, involving 

867
00:44:45,600 --> 00:44:49,300
government styes, religious, 
controversy and violence. 

868
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:53,000
His fate Illustrated the 
precarious position of writers 

869
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,000
who attracted both Fame and 
suspicion, particularly those 

870
00:44:56,000 --> 00:44:58,300
whose Works challenge to 
established Authority or 

871
00:44:58,300 --> 00:45:01,700
explored dangerous ideas. 
Shakespeare's response to 

872
00:45:01,708 --> 00:45:03,800
Marlow's death revealed, his 
practical wisdom. 

873
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:08,200
Rather than attempting to match 
Marlow's rebellious intensity he

874
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:09,600
developed a more subtle 
approach. 

875
00:45:09,600 --> 00:45:12,700
That allowed him to explore 
controversial themes, without 

876
00:45:12,700 --> 00:45:16,100
attracting fatal attention. 
His villains became 

877
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:19,500
psychologically complex rather 
than theologically dangerous and

878
00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:22,200
his political commentary 
remained sufficiently ambiguous 

879
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:24,200
to avoid, treasonous 
interpretation. 

880
00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:28,100
This careful navigation between 
artistic ambition and personal 

881
00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:30,800
safety, required constant, 
vigilance, and occasional 

882
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:33,200
artistic compromise, the 
formation of the Lord, 

883
00:45:33,200 --> 00:45:36,400
Chamberlain's men in 1594 
provided Shakespeare, with the 

884
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:40,500
stability, he had been seeking 
since arriving in London as both

885
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:43,600
shareholder and principal 
playwright, for the company, you

886
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,400
finally achieved the financial 
security that had alluded him 

887
00:45:46,400 --> 00:45:49,400
throughout his youth. 
Yet, this security came with its

888
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:51,900
pressure's. 
The company needed new plays. 

889
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:55,600
Regularly audience is expected, 
consistent quality and 

890
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:58,600
competitors were always ready to
steal successful Innovations. 

891
00:45:59,400 --> 00:46:02,200
Shakespeare found himself in 
snared in A Creative Cycle. 

892
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,500
That required constant output. 
All the while upholding artistic

893
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:07,800
standards. 
The escalated with each Triumph,

894
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:11,200
The Blackfriars, theater 
controversy of 1596, 

895
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,100
demonstrated, how quickly 
theatrical success could become 

896
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,200
a political liability. 
The company's attempt to 

897
00:46:17,208 --> 00:46:19,900
establish an indoor theater in a
fashionable neighborhood met 

898
00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:22,900
Fierce resistance from residents
who considered actors morally 

899
00:46:22,900 --> 00:46:26,900
contaminating influences, legal 
battles, and social criticism, 

900
00:46:26,900 --> 00:46:29,800
reminded Shakespeare that 
despite his growing Fame and 

901
00:46:29,800 --> 00:46:32,800
Fortune Society. 
Still regarded his professional 

902
00:46:32,800 --> 00:46:35,500
with suspicion. 
You might write plays that 

903
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:38,400
entertained royalty, but he 
remained essentially, a 

904
00:46:38,400 --> 00:46:42,100
glorified Vagabond in the eyes 
of respectable citizens personal

905
00:46:42,100 --> 00:46:46,100
tragedy struck in 1596, with the
death of his son Hamlet, whose 

906
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:47,700
name would later. 
Echo through his father's 

907
00:46:47,700 --> 00:46:50,800
greatest tragedy. 
The Lost devastated Shakespeare,

908
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:54,600
in ways that his subsequent 
masterpieces only partially 

909
00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:58,400
revealed Hamlet's death 
represented, not just parental 

910
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,500
grief, but the collapse of 
dynastic hopes. 

911
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,000
In an age, when family 
continuity depended on Mayo, 

912
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:07,500
airs losing his only son that 
all Shakespeare success would 

913
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:10,600
ultimately prove a femoral his 
name, surviving only through his

914
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:12,900
artistic Works. 
Rather than through living 

915
00:47:12,900 --> 00:47:16,900
descendants by 1600, William 
Shakespeare, had achieved what 

916
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:20,700
few artists ever experienced 
recognition of his genius during

917
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:24,600
his own life time Hamlet, which 
premiered that year established 

918
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:27,400
him not merely as a successful 
playwright but as someone who 

919
00:47:27,408 --> 00:47:31,300
had fundamentally change, what 
drama could accomplish Yes, 

920
00:47:31,300 --> 00:47:34,400
success that false friend of 
artists everywhere. 

921
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:37,600
What complications that 
provincial, obscurity had never 

922
00:47:37,600 --> 00:47:41,300
threatened Fame, made him a 
target for criticism envying. 

923
00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:43,800
The particularly vicious attacks
reserved for those who rise 

924
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,400
above their supposed station. 
The weight of expectation became

925
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:49,900
overwhelming. 
Every new play was measured 

926
00:47:49,900 --> 00:47:51,300
against his previous 
achievements. 

927
00:47:51,300 --> 00:47:54,500
And every Innovation was 
scrutinized for signs of decline

928
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:56,200
or betrayal of his established 
Style. 

929
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:59,300
Audiences arrived at his 
premieres with predetermined 

930
00:47:59,300 --> 00:48:02,700
judgments and critics sharpen 
their quills for reviews that 

931
00:48:02,700 --> 00:48:05,300
would either confirm or 
challenge his reputation. 

932
00:48:06,300 --> 00:48:09,600
The spontaneous Joy of creation 
which had sustained him through 

933
00:48:09,600 --> 00:48:12,700
his early struggles became 
contaminated by awareness of his

934
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:14,400
public role. 
As England's premiere, 

935
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,400
dramatist. 
Financial success while solving 

936
00:48:17,400 --> 00:48:21,800
many practical problems, created
new anxieties, Shakespeare's 

937
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:25,200
investments in property his 
share in the Globe Theater and 

938
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:27,400
his growing wealth required 
management and protection. 

939
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:31,500
He found himself spending time 
on legal documents property 

940
00:48:31,500 --> 00:48:34,400
disputes and business 
negotiations that have nothing 

941
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,000
to do with writing, but 
everything to do with 

942
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:38,700
preserving, what his writing had
earned. 

943
00:48:39,500 --> 00:48:42,600
The artist who had won purely 
for Creative fulfillment. 

944
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,600
Now, wrote partly to maintain an
increase in complex Financial 

945
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,000
Empire. 
The relationship with his 

946
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,100
family, grew more strained with 
each passing year. 

947
00:48:50,900 --> 00:48:53,600
And the surviving children 
Susanna and Judith lived 

948
00:48:53,600 --> 00:48:55,500
comfortable lives. 
Thanks to his success. 

949
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,800
The Comfort couldn't Bridge the 
emotional distance that is 

950
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,100
prolonged, absences had created.
He had become a stranger to his 

951
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:05,200
household someone who visited 
rather than inhabited, the 

952
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:08,200
domestic life. 
He was supporting his daughter's

953
00:49:08,200 --> 00:49:10,900
grew up, knowing their father, 
primarily through his reputation

954
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:14,100
and the money he sent rather 
than through daily interaction 

955
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:17,400
and shared experience. 
London Social Scene offered 

956
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,200
compensation but also 
temptations that complicated, 

957
00:49:20,200 --> 00:49:23,200
his personal life. 
The theater World provided 

958
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:26,700
intellectual stimulation and 
artistic collaboration, but it 

959
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:29,200
also exposed him to 
relationships and possibilities 

960
00:49:29,200 --> 00:49:31,900
that could not be easily 
reconciled with his family 

961
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:34,900
obligations. 
The mysterious dark Lady of his 

962
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:37,900
Sonics, whether real or 
fictional represented the kind 

963
00:49:37,900 --> 00:49:40,700
of passionate connection that 
his practical marriage had never

964
00:49:40,700 --> 00:49:44,500
provided these relationships 
where the consummated or merely 

965
00:49:44,500 --> 00:49:47,500
imagined created guilt and 
longing that in Rich his art 

966
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:51,000
while complicating his life The 
political climate under James, 

967
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:53,600
The Thirst proved, both more and
less dangerous than under 

968
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,000
Elizabeth. 
The new King's fascination with 

969
00:49:56,000 --> 00:49:59,200
witchcraft and Scottish history 
provided Shakespeare with 

970
00:49:59,208 --> 00:50:02,000
material for Macbeth while his 
interest in the theater. 

971
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:04,000
Led to Royal patronage that 
elevated. 

972
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,500
The company's status However, 
James's authoritarian, 

973
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:11,300
Tendencies and sensitivity to 
criticism, required playwrights 

974
00:50:11,300 --> 00:50:13,900
to navigate a more delicate 
balance between entertainment 

975
00:50:13,900 --> 00:50:17,400
and sedition. 
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 

976
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,500
created an atmosphere of 
suspicion that made any 

977
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:22,500
political commentary potentially
dangerous. 

978
00:50:23,300 --> 00:50:26,400
Shakespeare's response to these 
pressures was to retreat into 

979
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,500
increasingly complex, artistic 
visions that satisfied his 

980
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:31,900
creative Ambitions while 
maintaining his commercial 

981
00:50:31,900 --> 00:50:36,900
viability King Lear Othello. 
And Macbeth. 

982
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:39,400
Represented, the height of his 
tragic vision. 

983
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:43,200
Plays that explored the darkest 
aspects of human nature while 

984
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:46,000
remaining sufficiently removed 
from contemporary politics to 

985
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:49,200
avoid censorship. 
Yet creating these masterpieces 

986
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:52,300
required, emotional and 
psychological resources that 

987
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:56,300
left him increasingly drained. 
The artistic isolation that 

988
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:58,500
accompanied, his success was 
perhaps the most difficult 

989
00:50:58,500 --> 00:51:01,200
burden to bear. 
As his reputation grew 

990
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,700
colleagues began, treating him 
with a different that made 

991
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:07,900
genuine collaboration difficult.
Young Writers imitated his style

992
00:51:07,900 --> 00:51:10,900
rather than challenging, his 
ideas and actors sought his 

993
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:12,900
approval rather than offering 
creative input. 

994
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:15,700
The lonely authority of 
acknowledged Mastery was 

995
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:18,200
replacing the collaborative 
spirit that had made theater 

996
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:21,100
exciting. 
Recognition of his genius. 

997
00:51:21,100 --> 00:51:24,300
While gratifying also brought 
unwanted attention to his 

998
00:51:24,300 --> 00:51:27,100
personal life and background 
critics, questioned, his 

999
00:51:27,108 --> 00:51:30,700
education, Scholars debated, his
sources and Rivals. 

1000
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:34,400
Attacked his humble Origins, 
Every aspect of his biography 

1001
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:37,400
was scrutinized for evidence 
that might explain or diminish. 

1002
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:40,500
His achievements, the Privacy he
had once taken for granted 

1003
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:42,700
became a luxury that his famous 
permanently. 

1004
00:51:42,700 --> 00:51:46,600
Destroyed Shakespeare, having 
written approximately 37, plays 

1005
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:48,900
gained. 
Widespread recognition as the 

1006
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:53,300
greatest English trumpet of his 
Generation by the year 1610 This

1007
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:57,100
recognition, however, came with 
the peculiar bird that haunts 

1008
00:51:57,100 --> 00:51:59,700
all artists who achieved 
legendary status during their 

1009
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:03,000
lifetime, The Impossible 
pressure to surpass their own 

1010
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:05,500
previous achievements. 
While maintaining the very 

1011
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:07,500
qualities that made those 
achievements possible. 

1012
00:52:08,500 --> 00:52:10,800
Each new work was inevitably 
compared not just to 

1013
00:52:10,800 --> 00:52:15,100
contemporary competitors but to 
his own masterpieces creating a 

1014
00:52:15,100 --> 00:52:18,100
critical standard that grew more
demanding with every success. 

1015
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:21,900
The physical strain of 
continuous, writing started to 

1016
00:52:21,900 --> 00:52:24,700
wear him out. 
Creating two plays annually, 

1017
00:52:24,700 --> 00:52:27,800
while maintaining his acting 
responsibilities, and managing 

1018
00:52:27,800 --> 00:52:30,400
his business interests, 
required, an output that would 

1019
00:52:30,400 --> 00:52:34,300
exhaust writers half his age. 
Once flowing with natural ease, 

1020
00:52:34,300 --> 00:52:37,900
the composition process became 
increasingly laborious as he 

1021
00:52:37,900 --> 00:52:40,200
struggled to find fresh 
approaches to familiar themes. 

1022
00:52:41,000 --> 00:52:43,900
The Well of inspiration that had
seemed inexhaustible during his 

1023
00:52:43,900 --> 00:52:46,600
30s began showing signs of 
depletion. 

1024
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:50,500
As he approached 50 his later, 
plays the Winter's Tale 

1025
00:52:50,500 --> 00:52:55,400
cymbeline and the Tempest 
reflected this creative fatigue.

1026
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:57,700
While simultaneously 
representing new artistic 

1027
00:52:57,700 --> 00:53:02,100
directions, these Works often 
called romance's combined 

1028
00:53:02,100 --> 00:53:05,100
elements of comedy and tragedy 
in ways that suggested either 

1029
00:53:05,100 --> 00:53:08,300
experimental boldness or 
diminished certainly about 

1030
00:53:08,300 --> 00:53:11,100
dramatic form. 
Contemporary audience is 

1031
00:53:11,100 --> 00:53:13,800
expecting the clear generic 
boundaries of his early work 

1032
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:17,000
often responded with confusion 
rather than appreciation. 

1033
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:20,500
Critics debated, whether these 
plays represented artistic 

1034
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:23,800
Evolution or declined, a 
question that would persist for 

1035
00:53:23,800 --> 00:53:27,200
centuries. the relationship with
his acting company growing 

1036
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,800
increasingly complicated as 
young, a performers and writers 

1037
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:34,200
challenged his authority The 
Lord Chamberlain's men renamed, 

1038
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:37,100
the King's Men under James. 
The first had evolved from a 

1039
00:53:37,108 --> 00:53:39,500
collaborative Enterprise into an
Institutional, where 

1040
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,100
Shakespeare's preferences 
carried, disproportional weight.

1041
00:53:42,100 --> 00:53:46,600
This power while professionally 
advantageous isolated him from 

1042
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,000
the creative friction that had 
previously stimulated. 

1043
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:53,400
His best work collaboration, 
became consultation discussion 

1044
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:56,800
became deferens and the 
Democratic chaos of theatrical 

1045
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:58,900
creation was replaced by the 
ordered. 

1046
00:53:58,900 --> 00:54:01,600
But sterile hierarchy of 
established success. 

1047
00:54:02,600 --> 00:54:05,400
Personal relationships suffered 
under the weight of his public 

1048
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:07,500
persona. 
Friends approached him 

1049
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:11,200
differently, aware that casual 
conversation might later appear 

1050
00:54:11,200 --> 00:54:14,100
in his plays. 
Enemies multiplied as his 

1051
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:17,500
success created resentment among
those who felt overlooked or 

1052
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:21,600
undervalued, even his closest 
relationships became Complicated

1053
00:54:21,600 --> 00:54:24,700
by awareness of his Fame and the
potential benefits or dangers of

1054
00:54:24,708 --> 00:54:27,700
association with him. 
The spontaneous human 

1055
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:30,300
connections that had once 
nourished his understanding of 

1056
00:54:30,300 --> 00:54:33,100
character became increasingly 
artificial and self-conscious. 

1057
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:36,300
The question of retirement began
haunting His Thoughts, with 

1058
00:54:36,300 --> 00:54:40,400
growing insistence. 
Unlike modern artists who can 

1059
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:43,400
live comfortably on royalties 
and residuals, Elizabethan 

1060
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:45,700
playwrights earned money. 
Only through continued 

1061
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,600
productivity. 
Stopping work meant accepting 

1062
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:51,700
Financial decline yet. 
Continuing work was becoming 

1063
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:55,100
increasingly difficult, both, 
physically and creatively the 

1064
00:54:55,100 --> 00:54:57,800
prospect of returning 
permanently to Stratford offered

1065
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:01,100
rest and family reconciliation, 
but also threatened the artistic

1066
00:55:01,100 --> 00:55:03,500
stimulation that had become a 
central to his identity. 

1067
00:55:04,600 --> 00:55:09,000
His health, never robust began 
showing the effects of Decades 

1068
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:11,900
of London living. 
His Constitution had suffered 

1069
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,100
due to the city's. 
Polluted air contaminated water 

1070
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:18,900
and periodic plague outbreaks 
contemporary medical knowledge. 

1071
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:21,200
Offered little Beyond 
bloodletting and herbal remedies

1072
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:24,200
while the stress of constant 
productivity exacerbated, 

1073
00:55:24,200 --> 00:55:27,500
whatever, underlying conditions 
were developing He began 

1074
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,200
experiencing symptoms that 
modern doctors might recognize 

1075
00:55:30,200 --> 00:55:34,000
as heart disease or diabetes, 
but that Elizabethan Physicians,

1076
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:36,000
could neither diagnose nor treat
effectively. 

1077
00:55:37,500 --> 00:55:39,500
Irony of his situation was 
exquisite. 

1078
00:55:40,200 --> 00:55:43,200
Having achieved everything he 
dreamed of as a young man in 

1079
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:45,900
Stratford, he found that success
had created new forms of 

1080
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:48,200
suffering that obscurity had 
never threatened. 

1081
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:52,600
Fame brought scrutiny wealth, 
brought anxiety, artistic 

1082
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:55,700
achievement, brought creative 
pressure, and recognition 

1083
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,200
brought isolation. 
The provincial boy who had fled 

1084
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:02,300
Stratford to escape limitations 
discovered that success created 

1085
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:05,100
different but equally confining 
constraints. 

1086
00:56:06,100 --> 00:56:10,300
His final complete play, The 
Tempest served as both artistic 

1087
00:56:10,300 --> 00:56:13,700
summation and personal farewell,
to the theatrical world that had

1088
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:17,500
defined his adult life. 
Prospero's renunciation of magic

1089
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:20,400
seem to mirror Shakespeare's own
preparation for retirement from 

1090
00:56:20,400 --> 00:56:23,100
the stage while the place themes
of forgiveness and 

1091
00:56:23,100 --> 00:56:25,500
Reconciliation. 
Suggested his growing desire to 

1092
00:56:25,500 --> 00:56:27,400
resolve the conflicts that had 
shaped his career. 

1093
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:31,200
He famous epilogue asking the 
audience for their Applause, to 

1094
00:56:31,200 --> 00:56:33,600
set the magician. 
Free carried obvious, 

1095
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:36,800
autobiographical resonance for a
playwright contemplating his own

1096
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:39,000
Liberation from the demands of 
public performance. 

1097
00:56:39,000 --> 00:56:42,700
William Shakespeare's return to 
Stratford in 1613 should have 

1098
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,200
represented Triumph. 
The provincial Boy made good 

1099
00:56:45,200 --> 00:56:48,200
coming home to enjoy the fruits 
of unprecedented literary 

1100
00:56:48,200 --> 00:56:50,700
success. 
Instead it marked the beginning 

1101
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:54,500
of his final Act appeared marked
by declining Health family 

1102
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:57,300
tensions and the peculiar 
Melancholy that often 

1103
00:56:57,300 --> 00:56:59,200
accompanies the achievement of 
one's deepest. 

1104
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:01,300
Ambitions. 
The man who had conquered 

1105
00:57:01,300 --> 00:57:04,000
London's theatrical world, found
himself, struggling with 

1106
00:57:04,000 --> 00:57:07,100
questions that success could not
answer and fame couldn't resolve

1107
00:57:07,700 --> 00:57:11,000
New place the grand house he had
purchased to symbolize his risen

1108
00:57:11,000 --> 00:57:13,500
status felt more like a museum 
than a home. 

1109
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:16,300
The rooms echoed with the 
absence of shared memory is 

1110
00:57:16,300 --> 00:57:18,500
their Elegance. 
A constant reminders of the 

1111
00:57:18,500 --> 00:57:20,200
years. 
He'd spent away from those who 

1112
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:24,400
was supposed to love most And 
now in her late 50s, had grown 

1113
00:57:24,400 --> 00:57:27,500
into a formidable household 
manager, who ran their domestic 

1114
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:30,500
affairs with a fishing 
Independence, the marriage that 

1115
00:57:30,500 --> 00:57:33,000
had begun with passion and 
continued through financial 

1116
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,700
necessity, had evolved into a 
polite Arrangement between 

1117
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:38,700
virtual strangers who happen to 
share a legal Bond and two 

1118
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:42,500
surviving daughters. 
His daughters Susanna and Judith

1119
00:57:42,500 --> 00:57:45,800
represented, both his greatest 
joy and his deepest 

1120
00:57:45,800 --> 00:57:48,200
disappointment. 
Suzanne. 

1121
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:50,900
The Elder had married well and 
produced the granddaughter who 

1122
00:57:50,900 --> 00:57:52,800
might carry forward. 
Something of his legacy. 

1123
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,000
However, his awareness that 
female descendants couldn't 

1124
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:58,900
preserve family names or inherit
theatrical companies in their 

1125
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:02,700
society, complicated this 
Comfort Judith who remained 

1126
00:58:02,700 --> 00:58:05,100
unmarried well into spinster by 
Elizabethan. 

1127
00:58:05,100 --> 00:58:08,000
Standards seemed to regard her 
famous father with a mixture of 

1128
00:58:08,008 --> 00:58:11,600
Pride and resentment that he 
could never fully understand His

1129
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:15,100
reputation followed him to 
Stratford, akin to a faithful 

1130
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:18,500
Young. 
Visitors arrived, regularly, 

1131
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:20,500
seeking audiences with England's
greatest. 

1132
00:58:20,500 --> 00:58:23,400
Playwright turning his 
retirement into a series of 

1133
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:25,800
performance. 
Is that exhausted him more than 

1134
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:27,800
his professional obligations 
ever had? 

1135
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:30,400
Local dignitaries who had once 
ignored. 

1136
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:33,400
The Glover's son, now competed 
for his attention and approval. 

1137
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:37,000
The transformation from local 
boy to returning celebrity 

1138
00:58:37,000 --> 00:58:39,200
created a social Dynamic that 
satisfied. 

1139
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:44,000
No one completely least of all 
Shakespeare himself, His final 

1140
00:58:44,000 --> 00:58:46,900
collaboration with John 
Fletcher, on Henry, the 8th, and

1141
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:50,300
the two Noble Kinsmen suggested 
both his ongoing creative 

1142
00:58:50,300 --> 00:58:53,600
vitality and his growing in a 
artistic mortality. 

1143
00:58:54,600 --> 00:58:56,700
Working with a younger, 
playwright forced him to 

1144
00:58:56,700 --> 00:58:59,800
confront changes in Theatrical 
taste and technique that his own

1145
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:03,700
work had helped inspire. 
Fletcher represented the next 

1146
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:06,600
generation of dramatists who had
learned from Shakespeare's 

1147
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,200
Innovations while developing 
their own approaches to 

1148
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:12,000
character and language. 
The collaboration was 

1149
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:15,500
professionally successful but 
personally difficult reminding 

1150
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:17,800
Shakespeare that even his 
artistic Authority was 

1151
00:59:17,800 --> 00:59:20,700
ultimately temporary. 
The legal complications 

1152
00:59:20,700 --> 00:59:23,600
surrounding his will revealed 
that complex web of 

1153
00:59:23,600 --> 00:59:26,100
relationships and resentments 
that success had created. 

1154
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:29,700
Decisions about property 
distribution, became tests of 

1155
00:59:29,708 --> 00:59:31,600
family, loyalty and social 
obligation. 

1156
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:35,900
The famous bequest of his second
best bed to Anne, has puzzled 

1157
00:59:35,900 --> 00:59:39,400
Scholars for centuries, but it 
perfectly captured the mixture 

1158
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,700
of affection Duty and distance 
that characterized their long 

1159
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:45,700
partnership. 
Whether intended as insult or 

1160
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:49,000
intimate gesture the Legacy, 
reflected the ambiguous nature 

1161
00:59:49,000 --> 00:59:51,800
of their relationship and the 
impossibility of reducing 

1162
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:53,600
complex. 
Human connections to simple 

1163
00:59:53,600 --> 00:59:57,300
legal formulas, His health 
deteriorated rapidly during the 

1164
00:59:57,300 --> 01:00:02,300
winter of 1615 to 16. 
Though, the exact nature of his 

1165
01:00:02,308 --> 01:00:05,500
illness remains mysterious. 
Temporary accounts. 

1166
01:00:05,500 --> 01:00:08,300
Suggest fever and weakness 
symptoms that could indicate 

1167
01:00:08,300 --> 01:00:11,000
anything from influenza to heart
disease to the various 

1168
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:13,400
infections that regularly 
claimed Elizabethan lives. 

1169
01:00:13,400 --> 01:00:16,500
Modern medical speculation has 
proposed everything from 

1170
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:20,400
syphilis to brain tumors but the
diagnosis matters less than the 

1171
01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:23,500
irony of England's greatest 
writer dying while still at the 

1172
01:00:23,508 --> 01:00:27,000
height of his creative Powers. 
The final weeks brought visitors

1173
01:00:27,000 --> 01:00:30,800
seeking wisdom, benedictions or 
simply the bragging rights of 

1174
01:00:30,800 --> 01:00:34,200
having spoken with the famous. 
Playwright Shakespeare, received

1175
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:36,400
them with diminishing energy, 
but characteristic Grace 

1176
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,400
offering insights into his craft
while carefully avoiding the 

1177
01:00:39,400 --> 01:00:42,300
kind of personal revelation that
might compromise, his 

1178
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:46,300
meticulously constructed Public 
Image even approaching death, he

1179
01:00:46,300 --> 01:00:48,700
remained conscious of his 
reputation and concerned about 

1180
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:50,700
how his legacy would be 
interpreted by Future 

1181
01:00:50,700 --> 01:00:54,400
Generations. 
He died on April, the 20th 1616 

1182
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:57,800
possibly on his 52nd birthday. 
There were Elizabeth and 

1183
01:00:57,800 --> 01:01:00,300
record-keeping makes precise 
dating impossible. 

1184
01:01:00,300 --> 01:01:04,200
The date itself, appeared 
appropriate for a man whose life

1185
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:06,800
had been characterized by 
dramatic timing and poetic 

1186
01:01:06,800 --> 01:01:10,200
coincidence His passing 
prompted, immediate allergies, 

1187
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:12,900
from fellow writers, who 
recognized that English 

1188
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:16,400
literature had lost its greatest
practitioner while also creating

1189
01:01:16,400 --> 01:01:19,500
space for new voices to emerge 
from his enormous Shadow. 

1190
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:23,100
The inscription on his tomb in 
Stratford's, Holy Trinity Church

1191
01:01:23,100 --> 01:01:27,800
good friend for Jesus's sake for
Bear to dig the dust and closed 

1192
01:01:27,800 --> 01:01:30,500
here. 
Reflected his final concern 

1193
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:33,100
about privacy and posthumous 
dignity. 

1194
01:01:33,100 --> 01:01:36,400
The curse against grave robbers 
where the composed by 

1195
01:01:36,408 --> 01:01:38,800
Shakespeare himself or by 
someone who knew his fears 

1196
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:43,400
proved remarkably effective. 
His remained undisturbed, while 

1197
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:45,500
his reputation grew to 
proportions, that would have 

1198
01:01:45,508 --> 01:01:48,700
astonished and possibly 
horrified the man who had simply

1199
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:51,000
wanted to write good plays and 
support his family. 

1200
01:01:52,200 --> 01:01:54,600
The true tragedy of William 
Shakespeare's life, wasn't that 

1201
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:57,100
he failed to achieve his dreams 
that that achieving them 

1202
01:01:57,108 --> 01:01:59,200
revealed? 
How insufficient even the 

1203
01:01:59,200 --> 01:02:02,100
greatest success could be when 
measured against human longing 

1204
01:02:02,100 --> 01:02:05,500
for connection, understanding 
and Lasting meaning he became 

1205
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:08,300
Immortal through his words while
remaining painfully mortal in 

1206
01:02:08,308 --> 01:02:12,100
his need for love recognition 
and the simple satisfactions of 

1207
01:02:12,100 --> 01:02:15,100
domestic happiness. 
His genius elevated. 

1208
01:02:15,100 --> 01:02:18,000
Him of his contemporaries while 
isolating him from the very 

1209
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:21,700
Human Experience is that 
inspired his greatest works. 

1210
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:25,900
In the end Shakespeare's life 
embodied, the central Paradox of

1211
01:02:25,900 --> 01:02:29,200
artistic achievement, the 
qualities that made him a 

1212
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:32,000
brilliant writer, sensitivity, 
and Imagination. 

1213
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:36,700
Most To depth an intellectual 
curiosity also made ordinary 

1214
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:40,600
life extraordinarily difficult. 
The achieved success beyond all 

1215
01:02:40,600 --> 01:02:43,600
reasonable expectations. 
Yet the consequences of his 

1216
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:47,000
success haunted him. 
His plays have outlived the 

1217
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:50,000
civilization that produced them,
but the man who wrote them 

1218
01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:52,800
exposure. 
Experience the same struggles 

1219
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:56,300
with love death, ambition and 
disappointment. 

1220
01:02:56,300 --> 01:02:59,000
That Define Human Experience 
across all centuries. 

1221
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:03,000
The boy from Stratford who 
dreamed of escaping provincial 

1222
01:03:03,000 --> 01:03:07,000
limitations, succeeded Beyond 
his wildest imagination, only to

1223
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:11,000
discover that success created 
its own forms of imprisonment 

1224
01:03:11,000 --> 01:03:14,800
his victory over. 
Obscurity was complete that he 

1225
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:19,100
triumphs, as his tragedies 
consistently demonstrated often 

1226
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:23,700
proves indistinguishable from 
defeat William, Shakespeare 

1227
01:03:23,700 --> 01:03:27,200
achieved his aspirations and 
discovered regrettably that 

1228
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:30,100
achieving what he desired often.
Mark the beginning rather than 

1229
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:33,400
the conclusion of life's most 
challenging issues perhaps, 

1230
01:03:33,400 --> 01:03:36,700
that's why his Works continued 
to resonate, not because he 

1231
01:03:36,700 --> 01:03:39,600
found answers to Life's 
essential questions, but because

1232
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:42,400
he lived those questions. 
So, completely the desired 

1233
01:03:42,400 --> 01:03:45,400
became an eternal meditation on 
the beautiful impossibility of 

1234
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:48,700
human satisfaction. 
He sucked at being William 

1235
01:03:48,700 --> 01:03:51,700
Shakespeare precisely because he
turned out to be humanly 

1236
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:54,300
impossible. 
And in that impossibility he 

1237
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:55,900
created something. 
Genuine 

1238
01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:09,400
The late third century was an 
ERA, when Rome seemed determined

1239
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:12,900
to tear itself apart. 
Shadow of this chaos, stood a 

1240
01:04:12,900 --> 01:04:15,200
man whose name would eventually 
be reduced to a historical 

1241
01:04:15,200 --> 01:04:18,600
footnote constantius later 
called chorus. 

1242
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:21,900
Meaning the pale. 
But this pale man would help 

1243
01:04:21,900 --> 01:04:27,500
save a crumbling Empire. 
Born around 25 CE in dardenia, a

1244
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:29,900
rugged province of illyricum 
modern day. 

1245
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:33,600
Serbia in stante and emerged 
from obscurity during Rome's, 

1246
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:37,000
most turbulent period, unlike 
the polished Aristocrats of 

1247
01:04:37,000 --> 01:04:40,700
Rome, all the educated Greeks of
the Eastern province's, he came 

1248
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:43,200
from a land that produced 
soldiers rather than Scholars. 

1249
01:04:43,200 --> 01:04:46,100
The illyrian provinces had 
become Rome's military, 

1250
01:04:46,100 --> 01:04:48,900
Heartland, The Crucible that 
forged Emperors from common 

1251
01:04:48,900 --> 01:04:52,000
clay. 
Constantius began his career, as

1252
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:54,900
did many ambitious provincials 
as a protector in the elite 

1253
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:57,300
Cavalry units where Merit could 
outweigh birth? 

1254
01:04:58,100 --> 01:05:00,600
What distinguished him wasn't 
flamboyant heroism but 

1255
01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:04,200
methodical competence a quality 
far rarer than bravery in that 

1256
01:05:04,208 --> 01:05:07,200
chaotic age. 
He rose through the ranks during

1257
01:05:07,200 --> 01:05:09,600
the so called crisis of the 
third century. 

1258
01:05:09,600 --> 01:05:13,900
When Rome witnessed 26 claimants
to the Imperial Throne over five

1259
01:05:13,900 --> 01:05:17,700
decades, what's rarely? 
Examined is how constantius 

1260
01:05:17,700 --> 01:05:20,000
navigated this treacherous 
landscape without the coming. 

1261
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:23,700
Another casualty of political 
Intrigue, records suggest he 

1262
01:05:23,700 --> 01:05:26,100
developed an unusual talent for 
knowing when to remain 

1263
01:05:26,100 --> 01:05:29,000
invisible. 
Unlike ambitious, contemporaries

1264
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,400
who rushed to declare allegiance
to Rising Stars constantius 

1265
01:05:32,400 --> 01:05:36,200
cultivated relationships, across
factions, becoming valued for 

1266
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,400
reliability while rather than 
partisan further. 

1267
01:05:39,300 --> 01:05:43,800
By 284 CE when directly in 
seized power, after the murder 

1268
01:05:43,800 --> 01:05:47,200
of Emperor and numerian, ROM had
suffered nearly 50 years of 

1269
01:05:47,200 --> 01:05:50,800
continuous, Civil War, foreign 
Invasion and plagued. 

1270
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:54,000
The Empire that had, once 
spanned from Scotland to the 

1271
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:57,100
Persian Gulf was fragmenting 
into Regional kingdoms 

1272
01:05:57,100 --> 01:06:00,700
historians often credit die. 
A cliche alone with halting the 

1273
01:06:00,700 --> 01:06:03,900
decline but recently discovered 
correspondence suggest 

1274
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:06,700
constantius was already 
implementing local reforms in 

1275
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:08,700
Dalmatia. 
That would later become Imperial

1276
01:06:08,700 --> 01:06:11,700
policy. 
Dilation recognized something in

1277
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:15,000
the quiet illyrian officer 
archaeological evidence. 

1278
01:06:15,000 --> 01:06:17,900
From nicomedia shows constantius
was summoned to the Imperial 

1279
01:06:17,900 --> 01:06:21,700
Court around 285 CE earlier than
traditionally. 

1280
01:06:21,700 --> 01:06:25,800
Believed here encountered 
diocletian's, bold Vision. 

1281
01:06:25,800 --> 01:06:30,200
The tetrarchy a four-man 
Imperial College designed to end

1282
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:32,900
succession crises by creating a 
systematic transfer of power. 

1283
01:06:33,900 --> 01:06:36,400
The relationship between 
Diocletian and constantius 

1284
01:06:36,400 --> 01:06:39,300
defied Convention though 
technically master and 

1285
01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:41,800
subordinate fragments of their 
correspondence. 

1286
01:06:41,800 --> 01:06:44,100
Reveal us to prizing, 
intellectual partnership 

1287
01:06:44,100 --> 01:06:47,500
constantius appears to have 
influenced dacians thinking on 

1288
01:06:47,500 --> 01:06:49,900
administrative reform, 
particularly regarding 

1289
01:06:49,900 --> 01:06:53,500
provincial boundaries. 
The Diocletian reforms, might 

1290
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:55,400
more accurately. 
Be called collaborative 

1291
01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:58,000
Innovations. 
What's most remarkable about 

1292
01:06:58,000 --> 01:06:59,600
constantius Ascent? 
Isn't that? 

1293
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:02,800
It occurred for that. 
It happened without Bloodshed in

1294
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:05,500
an age when promotion typically 
required, the elimination of 

1295
01:07:05,500 --> 01:07:08,000
Rivals. 
When he became, Caesar Junior, 

1296
01:07:08,000 --> 01:07:14,100
Emperor and 193 CE, not a single
opponent needed to be purged, an

1297
01:07:14,100 --> 01:07:16,700
unprecedented achievement in 
that Bloody era. 

1298
01:07:16,700 --> 01:07:20,500
The price of this promotion was 
personal to cement his position.

1299
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:24,200
In the tetrarchy constantius was
required to divorce his wife 

1300
01:07:24,200 --> 01:07:26,800
Helena. 
A woman of Humboldt who had been

1301
01:07:26,808 --> 01:07:28,800
His companion through his rise 
from obscurity. 

1302
01:07:28,800 --> 01:07:33,300
Their son Constantine was 
already a young man of promise 

1303
01:07:34,200 --> 01:07:37,100
The divorce wasn't merely a 
domestic Arrangement that a 

1304
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:40,500
calculated political move 
constantius instead married, 

1305
01:07:40,500 --> 01:07:44,300
Theodora the stepdaughter of 
maximian diocletian's 

1306
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:50,300
co-employee Eastern Palace 
constantius was the Empire's 

1307
01:07:50,300 --> 01:07:54,800
most challenging Frontier Gaul 
and Britain regions plagued by 

1308
01:07:54,800 --> 01:07:58,700
separatist movements Germanic 
invasions and economic collapse.

1309
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:01,900
It was a posting that many would
have considered a disguised 

1310
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:04,900
Exile far from the centers of 
power yet. 

1311
01:08:04,900 --> 01:08:08,200
It was here in the fog shrouded 
islands of Britain and the water

1312
01:08:08,200 --> 01:08:11,700
on provinces of Gaul that 
constantius would Forge a legacy

1313
01:08:11,700 --> 01:08:13,900
quite different from what 
Diocletian might have envisioned

1314
01:08:13,900 --> 01:08:17,399
a legacy that would ultimately 
transform the Roman World in 

1315
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:18,700
ways. 
No one could have predicted. 

1316
01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:23,300
Before I continue any time 
period I mentioned CEO or BC. 

1317
01:08:23,300 --> 01:08:25,899
As for me, that's what I've 
always followed. 

1318
01:08:25,899 --> 01:08:28,600
As I do not want to offend 
anyone with my work, as everyone

1319
01:08:28,600 --> 01:08:31,000
is in their own boat, when 
reading to you. 

1320
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:34,899
Thank you for understanding So, 
let's get back to it. 

1321
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:38,700
The British Rebellion. 
That constantius inherited was 

1322
01:08:38,700 --> 01:08:42,600
no ordinary provincial. 
Uprising carausius, a naval 

1323
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:47,100
commander of menap origin. 
From modern-day Belgium had 

1324
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:49,200
declared himself, emperor of 
Britain, and Northern Gaul in 

1325
01:08:49,207 --> 01:08:55,300
286 CE Unlike most usurpers who 
quickly flamed out carausius 

1326
01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:58,200
created what historians? 
Now recognizes the First 

1327
01:08:58,200 --> 01:09:00,800
Independent British state, with 
its own sophisticated 

1328
01:09:00,800 --> 01:09:04,100
Administration, what seldom 
discussed in conventional 

1329
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,399
history is the remarkable 
economic Revival carausius 

1330
01:09:07,399 --> 01:09:09,899
achieved. 
Archaeological evidence from the

1331
01:09:09,899 --> 01:09:12,700
London York and other Roman 
British cities. 

1332
01:09:12,700 --> 01:09:14,899
Reveals a sudden proliferation 
of coin. 

1333
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:19,600
Mints expanded trade networks 
and urban renewal projects. 

1334
01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:22,200
Corral. 
So transformed a provincial 

1335
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:25,399
Backwater into a thriving 
independent realm with its own 

1336
01:09:25,399 --> 01:09:28,500
foreign policy. 
Including treaties with Frank 

1337
01:09:28,500 --> 01:09:31,600
Ocean sex and people's that Rome
had labeled as enemies. 

1338
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:35,600
Constantius, approached, this 
challenge with characteristic 

1339
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:39,300
methodical patients, rather than
launching an immediate Invasion 

1340
01:09:39,300 --> 01:09:42,500
strategy that had already failed
under maximian. 

1341
01:09:42,500 --> 01:09:46,800
He first secured, his 
Continental base, An overlooked 

1342
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:48,800
Papyrus fragment discovered in 
Egypt. 

1343
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:50,899
Reveals constantius unusual 
approach. 

1344
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:55,000
Dispatched economic advisors 
rather than spies to the channel

1345
01:09:55,000 --> 01:09:58,400
ports, seeking to understand 
Britain's commercial networks 

1346
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:03,400
before disrupting them. 
In 293 CE constantius laid, 

1347
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:08,000
Siege to belong, carausius is 
Continental stronghold, The 

1348
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:10,200
Siege employed Innovative 
engineering techniques, 

1349
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,300
including the construction of a 
mole across the Harbour mouth 

1350
01:10:13,300 --> 01:10:15,000
that effectively trapped the 
rebel Fleet. 

1351
01:10:16,100 --> 01:10:19,200
Rather than destroying these 
captured ships constantius 

1352
01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:22,700
repurpose them for his own 
nascent Naval force a practical 

1353
01:10:22,700 --> 01:10:25,500
decision that highlighted his 
pragmatic approach to Warfare 

1354
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:28,200
before constantius could cross 
the Britain. 

1355
01:10:28,200 --> 01:10:31,600
However, carausius was 
assassinated by his Finance 

1356
01:10:31,600 --> 01:10:35,100
Minister electus who assumed 
control of the Breakaway 

1357
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:37,600
province. 
This interregnum created a 

1358
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:40,800
complex diplomatic situation, 
rarely explored in traditional 

1359
01:10:40,800 --> 01:10:43,600
narratives. 
Evidence from coin hordes. 

1360
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:47,900
Suggest constantius actually 
opened negotiations with electus

1361
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:52,800
offering him a position within 
the These negotiations, 

1362
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:56,000
ultimately fail but they 
demonstrate constantius is 

1363
01:10:56,008 --> 01:10:58,900
preference for resolution over 
confrontation. 

1364
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:03,800
The invasion of Britain in 296 
CE has been mythologized as a 

1365
01:11:03,808 --> 01:11:07,800
grand military campaign but 
contemporary accounts, reveal a 

1366
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:10,500
more nuanced. 
Operation constantius divided, 

1367
01:11:10,500 --> 01:11:13,900
his forces personally leading 
one Fleet through storm tossed 

1368
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:15,600
Waters while his praetorian 
prefect. 

1369
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:20,500
A skeletons LED another 
Constantius used a two-pronged 

1370
01:11:20,500 --> 01:11:23,200
approach, Landing in Kent, while
his subordinate made landfall 

1371
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:26,000
near Southampton trapping 
electus in the Strategic 

1372
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:28,600
position. 
The decisive battle near 

1373
01:11:28,600 --> 01:11:31,400
modern-day silchester has been 
largely mischaracterized by 

1374
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:35,400
historians recent archaeological
excavations revealed at 

1375
01:11:35,400 --> 01:11:37,300
constantius employed a hybrid 
force. 

1376
01:11:37,300 --> 01:11:38,600
That included Germanic 
mercenaries. 

1377
01:11:38,600 --> 01:11:43,700
The very barbarians Rome 
supposedly defended against This

1378
01:11:43,700 --> 01:11:46,500
pragmatic use of non-man troops 
for shadowed. 

1379
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:48,900
The Empire's later Reliance on 
foreign military power. 

1380
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:52,200
Constantius is true. 
Accomplishment wasn't the 

1381
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:55,200
military Victory, which was 
Swift, and relatively bloodless.

1382
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:59,200
But the Reconstruction that 
followed unlike typical Roman 

1383
01:11:59,200 --> 01:12:01,600
conquerors, who imposed punitive
measures on defeated 

1384
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:04,500
population's constantius 
implemented, what modern 

1385
01:12:04,500 --> 01:12:06,900
Scholars, might call a 
Reconciliation program, 

1386
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:11,100
officials who had served under 
the user's, were integrated into

1387
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:13,800
the new Administration rather 
than the next executed. 

1388
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:17,700
This policy of incorporation 
rather than retribution was 

1389
01:12:17,700 --> 01:12:21,700
revolutionary for its time. 
London londinium became the 

1390
01:12:21,708 --> 01:12:24,000
focus of constantius is 
rebuilding efforts, 

1391
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:27,900
archaeologists have uncovered 
evidence of substantial urban 

1392
01:12:27,900 --> 01:12:31,500
renewal including a massive 
expansion of the governor's 

1393
01:12:31,500 --> 01:12:34,800
Palace suggesting that 
Constantia spent considerable 

1394
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:37,000
time in Britain far more than 
previously. 

1395
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:41,000
Believed the move wasn't merely 
a military occupation, but a 

1396
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:43,800
concerted effort to reintegrate,
Britain, culturally and 

1397
01:12:43,800 --> 01:12:45,400
economically into the Roman 
world. 

1398
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:49,800
The most revealing of 
constantius is character is an 

1399
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:52,100
incident recorded in fragments 
of Aurelius Victor's. 

1400
01:12:52,100 --> 01:12:55,500
Lost writing's when soldiers 
discovered the treasury of 

1401
01:12:55,500 --> 01:12:58,100
electors and brought the 
considerable wealth before 

1402
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:01,400
constantius the allegedly 
distributed much of it for the 

1403
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:03,800
rebuilding of British towns 
rather than sending it to 

1404
01:13:03,808 --> 01:13:06,800
Imperial coffers this act of 
economic stimulus. 

1405
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,800
Demonstrated a sophisticated 
understanding of provincial 

1406
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:14,500
governance rarely seen among 
Roman commanders, by 297 CE 

1407
01:13:14,500 --> 01:13:17,400
Britain had been fully 
reintegrated into the Roman 

1408
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:21,000
system with minimal resistance 
and remarkably little Bloodshed 

1409
01:13:21,000 --> 01:13:23,600
yet. 
The result was not merely a 

1410
01:13:23,600 --> 01:13:26,600
restoration of the status quo 
constantius had created, 

1411
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:30,700
something new, a province with 
great autonomy than before, but 

1412
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:32,600
firmly within the Imperial 
framework. 

1413
01:13:33,600 --> 01:13:36,400
The parallels to Modern concepts
of federalism striking. 

1414
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,500
The four departing Britain. 
Constantius engaged in a series 

1415
01:13:40,508 --> 01:13:42,900
of campaigns against the Peaks 
Beyond Hadrian's Wall. 

1416
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,700
These Expeditions often reduced 
to footnotes in historical 

1417
01:13:46,700 --> 01:13:50,100
accounts, actually represented a
fundamental shift in Frontier 

1418
01:13:50,100 --> 01:13:52,600
policy, rather than merely 
defending. 

1419
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:56,200
The wall constantius established
a network of diplomatic 

1420
01:13:56,200 --> 01:13:59,600
relationships with tribal 
leaders, creating a buffer zone,

1421
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:03,900
buffer zone of Allied people's a
sophisticated approach to border

1422
01:14:03,900 --> 01:14:06,300
security that would influence 
Roman Frontier policy for 

1423
01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:09,900
Generations. when constantius 
returned, from Britain to Gaul 

1424
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:14,400
around 298 CE, he found a 
province devastated by Decades 

1425
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:19,200
of Civil War Germanic invasions 
and economic collapse, The once 

1426
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:22,100
prosperous region has seen its 
population, decline by nearly a 

1427
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:25,700
third with a band and farmers 
and populated town stretching 

1428
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:29,100
from the Rhine to the Atlantic. 
Traditional history is often 

1429
01:14:29,100 --> 01:14:32,000
gloss over the scale of the 
devastation and constantius as 

1430
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,900
methodical response. 
Archaeological evidence reveals,

1431
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:40,100
according to rebuilding program 
unprecedented in scope, rather 

1432
01:14:40,100 --> 01:14:43,400
than focusing solely on 
fortifications as military men. 

1433
01:14:43,400 --> 01:14:46,300
Typically did constantius 
prioritized agricultural 

1434
01:14:46,300 --> 01:14:50,600
recovery A fragmentary edict 
found near Tria shows. 

1435
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,800
He established a system of tax 
incentives for Farmers willing 

1436
01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:57,100
to reclaim abandoned lands 
essentially an ancient land 

1437
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:00,900
grant program The question of 
Labor shortage was particularly 

1438
01:15:00,900 --> 01:15:05,200
acute constantius implemented a 
policy that shocked conservative

1439
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:07,900
Romans, but demonstrated 
remarkable pragmatism. 

1440
01:15:07,900 --> 01:15:11,900
He settled captured Germanic 
peoples, particularly Franks and

1441
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,700
alemanni as farmer soldiers 
within Roman territory. 

1442
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:19,300
His laity as they were known 
received land in exchange for 

1443
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:21,100
military service in agricultural
production. 

1444
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:24,300
What makes this policy 
extraordinary is not the 

1445
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:27,000
settlement itself. 
Rome had occasionally settled 

1446
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:30,100
barbarians before but the scale 
and the legal framework, 

1447
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:35,000
Constantia established, he 
settles were not slaves, but a 

1448
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:37,200
new legal category of 
provisional citizens, with 

1449
01:15:37,200 --> 01:15:41,000
defined rights and obligations. 
This reform, effectively created

1450
01:15:41,000 --> 01:15:44,400
a Proto feudal system centuries 
before feudalism properly 

1451
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:49,300
emerged in the medieval period. 
Hockey logical, excavation of 

1452
01:15:49,300 --> 01:15:52,200
villa site throughout Gaul 
reveal and Architectural 

1453
01:15:52,200 --> 01:15:53,800
transformation during this 
period. 

1454
01:15:54,700 --> 01:15:57,400
Traditional Roman Villas were 
redesigned with defensive 

1455
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,400
features. 
Agricultural storage facilities 

1456
01:16:00,400 --> 01:16:04,400
and housing for larger extended 
households, evidence of 

1457
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:07,400
adaptation to the new social 
reality constantius was 

1458
01:16:07,400 --> 01:16:11,200
engineering constantius. 
Established Tria Augusta Trevor 

1459
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:13,000
Aurora as his Capital investing 
heavily. 

1460
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:15,700
In its development. 
Recent excavations have 

1461
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,000
uncovered evidence of a massive 
building program including baths

1462
01:16:19,000 --> 01:16:22,000
of the silica an imperial 
apartment far larger than 

1463
01:16:22,000 --> 01:16:25,000
previously believed. 
This architectural program 

1464
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,200
wasn't merely about Imperial 
luxury but represented 

1465
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:32,100
constantius vision of a new 
administrative Center closer to 

1466
01:16:32,100 --> 01:16:35,300
the Frontiers and more 
responsive to provincial needs 

1467
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,100
while constantius rebuilt. 
Gold materially. 

1468
01:16:38,100 --> 01:16:41,200
He also implemented 
administrative reforms that 

1469
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:44,300
decentralized power. 
Provincial boundaries were 

1470
01:16:44,300 --> 01:16:48,800
redrawn to create smaller more 
manageable to administrative 

1471
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:52,000
units. 
Most significantly delegated 

1472
01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:55,500
substantial authority, to local 
Elites, creating a partnership 

1473
01:16:55,500 --> 01:16:58,700
between Imperial power and 
provincial aristocracy that 

1474
01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:01,200
fundamentally altered how Roman 
government its territories. 

1475
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:06,000
The most controversial aspect of
constantius is Rule remains his 

1476
01:17:06,000 --> 01:17:10,100
role in the great persecution of
Christians which began in 303 CE

1477
01:17:10,100 --> 01:17:14,100
under diocletian's orders, 
traditional accounts, heavily 

1478
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:17,400
influenced by Constantine's. 
Later, propaganda, portrayed 

1479
01:17:17,400 --> 01:17:20,000
constantius, as secretly 
sympathetic to Christians 

1480
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:23,100
implementing the persecutory 
edicts only minimally in his 

1481
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:25,500
territories. 
Recent scholarship has 

1482
01:17:25,500 --> 01:17:28,700
challenged this simplistic 
narrative, epigraphic evidence 

1483
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:32,400
from Gaul and Britain shows that
churches were indeed closed and 

1484
01:17:32,400 --> 01:17:36,000
properties confiscated. 
However, forensic archeology at 

1485
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:38,700
Christian burial site, as 
reveals a striking pattern, 

1486
01:17:38,700 --> 01:17:42,600
unlike in eastern provinces, 
where Mass grave of Martyrs have

1487
01:17:42,600 --> 01:17:44,900
been discovered. 
Christian cemeteries, in 

1488
01:17:44,900 --> 01:17:48,400
constantius is domains show. 
Continuous undisturbed use 

1489
01:17:48,400 --> 01:17:51,200
through this period. 
The reality appears more 

1490
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:53,600
nuanced, the neither the 
traditional pro-christian 

1491
01:17:53,600 --> 01:17:57,700
narrative or its revisionist 
counter, Constantius like he 

1492
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:00,100
enforce the institutional 
aspects of the persecution 

1493
01:18:00,100 --> 01:18:03,500
closing churches and seizing 
properties, while avoiding the 

1494
01:18:03,508 --> 01:18:05,900
Bloodshed that characterized the
persecution elsewhere. 

1495
01:18:05,900 --> 01:18:09,000
This wasn't necessarily from 
Christian sympathy but 

1496
01:18:09,000 --> 01:18:11,400
reflected, his consistent 
administrative approach 

1497
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:14,600
institutional reform without 
destructive purges. 

1498
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:18,400
A rarely discussed aspect of 
constantius is governance, was 

1499
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:21,900
his religious policy Beyond 
Christianity evidence suggests. 

1500
01:18:21,900 --> 01:18:23,800
He actively promoted solar 
Cults. 

1501
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:26,900
Associated with Imperial power, 
while maintaining traditional 

1502
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:30,400
Roman religious practices, 
inscriptions from Trier, 

1503
01:18:30,400 --> 01:18:32,800
indicate he commissioned temples
to Solomon, Victor the 

1504
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:36,000
unconquered son while also 
restoring older shrines to 

1505
01:18:36,000 --> 01:18:39,500
Jupiter and Mars, This religious
Balancing Act reflected. 

1506
01:18:39,500 --> 01:18:42,400
A sophisticated understanding of
religion's role in Social 

1507
01:18:42,400 --> 01:18:46,500
cohesion. 
By 3:05 CE when directly and 

1508
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:49,900
maximian abdicated and 
constantius was elevated from 

1509
01:18:49,900 --> 01:18:53,000
Caesar to Augusta. 
Senior Emperor had been 

1510
01:18:53,000 --> 01:18:57,000
transformed Cities were rebuilt,
agriculture revived. 

1511
01:18:57,000 --> 01:19:00,400
And from Frontier defenses, 
strengthened, more importantly 

1512
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:04,000
in stante had created a new 
model of provincial governance 

1513
01:19:04,000 --> 01:19:07,800
that emphasized partnership with
local Elites integration of 

1514
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:10,600
Frontier population's and 
administrative flexibility. 

1515
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:14,900
This reformed goal would serve 
as the foundation for what came 

1516
01:19:14,900 --> 01:19:17,700
next, the journey to the 
northern Frontier that would 

1517
01:19:17,700 --> 01:19:20,700
culminate and constantius his 
final campaign and set the stage

1518
01:19:20,700 --> 01:19:23,100
for a transformation of the 
Roman world that neither. 

1519
01:19:23,100 --> 01:19:26,300
He nor Diocletian could have 
anticipated a recently 

1520
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,100
discovered Papyrus. 
Fragment suggests constantius. 

1521
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,400
Commissioned what amounted to a 
comprehensive administrative 

1522
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:33,800
handbook for provincial 
governors. 

1523
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:37,800
Tickle guide that systematized 
best practices, rather than 

1524
01:19:37,800 --> 01:19:41,500
imposing ideological. 
Uniformity this emphasis on 

1525
01:19:41,500 --> 01:19:43,800
pragmatic governance, over 
ideological Purity, 

1526
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:47,200
characterized his entire 
approach to rule perhaps most 

1527
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:50,200
significant for understanding 
constantius as a person rather 

1528
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,700
than just a historical figure. 
This is documented interest in 

1529
01:19:53,700 --> 01:19:56,700
natural philosophy. 
Imperial accounts record 

1530
01:19:56,700 --> 01:19:59,500
astronomical instruments and 
among his personal possessions 

1531
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,700
and his correspondence mentioned
observations of celestial. 

1532
01:20:02,700 --> 01:20:06,100
Phenomena this scientific. 
Curiosity was rare among 

1533
01:20:06,100 --> 01:20:09,300
Emperors of his era. 
He typically left such matters 

1534
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:12,500
to specialists. 
The question of constantius is 

1535
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,300
religious beliefs. 
Remains contested later. 

1536
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:17,400
Christians sources. 
Eager to establish 

1537
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:21,200
Constantine's, Christian 
Heritage, portrayed constantius 

1538
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:24,100
as a crypto Christian, or at 
least sympathetic to 

1539
01:20:24,100 --> 01:20:27,200
Christianity archaeological. 
Evidence presents, a more 

1540
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:31,000
complex picture while Christian 
community's clearly operated 

1541
01:20:31,000 --> 01:20:33,500
with relatively little 
interference in his territories 

1542
01:20:33,500 --> 01:20:36,100
constantius. 
Also maintaining traditional 

1543
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,400
Roman religious practices and 
patronized solar cults. 

1544
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:43,100
It a more nuanced reading, 
suggests constantius approach to

1545
01:20:43,108 --> 01:20:45,500
religion pragmatically rather 
than dogmatically. 

1546
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:49,200
Unlike Diocletian who saw 
religious uniformity as 

1547
01:20:49,200 --> 01:20:53,000
essential to Imperial Unity 
constantius appears to have 

1548
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:55,800
viewed religious diversity as 
manageable through institutional

1549
01:20:55,800 --> 01:20:58,300
accommodation rather than 
persecution. 

1550
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:02,300
This pragmatism extended to his 
relationship with the Empire's 

1551
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:05,300
intellectual currents. 
While traditional narratives 

1552
01:21:05,300 --> 01:21:08,600
portray the tetrarchy as an era 
of intellectual Decline and 

1553
01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:12,300
militarization. 
Manuscript evidence from Trier. 

1554
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:15,400
Suggests constantius, patronized
philosophical Works, 

1555
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:18,900
particularly neoplatonic texts 
that explored the relationship 

1556
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:24,600
between divine order and Earthly
governance by 3:05 CE when 

1557
01:21:24,600 --> 01:21:29,000
Dyer's abdication elevated him 
to Augustus constantius, had 

1558
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:31,000
created more than just a secure 
Frontier. 

1559
01:21:31,000 --> 01:21:34,900
He had established a distinctive
model of Imperial rule, the 

1560
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:37,500
balance traditional Roman 
Authority with provincial 

1561
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:42,100
autonomy, military discipline, 
with intellectual inquiry and 

1562
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:44,600
religious tolerance with the 
institutional stability. 

1563
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:48,400
As he prepared for what would 
become his final campaign in 

1564
01:21:48,400 --> 01:21:51,900
Britain constantius was not 
merely a successful General. 

1565
01:21:51,900 --> 01:21:54,900
That the architect of the 
governance model that might have

1566
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:58,300
offered Rome a different future 
had fate allowed his approach to

1567
01:21:58,300 --> 01:22:01,100
continue. 
Behind constantius is public 

1568
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:03,200
achievements, layer complex, 
personal life. 

1569
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:06,400
That historians have often 
oversimplified this first 

1570
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:10,300
marriage to Helena a woman of 
humble Origins, possibly an 

1571
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:12,800
innkeeper's daughter from 
Bethania, produced, his son 

1572
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:16,300
Constantine, but the Dynamics of
this relationship were far more 

1573
01:22:16,308 --> 01:22:20,000
complicated than typically 
portrayed recent analysis of the

1574
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:23,000
Imperial correspondence suggests
that despite their Force 

1575
01:22:23,000 --> 01:22:24,500
divorce. 
When constantius joined the 

1576
01:22:24,508 --> 01:22:28,000
tetrarchy Helena maintained a 
separate court and considerable 

1577
01:22:28,000 --> 01:22:31,900
influence evidence from property
records in Trier indicates, she 

1578
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:35,000
received substantial Estates in 
gold, Contradicting. 

1579
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,800
The traditional Narrative of her
disgrace and Exile constantius 

1580
01:22:38,800 --> 01:22:41,700
is second marriage to Theodora 
stepdaughter of Emperor, 

1581
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:45,300
maximian produced six children 
who have been largely overlooked

1582
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:47,900
by history, but was significant 
political players. 

1583
01:22:48,800 --> 01:22:50,900
Fragmentary records indicate his
daughter's. 

1584
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:55,400
Constantia and a stazia and 
Utopia were educated in a manner

1585
01:22:55,400 --> 01:22:58,700
unusual for Roman women with 
training in administrative 

1586
01:22:58,700 --> 01:22:59,900
matters. 
That prepared them. 

1587
01:22:59,900 --> 01:23:03,600
For political marriages, his 
sons by Theodora Del nation's 

1588
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:07,600
Julius constantius, and Hannah, 
baliana received military 

1589
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:09,500
education and provincial 
appointments. 

1590
01:23:10,300 --> 01:23:13,800
Archaeological evidence from 
Trier shows a palace Wing 

1591
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:17,100
specifically designed as an 
educational complex for these 

1592
01:23:17,100 --> 01:23:19,600
Imperial. 
Children complete with libraries

1593
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:22,300
and lecture Halls. 
Suggesting constantius 

1594
01:23:22,300 --> 01:23:24,200
established. 
What amounted to the first 

1595
01:23:24,200 --> 01:23:27,100
Imperial Academy for training 
future administrators? 

1596
01:23:28,000 --> 01:23:30,700
The relationship between 
Constantine, son of Helena. 

1597
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,700
And his half-siblings was more 
Cooperative than later, 

1598
01:23:33,700 --> 01:23:37,700
Christian, histories suggest. 
Constantine's, letters preserved

1599
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:40,900
fragment indicate regular 
correspondence with his 

1600
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:43,100
half-brothers during constantius
his lifetime. 

1601
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:46,300
The later purges that 
Constantine would unleash 

1602
01:23:46,300 --> 01:23:49,100
against the same relatives, make
this early period of family, 

1603
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:51,700
unity. 
All the more poignant Caught 

1604
01:23:51,700 --> 01:23:54,500
life under construction broke 
with traditional significant 

1605
01:23:54,500 --> 01:23:58,200
ways unlike the increasingly 
oriented quarts of his Eastern 

1606
01:23:58,200 --> 01:24:01,900
College with their elaborate 
ceremony and divine pretensions 

1607
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:05,300
constantius maintained what? 
Contemporaries described as a 

1608
01:24:05,300 --> 01:24:10,200
martial simplicity. 
Archaeological evidence from the

1609
01:24:10,200 --> 01:24:13,100
tree are Palace complex reveals 
dining Halls designed for 

1610
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:16,700
communal meals rather than the 
separated Imperial dining that 

1611
01:24:16,700 --> 01:24:20,700
characterized other Tetra kits. 
This relative informality 

1612
01:24:20,700 --> 01:24:23,600
extended to constantius his 
approach to Imperial imagery. 

1613
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:27,500
While Diocletian in his Eastern 
colleagues embraced, elaborate 

1614
01:24:27,500 --> 01:24:31,100
Divine associations constantius 
is coinage and stature. 

1615
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:34,500
Maintain traditional Roman 
military imagery with minimal 

1616
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:37,300
Divine attributes. 
Such an approach wasn't merely 

1617
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,200
aesthetic preference but 
reflected a different conception

1618
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:43,000
of Imperial Authority. 
One rooted in military 

1619
01:24:43,000 --> 01:24:45,100
leadership rather than Divine 
kingship. 

1620
01:24:45,100 --> 01:24:48,700
The most remarkable aspect of 
constantius is Court, was its 

1621
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:52,500
intellectual character evidence 
from the library remains is in 

1622
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:54,700
Trier suggests, he assembled 
Scholars from throughout the 

1623
01:24:54,708 --> 01:24:58,700
Empire including philosophers, 
historians and legal experts 

1624
01:24:58,700 --> 01:25:01,200
this Gathering of intellect 
wasn't merely. 

1625
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:04,700
Although it was decorative, it 
served a practical purpose, 

1626
01:25:04,700 --> 01:25:08,000
restructuring, the legal and 
administrative systems of his 

1627
01:25:08,000 --> 01:25:12,800
territories. 
In early 305 CE as constantius 

1628
01:25:12,800 --> 01:25:15,500
prepared to return to Britain to
confront renewed, Pikachu, 

1629
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:17,000
incursions Beyond, Hadrian's 
Wall. 

1630
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:20,400
The Roman World experience to 
size, make political shift, 

1631
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:23,500
directly and maximian was senior
Augustine. 

1632
01:25:23,500 --> 01:25:26,700
Abdicated, their powers 
elevating constantius and 

1633
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:28,300
galerius to the senior 
positions. 

1634
01:25:28,300 --> 01:25:32,400
Within the Tetra key, this 
transition unprecedented in 

1635
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:35,000
Roman history. 
Made constantius the highest 

1636
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:38,700
Authority in the western half of
the Empire rather than settling 

1637
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:41,200
into comfortable Administration 
from his Palace in Trio. 

1638
01:25:41,900 --> 01:25:45,000
Constantius made an unusual 
decision that reveals much about

1639
01:25:45,000 --> 01:25:48,400
his character immediately 
prepared for a frontier campaign

1640
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:50,900
leading. 
His forces personally despite 

1641
01:25:50,900 --> 01:25:54,600
his elevated status This Choice 
reflected both his military 

1642
01:25:54,600 --> 01:25:57,800
pragmatism and his understanding
that Imperial Authority in this 

1643
01:25:57,800 --> 01:25:59,600
new era. 
Derived from active leadership 

1644
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:03,500
rather than ceremonial distance.
The Britain that constantius 

1645
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:06,700
returned to in the late 300 
World year. 5 CE was 

1646
01:26:06,700 --> 01:26:09,100
significantly different from the
rebellious Island. 

1647
01:26:09,100 --> 01:26:12,500
He had reclaimed a decade 
earlier archaeological evidence 

1648
01:26:12,500 --> 01:26:15,300
from major Roman British. 
Urban centers, shows substantial

1649
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:18,400
rebuilding had occurred with 
expanded fortifications 

1650
01:26:18,400 --> 01:26:21,400
restored, public buildings and 
revitalized commercial 

1651
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:24,500
districts, such as activity, 
wasn't merely Imperial 

1652
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:28,200
propaganda, but reflected 
genuine economic recovery under 

1653
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:31,800
constantius is early governance.
Traditional accounts of this 

1654
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:34,800
campaign focused narrowly on 
military operations, against the

1655
01:26:34,800 --> 01:26:37,200
picks. 
But recently, discovered writing

1656
01:26:37,200 --> 01:26:40,000
tablets from Vineland of reveal 
a more complex agenda, 

1657
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:43,800
Constantia appears to have been 
implementing a comprehensive 

1658
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:45,900
reorganization of Britain's 
defenses. 

1659
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:49,400
Converting, what had been a 
reactive system in to a 

1660
01:26:49,400 --> 01:26:51,600
proactive network of 
intelligence gathering and rapid

1661
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:56,500
response capabilities? 
The winter of 305 to 306 CE was 

1662
01:26:56,500 --> 01:26:59,500
exceptionally harsh. 
According to both textual 

1663
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:01,800
references, and 
dendrochronological evidence 

1664
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:04,300
tree-ring analysis from the 
period. 

1665
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,500
Standees established winter. 
Quarters at Ember arakan York 

1666
01:27:08,500 --> 01:27:11,200
choosing not to return to the 
continent despite the 

1667
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:12,900
difficulties of a British winter
campaign. 

1668
01:27:12,900 --> 01:27:15,700
This decision, proved 
consequential, both 

1669
01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:20,700
administratively and personally 
administratively constantius use

1670
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:22,700
this winter to implement reforms
to Britain. 

1671
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,400
Civic governance, fragmentary 
records indicate he convened a 

1672
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:29,000
provincial Council that included
not just Roman officials but 

1673
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:32,300
representatives from British 
tribal aristocracy a remarkable 

1674
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:35,300
instance of power sharing that 
acknowledged local autonomy 

1675
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:38,600
while maintaining Imperial 
Authority, this counselor 

1676
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:41,300
established new administrative 
boundaries and tax assessment 

1677
01:27:41,300 --> 01:27:43,400
procedures that would survive 
for Generations. 

1678
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:46,900
Personally this winter at York 
allowed, something equally 

1679
01:27:46,900 --> 01:27:51,500
significant reconciliation with 
his son, Constantine historical 

1680
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:54,400
accounts confirm that 
constantius summoned Constantine

1681
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:57,700
from the Eastern Court where he 
had effectively been held as a 

1682
01:27:57,708 --> 01:28:01,600
political hostage by galerius. 
This reunion in York wasn't 

1683
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:04,200
merely familiar, but politically
momentous. 

1684
01:28:04,800 --> 01:28:08,100
Archaeological evidence from the
praetorium governor's Palace in 

1685
01:28:08,108 --> 01:28:11,400
York reveals, extensive 
Renovations during this period. 

1686
01:28:12,300 --> 01:28:15,600
Including an expanded ceremonial
space suitable for Imperial 

1687
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:18,600
presentations. 
This suggests constantius was 

1688
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,600
deliberately setting the stage 
for something Beyond routine 

1689
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:24,900
Administration, quite possibly 
the public recognition of 

1690
01:28:24,900 --> 01:28:29,400
Constantine as his successor, 
directly challenging him, the 

1691
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:33,200
tetrax succession plan, the 
winter campaign against the pics

1692
01:28:33,200 --> 01:28:36,200
has been traditionally portrayed
as a conventional Roman punitive

1693
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:38,700
Expedition. 
But fragment tree military 

1694
01:28:38,700 --> 01:28:40,700
records, suggest something more 
Innovative. 

1695
01:28:40,700 --> 01:28:43,800
Rather than following the 
typical, Roman practice of 

1696
01:28:43,800 --> 01:28:47,200
devastating, enemy territory, 
before, withdrawing behind 

1697
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,000
fixed, Frontiers constantius 
implemented. 

1698
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:52,700
What modern military analysts 
would recognize as a 

1699
01:28:52,700 --> 01:28:55,400
counterinsurgency strategy. 
This approach involved, 

1700
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:57,800
astonishing a network of 
smaller, outposts Beyond the 

1701
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:00,000
Wall. 
Cultivating alliances with 

1702
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:03,600
certain petition groups against 
others and creating economic 

1703
01:29:03,600 --> 01:29:05,200
incentives for peaceful 
coexistence. 

1704
01:29:06,200 --> 01:29:08,200
Archaeological evidence from 
sites. 

1705
01:29:08,200 --> 01:29:09,800
North of the wall shows Roman 
Goods. 

1706
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:11,900
Penetrating deeper into pictish 
territory. 

1707
01:29:11,900 --> 01:29:15,300
During this period suggesting 
trade was being used as 

1708
01:29:15,300 --> 01:29:18,400
diplomatic tool. 
Perhaps most remarkably 

1709
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,200
inscriptions discovered at 
several Frontier. 

1710
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:24,800
Forts indicate constantius 
recruited picture auxiliaries 

1711
01:29:24,800 --> 01:29:28,400
directly into Roman service. 
Not merely as a regular allies 

1712
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:32,100
but as formal units within the 
Imperial Army, this integration 

1713
01:29:32,100 --> 01:29:35,200
of former enemies into defensive
structures represented. 

1714
01:29:35,200 --> 01:29:38,300
A sophisticated approach to 
Frontier management rarely seen 

1715
01:29:38,300 --> 01:29:41,900
in Roman military practice. 
As winter turned to Spring in 

1716
01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:47,000
306, CE constantius is Health 
began to decline contemporary 

1717
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,300
accounts described symptoms 
consistent with pneumonia or 

1718
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:54,200
bronchitis likely, exacerbated 
by The Damp British climate and 

1719
01:29:54,200 --> 01:29:57,800
the emperor's advancing age. 
Despite his illness records 

1720
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:00,600
indicate, he continued to hold 
Council meeting's and directly 

1721
01:30:00,600 --> 01:30:02,500
man's direct military 
operations. 

1722
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,800
Fragmentary, personal 
correspondence, reveals the most

1723
01:30:05,800 --> 01:30:07,700
poignant aspect of the final 
period. 

1724
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:11,800
As his condition worsened 
constantius reportedly spent 

1725
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:15,400
increasing time with Constantine
not merely discussing political 

1726
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:18,100
matters but sharing 
philosophical perspectives and 

1727
01:30:18,100 --> 01:30:21,800
personal Reflections. 
These conversations Glimpse only

1728
01:30:21,808 --> 01:30:23,700
indirectly through later 
references. 

1729
01:30:23,700 --> 01:30:26,400
Apparently covered topics 
ranging from practical 

1730
01:30:26,400 --> 01:30:28,600
governance to the nature of 
divine order. 

1731
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:31,600
A final transmission of wisdom 
from father to son. 

1732
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:35,900
By July of 306 CE. 
It became clear. 

1733
01:30:35,900 --> 01:30:39,800
That constantius is condition 
was terminal in a final act. 

1734
01:30:39,800 --> 01:31:20,500
That defied tetraciclina. 
The irony is profound. 

1735
01:31:21,600 --> 01:31:26,000
Antaeus would serve the track EX
system designed to prevent 

1736
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,700
dynastic succession and Civil 
War, used his final actor, 

1737
01:31:29,700 --> 01:31:33,300
undermine that very system. 
Whether this was a pragmatic 

1738
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:36,600
acknowledgment of political 
reality or a father's innate, 

1739
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:39,900
desire to elevate, his son 
remains an unresolved question 

1740
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:42,800
in history. 
The immediate aftermath of 

1741
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:46,000
constantius is death revealed. 
The depth of respect, he had 

1742
01:31:46,008 --> 01:31:48,400
earned among diverse 
constituencies unlike the 

1743
01:31:48,400 --> 01:31:51,700
typical posthumous vilification 
that followed regime changes in 

1744
01:31:51,700 --> 01:31:54,700
Roman politics, contemporary 
sources from various 

1745
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:57,700
perspectives, military 
provincial and administrative 

1746
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:01,600
speak of constantius with 
remarkable consistency as just 

1747
01:32:01,600 --> 01:32:06,300
effective and moderate people 
rarely recognized the uniqueness

1748
01:32:06,300 --> 01:32:08,700
of this consensus in Roman 
Imperial politics 

1749
01:32:08,700 --> 01:32:11,400
archaeological. 
Evidence provides tangible 

1750
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:13,300
confirmation of this popular 
regard. 

1751
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:16,800
Memorial inscriptions to 
constantius of being found, not 

1752
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,500
only in official contexts, but 
also in private. 

1753
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:23,000
Dwellings rural shrines in 
Frontier settlements. 

1754
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:25,400
Throughout his former 
territories, a distribution 

1755
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:28,600
patterns that suggest genuine 
public morning rather than 

1756
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:30,600
merely obligatory State 
commemoration. 

1757
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:33,900
The architectural Legacy of 
constantius reveals a 

1758
01:32:33,908 --> 01:32:35,600
distinctive administrative 
vision. 

1759
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:39,600
Recent archaeological work has 
identified a consistent pattern 

1760
01:32:39,600 --> 01:32:42,100
in the public buildings. 
Commissioned during his Reign 

1761
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:45,600
administrative complexes 
designed for accessibility and 

1762
01:32:45,600 --> 01:32:48,200
transparency. 
Unlike the increasingly 

1763
01:32:48,200 --> 01:32:51,200
fortified in isolated Imperial. 
Compounds of the later, Empire 

1764
01:32:51,200 --> 01:32:54,200
constantius governmental 
centers, featured open 

1765
01:32:54,200 --> 01:32:58,300
colonnaded, approaches multiple,
public, entrances, and visible, 

1766
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:01,400
audience Halls, physical 
manifestations of a governance 

1767
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:05,200
philosophy that faced connection
with the government that Trier 

1768
01:33:05,200 --> 01:33:09,500
is principal Capital excavation 
of urban plan that integrated 

1769
01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:13,200
Imperial facilities with Civic 
spaces, rather than segregating 

1770
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:16,100
them the Basilica. 
He constructed there still 

1771
01:33:16,100 --> 01:33:19,200
standing today embodies this 
approach, with its balanced 

1772
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:22,800
proportions and emphasis on 
natural light, creating spaces, 

1773
01:33:22,800 --> 01:33:25,700
where Imperial Authority was 
visible but not overwhelming. 

1774
01:33:26,700 --> 01:33:29,700
Perhaps most telling is the 
contrast between constantius 

1775
01:33:29,700 --> 01:33:33,200
architectural Legacy and that of
his tutorials. 

1776
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:37,600
While Diaries Palace split and 
galleria's complex at 

1777
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:41,100
thessalonica emphasized imposing
monumentality and divine 

1778
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:44,400
separation constantius 
building's consistently 

1779
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:46,500
prioritize function, over 
intimidation. 

1780
01:33:47,500 --> 01:33:50,700
This architectural distinction, 
reflects fundamental differences

1781
01:33:50,700 --> 01:33:53,200
in how these rulers conceived 
their relationship to their 

1782
01:33:53,200 --> 01:33:56,100
subjects. 
In administrative, Legacy 

1783
01:33:56,100 --> 01:34:00,500
constantius is Innovations, 
proved remarkably durable. the 

1784
01:34:00,500 --> 01:34:03,500
provincial reorganization he 
implemented in Gaul and Britain 

1785
01:34:03,500 --> 01:34:07,400
survived largely intact for over
a century, his approach to 

1786
01:34:07,408 --> 01:34:10,700
Frontier management, integrating
rather than merely, excluding 

1787
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:14,200
Barbarian peoples, would become 
increasingly Central to Roman 

1788
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:17,400
security policy who never 
implemented with the systematic 

1789
01:34:17,400 --> 01:34:20,500
care each shown The Constantine 
myth. 

1790
01:34:21,100 --> 01:34:24,300
That emerged in subsequent 
decades, both preserved and 

1791
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:28,500
distorted constantius as memory 
Constantine's propagandists. 

1792
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,000
Eager to establish his 
legitimacy emphasized. 

1793
01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:34,300
His father's achievements while 
we casting them through a 

1794
01:34:34,308 --> 01:34:38,200
Christian interpretive lens. 
The posthumous elevation of 

1795
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:41,400
constantius to Divine, status 
standard practice for a 

1796
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:44,700
respected Emperors was given 
Christian re-interpretation with

1797
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:47,300
suggestions that he had secretly
embraced monotheism 

1798
01:34:47,300 --> 01:34:50,600
archaeological evidence presents
a more complex. 

1799
01:34:50,600 --> 01:34:53,700
Religious picture. 
Voted offering at temples 

1800
01:34:53,700 --> 01:34:55,400
throughout constantius 
territories. 

1801
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:58,000
Show continued traditional 
religious practice during his 

1802
01:34:58,000 --> 01:35:00,100
reign. 
Well, Christian communities. 

1803
01:35:00,100 --> 01:35:02,500
Clearly operated without 
significant persecution. 

1804
01:35:03,400 --> 01:35:06,600
Rather than the crypto Christian
of later propaganda or the 

1805
01:35:06,608 --> 01:35:09,300
traditionalist reactionary, some
Modern historians have 

1806
01:35:09,300 --> 01:35:12,100
suggested, the evidence points 
to a ruler who approached 

1807
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:15,900
religion pragmatically seeing 
diverse practices as compatible 

1808
01:35:15,900 --> 01:35:19,000
with Imperial Unity so long as 
they didn't threaten public 

1809
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:21,200
order. 
Perhaps the most significant 

1810
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:24,100
aspect of constantius is Legacy 
was one could never have 

1811
01:35:24,100 --> 01:35:27,200
anticipated his death, created 
the opportunity for 

1812
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:30,600
Constantine's, rise to power and
the subsequent christianization 

1813
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:33,900
of the empire. 
Constantius lived longer and 

1814
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:36,800
continued his model of pragmatic
religious accommodation. 

1815
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:40,100
The Empire's religious Evolution
might have followed a very 

1816
01:35:40,100 --> 01:35:43,500
different trajectory The 
Historia graphical treatment of 

1817
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:46,800
constantius reveals, much about 
how subsequently erased the late

1818
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:50,600
Roman Empire presenting 
Chronicles writing in an 

1819
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:53,100
explicitly. 
Christian context minimized his 

1820
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:56,000
achievements while emphasizing 
his role as Constantine's, 

1821
01:35:56,000 --> 01:35:58,400
father. 
Medieval West Western sources, 

1822
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:02,300
largely forgotten entirely 
collapsing, the complex Tetra, 

1823
01:36:02,300 --> 01:36:05,300
kick period in to plastic 
Narrative of Christian Triumph. 

1824
01:36:06,000 --> 01:36:09,300
Renaissance historians, we 
discovering classical texts 

1825
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,400
began to appreciate the 
administrative innovation of the

1826
01:36:12,400 --> 01:36:15,500
period but still viewed 
constantius primarily as a 

1827
01:36:15,508 --> 01:36:18,800
transitional figure. 
Bodnar keep logical work. 

1828
01:36:18,800 --> 01:36:21,800
Has dramatically expanded. 
Our understanding of constantius

1829
01:36:21,800 --> 01:36:26,600
Beyond textual, sources material
evidence from his Reign shows a 

1830
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:29,300
ruler engaged in Practical 
problem-solving rather than 

1831
01:36:29,300 --> 01:36:33,000
ideological Crusades coins from 
his areas show that the money 

1832
01:36:33,000 --> 01:36:35,100
system was stable. 
Even when the economy was 

1833
01:36:35,100 --> 01:36:37,900
struggling, indicating Good 
Financial Management that 

1834
01:36:37,900 --> 01:36:41,700
written records often overlooked
Environmental archeology has 

1835
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:44,400
revealed another dimension of 
constantius, governments 

1836
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:48,200
evidence of coordinated, land. 
Reclamation projects in Northern

1837
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:50,600
Gaul. 
Systematic reforestation 

1838
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:54,200
efforts, and previously over 
exploited regions and Water 

1839
01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:56,700
Management systems that 
increased agricultural 

1840
01:36:56,700 --> 01:36:59,500
productivity. 
He's investments in long-term 

1841
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:02,700
sustainability, contrasted 
sharply with the extractive 

1842
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,100
practices. 
Common among short range 

1843
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,500
Emperors, desperate for 
immediate resources, Perhaps 

1844
01:37:08,500 --> 01:37:12,200
most poignantly recent 
excavations at York have 

1845
01:37:12,200 --> 01:37:14,600
uncovered, what may be the 
foundations of the building were

1846
01:37:14,600 --> 01:37:17,200
constantius died within this 
structure. 

1847
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:21,800
Archaeologists discovered a 
small bronze statuette of the 

1848
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:24,300
Goddess. 
Fortuna a traditional symbol of 

1849
01:37:24,308 --> 01:37:26,800
good luck. 
Whether this object belonged to 

1850
01:37:26,808 --> 01:37:30,600
Constantia himself or to someone
in his arms, it provides a 

1851
01:37:30,608 --> 01:37:33,600
haunting reminder of the role 
chance played even in the lives 

1852
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:35,100
of those who ruled the ancient 
world. 

1853
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:40,000
The True Legacy of constantius 
Lies not in Grand monuments or 

1854
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:42,600
dramatic victories. 
But in the stable, provinces, he

1855
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:46,100
left behind regions that would 
remain relatively prosperous 

1856
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:49,300
even as other parts of the 
Western Empire descended into 

1857
01:37:49,300 --> 01:37:53,400
crisis and subsequent centuries.
Unlike many Roman constantius 

1858
01:37:53,400 --> 01:37:56,500
invested in sustainable 
governance which outlasted his 

1859
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:59,100
brief reign. 
Unlike the Emperors who 

1860
01:37:59,100 --> 01:38:02,800
exhausted their territories to 
fuel their personal Ambitions in

1861
01:38:02,800 --> 01:38:05,800
this sense, his greatest 
Monument wasn't built of stone 

1862
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:09,700
but of Institutions practices 
and communities that continued 

1863
01:38:09,700 --> 01:38:12,300
long after his ashes were placed
in an imperial mausoleum. 

1864
01:38:13,400 --> 01:38:16,700
This practical Emperor is 
remembered for improving the 

1865
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:19,700
lives of his subjects not for 
symbolic grandeur. 

1866
01:38:20,600 --> 01:38:23,500
The story of constantius 
extends, far beyond his life and

1867
01:38:23,500 --> 01:38:26,400
a media aftermath his 
administrative and military 

1868
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:28,300
innovations, created, Ripple 
effects. 

1869
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,900
That would influence European 
governments for centuries? 

1870
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:34,500
The medieval system of Defense 
in depth with its layered 

1871
01:38:34,500 --> 01:38:38,000
approach to Frontier security. 
Those much to constantius is 

1872
01:38:38,008 --> 01:38:40,400
border management strategies and
Britain. 

1873
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:43,600
Modern Scholars have begun 
reassessing constantius. 

1874
01:38:43,600 --> 01:38:46,300
His significance through 
interdisciplinary approaches 

1875
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:50,400
that early historians lacked. 
Environmental archeology has 

1876
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:53,500
revealed evidence of climate 
challenges during his reign. 

1877
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:57,000
Period of cooling temperatures 
and increased rainfall across 

1878
01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:00,400
Northwestern Europe that made 
his agricultural revitalization 

1879
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:04,100
programs. 
All the more remarkable, Pollen 

1880
01:39:04,100 --> 01:39:06,600
samples from bogs. 
In Northern Gaul show increased 

1881
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:09,600
grain cultivation, during his 
administration despite these 

1882
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:12,900
challenging conditions 
suggesting effective adaptation,

1883
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:17,000
strategies comparative analysis,
reveals striking differences and

1884
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:18,900
economic resilience between 
regions. 

1885
01:39:18,900 --> 01:39:21,800
Under constantius is directed 
Administration and those 

1886
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:25,400
governed by other tetrax, 
Ceramic distribution, patterns, 

1887
01:39:25,400 --> 01:39:28,200
show, trade networks and Gaul 
and Britain remained relatively 

1888
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:30,700
robust while collapsing. 
Another Western provinces 

1889
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:34,000
evidence that local economies 
under constantius is governments

1890
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:36,200
maintained Vitality even during 
Imperial crisis. 

1891
01:39:37,700 --> 01:39:40,500
Most intriguing are the 
parallels between constantius is

1892
01:39:40,500 --> 01:39:44,600
governments model and a modern 
Federal systems. his approach 

1893
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:47,300
balance Central Authority, with 
local autonomy in ways that 

1894
01:39:47,300 --> 01:39:49,900
anticipated governance 
challenges still relevant today,

1895
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:53,000
provincial councils established 
under his administration 

1896
01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:57,800
included representatives from 
diverse constituencies creating 

1897
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:02,000
consultative bodies that 
resembled protoplanet Roman 

1898
01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:05,400
administrative units The 
counterinsurgency Strategies 

1899
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:08,800
constantius employed against the
picts, combining targeted 

1900
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:11,300
military operations, with 
economic integration and 

1901
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:14,700
political accommodation, their 
striking resemblances to Modern 

1902
01:40:14,700 --> 01:40:18,700
theories of conflict resolution.
Military historians have noted 

1903
01:40:18,700 --> 01:40:20,300
that his approach to Frontier 
security. 

1904
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:24,100
Emphasizing flexible response 
and cross-border relationships 

1905
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:28,400
rather than rigid fortification 
anticipated challenges, that 

1906
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:30,100
would face European powers in 
later. 

1907
01:40:30,100 --> 01:40:33,800
Centuries, digital Humanities 
approaches of recently enabled 

1908
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:35,800
network. 
Analysis of constantius. 

1909
01:40:35,800 --> 01:40:39,000
Administrative appointments 
revealing patterns previously, 

1910
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:42,100
invisible to historians these 
analyzes show. 

1911
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:44,800
He systematically promoted 
officials with local knowledge 

1912
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:47,400
and connections, rather than 
important administrators from 

1913
01:40:47,400 --> 01:40:50,200
distant regions. 
A practice that contrasted 

1914
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:52,900
sharply with Imperial Norms, but
created more responsive 

1915
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:55,600
governments, economic 
historians, have identified 

1916
01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:59,200
Constantine's reign as a crucial
period for understanding late, 

1917
01:40:59,200 --> 01:41:03,300
Roman monetization patterns. 
His currency reforms maintained 

1918
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:05,600
stable silver content in 
provincial coinages. 

1919
01:41:05,600 --> 01:41:09,100
While accommodating local 
exchange practices, creating a 

1920
01:41:09,108 --> 01:41:12,300
flexible monetary system that 
balanced Imperial standards with

1921
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:16,100
regional economic realities. 
Archaeological evidence 

1922
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:18,600
continues to expand our 
understanding of daily life 

1923
01:41:18,600 --> 01:41:21,400
under constantius as 
Administration recent 

1924
01:41:21,400 --> 01:41:25,200
excavations at rural Villa sites
and Gaul show architectural. 

1925
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:27,800
Adaptations that combined a 
defensive features with 

1926
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:30,800
agricultural productivity 
improvements suggesting 

1927
01:41:30,800 --> 01:41:34,200
landowners felt secure enough to
invest in Innovation rather than

1928
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:38,400
merely focusing on survival. 
Climate science has contributed 

1929
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:41,400
to research to our reassessment 
of constantius military 

1930
01:41:41,400 --> 01:41:44,900
campaigns dendrochronological 
data from Britain shows. 

1931
01:41:44,900 --> 01:41:47,600
His final campaign occurred 
during an exceptionally harsh 

1932
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:51,000
winter making his logistical 
accomplishments even more 

1933
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:53,700
impressive. 
His ability to maintain supply 

1934
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,300
lines and Troop Readiness under 
such conditions speaks to 

1935
01:41:56,308 --> 01:41:59,000
administrative competence, 
rarely highlighted in 

1936
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,300
traditional military histories. 
The Intriguing question of 

1937
01:42:02,300 --> 01:42:06,400
constantius intellectual Legacy 
remains partially answered the 

1938
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,900
tantalizingly, suggestive 
fragmentary text, indicate he 

1939
01:42:09,900 --> 01:42:11,400
commissioned? 
Legal compilation, that 

1940
01:42:11,400 --> 01:42:14,600
systematized provincial 
Administration, work that would 

1941
01:42:14,600 --> 01:42:18,300
influence later present. 
In administrative practices, his

1942
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:21,800
approach to religious pluralism,
managing diversity through 

1943
01:42:21,800 --> 01:42:24,600
institutional accommodation, 
rather than forced uniformity 

1944
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:28,400
represents a governance model 
with relevance Beyond its 

1945
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:32,200
historical context. perhaps most
significant for modern 

1946
01:42:32,200 --> 01:42:35,000
understanding as recognizing 
what constantius is career 

1947
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:38,700
reveals about historical 
contingency the transformation 

1948
01:42:38,700 --> 01:42:40,900
of the Roman world into a 
Christian Empire was not 

1949
01:42:40,900 --> 01:42:43,800
inevitable, but resulted from 
specific choices and 

1950
01:42:43,800 --> 01:42:46,600
Circumstances had constantius 
lived. 

1951
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:49,900
Longer implementing his model of
pragmatic pluralism. 

1952
01:42:49,900 --> 01:42:52,700
Rather than giving way to 
Constantine's more ideologically

1953
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:56,000
driven approach the religious 
history of Europe might have 

1954
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:57,600
followed dramatically different 
course. 

1955
01:42:58,400 --> 01:43:01,000
The fragmentary nature of our 
sources about constantius 

1956
01:43:01,000 --> 01:43:04,500
paradoxical makes him a more 
accessible historical figure 

1957
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,300
than many better documented 
Emperors the gaps in our 

1958
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:11,200
knowledge creates space for 
analytical approaches that go 

1959
01:43:11,200 --> 01:43:14,700
beyond personality to examine 
structural factors and systemic 

1960
01:43:14,700 --> 01:43:18,600
patterns rather than focusing on
the Emperor as an individual 

1961
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:22,100
modern scholarship. 
Explores constantius his reign 

1962
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:25,000
as a case study in governments 
during periods of institutional 

1963
01:43:25,000 --> 01:43:28,000
stress. 
Digital reconstruction projects 

1964
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:31,300
have recently provided visual 
representation of constantius is

1965
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,500
built environment, allowing 
Scholars and the public to 

1966
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,500
virtually experience spaces like
the York Press torium, or the 

1967
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:40,800
tree of basilica as they would 
have appeared during his 

1968
01:43:40,800 --> 01:43:43,700
lifetime. 
He's reconstructions reveal 

1969
01:43:43,700 --> 01:43:46,400
architectural choices that 
emphasized, openness and 

1970
01:43:46,400 --> 01:43:49,400
visibility physical 
manifestations of his 

1971
01:43:49,400 --> 01:43:52,400
government's philosophy. 
Enduring fascination with 

1972
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:55,800
constantius, stems partly from 
the alternative path. 

1973
01:43:55,800 --> 01:43:59,400
He symbolizes his approach to 
governance pragmatic, 

1974
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:02,100
pluralistic, focused on 
sustainability, rather than 

1975
01:44:02,100 --> 01:44:05,400
Glory offers an alternative 
vision of what the late Roman 

1976
01:44:05,400 --> 01:44:08,800
Empire might have become the 
tension between this path, and 

1977
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:11,400
the more ideologically driven 
Direction Constantine would 

1978
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:13,100
later. 
Pursue remains a compelling, 

1979
01:44:13,100 --> 01:44:17,600
historical counterfactual For 
contemporary audiences, can 

1980
01:44:17,600 --> 01:44:20,100
stamp your story resonates 
because it demonstrates how 

1981
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:22,700
individual leadership can make 
meaningful differences. 

1982
01:44:22,700 --> 01:44:27,200
Even within massive historical 
forces while unable to prevent 

1983
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:29,100
the eventual transformation of 
the Roman World. 

1984
01:44:29,100 --> 01:44:32,300
His governance preserved 
stability and prosperity in his 

1985
01:44:32,308 --> 01:44:34,700
territories. 
During extraordinarily 

1986
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:38,800
challenging circumstances, the 
pale Emperor from Illyria who 

1987
01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:41,500
never sought the throne but 
governed with remarkable. 

1988
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:45,100
Effectiveness, once elevated to 
it reminds us that history is 

1989
01:44:45,108 --> 01:44:47,700
most consequential figures 
aren't always its most dramatic 

1990
01:44:47,700 --> 01:44:51,200
Personalities in an age that 
often celebrates disruptive 

1991
01:44:51,200 --> 01:44:54,400
leadership can stand to his 
legacy offers a compelling case 

1992
01:44:54,400 --> 01:44:56,600
for the lasting value of 
competent Administration, 

1993
01:44:56,600 --> 01:45:01,300
pragmatic problem, solving, and 
sustainable governance as our 

1994
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:04,700
key logical techniques. 
Continue to advance a new 

1995
01:45:04,708 --> 01:45:08,400
analytical methods emerge are 
understanding of constantius and

1996
01:45:08,400 --> 01:45:10,400
his era will undoubtedly of all 
further. 

1997
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:14,300
Yet, even with our current 
knowledge, we can recognize this

1998
01:45:14,300 --> 01:45:16,400
forgotten. 
Emperor a leader whose approach 

1999
01:45:16,400 --> 01:45:19,400
to governance balancing 
traditional within Innovation, 

2000
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:23,300
Authority with the accommodation
and pragmatism with principal 

2001
01:45:23,300 --> 01:45:26,500
speaks to challenges that remain
relevant to cross the centuries.

2002
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:30,700
In the final analysis 
constantius chlorus matters. 

2003
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:33,900
Not because he changed history 
through dramatic actions but 

2004
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:36,400
because he sustained 
civilization through effective 

2005
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:39,800
governance during a period of 
profound challenge. a legacy, 

2006
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:42,600
perhaps less glamorous than 
Conquest, But ultimately more 

2007
01:45:42,600 --> 01:45:45,700
valuable to those whose lives 
were improved by his Steady Hand

2008
01:45:45,700 --> 01:45:59,600
at his 
A William Tecumseh. 

2009
01:45:59,600 --> 01:46:05,100
Sherman was born on February 8th
1820 in Lancaster, Ohio, a 

2010
01:46:05,100 --> 01:46:08,300
Frontier Town on the verge of 
tremendous development, His 

2011
01:46:08,308 --> 01:46:11,300
mother dubbed him come. 
And he displayed a Restless 

2012
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,400
Spirit from a young age for 
shadowing, the vast influence, 

2013
01:46:14,400 --> 01:46:16,700
he would one day wheeled on the 
nation's battlefields. 

2014
01:46:16,700 --> 01:46:20,400
Although his father, Charles 
Robert, Sherman was a respected,

2015
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,700
Ohio, Supreme Court Judge the 
family struggled, financially, 

2016
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:26,400
then tragedy came. 
When Sherman was nine years old,

2017
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:30,400
his father died abruptly leaving
behind a poor household, the 

2018
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:34,000
boys' future while uncertain, 
found a guiding influence in the

2019
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:37,200
form of his father's close 
friend, Thomas Ewing who 

2020
01:46:37,200 --> 01:46:38,700
welcomed him into his own Lively
home. 

2021
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:41,900
Growing up in the Ewing 
household exposure and to more 

2022
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:45,400
privileged Society. 
But it was not care for freeing 

2023
01:46:45,400 --> 01:46:48,000
was politically connected. 
Having worked in government 

2024
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:51,300
positions, that expose Sherman 
to the complexity of national 

2025
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:55,000
policy and political squabbling.
Something about those encounters

2026
01:46:55,000 --> 01:46:58,700
prepared him to see the country 
as a web of dynamic forces, law 

2027
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:02,400
Commerce, and ambition, 
interacting in ways that altered

2028
01:47:02,400 --> 01:47:05,600
entire neighborhoods despite his
academic abilities. 

2029
01:47:05,600 --> 01:47:08,900
He was never a standout student 
in the traditional sense. 

2030
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:11,900
True. 
Aptitude was an observation and 

2031
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:15,500
the ability to translate what he
saw into gear strategic insights

2032
01:47:15,500 --> 01:47:18,100
Sherman absorbed. 
The action with an intensity. 

2033
01:47:18,100 --> 01:47:19,700
That occasionally surprised 
others. 

2034
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:23,600
Whether it was a local election 
or heated dinner table dispute, 

2035
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:27,100
Sherman was 16 when he received 
a coveted invitation to the 

2036
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:31,000
United States Military Academy 
at West Point, Thanks in part to

2037
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:34,600
Ewing's political clout. 
When he arrived at West Point in

2038
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:38,100
1836, he discovered that the 
regiment was both difficult and 

2039
01:47:38,100 --> 01:47:41,500
stimulating mathematics 
engineering and tactics. 

2040
01:47:41,500 --> 01:47:44,700
Dominated the curriculum 
combining practical skills with 

2041
01:47:44,700 --> 01:47:48,300
theoretical knowledge, although 
he did not Excel academically 

2042
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:52,600
graduated sixth in his class. 
He was known for being clever 

2043
01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:55,700
pragmatic, unromantic about his 
military service. 

2044
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:59,800
Classmates, notice his Frank 
demeanor, which would become a 

2045
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:02,000
defining feature of his 
personality throughout his 

2046
01:48:02,000 --> 01:48:05,400
career. 
Sherman enlisted in the Army as 

2047
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:07,200
a second lift tenant in the 
third US. 

2048
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:09,900
Artillery. 
After graduating in 1840. 

2049
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:13,900
He served in many outposts from 
Florida to the distant Frontiers

2050
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:18,100
dealing with the problems of 
arising Nation, the Florida job.

2051
01:48:18,100 --> 01:48:21,300
Embroiled him in the Seminole 
Wars, a brutal milieu of swamp 

2052
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:23,700
Warfare and uncertain goals 
Sherman. 

2053
01:48:23,700 --> 01:48:27,100
Quietly recorded the lessons 
combat was chaotic objectives, 

2054
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:29,600
shifted quickly, and success 
required a combination of 

2055
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:33,400
planning and sheer tenacity. 
You also developed a dislike for

2056
01:48:33,400 --> 01:48:36,300
half-hearted confrontations 
believing that, if a battle was 

2057
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,000
unavoidable, it must be pursued 
with utmost. 

2058
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:42,600
Determination despite periodic 
promotions in the Allure of new 

2059
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:45,100
assignments. 
Sherman, never felt completely 

2060
01:48:45,100 --> 01:48:48,500
at ease in the peace time Army. 
Bureaucratic, red tape 

2061
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:52,600
restricted chance for growth and
a desire for new experience is 

2062
01:48:52,600 --> 01:48:55,400
Nord at him. 
His restlessness prompted him to

2063
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:59,500
quit from the Army in 1853 in 
the decade that followed, he 

2064
01:48:59,500 --> 01:49:02,500
dabbled in various Endeavors, 
including banking in San 

2065
01:49:02,500 --> 01:49:05,600
Francisco law, practice and 
Company Management in New York. 

2066
01:49:05,600 --> 01:49:08,800
Each position deepened, his 
understanding of the fundamental

2067
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:11,800
principles of American Business,
the importance of risk-taking 

2068
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,200
and the vulnerability of trust 
in a period marked by frequent 

2069
01:49:15,200 --> 01:49:19,200
booms and busts. 
The banking crisis of 1857 

2070
01:49:19,200 --> 01:49:22,700
devastated, him financially 
demonstrating how rapidly 

2071
01:49:22,700 --> 01:49:24,800
richest might vanish when 
markets crashed. 

2072
01:49:25,600 --> 01:49:28,600
During his civilian years, 
Sherman made friends from both 

2073
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:32,000
the North and the South 
including plantation owners and 

2074
01:49:32,000 --> 01:49:34,700
entrepreneurs. 
He noticed the growing conflict 

2075
01:49:34,700 --> 01:49:38,100
over slavery, state rights and 
economic disparities. 

2076
01:49:38,100 --> 01:49:41,600
While living in Louisiana. 
He was the superintendent of the

2077
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:44,500
Louisiana state, Seminary of 
learning and Military Academy 

2078
01:49:44,500 --> 01:49:47,400
which would eventually become 
Louisiana State University. 

2079
01:49:48,300 --> 01:49:51,000
He was recognized for his 
organizational talents but he 

2080
01:49:51,008 --> 01:49:53,300
treaded carefully, when 
discussion became political 

2081
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:56,100
despite not being a passionate 
abolitionist. 

2082
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:58,700
He did not take to the concept 
of secession. 

2083
01:49:59,700 --> 01:50:02,900
For Sherman. 
Unity was America's best Hope 

2084
01:50:02,900 --> 01:50:05,900
For Success. 
Nonetheless, he saw worrisome 

2085
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:08,700
signals of Discord and concluded
that the country was on the 

2086
01:50:08,708 --> 01:50:11,400
verge of War. 
Sherman on the verge of the 

2087
01:50:11,408 --> 01:50:13,300
Civil War. 
Stood at a pivotal juncture. 

2088
01:50:13,300 --> 01:50:17,300
He had a family averse set of 
experiences in both service and 

2089
01:50:17,300 --> 01:50:20,100
civilian sectors. 
And a perspective that grassed 

2090
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:21,600
how badly the country was 
fracturing. 

2091
01:50:21,600 --> 01:50:25,500
He was concerned war occurred. 
It would be unlike the 

2092
01:50:25,500 --> 01:50:28,500
small-scale battles of previous 
decades, the tremendous 

2093
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:30,400
industrial potential of both 
parts. 

2094
01:50:30,400 --> 01:50:34,600
Combined with the moral fervor 
around slavery, predicted a 

2095
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:37,900
devastating Clash despite his 
reluctance to enter the battle. 

2096
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:42,800
Sherman returned to service in 
early, 1861 motivated by a sense

2097
01:50:42,800 --> 01:50:44,600
of responsibility to maintain 
the Union. 

2098
01:50:45,800 --> 01:50:48,500
In the early months of the Civil
War, William to come to Sherman.

2099
01:50:48,500 --> 01:50:52,000
Served in several positions 
looking for a secure footing, in

2100
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:55,400
a war that appeared chaotic from
the start, initially assigned to

2101
01:50:55,400 --> 01:50:58,300
a training facility. 
He disagreed with authorities 

2102
01:50:58,300 --> 01:51:00,900
when he anticipated that the 
fight would require at least 

2103
01:51:00,908 --> 01:51:05,200
200,000 men in his area alone. 
His forthright remarked that the

2104
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:08,100
union was underestimating. 
The scale of the Insurrection of

2105
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:10,500
listed suspicion, if not 
derision. 

2106
01:51:10,500 --> 01:51:13,400
However, time would vindicate, 
his misgivings? 

2107
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:17,400
By late 1861. 
Sherman had arrived in Kentucky,

2108
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:21,100
an important border state with 
conflicting loyalties, he was 

2109
01:51:21,108 --> 01:51:23,800
responsible for the Cumberland 
Department there, and he quickly

2110
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:27,400
became overwhelmed Reports of 
Confederate military movements 

2111
01:51:27,400 --> 01:51:31,200
armed shortages and conflicting 
orders from Washington left and 

2112
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:33,400
tired. 
Some sources suggest he was on 

2113
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:34,400
the verge of a nervous 
breakdown. 

2114
01:51:34,400 --> 01:51:38,900
He requested relief from command
and when he left rumors 

2115
01:51:38,900 --> 01:51:42,100
circulated about his 
instability, such suspicions 

2116
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:43,900
threatened to his career in an 
era. 

2117
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:46,100
When mental stress was less, 
tolerated. 

2118
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:50,300
Nevertheless Sherman. 
Recovered gain new Purpose. 

2119
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:52,800
With General Ulysses, S Grant's 
direct help. 

2120
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:56,000
Their bond will form the 
foundation of Union success 

2121
01:51:56,000 --> 01:52:01,900
Grant was calm silent and 
unyielding under duress for a 

2122
01:52:01,900 --> 01:52:05,500
Sherman was more combustible 
publicly expressing concerns or 

2123
01:52:05,500 --> 01:52:08,200
complaints. 
Their Mutual regard, however, 

2124
01:52:08,200 --> 01:52:12,700
was established through shared 
Battlefield experiences in early

2125
01:52:12,700 --> 01:52:16,000
1862. 
Grants daring Maneuvers at Fort 

2126
01:52:16,000 --> 01:52:18,400
Henry, and Fort, Donaldson 
secured, critical Confederate, 

2127
01:52:18,400 --> 01:52:22,200
outposts and Sherman's role. 
Those subordinate displayed 

2128
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:23,700
dependability in the face of 
Fire. 

2129
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:28,000
The Battle of Shiloh in April, 
1862 would be Sherman's. 

2130
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:32,100
True baptism into large-scale 
fighting Confederate, surprise 

2131
01:52:32,100 --> 01:52:35,500
strike near Pittsburgh upon 
Landing in Tennessee waves of 

2132
01:52:35,508 --> 01:52:37,700
enemy soldiers. 
Smashed the union defenses, 

2133
01:52:37,700 --> 01:52:40,700
Sherman's division took the 
brunt of the early fighting 

2134
01:52:40,700 --> 01:52:44,900
despite being taken by surprise 
who rallied his troops riding 

2135
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:47,000
along. 
The front lines, noring her 

2136
01:52:47,000 --> 01:52:49,200
personal danger, an encouraging 
them to hold. 

2137
01:52:50,100 --> 01:52:53,300
Despite massive fatalities 
Union, with stood the attack and

2138
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,100
Grant's counter-attack the 
following day Force. 

2139
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:59,300
The Confederates to retire. 
Sherman's leadership under 

2140
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:02,200
duress gained him to her 
promotion to Major General and 

2141
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:06,600
more crucial, strengthened, his 
alliance with Grant, The two men

2142
01:53:06,600 --> 01:53:09,300
came from Shiloh with a stronger
determination to achieve total 

2143
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:12,300
Victory acknowledging. 
The confederacies tenacity 

2144
01:53:12,300 --> 01:53:15,500
Sherman followed Shiloh with 
operations along the Mississippi

2145
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:19,300
River ending in the Vicksburg 
campaign Vicksburg. 

2146
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:22,700
A fortress stronghold was 
essential to Confederate control

2147
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:26,100
of the Mississippi River, Union,
soldiers and anticipated that 

2148
01:53:26,100 --> 01:53:29,100
seizing, it would split the 
Confederacy in two isolating, 

2149
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:32,500
the state's west of the river 
Grant, Siege was long with 

2150
01:53:32,500 --> 01:53:36,000
supply line strained and morale,
shaky Shermans, involvement 

2151
01:53:36,000 --> 01:53:39,100
included skirmishes, faints and 
ensuring that Confederate, 

2152
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:41,200
reinforcements, could not break 
through the siege. 

2153
01:53:42,100 --> 01:53:47,100
Vicksburg, finally fell on July,
4th. 1863 marking a water, 

2154
01:53:47,108 --> 01:53:48,600
shared moment in the west and 
theater. 

2155
01:53:49,900 --> 01:53:54,000
Sherman's Fame sawed although he
frequently downplayed personal 

2156
01:53:54,000 --> 01:53:57,200
responsibility, publicly 
praising Grant strategic vision.

2157
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:01,000
Sherman did not take command of 
Union forces in the west until 

2158
01:54:01,000 --> 01:54:03,600
1864. 
When Grant was ordered to the 

2159
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:05,400
Eastern theater to confront 
Robert E Lee. 

2160
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:10,600
His primary aim is Atlantis. 
The city was a confederate hub 

2161
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:14,200
for railroads manufacturing and 
Supply taking. 

2162
01:54:14,200 --> 01:54:16,200
It could jeopardize the southern
battle effort. 

2163
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:18,900
Sherman launched. 
The Atlantic campaign in May 

2164
01:54:18,900 --> 01:54:24,000
1864 moving across Northeastern 
Georgia confederate, general 

2165
01:54:24,000 --> 01:54:28,100
Joseph E Johnston utilized an 
effective defensive plan, but 

2166
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:31,400
Sherman's numerical superiority,
and willingness to engage in 

2167
01:54:31,400 --> 01:54:34,100
flanking actions, gradually 
pushed Johnston back. 

2168
01:54:34,900 --> 01:54:38,000
Johnston's replacement, by the 
more aggressive, John Bell, Hood

2169
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:41,900
increased Confederate, 
casualties by September 

2170
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:44,200
Sherman's Army had conquered at 
Atlanta. 

2171
01:54:44,200 --> 01:54:47,400
Dealing a strategic and 
psychological blow to the South 

2172
01:54:48,100 --> 01:54:50,800
The cities fall echoed 
throughout the north helping 

2173
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:52,600
President, Lincoln's 
re-election, chances. 

2174
01:54:53,600 --> 01:54:56,200
Sherman believed that simply 
occupying at Lanta would be 

2175
01:54:56,200 --> 01:54:58,700
insufficient. 
He wanted to crippled the 

2176
01:54:58,708 --> 01:55:00,900
Confederate capacity for future 
resistance. 

2177
01:55:00,900 --> 01:55:04,800
After ordering civilian 
evacuations, he permitted 

2178
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:07,300
elements of the city's 
infrastructure to be destroyed. 

2179
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:10,600
Fueling suspicions that he was 
carrying out of Destruction 

2180
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,200
campaign, Sherman, then focused 
on a bold and controversial 

2181
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:16,500
strategy, the marched to the 
Sea. 

2182
01:55:16,500 --> 01:55:20,500
The plan was to cut lines of 
communication damage resources, 

2183
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,300
critical to the southern War 
Machine and show that 

2184
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:26,100
Confederate authorities could no
longer Safeguard their heart. 

2185
01:55:27,400 --> 01:55:31,600
In mid-november 1864, he led 
60,000 men from Atlanta to 

2186
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:34,700
Savannah, cutting a path across 
Georgia, unlike traditional 

2187
01:55:34,700 --> 01:55:38,200
movements tethered by supply 
lines Sherman's columns would 

2188
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:42,100
live off the land, foraging 
freely demolishing, railroads, 

2189
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,200
Madame targeting. 
Factorize, this bold tactic at 

2190
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:48,300
the time, attempted to break the
South's resolve to continue 

2191
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:51,600
fighting. 
During these campaigns Sherman's

2192
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,600
views on Wars, solidified. 
He believed that the faster and 

2193
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:57,200
harder the conflict was pursued 
the sooner, it would be 

2194
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,000
resolved. 
In his letters to subordinates. 

2195
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:03,000
The emphasized. 
A harsh Lord of logic. 

2196
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:06,800
If southern people felt the 
effects of the war confederacy's

2197
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:10,400
morale with plummet, While many 
union leaders sought Victory, 

2198
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:13,600
through pitched battles alone, 
Sherman embraced, Total War 

2199
01:56:13,600 --> 01:56:16,100
leaving a reputation. 
That would Eclipse his other 

2200
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:18,600
accomplishments, and finding his
place in American military 

2201
01:56:18,600 --> 01:56:21,500
history. 
The march to the sea started, on

2202
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:26,100
November 15th 1864, as Union 
troops departed, from the 

2203
01:56:26,108 --> 01:56:29,500
charred remains of Atlanta, The 
trip to Savannah covered about 

2204
01:56:29,500 --> 01:56:35,200
300 miles calculating about 483 
kilometers and lasted almost a 

2205
01:56:35,200 --> 01:56:37,300
month. 
Contrary to popular belief, 

2206
01:56:37,300 --> 01:56:40,200
Sherman didn't order his 
soldiers to burn every home or 

2207
01:56:40,200 --> 01:56:42,200
Farm. 
They encountered, however, the 

2208
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:44,800
foraging became. 
So, widespread, occasionally 

2209
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:47,200
turning into looting. 
The local populations, 

2210
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:50,500
remembered the campaign with 
lasting bitterness Union 

2211
01:56:50,500 --> 01:56:53,200
Soldiers. 
Destroyed Rail lines, twisting 

2212
01:56:53,200 --> 01:56:56,000
them into what was mockingly 
called, Sherman's neckties 

2213
01:56:56,000 --> 01:57:01,100
warehouses and factories. 
Burned Cotton Gins destroyed and

2214
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:04,400
livestock taken. 
Many sudden civilians fled 

2215
01:57:04,400 --> 01:57:06,900
before the advanced in columns 
While others remained, 

2216
01:57:06,900 --> 01:57:10,700
witnessing Gardens Barnes and 
personal property, consumed by 

2217
01:57:10,700 --> 01:57:13,400
Union, torches or opportunistic 
soldiers. 

2218
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:16,900
Sherman's official position, was
that his troop should only 

2219
01:57:16,900 --> 01:57:20,400
target items with military or 
logistical significance? 

2220
01:57:20,400 --> 01:57:24,700
But in practice those boundaries
quickly became unclear years 

2221
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:26,700
later. 
The question lingard where these

2222
01:57:26,708 --> 01:57:30,100
acts Justified militarily, or 
simply a vengeful Rampage. 

2223
01:57:31,200 --> 01:57:34,000
Sherman supporters claimed that 
the confederacies capacity to 

2224
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,200
fight relied on its Agricultural
and Industrial resources. 

2225
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:40,600
Rendering such destruction are 
regrettable necessity. 

2226
01:57:41,500 --> 01:57:44,500
Critics argued that the campaign
violated moral boundaries by 

2227
01:57:44,500 --> 01:57:47,900
punishing innocent civilians. 
Sherman believed that only by 

2228
01:57:47,900 --> 01:57:51,100
breaking the South's ability and
determination to fight the wars 

2229
01:57:51,100 --> 01:57:55,100
violence be decisively ended. 
Sherman's forces entered 

2230
01:57:55,100 --> 01:57:59,400
Savannah on December 21st. 1864 
facing minimal resistance. 

2231
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:03,400
He sent a telegram to President 
Lincoln proposing the city of 

2232
01:58:03,408 --> 01:58:07,500
Savannah as a Christmas gift. 
The capture of the nearly intact

2233
01:58:07,500 --> 01:58:10,000
Port of a strategic base on the 
Atlantic coast. 

2234
01:58:10,000 --> 01:58:14,700
Enabling Union forces to advance
into the Carolinas Northern 

2235
01:58:14,700 --> 01:58:18,000
newspapers, celebrated the 
success lauding Sherman. 

2236
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:21,600
As a master strategist, Southern
newspapers erupted in Anger, 

2237
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:25,000
portraying him as a ruthless 
Destroyer Confederates 

2238
01:58:25,000 --> 01:58:27,000
civilians. 
Criticized, the perceived 

2239
01:58:27,000 --> 01:58:30,300
barbarism in Diaries and letters
while some Northern voices 

2240
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:33,000
discomfort at the campaigns 
brutality. 

2241
01:58:33,000 --> 01:58:38,100
The union War Machine continued 
and Sherman's prominent grew in 

2242
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,200
early 1865. 
Sherman, North to unite, with 

2243
01:58:41,200 --> 01:58:44,700
Grant, Caroline as campaign 
sought to pressure Confederate 

2244
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:48,000
resources from a new angle. 
Potentially trapping, Robert E, 

2245
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:51,900
Lee's army between two. 
Formidable Union forces as his 

2246
01:58:51,900 --> 01:58:55,400
men move through South Carolina,
the birthplace of succession 

2247
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:57,900
Sherman's tactics, became even 
harsher. 

2248
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:03,400
In February 1865, Columbia 
burned with ongoing debate over 

2249
01:59:03,400 --> 01:59:06,000
where the union or Confederate, 
forces started the fire. 

2250
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:11,400
Sherman denied starting the fire
but suspicion remains woven into

2251
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:14,000
local, tales that the union 
intentionally set, a blaze, the 

2252
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:17,500
birthplace of rebellion Sherman,
Advanced into North Carolina 

2253
01:59:17,500 --> 01:59:21,200
with a slightly softer approach,
recognizing that the state had 

2254
01:59:21,200 --> 01:59:24,700
not been as eager to see the 
South Carolina, the operational 

2255
01:59:24,700 --> 01:59:27,600
logic. 
Persisted weaken, Confederate 

2256
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:31,000
capabilities disrupt, railroads 
and harassed. 

2257
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:33,800
The demoralized southern forces 
in April. 

2258
01:59:33,800 --> 01:59:36,400
It was reported that Lee's army 
of Northern Virginia, 

2259
01:59:36,400 --> 01:59:38,100
surrendered to granted 
Appomattox. 

2260
01:59:39,000 --> 01:59:42,600
Sherman's men sent the war was 
nearing its conclusion, hopes 

2261
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:44,800
rose that they could finish the 
campaign without more major. 

2262
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:48,900
Clashes and unforeseen twist 
occurred when John Wilkes Booth 

2263
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:54,000
assassinated President Lincoln 
on April 14th 1865, shockingly 

2264
01:59:54,000 --> 01:59:58,300
entire Union, High command, 
grief and anger surged through 

2265
01:59:58,300 --> 02:00:01,900
Sherman's ranks. 
After Lincoln's, death, stalks 

2266
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:04,100
with confederate general Joseph,
Johnston. 

2267
02:00:04,100 --> 02:00:06,500
In the North Carolina became 
increasingly strained. 

2268
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:10,900
Sherman aiming for a quick 
reconciliation proposed terms 

2269
02:00:10,900 --> 02:00:13,500
that many in Washington viewed 
as excessively generous 

2270
02:00:13,500 --> 02:00:16,800
including political concessions 
that exceeded his authority. 

2271
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:20,700
The war department shaking by 
Lincoln's assassination and 

2272
02:00:20,700 --> 02:00:23,800
favoring tougher actions 
rejected Sherman's agreement, 

2273
02:00:24,600 --> 02:00:27,000
Reports suggested that Sherman 
was either naive or 

2274
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:30,300
overreaching, the Fiasco, 
briefly damaged, his reputation.

2275
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:34,000
A revised negotiation resulted 
in Johnston's, surrender on 

2276
02:00:34,008 --> 02:00:37,700
April 26th, effectively ending 
the war, in the Carolinas, 

2277
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:41,600
Sherman's desire to heal wounds 
quickly conflicted with the mood

2278
02:00:41,600 --> 02:00:44,600
in Washington creating 
misunderstandings that would 

2279
02:00:44,600 --> 02:00:47,600
persist for years. 
Despite the friction points, the

2280
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:51,000
north celebrated Sherman as a 
hero, the soldiers, admired him 

2281
02:00:51,008 --> 02:00:54,600
referring to him as Uncle Billy 
impressed by his Relentless 

2282
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:56,600
energy and talent for boosting 
morale. 

2283
02:00:56,600 --> 02:01:01,100
Southerners, condemned him as 
the cause of Devastation, he 

2284
02:01:01,100 --> 02:01:03,900
really attempted to soften the 
image stating that war was 

2285
02:01:03,900 --> 02:01:06,700
cruelty and efforts to refine. 
It were pointless. 

2286
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:10,400
That straightforward view shape,
his strategic approach. 

2287
02:01:10,400 --> 02:01:13,700
Sherman believed that war should
be pursued with full commitment 

2288
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:17,700
or not at all after the fall 
Sherman oversaw, military 

2289
02:01:17,700 --> 02:01:20,200
districts in the South 
attempting to maintain order 

2290
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:23,200
during reconstructions tumult. 
He found the political 

2291
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:27,100
squabbling exhausting, favoring 
direct military leadership over 

2292
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:28,900
the complexities of civil 
policy. 

2293
02:01:29,700 --> 02:01:32,600
Sherman's Legacy was solidified 
by his wartime campaigns. 

2294
02:01:32,600 --> 02:01:35,200
Despite the post-war 
complexities that overshadowed 

2295
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:37,300
it. 
The challenge for him. 

2296
02:01:37,300 --> 02:01:40,500
And for the nation was how to 
address the resentment caused by

2297
02:01:40,508 --> 02:01:44,200
Total War, while also focusing 
on rebuilding a unified country.

2298
02:01:45,000 --> 02:01:48,400
After hostilities concluded, 
William to come to Sherman 

2299
02:01:48,400 --> 02:01:50,900
expected. 
The clear structure of wartime 

2300
02:01:50,900 --> 02:01:53,400
command to translate into a 
simple post-war position. 

2301
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:57,500
However, the aftermath of 
conflict, rarely produces smooth

2302
02:01:57,500 --> 02:02:01,300
transitions in 1865. 
He was appointed commander of 

2303
02:02:01,300 --> 02:02:04,200
the military division of the 
Mississippi covering most of the

2304
02:02:04,200 --> 02:02:08,100
devastated, South during 
reconstruction conflicts arose 

2305
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:10,700
between President and Andrew 
Johnson's, conciliatory, 

2306
02:02:10,700 --> 02:02:13,600
approach and the severe demands 
of Radical Republicans in 

2307
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:16,700
Congress. 
Sherman proceeded, gingerly in 

2308
02:02:16,700 --> 02:02:21,000
this climate voiding political 
disputes constantly differed 

2309
02:02:21,000 --> 02:02:23,600
with civil officials and 
politicians about how to best 

2310
02:02:23,600 --> 02:02:26,000
manage, the amounts of hated 
African American population, 

2311
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:29,400
former Confederates and the 
regions destroyed 

2312
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:32,700
infrastructure, Sherman believed
the Army's job was to maintain 

2313
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:36,300
order, not to influence the 
inevitable social upheaval. 

2314
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:39,600
The question, whether Union 
troops should remain in the 

2315
02:02:39,600 --> 02:02:42,700
South indefinitely. 
Citing the lack of a quick way 

2316
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:45,100
to heal. 
Grave wounds his reluctance to 

2317
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:46,500
fully Embrace reconstruction 
ideas. 

2318
02:02:46,500 --> 02:02:49,800
Frustrated, radical reformers, 
who wanted strong Federal 

2319
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:53,700
enforcement of civil rights, 
white Southerners, apprehensive 

2320
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:56,900
of the northern presents 
frequently, opposed even basic 

2321
02:02:56,900 --> 02:03:00,200
Army commands understanding that
he was in a precarious 

2322
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:02,700
situation. 
Sherman, sought solace in his 

2323
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:06,800
family life in 1866. 
He relocated Saint Louis. 

2324
02:03:06,800 --> 02:03:10,100
Missouri, to oversee the 
military division of Missouri. 

2325
02:03:10,100 --> 02:03:13,700
The territory stretched from the
Mississippi River to the 

2326
02:03:13,700 --> 02:03:16,800
Rockies. 
Conflicts Fred Westwood as 

2327
02:03:16,808 --> 02:03:19,800
American expansion collided with
numerous indigenous groups. 

2328
02:03:20,400 --> 02:03:22,800
Sherman's orders, required him 
to protect settlers and 

2329
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:25,500
railroads. 
Which frequently resulted in 

2330
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,700
battles with tribes that opposed
the invasion of their areas this

2331
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:30,500
period of Sherman's career is 
not as well. 

2332
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:32,200
Known as his Civil War 
achievements. 

2333
02:03:32,200 --> 02:03:36,200
Native people beset with 
violated treaties and forced 

2334
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:39,800
relocations met Sherman. 
A military figure who advocated 

2335
02:03:39,800 --> 02:03:42,200
employing Superior, Force to 
achieve Federal objectives 

2336
02:03:42,200 --> 02:03:45,300
Sherman's perspective. 
On the Indian Wars, mirrored his

2337
02:03:45,308 --> 02:03:49,300
entire War philosophy. 
Decisively smash resistance to 

2338
02:03:49,300 --> 02:03:52,400
minimize prolonged Carnage. 
He ordered campaigns that 

2339
02:03:52,400 --> 02:03:55,800
destroyed communities, 
decimated, Buffalo, herds and 

2340
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:59,400
pushed people onto reserves 
historians decried, his measures

2341
02:03:59,400 --> 02:04:01,800
likening them to his previous 
scorched. 

2342
02:04:01,800 --> 02:04:04,700
Earth policies, Sherman strategy
was straightforward. 

2343
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:09,100
Smash any opposition as quickly 
and decisively as possible. 

2344
02:04:09,900 --> 02:04:12,500
He perceived, no, ethical, 
dilemma in forcefully. 

2345
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:15,500
Displacing indigenous peoples in
pursuit of the nation's ultimate

2346
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:18,400
goal. 
This unwavering stance cemented 

2347
02:04:18,400 --> 02:04:20,700
his reputation as a source of 
strong answers. 

2348
02:04:21,800 --> 02:04:25,500
Changes in Washington impacted 
Sherman's career path, Ulysses. 

2349
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,400
S Grant became president in 1869
and Sherman was appointed 

2350
02:04:29,400 --> 02:04:33,100
Commanding General of the United
States Army, His new position 

2351
02:04:33,100 --> 02:04:35,600
allowed wide oversight of 
military operations but 

2352
02:04:35,600 --> 02:04:38,200
disagreements with the water 
department arose fast. 

2353
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:41,400
Sherman believed that the line 
of command was harmed by 

2354
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,400
civilian authorities, desire for
greater control, over Army 

2355
02:04:44,400 --> 02:04:47,000
matters. 
The tension Rose under Secretary

2356
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:50,900
of War, William W. 
Belknap who resigned under 

2357
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:54,000
scandal? 
Sherman's private letters into 

2358
02:04:54,000 --> 02:04:57,000
indicated, this displeasure with
the political maliar, and a 

2359
02:04:57,000 --> 02:04:59,300
desire for the discipline 
cooperation of wartime. 

2360
02:05:00,000 --> 02:05:03,600
Sherman suffered family issues, 
Ellen, hailed from a devout 

2361
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:07,100
Catholic household for a Sherman
had no interest in organized 

2362
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:09,700
religion, there are opposing 
viewpoints occasionally, 

2363
02:05:09,700 --> 02:05:13,900
produced tension, one son, 
Willie died, tragically during 

2364
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:17,100
the war leaving an emotional 
scar on the family and other 

2365
02:05:17,100 --> 02:05:19,900
son, Thomas. 
Ewing, Sherman became a Jesuit 

2366
02:05:19,900 --> 02:05:22,700
priest, which Sherman? 
Reluctantly accepted. 

2367
02:05:23,400 --> 02:05:26,200
Sherman composed his Memoirs 
during these changes and they 

2368
02:05:26,200 --> 02:05:31,200
were first published in 1875. 
This two-volume book, Memoirs of

2369
02:05:31,208 --> 02:05:34,100
General William t-shirt and 
gives a plain account of his 

2370
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,700
life from birth until the Civil 
War critics praised, its 

2371
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:40,500
readability, and honesty. 
While several Express concern 

2372
02:05:40,500 --> 02:05:43,800
about a mission and biases. 
He openly said at the outset 

2373
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:47,200
that he would report of events 
as he saw them, regardless of 

2374
02:05:47,200 --> 02:05:51,300
whether they Disturbed anyone, 
The Memoirs shape, the Public's 

2375
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:53,800
perception of him as a general 
who believed in direct action 

2376
02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:57,200
and open communication. 
Sherman, headed, an army that 

2377
02:05:57,200 --> 02:05:59,600
was struggling to find its place
in a changing country in the 

2378
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:02,900
1870s. 
Industrialization accelerated 

2379
02:06:02,900 --> 02:06:06,100
questions about global 
development arose and the 

2380
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:10,000
frontier vanished. 
The Army shrank overshadowed by 

2381
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:13,000
new Millionaires and the 
volatile politics of the Gilded 

2382
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:14,800
Age. 
Sherman frequently. 

2383
02:06:14,800 --> 02:06:17,500
Bemoaned that the populace had 
grown complacent about National 

2384
02:06:17,500 --> 02:06:20,300
Defense. 
Ignoring the painful lessons of 

2385
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:24,300
the Civil War in quieter 
moments, he realized that a 

2386
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:26,700
diminished Army presence was 
precisely what a reunited 

2387
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:29,600
country needed. 
Even if it left him feeling a 

2388
02:06:29,600 --> 02:06:34,100
little lost, the great Railroad 
Strike of 1877, which saw 

2389
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:36,500
federal troops dispatched to 
quell labor unrest. 

2390
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:39,400
Was the final major dispute of 
his tenure. 

2391
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,000
Sherman struck a compromise 
between compassion for workers 

2392
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:46,700
concerns and then assess for 
order directing a reaction that 

2393
02:06:46,700 --> 02:06:50,300
sought to minimize Bloodshed. 
The incident pointed at a new 

2394
02:06:50,308 --> 02:06:54,100
sort of internal conflict 
industrial turmoil, planting 

2395
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:58,100
sectional conflicts Sherman 
noted for his directness and 

2396
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:00,800
rigidity was reminded that war 
is never static. 

2397
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:05,500
It changes with the intricacies 
of civilization As the 1880s 

2398
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:08,900
began William to come to Sherman
entered retirement but stayed a 

2399
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:12,600
notable public figure in 1882 he
stepped down as Commanding 

2400
02:07:12,600 --> 02:07:16,300
General concluding nearly 20 
years of consistent leadership 

2401
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:20,000
in a transforming Army. 
Civic groups, lecture circuits 

2402
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:22,300
and political activists often 
pursued him. 

2403
02:07:23,000 --> 02:07:25,300
Some urged him to run for 
president thinking. 

2404
02:07:25,300 --> 02:07:27,900
His combat experience and 
integrity would resonate with 

2405
02:07:27,900 --> 02:07:31,200
Americans Sherman famously 
declined stating. 

2406
02:07:31,200 --> 02:07:34,800
I will not accept if nominated 
and will not serve if elected 

2407
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:37,900
the statement reflected his 
post-war identity as a someone 

2408
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:40,900
who had witnessed the harsh 
reality of politics, leading him

2409
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:42,500
to avoid more profound 
involvement. 

2410
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:45,900
His reluctance to run for 
government came from several 

2411
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:48,500
factors. 
He was wary of the constant 

2412
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:50,700
maneuvering that characterized 
national elections. 

2413
02:07:50,700 --> 02:07:53,900
His straightforward attitude 
conflicted with the need to 

2414
02:07:53,900 --> 02:07:57,000
appease groups and trade favors.
He understood that his 

2415
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:00,100
reputation forged through tough 
tactics in Georgia, and the 

2416
02:08:00,100 --> 02:08:02,800
Carolinas could provoke 
significant backlash in the 

2417
02:08:02,808 --> 02:08:07,000
South and among modern voters. 
He felt his skills were better 

2418
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:09,500
suited for organizing and 
leading in challenging 

2419
02:08:09,500 --> 02:08:12,000
situations. 
Rather than in standard 

2420
02:08:12,000 --> 02:08:14,700
governance. 
Negotiations Sherman traveled 

2421
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:18,200
extensively, giving speeches on 
Civil War events, and promoting 

2422
02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:21,400
a strong practical military 
policy, even after leaving 

2423
02:08:21,400 --> 02:08:24,700
formal duties. 
He seldom softened his remarks, 

2424
02:08:24,700 --> 02:08:28,100
a veterans reunions, he 
portrayed the stern, Uncle 

2425
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:30,900
reminding former troops, that 
war was not a glorious 

2426
02:08:30,900 --> 02:08:34,400
Adventure, he emphasized to 
younger audiences that the Civil

2427
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:37,000
War was much more complex than 
just heroes and villains. 

2428
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:40,600
He stood firm in his decisions 
asserting that his aggressive 

2429
02:08:40,600 --> 02:08:42,500
campaigns had reduced the 
conflicts length. 

2430
02:08:43,300 --> 02:08:46,400
He was honest about his views on
reconstructions outcomes, he 

2431
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:49,500
observed the South's economic 
recovery, the emergence of Jim 

2432
02:08:49,500 --> 02:08:53,700
Crow laws and ongoing social 
inequalities he did not advocate

2433
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:57,100
for radical solutions to racial 
disparity viewing, it mainly. 

2434
02:08:57,100 --> 02:09:00,100
As a civilian issue, some 
critics viewed Sherman's 

2435
02:09:00,100 --> 02:09:02,900
attitude as a veces claiming he 
was dodging moral 

2436
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:05,900
responsibility. 
He said his name was to preserve

2437
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:08,200
the union, not to create an 
equal Society. 

2438
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,800
Well though Sherman was 
strategically skilled his 

2439
02:09:11,800 --> 02:09:13,900
limited view on. 
Social fairness reflects the 

2440
02:09:13,908 --> 02:09:16,700
shortcomings of his era which is
clear in hindsight. 

2441
02:09:17,600 --> 02:09:20,800
At the same time narrative is 
about his private life became 

2442
02:09:20,800 --> 02:09:23,300
gentler. 
He enjoyed engaging with former 

2443
02:09:23,300 --> 02:09:27,700
allies, especially Ulysses, S 
Grant whose presidency concluded

2444
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:31,300
amid controversy and failure. 
Sherman stayed loyal to Grant 

2445
02:09:31,300 --> 02:09:34,700
honoring their bond from the war
despite any controversies, they 

2446
02:09:34,700 --> 02:09:37,400
occasionally gathered to voice 
their discontent regarding how 

2447
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:40,800
their legacies turned into 
political issues. when grant 

2448
02:09:40,800 --> 02:09:45,000
deed in 1885 Sherman mourned 
publicly, delivering eulogies 

2449
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:48,000
that highlighted Loyalty, The 
Virtue that had United them, 

2450
02:09:48,000 --> 02:09:52,000
through numerous conflicts, In 
the 1880s, new Industries and 

2451
02:09:52,000 --> 02:09:55,400
Technologies, captured public 
attention railroaded. 

2452
02:09:55,400 --> 02:09:58,400
The continent telephone's 
connected people and 

2453
02:09:58,400 --> 02:10:02,000
corporations grew. 
Sherman felt torn after 

2454
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:05,300
observing these changes, he 
appreciated America's ambition 

2455
02:10:05,300 --> 02:10:08,200
for growth, but worried about 
possible, societal instability. 

2456
02:10:09,100 --> 02:10:11,900
The great Railroad Strike 
indicated, Rising unrest among 

2457
02:10:11,900 --> 02:10:15,300
industrial workers. 
He warned that class tensions 

2458
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:18,800
were handled correctly. 
They could erupt violently well,

2459
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:20,700
though. 
He wasn't an economist, the 

2460
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:23,100
identified conflict patterns, 
and warned, political leaders 

2461
02:10:23,100 --> 02:10:26,400
that neglecting labor demands 
could lead to chaos, similar to 

2462
02:10:26,400 --> 02:10:30,000
the devastation of War. 
Sherman, who relocated to New 

2463
02:10:30,000 --> 02:10:33,200
York City later in the decade 
joined various clubs and wrote 

2464
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:35,700
letters condemning the rise of 
Sensational journalism. 

2465
02:10:35,700 --> 02:10:38,900
He was accustomed to Media 
scrutiny during the war. 

2466
02:10:38,900 --> 02:10:42,800
He was portrayed as either a 
hero or a criminal tabloids 

2467
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:46,400
thrived on sensationalism making
him cautious about interviews. 

2468
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:49,300
Young journalists sought his 
views on military issues. 

2469
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:52,800
He emphasized that future Wars 
could lead to unimaginable 

2470
02:10:52,800 --> 02:10:55,700
destruction. 
If not quickly contained 

2471
02:10:55,700 --> 02:10:59,500
particularly with Advanced 
Weaponry insisted that. 

2472
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:03,200
The only real strategy was to 
either fully engage in war or 

2473
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:06,900
not at all. 
Sherman's Health declined as he 

2474
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:09,700
got older. 
Stiff joints, persistent pain, 

2475
02:11:09,700 --> 02:11:12,500
and years of fatigue, in uniform
consumed him. 

2476
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,800
He refused to disguise himself 
as a weak elderly General. 

2477
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:19,900
He walked through the streets of
Manhattan in casual clothes 

2478
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:22,300
tipping, his hat. 
To those who noticed his 

2479
02:11:22,300 --> 02:11:25,300
distinctive gray hair, you 
visited West Point and other 

2480
02:11:25,300 --> 02:11:27,800
Army locations. 
Rarely providing straightforward

2481
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:31,800
advice train with discipline. 
That hope you never have to use 

2482
02:11:31,800 --> 02:11:34,800
it in a civil war. 
Listeners felt that beneath his 

2483
02:11:34,800 --> 02:11:37,000
tough. 
Exterior would deep wounds shape

2484
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:39,800
by the harsh realities of war in
his late years. 

2485
02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:43,100
The people embraced him as a 
grandfather figure his once. 

2486
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:47,000
Fierce dimona mellowed over time
fundamentally, he was the man 

2487
02:11:47,000 --> 02:11:50,200
who bravely marched through 
Georgia firmly, believe in that,

2488
02:11:50,200 --> 02:11:53,800
such harshness was essential. 
In the evolving landscape of 

2489
02:11:53,800 --> 02:11:57,200
modern America, William to come 
to Sherman remained prominent 

2490
02:11:57,200 --> 02:11:59,900
his influence softened rather 
than faded. 

2491
02:11:59,900 --> 02:12:03,200
A reminder of when cities 
trembled at the sight of blue, 

2492
02:12:03,200 --> 02:12:06,800
clad troops, William to comes as
Sherman spent his final months 

2493
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:08,900
in New York, surrounded by 
family and friends. 

2494
02:12:08,900 --> 02:12:12,500
He was stoic yet he occasionally
made sad remarks about how the 

2495
02:12:12,500 --> 02:12:16,200
Civil War ruined his reputation.
He recognized that for many 

2496
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:19,600
Southerners, his name, 
symbolized Terror, a reminder of

2497
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,700
burned houses, ruined railroads 
and the unrelenting. 

2498
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:26,500
March of Union forces to many 
particularly in the north, he 

2499
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:28,800
was the driving Factor behind 
the confederacy's demise 

2500
02:12:28,800 --> 02:12:33,400
ultimately sparing, many lives, 
by ending the war, The dichotomy

2501
02:12:33,400 --> 02:12:36,300
left him. 
Resigned historical assessments 

2502
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:39,800
are rarely balanced, especially 
for those who shape conflict in 

2503
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:43,300
new disputed ways. 
Sherman ill with pneumonia in 

2504
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:47,200
January 1891, doctors tried to 
restore his health, but 

2505
02:12:47,200 --> 02:12:49,600
difficulties occurred by early 
February. 

2506
02:12:49,600 --> 02:12:52,300
It was clear. 
He was unlikely to recover, he 

2507
02:12:52,300 --> 02:12:55,600
faced his decline, discreetly 
the stewing, some treatments, 

2508
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:57,900
and facing his mortality. 
With the same candle. 

2509
02:12:57,900 --> 02:13:01,400
He used in strategy Family 
members watched him closely 

2510
02:13:01,400 --> 02:13:04,600
recalling how the once 
Unstoppable man appeared weak 

2511
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:06,000
under the light of the bedside 
lamp. 

2512
02:13:06,000 --> 02:13:12,400
He died on February 14th, 1891 
at the age of 71 new spread 

2513
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:15,000
across the country Southerners 
reacted, calmly to the 

2514
02:13:15,008 --> 02:13:18,400
announcement, some newspapers, 
ran brief obituaries, While 

2515
02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:21,400
others recalled, the misery 
caused in the north. 

2516
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:25,200
Praises poured in hailing him as
a hero who broke the wars 

2517
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:27,000
Illusions and drove the South to
its knees. 

2518
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:30,700
Foreign commentators reflected 
on how the American Civil War 

2519
02:13:30,700 --> 02:13:32,600
influenced worldwide military 
thinking. 

2520
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:36,100
Observing that Sherman's death 
marked, the end of an era of 

2521
02:13:36,100 --> 02:13:38,900
bold large-scale. 
Maneuver a Warfare. 

2522
02:13:39,600 --> 02:13:42,300
Sherman's funeral in New York, 
Drew massive crowds to the 

2523
02:13:42,308 --> 02:13:45,700
streets veterans, wearing 
uniforms saluted, the casket 

2524
02:13:45,700 --> 02:13:48,100
young. 
Observers were captivated by The

2525
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:50,600
Legend and listened to Serious 
comments from generals who had 

2526
02:13:50,600 --> 02:13:53,600
served under him. 
The Army provided full honors as

2527
02:13:53,600 --> 02:13:56,400
a final, homage to the man, 
whose worldview was defined by 

2528
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:59,600
his dedication to duty. 
Pall, bearers included, notable 

2529
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:03,000
Civic and Military figures, 
emphasizing his life's impact on

2530
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:05,500
American growth. 
They brought his remains to 

2531
02:14:05,500 --> 02:14:08,500
Saint Louis with quiet solemnity
where he was buried. 

2532
02:14:08,500 --> 02:14:11,800
Alongside his wife, Ellen who 
had died a few years before 

2533
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:15,000
afterwards newspapers and 
magazines began to look back 

2534
02:14:15,000 --> 02:14:19,400
writers, debated morality and 
necessity to Germans campaigns 

2535
02:14:19,400 --> 02:14:21,300
and enhance combat or spark in 
conflicts. 

2536
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:25,100
Some editorial lists credited 
him with inventing the concept 

2537
02:14:25,100 --> 02:14:29,600
of modern Total War emphasizing 
how entire communities not just 

2538
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:32,500
soldiers become involved in 
massive Warfare. 

2539
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:35,900
Some voiced worried about the 
impact on civilian life and 

2540
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:38,900
property claiming that his 
approach called into question, 

2541
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:41,900
the ethics of War military 
academies around the world 

2542
02:14:41,900 --> 02:14:44,500
evaluated. 
His Maneuvers adopting or 

2543
02:14:44,500 --> 02:14:48,600
criticizing his ideas before 
World War 1 German officers 

2544
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:51,900
thoroughly researched the march 
to the sea to establish their 

2545
02:14:51,900 --> 02:14:54,800
philosophy. 
Sherman's notion that war should

2546
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:57,000
be conducted. 
Decisively eliminating, 

2547
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:00,200
Illusions and safe Haven's as 
far, reaching consequences 

2548
02:15:00,200 --> 02:15:04,000
Beyond American borders. 
Many nations romanticized, 

2549
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:06,700
notion of combat, would conflict
with the brutal reality. 

2550
02:15:06,700 --> 02:15:10,500
He highlighted Decades. 
Later, European nations would 

2551
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:12,800
participate. 
In even more divesting Wars 

2552
02:15:12,800 --> 02:15:14,900
prompting. 
The question was Sherman. 

2553
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:17,400
A Visionary, a prophet of 
mechanized destruction. 

2554
02:15:18,300 --> 02:15:20,900
Personal stories about Uncle, 
Billy will well known among 

2555
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:24,600
aging, Union, veterans, hanak, 
show him pausing to speak with a

2556
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:27,000
terrified child or having a 
humble lunch with a rural 

2557
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:29,400
household. 
These pieces attempted to 

2558
02:15:29,400 --> 02:15:31,900
portray the man who was 
frequently despised by many 

2559
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,300
Southerners. 
The historians who read his 

2560
02:15:34,308 --> 02:15:37,800
letters discovered that he had a
comic side frequently calming 

2561
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:42,300
tense situations with dry humor.
Contradictions are bound the 

2562
02:15:42,300 --> 02:15:45,500
kind Father Figure to his men 
and unrelenting Terror to his 

2563
02:15:45,500 --> 02:15:48,300
adversaries and a scathing 
critic of half measures in 

2564
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:51,200
combat. 
Sherman along with Grant Lee and

2565
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:54,300
Jackson was recognized as 
pivotal figures in the Civil War

2566
02:15:54,300 --> 02:15:58,900
over time, statues appeared some
in the north depicting him on 

2567
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:01,900
Horseback with a determined 
expression and fewer in the 

2568
02:16:01,900 --> 02:16:04,600
South where he was frequently 
overshadowed by Local Heroes. 

2569
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:08,000
The older generation that lived 
through the conflict as died 

2570
02:16:08,000 --> 02:16:10,300
away. 
Leaving a legacy characterized 

2571
02:16:10,300 --> 02:16:13,300
by textbooks speeches and 
Battlefield tours. 

2572
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:16,400
Sherman's historical 
significance, was substantial, 

2573
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:18,000
but challenging for a nascent 
Nation. 

2574
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:21,300
Historians developed fresh 
perspectives over time. 

2575
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:24,900
Some of them investigated the 
cycle impact of the Florida 

2576
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:28,500
Wetlands on the youngest, some 
of suggested that his family's 

2577
02:16:28,500 --> 02:16:30,900
links to Thomas, Ewing had an 
important impact on his early 

2578
02:16:30,900 --> 02:16:33,700
success. 
Many questioned his performance 

2579
02:16:33,700 --> 02:16:36,500
during the Indian Wars 
questioning, how a commander 

2580
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:39,200
known for defending the union 
could Advocate harsh measures 

2581
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:42,400
against indigenous tribes. 
These layers underscore the 

2582
02:16:42,400 --> 02:16:45,600
complexities of his life. 
He was neither a simple hero or 

2583
02:16:45,600 --> 02:16:49,700
a villain but rather a figure of
a changing America managed in 

2584
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:53,100
crises technological 
developments and expanding 

2585
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:56,000
Frontiers. 
Sherman's name conjures up, 

2586
02:16:56,008 --> 02:16:59,608
pictures of Relentless columns 
flaming Depots and a war that 

2587
02:16:59,616 --> 02:17:03,299
changed the face of conflict. 
William to comes, as Sherman is 

2588
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:05,500
still regarded as a key 
character in The Civil War 

2589
02:17:05,500 --> 02:17:09,500
Pantheon yet views of his 
actions continue to shift over 

2590
02:17:09,500 --> 02:17:14,000
130 years after his death. 
Historians military, Scholars 

2591
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:17,000
and interested. 
Amateurs revisit his Wars in 

2592
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,100
search of nuanced insights. 
Many people are talking about 

2593
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:24,200
his hard War Theory, which holds
that determinate a struggle and 

2594
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:26,400
Nation must attack. 
The opponents of ability to 

2595
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:29,799
sustain itself, rather than 
simply defeating forces in open 

2596
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:33,900
battle His Effectiveness in this
area as widely attributed to 

2597
02:17:33,900 --> 02:17:35,700
hastening the confederacy's 
demise. 

2598
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:39,000
Sherman's techniques are 
sometimes compared to those used

2599
02:17:39,000 --> 02:17:42,900
in 20th century, total conflicts
in which entire economies and 

2600
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:46,200
civilian populations, are 
targeted critics, questioned if 

2601
02:17:46,200 --> 02:17:48,900
the practices establishes a 
troubling precedent that moral 

2602
02:17:48,900 --> 02:17:52,700
barriers can be crossed for the 
sake of expediency, others argue

2603
02:17:52,700 --> 02:17:55,400
that Sherman's, tough attitude, 
undoubtedly shortened, the walls

2604
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:59,000
duration preventing thousands of
further Battlefield casualties. 

2605
02:18:00,100 --> 02:18:02,900
When military doctrines develop 
Beyond Frontline, engagements 

2606
02:18:02,900 --> 02:18:06,000
the tension between practicality
and morality becomes 

2607
02:18:06,000 --> 02:18:10,100
increasingly essential. 
In the South memories of Sherman

2608
02:18:10,100 --> 02:18:11,700
are still shaped by 
generational. 

2609
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:15,500
Stories families, carry down 
stories about ancestors, who 

2610
02:18:15,500 --> 02:18:18,400
lost to my houses animals were 
Enterprises long. 

2611
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:22,500
His path museums in Georgia, 
South Carolina and other states.

2612
02:18:22,500 --> 02:18:25,100
Periodically display, 
exhibitions about the march to 

2613
02:18:25,100 --> 02:18:28,700
the Seas local influence, some 
historians work to differentiate

2614
02:18:28,700 --> 02:18:31,900
myth from reality. 
And was not every fire was 

2615
02:18:31,900 --> 02:18:35,299
started by a Union soldier nor 
was every structured torched. 

2616
02:18:35,299 --> 02:18:39,299
However, the psychological toll 
of an Unstoppable Army marching 

2617
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:43,100
across the countryside was 
evident Meanwhile, Northern 

2618
02:18:43,100 --> 02:18:46,100
cities that formerly supported 
him attempt to analyze his full 

2619
02:18:46,100 --> 02:18:48,799
Legacy. 
War memorials in areas like New 

2620
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:51,700
York and Ohio depict him as a 
pivotal figure in the Union's 

2621
02:18:51,700 --> 02:18:54,299
Deliverance. 
School textbooks, stress his 

2622
02:18:54,308 --> 02:18:57,000
Devotion, to Grant his 
operational genius. 

2623
02:18:57,000 --> 02:19:00,600
And the conclusion, he helped 
bring to a war that threatened 

2624
02:19:00,600 --> 02:19:01,900
to fracture the country, a 
republic. 

2625
02:19:03,200 --> 02:19:06,000
A few paragraphs might describe 
how he disliked political power 

2626
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:09,600
and preferred clear command. 
Younger generation's perceive 

2627
02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:14,100
nearly cinematic, figure Brazen 
Unstoppable, a contradiction of 

2628
02:19:14,100 --> 02:19:17,400
savagery and compassion who 
altered Americans perceptions of

2629
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:20,700
battle. 
Sherman's personal documents, 

2630
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:23,700
which are preserved in 
libraries, Illustrate, the 

2631
02:19:23,700 --> 02:19:27,200
intricacies of his relationships
letters to his wife, Ellen 

2632
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,299
express love, and parental care.
Particularly, when they lost 

2633
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,799
their son, William Memphis. 
Correspondence with fellow 

2634
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:36,200
officers illustrates the stress 
that weighed on him. 

2635
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:39,799
Particularly in the Dark 
Knights, preceding important 

2636
02:19:39,799 --> 02:19:42,000
operations. 
There's a fleeting impression 

2637
02:19:42,000 --> 02:19:44,299
that beneath the stern generals 
public face. 

2638
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:47,799
A man struggled with the 
internal reservations about the 

2639
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:52,000
Unstoppable machine, he'd set in
Motion in scholarly areas 

2640
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:55,300
studies of reconstruction 
address his post-war Deeds. 

2641
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:58,700
Some argue that despite his 
ability to affect Southern 

2642
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:02,100
reintegration, he mostly 
deferred to Civil Authorities 

2643
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:03,900
and focused on limited Army 
duties. 

2644
02:20:03,900 --> 02:20:06,400
Did he demonstrate smart 
statesmanship? 

2645
02:20:06,400 --> 02:20:08,900
Or did he allow systemic 
Injustice to continue? 

2646
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:13,600
The discussion continues. 
According to the record Sherman 

2647
02:20:13,600 --> 02:20:16,200
considered himself, first and 
foremost to Soldier. 

2648
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:19,300
And he rarely saw the Army as an
instrument for sweeping social 

2649
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:22,500
engineering. 
This perspective aligning with 

2650
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:25,500
his pragmatic approach 
significantly shaped the course 

2651
02:20:25,500 --> 02:20:28,100
of reconstruction, both 
positively and negatively. 

2652
02:20:29,000 --> 02:20:31,500
Sherman's image appears in 
novels documentaries and 

2653
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,600
historical dramas, that aim to 
capture the passion of the Civil

2654
02:20:34,600 --> 02:20:37,000
War. 
Filmmakers show, him poised on 

2655
02:20:37,008 --> 02:20:41,700
Horseback watching a horizon. 
Tinged orange by fires or in 

2656
02:20:41,700 --> 02:20:43,900
frenetic staff meetings with 
maps strewn out over. 

2657
02:20:43,908 --> 02:20:47,400
Rickety tables these portrayals 
frequently exaggerated for 

2658
02:20:47,400 --> 02:20:50,500
dramatic effect. 
But they reflect a long-standing

2659
02:20:50,500 --> 02:20:54,000
fascination with the man who 
accepted the brutal facts of 

2660
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:56,500
War. 
Forced the South to taste. 

2661
02:20:56,500 --> 02:21:00,200
The bitter fruit of defeat the 
conflict between actuality and 

2662
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,700
myth is, rarely fully resolved 
expressing the essence of a 

2663
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:05,500
character who thrived on 
contradiction. 

2664
02:21:06,200 --> 02:21:09,800
Finally, Sherman story is a 
microcosm of American history in

2665
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:13,400
the mid-19th century, a country.
Stumbling from compromised, to 

2666
02:21:13,400 --> 02:21:16,600
confrontation debating, whether 
to remain a single political 

2667
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:20,100
unit or split irreparably. 
Sherman's life. 

2668
02:21:20,100 --> 02:21:22,800
Followed that trajectory from 
Frontier, Boyhood to the 

2669
02:21:22,808 --> 02:21:26,200
Pinnacle of military leadership 
from the sorrow of personal loss

2670
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:29,100
to the molding of an unwavering 
approach in The Crucible of 

2671
02:21:29,100 --> 02:21:31,400
battle. 
His traces are still visible, 

2672
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:34,800
not only on Georgian territory 
but also in how American deals 

2673
02:21:34,800 --> 02:21:37,000
with the duties and costs of 
military Conflict. 

2674
02:21:37,000 --> 02:21:41,100
For those looking for simple 
labels hero or villain Visionary

2675
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:44,200
or brute Sherman. 
Defies the mall reminding us 

2676
02:21:44,200 --> 02:21:47,100
that history is woven from the 
threads of both success and the 

2677
02:21:47,100 --> 02:21:50,900
tragedy Sculpted by the Steely 
will of individuals who wants 

2678
02:21:50,900 --> 02:21:53,700
marched across the stage of an 
evolving National drama. 

2679
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:09,300
The Battle of Stalingrad. 
Began in the summer of 1942, 

2680
02:22:09,300 --> 02:22:14,000
during the height of World War 
2, the German Army under Adolf, 

2681
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:16,600
Hitler's command launched a 
massive offensive. 

2682
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:21,100
Aimed at capturing the 
industrial city of Stalingrad on

2683
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:24,100
the Volga River. 
Starling grad was more than just

2684
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:27,800
a strategic Target. 
It bore the name of the Soviet 

2685
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:31,900
leader Joseph Stalin and its 
capture would deal. 

2686
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:36,600
A cycle of blow to the Soviet 
Union for Hitler taking star in 

2687
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:39,700
Grand was as much about 
Prestige, as it was about 

2688
02:22:39,700 --> 02:22:42,600
military strategy. 
Styling grad was a vital 

2689
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:47,100
industrial Hub producing weapons
ammunition and supplies. 

2690
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:50,600
Crucial to the Soviet war 
effort, its location. 

2691
02:22:51,600 --> 02:22:54,500
On the Volga River. 
Made it a key Transportation 

2692
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:57,300
Route. 
Linking the northern and 

2693
02:22:57,300 --> 02:23:00,000
southern regions of the Soviet 
Union. 

2694
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,400
Stalin. 
The city's defense. 

2695
02:23:04,100 --> 02:23:06,500
Was non-negotiable. 
Losing it. 

2696
02:23:07,300 --> 02:23:10,400
Would be both a symbolic and 
logistical disaster. 

2697
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:16,500
In August 1942. 
The German sixth Army. led by 

2698
02:23:16,500 --> 02:23:19,900
General Friedrich paulus began 
its advance. 

2699
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:23,700
On Stalingrad. 
The city. 

2700
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:28,300
Sprawling, industrial expanse. 
With factories. 

2701
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:31,900
Railways. 
And residential areas. 

2702
02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:36,000
Became the site. 
Of one of the most grueling 

2703
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:38,000
battles. 
In history. 

2704
02:23:39,400 --> 02:23:41,700
The Germans were initially 
confident. 

2705
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:46,400
Of a swift victory. 
But the Soviet Defenders under 

2706
02:23:46,400 --> 02:23:49,500
the command of General. 
Vasily chuikov were determined 

2707
02:23:49,500 --> 02:23:55,400
to resist at all costs. 
Fighting in Grand was unlike 

2708
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:57,900
anything. 
The world had seen before. 

2709
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:02,300
Urban Warfare. 
Turned every street. 

2710
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:07,600
Building and Factory. 
In to a Battleground. 

2711
02:24:08,600 --> 02:24:12,500
The Germans and Soviets engaged 
in brutal. 

2712
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:15,800
Close Quarters combat. 
Often fighting. 

2713
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:20,200
Room by room. 
Floor by floor. 

2714
02:24:21,000 --> 02:24:23,700
The city. 
Became a labyrinth. 

2715
02:24:24,400 --> 02:24:28,000
Of Destruction. 
With rubble and debris. 

2716
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:31,000
Transforming entire 
neighborhoods. 

2717
02:24:32,300 --> 02:24:37,400
Treacherous Landscapes, the 
Soviets, adopted a strategy of 

2718
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:40,800
hugging the German forces. 
Staying as close as possible. 

2719
02:24:41,700 --> 02:24:45,800
To avoid being targeted by 
German airstrikes and artillery.

2720
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:51,800
This Force the Germans in to 
Relentless hand-to-hand combat. 

2721
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:55,100
Training their resources and 
morale. 

2722
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:58,400
Soviet snipers hidden in the 
ruins. 

2723
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:03,900
Became a deadly force. 
Picking off German soldiers with

2724
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:06,600
Precision on one of the most 
famous snipers. 

2725
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:10,800
The series xev. 
Became a symbol of. 

2726
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:16,100
Soviet resilience his actions 
inspiring Defenders across the 

2727
02:25:16,100 --> 02:25:21,600
city. as the weeks turned into 
months, The harsh Russian winter

2728
02:25:21,600 --> 02:25:25,600
set in. 
Adding another layer of misery 

2729
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:30,300
to the already dire conditions, 
temperatures plummeted and both 

2730
02:25:30,300 --> 02:25:35,300
sides struggled to survive in 
the freezing cold supplies, 

2731
02:25:35,300 --> 02:25:38,100
dwindled, and hunger and 
disease. 

2732
02:25:38,100 --> 02:25:43,700
Took their toll yet, despite the
suffering The Soviets held firm 

2733
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:49,400
reinforcements and supplies. 
Continued to trickle into the 

2734
02:25:49,400 --> 02:25:53,300
city, across the Frozen Volga 
River, ensuring that the 

2735
02:25:53,300 --> 02:25:55,900
Defenders could maintain their 
resistance. 

2736
02:25:56,900 --> 02:26:01,200
The turning point in the Battle 
of Stalingrad came in November 

2737
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:04,700
1942, with the launch of 
operation. 

2738
02:26:04,700 --> 02:26:11,400
Uranus The Soviet High command 
led by General George devised a 

2739
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:15,000
bold counter-offensive. 
To encircle the German 6th Army,

2740
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:17,600
while the Germans are focused on
their assault. 

2741
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:21,300
In the city. 
The Soviets launched, massive 

2742
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:24,200
attacks. 
On the weaker flanks of the 

2743
02:26:24,200 --> 02:26:28,000
German forces held by Romanian 
and Italian troops. 

2744
02:26:28,900 --> 02:26:32,200
Plan was a success. 
Within days. 

2745
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:36,100
The Soviet Pinschers closed 
around in Grand. 

2746
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:40,000
Trapping the German 6th Army in 
the city. 

2747
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:43,700
What followed? 
Was a desperate. 

2748
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:48,000
Struggle for survival. 
The encircled German forces 

2749
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:54,300
numbering over 300,000 men. 
Were cut off from supplies and 

2750
02:26:54,300 --> 02:26:58,900
reinforcements, Hitler refusing 
to allow a retreat ordered 

2751
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:02,100
paulus to hold the city at all 
costs. 

2752
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,400
The luftwaffe attempted to 
airlift supplies to the 

2753
02:27:06,400 --> 02:27:09,400
encircled Troops. 
But the efforts were 

2754
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:12,200
insufficient. 
The soldiers inside the pocket 

2755
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:16,800
faced starvation Freezing 
temperatures and Relentless 

2756
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:19,000
Soviet attacks. 
The Soviets. 

2757
02:27:19,800 --> 02:27:24,100
Tightened their grip on the 
city, systematically destroying 

2758
02:27:24,100 --> 02:27:28,800
the remaining German positions. 
Defenders situation became 

2759
02:27:28,800 --> 02:27:31,200
increasingly hopeless, and 
morale. 

2760
02:27:32,000 --> 02:27:36,000
Plummeted. 
In January 1943, the Soviets 

2761
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:39,600
launched their final assault. 
Crushed the pocket. 

2762
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:45,500
By this time Palace in his men 
were exhausted demoralized. 

2763
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:50,900
And out of options. 
On February 2nd, 1943 power 

2764
02:27:50,900 --> 02:27:54,800
surrendered marking the end of 
the battle of Starling Grande. 

2765
02:27:55,800 --> 02:27:59,000
The Soviet victory was a turning
point in the war. 

2766
02:27:59,900 --> 02:28:04,000
Shattering the myth of German 
invincibility and Shifting, the 

2767
02:28:04,000 --> 02:28:08,800
momentum in favor of the Allies.
It was a devastating blow to 

2768
02:28:08,800 --> 02:28:12,300
Hitler's Ambitions and the loss.
The sixth Army. 

2769
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:17,100
It was a humiliation from which 
Germany would never fully 

2770
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:19,000
recover. 
To the battle. 

2771
02:28:19,000 --> 02:28:23,700
However, was staggering. 
Over 2 million soldiers and 

2772
02:28:23,700 --> 02:28:27,900
civilians. 
Killed wounded or captured. 

2773
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:31,100
During the five months of 
fighting. 

2774
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:34,700
Starring grad itself was left in
Ruins. 

2775
02:28:35,700 --> 02:28:39,100
Its streets and buildings 
reduced to Rubble. 

2776
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,100
Human suffering on both sides 
was immense. 

2777
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:46,800
With countless families, forever
altered. 

2778
02:28:47,500 --> 02:28:52,300
By the loss of loved ones, 
despite the devastation, the 

2779
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:56,600
Soviet Victory, the Starling 
grad became a symbol of 

2780
02:28:56,600 --> 02:29:00,200
resilience and determination it 
demonstrated. 

2781
02:29:01,200 --> 02:29:04,800
Power of unity and the will to 
endure. 

2782
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:07,700
Even the most harrowing a 
circumstances. 

2783
02:29:08,800 --> 02:29:11,400
The people of Starling Grand who
had endured. 

2784
02:29:12,200 --> 02:29:17,100
Unimaginable hardship. 
Became heroes in the eyes of 

2785
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:19,300
their Nation. 
In the Years. 

2786
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:23,700
Following the war. 
Starling grad was rebuilt, its 

2787
02:29:23,700 --> 02:29:26,000
scars. 
Serving as a reminder. 

2788
02:29:27,500 --> 02:29:32,800
The sacrifices made to defend it
monuments and memorials were 

2789
02:29:32,800 --> 02:29:36,500
erected to honor the Fallen 
including the iconic. 

2790
02:29:36,500 --> 02:29:42,100
The, my of kurgan A hill that 
saw some of the fiercest 

2791
02:29:42,100 --> 02:29:44,800
fighting during the battle at 
its Summit. 

2792
02:29:45,500 --> 02:29:50,400
Stands The Towering, statue of 
the motherland calls. a symbol 

2793
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:55,700
of the Soviet Union strength and
resilience the Battle of 

2794
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:59,600
Stalingrad remains one of the 
most studied and remembered 

2795
02:29:59,600 --> 02:30:04,100
events of World War 2. 
It serves as a testament to the 

2796
02:30:04,108 --> 02:30:07,800
courage and determination. 
Of those who fought. 

2797
02:30:07,800 --> 02:30:13,500
And as a reminder of the horrors
of war, the sacrifices made at 

2798
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:18,300
Star in grad helped shape the 
course of history, Paving the 

2799
02:30:18,300 --> 02:30:20,700
way for the eventual Allied 
victory. 

2800
02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:26,300
As you drift into sleep tonight.
Let the story. 

2801
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:33,200
Starling at Remind You Strength.
Of the human Spirit and the 

2802
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:37,300
resilience. 
That emerges in the face of 

2803
02:30:37,300 --> 02:30:40,500
adversity. 
Imagine the quiet. 

2804
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:45,900
Snow-covered streets. 
Of the rebuilt City, The Echoes 

2805
02:30:45,900 --> 02:30:49,700
of History carried gently on the
Wind. 

2806
02:30:50,400 --> 02:30:54,700
Let The Bravery. 
Sacrifice of those who endured 

2807
02:30:54,700 --> 02:31:00,200
inspire a sense of gratitude and
peace within you. 

2808
02:31:00,900 --> 02:31:05,900
The story of the Battle of 
Stalingrad. did not end with the

2809
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:11,200
surrender of the German sixth 
Army, its aftermath Rippled far 

2810
02:31:11,200 --> 02:31:14,900
beyond. 
Frozen streets of the ruined 

2811
02:31:14,900 --> 02:31:18,000
City. 
Shaping the course of World War 

2812
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,400
2 and the history of the 20th 
century. 

2813
02:31:21,400 --> 02:31:26,300
The Soviet victory. 
Was a turning point, not just 

2814
02:31:26,300 --> 02:31:30,500
for the east of France, but for 
the entire Allied effort, it 

2815
02:31:30,500 --> 02:31:33,900
demonstrated the determination 
and resilience. 

2816
02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:37,800
Of the Soviet people. 
And marked the beginning. 

2817
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:42,100
Of a Relentless push. 
To drive the axis forces. 

2818
02:31:43,000 --> 02:31:45,800
Out of the Soviet Union. 
And eventually. 

2819
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:49,700
Defeat them in Europe. 
The cost. 

2820
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:52,700
The battle. 
Was nearly unimaginable. 

2821
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:57,400
Casualty figures are staggering.
With estimates. 

2822
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:03,900
Placing the total number. 
Of dead wounded or missing on 

2823
02:32:03,900 --> 02:32:09,300
both sides that over 2 million. 
Civilians caught in the 

2824
02:32:09,308 --> 02:32:12,600
crossfire. 
Endured unimaginable suffering. 

2825
02:32:13,500 --> 02:32:18,100
As the city, they called home. 
Became a war zone of 

2826
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:20,700
Unthinkable, destruction. 
Holmes. 

2827
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:23,700
Were destroyed. 
Families. 

2828
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:26,500
Torn apart. 
And wave's. 

2829
02:32:27,300 --> 02:32:31,000
Forever altered. 
By the Relentless tide of War. 

2830
02:32:32,200 --> 02:32:34,600
Survivors. 
Of Starling Grande. 

2831
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,900
The end of the battle. 
Brought no immediate relief. 

2832
02:32:40,200 --> 02:32:42,700
To City. 
Once a thriving Industrial 

2833
02:32:42,700 --> 02:32:45,500
Center. 
Lay in Ruins. 

2834
02:32:46,400 --> 02:32:49,200
Entire neighborhoods. 
Had been reduced. 

2835
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:52,500
To Rubble. 
And the infrastructure. 

2836
02:32:52,500 --> 02:32:56,100
Restless, Necessary for daily 
life water. 

2837
02:32:57,000 --> 02:32:59,300
Electricity. 
Food Supplies. 

2838
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:02,300
Was obliterated. 
The people. 

2839
02:33:03,500 --> 02:33:07,000
Of Stalingrad. 
Faced the Monumental task. 

2840
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:10,700
Of rebuilding their lives and 
their City. 

2841
02:33:11,600 --> 02:33:14,800
From the Ashes. 
Yet, even in the face. 

2842
02:33:15,800 --> 02:33:18,500
Such devastation. 
There was a sense. 

2843
02:33:19,400 --> 02:33:23,100
Of Pride and determination among
the survivors. 

2844
02:33:23,100 --> 02:33:29,100
They had endured the unendurable
and emerged Victorious, the 

2845
02:33:29,100 --> 02:33:31,400
Soviet government. 
Worked swiftly. 

2846
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:34,700
To rebuild, Starling grad. 
The city. 

2847
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:37,900
Became a symbol. 
Of resilience. 

2848
02:33:38,900 --> 02:33:43,500
Sacrifice a beacon of Soviet 
strength and determination 

2849
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:47,300
propaganda. 
Celebrated the victory as a 

2850
02:33:47,308 --> 02:33:52,500
Triumph of socialism. and the 
indomitable Spirit of Soviet 

2851
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:55,500
people. 
The rebuilding effort was 

2852
02:33:55,500 --> 02:33:58,900
immense. 
And though the scars of War. 

2853
02:33:59,800 --> 02:34:03,900
Were not easily erased. 
The city slowly Rose. 

2854
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:08,100
From its ashes. 
For the German army. 

2855
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,500
The defeat. 
Stalin grad. 

2856
02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:17,200
Was a catastrophe. 
From which it would never fully 

2857
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:19,100
recover. 
The loss. 

2858
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:22,600
Of the sixth Army. 
One of Germany's. 

2859
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:26,100
Most experienced and well 
equipped. 

2860
02:34:27,000 --> 02:34:30,200
Fighting forces. 
Was a devastating blow. 

2861
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:33,400
Morale. 
Among German troops. 

2862
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:36,500
On the Eastern Front. 
Plummeted. 

2863
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:39,900
And the aura. 
Of invincibility. 

2864
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:46,100
That had surrounded. 
The fair mact Since the 

2865
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:48,100
beginning. 
War. 

2866
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:52,600
Was shattered. 
Hitler's refusal. 

2867
02:34:53,500 --> 02:34:58,200
To allow a retreat. 
Is insistent on holding, 

2868
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,900
Starling Grande. 
At all costs. 

2869
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:05,800
And the Ultimate Surrender. 
Of Palace. 

2870
02:35:06,600 --> 02:35:10,300
And his forces. 
Exposed the floors. 

2871
02:35:11,900 --> 02:35:14,500
In Germany's, military strategy 
and Leadership. 

2872
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:20,600
The Soviets capitalized. 
On their victory at Star in 

2873
02:35:20,600 --> 02:35:23,800
Grand launching a series of a 
fences. 

2874
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:28,200
That pushed the Germans. 
Further and further west. 

2875
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:33,100
The red Army's momentum. 
Gained such great cost in 

2876
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:35,900
Stalingrad. 
Carried them all the way. 

2877
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:43,200
To Berlin by the spring of 1945.
The victory at Stalingrad. 

2878
02:35:44,200 --> 02:35:47,700
Was the foundation upon which 
the eventual Soviet Triumph. 

2879
02:35:48,700 --> 02:35:52,200
In World War, Two was built 
Beyond its military 

2880
02:35:52,200 --> 02:35:56,400
significance. 
The Battle of Stalingrad left to

2881
02:35:56,400 --> 02:36:00,200
profound Legacy in the 
collective memory of the world, 

2882
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:03,300
it became a symbol. 
Of resilience. 

2883
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:08,200
Sacrifice. 
And the unyielding human spirit.

2884
02:36:09,300 --> 02:36:11,300
Stories. 
Of the soldiers. 

2885
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:14,700
And civilians who endured the 
battle? 

2886
02:36:15,700 --> 02:36:19,100
Stories of heroism, endurance 
and survival. 

2887
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:23,700
Continue to resonate their 
experience is remind us. 

2888
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:29,800
Of the horrors of War. 
The cost of conflict and the 

2889
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:33,000
strength of the human will to 
persevere. 

2890
02:36:34,600 --> 02:36:38,900
For the people of Starling grad,
their cities name became 

2891
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:42,100
synonymous with courage and 
defiance. 

2892
02:36:43,300 --> 02:36:47,500
In 1961 during a wave of 
destabilization, and the Soviet 

2893
02:36:47,500 --> 02:36:51,200
Union. 
The city was renamed, Volgograd 

2894
02:36:51,200 --> 02:36:54,200
yet, the memory of the Battle of
Stalingrad. 

2895
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:58,800
Remained deeply embedded in the 
hearts of those who lived 

2896
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:02,800
through it. 
And those who came after The 

2897
02:37:02,800 --> 02:37:07,100
name Stalingrad continues to 
evoke the profound sacrifices. 

2898
02:37:08,400 --> 02:37:11,000
Made during those grueling 
months of battle. 

2899
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:16,900
The battlefields of Stalingrad 
have since been preserved as 

2900
02:37:16,900 --> 02:37:20,000
places of remembrance and 
reflection. 

2901
02:37:21,200 --> 02:37:24,500
The mamey Ferguson Memorial 
complex with its towering, 

2902
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:28,800
statue of the motherland calls. 
Stands as a testament. 

2903
02:37:29,900 --> 02:37:31,800
Courage. 
And sacrifice. 

2904
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:34,700
Of those who fought and died 
there. 

2905
02:37:35,600 --> 02:37:39,300
Visitors from around the world. 
Come to walk, the Hallowed 

2906
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:41,500
Ground. 
To honor the memory. 

2907
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:46,500
Of the Fallen. 
And to reflect on the lessons of

2908
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:51,800
History. as we look back on the 
Battle of Starling Grand, it 

2909
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:56,200
serves as a reminder, Of the 
resilience of the human spirit 

2910
02:37:56,200 --> 02:37:59,500
in the face of unimaginable 
adversity. 

2911
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:05,100
It is a story of sacrifice, and 
survival of Hope. 

2912
02:38:05,900 --> 02:38:09,500
And determination and of the 
enduring belief in the 

2913
02:38:09,500 --> 02:38:12,000
possibility. 
Of a better future. 

2914
02:38:13,400 --> 02:38:17,700
As you rest tonight. 
Let the story of Stalingrad. 

2915
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:24,700
Remind you. strength, that lies 
within us, all Imagine The Quiet

2916
02:38:24,700 --> 02:38:28,500
streets. 
Of the rebuilt City, the soft 

2917
02:38:28,500 --> 02:38:30,700
Whispers. 
Of the vulgar River. 

2918
02:38:31,800 --> 02:38:33,800
Stillness. 
That now blanket. 

2919
02:38:34,700 --> 02:38:40,400
A place once filled with chaos, 
let the courage and sacrifice of

2920
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:45,700
those who endured Inspire peace.
Gratitude in your heart. 

2921
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:51,200
The legacy of the Battle of 
Stalingrad extends Beyond its 

2922
02:38:51,200 --> 02:38:54,800
historical and Military 
significance, it has become a 

2923
02:38:54,808 --> 02:39:00,400
symbol of human endurance. 
Cost of War and the hope for 

2924
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:03,500
reconciliation. 
The rebuilding of star in grad. 

2925
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:07,200
Later. 
Renamed Volgograd Was not merely

2926
02:39:07,200 --> 02:39:11,300
a physical Endeavor, but an 
emotional and cultural Journey, 

2927
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,900
every stone, laid, every home 
rebuilt. 

2928
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:19,100
Was a testament to the 
resilience of the people. 

2929
02:39:19,900 --> 02:39:25,000
Who survived the horrors of War.
In the aftermath of the battle. 

2930
02:39:26,000 --> 02:39:30,700
The city became a focal point. 
For the Soviet Union's Narrative

2931
02:39:30,700 --> 02:39:34,800
of Victory and sacrifice. 
Monuments. 

2932
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:39,800
Were erected. 
To commemorate The Bravery of 

2933
02:39:39,800 --> 02:39:43,500
those who fought. 
Such as the eternal flame. 

2934
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:47,500
That burns. 
In memory of the Fallen. 

2935
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:52,400
The massive statue of the 
motherland calls, one of the 

2936
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:57,400
tallest statues in the world 
Towers over the landscape, as a 

2937
02:39:57,400 --> 02:40:00,100
powerful reminder of the battle 
significance. 

2938
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:05,000
It is not just a symbol of 
Victory, but a tribute to the 

2939
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:09,400
unbreakable will of the 
Defenders and the civilians who 

2940
02:40:09,400 --> 02:40:13,300
endured unimaginable suffering. 
Cades. 

2941
02:40:14,300 --> 02:40:18,900
The memory of Starling Grande. 
Shaped the Soviet Union's, 

2942
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:21,800
identity. 
And its portrayal. 

2943
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:26,800
On the global stage. 
The battle was celebrated in 

2944
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:28,800
films. 
Literature. 

2945
02:40:29,700 --> 02:40:34,100
And art each retelling 
emphasizing the unity and 

2946
02:40:34,100 --> 02:40:36,400
determination of the Soviet 
people. 

2947
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:39,300
The city became a pilgrimage 
site. 

2948
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:44,400
For veterans, their families and
historians. 

2949
02:40:45,300 --> 02:40:49,400
Seeking to understand. 
The profound impact. 

2950
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:53,600
Of this defining moment. 
In history. 

2951
02:40:54,800 --> 02:40:58,400
On a more personal level. 
Stories of those. 

2952
02:40:59,300 --> 02:41:03,800
Who fought and survived. 
The Battle of been passed down. 

2953
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:08,500
Through generations. 
Veteran shared their 

2954
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:14,400
experiences. with their children
and grandchildren that the 

2955
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:18,000
sacrifices made at Starling 
Grande. 

2956
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:22,500
Would never be forgotten. 
These personal accounts. 

2957
02:41:23,500 --> 02:41:27,700
Filled with both sorrow and 
pride at depth. 

2958
02:41:28,300 --> 02:41:32,300
To the historical narrative and 
remind us of the humanity. 

2959
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:35,900
Behind the statistics. 
Globally. 

2960
02:41:37,500 --> 02:41:40,900
Stalingrad has become a symbol. 
Of resistance. 

2961
02:41:42,700 --> 02:41:45,500
And perseverance. 
Its name is invoked. 

2962
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:51,800
In discussions of strategy, 
endurance and the high cost of 

2963
02:41:51,800 --> 02:41:53,900
War. 
Historians. 

2964
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:58,500
And Military Scholars. 
The battle offers countless 

2965
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:01,800
lessons on tactics. 
Leadership. 

2966
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:05,400
And the interplay. 
Of morale. 

2967
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:08,400
And Logistics. 
For ordinary people. 

2968
02:42:09,700 --> 02:42:12,300
Stands, as a reminder of what 
can be achieved. 

2969
02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:16,900
When the human Spirit refuses. 
To yield. 

2970
02:42:18,400 --> 02:42:21,600
In recent years. 
Efforts have been made. 

2971
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:25,100
To preserve the memory of 
Starling grad. 

2972
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:29,200
While fostering spirit. 
Of reconciliation. 

2973
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:34,000
Memorials. 
Museums. 

2974
02:42:35,400 --> 02:42:40,900
Now, serve not only as places of
remembrance. but also, as 

2975
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:43,500
venues, For dialogue and 
education. 

2976
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:48,500
They encourage visitors. 
To reflect on the consequences 

2977
02:42:48,500 --> 02:42:51,900
of War. 
And the importance. 

2978
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:56,000
Of working toward peace. 
The city of Volgograd. 

2979
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:01,200
While forever tied to its past 
is also a thriving modern 

2980
02:43:01,200 --> 02:43:03,900
Metropolis. 
It's people have rebuilt their 

2981
02:43:03,900 --> 02:43:08,000
lives and created a Vibrant 
Community that honors its 

2982
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:12,000
history while looking to the 
Future, the scars of the battle 

2983
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:16,600
remain in some places. 
But they serve as reminders. 

2984
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:20,900
Of resilience rather than 
destruction. 

2985
02:43:22,400 --> 02:43:25,700
The lessons of Starling Grande. 
Resonate to die. 

2986
02:43:26,500 --> 02:43:29,100
Reminding us. 
Of the importance. 

2987
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:32,800
Of unity in the face. 
Of adversity. 

2988
02:43:33,900 --> 02:43:38,200
The necessity of standing firm. 
For what is right? 

2989
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,300
And the value. 
Of seeking peace. 

2990
02:43:42,400 --> 02:43:45,900
Even in the darkest times. 
It teaches us. 

2991
02:43:47,000 --> 02:43:51,700
That the human spirit. 
When fueled by determination and

2992
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:54,500
Hope. 
Can endure. 

2993
02:43:55,100 --> 02:43:59,400
Even the greatest challenges. 
As you settle into rest. 

2994
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:05,700
Let the story of Stalingrad. 
Fill you with a sense of 

2995
02:44:05,700 --> 02:44:10,800
reflection and gratitude. 
Picture the calm. 

2996
02:44:11,500 --> 02:44:15,100
Serene city of Volgograd today. 
Streets. 

2997
02:44:15,100 --> 02:44:18,400
Filled with life. 
Its people moving forward. 

2998
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:22,200
While carrying the memory of 
their past. 

2999
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:28,000
And imagine the Stillness of the
fields and the gentle flow of 

3000
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:33,300
the Volga River. 
Now, a place of peace and 

3001
02:44:33,300 --> 02:44:36,500
renewal. 
The story of the Battle of 

3002
02:44:36,500 --> 02:44:40,400
Stalingrad is Rich with details 
and facts. 

3003
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:45,800
That help us understand the 
scale of the conflict and the 

3004
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:49,500
impact it had. 
On the course of World War Two, 

3005
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:53,200
as we reflect further. 
On this pivotal event. 

3006
02:44:54,800 --> 02:44:58,900
Let's explore some key facts. 
That bring its history into 

3007
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:02,600
sharper, Focus. 
The Battle of Stalin grad, 

3008
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:07,800
lasted for 200 days. 
From August 23rd, 1942. 

3009
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:12,900
To February 2nd 1943. 
It is considered one of the 

3010
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:17,000
longest and bloodiest battles. 
In the history. 

3011
02:45:17,800 --> 02:45:20,300
Of warfare. 
The total. 

3012
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:24,200
Number of casualties is 
estimated that over 2 million 

3013
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:28,100
making it one of the deadliest 
gases battles in human history. 

3014
02:45:28,100 --> 02:45:33,200
These figures include soldiers 
from both sides as well as 

3015
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:37,800
countless D civilians Court in 
the crossfire The German 6th 

3016
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:41,400
Army led by General. 
Friedrich paulus was one of the 

3017
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:43,600
most formidable bear forces in 
Hitler's military. 

3018
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:48,400
At its peak. 
The sixth Army was comprised of 

3019
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:54,900
over 300,000 soldiers. by the 
end of the battle, nearly 91,000

3020
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:57,600
German soldiers were taken 
prisoner, including General, 

3021
02:45:57,600 --> 02:46:01,400
Palace himself, The Soviet 
strategy of hugging the enemy. 

3022
02:46:02,100 --> 02:46:05,300
Staying in close combat to 
neutralize the Germans artillery

3023
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:09,500
and air, superiority played a 
critical role in the city's 

3024
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:12,100
defense. 
This tactic turned the urban 

3025
02:46:12,100 --> 02:46:15,700
ruins of star in grad into a 
deadly maze for the German 

3026
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:18,900
forces. 
The series I said, a Soviet 

3027
02:46:18,900 --> 02:46:24,300
sniper became a symbol Defenders
resilience during the battle, he

3028
02:46:24,300 --> 02:46:29,400
is credited with killing over 
225 German soldiers, including 

3029
02:46:29,400 --> 02:46:33,300
enemy snipers which boosted the 
morale of his comrades. 

3030
02:46:34,100 --> 02:46:36,700
Operation. 
Uranus Soviet counter-offensive 

3031
02:46:36,700 --> 02:46:39,900
launched. 
In November 1942 was a 

3032
02:46:39,900 --> 02:46:43,600
brilliantly executed maneuver by
attacking the weaker, flanks of 

3033
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:47,500
the German forces held by 
Romanian and Italian troops. 

3034
02:46:47,500 --> 02:46:51,400
The Soviets, were able to 
encircle and trap the German 6th

3035
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:55,200
Army within the city. 
The German soldiers trapped in 

3036
02:46:55,200 --> 02:47:00,100
the encirclement known as the 
Kessel or cauldron, endured 

3037
02:47:00,100 --> 02:47:03,800
horrific conditions. 
Faced starvation freezing 

3038
02:47:03,800 --> 02:47:07,500
temperatures and Relentless 
Soviet assaults supplies 

3039
02:47:07,500 --> 02:47:09,900
delivered. 
By are woefully inadequate 

3040
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:13,000
leading to wide-spread suffering
and Death. 

3041
02:47:14,000 --> 02:47:18,100
One of the defining moments of 
the battle was Hitler's refusal 

3042
02:47:18,100 --> 02:47:21,900
to allow us to retreat or break 
out of the inclement. 

3043
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:27,500
This decision sealed, the fate 
of the sixth Army, and marked, a

3044
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:29,100
significant turning point was in
the war. 

3045
02:47:30,200 --> 02:47:35,800
When general paulus surrendered 
on February 2nd 1943, it was the

3046
02:47:35,800 --> 02:47:39,500
first time in history that a 
German field Marshal had been 

3047
02:47:39,500 --> 02:47:43,400
captured alive. 
This was a major humiliation for

3048
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:47,600
Hitler and a symbolic victory 
for the Allies, the Soviet 

3049
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:51,700
victory at Stalingrad marked the
beginning of a series of 

3050
02:47:51,708 --> 02:47:54,500
offensives. 
That pushed the German forces 

3051
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:58,400
back across Eastern Europe. 
It was a critical turning point 

3052
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:02,800
that shifted the momentum of the
war in favor of the Allies, the 

3053
02:48:02,800 --> 02:48:04,500
city of Stalingrad. 
Renamed. 

3054
02:48:04,500 --> 02:48:10,000
Volgograd in 1961, has become a 
place of remembrance monuments, 

3055
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:13,900
like the Maia of kirgan and the 
motherland calls Servers 

3056
02:48:13,900 --> 02:48:17,200
powerful, tributes to those who 
fought and died during the 

3057
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:20,900
battle despite its association 
with destruction Diana and 

3058
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:24,200
suffering. 
Starling graders, a symbol of 

3059
02:48:24,200 --> 02:48:27,700
resilience unity and the 
indomitable human spirit. 

3060
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:30,500
Story continues to inspire 
people. 

3061
02:48:30,500 --> 02:48:34,000
Around the world. 
Reminding us of the importance. 

3062
02:48:34,900 --> 02:48:40,300
of courage and perseverance, as 
you reflect on these facts that 

3063
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:44,900
the Waits of History settled 
gently in your mind, each detail

3064
02:48:44,900 --> 02:48:49,900
each moment of Bravery at 
Brewers and sacrifice adds to 

3065
02:48:49,900 --> 02:48:53,300
the Tapestry on of this 
remarkable story, Imagine The 

3066
02:48:53,300 --> 02:48:58,500
Quiet streets of vulgar grad 
today, City that has risen From 

3067
02:48:58,500 --> 02:49:02,300
the Ashes of War standing as a 
testament to the enduring 

3068
02:49:02,300 --> 02:49:14,700
strength of the hue. 
James Madison was born on, 

3069
02:49:14,700 --> 02:49:19,500
March, the 16th 1751 at Belle, 
Grove his maternal grandparents 

3070
02:49:19,500 --> 02:49:23,500
in the Virginia colony, his 
parents James, Madison, Senior 

3071
02:49:23,500 --> 02:49:27,600
and Nelly Conway, Madison soon 
settled the family on a 

3072
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:29,600
plantation called Mount Pleasant
later. 

3073
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:34,100
Renamed Montpelier in Orange 
County, From a young age, the 

3074
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:37,300
boy showed an aptitude for quiet
observation, while many in the 

3075
02:49:37,308 --> 02:49:40,500
region prized physical Feats of 
hunting or riding young. 

3076
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,300
Madison was introspective 
devouring books whenever 

3077
02:49:43,300 --> 02:49:46,100
possible. 
The plantation invented 

3078
02:49:46,100 --> 02:49:49,300
Madison's Outlook. 
His family used in slave labor 

3079
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:53,100
has did most large, Virginia 
State's embedding him early in 

3080
02:49:53,100 --> 02:49:56,400
the complexities of an agrarian 
system reliant on bondage. 

3081
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:00,300
Madison's father was a leading 
figure in local Affairs passing 

3082
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:02,500
on a sense. 
That civic duty was integral to 

3083
02:50:02,500 --> 02:50:05,600
allow landowners life. 
But overshadowing, these local 

3084
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:08,400
routines was the broader tension
between the colonies and 

3085
02:50:08,408 --> 02:50:10,800
Britain. 
By the time Madison reached 

3086
02:50:10,800 --> 02:50:14,100
adolescence the further for 
rights and representation had 

3087
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:15,900
begun simmering throughout the 
13 colonies. 

3088
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:19,700
His formal education, commenced 
locally though for Advanced 

3089
02:50:19,700 --> 02:50:22,500
Training, his father, sent him 
to the boarding school of Donald

3090
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:26,300
Robertson known for rigorous 
classical curricula, their 

3091
02:50:26,300 --> 02:50:28,500
Madison honed, his Latin, and 
Greek. 

3092
02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:32,000
He later studied under a private
tutor, who introduced him to 

3093
02:50:32,000 --> 02:50:35,100
Enlightenment writings, fueling 
a deep fascination with 

3094
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:38,600
political philosophy. 
This intellectual grounding set 

3095
02:50:38,600 --> 02:50:41,300
him apart from many peers who 
aimed for more practical, 

3096
02:50:41,300 --> 02:50:46,400
Pursuits, and 1769 Yen to the 
College of New Jersey, later, 

3097
02:50:46,400 --> 02:50:49,700
prints and University drawn, by 
its reputation for scholarly 

3098
02:50:49,700 --> 02:50:52,200
seriousness at Princeton 
Madison. 

3099
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:55,800
Crowned, a four-year course into
two exhausting himself in the 

3100
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:58,300
process. 
Delved into moral philosophy 

3101
02:50:58,300 --> 02:51:02,300
logic mathematics and theology 
under the influence of the 

3102
02:51:02,308 --> 02:51:04,500
college's. 
President John Witherspoon. 

3103
02:51:04,500 --> 02:51:08,700
Aunt, advocate of Republican, 
ideals Madison absorbed, radical

3104
02:51:08,700 --> 02:51:11,300
notion about citizen virtue and 
structured Government. 

3105
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:16,600
After graduating in 1771 Madison
continued to study Hebrew and 

3106
02:51:16,600 --> 02:51:20,100
political Theory independently, 
developing a habit of solitary 

3107
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:23,600
reading physically. 
He was often frail plagued by 

3108
02:51:23,608 --> 02:51:27,200
periodic seizures or severe 
headaches, This delicate Health 

3109
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:31,500
contributed to see seek to a 
boils introspective demeanor. 

3110
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:34,600
Contrasting with the more robust
images of early American 

3111
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:38,900
Patriots like George Washington.
Returning to Virginia and 1772 

3112
02:51:38,900 --> 02:51:41,300
Madison. 
Found the colony edging toward 

3113
02:51:41,300 --> 02:51:44,400
confrontation with Britain. 
The Boston Tea Party had 

3114
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:47,100
inflamed tensions and 
parliament's retaliatory, 

3115
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:49,200
measures sparked, Colonial 
outrage. 

3116
02:51:50,700 --> 02:51:53,700
Though, shy and large, 
Gatherings Madison aligned with 

3117
02:51:53,708 --> 02:51:55,900
those who believed the colonies 
deserved self-governance. 

3118
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:00,200
A local committee's in Orange 
County, he offered calm, but 

3119
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:02,100
pointed arguments on Imperial 
overreach. 

3120
02:52:03,000 --> 02:52:05,700
This local activism grew into a 
seat in the Virginia Convention 

3121
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:09,600
of 1776 where leading lights of 
Revolution assembled. 

3122
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:13,300
The convention delegates Hamid 
out Virginia's, first 

3123
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:15,300
Constitution, and a declaration 
of rights. 

3124
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:18,800
Madison found himself over 
shadowed by older, luminaries 

3125
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:20,600
like George Mason and Patrick 
Henry. 

3126
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:24,500
But his pain soon, proved 
influential he successfully 

3127
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:28,300
campaigned for a slight revision
to Mason's draft in broader 

3128
02:52:28,300 --> 02:52:29,500
language of about religious 
liberty. 

3129
02:52:30,400 --> 02:52:33,600
This incident was a telling 
moment, the young legislator 

3130
02:52:33,600 --> 02:52:36,900
though, reserved was ready to 
push for expanded freedoms. 

3131
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:40,500
His pursuit of robust conscience
rights would become a defining 

3132
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:42,100
thread through his political 
life. 

3133
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:46,800
As War Began Madison did not 
serve directly as a soldier. 

3134
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:50,000
His health was fragile and he 
lacked the physical Vigor for 

3135
02:52:50,008 --> 02:52:53,400
extended campaigns. 
Instead he contributed behind 

3136
02:52:53,400 --> 02:52:56,600
the scenes working on local 
committees that coordinated 

3137
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:58,700
supply lines and militia 
organization. 

3138
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:03,000
He believed that a stable 
Homefront Bound by some sound 

3139
02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,200
governance was essential to 
support the Continental Army's 

3140
02:53:06,200 --> 02:53:08,400
efforts throughout the 
Revolutionary War. 

3141
02:53:08,400 --> 02:53:11,600
He remained primarily in 
Virginia, developing legislative

3142
02:53:11,600 --> 02:53:15,900
expertise. 
In 1777 Madison's political 

3143
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:19,100
Fortune Hotel while stumbled 
briefly when he lost a bid for 

3144
02:53:19,100 --> 02:53:20,800
re-election to the Virginia 
House of delegates. 

3145
02:53:20,800 --> 02:53:24,000
Why? 
Some say constituents wanted a 

3146
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:26,200
representative? 
Who would Supply them with free 

3147
02:53:26,200 --> 02:53:30,300
liquor at Gatherings, a common 
practice, then Madison on 

3148
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:34,900
principal refused yet. 
He soon rebounded, securing an 

3149
02:53:34,900 --> 02:53:37,800
appointment, the governors of 
state where he advised on 

3150
02:53:37,800 --> 02:53:41,600
wartime decisions, this role 
provided him with a broader view

3151
02:53:41,600 --> 02:53:43,100
of the confederation's 
precarious. 

3152
02:53:43,100 --> 02:53:46,500
Unity fueling concerns that the 
state's lacked cohesion. 

3153
02:53:47,400 --> 02:53:51,300
Thus, by the wars midpoint James
Madison was forging a reputation

3154
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:55,700
not as a battlefield hero but as
a methodical intellect, devoutly

3155
02:53:55,700 --> 02:53:59,500
committed to Republican ideals, 
his quiet style and scholarship 

3156
02:53:59,500 --> 02:54:02,100
contrasted with the fiery 
oratory of more visible 

3157
02:54:02,100 --> 02:54:04,500
Patriot's. 
Yet among those who worked 

3158
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:07,700
closely with him, he was 
recognized as a serious thinker.

3159
02:54:08,600 --> 02:54:11,300
Tapestry of conflict and 
emergent governance, gave him a 

3160
02:54:11,300 --> 02:54:14,900
laboratory to test his ideas. 
He already suspected that a mere

3161
02:54:14,900 --> 02:54:17,300
Alliance of States would be 
insufficient for post-war 

3162
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:19,800
stability. 
The impetus for a stronger 

3163
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:22,200
Union. 
Simmered in his mind, setting 

3164
02:54:22,200 --> 02:54:26,200
the stage for his future role. 
As father of the Constitution by

3165
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:30,500
1779, Madison's involvement in 
the Revolutionary cause led him 

3166
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:33,600
to Philadelphia, where the 
Continental Congress convened. 

3167
02:54:34,500 --> 02:54:38,900
Despite his youth still under 
30, he plunged into the 

3168
02:54:38,900 --> 02:54:42,300
congress's, Labyrinth of debate.
The delegates were grappling 

3169
02:54:42,300 --> 02:54:46,000
with Finance in a protracted 
War, forging alliances abroad 

3170
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:48,400
and keeping the shaky 
Confederation intact. 

3171
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:51,500
Madison quickly grew 
disenchanted with how the 

3172
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:54,100
Articles were Confederation with
held key powers from the central

3173
02:54:54,100 --> 02:54:57,100
government no authority to tax 
or regulate commerce. 

3174
02:54:57,100 --> 02:55:01,300
State squabbled like France's 
Dana or Robert Morris jostled 

3175
02:55:01,300 --> 02:55:04,700
for influence and the fledgling 
Nation struggled to maintain a 

3176
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:07,500
cohesive front. 
In the corridors of Congress. 

3177
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:10,500
Madison quietly excelled as a 
legislative Craftsman. 

3178
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,400
He compiled reams of notes 
summarizing arguments and 

3179
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:18,100
tracking which delegates aligned
with each Stars, recognized that

3180
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:20,300
persuading allies demanded 
carefully. 

3181
02:55:20,300 --> 02:55:24,700
Framed logic not bombast This 
skill in bridging positions 

3182
02:55:24,700 --> 02:55:27,000
would become a Hallmark of his 
approach to government making. 

3183
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:31,200
meanwhile, as the Revolutionary 
War inched toward an uncertain 

3184
02:55:31,200 --> 02:55:34,600
end, He advocated vigorously for
stable funding for the 

3185
02:55:34,600 --> 02:55:37,800
Continental Army, the near 
Mutiny of unpaid troops 

3186
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:39,600
underscored the systemic 
weaknesses. 

3187
02:55:39,600 --> 02:55:42,500
He concluded that without a 
robust Federal structure. 

3188
02:55:42,500 --> 02:55:45,600
The new States, risked 
fracturing into Petty fiefdoms 

3189
02:55:45,600 --> 02:55:49,900
after the war ended in 7083 with
the Treaty of Paris securing 

3190
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:53,200
Independence. 
The deepest began how to 

3191
02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:56,600
organize a functioning Union, 
Madison returned to Virginia's 

3192
02:55:56,600 --> 02:56:00,500
politics, helping shape the 
state statutes but he never lost

3193
02:56:00,500 --> 02:56:02,700
sight of the broader question. 
About forging a stronger 

3194
02:56:02,700 --> 02:56:06,200
National framework. 
During this period, he grew 

3195
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:09,200
close to Thomas, Jefferson, then
serving as minister to France. 

3196
02:56:10,200 --> 02:56:12,700
Their correspondents soared with
intellectual Synergy. 

3197
02:56:12,700 --> 02:56:17,200
Exchanging ideas on Liberty, 
religion, agrarian ideals and 

3198
02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:20,200
architecture, Jefferson's 
radical theories about the 

3199
02:56:20,200 --> 02:56:23,300
tyranny of Old Europe combined 
with Madison's more, measured, 

3200
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:27,300
instincts, The pair formed a 
dynamic partnership, crucial to 

3201
02:56:27,300 --> 02:56:29,100
the next stage of constitutional
debate. 

3202
02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:33,800
In 1786 a meeting in Annapolis, 
aimed to address Commerce 

3203
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:36,600
disputes. 
Among states, Madison championed

3204
02:56:36,600 --> 02:56:39,200
the notion that commercial 
Harmony, demanded, unified 

3205
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:42,700
regulations, attendance was 
sparse, but the delegates 

3206
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:47,100
present, including Alexander, 
Hamilton recommended a grander 

3207
02:56:47,100 --> 02:56:49,900
convention for a thorough 
revision of the Articles, the 

3208
02:56:49,900 --> 02:56:53,100
seeds for the 1787 
constitutional convention was 

3209
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:56,900
sown Madison with unwavering 
conviction, visit himself in a 

3210
02:56:56,908 --> 02:57:00,200
flurry of pre-convention 
research, he studied ancient 

3211
02:57:00,200 --> 02:57:04,200
confederacies, Greece, the Holy 
Roman Empire, Swiss cantons 

3212
02:57:04,200 --> 02:57:08,600
composing, a notes on Ancient 
and modern Confederation, This 

3213
02:57:08,600 --> 02:57:11,900
comparative study guided him to 
see how partial Alliance is 

3214
02:57:11,900 --> 02:57:15,300
often collapsed under disunity. 
When the Philadelphia Convention

3215
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:19,700
commenced in May, 1787 arrived 
armed with a plan. 

3216
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:23,200
He had penned the Virginia Plan 
advocating, a strong central 

3217
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:27,000
government with a by camera 
legislature and executive and a 

3218
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,300
judiciary. 
The Plan introduced by Edmund 

3219
02:57:30,300 --> 02:57:33,100
Randolph, formed, the blueprint 
for the delegates debate. 

3220
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:37,600
Madison systematic approach, he 
anticipated objections and had 

3221
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:40,400
reason to counters made him an 
intellectual pivot. 

3222
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:45,000
Yet compromises were inevitable.
The smallest states objected 

3223
02:57:45,000 --> 02:57:49,000
pushing for equal representation
in at least one legislative 

3224
02:57:49,000 --> 02:57:51,900
chamber. 
The final solution, the Great 

3225
02:57:51,900 --> 02:57:55,200
Compromise, gave each state 
equal, Senate representation, 

3226
02:57:55,200 --> 02:57:59,200
and population-based house 
representation, Madison found 

3227
02:57:59,200 --> 02:58:02,800
that compromise unsatisfying but
recognized it as a central for 

3228
02:58:02,800 --> 02:58:05,400
Unity. 
Another point of contention was 

3229
02:58:05,400 --> 02:58:08,300
slavery, Madison personally 
disdained the moral 

3230
02:58:08,300 --> 02:58:12,300
contradiction but recognize the 
deep breaths, it created, he 

3231
02:58:12,300 --> 02:58:14,600
opposed a federal ban on the 
slave trade of that juncture 

3232
02:58:14,600 --> 02:58:17,200
acknowledging. 
That southern states, might bolt

3233
02:58:17,200 --> 02:58:21,200
if threatened the conventions 
final text in effect posed, the 

3234
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:25,100
question, This stance would 
later, stir conflicting feelings

3235
02:58:25,100 --> 02:58:27,200
in Madison. 
He wanted a rationally 

3236
02:58:27,200 --> 02:58:29,800
consistent Republic, but saw the
necessity of short-term 

3237
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:31,800
concession to secure overall 
support. 

3238
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:35,900
Meanwhile, the 3/5 compromise 
about counting and save people 

3239
02:58:35,900 --> 02:58:37,500
for representation was hammered 
out. 

3240
02:58:38,300 --> 02:58:41,400
A deeply fraught measure that 
would sow seeds of future 

3241
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,700
National crises in September 
1787. 

3242
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:49,600
After months of debate, Madison 
signed the Constitution Despite 

3243
02:58:49,600 --> 02:58:52,400
its imperfections, Madison saw 
the Constitution as a 

3244
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:55,900
significant improvement over the
weak article's yet forging. 

3245
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:59,100
The document was one step 
persuading states to ratify. 

3246
02:58:59,100 --> 02:59:02,800
It was another Madison teamed 
with Hamilton and John Jay to 

3247
02:59:02,800 --> 02:59:05,700
write the Federalist papers 
published under the student in 

3248
02:59:05,700 --> 02:59:09,300
publicists In these essays 
Madison's most well, known 

3249
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:13,500
contributions Federalist number 
10, and number 51 focused on 

3250
02:59:13,508 --> 02:59:16,700
managing factions and 
instituting mechanisms of check 

3251
02:59:16,700 --> 02:59:19,000
and balance. 
He argued that an extensive 

3252
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,000
Republic would guard against 
tyranny, by ensuring no single 

3253
02:59:22,000 --> 02:59:25,700
faction dominated this line of 
reasoning suede, Skeptics 

3254
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:28,300
demonstrating that a new 
national government could 

3255
02:59:28,300 --> 02:59:31,800
combine stability with personal 
Liberties ratification. 

3256
02:59:31,800 --> 02:59:36,100
Success came in 1788, Madison's 
Clarity of thought of played a 

3257
02:59:36,100 --> 02:59:39,200
major role in securing enough 
States approval, yet critics 

3258
02:59:39,200 --> 02:59:42,900
demanded, enumerated safeguards 
for individual rights aware of 

3259
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:45,800
anti-federalist. 
Fears Madison publicly pledged 

3260
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:47,500
to add a Bill of Rights. 
Once the new government 

3261
02:59:47,500 --> 02:59:51,400
convened, his reputation soared 
as a champion of reason for 

3262
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:55,600
persuasion by 1789, the 
Constitution took effect and 

3263
02:59:55,600 --> 02:59:58,500
Madison found himself elected to
the new House of Representatives

3264
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:00,900
Prime to finalize, the 
protective measures, he'd 

3265
03:00:00,900 --> 03:00:04,800
promised having large the 
Republic structural blueprint 

3266
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:07,400
Madison's next task was to save 
guard. 

3267
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:09,600
The Liberties that the 
Revolutionary generation had 

3268
03:00:09,600 --> 03:00:12,900
sacrificed so much for In the 
first Congress on the President,

3269
03:00:12,900 --> 03:00:15,700
George Washington, James. 
Madison took Center Stage 

3270
03:00:15,700 --> 03:00:19,000
drafting amendments to the 
Constitution for filling his 

3271
03:00:19,008 --> 03:00:22,500
Bill of Rights promise. 
Many Anti-Federalists had 

3272
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:24,800
demanded explicit safeguards for
speech. 

3273
03:00:24,800 --> 03:00:29,700
Religion assembly and due 
process, Madison sifted through 

3274
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:33,000
over 200 suggestions from State 
ratifying conventions. 

3275
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,400
His approach balanced in 
enumerating fundamental 

3276
03:00:36,400 --> 03:00:39,200
Liberties while ensuring the new
government's Integrity remained 

3277
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:44,100
intact. by late 1791, the first 
ten amendments were ratified, 

3278
03:00:44,100 --> 03:00:48,700
codifying freedoms, crucial to 
the National ethos This moment 

3279
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:51,600
cemented Madison's reputation as
a principal architect of 

3280
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:54,800
American Liberty though. 
Debates continued about the 

3281
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:58,400
precise scope of these rights. 
Even as he championed the Bill 

3282
03:00:58,400 --> 03:01:01,400
of Rights Madison found himself 
in friction with treasury 

3283
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:04,800
secretary, Alexander Hamilton's 
financial program. 

3284
03:01:04,800 --> 03:01:08,400
The federal Assumption of State 
debts, a national bank and 

3285
03:01:08,400 --> 03:01:11,400
protective tariffs clashed with 
Madison's preference for 

3286
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:15,200
decentralized, fiscal power at 
the onset, Madison, and Hamilton

3287
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:17,400
had been allies in ratifying the
Constitution. 

3288
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:21,500
But once the new system, 
functioned ideological Rifts 

3289
03:01:21,500 --> 03:01:24,500
arose over how strong the 
central government should be in 

3290
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:28,500
shaping economic life. 
Madison believed Hamilton's 

3291
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:32,200
approached too far toward 
Commerce, Elites, risking a 

3292
03:01:32,200 --> 03:01:34,900
quasi aristocracy. 
The Congressional debates, 

3293
03:01:34,900 --> 03:01:38,200
presented two, emerging Visions 
for America, laying the 

3294
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:39,800
groundwork, for the initial 
party split. 

3295
03:01:39,800 --> 03:01:44,000
This political cleavage deepened
with foreign affairs, the French

3296
03:01:44,000 --> 03:01:48,400
Revolution erupted in 1789 
initially hailed by many 

3297
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:51,900
Americans including Madison as a
system movement. 

3298
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:55,600
Echoing the Spirit of 76 but as 
France slipped into 

3299
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,400
revolutionary Bloodshed 
hamiltonians urged caution they 

3300
03:01:59,400 --> 03:02:01,300
believed forging close ties with
Britain. 

3301
03:02:01,300 --> 03:02:04,000
A stable trading partner was 
Paramount. 

3302
03:02:04,900 --> 03:02:07,400
Jefferson and Madison favored 
supporting the French Republic 

3303
03:02:07,400 --> 03:02:10,900
diplomatically this tension 
culminated in the formation of 

3304
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:15,100
two factions the Federalists led
by Hamilton and the Democratic 

3305
03:02:15,100 --> 03:02:17,700
Republicans spearheaded by 
Jefferson and Madison. 

3306
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:22,200
The Press took sides with 
scathing editorials, labeling, 

3307
03:02:22,200 --> 03:02:25,900
Federalists, as Pro monarchy 
Stooges, or Republicans as 

3308
03:02:25,900 --> 03:02:30,800
French Stooges by the mid-1790s 
Madison's oratory sharp. 

3309
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:34,200
And he in Jefferson, co-authored
the Virginia and Kentucky, 

3310
03:02:34,200 --> 03:02:39,100
Resolution 1798 to 1799 
condemning the Federalist 

3311
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:41,800
congresses Alien and Sedition 
Acts. 

3312
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:44,900
Those acts clamped down on 
immigrants and criminalized 

3313
03:02:44,900 --> 03:02:48,200
criticisms of government. 
The resolution to advance and 

3314
03:02:48,200 --> 03:02:50,700
novel concept. 
States could nullify 

3315
03:02:50,700 --> 03:02:54,300
unconstitutional federal laws 
although this stance rattled, 

3316
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:58,000
the notion of federal Supremacy.
It resonated with many who saw 

3317
03:02:58,000 --> 03:02:59,800
the sedition act as a gross 
overreach. 

3318
03:02:59,800 --> 03:03:03,900
The matter never reached to 
track constitutional crisis, but

3319
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:06,200
it planted the seeds of the 
state's rights argument. 

3320
03:03:06,200 --> 03:03:09,500
That would reappear in later 
controversy, during this period,

3321
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:13,600
Madison's personal life, also 
evolved In 1794. 

3322
03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:16,800
He married, Dolly Payne. 
Todd of vivacious Widow known 

3323
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:18,200
for her. 
Social Acumen. 

3324
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,600
She brought a warmth and Flair 
to Madison, somewhat reserved 

3325
03:03:21,600 --> 03:03:25,000
Persona soon becoming a key 
figure in Washington's political

3326
03:03:25,000 --> 03:03:27,100
Society. 
Hosting Gatherings. 

3327
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:31,000
She bridged partisan, divides 
with charming, the Madison 

3328
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:34,200
circle into an informal Center 
for building alliances. 

3329
03:03:34,200 --> 03:03:38,400
The couple never had children of
their own but Dolly son from her

3330
03:03:38,400 --> 03:03:40,900
first marriage lived. 
With them weaving, a family 

3331
03:03:40,900 --> 03:03:42,800
Dynamic that anchored Madison 
amid. 

3332
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:46,700
The swirling political storms As
the turn of the century, arrived

3333
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:50,400
Federalist dominance waned, John
Adams, as president C faced 

3334
03:03:50,400 --> 03:03:53,400
backlash, over the Alien, and 
Sedition Acts and unpopular 

3335
03:03:53,400 --> 03:03:56,900
conflict with France in the 
election of 1800 the Democratic 

3336
03:03:56,900 --> 03:04:00,000
Republicans, triumphed 
propelling, Thomas Jefferson to 

3337
03:04:00,000 --> 03:04:04,000
the Presidente Madison became 
jeffson Secretary of State a 

3338
03:04:04,000 --> 03:04:07,100
role in which he oversaw foreign
policy during a delicate junker.

3339
03:04:07,700 --> 03:04:10,600
Tensions with Britain and France
remained high as those Powers 

3340
03:04:10,600 --> 03:04:13,500
waged War. 
The US strove to trade with both

3341
03:04:13,500 --> 03:04:16,800
though, each tried to block the 
others, Commerce seizing, 

3342
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:21,000
American ships, Madison Council,
Jefferson, threw embargoes, and 

3343
03:04:21,008 --> 03:04:24,900
trade restrictions culminating 
in the widely hated Embargo, Act

3344
03:04:24,900 --> 03:04:28,500
of 1807, that backfired 
economically at home. 

3345
03:04:30,000 --> 03:04:33,800
During these years, Madison 
handled numerous negotiations, 

3346
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:37,400
the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, 
though. 

3347
03:04:37,400 --> 03:04:40,700
Spearheaded by Jefferson also 
reflected Madison's behind the 

3348
03:04:40,708 --> 03:04:44,300
scenes diplomacy He recognized 
the chance to secure the 

3349
03:04:44,300 --> 03:04:46,200
Mississippi. 
River for American Commerce 

3350
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:48,300
though. 
Some critics hammered them for 

3351
03:04:48,300 --> 03:04:52,500
pushing constitutional bounds. 
Meanwhile, the Embargo Fiasco 

3352
03:04:52,500 --> 03:04:56,500
underlying the difficulties of 
peaceful coercion, the Secretary

3353
03:04:56,500 --> 03:05:00,000
of State Madison tried to find 
subtle ways to defend neutral 

3354
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:03,200
shipping rights, but British 
impressment of American Sailors.

3355
03:05:03,200 --> 03:05:08,100
Persisted the seeds of War were 
so By the end of Jefferson's 

3356
03:05:08,100 --> 03:05:11,400
second term, the presidency, 
awaited a new, occupant the 

3357
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,400
Democratic Republican caucus, 
selected Madison as their 

3358
03:05:14,400 --> 03:05:15,600
candidate. 
A natural. 

3359
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:17,600
Next Step, given his 
long-standing role as 

3360
03:05:17,600 --> 03:05:20,400
Jefferson's confidant. 
Despite some factional 

3361
03:05:20,400 --> 03:05:24,400
grumblings Madison prevailed 
over Federalist rival, Charles C

3362
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:27,700
Pinckney in 1808. 
He assumed the presidency in 

3363
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:32,000
1809 at age, 57 the once shy 
scholar of Montpelier now, 

3364
03:05:32,000 --> 03:05:35,400
stood, at the Apex of National 
Authority, though, overshadowed 

3365
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:38,200
by an approaching storm of 
British hostility and domestic 

3366
03:05:38,200 --> 03:05:40,600
divisions in the next phase of 
his life. 

3367
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:44,800
Madison would wrestle with the 
War of 1812 forging, a path that

3368
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:47,500
tested his convictions on 
constitutional principles and 

3369
03:05:47,500 --> 03:05:49,100
national identity like never 
before. 

3370
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:54,100
James Madison became president 
in March 1809 inheriting, a 

3371
03:05:54,100 --> 03:05:57,100
precarious, foreign policy 
environment, Britain's Naval 

3372
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:01,000
Supremacy threatened, American 
Trade impressing US Sailors into

3373
03:06:01,000 --> 03:06:03,800
the Royal Navy. 
Meanwhile Napoleon's France 

3374
03:06:03,800 --> 03:06:07,800
locked in a continental struggle
also disregarded American new 

3375
03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:11,000
triality attempting to safeguard
shipping and avoid all out 

3376
03:06:11,000 --> 03:06:13,800
conflict. 
Madison supported laws, like the

3377
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:17,100
non intercourse act lifting the 
total embargo but still barring 

3378
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:20,100
trade with warring Powers unless
they ceased harassment. 

3379
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:24,300
Neither Britain nor France 
complied meaningfully leaving 

3380
03:06:24,300 --> 03:06:28,500
the US battered economically and
diplomatically in domestic 

3381
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:31,000
politics. 
Federalists predicted chaos 

3382
03:06:31,000 --> 03:06:33,900
under Madison. 
Yet is calm temperament appealed

3383
03:06:33,900 --> 03:06:36,300
to many. 
He recognized the need for a 

3384
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:38,400
more muscular approach to 
British provocations, of 

3385
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:43,100
diplomatic efforts, faild. 
By 1811, a new generation of. 

3386
03:06:43,100 --> 03:06:47,000
So called warhawks in Congress. 
Led by figures like Henry, Clay,

3387
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:51,100
and John C Calhoun clamored for 
war against Britain pointing to 

3388
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,600
impressment and alleged British 
incitement of Native American 

3389
03:06:54,600 --> 03:06:58,100
attacks on the frontier. 
Madison though, not a natural, 

3390
03:06:58,100 --> 03:07:01,800
wormer found himself swayed by 
the broad public outcry. 

3391
03:07:02,600 --> 03:07:05,400
The final Catalyst was the 
rising confrontation in the old,

3392
03:07:05,400 --> 03:07:09,900
north-west natively data, 
Confederation to resist American

3393
03:07:09,900 --> 03:07:13,300
expansion while British arms 
found their way into indigenous 

3394
03:07:13,300 --> 03:07:16,600
hands. 
When violence flared, pro-war 

3395
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:20,300
sentiment sword, Madison 
requested, a declaration of war 

3396
03:07:20,300 --> 03:07:23,200
in June 1812, marking the first 
time. 

3397
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:26,200
The young Republic formerly 
declared war on another Nation. 

3398
03:07:27,300 --> 03:07:30,500
The War of 1812, began with 
illusions that a quick conquest 

3399
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:32,800
of Canada, might coerce Britain 
into concession. 

3400
03:07:32,800 --> 03:07:37,300
However, the US military was Ill
prepared, the Army was small, 

3401
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:41,600
leadership was inconsistent and 
the Navy those spirited was 

3402
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:45,000
dwarfed by the Royal Navy's. 
Might Early campaigns were 

3403
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:47,300
embarrassing. 
Attempts to invade Canada. 

3404
03:07:47,300 --> 03:07:50,500
Floundered territory was lost 
culminating in the capture of 

3405
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:53,200
Detroit. 
Federalists specially in New 

3406
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:57,800
England, lambasted the war 
calling it, Mr. Madison's war. 

3407
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:00,900
Some states with held militia 
from federal service. 

3408
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:04,000
Meanwhile, on the high seas, a 
handful of us. 

3409
03:08:04,000 --> 03:08:07,300
Frigates scored moral victories 
against British ships, fueling 

3410
03:08:07,300 --> 03:08:11,600
national pride but overall the 
conflict ground on draining 

3411
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:13,900
treasury funds. 
The British blockade strangled 

3412
03:08:13,900 --> 03:08:17,900
American ports, decimating trade
by 1814 with Napoleon's defeat 

3413
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:20,000
in Europe. 
Britain refocused on the 

3414
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:23,200
American front launching major 
events of that year. 

3415
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:26,700
Saw the British burden 
Washington DC in retaliation for

3416
03:08:26,700 --> 03:08:30,500
American assaults and Canada. 
Madison famously, fled the White

3417
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:33,800
House with Dolly saving key 
documents and the iconic 

3418
03:08:33,800 --> 03:08:37,500
portrait of George Washington. 
The capital sacking was 

3419
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:41,500
humiliating but the refusal of 
local militias to stand firm was

3420
03:08:41,500 --> 03:08:44,500
equally sobering. 
Many deemed at low point in the 

3421
03:08:44,508 --> 03:08:47,000
beer. 
Yet subsequent events provided 

3422
03:08:47,000 --> 03:08:50,100
Redemption. 
The British turn to capture more

3423
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:52,400
That American Defenders 
repulsed. 

3424
03:08:52,400 --> 03:08:56,000
Them inspiring France's Scott, 
Key's Star, Spangled, Banner 

3425
03:08:56,000 --> 03:08:59,800
lines. 
Meanwhile in the west US forces 

3426
03:08:59,800 --> 03:09:03,900
began pushing back. 
By late 1814, both sides were 

3427
03:09:03,908 --> 03:09:07,200
weary. 
Negotiations in Ghent, Belgium 

3428
03:09:07,200 --> 03:09:10,400
led to a piece of treaty signed 
it on Christmas Eve, 1814 

3429
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:13,500
restoring pre-war, boundaries 
without addressing impressment, 

3430
03:09:13,500 --> 03:09:17,000
still news, traveled slowly. 
So the Battle of New Orleans 

3431
03:09:17,000 --> 03:09:21,600
occurred in January 1815 where 
General Andrew Jackson's, forces

3432
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:24,800
inflicted, a stunning defeat on 
the British, the subsequent 

3433
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:27,100
Euphoria overshadowed. 
The fact, the battle took place 

3434
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:30,800
after the treaty making the 
final memory one of triumphant 

3435
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:32,400
Victory. 
This outcome. 

3436
03:09:32,400 --> 03:09:35,800
Salvage national pride, 
effectively rebranding the war 

3437
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:39,900
as a second war of independence,
In Practical terms, the War of 

3438
03:09:39,908 --> 03:09:42,400
1812 ended with no major 
territorial gains. 

3439
03:09:42,400 --> 03:09:44,700
But it catalyzed a wave of 
nationalism. 

3440
03:09:44,700 --> 03:09:48,200
The Federalist Party, which had 
opposed the war never recovered 

3441
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:50,300
from accusation of disloyalty 
spurred. 

3442
03:09:50,300 --> 03:09:53,400
By the Hartford Convention, some
New England, delegates, 

3443
03:09:53,400 --> 03:09:57,000
discussed, secession, or radical
constitutional changes. 

3444
03:09:57,800 --> 03:09:59,700
Thus, Madison left, the 
president. 

3445
03:09:59,700 --> 03:10:03,800
See in 1817 presiding over a 
newly re-energized sentence of 

3446
03:10:03,808 --> 03:10:08,100
national Unity behind the scenes
sectional rivalries still brewed

3447
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:12,000
He was also known as the last of
the Virginia dynasty after 

3448
03:10:12,000 --> 03:10:14,800
serving two terms succeeded by 
James Monroe. 

3449
03:10:15,600 --> 03:10:18,000
Reflecting on the conflict, 
Madison admitted. 

3450
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:20,800
The war's impetus was as much 
about National Honors about 

3451
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:23,800
Maritime rights. 
He believed the Fiasco's early 

3452
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:27,200
on revealed the necessity for 
better National Defense, a 

3453
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:30,300
well-organized financial system 
and a sense that the states must

3454
03:10:30,300 --> 03:10:34,500
unify behind Federal decisions 
and crises while the war was no 

3455
03:10:34,500 --> 03:10:37,400
triumphant Conquest, the 
ephemeral surgeon patriotism 

3456
03:10:37,400 --> 03:10:40,400
gave him a measure of 
vindication without the crisis 

3457
03:10:40,400 --> 03:10:44,300
concluded, he and Dolly prepared
to retire to Montpellier, the 

3458
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:47,900
swirling further from burning 
capitals to celebrate tree, 

3459
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:50,600
Parade's receded as normal life 
resumed. 

3460
03:10:51,400 --> 03:10:54,400
By 1817 Madison was physically 
exhausted. 

3461
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:57,900
But proud that the Republic 
endured he recognized new 

3462
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:00,400
challenges loomed territorial 
expansion. 

3463
03:11:00,400 --> 03:11:03,400
The spread of cotton-based 
slavery and the rancor of 

3464
03:11:03,408 --> 03:11:06,400
sectional politics. 
Yet for the moment, the 

3465
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:09,800
illusions of a robust Union, 
overshadowed deep divisions, the

3466
03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:13,300
Era of Good Feelings, donned 
under Monroe and Madison could 

3467
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:16,900
claim that for better or worse. 
He had guided the Republic 

3468
03:11:16,900 --> 03:11:20,200
through the fiery test of War. 
His next year's spent in 

3469
03:11:20,200 --> 03:11:23,000
relative quiet offered Advantage
from which he would continue 

3470
03:11:23,000 --> 03:11:24,700
shaping. 
American political thought 

3471
03:11:24,700 --> 03:11:26,800
through his letters and 
involvement in key National 

3472
03:11:26,800 --> 03:11:29,500
debates. 
When James Madison retired to 

3473
03:11:29,500 --> 03:11:33,200
Montpelier in 1817, he might 
have expected a peaceful 

3474
03:11:33,200 --> 03:11:38,000
retirement, he was 65 at the 
nation, through war and left 

3475
03:11:38,000 --> 03:11:40,400
office with the Democratic 
Republican party dominance. 

3476
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:44,200
However, you can continue to 
participate in public life or be

3477
03:11:44,200 --> 03:11:47,500
it in a more indirect manner. 
His Montpellier estate, 

3478
03:11:47,500 --> 03:11:50,900
sprawling over Farmland. 
Still operated within slaved 

3479
03:11:50,900 --> 03:11:54,100
labor Madison. 
Grappling with moral qualms 

3480
03:11:54,100 --> 03:11:57,200
about slavery, never freed. 
The majority of them in his life

3481
03:11:57,200 --> 03:11:59,900
time believing a Mansa. 
Patient should occur gradually 

3482
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:04,000
with legislative safeguards. 
This stance halfway between 

3483
03:12:04,000 --> 03:12:06,600
condemnation and acceptance 
revealed. 

3484
03:12:06,600 --> 03:12:10,300
Deep contradictions that 
overshadowed his otherwise lofty

3485
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:13,100
philosophy. 
Madison continued corresponding 

3486
03:12:13,100 --> 03:12:16,600
with Thomas Jefferson Is 
changing ideas about education, 

3487
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:20,500
Agriculture and the shape of the
University of Virginia. 

3488
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:24,100
He served on the institutions 
Board of visitors, helping 

3489
03:12:24,100 --> 03:12:26,900
refine curricula and 
administrative policies. 

3490
03:12:27,800 --> 03:12:31,100
The concept of higher education.
That nurtured Civic virtues and 

3491
03:12:31,100 --> 03:12:33,100
scientific inquiry resonated 
with him. 

3492
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:36,600
He envisioned an entire 
generation of statement shaped 

3493
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:40,800
by classical knowledge, yet 
pragmatic in governments, the 

3494
03:12:40,800 --> 03:12:43,900
campus took shape near 
Monticello linking the two men's

3495
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:47,400
legacies in the region. 
Political tensioned to simmer 

3496
03:12:47,400 --> 03:12:51,200
the Missouri crisis of 1819 to 
1820 erupted. 

3497
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:55,200
Over slavery is expansion. 
West many looked to Madison the 

3498
03:12:55,200 --> 03:12:59,100
father of the Constitution for 
Giants privately, he lamented 

3499
03:12:59,100 --> 03:13:02,200
the intensifying sectional lines
but believe that compromise was 

3500
03:13:02,200 --> 03:13:05,500
essential to preserve the Union.
He supported the Missouri 

3501
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:09,200
compared uses approach admitting
Missouri as a slave State and 

3502
03:13:09,200 --> 03:13:12,900
Maine as a free state drawing. 
A latitudinal line for future 

3503
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:15,400
territories, it was merely a 
temporary solution to an 

3504
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:19,000
escalating problem. 
Madison recognized that ignoring

3505
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:23,300
the fundamental moral tension, 
might be catastrophic, but he 

3506
03:13:23,300 --> 03:13:25,600
saw no immediate path to 
comprehensive resolution. 

3507
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:30,600
As with many Founders, he bet on
incremental Solutions another 

3508
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:33,200
cause that animated his 
retirement was the notion of 

3509
03:13:33,200 --> 03:13:36,000
amending the Constitution to 
refine aspects of governance. 

3510
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:39,100
He favored clarifying 
congressional powers or 

3511
03:13:39,100 --> 03:13:41,600
adjusting the structure of 
representation. 

3512
03:13:41,600 --> 03:13:45,900
But these suggestions never 
gained broad traction as the 

3513
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:48,700
nation was forging, a new 
identity Under The Surge of 

3514
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:52,100
Jacksonian Democracy, while 
Madison respected, popular 

3515
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:54,800
sovereignty. 
He also feared demagoguery of 

3516
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:57,800
checks and balances weakened. 
He wrote links the letters 

3517
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:00,700
cautioning that unbridled 
majority rule could trample, 

3518
03:14:00,700 --> 03:14:03,500
minority rights. 
One reason he had championed and

3519
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:07,400
extended Republican initially. 
during these years, Dolly's 

3520
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:10,600
popularity, soared as a revered 
figure from Washington Society, 

3521
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:14,500
even in retirement, the couple 
hosted statement foreign 

3522
03:14:14,500 --> 03:14:18,200
visitors, an old comrade's 
Montpellier became a hub for 

3523
03:14:18,200 --> 03:14:20,000
travelers. 
Craving the perspective of an 

3524
03:14:20,000 --> 03:14:23,900
aging statement who had shaped 
the Constitution, some found him

3525
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:26,700
subdued more, an academic 
presence than a flamboyant 

3526
03:14:26,700 --> 03:14:31,300
figure others, noted, his 
curtisy toward young people with

3527
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:35,600
intellectual curiosity, the 
remained open to debate seldom, 

3528
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:37,900
raising his voice. 
Yet always weaving references to

3529
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:41,900
classical sources or past 
legislative battles Financial 

3530
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:45,400
strains. 
However, plake him, Like many 

3531
03:14:45,400 --> 03:14:48,000
plantation owners rely on slave 
based agriculture. 

3532
03:14:48,000 --> 03:14:52,900
He faced fluctuating crop prices
mounting debts and the economic 

3533
03:14:52,900 --> 03:14:55,300
churn of a rapidly 
industrializing Nation. 

3534
03:14:56,100 --> 03:14:58,400
He sold or mortgage land to stay
solvent. 

3535
03:14:59,200 --> 03:15:01,600
The contradiction between 
championing, a stable Republic 

3536
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:05,100
and personally grappling with 
economic uncertainties mirrored,

3537
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:08,500
the era's transformation. 
Moreover, the daily operations 

3538
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:11,400
of the plantation, bound him to 
the moral weight of enslaving 

3539
03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:14,800
over 100 individuals, forging, 
attention unspoken yet, 

3540
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,800
inescapable. 
Madison's health waned. 

3541
03:15:17,800 --> 03:15:20,200
Gradually endured rumors and 
digestive. 

3542
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:23,300
Ailments still, he maintained a 
discipline reading schedule 

3543
03:15:23,300 --> 03:15:26,000
scanning newspapers for signs of
national friction. 

3544
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:29,100
He weighed in on the debate 
about nullification in the 

3545
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:31,600
1830s. 
When South Carolina threatened 

3546
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:34,300
to ignore Federal tariffs 
alarmed, he wrote, 

3547
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,500
clarifications insisting. 
That states lacked unilateral 

3548
03:15:37,500 --> 03:15:41,600
authority to void federal laws. 
This starts was ironic given 

3549
03:15:41,600 --> 03:15:43,800
that decades earlier he had 
co-authored the Virginia 

3550
03:15:43,800 --> 03:15:46,600
resolution. 
Now he tried to differentiate 

3551
03:15:46,600 --> 03:15:49,300
between legitimate protest and 
outright to fires. 

3552
03:15:49,900 --> 03:15:52,800
The escalation toward potential 
disunion, troubled him deeply, 

3553
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:56,500
by the early 1830s. 
Jefferson was long, dead 

3554
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,100
Madison. 
The last major architect of the 

3555
03:15:59,108 --> 03:16:00,900
Constitution. 
Among the founding generation 

3556
03:16:00,900 --> 03:16:04,200
watched Andrew Jackson's 
presidents who royal the 

3557
03:16:04,200 --> 03:16:08,200
political rail, democracies 
complexion at altered property, 

3558
03:16:08,200 --> 03:16:11,400
qualifications, fail. 
New western states joined and 

3559
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:13,500
party machines. 
Mobilize popular support. 

3560
03:16:14,400 --> 03:16:17,900
Heavilin that raw, majoritarian 
impulses overshadowed, the 

3561
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:20,500
balanced reasoned approach, he 
had championed. 

3562
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:24,500
However, it was impossible to 
reverse the trend He 

3563
03:16:24,500 --> 03:16:26,700
acknowledged that every 
generation would interpret the 

3564
03:16:26,700 --> 03:16:31,000
Constitution differently as the 
end loomed in 1836 Madison's 

3565
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:32,300
mind. 
Remained sharp, though, 

3566
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:36,500
physically, he was frail, he 
passed away on June, 28th, 1836 

3567
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:40,300
Montpelier, aged 85, the last 
living signer of the 

3568
03:16:40,308 --> 03:16:43,000
Constitution. 
The event marked the end of an 

3569
03:16:43,000 --> 03:16:45,400
era. 
He left behind reams of letters 

3570
03:16:45,400 --> 03:16:49,300
and essays and an indelible role
as the methodical framework, the

3571
03:16:49,300 --> 03:16:50,800
Republic. 
He helped birth had changed 

3572
03:16:50,800 --> 03:16:53,800
drastically propelled by 
populists energies. 

3573
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:58,200
He only partly embraced still 
for all the turmoil, it had 

3574
03:16:58,200 --> 03:17:01,800
survived half a century Guided 
by the structure, he had, so 

3575
03:17:01,800 --> 03:17:05,900
carefully shaped His final rest 
concluded, a life bridging 

3576
03:17:05,900 --> 03:17:09,200
revolutionary further and the 
complexity is of a young but 

3577
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:12,200
expanding Nation. 
After James, Madison's death, 

3578
03:17:12,200 --> 03:17:15,700
public memory swiftly lionized 
him as the father of the 

3579
03:17:15,700 --> 03:17:18,500
Constitution. 
Yet the immediate 19th century 

3580
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:21,500
saw only sporadic references to 
his intellectual achievements. 

3581
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,700
The spotlight often went to 
Washington's military leadership

3582
03:17:24,700 --> 03:17:29,300
or Jeffers Flair. 
In Virginia, admirers recognized

3583
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:32,400
him as a thoughtful Statesman 
overshadowed by flamboyant 

3584
03:17:32,400 --> 03:17:34,900
peers. 
Outside the region. 

3585
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,100
His Image was comparatively 
muted. 

3586
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:41,700
The Civil War overshadowed the 
mid-19th century, forcing issues

3587
03:17:41,700 --> 03:17:44,200
of Union vs states rights to the
Forefront. 

3588
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:47,600
Madison's nuanced approach to 
balancing federal and state 

3589
03:17:47,600 --> 03:17:51,200
Powers gained fresh scrutiny 
during that conflict with both 

3590
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:53,300
sides. 
Citing elements of his writings 

3591
03:17:53,300 --> 03:17:56,500
to bolster their arguments. 
It wasn't until the late 19th 

3592
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,800
and early 20th centuries that 
scholarly circles, re-evaluated 

3593
03:17:59,800 --> 03:18:03,700
Madison in detail. 
His Diaries once over shadowed 

3594
03:18:03,700 --> 03:18:06,900
revealed that behind the scene's
deliberations at the 

3595
03:18:06,900 --> 03:18:10,600
Constitutional Convention. 
Historians recognized the scope 

3596
03:18:10,600 --> 03:18:14,300
of his systematic planning. 
His notes of debate became a 

3597
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:16,700
primary resource for 
understanding the founders 

3598
03:18:16,700 --> 03:18:20,300
intentions Legal Scholars, 
discovered, how integral his 

3599
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:22,600
Federalist essays were to 
forming the framework of 

3600
03:18:22,600 --> 03:18:25,200
American. 
Jurisprudence he emerged from 

3601
03:18:25,200 --> 03:18:28,300
the shadows of Jefferson and 
Hamilton recognized as an 

3602
03:18:28,300 --> 03:18:31,100
indispensable pivot in forging a
stable Constitution. 

3603
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:34,800
This re-evaluation also 
reanimated critiques of his 

3604
03:18:34,808 --> 03:18:38,000
moral contradictions. 
Especially regarding slavery. 

3605
03:18:38,900 --> 03:18:42,000
Some mid-20th Century Scholars. 
Tried to paint him as personally

3606
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:45,100
opposed to enslavement yet 
stymied by political 

3607
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:48,000
circumstances. 
More recent historians. 

3608
03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:51,700
However, note that while he 
found slavery distasteful, he 

3609
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:54,000
actively benefited from it 
throughout his life. 

3610
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:58,000
Never fully championing 
emancipation that Gap. 

3611
03:18:58,000 --> 03:19:01,100
In moral conviction, darkens the
legacy of a man who otherwise 

3612
03:19:01,100 --> 03:19:05,200
championed individual liberty. 
The question arises, how could 

3613
03:19:05,200 --> 03:19:07,900
the principal author of the Bill
of Rights remain complicit in 

3614
03:19:07,900 --> 03:19:10,800
human bondage? 
This tension form was a pivotal 

3615
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:13,300
aspect of modern 
interpretations, reminding us 

3616
03:19:13,300 --> 03:19:16,000
that Brilliance, and political 
design, doesn't negate ethical 

3617
03:19:16,000 --> 03:19:18,600
blind spots. 
Another dimension of renewed 

3618
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:21,000
interest focuses on Madison's 
partnership with Dolly, 

3619
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:23,900
historians highlighter at how 
her social presence. 

3620
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:27,500
Helped, unify fractions 
politicians, forging the White 

3621
03:19:27,500 --> 03:19:30,800
House or other receptions in 
space, as for bridging persons 

3622
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:35,100
and divides all over shadowed by
the flamboyant of say, a John 

3623
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:38,400
Adams or The Grand Tour of 
Washington, the Madisons offered

3624
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:41,800
a sense of Republican, Elegance,
With Dolly's Hospitality 

3625
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:45,200
matching James's intellect. 
In the early 19th century 

3626
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,400
visitors often left with a sense
that the president and first 

3627
03:19:48,400 --> 03:19:51,000
lady were forging. 
A new style of leadership less 

3628
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:55,000
monarchical pomp more 
approachable refinement in legal

3629
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:57,000
circles. 
Supreme Court under Chief 

3630
03:19:57,000 --> 03:20:00,000
Justice, John Marshall, 
gradually shaped constitutional 

3631
03:20:00,000 --> 03:20:03,200
interpretation in ways that 
arguably extended Beyond 

3632
03:20:03,200 --> 03:20:07,000
Madison's original blueprint. 
Cases like Marbury for Madison. 

3633
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:10,000
Ironically, enshrined the 
concept of judicial review, 

3634
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:12,900
which was not explicitly 
detailed in the Constitution. 

3635
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:16,700
Madison's name was attached to 
the case though. 

3636
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,900
In that instance, he was the 
official who refused to deliver 

3637
03:20:19,900 --> 03:20:23,800
a Judicial appointment sparking,
the lawsuit, the ruling gave the

3638
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:26,800
Judiciary, the final say on 
constitutional matters, which 

3639
03:20:26,800 --> 03:20:29,800
might have surprised Madison as 
he championed legislative 

3640
03:20:29,800 --> 03:20:33,900
dominance and some writings, yet
the evolution continued and the 

3641
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:36,900
living Constitution adapted in 
Direction's possibly Beyond, 

3642
03:20:36,900 --> 03:20:41,300
even Madison's foresight Into 
the 20th century major 

3643
03:20:41,300 --> 03:20:44,100
anniversaries, the bicentennial 
of the Constitution. 

3644
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:48,000
For instance, Amplified 
Madison's place in public 

3645
03:20:48,000 --> 03:20:51,600
consciousness. 
Speeches recast him as the quiet

3646
03:20:51,600 --> 03:20:54,500
genius in. 
No single branch of government 

3647
03:20:54,500 --> 03:20:58,300
overshadowed the others, in an 
era dominated by large-scale 

3648
03:20:58,300 --> 03:21:01,700
political parties and Global 
power structures summited, his 

3649
03:21:01,708 --> 03:21:04,500
conviction that extended 
republics control factionalism. 

3650
03:21:04,500 --> 03:21:08,100
Others found his view naive 
pointing to the intense 

3651
03:21:08,100 --> 03:21:13,200
polarization of modern politics 
even so, the blueprint of checks

3652
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:17,100
and balances persists credited 
to Madison's systematic approach

3653
03:21:17,900 --> 03:21:21,700
In popular culture references to
Madison remain less flamboyant 

3654
03:21:21,700 --> 03:21:25,300
than to certain other Founders, 
but occasionally a biography or 

3655
03:21:25,300 --> 03:21:27,800
documentary underscores. 
His role in shaping the Bill of 

3656
03:21:27,808 --> 03:21:32,500
Rights or guiding the War of 
1812 Montpelier after extensive.

3657
03:21:32,500 --> 03:21:34,800
Restoration now stands as a 
museum site. 

3658
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:38,400
Exhibits highlight not just 
Madison's role but also the 

3659
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:42,500
lives of enslaved families who 
toil their visitors, witness a 

3660
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:44,900
more complete portrait of the 
plantations layered reality. 

3661
03:21:44,900 --> 03:21:48,200
Bridging triumphs of 
constitutional genius with the 

3662
03:21:48,200 --> 03:21:52,200
Heartbreak of forced labor This 
dual narrative, corrects early, 

3663
03:21:52,200 --> 03:21:56,200
hagiographies pressing visitors 
to reconcile the complexities, 

3664
03:21:56,200 --> 03:22:00,200
thus James Madison's posthumous 
Journey swings between 

3665
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,500
reverential acknowledgment of 
his institutional craft and 

3666
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:07,300
sober acknowledgment of moral 
paradoxes that deeper portrait 

3667
03:22:07,300 --> 03:22:10,000
suits a modern audience seeking 
authenticity over myth. 

3668
03:22:10,000 --> 03:22:13,500
We find in here, humbly sized 
Man, overshadowed by bigger 

3669
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:16,400
personalities yet. 
In many ways, the intellectual 

3670
03:22:16,400 --> 03:22:18,900
core of the Revolutionary 
generation's nation building 

3671
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:23,000
While not flamboyant, is 
persistent focus on structure 

3672
03:22:23,000 --> 03:22:25,300
and compromise. 
Proved essential to forging a 

3673
03:22:25,300 --> 03:22:28,900
republic, resilient enough to 
survive, Civil War, expansions 

3674
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,600
Global conflicts and leaps in 
technology. 

3675
03:22:32,700 --> 03:22:35,400
His legacy remains a testament 
to the power and limits of 

3676
03:22:35,400 --> 03:22:37,800
thoughtful. 
Governance reminding us that the

3677
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:40,800
best structures still rely on 
the flawed human to inhabit 

3678
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,200
them. 
James Madison's life, offers 

3679
03:22:43,200 --> 03:22:45,600
insights into how careful 
thinking and incremental 

3680
03:22:45,600 --> 03:22:47,700
influence can reshape an entire 
Society. 

3681
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:51,600
He never commanded armies or 
sword with fiery oratory 

3682
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:55,100
instead, he methodically used 
reason and communication to 

3683
03:22:55,100 --> 03:22:57,600
guide from the background. 
Observing. 

3684
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:00,900
His trajectory underscores that 
leadership can emerge from quite

3685
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:05,500
conviction rather than 
flamboyant displays One lesson 

3686
03:23:05,500 --> 03:23:08,600
known aspect is his continued 
Devotion to scholarly processes.

3687
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:11,500
Even while in office, he read 
Whiteley devouring. 

3688
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:14,000
Classical references on 
governance and moral philosophy.

3689
03:23:14,000 --> 03:23:17,300
He believed that political 
institutions should reflect 

3690
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,900
rational design and unusual 
stance in an era, still shaped 

3691
03:23:20,900 --> 03:23:24,300
by the monarchy and tradition. 
This Poncho for structured 

3692
03:23:24,300 --> 03:23:26,800
problem, solving remains 
relevant in modern contexts 

3693
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:30,300
where data driven policies and 
careful legislative drafting 

3694
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:31,900
often out last bombastic 
speeches. 

3695
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:35,900
Madison's approach bridging 
principles with compromise, 

3696
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:38,600
might serve as a template for 
bridging polarized. 

3697
03:23:38,600 --> 03:23:41,800
Divides, any reflection on him. 
Also demands confronting the 

3698
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:44,800
slavery question. 
Madison's private letters to 

3699
03:23:44,800 --> 03:23:48,000
Quaker friends or philanthropic.
Acquaintances reveal the moral 

3700
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:50,300
wrestling. 
He endured admitting that 

3701
03:23:50,300 --> 03:23:54,200
slavery, was incompatible with 
Republican ideals but time after

3702
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:56,700
time he bought at championing 
immediate emancipation. 

3703
03:23:56,700 --> 03:24:00,800
He accepted half the measures 
perhaps out of economic 

3704
03:24:00,800 --> 03:24:04,500
dependency or fear of disunion. 
If the matter was pressed, This 

3705
03:24:04,500 --> 03:24:07,300
tension, resonates with many 
professionals who see moral 

3706
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,800
imperatives but feel constrained
by practical or institutional 

3707
03:24:10,800 --> 03:24:13,800
obstacles. 
Madison's example warns that 

3708
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:16,500
deferring a moral crisis can 
cause deeper Agony down the 

3709
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,100
line. 
Another dimension is how Madison

3710
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:22,400
navigated personal adversity, 
like his fragile Health 

3711
03:24:22,400 --> 03:24:25,100
throughout his life. 
He experienced episodes 

3712
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:29,000
described as seizures or severe 
migraines, despite these 

3713
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:32,100
constraints, he pressed forward,
academically, and politically. 

3714
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:34,700
Forging a robust intellectual 
brand. 

3715
03:24:35,600 --> 03:24:38,100
This quiet resilience 
challenges, the notion of the 

3716
03:24:38,108 --> 03:24:40,400
leader must display, robust 
physicality. 

3717
03:24:41,200 --> 03:24:45,000
Indeed, in a modern context of 
chronic health concerns, his 

3718
03:24:45,000 --> 03:24:48,700
perseverance demonstrates that 
mental acuity and steadiness can

3719
03:24:48,700 --> 03:24:52,100
offset physical limitations in 
achieving profound influence. 

3720
03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:55,600
Additionally, Madison's 
partnership with Dolly 

3721
03:24:55,600 --> 03:24:59,000
illuminates, how supportive 
spouse or partner can facilitate

3722
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:02,700
better leadership. 
Dolly social Grace and 

3723
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,700
convivial, approach Bridge 
political adversaries. 

3724
03:25:07,000 --> 03:25:10,100
Turning White House receptions 
under the Madisons into events 

3725
03:25:10,100 --> 03:25:13,800
that softened partisan Rancor. 
This Synergy highlights that 

3726
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:17,000
effective governance can rely on
intangible personal connections,

3727
03:25:17,000 --> 03:25:21,400
not just legislative prowess. 
In workplaces or Community 

3728
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,600
organizations a relational 
Dimension often complements the 

3729
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,400
policy Dimension making success 
more sustainable. 

3730
03:25:29,900 --> 03:25:32,900
Madison's Legacy also reveals 
the complexity of championing 

3731
03:25:32,900 --> 03:25:36,200
novelty within a group setting. 
The constitutional convention 

3732
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:38,800
was a grand collaborative 
environment, with Brilliant 

3733
03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:43,500
Minds, each Wheeling, distinct 
agendas Madison's drafting of 

3734
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:46,200
the Virginia Plan emerged from 
years of studying historical, 

3735
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:49,800
confederacies, and forming 
personal alliance's earning Buy 

3736
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:52,000
in required tailoring. 
The plan to quell the smaller 

3737
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:54,400
States. 
Fears eventually morphing into 

3738
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:57,600
the Great Compromise. 
Modern organizational leaders. 

3739
03:25:57,600 --> 03:26:00,600
Make that pushing reform is 
rarely about imposing a blue. 

3740
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:03,300
Print unaltered about shape, a 
flexible framework. 

3741
03:26:03,300 --> 03:26:06,100
That key stakeholders can accept
even grudgingly. 

3742
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,900
His post-presidential phase 
where he faced personal 

3743
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:14,600
financial stress also, resonates
despite Monumental achievements,

3744
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:17,900
he found himself short on 
liquidity, dependent on borrowed

3745
03:26:17,900 --> 03:26:20,700
funds. 
This incident underscores that 

3746
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:22,900
professional success or 
historical greatness. 

3747
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:26,300
Doesn't guarantee Financial ease
individuals in midlife 

3748
03:26:26,300 --> 03:26:29,100
contending with changing 
economic fortunes can see a 

3749
03:26:29,100 --> 03:26:32,400
parallel one can shape National 
Destinies yet struggle with 

3750
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:35,700
personal accounts. 
Finally, the War of 1812 

3751
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:37,800
underlines that not all 
policies. 

3752
03:26:37,800 --> 03:26:43,000
Even if well-intentioned yield 
neat victories The conflict 

3753
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:44,400
ended with a surge of 
patriotism. 

3754
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,100
But it was by no means a tidy 
Triumph. 

3755
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,200
The story is a cautionary note 
for modern endeavors. 

3756
03:26:50,900 --> 03:26:53,100
Strategic aims can be 
overshadowed by chance. 

3757
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,300
Shifting alliances or resource. 
Shortfalls yet? 

3758
03:26:56,300 --> 03:26:59,600
How one manages adversity, 
adapting and forging unifying, 

3759
03:26:59,600 --> 03:27:02,800
narratives can still yield 
long-term constructive outcomes.

3760
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:07,100
today, as we revisit the 
founding fathers James Madison 

3761
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:10,500
stands out, not for flamboyant 
gestures, but for the quiet 

3762
03:27:10,500 --> 03:27:14,600
thoroughness of his intellectual
and political craft, Yorkshire 

3763
03:27:14,600 --> 03:27:17,500
stated from the background 
hammered out the Bill of Rights 

3764
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:20,600
navigated the Republic through a
vexing War. 

3765
03:27:21,400 --> 03:27:24,400
And left behind an architecture 
of governance that still frames 

3766
03:27:24,400 --> 03:27:28,200
American Life. 
The paradoxes remain a champion 

3767
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:31,600
of Liberty completed in slavery.
A mild-mannered man, 

3768
03:27:31,600 --> 03:27:35,100
orchestrating Fierce debates. 
But these contradictions 

3769
03:27:35,100 --> 03:27:38,400
highlight the real complexity of
shaping, a new nation, under 

3770
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:41,700
uncertain conditions, for a 
midlife audience balancing 

3771
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:55,500
ideals with real world. 
the late 17th and early 18th 

3772
03:27:55,500 --> 03:28:00,100
centuries, France was a land of 
contrasts By candlelight in a 

3773
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:03,300
grande chateau's garden, a 
curious, noblewoman, listens as 

3774
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:06,200
a witty philosopher. 
Describes the stars above, he 

3775
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:08,300
explains that. 
Those stars are Sons, like our 

3776
03:28:08,300 --> 03:28:12,200
own each perhaps circled, by the
worlds of their own a radical 

3777
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,300
idea in an age, when questioning
the heavens could be dangerous. 

3778
03:28:16,400 --> 03:28:18,700
scene could be lifted from 
Bernard de fontanel's 

3779
03:28:18,700 --> 03:28:23,300
conversations on the plurality 
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 

3780
03:28:23,300 --> 03:28:26,100
where a lady and a scientist 
stroll nightly under the sky 

3781
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:30,000
discussing copernicus's son, 
centered universe, Fontanel's 

3782
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:32,700
Charming Pros made the latest 
scientific discoveries 

3783
03:28:32,700 --> 03:28:35,800
accessible to the layperson 
planting seeds of curiosity. 

3784
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:40,700
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 
rule, cast, Long Shadows, his 

3785
03:28:40,700 --> 03:28:43,200
ideas along with those of fellow
think of Pierre. 

3786
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,200
Baal formed a foundation for 
what would soon be called The 

3787
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:49,900
Enlightenment at the turn of the
18th century official. 

3788
03:28:49,900 --> 03:28:52,400
France was still firmly 
absolutist and devoutly 

3789
03:28:52,400 --> 03:28:54,100
Catholic. 
Louis. 

3790
03:28:54,100 --> 03:28:57,400
XIV, the Sun King had revoked. 
The Edict of Nantes in 1685. 

3791
03:28:57,400 --> 03:29:00,800
Driving Protestants like Bailey 
into exile? 

3792
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:04,800
It even as the king insisted on 
religious unity, dissenting 

3793
03:29:04,800 --> 03:29:07,400
ideas. 
Quietly took root in his Safe. 

3794
03:29:07,400 --> 03:29:10,200
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 
skeptical historical and 

3795
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,300
critical dictionary, 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

3796
03:29:14,300 --> 03:29:17,700
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

3797
03:29:17,700 --> 03:29:20,500
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

3798
03:29:20,508 --> 03:29:22,300
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

3799
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,100
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leo. 

3800
03:29:26,400 --> 03:29:29,200
A tradition was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

3801
03:29:29,200 --> 03:29:32,300
easily extinguished. 
Bailey has called for a society 

3802
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,600
of pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

3803
03:29:35,600 --> 03:29:38,900
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small, 

3804
03:29:38,908 --> 03:29:40,900
but growing circle of French 
Minds. 

3805
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:44,500
Quietly. 
The suburb Monopoly of church 

3806
03:29:44,500 --> 03:29:47,400
and crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

3807
03:29:47,408 --> 03:29:51,900
letters passed hand to hand. 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

3808
03:29:51,900 --> 03:29:54,400
1715, the atmosphere in France 
relaxed. 

3809
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:58,900
Some what allowing these early 
Sparks to flare up In Paris, 

3810
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:01,600
coffee houses and literary clubs
with torque. 

3811
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:05,400
One towering figure of this, 
early Enlightenment was Baron de

3812
03:30:05,400 --> 03:30:09,100
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

3813
03:30:09,100 --> 03:30:13,900
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu, 
published the Persian letters a 

3814
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,500
playful novel of letters. 
In which two fictional Persian, 

3815
03:30:16,500 --> 03:30:18,100
Travelers Lampoon French 
Customs. 

3816
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:21,700
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 
Parisian High Society. 

3817
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:25,100
The pretensions of the king's 
court, the absurdities of the 

3818
03:30:25,100 --> 03:30:27,400
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

3819
03:30:27,400 --> 03:30:30,300
Gentle ridicule through these 
eyes of Outsiders. 

3820
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:34,500
Readers were amused and 
intrigued beneath the satire, a 

3821
03:30:34,500 --> 03:30:37,100
serious critique of absolutism 
and religious hypocrisy. 

3822
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:40,500
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

3823
03:30:40,500 --> 03:30:44,000
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in amused, 

3824
03:30:44,000 --> 03:30:47,100
Whispers France is own 
institutions were being examined

3825
03:30:47,100 --> 03:30:52,000
as if under a foreign lands and 
many found them wanting want to 

3826
03:30:52,000 --> 03:30:54,600
skew success in bold and others 
soon. 

3827
03:30:54,600 --> 03:30:57,800
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

3828
03:30:57,800 --> 03:31:01,200
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

3829
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:04,300
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

3830
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:08,200
philosophy was coming in to use.
Not quite the same as 

3831
03:31:08,200 --> 03:31:10,900
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

3832
03:31:10,900 --> 03:31:14,200
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

3833
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:18,000
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

3834
03:31:18,000 --> 03:31:20,200
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

3835
03:31:20,200 --> 03:31:23,400
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

3836
03:31:23,400 --> 03:31:26,700
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

3837
03:31:26,700 --> 03:31:28,100
circulating in French 
translation. 

3838
03:31:29,300 --> 03:31:32,000
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

3839
03:31:32,000 --> 03:31:35,200
traveled to England and 
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 

3840
03:31:35,200 --> 03:31:39,000
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 
and the English Spirit of free 

3841
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:42,400
debate. 
He set about spreading both with

3842
03:31:42,400 --> 03:31:45,600
his vivacious lover, Emily dese,
a self, a brilliant, 

3843
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:48,400
mathematician Voltaire 
explained, Newton's finding in 

3844
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:51,500
French and praised England. 
As relatively liberal Society in

3845
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:54,100
his letters on the English. 
Though, the French authorities 

3846
03:31:54,100 --> 03:31:57,100
condemned his book and briefly 
imprisoned its author for it. 

3847
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:00,800
The idea is could not be unread.
The taste of intellectual, 

3848
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:03,000
Freedom abroad. 
Only sharp and French appetites 

3849
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:05,800
for more thus in the decades 
before the Revolution. 

3850
03:32:05,800 --> 03:32:08,600
The early stirring of 
Enlightenment thought took hold 

3851
03:32:08,600 --> 03:32:12,200
a handful of bold voices, 
Fontenelle with his Popular 

3852
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:15,900
Science ball with his skeptical 
area Edition, want to skew with 

3853
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:19,200
his satire and Voltaire with his
shop Penn prepared. 

3854
03:32:19,200 --> 03:32:23,400
The ground their writing 
circulated in manuscript and in 

3855
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,400
Contraband, print fertilizing 
Minds from Paris to the 

3856
03:32:26,400 --> 03:32:30,500
provinces over supper tables and
University Halls, people began 

3857
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:33,900
asking new questions Could 
Reason Not tradition guide. 

3858
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:37,400
Human Affairs must religious 
uniformity Trump individual. 

3859
03:32:37,400 --> 03:32:39,900
Conscience could a king's 
Authority have limits set by 

3860
03:32:39,900 --> 03:32:42,500
natural law. 
These questions shown in the 

3861
03:32:42,508 --> 03:32:45,900
early 1700s would Sprout 
dramatically as the century 

3862
03:32:45,900 --> 03:32:49,400
progressed, For now they were 
still whispered but the 

3863
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:53,000
enlightenment in France had 
begun Adorn of new thinking that

3864
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:56,900
promised to chase away medieval 
shadows in the mid-18th century.

3865
03:32:56,900 --> 03:33:00,400
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

3866
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,400
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

3867
03:33:03,400 --> 03:33:06,200
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was unique 

3868
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:09,400
Institution. 
Part Social Club part 

3869
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:13,000
intellectual seminar typically 
hosted by a wealthy or 

3870
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:16,400
aristocratic woman the salon 
near these gatherings brought 

3871
03:33:16,400 --> 03:33:19,900
together writers, philosophers, 
artists, and Statesmen under one

3872
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:23,000
Chandelier on a given evening. 
You might find the sharp tongue 

3873
03:33:23,000 --> 03:33:27,100
and Voltaire trading barbs with 
a bishop or Jean-Jacques 

3874
03:33:27,100 --> 03:33:30,200
Rousseau Shailey unveiling, his 
latest essay to a circle of 

3875
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,100
curious. 
Marquises salons were private 

3876
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:36,200
and By Invitation Only yet, they
became engines of public 

3877
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:38,900
discourse. 
There was a democratic 

3878
03:33:38,900 --> 03:33:43,000
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 
atmosphere rare for the time 

3879
03:33:43,000 --> 03:33:47,400
time, Nobles bourgeoisie and 
even an occasional Artisan or 

3880
03:33:47,400 --> 03:33:51,400
foreign Savant mingled polite 
likely United by a love of wit 

3881
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:54,300
an ideas. 
Here in lightning month, thought

3882
03:33:54,300 --> 03:33:58,000
took on a human face as diverse 
guests, debated Arts, science 

3883
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:00,200
and politics late Into the 
Night. 

3884
03:34:01,100 --> 03:34:03,800
The women who ran these salons. 
Wielded subtle power in a 

3885
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:06,400
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer. 

3886
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:10,600
Take, Madame, Jeffrey, for 
example, born Mary Torres 

3887
03:34:10,600 --> 03:34:14,500
Rodriguez by the 1740s, she had 
established herself as the 

3888
03:34:14,500 --> 03:34:18,100
premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, her well-appointed

3889
03:34:18,100 --> 03:34:19,500
home. 
On the cruise Sound on array. 

3890
03:34:19,500 --> 03:34:22,100
Welcome the leading writers and 
philosophy to dinner. 

3891
03:34:22,100 --> 03:34:25,100
When's days. 
Were reserved for artists with 

3892
03:34:25,100 --> 03:34:27,300
motherly charm. 
Adam Joffrey on presided over 

3893
03:34:27,300 --> 03:34:30,600
the conversation tactfully 
steering away from overly 

3894
03:34:30,600 --> 03:34:32,700
explosive topics. 
So, as to keep the Gathering 

3895
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:36,400
convivial, Even provided 
financial support to struggling 

3896
03:34:36,400 --> 03:34:39,700
men of letters quietly paying 
debts, or buying paintings from 

3897
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:42,600
her artist guests. 
The respect, she commanded was 

3898
03:34:42,600 --> 03:34:46,100
such that even the Crusty 
Voltaire deferred to her. in her

3899
03:34:46,100 --> 03:34:49,400
Salon, one had to follow certain
rules, which was appreciated, 

3900
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:54,100
but vulgarity was not lively 
debate was welcome but shouting 

3901
03:34:54,100 --> 03:34:57,400
and personal attacks were 
frowned upon Under her Guidance,

3902
03:34:57,400 --> 03:35:01,900
the tone remained, civil clever 
and in lightning, a model of the

3903
03:35:01,900 --> 03:35:05,200
refinement of manners and speech
that salons originally aimed 

3904
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:07,800
for. 
Other Salon years adopted 

3905
03:35:07,800 --> 03:35:11,000
different styles. 
Madame, Didi and older 

3906
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:15,400
contemporary of Jeffrey, hosted 
Gathering From 1745 onward, but 

3907
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,300
famously disdained, the more 
radical philosopher except for 

3908
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:22,800
Voltaire who she adored. 
Her Salon favored, High Society 

3909
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:25,300
gossip and classical. 
Letters over bold, new 

3910
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:28,200
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty 

3911
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:31,200
Mademoiselle Julie De Las Pinas 
ran a more free wheeling sell on

3912
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,100
in the 1770s. 
Julie had been tutored in the 

3913
03:35:34,108 --> 03:35:38,300
art by Madame and until the 
falling out and with a small 

3914
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:40,900
stipend from Madame Geoffrey 
struck out on her own. 

3915
03:35:40,900 --> 03:35:44,500
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

3916
03:35:44,500 --> 03:35:48,100
select but Mixed Company, young 
intellectuals older statement 

3917
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,100
and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

3918
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:53,800
nothing lavish but the talk 
flowed. 

3919
03:35:54,500 --> 03:35:59,100
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean, Francois mamonty marveled 

3920
03:35:59,100 --> 03:36:01,500
at Julia's, ability to inspire 
Frank discussion. 

3921
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:05,500
He described her as an 
astonishing compound of reason 

3922
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:09,000
and wisdom with the liveliest 
mind and most Ardent soul. 

3923
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,000
Under her edifice philosopher, 
philosophers from diverse 

3924
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,200
generations convened, and 
exchanged ideas, while even the 

3925
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:18,500
poorest Scholars, were welcome 
to express their thoughts. 

3926
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:23,300
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons ones rank in a tear.

3927
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:25,600
Still mattered. 
The Juliet's. 

3928
03:36:25,600 --> 03:36:27,000
Proved that intellectual 
passion. 

3929
03:36:27,000 --> 03:36:30,400
Could Trump pedigree a typical 
Selene evening. 

3930
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,100
Might unfold like this as dusk 
fell. 

3931
03:36:33,100 --> 03:36:36,000
A liveried footman. 
Admitted guest to a candle lip 

3932
03:36:36,000 --> 03:36:39,700
parlor decorated with art. 
Gentle music, played in the Next

3933
03:36:39,700 --> 03:36:43,400
Room, elegant women in silks, 
and men in embroidered, coats 

3934
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,400
form, small clusters, exchanging
news and balls. 

3935
03:36:46,400 --> 03:36:49,300
Mutts a Hostess circulated 
deathly. 

3936
03:36:49,300 --> 03:36:51,900
Introducing a young poet to a 
renowned sign scientist or 

3937
03:36:51,900 --> 03:36:54,600
drawing a shy scholar in to a 
lively debate about the latest 

3938
03:36:54,600 --> 03:37:00,400
play. conversation, was the main
event a Good Salon guests had 

3939
03:37:00,400 --> 03:37:03,200
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

3940
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:06,500
wit and elegant French. 
A rising dramatist. 

3941
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:09,600
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

3942
03:37:09,608 --> 03:37:13,100
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

3943
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,500
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

3944
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:20,200
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

3945
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:23,000
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Rousseau's eccentric 

3946
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,400
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

3947
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:29,400
drowned on to Long, the hostess 
would smoothly, change the 

3948
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:33,100
subject or proposal diversion 
perhaps a brief chamber, music 

3949
03:37:33,100 --> 03:37:37,100
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

3950
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:40,500
ludic and learned. 
By evening Zen and ideas that 

3951
03:37:40,500 --> 03:37:43,100
might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

3952
03:37:43,100 --> 03:37:46,300
safely in the South cushioned, 
by flightless and mutual respect

3953
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:49,000
the salon. 
Thus served as an incubator for 

3954
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:51,900
an Enlightenment ideas. 
He connected thinkers to 

3955
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:55,300
Patron's many, an author found a
publisher or a financier, 

3956
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:57,700
through Salon contacts. 
It allowed women. 

3957
03:37:57,700 --> 03:38:01,000
A rare opportunity to engage in 
intellectual life will be as 

3958
03:38:01,000 --> 03:38:04,000
conveners rather than professors
with notable exceptions. 

3959
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:06,700
Like Emily duchesse who though 
not to sell on. 

3960
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:08,700
Are proved women could match men
in science. 

3961
03:38:09,700 --> 03:38:14,000
Salons also helped Road class 
barriers if only slightly some 

3962
03:38:14,000 --> 03:38:17,900
hostesses Pride themselves on 
Gathering a popari of talents 

3963
03:38:17,900 --> 03:38:21,000
regardless of noble birth. there
were limits, of course, 

3964
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:24,900
peasants, and laborers did not 
stroll into these parlors The 

3965
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:28,000
salons primarily catered to the 
elite who were open to new 

3966
03:38:28,000 --> 03:38:30,600
talent and ideas. 
Not just those inherited from 

3967
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:34,000
their lineage. 
In these candlelit rooms, the 

3968
03:38:34,000 --> 03:38:35,600
public sphere had a private 
cradle. 

3969
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:39,500
Before newspapers could freely 
criticize, the king, or church. 

3970
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:43,300
And before any elected assembly 
existed in France, the salons 

3971
03:38:43,300 --> 03:38:46,600
were training grounds for reason
debate. they fostered, what one 

3972
03:38:46,600 --> 03:38:49,800
historian later called the 
Republic of letters, the 

3973
03:38:49,800 --> 03:38:52,300
community of Minds that 
transcended, social ranks, and 

3974
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,700
National borders, foreigners, 
like the Scottish historian 

3975
03:38:55,700 --> 03:38:59,600
David Hume, or the Italian 
economist cesare beccaria were 

3976
03:38:59,600 --> 03:39:03,100
seated at Paris salons when they
visited in turn French 

3977
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:05,800
philosophers, built, networks of
correspondence with thinkers 

3978
03:39:05,800 --> 03:39:10,300
abroad, The Cosmopolitan chatter
in Madame Joplin sallow, had 

3979
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:14,300
echoes in London Geneva or 
Berlin as ideas spread by the 

3980
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,500
1770s and 1780s. 
Even as economic troubles and 

3981
03:39:17,500 --> 03:39:21,000
political conflict in France. 
One could still find On Any 

3982
03:39:21,000 --> 03:39:23,100
Given evening a salon in full 
swing. 

3983
03:39:23,100 --> 03:39:27,100
A microcosm of an ideal 
Enlightenment Society where 

3984
03:39:27,100 --> 03:39:30,000
conversation flowed freely 
differences were bridge by 

3985
03:39:30,000 --> 03:39:33,800
Civility and a new rational. 
France was imagined in talk long

3986
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:36,400
before it existed. 
In fact, by the middle of the 

3987
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:39,700
18th century, the written word 
in France was undergoing an 

3988
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:43,100
explosive proliferation and 
bustling Parisian print shops, 

3989
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:45,900
and in secret presses hidden in 
attics or a cross, the border 

3990
03:39:45,900 --> 03:39:50,600
printers turned out mountains of
paper books, pamphlets journals 

3991
03:39:50,600 --> 03:39:54,800
broadside and insatiable reading
public had Arisen, hungry for 

3992
03:39:54,800 --> 03:39:58,100
everything from scandalous verse
to Serious Treasures on 

3993
03:39:58,100 --> 03:40:00,800
philosophy. 
The statistics, tell part of the

3994
03:40:00,808 --> 03:40:05,900
story by the 1780s literacy at 
risen markedly half of French 

3995
03:40:05,900 --> 03:40:09,300
men and a quarter of women could
read almost double the rates 

3996
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:12,200
from a century earlier. 
More people reading meant more 

3997
03:40:12,200 --> 03:40:15,000
demand for reading material, 
where the state or the church 

3998
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:17,800
tried to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

3999
03:40:17,800 --> 03:40:19,400
Publishers found ways to supply 
it. 

4000
03:40:19,400 --> 03:40:23,200
Regardless a veritable 
underground press emerge and 

4001
03:40:23,200 --> 03:40:26,000
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

4002
03:40:26,000 --> 03:40:28,000
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller. 

4003
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:31,700
Together, they would spread 
enlightenment ideas to every 

4004
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:34,400
corner of France even as 
authorities scrambled to stem 

4005
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:37,000
the tide. 
Actually the French Crown 

4006
03:40:37,000 --> 03:40:40,200
maintained strict censorship. 
All books were supposed to be a 

4007
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:43,300
royal sensors and carry the 
sensors name. 

4008
03:40:43,300 --> 03:40:47,400
Hundreds of titles were outright
banned, the Catholic Church 

4009
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:50,500
through the sorbonne faculty and
the infamous index librarian, 

4010
03:40:50,500 --> 03:40:52,800
prohibitorum index of prohibited
books. 

4011
03:40:52,800 --> 03:40:55,900
Also condemned Works, deemed 
heretical or immoral. 

4012
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:59,600
Punishments for illegal 
printing, could be severe fines 

4013
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:03,400
imprisonment, even The Gallows 
for repeater fenders but by the 

4014
03:41:03,400 --> 03:41:07,000
1770s enforcement was 
increasingly like plugging holes

4015
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,400
in a sieve. 
The appetite for new ideas was 

4016
03:41:09,400 --> 03:41:12,400
too strong and the profits to be
made from satisfying it to 

4017
03:41:12,400 --> 03:41:15,000
tempting. 
Smugglers, carried, forbidden 

4018
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:18,400
books into France By The Crate. 
Stashing them in false bottom 

4019
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,000
wagons or floating them down 
Rivers at night. 

4020
03:41:22,000 --> 03:41:25,300
It was said that in some 
Frontier towns, nearly every 

4021
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:30,200
Customs officer could be bribed.
Meanwhile, within France, pirate

4022
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:33,100
printers secretly duplicated, 
popular Works without 

4023
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:35,200
permission. 
One way or another. 

4024
03:41:35,200 --> 03:41:38,100
What was officially banned off 
an ended up wide Lily red? 

4025
03:41:39,000 --> 03:41:41,900
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

4026
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:45,200
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

4027
03:41:45,200 --> 03:41:48,600
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

4028
03:41:48,600 --> 03:41:52,500
and trades edited by Denny 
diderot was banned by King 

4029
03:41:52,500 --> 03:41:54,300
Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

4030
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:57,600
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities who found its

4031
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:00,800
articles to Empires but diderot 
did not abandon it. 

4032
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:04,200
Thanks to sympathetic insiders 
not least the enlightened sense 

4033
03:42:04,200 --> 03:42:06,700
of Mel. 
Gerber Dido continued the work 

4034
03:42:06,700 --> 03:42:09,900
in secret finishing 10 more 
volumes of Articles and plates 

4035
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:11,600
under a false imprint in 
Switzerland. 

4036
03:42:12,700 --> 03:42:15,600
Officially the encyclopedia was 
suppressed in reality 

4037
03:42:15,600 --> 03:42:18,500
subscribers received the 
remaining volumes clandestinely 

4038
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:21,500
by 1765 as one contemporary 
quit. 

4039
03:42:21,500 --> 03:42:24,600
The authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

4040
03:42:24,600 --> 03:42:27,800
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

4041
03:42:27,800 --> 03:42:30,100
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

4042
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:32,200
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

4043
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:37,600
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice tip of the 

4044
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:39,600
later, old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

4045
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:45,400
By 1780 did Rose and cyclops 
stood complete at 35 volume's 

4046
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:48,400
and astonishing Trove of 
Enlightenment knowledge made 

4047
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:52,400
available to the public despite 
all edicts to the contrary, in 

4048
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:56,600
addition to the encyclopedie 
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the

4049
03:42:56,600 --> 03:42:58,400
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. 

4050
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,800
Scholars believe that around 600
prohibited books, circulated in 

4051
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:06,200
France, before the Revolution. 
These included philosophical 

4052
03:43:06,200 --> 03:43:09,400
books, Scarlett's political 
pamphlets and censored novels. 

4053
03:43:10,200 --> 03:43:13,000
According to historian, Robert 
Danton several were forbidden 

4054
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:16,400
bestsellers books to Filthy or 
seditious for the sensors. 

4055
03:43:16,400 --> 03:43:20,800
But eagerly read by everyone who
could Russo's Emil on education 

4056
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:25,400
and the social contract were 
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 

4057
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:27,100
volumes spread and made him 
famous. 

4058
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:30,900
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 
the Royal Family's morals and 

4059
03:43:30,900 --> 03:43:33,700
crazy stories. 
About the king's ministers were 

4060
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:36,200
other underground, best sellers 
grub Street. 

4061
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:38,900
Writers hack authors living hand
to mouth in Paris. 

4062
03:43:38,900 --> 03:43:41,600
Who wrote Whatever sold 
specialized in LaBelle's 

4063
03:43:41,600 --> 03:43:44,900
liberalist pamphlets. 
To get money, such writers, 

4064
03:43:44,900 --> 03:43:47,900
might mock the king's mistress, 
one week composing natural 

4065
03:43:47,900 --> 03:43:50,500
rights tracked, the next, and 
spy for the police. 

4066
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:54,000
The next Voltaire Indira mock 
this literary underworld 

4067
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:58,000
Voltaire called hackers things, 
ironically, radical ideas. 

4068
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:01,400
Sometimes sprayed through these 
less recognized venues the 

4069
03:44:01,400 --> 03:44:04,900
hackers hungry and alienated 
from the previous regime, hated 

4070
03:44:04,900 --> 03:44:06,400
or authority and fuel the 
revolution. 

4071
03:44:07,600 --> 03:44:11,200
Print circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

4072
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:14,400
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

4073
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:18,000
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. popularly legal 

4074
03:44:18,000 --> 03:44:22,600
titles, have been republished 
many times in the 70s, the Swiss

4075
03:44:22,600 --> 03:44:25,900
underground, publisher Societe 
graphic de no Chateau 

4076
03:44:25,900 --> 03:44:29,400
transported, tens of, thousands 
of volumes into France from 

4077
03:44:29,400 --> 03:44:34,200
voltaire's philosophical fables,
to prohibited novels, By 1 7 9, 

4078
03:44:34,200 --> 03:44:45,100
6 2 0. 
History of the two Indies which 

4079
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:48,400
boldly denounced slavery and 
tyranny was baned by the French 

4080
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,500
government in exiled. 
While the clergy despised him as

4081
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:54,500
one of the most seditious 
writers, which only peeked as 

4082
03:44:54,500 --> 03:44:56,600
intrest. 
Spike. 

4083
03:44:56,600 --> 03:44:59,000
The Embargo. 
The book was a best-seller and 

4084
03:44:59,000 --> 03:45:02,200
influenced American colonists 
with its human rights advocacy. 

4085
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:04,800
The Paradox of French 
Enlightenment. 

4086
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:07,500
Publishing was that repression 
often increase the works. 

4087
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:10,800
Fame in audience, reading 
revolution spread outside the 

4088
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:13,300
capitol. 
Provincial cities developed 

4089
03:45:13,300 --> 03:45:16,300
lending, libraries and reading 
societies where members pulled 

4090
03:45:16,300 --> 03:45:17,900
funds to buy books and 
newspapers. 

4091
03:45:17,900 --> 03:45:20,500
Under the watchful eye of a 
suspicious bishop or magistrate 

4092
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:24,000
literature was available to many
residents and artists by the 

4093
03:45:24,000 --> 03:45:27,500
1780s. 
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 

4094
03:45:27,500 --> 03:45:30,800
Book simplified Enlightenment 
ideals, fairy tales, and 

4095
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:33,600
practical information. 
Peddlers sold chat. 

4096
03:45:33,600 --> 03:45:37,500
Books in local marketplaces 
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.

4097
03:45:37,500 --> 03:45:41,200
A peasant may hear a hot story 
about the king's mistress or a 

4098
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:42,600
Voltaire joke. 
Of course not. 

4099
03:45:42,600 --> 03:45:46,200
Everyone liked this print Deluge
conservative voices, argued. 

4100
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:48,900
That excessive reading 
especially forbidden materials 

4101
03:45:48,900 --> 03:45:52,700
was corrupting Ordinary People 
one booklet at a time. 

4102
03:45:52,708 --> 03:45:55,800
Some worried that Authority was 
losing respect, they were 

4103
03:45:55,800 --> 03:45:59,500
partly, right? 
Before 1789 printed words, 

4104
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:01,000
affected for French public 
opinion. 

4105
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:04,200
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 
public opinion after 

4106
03:46:04,200 --> 03:46:07,700
high-profile scandals or trials 
like the diamond necklace 

4107
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:12,400
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 
Marie Antoinette in lighting and

4108
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:14,300
authors and form an influence 
public opinion. 

4109
03:46:14,300 --> 03:46:17,200
They thought education and 
critical thinking could improve 

4110
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:20,100
Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

4111
03:46:20,100 --> 03:46:22,400
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

4112
03:46:23,400 --> 03:46:26,500
A prison kiosk sold, a cheap 
Russo, leaflet on the eve of the

4113
03:46:26,508 --> 03:46:29,900
Revolution, stating man is Born 
Free and everywhere he is in 

4114
03:46:29,900 --> 03:46:33,900
Chains, a body song, mocking the
fat Archbishop or a broadsheet, 

4115
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:37,000
celebrating America's successful
Uprising against its ruler of 

4116
03:46:37,000 --> 03:46:40,800
available rights, Liberty and 
equality formally discussed in 

4117
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:43,300
salons, have permeated common 
consciousness. 

4118
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:47,000
The future was printed on legal 
and unlawful presses. 

4119
03:46:47,000 --> 03:46:50,100
Despite their efforts, the old 
orders Guardians could not. 

4120
03:46:51,800 --> 03:46:54,200
The clatter of the printers type
and the rustle of secretly, 

4121
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,800
turned Pages shook a changing 
France in a modest Paris 

4122
03:46:57,800 --> 03:47:01,000
apartment in the 1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

4123
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:04,500
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

4124
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:08,600
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

4125
03:47:08,600 --> 03:47:12,800
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

4126
03:47:12,800 --> 03:47:17,700
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,

4127
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:22,700
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Tensley Ernest Ilona, who 

4128
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:24,900
distrust the very Society of 
Voltaire. 

4129
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:28,400
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

4130
03:47:28,400 --> 03:47:31,600
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

4131
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:34,100
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

4132
03:47:34,100 --> 03:47:37,400
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

4133
03:47:37,400 --> 03:47:41,500
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

4134
03:47:41,500 --> 03:47:45,300
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

4135
03:47:45,300 --> 03:47:47,200
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

4136
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:50,800
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

4137
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:55,600
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

4138
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,400
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

4139
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:01,100
civilization. 
May be flawed, but its far 

4140
03:48:01,100 --> 03:48:03,000
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

4141
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:07,600
Extols this famous quip that 
Russo's philosophy is Command 

4142
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:11,000
want to become a beast, 
epitomizes the clash between two

4143
03:48:11,000 --> 03:48:14,700
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

4144
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:18,400
and Society were Worlds Apart, 
the enlightenment was not a 

4145
03:48:18,400 --> 03:48:21,500
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

4146
03:48:21,508 --> 03:48:25,400
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

4147
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:30,100
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 
as legendary Voltaire championed

4148
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,700
reason science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

4149
03:48:33,700 --> 03:48:37,100
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally advised by 

4150
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:40,200
philosophers, like in himself. 
Could gradually improve Society,

4151
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:44,600
religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue but needed 

4152
03:48:44,600 --> 03:48:49,000
purging of superstition in 
crushed. 

4153
03:48:49,000 --> 03:48:51,900
The infamous thing of 
fanaticism, he would famously 

4154
03:48:51,900 --> 03:48:54,900
declare of the church's abuses 
Russo. 

4155
03:48:54,900 --> 03:48:57,700
By contrast distrusted, the 
pretensions of polite Society. 

4156
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:01,300
He thought civilization had 
corrupted man's originally, good

4157
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:03,900
nature in works like discourse 
on inequality. 

4158
03:49:03,900 --> 03:49:08,400
He argued that Arts and Sciences
had led not to progress, but to 

4159
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:12,000
vanity and oppression. 
His ideal was a simpler life in 

4160
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:15,000
harmony with nature and a 
political Community Based on 

4161
03:49:15,000 --> 03:49:17,500
genuine. 
Equality and the general will of

4162
03:49:17,500 --> 03:49:19,200
the people. 
As he later, outlined in the 

4163
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,900
social contract to Voltaire, the
idea sounded naive at best 

4164
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:26,700
dangerous at worst, their 
correspondence started 

4165
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:28,600
courteously but soured over 
time. 

4166
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:33,900
After the devastating Lisbon 
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 

4167
03:49:33,900 --> 03:49:35,400
wrote a poem questioning 
Providence. 

4168
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:39,500
How could a just God Slaughter 
innocence Russo. 

4169
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:42,700
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

4170
03:49:42,700 --> 03:49:46,800
plan, and that if men didn't 
live packed in cities, The Quake

4171
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:49,900
would do less harm. 
Voltaire privately, scoffed that

4172
03:49:49,908 --> 03:49:52,000
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

4173
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:56,100
One long in reading your book to
walk on all fours, he jeered, 

4174
03:49:56,100 --> 03:49:59,700
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

4175
03:49:59,700 --> 03:50:02,200
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

4176
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:05,300
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

4177
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:08,500
By the 70s. 
Their relationship had fractured

4178
03:50:08,500 --> 03:50:11,200
complete Russo. 
Even refused volta's. 

4179
03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:14,700
Offer of Refuge, when Rousseau 
was fleeing arrest, the Voltaire

4180
03:50:14,700 --> 03:50:19,100
Rousseau split was not just 
personal in Enlightenment 

4181
03:50:19,100 --> 03:50:23,500
thought Voltaire stood, for the 
party of Reason progressed 

4182
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:25,500
through enlightened Authority 
and sharp. 

4183
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:29,300
Criticism of traditional Russo 
became the voice of the party of

4184
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:32,700
feeling valuing, emotional 
authenticity, and the wisdom of 

4185
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,600
the Common Man over the Polished
salon sophisticate to create 

4186
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:38,300
your quarrel highlighted 
contradictions. 

4187
03:50:38,300 --> 03:50:41,900
The enlightenment celebrated 
reason yet Rousseau accused 

4188
03:50:41,900 --> 03:50:44,000
reasons Apostles of being cold 
and elitist. 

4189
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:47,500
It preached a quality, it 
Voltaire privately disdained the

4190
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:51,400
uneducated masses and preferred 
benevolent descent to democracy.

4191
03:50:52,300 --> 03:50:55,300
In their ways, each was 
prophetic Voltaire of the 

4192
03:50:55,308 --> 03:50:58,900
liberal secular values that 
would shape modern Europe Russo 

4193
03:50:58,900 --> 03:51:01,800
of the Romantic Democratic and 
even revolutionary currents that

4194
03:51:01,808 --> 03:51:05,200
would soon erupt. 
Its fitting that both men died 

4195
03:51:05,200 --> 03:51:08,200
in 1778. 
A decade before the Revolution 

4196
03:51:08,200 --> 03:51:11,700
almost as if fate meant to clear
the stage for the drama to come 

4197
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:14,400
Beyond this. 
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 

4198
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:17,000
was Rife with intellectual 
rivalries and collaborations 

4199
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:20,700
diderot and Dalembert co-editors
of the encyclopedia had their 

4200
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:23,300
share of squabbles. 
Dalomba quit the project in 

4201
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:27,500
frustration in 1759 leaving Dido
to slog through the remaining 

4202
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:31,100
volumes largely alone. 
Did hero also fell out bitterly 

4203
03:51:31,100 --> 03:51:33,400
with Rousseau who would want to 
be his close friend? 

4204
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:38,000
Diro and Barren holbach welcomed
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 

4205
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:41,200
the 1740s. 
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 

4206
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,200
in his paranoia grew, he came to
believe diderot had portrayed 

4207
03:51:44,200 --> 03:51:46,100
him negatively in a satirical 
play. 

4208
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:49,700
Their friendship collapsed 
illustrating, how personal 

4209
03:51:49,700 --> 03:51:52,000
slights could fracture? 
Even those working for the same 

4210
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:57,800
broadcast of a famously 
irreverence Salon of atheists 

4211
03:51:57,800 --> 03:52:01,900
published the system of nature 
1770 a book denying the 

4212
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:06,300
existence of God outright This 
extreme materialism alarmed even

4213
03:52:06,300 --> 03:52:10,000
Voltaire who attacked holdbacks 
atheism as fanatical in its own 

4214
03:52:10,008 --> 03:52:12,500
way. 
Voltaire believed Society needed

4215
03:52:12,500 --> 03:52:15,300
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

4216
03:52:15,300 --> 03:52:18,300
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

4217
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:21,500
Hold back and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

4218
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:25,600
voltaire's, deism as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

4219
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:29,000
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

4220
03:52:29,000 --> 03:52:31,900
Phyllis Hoffs United against the
church's tyranny. 

4221
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:34,300
There were deep fractures about 
religion's role. 

4222
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:38,400
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

4223
03:52:38,400 --> 03:52:42,700
political Theory montesquieu's, 
the spirit of the laws. 1748 

4224
03:52:42,700 --> 03:52:46,300
argued for a balanced 
Constitution, like Britain's 

4225
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:51,100
with powers separated among King
Parliament, and quartz a 

4226
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:52,700
moderate Vision to prevent 
despotism. 

4227
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:58,500
Rousseau social contract 1762, 
dismissed montesquieu's model as

4228
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:02,300
two aristocratic instead 
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 

4229
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:06,100
So egalitarian that in theory 
everyone would obey laws they 

4230
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:10,300
themselves willed Voltaire found
Rousseau's political ideas, as 

4231
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:12,800
impractical as his primitivism 
equipped. 

4232
03:53:12,800 --> 03:53:17,200
That Russo's ideal Republic was 
a city of ghosts and indeed 

4233
03:53:17,200 --> 03:53:20,500
Rousseau's notion that citizens 
be forced to be free. 

4234
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:23,700
If they violate the general will
would trouble critics for his 

4235
03:53:23,708 --> 03:53:26,700
potential for tyranny. 
Yet these quarrels were not 

4236
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,600
destructive in the long run 
rather, they enrich the 

4237
03:53:29,608 --> 03:53:32,600
enlightenment's Legacy by 
presenting contrasting ideas. 

4238
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:36,100
That later generations could 
draw upon in the salons and 

4239
03:53:36,108 --> 03:53:39,500
imprint I over philosophy might 
Lampoon each other, but they 

4240
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:42,300
also all contributed to the head
to a broader movement 

4241
03:53:42,300 --> 03:53:46,200
questioning the status quo 
Occasionally, the debates, got 

4242
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:49,100
personal and nasty pamphlets 
full of character, 

4243
03:53:49,100 --> 03:53:50,300
assassination. 
Flew about. 

4244
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,500
Voltaire was a master of The 
Artful insult, When A pompous 

4245
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:56,300
critic. 
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 

4246
03:53:56,300 --> 03:53:59,600
him Voltaire retaliated by 
portraying defontes as a 

4247
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:02,900
criminal and a full in a biting 
satire, effectively, destroying 

4248
03:54:02,900 --> 03:54:07,200
the man's reputation Russo to 
lashed out in his late years. 

4249
03:54:08,300 --> 03:54:11,100
He wrote with letters, accusing 
former friends of treachery. 

4250
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:15,300
Still, these human dramas had 
larger consequences, the sharp 

4251
03:54:15,300 --> 03:54:18,400
exchanges clarified different 
and thought what was the best 

4252
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:21,100
form of government? 
The true foundation of morality 

4253
03:54:21,100 --> 03:54:25,300
what is the role of religion? 
Through argument the philosophy,

4254
03:54:25,300 --> 03:54:27,500
refined their positions by the 
70s. 

4255
03:54:27,500 --> 03:54:30,500
A new generation was emerging 
too figures. 

4256
03:54:30,500 --> 03:54:33,600
Like Condor say a mathematician 
and protege of Dell on bear 

4257
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:35,800
admired. 
Both Voltaire and Rousseau 

4258
03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:38,200
trying to synthesize in 
lightning and ideals with 

4259
03:54:38,200 --> 03:54:41,200
practical reforms. 
Condor set would advocate for 

4260
03:54:41,200 --> 03:54:43,200
the abolition of slavery and 
women's rights. 

4261
03:54:43,200 --> 03:54:46,400
Pushing the enlightenment 
egalitarian logic further than 

4262
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:49,700
his predecessors dared. 
Meanwhile the Rifts among the 

4263
03:54:49,708 --> 03:54:52,400
older philosophers Prestige 
splits in the coming Revolution 

4264
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:55,700
aristocratic liberals versus 
radical Democrats. 

4265
03:54:55,700 --> 03:55:00,200
Deists vs atheists and 
pragmatists vs idealists. 

4266
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:03,900
The enlightenment was not one 
son, but a constellation with 

4267
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:07,000
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of

4268
03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:09,100
each other. 
Their clashes bitter. 

4269
03:55:09,100 --> 03:55:11,500
Though they were gave the era 
much of its dynamism. 

4270
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:15,300
The salon gossip about Voltaire 
versus Rousseau was the talk of 

4271
03:55:15,308 --> 03:55:18,000
intellectual Europe. 
Interestingly, when both 

4272
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:21,900
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 
away in 1778, they received 

4273
03:55:21,900 --> 03:55:25,000
brief eulogies as if they had 
been complimentary Heroes. 

4274
03:55:25,800 --> 03:55:28,600
Within a few years, the French 
Revolution would enshrine them 

4275
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:33,200
by entering both their ashes in 
the pantie on in Paris, voltar 

4276
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:35,400
in 1791. 
Rousseau and 94. 

4277
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,500
Symbolically reconciling the two
in the Republic of posterity. 

4278
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:43,000
France, it turned out would need
both as a wit and Rousseau's 

4279
03:55:43,000 --> 03:55:44,800
passionate for Freedom as it 
hurtled. 

4280
03:55:44,800 --> 03:55:47,300
Awarded a new age. 
The Palace of Versailles caught 

4281
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:51,100
yard was packed on a sunny 
September afternoon and 1783 

4282
03:55:51,100 --> 03:55:54,300
with eyes. 
Fixed on the sky to provincial 

4283
03:55:54,300 --> 03:55:56,200
Brothers. 
The montgolfier brothers were 

4284
03:55:56,200 --> 03:55:58,900
ready to attempt the first hot 
air balloon flight by the living

4285
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:02,200
creatures in front of King 
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 

4286
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:05,200
Antoinette. 
A sheep duck and rooster a 

4287
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:07,708
placed into a wicker basket 
under a taffeta balloon, at the 

4288
03:56:07,716 --> 03:56:10,000
sound of a cannon. 
A second cannon. 

4289
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:13,600
Fire announced release. 
As the balloon gracefully 

4290
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:17,100
climbed 600 meters, tens of 
thousands of people gasped. 

4291
03:56:17,600 --> 03:56:19,900
It carried its Barnyard 
aeronauts through the heavens 

4292
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:22,800
for 8 minutes. 
Royal biologists quickly, 

4293
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:26,800
examined the animals, which were
alive and eating hay after it 

4294
03:56:26,800 --> 03:56:30,100
softly landed, a few kilometers 
away, the audience, applauded, 

4295
03:56:30,100 --> 03:56:34,000
the King was thrilled or be at 
the inventor's deftly avoided, 

4296
03:56:34,000 --> 03:56:37,700
his suggestion to use convicted 
felons as test passengers more 

4297
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:40,400
than the amusement. 
This balloon flight symbolized, 

4298
03:56:40,400 --> 03:56:43,700
the enlightenment's faith in 
science and reason to expand the

4299
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:48,000
conceivable. that moment even 
the ancient dream of flight seem

4300
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:51,200
possible Ingenuity and 
experimentation had turned 

4301
03:56:51,200 --> 03:56:54,800
imagination into reality before 
the French public French 

4302
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:58,100
Enlightenment Science, pervaded,
Daily Life, and great politics 

4303
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:01,100
savant's. 
Learned men and a few women who 

4304
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:04,300
passionately studied, nature 
Rose in the 18th century. 

4305
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:08,400
They studied chemistry anatomy, 
botany astronomy and electrical 

4306
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:12,000
importantly, they sought 
practical social reforms. 

4307
03:57:12,000 --> 03:57:15,300
The former Royal Academy of 
Science is, in Paris was full of

4308
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,700
experiments, and one of 
waza-air, a rich Parisian tax. 

4309
03:57:18,700 --> 03:57:22,000
Officer who loved chemistry 
discovered Oxygen's role in 

4310
03:57:22,000 --> 03:57:25,300
combustion and established the 
idea of mass conservation. 

4311
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,700
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who
illustrated and took notes 

4312
03:57:29,700 --> 03:57:33,000
measured gases and metals with 
astonishing Precision in their 

4313
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:36,500
home laboratory, he proved that 
rusting metal gains weight by 

4314
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:40,800
mixing with Airborne oxygen 
disproving the phlogiston idea. 

4315
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:45,800
Such work paved the way for 
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier was a

4316
03:57:45,800 --> 03:57:48,300
systematic empirical, 
Enlightenment Savant who felt 

4317
03:57:48,300 --> 03:57:49,800
knowledge should Advance 
Humanity. 

4318
03:57:50,600 --> 03:57:53,500
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

4319
03:57:53,500 --> 03:57:56,500
helping the military and 
agricultural research to boost 

4320
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:59,100
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

4321
03:57:59,100 --> 03:58:02,300
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

4322
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:05,600
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo episode, a 

4323
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:07,200
century earlier, the church was 
cautious. 

4324
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:11,400
Jesuit instructors in France are
just a Cartesian, a Newtonian 

4325
03:58:11,400 --> 03:58:14,000
principles. 
Still tensions. 

4326
03:58:14,000 --> 03:58:18,300
Grew in the 1770s, the Compton 
Buffon, the king's naturalist 

4327
03:58:18,300 --> 03:58:22,000
proposed that the world may be 
far older than the Bible, 6,000 

4328
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,100
years, paris's, faculty of 
theology forced him. 

4329
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:28,100
To include a Pious disclaimer in
his book in Enlightenment 

4330
03:58:28,100 --> 03:58:31,300
science favored, natural 
explanation above magical ones, 

4331
03:58:31,300 --> 03:58:35,400
contrary to traditional beliefs,
many devout Christians or 

4332
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:38,700
scientific findings. 
As proof of God's laws medicine 

4333
03:58:38,700 --> 03:58:41,400
and public health were West 
science and belief in sectored 

4334
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:45,500
most The introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

4335
03:58:45,500 --> 03:58:49,100
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy Millions, including 

4336
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:52,000
royalty, thindu, a store, 
scarred by smallpox. 

4337
03:58:53,000 --> 03:58:56,500
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

4338
03:58:56,500 --> 03:59:00,900
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

4339
03:59:00,900 --> 03:59:04,700
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

4340
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:07,200
Antoinette, supported it 
Parisian, milliners. 

4341
03:59:07,200 --> 03:59:10,600
Produced, the poof Ellyn, ocular
a hairdo with symbols of 

4342
03:59:10,608 --> 03:59:14,200
medicine and Victory. 
A serpent entwined Rod arising 

4343
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:17,400
Sun for the king, and an olive 
branch for piece to commemorate,

4344
03:59:17,400 --> 03:59:21,700
the Royal innoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

4345
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:25,400
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

4346
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:28,800
after the monarchy is 
high-profile sponsorship, what 

4347
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:32,000
many considered a dubious, 
possibly impress activity, 

4348
03:59:32,000 --> 03:59:36,900
deliberately infecting, someone 
gained legitimacy, It was the 

4349
03:59:36,900 --> 03:59:40,600
moment when empirical knowledge 
inoculation success in England 

4350
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:45,300
and the Ottoman Empire Triumph 
Superstition people's veins were

4351
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:46,500
filled with their in 
Enlightenment. 

4352
03:59:46,500 --> 03:59:50,300
Notions in lightning science, 
influenced common devices, and 

4353
03:59:50,300 --> 03:59:53,400
advances, the elite enjoyed 
mechanical and scientific 

4354
03:59:53,400 --> 03:59:57,100
exhibitions Salons had took 
electrical machines with 

4355
03:59:57,100 --> 04:00:00,600
spinning glass globes that 
generated static electricity 

4356
04:00:00,600 --> 04:00:05,100
sparking and raising arm hair. 
These machines were novelty, but

4357
04:00:05,100 --> 04:00:08,400
important research tools. 
When American scientists, 

4358
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:11,000
Benjamin, Franklin showed 
lightning was electrical by 

4359
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:15,000
harnessing it with a kite 
Europe, was enthralled, France, 

4360
04:00:15,000 --> 04:00:18,200
copied, the experiment. 
Franklin was a star in Paris as 

4361
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:21,200
a revolutionary Diplomat in 
scientist, in his lightning rod,

4362
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:23,700
creation was praised as a reason
defense against nature. 

4363
04:00:24,600 --> 04:00:27,600
By the 1780s even churches were 
putting lightning rods. 

4364
04:00:27,600 --> 04:00:30,800
Possibly recognizing that saving
a steeple from blowing up, was 

4365
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:33,600
worth it. 
Some churchmen first, opposed 

4366
04:00:33,600 --> 04:00:36,000
them believing that it was 
Blasphemous to meddle with the 

4367
04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:38,900
artillery of heaven. 
So science quietly challenge. 

4368
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:41,800
The idea that disasters were 
divine will by treating them as 

4369
04:00:41,800 --> 04:00:44,800
mechanical issues. 
No subject was too obscure for 

4370
04:00:44,800 --> 04:00:47,300
the philosophers to probe in 
Enlightenment thinkers. 

4371
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,100
Compared doctors discussion 
about the hearts to a state's 

4372
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,300
circulation of Commerce 
philosophy considered 

4373
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:56,400
classifying human civilizations 
like naturalist did species. 

4374
04:00:56,400 --> 04:01:00,200
The encyclopedia includes many 
scientific articles and images 

4375
04:01:00,200 --> 04:01:03,500
from anatomical, diagrams to 
Windmill Improvement designs 

4376
04:01:03,500 --> 04:01:06,100
aiming to gather and disseminate
Essential Knowledge. 

4377
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:10,300
To catalog and communicate. 
Practical information was an 

4378
04:01:10,300 --> 04:01:13,700
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 
should not be hidden or Guild 

4379
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:15,600
bound, but shared for the common
good. 

4380
04:01:16,500 --> 04:01:20,200
Diderot published on Metallurgy 
music theory and other subjects 

4381
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:22,900
because he believed nature and 
art might liberate minds and 

4382
04:01:22,900 --> 04:01:26,600
enhance life. during this era, 
the state often linked 

4383
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:29,600
scientific development to its 
goals fostering a culture of 

4384
04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:33,900
enlightened absolutism Louis the
16th and his ministers wanted to

4385
04:01:33,900 --> 04:01:37,400
use science to improve 
armaments, maps and agriculture 

4386
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:41,400
in the 1760s. 
The French government supported 

4387
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:44,300
the enormous Meridian voyages to
estimate the Earth's, four 

4388
04:01:44,300 --> 04:01:48,000
reflecting Enlightenment 
curiosity and State pride. 

4389
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:51,200
The Academy of Science is 
researched ways to enhance 

4390
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,500
navigation, and chronometers, 
and gave prizes for practical 

4391
04:01:54,500 --> 04:01:58,300
answers, nutritionists like 
polmanteer staged meals 

4392
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:01,700
featuring potato dishes to 
convince aristocracy, it could 

4393
04:02:01,700 --> 04:02:04,800
prevent starvation. 
To promote potatoes. 

4394
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,100
Polmanteer had a field guarded 
by troops, but let peasants 

4395
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:11,200
steal from it at night. 
In urban living, the 

4396
04:02:11,200 --> 04:02:14,500
enlightenment provided new 
convenience's paris's, likely, 

4397
04:02:14,500 --> 04:02:18,000
Street illumination improved. 
Bringing Enlightenment, public 

4398
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:21,600
places like the Jardin Dua. 
Now, Jada plant, offered 

4399
04:02:21,600 --> 04:02:24,800
Botanical Gardens and a small 
Zoo representing. 

4400
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:27,800
The era's Natural Science, 
curriculum traveling lecturers 

4401
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:31,400
demonstrated physics experience,
experiments such as how an air 

4402
04:02:31,400 --> 04:02:34,100
pump, could smother a bird in a 
vacuum jar, ugly. 

4403
04:02:34,100 --> 04:02:38,600
But a dramatic lesson in air. 
Crowds watched these shows 

4404
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,100
blurred the lines between 
education and spectacle. 

4405
04:02:41,100 --> 04:02:45,900
Science was trendy by the 1780s 
and clubs men debated, the ideas

4406
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:49,800
of Newton and Descartes, while 
aristocratic women wore small, 

4407
04:02:49,800 --> 04:02:53,000
lightning rods as jewelry. 
The Revolutionary idea of 

4408
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:56,500
rationally, evaluating and 
Engineering Society, also Drew 

4409
04:02:56,500 --> 04:02:59,900
inspiration from science. 
The scientists sought natural 

4410
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:04,000
rules, philosophers sought 
social laws, scientists skill 

4411
04:03:04,000 --> 04:03:06,300
and describing the world. 
Encourage them to question 

4412
04:03:06,300 --> 04:03:10,300
whether social structures like 
the monarchy church and feudal. 

4413
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:12,600
Privileges were logical or 
historical accidents. 

4414
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:16,500
Why not redesign a kingdom. 
If a balloon could fly science, 

4415
04:03:16,500 --> 04:03:20,000
wasn't politically neutral. 
Some Enlightenment once faced 

4416
04:03:20,000 --> 04:03:23,200
persecution and challenges. 
Revolutionaries denounced. 

4417
04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:27,000
Love was a for being a tax 
collector in 1794 despite his 

4418
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:28,800
gunpowder and chemistry 
advance's. 

4419
04:03:29,500 --> 04:03:32,400
Despite his scientific 
credentials, the associate face 

4420
04:03:32,400 --> 04:03:34,100
execution. 
When the public turned against 

4421
04:03:34,100 --> 04:03:38,200
experts with links to the onion 
regime, the Republic has no need

4422
04:03:38,200 --> 04:03:40,500
of scientists. 
The judge allegedly declared 

4423
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:45,000
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 
new Administration return of Oz 

4424
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:47,700
things to his widow. 
With a note to the Widow of 

4425
04:03:47,708 --> 04:03:50,800
love, was a who was falsely 
convicted a year after his 

4426
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:53,600
execution, ignoring his 
innocence and genius 

4427
04:03:53,600 --> 04:03:57,800
mathematician LaGrange mourned, 
it took them only an instant to 

4428
04:03:57,800 --> 04:04:00,800
cut off that head and 100 years 
may not suffice to produce 

4429
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:04,100
another like it. 
The convergence of Enlightenment

4430
04:04:04,100 --> 04:04:06,500
science and revolutionary 
politics was fragile. 

4431
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:10,600
Science, permitted Salons State 
policies and Street culture and 

4432
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:13,500
Enlightenment France. 
It offered control over nature 

4433
04:04:13,500 --> 04:04:17,300
and reflected Society. 
People cooked healed traveled, 

4434
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,000
and illuminated their homes 
differently. 

4435
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:22,100
It also influenced their 
Thinking by encouraging them to 

4436
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,400
believe that empirical 
observation and reason could 

4437
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:26,700
explain and improve the natural 
and human world. 

4438
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:30,000
They would put this optimism to 
the test, but it held 

4439
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:33,300
significant power. 
The montgolfier balloon soaring 

4440
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:37,400
to cheers at the Sai showed how 
knowledge May lift Humanity. 

4441
04:04:39,000 --> 04:04:42,400
Once a place of gods and mystery
the sky today hosted, human 

4442
04:04:42,400 --> 04:04:46,500
achievement everything appeared 
possible currently and a social.

4443
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:50,000
And political revolution was 
about to happen spurred in part 

4444
04:04:50,000 --> 04:04:52,400
by Enlightenment Sciences 
confidence, and inquisitive 

4445
04:04:52,400 --> 04:04:55,300
attitude to lose experience to 
horrible scene. 

4446
04:04:55,300 --> 04:04:57,600
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fighting against

4447
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:02,200
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel, punishments sentenced 

4448
04:05:02,200 --> 04:05:05,100
Protestant Merchant Jean Calista
death, for the murder of his 

4449
04:05:05,100 --> 04:05:07,600
son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

4450
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:12,500
Kalis claimed in essence, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

4451
04:05:12,500 --> 04:05:15,400
decided his fate. 
He suffered and maintained his 

4452
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:18,700
innocence until death. 
Voltaire learned about this 

4453
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:22,100
Injustice at his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

4454
04:05:22,100 --> 04:05:24,700
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

4455
04:05:24,700 --> 04:05:27,500
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

4456
04:05:27,500 --> 04:05:31,600
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

4457
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:35,100
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

4458
04:05:35,100 --> 04:05:37,800
Vindication and the diligent 
judges, prosecution. 

4459
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:40,500
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

4460
04:05:40,500 --> 04:05:44,600
tolerance. 173 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

4461
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:47,100
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

4462
04:05:47,100 --> 04:05:51,400
Voltaire, succeeded. 
In 1765, the king's Council in 

4463
04:05:51,400 --> 04:05:54,500
Paris, overturned, calluses 
sentence and exonerated 

4464
04:05:54,500 --> 04:05:58,700
impossible, this victory of 
Reason over bias was applauded 

4465
04:05:58,700 --> 04:06:00,200
by Europe in the age of 
Voltaire. 

4466
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,900
The Klass Scandal proved that 
the monarchs could be swayed to 

4467
04:06:03,900 --> 04:06:06,700
right or wrong and advancing 
Enlightenment religious 

4468
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:10,300
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's economy. 

4469
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:14,100
Lane fam, crushed, the infamous 
thing inspired the Philosopher's

4470
04:06:14,100 --> 04:06:18,000
Legacy Superstition and Priests 
misuse of Authority or his 

4471
04:06:18,000 --> 04:06:22,500
concerns not religion itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

4472
04:06:22,500 --> 04:06:26,700
The philosophy 1766 saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

4473
04:06:26,708 --> 04:06:30,700
Aristocrat. 
Chevrolet for not removing his 

4474
04:06:30,700 --> 04:06:33,600
hat during a religious 
procession and defacing a 

4475
04:06:33,600 --> 04:06:35,800
crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

4476
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:38,800
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's, Burning, 

4477
04:06:38,800 --> 04:06:41,400
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

4478
04:06:41,400 --> 04:06:45,400
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at lebas 

4479
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,600
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

4480
04:06:48,600 --> 04:06:52,100
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

4481
04:06:52,100 --> 04:06:55,600
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility, as 

4482
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:58,900
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 
held the monarchy and religion 

4483
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:02,100
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

4484
04:07:03,200 --> 04:07:07,400
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

4485
04:07:07,400 --> 04:07:10,600
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

4486
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:13,800
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

4487
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:15,800
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

4488
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:21,100
Some went further, Russo's, 
social contracts 1762 opens with

4489
04:07:21,100 --> 04:07:24,700
the Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere.

4490
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:29,500
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

4491
04:07:29,500 --> 04:07:33,100
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

4492
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:36,600
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

4493
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:40,000
illogical secret copies of the 
band and destroyed book 

4494
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:44,300
disseminated its ideas quickly. 
In later works Deidre focused on

4495
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:47,400
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that oppress people 

4496
04:07:47,400 --> 04:07:50,200
should rise up. 
Rhino and did Rose popular 

4497
04:07:50,200 --> 04:07:52,900
history of the two Indies 
predicts a slave Insurrection 

4498
04:07:52,900 --> 04:07:56,100
and the fall of European 
Authority overseas that 

4499
04:07:56,100 --> 04:08:00,100
conversation exploded, the 
French Crown spam does census. 

4500
04:08:00,100 --> 04:08:03,000
Tried to crush it but they 
merely pushed it underground 

4501
04:08:03,000 --> 04:08:06,300
where it became more appealing. 
Not all Enlightenment Figures 

4502
04:08:06,300 --> 04:08:09,300
were radicals, many favored, 
enlightened despotism. 

4503
04:08:09,300 --> 04:08:12,400
Which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

4504
04:08:12,400 --> 04:08:15,200
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

4505
04:08:15,200 --> 04:08:16,800
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

4506
04:08:16,800 --> 04:08:20,400
Joseph, the second of Austria 
for religious toleration of surf

4507
04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:23,500
and reform in lightning, 
influenced French, ministers, 

4508
04:08:23,500 --> 04:08:26,800
and nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

4509
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,300
trade and abolish forced labor. 
And the Marquis De Condor say, 

4510
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:33,700
who promoted, educational and 
judicial reforms in aristocratic

4511
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:36,700
circles britannica.com 
britannica.com. 

4512
04:08:38,200 --> 04:08:42,000
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

4513
04:08:42,000 --> 04:08:44,900
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

4514
04:08:44,900 --> 04:08:47,600
interrogation. 
Inspired by kesari. 

4515
04:08:47,600 --> 04:08:51,400
Bakery in lightning, and essay 
on crimes and punishments by 

4516
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:55,100
providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787, the advocated 

4517
04:08:55,100 --> 04:08:58,600
immunization and religious 
tolerance, the monarchy often 

4518
04:08:58,600 --> 04:09:02,300
failed and faced opposition from
existing interests Nobles. 

4519
04:09:02,300 --> 04:09:04,500
Resisted at reforms dismissing 
him. 

4520
04:09:04,500 --> 04:09:07,600
The church leadership Act of 
leopards privileged reduction, 

4521
04:09:08,400 --> 04:09:11,100
The French Catholic Church was a
key Enlightenment Target. 

4522
04:09:11,100 --> 04:09:14,300
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

4523
04:09:14,300 --> 04:09:18,000
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly 

4524
04:09:18,000 --> 04:09:21,000
deists or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

4525
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:25,600
Voltaire posed intolerance like 
the kala Scandal to Humble the 

4526
04:09:25,608 --> 04:09:28,700
church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

4527
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:31,400
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

4528
04:09:32,200 --> 04:09:35,100
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked European 

4529
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:38,400
religious communion by comparing
Pacific Islander Customs to 

4530
04:09:38,400 --> 04:09:42,400
European religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

4531
04:09:42,400 --> 04:09:44,500
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

4532
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:46,700
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

4533
04:09:46,700 --> 04:09:50,600
The words were provocative to 
lose experience to horrible 

4534
04:09:50,600 --> 04:09:52,000
scene. 
That exemplified the 

4535
04:09:52,000 --> 04:09:56,300
enlightenment's fighting against
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

4536
04:09:56,300 --> 04:09:59,900
wheel, punishments sentenced 
Protestant, Merchant Jean death,

4537
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:02,900
for the murder of his son, who 
was reportedly converting to 

4538
04:10:02,900 --> 04:10:06,700
Catholicism. 
Colors in essence, but 

4539
04:10:06,700 --> 04:10:09,000
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate. 

4540
04:10:09,000 --> 04:10:12,200
He suffered and maintained his 
innocence until death. 

4541
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:15,600
Volta learned about this 
Injustice at his Fernie house. 

4542
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:18,500
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

4543
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:21,500
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

4544
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:25,500
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

4545
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:28,300
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

4546
04:10:29,200 --> 04:10:32,400
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

4547
04:10:32,400 --> 04:10:34,900
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

4548
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:39,000
authored A Treatise on 
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 

4549
04:10:39,000 --> 04:10:40,500
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

4550
04:10:41,500 --> 04:10:44,000
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded. 

4551
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:48,900
In 1765, the king's Council in 
Paris, overturned, calluses 

4552
04:10:48,900 --> 04:10:50,800
sentence and exonerated him 
posture. 

4553
04:10:50,800 --> 04:10:55,000
This victory of Reason, over 
bias was a plodded by Europe in 

4554
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:57,900
the age of Voltaire. 
The last Scandal proved that the

4555
04:10:57,900 --> 04:11:01,400
monarchs could be swayed to 
write a wrong and Vance singing 

4556
04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:03,700
Enlightenment religious 
tolerance and religious native 

4557
04:11:03,700 --> 04:11:07,100
change voltaire's. 
Exe Lane fam, crushed, the 

4558
04:11:07,108 --> 04:11:10,300
infamous thing inspired the 
philosophers Village 

4559
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:14,300
Superstition and Priests misuse 
of authority with his concerns. 

4560
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:18,800
Not religion itself, numerous 
examples in Rage, the philosophy

4561
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:23,500
1766, saw the execution of 19 
year old Aristocrat Chevrolet 

4562
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:27,400
for Empire to not removing his 
hat during a religious 

4563
04:11:27,400 --> 04:11:30,900
procession and defacing a 
crucifix, the authorities. 

4564
04:11:30,900 --> 04:11:33,600
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

4565
04:11:33,600 --> 04:11:35,800
labar's, Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

4566
04:11:35,800 --> 04:11:37,500
principles for teenage 
irreverence. 

4567
04:11:38,500 --> 04:11:42,500
Voltaire outraged at labonnes 
execution, wrote harshly about 

4568
04:11:42,500 --> 04:11:46,300
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

4569
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:49,400
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

4570
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:53,200
monarchy with its nobility, as 
oppressors Enlightenment ideas, 

4571
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,600
held the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

4572
04:11:56,600 --> 04:12:01,100
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

4573
04:12:01,100 --> 04:12:04,000
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

4574
04:12:04,000 --> 04:12:06,600
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

4575
04:12:07,600 --> 04:12:10,800
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

4576
04:12:10,800 --> 04:12:13,800
equilibrium. 
Some went further, Russo's, 

4577
04:12:13,800 --> 04:12:17,700
social contracts 1762 opens with
the Bold claim. 

4578
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:22,800
Man is Born Free and everywhere.
He is in Chains attacking Royal 

4579
04:12:22,800 --> 04:12:26,500
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

4580
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:30,800
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

4581
04:12:30,800 --> 04:12:32,800
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical. 

4582
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,600
Secret copies of the band and 
destroyed book disseminated its 

4583
04:12:36,600 --> 04:12:38,900
ideas quickly. 
In later works. 

4584
04:12:38,900 --> 04:12:42,700
Dro focused on colonialism and 
slavery and suggested the Press 

4585
04:12:42,700 --> 04:12:46,100
people should rise up. 
Rhino and Dido's popular history

4586
04:12:46,100 --> 04:12:49,400
of the two Indies predicts a 
slave Insurrection and the fall 

4587
04:12:49,400 --> 04:12:53,900
of European Authority overseas 
that conversation exploded, the 

4588
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:57,200
French Crown spam does census. 
Tried to crush it but they 

4589
04:12:57,200 --> 04:13:00,000
merely pushed it underground 
where it became more appealing. 

4590
04:13:00,000 --> 04:13:03,700
Not all Enlightenment Figures 
were radicals, many favored, 

4591
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:06,400
enlightened despotism. 
Which held that a wise and 

4592
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:08,400
sensible King could reform from 
Power. 

4593
04:13:09,200 --> 04:13:12,000
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the
great of Prussia and praised 

4594
04:13:12,000 --> 04:13:14,700
Emperor, Joseph, the second of 
Austria, for religious 

4595
04:13:14,700 --> 04:13:18,500
toleration of reform, in 
lightning, influenced, French, 

4596
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:22,100
ministers, and nobility included
turgut, who tried to deregulate 

4597
04:13:22,100 --> 04:13:26,300
grain trade and abolish forced 
labor, and the Marketo who 

4598
04:13:26,300 --> 04:13:29,300
promoted educational and 
judicial reforms in aristocratic

4599
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:32,300
circles britannica.com 
britannica.com. 

4600
04:13:33,800 --> 04:13:37,600
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

4601
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:40,500
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

4602
04:13:40,500 --> 04:13:45,400
interrogations, inspired by KES 
in lightning and essay on crimes

4603
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,700
and punishments by providing 
Protestants civil rights and 

4604
04:13:48,700 --> 04:13:52,600
1787, he advocated immunization 
and religious tolerance. 

4605
04:13:52,600 --> 04:13:56,300
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

4606
04:13:56,300 --> 04:14:00,800
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

4607
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:03,200
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

4608
04:14:04,000 --> 04:14:06,700
French Catholic Church was a key
Enlightenment Target. 

4609
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:09,900
The church had long ruled 
education literature and 

4610
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:13,600
dissenters were immense, great, 
riches philosopher, mostly 

4611
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:16,500
deists or agnostics, denounce 
Church persecution. 

4612
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:21,200
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like the kala Scandal to Humble 

4613
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:24,400
the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

4614
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:27,000
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

4615
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:30,700
In cannibals. 
D'idro subtly mocked, European 

4616
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:33,400
religious communion like 
comparing Pacific Islander 

4617
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:35,400
Customs to European religious 
communion. 

4618
04:14:36,200 --> 04:14:38,500
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

4619
04:14:38,500 --> 04:14:41,500
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

4620
04:14:41,500 --> 04:14:44,700
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

4621
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:50,100
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal, nobleman Marketo died 

4622
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:53,500
in a dismal, burial jail in 
August of 1794. 

4623
04:14:54,300 --> 04:14:56,700
He fled from the extremists 
jacket regime that called him a 

4624
04:14:56,700 --> 04:15:00,000
traitor condori, who championed 
human rights slavery. 

4625
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:04,200
Abolition, and women's suffrage 
almost alone among his peers, 

4626
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:06,100
was now a victim of the 
Revolution. 

4627
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:10,000
He supported his lifeless body 
was uncovered by guards. 

4628
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:13,200
He may have died from disease 
and exhaustion from Poison. 

4629
04:15:13,200 --> 04:15:15,900
He hid when the guillotine 
approached the terrorists. 

4630
04:15:15,900 --> 04:15:18,200
Gloom killed one of the 
enlightenment's brightest 

4631
04:15:18,200 --> 04:15:20,700
lights. 
His demise typify, the tragic 

4632
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:23,600
irony that Bethel many 
Enlightenment luminaries during 

4633
04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:26,400
the Revolutionary storm. 
Their promised progress had 

4634
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:30,200
turned on them, as previously 
mentioned Lavoisier faced 

4635
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:32,800
execution, despite his claims 
that his scientific efforts 

4636
04:15:32,800 --> 04:15:36,700
benefited, the nation, Madam's 
daughter saw her Salon 

4637
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:40,400
acquaintances scattered some 
executed as Gentile reform 

4638
04:15:40,400 --> 04:15:44,900
conversations gave way to mobs 
even after their deaths in 1793 

4639
04:15:44,900 --> 04:15:48,500
Voltaire and Rousseau were 
disputed by revolutionaries with

4640
04:15:48,500 --> 04:15:50,000
radicals. 
Favoring Rousseau's 

4641
04:15:50,000 --> 04:15:53,100
egalitarianism and moderates 
voltaire's tolerance, the 

4642
04:15:53,100 --> 04:15:56,000
enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

4643
04:15:56,000 --> 04:16:00,100
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

4644
04:16:00,100 --> 04:16:04,000
lightning values on one hand. 
It formalized, many philosophers

4645
04:16:04,000 --> 04:16:07,700
essential ideas based on 
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 

4646
04:16:07,700 --> 04:16:09,900
and Locke. 
The Declaration of the rights of

4647
04:16:09,900 --> 04:16:13,900
man and citizens 1789. 
Advocated freedom of speech and 

4648
04:16:13,908 --> 04:16:17,600
religion equality before the law
and the right to resist 

4649
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:20,600
Injustice. 
The philosophers dream of a 

4650
04:16:20,608 --> 04:16:24,600
meritocratic society was 
realized on August 1789 when 

4651
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,300
feudal privileges and tithes 
were abolished in one night. 

4652
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:31,400
The constitution of 1791 
established a constitutional 

4653
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,200
monarchy with a Montesquieu like
division of powers. 

4654
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:37,700
The revolution fulfilled 
voltaire's calls for Toleration 

4655
04:16:37,700 --> 04:16:41,100
by seizing Church property in 
1790 and awarding full 

4656
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:43,900
citizenship to Protestants and 
Jews and 1791. 

4657
04:16:45,100 --> 04:16:49,200
When Louis, the 16th was 
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 

4658
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:52,500
vision of popular sovereignty, 
the people's will above Divine, 

4659
04:16:52,500 --> 04:16:54,000
Right? 
Kingship was most clearly 

4660
04:16:54,000 --> 04:16:57,600
confirmed however, the 
revolution's violent illiberal 

4661
04:16:57,600 --> 04:17:00,500
term, troubled, many The 
enlightenment sought to replace 

4662
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:04,200
tyranny with reasoned 
conversation not crowd or one 

4663
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:06,500
party power. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

4664
04:17:06,500 --> 04:17:09,300
murdered thousands of enemies of
the Revolution during the reign 

4665
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:12,700
of terror 1793 to 4. 
Terrible. 

4666
04:17:12,700 --> 04:17:16,100
Inversion of Enlightenment ideas
reason gave way to another 

4667
04:17:16,100 --> 04:17:19,600
frenzy under Robespierre, the 
revolutionaries formed, a 

4668
04:17:19,600 --> 04:17:22,200
municipal religion of the 
Supreme Being and held deistic 

4669
04:17:22,200 --> 04:17:25,700
festivals, a guillotine enforced
version of Rousseau civil 

4670
04:17:25,700 --> 04:17:30,300
religion, People executed under 
the guise of reason for being 

4671
04:17:30,300 --> 04:17:33,000
Aristocrats or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

4672
04:17:33,000 --> 04:17:35,700
Voltaire. 
The Tara exposed in an 

4673
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,000
Enlightenment contradiction, the
confidence in a single truth 

4674
04:17:39,000 --> 04:17:41,700
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

4675
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:46,400
Philosophers like the whole back
and helvetius were as intolerant

4676
04:17:46,400 --> 04:17:49,200
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

4677
04:17:49,200 --> 04:17:53,000
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

4678
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:55,400
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

4679
04:17:56,200 --> 04:18:00,100
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 
not want to democracy Voltaire. 

4680
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:02,000
Favored. 
An enlightened Monarch over an 

4681
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:04,600
uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

4682
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,300
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

4683
04:18:07,300 --> 04:18:13,000
right about the Canela rabble 
before his 1784 death deed Dro 

4684
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:16,600
had become pessimistic. 
Arguing, that despotism might 

4685
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:19,700
only cease when the last Monarch
was strangled with the last 

4686
04:18:19,700 --> 04:18:22,900
present, Trails, the Dismal. 
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 

4687
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:26,000
half-jokingly, repeated diderot 
probably wouldn't have 

4688
04:18:26,000 --> 04:18:30,900
celebrated the 1793 masculine 
Philosophers had not solved how 

4689
04:18:30,900 --> 04:18:34,800
to justly implement principles, 
this Gap existed, between theory

4690
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,700
and practice. 
In lightning supporters, face 

4691
04:18:37,700 --> 04:18:40,700
social contradictions few 
addressed women's condition 

4692
04:18:40,700 --> 04:18:42,900
directly though. 
They promised a quality. 

4693
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,700
Though, a proponent of democracy
Rousseau believed, women should 

4694
04:18:46,700 --> 04:18:48,600
be educated exclusively to 
please. 

4695
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:52,600
Men and stay at home country to 
Orlando and Condor say, who 

4696
04:18:52,600 --> 04:18:56,000
authored, an essay in 1790 
advocating for women's political

4697
04:18:56,000 --> 04:18:58,700
rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

4698
04:18:58,700 --> 04:19:01,200
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority, 

4699
04:19:01,200 --> 04:19:04,300
Guillotine Degas, the 
enlightenment for Fraternity had

4700
04:19:04,300 --> 04:19:06,600
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

4701
04:19:06,600 --> 04:19:09,300
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

4702
04:19:09,300 --> 04:19:12,100
slavery. 
Some like Dido and condos. 

4703
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,000
A strongly criticized slavery is
against natural law. 

4704
04:19:15,600 --> 04:19:18,800
The 1788 Society of Friends of 
the blacks founded by 

4705
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:22,500
Enlightenment influence, men 
sort of volition others like 

4706
04:19:22,500 --> 04:19:25,500
Voltaire criticize. 
The slave trade in the abstract 

4707
04:19:25,500 --> 04:19:28,100
but made racist statements and 
invested in clinical 

4708
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:32,400
corporations Enlightenment. 
Universal human nature battled 

4709
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:36,000
with pseudoscientific racism. 
Ironically, a consequence of 

4710
04:19:36,008 --> 04:19:39,500
species classification, the 
revolution of abolished slavery 

4711
04:19:39,500 --> 04:19:43,200
in 1794 after a massive slave. 
Insurrection in Saint domingue 

4712
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:48,200
Haiti but Napoleon reinstalled 
it ideal and reality differed 

4713
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:51,200
relationship between intellect 
and emotion, was another 

4714
04:19:51,200 --> 04:19:54,100
tension. 
Rousseau noted that humans are 

4715
04:19:54,100 --> 04:19:56,500
not rational but the 
enlightenment praise reason. 

4716
04:19:56,500 --> 04:20:00,500
The revolution showed that 
passion's angered in Justice's 

4717
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:03,700
desire for vengeance. 
Hope for Glory driver events, 

4718
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:08,100
more than academic treatises. 
Romanticism a 19th century. 

4719
04:20:08,100 --> 04:20:10,800
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding 

4720
04:20:10,800 --> 04:20:14,600
the heart tradition of faith. 
Edmund Burke in England and 

4721
04:20:14,600 --> 04:20:18,300
Joseph de Maestro in France, 
held the Philosopher's unfairly 

4722
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:21,000
responsible for the 
revolution's, Bloodshed by 

4723
04:20:21,000 --> 04:20:24,800
unmooring Society from 
traditional institutions, They 

4724
04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:26,900
said that the enlightenment's 
abstract, reasoning had 

4725
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:31,600
dissolved Authority and led to 
chaos and Napoleon's rule. while

4726
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:35,300
this view is debatable by the 
early 1800s, the enlightenment 

4727
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:37,600
was hail for the Declaration of 
Rights and scientific 

4728
04:20:37,600 --> 04:20:42,400
advancement but also accused of 
revolution, Long-term The Fringe

4729
04:20:42,400 --> 04:20:44,900
and Enlightenment left a deep 
and mostly good influence. 

4730
04:20:44,900 --> 04:20:48,600
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence movements

4731
04:20:48,600 --> 04:20:51,400
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

4732
04:20:51,400 --> 04:20:54,400
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

4733
04:20:54,400 --> 04:20:59,000
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain, 1833, 

4734
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:02,700
the spread of public education. 
The rise of secular State and 

4735
04:21:02,700 --> 04:21:04,500
the reduction of church temporal
power. 

4736
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:08,500
The gradual and uneven expansion
of suffrage and the advancement 

4737
04:21:08,500 --> 04:21:10,500
of Science and Technology 
without Dogma. 

4738
04:21:11,400 --> 04:21:14,900
The 1948, un Universal 
Declaration of Human Rights is 

4739
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:19,000
based on Enlightenment ideas. 
Today, we Echo voltaire's calls 

4740
04:21:19,000 --> 04:21:20,600
for press and conscience for 
freedom. 

4741
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,400
Governments site, Montesquieu 
and creating checks and balances

4742
04:21:24,400 --> 04:21:28,100
when protesters invoke, the will
of the people Rousseau as 

4743
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:30,500
followed. 
However, the enlightenment left 

4744
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:33,800
more uncertain, legacies, the 
Scientific Revolution and 

4745
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:36,200
industrial society were fueled 
by reason. 

4746
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:40,000
But, romantic and later, 
existentialists criticized it 

4747
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:44,200
for promoting technocracy and 
soulless rationality westerners 

4748
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:46,500
defended imperialism as bringing
civilization. 

4749
04:21:47,400 --> 04:21:50,500
An attitude oddly at conflict 
with the enlightenment's empathy

4750
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:54,700
but facilitated by its aim 
Enlightenment, secularism 

4751
04:21:54,700 --> 04:21:58,600
allowed diversity to develop but
also left a spiritual hole that 

4752
04:21:58,600 --> 04:22:01,600
19th and 20th Century, 
ideologies, and nationalism, 

4753
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:04,200
strove to fill, not always for 
the better. 

4754
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:08,200
After Napoleon's. 
Collapse in 1815, France's 

4755
04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:11,300
monarchy re-established Church 
dominance and conservative 

4756
04:22:11,300 --> 04:22:14,100
Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

4757
04:22:14,100 --> 04:22:16,300
Thus, the genie could not be put
back. 

4758
04:22:17,300 --> 04:22:20,400
French politics, alternated twin
liberal and conservative in the 

4759
04:22:20,400 --> 04:22:24,000
midnight meeting Century. 
But in Enlightenment ideas set, 

4760
04:22:24,000 --> 04:22:27,600
the standard even conservatives 
had to justify themselves in 

4761
04:22:27,600 --> 04:22:31,000
terms of logical government and 
National interest, not Divine 

4762
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,200
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

4763
04:22:34,200 --> 04:22:38,200
church and state in 1905. 
Fulfilling the Philosopher's aim

4764
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:43,300
of a secular Republic based on 
Liberty Fraternity in lightning 

4765
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:45,300
principles. 
Filtered through revolutionary 

4766
04:22:45,300 --> 04:22:48,400
experience. 
The French Enlightenment did not

4767
04:22:48,400 --> 04:22:52,700
finish neatly in 1789. 
The Revolution was chaotic and 

4768
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:55,900
it's aftermath complicated, 
perhaps that emphasizes. 

4769
04:22:55,900 --> 04:22:59,300
The last Enlightenment lesson, 
the movement always understood 

4770
04:22:59,300 --> 04:23:02,500
that human Affairs are imperfect
and progressed zigzags. 

4771
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:06,200
Did observed. 
Passions are the only orators 

4772
04:23:06,200 --> 04:23:09,900
that always persuade conceding? 
That reason doesn't control the 

4773
04:23:09,900 --> 04:23:13,300
world. 
Later in life Voltaire, tempered

4774
04:23:13,300 --> 04:23:16,900
his mockery with appeals for 
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 

4775
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:20,600
even radical Rousseau caution 
that abrupt upheaval could lead 

4776
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,700
to harsher despotism. 
Many Enlightenment thinkers 

4777
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,500
realized, that Enlightenment 
would be a long-term tense 

4778
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:28,900
project. 
Thus the enlightenment's 

4779
04:23:28,900 --> 04:23:30,800
Twilight transformed, rather 
than ended. 

4780
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,700
People called themselves 
ideologues or intellectuals 

4781
04:23:34,700 --> 04:23:39,300
instead of philosophy in the 
19th century, but they inherited

4782
04:23:39,300 --> 04:23:42,500
the enlightenment's, realm 
questioning Authority, demanding

4783
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:45,300
reasoned answers, and claiming 
individual dignity became 

4784
04:23:45,300 --> 04:23:46,600
entrenched in western 
civilization. 

4785
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:51,200
When we read voltaire's, witty 
courageous, writings Rousseau's 

4786
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:55,500
profound challenges, did Rose 
and cyclopedic labors or condor 

4787
04:23:55,500 --> 04:23:58,100
sets prescient humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

4788
04:23:58,100 --> 04:23:59,700
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

4789
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:04,400
Salon Gathering and clandestine 
pamphlets, friendships and feuds

4790
04:24:04,400 --> 04:24:07,700
and people risking prison for a 
pamphlet or exile for a 

4791
04:24:07,700 --> 04:24:10,500
principal ideas. 
Could overthrow thrown in that 

4792
04:24:10,500 --> 04:24:13,100
age. 
Its Legacy lives on every time, 

4793
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:15,300
an informed public holds a 
tyrant accountable. 

4794
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:19,000
The youngster is taught science 
without Superstition, various 

4795
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:22,100
individuals, sit down to talk 
and debate rather than fight and

4796
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:25,400
we choose light over Darkness. 
The French Enlightenment was 

4797
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:27,100
truly a turning point in human 
history. 

4798
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:41,400
Your settling in for the night. 
Probably checking your phone one

4799
04:24:41,400 --> 04:24:42,900
last time, adjusting, your 
pillow. 

4800
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:46,200
Just so maybe wondering if you 
remembered to set your alarm. 

4801
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:50,300
But imagine for a moment that 
you're living 4,000 years ago 

4802
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:53,200
and your bedroom is a cramped, 
wooden Hut, that smells like 

4803
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:57,300
smoke and wet wool, your bed, a 
pile of straw that seen better 

4804
04:24:57,300 --> 04:24:59,200
days. 
And your alarm clock is the 

4805
04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:01,700
rooster next door who apparently
never learned the concept of 

4806
04:25:01,700 --> 04:25:05,500
sleeping in, welcome to the 
Bronze Age, when getting a good 

4807
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:07,500
night's sleep was about as 
reliable as your wife. 

4808
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:11,200
I during a thunderstorm, you'd 
think that after a long day of 

4809
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:14,500
hacking away at Copper veins 
deep underground, these ancient 

4810
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:18,500
miners would collapse into bed, 
like, exhausted teenagers but 

4811
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:20,800
here's where things get 
interesting and a little weird 

4812
04:25:21,700 --> 04:25:23,800
These weren't your typical 
nine-to-five workers. 

4813
04:25:23,800 --> 04:25:26,300
They had developed sleep 
patterns, that would make a 

4814
04:25:26,300 --> 04:25:28,400
modern sleep, specialist scratch
their head and possibly 

4815
04:25:28,400 --> 04:25:32,800
recommend therapy picture this. 
You're a Bronze Age Miner named.

4816
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:35,600
Well, let's call you copper arm 
names. 

4817
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,600
Were simpler back then, you've 
just spent 12 hours underground 

4818
04:25:38,600 --> 04:25:42,500
in what can only be described as
a very expensive, cave breathing

4819
04:25:42,500 --> 04:25:45,400
air, that would make a coal 
plant jealous and your back. 

4820
04:25:45,408 --> 04:25:48,700
Feels like you've been carrying 
a mammoth uphill naturally, 

4821
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,900
you'd want to sleep for about 14
hours straight, but instead 

4822
04:25:51,900 --> 04:25:55,000
you're lying on your straw bed 
staring at the ceiling, which is

4823
04:25:55,000 --> 04:25:57,700
probably just more straw, 
completely unable to drift off. 

4824
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:00,700
Your mind is racing with 
thoughts. 

4825
04:26:00,700 --> 04:26:03,500
Like did I remember to shore up 
that tunnel? 

4826
04:26:03,500 --> 04:26:07,400
And was that creaking sound? 
The mine settling, or, is it 

4827
04:26:07,400 --> 04:26:10,400
about to become my two? 
These were not exactly the kind 

4828
04:26:10,400 --> 04:26:13,000
of counting sheep, thoughts that
lead to Peaceful slumber. 

4829
04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:16,800
The Bronze Age, mining 
communities are discovered 

4830
04:26:16,800 --> 04:26:18,500
something that modern science is
only. 

4831
04:26:18,500 --> 04:26:21,800
Now catching up to when your 
daily survival depends on not 

4832
04:26:21,800 --> 04:26:24,800
being crushed by tons of rock. 
Your brain doesn't exactly 

4833
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:27,100
embrace the concept of letting 
its guard down. 

4834
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:30,700
Sleep became this strange dance 
between exhaustion and 

4835
04:26:30,708 --> 04:26:34,200
hypervigilance, like trying to 
nap while riding a roller 

4836
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:36,400
coaster. 
What's fascinating is how these 

4837
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:40,000
ancient miners adapted, they 
didn't have sleep studies, or 

4838
04:26:40,000 --> 04:26:43,000
melatonin supplements or those 
white noise machines. 

4839
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:45,800
That sound like, gentle rain, 
but somehow cost, more than your

4840
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:48,800
monthly coffee budget. 
Instead, they developed their 

4841
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:52,000
own peculiar strategies that 
were part practical Parts 

4842
04:26:52,000 --> 04:26:54,300
superstitious and entirely 
human. 

4843
04:26:55,200 --> 04:26:56,700
Some miners would sleep in 
shifts? 

4844
04:26:56,700 --> 04:26:59,900
Not because they were working 
around the clock, but because 

4845
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:02,700
they discovered that sleeping 
alone made every little sound 

4846
04:27:02,700 --> 04:27:06,800
feel like impending doom. 
So they rotate who was on watch.

4847
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:10,100
He even while sleeping taking 
turns, being the designated 

4848
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:12,700
light sleeper. 
There was like, having a buddy 

4849
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:16,200
system for unconsciousness. 
Others developed what we might 

4850
04:27:16,200 --> 04:27:18,900
call preparation rituals. 
That would make your bed time 

4851
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:21,200
routine. 
Look, minimalist, they'd spend 

4852
04:27:21,200 --> 04:27:22,700
an hour. 
Arranging their Tools in 

4853
04:27:22,700 --> 04:27:25,700
specific patterns around their 
sleeping area, not for easy 

4854
04:27:25,700 --> 04:27:28,600
access, but because the familiar
ritual helped calm their 

4855
04:27:28,600 --> 04:27:31,700
overactive Minds. 
Imagine explaining to your 

4856
04:27:31,700 --> 04:27:35,100
spouse that you need to arrange 
your laptop, coffee mug, and 

4857
04:27:35,100 --> 04:27:38,000
reading glasses in a perfect 
triangle before you can possibly

4858
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:41,800
fall asleep. 
But perhaps the most intriguing 

4859
04:27:41,800 --> 04:27:45,300
adaptation was how these miners 
learn to embrace what we'd Now 

4860
04:27:45,308 --> 04:27:48,700
call fragmented sleep. 
Instead of fighting their 

4861
04:27:48,700 --> 04:27:51,000
tendency to wake up every few 
hours in a panic. 

4862
04:27:51,000 --> 04:27:54,000
They built their rest around it.
They'd sleep for a few hours. 

4863
04:27:54,000 --> 04:27:56,800
Wake up naturally. 
Usually convince something 

4864
04:27:56,800 --> 04:28:00,300
terrible was about to happen. 
Spend an hour or two doing quiet

4865
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:02,300
activities like mending tools or
planning. 

4866
04:28:02,300 --> 04:28:05,300
The next day's work, then settle
back down for another sleep 

4867
04:28:05,300 --> 04:28:08,000
cycle. 
This wasn't insomnia, it was 

4868
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:11,300
evolution in action, their 
bodies and Minds were adapting 

4869
04:28:11,300 --> 04:28:13,600
to a lifestyle that required 
constant alertness. 

4870
04:28:13,600 --> 04:28:16,400
Even during rest. 
They were literally rewiring, 

4871
04:28:16,400 --> 04:28:18,600
their sleep patterns to match 
their dangerous profession, 

4872
04:28:18,600 --> 04:28:22,100
creating a survival strategy 
disguised as a sleep disorder. 

4873
04:28:23,100 --> 04:28:25,600
And you thought your habit of 
checking your phone at 2 a.m. 

4874
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:27,800
was problematic. 
Now, here's where the story 

4875
04:28:27,800 --> 04:28:29,900
takes a turn that would make 
your afternoon coffee break. 

4876
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:33,800
Look like Child's Play. 
You see these Bronze Age miners 

4877
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:36,200
are discovered something that 
modern workplace efficiency 

4878
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:39,500
experts are still trying to 
figure out the Strategic 

4879
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:42,800
underground nap. 
Picture yourself back in Copper 

4880
04:28:42,800 --> 04:28:44,000
arms. 
Well worn boots. 

4881
04:28:44,000 --> 04:28:47,700
Deep in a mine shaft, that's lit
by oil lamps that flicker more 

4882
04:28:47,700 --> 04:28:49,100
than your grandmother's old 
television. 

4883
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:52,300
The air is thick, your muscles 
ache. 

4884
04:28:52,300 --> 04:28:55,500
And you've been swinging that 
bronze pickaxe for hours. 

4885
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:58,900
Logic would suggest that the 
last thing you'd want to do is 

4886
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:01,200
fall asleep. 
Surrounded by unstable rock 

4887
04:29:01,200 --> 04:29:05,500
walls and toxic fumes. 
But logic, as you're about to 

4888
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:08,500
discover, it wasn't exactly the 
miners strong suit. 

4889
04:29:08,500 --> 04:29:11,800
These crafty underground workers
had figured out that a 

4890
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:14,800
well-timed 20-minute nap. 
In the depths of the mine could 

4891
04:29:14,800 --> 04:29:17,400
be the difference between 
productive afternoon digging and

4892
04:29:17,400 --> 04:29:19,500
accidentally pickaxe in your own
foot. 

4893
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:24,000
But here's the catch and this is
where things get to lightfully, 

4894
04:29:24,000 --> 04:29:26,000
weird? 
They couldn't just curl up 

4895
04:29:26,000 --> 04:29:28,600
anywhere. 
Oh no, that would be too easy. 

4896
04:29:28,600 --> 04:29:31,900
Underground napping. 
Had rules serious rules. 

4897
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:35,100
The kind of rules that would 
make your office Handbook look 

4898
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:38,100
like grocery list. 
First, you had to find what they

4899
04:29:38,100 --> 04:29:41,500
called a singing spot a place in
the mine where the Acoustics 

4900
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:44,700
were just right. 
Not too echoey which meant 

4901
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:48,300
unstable Rock, not too muffled, 
which could mean dangerous gas 

4902
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:51,400
Pockets, but just right, like 
some sort of geological 

4903
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:54,900
Goldilocks situation. 
These spots were highly coveted 

4904
04:29:54,900 --> 04:29:58,100
and miners would actually trade 
shifts and rationals for access 

4905
04:29:58,100 --> 04:29:59,800
to the premium lapping 
locations. 

4906
04:30:00,700 --> 04:30:03,800
Imagine the workplace politics, 
listen, tin beard. 

4907
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:06,100
I'll give you my extra bread 
ration and cover your morning 

4908
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:07,900
shift. 
If you let me have the Tuesday 2

4909
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:11,400
p.m. slot in the good sleeping 
Alcove, it was like booking a 

4910
04:30:11,400 --> 04:30:14,200
conference room, except the 
stakes were your sanity, and the

4911
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:17,000
conference room could 
potentially collapse on you, but

4912
04:30:17,000 --> 04:30:18,400
the weirdness doesn't stop 
there. 

4913
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:21,700
These miners had developed a 
buddy system for underground 

4914
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:24,500
napping, that was part. 
Safety protocol part 

4915
04:30:24,500 --> 04:30:28,200
Superstition, one person would 
sleep while another kept watch, 

4916
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:30,400
not for cavins or dangerous 
gases. 

4917
04:30:30,400 --> 04:30:34,500
But for what they called, The 
Dream Thieves, Now, before you 

4918
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:37,200
start picturing, some sort of 
Bronze Age, sleep Bandit, 

4919
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:39,600
sneaking around stealing dreams.
Let me explain. 

4920
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:43,500
The miners believed that 
sleeping underground could lead 

4921
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:46,600
to prophetic dreams about the 
location of Rich ore veins. 

4922
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:49,600
These dreams were considered. 
So valuable that there were 

4923
04:30:49,600 --> 04:30:52,600
actual cases of miners, trying 
to steal each other's sleeping 

4924
04:30:52,600 --> 04:30:55,200
spots to intercept these 
geological Visions. 

4925
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:59,000
It was like corporate Espionage 
but with more dirt and fewer 

4926
04:30:59,000 --> 04:31:02,500
PowerPoint presentations, the 
watching partner had a specific 

4927
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:05,800
job if the sleeping minor 
started mumbling about copper or

4928
04:31:05,800 --> 04:31:08,800
tin or gold in their sleep, The 
Watcher was supposed to memorize

4929
04:31:08,800 --> 04:31:12,500
every word some watches even 
developed their own short-hand 

4930
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:15,400
for recording these droughts. 
You proper nation's, imagine 

4931
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:18,200
waking up from your nap to find 
your co-worker frantically 

4932
04:31:18,200 --> 04:31:20,300
scribbling notes about your 
sleep touring session. 

4933
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:24,000
You said something about? 
Shiny veins near the singing 

4934
04:31:24,000 --> 04:31:25,600
water. 
Your partner would whisper 

4935
04:31:25,600 --> 04:31:28,000
urgently. 
Do you remember what that means?

4936
04:31:28,800 --> 04:31:32,500
You'd be standing there still 
groggy trying to figure out if 

4937
04:31:32,500 --> 04:31:34,900
you just solve the mind's 
productivity problems or if 

4938
04:31:34,900 --> 04:31:37,100
you'd simply been dreaming about
your lunch again. 

4939
04:31:37,700 --> 04:31:40,800
The really fascinating part is 
that this system actually 

4940
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:44,900
worked, not because the dreams 
were genuinely prophetic, but 

4941
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:47,800
because the process of sleeping 
underground, had actually 

4942
04:31:47,800 --> 04:31:50,900
trained these miners to be 
incredibly observant about 

4943
04:31:50,900 --> 04:31:55,100
subtle geological signs. 
Their subconscious Minds were 

4944
04:31:55,100 --> 04:31:57,300
processing details, they'd 
noticed during their waking 

4945
04:31:57,300 --> 04:31:59,700
hours. 
Slight changes in rock color 

4946
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:03,500
variations in airflow, unusual, 
sounds or echoes. 

4947
04:32:04,500 --> 04:32:07,200
So when they dreamed about 
promising locations, they were 

4948
04:32:07,200 --> 04:32:09,300
actually accessing a kind of 
intuitive knowledge. 

4949
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:12,200
They build up through months, or
years of underground experience.

4950
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:15,800
It was like having a geological 
GPS system, Powered By REM, 

4951
04:32:15,800 --> 04:32:19,300
sleep, and Bronze Age intuition.
And here's the mildly stressful 

4952
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:20,600
part that would keep you on 
edge. 

4953
04:32:20,600 --> 04:32:24,400
Not everyone's dreams will 
welcome if a miners underground 

4954
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:26,700
Maps. 
Consistently led to dry holes or

4955
04:32:26,700 --> 04:32:29,300
dangerous cave-ins. 
They'd be banned from the good 

4956
04:32:29,300 --> 04:32:32,000
sleeping spots. 
Imagine the pressure of knowing 

4957
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,500
that your dream quality could 
affect your career prospects. 

4958
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:37,300
Performance reviews were 
literally based on your 

4959
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:40,700
subconscious performance. 
Sorry copper arm but your last 

4960
04:32:40,708 --> 04:32:43,300
three dream tips led us to Solid
Rock and a small flood. 

4961
04:32:43,300 --> 04:32:46,500
Your relegated to the noisy 
alcove near the ventilation 

4962
04:32:46,500 --> 04:32:49,100
shaft. 
Until further notice it was like

4963
04:32:49,100 --> 04:32:50,900
being demoted for your sleep 
performance. 

4964
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,000
Talk about workplace, stress 
following, you into your dreams.

4965
04:32:54,000 --> 04:32:57,200
You'd think that people who 
spent their days in near total 

4966
04:32:57,200 --> 04:33:00,800
darkness would relish the 
opportunity to sleep in actual 

4967
04:33:00,800 --> 04:33:04,000
comfortable. 
Darkness, But Bronze Age miners,

4968
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:06,800
as you're beginning to 
understand, weren't exactly 

4969
04:33:06,800 --> 04:33:09,700
conventional in their approach 
to rest and relaxation. 

4970
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:11,900
In stead of embracing the 
darkness. 

4971
04:33:11,900 --> 04:33:14,500
They turned bedtime into what 
can only be described as a 

4972
04:33:14,500 --> 04:33:18,200
competitive Sport and like most 
competitive Sports, it was 

4973
04:33:18,200 --> 04:33:20,599
simultaneously ridiculous. 
And intensely serious. 

4974
04:33:21,500 --> 04:33:24,400
Picture this. 
Your back in your straw filled 

4975
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:27,400
Hut after another day of 
underground Adventures, instead 

4976
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:29,900
of Simply lying down and closing
your eyes like a reasonable 

4977
04:33:29,900 --> 04:33:32,099
person. 
Your participating in what? 

4978
04:33:32,099 --> 04:33:34,900
The mining Community called 
Darkness challenges. 

4979
04:33:34,900 --> 04:33:37,800
These weren't official 
competitions with prizes and 

4980
04:33:37,800 --> 04:33:40,200
ceremonies. 
They were the kind of informal 

4981
04:33:40,200 --> 04:33:43,300
contest that emerge when people 
have too much time, too much 

4982
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:46,000
stress and not nearly enough 
entertainment options. 

4983
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:50,900
The basic concept was simple. 
See, who could fall asleep? 

4984
04:33:50,900 --> 04:33:54,700
Fastest in complete darkness. 
But like everything else in 

4985
04:33:54,700 --> 04:33:58,000
Bronze Age, mining culture, the 
execution was wonderfully 

4986
04:33:58,000 --> 04:34:01,099
complicated. 
First there were the preparation

4987
04:34:01,099 --> 04:34:04,500
rituals each minor had their own
priest sleep routine that they 

4988
04:34:04,500 --> 04:34:06,599
swore was the key to Rapid 
unconsciousness. 

4989
04:34:07,400 --> 04:34:10,599
Some would count their breathing
in specific patterns, not the 

4990
04:34:10,599 --> 04:34:14,300
gentle 478 breathing, you might 
have learned in yoga class but 

4991
04:34:14,300 --> 04:34:16,900
intense mathematical sequences 
that would make your high school

4992
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:20,099
algebra teacher proud. 
Others would mentally catalog 

4993
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:23,300
every tool in their collection, 
every support beam in their 

4994
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:26,300
section of the mine, every 
Pebble in their daily path. 

4995
04:34:27,099 --> 04:34:30,000
One popular technique involved, 
what they called, reverse mining

4996
04:34:30,000 --> 04:34:33,300
mentally digging their way out 
of the mine tunnel by tunnel 

4997
04:34:33,300 --> 04:34:35,200
from their deepest point to the 
surface. 

4998
04:34:35,200 --> 04:34:38,700
It was like counting sheep 
except the Sheep were geological

4999
04:34:38,700 --> 04:34:40,700
formations and the counting 
could take hours. 

5000
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:44,900
But here's where the competitive
element kicked in miners, would 

5001
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:47,099
actually tie each other's 
descent into sleep. 

5002
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:50,700
They'd use water clocks. 
Basically ancient owl glasses 

5003
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:53,599
filled with water. 
Instead of sound to measure who 

5004
04:34:53,599 --> 04:34:57,300
could achieve on Consciousness 
most efficiently Current record 

5005
04:34:57,300 --> 04:35:00,000
holder in most communities was 
usually treated with the kind of

5006
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:01,900
respect we might reserve for 
Olympic athletes. 

5007
04:35:01,900 --> 04:35:05,400
Did you hear Stone George fell 
asleep in under three drips? 

5008
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:07,800
Last night? 
Three drips, I can barely get 

5009
04:35:07,800 --> 04:35:11,599
comfortable in under 10. 
This Timing System led to all 

5010
04:35:11,599 --> 04:35:14,900
sorts of creative strategies. 
Some miners, would deliberately 

5011
04:35:14,900 --> 04:35:18,099
exhaust themselves during the 
day performing, extra tasks or 

5012
04:35:18,099 --> 04:35:21,400
taking on additional shifts 
thinking that extreme fatigue 

5013
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:24,500
would guarantee rapid sleep. 
Others went the opposite 

5014
04:35:24,500 --> 04:35:26,500
direction. 
Trying to achieve the perfect 

5015
04:35:26,500 --> 04:35:29,599
balance of tiredness without 
Crossing into that overtired 

5016
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:32,500
zone where your brain starts 
acting like a caffeinated 

5017
04:35:32,500 --> 04:35:35,200
squirrel. 
The really dedicated competitors

5018
04:35:35,200 --> 04:35:37,700
developed, what we might 
recognize as early meditation 

5019
04:35:37,700 --> 04:35:40,700
techniques, they'd spend their 
evening hours practicing what 

5020
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,400
they called. 
Mind darkening, essentially 

5021
04:35:43,400 --> 04:35:46,200
training, their thoughts to slow
down and Fade to Black on 

5022
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,099
command. 
It was mindfulness meditation to

5023
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:52,200
as a sleep competition and it 
actually worked surprisingly 

5024
04:35:52,200 --> 04:35:54,300
well, but then there were the 
cheaters. 

5025
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:57,200
Oh yes, even Bronze Age, 
sleeping competitions, have 

5026
04:35:57,200 --> 04:35:59,599
their scandals, some miners 
would secretly. 

5027
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:02,800
Consume fermented beverages 
before the challenge figuring 

5028
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:05,200
that alcohol induced. 
Drowsiness, should count as 

5029
04:36:05,200 --> 04:36:08,400
legitimate sleep speed. 
Others would claim they'd fallen

5030
04:36:08,400 --> 04:36:11,099
asleep when they were actually 
just flying very still with 

5031
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:13,700
their eyes closed. 
Hoping the time keeper wouldn't 

5032
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:17,000
notice the difference There were
heated debates about whether 

5033
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:19,400
these tactics will within the 
spirit of the competition. 

5034
04:36:20,300 --> 04:36:23,900
That's not real sleep. 
Copper arm, real sleep means 

5035
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:28,200
dream activity. 
You are just pretending prove it

5036
04:36:28,200 --> 04:36:30,099
bronze tooth. 
You can't measure dreams with a 

5037
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:32,500
water clock. 
These arguments would sometimes 

5038
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:35,599
go on for hours, which kind of 
defeated the entire purpose of a

5039
04:36:35,599 --> 04:36:38,700
rapid sleep competition. 
The most, elaborate cheating 

5040
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,300
scheme involved miners, who 
would practice falling asleep 

5041
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,099
during their lunch. 
Breaks essentially training for 

5042
04:36:44,099 --> 04:36:46,599
the evening competitions, like, 
athletes preparing for the 

5043
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:50,300
Olympics, they'd find quiet 
spots in the mine, set up their 

5044
04:36:50,300 --> 04:36:53,700
own Timing Systems and work on, 
perfecting their sleep on set 

5045
04:36:53,700 --> 04:36:56,900
technique during workout hours. 
This led to the sum. 

5046
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,700
What's stressful situation, 
where supervisors had to watch 

5047
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:01,400
for minors? 
Who were two good at falling 

5048
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:03,800
asleep? 
If you could doze off to quickly

5049
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,800
during the day, you might be 
suspected of practicing for the 

5050
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:10,200
evening competitions, instead of
focusing on your actual job. 

5051
04:37:11,700 --> 04:37:13,000
Why were you able to fall 
asleep? 

5052
04:37:13,000 --> 04:37:14,800
So fast during lunch break in 
hand? 

5053
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:17,900
The U training for tonight's 
Darkness challenge when you 

5054
04:37:17,900 --> 04:37:19,599
should be thinking about copper 
extraction. 

5055
04:37:20,599 --> 04:37:24,300
Imagine having to defend your 
natural sleepiness as evidence 

5056
04:37:24,300 --> 04:37:27,400
that you weren't being 
competitive about bed time, it 

5057
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:29,800
was like being too good at 
relaxation for your own good. 

5058
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:34,900
The competitions also created an
unexpected side effect miners 

5059
04:37:34,900 --> 04:37:37,400
became incredibly sensitive to 
sleep disruption. 

5060
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:41,800
Snoring neighbor, a creaking 
roof beam or an unusually active

5061
04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:43,400
Mouse. 
Could completely ruin your 

5062
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:46,599
competitive sleep time. 
This led to elaborate 

5063
04:37:46,599 --> 04:37:49,300
pre-competition rituals 
involving soundproofing attempts

5064
04:37:49,300 --> 04:37:52,599
neighbor, negotiations. 
And what can only be described 

5065
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:55,800
as Bronze Age, White Noise 
machines, usually involving 

5066
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:58,200
controlled water dripping, or 
rhythmic tool tapping. 

5067
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,900
Just when you thought it 
couldn't get more complicated, 

5068
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:04,000
the communities started 
developing seasonal, variations 

5069
04:38:04,000 --> 04:38:07,099
of the challenges with different
rules for winter, sleeping vs, 

5070
04:38:07,099 --> 04:38:11,099
Summer, sleeping New Moon vs. 
Full moon Knights and pre-mining

5071
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:14,500
vs, post mining sleep, 
session's, It was the kind of 

5072
04:38:14,500 --> 04:38:17,900
thing that started as simple fun
and evolved into a complex 

5073
04:38:17,900 --> 04:38:20,500
subculture with its own rules 
strategies, and social 

5074
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:24,300
hierarchies, because apparently 
even sleep needed to be 

5075
04:38:24,300 --> 04:38:27,400
optimized for maximum efficiency
and competitive advantage. 

5076
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:30,700
Who knew Bronze Age, miners, 
were the original life hackers? 

5077
04:38:30,700 --> 04:38:33,700
Just when you thought Bronze Age
sleep habits, couldnt get any 

5078
04:38:33,700 --> 04:38:36,800
stranger we encounter, what 
might be the most peculiar 

5079
04:38:36,800 --> 04:38:40,900
phenomenon of all. 
The singing sleepers and no, 

5080
04:38:40,900 --> 04:38:43,500
this isn't about minors. 
Who humbled, lullabies to help 

5081
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,400
himself drift off, though. 
That would be charmingly normal 

5082
04:38:46,400 --> 04:38:47,700
compared to what actually 
happened. 

5083
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:50,200
You're lying in your Bronze Age 
bed. 

5084
04:38:50,200 --> 04:38:53,599
Remember, it's still that pile 
of straw, that's definitely seen

5085
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:55,700
better days. 
And from somewhere in the 

5086
04:38:55,707 --> 04:38:59,300
darkness, comes a sound that's 
part Melody part moan and 

5087
04:38:59,300 --> 04:39:02,900
entirely mysterious. 
It's your neighbor bronzebeard 

5088
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:06,200
engaging in what the mining 
Community called Sleep singing. 

5089
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:10,000
A phenomenon that was part 
medical condition parts, social 

5090
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:13,200
ritual, an entirely fascinating 
to everyone who witnessed it. 

5091
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:16,500
Sleep singing wasn't like the 
occasional snoring or sleep 

5092
04:39:16,500 --> 04:39:18,000
talking that you might be 
familiar with. 

5093
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:22,500
These were not random mumbles or
unconscious vocalizations the 

5094
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:24,900
singing sleepers. 
Produced, elaborate melodic 

5095
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:28,400
compositions, while completely 
unconscious often lasting for 

5096
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:31,700
hours, and featuring complex 
harmonies that they could not 

5097
04:39:31,700 --> 04:39:35,500
reproduce while awake. 
The weird part as if it wasn't 

5098
04:39:35,500 --> 04:39:38,600
weird enough already. 
The songs seemed to follow the 

5099
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:42,200
rhythm of mining, The Melodies 
matched the tempo of pickaxe 

5100
04:39:42,200 --> 04:39:44,800
swings. 
The harmony echoed, the sound of

5101
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:46,600
copper being separated from 
Stone. 

5102
04:39:46,600 --> 04:39:50,500
And the overall compositions had
a distinctly geological quality 

5103
04:39:50,500 --> 04:39:53,200
that somehow made perfect sense 
if you'd spent enough time 

5104
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:56,600
Underground Imagine trying to 
explain this to your modern, 

5105
04:39:56,600 --> 04:39:59,908
sleep specialist. 
Well, doctor I see him to be 

5106
04:39:59,916 --> 04:40:03,200
composing symphonies in my 
sleep, but only ones that sound 

5107
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,000
like mining equipment. 
And I can't remember any of it 

5108
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:09,400
when I wake up. 
The mining communities didn't 

5109
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:11,600
treat this as a medical Oddity 
to be cured. 

5110
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,000
They embraced it, as a form of 
entertainment. 

5111
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,600
And in some cases Divine 
communication families would 

5112
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:20,000
actually adjust their sleeping 
arrangements, to be closer, to 

5113
04:40:20,008 --> 04:40:22,400
their household, sleep singer, a
neighbors. 

5114
04:40:22,400 --> 04:40:25,700
Would sometimes request specific
songs by leaving symbolic 

5115
04:40:25,700 --> 04:40:29,400
objects near the singer's bed. 
Wanna hear the copper vein 

5116
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:32,300
Discovery song, Leave a small 
piece of copper or by the 

5117
04:40:32,300 --> 04:40:36,000
sleeper's head hoping for the 
safe journey underground Melody.

5118
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:39,600
Mining tool placed just so might
do the trick. 

5119
04:40:39,600 --> 04:40:42,900
It was like having a prehistoric
Duke box that operated on 

5120
04:40:42,900 --> 04:40:46,900
unconscious request for filming 
but here's where things got 

5121
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:49,900
mildly stressful, for the 
sleeping as themselves, they 

5122
04:40:49,900 --> 04:40:52,400
started feeling performance 
pressure, even while unconscious

5123
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:56,200
Some singers reported anxiety 
dreams about not producing good 

5124
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:59,300
enough, nocturnal concerts or 
nightmare's about forgetting The

5125
04:40:59,300 --> 04:41:01,400
Melodies their communities had 
come to expect. 

5126
04:41:02,300 --> 04:41:05,100
Bronzebeard might wake up 
feeling exhausted, not from 

5127
04:41:05,100 --> 04:41:08,300
physical labor, but from the 
psychological pressure of being 

5128
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:10,400
the neighborhood's primary 
source of nighttime 

5129
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:13,400
entertainment. 
Imagine the responsibility of 

5130
04:41:13,400 --> 04:41:16,000
knowing that your Sleep Quality 
directly affected. 

5131
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:18,400
Everyone else's enjoyment of 
their evening. 

5132
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:21,800
Did you hit bronze beards 
performance last night. 

5133
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:24,800
Usually, his underground. 
Flooding song is much more 

5134
04:41:24,800 --> 04:41:27,000
dramatic. 
I hope he's not coming down with

5135
04:41:27,000 --> 04:41:29,700
something the phenomenon 
created, its own social 

5136
04:41:29,700 --> 04:41:32,400
dynamics. 
Sleep, singers became informal 

5137
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:35,300
Community leaders their 
unconscious musical choices, 

5138
04:41:35,300 --> 04:41:38,900
influencing group decisions 
about mining locations, safety, 

5139
04:41:38,900 --> 04:41:41,400
protocols, and even 
interpersonal conflicts. 

5140
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:44,600
If the sleep song featured, 
Harmony is about, avoiding a 

5141
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:47,500
particular tunnel, the mining 
crew might genuinely consider 

5142
04:41:47,500 --> 04:41:50,800
changing their plans. 
It was like having a focus group

5143
04:41:50,800 --> 04:41:53,200
that operated entirely through 
dream state musical 

5144
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:55,900
compositions. 
The Practical challenges were 

5145
04:41:55,900 --> 04:41:58,700
considerable, sleep. 
Singers, couldn't control their 

5146
04:41:58,700 --> 04:42:01,500
nocturnal performance is, which 
meant, they might launch into 

5147
04:42:01,500 --> 04:42:04,600
arousing mining Anthem just when
everyone else was trying to fall

5148
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:07,700
asleep. 
This led to the development of 

5149
04:42:07,700 --> 04:42:11,200
singer schedule's informal 
agreements about when different 

5150
04:42:11,200 --> 04:42:12,800
sleeping as would be allowed to 
perform. 

5151
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:15,600
Bronzebeard gets the first part 
of the night. 

5152
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:19,200
Copper voice takes the middle 
shift and Tin throat handles, 

5153
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,600
the pre-dawn slot That way 
everyone gets some quiet sleep 

5154
04:42:22,600 --> 04:42:26,200
time and some musical 
entertainment. scheduling on 

5155
04:42:26,208 --> 04:42:29,200
conscious performers is about as
reliable as predicting, the 

5156
04:42:29,200 --> 04:42:32,500
weather using tea leaves Singers
would sometimes sleep through 

5157
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,700
their designated performance 
Windows leaving their audiences 

5158
04:42:35,700 --> 04:42:38,200
disappointed. 
Other times they'd have 

5159
04:42:38,208 --> 04:42:41,100
particularly energetic, Knights 
and sing right through someone 

5160
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:44,400
else's scheduled quiet time. 
The communities developed, 

5161
04:42:44,400 --> 04:42:48,100
surprisingly sophisticated ways 
to manage these challenges, some

5162
04:42:48,100 --> 04:42:51,200
groups appointed sleep. 
Conductors people whose job was 

5163
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:53,400
to gently influence. 
The singers performance is 

5164
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:56,700
through subtle environmental 
cues, they'd adjust the 

5165
04:42:56,700 --> 04:43:00,100
temperature introduced specific 
sense or create gentle 

5166
04:43:00,100 --> 04:43:02,500
background sounds that might 
encourage certain types of 

5167
04:43:02,508 --> 04:43:05,000
songs. 
It was like being a DJ for 

5168
04:43:05,000 --> 04:43:07,700
unconscious performers, trying, 
to create the right atmosphere 

5169
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:10,500
for the kind of musical dreaming
that would benefit the entire 

5170
04:43:10,500 --> 04:43:13,000
community. 
The most talented sleep 

5171
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:15,600
conductors could allegedly 
influenced, not just the style 

5172
04:43:15,600 --> 04:43:18,500
of the songs, but their content 
want songs. 

5173
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:21,400
About successful, mining 
Ventures, create an environment 

5174
04:43:21,400 --> 04:43:24,600
that feels prosperous and secure
need Melodies. 

5175
04:43:24,600 --> 04:43:28,000
That would calm, pre-mining, 
anxiety, focus on comfort and 

5176
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:31,400
safety cues. 
Of course, this system was about

5177
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,400
as reliable as you'd expect when
dealing with unconscious minds 

5178
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:37,400
environmental manipulation and 
Bronze Age Technology. 

5179
04:43:38,700 --> 04:43:41,100
Sleep conductors would spend 
hours preparing the perfect 

5180
04:43:41,100 --> 04:43:44,800
conditions for inspiring mining 
themed lullabies only to have 

5181
04:43:44,800 --> 04:43:47,400
their featured singer produced, 
three hours of what sounded like

5182
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:51,100
rocks, falling down a mountain. 
I specifically arranged 

5183
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,600
everything to encourage the 
peaceful underground, Journey, 

5184
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:57,400
composition, and instead we got 
four hours of avalanche in a 

5185
04:43:57,400 --> 04:43:59,200
copper mine. 
What am I doing wrong? 

5186
04:43:59,200 --> 04:44:02,000
The pressure on both singers and
conductors led to the 

5187
04:44:02,000 --> 04:44:04,200
development of backup 
Entertainment Systems, 

5188
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:08,400
storytellers, musicians, and 
other performers who could fill 

5189
04:44:08,400 --> 04:44:10,900
in, when the sleeping didn't 
meet Community expectations. 

5190
04:44:10,900 --> 04:44:14,300
Because apparently even 
unconscious entertainment needed

5191
04:44:14,300 --> 04:44:17,800
under Studies by now, you've 
probably realized that Bronze 

5192
04:44:17,800 --> 04:44:20,700
Age miners had turned sleep into
something, resembling a complex,

5193
04:44:20,700 --> 04:44:23,700
logistical operation. 
But just when you think you've 

5194
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:27,000
got a handle on their nocturnal 
peculiarities, we encounter, 

5195
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:28,400
what might be their most 
ambitious? 

5196
04:44:28,400 --> 04:44:32,800
Sleep-related inovation, the 
great sleep migration picture 

5197
04:44:32,800 --> 04:44:36,300
this, your copper arm again, and
you've just discovered that your

5198
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,500
usual sleeping spot that 
carefully chose and corner of 

5199
04:44:39,500 --> 04:44:42,800
your heart where the straw is 
just the right density of the 

5200
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:46,300
roof doesn't leak, too much is 
no longer providing quality 

5201
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:49,200
rest. 
Maybe the sleeping neighbor has 

5202
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:51,600
changed their repertoire to 
something that sounds like 

5203
04:44:51,600 --> 04:44:52,700
rocks. 
Have an argument. 

5204
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:56,700
Maybe the local Mouse population
has decided your sleeping area 

5205
04:44:56,700 --> 04:44:59,900
is Prime real estate or maybe 
you've simply outgrown your 

5206
04:44:59,900 --> 04:45:02,100
current sleep environment. 
The way you might outgrow a 

5207
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:04,100
favorite coffee shop that 
suddenly starts playing music, 

5208
04:45:04,100 --> 04:45:07,500
that makes your teeth hurt. 
The Logical solution would be to

5209
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:09,400
adjust your sleeping 
Arrangements within your 

5210
04:45:09,400 --> 04:45:13,400
existing space, add more straw, 
negotiate with the neighbor 

5211
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:17,500
declare war on the mice. 
But Bronze Age miners, as you've

5212
04:45:17,500 --> 04:45:20,600
learned weren't particularly 
interested in logical Solutions,

5213
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:23,600
when creative ones were 
available, instead they 

5214
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,700
developed a system of seasonal, 
sleep, migration, that would 

5215
04:45:26,708 --> 04:45:29,700
make modern minimalists. 
Weep with envy and digital 

5216
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:33,500
Nomads nod with understanding. 
The concept was beautifully. 

5217
04:45:33,500 --> 04:45:36,600
Simple, instead of trying to 
perfect one sleeping location, 

5218
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,900
why not rotate through multiple 
sleeping spots throughout the 

5219
04:45:39,900 --> 04:45:41,900
year? 
Following optimal sleep 

5220
04:45:41,900 --> 04:45:44,300
conditions, the way Birds 
follow, favorable weather 

5221
04:45:44,300 --> 04:45:47,800
patterns This wasn't just about 
Comfort, though. 

5222
04:45:47,800 --> 04:45:49,100
Comfort was certainly part of 
it. 

5223
04:45:49,800 --> 04:45:52,600
The miners had observed that 
different sleeping locations 

5224
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:55,400
seemed to produce different 
types of Dreams, different 

5225
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:58,600
quality of rest, and different 
levels of preparation, for the 

5226
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:02,200
next days underground work. 
Some places were better for deep

5227
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:05,100
restorative sleep. 
Others seem to encourage the 

5228
04:46:05,100 --> 04:46:08,600
kind of light alert rest that 
kept you ready for unexpected 

5229
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:12,800
mine and emergence of migration 
routes were random mining 

5230
04:46:12,800 --> 04:46:15,700
communities developed elaborate 
maps of optimal, sleeping 

5231
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:19,600
locations, complete with 
seasonal, writings dream quality

5232
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:23,100
assessments, and detailed notes 
about environmental factors that

5233
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:25,600
affected rest quality. 
Sleeping. 

5234
04:46:25,600 --> 04:46:28,600
Alcove behind Stone. 
Jewels Hut is excellent for deep

5235
04:46:28,600 --> 04:46:31,600
winter, rest, but avoid it 
during the rainy season, unless 

5236
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:34,200
you enjoy the sound of water 
dripping, directly onto your 

5237
04:46:34,208 --> 04:46:39,000
forehead, every 37 seconds, The 
elevated platform near the mine.

5238
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:41,700
Entrance provides Superior 
ventilation for summer sleeping,

5239
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:44,200
but the sunrise light makes it 
unsuitable. 

5240
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:48,100
For anyone who values sleeping 
past Dawn, these sleep migration

5241
04:46:48,100 --> 04:46:51,600
Maps became highly valued 
Community Resources passed down 

5242
04:46:51,608 --> 04:46:54,100
through families and traded 
between mining settlements like 

5243
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:57,600
Precious commodities. 
The details sleep location guide

5244
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,500
could be worth several days 
wages and experience sleep. 

5245
04:47:00,500 --> 04:47:04,200
Migrants were consulted like 
travel advisors I'm thinking of 

5246
04:47:04,200 --> 04:47:06,900
trying the rocky outcrop near 
the Eastern mine shaft for my 

5247
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:10,100
Autumn sleep rotation. 
What's your assessment of the 

5248
04:47:10,100 --> 04:47:12,000
wind patterns and Rodan activity
in that area? 

5249
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:16,500
The migration System created its
own social dynamics popular 

5250
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:19,400
sleeping spots would become 
overcrowded during Peak Seasons 

5251
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:23,000
leading to reservation systems 
and waiting lists Prime. 

5252
04:47:23,000 --> 04:47:26,600
Locations might be booked months
in advance with mine as planning

5253
04:47:26,600 --> 04:47:28,900
their sleep, schedules around 
availability, rather than 

5254
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:31,300
personal preference some 
entrepreneurs. 

5255
04:47:31,300 --> 04:47:34,800
Yes, Bronze Age miners had 
entrepreneurs started offering 

5256
04:47:34,800 --> 04:47:37,900
sleeping location, rental 
services, they'd Scout new 

5257
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,300
spots, test them for optimal 
sleep conditions and then lease 

5258
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:43,800
them to other miners for premium
rates during high demand 

5259
04:47:43,800 --> 04:47:46,400
periods. 
For just three extra copper 

5260
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:49,300
pieces per moon cycle. 
You can have guaranteed access 

5261
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:52,400
to the sheltered Grove with the 
natural sound dampening and 

5262
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:56,200
built-in Morning. 
Sun alarm, no mice, no leaks, no

5263
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:59,000
snoring. 
Neighbors premium sleep location

5264
04:47:59,000 --> 04:48:02,800
with a satisfaction guarantee. 
But the migration system also 

5265
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:06,400
created, unexpected challenges 
miners would sometimes get so 

5266
04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:09,400
attached to particular seasonal 
sleeping spots that they'd 

5267
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:12,400
refused to migrate when 
conditions changed they'd 

5268
04:48:12,400 --> 04:48:14,000
stubbornly remain in some 
locations. 

5269
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,100
Well into winter suffering 
through cold and discomfort 

5270
04:48:17,100 --> 04:48:19,200
rather than give up their 
favorite sleep environment. 

5271
04:48:20,900 --> 04:48:24,400
This led to the development of 
migration councilors community 

5272
04:48:24,400 --> 04:48:27,000
members who specialize in 
helping miners, make healthy 

5273
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:29,700
transitions between seasonal, 
sleeping locations. 

5274
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:32,700
They'd provide emotional support
for minors who are having 

5275
04:48:32,700 --> 04:48:36,000
trouble letting go of unsuitable
sleeping spots, and practical 

5276
04:48:36,000 --> 04:48:38,300
advice for adapting to new sleep
environments. 

5277
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:41,600
I understand your attachment to 
the mosque covered Boulder 

5278
04:48:41,600 --> 04:48:44,600
formation in tooth but it's been
flooding regularly for three 

5279
04:48:44,600 --> 04:48:47,200
weeks now. 
It's time to consider the 

5280
04:48:47,200 --> 04:48:50,400
elevated platform option. 
We discussed the most dedicated 

5281
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:53,600
sleep migrants would maintain 
detail, journals, documenting, 

5282
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:57,100
their experience in different 
locations, noting factors like 

5283
04:48:57,100 --> 04:49:00,600
dream quality morning, energy 
levels and overall satisfaction 

5284
04:49:00,600 --> 04:49:03,500
ratings. 
These journals became valuable 

5285
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:06,900
references for future migration 
planning and some time shared 

5286
04:49:06,900 --> 04:49:09,100
with other minors seeking 
optimal sleep Solutions. 

5287
04:49:10,100 --> 04:49:12,500
According to my records, the 
hollow tree sleeping spot. 

5288
04:49:12,500 --> 04:49:15,300
Provides, excellent dream recall
but poor neck support. 

5289
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:18,800
The cave entrance location 
offers superior protection from 

5290
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:22,200
weather, but tends to produce 
anxiety dreams about cave-ins. 

5291
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:25,600
The meadow area is perfect for 
summer but becomes completely 

5292
04:49:25,600 --> 04:49:27,400
unsuitable. 
Once the seasonal flooding 

5293
04:49:27,400 --> 04:49:31,300
begins some miners took the 
migration concept so seriously 

5294
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:33,400
that they'd spend more time 
traveling between sleeping 

5295
04:49:33,400 --> 04:49:35,600
locations than actually sleeping
in them. 

5296
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:38,800
They'd become so focused on 
finding the perfect sleep 

5297
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:41,500
environment that they'd exhaust 
themselves with constant 

5298
04:49:41,500 --> 04:49:44,800
relocation Logistics. 
The communities eventually had 

5299
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:47,900
to establish migration limits to
prevent minors from wearing 

5300
04:49:47,900 --> 04:49:50,500
themselves out with excessive 
sleep location optimization. 

5301
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:53,600
Too much time. 
Spent searching for perfect 

5302
04:49:53,600 --> 04:49:55,500
rest. 
Could actually cause worse 

5303
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:58,500
Sleep, Quality than just 
settling for good enough. 

5304
04:49:59,200 --> 04:50:01,700
It was like the Bronze Age 
version of analysis paralysis, 

5305
04:50:01,700 --> 04:50:05,100
except instead of endless 
research about mattress types 

5306
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:08,100
and thread counts. 
It involved geographical surveys

5307
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:09,900
and seasonal weather pattern 
analysis. 

5308
04:50:11,000 --> 04:50:14,100
Just when the system seemed to 
be working smoothly, some 

5309
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:16,800
Innovative miners, started 
experimenting with micro 

5310
04:50:16,800 --> 04:50:20,600
migration changing, sleeping 
locations multiple times within 

5311
04:50:20,600 --> 04:50:23,200
a single night to optimize 
different phases of their sleep 

5312
04:50:23,200 --> 04:50:25,400
cycles. 
Because, apparently even 

5313
04:50:25,400 --> 04:50:28,300
migration needed to be optimized
for maximum efficiency. 

5314
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:31,000
Now, we're approaching, what 
might be the most extraordinary 

5315
04:50:31,000 --> 04:50:33,400
aspect of Bronze Age mining 
sleep culture? 

5316
04:50:33,400 --> 04:50:36,500
The systematic attempt to 
industrialize dreaming. 

5317
04:50:36,500 --> 04:50:40,400
Yes, you read that correctly. 
These ancient miners, tried to 

5318
04:50:40,400 --> 04:50:43,400
transform their dream lives into
a kind of underground think tank

5319
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:46,500
and the results were equal 
parts, brilliant and completely 

5320
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:49,500
bonkers. 
Your settling into your current 

5321
04:50:49,500 --> 04:50:52,400
migration location. 
Let's say it's the Early Autumn 

5322
04:50:52,400 --> 04:50:54,300
rotation. 
So you're probably in that nice 

5323
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:56,400
spot near the stream with the 
natural Windbreak. 

5324
04:50:56,400 --> 04:51:00,300
And instead of Simply hoping for
good, dreams your participating 

5325
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:03,900
in what the mining Community 
called dream crafting, this 

5326
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,700
wasn't just about encouraging 
helpful dreams, it was about 

5327
04:51:06,700 --> 04:51:10,100
manufacturing, specific types of
dreams for specific purposes. 

5328
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:13,900
The concept emerge from the 
observation that miners who 

5329
04:51:13,900 --> 04:51:17,100
dreamed about their work, often 
came up with Creative Solutions 

5330
04:51:17,100 --> 04:51:20,600
to underground challenges. 
Someone might dream about new 

5331
04:51:20,600 --> 04:51:23,500
way to shore, up unstable, 
tunnels or visualize a more 

5332
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,300
efficient method for extracting 
ore from difficult veins. 

5333
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:30,200
These work-related dreams seem 
to access a kind of problem 

5334
04:51:30,200 --> 04:51:32,700
solving capability that 
conscious Minds. 

5335
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:36,000
Couldn't always achieve. 
Naturally mining communities 

5336
04:51:36,000 --> 04:51:39,900
decided to systematize this 
process dream crafting involves 

5337
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:42,700
elaborate pre-sleep preparation.
Rituals designed to encourage 

5338
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:46,200
specific types of Dreams. 
Want to dream about finding new 

5339
04:51:46,200 --> 04:51:49,100
copper deposits spend. 
Your evening handling copper 

5340
04:51:49,100 --> 04:51:52,400
samples studying geological 
formations and mentally 

5341
04:51:52,400 --> 04:51:55,500
rehearsing successful. 
Mining scenarios hoping for 

5342
04:51:55,500 --> 04:51:58,200
dreams that would solve 
Structural Engineering problems.

5343
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:00,500
Focus. 
Your Priestly potential on 

5344
04:52:00,500 --> 04:52:03,700
support beams tunnel design and 
Architectural challenges. 

5345
04:52:03,700 --> 04:52:06,800
It was like programming your 
unconscious mind to work on 

5346
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:08,400
specific projects while you 
slept. 

5347
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:12,000
A community's developed 
specialized roles for dream 

5348
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:15,400
crafting support. 
Dream preparers would help 

5349
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:18,400
miners set up their Priestly 
environments with appropriate 

5350
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:21,100
visual tactile and olfactory 
cues. 

5351
04:52:21,900 --> 04:52:24,900
Dream recorders will be standing
by when mine is woke up. 

5352
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:28,200
Ready to capture and document 
any potentially useful dream 

5353
04:52:28,200 --> 04:52:29,900
content before it faded from 
memory. 

5354
04:52:31,200 --> 04:52:34,700
Quick copper arm your mumbling, 
something about Twisted Metal 

5355
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:36,900
bindings and spiral support 
structures. 

5356
04:52:36,900 --> 04:52:39,500
Can you remember any details 
about the dream? 

5357
04:52:39,500 --> 04:52:42,600
And you'd be lying there, still 
half asleep trying to 

5358
04:52:42,600 --> 04:52:45,400
reconstruct a complex 
engineering Vision while someone

5359
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:48,900
frantically takes notes about 
your drowsy mumbling, the most 

5360
04:52:48,900 --> 04:52:51,500
ambitious dream, crafting, 
experiments involved group 

5361
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:55,000
dreaming, session's, Multiple 
miners would prepare to sleep 

5362
04:52:55,008 --> 04:52:58,000
together, focusing on the same 
challenges and hoping to 

5363
04:52:58,000 --> 04:53:00,700
generate complementary dreams, 
that could be combined into 

5364
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,800
comprehensive Solutions. 
It was like forming a dream 

5365
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:05,500
based research and development 
team. 

5366
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:08,800
Tonight we're all going to focus
on the flooding problem in the 

5367
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:12,500
Eastern tunnels bronzebeard you.
Concentrate on drainage 

5368
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:15,600
Solutions. 
Tin hand focus on waterproofing,

5369
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:19,400
materials, Stone jaw, see if you
can dream up some kind of early 

5370
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:22,500
warning system for water 
detection, the success rate for 

5371
04:53:22,500 --> 04:53:25,300
these group dreaming, projects 
was about what you'd expect when

5372
04:53:25,300 --> 04:53:28,100
trying to coordinate unconscious
minds working on complex, 

5373
04:53:28,100 --> 04:53:31,100
technical problems. 
Occasionally the miners would 

5374
04:53:31,100 --> 04:53:33,700
awaken with Innovative 
complementary solutions that 

5375
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:35,700
seamlessly Blended together like
a puzzle. 

5376
04:53:36,400 --> 04:53:38,400
More often. 
They produce a collection of 

5377
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:42,100
unrelated dreams about fish 
childhood memories and that 

5378
04:53:42,100 --> 04:53:44,800
embarrassing incident with the 
pickaxe from three summers ago. 

5379
04:53:44,800 --> 04:53:48,100
But the occasional successes 
were impressive enough to keep 

5380
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:51,000
the system going and some mining
communities became quite 

5381
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:53,300
sophisticated in their dream, 
crafting techniques. 

5382
04:53:54,200 --> 04:53:57,100
They developed what we might 
recognize as early versions of 

5383
04:53:57,100 --> 04:54:00,000
lucid dreaming training, 
teaching mine is to recognize 

5384
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:02,900
when they were dreaming and to 
maintain some level of conscious

5385
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,300
control over their dream. 
Narratives, the goal was to stay

5386
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:09,600
focused on work-related problem 
solving even while asleep. 

5387
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:14,700
Remember when you realize your 
dreaming, don't get distracted 

5388
04:54:14,700 --> 04:54:16,700
by flying or other dream 
nonsense. 

5389
04:54:16,700 --> 04:54:21,100
Focus on the tunnel ventilation 
challenge, use your dream state 

5390
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:23,800
to visualize solutions that 
might not occur to your waking 

5391
04:54:23,800 --> 04:54:26,100
mind. 
This created some mildly 

5392
04:54:26,100 --> 04:54:29,400
stressful situations where mine 
has felt to be productive even 

5393
04:54:29,400 --> 04:54:32,600
while unconscious. 
Imagine the anxiety of knowing 

5394
04:54:32,600 --> 04:54:35,300
that your sleep performance was 
being evaluated, not just for 

5395
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:39,300
rest quality, but for Creative 
problem solving output, Sorry 

5396
04:54:39,300 --> 04:54:41,600
everyone. 
My dreams last night were 

5397
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:44,500
completely useless. 
I spent the whole time dreaming 

5398
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:46,200
about a giant copper-colored 
rabbit. 

5399
04:54:46,200 --> 04:54:48,900
That kept giving me mining 
advice that made no sense. 

5400
04:54:49,900 --> 04:54:53,100
I don't think we can use dig 
tunnels like carrot Burrows as a

5401
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:56,300
viable engineering strategy. 
The communities of eventually 

5402
04:54:56,300 --> 04:55:00,000
had to establish dream failure, 
forgiveness policies, to prevent

5403
04:55:00,000 --> 04:55:03,000
minors from developing sleep 
anxiety, that would actually 

5404
04:55:03,000 --> 04:55:06,900
reduce their dream productivity.
Some of the most dedicated dream

5405
04:55:06,900 --> 04:55:09,300
Crafters started. 
Keeping details dream journals 

5406
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,700
documenting. 
Not just the content of their 

5407
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:14,900
dreams but the Priestly 
preparation technique that seem 

5408
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:16,500
to produce the most useful 
results. 

5409
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:20,600
These journals became valuable 
Community Resources like recipe 

5410
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:22,800
books for generating specific 
types of Dreams. 

5411
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,300
For dreams about all quality 
assessment, I recommend spending

5412
04:55:27,300 --> 04:55:30,000
the evening examining different 
metal samples, while thinking 

5413
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:33,700
about color, variations and 
density testing, avoid eating 

5414
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:37,100
fermented foods before sleep as 
they seem to introduce random 

5415
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:39,600
elements that distract from 
metallurgical Focus. 

5416
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,000
The most successful dream 
Crafters developed personal 

5417
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:46,300
specializations becoming known 
for their ability to generate 

5418
04:55:46,300 --> 04:55:48,600
specific types of problem 
solving dreams. 

5419
04:55:49,500 --> 04:55:52,000
Some became Specialists and 
Structural Engineering dreams, 

5420
04:55:52,000 --> 04:55:54,600
others focused, on Geological, 
Survey dreams. 

5421
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:57,900
And a few became known for their
uncanny ability to dream about 

5422
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:01,000
workplace Safety Solutions. 
These Specialists would 

5423
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:04,700
sometimes be consulted by other 
mining communities facing 

5424
04:56:04,700 --> 04:56:07,200
similar challenges. 
They travel to different 

5425
04:56:07,200 --> 04:56:10,400
settlements, learn about local 
mining problems, and then 

5426
04:56:10,400 --> 04:56:13,200
attempt to dream up solutions, 
that could be implemented by the

5427
04:56:13,200 --> 04:56:16,100
visiting community. 
Was like having Bronze Age 

5428
04:56:16,100 --> 04:56:19,000
Consulting Services Powered By 
REM sleep and unconscious 

5429
04:56:19,000 --> 04:56:22,500
creativity but the system also 
produced some wonderfully 

5430
04:56:22,500 --> 04:56:25,700
unexpected results miners who 
were trying to dream about 

5431
04:56:25,700 --> 04:56:28,200
technical solution would 
sometimes come up with 

5432
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:30,700
Innovation and completely 
unrelated areas. 

5433
04:56:30,700 --> 04:56:33,900
Someone focusing on Tunnel 
support might dream up new food 

5434
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:37,700
preservation techniques a minor 
concentrating on or extraction 

5435
04:56:37,700 --> 04:56:40,900
might wake up with ideas for 
improved textile manufacturing. 

5436
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:43,800
The community started 
maintaining unexpected 

5437
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:47,800
Innovation logs to capture these
accidental discoveries leading 

5438
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:50,400
to a kind of Bronze Age, 
cross-pollination of ideas 

5439
04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:52,200
between different Industries and
crafts. 

5440
04:56:52,900 --> 04:56:55,900
And just when the dream crafting
system seem to be reaching Peak 

5441
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:59,300
sophistication, some Innovative 
miners, started experimenting 

5442
04:56:59,300 --> 04:57:02,800
with dream trading attempting to
share their dreams with other 

5443
04:57:02,800 --> 04:57:05,900
people through detailed 
storytelling and visualization 

5444
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:08,300
exercises. 
This suggests that even 

5445
04:57:08,300 --> 04:57:11,500
unconscious, creativity required
optimization for maximum 

5446
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:15,300
distribution and collaborative 
efficiency as your drifting 

5447
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:17,400
towards sleep. 
In your modern bed, with your 

5448
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,200
climate control and blackout 
curtains, and probably a dozen. 

5449
04:57:20,200 --> 04:57:22,300
Different apps designed to 
optimize your rest. 

5450
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:25,400
It's worth considering what 
happened to all this Bronze Age.

5451
04:57:25,408 --> 04:57:28,400
Sleep innovation did these 
elaborate systems simply 

5452
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,400
disappear when mining techniques
evolved, or did they leave 

5453
04:57:31,400 --> 04:57:33,100
traces? 
That still influence, how we 

5454
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:35,500
think about rest and dreams the 
answer. 

5455
04:57:35,500 --> 04:57:38,400
As you might expect is 
wonderfully complicated. 

5456
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:41,700
Some of the Bronze Age, sleep 
practices evolved into 

5457
04:57:41,700 --> 04:57:43,900
Traditions that persisted for 
thousands of years. 

5458
04:57:44,900 --> 04:57:48,300
The concept of sleep migration, 
for instance, influenced, the 

5459
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:50,700
development of seasonal living 
patterns in many cultures. 

5460
04:57:50,700 --> 04:57:54,000
The idea that different 
environments produced different 

5461
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:57,500
qualities of rest became 
embedded in various folk wisdom,

5462
04:57:57,500 --> 04:58:01,000
Traditions about optimal 
sleeping conditions, dream 

5463
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:04,100
crafting technique's found their
way into religious and spiritual

5464
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:06,600
practices. 
Were directed dreaming became 

5465
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:09,800
associated with Divine 
communication, and prophetic 

5466
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:13,000
vision, The systematic approach 
to dream incubation. 

5467
04:58:13,000 --> 04:58:16,400
That Bronze Age miners developed
can be traced through various 

5468
04:58:16,400 --> 04:58:20,400
mystery, Traditions shamanic 
practices and even early medical

5469
04:58:20,400 --> 04:58:23,300
applications where dreams were 
used for Diagnostic purposes. 

5470
04:58:24,300 --> 04:58:27,000
the competitive aspects of 
Bronze Age, sleep culture 

5471
04:58:27,000 --> 04:58:29,700
evolved into more formal, 
sleep-related customs and 

5472
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:33,100
ceremonies various cultures 
developed rituals around 

5473
04:58:33,100 --> 04:58:36,200
bedtime, Sleep Quality, 
assessment and dream sharing. 

5474
04:58:36,800 --> 04:58:39,800
The echo the miners systematic 
approach to rest optimization. 

5475
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:44,000
But perhaps the most significant
Legacy was the fundamental idea 

5476
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:47,400
that sleep could be actively 
managed and optimized rather 

5477
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:51,100
than simply endured. 
Bronze Age, miners were among 

5478
04:58:51,100 --> 04:58:53,600
the first people to treat sleep 
as a skill that could be 

5479
04:58:53,600 --> 04:58:57,100
developed a resource. 
That could be managed and a tool

5480
04:58:57,100 --> 04:58:58,900
that could be used for specific 
purposes. 

5481
04:58:59,900 --> 04:59:02,600
This conceptual framework laid, 
the groundwork for later. 

5482
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:06,300
Developments in sleep medicine, 
dream research, and what we, now

5483
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,700
call Sleep hygiene. 
The miners recognized that 

5484
04:59:09,700 --> 04:59:13,300
environmental factors, social 
dynamics and psychological 

5485
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:16,700
preparation, could dramatically 
affect Sleep Quality, which was 

5486
04:59:16,708 --> 04:59:18,900
remarkably sophisticated for its
time. 

5487
04:59:19,700 --> 04:59:22,200
There are understanding that 
different types of rests of 

5488
04:59:22,200 --> 04:59:25,100
different purposes. 
That deep sleep, light sleep, 

5489
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:28,100
and various dreaming States. 
Each had distinct benefits 

5490
04:59:28,100 --> 04:59:31,500
predated modern sleep science by
thousands of years. 

5491
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:34,300
They were essentially conducting
primitive. 

5492
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:38,100
Sleep studies using themselves 
as test subjects and developing 

5493
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:40,200
practical applications for their
discoveries. 

5494
04:59:41,700 --> 04:59:44,400
The social aspects of their 
sleep Innovations were equally 

5495
04:59:44,400 --> 04:59:47,900
influential the idea that 
individuals Sleep Quality could 

5496
04:59:47,900 --> 04:59:51,100
affect Community well-being, 
that sleep patterns could be 

5497
04:59:51,100 --> 04:59:54,500
coordinated for group benefit 
and that sleep related skills 

5498
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:57,300
could be shared and taught 
became embedded in many 

5499
04:59:57,300 --> 04:59:59,800
cultures, approaches to rest and
Community Living. 

5500
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:03,400
Even some of their more unusual 
practices left lasting 

5501
05:00:03,400 --> 05:00:06,500
influences. 
The concept of sleeping evolved 

5502
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:09,500
into various traditional lullaby
practices and bedtime musical 

5503
05:00:09,500 --> 05:00:12,000
Customs. 
The idea of sleep location, 

5504
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:15,100
optimization influenced 
architectural approaches to 

5505
05:00:15,100 --> 05:00:17,900
bedroom design and the 
development of sleeping spaces 

5506
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:21,000
in different cultures. 
Their systematic approach to 

5507
05:00:21,000 --> 05:00:24,700
managing sleep-related anxiety, 
recognizing that worry about 

5508
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:26,500
Sleep. 
Quality could actually interfere

5509
05:00:26,500 --> 05:00:29,200
with rest. 
Became a Cornerstone of later. 

5510
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:32,900
Therapeutic approaches to sleep 
disorders, Bronze Age miners 

5511
05:00:32,900 --> 05:00:35,500
were essentially practicing 
primitive cognitive behavioral 

5512
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,400
therapy for Sleep problems, but 
perhaps most importantly, they 

5513
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:41,700
established the precedent. 
That sleep was worth paying 

5514
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:45,500
attention to worth investing 
effort in and worth treating as 

5515
05:00:45,500 --> 05:00:47,700
a serious aspect of human health
and productivity. 

5516
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:51,000
This wasn't just about getting 
enough rest. 

5517
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:54,500
It was about getting the right 
kind of rest in the right 

5518
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,600
environment with the right 
preparation and support systems 

5519
05:00:57,600 --> 05:01:00,300
modern sleep. 
Research continues to confirm 

5520
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:03,500
many intuitive findings. 
We now know that sleep 

5521
05:01:03,500 --> 05:01:07,400
environments do significantly 
affect risk, quality that social

5522
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,600
factors can influence, sleep 
patterns, that pre-sleep 

5523
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:13,600
routines, can improve sleep on 
set and quality, and that 

5524
05:01:13,600 --> 05:01:16,400
different types of sleep, serve 
different physiological, and 

5525
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:19,300
psychological functions. 
The Contemporary interest in 

5526
05:01:19,300 --> 05:01:22,800
sleep optimization sleep, 
tracking and sleep-related 

5527
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:26,000
wellness products. 
Reflects the same basic impulse 

5528
05:01:26,000 --> 05:01:29,000
that drove Bronze Age miners to 
develop their elaborate sleep 

5529
05:01:29,000 --> 05:01:32,000
Management Systems. 
We're still trying to solve the 

5530
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:35,400
same fundamental challenge, how 
to get the kind of rest that 

5531
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:38,400
sustains our demanding often 
stressful lives. 

5532
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,600
Of course, we have advantages 
that Bronze Age. 

5533
05:01:41,600 --> 05:01:45,100
Mine has couldn't have imagined.
We understand sleep physiology, 

5534
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:48,800
we have effective treatments for
sleep disorders and we can 

5535
05:01:49,000 --> 05:01:51,800
create sleep environments that 
are safer and more comfortable 

5536
05:01:51,800 --> 05:01:53,900
than anything available 4,000 
years ago. 

5537
05:01:55,000 --> 05:01:57,200
But we may have lost some of 
their wisdom, about the social 

5538
05:01:57,200 --> 05:01:58,900
and psychological aspects of 
sleep. 

5539
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:03,300
The recognition that rest is not
just an individual activity, but

5540
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:06,700
a community resource that Sleep 
Quality affects not just 

5541
05:02:06,700 --> 05:02:10,100
personal performance, but group 
well-being and that the journey 

5542
05:02:10,100 --> 05:02:12,900
towards sleep can be as 
important as the Sleep itself. 

5543
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:15,700
Offers insights that remain 
relevant today. 

5544
05:02:15,700 --> 05:02:19,200
As you settle into your sleep 
routine tonight, your 

5545
05:02:19,200 --> 05:02:22,000
participating in a tradition 
that stretches back to those 

5546
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:25,700
ancient copper miners, who 
refused to accept poor sleep as 

5547
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:27,700
an inevitable part of difficult 
work. 

5548
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:30,500
They understood something that 
we're still learning. 

5549
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:35,200
The good sleep is not a luxury, 
but a necessity, not a passive 

5550
05:02:35,200 --> 05:02:39,000
experience, but an active skill 
and not just about rest. 

5551
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,200
But about preparing for whatever
challenges to tomorrow, might 

5552
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:46,100
bring their legacy lives on in 
every person who takes time to 

5553
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:49,200
create a comfortable sleep 
environment Who develops bed 

5554
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:52,500
time routines that work for 
their individual needs and who 

5555
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:55,500
recognizes that rest is an 
investment in productivity and 

5556
05:02:55,500 --> 05:02:59,500
well-being rather than time lost
from more important activities. 

5557
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:03,400
So tonight as you adjust your 
pillow and settle into your 

5558
05:03:03,400 --> 05:03:04,900
carefully, chose and sleep 
position. 

5559
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:08,800
Your honoring thousands of years
of human innovation in the art 

5560
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:11,000
of rest. 
You're the beneficiary of 

5561
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:14,100
countless generations of people 
who refuse to accept that sleep 

5562
05:03:14,100 --> 05:03:16,600
was simply something that 
happened to them rather than 

5563
05:03:16,600 --> 05:03:18,400
something they could actively 
improve. 

5564
05:03:19,400 --> 05:03:22,100
Your memory foam mattress and 
your smartphone sleep tracking 

5565
05:03:22,100 --> 05:03:25,600
apps would probably amazed the 
Bronze Age miners, but they'd 

5566
05:03:25,600 --> 05:03:28,000
immediately understand your 
desire to optimize your rest for

5567
05:03:28,000 --> 05:03:31,200
tomorrow's challenges. 
They'd recognize the familiar 

5568
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:34,500
human impulse to turn even 
unconsciousness into an 

5569
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:36,100
opportunity for improvement and 
innovation. 

5570
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,400
And maybe in their honor, you 
could take a moment to 

5571
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:42,900
appreciate, not just the sleep, 
you're about to enjoy. 

5572
05:03:43,700 --> 05:03:47,600
But all the creativity, 
experimentation and stubborn 

5573
05:03:47,600 --> 05:03:49,200
determination that made it 
possible. 

5574
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:52,900
From their underground napping 
experiments to your white noise 

5575
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:55,400
machine by the bed. 
It's all part of the same 

5576
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:59,800
ongoing human project. 
The Quest for rest that truly 

5577
05:03:59,800 --> 05:04:02,600
restores. 
Sweet dreams. 

5578
05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:06,700
The Bronze Age miners would be 
proud of how far we've come and 

5579
05:04:06,700 --> 05:04:09,600
how much we still have in common
with those ancient Seekers of 

5580
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:13,000
perfect sleep. 
After all some things, never 

5581
05:04:13,000 --> 05:04:15,000
change. 
We all just want to wake up 

5582
05:04:15,008 --> 05:04:17,800
feeling like we can face 
whatever the day might throw at 

5583
05:04:17,800 --> 05:04:20,700
us, whether it's a dangerous 
mine shaft or a challenging 

5584
05:04:20,700 --> 05:04:23,600
Monday morning. 
And in that Universal desire for

5585
05:04:23,600 --> 05:04:27,000
restorative, rest were connected
across thousands of years to 

5586
05:04:27,000 --> 05:04:30,700
those ingenious sleep, obsessed 
miners, who turned bedtime into 

5587
05:04:30,700 --> 05:04:34,300
an art form and dreaming into a 
collaborative Enterprise rest. 

5588
05:04:34,300 --> 05:04:37,300
Well, knowing your part of a 
very long tradition of people 

5589
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:40,200
who take their sleep seriously 
and aren't afraid to get 

5590
05:04:40,200 --> 05:04:52,500
creative about it. 
The second Gulf War sometimes 

5591
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:56,000
known as the 2003 Iraq war, did 
not start immediately. 

5592
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,600
Its Origins were intertwined in 
the aftermath of the first Gulf 

5593
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:03,900
War, post 9/11, fears, and the 
legacy of United Nations 

5594
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:06,300
sanctions that had weighed hard 
on Iraqi culture. 

5595
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:09,300
Following Saddam Hussein's 
invasion of Kuwait. 

5596
05:05:09,300 --> 05:05:13,000
In the early 1990s, the US LED 
Coalition launched Operation 

5597
05:05:13,000 --> 05:05:15,600
Desert Storm which brought a 
rock in submission. 

5598
05:05:16,600 --> 05:05:19,400
The official fighting ended 
quickly to the following piece, 

5599
05:05:19,400 --> 05:05:22,800
was far from stable economic 
sanctions have a significant 

5600
05:05:22,800 --> 05:05:26,200
impact on trade and the quality 
of life for ordinary Iraqis. 

5601
05:05:26,200 --> 05:05:30,000
Meanwhile reports circulated 
that saddam's regime possessed, 

5602
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:34,000
elusive, Weapons of Mass 
Devastation, wmds raising 

5603
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:38,400
Western concerns throughout the 
1990s, un weapons, inspectors, 

5604
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:41,900
combed Iraqi locations, for 
chemical biological and nuclear 

5605
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,000
programs. 
Occasionally, they found 

5606
05:05:44,008 --> 05:05:46,900
fragments, but most of the time 
their efforts were halted. 

5607
05:05:46,900 --> 05:05:51,600
The inspections were hampered by
cat and mouse tactics un teams 

5608
05:05:51,600 --> 05:05:55,200
accused of concealing evidence. 
While Baghdad said the West 

5609
05:05:55,200 --> 05:05:58,100
tried to undermine Iraqi 
sovereignty the rest of the 

5610
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:00,900
Middle East, watched anxiously 
fearful that any new 

5611
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:03,500
confrontation would upend a 
region already reeling from 

5612
05:06:03,500 --> 05:06:06,400
Palestinian Israeli tension and 
the aftermath of the Iranian 

5613
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:09,500
Revolution. 
Then followed the size of event,

5614
05:06:09,500 --> 05:06:12,800
that altered World Politics. 
The nine, eleven attacks on the 

5615
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:16,600
United States, al-qaeda's 
attacks sparked, a surge of fear

5616
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:19,800
and indignation, pushing the 
George Bush government to 

5617
05:06:19,800 --> 05:06:23,300
declare a global war on 
terrorism. although Iraq had no 

5618
05:06:23,300 --> 05:06:26,400
documented links to 911 the 
administration, quickly 

5619
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:30,200
identified, saddam's regime as a
possible threat The danger was 

5620
05:06:30,200 --> 05:06:32,600
that terrorist groups? 
May gain, lethal Technologies 

5621
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:36,200
from Rogue States and saddam's 
unpredictability made him an 

5622
05:06:36,200 --> 05:06:37,700
accessible Target for the 
Americans. 

5623
05:06:38,500 --> 05:06:41,100
Speeches in Washington, evoked. 
A new moral Clarity. 

5624
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,500
Either you supported the United 
States or the terrorists. 

5625
05:06:44,500 --> 05:06:47,000
Diplomacy in the early 2000s was
complex. 

5626
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:51,100
European allies were divided, 
the United Kingdom supported the

5627
05:06:51,100 --> 05:06:54,600
American position while France 
and Germany warned that, an 

5628
05:06:54,600 --> 05:06:56,500
unprovoked War could inflame the
Middle East. 

5629
05:06:56,500 --> 05:07:00,700
In the United Nations security 
Council us officials claimed, 

5630
05:07:00,700 --> 05:07:02,600
Iraq was violating numerous 
resolutions. 

5631
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,800
Notably, those pertaining to wmd
programs. 

5632
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:09,800
Meanwhile hands Blicks and other
inspectors return to Erich 

5633
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:14,200
insights ranging from Desert 
bunkers to elegant homes, they 

5634
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:17,400
issued cautious reports stating 
that they had yet to locate 

5635
05:07:17,400 --> 05:07:20,000
conclusive evidence of wmds and 
were uncertain. 

5636
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:23,300
However, the White House and 
Downing Street insisted that 

5637
05:07:23,300 --> 05:07:26,500
Sudan had perfected of Asian 
methods, citing previously, 

5638
05:07:26,500 --> 05:07:30,000
contested Intelligence on a 
chemical and biological stops. 

5639
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,700
Public opinion around the world 
was sharply divided in America 

5640
05:07:34,700 --> 05:07:37,200
memories of 9/11 was still 
fresh. 

5641
05:07:38,000 --> 05:07:40,400
The sizeable proportion of 
citizens, supported the 

5642
05:07:40,400 --> 05:07:43,900
administration's attitude, 
believing that neutralizing, any

5643
05:07:43,900 --> 05:07:47,300
threats was critical, others. 
Questioned, the intelligence 

5644
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:51,500
pushing for stronger evidence 
The largest anti-war protests 

5645
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:55,500
since Vietnam erupted in global 
capitals, London Rome, Sydney 

5646
05:07:55,500 --> 05:07:58,900
and elsewhere where protesters 
criticized the March as a war of

5647
05:07:58,900 --> 05:08:02,000
choice. 
Skeptics demanded to definitive 

5648
05:08:02,000 --> 05:08:05,400
evidence apprehensive about a 
replay of previous tragedies, 

5649
05:08:05,400 --> 05:08:08,500
where erroneous, or fabricated 
data ignited hostilities. 

5650
05:08:09,500 --> 05:08:13,500
Iraqis, meanwhile braced for the
worst after 12 years of grinding

5651
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:15,600
sanctions and periodic bombing 
campaigns. 

5652
05:08:15,600 --> 05:08:19,600
In the so-called no-fly zones. 
Many people were pessimistic 

5653
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:23,200
International journalists who 
visited Baghdad, described a 

5654
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:26,400
strange, mix of defiance and 
fatalism State-run media 

5655
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:29,900
broadcast propaganda about 
Iraq's resilience while ordinary

5656
05:08:29,900 --> 05:08:32,900
citizens speculated about 
escaping or storing supplies. 

5657
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:37,100
Saddam's administration bragged 
of a mother of all battles, but 

5658
05:08:37,100 --> 05:08:40,500
behind the scenes, Fishers 
formed in Iraq, wants powerful 

5659
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:43,700
military. 
Some general suspected that a 

5660
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:45,400
second conflict with the United 
States. 

5661
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:48,200
Particularly one that could 
result in a full-fledged 

5662
05:08:48,200 --> 05:08:52,100
Invasion would be disastrous the
Bush Administration and its 

5663
05:08:52,100 --> 05:08:54,900
closest allies. 
Particularly Britain under Prime

5664
05:08:54,900 --> 05:08:58,800
Minister Tony Blair secretly 
established a timeline, they 

5665
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:01,400
maintained that Saddam had 
ignored International demands 

5666
05:09:01,400 --> 05:09:04,700
for more than a decade. 
The United Nations debated. 

5667
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:08,500
A new resolution explicitly 
authorizing action. prompting 

5668
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:11,500
the United States and the United
Kingdom to argue that previous 

5669
05:09:11,500 --> 05:09:15,000
resolutions, gave adequately 
legal backing Countries such as 

5670
05:09:15,008 --> 05:09:19,200
Poland and Australia joined the 
Coalition While others resisted.

5671
05:09:20,400 --> 05:09:26,000
The last countdown began. 
From mid 2000 to 2 until early 

5672
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:30,900
2003 rhetorically, intensity 
skyrocketed, the expression 

5673
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:34,800
Coalition of the Willing became 
popular referring to countries 

5674
05:09:34,800 --> 05:09:36,900
that agreed to cooperate with 
the United States. 

5675
05:09:38,000 --> 05:09:40,700
Officials at the Pentagon 
devised comprehensive plans for 

5676
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,300
shock and awe. 
A technique designed to over 

5677
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:46,300
maraki defense's with 
overwhelming, aerial bombardment

5678
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:50,000
and Rapid ground attacks. 
Meanwhile anti-war movements 

5679
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:53,200
organized protests and 
demonstrations Isis set up. 

5680
05:09:53,208 --> 05:09:56,500
Human shields in Baghdad. 
While us Marine's, practice 

5681
05:09:56,500 --> 05:10:00,100
Maneuvers in the sweltering, 
Kuwaiti desert, the drum beat of

5682
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:03,500
War, grew louder, reverberating 
across dinner, tables, 

5683
05:10:03,500 --> 05:10:06,900
television, channels, and 
diplomatic hallways around the 

5684
05:10:06,900 --> 05:10:09,400
world. 
In that tense atmosphere. 

5685
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:14,500
The last spark was poisoned to 
ignite the first Salvo of the US

5686
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:16,700
LED Invasion. 
Lit up the Skies over back. 

5687
05:10:16,700 --> 05:10:21,400
Dad on March 20th, 2003 hundreds
of cruise missiles and precision

5688
05:10:21,400 --> 05:10:23,500
bombs were dropped on important 
government buildings, 

5689
05:10:23,500 --> 05:10:27,300
communication centers, a 
military locations, putting the 

5690
05:10:27,300 --> 05:10:29,000
shock and all Concept in to 
practice. 

5691
05:10:30,000 --> 05:10:33,700
Western journalists locked up in
city, hotels out in the photos 

5692
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:37,700
of the nocturnal assault. 
Which featured Tracer fire 

5693
05:10:37,700 --> 05:10:41,000
shooting across the Horizon, and
ominous rumbles as bombs, hit 

5694
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:44,200
their targets, many observers 
remembered the spectacle of the 

5695
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:48,500
1991 Desert Storm campaign, but 
it's aftermath felt grander and 

5696
05:10:48,500 --> 05:10:51,200
more final. 
The goal was no longer only to 

5697
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:54,300
liberate Kuwait but to overthrow
set down Hussain completely 

5698
05:10:54,300 --> 05:10:58,300
within hours Coalition, Ground 
Forces had crossed the Kuwaiti 

5699
05:10:58,300 --> 05:11:01,700
border into Southern Iraq. 
American and British columns led

5700
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,900
by tanks and motorized infantry.
Moved quickly through desert 

5701
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:07,700
Terrain. 
Some Iraqi battalion's collapsed

5702
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:11,000
with a fight while isolated 
pockets of resistance set up 

5703
05:11:11,000 --> 05:11:13,500
into fortifications around vital
towns. 

5704
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:16,500
The coalitions, technological 
advantage was Stark, 

5705
05:11:16,500 --> 05:11:20,500
computerized command systems 
improved night vision equipment.

5706
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:24,200
And precision air support. 
Outperformed the outdated Soviet

5707
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:26,500
era Munitions on which many are 
rocky soldiers. 

5708
05:11:26,500 --> 05:11:30,700
Relied observers were amazed at 
the repeatedly with which the US

5709
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:32,500
Army's. 
Third infantry division Advanced

5710
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:36,800
North despite the Blitzkrieg 
Mayhem ensued in unexpected 

5711
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:41,500
places in Southern cities such 
as Basra regular forces loyal to

5712
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:45,200
Saddam stage ambushes. 
The embedded media reporters, 

5713
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:48,300
accompanying military units. 
Captured scenes of Joy from 

5714
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:51,100
residents pleased to see 
saddam's grass policeman. 

5715
05:11:51,700 --> 05:11:56,000
Others, however, remained wary. 
Unsure, whether the Invaders 

5716
05:11:56,000 --> 05:11:59,300
were liberators or occupiers 
some Iraqi conscripts 

5717
05:11:59,300 --> 05:12:02,000
surrendered at the first 
opportunity, While others fought

5718
05:12:02,000 --> 05:12:03,900
hard out of loyalty or fear of 
retaliation. 

5719
05:12:05,200 --> 05:12:07,600
The desert. 
Meanwhile provided no obvious 

5720
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:10,800
Refuge with dust storms, 
reducing Vision to a few meters.

5721
05:12:11,700 --> 05:12:14,500
Days into the campaign, the 
seizure of the Southern oil 

5722
05:12:14,500 --> 05:12:18,300
fields became a priority 
Coalition strategists and tended

5723
05:12:18,300 --> 05:12:21,000
to keep them intact to avoid 
environmental calamities such as

5724
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:24,400
the 1991 oil. 
Well, Fires at the same time, 

5725
05:12:24,400 --> 05:12:27,700
they intended to save Iraq's, 
oil infrastructure for the 

5726
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:30,900
posterior. 
Civilians nearby were concerned 

5727
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:34,100
about collateral damage as 
pipelines and refineries studied

5728
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:37,000
the area. 
Sporadic fires sprang out when 

5729
05:12:37,000 --> 05:12:40,200
retreating Iraqi forces, ignited
installation's, but the 

5730
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:44,400
Coalition was able to prevent 
wide Devastation Baghdad for its

5731
05:12:44,400 --> 05:12:46,600
part remained under aerial 
Siege. 

5732
05:12:47,200 --> 05:12:49,700
State television carried, 
saddam's belligerent comments 

5733
05:12:49,700 --> 05:12:52,900
while rumors circulated that he 
was on the run or Sheltering in 

5734
05:12:52,900 --> 05:12:55,600
underground bunkers. 
Iraqi soldiers established 

5735
05:12:55,600 --> 05:12:58,600
defense lines on the outskirts 
of the capital, the Coalition 

5736
05:12:58,600 --> 05:13:01,400
gunfire, overshadowed the full 
might of Saturn's Elite. 

5737
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:06,000
Formations the Republican guard 
Meanwhile propaganda pamphlets 

5738
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:09,500
showered down from Coalition. 
Aircraft pushing Iraqi troops to

5739
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:13,300
surrender some took notice but 
others, persisted in harassing 

5740
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:16,200
ambushes with small weapons and 
rocket propelled grenades. 

5741
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:19,100
The interim National reaction 
was scattered. 

5742
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:22,300
Some states condemned, The 
Invasion as illegitimate without

5743
05:13:22,300 --> 05:13:26,900
a new United Nations mandate and
Global protests erupted dwarfing

5744
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:30,500
even pre-war rallies. 
However, the White House felt 

5745
05:13:30,500 --> 05:13:32,400
that saddam's regime posed a 
global threat. 

5746
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:35,800
British Prime Minister Tony, 
Blair reiterated that reasoning 

5747
05:13:35,800 --> 05:13:39,200
betting his political future on 
the wars outcome and the 

5748
05:13:39,200 --> 05:13:42,500
eventual finding of banned 
weapons critics, requested 

5749
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:45,700
verification of the wmd 
stockpiles that had been key to 

5750
05:13:45,708 --> 05:13:49,100
the walls premise. 
But none has emerged Coalition 

5751
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,500
leaders emphasize that the 
search would take time Morale on

5752
05:13:52,500 --> 05:13:54,300
the coalition's Frontline was 
uneven. 

5753
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:58,100
Many soldiers believed they were
rescuing Iraq from tyranny. 

5754
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,300
While others were concerned 
about the confusing intelligence

5755
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:04,900
assertions combat pressures 
increased Friendly Fire 

5756
05:14:04,900 --> 05:14:08,700
occurrences, particularly among 
Allied Forces exacerbated 

5757
05:14:08,700 --> 05:14:11,200
catastrophe. 
There have been reports of 

5758
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:14,400
journalists being killed or 
wounded, raising concerns about 

5759
05:14:14,400 --> 05:14:17,500
the delicate balance between 
media access and operational 

5760
05:14:17,500 --> 05:14:20,800
security. 
Meanwhile, embedded reporters 

5761
05:14:20,800 --> 05:14:24,000
provided and filtered footage of
advanced surgical attacks and 

5762
05:14:24,000 --> 05:14:27,200
civilian losses shocking viewers
around the world. 

5763
05:14:28,300 --> 05:14:31,600
As March progressed into April, 
the struggle for Baghdad neared 

5764
05:14:31,600 --> 05:14:35,000
Coalition convoys of smaller 
cities to maintain Pace. 

5765
05:14:35,000 --> 05:14:37,900
Toward the capital, leaving 
Iraqi fighting strongholds 

5766
05:14:37,900 --> 05:14:41,400
behind The rumor in the 
corridors of power was that. 

5767
05:14:41,400 --> 05:14:43,800
If Baghdad fell saddam's 
Authority, would dissolve 

5768
05:14:43,800 --> 05:14:46,600
quickly. 
Revealing the elusive, wmd 

5769
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:50,200
stores, some in Washington 
expected Iraqis to greet the 

5770
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,500
Coalition with roses. 
However, a few experienced 

5771
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:56,500
analysts cautioned that 
overthrowing a dictatorship, was

5772
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:59,000
easier than stabilizing a broken
Nation. 

5773
05:14:59,000 --> 05:15:02,400
They cited, ethnic divisions, 
long suppressed, religious 

5774
05:15:02,400 --> 05:15:05,500
tensions of the possibility that
sedans fall could unleash 

5775
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:08,600
pandemonium. for now, the 
primary attention was on the 

5776
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:11,100
capital, which served as 
saddam's administrative 

5777
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:14,300
headquarters Coalition troops 
positioned themselves on 

5778
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,300
baghdad's outskirts, conducting 
probing raids into 

5779
05:15:17,300 --> 05:15:19,900
neighborhoods. 
Iraqi Defenders reacted with 

5780
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:23,200
mortar and Small Arms fire. 
But the difference in technology

5781
05:15:23,200 --> 05:15:25,900
and coordination proved fatal 
for the regime's, conventional 

5782
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:28,700
forces. 
Saddam's television, appearances

5783
05:15:28,700 --> 05:15:32,000
became less regular prompting 
speculation that he had left or 

5784
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:34,800
was dead. 
Still the final push and back, 

5785
05:15:34,800 --> 05:15:38,500
dad's call was expected to be 
historic marking the end of an 

5786
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:40,800
era and the beginning of new 
territory. 

5787
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:45,800
By early, April 2003, Coalition 
forces had ringed Baghdad and 

5788
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:49,700
launched quick raids that tested
Iraqi Defenders, commitment us, 

5789
05:15:49,700 --> 05:15:52,900
armored vehicles, rumbled down 
Main thoroughfares, facing 

5790
05:15:52,900 --> 05:15:55,800
occasional resistance from 
Republican guard, remnants, and 

5791
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:58,000
armed. 
Militias, the approach was based

5792
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:01,700
on exhibiting overwhelming 
superiority A show of power 

5793
05:16:01,700 --> 05:16:05,400
intended to destabilize Saddam 
Hussein's command journalists 

5794
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:08,600
embedded with Frontline troops, 
transmitted spectacular footage 

5795
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:11,800
of Tanks rolling past major 
landmarks while loudspeakers 

5796
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:15,500
employed Iraqi soldiers to lay 
down their weapons on April 9th.

5797
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:19,200
Photographs emerged of Iraqi 
civilians topping a Saddam 

5798
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:22,500
statue in baghdad's furdo 
square, which sparked Global 

5799
05:16:22,500 --> 05:16:25,600
curiosity. 
Western media repeatedly, aired,

5800
05:16:25,600 --> 05:16:29,000
the footage presenting it as a 
symbolic end to the tyranny. 

5801
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:31,800
Some Bank Daddy's did celebrate 
the invasion. 

5802
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:35,400
Ripping down portraits of the 
Tyrant, but the mood was not 

5803
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:39,100
uniformly, positive. 
Many people unsure what the new 

5804
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:42,700
Power vacuum. 
In doors, closing stores and 

5805
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:44,500
waiting to see if the foreign 
tanks would stay. 

5806
05:16:45,500 --> 05:16:47,700
The city's infrastructure 
teetered beneath the weight of 

5807
05:16:47,708 --> 05:16:52,200
War, Water Systems, faltered 
electrical networks, flickered 

5808
05:16:52,200 --> 05:16:54,300
and looters raided government 
buildings. 

5809
05:16:54,300 --> 05:16:57,500
The Coalition face disarray due 
to the lack of a defined 

5810
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:00,400
framework for Rapid governance. 
The former system had 

5811
05:17:00,400 --> 05:17:03,900
disintegrated unexpectedly 
quickly leaving, no transitional

5812
05:17:03,900 --> 05:17:06,500
Authority. 
Ministries were raided for 

5813
05:17:06,500 --> 05:17:09,500
furniture data and even rare 
artifacts. 

5814
05:17:09,500 --> 05:17:12,100
The national museum of Iraq was 
particularly badly. 

5815
05:17:12,100 --> 05:17:14,900
Looted with thousands of 
antiques disappearing into the 

5816
05:17:14,900 --> 05:17:17,800
black market soldiers on the 
ground were provided. 

5817
05:17:17,800 --> 05:17:20,100
No guidance on how to put an end
to the Anarchy. 

5818
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:23,900
Many were trained for battle, 
rather than policing, Iraqi 

5819
05:17:23,900 --> 05:17:26,700
residents angered by the 
lawlessness wondered if the 

5820
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:28,900
Coalition was disinterested or 
just unprepared. 

5821
05:17:28,900 --> 05:17:32,700
Meanwhile, saddam's whereabouts,
remained, unknown rumors 

5822
05:17:32,700 --> 05:17:36,600
circulated that he had gone to 
Crete his homeland or maybe into

5823
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:39,500
neighboring Nations Coalition, 
intelligence, followed Leeds, 

5824
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:42,900
carried out raids on potential 
hideouts and interrogated. 

5825
05:17:42,900 --> 05:17:45,400
Captured officials, some of 
saddam's left. 

5826
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:48,900
Tenants were detained including 
the notorious deck of cards 

5827
05:17:48,900 --> 05:17:51,200
system. 
Which identified each High 

5828
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:54,800
regime figure as a playing card.
However, his sane managed to 

5829
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:56,800
elude capture adding to the 
mystery. 

5830
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:00,600
Without a formal acknowledgment 
of his fate Baghdad. 

5831
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:03,200
Swift collapse was marred by a 
sense of incompleteness 

5832
05:18:03,200 --> 05:18:05,800
diplomatically President George 
W. 

5833
05:18:05,800 --> 05:18:08,100
Bush declared mission 
accomplished prematurely 

5834
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,000
assuming major combat operations
had concluded. 

5835
05:18:11,800 --> 05:18:15,400
Some observers interpreted the 
words, literally, anticipating 

5836
05:18:15,400 --> 05:18:19,100
Iraq, Swift transformation into 
a stable democracy, others 

5837
05:18:19,100 --> 05:18:21,700
cautioned that the genuine 
conflict had just commenced 

5838
05:18:21,700 --> 05:18:24,300
occupation. 
Forces were supposed to restore 

5839
05:18:24,300 --> 05:18:27,500
basic Services, organized 
elections and uncover, the 

5840
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:31,500
infamous wmd stash. 
But as the weeks passed no 

5841
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:35,300
cashes appeared doubts, 
increased the government argued 

5842
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:36,700
that the search was still 
ongoing. 

5843
05:18:36,700 --> 05:18:39,400
And that saddam's regime. 
Had either deeply concealed or 

5844
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,000
moved materials to Allied 
States. 

5845
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:44,900
However, despite searching 
warehouses labs and palaces 

5846
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:49,300
field teams found nothing In the
void left by saddam's demise 

5847
05:18:49,300 --> 05:18:53,300
numerous groups competed for 
power Shiite groups in the South

5848
05:18:53,300 --> 05:18:55,700
Long pressed by the Sunni 
dominated State. 

5849
05:18:55,700 --> 05:18:59,800
Tried to build a new political 
system Kurdish forces in the 

5850
05:18:59,800 --> 05:19:02,600
north held, onto their 
semi-autonomous pockets, hoping 

5851
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:07,200
for greater Independence, Sunni 
Arabs, formerly privileged have 

5852
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:11,400
an uncertain future added to the
mix which Hadi forces eager to 

5853
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:14,500
take advantage of the disarray, 
the Coalition leadership 

5854
05:19:14,500 --> 05:19:19,100
constituted under the Coalition 
provisional Authority, CPA face.

5855
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:21,500
The hooky and challenge of 
overcoming these gaps. 

5856
05:19:22,300 --> 05:19:24,900
When L, Paul Bremer the third 
took over as the leader of the 

5857
05:19:24,900 --> 05:19:27,600
CPA? 
He issued broad directives like 

5858
05:19:27,600 --> 05:19:30,600
disbanding, the Iraqi Army and 
prohibiting back of party 

5859
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:32,100
officials from holding public 
office. 

5860
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:35,400
Though intended to remove relics
of saddam's despotism. 

5861
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:38,700
These actions also put numerous 
soldiers and bureaucrats out of 

5862
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:42,900
employment, unemployed 
humiliated and frequently armed 

5863
05:19:42,900 --> 05:19:45,700
many experts turned to 
Rebellion. 

5864
05:19:46,500 --> 05:19:50,200
By late spring 2003, minor 
explosions and ambushes had 

5865
05:19:50,200 --> 05:19:53,700
become commonplace. 
A new wave of conflict erupted 

5866
05:19:53,700 --> 05:19:56,900
with fewer set-piece battles and
more roadside IEDs. 

5867
05:19:56,900 --> 05:20:01,200
Kidnappings and sectarian 
assassinations soldiers, 

5868
05:20:01,200 --> 05:20:04,600
patrolling neighborhoods or 
ambiguous situations was the man

5869
05:20:04,600 --> 05:20:07,400
with the cell phone and scale 
really disgruntled, or was he 

5870
05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:10,900
setting off an explosive device 
confidence that the Warhead 

5871
05:20:10,900 --> 05:20:12,600
ended gave way to a creeping 
suspicion. 

5872
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,700
That did only change forms 
despite the increasing conflict.

5873
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:19,600
Ordinary Iraqis, struggled to 
return to normal life. 

5874
05:20:19,600 --> 05:20:23,100
Children returned to have 
functional schools, vendors, 

5875
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,000
sold produce on streets, 
littered with pot holes caused 

5876
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:28,100
by tank. 
Treads families placed their 

5877
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:31,600
hopes in distant relatives who 
had migrated overseas and 

5878
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:34,400
anticipating remittances or 
sponsorship for relocation. 

5879
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:38,200
A once centralized police force 
was dismantled overnight 

5880
05:20:38,200 --> 05:20:41,400
replaced by hurriedly 
established units with little 

5881
05:20:41,400 --> 05:20:45,600
expertise or local confidence. 
The initial Joy of Liberty, 

5882
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:50,200
which existed in some areas was 
eclipsed by the burden of daily 

5883
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,900
and Security even as the 
Coalition worked up plans for an

5884
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:56,600
interim government, the 
Insurgency and sectarian 

5885
05:20:56,600 --> 05:20:59,800
divisions deepened, threatening 
to eclipse the success of 

5886
05:20:59,800 --> 05:21:04,000
operation Iraqi freedom. 
Throughout late 2003 and early 

5887
05:21:04,000 --> 05:21:08,000
2004, Iraq's, expanding 
Insurgency took on several forms

5888
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,200
form of bath. 
Loyalists nationalist groups of 

5889
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:15,100
occupation foreign militants 
influenced by al-qaida ideology 

5890
05:21:15,100 --> 05:21:17,900
and local militias with 
sectarian agendas. 

5891
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:21,400
Notable flashpoints appeared 
Fallujah. 

5892
05:21:21,400 --> 05:21:24,700
A Sony Bastion west of Baghdad 
became a symbol of defiance 

5893
05:21:24,700 --> 05:21:27,500
following, a series of violent. 
Clashes with American forces 

5894
05:21:27,500 --> 05:21:31,100
images of ambushed, contractors 
bodies being desecrated on a 

5895
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:33,600
bridge in Fallujah outrage. 
The American people. 

5896
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:37,800
Fueling calls for a forceful 
military reaction to Major 

5897
05:21:37,800 --> 05:21:42,300
attacks on the city in April and
November 2004 resulted in 

5898
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:45,200
severe, Urban battles, 
reminiscent of previous Wars, 

5899
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:48,400
destroying vast sections of 
neighborhoods and escalating 

5900
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:52,400
hostility among inhabitants. 
At the same time in Baghdad, the

5901
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:54,900
infamous Abu gray prison 
controversy broke out. 

5902
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:58,800
Photographs, emerged showing US 
forces and salting and abusing 

5903
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:01,600
Iraqi detainees sparking Global 
outrage. 

5904
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:06,200
Many Iraqis who already dubious 
of the occupations objectives. 

5905
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,800
Saw these photographs as 
confirmation of their darkest 

5906
05:22:09,800 --> 05:22:14,600
worries about Western disrespect
for human decency, in the west 

5907
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:16,700
discussions. 
Raged over whether these were 

5908
05:22:16,700 --> 05:22:20,100
isolated occurrences or 
indicative of broader issues 

5909
05:22:20,100 --> 05:22:22,100
with incarceration and 
information collecting. 

5910
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,800
The US military rushed to 
investigate Court marshaling. 

5911
05:22:26,800 --> 05:22:29,600
Certain soldiers, while senior 
leadership swore the behavior 

5912
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:33,300
was not allowed nonetheless, the
impact on America's moral 

5913
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:37,100
position was evident Against 
this environment, the Coalition 

5914
05:22:37,100 --> 05:22:40,200
provisional Authority fought to 
restore Iraqi Administration. 

5915
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:43,900
Several Exile, politicians 
returned to establish the Iraqi.

5916
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:46,400
Governing Council. 
While some represented 

5917
05:22:46,400 --> 05:22:49,900
legitimate groups, others were 
perceived as opportunists having

5918
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:53,700
spent decades abroad. 
The CPA's plan for transferring 

5919
05:22:53,700 --> 05:22:56,600
sovereignty to an interim 
government took shape in mid 

5920
05:22:56,600 --> 05:23:00,100
2004. 
The government led by Al Paul 

5921
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:02,100
Bremer came to an end and 
Iraq's. 

5922
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:05,600
Interim leadership took over 
however, real power remained 

5923
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:08,500
tied to Coalition forces and 
bases, which were anchored by 

5924
05:23:08,500 --> 05:23:12,000
the substantial US military 
presence in everyday life, 

5925
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:15,200
sectarian differences, grew 
Shiite. 

5926
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:17,600
And Sunni tensions, Rose 
particularly in mixed cities, 

5927
05:23:17,600 --> 05:23:21,900
such as Baghdad mosul, and Baku,
bar kidnappings, targeted 

5928
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:24,400
killings and bombs became 
alarmingly common. 

5929
05:23:24,400 --> 05:23:29,300
The Mardi Army led by Youthful 
cleric, mukta al-sada confronted

5930
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:31,100
the United States in Shiite 
areas. 

5931
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:35,300
Notably the holy city of najaf. 
Meanwhile, for an extremist 

5932
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:39,500
groups, including one led by a 
Boomer's akawi, staged suicide 

5933
05:23:39,500 --> 05:23:43,000
attacks in stilling dread. 
The desire to quickly. 

5934
05:23:43,000 --> 05:23:45,900
Establish a stable democracy 
began to appear on Julie 

5935
05:23:45,900 --> 05:23:48,900
optimistic, the alliance 
increasingly confronted a 

5936
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:51,600
gorilla battle with murky front 
lines and an even Mercury, 

5937
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,700
understanding of who the true 
enemy was Back in the United 

5938
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:57,200
States. 
Popular sentiment changed. 

5939
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:00,800
The mission accomplished. 
A moment had faded into memory 

5940
05:24:00,800 --> 05:24:03,800
replaced by a steady drumbeat of
sad news. 

5941
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:07,900
Rising casualties roadside bombs
IEDs. 

5942
05:24:07,900 --> 05:24:11,600
Wreaking havoc on convoys a new 
video tapes from Rebel 

5943
05:24:11,600 --> 05:24:14,300
organizations boasting of 
kidnappings and beheadings. 

5944
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:17,800
Critics chastised, the Bush 
Administration for failing to 

5945
05:24:17,808 --> 05:24:19,700
anticipate. 
The occupations complexities 

5946
05:24:19,700 --> 05:24:23,700
while proponents argued that 
media coverage ignored progress,

5947
05:24:23,700 --> 05:24:28,600
including newly opened schools 
infrastructure, Renovations and 

5948
05:24:28,600 --> 05:24:30,500
the emergence of Free Press and 
certain places. 

5949
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:35,400
Regardless tensions, Rose, 
particularly during the 2004 US 

5950
05:24:35,400 --> 05:24:39,000
presidential election, when 
incumbent George W, bush and 

5951
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:42,400
Challenger John Kerry, clashed 
over the rock war, Bush 

5952
05:24:42,400 --> 05:24:45,000
maintained, that steady 
perseverance was required to 

5953
05:24:45,000 --> 05:24:47,600
defeat terrorism. 
Whereas carry questioned, the 

5954
05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:49,900
rationale for the war and the 
conduct of the occupation. 

5955
05:24:50,900 --> 05:24:53,400
One Watershed point was the 
capture of Saddam Hussein 

5956
05:24:53,400 --> 05:24:57,300
himself in December 2003. 
Saturn was found hiding in a 

5957
05:24:57,308 --> 05:25:00,900
spider hole near his home town. 
And his arrest, brought a 

5958
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:03,800
symbolic finality, by removing 
the dictator who had loomed over

5959
05:25:03,800 --> 05:25:07,200
Iraqi Affairs. 
For decades, The alliance hailed

5960
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:11,500
it, as proof of success. 
Yet the Insurgency persisted no 

5961
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:14,900
longer relying on saddam's 
personal leadership the rocky 

5962
05:25:14,900 --> 05:25:18,200
Judiciary Tried Him in a case 
intended to provide Iraqis with 

5963
05:25:18,200 --> 05:25:20,900
a sense of justice. 
After Decades of brutality under

5964
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:24,500
bath, this rule Even that high 
profile event did little to stop

5965
05:25:24,500 --> 05:25:27,500
daily violence. 
For many militants, the conflict

5966
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:31,000
had devolved into a struggle 
against foreign occupation or a 

5967
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:34,300
new Battleground for extremist 
ideology, despite the Gloom 

5968
05:25:34,300 --> 05:25:36,100
little pockets of Hope. 
Appeared. 

5969
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:39,100
Some communities discovered, 
Municipal governments that 

5970
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:41,700
worked efficiently with 
Coalition soldiers to rebuild 

5971
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:45,500
roads, reopen marketplaces and 
restore a sense of normalcy. 

5972
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:49,200
Women activists and specific 
locations have developed 

5973
05:25:49,200 --> 05:25:51,800
networks to advocate for 
political representation in the 

5974
05:25:51,800 --> 05:25:54,700
following elections. 
International non-governmental 

5975
05:25:54,700 --> 05:25:58,700
organizations in GEOS arrived 
with humanitarian supplies, 

5976
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:01,700
providing basic medical 
treatment and training programs.

5977
05:26:01,700 --> 05:26:05,300
However, each step forward felt 
risky as bomb blasts, could 

5978
05:26:05,300 --> 05:26:08,700
strike anywhere from a packed 
Cafe to the Courtyard of a sheer

5979
05:26:08,700 --> 05:26:12,900
Mosque prayer time. 
By the end of 2004, the term 

5980
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:14,900
Quagmire had crept into 
discussion. 

5981
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:18,800
Alluding to comparisons with 
past conflicts in which a swift 

5982
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:20,600
Victory devolved into a lengthy 
battle. 

5983
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,900
Military units, returned home 
replacement, buy new troops who 

5984
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:27,600
inherited neighborhoods, 
seething with the resentment or 

5985
05:26:27,600 --> 05:26:30,300
dread. 
Many service Personnel grumbled 

5986
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:32,800
that the purpose wasn't clear 
where they there to rebuild 

5987
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:38,100
police or conduct counter raids 
in Washington officials promised

5988
05:26:38,100 --> 05:26:40,600
that training Iraqi security 
forces would reduce the 

5989
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:44,300
coalition's workload. 
Indeed plans were progressed to 

5990
05:26:44,300 --> 05:26:46,400
establish in new Iraqi Army and 
police force. 

5991
05:26:46,400 --> 05:26:49,900
It was unclear if such forces, 
would prove capable, or just 

5992
05:26:49,900 --> 05:26:53,500
reflect sectarian loyalties. 
The Bush Administration, hailed,

5993
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:56,600
the first multi-party elections 
in Iraq, since saddam's fall as 

5994
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:59,800
evidence of democratic 
development, despite concerns of

5995
05:26:59,800 --> 05:27:03,200
Rebel attacks, millions of 
Iraqis lined up at polling 

5996
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:06,700
places soaking their fingers in 
purple ink to prevent repeating,

5997
05:27:06,700 --> 05:27:10,100
the photographs of proud voters,
some dressed in traditional 

5998
05:27:10,100 --> 05:27:12,400
clothing, brought a rare moment 
of Hope. 

5999
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:16,400
However, the vote was fragmented
along ethnic and sectarian lines

6000
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:19,300
Shiite. 
LED blocks dominated while many 

6001
05:27:19,300 --> 05:27:22,100
sunnis boycotted. 
Believing the process was rigged

6002
05:27:22,100 --> 05:27:23,600
or a legitimate under foreign 
occupation. 

6003
05:27:25,000 --> 05:27:27,100
Still provisional Administration
emerged. 

6004
05:27:27,100 --> 05:27:29,500
Promising to produce a permanent
Constitution. 

6005
05:27:30,500 --> 05:27:34,100
International advisors, lingard 
providing advice on everything 

6006
05:27:34,100 --> 05:27:36,200
from voting rules to judicial 
reform. 

6007
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:40,200
However, bringing Shiite Sunni 
and Kurdish forces together in a

6008
05:27:40,200 --> 05:27:42,200
hostile atmosphere was no simple
task. 

6009
05:27:43,000 --> 05:27:46,100
Debate submerged about 
federalism resource sharing 

6010
05:27:46,100 --> 05:27:51,200
particularly oil and the role of
Islamic law sectarian Bloodshed 

6011
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:54,400
persisted. 
Disgruntled Sunni population's 

6012
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:58,100
feeling, neglected provided 
fertile, ground for Insurgency 

6013
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:02,000
recruitment, extremist groups, 
such as al-Qaeda in Iraq, took 

6014
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:05,600
advantage of the vacuum claiming
to defend Sunni interests, while

6015
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:08,100
imposing ruthless tactics on 
local communities. 

6016
05:28:08,100 --> 05:28:11,600
The alliance hope to establish 
an Iraqi security apparatus 

6017
05:28:11,600 --> 05:28:13,300
capable of operating 
independently. 

6018
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:16,400
Training camps, produced police 
and army recruits. 

6019
05:28:16,400 --> 05:28:20,700
While militias infiltrated, the 
ranks on occasion, newly formed 

6020
05:28:20,700 --> 05:28:23,500
troops broke Under Pressure, 
dropping weapons during 

6021
05:28:23,500 --> 05:28:26,100
firefights and certain 
locations. 

6022
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,200
Police stations were more 
influenced by local tribal 

6023
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:31,600
leaders or sectarian militias 
than by their central 

6024
05:28:31,600 --> 05:28:34,400
government. 
Coalition commanders recognized 

6025
05:28:34,400 --> 05:28:35,600
that. 
They were dealing with a 

6026
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:39,100
multi-faceted conflict. 
Building a loyal security Force,

6027
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:41,700
necessitated, bridging pass 
rivalries, and ensuring that 

6028
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:44,700
power distribution did not 
alienate anyone party. 

6029
05:28:45,700 --> 05:28:49,000
The tightrope act frequently, 
faltered sectarian violence 

6030
05:28:49,000 --> 05:28:52,400
erupted in 2006. 
After the bombing of Samaras 

6031
05:28:52,400 --> 05:28:57,400
Alice Carrie, mosque, a 
venerated sheer shrine, The 

6032
05:28:57,400 --> 05:29:01,300
Vengeance was quick and Savage. 
Sunni, mosques were targeted in 

6033
05:29:01,300 --> 05:29:04,500
retaliation. 
Triggering A continuing cycle of

6034
05:29:04,500 --> 05:29:07,400
vengeance. 
In Baghdad districts, were 

6035
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:10,300
transformed into Enclave. 
Separated by, hastily 

6036
05:29:10,300 --> 05:29:14,200
constructed concrete walls, 
militias such as the Marty Army 

6037
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,600
and the badder organization 
established the cells and sheer 

6038
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:21,700
neighborhoods while Sunni 
Rebels, but are Loyalists and 

6039
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:25,600
Al-Qaeda Affiliated sells 
dominated other areas, ethnic 

6040
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:28,200
cleansing occurred in microcosm.
Families. 

6041
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:31,000
Abandoned their homes due to 
threats from competing sects. 

6042
05:29:31,000 --> 05:29:33,900
And the capitals Mosaic 
fractured into enclaves. 

6043
05:29:33,900 --> 05:29:37,300
Patrolled by armed, men of 
various allegiances Coalition 

6044
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:38,900
troops, were caught in the 
crossfire. 

6045
05:29:38,900 --> 05:29:42,300
Forcing them into a difficult 
policing situation, commanders 

6046
05:29:42,300 --> 05:29:44,200
realized that large-scale 
sweeps. 

6047
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:47,800
Could exacerbate hostility since
heavy-handed methods could hurt 

6048
05:29:47,800 --> 05:29:51,800
both civilians and Rebels. 
Meanwhile political discontent 

6049
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:54,900
in Washington. 
Skyrocketed leaders questioned. 

6050
05:29:54,900 --> 05:29:57,600
How War Builders Swift and 
decisive had devolved into a 

6051
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:00,700
grinding, sectarian crisis. 
Defense secretary. 

6052
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:04,300
Donald Rumsfeld faced criticism 
which led to his resignation, 

6053
05:30:04,300 --> 05:30:08,400
the new approach, necessitated, 
a more nuanced strategy, which 

6054
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:12,000
resulted in the 2007 surge led 
by a general David Petraeus 

6055
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,800
which deployed an additional 
20,000 plus American troops. 

6056
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,600
With the shield, the goal of 
securing population centers and 

6057
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:21,700
gaining local. 
Trust The surges idea is to 

6058
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:24,400
deploy Coalition soldiers. 
Alongside Iraqi security 

6059
05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:27,700
Personnel in neighborhoods, 
reconstruct destroyed public 

6060
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:30,000
services, and support local 
patrols. 

6061
05:30:30,000 --> 05:30:32,800
It hope to reduce violence in 
enough to allow political 

6062
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,400
solutions to gain traction. 
The initial months were violent 

6063
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:39,000
as Rebels tested the new 
strategy with devastating 

6064
05:30:39,000 --> 05:30:43,600
attacks however by late 2007 
sectarian killings had 

6065
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:46,300
decreased. 
Thanks in part to the Awakening 

6066
05:30:46,300 --> 05:30:49,700
councils in Sunni districts when
tribal Elders rebelled against 

6067
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,100
al qaeda's violence and embraced
us backing. 

6068
05:30:53,000 --> 05:30:55,600
This collaboration lower 
tensions in particular areas, 

6069
05:30:55,600 --> 05:31:00,300
but opponents it only stalled 
lines of conflict leaving larger

6070
05:31:00,300 --> 05:31:02,900
grievances. 
Unresolved, In the midst of 

6071
05:31:02,900 --> 05:31:05,500
these developments prime 
minister Nuri al-maliki. 

6072
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:09,400
Led the Iraqi government by 
balancing Shia, Sunni and 

6073
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:11,400
Kurdish, political are all 
alliances. 

6074
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:15,700
The consequences were mixed 
corruption claims plagued 

6075
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:19,300
Ministries critical services, 
such as power and clean water 

6076
05:31:19,300 --> 05:31:22,600
lagged, behind demand, and 
sporadic bombs reminded everyone

6077
05:31:22,600 --> 05:31:26,600
of the fragile state of order. 
However, some signs of normalcy 

6078
05:31:26,600 --> 05:31:31,200
emerged coffee shops were opened
families, went to parks and 

6079
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:34,200
shopkeepers in baghdad's key, 
markets began to see customers. 

6080
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:37,700
Again, diplomats from many 
countries took cautious moves to

6081
05:31:37,700 --> 05:31:41,500
reopen embassies back home in 
the United States war for Teague

6082
05:31:41,500 --> 05:31:44,200
was obvious allies. 
Like Britain curtail. 

6083
05:31:44,200 --> 05:31:48,300
Their participation leaving the 
US contingent to the Mainstay, 

6084
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:52,900
eager to reallocate resources. 
Washington's officials insisted 

6085
05:31:52,900 --> 05:31:56,600
that if Iraqis could preserve 
relative stability a phase, pull

6086
05:31:56,600 --> 05:32:00,300
out might be possible. 
Meanwhile, the wmd issue, which 

6087
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:02,500
had spot. 
The conflict had been Completely

6088
05:32:02,500 --> 05:32:05,400
abandoned, no significant 
stockpiles had ever been 

6089
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:08,400
located. 
The official narrative shifted 

6090
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:11,400
to emphasize promoting democracy
and Liberation from oppression. 

6091
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:15,500
Evans said that nation building 
was an afterthought added after 

6092
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:20,500
no prohibited Weapon surfaced by
the end of 2008, the US and 

6093
05:32:20,500 --> 05:32:24,100
Iraqi government, had reached a 
status of forces agreement sofa,

6094
05:32:24,100 --> 05:32:27,000
which outlined a timeline for 
Coalition withdrawal, and 

6095
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:29,500
clarify the Legal Foundation for
foreign forces. 

6096
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,200
Observers saw it as a tentative 
moved towards sovereignty. 

6097
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:37,600
Nonetheless pockets of Bloodshed
persisted, no one felt the war 

6098
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:41,300
had actually ended Iraq's future
remained uncertain amid 

6099
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:45,100
sectarian feuds islamist in 
filtration and unstable 

6100
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:48,600
Administration. 
The year, 2009 marked a 

6101
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:51,600
significant shift in the course 
of the second Gulf War when 

6102
05:32:51,600 --> 05:32:54,000
Barack Obama took office in the 
United States. 

6103
05:32:54,000 --> 05:32:57,900
He inherited awarded thousands 
of lives and cost billions of 

6104
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:01,100
dollars a barber. 
Who campaigned on promises to 

6105
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:04,200
end the conflict ordered a 
gradual withdrawal of American 

6106
05:33:04,200 --> 05:33:07,200
troops, the surgeon reduced 
sectarian Bloodshed. 

6107
05:33:07,200 --> 05:33:10,400
But isolated explosions 
continued to jolt markets and 

6108
05:33:10,400 --> 05:33:13,300
government buildings. 
Iraqi Security Forces while 

6109
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:16,400
larger in number were 
inconsistent and quality and 

6110
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:19,400
Allegiance nonetheless, the 
White House and Baghdad 

6111
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:21,600
leadership pressed on with the 
plan to place complete 

6112
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:23,300
responsibility on Iraqi 
shoulders. 

6113
05:33:24,200 --> 05:33:28,700
By 2010 the coalition's presence
had shrunk dramatically with us 

6114
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:32,100
Personnel, primary focused on 
training advising and supporting

6115
05:33:32,100 --> 05:33:36,200
Iraqi troops in specific tasks. 
The final American combat unit 

6116
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:39,700
left in August 2010, 
symbolically ending operation, 

6117
05:33:39,700 --> 05:33:42,700
Iraqi freedom. 
However, a group of advise and 

6118
05:33:42,708 --> 05:33:45,900
assist individuals remained the 
Iraqi Administration. 

6119
05:33:45,900 --> 05:33:48,700
Attempted to convey confidence. 
By boasting about enhanced 

6120
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:53,900
Readiness local, police units 
and army modernization observers

6121
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:56,400
on the ground. 
However, warned that progress 

6122
05:33:56,400 --> 05:34:00,000
remained, fragile. 
Tribal rivalries in the 

6123
05:34:00,008 --> 05:34:03,400
countryside persisted as did 
underlying tensions between 

6124
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:06,000
Baghdad, Central Authority, and 
the Kurdish. 

6125
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:08,400
North over oil, wealth, and 
territorial aspirations. 

6126
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:15,000
The final US forces left Iraq. 
In December 2011, as scheduled 

6127
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:18,300
by the sofa, the West shifted. 
Its focus to other challenges 

6128
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:22,100
including European economic 
crises the Arab Spring and 

6129
05:34:22,100 --> 05:34:25,800
relations with Iran. 
Meanwhile in Iraq, prime 

6130
05:34:25,800 --> 05:34:28,600
minister, Ali adopted a more 
centralized power approach, 

6131
05:34:28,600 --> 05:34:32,900
which alienated certainly 
leaders demonstrations began to 

6132
05:34:32,900 --> 05:34:36,600
spread in Sunni majority areas 
driven by frustration about 

6133
05:34:36,600 --> 05:34:39,900
political marginalization and 
alleged government overreach 

6134
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,300
Former militants who had been 
placated by us? 

6135
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:47,600
Brokered Accords, felt abandoned
or harassed unemployed youth 

6136
05:34:47,600 --> 05:34:51,300
upset by a lack of economic 
opportunities, became 

6137
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:53,600
susceptible to extreme preaching
once more. 

6138
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,100
Then came the development of the
Islamic State of Iraq, and the 

6139
05:34:57,100 --> 05:35:00,400
Levant isil or Isis. 
Isis. 

6140
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:02,300
Sprang from the remains of Al 
Qaeda in Iraq. 

6141
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:05,900
Capitalizing on the instability 
of the Syrian Civil War to seize

6142
05:35:05,900 --> 05:35:07,600
territory on both sides of the 
Border. 

6143
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:12,200
In 2014, Isis Fighters stormed 
in to Northern Iraq. 

6144
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:16,300
Conquering most all with the 
astonishing speed Iraqi Army 

6145
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:19,700
battalion's hollowed out by 
corruption and Loma morale 

6146
05:35:19,700 --> 05:35:23,500
abandoned their posts, extremist
gained access to armored 

6147
05:35:23,500 --> 05:35:27,400
vehicles and weapons designed 
for National Defense. chaos 

6148
05:35:27,400 --> 05:35:31,500
scenes reminiscent of 2003 
resurface, but this time threat 

6149
05:35:31,500 --> 05:35:34,900
was not a foreign Invasion, but 
a radical islamist organization 

6150
05:35:34,900 --> 05:35:38,900
declaring a caliphate Many 
commentators cited, the chaotic 

6151
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:42,000
aftermath of the second Gulf War
as the foundation for such a 

6152
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:45,400
nightmare with Central rule 
never completely entrenched and 

6153
05:35:45,400 --> 05:35:47,400
local, militias often, 
overshadowing official 

6154
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,700
Authority, Isis in. 
Countered Little Resistance from

6155
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:53,300
Sunni tribes that despite the 
Baghdad government. 

6156
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:58,100
The impetus for us, reinvent 
mounted, resulting in bombings 

6157
05:35:58,100 --> 05:36:01,200
in a new Coalition, operation, 
to help Iraqi and Kurdish forces

6158
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:06,200
recapture occupied territory. 
The 2003 Invasion cast a long 

6159
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:09,200
Shadow into a new decade 
demonstrating that the initial 

6160
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:11,700
conflicts after shocks had yet 
to be resolved. 

6161
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:14,800
In Iraq. 
New political figures Rose to 

6162
05:36:14,800 --> 05:36:17,300
prominence, Haider, al-abadi 
succeeded. 

6163
05:36:17,300 --> 05:36:19,800
Al Maliki. 
Seeking to heal sectarian 

6164
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:22,000
divisions. 
He attempted to rebuild the 

6165
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:26,100
Iraqi military forming ties with
the Kurdish peshmerga and even 

6166
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:28,600
certain Sunni tribal groups to 
combat Isis. 

6167
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:32,400
The operation to reclaim cities 
such as to critton ramadi moved 

6168
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:37,500
slowly culminating in the fierce
battle for mostel in 2016 to 17.

6169
05:36:39,000 --> 05:36:42,900
Meanwhile, Iran's influence in 
Bagdad Rose, as iranian-backed 

6170
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:46,300
militias played key roles in 
Antioch Isis battles, the United

6171
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:50,100
States found itself associated 
with various forces whose aims 

6172
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:54,000
did not always align with Weston
ideals highlighting, the wars 

6173
05:36:54,000 --> 05:36:56,300
complexities in the Western 
World. 

6174
05:36:56,300 --> 05:36:59,500
The public discourse surrounding
the second Gulf War remained 

6175
05:36:59,500 --> 05:37:02,000
stagnant. 
Some the initial invasion was 

6176
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:05,500
legitimate despite inaccurate 
intelligence and insufficient 

6177
05:37:05,500 --> 05:37:07,600
planning. 
Others, portrayed it as a 

6178
05:37:07,600 --> 05:37:10,900
terrible blunder. 
Unleashing sectarian monsters 

6179
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,300
and destroying Iraq social 
structure. 

6180
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:16,700
The generation of veterans 
returned home dealing with the 

6181
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:20,000
trauma moral harm and bodily 
wounds. 

6182
05:37:20,800 --> 05:37:24,200
Their accounts influenced new 
literature film and policy 

6183
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:26,900
discussions about how America 
handles foreign operations 

6184
05:37:26,900 --> 05:37:30,500
politicians from all parties. 
Use the Iraq experience to 

6185
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:34,500
either caution or support future
military decisions as the decade

6186
05:37:34,500 --> 05:37:38,400
progressed, the conflicts 
designation, operation, Iraqi 

6187
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:41,900
Freedom, the Iraq war or the 
second Gulf War. 

6188
05:37:42,600 --> 05:37:44,300
Became a source of rhetorical 
debate. 

6189
05:37:45,300 --> 05:37:48,400
Scholars examined, government 
papers looking for watershed 

6190
05:37:48,400 --> 05:37:50,700
moments such as the disbandment 
of the Iraqi Army. 

6191
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:55,300
Poor post Invasion planning the 
implementation of The Surge and 

6192
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:59,100
the precipitous us pull out. 
Each decision influenced future 

6193
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:02,900
crises, meanwhile ordinary 
Iraqis, have survived 

6194
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:06,800
dictatorship Invasion, Civil 
War, and Isis horror face the 

6195
05:38:06,800 --> 05:38:10,100
challenge of restoring normalcy.
Streets, that have previously 

6196
05:38:10,100 --> 05:38:12,000
been monitored by Foreign forces
were Now. 

6197
05:38:12,008 --> 05:38:15,400
Overseen by local police, but 
scars, remained in the damaged, 

6198
05:38:15,400 --> 05:38:18,100
Urban landscape and enhance 
burdened with sorrow. 

6199
05:38:19,400 --> 05:38:22,200
Overall, the second Gulf War was
not a single event that occurred

6200
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:24,900
in 2003. 
It's after shocks, lasted 

6201
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:28,800
decades, trying to get global 
politics, the emergence of 

6202
05:38:28,808 --> 05:38:32,600
violent extremism and the sad 
cost of leaving critical nation.

6203
05:38:32,600 --> 05:38:36,600
Building Parts unfinished. when 
observed from a distance decades

6204
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:40,600
later, it serves as a striking, 
reminder, of how modern Wars can

6205
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,200
begin with clear goals, but 
devolve into convoluted 

6206
05:38:43,200 --> 05:38:46,500
consequences, as well as a 
monument to the tenacity of 

6207
05:38:46,508 --> 05:38:50,300
civilizations, forced to rebuild
against the odds, reflecting on 

6208
05:38:50,300 --> 05:38:54,400
the second Gulf War decades. 
After it began in 2003 one, may 

6209
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:58,400
see a rich tapestry of ambition,
mistake, courage, and grief. 

6210
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:02,800
It's origin was based on the 
post 911 mindset, which combined

6211
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:06,100
worries of global terrorism with
long-standing tensions between 

6212
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:08,900
Saddam Hussein's Administration 
in the International Community. 

6213
05:39:09,900 --> 05:39:13,300
The immediate goal was regime 
change couched in terms of 

6214
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:17,200
eliminating wmds. 
Ironically, the wars true impact

6215
05:39:17,200 --> 05:39:20,700
was less about unearthing hidden
stalls of chemical or biological

6216
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:23,900
weapons and more about the 
difficulty of rebuilding a 

6217
05:39:23,900 --> 05:39:26,500
society unmoored from Decades of
authoritarian leadership. 

6218
05:39:27,500 --> 05:39:30,300
Many Veteran's of the conflict. 
Remember the initial assault as 

6219
05:39:30,300 --> 05:39:33,900
a miracle of military strategy 
culminating in Baghdad, Swift 

6220
05:39:33,900 --> 05:39:37,300
capture, However, they also 
describe how the enthusiasm 

6221
05:39:37,300 --> 05:39:40,500
faded as it became evident that 
removing Saddam would not 

6222
05:39:40,500 --> 05:39:44,000
guarantee a stable democracy. 
Instead overlapping, 

6223
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:47,600
insurgencies widespread 
corruption and deep sectarian 

6224
05:39:47,600 --> 05:39:50,200
grudges. 
Transform the occupation into a 

6225
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:52,800
lengthy Quagmire The soldiers on
the ground. 

6226
05:39:52,800 --> 05:39:55,900
It was less about broad 
strategies and more about 

6227
05:39:55,900 --> 05:39:59,300
building connections, with 
people, diffusing roadside 

6228
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:02,400
bombs, and determining friend 
from foe in a sea of 

6229
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:06,400
misinformation. 
Iraqi residents, too carried 

6230
05:40:06,400 --> 05:40:09,800
various stories ranging from the
promise of overthrowing a 

6231
05:40:09,800 --> 05:40:12,100
detested. 
Ruler to the horror of street 

6232
05:40:12,100 --> 05:40:15,100
fighting and kidnappings to the 
tiredness of ongoing blackouts 

6233
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:17,200
and water. 
Shortages, some families 

6234
05:40:17,200 --> 05:40:19,900
applauded, the Coalition for 
deposing a tyrant who had 

6235
05:40:19,900 --> 05:40:23,300
committed widespread brutality 
against Kurds Shiites and 

6236
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:26,400
political opponents. 
Others said that foreign forces 

6237
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:29,300
were insensitive to Iraqi 
traditions and that western 

6238
05:40:29,300 --> 05:40:32,300
style Administration structures,
overlooked Iraq, social and 

6239
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:34,700
ethnic diversity, a generation 
of young. 

6240
05:40:34,700 --> 05:40:37,900
People grew up in Ruins. 
Their childhood dominated by 

6241
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:41,700
curfews the crackle of gunfire 
at night and the hum of drones 

6242
05:40:41,700 --> 05:40:45,800
overhead internationally, the 
battle reshaped Global alliances

6243
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:49,000
and sparked Fierce debate. 
Allies such as Britain 

6244
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:52,000
experienced internal divisions 
Tony Blair's. 

6245
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:54,600
Steadfast backing for The 
Invasion shattered his parties 

6246
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:58,400
unity and harmed his career. 
France and Germany, who opposed 

6247
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:02,800
the war felt Justified when no 
wmd evidence emerged, but their 

6248
05:41:02,800 --> 05:41:07,600
stance sparked resentment Among 
Us Hawks, The Middle East, the 

6249
05:41:07,600 --> 05:41:10,000
conflict fueled anti-western 
sentiments in some areas. 

6250
05:41:10,000 --> 05:41:14,300
While others silently 
celebrated, saddam's demise That

6251
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:16,500
ambivalence continued throughout
the 2010s. 

6252
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:20,000
When the United States faced 
fresh Middle Eastern concerns, 

6253
05:41:20,000 --> 05:41:22,900
ranging from the Arab Spring to 
the rise of Isis. 

6254
05:41:22,900 --> 05:41:27,000
Each new situation seemed to be 
a footnote to the second Gulf 

6255
05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:29,300
Wars. 
Unsolved tensions in 

6256
05:41:29,300 --> 05:41:31,600
scholarship. 
A diversity of viewpoints 

6257
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:35,700
evolved some military historians
focused on the initial shock and

6258
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:39,300
awe campaign examining how it 
affected modern concepts of 

6259
05:41:39,300 --> 05:41:43,900
Rapid high-tech Warfare. others,
research, the Insurgency phase 

6260
05:41:43,900 --> 05:41:46,900
gaining insights into 
asymmetrical conflict, that 

6261
05:41:46,900 --> 05:41:49,200
future counter Insurgency, 
Doctrine would attempt to 

6262
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:52,900
address political scientists 
examined, the tumultuous 

6263
05:41:52,900 --> 05:41:56,500
transitional period using the 
war as a cautionary Tale. 

6264
05:41:57,100 --> 05:42:00,800
eliminating a dictatorship is 
only the first step establishing

6265
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:03,600
governance in a divided land and
necessitates extensive 

6266
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:07,100
culturally, informed planning, 
the failure of improvised 

6267
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:11,200
governance in 2003 to 2004 the 
game, a case, study for faild, 

6268
05:42:11,200 --> 05:42:14,000
post-conflict stability, 
Economically. 

6269
05:42:14,000 --> 05:42:17,700
The conflict had far-reaching 
consequences oil prices. 

6270
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:20,700
Fluctuated and billions were 
spent on reconstruction 

6271
05:42:20,700 --> 05:42:23,200
projects. 
Some of which were mismanaged or

6272
05:42:23,200 --> 05:42:26,400
fraudulent private security 
firms, such as Blackwater, 

6273
05:42:26,400 --> 05:42:29,700
became household names with the 
hair, acts sparking debate over 

6274
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:31,200
the commercialization of 
warfare. 

6275
05:42:31,200 --> 05:42:35,000
Meanwhile, rebuilding Iraq's, 
devastated, infrastructure took 

6276
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:39,500
years roads, Bridges hospitals, 
and power, plants, all required 

6277
05:42:39,500 --> 05:42:42,900
extensive repairs. 
The ongoing turmoil hampered 

6278
05:42:42,900 --> 05:42:45,700
foreign investment. 
Restricting job opportunities 

6279
05:42:45,700 --> 05:42:49,200
for Iraqi youngsters only in a 
few enclaves, particularly in 

6280
05:42:49,200 --> 05:42:51,800
the Kurdish region. 
Did real growth and stability 

6281
05:42:51,800 --> 05:42:55,000
appear to be sustainable. 
Thanks to a combination of local

6282
05:42:55,000 --> 05:42:58,000
governance and smart 
relationships. in terms of 

6283
05:42:58,000 --> 05:43:00,800
accountability attempts, to hold
parties responsible for 

6284
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:03,300
intelligence failures or human 
rights violations were 

6285
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:07,600
intermittent The legacy of Abu 
grave remains an indelible stain

6286
05:43:07,600 --> 05:43:10,400
over shadowing efforts to 
portray the war as a moral 

6287
05:43:10,408 --> 05:43:14,100
battle against despacito. 
War crimes against Insurgent, 

6288
05:43:14,100 --> 05:43:16,600
organizations. 
And sectarian militias were much

6289
05:43:16,600 --> 05:43:19,700
more Savage. 
They rarely resulted in formal, 

6290
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:23,100
legal consequences, the 
conflicts complexity with 

6291
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:26,900
various actors and fluctuating 
alliances rendered cleaner to 

6292
05:43:26,900 --> 05:43:30,500
Arts difficult. 
Finally, the second Gulf War 

6293
05:43:30,500 --> 05:43:33,300
demonstrated, how Modern Warfare
can begin with widespread 

6294
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,300
National support before 
devolving into a confusing 

6295
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:39,800
multi-layered battle with no 
abrupt or unambiguous 

6296
05:43:39,800 --> 05:43:42,900
conclusion. 
By the time American forces 

6297
05:43:42,900 --> 05:43:45,600
withdrew, the character of the 
fight had shifted. 

6298
05:43:45,600 --> 05:43:49,300
So dramatically that it appeared
to be an entirely different War 

6299
05:43:49,300 --> 05:43:51,500
than the one that began in March
2003. 

6300
05:43:51,500 --> 05:43:54,200
Historians looked back on it as 
a cautionary. 

6301
05:43:54,200 --> 05:43:57,500
Tale in early 21st century. 
History, influencing how 

6302
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:01,100
governments assess intervention,
military's prepare for nation 

6303
05:44:01,100 --> 05:44:04,600
building and Society deals with 
the psychological toll of 

6304
05:44:04,600 --> 05:44:07,900
prolonged conflict. 
The Wars legacy lives on in the 

6305
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:11,500
tension that continue to shape 
Iraq's political landscape, as 

6306
05:44:11,500 --> 05:44:14,100
well as in the diaspora of 
Iraqis who have sought safety 

6307
05:44:14,100 --> 05:44:16,700
abroad. 
It serves as a harsh reminder, 

6308
05:44:16,700 --> 05:44:19,700
that even the most powerful 
invasions can upend old orders 

6309
05:44:19,700 --> 05:44:23,200
without quickly, establishing 
new ones, demonstrating the 

6310
05:44:23,200 --> 05:44:27,300
messy, far, reaching effects of 
a single momentous choice to 

6311
05:44:27,300 --> 05:44:28,200
send in the troops.