The Tradition of Valentine's Day Chocolate, Flowers, and the Meaning of Romance | Boring History

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Hello there. 
You sentimental Night. 

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Owl. 
Who swore? 

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You won't staying up. 
I'm glad you're here. 

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The rain is moving, gently 
across the dark soft enough to 

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make. 
Even busy thoughts, slow their 

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pace. 
Tonight. 

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We're easing into the tradition 
of Valentine's Day chocolate 

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flowers and the changing meaning
of romance, a story of small 

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gifts, carrying large feelings, 
and how love has been expressed 

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differently in every year. 
If this calm boring reflection 

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helps you unwind, as always, 
feel free to follow us. 

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Leave a like, and let me know 
where you're listening in from, 

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and what time it is for you. 
Now, let your head rest on the 

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pillow, soften your breath and 
dim your lights as low as 

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possible. 
Long before greeting cards 

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filled drugstore aisles and 
chocolate Hearts appeared in 

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grocery stores. 
People were finding ways to 

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celebrate love in the coldest 
Darkest Days of winter. 

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Tonight you're going to trace 
the winding path of Valentine's 

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Day from ancient Roman festivals
to Modern bouquets discovering. 

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How something as simple as a 
handwritten note or a single 

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rose, became wrapped up in 
centuries of tradition commas 

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and the surprisingly complicated
business of showing someone you 

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care. 
You're standing in ancient Rome 

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during the month of February and
the air carries that particular 

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metallic smell of late, winter. 
Not quite spring but no longer 

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the dead freeze of January. 
The Romans didn't have 

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thermostats or weather apps. 
So they paid attention to subtle

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signs. 
The angle of weak sunlight, 

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through bare branches. 
The first Brave buds pushing 

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through half Frozen soil and the
way mud replaced ice in the 

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forums, well-worn Parks mid 
February held a festival called 

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Lupe Kalia. 
And if you're imagining 

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something delicate and romantic,
well, adjust your expectations 

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downward. 
This was a fertility celebration

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that made Modern Valentine's 
Day. 

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Look positively buttoned up by 
comparison. young men would 

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sacrifice goats and Dogg's 
animals associated with 

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purification and fertility in 
ways that made sense to Romans 

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but might perplex us now, After 
the sacrifice, they'd cut strips

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of hide from the slaughtered 
animals and run through the 

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streets, striking women with 
these bloody thongs. 

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Yes, you read that correctly, 
the women. 

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Apparently welcome this because 
they believed it would make them

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fertile. 
Romance meant something quite 

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different back then. 
But underneath the strangeness 

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you can detect something 
familiar. 

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February was the month. 
When Winter's grip loosened, 

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just enough to let people think 
about renewal about planting 

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about the year, turning green. 
Again, love and fertility were 

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to abstract Concepts to ancient 
people. 

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They were practical concerns 
tied to survival to crops and to

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continue your family line in a 
world without Social Security or

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retirement plan. 
If you didn't have children to 

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care for you in old age, you'd 
better hope you had 

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extraordinary luck or very 
generous Neighbors. 

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The Romans also celebrated this 
time's the beginning of their 

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new year. 
Which makes a certain 

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agricultural sense. 
Why start the year in the dead 

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of winter when you could start 
it when things actually begin 

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growing again? 
the whole concept of love in 

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February, was Tangled Up with 
these practical, concerns, 

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warmth returning life, beginning
again, and the possibility of 

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things blooming, after months of
waiting, Christianity eventually

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spread through the Roman Empire,
like water finding cracks and 

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stone and the early church faced
a persistent problem. 

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People loved their Pagan 
festivals. 

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He couldn't just ban them that 
would be a successful as telling

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people to stop enjoying 
themselves entirely. 

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Instead the church employed a 
more sophisticated strategy, 

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they drape Christian meaning 
over existing celebrations, like

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putting new upholstery on old 
furniture. 

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Frames stayed the same, but the 
covering look different. 

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This is where Saint Valentine 
enters the Storey, though, which

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Saint Valentine remains 
delightfully unclear. 

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The Catholic Church recognized 
at least three different, 

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Martyrs named Valentine or 
Valentino's, all of whom were 

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executed on February 14th in 
different years. 

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One was supposedly a priest in 
Rome and another a bishop in 

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tyranny and the third remains 
even more mysterious. 

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Historical record gets foggy 
here which tends to happen with 

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figures from the third Century 
who weren't Emperors or famous 

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philosophers. 
The most popular Legend claims 

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that Valentine was a priest 
during the reign of Emperor, 

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Claudius the second who decided 
that single men made better 

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soldiers than married ones. 
The emperor therefore banned 

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marriage for young men which 
struck Valentine's profoundly 

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wrong. 
He continued performing 

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marriages in secret like an 
ancient wedding planner 

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operating an underground 
ceremony business. 

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When the authorities discovered 
this, they executed him. 

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Before his death, he supposedly 
sent the first Valentine, 

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greeting, to his jailer's 
daughter. 

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Whom he had befriended and 
perhaps healed of blindness. 

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Signing it from your Valentine. 
To lovely story. 

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Almost certainly improved by 
centuries of retailing. 

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Like how fish get bigger and 
fishing Stories? 

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The longer their remembered? 
And another version claims 

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Valentine helped Christians 
Escape Roman prisons where they 

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were often tortured. 
He got caught in martyred for 

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his trouble. 
Yet another suggests he was 

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simply killed for being 
Christian which was sometimes 

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reason enough in the third 
century and the Romantic 

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elements got added later like 
decorative frosting on a 

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relatively plain cake. 
By the 5th century. 

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Pope Gillies, the first 
officially established February 

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14th as Saint Valentine's Day. 
Hoping to christianize the more 

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chaotic elements of Lupe Kaylee.
He was trying to redirect all 

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that fertility focused energy 
into something. 

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The church could more 
comfortably endorse. 

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It worked sort of people stopped
running through streets with 

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bloody goat skins progress. 
But they didn't stop 

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associating. 
Mid-February with love and 

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romance. 
That connection proved more 

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durable than any particular 
religious framework. 

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You're watching something happen
here that occurred frequently in

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history. 
New meanings getting layered 

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over old Customs like sediment, 
forming Rock. 

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The Pagan concern with 
fertility, in late, winter 

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merged with Christian martyrdom,
which later merged with medieval

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poetry, which eventually merged 
with Victorian sentiment and 

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modern Camaros each layer, 
didn't erase the previous one, 

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it just added depth and 
complexity like, how a forest 

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floor consists of leaves from 
many different seasons. 

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All decomposing together into 
something that nourishes, 

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whatever, grows next The date 
itself became fixed in the 

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European imagination as a time 
for romantic gestures. 

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The what that meant would 
transform dramatically over the 

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coming centuries. 
In the early medieval period, 

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most people couldn't read or 
write. 

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Marriages were primarily 
economic arrangements and the 

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concept of marrying for love 
seemed as impractical as 

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choosing your house based on 
which one had the prettiest 

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curtains. 
Love might happen within a 

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marriage Shore but it wasn't the
point. 

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The point was alliance's 
property, children and survival.

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Something was shifting and how 
people thought about these 

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matters slowly like continents. 
Moving cross, the ocean floor. 

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The old Roman practicality was 
giving way to something stranger

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and more interesting. 
Love was about to become 

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literary. 
You're now in medieval Europe, 

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sometime around the 12th 
century, and you've stumbled 

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into an elaborate game with 
confusing rules. 

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Welcome to courtly. 
Love where nights worship? 

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Ladies from afar, right? 
Terrible, poetry about their 

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eyebrows and generally make 
romance more complicated than a 

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tax return. 
Filled out in a language. 

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You don't speak. 
The Troubadours of Southern 

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France deserve most of the 
credit or blame for this 

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development. 
These were poet musicians, who 

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traveled between Noble courts, 
entertaining Aristocrats with 

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songs about love. 
That were refined and elaborate 

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and often described 
relationships that absolutely 

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could not be consummated without
causing massive, social 

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problems. 
The object of a Troubadours 

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affection was typically a 
married Noble woman, often his 

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Patron's wife, which created 
deliciously awkward dinner 

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Situation's. 
The love had to remain 

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unconscious. 
Mated pure and eternally earning

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like wanting desert when you're 
already full But continuing to 

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want it anyway. 
This wasn't how Ordinary People 

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approached Romance. 
Peasants, couldn't afford to 

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spend years pining for someone, 
they couldn't have they needed 

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to get married have children and
work the land. 

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But among the aristocracy who 
had leisure time and like to 

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think they were more 
sophisticated than the common 

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rabble, courtly love became 
fashionable. 

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It was almost a game with rules 
as complex as chess, but with 

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higher emotional stakes, and no 
clear winner. 

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The night or poet would pledge 
his service to his chosen lady 

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referring to her. 
In terms, usually reserved for 

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religious devotion. 
She became his entire reason for

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being his motivation, for brave,
deeds, and his inspiration for 

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questionable. 
Poetry, comparing her skin to 

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snow her eyes to stars or her 
lips to rubies. 

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Medieval poets were not known 
for metaphorical originality. 

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They found images that worked 
and rode them like reliable 

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horses and the metaphors limped 
from exhaustion. 

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Here's the interesting part. 
The lady was supposed to be 

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completely unattainable. 
Her very unavailability was the 

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point. 
In the strange logic of courtly 

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love. 
Actually getting the girl would 

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ruin everything. 
The earning itself was the 

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valuable thing. 
The noble suffering that proved 

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the depth of the night's feeling
and not coincidentally gave 

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poets an inexhaustible source of
material. 

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You can only write so many songs
about happily being with someone

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before it gets boring. 
But unrequited love, that's an 

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endless. 
Well of content Geoffrey Chaucer

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who gave English literature the 
Canterbury Tales and The dubious

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gift of making romance, sound 
both elevated and slightly 

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ridiculous may have been the one
who first explicitly connected 

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Valentine's Day with romantic 
love. 

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In his poem, parliament of fell.
Written around 1382, he 

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described Birds choosing their 
mates on Saint Valentine's Day. 

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Now, from a purely 
ornithological standpoint, 

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mid-February is not actually 
when most European birds pair 

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up. 
They're still waiting for actual

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spring, but Chelsea wasn't 
writing a nature documentary. 

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He was creating a literary 
tradition that would Outlast any

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concern for biological accuracy,
The poem describes a dream 

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Vision. 
Where the narrator attends a 

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parliament of birds gathered. 
Choose their mates on 

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Valentine's Day. 
Different birds represent 

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different social classes because
Chaucer Couldn't Write About 

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Birds without it being a 
metaphor for Human Society. 

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The noble Birds debate, using 
elevated language, the 

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lower-class birds make crude 
jokes and everyone has opinions 

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about everyone else's romantic 
choices. it's like Thanksgiving 

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dinner with your extended 
family, but with more feathers, 

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Once Chaucer made the connection
between Valentine's Day and 

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choosing romantic Partners. 
Other poets jumped on the 

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bandwagon, like it was the only 
wagon leaving town before a 

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storm. 
Within a few decades Valentine's

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Day had become firmly associated
with romantic. 

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Love in the English and French 
literary imagination. 

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The churches Martyrs got elbowed
aside by fluttering hearts of 

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passionate declaration's, which 
probably would have surprised 

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Pope Julius considerably. 
Young Aristocrats began 

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exchanging Valentines, not yet 
cards, just verbal or written 

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Declarations of affection. 
These were often elaborate coded

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and designed to be shown around.
So everyone at court. 

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Could admire your wit and 
sensitivity privacy wasn't 

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really a medieval concept. 
Anyway, Nobles lived in 

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households with dozens of 
servers and Hangers On who 

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witnessed everything from your 
breakfast, to your arguments to 

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your bathroom habits. 
Sending a private romantic 

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message would have struck them 
as odd and you could instead 

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craft a public performance of 
your romantic refinement. 

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First known Valentine still in 
existence was written in 1415, 

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by Charles Duke of Orleans to 
his wife, while he was 

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imprisoned in the Tower of 
London, following the Battle of 

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Agincourt. 
That battle, you might remember 

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went very poorly for the French.
Charles spent 25 years as a 

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00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:02,300
prisoner. 
And to pass the time, he wrote 

236
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,700
poetry his Valentine referred to
as wife as my very gentle 

237
00:13:06,700 --> 00:13:10,100
Valentine and lamented. 
His imprisonment that kept them 

238
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:13,300
apart. 
It's actually touching though 

239
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:16,200
one suspects the reality of 
being married to a Duke who 

240
00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:18,900
spent a quarter Century in an 
English prison was somewhat less

241
00:13:18,900 --> 00:13:20,900
romantic than the Poetry 
suggests. 

242
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:24,300
What's fascinating? 
Is that this period transformed 

243
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:26,400
how Weston culture thought about
love itself. 

244
00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:29,900
Before courtly. 
Love marriage was a practical 

245
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:33,400
Arrangement and love was nice. 
If it happened but not the 

246
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,000
point. 
After courtly, love became 

247
00:13:36,000 --> 00:13:38,900
fashionable there. 
Emerged this idea that romantic 

248
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,300
feeling was Noble. 
Suffering for love, proved your 

249
00:13:42,300 --> 00:13:46,000
worth and that the Beloved was 
an idealized figure worthy of 

250
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,400
devotion. 
This was new. 

251
00:13:48,400 --> 00:13:51,700
This was strange. 
This was all so completely 

252
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,400
impractical for anyone who 
wasn't wealthy enough to spend 

253
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,600
years, sighing poetically, 
instead of plowing fields or 

254
00:13:57,600 --> 00:14:01,800
learning a trade But the 
aristocratic model filtered 

255
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,200
downward. 
The way fashion always does 

256
00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:07,900
merchant classes began adopting,
romantic ideals. 

257
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:10,100
The notion that you should marry
someone. 

258
00:14:10,100 --> 00:14:12,900
You actually loved started 
seeming less absurd. 

259
00:14:12,900 --> 00:14:14,700
And more like what respectable 
people did. 

260
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,100
It took centuries for this to 
fully transform marriage 

261
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:22,300
Customs, but the seed was 
planted love went from being a 

262
00:14:22,308 --> 00:14:25,300
fortunate accident to being a 
legitimate reason for marriage. 

263
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:30,000
And eventually to being the 
expected Foundation Valentine's 

264
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:31,900
Day was riding that cultural 
shift. 

265
00:14:32,900 --> 00:14:36,400
Coming less about martyred 
Saints and more about expressing

266
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,100
romantic feeling to someone who 
might actually return it. 

267
00:14:40,300 --> 00:14:42,900
You're seeing the holiday 
beginning to take a shape we'd 

268
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:46,700
recognize though, it still 
mostly a pursuit of the educated

269
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:50,000
and wealthy. 
The majority of people remained 

270
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:54,000
illiterate unable to write 
flowery declarations or read 

271
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:56,100
poetry about birds choosing 
mates. 

272
00:14:57,100 --> 00:15:00,000
Their version of romance were 
quiet and more practical 

273
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,000
expressed through actions rather
than words. 

274
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:07,000
But the literary tradition was 
being established creating 

275
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,100
templates that would eventually 
spread far beyond the castle 

276
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:13,200
walls where they originated. 
You're moving forward to the 

277
00:15:13,200 --> 00:15:16,700
17th and 18th centuries, now and
your witnessing something, 

278
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,700
remarkable the spread of 
literacy. 

279
00:15:19,700 --> 00:15:24,200
And the rise of the handwritten 
Valentine as a cherished object.

280
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,200
What started as aristocratic 
poetry was becoming 

281
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,800
democratized, though. 
Democratized is relative when 

282
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,300
we're still talking about people
wealthy enough to afford paper 

283
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:37,700
and literate enough to fill it 
with words. 

284
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:42,200
Paper was expensive writing. 
Materials were expensive and 

285
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:46,300
postage was expensive charged by
the sheet and collected from the

286
00:15:46,300 --> 00:15:48,700
recipient. 
Not the sender, which meant you 

287
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,700
could receive a letter and Omni 
before you even what it said, 

288
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,100
This led to creative folding 
techniques where a single sheet 

289
00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:59,800
would be elaborated in to an 
entire letter without requiring 

290
00:15:59,800 --> 00:16:03,200
extra paper. 
Wasteful people used multiple 

291
00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:07,600
sheets economical people 
mastered, origami level folding 

292
00:16:07,600 --> 00:16:11,900
and filled every margin with 
increasingly tiny text until the

293
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:13,600
letter. 
Resembled an artifact that 

294
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:17,300
required, a magnifying glass and
good lighting to decode. 

295
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:22,100
handwritten Valentine's became 
increasingly elaborate You'd 

296
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:26,300
start with paper, but then you'd
add flourishes drawings cut 

297
00:16:26,300 --> 00:16:30,400
work, pinpricks that created 
lace-like patterns when held to 

298
00:16:30,400 --> 00:16:34,600
light watercolor paintings locks
of hair, which seems unsettling 

299
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:38,700
now, but was deeply, romantic, 
then pressed flowers or even 

300
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:41,700
puzzle purses, that required 
solving a paper puzzle to read 

301
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,600
the message. 
Creating one of these took hours

302
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:48,600
sometimes days. 
Each Valentine was a unique 

303
00:16:48,600 --> 00:16:52,600
object, a tiny work of art that 
demonstrated, both your devotion

304
00:16:52,600 --> 00:16:57,300
and your free time, the messages
range from sweet to overall to 

305
00:16:57,300 --> 00:17:01,000
unintentionally hilarious. 
People borrowed phrases from 

306
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:04,800
poetry from plays and from other
Valentine's, they'd received and

307
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:07,000
repurposed them. 
There were books, you could 

308
00:17:07,000 --> 00:17:11,200
consult called Valentine writers
that provided Sample versus 

309
00:17:11,200 --> 00:17:15,599
organized by theme and sentiment
essentially the Hallmark cards 

310
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:18,700
of their era, but requiring you 
to do the actual writing 

311
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:21,099
yourself. 
You could express hope 

312
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:26,700
devotional admiration longing or
sometimes barely disguised 

313
00:17:26,700 --> 00:17:30,300
hornyness depending on how bold 
you felt and how well you knew 

314
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:33,500
the recipient. 
Some Valentine's were signed, 

315
00:17:33,500 --> 00:17:37,800
but many were not creating a 
guessing game who sent this 

316
00:17:37,800 --> 00:17:40,200
elaborate cutwork. 
Valentine with a verse about 

317
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:42,100
your eyes being like, morning 
Stars. 

318
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:45,500
Was it the shopkeeper son who 
always smiled when you bought 

319
00:17:45,500 --> 00:17:48,000
bread? 
Clark from your Father's Office,

320
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:50,200
your actual cousin playing a 
prank. 

321
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:54,400
The mystery added excitement, 
though. 

322
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,100
It also led to considerable 
confusion and occasional 

323
00:17:57,100 --> 00:17:59,500
disappointment. 
When the sender turned out to be

324
00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:02,000
someone, you'd never considered 
in a romantic light. 

325
00:18:03,400 --> 00:18:06,500
Young women often kept their 
Valentine's and special boxes 

326
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:10,300
tied with ribbon. 
Treating them like Treasures in 

327
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:12,800
an era before photography. 
And before recorded voices, 

328
00:18:12,800 --> 00:18:14,900
these paper objects were 
tangible proof. 

329
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,500
That someone had thought about 
you and her devoted time and 

330
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:22,300
effort to expressing feeling. 
The Valentine was evidence of 

331
00:18:22,300 --> 00:18:25,700
existence and someone else's 
mind, which is perhaps what? 

332
00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:27,700
All romantic gestures. 
Ultimately. 

333
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:33,200
Try to prove, I exist to you, 
you matter to me. we're not 

334
00:18:33,208 --> 00:18:36,600
alone in our individual skulls, 
but connected through intention 

335
00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:40,800
and feeling the traditional was 
particularly strong in England, 

336
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:44,600
where February 14th became an 
occasion for giving, Valentine's

337
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,800
to, romantic interests, friends,
and even people, you merely hope

338
00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:53,800
to impress Not all Valentine's 
or romantic some were friendly. 

339
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,600
Some were sarcastic. 
There emerged to tradition of 

340
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,300
vinegar Valentines or Penny 
dreadfuls insulting cards, you'd

341
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,700
send to people. 
You disliked featuring, ugly 

342
00:19:04,700 --> 00:19:08,500
illustrations, and mean verses. 
These were surprisingly popular 

343
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,700
because humans have always 
enjoyed being terrible to each 

344
00:19:10,700 --> 00:19:13,600
other and doing it with a card 
at least showed creativity. 

345
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:17,700
imagine receiving a valentine 
that featured, a crude drawing 

346
00:19:17,700 --> 00:19:21,400
of a spinster with the verse 
You're getting old and wrinkled.

347
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:24,300
Your beauty is on the way in. 
And though, you fish for 

348
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:26,300
husbands, you'll never catch a 
swaying. 

349
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:30,700
Charming, people sent these to 
romantic Rivals to annoying 

350
00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:34,800
acquaintances and sometimes just
to be cruel, the Postal Service 

351
00:19:34,800 --> 00:19:37,400
didn't care if you're male was 
sweet or venomous as long as 

352
00:19:37,408 --> 00:19:41,200
someone paid the postage, but 
most Valentine's were kinder. 

353
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:44,900
They represented January and 
attempts to communicate feeling 

354
00:19:44,900 --> 00:19:47,500
in an age. 
When expressing emotion directly

355
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:50,200
was often considered in proper 
or two forward. 

356
00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:54,300
The written word created 
distance that made vulnerability

357
00:19:54,300 --> 00:19:57,000
possible. 
You could declare love on paper 

358
00:19:57,000 --> 00:19:59,400
that you'd never dare speak 
aloud. 

359
00:20:00,400 --> 00:20:03,400
If rejected you could at least 
claimed, the Valentine was a 

360
00:20:03,408 --> 00:20:05,400
joke though. 
No one really believed that 

361
00:20:05,400 --> 00:20:08,700
excuse by the late 18th century 
Americans. 

362
00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:11,900
Were adopting the tradition, 
bringing it across the Atlantic 

363
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,600
and cultural baggage that all. 
So included tea habits, certain 

364
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,600
Furniture Styles and Cricut, the
Cricut never caught on a 

365
00:20:19,600 --> 00:20:23,200
successfully as Valentine's. 
The tradition was especially 

366
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:25,900
popular in cities where young 
people had more social freedom, 

367
00:20:25,900 --> 00:20:29,700
and literacy rates were higher. 
The messages followed patterns, 

368
00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:33,400
that still sound familiar? 
You'd praise physical Beauty 

369
00:20:33,400 --> 00:20:37,000
those that smile, those hands 
that walk. 

370
00:20:38,100 --> 00:20:40,600
You'd emphasize your own 
unworthiness and the Beloved 

371
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:43,500
elevated nature. 
You'd compare your love to 

372
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:48,200
Natural phenomena deep as the 
ocean constant as the stars and 

373
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:52,700
eternal as the mountains. 
These were to original metaphors

374
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:55,700
even there, but they weren't 
trying to be original. 

375
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:59,400
They were trying to tap into a 
shared language of romantic 

376
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,600
expression that everyone 
understood like using currently 

377
00:21:03,600 --> 00:21:08,200
everyone accepted, What striking
is the time investment? 

378
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:12,000
These Valentine's represented in
an era before mass production. 

379
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:15,700
Every card was handmade every 
word was handwritten. 

380
00:21:15,700 --> 00:21:19,300
Every decoration was 
individually, applied creating 

381
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,400
one required planning patients, 
and genuine effort. 

382
00:21:23,200 --> 00:21:26,300
The Valentine itself, proved 
something, you are willing to 

383
00:21:26,300 --> 00:21:29,400
spend hours creating an object 
for someone else's pleasure. 

384
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:33,300
That demonstration of invested 
time carried, meaning 

385
00:21:33,300 --> 00:21:35,600
independent of the actual words 
or images. 

386
00:21:35,600 --> 00:21:37,800
The medium was part of the 
message. 

387
00:21:38,500 --> 00:21:41,200
This is also when the tradition 
of sending Valentines 

388
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:45,600
anonymously became common The 
mystery created excitement and 

389
00:21:45,600 --> 00:21:48,900
speculation. 
Receiving an unsigned Valentine 

390
00:21:48,900 --> 00:21:51,000
meant. 
You were admired even if you 

391
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:52,900
couldn't immediately determine 
by whom. 

392
00:21:53,700 --> 00:21:56,600
It gave less confidence suit as 
a way to express interest 

393
00:21:56,600 --> 00:22:00,900
without risking direct rejection
and it created social situations

394
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:03,600
where friends would gather to 
compare Valentine's and 

395
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,600
speculate wildly about Origins 
turning the whole thing into 

396
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:10,500
entertainment that extended 
beyond the initial moment of 

397
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:13,300
receiving the card, your 
watching, a traditional 

398
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:17,500
solidified here, taking a form 
that's recognizably connected 

399
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:19,300
to. 
What people still do though, the

400
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:20,700
effort level has changed 
considerably. 

401
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,100
The handwritten Valentine was 
personal, labor, intensive and 

402
00:22:26,100 --> 00:22:29,500
irreplaceable. 
Its value came partly from its 

403
00:22:29,500 --> 00:22:32,600
message, but equally from the 
work visible in its creation. 

404
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:36,600
this balance between sentiment 
and effort would shift 

405
00:22:36,600 --> 00:22:39,900
dramatically in the coming 
century, when everything got 

406
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:44,300
industrialized, including 
matters of the heart, You've 

407
00:22:44,300 --> 00:22:47,700
arrived in the Victorian era and
suddenly flowers have opinions. 

408
00:22:48,600 --> 00:22:52,600
Welcome to the language of 
flowers or floriography where 

409
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,100
every Bloom carries a coded 
meaning and a properly. 

410
00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,200
Arranged bouquet can communicate
what polite Society wouldn't let

411
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,400
you say aloud. 
The victorians were masters of 

412
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,400
saying important things in 
directly, they had rules for 

413
00:23:04,400 --> 00:23:07,100
everything. 
How to enter a room where to 

414
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:09,500
place your hands. 
What colors you could wear while

415
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,900
mourning how long you should 
more, what you could say to 

416
00:23:12,908 --> 00:23:16,700
unmarried ladies, what you 
absolutely could not say to 

417
00:23:16,700 --> 00:23:20,400
unmarried ladies and 
approximately 17 different types

418
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:25,100
of spoons for various Foods. 
Given this enthusiasm for 

419
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:29,100
complicated codes, it's hardly 
surprisingly turned flowers into

420
00:23:29,100 --> 00:23:32,600
a vocabulary. 
The language of flowers became a

421
00:23:32,608 --> 00:23:35,600
full blown phenomenon in 
Victorian England, and America 

422
00:23:35,600 --> 00:23:39,000
with multiple dictionaries 
published to help you decipher 

423
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,500
Botanical messages. 
Problem was that different 

424
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:44,400
dictionaries? 
Sometimes contradicted each 

425
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,600
other which led to situations 
where you'd send a bouquet. 

426
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,600
You thought meant I admire your 
grace and the recipient 

427
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:55,000
interpreted as I find you mildly
annoying. 

428
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,800
Miscommunication, the Eternal 
enemy of romance now with 

429
00:23:59,800 --> 00:24:03,000
petals. 
Red roses meant passionate love.

430
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,700
This was Universal enough that 
even competing dictionaries, 

431
00:24:06,700 --> 00:24:08,700
agreed. 
He couldn't go wrong with red 

432
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:11,900
roses, unless you sent an odd 
number, which some guides 

433
00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:15,300
claimed was bad luck or an even 
number, which other guides 

434
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:19,200
insisted was gauche. 12 was safe
12. 

435
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:23,200
Be mine in most interpretations 
and demonstrated you could 

436
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,100
count, which was reassuring in a
potential partner. 

437
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:31,800
But Victorian flurry went far 
beyond roses. yellow Rose's 

438
00:24:31,800 --> 00:24:35,300
meant friendship or in some 
interpretations jealousy or 

439
00:24:35,300 --> 00:24:40,800
infidelity pink roses suggested 
admiration or perfect happiness.

440
00:24:41,700 --> 00:24:46,100
White Rose's, indicated Purity 
innocence or sympathy. 

441
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:49,800
You could give white roses to 
someone you were courting or 

442
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:52,900
someone who is grieving, which 
created potential for awkward 

443
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:56,700
confusion. 
Tulips meant Declaration of love

444
00:24:56,700 --> 00:25:00,500
but the color mattered. 
Red, tulips were passionate 

445
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:02,800
yellow. 
Tulips were hopeless, love and 

446
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,200
white, tulips meant, worthiness 
carnations daisies, Lily's. 

447
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:11,000
Violets Forget Me Nots. 
Every flower carried messages 

448
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:13,600
that changed based on color 
Arrangement. 

449
00:25:13,600 --> 00:25:16,500
And whether they would give him 
with the left or right hand. 

450
00:25:17,500 --> 00:25:20,100
This created both opportunity 
and anxiety. 

451
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:24,000
You could communicate complex 
feelings through a carefully. 

452
00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,400
Chosen bouquet expressing 
things. 

453
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,900
Like, I find you charming, but 
I'm hesitant to commit. 

454
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,800
Given my uncertain Financial 
prospects by combining pink 

455
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:39,600
Camellias longing for you white 
jasmine, sweet love and a single

456
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,700
Zinnia thoughts of absent 
friends or something. 

457
00:25:42,700 --> 00:25:46,700
Similarly convoluted The 
recipient then had to decode 

458
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:50,000
your Botanical message, ideally 
using the same flower 

459
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,600
dictionary. 
You'd consulted, which was far 

460
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:56,600
from guaranteed The tradition 
became a specialty important on 

461
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,600
Valentine's Day when young men 
would send bouquets to their 

462
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:02,400
Sweet Tarts. 
This was safer than sending 

463
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,100
letters because parents couldn't
object to flowers as easily as 

464
00:26:06,100 --> 00:26:09,300
they could to written 
Declarations of love flowers 

465
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:14,400
were simply beautiful objects. 
If they happen to encode. 

466
00:26:15,600 --> 00:26:18,400
I wish to court you with the 
intention of eventual marriage, 

467
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,700
pending your father's approval 
and my achievement of sufficient

468
00:26:21,700 --> 00:26:25,800
Financial stability. 
Well only the educated would 

469
00:26:25,800 --> 00:26:29,400
notice violets meant modesty and
faithfulness. 

470
00:26:30,400 --> 00:26:33,100
Lily of the valley suggested the
return of happiness. 

471
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:37,900
Red Camellias indicated, you're 
a flame in my heart. 

472
00:26:38,600 --> 00:26:41,300
Which sounds more intense when 
you remember the victorians 

473
00:26:41,300 --> 00:26:45,800
really feared fire, no smoke 
detectors, lots of candles and 

474
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,900
gas lamps buildings made of wood
and fabric. 

475
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,300
Comparing someone to Ivy was not
a casual metaphor. 

476
00:26:53,300 --> 00:26:57,000
Ivy represented Fidelity and 
marriage, which is why it 

477
00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:59,400
appeared in wedding, bouquets 
Myrtle. 

478
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,400
Also meant love in marriage and 
good luck. 

479
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,800
Queen Victoria carried, Myrtle 
in her wedding bouquet starting 

480
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,700
a tradition that Royal Brides 
followed for Generations. 

481
00:27:09,400 --> 00:27:12,200
Forget-me-nots, had an obvious 
meaning built into their name, 

482
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:14,900
remember me. 
Don't forget me. 

483
00:27:14,900 --> 00:27:18,500
I exist. 
Even when we're apart, pansies, 

484
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:23,000
meant you occupy my thoughts 
from the French policy meaning 

485
00:27:23,000 --> 00:27:26,700
thought? 
Some flowers carried warning or 

486
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:29,800
negative messages Oleander meant
caution. 

487
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:35,200
Monks would suggested beware a 
deadly enemy is near which seems

488
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:37,300
like an alarming thing to 
communicate through flowers, 

489
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:39,900
rather than just, you know, 
Birds. 

490
00:27:40,600 --> 00:27:43,600
Foxglove indicated insincerity 
yellow. 

491
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,100
Carnations meant rejection or 
disappointment. 

492
00:27:46,100 --> 00:27:49,300
If someone sent you yellow 
carnations, they were 

493
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:52,500
essentially saying, thanks but 
no thanks in the most passive 

494
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:54,200
aggressive Botanical way 
possible. 

495
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,700
The complexity created 
opportunities for disaster. 

496
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:01,400
Imagine misreading your flower 
dictionary and accidentally 

497
00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:04,000
telling someone you found them 
in sincere when you meant to 

498
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:07,800
declare admiration, or sending 
flowers that in one guide meant 

499
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,800
Eternal devotion, but in another
guide suggested mild disdain. 

500
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:15,500
The potential for romantic 
catastrophe was significant 

501
00:28:15,500 --> 00:28:18,200
though. 
Perhaps this added excitement to

502
00:28:18,200 --> 00:28:21,500
the whole Enterprise florist 
became fluent in this language. 

503
00:28:21,500 --> 00:28:24,000
Helping customers construct 
appropriate. 

504
00:28:24,000 --> 00:28:27,500
Bouquets I need to suggest 
romantic interest while 

505
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:30,400
respecting her family, social 
standing, and not appearing to 

506
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,700
forward would lead to a careful 
arrangement of pink Rose's, 

507
00:28:33,700 --> 00:28:37,400
white violets, and perhaps some 
Fern for sincerity. 

508
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:43,100
Florist was part translator, 
part therapist and part romantic

509
00:28:43,100 --> 00:28:46,400
complex. 
What's interesting is that this 

510
00:28:46,400 --> 00:28:49,400
elaborate flower language 
emerged during the same period 

511
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:52,800
when the victorians were most 
restrictive about expressing 

512
00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:57,100
feelings directly regarding 
romance and sexuality. 

513
00:28:58,000 --> 00:29:02,000
You couldn't openly discussion 
but you could send red 

514
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,200
chameleons. 
You couldn't directly 

515
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:07,200
proposition someone but you 
could send a bouquet that to the

516
00:29:07,208 --> 00:29:10,900
educated, I communicated 
considerable heat beneath the 

517
00:29:10,900 --> 00:29:13,400
proper surface. 
The language of flowers 

518
00:29:13,400 --> 00:29:17,300
represented, a typical Victorian
solution, create an acceptable 

519
00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:20,300
channel for unacceptable 
feelings, then make that 

520
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,700
channel. 
So complicated that you need 

521
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:24,600
special, education to use it 
properly. 

522
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,400
This served multiple purposes, 
it allowed emotional expression.

523
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:33,300
It created barriers that 
filtered out the uneducated or 

524
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:35,800
uncommitted. 
If you wouldn't bother learning 

525
00:29:35,800 --> 00:29:38,700
flower meanings, you probably 
won't serious. 

526
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:42,900
And it gave everyone something 
to study and discuss which the 

527
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:46,000
victorians enjoyed almost as 
much as they enjoyed elaborate 

528
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:48,400
rules. 
By the late. 

529
00:29:48,400 --> 00:29:51,700
Victorian period, Valentine's 
Day, had become firmly 

530
00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:56,000
associated with flowers, 
especially Rose's. the 

531
00:29:56,000 --> 00:29:59,500
connection between roses and 
romance is old dating back to 

532
00:29:59,500 --> 00:30:03,200
Roman times when roses were 
sacred to Venus goddess of love,

533
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:08,100
That the Victorian systematized,
it commercialized it and 

534
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:11,500
embedded, its so deeply and 
cultural practice that it's now 

535
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:14,300
nearly impossible to think of 
Valentine's day without thinking

536
00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:16,500
of rose's. 
You're seeing the holiday 

537
00:30:16,500 --> 00:30:19,400
accumulates symbols like a 
snowball rolling down hill. 

538
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:23,200
Accumulates snow. 
Started with ancient festivals 

539
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:27,300
added, Christian, Martyrs, 
layered on medieval poetry 

540
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:29,600
Incorporated, handwritten 
letters. 

541
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:34,200
And now includes an entire 
Botanical vocabulary Each 

542
00:30:34,200 --> 00:30:37,500
Edition didn't replace previous 
elements but added to the 

543
00:30:37,500 --> 00:30:41,500
growing pile of meaning, and 
Customs, creating something 

544
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:45,000
thicker and more complex with 
every generation. 

545
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,500
You've entered the 19th century 
and you're about to witness 

546
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:53,500
chocolate transformed from an 
expensive beverage consumed by 

547
00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:56,600
Aristocrats into the accessible 
Suite. 

548
00:30:56,600 --> 00:30:59,800
That would become permanently 
linked with Valentine's Day. 

549
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:04,300
This Transformations required 
technological innovation, 

550
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:08,900
aggressive marketing, and 
Society deciding that sugar was 

551
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:11,600
more romantic than it. 
Had any real right to be. 

552
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:16,400
Chocolate came from so America 
where the Aztecs and Mayans 

553
00:31:16,400 --> 00:31:20,300
considered cacao beans valuable 
enough to use as currently they 

554
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:23,800
prepared chocolate as a bitter 
drink often mixed with chili 

555
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:26,700
peppers and other spices. 
Creating something that would 

556
00:31:26,700 --> 00:31:30,300
taste foreign and probably 
unpleasant to anyone expecting 

557
00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:33,300
the sweet milk chocolate, that 
would have eventually dominate 

558
00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:37,600
the market. the Spanish brought 
chocolate to Europe in the 16th 

559
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,600
century where it became 
fashionable among the wealthy 

560
00:31:40,600 --> 00:31:43,800
who added sugar and spices to 
make it more palatable to 

561
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:48,200
European tastes For centuries 
chocolate remained a luxury 

562
00:31:48,200 --> 00:31:51,500
beverage. 
You drink it, hot flavored with 

563
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:55,300
a vanilla or cinnamon sweetened 
with expensive sugar that was 

564
00:31:55,300 --> 00:31:59,300
itself a luxury item. 
Chocolate houses opened in 

565
00:31:59,300 --> 00:32:02,900
London and other European cities
serving, a social gathering 

566
00:32:02,900 --> 00:32:06,700
places for the wealthy, the 
Starbucks of their era, but with

567
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:10,500
more wigs and less free Wi-Fi. 
The association between 

568
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:12,900
chocolate and romance has murky 
Origins. 

569
00:32:13,900 --> 00:32:16,600
But the Aztecs believed 
chocolate had aphrodisiac 

570
00:32:16,600 --> 00:32:20,000
properties. 
Montezuma supposedly drank large

571
00:32:20,000 --> 00:32:22,400
quantities before visiting his 
wife's. 

572
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:25,400
Though, this story might be 
exaggerated or entirely 

573
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:27,700
fabricated by Spanish 
conquistadors. 

574
00:32:27,700 --> 00:32:30,500
Who weren't exactly reliable 
narrators. 

575
00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:35,000
The idea that chocolate in hands
romance persisted into European 

576
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,500
culture where medical texts 
sometimes recommended it for 

577
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,900
treating love sickness or 
Melanie medical advice. 

578
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:44,300
That was simultaneously useless 
and delicious. 

579
00:32:44,300 --> 00:32:48,200
The real Valentine's chocolate 
Revolution began in the 19th 

580
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:52,100
century within industrialization
and a few key technological 

581
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:56,700
breakthroughs In 1828 Dutch 
chemist, Conrad Van, Houten 

582
00:32:56,700 --> 00:33:00,500
invented a hydraulic press, that
could separate cocoa butter. 

583
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:04,700
From roasted cacao beans, 
creating cocoa powder. 

584
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:09,000
This made chocolate cheaper to 
produce an easier to manipulate.

585
00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:13,200
Previously chocolate had been 
grainy and difficult to work 

586
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,200
with. 
Van houten's process created 

587
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,700
smoother, chocolate. 
That could be more easily shaped

588
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:22,900
and flavored. 
In 1847 British company J. 

589
00:33:24,100 --> 00:33:27,400
Prime Sons created, the first 
chocolate bar by mixing cocoa 

590
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:31,000
powder, sugar and cocoa butter 
in to a moldable pace. 

591
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:33,800
This was revolutionary 
chocolate. 

592
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:35,200
You could eat. 
Not just drink. 

593
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:39,700
It was still fairly bitter and 
grainy by modern standards but 

594
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:43,200
it was portable store of and 
didn't require Brewing like, 

595
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:46,600
traditional chocolate drinks. 
Swiss chocolatey. 

596
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:51,600
Daniel, Peter, added condensed 
milk to chocolate in 1875. 

597
00:33:51,600 --> 00:33:54,600
Creating milk. 
Chocolate that was sweeter and 

598
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:58,400
milder than dark chocolate. 
This made chocolate appealing to

599
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,700
a much broader audience, 
including people who found dark 

600
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:07,200
chocolate 2 intense around the 
same time rodolf Lynch invented 

601
00:34:07,200 --> 00:34:10,600
the conching process which 
involved grinding chocolate for 

602
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,199
hours or days to create the 
smooth texture. 

603
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:17,100
We now associate with quality 
chocolate, Before conching 

604
00:34:17,100 --> 00:34:21,400
chocolate had a rough grainy 
texture after conching it melted

605
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,000
smoothly, on the tongue creating
an entirely different sensory 

606
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:27,699
experience. 
These technological advances 

607
00:34:27,699 --> 00:34:30,400
coincided with increasing 
industrialization. 

608
00:34:30,400 --> 00:34:33,800
That made chocolate affordable 
for middle-class consumers. 

609
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:37,800
Not just the wealthy. 
Chocolate was becoming 

610
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:42,300
Democratic accessible to people 
who are generation earlier, 

611
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:46,000
couldn't have afforded it. 
Enter Richard, Cadbury whose 

612
00:34:46,000 --> 00:34:50,100
timing was impeccable. 
In 1868, his family's company 

613
00:34:50,100 --> 00:34:53,100
Cadbury was producing chocolate 
in Birmingham, England. 

614
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:56,500
Richard had the brilliant 
Insight that chocolate could be 

615
00:34:56,507 --> 00:34:58,900
sold. 
Not just as food but as a gift 

616
00:34:58,908 --> 00:35:03,400
and that packaging matted. 
He created fancy heart-shaped 

617
00:35:03,400 --> 00:35:08,200
boxes decorated with images of 
flowers, Cupids and romantic 

618
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,800
scenes specifically marketed for
Valentine's Day. 

619
00:35:12,800 --> 00:35:14,700
These work just containers for 
chocolate. 

620
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,000
They were beautiful objects. 
You'd want to keep after eating 

621
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:22,600
the contents, Victorian women 
collected the boxes using them 

622
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:26,500
to stall letters, ribbons locks 
of hair and other sentimental 

623
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,400
items. 
The box was part of the gift. 

624
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,900
Sometimes more value than the 
chocolate itself, Cadbury was 

625
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:37,400
selling romance, as much as 
candy and the strategy worked 

626
00:35:37,400 --> 00:35:40,600
spectacularly. 
Other chocolate companies, 

627
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:43,000
noticed Cadbury success and 
rushed to copy it. 

628
00:35:43,800 --> 00:35:46,800
By the late 19th century 
Valentine's Day. 

629
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,000
Chocolate boxes have become 
standard in England and America.

630
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,800
companies competed on, packaging
design, creating increasingly 

631
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:59,800
elaborate boxes for featuring 
lace satin, embossed images, and

632
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:04,700
later photographs The chocolate 
and side was often secondary to 

633
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:08,000
the presentation. 
What made chocolate ideal for 

634
00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:10,600
Valentine's Day wasn't just its 
supposed effort. 

635
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:14,000
Easy act properties, which were 
probably more myth and chemistry

636
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:18,400
but it sensory qualities 
Chocolate melts at body 

637
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:22,400
temperature, creating a smooth 
texture, on the tongue, it 

638
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:25,700
releases complex flavors, that 
stimulate multiple taste 

639
00:36:25,700 --> 00:36:29,000
receptors simultaneously. 
It triggers the release of 

640
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:32,300
endorphins and contains small 
amounts of compounds that affect

641
00:36:32,300 --> 00:36:34,900
mood. 
It's physically pleasurable to 

642
00:36:34,900 --> 00:36:38,900
eat engaging multiple senses in 
a way that few other Foods 

643
00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:42,700
manage giving chocolate had 
practical advantages over other 

644
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:44,700
gifts. 
Unlike flowers. 

645
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:47,700
It wouldn't wilt. 
Unlike jewelry. 

646
00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:49,600
It wasn't prohibitively 
expensive. 

647
00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,600
Unlike love letters, it couldn't
be used as evidence of 

648
00:36:53,600 --> 00:36:56,200
impropriety of the relationship 
ended badly. 

649
00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:59,400
You could give chocolate to a 
romantic Prospect without 

650
00:36:59,400 --> 00:37:02,500
seeming too forward or to a 
spouse without seeming 

651
00:37:02,500 --> 00:37:06,100
insufficiently devoted or to 
multiple people without implying

652
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:07,800
equivalent, affection for all of
them. 

653
00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:10,300
The chocolate hierarchy was 
flexible. 

654
00:37:11,100 --> 00:37:13,500
The chocolate industry 
enthusiastically promoted 

655
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:16,800
Valentine's Day because it 
created reliable annual demand. 

656
00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:19,700
Unlike birthdays or weddings 
that happen. 

657
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:24,000
Sporadically, Valentine's Day 
arrived, every February 14th 

658
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:27,900
with Clockwork, precision, and 
millions of people needed gifts,

659
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:31,200
simultaneously, chocolate 
companies, developed special 

660
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:35,200
Valentine's products. 
Heart-shaped boxes conversation 

661
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:38,200
hearts with printed messages, 
chocolate Rose's. 

662
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,700
Chocolate covered, strawberries 
and increasingly elaborate. 

663
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:45,300
Confections designed 
specifically for the holiday, by

664
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:48,700
the early 20th century, the 
association between Valentine's 

665
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:52,100
Day and chocolate was firmly 
established in American and 

666
00:37:52,100 --> 00:37:55,000
European culture. 
You could give other gifts 

667
00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:59,700
flowers cards jewelry, but 
chocolate had become so standard

668
00:37:59,700 --> 00:38:01,900
that omitting it seemed like a 
notable absence. 

669
00:38:01,900 --> 00:38:05,800
The gift had to be sweet, both 
literally and metaphorically, 

670
00:38:07,200 --> 00:38:09,900
What's fascinating is how 
quickly this became traditional.

671
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:13,800
Cadbury introduced fancy 
Valentine's chocolate boxes in 

672
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:18,500
the 1860s by the 1900s. 
They were expected within two 

673
00:38:18,500 --> 00:38:21,500
generations. 
Something completely new became 

674
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:25,100
something people treated as an 
ancient custom, which tells you 

675
00:38:25,100 --> 00:38:28,300
something about how quickly 
commercial Innovation can be 

676
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:31,600
absorbed into cultural practice 
when the conditions are right. 

677
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:35,300
The chocolate also served a 
social function beyond the 

678
00:38:35,300 --> 00:38:38,600
individual gift. 
Boxes of chocolate could be 

679
00:38:38,600 --> 00:38:41,300
shared creating a communal 
experience. 

680
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:46,000
A woman might receive a box from
a Suitor and share pieces with 

681
00:38:46,000 --> 00:38:49,600
friends, turning the private 
gift into a public demonstration

682
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,800
of her desire ability. 
Children received chocolate from

683
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:57,900
parents or relatives, expanding 
Valentine's Day Beyond purely 

684
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,300
romantic relationships in to 
General expressions of 

685
00:39:01,300 --> 00:39:04,300
affection. 
The holiday was broadening 

686
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:08,100
becoming more inclusive while 
maintaining its romantic core. 

687
00:39:08,800 --> 00:39:10,800
Your witnessing, the 
intersection of Technology 

688
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:15,800
marketing and tradition here, 
chocolate became a Valentine's 

689
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:19,100
staple, not because of ancient 
custom or deep symbolic meaning,

690
00:39:19,100 --> 00:39:22,800
but because 19th century 
technology, made it possible and

691
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:24,700
clever marketing. 
Made it desirable. 

692
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:29,800
Yet once established the 
tradition felt inevitable as if 

693
00:39:29,808 --> 00:39:33,300
chocolate had always belonged to
Valentine's Day and we'd simply 

694
00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:37,000
needed time to notice this 
fundamental truth, you've 

695
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:41,000
reached the mid-19th century in 
about to watch Valentine's Day 

696
00:39:41,000 --> 00:39:44,500
cards transformed from handmade 
Treasures into mass-produced 

697
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:47,200
Commodities. 
Fundamentally changing how 

698
00:39:47,200 --> 00:39:50,400
people expressed romantic 
feelings and creating an 

699
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:52,800
industry that would generate 
billions of dollars annually. 

700
00:39:53,600 --> 00:39:55,200
The shift began with Esther 
Howland. 

701
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,700
A young woman from Worcester, 
Massachusetts who received an 

702
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:03,400
elaborate English Valentine in 
1847 and recognized a business 

703
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:05,700
opportunity. 
She was the daughter of a 

704
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,500
stationer, which gave her access
to paper and materials. 

705
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:12,000
And she had the Creative Vision 
to see how Valentine's could be 

706
00:40:12,008 --> 00:40:14,300
commercially. 
Produced while maintaining 

707
00:40:14,300 --> 00:40:17,800
enough handcrafted elements to 
feel special and personal. 

708
00:40:19,200 --> 00:40:22,800
Howland didn't invent mass 
produced Valentine's, British 

709
00:40:22,800 --> 00:40:24,300
companies were already making 
them. 

710
00:40:25,000 --> 00:40:28,600
She perfected the American 
version and created an efficient

711
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:32,400
production system that resembled
an assembly line decades before.

712
00:40:32,400 --> 00:40:37,100
Henry Ford made assembly lines. 
Famous She imported fine, papers

713
00:40:37,100 --> 00:40:40,600
lace ribbons and images from 
England. 

714
00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:44,000
Then organized, young women into
a production system where each 

715
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:48,400
worker specialized in one aspect
of Valentine creation, One would

716
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:51,200
apply lace. 
Another would add the sentiment,

717
00:40:51,200 --> 00:40:54,600
another would attach ribbons and
so on. 

718
00:40:56,000 --> 00:40:58,900
This allowed Howland to produce,
beautiful Valentine's 

719
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:02,100
efficiently, without sacrificing
the appearance of handcrafted 

720
00:41:02,100 --> 00:41:06,300
quality each card still involved
hand assembly, but the process 

721
00:41:06,300 --> 00:41:08,800
was systematized and the 
components were standardized. 

722
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:12,400
She could produce thousands of 
Valentine's annually, while 

723
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:14,700
maintaining quality control and 
reasonable prices. 

724
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:18,700
Her Valentine's sold from 
between five cents and 10 

725
00:41:18,700 --> 00:41:22,100
dollars, a substantial range 
that allowed customers of 

726
00:41:22,100 --> 00:41:24,800
different economic levels to 
participate in the tradition. 

727
00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:29,900
Howland success. 
Inspired imitators and within a 

728
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:34,000
few decades numerous companies 
were producing Valentine's. 

729
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:38,000
The industry's exploded in the 
late 19th century, as printing, 

730
00:41:38,000 --> 00:41:41,600
technology improved and postage,
became cheaper and more 

731
00:41:41,600 --> 00:41:44,200
reliable. 
The introduction of the penny 

732
00:41:44,200 --> 00:41:48,000
Post in Britain and cheap postal
rates in America meant, you 

733
00:41:48,008 --> 00:41:51,300
could mail a valentine for 
minimal cost, making the 

734
00:41:51,300 --> 00:41:54,100
tradition accessible to people 
who previously couldn't afford 

735
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:56,200
it. 
This democratization 

736
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:58,800
fundamentally changed 
Valentine's Day. 

737
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:02,000
When sending a valentine 
required expensive paper 

738
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:06,500
handcrafting every element and 
paying substantial postage. 

739
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,300
The tradition was limited to 
those with resources. 

740
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,500
Once you could buy a pretty card
for a few cents and mail it for 

741
00:42:13,500 --> 00:42:15,500
a penny, everyone could 
participate. 

742
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:21,100
Valentine's Day went from being 
an upperclass custom to being a 

743
00:42:21,100 --> 00:42:23,800
broadly cultural phenomenon the 
cards themselves. 

744
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:26,900
Evolved rapidly Early 
commercial. 

745
00:42:26,900 --> 00:42:28,700
He produced Valentine's 
featured. 

746
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:31,300
Delicate. 
Lace embossed designs. 

747
00:42:31,300 --> 00:42:34,900
Criminal photography. 
That allowed vibrant colors and 

748
00:42:34,900 --> 00:42:38,400
sentimental verses that varied 
from genuinely touching to 

749
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:42,900
spectacularly molding. 
Common images included Hearts 

750
00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:46,700
flowers, Cupids doves and 
lovers. 

751
00:42:46,700 --> 00:42:50,500
In various poses of restrained 
Victorian affection holding 

752
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:54,200
hands gazing at each other and 
sitting carefully distant on 

753
00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:58,000
Garden benches. 
Cupid deserves special mention 

754
00:42:58,000 --> 00:43:01,100
here. 
Little winged figure shooting 

755
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:03,100
arrows of Love Came From Roman 
mythology. 

756
00:43:04,100 --> 00:43:06,300
Cupid was the Roman version of 
the Greek arrows. 

757
00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:10,400
God of Desire by the Renaissance
artists to transformed Cupid 

758
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:12,600
from a beautifully. 
Young man into a chubby baby 

759
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,000
with wings and a mischievous 
expression, which made him less 

760
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:19,000
threatening and more suitable 
for decorating Valentines. 

761
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,500
The Victorian era embraced this 
version enthusiastically and 

762
00:43:23,500 --> 00:43:27,600
Cupid appeared on thousands of 
cards often in absurd 

763
00:43:27,600 --> 00:43:29,500
situations. 
Cupid. 

764
00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:33,800
As a male man cup as a telephone
operator Cupid driving a car. 

765
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:37,400
Once automobiles were invented 
and Cupid doing basically. 

766
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:41,100
Anything while remaining 
inexplicably naked except for a 

767
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:44,800
strategic drape, The verses on 
cards followed predictable 

768
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:50,200
patterns, they rhymed always 
they mentioned roses Hearts, 

769
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:54,400
devotional, eternity, and 
various metaphors comparing the 

770
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:56,800
Beloved to nature of precious 
objects. 

771
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:01,000
Roses are red. 
Violets are blue, templates 

772
00:44:01,000 --> 00:44:04,608
emerged and proliferated 
providing easy, fill in the 

773
00:44:04,616 --> 00:44:07,100
blank romance for the poetically
challenged. 

774
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:12,700
Quality range from competent to 
painful, but sincerity mattered 

775
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,700
more than craft. not all 
Valentine's were sweet, the 

776
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:19,600
vinegar, Valentine tradition, 
continued into the commercial 

777
00:44:19,600 --> 00:44:23,300
ERA, with companies producing 
mean-spirited cards, you could 

778
00:44:23,308 --> 00:44:27,300
send to people, you disliked, 
these featured ugly, caricatures

779
00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:32,500
and insulting verses, targeting,
specific types, old maids, ugly,

780
00:44:32,500 --> 00:44:37,100
women drunk men, lazy workers 
and annoying neighbors. 

781
00:44:38,000 --> 00:44:41,700
The cards were cruel by Design 
and they sold remarkably, well 

782
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:44,900
proving that human nastiness 
could be monetized to 

783
00:44:44,908 --> 00:44:49,700
successfully as human affection.
The vinegar Valentine phenomenon

784
00:44:49,700 --> 00:44:53,600
Faded by the early 20th century 
though, whether this represented

785
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:57,300
growing kindness or merely 
changing commercial strategies 

786
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:00,500
remains unclear. 
Perhaps people realized that 

787
00:45:00,508 --> 00:45:03,200
paying money to insult. 
Someone wasn't as satisfying as 

788
00:45:03,200 --> 00:45:06,100
they'd hoped. 
Or perhaps the Postal Service 

789
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:10,600
got tired of delivering mean 
cards. either way, Valentine's 

790
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:14,500
Day cards, became predominantly,
sweet, and romantic, reserving 

791
00:45:14,500 --> 00:45:19,100
cruelty for private conversation
like civilized people, The 20th 

792
00:45:19,100 --> 00:45:21,500
century brought new technologies
and styles. 

793
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:24,100
Art Deco. 
Influenced Valentine's Day 

794
00:45:24,100 --> 00:45:28,000
design in the 20s and 30s 
creating cards with geometric 

795
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,300
patterns and streamlined lovers 
who looked like they belonged in

796
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:35,100
expensive hotels. 
Forties brought wartime 

797
00:45:35,100 --> 00:45:38,000
Valentines with themes of 
longing and separation. 

798
00:45:38,000 --> 00:45:41,600
There's millions of couples were
divided by military service. 

799
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:46,700
The 50s embraced cheerful, 
Domesticity with Valentine 

800
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:49,200
showing happy, couples in 
Suburban settings. 

801
00:45:50,100 --> 00:45:53,900
The 60s introduced psychedelic 
designs and changing attitudes 

802
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,300
about Romance. 
Each era, stamped its aesthetic 

803
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:01,500
on Valentine cards, creating an 
unintentional Visual History of 

804
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:04,400
American culture. 
Cards also became more 

805
00:46:04,400 --> 00:46:07,300
specialized. 
You could buy Valentine's for 

806
00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:13,100
wives husbands, sweet, hearts, 
parents, children, teachers 

807
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:18,200
friends, and even pets. 
The message was I love you or I 

808
00:46:18,200 --> 00:46:21,300
like you or you exist and I 
acknowledge it. 

809
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:24,600
Depending on the relationship. 
This expansion meant that 

810
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:27,900
Valentine's Day was no longer 
exclusively about romantic love 

811
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:31,500
but about affection generally 
which made it more inclusive but

812
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:37,000
also diluted its original Focus.
Hallmark cards, founded in 1910 

813
00:46:37,000 --> 00:46:39,600
became the dominant. 
American Valentine producer, 

814
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:41,600
though. 
Many companies competed for 

815
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:44,600
market share. 
These companies didn't just sell

816
00:46:44,600 --> 00:46:47,900
cards, they actively promoted 
Valentine's Day through 

817
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,500
advertising, cultural messaging,
and sometimes heavy-handed 

818
00:46:51,500 --> 00:46:54,200
attempts, to make people feel 
guilty about not buying cards. 

819
00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:58,300
The marketing worked. 
By the mid-20th century. 

820
00:46:58,300 --> 00:47:01,900
Valentine's Day was the second 
largest card sending holiday in 

821
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,400
America, exceeded only by 
Christmas. 

822
00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:08,500
The industry also created 
related products, wrapping 

823
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:12,300
paper, decorations party 
supplies stuffed animals, 

824
00:47:12,300 --> 00:47:16,800
holding Hearts, novelty items, 
and eventually electronic cards 

825
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:19,100
and animated gifs for the 
digital age. 

826
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:22,000
Each Innovation extended the 
commercial reach while, 

827
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,300
maintaining the core message, 
show, someone they matter by 

828
00:47:25,300 --> 00:47:28,100
giving them something, 
preferably something you 

829
00:47:28,100 --> 00:47:30,900
purchased from us. 
What your seeing is 

830
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:33,700
traditionally meeting capitalism
and producing something, that's 

831
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:36,800
genuinely. 
Both a commercial holiday, that 

832
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:41,400
all serves real human needs for 
connection and expression, The 

833
00:47:41,400 --> 00:47:44,200
mass produced, Valentine made 
participation affordable and 

834
00:47:44,200 --> 00:47:46,900
accessible, which was Democratic
and positive. 

835
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:51,600
It also homogenized expression, 
reducing infinite, possible 

836
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:54,200
messages to The Limited 
selection of available at the 

837
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,600
store, which was arguably 
limiting and sad. 

838
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:02,900
Both things were simultaneously,
true, creating the complicated 

839
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,400
reality of modern holidays, 
where genuine feeling and 

840
00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:09,000
commercial transaction become 
thoroughly entangled. 

841
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:13,200
You've arrived in the 20th and 
21st centuries were Valentine's 

842
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:17,300
Day encounters, cars telephones,
movies, two world wars women's 

843
00:48:17,300 --> 00:48:20,700
Liberation, the sexual 
Revolution, divorce remarriage, 

844
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:22,800
same-sex marriage and the 
internet. 

845
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:27,500
The holiday proved surprisingly 
adaptable adjusting to social 

846
00:48:27,500 --> 00:48:30,100
changes while maintaining its 
essential character. 

847
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:34,000
This is the day we acknowledge 
love and maybe buy stuff to 

848
00:48:34,000 --> 00:48:36,900
prove it. 
The early 20th century saw 

849
00:48:36,900 --> 00:48:39,300
Valentine's Day becoming more 
public and Commercial. 

850
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:44,000
Department stores, created 
special displays restaurants, 

851
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,400
offered Valentine's dinners, 
jewelry stores promoted 

852
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:51,400
engagement rings and anniversary
gifts successfully, convincing 

853
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:55,100
people that diamonds are 
essential to proving love a 

854
00:48:55,100 --> 00:48:57,800
marketing campaign. 
So effective that it permanently

855
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:00,400
altered cultural, expectations 
about engagement. 

856
00:49:01,500 --> 00:49:05,000
World War one and two 
complicated Valentine's Day in 

857
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,300
ways that were both 
heartbreaking and oddly 

858
00:49:07,300 --> 00:49:09,700
romantic. 
Millions of couples were 

859
00:49:09,700 --> 00:49:13,700
separated by military service, 
making February 14th a day of 

860
00:49:13,700 --> 00:49:15,500
longing rather than 
togetherness. 

861
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,600
Soldiers sent Valentine's from 
training camps or overseas 

862
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:23,600
sometimes months before or after
the actual date depending on 

863
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:28,100
Postal Service in war zones. 
Women scent Valentine's and care

864
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:31,600
packages to soldiers maintaining
connection across impossible 

865
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:35,100
distances. 
The Romantic imagery of the era 

866
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,700
often featured themes of waiting
faithfulness and reunion. 

867
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:42,400
I'll be seeing you in all the 
old familiar places rather than 

868
00:49:42,400 --> 00:49:46,400
let go dancing tonight. 
The post-war years, brought 

869
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,600
different changes. 
The 1950s emphasized, 

870
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:51,800
traditional gender roles and 
domestic Romance. 

871
00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:55,700
Valentine's advertising showed 
husbands giving gifts to wives 

872
00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:58,400
who expressed Delight while 
wearing pearls and apron. 

873
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:03,400
Creating images that were partly
aspirational partly reflective 

874
00:50:03,400 --> 00:50:06,700
of actual culture and partly 
commercial fantasy. 

875
00:50:06,700 --> 00:50:10,000
The message was clear Men by 
things. 

876
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:13,400
Women received them graciously, 
everyone performs, their 

877
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:17,400
designated role in the romance 
transaction and nobody questions

878
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,700
these assumptions, except people
did question them. 

879
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:25,500
The 1960s and 70s brought 
women's Liberation, questioning 

880
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:29,300
of traditional marriage, 
increased divorce rates and 

881
00:50:29,300 --> 00:50:32,200
changing attitudes about 
sexuality and relationships. 

882
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:37,000
Valentine's Day adapted by 
becoming slightly less gender 

883
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,500
rigid women could give gifts to 
men without seeming forward. 

884
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:44,600
Same-sex couples began 
celebrating more openly. 

885
00:50:45,300 --> 00:50:47,900
Though, legal recognition of 
their relationships remained 

886
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:52,000
decades away in most places. 
The holiday expanded to 

887
00:50:52,000 --> 00:50:54,300
accommodate different 
relationships structures while 

888
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:56,000
maintaining its commercial 
infrastructure. 

889
00:50:57,600 --> 00:51:00,700
The sexual Revolution changed 
what Valentine's Day could mean.

890
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,500
Previously, the holiday 
maintained polite distance from 

891
00:51:04,500 --> 00:51:08,300
actual sexuality. 
Focusing on romance as flowers 

892
00:51:08,300 --> 00:51:10,900
and sweet words rather than 
physical intimacy. 

893
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:13,900
The late 20th century 
acknowledged that Valentine's 

894
00:51:13,900 --> 00:51:17,400
gifts might lead to bedroom 
activities, creating a market 

895
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:22,100
for lingerie wine hotel rooms 
and other products designed to 

896
00:51:22,100 --> 00:51:26,100
facilitate physical Romance. 
This was liberating for some 

897
00:51:26,100 --> 00:51:29,300
uncomfortable for others and 
irrelevant to Children 

898
00:51:29,300 --> 00:51:33,000
exchanging Valentine's at school
where the holiday maintained its

899
00:51:33,000 --> 00:51:36,300
innocent character. 
School, Valentine's deserve 

900
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,800
special mention. 
By the mid-20th century. 

901
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:43,200
Elementary School Valentine's 
Day parties have become standard

902
00:51:43,200 --> 00:51:46,400
in America. 
Children made mailboxes from 

903
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:50,200
decorated shoe boxes and gave 
Valentine's to classmates, 

904
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:53,600
usually with rules, requiring, 
you to give cards to everyone to

905
00:51:53,600 --> 00:51:57,700
know, child felt excluded. 
This created situations where 

906
00:51:57,700 --> 00:52:02,100
you'd spend an evening writing 
to Sarah, from chance, 30 times 

907
00:52:02,100 --> 00:52:05,700
on identical cards, featuring 
cartoon characters, then 

908
00:52:05,700 --> 00:52:08,800
Distributing them to Children. 
You barely need new, but were 

909
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:11,800
required to acknowledge these 
classroom exchanges. 

910
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,600
Served a different function than
adult Valentine's Day. 

911
00:52:15,400 --> 00:52:18,700
They talked social skills, how 
to give and receive gifts 

912
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:22,400
graciously, how to handle 
rejection when you're Crush gave

913
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:25,600
you the same generic card, 
everyone else got and how to 

914
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:30,900
survive, public displays of 
affection or lack thereof. the 

915
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:34,000
candy attached to cards became 
at least as important as the 

916
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:38,400
cards themselves, creating a 
secondary economy, where kids 

917
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:43,100
traded conversation hearts and 
lollipops like currently, The 

918
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:46,100
late 20th and early 21st, 
centuries brought the internet. 

919
00:52:46,100 --> 00:52:49,000
Fundamentally changing. 
How people approach Valentine's 

920
00:52:49,000 --> 00:52:51,700
Day? 
Online shopping meant you could 

921
00:52:51,708 --> 00:52:54,800
order gifts without leaving your
house, which was convenient. 

922
00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:57,900
But reduced the experience of 
actually selecting something in 

923
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:00,700
a store while surrounded by 
other desperate Romantics 

924
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:04,600
e-cards emerged, allowing you to
send digital Valentines that 

925
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:08,800
arrived instantly cost, nothing 
and demonstrated that you'd 

926
00:53:08,800 --> 00:53:11,800
remembered the holiday even if 
you'd forgotten until the last 

927
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:14,700
minute. 
Social media, created new 

928
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:18,300
pressures and opportunities 
Valentine's Day became 

929
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,200
performative. 
You'd post photos of gifts, 

930
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:24,800
received or dates, and joyed, 
creating public evidence of your

931
00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:27,600
romantic success or 
highlighting, its absence. 

932
00:53:28,700 --> 00:53:31,700
The holiday acquired a 
Competitive Edge, whose became 

933
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:35,900
was bigger, whose jewelry was 
nicer and whose romantic gesture

934
00:53:35,900 --> 00:53:40,700
was more Instagram worthy. 
This wasn't entirely new people 

935
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:44,300
have always compared romantic 
Fortune but social media made 

936
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:46,300
the comparison constant and 
visible. 

937
00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:50,400
The rise of feminism and 
changing gender, Dynamics 

938
00:53:50,400 --> 00:53:52,800
affected Valentine's Day 
expectations. 

939
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:57,300
Was it sexist for men to always 
give gifts to women should 

940
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:00,600
couple split costs. 
Should traditional romantic 

941
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:04,600
gestures, be abandoned as 
outdated, or embraced as lovely.

942
00:54:04,600 --> 00:54:08,100
Regardless of their history. 
These questions generated 

943
00:54:08,100 --> 00:54:11,800
significant debate and no clear 
consensus leading to 

944
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:13,700
relationships. 
Negotiating their own 

945
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:16,700
Valentine's Day. 
Protocols based on individuals 

946
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:20,700
and preferences. 
Same-sex marriage, became legal 

947
00:54:20,700 --> 00:54:25,300
across the United States in 2015
and Valentine's Day expanded to 

948
00:54:25,300 --> 00:54:27,900
fully include these couples in 
commercial marketing and 

949
00:54:27,900 --> 00:54:31,600
cultural celebration. 
What had been a largely 

950
00:54:31,600 --> 00:54:35,500
heteronormative Holiday Open to 
acknowledge that love came in 

951
00:54:35,500 --> 00:54:40,300
many configurations, all of 
which deserved recognition and 

952
00:54:40,300 --> 00:54:44,700
crucially for the industry all 
of which deserve to buy flowers 

953
00:54:44,700 --> 00:54:48,200
and chocolate. 
Anti-valentine's day movements 

954
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:52,900
emerged with singles awareness 
Day, celebrated on February 14th

955
00:54:52,900 --> 00:54:57,200
or 15th by people who resented 
the commercial pressure or felt 

956
00:54:57,200 --> 00:54:59,400
excluded by the Romantic 
emphasis. 

957
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,700
Some people hosted 
anti-valentine's parties with 

958
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:07,600
black decorations and bitter 
theme's turning resentment into 

959
00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:10,800
his own celebration. 
This was less about hating love 

960
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,800
than rejecting the manufactured 
obligation to perform romance on

961
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:17,100
schedule. 
The early 21st century also saw 

962
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:19,300
Valentine's Day becoming more 
experiential. 

963
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:23,100
Couples increasingly chose 
experiences over objects. 

964
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:28,100
Special dinners weekend trips 
concerts and activities. 

965
00:55:29,500 --> 00:55:32,400
This reflected broader cultural 
shifts toward valuing 

966
00:55:32,400 --> 00:55:35,800
experiences over possessions, 
though the experience still 

967
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:38,500
needed to be purchased 
maintaining the holidays 

968
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,600
commercial character. 
Restaurants discovered that 

969
00:55:41,600 --> 00:55:44,700
Valentine's Day. 
Created predictable demand and 

970
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:47,800
adjusted accordingly. 
Offering special menus that 

971
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:51,000
increase prices. 
Making reservations became 

972
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:54,500
competitive requiring planning 
weeks in advance. 

973
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:58,800
The most romantic restaurants 
would be fully booked forcing 

974
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:01,600
couples to either plan early or 
settle for less desirable 

975
00:56:01,600 --> 00:56:04,900
venues. 
This created stress around, what

976
00:56:04,900 --> 00:56:08,200
was supposedly celebration of 
Love which highlighted, the 

977
00:56:08,200 --> 00:56:12,400
complicated nature of scheduled 
romance, a pandemic of 2020 

978
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:15,900
disrupted, Valentine's Day, like
it disrupted everything. 

979
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:19,400
Coupled quarantine depart could 
not celebrate together 

980
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:22,900
restaurants were closed or 
operating at limited capacity. 

981
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:26,600
People improvise with video 
calls delivered gifts and make 

982
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:30,400
creative long distance gestures 
the disruption reminded 

983
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:31,900
everyone. 
That Valentine's Day was 

984
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:35,300
flexible enough to survive 
external challenges though. 

985
00:56:35,300 --> 00:56:37,900
It also highlighted, how much 
the holiday depended on 

986
00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:40,300
Commercial infrastructure, and 
physical proximity. 

987
00:56:41,200 --> 00:56:44,900
Coming out of pandemic 
restrictions Valentine's day in 

988
00:56:44,900 --> 00:56:46,800
2021. 
And Beyond saw people 

989
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:50,600
appreciating togetherness more 
and taking the holiday slightly 

990
00:56:50,600 --> 00:56:54,100
less for granted the experience 
of forced separation. 

991
00:56:54,100 --> 00:56:56,700
Made chosen connection feel more
precious. 

992
00:56:57,700 --> 00:57:00,900
This effect was temporary 
humans, quickly returned to 

993
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:04,200
taking good things for granted. 
But it suggested that the 

994
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:07,400
holidays, still served, a 
genuine function, Beyond mere 

995
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,000
commercialism. 
What's remarkable is how the 

996
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:12,500
holiday persisted through all 
these, social changes 

997
00:57:12,500 --> 00:57:17,800
Valentine's Day survived Wars, 
depressions cultural revolution 

998
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:22,300
technological, Transformations 
and shifting attitudes about 

999
00:57:22,300 --> 00:57:25,300
gender, sexuality and 
relationships. 

1000
00:57:26,000 --> 00:57:29,400
It adapted to each change while 
maintaining its core identity. 

1001
00:57:30,400 --> 00:57:32,500
A day to acknowledge love and 
affection. 

1002
00:57:32,500 --> 00:57:36,000
However, you define those terms 
and whoever you felt them for 

1003
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:39,600
the specific Expressions changed
dramatically. 

1004
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,700
But the underlying human desire 
for connection and recognition 

1005
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:46,900
remained constant. 
Your lying here in the present 

1006
00:57:46,900 --> 00:57:50,700
in a world where Valentine's Day
is simultaneously ancient 

1007
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:53,300
tradition and a modern 
commercial event. 

1008
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:58,500
Deeply meaningful and slightly 
absurd, genuinely romantic. 

1009
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:02,400
And obviously manufactured it 
contains, contradictions the 

1010
00:58:02,400 --> 00:58:06,900
way, all lasting cultural 
practices do Surviving precisely

1011
00:58:06,900 --> 00:58:09,600
because it's flexible enough to 
mean different things, to 

1012
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:12,100
different people, the symbols 
endure. 

1013
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:17,100
Red roses still mean love though
you now know their significance 

1014
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:19,600
was constructed through 
centuries of literary 

1015
00:58:19,600 --> 00:58:24,300
Association and Victorian 
codification other than emerging

1016
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:26,300
from Nature's inherent 
symbolism. 

1017
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:30,500
Chocolate Remains The Gift of 
choice though. 

1018
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:32,900
You understand it became 
traditional through 19th 

1019
00:58:32,900 --> 00:58:34,400
century. 
Technological innovation. 

1020
00:58:35,300 --> 00:58:37,900
Clever marketing rather than 
ancient custom. 

1021
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,500
Cards continue circulating 
though, they are increasingly 

1022
00:58:42,500 --> 00:58:44,900
digital. 
Maintaining the gesture while a 

1023
00:58:44,908 --> 00:58:49,200
banding, the physical object. 
What's fascinating is how 

1024
00:58:49,200 --> 00:58:51,500
quickly commercial Innovation 
becomes tradition? 

1025
00:58:52,400 --> 00:58:56,600
Cadbury introduced fancy 
chocolate boxes in the 1860s by 

1026
00:58:56,600 --> 00:59:00,700
the 1900s giving Valentine's 
chocolate felt ancient and 

1027
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:04,000
inevitable. 
Hallmark mass produced cards in 

1028
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:07,700
the early 20th century. 
Within decades, store-bought 

1029
00:59:07,700 --> 00:59:11,000
Valentine seemed traditional 
rather than commercial each 

1030
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:15,400
generation adds new elements. 
Teddy bears, heart-shaped 

1031
00:59:15,400 --> 00:59:18,400
balloons. 
Elaborate restaurant experiences

1032
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:22,300
that become part of the expected
Valentine's Day, landscape 

1033
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:25,600
creating Traditions that appear 
Timeless despite being 

1034
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:29,800
remarkably recent The holiday 
serves different functions for 

1035
00:59:29,800 --> 00:59:34,300
different people. 
Some it's genuinely romantic and

1036
00:59:34,300 --> 00:59:38,100
occasion to express feelings and
strengthen bonds for others. 

1037
00:59:38,100 --> 00:59:41,800
Its obligation, a commercial 
pressure to perform affection on

1038
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:45,600
schedule. 
For some its playful and excuse 

1039
00:59:45,600 --> 00:59:47,500
for special treats and fun 
dates. 

1040
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:49,600
For others. 
It's painful. 

1041
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:52,700
Highlighting loneliness or faild
relationships. 

1042
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,100
All these experiences are 
simultaneously valid existing 

1043
00:59:57,100 --> 01:00:00,100
together in the complicated 
space where personal feeling 

1044
01:00:00,100 --> 01:00:04,600
meets cultural expectation. 
What remains constant beneath? 

1045
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:08,200
The changing surface is the 
human need for connection and 

1046
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:10,800
the desire to be seen and valued
by others. 

1047
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:15,800
Valentine's Day provides a 
designated time and vocabulary 

1048
01:00:15,800 --> 01:00:18,600
for that expression. 
You could theoretically express,

1049
01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:21,800
love and appreciation any day 
but humans benefit from 

1050
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:25,700
structure and ritual having a 
specific day creates permission 

1051
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:28,500
and expectation that make the 
expression easier. 

1052
01:00:29,300 --> 01:00:32,800
The symbols themselves. 
Flowers, chocolate cards, 

1053
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,600
romantic dinners, our arbitrary 
in the sense that other cultures

1054
01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:40,200
expressed love differently using
different objects and customs. 

1055
01:00:41,100 --> 01:00:44,700
But they're not arbitrary within
Western culture where centuries 

1056
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:49,000
of accumulated meaning have made
them genuinely significant. a 

1057
01:00:49,000 --> 01:00:52,500
red rose carries all the Poetry,
all the Victorian flower 

1058
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:55,900
language, all the commercial 
advertising, and all the 

1059
01:00:55,900 --> 01:01:00,200
romantic gestures of previous 
generations, Giving or receiving

1060
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:03,900
one activates that entire 
history, even if you're not 

1061
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:07,800
consciously aware of it. 
Commercialization troubles, many

1062
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:12,700
people and understandably. 
So, The same companies that sell

1063
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:14,700
genuine cards for genuine 
feelings. 

1064
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:19,200
Also calculate profits and 
manipulate emotions to increase 

1065
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:22,300
sales but Commerce and 
authenticity are mutually 

1066
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:24,700
exclusive. 
People can give commercially 

1067
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:28,500
produced gifts with genuine 
feelings. the mass produced card

1068
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:31,000
you select for your partner 
might be manufactured by a 

1069
01:01:31,000 --> 01:01:34,700
corporation but your selection 
and you're giving it Still 

1070
01:01:34,700 --> 01:01:36,800
communicate something. 
Real about your relationship. 

1071
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:40,300
What's interesting is the 
holidays adaptability? 

1072
01:01:41,200 --> 01:01:44,700
Valentine's Day has survived the
fall of the Roman Empire, the 

1073
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:48,600
spread of Christianity, the 
Protestant Reformation, the 

1074
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:53,700
Industrial Revolution, two World
Wars, the sexual Revolution, the

1075
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:58,100
internet and pandemic lockdowns.
It's currently adjusting to 

1076
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:02,400
changing attitudes about gender,
sexuality and relationships, 

1077
01:02:02,400 --> 01:02:07,000
expanding to include same-sex, 
couples, polyamorous 

1078
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:10,900
configurations, and people 
celebrating self-love rather 

1079
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:15,300
than romantic partnership. 
Flexibility allows the holiday 

1080
01:02:15,300 --> 01:02:17,500
to remain relevant as culture 
shifts. 

1081
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:22,100
Yet certain elements remain. 
Surprisingly stable red Rose's 

1082
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:26,300
chocolate handwritten or printed
messages expressing affection? 

1083
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:29,400
Hearts are symbols, the color 
red. 

1084
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:31,900
These are persisted for 
Generations. 

1085
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:35,500
Connecting you to people from 
the 19th century, who gave 

1086
01:02:35,508 --> 01:02:39,600
similar gifts, who felt similar 
feelings, and who participated 

1087
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:43,400
in the same basic ritual despite
living in radically different 

1088
01:02:43,400 --> 01:02:46,700
circumstances. 
There's something comforting 

1089
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:50,200
about that continuity, knowing 
that the orchard attempt to 

1090
01:02:50,200 --> 01:02:52,400
express. 
Love through purchased objects 

1091
01:02:52,400 --> 01:02:57,700
isn't unique to your generation.
Connects you to a long tradition

1092
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:00,800
of humans trying to communicate 
feelings through material 

1093
01:03:00,800 --> 01:03:03,800
gestures. 
Your great-great-grandparents 

1094
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:08,000
probably exchange, Valentines. 
Their grandparents might have. 

1095
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:12,900
The specific objects changed but
the impulse remained constant. 

1096
01:03:12,900 --> 01:03:15,300
I want you to know you matter to
me. 

1097
01:03:15,900 --> 01:03:19,100
The critics of Valentine's Day 
have valid points, it's 

1098
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:22,200
commercial. 
It creates pressure, it can make

1099
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:24,700
single people feel excluded or 
inadequate. 

1100
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:29,100
It reduces complex feelings to 
simple symbols, it creates 

1101
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:32,200
environmental waste through 
wrapping paper, cut flowers and 

1102
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,800
disposable decorations. 
All of these criticisms are 

1103
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:39,200
legitimate but the Defenders 
also have valid points. 

1104
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:42,100
It provides an occasion for 
expression that might not 

1105
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:45,600
otherwise happen. 
It creates joy and anticipation.

1106
01:03:46,800 --> 01:03:50,000
It strengthens relationships, 
through thoughtful gestures. 

1107
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,700
Teachers children about giving 
and receiving, affection, it 

1108
01:03:54,700 --> 01:03:57,800
connects us to cultural 
tradition and to each other. 

1109
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:00,800
These defenses are equally 
legitimate. 

1110
01:04:02,100 --> 01:04:04,800
The reality is that Valentine's 
Day like most cultural 

1111
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:06,600
practices. 
Is neither purely, good or 

1112
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:09,700
purely bad but rather a 
complicated mixture, reflecting 

1113
01:04:09,700 --> 01:04:13,300
human nature itself. 
We're both generous and selfish,

1114
01:04:13,300 --> 01:04:17,500
both romantic and practical, and
both authentic and performative.

1115
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:21,600
The holiday accommodate, all 
these contradictions which is 

1116
01:04:21,608 --> 01:04:25,300
perhaps why it survived so long 
as you drift towards sleep? 

1117
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:30,000
Consider this every tradition 
was once knew every symbol was 

1118
01:04:30,000 --> 01:04:33,600
once arbitrary and every 
commercial holiday was once a 

1119
01:04:33,600 --> 01:04:36,900
clever business, innovation, 
What makes them traditional 

1120
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:39,600
isn't their age but their 
continued resonance. 

1121
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:44,400
Their ability to serve genuine 
human needs despite and perhaps 

1122
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:46,100
because of their commercial 
nature. 

1123
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:51,100
Valentine's Day is about love. 
Simultaneously, the most 

1124
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:53,800
profound and most ordinary Human
Experience. 

1125
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:57,800
We all want connection. 
We all want to matter to 

1126
01:04:57,800 --> 01:05:00,600
someone. 
We all want to express feelings 

1127
01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:03,000
and have that feeling recognized
and returned. 

1128
01:05:04,200 --> 01:05:07,500
The holiday provides structure 
for the expression, which is 

1129
01:05:07,500 --> 01:05:10,300
useful in the same way that 
having words for emotions is 

1130
01:05:10,300 --> 01:05:14,200
useful. not creating the feeling
but giving it shape and making 

1131
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:17,000
it communicable, Flowers will 
Wilt. 

1132
01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:20,400
The chocolate will be eaten and 
the cards will be stored or 

1133
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:23,500
discarded. 
The material gift are temporary,

1134
01:05:23,500 --> 01:05:25,700
which is fine because they're 
not really the point. 

1135
01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:29,300
Anyway, their vehicles for the 
message, not the message itself.

1136
01:05:29,300 --> 01:05:33,800
The message is you exist? 
You matter, I notice you. 

1137
01:05:33,800 --> 01:05:36,900
I value you, and I want you in 
my life. 

1138
01:05:37,700 --> 01:05:41,300
That message, transcends, the 
medium, whether the medium is a 

1139
01:05:41,300 --> 01:05:45,300
handwritten letter, a 
mass-produced card, a bouquet of

1140
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,900
red roses, or a heart-shaped box
of chocolate. 

1141
01:05:49,900 --> 01:05:53,700
Your breathing is slowing. 
Now your thoughts drifting and 

1142
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:55,000
you're left with this 
understanding. 

1143
01:05:56,100 --> 01:05:59,100
Traditions are made by people 
choosing to repeat gestures. 

1144
01:05:59,100 --> 01:06:02,700
They find meaningful even when 
those gestures are in perfect, 

1145
01:06:02,700 --> 01:06:06,900
or commercialized, or both, 
Valentine's Day in jurors 

1146
01:06:06,900 --> 01:06:10,400
because enough people find Value
in setting aside one day to 

1147
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:13,400
acknowledge love and affection 
to make the ordinary 

1148
01:06:13,400 --> 01:06:15,400
extraordinary and to take 
connections. 

1149
01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:18,200
Seriously, even if we do it 
through some what silly means, 

1150
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:21,000
The holiday will continue 
evolving. 

1151
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:24,100
New symbols will emerge, new 
Customs? 

1152
01:06:24,100 --> 01:06:27,700
Will develop new technologies 
will change how people express 

1153
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:32,100
feelings, but the core will 
likely remain in the cold. 

1154
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:35,000
Darkness of February will 
continue seeking warmth through 

1155
01:06:35,000 --> 01:06:38,400
connection expressing it. 
However, our particular era 

1156
01:06:38,400 --> 01:06:42,400
finds appropriate, Participating
in a tradition, that's ancient 

1157
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:46,100
and modern sacred and 
Commercial, meaningful and 

1158
01:06:46,100 --> 01:06:57,800
absurd just like love itself. 
Imagine living in ancient Greece

1159
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:00,900
around 600 BCE. 
When the only technological 

1160
01:07:00,900 --> 01:07:03,400
concern you might have had, was 
whether your olive oil lamp 

1161
01:07:03,400 --> 01:07:06,300
would have enough fuel to last. 
The entire night, people who 

1162
01:07:06,300 --> 01:07:09,400
entered this world of basic 
tools and sophisticated ideas 

1163
01:07:09,400 --> 01:07:13,600
did something revolutionary. 
He began to ask why rather than 

1164
01:07:13,600 --> 01:07:15,700
merely accepting because the 
gods said. 

1165
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:19,900
So instead of calling themselves
physicists, the first physicist 

1166
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:23,700
called themselves natural 
philosophers, which sounds far 

1167
01:07:23,700 --> 01:07:26,400
more respectable than people who
spend too much time. 

1168
01:07:26,400 --> 01:07:28,600
Wondering why rocks? 
Fall down instead of up. 

1169
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:32,200
However, that's exactly what 
they were doing viewing. 

1170
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:35,100
The everyday World from A New 
Perspective and rejecting. 

1171
01:07:35,100 --> 01:07:37,200
The idea that mystery was a 
sufficient explanation. 

1172
01:07:37,200 --> 01:07:40,800
For anything, one of these early
Wanderers was thales of Meletis 

1173
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:44,200
who reportedly spent so much 
time gazing up at the stars that

1174
01:07:44,200 --> 01:07:46,300
he wants fell into a. 
Well while out for a walk, 

1175
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:50,400
according to reports his made 
fun of him by pointing out that 

1176
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:53,300
he was attempting to comprehend.
The heavens while ignoring the 

1177
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,300
ground beneath his feet. 
This may be the earliest known 

1178
01:07:56,300 --> 01:07:59,200
case of someone becoming so 
engrossed in theoretical physics

1179
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:01,400
that they fail to observe their 
surroundings. 

1180
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:05,000
A practice that is still common 
in physics department all over 

1181
01:08:05,000 --> 01:08:07,500
the world. 
However, they had a crucial 

1182
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:10,500
Insight according to his theory 
water in. 

1183
01:08:10,500 --> 01:08:13,100
Its various forms makes up 
everything in the universe. 

1184
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:16,500
Now, before you write this off 
as archaic thinking, remember 

1185
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:19,700
that he was putting forth a 
profound idea that the 

1186
01:08:19,700 --> 01:08:21,800
astounding diversity of the 
natural world could have 

1187
01:08:21,808 --> 01:08:23,300
straightforward underlying 
calls. 

1188
01:08:23,300 --> 01:08:26,700
Is he was completely correct. 
That the way forward was to look

1189
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:28,800
for straightforward, 
explanations of complicated, 

1190
01:08:29,100 --> 01:08:31,500
Nominal. 
But he was mistaken that water 

1191
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:35,100
was the fundamental substance 
Democritus expanded on this 

1192
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:38,100
notion with a notion so 
revolutionary that it would not 

1193
01:08:38,100 --> 01:08:40,399
be fully comprehended for more 
than two Millennia. 

1194
01:08:40,399 --> 01:08:43,600
He proposed that cutting 
something into ever tiny pieces,

1195
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:46,100
would eventually result in 
pieces that were too small to 

1196
01:08:46,100 --> 01:08:48,200
cut. 
He referred to these fragments 

1197
01:08:48,200 --> 01:08:51,200
as atoms, which in Greek means 
uncuttable. 

1198
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:54,899
In essence Democritus was 
suggesting that the Universe was

1199
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:58,899
composed of inconspicuous 
minuscule, building blocks, akin

1200
01:08:58,899 --> 01:09:03,000
to Cosmic l e g o pieces since 
Democritus lacked particle 

1201
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:06,100
accelerators and microscopes. 
It wasn't that he was accurate 

1202
01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,600
in every detail, rather, it was 
that he was thinking in the 

1203
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:11,600
right way. 
He was saying that you could 

1204
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:15,000
comprehend large complex things 
by comprehending their smallest 

1205
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:18,000
components, although it would 
take centuries for anyone to 

1206
01:09:18,000 --> 01:09:19,800
figure out how to actually test 
these ideas. 

1207
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:22,800
This reductionist approach would
have eventually become one of 

1208
01:09:22,808 --> 01:09:24,500
the most potent tools in 
Physics. 

1209
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:28,100
The ancient natural philosopher 
Aristotle who was arguably the 

1210
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:30,700
most influential adopted a 
different strategy. 

1211
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:34,800
He concentrated on what he could
actually see rather than making 

1212
01:09:34,800 --> 01:09:38,500
assumptions about invisible 
atoms, he observed how objects 

1213
01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:41,100
moved fell and behaved under 
various conditions. 

1214
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:44,500
He then made an effort to 
arrange these findings in to a 

1215
01:09:44,500 --> 01:09:46,500
logical framework that would 
account for everything. 

1216
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,100
The physics of Aristotle. 
Resembled a complex 

1217
01:09:49,100 --> 01:09:52,800
categorization system for 
natural phenomena Because they 

1218
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:55,600
want to hit the ground more 
urgently than light objects, 

1219
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:59,200
heavy objects fall more quickly 
when something pushes something,

1220
01:09:59,200 --> 01:10:01,400
it moves. 
And when that push stops, it 

1221
01:10:01,400 --> 01:10:04,800
stops moving heavy objects 
naturally congregate at the 

1222
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:07,900
center of the universe, which is
why the Earth is there because 

1223
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:11,500
it wants to ascend to its proper
location in the heavens Fire 

1224
01:10:11,500 --> 01:10:15,100
Rises. we now know that the 
majority of Aristotle's 

1225
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,600
particular conclusions were 
incorrect, however, his method 

1226
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:22,400
careful observation followed by 
methodical explanation was spot 

1227
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:26,600
on He was looking for Trends in 
the behavior of nature rules 

1228
01:10:26,600 --> 01:10:29,700
that could forecast the future, 
in novel circumstances, even 

1229
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:32,800
though he had few scientific 
instruments at his disposal, he 

1230
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:35,800
was conducting research. 
These early natural philosophers

1231
01:10:35,800 --> 01:10:38,100
were brilliant because they 
believed that the universe made 

1232
01:10:38,100 --> 01:10:41,100
sense, even though some of their
discoveries were remarkably 

1233
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:43,800
pressured, they thought that 
rather than being the random 

1234
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:47,200
whims of irrational Gods, 
natural phenomena adhered to 

1235
01:10:47,208 --> 01:10:50,400
understandable laws. 
This presumption would turn out 

1236
01:10:50,400 --> 01:10:52,400
to be possibly the most 
significant Concept. 

1237
01:10:52,400 --> 01:10:55,200
In human thought history. 
A tradition of rigorous 

1238
01:10:55,200 --> 01:10:57,700
reasoning about the natural 
world was also being established

1239
01:10:57,700 --> 01:11:00,800
by the they were willing to 
approach problems, methodically 

1240
01:11:00,800 --> 01:11:04,500
and follow reasoning wherever it
led even if it resulted in 

1241
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:06,900
uncomfortable or 
counterintuitive, conclusions. 

1242
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:10,400
Rather than simply accepting 
conventional wisdom, every 

1243
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:12,700
significant development in 
physics that followed would 

1244
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:15,700
depend on this intellectual 
bravery as you go to bed 

1245
01:11:15,700 --> 01:11:18,400
tonight, remember that? 
These ancient philosophers were 

1246
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:21,700
answering questions that still 
captivated us What is the 

1247
01:11:21,700 --> 01:11:25,100
composition of the universe? 
How do things change and move? 

1248
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,500
What basic laws, apply to 
everything from far-off stars to

1249
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:31,400
Falling apples. 
They lacked our resources and 

1250
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:35,200
expertise, but they possess 
something just as valuable and 

1251
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:38,900
insatiable curiosity and the 
endurance to consider basic 

1252
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:42,300
issues carefully, the Islamic 
World kept the flame of natural 

1253
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:44,200
philosophy. 
Burning after the fall of the 

1254
01:11:44,200 --> 01:11:47,400
Roman Empire, when Europe was 
busy for getting much of what 

1255
01:11:47,400 --> 01:11:50,100
the Greeks are discovered. 
The Next Great Leap in human 

1256
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:52,700
understanding would, eventually 
be supported by the picture 

1257
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:56,100
library's in Baghdad and Cordoba
where Scholars preserved, Greek 

1258
01:11:56,100 --> 01:11:58,900
texts while adding their own 
observations and insights. 

1259
01:11:58,900 --> 01:12:02,200
Even now, hytham also referred 
to as an in. 

1260
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:04,700
The west was one of these 
Scholars who made the 

1261
01:12:04,700 --> 01:12:07,400
Revolutionary move of insisting,
that theories about the natural 

1262
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:10,800
world be put to the test against
meticulous observations. 

1263
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:14,100
This may seem like common sense 
but keep in mind that for 

1264
01:12:14,100 --> 01:12:16,100
centuries. 
Most people were satisfied to 

1265
01:12:16,100 --> 01:12:19,400
settle disputes by citing 
historical authorities, rather 

1266
01:12:19,400 --> 01:12:21,400
than paying attention to actual 
Events. 

1267
01:12:22,000 --> 01:12:25,200
Leighton Vision, particularly 
captivated alhazen, the ancient 

1268
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:27,800
Greeks had some rather strange 
theories about how we see the 

1269
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:30,400
world. 
For example, many thought that 

1270
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:33,200
our eyes emit invisible rays 
that reflect off of objects, 

1271
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:37,000
much like biological radar 
systems through meticulous 

1272
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:40,000
experimentation alhazen 
discovered that light moves from

1273
01:12:40,000 --> 01:12:43,500
objects to our eyes, rather than
the other way around, in order 

1274
01:12:43,500 --> 01:12:45,700
to prove that light moves in 
straight lines. 

1275
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:49,800
He constructed the first camera 
obscura, which is basically a 

1276
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:53,600
gigantic pinhole camera. 
Al Hasan gained insights from 

1277
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:56,100
his work with Optics that would 
take centuries to fully 

1278
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:58,700
comprehend. 
He understood that light is bent

1279
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:01,400
by the atmosphere which 
functions as a lens and 

1280
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:05,100
influences are perception. 
This explains why stars appear 

1281
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,300
to twinkle and the Sun appears 
larger when it is close to the 

1282
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:11,900
Horizon, he'll was learning. 
The observation itself might be 

1283
01:13:11,900 --> 01:13:14,800
trickier than it seemed, which 
would be important for future 

1284
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,500
advances in physics. 
By translating Arabic texts. 

1285
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:21,800
Scholars in medieval Europe, 
were rediscovering Aristotle. 

1286
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:25,800
This led to an intriguing 
situation like playing telephone

1287
01:13:25,800 --> 01:13:28,900
across centuries and cultures. 
European thinkers were learning 

1288
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:31,900
Greek physics from Islamic 
commentaries during a time. 

1289
01:13:31,900 --> 01:13:34,400
When original scientific 
thinking was comparatively 

1290
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:37,300
uncommon in Europe. 
This process kept the discussion

1291
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:40,500
about natural philosophy alive. 
Even though it occasionally 

1292
01:13:40,500 --> 01:13:43,000
brought New Concepts and 
confusion English. 

1293
01:13:43,000 --> 01:13:45,200
Monk, Roger Baker, who lived in 
the 13th century. 

1294
01:13:45,200 --> 01:13:48,900
Took El Hazen's focus on 
experimentation and ran with it.

1295
01:13:50,000 --> 01:13:52,500
Bacon believed that thorough 
observation, and methodical 

1296
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:54,600
idea, testing could reveal the 
mysteries of nature. 

1297
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:58,600
He studied the characteristics 
of magnets experimented with 

1298
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:01,600
lenses and mirrors and even 
conjectured about flying 

1299
01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:04,900
machines and mechanically 
propelled ships Concepts, that 

1300
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:07,900
would not be realized. 
For centuries, Bacon's method 

1301
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:11,000
was revolutionary because rather
than merely interpreting ancient

1302
01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:14,600
authorities, he argued that 
humans could uncover new truths 

1303
01:14:14,600 --> 01:14:17,000
about the natural world. 
This was potentially 

1304
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:19,900
theologically dangerous as well 
as intellectually radical. 

1305
01:14:19,900 --> 01:14:22,400
What did it say about the 
completeness of revealed? 

1306
01:14:22,400 --> 01:14:25,000
Knowledge of people could learn 
new things about God's creation 

1307
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:28,000
on their own for centuries, the 
conflict between religious 

1308
01:14:28,000 --> 01:14:29,500
Authority and natural 
philosophy. 

1309
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:32,800
Based on observation would 
simmer and occasionally explode 

1310
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:36,000
into major battles. 
However, rather than questioning

1311
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:39,200
religious Doctrine, the majority
of natural philosophers of the 

1312
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:41,700
Middle Ages were able to present
their work as a means of 

1313
01:14:41,700 --> 01:14:44,800
comprehending God's creation. 
It was believed that the same 

1314
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:47,900
Divine intelligence wrote both 
the book of scripture and the 

1315
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:49,800
Book of nature, which they were 
reading. 

1316
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:52,200
Side by side. 
Some of these conflicts were 

1317
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:55,900
eased by the renowned medieval 
Theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who 

1318
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:58,700
maintained that faith and reason
were complementary, rather than 

1319
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:01,900
antagonistic, while theology 
addressed spiritual issues. 

1320
01:15:01,900 --> 01:15:05,000
Natural philosophy was able to 
uncover truths about the 

1321
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:08,200
material world by avoiding 
direct confrontations with 

1322
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:11,000
religious authorities. 
This intellectual division of 

1323
01:15:11,000 --> 01:15:13,300
labor allowed natural philosophy
to flourish. 

1324
01:15:13,300 --> 01:15:16,900
Additionally more advanced. 
Mathematical instruments emerge 

1325
01:15:16,900 --> 01:15:19,700
during the Middle, Ages Islamic 
sources, taught European 

1326
01:15:19,700 --> 01:15:23,100
scholars algebra and Arabic 
numerals which significantly 

1327
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:26,200
enhance their computational 
skills, they established the 

1328
01:15:26,200 --> 01:15:28,000
foundation for the quantitative 
method. 

1329
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:30,600
That would ultimately 
revolutionize physics by 

1330
01:15:30,600 --> 01:15:33,500
starting to apply mathematical 
analysis to physical issues. 

1331
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:37,400
The stage was set for something.
Extraordinary by the end of the 

1332
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:40,400
Middle, Ages, the value of 
meticulous observation and 

1333
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:42,500
experimentation had been 
established by natural 

1334
01:15:42,500 --> 01:15:45,400
philosophers. 
They had access to progressively

1335
01:15:45,400 --> 01:15:47,100
more potent, mathematical 
instruments. 

1336
01:15:47,100 --> 01:15:50,000
They had established a framework
for considering natural 

1337
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:53,200
philosophy to be a valid 
approach to studying God's 

1338
01:15:53,200 --> 01:15:56,000
creation. 
They also had centuries worth of

1339
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,700
observations on everything from 
how light behaves to how planets

1340
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:02,800
move, the next thing they needed
was someone who was prepared to 

1341
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:05,300
question basic beliefs, about 
the structure of the universe 

1342
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:08,200
even though he wouldn't 
transform astronomy for several 

1343
01:16:08,200 --> 01:16:11,200
more decades, someone was 
already being born in a small 

1344
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:13,900
polish town. 
It's important to recognize the 

1345
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:15,900
amount of intellectual 
Foundation that had been 

1346
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:19,100
established by centuries of 
patient thinkers who were happy 

1347
01:16:19,100 --> 01:16:23,000
to make observations pose 
questions and gradually Advance.

1348
01:16:23,000 --> 01:16:26,200
Human knowledge of the natural 
world before we met Nicolaus, 

1349
01:16:26,200 --> 01:16:28,600
Copernicus. 
Imagine living a lifetime under 

1350
01:16:28,600 --> 01:16:32,800
the assumption that the Sun, 
Moon planets stars and Earth all

1351
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,400
revolve around us in a complex, 
Celestial dance and that the 

1352
01:16:36,400 --> 01:16:39,100
Earth remains motionless of the 
center of the universe. 

1353
01:16:39,100 --> 01:16:42,100
Then picture someone gently 
pointing out that perhaps were 

1354
01:16:42,100 --> 01:16:45,300
in reverse that perhaps we're 
the ones dancing, while the sun 

1355
01:16:45,300 --> 01:16:48,200
remains motionless. 
It's difficult to exaggerate how

1356
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:50,200
fundamentally this idea, 
upended. 

1357
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:53,200
The medieval worldview, which is
precisely what, Nicholas 

1358
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:55,200
Copernicus suggested in the 16th
century. 

1359
01:16:56,100 --> 01:16:59,200
Panicis had no intention of 
igniting a revolution in 

1360
01:16:59,200 --> 01:17:02,300
reality, he was a fairly 
conservative, man, a church 

1361
01:17:02,300 --> 01:17:05,700
Canon, who managed Church 
finances, occasionally practiced

1362
01:17:05,700 --> 01:17:08,300
medicine and had a hobby of 
studying mathematics and 

1363
01:17:08,300 --> 01:17:10,800
astronomy. 
A technical issue in ptolemaic, 

1364
01:17:10,800 --> 01:17:11,700
astronomy. 
Troubled him. 

1365
01:17:11,708 --> 01:17:14,100
The mathematical models used to 
forecast. 

1366
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:16,800
Planetary motions were growing, 
more complex and laborious. 

1367
01:17:16,800 --> 01:17:19,800
He thought it was inelegant to 
keep adding circles within 

1368
01:17:19,800 --> 01:17:23,400
circles to account for observed,
planetary positions, like a 

1369
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:25,000
lovely equation ruined by too 
many. 

1370
01:17:25,008 --> 01:17:28,300
Correction factors Copernicus. 
Therefore attempted a thought 

1371
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:31,400
experiment. 
What if the Sun not the Earth 

1372
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:33,600
were at the center of the 
planetary system? 

1373
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:37,500
Something lovely occurred. 
When he sold the math, The 

1374
01:17:37,500 --> 01:17:39,900
Limited range of mercury in 
Venus from the Sun. 

1375
01:17:39,900 --> 01:17:42,000
Whoa! 
Mars occasionally seems to move 

1376
01:17:42,000 --> 01:17:45,300
backwards against the background
stars, and many other complex 

1377
01:17:45,300 --> 01:17:48,300
aspects of planetary motion 
suddenly made perfect sense. 

1378
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:51,400
These were the inevitable 
results of tracking planetary 

1379
01:17:51,400 --> 01:17:54,900
motion from a moving platform, 
not enigmatic anomalies that 

1380
01:17:54,900 --> 01:17:58,200
needed intricate explanations. 
There was similar to realizing 

1381
01:17:58,200 --> 01:18:00,800
that the scenery outside a train
window, seemed to move backwards

1382
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:02,900
because you are moving and not 
the scenery itself. 

1383
01:18:04,100 --> 01:18:06,700
Everything else is apparent, 
motion becomes completely 

1384
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:08,700
understandable. 
Once you comprehend your own 

1385
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:12,400
motion Copernicus, however was 
reluctant published this Theory,

1386
01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:15,300
he realized that implying that 
the Earth moves was a 

1387
01:18:15,308 --> 01:18:18,100
fundamental challenge to how 
people perceive their place in 

1388
01:18:18,108 --> 01:18:20,300
the universe. 
Not just a technical 

1389
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:23,100
astronomical adjustment. 
According to the medieval 

1390
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:26,400
perspective Humanities unique 
place in God's creation, was 

1391
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:29,200
symbolized by the Earth's 
location at the center of the 

1392
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:32,000
universe. 
Humanity appeared to be devalued

1393
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:34,500
from the center of divine 
attention to just another 

1394
01:18:34,500 --> 01:18:37,300
wandering Planet. 
When the Earth was moved out to 

1395
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,500
orbit the sun Copernicus spent 
decades refining, his 

1396
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:43,500
mathematical models and 
Gathering evidence, but he was 

1397
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:45,900
reluctant to expose his ideas to
public criticism. 

1398
01:18:45,900 --> 01:18:49,900
Finally, in 1543, he published 
on the revolution's of the 

1399
01:18:49,900 --> 01:18:53,800
celestial spheres presenting. 
His heliocentric model as a 

1400
01:18:53,808 --> 01:18:56,700
mathematical convenience that 
happened to provide more elegant

1401
01:18:56,700 --> 01:18:58,900
explanations for astronomical 
observations. 

1402
01:18:58,900 --> 01:19:02,000
The book was dedicated to the 
pope and carefully framed to 

1403
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:03,700
minimize theological 
controversy. 

1404
01:19:04,400 --> 01:19:07,400
The immediate reaction was 
remarkably muted, most 

1405
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:09,700
astronomers treated the 
copernican system as an 

1406
01:19:09,700 --> 01:19:12,800
interesting mathematical tool 
rather than literal description 

1407
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:15,400
of reality. 
It was useful for calculations 

1408
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,500
but didn't necessarily mean the 
Earth, actually moved this 

1409
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:21,700
response, allowed the healing 
Centric idea to circulate and 

1410
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:24,800
gain supporters without 
immediately triggering the 

1411
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:28,500
religious backlash that 
Copernicus had feared But some 

1412
01:19:28,500 --> 01:19:31,400
people understood the broader 
implications immediately if the 

1413
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:33,500
Earth was just another planet 
orbiting the Sun. 

1414
01:19:33,500 --> 01:19:36,200
What did that say about 
Humanity's special status? 

1415
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:40,100
If the universe was much larger 
than previously thought and Had 

1416
01:19:40,100 --> 01:19:43,000
to be to explain why we don't 
observe stellar parallax as 

1417
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:44,000
Earth. 
Orbits the Sun. 

1418
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:47,300
What did that suggest about our 
Cosmic significance? 

1419
01:19:47,300 --> 01:19:50,800
These questions would trouble, 
theologians and philosophers for

1420
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:53,800
Generations. 
The copernican revolution also 

1421
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:56,800
demonstrated something important
about how scientific ideas 

1422
01:19:56,800 --> 01:20:00,100
develop and spread revolutionary
Concepts often begin as 

1423
01:20:00,100 --> 01:20:02,900
Technical Solutions to narrow 
problems within specialized 

1424
01:20:02,900 --> 01:20:05,800
fields. 
Copernicus was trying to improve

1425
01:20:05,800 --> 01:20:09,300
astronomical calculations, not 
overthrow, medieval cosmology, 

1426
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:13,100
but ideas have consequences that
extend far beyond their original

1427
01:20:13,100 --> 01:20:16,600
contexts and those consequences 
can transform entire world 

1428
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:19,400
views. 
Moreover, the acceptance of new 

1429
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:21,100
ideas. 
Often depends as much on their 

1430
01:20:21,100 --> 01:20:24,200
practical utility as on their 
theoretical Elegance. 

1431
01:20:24,200 --> 01:20:27,300
The copernican system gains 
supporters partly because it 

1432
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:30,600
provided better predictions of 
planetary positions, which was 

1433
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:33,600
important for navigation, 
calendar reform, and 

1434
01:20:33,600 --> 01:20:37,700
astrological calculations people
adopted heliocentric astronomy. 

1435
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:39,900
Not necessarily because they 
were convinced the Earth 

1436
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:42,800
actually moved, but because it 
worked better for practical 

1437
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:46,300
purposes, this pattern. 
Technical improvements leading 

1438
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:49,600
to conceptual revolution's would
repeat throughout the history of

1439
01:20:49,600 --> 01:20:52,400
physics, improvements in 
mathematical techniques, 

1440
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:56,200
observational, instruments, or 
experimental methods, often 

1441
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:59,300
reveal new phenomena that 
require fundamental changes in 

1442
01:20:59,300 --> 01:21:02,000
theoretical understanding the 
copernican Revolution. 

1443
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:04,600
Was one of the first clear 
examples of the Process. 

1444
01:21:04,600 --> 01:21:08,300
But it certainly wouldn't be the
last as you drift off to night. 

1445
01:21:08,300 --> 01:21:10,700
Consider how comfortable 
assumptions about the nature of 

1446
01:21:10,700 --> 01:21:13,600
reality can be quietly. 
Undermined by patient technical 

1447
01:21:13,600 --> 01:21:17,200
work, Copernicus, didn't set out
to revolutionize human thought, 

1448
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,200
he just wanted to make 
astronomical calculations more 

1449
01:21:20,200 --> 01:21:23,300
elegant, but sometimes, the 
pursuit of mathematical Beauty 

1450
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:26,200
leads to profound insights about
the structure of the universe. 

1451
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:29,800
Insights that Force us to 
reconsider our most basic 

1452
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:32,000
assumptions about our place in 
the cosmic order. 

1453
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:36,000
Picture yourself in 1609 living 
in a world where the most 

1454
01:21:36,008 --> 01:21:38,500
distant things you can see 
clearly are perhaps a few miles 

1455
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:41,700
away on a clear day. 
Suddenly someone hands, you a 

1456
01:21:41,700 --> 01:21:44,300
device that lets you see the 
craters on the moon, the moons 

1457
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:47,500
of Jupiter and thousands of 
previously invisible Stars. 

1458
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,400
This is what happened. 
When Galileo Galilee turned, his

1459
01:21:50,400 --> 01:21:53,800
newly, improved telescope toward
the sky, and the universe has 

1460
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,600
never looked the same since 
Galileo, didn't invent the 

1461
01:21:56,608 --> 01:21:58,900
telescope. 
That honor belongs to Dutch 

1462
01:21:58,900 --> 01:22:01,700
spectacle makers, who discovered
that certain combinations of 

1463
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:03,800
lenses could magnify distant 
objects. 

1464
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:07,600
But Galileo heard about these 
devices, immediately grasped 

1465
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:10,500
their potential and set about 
improving their design with the 

1466
01:22:10,508 --> 01:22:13,000
enthusiasm of someone who had 
found the perfect tool. 

1467
01:22:13,000 --> 01:22:16,800
The satisfying, his curiosity 
about the natural world within 

1468
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:19,900
months, Galileo had built 
telescopes, that magnified 

1469
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:23,700
objects 20 times, or more far 
better than anything previously 

1470
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,700
available, then he did something
that seems obvious in. 

1471
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:28,900
Retrospect but was actually 
quite revolutionary. 

1472
01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:33,000
He pointed his telescope at the 
night sky and systematically 

1473
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:34,300
observed. 
What he saw their. 

1474
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:37,400
Most people had been using 
telescopes to observe distant 

1475
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,900
ships or enemy fortifications. 
Practical applications that 

1476
01:22:40,900 --> 01:22:44,800
everyone could understand. 
Galileo was using them to 

1477
01:22:44,800 --> 01:22:47,800
explore the cosmos. 
What he discovered changed, 

1478
01:22:47,800 --> 01:22:51,200
everything the moon, which had 
appeared to be a perfect smooth 

1479
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:54,400
sphere In classical astronomy. 
Turned out to have mountains. 

1480
01:22:54,400 --> 01:22:57,500
Valleys and what appeared to be 
ancient impact craters. 

1481
01:22:57,500 --> 01:23:01,000
The Milky Way, which looked like
a faint Cloud, to the naked eye 

1482
01:23:01,000 --> 01:23:03,800
resolved into thousands of 
individual Stars. 

1483
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:06,400
Venus showed phases, like the 
moon. 

1484
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:09,300
Cycling from Full to Crescent as
it orbited. 

1485
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:12,800
The sun most dramatically 
Galileo, discovered four, moons 

1486
01:23:12,800 --> 01:23:16,500
orbiting Jupiter These were just
distant stars that moved 

1487
01:23:16,500 --> 01:23:19,600
slightly from night to night. 
These were clearly satellites 

1488
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:21,000
revolving around the giant 
planet. 

1489
01:23:21,000 --> 01:23:24,500
In regular predictable patterns 
for the first time in human 

1490
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:27,600
history, someone had Direct 
observational evidence that not 

1491
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:29,700
everything in the universe 
revolved around Earth. 

1492
01:23:29,700 --> 01:23:33,200
The discovery of Jupiter's moons
was particularly significant 

1493
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:35,900
because it demolished one of the
main objections to the 

1494
01:23:35,900 --> 01:23:38,300
copernican system critics had 
argued. 

1495
01:23:38,300 --> 01:23:40,500
That if the Earth moved through 
space it would leave the moon 

1496
01:23:40,500 --> 01:23:42,600
behind like a horse out. 
Running its Rider. 

1497
01:23:43,600 --> 01:23:46,800
But here was Jupiter clearly 
moving through the heavens while

1498
01:23:46,800 --> 01:23:49,700
keeping four moons in toe. 
If Jupiter could maintain 

1499
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:52,100
satellites while moving, why 
couldn't Earth do the same? 

1500
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:55,500
Galileo, published his 
telescopic observations in a 

1501
01:23:55,500 --> 01:23:58,700
book called siderius, nuncius 
The Starry Messenger and it 

1502
01:23:58,708 --> 01:24:02,000
became an immediate sensation 
educated people across Europe. 

1503
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:04,400
Were fascinated by these 
Revelations about the true 

1504
01:24:04,400 --> 01:24:08,600
nature of the celestial realm. 
Some were skeptical, How could a

1505
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:11,200
mere Optical instrument reveal 
truths that had been hidden from

1506
01:24:11,200 --> 01:24:14,600
human eyes for all of recorded 
history, others worried about 

1507
01:24:14,600 --> 01:24:17,300
the theological implications of 
discovering that the heavens 

1508
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:19,700
were far more complex and 
diverse than anyone had 

1509
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:22,500
imagined. 
But Galileo's telescopic 

1510
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,100
observations were just the 
beginning of his contributions 

1511
01:24:25,100 --> 01:24:27,400
to physics. 
He was equally fascinated by 

1512
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:30,200
motion here on Earth, and he 
approached the study of moving 

1513
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:33,800
objects with the same systematic
methodology that he applied to 

1514
01:24:33,808 --> 01:24:36,000
astronomy. 
This terrestrial work, would 

1515
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:38,700
prove even more revolutionary 
than his Celestial discoverers 

1516
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:41,000
Galileo. 
Realized that Aristotelian 

1517
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:43,100
physics. 
Which are dominated European 

1518
01:24:43,100 --> 01:24:46,200
thought for over a millennium, 
was simply wrong about some 

1519
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,400
fundamental aspects of motion 
Aristotle had taught that heavy 

1520
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,400
objects fall, faster than light 
ones. 

1521
01:24:51,400 --> 01:24:54,000
That objects in motion naturally
come to rest. 

1522
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:57,100
And that the motion of 
projectiles required, continuous

1523
01:24:57,100 --> 01:25:00,600
pushing by the surrounding air 
Galileo's, careful, experiments 

1524
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:02,900
and mathematical analysis 
revealed that none of these 

1525
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:06,500
ideas accurately described how 
things actually moved through 

1526
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:09,600
ingenious experiments with 
inclined planes pendulums and 

1527
01:25:09,600 --> 01:25:13,100
projectiles Galileo, discovered 
that all objects fall at the 

1528
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:16,100
same rate in the absence of air 
resistance that objects in 

1529
01:25:16,100 --> 01:25:19,300
motion, tend to stay in motion, 
unless something stops them and 

1530
01:25:19,300 --> 01:25:22,400
their projectile motion can be 
Understood as a combination of 

1531
01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:26,000
horizontal motion at constant 
velocity and vertical motion 

1532
01:25:26,000 --> 01:25:29,100
under constant acceleration, 
these insights laid, the 

1533
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:31,800
groundwork for a completely new 
understanding of mechanic's. 

1534
01:25:32,500 --> 01:25:35,700
Perhaps more importantly, 
Galileo, pioneered the use of 

1535
01:25:35,708 --> 01:25:39,100
mathematics to describe physical
phenomena, quantitatively 

1536
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:42,600
instead of just saying that 
objects fall quickly or slowly. 

1537
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:46,200
He measured exactly how their 
velocities change with time 

1538
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:49,300
instead of Simply observing that
pendulum swing back and forth. 

1539
01:25:49,300 --> 01:25:52,600
He discovered the mathematical 
relationship between a 

1540
01:25:52,600 --> 01:25:55,100
pendulum's length and its period
of oscillation. 

1541
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:57,800
This mathematical approach to 
physics was revolutionary 

1542
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:00,400
because it allowed theories to 
make precise testable 

1543
01:26:00,400 --> 01:26:02,800
predictions. 
If you knew the mathematical 

1544
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:06,100
laws governing motion, you could
predict exactly where a 

1545
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:08,800
projectile would land, how long 
a pendulum would take to 

1546
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:12,200
complete its swing, or how fast 
and object would be moving after

1547
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:15,000
falling, a given distance. 
Physics was becoming a 

1548
01:26:15,000 --> 01:26:18,300
quantitative science capable of 
making precise predictions about

1549
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,100
natural phenomena. 
Galileo's combination of 

1550
01:26:21,100 --> 01:26:25,500
systematic observation, careful 
experimentation and mathematical

1551
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:28,500
analysis established, the 
methodology that would guide 

1552
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:31,700
physics for centuries to come. 
He showed that human beings 

1553
01:26:31,700 --> 01:26:34,700
could discover The mathematical 
laws governing natural phenomena

1554
01:26:34,700 --> 01:26:36,600
through patience. 
Systematic investigation. 

1555
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,300
This was profoundly optimistic 
vision. 

1556
01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:42,900
The universe might be vast and 
complex, but it was also 

1557
01:26:42,900 --> 01:26:45,700
comprehensible to human 
intelligence equipped with the 

1558
01:26:45,708 --> 01:26:48,400
right tools and methods. 
There's something deeply 

1559
01:26:48,400 --> 01:26:51,700
satisfying about the story of 
Newton's Apple even though it 

1560
01:26:51,700 --> 01:26:54,100
probably never happened. 
Quite the way popular Legend, 

1561
01:26:54,100 --> 01:26:57,300
tells it the image of a young 
man sitting under a tree struck 

1562
01:26:57,300 --> 01:26:59,300
by inspiration. 
When a piece of fruit falls on 

1563
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:02,300
his head captures something 
essential about the nature of 

1564
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:05,700
scientific discovery. 
Sometimes the most profound 

1565
01:27:05,700 --> 01:27:08,700
insights come from paying 
attention to the most ordinary 

1566
01:27:08,700 --> 01:27:11,000
phenomena. 
The real Newton was far more 

1567
01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:12,600
complex than the legend 
suggests. 

1568
01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:15,700
He was a mathematician of 
extraordinary talent and 

1569
01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:18,400
Alchemists, who spent years 
trying to transmute base Metals 

1570
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:21,400
into gold, a theologian, who 
wrote more about biblical 

1571
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:24,600
prophecy than about physics and 
a natural philosopher, who 

1572
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:27,900
somehow managed to create a 
unified mathematical description

1573
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:29,700
of motion. 
That worked equally well for 

1574
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:32,800
falling apples and orbiting 
planets when Newton began his 

1575
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:34,900
serious work on mechanics and 
gravitational. 

1576
01:27:34,900 --> 01:27:38,900
In the 1660s, he inherited a 
collection of important but 

1577
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:41,100
disconnected in Sights from his 
predecessors. 

1578
01:27:41,100 --> 01:27:44,500
Galileo had discovered the 
mathematical laws governing 

1579
01:27:44,500 --> 01:27:47,700
motion on Earth Kepler 
discovered that planets move in 

1580
01:27:47,700 --> 01:27:50,800
elliptical orbits according to 
precise mathematical 

1581
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:54,400
relationships, The cart had 
suggested that all natural 

1582
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:57,100
phenomena could be understood 
through mechanical principles, 

1583
01:27:57,100 --> 01:27:59,800
but no one had figured out how 
to tie these discoveries 

1584
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,200
together into a coherent 
theoretical framework. 

1585
01:28:03,200 --> 01:28:05,900
Newton's genius, lay in 
recognizing, that terrestrial 

1586
01:28:05,900 --> 01:28:08,300
and Celestial mechanics were 
really the same thing. 

1587
01:28:08,300 --> 01:28:11,100
The force that makes an apple 
fall from a tree as the same 

1588
01:28:11,100 --> 01:28:13,800
force that keeps the moon in 
orbit around Earth and the 

1589
01:28:13,800 --> 01:28:17,400
planets in orbit around the sun.
This Insight, the universality 

1590
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:20,400
of gravitation was one of the 
most profound unifying 

1591
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:23,700
principles in the history of 
science, but Newton didn't just 

1592
01:28:23,700 --> 01:28:25,500
propose that gravity was 
Universal. 

1593
01:28:25,500 --> 01:28:28,900
He worked out the mathematical 
details with extraordinary 

1594
01:28:28,900 --> 01:28:30,900
Precision. 
He showed that gravitational 

1595
01:28:30,900 --> 01:28:33,700
force decreases with the square 
of the distance between objects 

1596
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:36,600
and that this inverse Square law
could account. 

1597
01:28:36,600 --> 01:28:38,800
For all of Kepler's 
observational, discoveries about

1598
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:41,600
planetary motion. 
He demonstrated that the same 

1599
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:44,600
mathematical principles could 
explain the tides, the 

1600
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:47,600
precession of Earth's rotation 
and the complex motions of 

1601
01:28:47,600 --> 01:28:51,600
comets, Mathematical 
sophistication of Newton's work 

1602
01:28:51,600 --> 01:28:53,900
was unprecedented to solve the 
problems. 

1603
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:57,000
He was tackling Newton had to 
invent entirely new mathematical

1604
01:28:57,000 --> 01:29:00,000
techniques. 
What we now call calculus, he 

1605
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:03,300
developed methods for analyzing 
continuously changing quantities

1606
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:05,400
for understanding the 
relationship between 

1607
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:08,900
instantaneous, velocity and 
position and for calculating the

1608
01:29:08,900 --> 01:29:11,400
forces required to produce 
complex motions. 

1609
01:29:11,400 --> 01:29:16,000
Newton's principia Mathematica 
published in 1687 was unlike 

1610
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:17,500
anything that had ever been 
written. 

1611
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:20,500
It presented a complete 
mathematical system for 

1612
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:24,100
understanding motion and force 
derive from just a few basic 

1613
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:27,400
principles and applicable to 
everything from projectiles to 

1614
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:30,300
planets the book was so 
mathematically sophisticated 

1615
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:33,400
that only a handful of people in
Europe could fully understand it

1616
01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:37,000
when it was first published But 
the implications of Newton's 

1617
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:39,800
work extended far beyond 
technical mathematics. 

1618
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:43,100
He had shown that the Universe 
operated according to precise, 

1619
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:46,000
mathematical laws that human 
beings could discover, and 

1620
01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:48,400
understand the same principles 
that govern. 

1621
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:51,200
The laboratory bench also 
governed the motion of stars and

1622
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:53,600
galaxies. 
This was a breathtakingly 

1623
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:57,000
unified vision of Nature, and it
suggested that everything in the

1624
01:29:57,000 --> 01:29:59,900
universe, from the smallest 
particle to the largest 

1625
01:29:59,900 --> 01:30:03,000
Celestial body. 
As part of a single coherent, 

1626
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:07,200
mathematically describable 
system, Newton's mechanics also 

1627
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:10,000
established a new standard for 
what scientific theories should 

1628
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:12,400
accomplish. 
The good theory didn't just 

1629
01:30:12,400 --> 01:30:16,000
explain known phenomena, it made
precise predictions that could 

1630
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:18,900
be tested against future 
observations Newton's 

1631
01:30:18,900 --> 01:30:21,000
gravitational Theory. 
Predicted the existence of 

1632
01:30:21,000 --> 01:30:24,600
previously unknown celestial 
objects explained, puzzling 

1633
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:27,900
features of commentary, orbits 
and even allowed astronomers to 

1634
01:30:27,900 --> 01:30:31,200
discover new planets by 
analyzing tiny, irregularities 

1635
01:30:31,200 --> 01:30:35,200
in the Motions of known planets.
The success of Newtonian 

1636
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,600
mechanics, had profound cultural
implications. 

1637
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:40,900
If the universe operated like a 
vast, precise Clockwork 

1638
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:43,300
mechanism. 
What did that suggest about the 

1639
01:30:43,300 --> 01:30:45,700
role of divine intervention in 
natural Affairs? 

1640
01:30:45,700 --> 01:30:49,000
If human reason could discover 
the mathematical laws governing 

1641
01:30:49,000 --> 01:30:52,400
all natural phenomena, what were
the limits of human knowledge? 

1642
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:56,000
These questions would occupy 
philosophers and theologians for

1643
01:30:56,000 --> 01:31:00,000
Generations Newton himself was 
deeply religious and saw his 

1644
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:01,900
scientific work. 
As revealing the mathematical 

1645
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:05,400
Harmony of God's creation. 
He believed that the elegant 

1646
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:08,200
mathematical structure of 
natural laws provided evidence 

1647
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:10,100
for divine intelligence and 
designed. 

1648
01:31:10,100 --> 01:31:12,400
But later, thinkers would 
sometimes use Newtonian 

1649
01:31:12,400 --> 01:31:15,300
mechanics to support more 
materialistic or deterministic 

1650
01:31:15,300 --> 01:31:18,100
World Views. 
The practical application of 

1651
01:31:18,108 --> 01:31:20,200
Newtonian mechanics were equally
revolutionary. 

1652
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:23,800
Engineers could now calculate 
the precise forces and motion 

1653
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:27,800
and mechanical systems, leading 
to dramatic, improvements in 

1654
01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:30,600
everything from Mill machine, or
to Naval architecture, 

1655
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:33,800
Navigators could predict the 
positions of celestial bodies 

1656
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:37,600
with unprecedented accuracy. 
The Industrial Revolution was 

1657
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:40,000
built in part on the 
mathematical understanding of 

1658
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:43,000
mechanics that Newton had 
provided as you settle into 

1659
01:31:43,000 --> 01:31:45,900
sleep tonight. 
Consider the extraordinary 

1660
01:31:45,900 --> 01:31:48,300
intellectual achievement that 
Newton represented. 

1661
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:51,600
He took the scattered insights 
of his predecessors and wove 

1662
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,000
them into a mathematical 
tapestry that revealed the 

1663
01:31:54,000 --> 01:31:57,100
fundamental architecture of the 
physical Universe for the first 

1664
01:31:57,100 --> 01:31:59,400
time in human history. 
People could understand the 

1665
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:02,800
cosmos not as a collection of 
mysterious phenomena, but as a 

1666
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:06,200
single integrated system 
operating according to 

1667
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:09,400
comprehensible, mathematical 
principles, while Newton was 

1668
01:32:09,400 --> 01:32:11,800
revealing, the mathematical 
architecture of motion and 

1669
01:32:11,800 --> 01:32:14,900
gravitation other natural. 
Philosophers were grappling with

1670
01:32:14,900 --> 01:32:18,800
phenomena, that seemed more 
subtle and mysterious heat light

1671
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:22,600
electricity. 
And magnetism these forces could

1672
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:25,600
be felt and observed, but they 
didn't fit neatly into the 

1673
01:32:25,600 --> 01:32:27,700
mechanical framework. 
That worked so well for 

1674
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:30,900
understanding the motion of 
solid objects, consider heat 

1675
01:32:30,900 --> 01:32:33,100
something. 
So fundamental to Human 

1676
01:32:33,100 --> 01:32:35,700
Experience that we rarely think 
about what it actually is. 

1677
01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:38,700
For centuries, most people 
assumed that heat was a kind of 

1678
01:32:38,708 --> 01:32:42,600
invisible fluid called caloric 
that flowed from hot objects to 

1679
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:44,600
cold ones, like water flowing 
downhill. 

1680
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:47,500
But Dalton's atoms were still 
hypothetical. 

1681
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:49,900
Entities inferred from indirect 
evidence. 

1682
01:32:49,900 --> 01:32:53,300
Nobody had actually seen an atom
or measured its properties 

1683
01:32:53,300 --> 01:32:56,000
directly. 
The atoms remained invisible and

1684
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:59,700
for all practical purposes, 
undetectable by any direct means

1685
01:32:59,700 --> 01:33:01,600
available to 19th century 
science. 

1686
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:04,900
The first hints, that atoms 
might have internal structure 

1687
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:06,400
came from studies of 
electricity. 

1688
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:10,300
Michael Faraday's experiments 
with electrolysis, passing 

1689
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:12,600
electric current through 
Solutions of various compounds 

1690
01:33:12,600 --> 01:33:16,600
showed that electric charge, and
matter were related in precise 

1691
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:19,500
quantitative ways. 
It took a definite amount of 

1692
01:33:19,500 --> 01:33:22,700
electric charge to deposit, a 
definite amount of Any Given 

1693
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:25,500
element from solution. 
Suggesting that atoms themselves

1694
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:28,100
might carry discrete amounts of 
electric charge. 

1695
01:33:28,100 --> 01:33:30,700
These studies led to the 
discovery of what we now. 

1696
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:34,600
Call the electron JJ Thomson 
working at Cambridge University,

1697
01:33:34,600 --> 01:33:38,200
in the 1890s was studying the 
behavior of electric currents in

1698
01:33:38,200 --> 01:33:41,200
evacuated glass tubes. 
He found that these currents 

1699
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:45,200
consisted of streams of tiny 
negatively, charged particles 

1700
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:46,800
that. 
Were much lighter than any known

1701
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:50,000
atom these corpuscles as 
Thompson initially called them 

1702
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:52,800
seemed to be fundamental 
constituents of matter. 

1703
01:33:53,500 --> 01:33:55,900
Pieces of atoms rather than 
complete atoms. 

1704
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:59,500
Thompson's Discovery was 
revolutionary because it showed 

1705
01:33:59,500 --> 01:34:02,500
that atoms were not indivisible.
After all, they had internal 

1706
01:34:02,500 --> 01:34:04,500
structure and could be broken 
apart under the right 

1707
01:34:04,500 --> 01:34:07,600
conditions, this raised 
fascinating questions. 

1708
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:10,900
If atoms contain negatively 
charged electrons, they must 

1709
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:14,800
also contain positively charged 
material to balance the negative

1710
01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:16,900
charge. 
However, these positive and 

1711
01:34:16,900 --> 01:34:20,000
negative components arranged 
within atoms, Thompson proposed.

1712
01:34:20,000 --> 01:34:22,700
What became known as The Plum 
Pudding model of atomic 

1713
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:25,600
structure. 
Atoms, consisted of a diffuse, 

1714
01:34:25,600 --> 01:34:28,500
fear of positive charge with 
negatively, charged, electrons 

1715
01:34:28,500 --> 01:34:31,400
embedded within it, like raisins
in a pudding. 

1716
01:34:31,400 --> 01:34:34,800
This model explained the overall
electrical neutrality of atoms 

1717
01:34:34,800 --> 01:34:36,900
while accounting for the 
emission of electrons under 

1718
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:39,600
certain conditions. 
But the plum pudding model 

1719
01:34:39,600 --> 01:34:42,800
wouldn't survive for long 
Earnest Rutherford working with 

1720
01:34:42,800 --> 01:34:46,100
his students hands Geiger and 
Ernest Marston conducted 

1721
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:48,700
experiments that revealed the 
true structure of atoms in 

1722
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,300
dramatic fashion. 
They fired alpha particles. 

1723
01:34:51,300 --> 01:34:54,100
Energetic, positively, charged, 
particles, emitted by 

1724
01:34:54,100 --> 01:34:57,600
radioactive elements, a thin 
gold foils and observed how 

1725
01:34:57,600 --> 01:35:00,500
these particles were deflected. 
According to the plum pudding 

1726
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,200
model alpha particles, should 
pass through the diffuse, 

1727
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:06,200
positive charge of gold atoms 
with only slight to flexions. 

1728
01:35:06,200 --> 01:35:10,100
Like, bullets passing through 
soft targets instead, rather 

1729
01:35:10,100 --> 01:35:12,900
Foods team found that while most
alpha particles did pass through

1730
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:16,200
with little deflection, a small 
percentage, bounce back almost 

1731
01:35:16,200 --> 01:35:19,400
directly towards their saws. 
This was completely unexpected. 

1732
01:35:19,400 --> 01:35:23,100
As rather for later said it was 
like firing artillery shells at 

1733
01:35:23,100 --> 01:35:25,400
tissue paper. 
And having some of them bounce 

1734
01:35:25,400 --> 01:35:27,400
back. 
The only way to explain these 

1735
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:30,200
results was to assume that atoms
had a very different structure 

1736
01:35:30,200 --> 01:35:32,700
than Thompson had proposed in 
stead of diffuse. 

1737
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:36,900
Fears of positive charged atoms 
must contain tiny dense, nuclei 

1738
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,000
carrying all the positive charge
and most of the mass with 

1739
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:43,200
electrons orbiting, these nuclei
like planets around the Sun, 

1740
01:35:43,200 --> 01:35:46,400
most alpha particles passed 
through the mostly empty space 

1741
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:50,100
between nuclei But the few that 
happened to approach nuclei 

1742
01:35:50,100 --> 01:35:53,300
closely were deflected or 
reflected by the intense 

1743
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:56,800
electrical forces near these 
dense concentrations of positive

1744
01:35:56,800 --> 01:36:00,300
charge Rutherford's nuclear 
model of the atom was a Triumph 

1745
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:03,400
of experimental physics. 
It showed that atoms were mostly

1746
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,300
empty space. 
If an atom were expanded to the 

1747
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:09,500
size of a football stadium, the 
nucleus would be about the size 

1748
01:36:09,500 --> 01:36:12,100
of a marble at the center, with 
electron somewhere in the 

1749
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:14,600
stands. 
This was a startling picture of 

1750
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:17,900
the structure of matter. 
Solid objects of everyday 

1751
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:21,400
experience were revealed to be 
mostly emptiness held together 

1752
01:36:21,408 --> 01:36:25,700
by electromagnetic forces 
between tiny widely separated 

1753
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:28,200
particles. 
But the nuclear model also 

1754
01:36:28,200 --> 01:36:31,200
created new puzzles. 
According to classical 

1755
01:36:31,200 --> 01:36:34,800
electromagnetic Theory, orbiting
electrons should continuously 

1756
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:39,200
emit, electromagnetic radiation 
lose energy and spiral into the 

1757
01:36:39,200 --> 01:36:41,900
nucleus. 
In a fraction of a second atom 

1758
01:36:41,900 --> 01:36:43,800
should be completely unstable 
yet. 

1759
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:46,400
They were obviously stable 
enough to constitute the entire 

1760
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:49,400
material Universe. 
Something was seriously wrong 

1761
01:36:49,400 --> 01:36:52,100
with the classical understanding
of electromagnetic radiation 

1762
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:55,700
Atomic scales. 
Meanwhile, other investigators 

1763
01:36:55,700 --> 01:36:58,400
were discovering even more 
puzzling, aspects of atomic 

1764
01:36:58,400 --> 01:37:01,900
Behavior, studies of atomic 
Spectra, the light emitted, or 

1765
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,300
absorbed by atoms showed that 
atoms. 

1766
01:37:04,300 --> 01:37:07,300
Could only emit or absorb 
radiation at very specific, 

1767
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:10,400
frequencies producing 
characteristic patterns of 

1768
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:13,700
bright or dark lines. 
The spectral lines will like 

1769
01:37:13,700 --> 01:37:16,400
fingerprints, that could be used
to identify different elements, 

1770
01:37:16,400 --> 01:37:19,100
but classical physics provided, 
no explanation. 

1771
01:37:19,100 --> 01:37:23,300
For why only certain frequencies
were allowed Max planks work on 

1772
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:26,300
black body radiation had already
suggested that energy might come

1773
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:30,200
in discrete packets rather than 
continuous amounts Ein. 

1774
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:32,300
Explanation of the photoelectric
effect. 

1775
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,500
Had proposed that light itself 
consisted of discrete particles 

1776
01:37:35,500 --> 01:37:37,200
carrying quantized amounts of 
energy. 

1777
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,700
Now Atomic spectroscopy was 
suggesting that atoms themselves

1778
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:43,000
could only exist in discrete 
energy states. 

1779
01:37:43,000 --> 01:37:45,700
All of these discoveries were 
pointing toward a radical 

1780
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:48,200
conclusion. 
Classical physics. 

1781
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:50,600
That worked so well. 
For describing the behavior of 

1782
01:37:50,600 --> 01:37:54,600
large objects might not apply to
the microscopic world of atoms 

1783
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:57,300
and electrons, the atomic realm 
seemed to operate. 

1784
01:37:57,300 --> 01:38:00,800
According to different rules, 
rules that allowed only certain 

1785
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:04,500
energies certain orbital paths 
in certain frequencies of 

1786
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:06,600
radiation as you settle in for 
the night. 

1787
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:09,600
Consider, how these earlier 
Atomic investigators were 

1788
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:12,500
discovering that the familiar 
solid world of everyday 

1789
01:38:12,500 --> 01:38:15,500
experience was built from 
components that behaved in 

1790
01:38:15,500 --> 01:38:18,500
utterly unfamiliar ways. 
The atoms that make up your 

1791
01:38:18,500 --> 01:38:22,300
pillow, your blanket, and even 
your own body are mostly empty 

1792
01:38:22,300 --> 01:38:24,900
space populated by particles 
obeying rules. 

1793
01:38:24,900 --> 01:38:27,800
That would have seemed like 
magic to earlier generations of 

1794
01:38:27,800 --> 01:38:30,100
scientists. 
The universe was revealing 

1795
01:38:30,100 --> 01:38:33,800
itself to be far stranger and 
more wonderful than anyone had 

1796
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:37,100
imagined. 
As the 19th century Drew to a 

1797
01:38:37,108 --> 01:38:39,800
close physics. 
Found itself in a curious 

1798
01:38:39,800 --> 01:38:42,700
position on one hand, the 
achievements were breathtaking 

1799
01:38:42,700 --> 01:38:46,200
Newton's mechanics explained the
motion of everything from 

1800
01:38:46,200 --> 01:38:48,900
billiard balls to planets. 
Maxwell's electro-magnetism 

1801
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:53,500
unified light with electricity 
and magnetism and thermodynamics

1802
01:38:53,500 --> 01:38:55,700
had revealed the fundamental 
principles. 

1803
01:38:55,700 --> 01:38:58,800
Governing heat and energy. 
The universe appeared to be a 

1804
01:38:58,800 --> 01:39:01,800
vast comprehensible mechanism. 
Operating according to 

1805
01:39:01,800 --> 01:39:04,700
mathematical laws, that human 
intelligence had successfully 

1806
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:07,600
decoded. 
Yet careful observers were 

1807
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:10,400
noticing cracks in This 
Magnificent edifice small 

1808
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:13,300
experimental results, that 
didn't quite fit the theoretical

1809
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:16,300
predictions puzzling phenomena 
that seemed to violate 

1810
01:39:16,300 --> 01:39:19,100
established principles. 
Strange Behaviors that 

1811
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:21,800
suggested, The Familiar laws of 
physics, might not apply 

1812
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:23,300
everywhere and under all 
conditions. 

1813
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:26,900
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

1814
01:39:26,900 --> 01:39:30,400
attention, but subtle anomalies 
that hinted at deeper Mysteries,

1815
01:39:30,400 --> 01:39:33,500
the behavior of light presented,
some of the most perplexing 

1816
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:35,500
puzzles. 
Maxwell's electromagnetic 

1817
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:38,500
Theory, had triumphantly 
explained light as waves in the 

1818
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:41,700
electromagnetic field and this 
wave pictures successfully, 

1819
01:39:41,700 --> 01:39:44,900
accounted for interference 
diffraction, and most other 

1820
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:47,900
Optical phenomena, but certain 
experiments seem to require 

1821
01:39:47,900 --> 01:39:50,200
treating light as discrete 
particles, rather than 

1822
01:39:50,200 --> 01:39:53,600
continuous waves. 
The photoelectric effect was 

1823
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:56,200
particularly troubling. 
When light shines on certain 

1824
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,800
Metals, electrons are emitted 
from the surface, a phenomenon 

1825
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:03,100
that should be easily explained 
by electromagnetic Theory, the 

1826
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:05,700
energy of the light wave should 
be transferred to electrons 

1827
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:08,700
heating them up and some have 
enough energy to escape the 

1828
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:11,000
metal. 
This suggested that brighter 

1829
01:40:11,000 --> 01:40:13,800
light should produce more 
energetic electrons, just as 

1830
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:17,500
brighter, sunlight produces, 
more Heating, But experiments 

1831
01:40:17,500 --> 01:40:18,800
showed something completely 
different. 

1832
01:40:18,800 --> 01:40:22,200
The energy of emitted, electrons
depended only on the frequency 

1833
01:40:22,200 --> 01:40:25,400
color of the light. 
Not on its brightness. 

1834
01:40:26,200 --> 01:40:29,200
Dim blue, light produced, more 
energetic electrons than bright 

1835
01:40:29,200 --> 01:40:32,100
red light, even stranger below 
certain frequencies. 

1836
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:33,600
No electrons were emitted at 
all. 

1837
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:35,700
No matter how bright the light 
became. 

1838
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:38,500
This was like, finding that 
whispered words could break 

1839
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:42,100
glass while shouted, words could
not depending only on the pitch 

1840
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:43,700
of the voice rather than its 
volume. 

1841
01:40:43,700 --> 01:40:46,900
Meanwhile, studies of atomic 
Spectra were revealing that 

1842
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:49,800
atoms could only emit or absorb 
light at very specific, 

1843
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:52,900
frequencies producing 
characteristic patterns of 

1844
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:55,900
bright or dark lines that were 
as distinctive as fingerprints 

1845
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:58,600
classical physics. 
Suggested that atom should be 

1846
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:01,400
able to emit or absorb 
electromagnetic radiation at any

1847
01:41:01,408 --> 01:41:04,400
frequency. 
Yet experiments showed that only

1848
01:41:04,400 --> 01:41:07,400
certain discrete frequencies 
were allowed, it was as if 

1849
01:41:07,408 --> 01:41:11,300
Atomic violins could only place 
certain specific notes never the

1850
01:41:11,300 --> 01:41:14,900
notes in between The structure 
of atoms themselves presented 

1851
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:17,600
equally puzzling, 
contradictions, Rutherford's 

1852
01:41:17,600 --> 01:41:20,800
experiments had revealed that 
atoms consisted of tiny dense 

1853
01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:23,500
nuclei surrounded by orbiting 
electrons. 

1854
01:41:23,500 --> 01:41:27,300
A classical electromagnetic 
Theory predicted that such a 

1855
01:41:27,300 --> 01:41:30,500
system should be completely. 
Unstable orbiting electron 

1856
01:41:30,500 --> 01:41:33,900
should continuously emit. 
Electromagnetic radiation lose 

1857
01:41:33,900 --> 01:41:37,600
energy and spiral into the 
nucleus in a tiny fraction of a 

1858
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:40,300
second. 
Atoms were stable enough to 

1859
01:41:40,300 --> 01:41:42,400
constitute the entire material 
Universe. 

1860
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:45,600
Perhaps most mysteriously 
careful, measurements of the 

1861
01:41:45,600 --> 01:41:47,300
speed of light were producing 
results. 

1862
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:49,000
That seem to violate Common 
Sense. 

1863
01:41:49,000 --> 01:41:52,200
Maxwell's equations, implied 
that light should travel at a 

1864
01:41:52,200 --> 01:41:54,700
constant speed relative to the 
electromagnetic field that 

1865
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:58,000
supported it just a sound 
travels at a constant speed 

1866
01:41:58,000 --> 01:41:59,600
relative to the air that carries
it. 

1867
01:41:59,600 --> 01:42:02,600
This suggested that there should
be a preferred reference frame. 

1868
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:05,900
In which the electromagnetic 
field was at rest. 

1869
01:42:05,900 --> 01:42:08,800
And that measurements of light 
speed should depend on the 

1870
01:42:08,808 --> 01:42:11,900
observer's motion relative to 
this Frame but the famous 

1871
01:42:11,900 --> 01:42:14,700
Mickelson Morley experiment 
found no evidence for such a 

1872
01:42:14,700 --> 01:42:17,200
preferred frame. 
The speed of light appeared to 

1873
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:20,100
be the same for all observers 
regardless of their motion. 

1874
01:42:20,100 --> 01:42:23,300
This was like finding that the 
sound of a train whistle had the

1875
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:25,600
same pitch, whether you were 
running toward or away from the 

1876
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:29,100
train, a result that seemed to 
contradict everything physics 

1877
01:42:29,100 --> 01:42:31,000
had learned about waves and 
relative motion. 

1878
01:42:31,000 --> 01:42:34,000
These experimental puzzles were 
accumulating throughout the 

1879
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:38,600
1890s and early 1900s creating a
sense that classical physics. 

1880
01:42:38,600 --> 01:42:42,900
Despite its remarkable successes
was approaching the boundaries 

1881
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:45,800
of its applicability. 
The Clockwork Universe was still

1882
01:42:45,800 --> 01:42:49,300
running remarkably well for most
purposes but careful examination

1883
01:42:49,300 --> 01:42:51,900
was revealing phenomena. 
That didn't quite fit the 

1884
01:42:51,900 --> 01:42:55,100
classical mechanical framework. 
Most physicists initially 

1885
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:57,800
assumed that these puzzles would
eventually be resolved through 

1886
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,700
minor modifications to existing 
theories, perhaps by discovering

1887
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:05,200
new effects, or making more. 
Size calculations the basic 

1888
01:43:05,200 --> 01:43:08,400
principles of classical physics.
Newton's Laws of Motion, 

1889
01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:12,000
Maxwell's, electromagnetic 
Theory, and the kinetic theory 

1890
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:15,300
of heat seemed so well 
established and so successful. 

1891
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:19,300
That fundamental revision seemed
almost Unthinkable, but a few 

1892
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:21,600
pressured investigators were 
beginning to suspect that 

1893
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:23,500
something more radical might be 
required. 

1894
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:27,000
Lord kelvin's, famous comment 
about two small clouds on the 

1895
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:28,600
otherwise, clear Horizon of 
physics. 

1896
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,200
Reflected the general optimism. 
That these minor puzzles would 

1897
01:43:32,200 --> 01:43:35,000
soon be resolved. 
Instead, these small clouds 

1898
01:43:35,000 --> 01:43:36,700
would grow into the conceptual 
storms. 

1899
01:43:36,700 --> 01:43:40,200
That would transform our 
understanding of space, time, 

1900
01:43:40,200 --> 01:43:44,500
matter, and energy. 
The stage was set for the most 

1901
01:43:44,500 --> 01:43:46,600
profound revolution, in the 
history of physics. 

1902
01:43:46,600 --> 01:43:50,100
The classical worldview had 
reached its limits and nature 

1903
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,700
was ready to reveal principles, 
fast, stranger and more 

1904
01:43:52,700 --> 01:43:55,500
wonderful than anyone had. 
Imagined the comfortable 

1905
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,400
Mechanical Universe of the 19th 
century was about to give away 

1906
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:03,400
to a cosmos governed by Quantum.
On certainly in the space-time A

1907
01:44:03,400 --> 01:44:05,800
universe in which the familiar 
rules of everyday experience 

1908
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:08,500
would proved to be 
approximations valid only under 

1909
01:44:08,500 --> 01:44:11,800
limited conditions, but that's a
story for another bedtime tale 

1910
01:44:11,800 --> 01:44:14,700
for now, it's enough to 
appreciate how the patient 

1911
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:18,500
systemic work of 19th century. 
Physicists had pushed human 

1912
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:21,300
understanding to the very edges 
of the classical world view. 

1913
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,500
They had explored the mechanical
universe as thoroughly as it 

1914
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:27,700
could be explored discovered its
fundamental principles and 

1915
01:44:27,700 --> 01:44:28,900
maped. 
Its boundaries. 

1916
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:32,500
From doing so they had 
unknowingly prepared the ground 

1917
01:44:32,500 --> 01:44:35,600
for the Revolutionary insights 
that would follow as we near the

1918
01:44:35,608 --> 01:44:38,700
end of our journey, through pre 
Einstein physics, it's worth 

1919
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:42,000
pausing to appreciate the 
extraordinary pattern that had 

1920
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:44,300
emerged from centuries of 
patient investigation. 

1921
01:44:44,300 --> 01:44:46,900
What had begun with ancient 
philosophers wondering? 

1922
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:49,900
Why things fell down instead of 
up had evolved into a 

1923
01:44:49,900 --> 01:44:52,300
magnificent intellectual edifice
that revealed deep. 

1924
01:44:52,300 --> 01:44:55,600
Mathematical harmonies 
underlying the apparent chaos of

1925
01:44:55,600 --> 01:44:58,200
natural phenomena. 
The story of physics before 

1926
01:44:58,200 --> 01:45:01,100
Einstein is really a story about
the gradual discovery that the 

1927
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:04,800
Universe speaks mathematics not 
the dry abstract mathematics of 

1928
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:07,100
homework assignments. 
But a living breathing, 

1929
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:09,800
mathematical language that 
describes everything from the 

1930
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:13,000
flutter of falling leaves to the
dance of distant galaxies. 

1931
01:45:13,000 --> 01:45:15,800
Each generation of 
investigators, had decoded a 

1932
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:17,200
little more of this Cosmic 
language. 

1933
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:20,700
Gradually revealing the elegant 
Simplicity that underlies 

1934
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:24,200
Nature's complexity Newton's. 
Great Insight was recognizing 

1935
01:45:24,200 --> 01:45:26,600
that the same mathematical 
principles governed motion 

1936
01:45:26,600 --> 01:45:29,300
everywhere in the universe, the 
parabolic. 

1937
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:32,300
Off of a throne and the 
elliptical orbit of Mars were 

1938
01:45:32,300 --> 01:45:34,600
both consequences of the same 
underlying laws. 

1939
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,900
This mathematical Unity 
suggested that the Universe was 

1940
01:45:37,908 --> 01:45:41,300
not a collection of separate 
unrelated phenomena, but a 

1941
01:45:41,300 --> 01:45:44,100
single integrated system 
operating according to 

1942
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:47,100
comprehensible principles, 
Maxwell's electromagnetic 

1943
01:45:47,100 --> 01:45:49,000
Theory, extended this 
unification. 

1944
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:53,300
Even further showing that light 
electricity and magnetism were 

1945
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:56,200
all manifestations of a single 
electromagnetic field, 

1946
01:45:56,200 --> 01:45:59,300
oscillating through space. 
The rainbow of colors in the 

1947
01:45:59,308 --> 01:46:02,500
sunset, the spark from a door 
knob on a dry day. 

1948
01:46:02,500 --> 01:46:05,900
And the invisible forces that 
aligned Compass needles were all

1949
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:08,500
different notes in an 
electromagnetic Symphony, that 

1950
01:46:08,500 --> 01:46:11,900
filled the universe, the kinetic
theory of heat revealed that 

1951
01:46:11,900 --> 01:46:14,100
thermal phenomena the warmth of 
sunlight. 

1952
01:46:14,100 --> 01:46:18,100
The expansion of heated Metals, 
the pressure of steam engines 

1953
01:46:18,100 --> 01:46:21,600
were really consequences of the 
random motion of countless tiny 

1954
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:25,400
particles temperature was 
molecular motion, heat transfer 

1955
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:28,700
was the sharing of kinetic 
energy between particles, the 

1956
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:30,800
gas laws. 
Statistical descriptions of 

1957
01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:33,600
particle Behavior. 
Once again, apparently, 

1958
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:35,700
different phenomena were 
revealed to be different 

1959
01:46:35,700 --> 01:46:38,200
manifestations of the same 
underlying reality. 

1960
01:46:39,000 --> 01:46:41,900
This Progressive unification was
more than just intellectual 

1961
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:45,700
satisfaction for physicists, it?
Demonstrated that human reason 

1962
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:48,300
equipped with careful 
observation and mathematical 

1963
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,400
analysis could penetrate the 
deepest mysteries of nature. 

1964
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:55,000
The universe might be vast and 
complex but it was also 

1965
01:46:55,000 --> 01:46:58,300
comprehensive natural phenomena 
might appear chaotic and 

1966
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:00,800
unpredictable. 
But they followed mathematical 

1967
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:02,700
laws, that could be discovered 
and understood. 

1968
01:47:03,500 --> 01:47:05,600
This was an extraordinarily 
optimistic worldview. 

1969
01:47:05,600 --> 01:47:09,800
It suggested that every mystery 
could eventually be sold every 

1970
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:13,000
phenomenon, eventually 
understood and every natural law

1971
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:16,400
eventually, decoded. 
The universe was like an 

1972
01:47:16,400 --> 01:47:19,900
enormous but finite book written
in the language of mathematics 

1973
01:47:19,900 --> 01:47:21,800
human beings. 
Had learned to read this 

1974
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,400
language and given enough time 
and effort, they could 

1975
01:47:24,400 --> 01:47:28,300
eventually read the entire book.
The Practical consequences of 

1976
01:47:28,300 --> 01:47:30,800
this, mathematical understanding
were transforming human 

1977
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:33,500
civilization. 
Steam engines designed using 

1978
01:47:33,500 --> 01:47:36,200
thermodynamic principles were 
powering, the Industrial 

1979
01:47:36,200 --> 01:47:38,500
Revolution. 
Telegraph systems. 

1980
01:47:38,500 --> 01:47:41,200
Based on electromagnetic theory 
was shrinking. 

1981
01:47:41,200 --> 01:47:44,000
The World by enabling near 
instantaneous communication 

1982
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:47,900
across vast distances, Precision
navigation using gravitational. 

1983
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:50,900
Astronomy was making Global 
Commerce safer and more 

1984
01:47:50,900 --> 01:47:53,700
reliable. 
But perhaps most remarkably, the

1985
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:56,400
mathematical laws discovered by 
physicists were revealing 

1986
01:47:56,400 --> 01:47:59,700
unexpected connections between, 
apparently, unrelated phenomena 

1987
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,100
the same equation that described
the vibration of violin. 

1988
01:48:03,100 --> 01:48:05,800
Strings also described the 
oscillation of electromagnetic 

1989
01:48:05,800 --> 01:48:09,000
fields The same principles that 
govern the flight of 

1990
01:48:09,000 --> 01:48:11,000
projectiles. 
Also govern the orbits of 

1991
01:48:11,008 --> 01:48:13,500
comets. 
The same statistical methods, 

1992
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:16,000
that explain the behavior of 
gases also, explain the 

1993
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:18,700
properties of heat and 
temperature these connections 

1994
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:20,800
suggested that the Universe 
possessed, a kind of 

1995
01:48:20,808 --> 01:48:24,200
mathematical coherence, that 
went far deeper than anyone had 

1996
01:48:24,200 --> 01:48:26,200
suspected. 
It wasn't just that natural 

1997
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:28,200
phenomena obeyed, mathematical 
laws. 

1998
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:31,200
It was that these laws were 
interconnected in ways that 

1999
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:33,500
revealed a profound underlying 
Unity. 

2000
01:48:33,500 --> 01:48:36,100
The universe appeared to be 
constructed according to 

2001
01:48:36,100 --> 01:48:38,300
mathematical principles that 
human Minds. 

2002
01:48:38,300 --> 01:48:42,200
Could discover an appreciate 
This mathematical Harmony had an

2003
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:45,500
almost musical quality, just as 
a symphony weaves together, 

2004
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:48,200
different instruments, and 
Melodies to creating unified 

2005
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:51,300
artistic experience. 
The universe seemed to weave 

2006
01:48:51,300 --> 01:48:53,200
together. 
Different physical, phenomena to

2007
01:48:53,200 --> 01:48:56,700
create a unified natural order. 
The Ancients had spoken of The 

2008
01:48:56,700 --> 01:49:00,000
Music of the Spheres. 
The idea that Celestial motions 

2009
01:49:00,000 --> 01:49:03,100
produced harmonious sounds that 
reflected the mathematical order

2010
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:05,000
of creation. 
While this literal 

2011
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:08,100
interpretation had been 
abandoned 19th century physics, 

2012
01:49:08,100 --> 01:49:11,400
had revealed a deeper sense in 
which the universe really did 

2013
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:14,400
possess mathematical Harmony 
yet, even as physicists 

2014
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:16,400
celebrated. 
These Chiefs, they were 

2015
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:18,700
beginning to encounter phenomena
that didn't quite fit. 

2016
01:49:18,700 --> 01:49:22,000
The established patterns the 
small experimental anomalies we 

2017
01:49:22,000 --> 01:49:24,800
discussed earlier were like 
discordant notes in an otherwise

2018
01:49:24,800 --> 01:49:27,800
harmonious Symphony. 
They suggested that the 

2019
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:30,000
classical mathematical 
description of nature. 

2020
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:32,800
However, successful might be in 
complete. 

2021
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:35,308
These puzzles weren't 
necessarily failures of the 

2022
01:49:35,316 --> 01:49:38,000
classical approach. 
They might simply indicate that 

2023
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:41,700
Nature's mathematical language 
was richer and more subtle than 

2024
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:45,200
anyone had realized just as a 
simple Melody can be developed 

2025
01:49:45,200 --> 01:49:47,800
into complex variations that 
reveal hidden possibilities 

2026
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:51,200
within the original theme. 
The mathematical laws of 

2027
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:53,800
classical physics. 
Might be special cases of more 

2028
01:49:53,800 --> 01:49:57,100
general principles that would 
prove even more beautiful and 

2029
01:49:57,100 --> 01:50:00,400
unified this possibility, was 
both exciting and unsettling 

2030
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,800
exciting because it suggested 
that the greatest discoveries 

2031
01:50:03,800 --> 01:50:06,700
might still lie ahead that the 
Universe might possess 

2032
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:09,500
mathematical depth that would 
dwarf even the remarkable 

2033
01:50:09,500 --> 01:50:13,200
achievements of new Maxwell 
unsettling because it implied 

2034
01:50:13,200 --> 01:50:15,900
that the comfortable mechanical,
worldview of classical physics, 

2035
01:50:15,900 --> 01:50:19,000
like need to be abandoned in 
favor of principles that would 

2036
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:22,600
challenge basic assumptions 
about the nature of space time, 

2037
01:50:22,600 --> 01:50:26,500
matter and causality as you 
drift off to sleep tonight. 

2038
01:50:26,800 --> 01:50:29,800
Listen for the mathematical 
music that classical physicists 

2039
01:50:29,800 --> 01:50:31,500
had learned to hear in the 
natural world. 

2040
01:50:32,300 --> 01:50:34,900
The steady tick of a clock 
measures, the flow of time. 

2041
01:50:34,900 --> 01:50:38,300
According to principles Newton 
would recognize the Warm Glow of

2042
01:50:38,300 --> 01:50:40,500
a lamp represents 
electromagnetic radiation 

2043
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:44,800
behaving exactly as Maxwell's 
equations predict, The gentle 

2044
01:50:44,800 --> 01:50:47,700
settling of your house, reflects
thermal expansion and 

2045
01:50:47,700 --> 01:50:50,600
contraction governed by the 
kinetic theory of heat. 

2046
01:50:50,600 --> 01:50:53,700
But also consider that this 
familiar music might be just the

2047
01:50:53,700 --> 01:50:55,500
beginning of a much grander 
composition. 

2048
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:58,800
One that would require new 
mathematical languages to 

2049
01:50:58,800 --> 01:51:02,000
appreciate fully a new 
conceptual Frameworks to 

2050
01:51:02,000 --> 01:51:05,100
understand, completely the 
classical Symphony of physics, 

2051
01:51:05,100 --> 01:51:08,400
had reached a magnificent 
conclusion, but the universe Was

2052
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:11,700
preparing to reveal entirely new
movements that were transformed.

2053
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:14,600
Our understanding of reality 
itself, as our journey. 

2054
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:17,900
Through pre Einstein, physics 
draws to a close, take a moment 

2055
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:20,700
to appreciate the extraordinary 
intellectual Adventure. 

2056
01:51:20,700 --> 01:51:23,800
We've shared, we've traveled 
from ancient Greek philosophers,

2057
01:51:23,800 --> 01:51:26,500
throwing, rocks and wandering 
about the nature of motion. 

2058
01:51:26,500 --> 01:51:29,700
Through medieval Scholars, 
rediscovering Aristotle and 

2059
01:51:29,700 --> 01:51:31,600
inventing. 
New ways to think about natural 

2060
01:51:31,600 --> 01:51:35,400
phenomena to 19th century. 
Investigators revealing the 

2061
01:51:35,400 --> 01:51:38,200
mathematical harmonies that 
govern everything from heat and 

2062
01:51:38,200 --> 01:51:41,400
light to electricity and 
magnetism what emerges from this

2063
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:43,700
long story is a picture of human
curiosity. 

2064
01:51:44,100 --> 01:51:46,500
Gradually unveiling the Deep 
structure of reality through 

2065
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:50,500
patient, observation, careful, 
experimentation and creative 

2066
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:53,400
mathematical thinking each 
generation built upon the 

2067
01:51:53,408 --> 01:51:57,000
insights of their predecessors. 
Slowly constructing an edifice 

2068
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,600
of understanding that revealed 
the universe to be far more 

2069
01:51:59,600 --> 01:52:03,200
elegant unified and 
comprehensible than anyone had. 

2070
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:06,500
Originally dared to hope the 
physicists whose work we've 

2071
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:08,600
explored weren't trying to 
revolutionize, human thought. 

2072
01:52:09,300 --> 01:52:11,800
They were simply trying to 
understand how things worked. 

2073
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,700
Galileo wanted to know why 
pendulum swung with regular 

2074
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:19,800
periods Newton was curious about
why planets moved in elliptical 

2075
01:52:19,800 --> 01:52:22,400
orbits. 
Maxwell was trying to make sense

2076
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,600
of the relationship between 
electricity and magnetism yet 

2077
01:52:25,600 --> 01:52:27,700
their modest investigations into
specific. 

2078
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:30,500
Phenomena gradually revealed 
Universal principles that 

2079
01:52:30,500 --> 01:52:32,500
transformed. 
Our understanding of the cosmos,

2080
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:35,100
this is one of the most 
remarkable features of 

2081
01:52:35,100 --> 01:52:38,900
scientific progress, local 
investigations, often reveal 

2082
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:41,600
Global truths. 
When you study falling objects, 

2083
01:52:41,600 --> 01:52:45,800
carefully enough you discover 
universal laws of motion when 

2084
01:52:45,800 --> 01:52:49,000
you investigate heat, transfer 
systematically, you uncover 

2085
01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:52,000
fundamental principles about 
energy and molecular Behavior. 

2086
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:55,900
When you explore electromagnetic
phenomena thoroughly, you 

2087
01:52:55,900 --> 01:52:58,800
realize that light itself is an 
electromagnetic wave. 

2088
01:52:58,800 --> 01:53:01,900
The universe seems to be 
constructed in such a way that 

2089
01:53:01,900 --> 01:53:03,600
deep truths are accessible 
through. 

2090
01:53:03,600 --> 01:53:06,900
Careful study of commonplace 
phenomena the classical physics 

2091
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:08,800
that emerge from the centuries 
of Investigation. 

2092
01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:11,100
Provided a worldview. 
That was both scientifically 

2093
01:53:11,100 --> 01:53:12,900
powerful and psychologically 
comfortable. 

2094
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:16,000
It suggested that the Universe 
operated like a vast. 

2095
01:53:16,000 --> 01:53:19,400
But comprehensible machine 
governed by mathematical laws 

2096
01:53:19,400 --> 01:53:22,900
that human reason could discover
and understand every phenomenon 

2097
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:26,000
had a cause every effect 
followed necessarily from its 

2098
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:29,000
antecedents and give them 
sufficient information about the

2099
01:53:29,000 --> 01:53:32,100
present state of any system. 
Its future Behavior could be 

2100
01:53:32,100 --> 01:53:36,000
predicted with perfect accuracy.
This deterministic mechanical 

2101
01:53:36,000 --> 01:53:38,800
picture of nature had profound 
cultural implications. 

2102
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:42,600
It suggested that human beings 
through scientific investigation

2103
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:45,700
could eventually understand 
everything about the natural 

2104
01:53:45,700 --> 01:53:48,300
world mystery. 
Wasn't a fundamental feature of 

2105
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:50,300
reality. 
It was simply a temporary 

2106
01:53:50,300 --> 01:53:52,500
condition that would be 
eliminated as scientific. 

2107
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:55,700
Knowledge advanced. 
The universe might be complex 

2108
01:53:55,700 --> 01:53:58,600
but it wasn't ultimately 
mysterious yet. 

2109
01:53:58,600 --> 01:54:00,200
Even at the height of classical 
physics. 

2110
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:02,900
Success, careful. 
Observers were noticing small 

2111
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,600
anomalies that didn't quite fit 
the established framework. 

2112
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:08,700
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

2113
01:54:08,700 --> 01:54:12,000
attention, but subtle puzzles 
that suggested the classical 

2114
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:15,000
picture. 
However, successful might not be

2115
01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:18,000
complete. 
The photoelectric effect, Atomic

2116
01:54:18,000 --> 01:54:21,500
Spectra, the stability of atoms,
and the constancy of light 

2117
01:54:21,500 --> 01:54:24,900
speed, These phenomena hinted 
that nature might operate. 

2118
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,700
According to principles Stranger
than anyone had imagined. 

2119
01:54:27,700 --> 01:54:30,800
These puzzles were like faint 
sounds from a distant country. 

2120
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:34,200
Barely audible, but suggesting 
the existence of territories 

2121
01:54:34,200 --> 01:54:37,500
that hadn't, yet been explored 
classical physics had met the 

2122
01:54:37,500 --> 01:54:40,700
familiar landscape of everyday 
experience with extraordinary 

2123
01:54:40,700 --> 01:54:43,200
precision. 
But they were regions Beyond 

2124
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:46,800
this familiar territory where 
different rules might apply when

2125
01:54:46,800 --> 01:54:50,700
new kinds of phenomena might 
exist and where reality itself 

2126
01:54:50,700 --> 01:54:53,400
might prove to be far stranger 
and more wonderful than the 

2127
01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:56,000
Clockwork Universe of 19th 
century physics. 

2128
01:54:56,000 --> 01:54:59,800
Standing on the threshold of the
20th century physics was in a 

2129
01:54:59,808 --> 01:55:02,100
position. 
Remarkably similar to geography 

2130
01:55:02,100 --> 01:55:05,100
in the 15th century, the known 
world had been mapped with 

2131
01:55:05,108 --> 01:55:08,600
increasing accuracy trade routes
had been established and 

2132
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:10,800
navigation, have become a 
reliable science. 

2133
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:13,600
But beyond the edges of the 
Known World, lay vast 

2134
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:16,500
territories, waiting to be 
discovered territories, that 

2135
01:55:16,500 --> 01:55:19,800
would prove to be far larger and
more diverse than the familiar 

2136
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:22,800
Landscapes of Europe and the 
Mediterranean Einstein. 

2137
01:55:22,800 --> 01:55:25,200
And his contemporaries would 
prove to be the explorers of 

2138
01:55:25,200 --> 01:55:28,700
these new physical territories 
discovering that space and time 

2139
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:32,200
were far more flexible than 
Newton had imagined. that matter

2140
01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:36,200
and energy were interchangeable,
that uncertainty was built into 

2141
01:55:36,200 --> 01:55:39,300
the fundamental structure of 
reality and that the Universe 

2142
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:43,000
was expanding evolving and fast 
range of an anyone who dreamed 

2143
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:45,700
that these revolutionary 
discoveries were only possible 

2144
01:55:45,700 --> 01:55:48,300
because of the solid foundation 
that classical physics had 

2145
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:51,900
provided You can't appreciate 
the strangeness of relativistic 

2146
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:54,900
space-time without first 
understanding Newtonian 

2147
01:55:54,900 --> 01:55:57,400
mechanics. 
You can't grasp the weirdness of

2148
01:55:57,400 --> 01:56:00,100
quantum uncertainity. 
Without first mastering 

2149
01:56:00,100 --> 01:56:03,800
classical electro, magnetic 
Theory The revolution that was 

2150
01:56:03,800 --> 01:56:06,900
about to unfold in physics. 
Wasn't a rejection of classical 

2151
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:09,300
insights. 
It was their fulfillment and 

2152
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:11,800
Transcendence as you settle into
sleep. 

2153
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:14,700
Consider that you've been 
privileged to witness one of the

2154
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:17,400
greatest intellectual adventures
in human history. 

2155
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:21,200
The gradual discovery that the 
universe is both more orderly 

2156
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:23,600
and more mysterious than Common 
Sense. 

2157
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:27,500
Suggests the work of Galileo 
Newton, Maxwell and their 

2158
01:56:27,500 --> 01:56:29,100
colleagues established that 
human reason. 

2159
01:56:29,100 --> 01:56:32,400
Carefully applied could 
penetrate the deepest secrets of

2160
01:56:32,408 --> 01:56:34,600
nature. 
Their successes would discover 

2161
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:37,200
that those secrets were far 
deeper and more wonderful than 

2162
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:40,000
anyone had. 
Imagined tomorrow's sunrise will

2163
01:56:40,000 --> 01:56:42,800
illuminate a world governed by 
the same physical laws that 

2164
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:44,700
fascinated. 
These early investigators, 

2165
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:47,800
gravity will still follow 
Newton's inverse Square, law for

2166
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:50,900
all practical purposes. 
Like will still behave as 

2167
01:56:50,900 --> 01:56:55,000
electromagnetic wave, as Maxwell
described heat will still flow. 

2168
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:58,100
According to the principles of 
thermodynamics, the classical 

2169
01:56:58,100 --> 01:56:59,500
physics. 
We've explored together, 

2170
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:02,000
continues to govern the world of
everyday experience, with 

2171
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:05,400
remarkable accuracy, but that 
same Sunrise will also 

2172
01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:08,300
illuminate a universe that 
extends far beyond every day 

2173
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:11,300
experience. 
The cosmos where space and time 

2174
01:57:11,300 --> 01:57:14,300
a woven together in a fabric 
that can be stretched and curved

2175
01:57:14,300 --> 01:57:18,200
where particles exist in Quantum
superpositions of multiple 

2176
01:57:18,200 --> 01:57:21,900
States simultaneously and where 
uncertainty is, not just a 

2177
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,900
limitation of our knowledge, but
a fundamental feature of reality

2178
01:57:24,900 --> 01:57:27,400
itself. 
The gentle story of physics 

2179
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:30,700
before Einstein is really the 
story of human beings learning 

2180
01:57:30,700 --> 01:57:34,400
to see the universe with new 
eyes discovering that reality is

2181
01:57:34,400 --> 01:57:37,200
both more comprehensible and 
more mysterious than we 

2182
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:39,900
originally supposed. 
It's a story that continues 

2183
01:57:39,900 --> 01:57:43,500
today as each generation of 
investigators pushes further 

2184
01:57:43,500 --> 01:57:45,900
into the unknown territories. 
That surround our island of 

2185
01:57:45,900 --> 01:57:49,500
understanding always finding 
that the universe is, stranger 

2186
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:53,200
more, beautiful, and more 
wonderful than we had dead to 

2187
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:55,800
imagine sleep. 
Well, knowing that you live in a

2188
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:58,400
cosmos who Secrets have been 
partially revealed through 

2189
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:01,600
centuries of patient human 
curiosity and whose deeper 

2190
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,300
Mysteries continue to Beckham 
from Beyond the Edge of our 

2191
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:07,200
current understanding, the 
university Delights in 

2192
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:09,800
surprising. 
Usually in ways that Reeve it to

2193
01:58:09,808 --> 01:58:12,300
be more elegant and unified than
we had previously thought 

2194
01:58:12,300 --> 01:58:15,400
possible, sweet dreams of 
mathematical harmonies, 

2195
01:58:15,400 --> 01:58:19,600
electromagnetic, Symphonies and 
the gentle dance of atoms, that 

2196
01:58:19,600 --> 01:58:21,500
creates the solid reality of 
your pillow. 

2197
01:58:21,500 --> 01:58:24,400
Your blanket and the beating of 
your own heart. 

2198
01:58:32,500 --> 01:58:35,600
Imagine being in a very old 
Japanese Forest the kind that 

2199
01:58:35,600 --> 01:58:38,200
used to cover these islands long
before anyone thought to build 

2200
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:40,400
anything. 
These trees are different from 

2201
01:58:40,400 --> 01:58:41,900
the ones. 
You might see in your area. 

2202
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:45,100
These trees are cryptomeria and 
hinoki Cypress. 

2203
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:47,800
They can live for a thousand 
years and grow straight and 

2204
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:49,700
tall. 
Their wood smells a little like 

2205
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,100
lemon and is resistant to rot 
like Nature's Own preservative. 

2206
01:58:53,100 --> 01:58:56,600
Japanese architecture doesn't 
start in quarries or brick 

2207
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,100
Kilns. 
It starts in these old forests 

2208
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:01,500
where there was a lot of wood 
that was easy to work with and 

2209
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:05,000
seemed to last forever. 
Building with stone makes things

2210
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:06,800
last, whether you want them to 
or not. 

2211
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:12,400
Stone says, I will be here long 
after your gone unchanged and 

2212
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:14,100
unmoved. 
Wood. 

2213
01:59:14,100 --> 01:59:18,200
On the other hand, says, 
something else would says, I 

2214
01:59:18,200 --> 01:59:21,100
used to be alive and in a way I 
still am. 

2215
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:24,800
The first people who lived in 
Japan, knew that the islands 

2216
01:59:24,800 --> 01:59:26,100
they lived on were always 
moving. 

2217
01:59:26,100 --> 01:59:29,000
And this would affect how they 
built things for thousands of 

2218
01:59:29,000 --> 01:59:31,600
years. 
Earthquake, struck the ground to

2219
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:35,100
often making buildings made of 
solid Stone into death traps. 

2220
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:38,800
It seemed like the Earth itself 
like movement over Stillness and

2221
01:59:38,800 --> 01:59:42,400
flexibility over rigidity. 
So the Japanese learned how to 

2222
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:44,800
build buildings that could Sway 
With the Earth instead of 

2223
01:59:44,808 --> 01:59:48,400
fighting it, these buildings 
danced with disaster instead of 

2224
01:59:48,400 --> 01:59:51,200
standing against it. 
But before we talk about real 

2225
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:53,200
buildings, we should talk about 
Shinto. 

2226
01:59:53,200 --> 01:59:56,200
The native religion of Japan 
that seized divine presence in 

2227
01:59:56,208 --> 01:59:59,000
nature. 
Shinto, says that commie or 

2228
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:02,800
Spirits or gods live in 
everything Huge mountains to 

2229
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:06,100
Tiny streams from old trees, to 
interesting rocks. 

2230
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:08,200
This wasn't just a religious 
belief. 

2231
02:00:08,200 --> 02:00:11,200
It was a basic way to think 
about how you fit into the 

2232
02:00:11,200 --> 02:00:13,600
landscape. 
Your approach to building 

2233
02:00:13,600 --> 02:00:15,900
changes completely. 
When you think that nature is 

2234
02:00:15,900 --> 02:00:19,400
sacred, you don't take over the 
land, you work with it. 

2235
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:21,800
You don't cut down all the trees
in a forest. 

2236
02:00:21,800 --> 02:00:25,400
Instead, you cut down certain 
trees with thanks and Sarah 

2237
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:27,800
money. 
The first Shinto shrines were 

2238
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:30,300
really building's. 
They were just areas that were 

2239
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:33,800
set aside as sacred maybe with a
special tree or rock in them. 

2240
02:00:33,800 --> 02:00:36,900
And simple fence is made of 
branches and rope around them. 

2241
02:00:37,700 --> 02:00:40,600
The grand shrine at ease is one 
of Japan's most sacred places, 

2242
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:43,800
it shows how people in Japan 
interact with nature in a way 

2243
02:00:43,808 --> 02:00:47,100
that might seem strange to 
people from the West every 20 

2244
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:49,100
years. 
The whole Shrine complex is 

2245
02:00:49,100 --> 02:00:51,900
rebuilt from the ground up with 
new Cypresswood and traditional 

2246
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:54,300
methods. 
The old buildings are carefully 

2247
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:57,000
taken apart and new ones that 
look just like the old ones. 

2248
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:00,000
Go up in their place. 
This has been going on for more 

2249
02:01:00,000 --> 02:01:03,700
than 1,000 years which makes 
East both old and always knew. 

2250
02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:09,000
Consider this for a second, a 
building that is both 1,300 

2251
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:12,800
years old and only 20 years old.
It's like the ship of Theseus 

2252
02:01:12,800 --> 02:01:16,600
Paradox in architecture. 
This is a philosophical question

2253
02:01:16,600 --> 02:01:18,200
about whether something stays 
the same. 

2254
02:01:18,200 --> 02:01:20,100
After all of its parts have been
replaced. 

2255
02:01:20,900 --> 02:01:23,700
The Japanese knew right away 
that the shrines Essence wasn't 

2256
02:01:23,700 --> 02:01:27,500
in the materials it was made of,
but in its shape, its traditions

2257
02:01:27,500 --> 02:01:31,100
and its spiritual continuity 
because of this tradition of 

2258
02:01:31,100 --> 02:01:34,500
rebuilding people, had to learn 
about architecture by teaching 

2259
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:37,500
each other instead of just 
looking at Old building's. 

2260
02:01:38,300 --> 02:01:41,700
For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

2261
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:44,500
they needed to know about how 
buildings, worked, how they 

2262
02:01:44,500 --> 02:01:47,400
breathed and how they stood up 
to win an earthquake's. 

2263
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:50,600
They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or choose would 

2264
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:53,600
Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

2265
02:01:53,600 --> 02:01:56,300
Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

2266
02:01:56,300 --> 02:01:59,100
Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know his 

2267
02:01:59,100 --> 02:02:00,900
personality strengths and 
Oddities. 

2268
02:02:00,900 --> 02:02:04,500
They would from the north side 
of a tree was thicker and should

2269
02:02:04,500 --> 02:02:06,700
be used in a different way than 
would from the South Side. 

2270
02:02:06,700 --> 02:02:10,400
They knew that the way a tree 
grew determined how to cut and 

2271
02:02:10,400 --> 02:02:13,400
put its wood in a building. 
People cared for the tools and 

2272
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:16,600
treated them with respect. 
It was important to take care of

2273
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:18,300
and eventually pass down a 
master. 

2274
02:02:18,300 --> 02:02:22,100
Carpenter's saw Japanese saws 
cut on the pull stroke instead 

2275
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:24,700
of the push stroke, which gives 
the carpenter more control and 

2276
02:02:24,700 --> 02:02:27,300
makes cleaner cuts. 
It's one of those little things 

2277
02:02:27,300 --> 02:02:30,300
that shows a whole new way of 
doing things working with the 

2278
02:02:30,308 --> 02:02:32,700
tools nature, instead of forcing
it to do what you want. 

2279
02:02:33,500 --> 02:02:36,100
The joinery techniques that 
developed in Japan are still 

2280
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:38,400
amazing and how clever they are 
Master. 

2281
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:41,100
Carpenters, made connections 
between wooden parts that were 

2282
02:02:41,100 --> 02:02:44,300
stronger than the wood itself. 
Like, interlocking joints that 

2283
02:02:44,300 --> 02:02:47,300
got tighter when they were 
loaded Corners, that could Bend 

2284
02:02:47,300 --> 02:02:50,600
without breaking and connections
that let buildings absorb 

2285
02:02:50,600 --> 02:02:53,300
seismic energy instead of 
breaking under it. 

2286
02:02:54,600 --> 02:02:56,800
Imagine a master Carpenter in 
ancient Japan. 

2287
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,300
Picking a tree to cut down as 
you drift off to sleep. 

2288
02:03:00,100 --> 02:03:02,900
He puts his hand on the bark and
maybe says a short prayer to the

2289
02:03:02,900 --> 02:03:05,600
calming of the forest thanking 
them for the life. 

2290
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:07,600
He's about to take and the 
purpose, it will serve. 

2291
02:03:07,600 --> 02:03:10,300
The tree will fall but it will 
also rise. 

2292
02:03:10,300 --> 02:03:13,600
Again it will become pillars and
beams and it will continue to 

2293
02:03:13,600 --> 02:03:16,900
exist in a new form protecting 
people as it once protected, 

2294
02:03:16,900 --> 02:03:21,000
birds and insects The basis of 
Japanese architecture as a deep 

2295
02:03:21,000 --> 02:03:23,800
respect for materials. 
The idea that buildings are not 

2296
02:03:23,800 --> 02:03:27,000
separate from nature, but part 
of its ongoing cycle and the 

2297
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:30,900
willingness to accept change in 
stead of fighting it, The 

2298
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:34,100
Palaces temples castles and 
teahouses that come after this 

2299
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:37,400
all come from these roots just 
like the Cyprus trees grow from 

2300
02:03:37,408 --> 02:03:40,200
the ground. 
Japanese architecture changed in

2301
02:03:40,200 --> 02:03:43,000
a big way around the sixth 
Century CE Buddhism came from 

2302
02:03:43,008 --> 02:03:46,800
China and Korea and it brought 
with it, not only new spiritual 

2303
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:49,000
ideas but also a whole new way 
of building. 

2304
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:52,100
It was like someone suddenly 
giving you a whole new way to 

2305
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:54,000
say things you only sort of 
understood before. 

2306
02:03:55,000 --> 02:03:57,500
In many ways, Chinese 
architecture was the opposite of

2307
02:03:57,508 --> 02:04:01,000
what Japan had made Japanese 
buildings were low to the ground

2308
02:04:01,000 --> 02:04:04,700
while Chinese buildings had many
stories and fancy roof lines 

2309
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:07,400
that went up. 
Japanese design used natural 

2310
02:04:07,400 --> 02:04:10,700
materials in their raw form. 
While Chinese architecture used 

2311
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:13,900
bright colors, intricate 
decorations, and complicated 

2312
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:16,700
symbols. 
Japanese architecture was about 

2313
02:04:16,700 --> 02:04:20,000
blending in with the landscape. 
While Chinese architecture was 

2314
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:22,500
about imposing geometric order 
and Cosmic meaning. 

2315
02:04:23,400 --> 02:04:26,300
The Japanese reaction to this 
cultural exchange show, 

2316
02:04:26,300 --> 02:04:27,800
something important about their 
character. 

2317
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:31,200
They didn't just copy Chinese 
models and they didn't 

2318
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:34,700
completely reject them either. 
Instead, they did what you could

2319
02:04:34,700 --> 02:04:38,700
call architectural translation 
which means taking Chinese ideas

2320
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:40,500
and slowly and carefully 
adapting them. 

2321
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:44,500
To Japanese tastes and needs. 
Japanese architecture, didn't 

2322
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:47,200
really need large interior 
spaces for congregational 

2323
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:49,600
worship before Buddhist temples 
did. 

2324
02:04:50,300 --> 02:04:53,500
Shinto ceremonies took place 
outside or in small private 

2325
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,700
places but Buddhism needed. 
Big rooms where monks could meet

2326
02:04:56,700 --> 02:04:59,200
chance sutras and do complicated
rituals. 

2327
02:04:59,900 --> 02:05:02,200
This meant learning how to build
on a scale that Japanese 

2328
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:05,500
architecture hadn't done before 
the Pagoda, which is unique 

2329
02:05:05,500 --> 02:05:08,300
multi-tiered Tower. 
Found in Buddhist temples is 

2330
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:11,200
actually a brilliant piece of 
earthquake engineering that the 

2331
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:14,000
Japanese perfected through trial
and error and careful 

2332
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,300
observation. 
Shin bashiri a huge Central 

2333
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:19,700
pillar runs through the middle 
of a traditional Japanese 

2334
02:05:19,700 --> 02:05:22,500
pagoda. 
It is held up from the top and 

2335
02:05:22,500 --> 02:05:25,600
barely touches the ground. 
The building shakes when an 

2336
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,500
earthquake hits but the central 
pillar keeps the whole thing 

2337
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:30,800
stable by acting as a 
counterweight and dampener. 

2338
02:05:31,400 --> 02:05:34,100
Modernized monologist who 
studied ancient pagodas found 

2339
02:05:34,100 --> 02:05:37,100
something amazing. 
This design, which was developed

2340
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,000
through years of observation, 
predicts principles that 

2341
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:42,800
Structural Engineers didn't 
understand mathematically until 

2342
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:46,300
the 20th century Some pagodas 
have been around for more than 

2343
02:05:46,300 --> 02:05:50,100
1,400 years and have withstood 
many earthquakes that have 

2344
02:05:50,100 --> 02:05:51,600
destroyed newer buildings 
nearby. 

2345
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:55,100
Old-time Carpenters didn't need 
computer models. 

2346
02:05:55,100 --> 02:05:58,400
They had patients careful 
observation and years of 

2347
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:01,800
experience the horrid Temple 
which was built in the early 7th

2348
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:04,700
Century has the oldest wooden 
buildings in the world that are 

2349
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:07,400
still standing It's like 
stepping into a time machine 

2350
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:09,900
when you walk around its grounds
but you're not really there. 

2351
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:14,200
You're in bed and what it would 
be like the wood is dark and 

2352
02:06:14,200 --> 02:06:16,800
over time to a deep Brown that 
looks like it. 

2353
02:06:16,800 --> 02:06:19,700
Absorbs light. 
The pillars have a slight curve 

2354
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:22,300
called emphasis that comes from 
Greek architecture through 

2355
02:06:22,300 --> 02:06:25,000
Chinese middlemen. 
This makes them look more like 

2356
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:28,600
living things than rigid shapes.
It's interesting how quickly 

2357
02:06:28,600 --> 02:06:31,300
these early Buddhist temples 
began to look more Japanese than

2358
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:34,100
Chinese. 
The roof lines, got less fancy 

2359
02:06:34,100 --> 02:06:36,700
but more elegant. 
The colors changed from the 

2360
02:06:36,700 --> 02:06:39,800
bright, Reds and greens of 
Chinese temples to softer more 

2361
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,100
natural tones. the connection 
with the garden around, it 

2362
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:46,300
became more integrated, less 
about symbols and more about 

2363
02:06:46,300 --> 02:06:49,700
real sensory, experience 
Buddhist architectural brought 

2364
02:06:49,700 --> 02:06:53,300
new, skilled workers to Japan 
tile makers, who could make the 

2365
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:57,700
unique curved roof tiles that 
directed Rainwater metal workers

2366
02:06:57,700 --> 02:07:00,700
who could make the beautiful 
bronze decorations, that went on

2367
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:04,900
doorways and roofs and Painters 
who made statues of Buddhas and 

2368
02:07:04,908 --> 02:07:08,400
bodhisattvas that filled temples
There were different traditions 

2369
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:11,300
and techniques for each craft, 
that had to be changed to work 

2370
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:14,600
with Japanese materials and 
whether the changes in Temple 

2371
02:07:14,600 --> 02:07:17,300
architecture, over the next few 
hundred years show, a slow 

2372
02:07:17,300 --> 02:07:21,000
process of creative digestion. 
Each generation of Builders 

2373
02:07:21,000 --> 02:07:23,900
learned from the ones before 
them, but they also tried new 

2374
02:07:23,900 --> 02:07:27,100
things changed things. 
And sometimes came up with new 

2375
02:07:27,100 --> 02:07:29,000
ideas that were less like 
Chinese models. 

2376
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:33,400
By the hand period which lasted 
from the 9th to the 12th 

2377
02:07:33,400 --> 02:07:36,000
centuries. 
Japanese Buddhist architecture 

2378
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:39,000
had developed its own unique 
style, it was clearly based on 

2379
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:42,000
Chinese models but it was 
clearly Japanese and how it was 

2380
02:07:42,008 --> 02:07:45,400
built. 
The covered Corridor or Roca is 

2381
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:49,300
one new idea that stands out. 
In Japan, where it rains a lot, 

2382
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:52,400
these wooden walkways connect to
different buildings in a temple 

2383
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:55,100
or Palace complex. 
They made sure that people could

2384
02:07:55,100 --> 02:07:58,400
move between buildings without 
getting wet, the corridors were 

2385
02:07:58,400 --> 02:08:01,000
not just useful, they made a 
rhythm of walking through 

2386
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:03,800
covered and Open Spaces, 
switching between light and 

2387
02:08:03,808 --> 02:08:06,000
shade. 
The sound of rain on wooden 

2388
02:08:06,000 --> 02:08:09,200
roofs and the sight of Garden's 
glistening with water. 

2389
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:13,100
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets, picture yourself,

2390
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:15,400
walking down, one of these 
hallways on a rainy day. 

2391
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:19,200
The wooden floor is smooth under
your feet because it has been 

2392
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:23,100
used for hundreds of years. 
Rain is falling in sheets, 

2393
02:08:23,100 --> 02:08:25,500
outside, making a curtain 
between you and the garden. 

2394
02:08:25,500 --> 02:08:30,300
The sound is everywhere. 
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 

2395
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:35,000
the stone paths and Rain filling
the stone baseman's, your dry 

2396
02:08:35,000 --> 02:08:36,900
and moving through this 
protected space. 

2397
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:38,800
That connects you to the life of
the building's. 

2398
02:08:38,800 --> 02:08:40,600
I'll keeping you safe from the 
weather. 

2399
02:08:41,400 --> 02:08:43,600
The hallway is not completely 
inside or outside. 

2400
02:08:43,600 --> 02:08:47,300
It's a space in between a 
threshold and Japanese 

2401
02:08:47,300 --> 02:08:50,100
architecture would come to love 
these unclear areas very much. 

2402
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:53,300
The aristocratic architecture of
the Hyun period. 

2403
02:08:53,300 --> 02:08:56,900
Japan from the 9th to the 12th. 
Centuries is one of the most 

2404
02:08:56,900 --> 02:08:59,500
refined domestic traditions in 
human history. 

2405
02:09:00,300 --> 02:09:02,400
This was the time of the tale of
Genji. 

2406
02:09:02,400 --> 02:09:05,400
A great work of the world 
literature, that shows us how 

2407
02:09:05,400 --> 02:09:08,100
the nobility lived loved. 
And thought about the place 

2408
02:09:08,100 --> 02:09:11,200
where they lived. 
The shinden security style that 

2409
02:09:11,200 --> 02:09:14,400
was popular in aristocratic 
Homes at the time, was based on 

2410
02:09:14,408 --> 02:09:18,000
a simple idea, build rectangular
buildings, around a central 

2411
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:21,800
Courtyard garden, connect them 
with hallways and let the spaces

2412
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:24,600
flow into each other with his 
few barriers as possible. 

2413
02:09:25,700 --> 02:09:27,700
Sounds simple. 
But when you compare it to 

2414
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:31,000
European or middle eastern 
palaces from the same time, you 

2415
02:09:31,000 --> 02:09:35,300
can see how radical this idea 
was Picture a mansion for a 

2416
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:39,100
nobleman from above the main 
hall or Chinden always faces 

2417
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:41,500
South because of Chinese 
geomantic ideas about good 

2418
02:09:41,500 --> 02:09:45,100
directions to the Eastern, West 
smaller building told family 

2419
02:09:45,100 --> 02:09:48,900
members and other household 
tasks, covered hallways, connect

2420
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:53,000
everything making a safe way for
people to get around and in the 

2421
02:09:53,000 --> 02:09:56,000
middle the courtyard Garden 
which is more than just a 

2422
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:57,800
decoration. 
It's the heart of the whole 

2423
02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:00,200
thing. 
There are almost no walls inside

2424
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:03,400
which is what makes this so 
different from say a medieval 

2425
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:07,800
European Manor. the buildings 
are roofed platforms with 

2426
02:10:07,800 --> 02:10:11,500
screens and curtains that can be
moved around, not solid walls 

2427
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:14,100
but how you arrange your 
furniture and fabric gives you 

2428
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:17,300
privacy You don't define space 
by closing it off. 

2429
02:10:17,300 --> 02:10:21,300
Instead you do it by carefully. 
Placing screens, blinds and 

2430
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:25,100
hanging textiles to suggest 
boundaries this meant that homes

2431
02:10:25,100 --> 02:10:28,400
of the rich were very adaptable.
During the day, the rooms could 

2432
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:31,900
be open and bright screens and 
curtains made private rooms at 

2433
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:35,000
night. 
When you had guests over rooms, 

2434
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:36,600
could easily become bigger 
spaces. 

2435
02:10:36,600 --> 02:10:40,100
The house could change 
completely with the seasons in 

2436
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:41,900
the summer. 
It was very open to letting 

2437
02:10:41,900 --> 02:10:45,800
breezes and in the winter it had
screens placed just right to 

2438
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:48,600
keep warmth from braziers. 
The floors of these buildings 

2439
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:52,200
were made of famous hinoki. 
Cypress Wood platforms that were

2440
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:55,400
about two feet off the ground, 
it wasn't just about height. 

2441
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,200
It was all about making a 
separate space from the ground 

2442
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:00,300
below. 
You took off your shoes before 

2443
02:11:00,300 --> 02:11:01,600
stepping up onto these 
platforms. 

2444
02:11:01,600 --> 02:11:05,300
This was a sign that you are 
moving from the outside world to

2445
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:06,800
the more refined space of the 
home. 

2446
02:11:07,700 --> 02:11:10,500
The space under the floor, also 
let air flow which is important 

2447
02:11:10,500 --> 02:11:13,900
in Japan's, humid, climate kept 
moisture from the ground from 

2448
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:17,200
rotting wooden buildings. 
During the hand period to Tommy 

2449
02:11:17,200 --> 02:11:19,900
mats, which are rectangular 
floor, mats covered, in rushes, 

2450
02:11:19,900 --> 02:11:22,900
were not yet common. 
They were expensive things that 

2451
02:11:22,900 --> 02:11:26,600
were only put where people sat, 
eventually they grew so big that

2452
02:11:26,600 --> 02:11:29,800
they covered whole floors and 
their standard size became a way

2453
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:33,200
to measure things rooms were 
described by how many tatami 

2454
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:36,100
they had. 
People still use the terms 6, 

2455
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:40,100
matte rooms and eight matte 
rooms to describe Japanese 

2456
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:42,500
Apartments today. 
This is a tradition that goes 

2457
02:11:42,500 --> 02:11:45,700
back, hundreds of years. 
If you're used to walls being 

2458
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:49,400
walls and doors staying closed. 
The way the inside and outside 

2459
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:52,600
of these palaces work together 
might make you feel uneasy. 

2460
02:11:53,300 --> 02:11:55,900
On nice days, the wooden 
shutters that surrounded. 

2461
02:11:55,900 --> 02:11:59,000
The building could be lifted and
stored, which meant that an 

2462
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:01,600
entire wall could be taken down,
and the rooms could be opened 

2463
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:05,000
directly to the garden. 
The aristocrats didn't just look

2464
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:07,700
at their Garden's, they were 
always able to see and hear 

2465
02:12:07,708 --> 02:12:09,500
them. 
You might not expect this 

2466
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:11,900
openness to mean, a different 
way of thinking about privacy, 

2467
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:15,700
because anyone could see into 
rooms privacy was kept by using 

2468
02:12:15,700 --> 02:12:17,700
layers of semi-transparent 
fabrics. 

2469
02:12:17,700 --> 02:12:21,300
Cultural rules about where you 
could look and the careful 

2470
02:12:21,300 --> 02:12:23,000
placement of screens and 
furniture. 

2471
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:27,300
The privacy of the architecture 
was not physical, but social and

2472
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:29,400
it was enforced by manners and 
of locks. 

2473
02:12:30,100 --> 02:12:31,700
You should meditate on the 
gardens. 

2474
02:12:31,700 --> 02:12:34,600
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

2475
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:36,300
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

2476
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:39,200
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

2477
02:12:39,200 --> 02:12:41,800
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

2478
02:12:41,800 --> 02:12:44,700
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

2479
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:48,800
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

2480
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:51,600
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

2481
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:53,800
the spring and Maples in the 
fall. 

2482
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:58,100
Island and fake ponds stood for 
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

2483
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:00,700
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

2484
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:03,600
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

2485
02:13:03,600 --> 02:13:05,800
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

2486
02:13:05,800 --> 02:13:09,300
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

2487
02:13:09,300 --> 02:13:11,200
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

2488
02:13:11,900 --> 02:13:14,000
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books that 

2489
02:13:14,000 --> 02:13:15,900
only educated people could fully
enjoy. 

2490
02:13:15,900 --> 02:13:20,100
You could enjoy them centrally, 
which you could do, but you are 

2491
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:22,200
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and philosophical

2492
02:13:22,200 --> 02:13:25,200
meanings. 
The idea of Marr which is often 

2493
02:13:25,200 --> 02:13:29,400
translated as negative space or 
interval was very important to 

2494
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:31,300
how these buildings and Gardens 
worked. 

2495
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:35,500
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

2496
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:38,500
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

2497
02:13:38,500 --> 02:13:41,400
buildings wasn't wasted space. 
There was the organizing 

2498
02:13:41,400 --> 02:13:43,300
principle that made the 
building's work together. 

2499
02:13:44,200 --> 02:13:46,500
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

2500
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:50,000
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

2501
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:52,000
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

2502
02:13:52,000 --> 02:13:55,100
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised, wooden floor of your

2503
02:13:55,108 --> 02:13:57,500
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone now

2504
02:13:57,500 --> 02:14:00,100
that it's spring and your room 
is completely open to the 

2505
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:02,600
garden. 
The cherry blossoms are falling 

2506
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:06,100
like snow in the light Breeze 
like high and Nobles did all the

2507
02:14:06,100 --> 02:14:08,300
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

2508
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:11,700
capture the Bittersweet beauty 
of these flowers that bloom and 

2509
02:14:11,700 --> 02:14:15,100
die in just a few days. 
The architecture around, you 

2510
02:14:15,100 --> 02:14:16,600
isn't separate from the natural 
world. 

2511
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:20,000
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

2512
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:23,000
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

2513
02:14:23,000 --> 02:14:25,700
turn off after 100s of years of 
living in elegant palaces. 

2514
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:29,800
Feudal Lords fought all the time
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 

2515
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:31,600
architecture had to deal with a 
problem. 

2516
02:14:31,600 --> 02:14:35,100
It had never had to deal with 
before how to build beautiful 

2517
02:14:35,100 --> 02:14:36,800
buildings. 
That could also survive a 

2518
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:39,500
military attack. 
The Japanese Castle is an 

2519
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,000
interesting, mix of useful 
military, engineering and 

2520
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:44,600
artistic ambition. 
These work just rough. 

2521
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:47,900
Fortifications meant to keep 
people out there were so signs 

2522
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:51,500
of power displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

2523
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:53,200
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

2524
02:14:53,200 --> 02:14:57,500
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

2525
02:14:57,500 --> 02:15:00,400
castles made good, use of the 
land by building them on Hills 

2526
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:01,600
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

2527
02:15:02,700 --> 02:15:05,900
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

2528
02:15:05,900 --> 02:15:08,900
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

2529
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:10,600
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

2530
02:15:10,600 --> 02:15:14,400
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

2531
02:15:14,400 --> 02:15:16,900
in three dimensions. 
But the board is tilted, to The 

2532
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:20,200
Defenders Advantage. 
The stone base of these castles 

2533
02:15:20,200 --> 02:15:22,900
are examples of engineering that
still impress people today. 

2534
02:15:23,700 --> 02:15:28,300
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

2535
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:32,000
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

2536
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:34,200
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

2537
02:15:35,000 --> 02:15:37,000
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

2538
02:15:37,000 --> 02:15:39,300
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

2539
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,600
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns that changed 

2540
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:46,200
with the weather and Light. 
When using rough natural stones,

2541
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:49,500
the method for making these 
Stone bases, is called nasura 

2542
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:51,500
tzumi. 
When using more processed 

2543
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:54,000
Stones, it is called uchikomi 
Hardy. 

2544
02:15:54,700 --> 02:15:57,200
The best castles used a method 
in which each Stone was 

2545
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,300
carefully chose and shaped to 
fit perfectly with the ones next

2546
02:16:00,300 --> 02:16:02,700
to it. 
The walls were so well fitted 

2547
02:16:02,700 --> 02:16:04,800
that you couldn't slip a knife 
blade between the stones. 

2548
02:16:04,800 --> 02:16:07,900
It was like high level 
craftsmanship in architecture 

2549
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:11,100
where practical needs turned 
into chances for virtuoso 

2550
02:16:11,100 --> 02:16:13,800
display. 
The wooden Castle buildings 

2551
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:17,300
themselves like Towers Gates, 
living quarters, and storehouses

2552
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:19,700
Rose above these Stone 
foundations. 

2553
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:23,300
This is where the unique style 
of Japanese Castle architecture.

2554
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:26,600
Really Shone through Japanese 
castles were mostly wooden 

2555
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:29,600
buildings with stone pedestals, 
underneath while European 

2556
02:16:29,600 --> 02:16:31,700
castles were made of solid Stone
throughout. 

2557
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:37,500
The towers could be four five or
even seven stories tall with 

2558
02:16:37,500 --> 02:16:39,700
each story being a little 
smaller than the one below it. 

2559
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:43,100
This made The Towers look like 
wedding cakes with the tapered 

2560
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:44,900
profile. 
But here's where it gets 

2561
02:16:44,900 --> 02:16:47,200
interesting. 
Floors inside. 

2562
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:50,400
Don't match the stories. 
You see from the outside a 

2563
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,900
five-story tower might really 
have seven floors inside or a 

2564
02:16:53,900 --> 02:16:55,799
three-story building. 
Might look like it has five 

2565
02:16:55,799 --> 02:16:58,500
floors inside. 
This wasn't just to confuse 

2566
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:00,700
enemies. 
It was smart engineering that 

2567
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:03,600
led the defense of flaws have 
lower ceilings while still 

2568
02:17:03,600 --> 02:17:07,000
looking great from the outside. 
The beautiful white plastered 

2569
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:10,200
walls of his castle. 
Also known as the white Heron 

2570
02:17:10,200 --> 02:17:13,000
Castle, make it, the best 
example of Japanese Castle 

2571
02:17:13,000 --> 02:17:15,600
architecture. 
It feels like you're in a 

2572
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:18,000
three-dimensional maze with 
defensive passages that were 

2573
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:20,100
made by someone who really 
didn't want you to get to the 

2574
02:17:20,108 --> 02:17:22,799
center. 
Paths make turns at strange 

2575
02:17:22,799 --> 02:17:25,900
angles, doorways are set up. 
So that attackers have to put 

2576
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:29,100
themselves in dangerous 
situations, there are traps on 

2577
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:30,900
the floors. 
Every choice made in 

2578
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:34,600
architecture, has two purposes 
to look good and to kill. 

2579
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:37,799
Defensive features of castles 
are very clever. 

2580
02:17:38,600 --> 02:17:42,100
Sama or small windows were put 
in place so that Defenders could

2581
02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:44,200
shoot arrows or guns without 
being shot back. 

2582
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:47,900
Defenders on the upper floors 
could attack anyone who got past

2583
02:17:47,900 --> 02:17:50,000
the lower defenses through 
drop-down hatches in the 

2584
02:17:50,008 --> 02:17:52,900
ceilings. 
People could pour boiling oil or

2585
02:17:52,900 --> 02:17:54,900
water, on attackers, through 
holes in the walls. 

2586
02:17:54,900 --> 02:17:57,000
The decorative curved roof 
lines. 

2587
02:17:57,000 --> 02:17:59,500
Also had a purpose. 
They made it harder to judge 

2588
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:03,000
distances and aim accurately 
Japanese castles always looked 

2589
02:18:03,000 --> 02:18:06,100
good even though they were very 
useful for military purposes. 

2590
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:09,799
The white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

2591
02:18:09,799 --> 02:18:12,700
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

2592
02:18:12,700 --> 02:18:15,000
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

2593
02:18:15,000 --> 02:18:18,799
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

2594
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:20,600
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape. 

2595
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:25,000
The ornate roof decorations, 
which usually had fears animal 

2596
02:18:25,000 --> 02:18:28,000
designs protected, the building 
from lightning and showed the 

2597
02:18:28,000 --> 02:18:30,900
Lord's power. 
The inside of the Castle's. 

2598
02:18:30,900 --> 02:18:33,900
Living quarters showed that even
Warlords cared about how things 

2599
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:37,600
looked There were painted 
screens by famous artists in the

2600
02:18:37,600 --> 02:18:41,799
rooms alcoves for displaying 
valuable items and windows that 

2601
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:45,200
looked out on Gardens. 
The strongest Lords hired the 

2602
02:18:45,208 --> 02:18:48,799
best painters, carpenters. 
And gardeners to make places 

2603
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:51,500
that were good for both Siege 
Warfare and poetry parties. 

2604
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:55,799
During the time of castles, 
there was one new thing hidden 

2605
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:59,000
rooms and passages there were 
often rooms in castles. 

2606
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:01,000
That could only be reached 
through hidden doors. 

2607
02:19:01,000 --> 02:19:04,900
These rooms were used to store 
Treasures or for guards to hide 

2608
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:08,200
in to keep the Lord safe. 
Some castles had whole networks 

2609
02:19:08,200 --> 02:19:11,100
of hidden corridors in their 
walls, that let Defenders move 

2610
02:19:11,100 --> 02:19:12,700
between floors without being 
seen. 

2611
02:19:13,600 --> 02:19:16,200
Sometimes during restoration 
work hundreds of years later, 

2612
02:19:16,200 --> 02:19:20,000
people found these hidden spaces
which still had old equipment or

2613
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:23,200
forgotten supplies in them. 
During the Edo period, the shift

2614
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:26,400
from water piece, turned 
Castle's from military bases in 

2615
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:28,400
to government buildings and 
symbols of power. 

2616
02:19:28,400 --> 02:19:31,799
Lord still owned them but they 
were more like government 

2617
02:19:31,799 --> 02:19:34,500
buildings than fortresses they 
added more details. 

2618
02:19:34,500 --> 02:19:38,500
Gardens the reception rooms got 
bigger, the martial arts stayed,

2619
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:40,500
but they became more decorative 
than useful. 

2620
02:19:41,700 --> 02:19:44,500
As you sink deeper into your 
pillow, picture yourself, 

2621
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:48,299
standing on the top floor of a 
castle tower at dusk, you can 

2622
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:50,700
see the countryside around the 
castle through the small 

2623
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:53,100
Windows. 
The town is built around the 

2624
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:56,100
base of the castle. 
The fields are beyond that and 

2625
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:57,500
the mountains are in the 
distance. 

2626
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:01,600
The Castle's many defensive 
Rings go down in layers of stone

2627
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:04,900
and wood below you. the wind 
Whispers through the intricate 

2628
02:20:04,900 --> 02:20:07,800
wooden structure, giving the 
whole building a life of its own

2629
02:20:08,800 --> 02:20:12,100
The castle is calm and watchful 
tonight, a mountain of human 

2630
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:14,200
intention rising. 
From the natural landscape. 

2631
02:20:14,200 --> 02:20:18,800
Tomorrow may bring battle. 
Japan entered, the Edo period in

2632
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:22,600
the early, 1600s under the 
Tokugawa, shogunate after 

2633
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:25,700
centuries of War, all that 
military architecture became 

2634
02:20:25,700 --> 02:20:28,700
mostly useless. 
Japan didn't need castles or 

2635
02:20:28,700 --> 02:20:32,300
fortifications right now. 
It needed cities neighborhoods 

2636
02:20:32,300 --> 02:20:36,100
and daily life. 
And out of this long piece came 

2637
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,900
to City buildings, that changed 
the way millions of people 

2638
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,500
lived. 
In just a few decades Edo, which

2639
02:20:42,500 --> 02:20:46,200
would later become Tokyo Grew 
From A Small Castle town to one 

2640
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:47,400
of the biggest cities in the 
world. 

2641
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:51,700
By the early 1700s, it was home 
to more than a million people 

2642
02:20:51,700 --> 02:20:54,000
making it bigger than London or 
Paris. 

2643
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:59,200
Rethinking everything about how 
cities are planned was necessary

2644
02:20:59,200 --> 02:21:02,300
to handle that many people 
living in wooden, buildings in a

2645
02:21:02,308 --> 02:21:06,800
city that caught fire often. 
The typical townhouse or macchia

2646
02:21:06,800 --> 02:21:10,000
from the Edo period, had ideas 
about how to live in a city that

2647
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:12,100
still affect Japanese 
architecture today. 

2648
02:21:13,000 --> 02:21:14,700
These buildings were long and 
narrow. 

2649
02:21:14,700 --> 02:21:18,300
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 
and going back from the street 

2650
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:21,800
for 60 feet or more. 
Property taxes were based on how

2651
02:21:21,800 --> 02:21:23,200
much of the street front there 
was. 

2652
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:25,900
So, people built deep and narrow
to save money. 

2653
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:30,100
The buildings that came out were
like caves in the city with dark

2654
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:32,300
areas in the middle and light 
coming in, through the front 

2655
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:35,600
door and back Garden. 
The front of a matcha was a shop

2656
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:38,500
or Workshop, a semi-public 
space, where the households 

2657
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:40,200
business and Street Life came 
together. 

2658
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:43,600
A few steps up from the street 
level marked, the start of the 

2659
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:47,000
buildings inside, you could do 
business in this threshold Zone 

2660
02:21:47,000 --> 02:21:48,300
without actually entering the 
house. 

2661
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:52,200
As with many other parts of 
Japanese architecture, the line 

2662
02:21:52,200 --> 02:21:55,000
between public and private, 
wasn't a straight line, but a 

2663
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:57,500
gradual change. 
The building stretched toward 

2664
02:21:57,500 --> 02:22:00,700
the back behind the shop area. 
It was divided into rooms by 

2665
02:22:00,700 --> 02:22:04,000
sliding through Summa panels 
that were covered in thick paper

2666
02:22:04,000 --> 02:22:07,500
or fabric. 
These rooms had many uses during

2667
02:22:07,500 --> 02:22:11,000
the day, they were living spaces
and at night futons were put out

2668
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:14,000
for sleeping. 
There wasn't much furniture and 

2669
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:16,800
it was often an easy to move a 
low table for eating. 

2670
02:22:16,800 --> 02:22:18,100
That could be moved out of the 
way. 

2671
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:21,000
Chess for storage. 
That could be stacked or moved 

2672
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:24,900
around the space itself could be
changed in any way, depending on

2673
02:22:24,908 --> 02:22:28,600
the time of day or year, a small
courtyard Garden at the very 

2674
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:32,100
back of the macchia letting air 
to the building's deepest parks.

2675
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:36,100
These Gardens were very small. 
Sometimes only eight or ten feet

2676
02:22:36,100 --> 02:22:38,900
square but they were very 
important for making the long 

2677
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:43,200
narrow buildings livable that 
little bit of sky that one tree 

2678
02:22:43,200 --> 02:22:46,500
and those few carefully placed 
Stones changed the whole 

2679
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:49,600
character of the space making it
feel like it was connected to 

2680
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,300
Nature even though it was in a 
busy city, the whole 

2681
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:55,100
neighborhood of macchia gave the
city, a texture that Western 

2682
02:22:55,100 --> 02:22:58,300
cities don't have because the 
houses were so narrow. 

2683
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:01,100
The streets were lined with 
different versions of the same 

2684
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:03,900
thing which made the streets, 
look more interesting and stead 

2685
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:06,000
of boring. 
Because it was so small, 

2686
02:23:06,000 --> 02:23:07,800
everything was easy to get to on
foot. 

2687
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:10,900
The fact that there were shops 
on the ground floors and homes 

2688
02:23:10,900 --> 02:23:12,800
above them. 
Meant that, neighborhoods were 

2689
02:23:12,800 --> 02:23:16,100
busy all day and night. 
Fire was always a threat to 

2690
02:23:16,100 --> 02:23:18,500
Edo's. 
Wooden building's, the city was 

2691
02:23:18,500 --> 02:23:22,600
hit by big fires all the time 
and sometimes they destroyed 

2692
02:23:22,600 --> 02:23:25,100
tens of thousands of buildings 
in just one day. 

2693
02:23:26,200 --> 02:23:28,300
The Japanese didn't build in 
stone because it was more 

2694
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:31,900
expensive and less comfortable. 
Instead, they came up with a 

2695
02:23:31,908 --> 02:23:34,400
complicated system for 
preventing and responding to 

2696
02:23:34,400 --> 02:23:36,700
fires. 
There were volunteer fire 

2697
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:39,700
brigades in neighborhoods, 
building had thick walled, 

2698
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:42,400
storehouses called Kura that 
were fireproof and had heavy 

2699
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:44,800
doors. 
Fire breaks were built into the 

2700
02:23:44,808 --> 02:23:47,000
streets. 
You always knew that fire would 

2701
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:49,000
happen. 
So you built quickly and cheaply

2702
02:23:49,000 --> 02:23:51,000
enough that it wouldn't be a 
disaster to rebuild. 

2703
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:54,700
The Cure is worth paying special
attention to because it shows a 

2704
02:23:54,700 --> 02:23:57,400
completely different way of 
building in the larger wooden 

2705
02:23:57,400 --> 02:23:59,800
City. 
These storehouses were basically

2706
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:03,900
boxes with thick Earthen walls 
that were covered in plaster and

2707
02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:06,400
had small windows that were 
sealed with heavy shutters. 

2708
02:24:07,300 --> 02:24:09,800
Families kept their most 
valuable things inside like 

2709
02:24:09,800 --> 02:24:12,800
documents, heirlooms and 
expensive Fabrics. 

2710
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:16,900
The Cure is thick walls, might 
keep their contents safe even 

2711
02:24:16,900 --> 02:24:18,700
when the main house burned down 
around them. 

2712
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:21,600
Families would come back after 
the fire to find their 

2713
02:24:21,600 --> 02:24:23,600
Storehouse houses standing like 
white Island. 

2714
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:27,700
In a sea of But the pleasure 
quarters and teahouses, that 

2715
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,000
thrive, during the long piece 
might be Edo's. 

2716
02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:33,200
Most unique architectural 
contribution. these 

2717
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,000
entertainment districts created 
their own style of architecture 

2718
02:24:36,000 --> 02:24:40,200
with buildings, that had more 
details for SARS bigger, windows

2719
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,200
and rooms that were meant for 
Gathering and Performing instead

2720
02:24:43,200 --> 02:24:46,800
of just living The Yukio which 
was captured in Prince and 

2721
02:24:46,800 --> 02:24:50,800
literature was a famous floating
World in Edo, it had its own 

2722
02:24:50,800 --> 02:24:53,500
unique architecture and space is
made just for a culture of 

2723
02:24:53,508 --> 02:24:56,900
high-class entertainment. 
During the Edo period, the 

2724
02:24:56,900 --> 02:25:00,200
Teahouse itself which we'll talk
about in more detail soon became

2725
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:04,200
very popular. but the tea houses
and cities were not the same as 

2726
02:25:04,200 --> 02:25:07,300
the ones for tea ceremonies 
These were places where people 

2727
02:25:07,300 --> 02:25:10,000
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

2728
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:13,200
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

2729
02:25:13,200 --> 02:25:15,100
night. 
The architecture showed this 

2730
02:25:15,100 --> 02:25:18,500
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

2731
02:25:18,500 --> 02:25:21,100
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

2732
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:23,400
what was needed. 
During the Edo period 

2733
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:25,800
townhouses. 
Also saw the full development of

2734
02:25:25,800 --> 02:25:28,600
the Tucker Noma and Alcove that 
may have become the most 

2735
02:25:28,600 --> 02:25:30,300
important part of the Japanese 
home. 

2736
02:25:31,100 --> 02:25:34,400
The tokonoma was a small raised 
area with slightly different 

2737
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:36,200
floor, level and a decorative 
backing. 

2738
02:25:36,900 --> 02:25:39,400
The family would put a scroll 
and maybe a flower arrangement 

2739
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:43,000
or a treasured object there. 
The Toccoa wasn't for sitting or

2740
02:25:43,000 --> 02:25:46,500
storing things, it was just for 
showing off a sign of the 

2741
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:50,400
family's taste and refinement. 
What you put in your Toca Noma 

2742
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:52,600
said, a lot about who you were 
and what you cared about. 

2743
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:56,400
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

2744
02:25:56,400 --> 02:25:59,100
plans, the same all over Japan 
to Tommy. 

2745
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:02,300
Mats came in standard sizes, 
which made it easy to get, how 

2746
02:26:02,300 --> 02:26:05,500
big a room would be a room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

2747
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:09,700
six mats, whether it was in Edo 
or Kyoto, the size of the mats 

2748
02:26:09,700 --> 02:26:11,300
did differ slightly by region, 
of course. 

2749
02:26:12,200 --> 02:26:15,200
Because of this standardization 
it was possible to make a lot of

2750
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:18,500
architectural Parts like screens
doors and Alcove pieces that 

2751
02:26:18,500 --> 02:26:20,500
could fit in any building that 
followed the rules. 

2752
02:26:21,400 --> 02:26:24,600
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

2753
02:26:24,600 --> 02:26:27,500
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

2754
02:26:28,100 --> 02:26:30,600
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

2755
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:33,300
the street. 
People who live nearby walk by 

2756
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:36,200
and talk to each other, the 
small garden at the back of the 

2757
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:39,300
house is in the shade and the 
single maple tree is a dark 

2758
02:26:39,308 --> 02:26:42,700
shape against the deep blue sky.
You'll sit in close to the 

2759
02:26:42,700 --> 02:26:46,200
tokonoma where a scroll shows a 
mountain landscape and a simple 

2760
02:26:46,200 --> 02:26:48,900
flower arrangement that together
make a small world of meaning. 

2761
02:26:49,900 --> 02:26:53,000
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

2762
02:26:53,000 --> 02:26:56,500
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

2763
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:58,700
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

2764
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:01,300
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

2765
02:27:01,300 --> 02:27:05,600
to go into a tea room or shashu 
these small buildings, which 

2766
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:08,200
usually have only four and a 
half to Tommy mats of floor. 

2767
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:12,000
Space are the best example of 
how Japanese design ideas can be

2768
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:15,200
turned into buildings before we 
talk about the building's 

2769
02:27:15,200 --> 02:27:17,000
architecture. 
We should learn about the Tea 

2770
02:27:17,000 --> 02:27:19,700
Ceremony which is what these 
buildings are for you. 

2771
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:21,600
Do drink tea but that's not 
really the point. 

2772
02:27:21,600 --> 02:27:24,800
It's about making a temporary 
world of refined interaction. 

2773
02:27:24,800 --> 02:27:27,600
Whether the usual rules and 
worries of daily life don't 

2774
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,800
matter anymore. 
In Stead there is only the pure 

2775
02:27:30,800 --> 02:27:33,200
present moment that the hosts 
and guests share. 

2776
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,900
The architectures job is to set 
the stage for this experience 

2777
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:40,600
and make it easier to have send 
a Ricky you A Team master from 

2778
02:27:40,600 --> 02:27:43,400
the 16th century, who wrote down
many of the rules for tea. 

2779
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:46,100
Ceremonies changed, T 
architecture by moving it away 

2780
02:27:46,100 --> 02:27:49,600
from fancy buildings that were 
influenced by Chinese style and 

2781
02:27:49,900 --> 02:27:52,300
Toured buildings, that were 
almost radically, simple and 

2782
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:54,800
focused on natural materials and
rough textures. 

2783
02:27:55,800 --> 02:27:57,800
Ricky's ideas about Japanese 
taste. 

2784
02:27:57,800 --> 02:28:02,100
Go far beyond tea, almost every 
modern idea of Japanese taste 

2785
02:28:02,100 --> 02:28:03,500
can be traced back to what he 
said. 

2786
02:28:04,300 --> 02:28:07,800
Before you even walk in a tea 
room, starts to work, you walk 

2787
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:10,800
through a garden path. 
Called a rogi, which is meant to

2788
02:28:10,800 --> 02:28:13,700
help you switch your mind from 
the outside world to the Tea 

2789
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:15,400
Room. 
You might walk through a garden 

2790
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:18,300
gate over Stepping Stones past a
bench where someone is waiting 

2791
02:28:18,300 --> 02:28:21,300
and then to a stone Basin where 
you can wash your hands and 

2792
02:28:21,300 --> 02:28:24,800
mouth, each part has both 
practical and psychological 

2793
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:27,200
uses. 
You're not just walking to a 

2794
02:28:27,200 --> 02:28:29,600
building. 
You're slowly breaking your ties

2795
02:28:29,600 --> 02:28:32,700
to the outside world. 
The entrance to the Tea Room is 

2796
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:36,300
meant to make you feel small. 
The ninja re Gucci or crawling 

2797
02:28:36,300 --> 02:28:38,800
in entrance is only about two 
feet square. 

2798
02:28:38,800 --> 02:28:41,900
So even the most important 
guests have to Bow Low and crawl

2799
02:28:41,900 --> 02:28:44,000
through. 
The samurai had to leave their 

2800
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:46,500
swords out side because the 
opening was too small for them 

2801
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:49,300
to go in with them. 
This forced humility set, the 

2802
02:28:49,300 --> 02:28:52,600
mood for the rest of the events.
There were no social hierarchies

2803
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:54,100
in the Tea Room that were 
outside of it. 

2804
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:57,500
There were only the host and the
guests drinking tea at first, 

2805
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:01,000
glance the inside of a tea room.
Looks almost like a cave, the 

2806
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:03,700
walls of rough clay mixed with 
straw show their texture. 

2807
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:07,400
Well, wooden post keep their 
bark or have irregularity that 

2808
02:29:07,400 --> 02:29:10,300
meant to be there. 
The ceiling might be made of a 

2809
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:14,100
mix of materials like bamboo 
reeds and wood to make a 

2810
02:29:14,100 --> 02:29:16,600
patchwork that looks random. 
But is actually carefully, 

2811
02:29:16,600 --> 02:29:20,300
planned small windows with 
translucent paper on them, let 

2812
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:23,000
in natural light, which makes 
the room softly lit from the 

2813
02:29:23,008 --> 02:29:25,700
side. 
But this look of being rustic is

2814
02:29:25,708 --> 02:29:29,400
actually very sophisticated. 
Every part has been chosen with 

2815
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:32,100
great care. 
There were hundreds of pieces to

2816
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:34,500
choose from and that one with 
the bark still on. 

2817
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,500
It was chosen. 
We looked at its slight curve, 

2818
02:29:37,500 --> 02:29:40,400
its unique texture and how light
hits its surface. 

2819
02:29:40,400 --> 02:29:43,500
And we decided that all of these
things were just right for this 

2820
02:29:43,500 --> 02:29:46,100
spot. 
The rough texture of the walls, 

2821
02:29:46,100 --> 02:29:49,400
may look random, but it creates 
a specific visual effect that 

2822
02:29:49,400 --> 02:29:51,700
Master plasterers spend Years 
Learning to make. 

2823
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:57,500
The tokenomic of the T room and 
it is even more important here 

2824
02:29:57,500 --> 02:29:59,000
than in residential 
architecture. 

2825
02:30:00,400 --> 02:30:03,300
There is a scroll in the Alcove 
that was chosen just for this 

2826
02:30:03,300 --> 02:30:04,900
Gathering. 
It could be a piece of 

2827
02:30:04,908 --> 02:30:06,400
calligraphy or a landscape 
painting. 

2828
02:30:06,400 --> 02:30:09,100
The Scroll is more than just a 
decoration. 

2829
02:30:09,100 --> 02:30:13,300
It sets the spiritual tone for 
the whole tea party when guests 

2830
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:15,600
come in. 
They look at the tokenomy and 

2831
02:30:15,608 --> 02:30:18,000
read the scroll to find out what
this Gathering is all about 

2832
02:30:18,000 --> 02:30:20,900
everything in a tea room, is 
there to help with tea? 

2833
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:24,100
The half that is sunk into the 
ground is where the water is 

2834
02:30:24,100 --> 02:30:27,100
heated, and it is set up so that
the host can perform the 

2835
02:30:27,100 --> 02:30:31,000
ceremony while sitting down. 
The door that the host uses to 

2836
02:30:31,000 --> 02:30:33,700
get in is separate from the door
that the guests used to get in, 

2837
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,900
so the host can bring in t 
supplies without bothering the 

2838
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:39,200
guests. 
The windows are placed just 

2839
02:30:39,200 --> 02:30:42,100
right so that the t-ball gets 
the right amount of light at the

2840
02:30:42,108 --> 02:30:44,000
most important times during the 
ceremony. 

2841
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:48,000
Nothing is random every size 
material and surface has been 

2842
02:30:48,008 --> 02:30:51,500
thought about tea, rooms 
aesthetic, ideas, slowly, spread

2843
02:30:51,500 --> 02:30:55,500
to all of Japanese architecture,
the idea of Warby, which means 

2844
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:58,600
finding Beauty and simple things
and materials changed. 

2845
02:30:58,600 --> 02:31:00,400
How people thought about 
designing homes. 

2846
02:31:00,400 --> 02:31:03,500
People like warn word and 
weathered Stone because of the 

2847
02:31:03,500 --> 02:31:06,800
idea of sarbi, which means 
appreciating the patina of age 

2848
02:31:06,800 --> 02:31:09,800
and the marks of use. 
Japanese architecture, became 

2849
02:31:09,800 --> 02:31:12,300
known for using natural 
materials in their natural state

2850
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:13,900
without paint or other 
decorations. 

2851
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:16,900
Tea rooms. 
Also perfected the idea of sake 

2852
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,200
or borrowed scenery, which is 
when a building is designed to 

2853
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,100
include views of the landscape 
around it. 

2854
02:31:22,100 --> 02:31:25,800
As part of its interior space, a
window that is carefully. 

2855
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:29,100
Placed might frame a certain 
tree in the garden making that 

2856
02:31:29,100 --> 02:31:32,700
tree a part of the rooms design,
the rooms character changes when

2857
02:31:32,700 --> 02:31:35,100
the tree blooms or changes color
with the seasons. 

2858
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:38,600
The line between architecture 
and Landscape becomes less clear

2859
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:41,600
and more temporary the famous 
Thai anti room, which was 

2860
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:43,800
designed by Ricky himself and 
his Still Standing. 

2861
02:31:43,800 --> 02:31:48,100
His only nine feet by nine feet,
In this small space, all of 

2862
02:31:48,100 --> 02:31:51,000
Japanese aesthetic. 
Philosophy has shown the rough 

2863
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:53,200
clay walls, the carefully uneven
posts. 

2864
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:55,700
The small window that looks out 
onto a perfectly. 

2865
02:31:55,700 --> 02:31:58,800
Framed Garden View and the 
tokonoma with its subtle 

2866
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:00,900
proportions all work together to
make a space. 

2867
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:05,600
That feels both humble and deep 
rustic and refined and temporary

2868
02:32:05,600 --> 02:32:08,400
and eternal. 
Later, he Masters built on 

2869
02:32:08,408 --> 02:32:11,900
recuse work and made different 
styles of tea rooms that looked 

2870
02:32:11,900 --> 02:32:13,400
at different parts of tea room 
design. 

2871
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:16,300
Some added more windows to let 
in more light. 

2872
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:20,000
Some people tried out different 
materials or proportions but 

2873
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:23,100
they all stuck to the main idea.
ah, Tea Room should be its own 

2874
02:32:23,108 --> 02:32:26,000
world, a place where Beauty 
becomes a way to connect with 

2875
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:29,900
the divine The way tea rooms 
were designed had an effect on 

2876
02:32:29,900 --> 02:32:31,600
the way other types of buildings
were built. 

2877
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:35,300
The sukiya style that came from 
tear architecture, used its 

2878
02:32:35,300 --> 02:32:39,300
ideas in house design, such as 
using natural materials making 

2879
02:32:39,300 --> 02:32:41,900
rooms that are the right size 
for people instead of grand 

2880
02:32:41,900 --> 02:32:45,000
displays and paying close 
attention to texture and Light. 

2881
02:32:45,900 --> 02:32:50,100
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 
for display and sliding paper 

2882
02:32:50,100 --> 02:32:52,600
screens are all things that are 
now thought of as typically 

2883
02:32:52,600 --> 02:32:56,500
Japanese, they all come from tea
remarker, as you get ready to 

2884
02:32:56,500 --> 02:32:58,800
sleep, picture yourself in a tea
room, at dusk. 

2885
02:32:59,500 --> 02:33:02,300
The rain is falling outside, 
making a soft sound on the roof.

2886
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:05,800
You can barely see the garden 
through the small window, the 

2887
02:33:05,800 --> 02:33:08,100
stones and moths are getting 
darker because of the moisture, 

2888
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:11,300
the host just made tea with 
careful, practiced movements, 

2889
02:33:11,300 --> 02:33:13,900
the t-bolt of you and it's 
rough. 

2890
02:33:13,900 --> 02:33:15,400
Surface feels warm in your 
hands. 

2891
02:33:16,600 --> 02:33:19,700
In this small space, the whole 
universe is shrunk to the 

2892
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:22,800
moment. 
The taste of tea, the sound of 

2893
02:33:22,800 --> 02:33:25,500
rain, and the way the light is 
fading. 

2894
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,400
The room has everything it needs
and nothing, it doesn't. 

2895
02:33:30,200 --> 02:33:32,900
In its own quiet way. 
It's perfect. 

2896
02:33:34,300 --> 02:33:36,600
Japan had been closed off from 
the rest of the world for over 

2897
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:40,000
200 years, but in the middle of 
the 19th century, it opened up 

2898
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:43,700
The meeting changed Japanese 
architecture in ways that were 

2899
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,500
both exciting and confusing, 
suddenly a building style that 

2900
02:33:47,500 --> 02:33:50,200
had developed over 100 of years 
to reflect certain cultural 

2901
02:33:50,200 --> 02:33:53,500
values and deal with certain 
problems, had to learn how to 

2902
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:56,000
use completely different 
architectural languages from 

2903
02:33:56,000 --> 02:33:59,000
Europe and America people who 
were used to wooden buildings 

2904
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:02,400
with paper screens and sliding 
doors must have thought that the

2905
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:05,400
first western style buildings in
Japan were very strange. 

2906
02:34:06,200 --> 02:34:08,700
Building's Made of Stone or 
brick with glass windows, 

2907
02:34:08,700 --> 02:34:12,600
multiple stories with stairs 
inside rooms, that were only for

2908
02:34:12,600 --> 02:34:15,800
one thing and ferniture that 
could be moved or changed. 

2909
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:19,100
All showed a very different idea
of what buildings were and how 

2910
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:22,200
people should live in them. 
The major government wanted 

2911
02:34:22,200 --> 02:34:25,800
Japan to become a modern nation 
state, so they actively promoted

2912
02:34:25,800 --> 02:34:27,700
Western architecture as part of 
that process. 

2913
02:34:28,700 --> 02:34:31,800
They hired Architects from other
countries to design government 

2914
02:34:31,800 --> 02:34:35,500
buildings, Banks, train stations
and other buildings that needed 

2915
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,800
to look modern and strong. 
These buildings intentionally 

2916
02:34:38,800 --> 02:34:41,600
copied Western Styles. 
Like Victorian, Gothic 

2917
02:34:41,600 --> 02:34:44,400
Renaissance, Revival and French 
baroque. 

2918
02:34:45,000 --> 02:34:47,200
Sometimes they did this in a way
that was so mixed up. 

2919
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:49,800
That it was hard to tell where 
one style ended in another 

2920
02:34:49,800 --> 02:34:52,200
began. 
It must have been strange to 

2921
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:54,500
walk through Central Tokyo 
during the Meiji period. 

2922
02:34:55,400 --> 02:34:58,200
There were brick banking houses 
with Corinthian columns next to 

2923
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,000
traditional wooden temples and 
matcha. 

2924
02:35:00,700 --> 02:35:03,400
Buddhist temples had rules that 
curved while government 

2925
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:07,200
buildings had roofs that slope 
down like European ruse, There 

2926
02:35:07,200 --> 02:35:10,600
was an architectural Clash 
without synthesis, the different

2927
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:12,400
buildings living in the same 
city. 

2928
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:14,700
But not yet, learning how to 
talk to each other. 

2929
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:18,100
Japanese architects who had 
studied in Europe and America 

2930
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:21,100
had an interesting problem to 
solve how to make modern 

2931
02:35:21,100 --> 02:35:23,300
Japanese architecture. 
That used Western Building 

2932
02:35:23,300 --> 02:35:27,000
Technology, but still stay true 
to traditional aesthetic values.

2933
02:35:27,000 --> 02:35:30,400
Architects would spend the next 
hundred years, thinking about 

2934
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:33,500
this question and it may still 
have an effect on Japanese 

2935
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:36,600
architecture today. 
One of the first things people 

2936
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:39,700
did was add Japanese decorative 
elements to Western building 

2937
02:35:39,700 --> 02:35:41,900
styles. 
You could have a brick building 

2938
02:35:41,900 --> 02:35:45,900
with European proportions and a 
Japanese style tiled roof or a 

2939
02:35:45,900 --> 02:35:48,100
stone building with towers that 
look like pagodas. 

2940
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:51,700
These hybrids often looked 
strange like someone wearing a 

2941
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:53,600
business suit with traditional 
sandals. 

2942
02:35:53,600 --> 02:35:56,800
Each part was fine on its own 
but together they were 

2943
02:35:56,800 --> 02:35:59,300
uncomfortable. 
Tokyo Station, which was 

2944
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:03,300
finished in 1914, is a good 
example of the architecturals of

2945
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:05,900
this time. 
The station was a huge red 

2946
02:36:05,900 --> 02:36:07,300
brick. 
Building with European 

2947
02:36:07,300 --> 02:36:11,200
Renaissance style, including 
domes archers and details 

2948
02:36:11,200 --> 02:36:14,000
brickwork. 
It was designed by tatsuno 

2949
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:15,600
Kingo. 
Who had studied in London. 

2950
02:36:15,600 --> 02:36:18,600
It was supposed to show that 
Japan had become a modern 

2951
02:36:18,600 --> 02:36:21,300
country with infrastructure. 
That could compete with any 

2952
02:36:21,300 --> 02:36:24,700
Western power, but you could see
that Japanese sensibilities were

2953
02:36:24,700 --> 02:36:26,200
at work. 
In the way, it was built and the

2954
02:36:26,208 --> 02:36:28,400
way it looked. 
But the changes that were 

2955
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:30,400
happening in residential 
architecture were more 

2956
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:32,100
interesting than the big public 
buildings. 

2957
02:36:33,000 --> 02:36:35,700
Middle class Japanese homes 
started to mix Western and 

2958
02:36:35,700 --> 02:36:39,200
Japanese Styles, making hybrid 
spaces that showed her life 

2959
02:36:39,200 --> 02:36:42,000
stars were changing while still 
keeping traditional comforts. 

2960
02:36:42,600 --> 02:36:46,200
A house might have one western 
style room with chairs, tables 

2961
02:36:46,200 --> 02:36:49,400
and hardwood floors. 
This room was usually used for 

2962
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:52,700
business or to welcome guests. 
The rest of the house would be 

2963
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:55,700
traditional Japanese with tatami
mats and sliding screens. 

2964
02:36:55,700 --> 02:36:58,700
This wasn't just about how 
things looked or how they were 

2965
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:01,100
worn different. 
Kinds of activities, really 

2966
02:37:01,100 --> 02:37:03,200
worked better in different kinds
of buildings. 

2967
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:07,200
If you wore western clothes, you
want to chairs and tables that 

2968
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,100
were Western Heights. 
But when they were at home a lot

2969
02:37:10,108 --> 02:37:13,200
of Japanese people like to take 
off their tight western clothes 

2970
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:17,400
put on a Yukata or kimono and 
sit onto Tammy the old-fashioned

2971
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:20,200
way. 
You could live in both modes 

2972
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:22,900
because you had both kinds of 
spaces, you could choose the 

2973
02:37:22,900 --> 02:37:26,600
right one for each activity. 
The engawa, a space between the 

2974
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:29,900
inside and outside that looked 
like a porch was a big part of 

2975
02:37:29,900 --> 02:37:33,200
traditional Japanese 
architecture in May G period 

2976
02:37:33,200 --> 02:37:36,100
homes. 
It took on a new form sometimes 

2977
02:37:36,100 --> 02:37:39,600
it had glass windows around it, 
making it look like a sunroom 

2978
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:42,000
that kept the weather out but 
still let you see the Guardians.

2979
02:37:42,800 --> 02:37:45,300
This change showed how 
traditional building Parts could

2980
02:37:45,300 --> 02:37:48,700
change to use new materials and 
Technologies while still doing 

2981
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:51,600
their main job, Japanese 
architects, who were studying 

2982
02:37:51,600 --> 02:37:53,100
abroad started to notice 
something. 

2983
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:55,500
Interesting. 
While they were learning how to 

2984
02:37:55,508 --> 02:37:58,300
build in the west Weston 
Architects were becoming 

2985
02:37:58,300 --> 02:38:01,900
interested in Japanese design. 
People were Amazed by the 

2986
02:38:01,900 --> 02:38:04,300
Japanese Pavilions at 
International exhibitions, 

2987
02:38:04,300 --> 02:38:07,300
Western Architects. 
And designers started to collect

2988
02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:11,500
Japanese prints study, Japanese 
garden and used Japanese design 

2989
02:38:11,500 --> 02:38:14,900
ideas in their own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

2990
02:38:14,900 --> 02:38:17,800
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

2991
02:38:17,800 --> 02:38:20,600
back and forth would eventually 
lead to more complex synthesis. 

2992
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:24,400
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 
Hotel in Tokyo built in the 

2993
02:38:24,408 --> 02:38:29,100
1920s tried to mix Western ideas
about space with Japanese ideas,

2994
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,000
about beauty and attention to 
materials. 

2995
02:38:31,900 --> 02:38:34,900
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 
ideas for architecture showed 

2996
02:38:34,900 --> 02:38:37,600
how to honor both Traditions 
without having to choose between

2997
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,400
them. 
The terrible great Kanto 

2998
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:44,500
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

2999
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:47,700
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

3000
02:38:47,708 --> 02:38:50,600
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

3001
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:54,200
larger scale such as reinforced,
concrete steel framing, and 

3002
02:38:54,200 --> 02:38:57,700
modern utilities, But it also 
made people think about what 

3003
02:38:57,700 --> 02:39:00,700
traditional architecture had 
lost and what should be kept. 

3004
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:04,100
Some Architects started to talk 
about a more careful way to 

3005
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:06,200
modernize. 
They didn't want to just copy 

3006
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:08,700
western style or keep 
traditional architecture the 

3007
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:11,900
same to protect it. 
Instead they wanted an 

3008
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:14,600
architecture that used modern 
materials and building methods, 

3009
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:17,600
but still understood and 
respected, traditional Japanese 

3010
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:20,900
ideas about space. 
This wasn't just about making 

3011
02:39:20,900 --> 02:39:24,600
things look nice on the outside.
It was about deeper ideas, like 

3012
02:39:24,600 --> 02:39:27,900
how buildings fit into the 
landscape, how space is could be

3013
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:31,200
flexible and changeable and how 
to use natural materials and 

3014
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:36,000
light in creative ways. 
In the early 1900s, modernist 

3015
02:39:36,000 --> 02:39:37,600
architecture, spread around the 
world. 

3016
02:39:37,600 --> 02:39:41,300
It focused on clean lines. 
Honest, use of materials, and 

3017
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:43,200
combining indoor and outdoor 
spaces. 

3018
02:39:44,100 --> 02:39:47,200
Surprisingly, this style of 
architecture, had a lot in 

3019
02:39:47,200 --> 02:39:49,600
common with traditional Japanese
architectural values. 

3020
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:53,000
Both Traditions valued 
Simplicity, over decoration, 

3021
02:39:53,000 --> 02:39:56,400
honest materials, over surface 
decoration, and fluid 

3022
02:39:56,400 --> 02:39:59,800
connections between buildings, 
and their surroundings, Japanese

3023
02:39:59,800 --> 02:40:02,300
Architects, started to see that 
some of the ideas behind 

3024
02:40:02,300 --> 02:40:04,700
modernism weren't completely new
to them. 

3025
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:07,700
In some ways they were similar 
to ideas that their own 

3026
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:09,700
tradition had been working with 
400 of years. 

3027
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:13,000
Steel and glass building with 
clean lines, and little 

3028
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:15,000
decoration. 
Wasn't that different from a 

3029
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:18,100
traditional tea room, which used
natural materials and didn't add

3030
02:40:18,100 --> 02:40:21,400
extra decoration. 
Both were examples of aesthetic,

3031
02:40:21,400 --> 02:40:23,100
philosophies that put value on 
Essence. 

3032
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:25,800
So over decoration and Clarity 
over confusion. 

3033
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:29,100
This understanding would 
ultimately result in some of the

3034
02:40:29,100 --> 02:40:32,900
most groundbreaking architecture
of the 20th century as Japanese 

3035
02:40:32,900 --> 02:40:35,300
Architects employed, 
contemporary materials, and 

3036
02:40:35,300 --> 02:40:38,900
methods to convey, traditional 
spatial ideas in novel manners. 

3037
02:40:39,500 --> 02:40:41,800
But that's a story for the next 
chapter, when we get to the 

3038
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:44,500
present. 
As you settle deeper into sleep 

3039
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:48,700
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 
was a city that was rebuilding 

3040
02:40:48,700 --> 02:40:50,600
itself and full of 
contradictions and 

3041
02:40:50,600 --> 02:40:53,600
possibilities. 
This is traditional wooden house

3042
02:40:53,600 --> 02:40:55,500
with one room. 
That looks like it belongs in 

3043
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:58,000
the West. 
A concrete office building is 

3044
02:40:58,000 --> 02:40:59,600
trying to look like a French 
Palace. 

3045
02:40:59,600 --> 02:41:03,400
You can still see the roofs of 
the temples in the distance but 

3046
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:04,900
they are now surrounded by 
buildings. 

3047
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:05,900
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3048
02:41:05,900 --> 02:41:10,700
Just a few decades ago, it's a 
mess but it's also exciting and 

3049
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:14,800
comfortable and full of promise.
A civilization is going through 

3050
02:41:14,800 --> 02:41:18,400
a huge change and trying to 
figure out how to stay the same 

3051
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:21,800
while becoming something else. 
Japan cities were ruined by 

3052
02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:26,200
World War Two, bombing had 
mostly destroyed, Tokyo Orca and

3053
02:41:26,200 --> 02:41:29,000
Nagoya. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

3054
02:41:29,000 --> 02:41:31,100
the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

3055
02:41:31,100 --> 02:41:34,400
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

3056
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:37,100
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

3057
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:39,100
military buildings 
architectural. 

3058
02:41:39,100 --> 02:41:40,500
Philosophy, seemed like a 
luxury. 

3059
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:44,400
But even in this dire situation,
some architectural elements 

3060
02:41:44,400 --> 02:41:47,100
remain the same. 
People still took off their 

3061
02:41:47,100 --> 02:41:50,300
shoes before going into homes. 
They still like to sit on the 

3062
02:41:50,308 --> 02:41:53,700
floor when they could the basic 
ideas about space, in Japanese 

3063
02:41:53,700 --> 02:41:57,300
architecture, flexibility 
connection to Nature and the 

3064
02:41:57,308 --> 02:42:01,100
importance of threshold spaces 
stayed the same even though the 

3065
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:04,100
buildings themselves were rough 
and temporary as Japan's 

3066
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:07,800
economy, got better and then 
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,

3067
02:42:07,800 --> 02:42:11,600
a group of amazing Architects, 
came along, who would change how

3068
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:13,300
people thought about modern 
architecture. 

3069
02:42:13,300 --> 02:42:16,300
These Architects had grown up 
with traditional Japanese 

3070
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:19,100
buildings, and learned about 
Weston architectural principles.

3071
02:42:19,100 --> 02:42:22,400
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

3072
02:42:22,400 --> 02:42:24,500
Japan. 
There are ideas, would change 

3073
02:42:24,500 --> 02:42:28,000
architecture all over the world 
Kenzo tange, Could be the most 

3074
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:29,800
well known person from this 
generation. 

3075
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:33,600
His buildings were a mix of the 
brutal honesty of modernist 

3076
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:37,000
Concrete Construction and ideas,
about space that came from 

3077
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:38,500
traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3078
02:42:39,500 --> 02:42:43,700
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 
Museum finished in 1955 raised 

3079
02:42:43,700 --> 02:42:46,700
its main structure on pillars, 
which made a covered space 

3080
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:48,400
underneath. 
That was like the open ground 

3081
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:51,300
floors of traditional 
storehouses and let light and 

3082
02:42:51,300 --> 02:42:54,000
air flow through the building. 
Tang's work showed that modern 

3083
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:57,100
materials like reinforced 
concrete could show traditional 

3084
02:42:57,100 --> 02:43:00,600
Japanese ideas about space. 
Like the mixing of inside and 

3085
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:04,200
outside the use of modulus 
structural grids and the focus 

3086
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:07,900
on horizontal rather than 
vertical lines, his buildings 

3087
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:10,600
looked very modern, but their 
layout and relationship to the 

3088
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:13,500
site and Landscape, made them 
feel Japanese in some way. 

3089
02:43:14,600 --> 02:43:18,200
The metabolist movement, which 
started in the 1960s had an even

3090
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:21,500
more radical idea. 
These Architects saw cities as 

3091
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:24,800
living things that could grow 
and change with residential 

3092
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:27,200
units, that could be added to 
permanent infrastructure. 

3093
02:43:27,200 --> 02:43:30,100
Most of their biggest dreams, 
never came true. 

3094
02:43:30,100 --> 02:43:33,200
But there are ideas about 
flexibility and adaptability 

3095
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:37,700
took traditional Japanese ideas 
about reconfigurable space and 

3096
02:43:37,700 --> 02:43:39,500
applied them to cities and 
Technology. 

3097
02:43:39,500 --> 02:43:43,300
The Knack in capsule Tower by 
kisho kurokawa, which was 

3098
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:47,300
finished in 1972, was an example
of metabolist ideas in 

3099
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:50,000
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

3100
02:43:50,000 --> 02:43:52,800
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically smaller 

3101
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:55,000
apartments that were attached to
concrete cores. 

3102
02:43:55,700 --> 02:43:58,400
This was done so that capsules 
could be moved around or 

3103
02:43:58,400 --> 02:44:01,200
replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

3104
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:04,400
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

3105
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:07,400
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged instead 

3106
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:11,200
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

3107
02:44:11,200 --> 02:44:13,300
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

3108
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:17,100
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

3109
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:20,800
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

3110
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:23,200
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

3111
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:27,000
The way things were arranged in 
space often stayed very 

3112
02:44:27,000 --> 02:44:29,600
Japanese. 
A lot of homes, still had at 

3113
02:44:29,600 --> 02:44:32,800
least one traditional tatami 
room with sliding fusuma panels 

3114
02:44:32,800 --> 02:44:36,600
attack on Cove and adore. 
That led to a small Guardian, 

3115
02:44:36,600 --> 02:44:40,400
this wasn't just Nostalgia or 
conservatives and it was a real 

3116
02:44:40,408 --> 02:44:42,900
preference for being able to 
move around and connect with 

3117
02:44:42,900 --> 02:44:46,300
traditional styles. 
At night, at Tammy room, could 

3118
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:49,700
be a bedroom during the day. 
He could be a living room for 

3119
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:51,900
special meals. 
It could be a dining room and 

3120
02:44:51,900 --> 02:44:55,200
for guests it could be a space. 
The Westland style rooms with 

3121
02:44:55,200 --> 02:44:56,600
furniture, that could not be 
moved around. 

3122
02:44:56,600 --> 02:44:59,700
Couldn't do this. 
Some Architects started to look 

3123
02:44:59,700 --> 02:45:01,400
into how they could use modern 
materials. 

3124
02:45:01,400 --> 02:45:06,000
And building methods to express 
traditional ideas who became 

3125
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:10,200
famous in the 1970s buildings, 
out of smooth concrete, glass 

3126
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,000
and steel, that still had a 
traditional Japanese field to 

3127
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,200
them. 
His buildings, have enclosed 

3128
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:19,000
Courtyards, carefully, framed 
natural light, and a peaceful 

3129
02:45:19,000 --> 02:45:21,500
quality that reminds one of 
Temple and Tea Room 

3130
02:45:21,500 --> 02:45:24,300
architecture. 
And those Church of the light 

3131
02:45:24,300 --> 02:45:27,800
which was finished in 1989 is a 
great example of this 

3132
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:30,600
combination. 
It's a small concrete Chapel 

3133
02:45:30,600 --> 02:45:34,000
with a cross that shines the 
cross was made by taking away 

3134
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:37,800
things not adding them, the wall
has a cross-shaped opening that 

3135
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:41,700
lets light in the room is very 
simple and serious but it also 

3136
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:45,300
has a lot of spiritual energy. 
It looks modern, but it also 

3137
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:47,900
feels like it comes from the 
same design tradition that made 

3138
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:51,100
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.
The idea of Mars, which we 

3139
02:45:51,100 --> 02:45:54,200
talked about earlier, as charged
empty space was used in a new 

3140
02:45:54,200 --> 02:45:55,900
way, in modern Japanese 
architecture. 

3141
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,600
Architects designed building 
with holes and gaps that were 

3142
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,500
just empty space. 
They were important parts of the

3143
02:46:02,500 --> 02:46:04,700
design. 
These empty spaces made the 

3144
02:46:04,700 --> 02:46:07,700
rhythm of the building's let 
light and air in and gave people

3145
02:46:07,700 --> 02:46:11,100
a place to rest their eyes and 
think The connection between 

3146
02:46:11,100 --> 02:46:13,800
architecture and nature, which 
is so important to Japanese 

3147
02:46:13,800 --> 02:46:17,300
culture continued in new ways 
Architects. 

3148
02:46:17,300 --> 02:46:22,100
Couldn't always make traditional
Gardens with a lot of people but

3149
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:25,300
they found ways to add natural 
elements like a single tree. 

3150
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:29,000
In a courtyard, a water feature 
or even just views of the sky, 

3151
02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:33,000
that were carefully framed These
gestures recognize the human 

3152
02:46:33,000 --> 02:46:36,400
necessity for a connection with 
nature even within entirely 

3153
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:39,600
Urban environments. 
Small urban homes became a very 

3154
02:46:39,600 --> 02:46:41,000
interesting type of 
architecture. 

3155
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:44,800
Because land was so expensive in
Japanese cities, many 

3156
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:48,500
residential lots were very small
less than 50 square meters. 

3157
02:46:48,500 --> 02:46:52,100
In some cases architects who had
to work with these limits. 

3158
02:46:52,100 --> 02:46:55,200
Came up with new ways to make 
spaces more livable by adding 

3159
02:46:55,200 --> 02:46:58,100
light are. 
And sometimes surprising spatial

3160
02:46:58,100 --> 02:47:00,400
experience, is these small 
homes. 

3161
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:03,900
Often had Courtyards inside 
skylights spaces on more than 

3162
02:47:03,900 --> 02:47:06,400
one level and smart ways to 
store things. 

3163
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:09,800
These small houses kept the 
traditional Japanese way of 

3164
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:13,000
building homes, which was to 
make Rich spatial experiences 

3165
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:16,800
within small physical limits. 
A traditional tea room showed 

3166
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:18,800
that you don't need a lot of 
room to make a whole world. 

3167
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:22,500
Modern tiny houses took this 
idea further by showing that 

3168
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:26,000
careful design could make even 
the smallest spaces feel full 

3169
02:47:26,000 --> 02:47:29,900
and welcoming Modern, 
engineering's, earthquake, 

3170
02:47:29,900 --> 02:47:31,700
resistant. 
Building methods were added to 

3171
02:47:31,700 --> 02:47:34,600
Japan's traditional knowledge of
how to make structures that can 

3172
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:38,500
bend Modern buildings in Japan 
often have advanced dampening 

3173
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:42,200
systems flexible joints, an 
extra structural support that 

3174
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,200
let them Sway With seismic 
forces. 

3175
02:47:44,200 --> 02:47:47,700
Instead of fighting them, this 
high tech method is similar to 

3176
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:50,400
the old idea of building wooden 
structures that could move with 

3177
02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:52,800
the Earth. 
As you start to feel sleepy 

3178
02:47:52,800 --> 02:47:55,500
picture yourself walking through
Modern Tokyo. 

3179
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:58,400
This is an old temple with 
wooden buildings that have been 

3180
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:02,200
well cared for next to. 
It is a modern building made of 

3181
02:48:02,200 --> 02:48:06,200
glass and steel its ground floor
opens completely to the street 

3182
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:09,400
making the line between inside 
and outside, less clear. 

3183
02:48:10,300 --> 02:48:14,000
This is a very modern take on a 
traditional idea, a small house 

3184
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:17,700
across the street, has a tree 
growing through the middle of it

3185
02:48:17,700 --> 02:48:19,900
bringing nature into the middle 
of a busy city. 

3186
02:48:19,900 --> 02:48:23,600
The city is like a palette 
obsessed with layers of history 

3187
02:48:23,600 --> 02:48:25,400
and new ideas all in the same 
place. 

3188
02:48:25,400 --> 02:48:28,800
The building's from each time, 
period seem to talk to each 

3189
02:48:28,800 --> 02:48:31,100
other. 
By the end of the 20th century. 

3190
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:35,100
Something amazing had happened. 
Japanese architecture had become

3191
02:48:35,100 --> 02:48:38,800
influential all over the world 
in ways that went far beyond 

3192
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:43,000
just unique details or Surface 
Beauty Architects, all over the 

3193
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:46,400
world were looking at Japanese 
building's spatial ideas and 

3194
02:48:46,400 --> 02:48:50,000
design philosophies to find ways
to solve modern architectural 

3195
02:48:50,000 --> 02:48:52,300
problems. 
That Western Traditions have not

3196
02:48:52,300 --> 02:48:55,300
fully dealt with. 
Japanese Aesthetics had a big 

3197
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:57,700
impact on the minimalism that 
became so popular in 

3198
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:00,300
architecture around the world. 
Starting in the 1990s. 

3199
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:04,100
The Japanese had been refining, 
the ideas behind clean lines, 

3200
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:07,900
limited color, palettes 
carefully, chosen materials, and

3201
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:10,900
empty space as a positive design
element for hundreds of years. 

3202
02:49:12,100 --> 02:49:15,000
Japan had been doing what the 
West thought was a radical new 

3203
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:18,300
style since the 16th century, 
when T Masters started doing it.

3204
02:49:18,300 --> 02:49:21,600
The open floor plans that now 
popular in western homes. 

3205
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,700
A similar to the ideas that 
Japanese homes have had for 

3206
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:28,000
hundreds of years. 
Japanese architecture had these 

3207
02:49:28,000 --> 02:49:30,900
ideas long before they became 
popular in other parts of the 

3208
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:33,500
world. 
That space could be flexible and

3209
02:49:33,500 --> 02:49:36,800
serve more than one purpose, 
that rooms could flow into each 

3210
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:40,100
other, instead of being 
separated by walls and that a 

3211
02:49:40,100 --> 02:49:41,900
home should adapt to the needs 
of its occupants. 

3212
02:49:41,900 --> 02:49:44,200
Instead of forcing them to adapt
to fixed rooms. 

3213
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:48,300
The focus on natural materials. 
That honestly, displayed, rather

3214
02:49:48,300 --> 02:49:50,700
than painted over or hidden 
behind decorations. 

3215
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:54,200
Became a defining feature of 
modern high-end architecture 

3216
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:57,300
around the world. 
Architects started leaving 

3217
02:49:57,300 --> 02:49:59,900
concrete unpainted so that the 
wood structure showed through, 

3218
02:49:59,900 --> 02:50:03,200
and they used Stone in ways that
showed off its natural beauty. 

3219
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:06,800
This method wasn't taken 
directly from Japan, but the 

3220
02:50:06,800 --> 02:50:09,300
Japanese architectural tradition
of honest material. 

3221
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:12,100
Expression did have an effect on
how architects around the world 

3222
02:50:12,100 --> 02:50:16,500
thought about materials and 
surfaces The relationship 

3223
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:19,800
between the inside and outside 
that Japanese architecture, had 

3224
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:22,300
always stressed became more and 
more important in modern 

3225
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:26,400
architecture around the world. 
In modern design, people wanted 

3226
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:28,500
buildings with walls. 
That could open all the way 

3227
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:32,100
rooms that led into Gardens and 
threshold spaces that were 

3228
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:35,800
neither fully inside or outside.
The traditional ngawa had 

3229
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:39,400
changed into modern Terraces 
balconies and transitional 

3230
02:50:39,400 --> 02:50:41,700
spaces that made buildings more 
interesting for people to 

3231
02:50:41,700 --> 02:50:44,500
experience. 
Japanese Architects had an 

3232
02:50:44,500 --> 02:50:48,500
impact on the world as well. 
In 1995 to Dao. 

3233
02:50:48,500 --> 02:50:51,800
Ando won the pritzker prize. 
First of many Japanese 

3234
02:50:51,800 --> 02:50:54,300
Architects to win the most 
prestigious award in the field, 

3235
02:50:54,300 --> 02:50:57,800
kazuyo sejima and ruin his hours
company. 

3236
02:50:57,800 --> 02:51:01,800
Essay, NAA built building that 
were incredibly delicate and 

3237
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:05,400
spatially complex and their work
had an impact on Architects all 

3238
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:08,600
over the world. 
Shigeru ban was the first to use

3239
02:51:08,608 --> 02:51:11,400
paper tubes and other unusual 
materials in buildings that were

3240
02:51:11,400 --> 02:51:13,800
both structurally, Innovative 
and social responsible. 

3241
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:17,100
It wasn't obvious that these 
Architects built buildings. 

3242
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:20,400
That looked like traditional 
Japanese ones, their work didn't

3243
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:24,300
have Pagoda Roos or Torii Gates,
but their building's had spatial

3244
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:28,500
ideas, material sensibilities 
and connections to sight and 

3245
02:51:28,500 --> 02:51:30,600
light that were more connected 
to traditional Japanese 

3246
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:33,600
architecture. 
He showed that tradition isn't 

3247
02:51:33,600 --> 02:51:37,000
just about copying old Styles. 
It's also about understanding 

3248
02:51:37,000 --> 02:51:41,400
and building on basic ideas, the
idea of wahbi-sabi which means 

3249
02:51:41,400 --> 02:51:45,000
finding Beauty and things that 
aren't perfect don't last or 

3250
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:48,000
aren't finished became part of 
the global design vocabulary. 

3251
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:51,800
It may have been overused in 
Western design circles, where it

3252
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:54,600
was sometimes seen as just a 
style, instead of a complicated 

3253
02:51:54,600 --> 02:51:58,400
philosophical stance. 
But at its best, the world's 

3254
02:51:58,400 --> 02:52:01,200
love of wahbi-sabi showed a real
appreciation for Japanese 

3255
02:52:01,200 --> 02:52:04,200
aesthetic values that were 
different from the Western focus

3256
02:52:04,200 --> 02:52:06,900
on permanents Perfection and 
completion. 

3257
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:10,700
The design of Japanese Gardens 
had a bigger and bigger effect 

3258
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:13,900
on Garden's around the world 
from California to England. 

3259
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:17,500
Modern Garden showed how to use 
natural materials, how to make 

3260
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:20,900
spaces for thinking and how to 
make small versions of larger 

3261
02:52:20,900 --> 02:52:23,600
landscapes. 
The notion that landscape design

3262
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:26,800
could be an art form. 
A sophisticated as architecture,

3263
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:29,100
a belief rooted in Japanese 
tradition. 

3264
02:52:29,100 --> 02:52:33,700
Garnered broader acceptance. 
Japanese architecture was very 

3265
02:52:33,700 --> 02:52:36,600
aware of the environment. 
It paid attention to Natural 

3266
02:52:36,600 --> 02:52:40,700
ventilation used local materials
and was carefully oriented to 

3267
02:52:40,700 --> 02:52:43,400
the Sun and wind. 
These were all things that 

3268
02:52:43,400 --> 02:52:45,000
became important in 
architecture. 

3269
02:52:45,000 --> 02:52:47,800
Around the world. 
Japanese architecture has always

3270
02:52:47,800 --> 02:52:51,300
been sustainable because it had 
to be Contemporary Architects, 

3271
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:54,000
learned from these Traditions. 
How to build buildings that are 

3272
02:52:54,000 --> 02:52:56,500
better for the environment. 
The Japanese idea that 

3273
02:52:56,500 --> 02:52:59,700
architecture is not a permanent 
Monument but something that can 

3274
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:02,900
be changed and rebuilt. 
Challenged Western ideas about 

3275
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:04,700
architecture and interesting 
ways. 

3276
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:08,400
The 20-year rebuilding cycle of 
the estrine, which we talked 

3277
02:53:08,400 --> 02:53:11,400
about a long time ago, was a 
whole new way of thinking, about

3278
02:53:11,400 --> 02:53:15,300
preserving architecture instead 
of trying to keep building's the

3279
02:53:15,300 --> 02:53:17,300
same. 
It meant keeping tradition alive

3280
02:53:17,300 --> 02:53:21,100
through constant renewal This 
idea changed how people thought 

3281
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:24,100
about cultural continuity and 
Architectural sustainability. 

3282
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:27,700
Japanese culture had a big 
impact on the way people saw. 

3283
02:53:27,700 --> 02:53:30,500
Small-scale carefully detailed 
architecture. 

3284
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:34,100
Not every building had to be a 
big deal or a big statement. 

3285
02:53:34,800 --> 02:53:38,600
And small Urban houses or tea 
rooms where every detail had 

3286
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:40,800
been carefully. 
Thought out the most beautiful 

3287
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:44,800
architecture could happen. 
This recognition of small-scale 

3288
02:53:44,800 --> 02:53:47,300
Excellence changed how 
architects around the world 

3289
02:53:47,300 --> 02:53:49,300
thought about residential and 
small scale. 

3290
02:53:49,300 --> 02:53:52,600
Projects, Japanese Architects, 
combine traditional building 

3291
02:53:52,600 --> 02:53:54,700
techniques with modern materials
and methods. 

3292
02:53:54,700 --> 02:53:58,000
This gave other countries ideas 
for how to keep traditional 

3293
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,100
building crafts alive while also
making modern buildings. 

3294
02:54:02,000 --> 02:54:05,100
Japanese architectural craft was
known for its careful, joinery 

3295
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:08,600
attention to surface qualities 
and respect for materials. 

3296
02:54:09,500 --> 02:54:12,100
These things still affect how 
buildings are detailed and 

3297
02:54:12,100 --> 02:54:14,400
build. 
As we near the end of our 

3298
02:54:14,400 --> 02:54:17,000
journey, through Japanese 
architectural history, we come 

3299
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:20,000
to the present. 
What we see is not a complete 

3300
02:54:20,000 --> 02:54:23,500
preservation of tradition or a 
complete break from the past, 

3301
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:26,700
but rather a creative 
conversation between historical 

3302
02:54:26,700 --> 02:54:29,200
principles and modern needs that
is still going on. 

3303
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:32,800
There is a fascinating tension 
in modern Japanese architecture.

3304
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,400
Japan is still one of the most 
architecturally Innovative 

3305
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:40,100
countries in the world 
Architects, their buildings that

3306
02:54:40,100 --> 02:54:42,900
are very creative and 
technically Advanced on the 

3307
02:54:42,900 --> 02:54:46,200
other hand, traditional building
types like temples shrines tea 

3308
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:49,800
rooms and even some types of 
homes are still used today, not 

3309
02:54:49,800 --> 02:54:53,800
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 
you'll see Master Carpenters, 

3310
02:54:53,800 --> 02:54:57,000
still teaching apprentices, how 
to do traditional joinery, that 

3311
02:54:57,000 --> 02:55:00,300
doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen are putting on 

3312
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:03,100
historical re-enactments, 
they're keeping temples and 

3313
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:05,800
shrines that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date, 

3314
02:55:05,800 --> 02:55:09,000
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

3315
02:55:09,008 --> 02:55:11,400
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

3316
02:55:11,400 --> 02:55:13,900
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

3317
02:55:13,900 --> 02:55:16,300
Each generation, learns not from
books. 

3318
02:55:16,300 --> 02:55:19,800
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

3319
02:55:19,800 --> 02:55:23,200
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

3320
02:55:23,208 --> 02:55:26,800
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

3321
02:55:26,800 --> 02:55:29,500
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

3322
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,000
But the traditional lives on 
thanks in part to cultural 

3323
02:55:33,000 --> 02:55:36,400
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

3324
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,100
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

3325
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:41,900
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

3326
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:44,100
Japanese Architects, are still 
pushing the limits. 

3327
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,100
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls, 

3328
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:51,300
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

3329
02:55:51,300 --> 02:55:54,000
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

3330
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:56,700
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

3331
02:55:56,700 --> 02:56:00,000
space, Sue Fujimoto is one of 
the younger Architects. 

3332
02:56:00,000 --> 02:56:03,800
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

3333
02:56:03,808 --> 02:56:07,700
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

3334
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:11,300
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

3335
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,700
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

3336
02:56:14,700 --> 02:56:17,000
livable. 
Space is there are modern 

3337
02:56:17,000 --> 02:56:19,500
evolution of traditional 
Japanese ideas about how 

3338
02:56:19,500 --> 02:56:23,600
buildings and nature interact. 
Kingo, kumas work is very modern

3339
02:56:23,600 --> 02:56:26,500
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

3340
02:56:26,500 --> 02:56:29,200
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

3341
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:32,100
methods can be used with 
traditional materials like wood 

3342
02:56:32,100 --> 02:56:35,100
Stone and paper to make 
buildings. 

3343
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:37,400
That feel like they come from 
the past without copying old 

3344
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,400
styles. 
He's building's often have fancy

3345
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:42,800
wooden screening systems that 
are modern versions of 

3346
02:56:42,808 --> 02:56:45,500
traditional features that 
control light, give people 

3347
02:56:45,500 --> 02:56:48,100
privacy and make Rich visual 
textures. 

3348
02:56:48,100 --> 02:56:51,500
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

3349
02:56:51,500 --> 02:56:54,300
because people there are still 
interested in small 

3350
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:57,800
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

3351
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:00,500
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

3352
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:02,400
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

3353
02:57:02,400 --> 02:57:05,800
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

3354
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,400
a lot out of a little. 
I carefully designing them, into

3355
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:12,100
just making them big. 
These small modern homes often 

3356
02:57:12,100 --> 02:57:15,300
have features that are similar 
to traditional homes like an 

3357
02:57:15,300 --> 02:57:17,700
internal Courtyard that lets 
light in air into the middle of 

3358
02:57:17,708 --> 02:57:20,900
the building a threshold space, 
that separates the street from 

3359
02:57:20,900 --> 02:57:24,200
the home and a special room or 
alco for thinking and showing 

3360
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:26,800
off. 
But they use modern materials 

3361
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:29,500
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings feel both 

3362
02:57:29,500 --> 02:57:32,700
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

3363
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:35,900
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

3364
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:39,000
mean trying to keep building's 
the same over time instead. 

3365
02:57:39,000 --> 02:57:41,100
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

3366
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:44,200
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

3367
02:57:44,200 --> 02:57:46,600
keeps not only the building's 
themselves, but all the 

3368
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,000
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them its preservation. 

3369
02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:54,400
Through practice, not through 
museums, the Japanese people as 

3370
02:57:54,400 --> 02:57:57,100
a whole stay connected to 
traditional architectural Spaces

3371
02:57:57,100 --> 02:58:01,100
by practicing, T, ceremonies 
going to temples and shrines and

3372
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:04,400
sometimes, even in their own 
homes, a lot of modern Japanese 

3373
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:07,100
Homes and Apartments, still have
at least one to Tammy room. 

3374
02:58:07,900 --> 02:58:10,400
This is a place where people can
connect with traditional 

3375
02:58:10,400 --> 02:58:13,300
Aesthetics and practices even 
when they are in a modern 

3376
02:58:13,308 --> 02:58:15,600
setting. 
More and more Japanese 

3377
02:58:15,600 --> 02:58:18,500
architecture is being shaped by 
environmental concerns. 

3378
02:58:19,200 --> 02:58:22,200
Building practices that are 
strong and long-lasting are 

3379
02:58:22,200 --> 02:58:25,300
important because the country is
prone to earthquakes, typhoons 

3380
02:58:25,300 --> 02:58:29,500
and other natural disasters. 
Modern Japanese architecture. 

3381
02:58:29,500 --> 02:58:32,000
Often uses both high-tech and 
traditional methods. 

3382
02:58:32,000 --> 02:58:35,600
For example, it might use 
Advanced seismic dampening 

3383
02:58:35,600 --> 02:58:39,200
systems and energy efficient 
mechanical systems as well as 

3384
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:41,800
natural ventilation. 
Careful solar orientation and 

3385
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,800
local materials. 
Japanese architecture is always 

3386
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:48,100
trying to find a balance between
old and new other cultures can 

3387
02:58:48,100 --> 02:58:50,600
learn from this as they. 
Try to find ways to honor the 

3388
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:52,700
past while also meeting modern 
needs. 

3389
02:58:53,800 --> 02:58:56,500
Japan's example, shows that 
tradition isn't just keeping 

3390
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,700
things the same, it's a living 
practice that changes while 

3391
02:58:59,700 --> 02:59:01,600
still being true to its core 
values. 

3392
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:05,000
As you drift off to sleep, think
about all the Japanese 

3393
02:59:05,000 --> 02:59:07,500
architecture. 
We've seen tonight, the ancient 

3394
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:11,400
forests, where it all began the 
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred

3395
02:59:11,400 --> 02:59:14,100
places, the Buddhist temples 
that reach for enlightenment, 

3396
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:18,100
the Palaces that open up to 
Gardens the castles that rise 

3397
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:21,100
from Stone foundations. 
The Edo townhouses that make 

3398
02:59:21,100 --> 02:59:23,500
city life. 
Possible, the tea rooms that 

3399
02:59:23,500 --> 02:59:27,500
find Infinity and small spaces, 
the Meiji experiments with new 

3400
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,600
forms the post-war Innovations 
and the modern Explorations that

3401
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:34,500
are still going on today, every 
time period on what came before 

3402
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:36,600
it and adapted to the needs of 
the time. 

3403
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:39,600
There was no time that was 
frozen, but there was no time 

3404
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:42,800
that was completely lost the 
tradition lived on, because it 

3405
02:59:42,800 --> 02:59:45,700
kept changing and adapting while
still holding on to threads of 

3406
02:59:45,708 --> 02:59:49,000
continuity, that go back, 
hundreds of years, the house you

3407
02:59:49,000 --> 02:59:53,200
build in dreams and epilogue As 
you finally fall asleep, your 

3408
02:59:53,200 --> 02:59:55,900
mind might build fake buildings.
Out of all the architectural 

3409
02:59:55,900 --> 02:59:59,200
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 
maybe you're walking through a 

3410
02:59:59,200 --> 03:00:00,800
house that has parts from 
different times. 

3411
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:04,700
Like a tea room that opens up to
a garden from the Edo period or 

3412
03:00:04,700 --> 03:00:07,100
a high-end palace with flowing 
spaces made from Modern 

3413
03:00:07,100 --> 03:00:10,400
materials, or a castle that 
looks strong, but is softened by

3414
03:00:10,400 --> 03:00:14,000
modern transparency. 
The stream architecture doesn't 

3415
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:17,600
mix things up or contradict 
itself, it's completely fine 

3416
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:20,300
because Japanese architecture as
always been about bringing 

3417
03:00:20,300 --> 03:00:23,900
together different influences 
and needs into a cohesive whole 

3418
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:27,300
that serves human life while 
respecting deeper aesthetic and 

3419
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:31,000
philosophical ideas. 
The lessons from the history of 

3420
03:00:31,000 --> 03:00:33,800
Japanese architecture, apply to 
more than just Japan. 

3421
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,900
They remind us that buildings 
are more than just places to 

3422
03:00:36,900 --> 03:00:39,200
live. 
There are so ways for us to show

3423
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:42,900
how we want to live what we 
value and how we see our place 

3424
03:00:42,900 --> 03:00:45,700
in the natural world. 
They show that tradition and 

3425
03:00:45,700 --> 03:00:48,800
Innovation are not opposites, 
but Partners in a creative 

3426
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:52,600
conversation that never ends. 
Japanese architecture, teaches 

3427
03:00:52,600 --> 03:00:56,500
you to be patient to think 
carefully about every detail to 

3428
03:00:56,500 --> 03:01:00,100
choose materials carefully and 
to let designs grow through 

3429
03:01:00,100 --> 03:01:04,100
repeated refinement, it values 
restraint, which means that 

3430
03:01:04,100 --> 03:01:06,400
knowing what to leave out is 
often more important than 

3431
03:01:06,400 --> 03:01:09,700
knowing what to put in it. 
Accepts that everything is 

3432
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,000
temporary. 
Just like all buildings and 

3433
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:15,300
other things made by people are 
temporary parts of Nature's 

3434
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:18,600
longer story. 
Japanese architecture teaches us

3435
03:01:18,600 --> 03:01:21,400
that the waist spaces are set up
can change how we feel. 

3436
03:01:22,200 --> 03:01:25,300
The light in a room, the feel of
a wall, the connection between 

3437
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:28,800
the inside and the garden, and 
the size of a space, all affect 

3438
03:01:28,800 --> 03:01:32,600
how we feel think and interact 
with other people architecture 

3439
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:34,800
isn't just about building places
for people to live. 

3440
03:01:34,800 --> 03:01:38,900
It's also about making places 
where people can Thrive when you

3441
03:01:38,900 --> 03:01:41,708
wake up tomorrow you might see 
your own living space in a new 

3442
03:01:41,716 --> 03:01:44,600
way that Windows connection to 
the light in the morning. 

3443
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:48,600
The line that separates rooms 
the things and textures that are

3444
03:01:48,600 --> 03:01:51,000
around you. 
The existence or non-existence 

3445
03:01:51,000 --> 03:01:54,000
of natural components. 
These aren't just things that 

3446
03:01:54,000 --> 03:01:56,100
are useful. 
There are also chances to make 

3447
03:01:56,100 --> 03:01:59,300
daily life more, beautiful, 
thoughtful and connected. 

3448
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:02,400
You don't have to live in a 
traditional Japanese house to 

3449
03:02:02,400 --> 03:02:03,900
learn from Japanese 
architecture. 

3450
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:08,700
The rules can be used anywhere, 
less is more quality over 

3451
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:13,100
quantity, connecting with nature
spaces that change to fit your 

3452
03:02:13,108 --> 03:02:16,700
needs, honest materials that get
better with age, paying 

3453
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:20,100
attention to light and Shadow 
and the power of empty space. 

3454
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:23,800
You might put one flower. 
In a special place making your 

3455
03:02:23,800 --> 03:02:27,600
own small version of a toucan. 
You might move things around in 

3456
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:29,400
a room to let in more natural 
light. 

3457
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:32,500
You might just stop and take in 
the architectural, details of 

3458
03:02:32,500 --> 03:02:33,900
the places you live in every 
day. 

3459
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:37,200
These little things, keep the 
tradition alive in your own way.

3460
03:02:37,200 --> 03:02:40,200
It's not just about building 
buildings in far-off places or 

3461
03:02:40,200 --> 03:02:42,500
things that happen in the past 
that make up the history of 

3462
03:02:42,500 --> 03:02:45,300
Japanese architecture. 
It's a living tradition that 

3463
03:02:45,300 --> 03:02:47,500
keeps changing. 
And you take part in it. 

3464
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:50,400
Every time you think carefully 
about the places you make and 

3465
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:54,600
live in the master Carpenters of
ancient Japan, the teamsters 

3466
03:02:54,600 --> 03:02:57,900
refining, aesthetic principles, 
and the modern Architects. 

3467
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,100
Looking for new ways to build 
all contribute to an ongoing 

3468
03:03:01,100 --> 03:03:03,300
discussion about how people 
should live on the planet. 

3469
03:03:04,500 --> 03:03:07,900
A sleep takes over, let your 
last conscious thoughts, rest in

3470
03:03:07,900 --> 03:03:16,200
a place of perfect peace. 
When Emperor alexios the first 

3471
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:18,500
Common analysis to his 
emissaries to Pope Urban. 

3472
03:03:18,500 --> 03:03:22,200
The second in 1095, he hardly 
imagined his diplomatic 

3473
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:23,900
Outreach. 
Would unleash two centuries of 

3474
03:03:23,908 --> 03:03:25,300
Bloodshed across three 
continents. 

3475
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:27,200
The bees and time. 
Ruler. 

3476
03:03:27,200 --> 03:03:29,600
Merely sought military 
assistance against the seljuk 

3477
03:03:29,600 --> 03:03:32,900
Turks, who had significant 
portion of Anatolia following 

3478
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:36,900
the Battle of manzikert. 
What transpired instead was the 

3479
03:03:36,900 --> 03:03:39,500
weaponization of religious 
further on an unprecedented 

3480
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,600
scale. 
Pope Urban the second's response

3481
03:03:42,600 --> 03:03:45,400
at the Council of Claremore 
transcended mere strategic 

3482
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:48,500
calculation. 
The papacy having emerged from 

3483
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:50,700
the investiture controversy with
authority. 

3484
03:03:50,700 --> 03:03:54,100
Diminished saw an opportunity 
Urban speech. 

3485
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:57,900
So often sanitized in modern 
retellings, was a masterclass in

3486
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:01,900
medieval propaganda deploying 
fabricated, atrocity stories in 

3487
03:04:01,900 --> 03:04:05,500
a scatological fear mongering. 
He falsely claimed that Eastern 

3488
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:08,800
Christians face systematic 
extermination and that Muslim 

3489
03:04:08,800 --> 03:04:11,500
forces were desecrating. 
Christian holy site in ways that

3490
03:04:11,500 --> 03:04:13,600
historical records simply do not
support. 

3491
03:04:14,900 --> 03:04:17,000
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.
Inspire. 

3492
03:04:17,000 --> 03:04:20,800
You Urban proclaimed to the 
assembled nobility and clergy 

3493
03:04:20,800 --> 03:04:23,900
invoking. 
Not biblical compassion, but 

3494
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:28,200
rather carolingian Conquest. the
First Crusade was marketed not 

3495
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:31,600
merely as a defensive action, 
but as a path to spiritual and 

3496
03:04:31,600 --> 03:04:35,400
material Redemption, Urban 
Innovation was profound, he 

3497
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,500
offered plenary indulgences 
complete Absolution from 

3498
03:04:38,500 --> 03:04:41,800
temporal punishment for sins to 
those who took up arms. 

3499
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:45,300
This spiritual economy of 
violence, transformed killing 

3500
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:48,600
from a sin requirements into a 
means of achieving it. 

3501
03:04:49,600 --> 03:04:52,600
What historians often overlooked
is how the Crusades emerged 

3502
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:55,200
precisely when Europe was 
experiencing its. 

3503
03:04:55,200 --> 03:04:57,800
First sustained period of 
economic growth since the 

3504
03:04:57,800 --> 03:04:59,400
collapse of the Western Roman 
Empire. 

3505
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:02,800
Agricultural Innovations, had 
increased food production, 

3506
03:05:02,800 --> 03:05:06,100
creating population, pressures, 
and land, scarcity, among the 

3507
03:05:06,100 --> 03:05:09,100
noble classes. 
The promise of new territories, 

3508
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:11,700
serve the interests of younger 
Sons, disinherited, by 

3509
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:15,000
primogeniture Urban's, call 
offered a providential solution 

3510
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:17,900
to social pressures that 
threatened to destabilize the 

3511
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:20,500
feudal order. 
The earliest crusading armies 

3512
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:23,900
included, not just Knights, but 
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 

3513
03:05:23,900 --> 03:05:25,400
by charismatic, figures like 
Peter. 

3514
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:29,400
The hermit These popular 
movements largely written out of

3515
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,800
triumphalist narrative conducted
the first per grams against 

3516
03:05:32,800 --> 03:05:34,600
Jewish communities across the 
Rhino land. 

3517
03:05:35,300 --> 03:05:38,300
In cities, like, worms mints and
cologne. 

3518
03:05:38,300 --> 03:05:41,900
Thousands of Jews were 
slaughtered when they refused 

3519
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:44,900
forced baptism. 
Bishop Albert of Mainz is 

3520
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:49,000
eyewitness account notes that 
unless they chose baptism the 

3521
03:05:49,000 --> 03:05:51,700
Crusaders, killed the women, as 
well as the men and nursing 

3522
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:54,600
infants. 
This violence wasn't an 

3523
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:57,500
aberration, but a logical 
extension of a worldview that 

3524
03:05:57,500 --> 03:06:00,000
regarded non-christians as 
legitimate targets. 

3525
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:03,600
When these irregular forces 
reached Byzantine territory, 

3526
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:06,600
they subjected Orthodox 
Christian communities to 

3527
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,100
pillaging an assault revealing 
how quickly religious 

3528
03:06:09,100 --> 03:06:11,800
justifications could be 
abandoned when plunder was at 

3529
03:06:11,800 --> 03:06:14,700
stake. 
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 

3530
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:17,700
supposed allies. 
Hastily transported them across 

3531
03:06:17,700 --> 03:06:21,100
the Bosphorus where most were 
promptly mustard by seljuk 

3532
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:24,500
forces at silvertoe an episode 
sympathetic Chronicles 

3533
03:06:24,500 --> 03:06:27,600
strategically minimized, the 
military contingents that 

3534
03:06:27,600 --> 03:06:31,200
followed led by figures like 
Godfrey of bouillon Raymond of 

3535
03:06:31,200 --> 03:06:34,700
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto
were hardly more disciplined. 

3536
03:06:35,500 --> 03:06:38,600
They extorted Provisions from 
Byzantine cities and refused to 

3537
03:06:38,608 --> 03:06:42,300
swear the customary feudal, 
Oaths to alexios exposing the 

3538
03:06:42,300 --> 03:06:44,700
political Ambitions that drove 
many Crusade leaders. 

3539
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:48,700
Their journey through Anatolia 
was marked by tactical blunders 

3540
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:52,400
an internal power struggles that
somehow escaped the sanitized 

3541
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:55,300
Chronicles produced by clerical,
propaganda's like culture of 

3542
03:06:55,300 --> 03:06:57,500
shark. 
What emerges from primary 

3543
03:06:57,500 --> 03:07:01,300
sources is not a Divine Mission,
but a chaotic military 

3544
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:05,500
Expedition Riven by competing 
interests logistical failures of

3545
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:09,800
skiers and strategic in 
coherence The Crusaders were not

3546
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:12,700
unified by shared purpose, so 
much as trapped in a mutual 

3547
03:07:12,700 --> 03:07:16,400
dependency of hostile territory.
There are eventual success 

3548
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:18,900
against overwhelming odds at 
Antioch and Jerusalem. 

3549
03:07:18,900 --> 03:07:22,600
Odd, more to factual divisions 
among their Muslim opponents. 

3550
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:26,700
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 
and sheer desperation than to 

3551
03:07:26,700 --> 03:07:29,300
divine intervention or military 
brilliant's. 

3552
03:07:30,300 --> 03:07:33,900
The mythologizing began almost 
immediately transforming a 

3553
03:07:33,900 --> 03:07:37,100
brutal campaign of Conquest into
a miraculous Triumph of Fate, 

3554
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:41,300
the fall of Jerusalem on July 
the 15th, 1099 stands as 

3555
03:07:41,300 --> 03:07:44,200
perhaps, the single most 
notorious episode of the entire 

3556
03:07:44,200 --> 03:07:47,600
crusading era. 
The typical narrative describes 

3557
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:51,000
the conquest as exceptionally 
brutal, even by medieval 

3558
03:07:51,000 --> 03:07:53,200
standards. 
But seldom examines the 

3559
03:07:53,200 --> 03:07:56,000
psychological mechanics that 
enabled such violence or its 

3560
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:58,600
broader implications for 
Crusader governance. 

3561
03:07:59,800 --> 03:08:02,100
When the city's defenses, 
finally buckled after a 

3562
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:05,400
month-long Siege Crusader 
forces, moved methodically 

3563
03:08:05,400 --> 03:08:09,800
through the streets Raymond of 
Aguilera and I witness described

3564
03:08:09,800 --> 03:08:13,200
the scene at the Temple mount. 
Men Road in blood up to their 

3565
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:16,500
knees and Bridal rains in the 
temple and Port of Solomon. 

3566
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:18,600
Men rode in blood up to their 
knees. 

3567
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:22,400
This was not the chaotic frenzy 
often depicted in popular 

3568
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:25,400
accounts, archaeological 
evidence, indicate systematic 

3569
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:28,900
execution of the city's 
inhabitants, The Crusade as 

3570
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:32,200
corralled civilians into 
confined spaces, synagogues, 

3571
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:34,800
mosques and Courtyards where 
they could be officially 

3572
03:08:34,800 --> 03:08:37,400
dispatched. 
What's missing from many 

3573
03:08:37,400 --> 03:08:39,700
accounts is how this violence 
was ritualized. 

3574
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:42,900
Survivors, reported, the 
Crusaders singing, hymns and 

3575
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:44,700
religious canticles during the 
massacre. 

3576
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:49,100
Their Bloodshed wasn't merely 
strategic, but performative, a 

3577
03:08:49,100 --> 03:08:52,300
violent liturgy symbolizing, the
purification of Sacred Space. 

3578
03:08:53,200 --> 03:08:55,700
when Godfrey of Boolean entered 
the Church of the Holy 

3579
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,700
Sepulchre, he did so Barefoot 
and in penitential Garb even as 

3580
03:08:59,700 --> 03:09:03,400
his followers continued their 
bloody work This ritualized 

3581
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:05,800
violence established a template,
that would be repeated 

3582
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:07,100
throughout the crusading, 
period. 

3583
03:09:07,100 --> 03:09:10,600
The immediate aftermath revealed
the contradictions inherent in 

3584
03:09:10,600 --> 03:09:13,900
the Crusader project. 
Having secured Christianity's 

3585
03:09:13,900 --> 03:09:16,700
holiest sites. 
Most Crusaders fulfilled, their 

3586
03:09:16,700 --> 03:09:20,900
vows and returned to Europe. 
Only a small fraction remained 

3587
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:23,900
to hold these conquests. 
The kingdom of Jerusalem, that 

3588
03:09:23,900 --> 03:09:27,200
emerged was a precarious entity 
and narrow Coastal strip. 

3589
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,300
Perpetually on the defensive, 
never possessing the demographic

3590
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:33,800
depth to secure its existence 
without constant reinforcement 

3591
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:36,300
from Europe. 
The governance structures 

3592
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:39,200
established by the remaining 
Crusaders have been romanticized

3593
03:09:39,200 --> 03:09:43,800
as a model of feudal efficiency.
The reality was Far Messier, the

3594
03:09:43,800 --> 03:09:46,600
Frankish nobility that ruled. 
The kingdom refused meaningful 

3595
03:09:46,600 --> 03:09:48,200
integration with the local 
population. 

3596
03:09:49,300 --> 03:09:51,000
While other conquerors 
throughout history, had 

3597
03:09:51,000 --> 03:09:53,700
typically intermarried with 
indigenous Elites to secure 

3598
03:09:53,700 --> 03:09:56,900
their rule, the Crusader States 
maintained rigid social 

3599
03:09:56,900 --> 03:10:00,400
segregation even Eastern 
Christians were relegated to 

3600
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:03,000
secondary status creating a 
two-tiered society that 

3601
03:10:03,000 --> 03:10:05,700
undermines the Kingdom's 
legitimacy among its subjects. 

3602
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:09,600
perhaps, most revealing was the 
Crusader States economic 

3603
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:13,700
Foundation Despite religious 
justifications the kingdom of 

3604
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:16,800
Jerusalem quickly demonstrated 
its fundamentally extractive 

3605
03:10:16,800 --> 03:10:19,700
nature. 
The Italian Maritime republics 

3606
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:23,400
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 
established, commercial quarters

3607
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:27,000
in coastal cities, turning holy 
war into profitable Enterprise? 

3608
03:10:27,900 --> 03:10:30,300
These Merchants secured 
monopolies on trade between 

3609
03:10:30,300 --> 03:10:33,600
Eastern West transforming, 
religious pilgrimage into a 

3610
03:10:33,600 --> 03:10:36,600
commercial activity. 
The kingdom levied taxes on 

3611
03:10:36,600 --> 03:10:40,000
Muslim Caravans passing through 
its territories profiting, from 

3612
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:43,600
the very Commerce with infidels 
that Crusader rhetoric 

3613
03:10:43,600 --> 03:10:46,500
condemned. 
Agricultural production, relied 

3614
03:10:46,500 --> 03:10:48,800
on the exploitation of the 
Native peasantry through a 

3615
03:10:48,800 --> 03:10:51,200
system that differed little from
serfdom. 

3616
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,600
Indigenous farmers were 
subjected to oppressive taxation

3617
03:10:54,600 --> 03:10:59,500
that channeled to a thin layer 
of Frankish nobility the 

3618
03:10:59,500 --> 03:11:02,700
military orders, the Templars 
and hospitals became major 

3619
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:05,500
landholders developing 
sophisticated financial 

3620
03:11:05,500 --> 03:11:07,700
instruments that made them 
Europe's first multinational 

3621
03:11:07,700 --> 03:11:11,800
corporations, the gap between 
rhetorical ideals and governance

3622
03:11:11,800 --> 03:11:14,100
realities widened with each 
passing decade. 

3623
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:18,200
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

3624
03:11:18,200 --> 03:11:21,600
their origins in the religious 
Warfare Crusader leaders 

3625
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:24,400
regularly formed alliances with 
Muslim Powers against rival. 

3626
03:11:24,400 --> 03:11:28,400
Christian factions Baldwin fur, 
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 

3627
03:11:28,400 --> 03:11:31,300
against Damascus. 
The principality of Antioch 

3628
03:11:31,300 --> 03:11:33,800
allied with a leppo against 
Benzene claims. 

3629
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:37,100
These expedient Arrangements 
exposed the fundamentally 

3630
03:11:37,100 --> 03:11:40,500
political nature of Institutions
and supposedly dedicated to 

3631
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:43,400
defending the faith. 
The indigenous response to 

3632
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:46,600
Crusader rule was neither the 
uniform hostility portrayed in 

3633
03:11:46,600 --> 03:11:49,600
nationalist, historiographies, 
Norther passive, acceptance 

3634
03:11:49,600 --> 03:11:54,100
suggested by Colonial narrative,
logical evidence reveals 

3635
03:11:54,100 --> 03:11:56,300
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

3636
03:11:57,100 --> 03:11:59,900
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

3637
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:01,700
adapting to new political 
realities. 

3638
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:04,600
Muslim communities preserve 
their identities. 

3639
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,400
Through parallel institutions 
Jewish communities, though. 

3640
03:12:08,400 --> 03:12:10,100
Devastated by the initial 
Conquest. 

3641
03:12:10,100 --> 03:12:12,900
Eventually re-established 
themselves, and peripheral 

3642
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:15,500
areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

3643
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:17,300
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

3644
03:12:18,100 --> 03:12:19,900
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

3645
03:12:19,900 --> 03:12:23,400
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

3646
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,300
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

3647
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:28,800
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

3648
03:12:29,600 --> 03:12:32,600
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

3649
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:35,900
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

3650
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:38,600
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come. 

3651
03:12:38,600 --> 03:12:42,600
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

3652
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:44,500
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

3653
03:12:44,500 --> 03:12:47,900
Crusader leaders regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

3654
03:12:47,900 --> 03:12:51,000
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin fur 

3655
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:53,600
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

3656
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:57,100
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

3657
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,200
bizantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

3658
03:13:00,200 --> 03:13:03,300
exposed the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

3659
03:13:03,300 --> 03:13:05,900
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

3660
03:13:06,700 --> 03:13:09,400
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

3661
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:11,500
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist. 

3662
03:13:11,500 --> 03:13:14,900
Historiographies, Norther 
passive, acceptance suggested by

3663
03:13:14,900 --> 03:13:18,500
Colonial narrative's hockey 
logical, evidence, reveals 

3664
03:13:18,500 --> 03:13:20,700
creative forms of resistance and
accommodation. 

3665
03:13:21,500 --> 03:13:24,300
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

3666
03:13:24,300 --> 03:13:27,800
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

3667
03:13:27,800 --> 03:13:30,400
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

3668
03:13:30,400 --> 03:13:34,000
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

3669
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:36,800
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

3670
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:39,900
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

3671
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:41,700
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

3672
03:13:42,500 --> 03:13:44,400
For Muslim populations 
throughout the region. 

3673
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:47,800
It represented not just a 
military defeat but a profound 

3674
03:13:47,800 --> 03:13:51,400
betrayal of inter-communal norms
that are generally protected, 

3675
03:13:51,400 --> 03:13:53,300
civilian populations, during 
Warfare. 

3676
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:57,000
The psychological impact 
reverberated far, beyond the 

3677
03:13:57,000 --> 03:14:00,400
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

3678
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:04,000
that would fuel counter Crusades
for generations to come Pope in 

3679
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:07,400
the third who had authorized The
Crusade initially expressed 

3680
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:10,900
shock but quickly accepted the 
reality legitimizing, the 

3681
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:12,900
conquest, as Divine judgment on 
Greek. 

3682
03:14:12,900 --> 03:14:15,600
His Mattox. 
This theological flexibility 

3683
03:14:15,600 --> 03:14:18,500
demonstrated how easily 
crusading ideology could be 

3684
03:14:18,508 --> 03:14:21,500
retro-fitted to justify naked 
aggression against fellow 

3685
03:14:21,500 --> 03:14:25,800
Christians. the Latin Empire 
established in Constantinople 

3686
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:28,800
would last less than six 
decades, but the breach between 

3687
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:31,300
eastern and western 
Christianity, proved permanent 

3688
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:35,600
The Children's Crusade and 
Fourth Crusade, bookended a 

3689
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:38,400
crucial transition. 
What began as a defensive 

3690
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:41,500
response to a specific request 
for military assistance evolved 

3691
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:45,100
into an Institutional framework 
that could justify virtually any

3692
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,400
exercise of violence when 
properly sanctioned by klassical

3693
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,100
authorities. 
The victims of crusading 

3694
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:52,600
violence. 
Now, included Eastern, 

3695
03:14:52,600 --> 03:14:57,700
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,
Christian Heretics and political

3696
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:01,700
opponents of the papacy. 
Jerusalem had become almost 

3697
03:15:01,700 --> 03:15:04,000
incidental to a movement that 
had developed its own. 

3698
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,400
Internal logic of sacred 
violence, the Islamic response 

3699
03:15:07,400 --> 03:15:10,000
to the Crusades challenges, 
simplistic Narrative of 

3700
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:13,900
religious polarization. 
Initially Muslim, rulers viewed.

3701
03:15:13,900 --> 03:15:16,700
The First Crusade, not as an 
existential religious threat, 

3702
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:19,900
but as merely, another Byzantine
backed incursion into a 

3703
03:15:19,908 --> 03:15:23,800
politically fragmented region. 
The limited resources committed 

3704
03:15:23,800 --> 03:15:25,400
to resisting the initial 
Invasion. 

3705
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:29,900
Reflected this miscalculation. 
Only gradually did a coherent 

3706
03:15:29,900 --> 03:15:33,200
counter Crusade, ideology emerge
transforming, localized 

3707
03:15:33,200 --> 03:15:35,300
resistance in to a Panasonic 
response. 

3708
03:15:36,300 --> 03:15:39,300
The early Muslim worlds disunity
was, its critical vulnerability.

3709
03:15:40,500 --> 03:15:44,500
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 

3710
03:15:44,500 --> 03:15:47,600
engaged in bitter rivalry with 
the Abbasid caliphate centered 

3711
03:15:47,600 --> 03:15:50,900
in Baghdad. 
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 

3712
03:15:50,900 --> 03:15:52,900
fragmenting into competing 
Emirates. 

3713
03:15:53,600 --> 03:15:56,500
These divisions allowed the 
numerically inferior Crusaders 

3714
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,300
to establish footholds and 
territories that might otherwise

3715
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:03,300
have been easily defended. 
The first systematic. 

3716
03:16:03,300 --> 03:16:07,200
Intellectual response came from 
Ali IBN to here al-salami, who 

3717
03:16:07,200 --> 03:16:12,300
composed the book of holy war 
around 11:05 Al-salami 

3718
03:16:12,300 --> 03:16:14,900
interpreted the Crusader 
Invasion as Divine punishment 

3719
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:17,000
for Muslim disunity and moral 
activity. 

3720
03:16:17,800 --> 03:16:20,800
Particularly the abandonment of 
jihad as a communal obligation. 

3721
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:24,800
His work received limited 
attention in his lifetime, but 

3722
03:16:24,800 --> 03:16:27,300
established conceptual 
Frameworks that later leaders 

3723
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:32,000
would deploy more effectively. 
In Dean zengi, the Turkish at 

3724
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:34,200
beg of mosul and Aleppo 
represented. 

3725
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:36,300
The first phase of organized. 
Counter Crusade. 

3726
03:16:36,300 --> 03:16:41,000
His recapture of a desert in 
1144, the first major Crusader 

3727
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:43,800
state to fall inspired a new 
Consciousness. 

3728
03:16:43,800 --> 03:16:47,600
Among those little Elites zengi 
propaganda, portrayed him as a 

3729
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:51,300
mujahid, holy Warrior, rather 
than merely a territorial ruler.

3730
03:16:52,200 --> 03:16:56,100
His assassination in 1146 
prevented further advances, but 

3731
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:58,800
his son, Nora Dean continued, 
this ideological project. 

3732
03:16:59,800 --> 03:17:02,600
Neurodin Innovations were 
structural rather than merely 

3733
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:06,200
rhetorical he systematically. 
Redirected religious endowments 

3734
03:17:06,200 --> 03:17:09,400
Wok to fund military campaigns 
against the Crusader states. 

3735
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:13,600
He sponsored the construction of
madrasas religious schools that 

3736
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:17,000
promoted Jihad ideology while 
commissioning architectural 

3737
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:20,900
projects like the minbar pulpit 
intended for Jerusalem's 

3738
03:17:20,900 --> 03:17:23,600
Al-Aqsa. 
Mosque after its recapture this 

3739
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:27,100
material culture of counter 
Crusade created tangible symbols

3740
03:17:27,100 --> 03:17:29,000
around which resistance could 
coalesce. 

3741
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:33,200
The Byzantine seljuk peace 
treaty of 1160 allowed neurodin 

3742
03:17:33,200 --> 03:17:36,700
to focus exclusively on the 
Latin States creating 

3743
03:17:36,700 --> 03:17:38,800
unprecedented pressure on the 
kingdom of Jerusalem. 

3744
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,900
Where at Dean's forces 
intervened in Fatimid succession

3745
03:17:42,900 --> 03:17:46,800
struggles his Kurdish, General 
seller, a Dean Saladin 

3746
03:17:46,800 --> 03:17:50,700
eventually, emerged as ruler of 
each Egypt, creating a united 

3747
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:53,100
front against the Crusader 
States for the first time. 

3748
03:17:53,900 --> 03:17:57,000
In complex Legacy has been 
distorted, by both Western 

3749
03:17:57,000 --> 03:18:01,200
Romanticism and modern Arab 
nationalism contemporary 

3750
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:03,200
evidence suggests. 
He was neither of the Chevelle 

3751
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:06,300
Rick Paragon portrayed by 
Walter, Scott Nora, Proto 

3752
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,000
nationalist, hero. 
His initial campaigns 

3753
03:18:09,000 --> 03:18:13,100
prioritized eliminating Egypt 
and securing his own dynastic 

3754
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:16,500
interests only. 
After consolidating power did, 

3755
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:19,100
he fully Embrace counter Crusade
as his Central purpose? 

3756
03:18:19,100 --> 03:18:23,700
The Battle of Hatton in 1187 
represented, the culmination of 

3757
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:27,000
Decades of strategic preparation
and ideological development 

3758
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:31,500
Saladin's victory was not merely
military but psychological the 

3759
03:18:31,500 --> 03:18:34,600
capture of the True Cross, and 
mass execution of Templar. 

3760
03:18:34,600 --> 03:18:37,000
And Hospital Knights 
symbolically reversed the 

3761
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:40,100
humiliation of Jerusalem's fall 
nearly a century earlier. 

3762
03:18:41,000 --> 03:18:44,700
When Jerusalem surrendered later
that year saladin's calculated 

3763
03:18:44,700 --> 03:18:46,500
clemency toward its Christian 
inhabitants. 

3764
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:51,600
Explicitly contrasted with the 
1099 Massacre establishing moral

3765
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:53,800
superiority within the conflicts
narrative. 

3766
03:18:54,500 --> 03:18:59,100
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 
1192 revealed, the change 

3767
03:18:59,100 --> 03:19:02,800
dynamics of the conflict. 
Despite mobilizing the full 

3768
03:19:02,800 --> 03:19:07,400
resources of England, France, 
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 

3769
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:10,300
Expedition secured, only a 
narrow Coastal strip, and 

3770
03:19:10,300 --> 03:19:12,800
negotiated access to Jerusalem 
for pilgrims. 

3771
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:16,400
This limited outcome, despite 
unprecedented investment 

3772
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:18,600
Illustrated the counter Crusades
of effectiveness. 

3773
03:19:19,500 --> 03:19:22,400
The Muslim world had developed 
institutional resilience against

3774
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:25,500
external aggression, while 
crusading had become a fiscally 

3775
03:19:25,500 --> 03:19:27,700
ruinous obligation for European 
monarchs. 

3776
03:19:28,500 --> 03:19:31,200
Less acknowledged in traditional
narratives is how the counter 

3777
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:33,400
Crusade transformed Islamic 
institutions. 

3778
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:37,200
The military dominance of slave 
Soldier, mamlouk units 

3779
03:19:37,200 --> 03:19:40,500
accelerated during this period, 
eventually, culminating in the 

3780
03:19:40,508 --> 03:19:43,600
mamluk sultanate, that would 
deliver the final blow to 

3781
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:47,600
Crusader presence in the Levant.
Religious endowments were 

3782
03:19:47,600 --> 03:19:50,500
increasingly militarized, 
diverting resources from civil 

3783
03:19:50,500 --> 03:19:53,500
development. 
Political legitimacy became 

3784
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:57,600
increasingly tied to anti-frag. 
Credentials, narrowing the space

3785
03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:01,800
for pragmatic coexistence. 
The ayuba dynasty established by

3786
03:20:01,800 --> 03:20:05,200
Saladin initially maintained his
balanced approach, but gradually

3787
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:08,700
succumb to internal rivalries. 
When are you bid rulers? 

3788
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:11,400
Negotiated the surrender of 
Jerusalem to Frederick the 

3789
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:13,800
second during the 6th crusade in
1239. 

3790
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,300
They faced intense opposition 
from religious Scholars and the 

3791
03:20:17,308 --> 03:20:21,000
general population. 
The city was retaken by a bid 

3792
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:24,100
forces in 1244. 
Demonstrating how counter 

3793
03:20:24,100 --> 03:20:27,300
Crusade ideology had become 
self-sustaining, able to 

3794
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:29,700
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

3795
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:33,600
The Mongol invasions of the 
mid-13th century initially 

3796
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:35,800
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

3797
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:39,000
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

3798
03:20:39,000 --> 03:20:42,600
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

3799
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:46,700
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

3800
03:20:46,700 --> 03:20:49,300
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

3801
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,400
mamluks of Egypt, who had 
overthrown the IU bids, the 

3802
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:56,300
mamluk victory, at Angela 1260, 
halted Mongol advancement and 

3803
03:20:56,300 --> 03:20:59,800
paradoxical reinforced counter 
Crusade ideology by linking it 

3804
03:20:59,800 --> 03:21:01,900
to broader resistance against 
foreign domination. 

3805
03:21:02,900 --> 03:21:05,700
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

3806
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:09,600
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory and a mamluk 

3807
03:21:09,600 --> 03:21:12,600
store, Sultan baibars, and his 
successors. 

3808
03:21:13,800 --> 03:21:20,900
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli
1289 and finally a Cree 1291 

3809
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:23,700
eliminated Latin presence in the
Levant. 

3810
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,100
These campaigns were marked by 
meticulous planning 

3811
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:30,900
technological innovation, 
particularly in Siege Warfare 

3812
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,800
and strategic ruthlessness. 
The centuries long in counter 

3813
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:37,500
had transformed both Islamic 
military organization and 

3814
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:40,500
religious thought, creating new 
paradigms that would influence 

3815
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:44,000
Muslim societies for generations
to come the brutality of the 

3816
03:21:44,008 --> 03:21:46,800
Crusades extended beyond the 
battlefield in the realm of 

3817
03:21:46,808 --> 03:21:50,200
cultural Warfare. 
While physical violence, in 

3818
03:21:50,200 --> 03:21:53,400
immediate victims, the crusading
movements of salt on cultural 

3819
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:56,500
identity and knowledge produced 
casualties that would never be 

3820
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:59,200
counted. 
This dimension of Crusader 

3821
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:03,600
brutality remains under explored
overshadows shadowed by more 

3822
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:05,800
visually dramatic aspects of 
military conflict. 

3823
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:09,300
The library of Tripoli 
reportedly containing over 3, 

3824
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:12,500
million volumes represented one 
of the medieval world's greatest

3825
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:16,100
repository of knowledge. 
Crusaders systematically 

3826
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:17,700
destroyed. 
This Irreplaceable collection 

3827
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:23,200
when the captured the city in 
1189 Raymond of agile who had 

3828
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:25,900
earlier glorified the bloodbath 
that Jerusalem described this 

3829
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:29,100
destruction as necessary because
many texts contained The 

3830
03:22:29,100 --> 03:22:33,100
Abominable teachings of Muhammad
the specific targeting of 

3831
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,500
libraries was not incidental but
ideological an attack on 

3832
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:40,900
knowledge systems that challenge
Latin Christian exclusivity The 

3833
03:22:40,908 --> 03:22:43,700
Crusaders cultural program 
extended to the built 

3834
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:46,700
environment. 
Upon capturing Jerusalem, they 

3835
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:49,200
immediately converted the Dome 
of the Rock in to a church 

3836
03:22:49,200 --> 03:22:53,100
called Templeton domini and also
mosque in to Temple of Solomon. 

3837
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:56,600
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

3838
03:22:56,600 --> 03:22:58,000
editions. 
That overlaid Christian 

3839
03:22:58,000 --> 03:23:01,700
symbolism onto his name, sacred 
spaces, art historians have 

3840
03:23:01,708 --> 03:23:04,300
documented how Crusader 
modifications deliberately 

3841
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:07,600
obscured or defaced his 
inscription while preserving 

3842
03:23:07,600 --> 03:23:10,000
architectural elements. 
That could be incorporated into 

3843
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:12,700
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence 

3844
03:23:12,700 --> 03:23:15,000
characterized the Crusader 
States throughout their 

3845
03:23:15,000 --> 03:23:17,800
existence. 
Despite rule in predominantly 

3846
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:19,900
arabic speaking population for 
Generations. 

3847
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:23,200
Most Frankish Nobles never 
learned that language of their 

3848
03:23:23,200 --> 03:23:25,900
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

3849
03:23:25,900 --> 03:23:29,700
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

3850
03:23:29,700 --> 03:23:33,800
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

3851
03:23:33,800 --> 03:23:37,300
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

3852
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:41,000
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

3853
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:42,900
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

3854
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:47,300
Crusaders ideological impact, 
extended beyond the immediate 

3855
03:23:47,300 --> 03:23:49,900
conflict zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

3856
03:23:49,900 --> 03:23:53,200
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

3857
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:55,700
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

3858
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,300
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

3859
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:02,600
providing templates for 
persecuting domestic minorities 

3860
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:06,400
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

3861
03:24:06,400 --> 03:24:10,200
the Cross abroad. 
The fourth letter in Council of 

3862
03:24:10,200 --> 03:24:14,200
1215, which formalised much 
crusading theology also. 

3863
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:16,400
Mandated, that Jews were 
distinctive clothing, 

3864
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:19,500
institutionalizing their 
otherness intellectual 

3865
03:24:19,500 --> 03:24:22,000
casualties included, the 
severing of philosophical and 

3866
03:24:22,000 --> 03:24:24,900
scientific exchanges that have 
previously flourished across 

3867
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:27,900
religious boundaries. 
The translation movement 

3868
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:31,500
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 
which had transmitted critical 

3869
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:35,500
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 
commentaries facing suspicion. 

3870
03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:39,500
As crusading ideology, hardened 
boundaries, between Christian 

3871
03:24:39,500 --> 03:24:40,900
and Muslim. 
Intellectual worlds 

3872
03:24:40,900 --> 03:24:43,900
opportunities for cross 
fertilization diminished 

3873
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:47,300
delaying European access to 
crucial classical knowledge for 

3874
03:24:47,300 --> 03:24:49,800
Generations. 
Even artistic production was 

3875
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:52,900
militarized, the chancellor 
Rolland initially composed 

3876
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:56,000
before the first crusade was 
expanded and a modified to 

3877
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:59,500
incorporate crusading themes. 
Transforming a regional conflict

3878
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:02,400
into an existential struggle 
between Christianity and Islam. 

3879
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:06,400
This literary weaponization 
created, cultural templates. 

3880
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:08,900
That would influence European 
perceptions of Muslims for 

3881
03:25:08,908 --> 03:25:11,600
centuries. 
Similar Charles similar 

3882
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:14,600
Transformations occurred in 
Visual Arts, where depictions of

3883
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:17,600
Muslims became increasingly, 
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 

3884
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:19,800
manuscript illumination and 
church, sculpture. 

3885
03:25:20,700 --> 03:25:23,300
Women's experiences During the 
crusading period revealed 

3886
03:25:23,300 --> 03:25:25,700
particularly complex, dimensions
of cultural violence. 

3887
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:30,600
Anaconda's Alexia documents. 
How female bizantine nobles were

3888
03:25:30,600 --> 03:25:33,400
forced into marriages with 
Crusader leaders creating 

3889
03:25:33,400 --> 03:25:35,200
bloodline claims to Eastern 
territories? 

3890
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,900
In the Crusade Estates policies,
regarding intermarriage shifted.

3891
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:43,300
According to demographic 
necessity, rather than principal

3892
03:25:43,300 --> 03:25:45,800
to acceptance. 
Local Christian families 

3893
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:48,000
permitted temporary 
accommodations with Frankish 

3894
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:50,800
women when they were scared but 
these Arrangements remained 

3895
03:25:50,800 --> 03:25:53,800
exceptional role. 
The normative The cultural 

3896
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:56,900
Legacy of Crusader brutality 
survived long after the military

3897
03:25:56,900 --> 03:26:00,800
conflicts ended the Portuguese 
and Spanish Voyages of Discovery

3898
03:26:00,800 --> 03:26:04,100
explicitly framed their 
Enterprise's extensions of 

3899
03:26:04,108 --> 03:26:07,800
crusading with Columbus carrying
a crusader Banner when he landed

3900
03:26:07,800 --> 03:26:10,500
in the Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

3901
03:26:10,500 --> 03:26:13,400
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews in Iberia following the

3902
03:26:13,400 --> 03:26:16,100
Reconquista were directly 
transported to the Americas. 

3903
03:26:16,100 --> 03:26:19,700
Informing Colonial practices 
toward indigenous populations. 

3904
03:26:20,300 --> 03:26:23,300
The papal, bulls that divided 
the new world between European 

3905
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:27,400
powers, explicitly referenced 
crusading, precedence in the 

3906
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:29,800
Muslim world. 
The cultural memory of Crusader 

3907
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,300
aggression created enduring 
suspicion toward Western 

3908
03:26:32,300 --> 03:26:35,700
intellectual Traditions. 
The early openness toward Greek 

3909
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:38,400
philosophical traditions which 
had produced figures like 

3910
03:26:38,400 --> 03:26:42,200
avicenna and arrows faceing 
resistance within Muslim 

3911
03:26:42,200 --> 03:26:45,300
intellectual circles. 
theological positions that 

3912
03:26:45,300 --> 03:26:49,100
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 
identity gained prominence over 

3913
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:51,800
those that had sought common 
philosophical ground with other 

3914
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,400
traditions, This cultural 
retention represented, a 

3915
03:26:55,400 --> 03:26:58,500
significant loss for 
intellectual exchange across 

3916
03:26:58,500 --> 03:27:02,400
civilizational boundaries, 
perhaps most profoundly the 

3917
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:06,000
Crusades transformed religious 
violence from an incidental 

3918
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:09,100
feature of political conflict 
into a central expression of 

3919
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:12,400
devotional. 
By sanctifying Warfare through 

3920
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:15,600
elaborate theological 
Frameworks, the movement created

3921
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:19,100
templates for religious 
militancy that transcended its 

3922
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,500
immediate historical context. 
These templates proved 

3923
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:26,000
remarkably adaptable capable of 
being invoked in radically 

3924
03:27:26,000 --> 03:27:28,100
different circumstances across 
centuries. 

3925
03:27:29,100 --> 03:27:32,100
The cultural brutality of the 
Crusades thus extended far 

3926
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:34,400
beyond the immediate violence of
conquest and occupation 

3927
03:27:34,400 --> 03:27:37,500
reshaping how religious 
communities understood the 

3928
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:39,000
themselves in relation to 
others. 

3929
03:27:39,000 --> 03:27:42,300
When the Crusaders Rule people 
had to deal with intimate forms 

3930
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:45,100
of violence every day that are 
often left out of stories that 

3931
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,400
are mostly about battles. 
These daily acts of violence, 

3932
03:27:48,400 --> 03:27:51,700
which hurt, people's bodies, 
families, and spiritual lives, 

3933
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:53,400
were part of life for 
indigenous. 

3934
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:57,500
People living on Crusader lands,
evidence from archaeology court 

3935
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,300
records and non-latin, 
Chronicles shows patterns of 

3936
03:28:00,308 --> 03:28:02,900
dominance that went beyond 
regular military operations. 

3937
03:28:02,900 --> 03:28:05,800
Movement itself became a tool of
control. 

3938
03:28:05,800 --> 03:28:09,300
The Crusader States set up 
complex networks of internal 

3939
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,300
checkpoints that made it hard 
for Palestinian Farmers to get 

3940
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,600
to their farms and crops. 
Toll booths made it costly for 

3941
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:19,200
locals to travel between towns. 
These limits, significantly 

3942
03:28:19,200 --> 03:28:22,400
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 
routes transforming religious 

3943
03:28:22,400 --> 03:28:24,600
Journeys into periods of 
frequent harassment and 

3944
03:28:24,600 --> 03:28:28,800
financial demands. 
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 

3945
03:28:28,800 --> 03:28:31,500
moving through Crusader lands 
and wrote about how Muslim 

3946
03:28:31,500 --> 03:28:33,200
Travelers were detained. 
Without a reason. 

3947
03:28:33,200 --> 03:28:36,600
Had their goods taken away and 
were physically abused at these 

3948
03:28:36,600 --> 03:28:40,200
border areas. 
Physical punishment and crusader

3949
03:28:40,200 --> 03:28:42,600
law systems. 
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 

3950
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:46,100
The Lira disa sees caught 
records show that the sentences 

3951
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,400
to francs and Native Christians 
were very different and the 

3952
03:28:49,400 --> 03:28:52,000
sentences given to Muslims and 
Jews were even tougher. 

3953
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:54,900
Frankish people who broke 
property laws were usually 

3954
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:57,800
fined, but native people who 
broke the law could be 

3955
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:00,800
mutilated. 
Written reports of different 

3956
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:03,500
punishments are backed up by 
archaeological evidence from 

3957
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:06,600
burial sites. 
Skeletal remains show patterns 

3958
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:10,300
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 
consistent with judicial 

3959
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:13,200
torture. 
That a more common in non-rich 

3960
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:16,400
Cemetery. 
Under Crusader rule home's 

3961
03:29:16,400 --> 03:29:20,000
turned into dangerous places 
Latin settlers were given more 

3962
03:29:20,000 --> 03:29:21,400
property rights than native 
people. 

3963
03:29:21,400 --> 03:29:24,900
And Native landowners were often
turned into tenants on land that

3964
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:26,200
their families had owned for 
Generations. 

3965
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,800
In cities housing was separated 
with Muslims and Eastern 

3966
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:33,800
Christians, living in separate 
areas that got more crowded as 

3967
03:29:33,800 --> 03:29:38,100
Latin settlers moved in and took
the best spots. logical digs in 

3968
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:41,300
a career and tired during the 
Crusader era show, the Stark 

3969
03:29:41,300 --> 03:29:43,800
difference between the large 
Frankish compounds and the more 

3970
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:47,300
crowded native areas getting to 
water, which was important in 

3971
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:49,500
the temperature of the Levant 
became another way of 

3972
03:29:49,500 --> 03:29:52,500
controlling people. 
The Crusader government changed,

3973
03:29:52,500 --> 03:29:55,900
the flow of water to help Latin 
towns and military bases, which 

3974
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:59,000
messed up, traditional 
irrigation systems in Jerusalem,

3975
03:29:59,000 --> 03:30:02,300
systems were increasingly 
reserved for Frankish, use these

3976
03:30:02,300 --> 03:30:05,200
restrictions meant that native 
people had to drive farther to 

3977
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:08,200
get water. 
This hydraulic colonialism 

3978
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:10,800
entirely changed, farming 
methods, and Community habits 

3979
03:30:10,800 --> 03:30:14,000
that are developed over 100s of 
years to make the best use of 

3980
03:30:14,000 --> 03:30:17,500
water. 
During the Crusades religious 

3981
03:30:17,500 --> 03:30:21,900
experience, changed in big ways,
Muslims and Jews could practice 

3982
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:25,200
their faiths, but there were 
many restrictions in many 

3983
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:27,400
places. 
Going to the mosque was limited.

3984
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:31,500
So Muslims from rural areas 
often had to go to cities for 

3985
03:30:31,500 --> 03:30:34,100
Friday prayers where they could 
be watched more closely. 

3986
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:38,000
In places where there were many 
Christians, the call to prayer 

3987
03:30:38,000 --> 03:30:42,400
at hand was not allowed. 
The band stopped a key part of 

3988
03:30:42,400 --> 03:30:45,400
Muslim life. 
Jewish community's had to deal 

3989
03:30:45,400 --> 03:30:48,200
with new rules about building 
and fixing up synagogues. 

3990
03:30:49,000 --> 03:30:51,800
Hockey's logical evidence showed
that Jewish religious buildings 

3991
03:30:51,800 --> 03:30:55,100
were purposely left out of urban
makeover projects. 

3992
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,400
There were many problems for 
Christian villages in the East, 

3993
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:02,200
theoretically they shared the 
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,

3994
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:04,300
their distinct religious 
beliefs, and liturgical 

3995
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:06,700
practices were increasingly 
undermining each other. 

3996
03:31:07,800 --> 03:31:10,500
The Latin, patriarchate 
regularly replaced Orthodox, 

3997
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,500
Bishops, with Latin appointed 
ones disrupting the historical 

3998
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:15,200
lines of succession within the 
church. 

3999
03:31:16,100 --> 03:31:18,800
Latin power stepped in and took 
away the religious freedom of 

4000
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:23,300
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 
Coptic Christians, their actions

4001
03:31:23,300 --> 03:31:25,500
caused divisions Within These 
Christian communities, that 

4002
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:29,000
lasted longer than the Crusader 
States themselves, during the 

4003
03:31:29,000 --> 03:31:31,800
Crusades, it was challenging to 
start a family and be sexual. 

4004
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:36,500
When Latin men married, local. 
Christian, women, especially it 

4005
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:39,100
caused complicated legal 
questions about inheritance and 

4006
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:42,300
Status these unions placed their
children in a challenging 

4007
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:46,200
situation frequently facing 
abuse from both sides for 

4008
03:31:46,200 --> 03:31:48,000
Muslim. 
Women being Crusaders made the 

4009
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,500
more vulnerable Contemporary, 
Islamic legal, opinions, known 

4010
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:54,400
as fatawa discussed the 
prevalence of abuse against 

4011
03:31:54,400 --> 03:31:57,700
women by Crusader troops. 
These papers demonstrate, the 

4012
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:00,300
struggle of communities to 
maintain their Unity amid. 

4013
03:32:00,300 --> 03:32:04,500
Systematic dominance under the 
Crusader senior real system work

4014
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:08,100
in agriculture changed. 
Native American farmers, were 

4015
03:32:08,100 --> 03:32:11,900
given new responsibilities such 
as working as corvey on Crusader

4016
03:32:11,900 --> 03:32:14,600
building projects to meet the 
needs of European markets. 

4017
03:32:14,600 --> 03:32:16,700
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

4018
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:20,400
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

4019
03:32:20,400 --> 03:32:22,000
processing were given more 
attention. 

4020
03:32:22,700 --> 03:32:25,400
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

4021
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:28,500
these changes had long-lasting 
effects on the environment such 

4022
03:32:28,500 --> 03:32:31,700
as more soil, erosion, and tree 
loss that changed the levantine 

4023
03:32:31,700 --> 03:32:34,800
landscape forever every day 
conversations were full of 

4024
03:32:34,808 --> 03:32:38,500
linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

4025
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:41,300
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

4026
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:43,800
translators. 
More business contracts, 

4027
03:32:43,800 --> 03:32:47,100
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

4028
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:49,100
business. 
Over Generations. 

4029
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:53,100
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

4030
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:55,900
indigenous communities fought to
keep up their literary and 

4031
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,400
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

4032
03:32:58,400 --> 03:33:01,000
programs. 
Medical Care, showed and 

4033
03:33:01,000 --> 03:33:04,200
strength, and the Order of 
things and Society. historical 

4034
03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:07,800
records praised, the hospital's 
by the military orders but most 

4035
03:33:07,800 --> 03:33:10,900
of their clients were pilgrims 
and settlers from Latin America,

4036
03:33:10,900 --> 03:33:14,200
native people, relied on 
traditional networks of healing 

4037
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:17,200
that had fewer means when the 
Crusaders were in charge 

4038
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:21,100
Archaeological evidence from 
Cemetery sites shows that the 

4039
03:33:21,100 --> 03:33:24,700
health of native people. 
In those areas, got worse during

4040
03:33:24,700 --> 03:33:27,800
the Crusader time. 
Skeletal pathologies show that 

4041
03:33:27,800 --> 03:33:30,700
they were malnourished and sick 
more than people who lived there

4042
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,800
before the Crusaders, these 
kinds of personal violence were 

4043
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:35,900
not just a side effect of 
Crusader rule. 

4044
03:33:35,900 --> 03:33:38,700
They were what it was the 
Crusader States. 

4045
03:33:38,700 --> 03:33:41,100
Didn't just keep their power by 
the winning battles. 

4046
03:33:41,100 --> 03:33:44,300
They also kept it by enforcing 
daily rules of body control, 

4047
03:33:44,300 --> 03:33:47,100
space, separation and spiritual 
disturbance. 

4048
03:33:47,900 --> 03:33:51,400
And Saladin took back Jerusalem 
in 1187 who was just as 

4049
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:53,800
important that he lifted these 
daily restrictions on movement 

4050
03:33:53,800 --> 03:33:56,900
worship and property ownership. 
As it was that he won the war 

4051
03:33:56,900 --> 03:33:59,600
itself. 
Native people's support for his 

4052
03:33:59,600 --> 03:34:01,300
troops. 
Wasn't based on some vague 

4053
03:34:01,300 --> 03:34:03,800
theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

4054
03:34:03,808 --> 03:34:05,700
personal violence of Crusader 
rule. 

4055
03:34:05,700 --> 03:34:08,000
The Crusades continued to be 
violent. 

4056
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:12,200
After 8:00 fell in 1291 
diplomatic relations, religious 

4057
03:34:12,200 --> 03:34:14,300
discourse, and cultural memory 
still echo. 

4058
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,600
Its effects, understanding the 
crusading movements Legacy 

4059
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,800
demands appreciating how its 
violent altered institutions and

4060
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:23,700
mentalities throughout 
civilizations generating 

4061
03:34:23,700 --> 03:34:26,600
patterns that remain today 
diplomatic consequences, 

4062
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:32,100
followed immediately. 
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, ghazan 

4063
03:34:32,100 --> 03:34:36,200
Khan issued piece over here to 
European nations offering United

4064
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:39,700
action against the mamluks and 
creating distrust, Pope Boniface

4065
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:41,800
the 8th wondered if Islam had 
tainted. 

4066
03:34:41,800 --> 03:34:45,500
The Mongols Christianity, this 
diplomatic setback showed how 

4067
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:48,600
much crusading ideology has 
limited cross civilizational 

4068
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:50,700
cooperation. 
Pragmatic. 

4069
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:52,800
Coalitions, were nearly 
unimaginable due to the 

4070
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:55,900
religious Warfare Paradigm 
crusading violence. 

4071
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:59,300
Set permanent precedence in 
European politics, special 

4072
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:02,400
levies, for expeditions 
generated new fiscal mechanisms 

4073
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,700
that, increase state power, 
Henry, the second of England, 

4074
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:08,200
imposed the salad and tie in an 
1188. 

4075
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:11,600
One of the early systematic 
National taxes in medieval 

4076
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:14,300
Europe. 
Financial advances out lasted 

4077
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:16,900
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

4078
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:21,000
External cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

4079
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:23,400
crusading. 
Laws were assimilated in 

4080
03:35:23,400 --> 03:35:26,400
European communities, domestic 
religious minorities. 

4081
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:29,500
Gradually adopted forth, later, 
in Council restrictions against 

4082
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:32,600
enemies of the faith. 
The medieval Inquisition used 

4083
03:35:32,600 --> 03:35:35,600
existing methods to locate and 
suppress Muslim resistance, and 

4084
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:38,000
conquered regions. 
Crusades were used against 

4085
03:35:38,000 --> 03:35:41,100
cathars and Southern France. 
Pagan people in northeastern 

4086
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:43,300
Europe and people opponents in 
Italy. 

4087
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:47,100
European societies, handled 
internal diversity differently. 

4088
03:35:47,100 --> 03:35:51,100
Due to this procedural Legacy. 
Colonial expansions after the 

4089
03:35:51,100 --> 03:35:55,100
15th century expressly cited, 
Crusades Portuguese, armies 

4090
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:58,300
deliberately continue the 
Crusades when they took Suter in

4091
03:35:58,300 --> 03:36:02,100
North Africa and 1415. 
Columbus thought his journeys 

4092
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:05,200
would revive the possibility of 
freeing Jerusalem by a voiding 

4093
03:36:05,200 --> 03:36:10,300
Muslim controlled territory. 
People bulls that directly cited

4094
03:36:10,300 --> 03:36:13,900
crusading Powers Justified the 
Spanish conquest of the Americas

4095
03:36:13,900 --> 03:36:16,500
by providing indigenous 
Americans. 

4096
03:36:16,500 --> 03:36:19,900
With foundations, for battle 
against Muslims, the memory of 

4097
03:36:19,900 --> 03:36:22,600
Crusader assault affected, 
ottoman institutions and 

4098
03:36:22,600 --> 03:36:25,900
diplomacy the Millet system 
which United religious 

4099
03:36:25,900 --> 03:36:27,900
minorities under their 
leadership with relative 

4100
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:31,500
autonomy, was partially a 
response to Crusader subjugation

4101
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:34,300
of Eastern Christians. 
Ottoman, diplomatic 

4102
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:36,100
correspondence, with European 
nation. 

4103
03:36:36,100 --> 03:36:40,000
Sometimes invoked Crusader 
atrocities to frame current 

4104
03:36:40,000 --> 03:36:44,400
dispute The sultanate to Sacred 
site contradicted, the Crusader 

4105
03:36:44,400 --> 03:36:47,400
Narrative of Freedom, the 
Crusades caused significant 

4106
03:36:47,400 --> 03:36:50,100
theological and institutional 
damage to Eastern Christians 

4107
03:36:50,100 --> 03:36:53,300
Eastern Christians, who 
acknowledged people Authority, 

4108
03:36:53,300 --> 03:36:55,000
while keeping their liturgical 
Customs. 

4109
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:58,400
Formed, United churches, 
dividing Orthodox, community's 

4110
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:02,400
permanently The Maronite Church 
in Lebanon, the Greek Catholic 

4111
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:05,800
Church in Syria and Palestine 
and the Armenian Catholic Church

4112
03:37:05,800 --> 03:37:08,100
of evolved from these difficult 
talks, between Eastern, 

4113
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:11,800
Christians and Latin Authority. 
Modern Middle Eastern. 

4114
03:37:11,800 --> 03:37:15,200
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by
these ecclesiastical divisions 

4115
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:18,800
political identities, Jewish 
communities across Europe, saw 

4116
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:21,100
the Crusades as a major break 
with Christianity. 

4117
03:37:21,900 --> 03:37:24,800
The first Crusades targeted 
brutality against Rhineland 

4118
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:28,400
Villages devastated, centuries 
old Jewish study centres and 

4119
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:29,900
caused a steady, Eastward 
migration. 

4120
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:33,600
Sacred, poetry put him 
commemorated. 

4121
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:35,700
These massacres preserving their
memory. 

4122
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:39,300
Theological links between 
crusading and anti-jewish 

4123
03:37:39,300 --> 03:37:42,700
violence, set precedence for 
successive persecutions, 

4124
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:48,400
including expulsions, from 
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 

4125
03:37:48,400 --> 03:37:52,500
Spain 492, cultural Legacy 
created lasting symbols 

4126
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:55,500
nationalist, Colonial and 
religious groups used the 

4127
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:59,300
Crusader cross for centuries. 
The Swedish flag used during the

4128
03:37:59,300 --> 03:38:02,200
northern Crusades and the 
International Red Cross flag. 

4129
03:38:02,200 --> 03:38:06,800
Paradox at Lee a humanitarian 
symbol bear, The Crusade across 

4130
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:10,900
These visual continuity, show 
How Deeply crusading iconography

4131
03:38:10,900 --> 03:38:14,000
shaped European culture. 
Often without historical 

4132
03:38:14,000 --> 03:38:17,100
context. 
Literary and artistic depiction 

4133
03:38:17,100 --> 03:38:20,100
skewed. 
Stories medieval epic poems. 

4134
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:23,900
Like the song of Roland made 
Muslims into monsters shaping 

4135
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:25,700
European perceptions for 
Generations. 

4136
03:38:25,700 --> 03:38:29,800
Renaissance paintings of Moors 
used Crusader iconography. 

4137
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:33,300
These cultural Productions 
actively maintained differences 

4138
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:35,400
between Christian Europe and the
Muslim world. 

4139
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:39,600
Modern nationalism in the 19th 
century, politicized crusading 

4140
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:42,300
memory. 
European Colonial powers in the 

4141
03:38:42,308 --> 03:38:45,200
Middle East Justified their 
presence with Crusader Tales. 

4142
03:38:46,000 --> 03:38:48,800
Press coverage, purposely 
evoked, Crusader imagery when 

4143
03:38:48,800 --> 03:38:52,000
British general Allenby invaded 
Jerusalem in 1917. 

4144
03:38:52,900 --> 03:38:55,000
Syrian French mandate 
authorities rebuilt. 

4145
03:38:55,000 --> 03:38:58,700
Crusader Castle's as proof of 
their dominance Arab nationalist

4146
03:38:58,700 --> 03:39:02,100
organizations, defined their 
struggle as continuing saladin's

4147
03:39:02,100 --> 03:39:04,500
liberation of Jerusalem in 
response to Colonial 

4148
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,600
appropriation political 
discourse about the Crusade 

4149
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:10,800
shows their unfinished business.
The immediate uproar, 

4150
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:13,000
demonstrated the lasting impact 
of the term. 

4151
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:16,400
When President George W, bush, 
referred to the war on terror. 

4152
03:39:16,400 --> 03:39:21,100
As a crusade in 2001, extremist 
movements in Western countries, 

4153
03:39:21,100 --> 03:39:24,600
use crusading iconography 
showing the conflicts enduring 

4154
03:39:24,600 --> 03:39:28,200
relevance to Modern Problems 
excavations continued to reveal 

4155
03:39:28,200 --> 03:39:32,300
Crusade of violence is material 
Legacy. recent excavations at 

4156
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,800
caesarea, maritima found, 
Frankish, and Christian Mass, 

4157
03:39:35,800 --> 03:39:39,500
Graves from baybars, 1265 
Conquest, the bone remains 

4158
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:43,300
indicate hurried burial after 
systematic execution, echoing 

4159
03:39:43,300 --> 03:39:46,300
Crusader tactics at Jerusalem 
about two centuries before 

4160
03:39:47,300 --> 03:39:50,700
Popular culture romanticizes, 
but this archaeological record 

4161
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:53,600
is sobering. 
Many Eastern Mediterranean 

4162
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,400
tourism economies whitewash, 
Crusader, Bloodshed by 

4163
03:39:56,400 --> 03:40:00,200
commodifying their past. 
Crusader castles like crack de 

4164
03:40:00,200 --> 03:40:02,600
chavalier in Syria and Belvoir 
in Israel. 

4165
03:40:02,600 --> 03:40:06,000
A portrayed as architectural 
Marvels rather than military 

4166
03:40:06,000 --> 03:40:09,100
weaponry. 
This limited commemoration shows

4167
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:12,000
continued difficulties in 
confronting Crusader brutality 

4168
03:40:12,000 --> 03:40:14,900
and its effects on Western 
Middle Eastern relationships. 

4169
03:40:15,600 --> 03:40:18,900
A pistol melodically, the 
Crusades changed, how different 

4170
03:40:18,900 --> 03:40:20,800
civilizations perceive 
themselves and others. 

4171
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:25,400
This time hardened religious 
identities Associated territory 

4172
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:28,600
with confession and Sanctified 
violence in defense of Faith, 

4173
03:40:28,600 --> 03:40:32,000
all of which continued to impact
contemporary conflicts. 

4174
03:40:33,100 --> 03:40:35,500
The Crusades change, the 
conceptual terrain of 

4175
03:40:35,500 --> 03:40:38,800
international contacts. 
True revolutionary, historical 

4176
03:40:38,800 --> 03:40:40,800
events. 
Create new paradigms that last 

4177
03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:44,000
beyond their immediate 
influence, by this metric, the 

4178
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:46,800
Crusades violence was one of 
history's, most significant 

4179
03:40:46,800 --> 03:40:51,500
events After nearly a millennium
Urban, the second fatal sermon, 

4180
03:40:51,500 --> 03:40:54,700
at Claremont continues to impact
our world because it cuts to the

4181
03:40:54,700 --> 03:40:57,100
heart of how civilizations 
identify themselves. 

4182
03:40:57,100 --> 03:41:00,700
And others crucifer, violence, 
Hans, modern discourse. 

4183
03:41:00,700 --> 03:41:03,800
As the Middle East struggles 
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 

4184
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:06,100
grapples with religious, and 
cultural identity. 

4185
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,000
Addressing this history is 
enduring legacies. 

4186
03:41:09,000 --> 03:41:11,900
Requires understanding its 
complexity Beyond triumphalist, 

4187
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:15,300
narratives and simplistic 
condemnations The Crusades 

4188
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:18,300
cruelty was a revolutionary 
historical process with lasting 

4189
03:41:18,300 --> 03:41:27,800
effects. you know how sometimes 
the most ridiculous moments in 

4190
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:30,600
history happen and powerful 
people try to do something 

4191
03:41:30,600 --> 03:41:35,400
perfectly normal Well, settle in
because you're about to hear 

4192
03:41:35,400 --> 03:41:38,600
about the time. 
Napoleon Bonaparte conquer of 

4193
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,700
Europe, Emperor, France, the man
who redrew the map of the world 

4194
03:41:42,700 --> 03:41:46,100
got completely overwhelmed by a 
bunch of fluffy rabbits. 

4195
03:41:46,100 --> 03:41:50,800
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 
when his power was at its peak, 

4196
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,400
he is just signed the Treaty of 
tilsit with the Russia, which is

4197
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:56,500
essentially divides Europe 
between him and Tsar. 

4198
03:41:56,500 --> 03:41:58,800
Alexander the firm as if they 
are splitting a pizza. 

4199
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:02,200
The treaty negotiations, took 
place on a raft in the middle of

4200
03:42:02,200 --> 03:42:05,600
the niemen river, which sound on
comfortable, but was, apparently

4201
03:42:05,600 --> 03:42:08,500
the fashionable way to conduct 
International diplomacy back 

4202
03:42:08,500 --> 03:42:11,400
there. 
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 

4203
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:15,000
about himself. 
He's 37 years old, ruler of an 

4204
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:18,100
Empire that stretches from Spain
to Poland and he's just 

4205
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:20,600
convinced one of Europe's. 
Most powerful rulers to be his 

4206
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:24,200
friend instead of his enemy. 
In his mind, the occasion calls 

4207
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:28,100
for a celebration, this is not 
just any celebration but one 

4208
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:30,200
that is fittingly Imperial and 
manly. 

4209
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:32,700
So, what does the emperor of 
France decide to do? 

4210
03:42:32,700 --> 03:42:35,900
He wants to go hunting. 
Specifically, he wants to go 

4211
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:38,900
rabbit hunting. 
Now, this may seem like a 

4212
03:42:38,900 --> 03:42:42,500
perfectly reasonable way for a 
powerful man to decompress after

4213
03:42:42,500 --> 03:42:46,700
all hunting was the traditional 
pastime of European nobility it 

4214
03:42:46,700 --> 03:42:49,600
showed you had Leisure Time, 
excellent, aim and weren't 

4215
03:42:49,600 --> 03:42:51,100
afraid to get a little dirt 
under your fingernails. 

4216
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:55,700
This is where Napoleon's 
personality begins to emerge. 

4217
03:42:55,700 --> 03:42:58,800
Napoleon cannot simply go 
hunting like any other 

4218
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:01,300
individual. 
Everything has to be grand. 

4219
03:43:01,300 --> 03:43:04,700
Everything has to be perfect and
everything has to make a 

4220
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:06,900
statement. 
He doesn't want to wander 

4221
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:08,800
through the woods hoping to spot
a rabbit or two. 

4222
03:43:08,808 --> 03:43:12,800
He desires a hunt that is not 
only Grand but also spectacular 

4223
03:43:12,800 --> 03:43:15,100
a hunt that will leave a lasting
impression. 

4224
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:19,500
He turns to his chief of staff 
Alexandra, Battier, and tells 

4225
03:43:19,500 --> 03:43:23,100
him to organize a rabbit hunt. 
This is not just any rabbit hunt

4226
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:27,100
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 
Bertier, who has dealt with 

4227
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:31,200
Napoleon's grandiose ideas for 
years probably sized internally,

4228
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:35,200
but immediately gets to work. 
After all, if your boss is just 

4229
03:43:35,200 --> 03:43:38,200
conquered, most of Europe, you 
don't argue with him about party

4230
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:40,500
planning. 
The location chosen is the 

4231
03:43:40,500 --> 03:43:43,100
grounds around Melissa 
Napoleon's country estate. 

4232
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:47,200
It's a beautiful property with 
Rolling Hills scattered woods 

4233
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:50,600
and plenty of open space. 
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 

4234
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:55,100
The plan is simple, invite all 
the important Military Officers 

4235
03:43:55,100 --> 03:43:58,000
and government officials release
hundreds of rabbits into the 

4236
03:43:58,000 --> 03:44:01,200
countryside and then have a 
grand time chasing them down. 

4237
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,000
You can imagine Napoleon's 
excitement as the plans come 

4238
03:44:05,000 --> 03:44:07,300
together. 
He's probably pacing around his 

4239
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,900
study hands clasped behind his 
back in that famous Posse 

4240
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:14,000
detailing exactly how he wants 
everything arranged. 

4241
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:16,400
The weapons must be cleaned and 
prepared. 

4242
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:18,400
The Refreshments must be 
perfect. 

4243
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:22,400
And then must be many rabbits. 
This phase is where busier 

4244
03:44:22,400 --> 03:44:24,700
starts to earn his reputation. 
As one of history's, most 

4245
03:44:24,700 --> 03:44:27,900
competent staff officers, he 
understands that his Emperor 

4246
03:44:27,900 --> 03:44:31,300
doesn't just want to Hunting 
Party, he wants a hunting party 

4247
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:35,400
that will become a legend. 38 
starts the planning process with

4248
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:38,300
the same meticulousness. 
He would apply to a military 

4249
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,400
campaign. 
First, he needs to secure the 

4250
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:43,800
hunting grounds. 
The estate must be properly 

4251
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:47,000
prepared with beta's position to
drive the rabbits toward the 

4252
03:44:47,000 --> 03:44:48,900
hunters. 
Then there's the matter of 

4253
03:44:48,908 --> 03:44:51,608
weapons, fine. 
Hunting rifles, for all the 

4254
03:44:51,616 --> 03:44:55,000
guests, properly maintained and 
sighted food. 

4255
03:44:55,000 --> 03:44:57,900
And drink should also be 
provided for the guests as they 

4256
03:44:57,900 --> 03:45:00,400
will undoubtedly engage in a 
lengthy day of outdoor 

4257
03:45:00,400 --> 03:45:02,700
activities. 
They need to arrange 

4258
03:45:02,700 --> 03:45:05,000
transportation to and from the 
hunting grounds. 

4259
03:45:05,600 --> 03:45:08,600
It's starting to sound less, 
like a casual afternoon and more

4260
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:12,100
like a logistical operation. 
But most importantly, Bertier 

4261
03:45:12,100 --> 03:45:15,100
needs rabbits Bertier. 
Requires an abundance of 

4262
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:17,800
rabbits. 
The year is 1807, so it's not 

4263
03:45:17,800 --> 03:45:20,300
like he can just call up a 
rabbit supplier and place an 

4264
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:22,300
order. 
He needs to find someone who can

4265
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:24,100
provide 100 of rabbits, on short
notice. 

4266
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:28,100
And they need to be the right 
kind of rabbits healthy numerous

4267
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:30,500
and suitable for an imperial 
Hunting Party. 

4268
03:45:31,700 --> 03:45:34,600
As you drift off to night 
picture, Napoleon in his study 

4269
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:37,800
completely absorbed in planning,
what he thinks will be a perfect

4270
03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:40,800
day of hunting with no idea that
he was about to face one of the 

4271
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:42,700
most embarrassing moments of his
career. 

4272
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:45,500
So there's beer ta and 
Napoleon's most trusted 

4273
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:49,000
organizer placing, what might 
seem like a simple task, get 

4274
03:45:49,000 --> 03:45:51,900
some rabbits for the emperor's 
hunting party but you know how 

4275
03:45:51,900 --> 03:45:53,800
it is when your boss wants 
something done perfectly 

4276
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:56,500
suddenly, even the simplest job 
comes complicated. 

4277
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:00,700
Bertier starts by doing what any
sensible person would do. 

4278
03:46:00,700 --> 03:46:04,300
He asks around? 
Where does one acquire? 

4279
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:06,400
Several hundred rabbits for a 
hunting party. 

4280
03:46:06,400 --> 03:46:09,500
It's not exactly the kind of 
question that comes up in normal

4281
03:46:09,500 --> 03:46:12,600
conversation. 
Oh, by the way, do you know 

4282
03:46:12,600 --> 03:46:15,700
anyone who has a few hundred 
rabbits lying around asking for 

4283
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,100
an emperor? 
The answer it turns out is local

4284
03:46:18,100 --> 03:46:21,900
farmers and rabbit breeders. 
In early 19th century, France 

4285
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:24,100
rabbit. 
Farming was actually quite 

4286
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:27,900
common rabbits were reliable 
source of meat and fur. 

4287
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,400
They reproduced quickly and they
didn't require much space or 

4288
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:34,200
expensive feed. 
Your average French farmer. 

4289
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:36,900
Probably had a dozen or so 
Rapids in Hutch's behind his 

4290
03:46:36,908 --> 03:46:39,800
house, but 38 doesn't need a 
doesn't rabbits. 

4291
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:43,100
He needs hundreds. 
So he starts sending out his 

4292
03:46:43,100 --> 03:46:46,000
assistant to every farm and 
rabbit breeder within a day's 

4293
03:46:46,000 --> 03:46:48,500
travel of Mal. 
The message is simple. 

4294
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:52,300
The emperor needs rabbits and he
needs them by a specific date. 

4295
03:46:52,300 --> 03:46:55,500
Money is no object. 
Now, you can imagine the 

4296
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:58,100
conversations this must have 
sparked in, French Farmhouse 

4297
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:00,000
houses. 
The emperor wants. 

4298
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:03,200
Our rabbits does the emperor 
want them all the hunting? 

4299
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:08,900
well, if bonapartes, rabbits 
Bonaparte gets Rapids, It 

4300
03:47:08,900 --> 03:47:10,600
probably seemed like the most 
patriotic thing. 

4301
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:12,100
A rabbit farmer could do for 
France. 

4302
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,200
Words, spreads quickly through 
the farming communities imperial

4303
03:47:16,200 --> 03:47:18,900
agents, soon contact, every 
rabbit, breeder in the region, 

4304
03:47:18,900 --> 03:47:22,000
the demand is so high. 
That people start bringing 

4305
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:25,600
rabbits from farther and farther
away, carts full of rabbit 

4306
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:28,300
cages, start rolling toward 
melames on from all directions. 

4307
03:47:28,300 --> 03:47:31,400
But here's where things get 
intriguing and we're Betty and 

4308
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,000
makes what historians now 
recognizes a crucial error. 

4309
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:37,200
He's so focused on getting 
enough rabbits that he doesn't 

4310
03:47:37,200 --> 03:47:39,100
pay close attention to what kind
he's getting. 

4311
03:47:39,900 --> 03:47:42,600
You see, there are basically two
types of rabbits, you might 

4312
03:47:42,600 --> 03:47:46,100
encounter in this situation. 
There are wild rabbits, the kind

4313
03:47:46,100 --> 03:47:48,800
that live in the woods and 
Fields that are naturally wary 

4314
03:47:48,800 --> 03:47:51,300
of humans and will run away. 
The moment, they are released, 

4315
03:47:51,300 --> 03:47:54,500
these are the rabbits that would
make for proper hunting skittish

4316
03:47:54,500 --> 03:47:57,100
Swift and inclined to scatter in
all directions. 

4317
03:47:57,100 --> 03:48:01,400
The moment they sent Danger Then
there are domestic rabbits, the 

4318
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:03,500
kind that farmers raise for meat
and fur. 

4319
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:06,600
These rabbits have been bred for
generations to be docile 

4320
03:48:06,600 --> 03:48:08,600
well-fed and comfortable around 
humans. 

4321
03:48:08,600 --> 03:48:12,400
They used to being handled and 
used to being fed by people and 

4322
03:48:12,400 --> 03:48:15,300
they associate humans with food 
and safety rather than Danger. 

4323
03:48:16,200 --> 03:48:19,400
But in his rushed to fulfill 
Napoleon's order ends up with a 

4324
03:48:19,400 --> 03:48:22,100
mix of both types. 
But here's the problem, the 

4325
03:48:22,100 --> 03:48:25,400
domestic rabbits vastly, 
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 

4326
03:48:25,400 --> 03:48:28,200
local farmers and breeders are 
supplying domestic rabbits 

4327
03:48:28,200 --> 03:48:29,900
because they have a larger 
quantity of them. 

4328
03:48:30,600 --> 03:48:33,300
A domestic rabbits, it turns out
behave very differently from 

4329
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:34,800
wild. 
Rabbits, when released into the 

4330
03:48:34,808 --> 03:48:38,000
countryside, as the day of the 
hunter approaches, hundreds of 

4331
03:48:38,008 --> 03:48:40,100
rabbits, and wooden. 
Cages are being transported to 

4332
03:48:40,100 --> 03:48:42,600
melanism. 
The logistics alone are 

4333
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:45,300
impressive. 
You've got dozens of carts each 

4334
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,400
loaded with rabbit cages 
converging on Napoleon's. 

4335
03:48:48,400 --> 03:48:52,400
Estate the rabbits are fed and 
watered kept in the shade and 

4336
03:48:52,400 --> 03:48:55,100
generally treated better than 
many soldiers in Napoleon's 

4337
03:48:55,100 --> 03:48:57,500
Army. 
The staff at malmas on, is 

4338
03:48:57,500 --> 03:48:59,600
probably a bit bewildered by the
whole operation. 

4339
03:49:00,900 --> 03:49:03,500
The stable boys are suddenly 
dealing with hundreds of rabbits

4340
03:49:03,500 --> 03:49:06,100
and stead of horses. 
The groundskeepers are being 

4341
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:08,200
asked to help, prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

4342
03:49:08,900 --> 03:49:10,500
The kitchen staff is also 
involved. 

4343
03:49:10,500 --> 03:49:13,400
As they must provide food for 
all the rabbits until the hunt 

4344
03:49:13,400 --> 03:49:15,800
day. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 

4345
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:18,300
more and more excited about his 
upcoming Hunting Party. 

4346
03:49:18,300 --> 03:49:22,700
Napoleon is likely examining his
hunting rifle strategizing with 

4347
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:26,000
his officers and envisioning. 
The tales that will unfold from 

4348
03:49:26,000 --> 03:49:29,000
This Magnificent hunt. 
In his mind, it's going to be a 

4349
03:49:29,000 --> 03:49:31,000
perfect day. 
Good weather, good company. 

4350
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:33,500
And plenty of rabbits to provide
exciting sport. 

4351
03:49:34,300 --> 03:49:36,400
Bertier. 
Meanwhile is dealing with the 

4352
03:49:36,400 --> 03:49:39,200
Practical details. 
Could you please advise on the 

4353
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:41,200
optimal location for releasing 
the rabbits? 

4354
03:49:41,200 --> 03:49:43,200
How many should be released at 
once? 

4355
03:49:43,200 --> 03:49:46,500
Should they be released all at 
the same time or in waves to 

4356
03:49:46,508 --> 03:49:48,300
keep the hunting interesting 
throughout the day? 

4357
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:51,700
These are the kinds of questions
that don't come up in military 

4358
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:54,900
planning, but they're crucial 
for a successful Hunting Party. 

4359
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,200
The decision is made to release 
all the rabbits at once from 

4360
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:00,300
several different points around 
the hunting grounds. 

4361
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:03,600
The move should provide plenty 
of targets and ensure that the 

4362
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:06,400
rabbits scatter in all 
directions, giving everyone a 

4363
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:09,400
good chance at some hunting. 
It seems like a perfectly 

4364
03:50:09,400 --> 03:50:13,100
reasonable plan, as you go to 
bed, imagine the rabbits in 

4365
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:16,100
their cages unaware that they're
about to make history in the 

4366
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:18,800
most unexpected way, the morning
of the great rabbit. 

4367
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:21,900
Hunt Dawn's, clear and bright. 
The kind of summer day that 

4368
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:23,900
makes you want to be outside 
doing something active. 

4369
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:26,900
Napoleon wakes up in an 
excellent mood. 

4370
03:50:26,900 --> 03:50:29,900
Probably humming to himself as 
he gets dressed in his hunting 

4371
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:32,100
outfit. 
He's chosen his clothes 

4372
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:35,200
carefully, elegant. 
But practical the fitting an 

4373
03:50:35,200 --> 03:50:37,400
emperor who's about to 
demonstrate his prowess. 

4374
03:50:37,400 --> 03:50:40,300
In the field, you can pick your 
him standing in front of his 

4375
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:43,600
mirror, adjusting, his coat. 
Making sure everything is 

4376
03:50:43,600 --> 03:50:45,900
perfect. 
This isn't just a hunting trip. 

4377
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:49,500
It's a performance. 
Napoleon wants to present 

4378
03:50:49,500 --> 03:50:52,700
himself as a masterful huntsman 
to all the important people in 

4379
03:50:52,700 --> 03:50:54,700
his government and Military who 
will be present. 

4380
03:50:56,100 --> 03:50:58,800
The guests start arriving at 
malmas in the late morning. 

4381
03:50:58,800 --> 03:51:02,200
These aren't just casual friends
invited for a day of sport. 

4382
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:05,600
These are the powerbrokers of 
the French Empire Military 

4383
03:51:05,600 --> 03:51:07,700
Officers, who've helped Napoleon
conquer Europe. 

4384
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:11,400
Government officials who run his
administration and diplomats who

4385
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:14,500
negotiate his treaties. 
Everyone's dressed in their 

4386
03:51:14,500 --> 03:51:17,300
finest hunting attire, carrying 
beautiful rifles. 

4387
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:20,300
Looking forward to a day of 
Imperial entertainment. 

4388
03:51:21,100 --> 03:51:25,000
The atmosphere is festive and 
relaxed after years of constant 

4389
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:26,700
Warfare. 
Everyone's ready for a break. 

4390
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,600
The Treaty of tilsit has brought
a temporary piece to Europe and 

4391
03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:33,700
for the first time in years, 
Napoleon's, Inner Circle can 

4392
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:36,100
gather without discussing 
military campaigns or political 

4393
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:39,300
crises, it's just going to be a 
pleasant day of hunting tasty 

4394
03:51:39,300 --> 03:51:43,600
food and masculine camaraderie. 
38, meanwhile, is running around

4395
03:51:43,600 --> 03:51:45,200
making sure everything is 
perfect. 

4396
03:51:45,200 --> 03:51:48,100
He's coordinating with the 
beaters, who will drive the 

4397
03:51:48,100 --> 03:51:50,700
rabbits toward the hunters. 
Checking that the refreshment 

4398
03:51:50,700 --> 03:51:53,900
stations are properly stocked 
and making sure all the rifles 

4399
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:57,900
are in excellent working order. 
He's also supervising the final 

4400
03:51:57,900 --> 03:51:59,600
preparation for the Rabbit 
release. 

4401
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:02,600
Throughout the hunting grounds, 
the rabbits themselves are 

4402
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,900
placed in key locations. 
Hundreds of cages are scattered 

4403
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:09,100
through the woods and Fields. 
Each one containing several 

4404
03:52:09,100 --> 03:52:13,300
rabbits ready to be released on 
Signal Plan is beautifully 

4405
03:52:13,300 --> 03:52:15,500
simple. 
When Napoleon gives the word, 

4406
03:52:15,500 --> 03:52:17,600
all the cages will be open 
simultaneously. 

4407
03:52:17,600 --> 03:52:20,900
Releasing a small army of 
rabbits in to the countryside. 

4408
03:52:20,900 --> 03:52:24,200
The hunters will then fan out 
and begin their sport. 

4409
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:28,100
What nobody realizes that the 
majority of these rabbits have 

4410
03:52:28,100 --> 03:52:29,900
spent their entire lives in 
captivity. 

4411
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:34,900
They've been hand-fed by Farmers
handled by humans and generally 

4412
03:52:34,900 --> 03:52:37,400
treated as livestock rather than
wild animals. 

4413
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:39,900
They don't have the instincts 
that would make them good 

4414
03:52:39,900 --> 03:52:41,600
hunting targets, they don't 
know. 

4415
03:52:41,600 --> 03:52:43,200
They're supposed to be afraid of
humans. 

4416
03:52:44,800 --> 03:52:48,200
The Hunting Party gathers in the
main field and Napoleon gives a 

4417
03:52:48,200 --> 03:52:49,400
little speach about the day's 
activities. 

4418
03:52:49,408 --> 03:52:53,900
He's in his element commanding 
attention, setting the tone for 

4419
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:55,500
what he expects to be a 
memorable day. 

4420
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,300
The rifles are loaded. 
The beaters are in position and 

4421
03:52:59,300 --> 03:53:03,200
everyone's ready for the grand 
release. 38, gives the signal 

4422
03:53:03,200 --> 03:53:06,300
and all across the hunting 
grounds cage doors, swing open. 

4423
03:53:07,400 --> 03:53:10,800
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 
into the sunshine, probably 

4424
03:53:10,800 --> 03:53:13,800
blinking in the southern 
brightness and looking around to

4425
03:53:13,800 --> 03:53:17,300
get their bearings. 
For a brief moment, everything 

4426
03:53:17,300 --> 03:53:19,000
appears to be proceeding as 
planned. 

4427
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:22,800
The hunters spread out across 
the field rifles, ready 

4428
03:53:22,800 --> 03:53:26,400
expecting the rabbits to scatter
in all directions and provide 

4429
03:53:26,400 --> 03:53:30,100
them with moving targets. 
Napoleon himself takes a 

4430
03:53:30,100 --> 03:53:31,500
position in the center of the 
field. 

4431
03:53:31,500 --> 03:53:34,100
Probably. 
Feeling very satisfied with how 

4432
03:53:34,100 --> 03:53:37,200
well everything is organized. 
But then something unexpected 

4433
03:53:37,200 --> 03:53:40,200
happens instead of running away 
from the humans. 

4434
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:43,500
The rabbits start moving toward 
them, not just a few rabbits 

4435
03:53:43,500 --> 03:53:47,000
dozens of them. 
Then hundreds, they're hopping 

4436
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:48,600
across the field with what 
appears to be. 

4437
03:53:48,608 --> 03:53:51,500
Determination heading straight 
for the hunting party. 

4438
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:54,900
At first, the scene probably 
seems amusing rather than 

4439
03:53:54,900 --> 03:53:58,100
alarming, maybe Napoleon 
Chuckles and makes a joke about 

4440
03:53:58,100 --> 03:53:58,900
Brave. 
Rabbits. 

4441
03:53:58,900 --> 03:54:01,900
Maybe some of the officers laugh
about, rabbits, that don't know.

4442
03:54:01,900 --> 03:54:03,500
They're supposed to be afraid of
hunters. 

4443
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:07,400
It's quirky and unexpected but 
not necessarily problematic. 

4444
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:11,000
But the rabbits keep coming and 
more rabbits, keep emerging from

4445
03:54:11,000 --> 03:54:13,300
the woods. 
And instead of providing moving 

4446
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:16,300
targets running away from the 
hunters, they're converging on 

4447
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:20,500
the humans like their expecting 
something, which of course they 

4448
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:22,700
are. 
They are expecting to be fed, 

4449
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:25,800
just like they've been fed every
day of their lives. 

4450
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:29,900
The Hunting Party Starts to 
realize that something is going 

4451
03:54:29,900 --> 03:54:32,500
very wrong with their carefully 
planned day of sport. 

4452
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,600
These aren't wild rabbits 
behaving like wild rabbits, he's

4453
03:54:36,600 --> 03:54:39,500
a domestic rabbit behaving, 
like, domestic, rabbits and 

4454
03:54:39,500 --> 03:54:40,900
domestic. 
Rabbits have very different 

4455
03:54:40,900 --> 03:54:44,700
ideas about what humans are for.
As you drift off to sleep. 

4456
03:54:44,700 --> 03:54:48,200
Imagine Napoleon standing in 
that field rifle. 

4457
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:51,000
In he observing hundreds of 
rabbits, hopping toward him with

4458
03:54:51,000 --> 03:54:54,000
an unmistakable confidence and 
beginning to realize that his 

4459
03:54:54,000 --> 03:54:57,100
perfect Hunting Party is about 
to transform into something 

4460
03:54:57,100 --> 03:55:00,500
entirely different pulling. 
Do you recall the moment when 

4461
03:55:00,500 --> 03:55:02,200
you become aware of a dire 
situation? 

4462
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,900
Yet uncertain about how to 
address it? 

4463
03:55:05,500 --> 03:55:07,800
That's exactly where Napoleon 
finds himself. 

4464
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:10,800
Has hundreds of rabbits, 
continue hopping toward the 

4465
03:55:10,800 --> 03:55:15,000
hunting party with what can only
be described as enthusiasm that 

4466
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:17,600
first, the situation is more 
puzzling than alarming. 

4467
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:19,700
These are supposed to be prey 
animals. 

4468
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:22,600
After all, they're supposed to 
run away when they see humans 

4469
03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:26,100
with rifles instead, there are 
approaching like they're 

4470
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:29,100
expecting a handout. 
Some of the officers are still 

4471
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:32,100
chuckling nervously, making 
jokes about Fearless, French 

4472
03:55:32,100 --> 03:55:35,600
rabbits showing their patriotic 
Spirit, but the rabbits keep 

4473
03:55:35,600 --> 03:55:38,900
coming and they're not just 
approaching their surrounding 

4474
03:55:38,900 --> 03:55:41,400
the hunting party. 
It's like watching a slow 

4475
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:43,500
motion. 
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 

4476
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,100
ears. 
The rabbits hopped closer and 

4477
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:49,200
closer, and some of them start 
doing what domestic rabbits do 

4478
03:55:49,200 --> 03:55:50,600
when they want attention from 
humans. 

4479
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:54,600
They start climbing picture, 
imagine Napoleon, the emperor, 

4480
03:55:54,600 --> 03:55:57,900
France and Conquer of Europe, 
standing in a field As Rabbits, 

4481
03:55:57,900 --> 03:56:01,900
begin hopping onto his boots, 
then onto his legs, then up with

4482
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:04,100
his coat. 
These aren't tiny rabbits, 

4483
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:07,200
either, these are well-fed farm,
rabbits, some of them weighing 

4484
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,000
several pounds each and their 
treating Napoleon, like he's 

4485
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:11,800
their favorite farmer coming to 
feed them. 

4486
03:56:12,600 --> 03:56:14,700
The other Hunters are 
experiencing the same problem, 

4487
03:56:14,700 --> 03:56:17,700
rabbits are climbing all over 
them getting tangled in their 

4488
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:20,500
hunting gear and generally 
behaving like overly Friendly 

4489
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:24,400
Pets rather than Wild game. 
Some of the officers are trying 

4490
03:56:24,408 --> 03:56:27,400
to gently push the rabbits away,
but there are too many of them 

4491
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:32,000
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 

4492
03:56:32,000 --> 03:56:35,700
rapidly turning to irritation. 
This is not how an imperial 

4493
03:56:35,700 --> 03:56:38,500
Hunting Party suppose to go. 
He's supposed to be 

4494
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:42,100
demonstrating his, Marksmanship 
enjoying civilized Sport with 

4495
03:56:42,100 --> 03:56:44,700
his colleague and creating 
stories that will enhance his 

4496
03:56:44,700 --> 03:56:48,000
reputation. 
Instead he's being overwhelmed 

4497
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:51,500
by affectionate rabbits. the 
situation gets worse when the 

4498
03:56:51,500 --> 03:56:55,000
rabbits start exhibiting more, 
aggressive behavior, They are 

4499
03:56:55,008 --> 03:56:57,800
not aggressive in the sense of 
attacking but aggressive in the 

4500
03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:01,400
sense of relentlessly pursuing 
their desires and what they 

4501
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:03,800
want, have been trained by a 
lifetime of human. 

4502
03:57:03,800 --> 03:57:07,300
Interaction is food and 
attention from these humans who 

4503
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:08,400
have appeared in their 
territory. 

4504
03:57:09,500 --> 03:57:12,200
Some of the larger rabbits begin
to exhibit Boulder Behavior. 

4505
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:15,300
They're not just climbing on the
hunters, there exploring 

4506
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,800
Pockets, chewing on clothing and
generally treating The Hunting 

4507
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:22,500
Party like a mobile petting zoo 
Napoleon finds himself with 

4508
03:57:22,500 --> 03:57:25,900
rabbits in his coat Pockets 
rabbits tugging at his buttons 

4509
03:57:25,900 --> 03:57:28,800
and rabbits that seemed 
determined to climb all the way 

4510
03:57:28,800 --> 03:57:32,100
up to his shoulders. 
The rifles intended for hunting 

4511
03:57:32,100 --> 03:57:34,100
turn into completely useless 
tools. 

4512
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:36,900
You can't shoot at Rapids that 
are climbing all over you 

4513
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:39,100
without risking injury to 
yourself or your fellow hunters.

4514
03:57:39,100 --> 03:57:42,300
And even if you could get a 
clear shot, these rabbits are so

4515
03:57:42,308 --> 03:57:44,600
tame and friendly that shooting 
them would feel less like 

4516
03:57:44,600 --> 03:57:46,900
hunting and more like Massacre 
Bertier. 

4517
03:57:46,900 --> 03:57:50,400
Watching This Disaster unfold 
probably realizes exactly what 

4518
03:57:50,400 --> 03:57:54,300
went wrong. instead of 
encountering wild rabbits bet 

4519
03:57:54,300 --> 03:57:57,600
are has encountered, domestic 
rabbits who view humans as 

4520
03:57:57,600 --> 03:58:00,400
sources of food and comfort, 
rather than, as potential 

4521
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:04,100
predators, But realizing the 
problem and fixing it at two 

4522
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:05,800
different things, especially 
when you're dealing with 

4523
03:58:05,808 --> 03:58:09,200
hundreds of determined rabbits, 
the hunters try various 

4524
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:12,500
strategies to deal with their 
situation, some attempt to walk 

4525
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:14,900
away from the rabbits but the 
rabbit simply follow them. 

4526
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:17,100
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

4527
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:20,800
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

4528
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:24,100
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

4529
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:27,000
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

4530
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:29,700
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

4531
03:58:29,700 --> 03:58:32,900
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

4532
03:58:32,900 --> 03:58:35,900
to remove one rabbit from his 
personal two more take its 

4533
03:58:35,900 --> 03:58:38,200
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

4534
03:58:38,200 --> 03:58:40,800
Outfit is getting covered in a 
rabbit for and possibly other 

4535
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:42,300
things that rabbits leave 
behind. 

4536
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:45,600
The other members of The Hunting
Party having their struggles. 

4537
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:49,100
These men important government 
officials and Military Officers 

4538
03:58:49,100 --> 03:58:51,700
are accustomed to receive 
respect and deference. 

4539
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:55,500
Instead they're being treated 
like walking Rabbit toys by an 

4540
03:58:55,500 --> 03:58:57,400
army of overly friendly farm 
animals. 

4541
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:00,800
Peters who were supposed to 
drive the rabbits toward the 

4542
03:59:00,800 --> 03:59:03,100
hunters a standing around 
looking confused. 

4543
03:59:03,100 --> 03:59:05,800
Their job was to make sure the 
rabbits ran in the right 

4544
03:59:05,800 --> 03:59:08,100
direction, but these rabbits 
don't need to be driven 

4545
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:10,900
anywhere. 
The rabbits are precisely where 

4546
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:13,600
they should be swarming all over
the humans. 

4547
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:15,100
They believe are there to feed 
them. 

4548
03:59:15,800 --> 03:59:19,100
As the situation continues to 
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 

4549
03:59:19,100 --> 03:59:21,500
giving orders. 
He's a military commander after 

4550
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:25,000
all and his instinct when faced 
with a crisis is to take charge 

4551
03:59:25,000 --> 03:59:28,400
and start issuing commands. 
What exactly do you instruct 

4552
03:59:28,400 --> 03:59:31,800
when you're being surrounded by 
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 

4553
03:59:31,800 --> 03:59:34,600
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 
Imperial tonight. 

4554
03:59:34,600 --> 03:59:37,600
As you settle in picture, 
Napoleon standing in that field,

4555
03:59:37,600 --> 03:59:40,300
his Imperial composure, 
beginning to crack as he 

4556
03:59:40,308 --> 03:59:42,000
realizes that he's about to 
suffer. 

4557
03:59:42,000 --> 03:59:44,100
One of the most ridiculous 
defeats of his career. 

4558
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:47,200
At the hands of creatures, that 
weigh less than his boots. 

4559
03:59:47,200 --> 03:59:50,600
Every disaster culminates in a 
realization that maintaining 

4560
03:59:50,600 --> 03:59:54,900
dignity is no longer a luxury. 
For Napoleon that moment arrives

4561
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:58,000
when a particularly large rabbit
managers to climb all the way 

4562
03:59:58,000 --> 04:00:00,000
up, his coat and perch on his 
shoulder. 

4563
04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:04,200
Like some kind of furry 
floppy-eared parrot, The emperor

4564
04:00:04,200 --> 04:00:06,400
of France, the man who has 
stared down the armies of 

4565
04:00:06,400 --> 04:00:09,900
Austria Prussia and Russia 
fighting himself in the utterly 

4566
04:00:09,900 --> 04:00:13,300
ridiculous position of being 
unable to dislodge a single 

4567
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:16,300
rabbit from his personal without
losing his balance and 

4568
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,500
potentially falling over. 
Naturally doesn't have other 

4569
04:00:19,500 --> 04:00:22,700
rabbits surround His Feet 
hopping back and forth rendering

4570
04:00:22,700 --> 04:00:26,300
any abrupt movement, hazardous. 
You can imagine the thoughts 

4571
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:28,100
going through Napoleon's head at
this moment. 

4572
04:00:28,100 --> 04:00:31,000
This is supposed to be a 
relaxing day of sport. 

4573
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:34,900
A chance to unwind with his 
closest Associates and enjoy 

4574
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:36,700
some traditional aristocratic 
entertainment. 

4575
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:41,000
Instead an army of overly 
affectionate farm animals is 

4576
04:00:41,000 --> 04:00:44,600
treating him like a jungle gym. 
The other Hunters are faring, 

4577
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:47,000
know better. 
The creatures that eat lettuce 

4578
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:49,600
are defeating these seasoned 
Military Officers who have 

4579
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:51,200
charged into battle without 
flinching. 

4580
04:00:52,300 --> 04:00:54,800
Some of them are trying to 
maintain their composure, but 

4581
04:00:54,800 --> 04:00:57,400
it's hard to look dignified when
you're covered in rabbit fur and

4582
04:00:57,400 --> 04:00:59,200
there's a rabbit trying to nest 
in your hat. 

4583
04:01:00,700 --> 04:01:04,300
The situation reaches its peak, 
when someone history doesn't 

4584
04:01:04,300 --> 04:01:07,700
record, who makes the Fatal 
mistake of trying to run away 

4585
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:10,100
from the rabbits. 
Perhaps, it's one of the young 

4586
04:01:10,100 --> 04:01:12,900
girl, officers, someone who 
thinks he can simply outrun the 

4587
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:14,700
problem. 
But running turns out to be 

4588
04:01:14,708 --> 04:01:17,700
exactly the wrong strategy, 
because it triggers every 

4589
04:01:17,700 --> 04:01:20,200
rabbits instinct to chase after 
something that's moving. 

4590
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:23,100
Suddenly in stead of just 
climbing on the stationary 

4591
04:01:23,100 --> 04:01:25,600
humans, the rabbits start 
hopping off to the running 

4592
04:01:25,600 --> 04:01:29,700
humans and rabbits. 
It turns out a surprise me fast 

4593
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:32,600
when they want to be. 
They can hop at speeds of up to 

4594
04:01:32,608 --> 04:01:36,000
25 miles per hour, which is 
considerably fast to the most 

4595
04:01:36,008 --> 04:01:38,200
human can run. 
While carrying hunting rifles 

4596
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,100
and wearing formal hunting 
attire. 

4597
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:44,200
Napoleon seeing one of his 
officers being chased across the

4598
04:01:44,200 --> 04:01:47,800
field by a horde of bouncing, 
rabbits probably realizes that 

4599
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,400
the situation has moved Beyond 
embarrassing and into the realm 

4600
04:01:51,400 --> 04:01:54,800
of the completely absurd. 
This is the kind of seen that 

4601
04:01:54,800 --> 04:01:57,100
would be funny if it were 
happening to someone else but is

4602
04:01:57,100 --> 04:01:59,800
absolutely mortifying when it's 
happening to you. 

4603
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:04,200
The decision is reached though. 
It is not entirely clear who 

4604
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:06,800
made it that the Hunting Party 
should Retreat. 

4605
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:10,200
It's not a tactical 
repositioning or a strategic 

4606
04:02:10,200 --> 04:02:13,400
withdrawal, but a genuine 
Retreat from an army of rabbits.

4607
04:02:14,100 --> 04:02:17,700
Napoleon who is never retreated 
from a human enemy is about to 

4608
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:20,700
retreat from a bunch of farm 
animals, but retreating from 

4609
04:02:20,700 --> 04:02:23,600
Rabbits, turned out to be more 
complicated than retreating from

4610
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:26,300
say, Austrian Cavalry. 
The rabbits don't understand 

4611
04:02:26,300 --> 04:02:29,500
military protocol, they don't 
recognize surrender Flags or 

4612
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:31,800
ceasefire signals. 
They just see their favorite 

4613
04:02:31,800 --> 04:02:34,400
humans trying to leave and their
determined to follow. 

4614
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:38,600
The hunting party starts moving 
toward their carriages, but the 

4615
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,800
rabbits move with them. 
It's like trying to evacuate a 

4616
04:02:41,800 --> 04:02:44,500
building while being followed by
hundreds of overly enthusiastic 

4617
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,400
pets. 
Every step toward the carriages 

4618
04:02:47,400 --> 04:02:50,400
is a company by a bouncing 
escort of rabbits who seem to 

4619
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:53,400
think their presence is the most
entertaining thing that's ever 

4620
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,000
happened to them. 
Napoleon trying to maintain 

4621
04:02:56,000 --> 04:02:57,800
some. 
Semblance of Imperial dignity 

4622
04:02:57,800 --> 04:03:00,800
walks as Carly as he can toward 
his Carriage. 

4623
04:03:00,800 --> 04:03:04,100
But it's hard to look Imperial 
when your brushing rabbits off 

4624
04:03:04,100 --> 04:03:07,100
your coat, every few steps and 
there's rabbit fur floating 

4625
04:03:07,100 --> 04:03:08,900
around. 
You like some kind of Barnyard, 

4626
04:03:08,900 --> 04:03:12,600
snowstorm The carriages when 
they finally reach them present 

4627
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:15,800
their problems. 
The rabbits completely terrify 

4628
04:03:15,800 --> 04:03:19,600
the horses horses and rabbits 
don't normally interact and the 

4629
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:22,500
horses aren't sure what to make 
of these small bounce and 

4630
04:03:22,500 --> 04:03:24,000
creatures that keep hopping 
around their hooves. 

4631
04:03:24,900 --> 04:03:27,800
Some of the horses are dancing. 
Nervously, others are trying to 

4632
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,600
back away and the Coachmen are 
struggling to keep them under 

4633
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:33,300
control. 
Getting into the carriages 

4634
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:36,500
becomes an operation in itself. 
The moment someone opens a 

4635
04:03:36,500 --> 04:03:39,400
carriage door rabbit start 
trying to hop inside they're not

4636
04:03:39,408 --> 04:03:42,300
being malicious, they just want 
to continue their interaction 

4637
04:03:42,300 --> 04:03:45,900
with these fascinating humans. 
But having a carriage full of 

4638
04:03:45,908 --> 04:03:48,900
rabbits, is not exactly what 
Napoleon had in mind for his 

4639
04:03:48,900 --> 04:03:52,300
dignified departure. 
The scene becomes increasingly 

4640
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:55,500
chaotic as The Hunting Party 
tries to separate themselves 

4641
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:59,000
from their rabbit admires. 
Some of the officers are 

4642
04:03:59,000 --> 04:04:01,700
literally having to pick rabbits
off themselves and set them down

4643
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:05,000
before climbing into carriages. 
Others are trying to create 

4644
04:04:05,000 --> 04:04:07,000
barriers to keep the rabbits 
from following them. 

4645
04:04:07,800 --> 04:04:11,100
Napoleon finally makes it to his
Carriage probably with less 

4646
04:04:11,100 --> 04:04:13,200
Grace than his used to 
displaying in public. 

4647
04:04:14,000 --> 04:04:17,400
The Coachman, whose never dealt 
with a rabbit Siege before is 

4648
04:04:17,400 --> 04:04:19,700
doing his best to keep the 
rabbits from climbing onto the 

4649
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:22,500
carriage itself. 
Some of the more athletic 

4650
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,200
rabbits are actually managing to
hop onto the running boards and 

4651
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:28,000
peer into the windows. 
As you drift off tonight. 

4652
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:32,000
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 
Carriage, looking out at a field

4653
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:35,200
full of rabbits who are probably
wondering why their new human 

4654
04:04:35,208 --> 04:04:37,900
friends are leaving and trying 
to figure out how he's going to 

4655
04:04:37,908 --> 04:04:40,700
explain the matter to anyone. 
The carriage ride back to 

4656
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,400
malema's, probably one of the 
most awkward Journeys in 

4657
04:04:43,408 --> 04:04:47,500
Napoleon's life. 
He is the Emperor France fresh 

4658
04:04:47,500 --> 04:04:49,900
from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

4659
04:04:49,900 --> 04:04:53,400
history and he has to sit there 
with rabbit first till clinging 

4660
04:04:53,400 --> 04:04:55,400
to his coat while pretending 
that what just happened. 

4661
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:58,400
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the silence in 

4662
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:00,800
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

4663
04:05:00,800 --> 04:05:03,700
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

4664
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,100
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

4665
04:05:06,100 --> 04:05:08,500
way that appears impressive 
rather than absurd? 

4666
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:12,900
Napoleon who typically possesses
a welfare of words, like he 

4667
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:15,800
spends the entire Journey 
attempting to contextualize This

4668
04:05:15,800 --> 04:05:18,200
Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

4669
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:20,100
with their own awkward 
situations. 

4670
04:05:20,100 --> 04:05:22,700
These are high ranking military 
officers, and government 

4671
04:05:22,700 --> 04:05:24,800
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

4672
04:05:24,800 --> 04:05:28,100
defies all their training and 
experience, They've been in 

4673
04:05:28,100 --> 04:05:31,400
battles, they've negotiated 
trees, and they've dealt with 

4674
04:05:31,400 --> 04:05:34,300
political crises, but none of 
that prepared them for being 

4675
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:36,300
climbed on by overly friendly 
farm animals. 

4676
04:05:37,100 --> 04:05:40,000
Some officers may be joking to 
lighten the mood, but what do 

4677
04:05:40,000 --> 04:05:42,500
you joke about when rabbits have
just defeated your Emperor? 

4678
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:46,100
Others are maintaining a 
dignified silence pretending 

4679
04:05:46,100 --> 04:05:47,600
that nothing unusual has 
happened. 

4680
04:05:47,600 --> 04:05:50,600
A few are probably already 
trying to figure out how to tell

4681
04:05:50,600 --> 04:05:53,100
this story to their wives 
without sounding completely 

4682
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:56,000
insane. 
Meanwhile, back at the hunting 

4683
04:05:56,000 --> 04:06:00,300
grounds Bertier is left to deal 
with the aftermath, but a must 

4684
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:02,300
decide how to handle the 
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 

4685
04:06:02,300 --> 04:06:04,400
The estate. 
He can't just leave them there. 

4686
04:06:04,400 --> 04:06:06,900
They're not wild rabbits. 
So they don't know how to 

4687
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:10,300
survive on their own, but he 
also can't exactly round them 

4688
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:13,500
all up and return them to their 
original owners because that 

4689
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:15,200
would require admitting what 
happened. 

4690
04:06:16,100 --> 04:06:18,800
The estate staff is probably 
having the strangest day of 

4691
04:06:18,808 --> 04:06:22,000
their careers, the 
groundskeepers who are expecting

4692
04:06:22,000 --> 04:06:24,700
to help with a normal Hunting 
Party, a now dealing with a 

4693
04:06:24,708 --> 04:06:28,300
rabbit population explosion. 
The stable hands are trying to 

4694
04:06:28,300 --> 04:06:30,900
calm down horses who are still 
spooked by the mornings of 

4695
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:33,200
events. 
Everyone is attempting to 

4696
04:06:33,200 --> 04:06:35,800
restore some semblance of 
normalcy to the once peaceful 

4697
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:38,900
country estate. 
Word of the rabbit incident 

4698
04:06:38,900 --> 04:06:42,000
starts spreading almost 
immediately, despite everyone's 

4699
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:44,600
best efforts to keep it quiet 
servants. 

4700
04:06:44,600 --> 04:06:47,500
Talk to other servants, Coachmen
share stories with other 

4701
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:50,400
Coachman and pretty soon. 
The tail is making its way 

4702
04:06:50,400 --> 04:06:52,000
through the Social Circle of 
Paris. 

4703
04:06:53,200 --> 04:06:55,300
Stories, that spread aren't 
exactly accurate. 

4704
04:06:55,300 --> 04:06:59,000
There are embellished 
exaggerated and twisted into 

4705
04:06:59,000 --> 04:07:01,800
something, even more ridiculous 
than what actually happened. 

4706
04:07:02,400 --> 04:07:05,200
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 
with a crisis of public 

4707
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:07,800
relations. 
Napoleon has established his 

4708
04:07:07,800 --> 04:07:11,900
reputation by being Invincible. 
Mastering every situation and 

4709
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:13,800
never letting anyone catch him 
off guard. 

4710
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:16,900
The idea that he could be 
defeated by a bunch of rabbits, 

4711
04:07:16,900 --> 04:07:20,300
is exactly the kind of story 
that his political enemies would

4712
04:07:20,300 --> 04:07:23,500
love to spread around Europe. 
The official version of events 

4713
04:07:23,500 --> 04:07:25,500
that emerges is carefully, 
sanitized. 

4714
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:29,200
The hunting party was successful
and enjoyable, the emperor 

4715
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:32,500
demonstrated his excellent 
Marksmanship and everyone had a 

4716
04:07:32,500 --> 04:07:35,900
thoroughly Imperial time. 
Any mention of rabbits behaving 

4717
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:38,200
unusually as carefully. 
Emitted from the official 

4718
04:07:38,200 --> 04:07:40,300
records. 
But you can't completely 

4719
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:43,300
suppress a story. 
This good Whispers and private 

4720
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:45,800
letters circulate the rabbit 
incident as a historical 

4721
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:49,300
anecdote Military Officers. 
Tell the story to their friends,

4722
04:07:49,300 --> 04:07:52,400
government officials, share it 
with their families and 

4723
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:53,800
gradually. 
It becomes part of The 

4724
04:07:53,800 --> 04:07:57,900
Unofficial history of Napoleon's
reign, The irony lies in the 

4725
04:07:57,900 --> 04:08:01,200
fact that this absurd rabbit 
defeat occurs during the 

4726
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:04,800
Pinnacle of Napoleon's power. 
He's just negotiated the Treaty 

4727
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:07,500
of tilsit. 
He controls most of Europe and 

4728
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:09,400
he is at the peak of his 
political and Military 

4729
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:12,200
influence. 
However he finds himself 

4730
04:08:12,200 --> 04:08:15,700
completely powerless against a 
group of domestic, rabbits who 

4731
04:08:15,700 --> 04:08:19,900
merely seek food and affection. 
Years later when Napoleon is in 

4732
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:23,500
Exile on Saint Helena, he 
probably has plenty of time to 

4733
04:08:23,500 --> 04:08:27,100
reflect on the rapid incident. 
The story becomes, increasingly 

4734
04:08:27,100 --> 04:08:29,500
humorous, over time and distance
yet. 

4735
04:08:29,500 --> 04:08:32,400
It also serves as a poignant 
illustration of how even the 

4736
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,000
most powerful individuals can 
succumb to unforeseen 

4737
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:40,300
circumstances. 38, meanwhile, 
learns a valuable lesson about 

4738
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:42,700
the importance of understanding 
your resources. 

4739
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:46,000
He has successfully managed 
military logistics for some of 

4740
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:48,200
the most complex campaigns in 
European history. 

4741
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:51,700
But is failure to distinguish 
between wild and domestic. 

4742
04:08:51,700 --> 04:08:56,000
Rabbits has led to his defeat 
Probably not a mistake he'll 

4743
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:59,100
ever make again. 
The rabbits themselves having 

4744
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:00,600
had their brief moment of 
historical. 

4745
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:04,100
Significance are eventually 
rounded up and returned to more 

4746
04:09:04,100 --> 04:09:07,200
conventional lives. 
Some probably end up back on 

4747
04:09:07,200 --> 04:09:09,600
farms. 
Others might be relocated to 

4748
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:11,200
areas where they can live more 
naturally. 

4749
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:16,000
But for one morning in 1807, 
they were the most important 

4750
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:18,900
creatures in France as you 
settle in for the night. 

4751
04:09:18,900 --> 04:09:21,900
Think about how this story 
reveals something essential 

4752
04:09:21,900 --> 04:09:25,100
about human nature, no matter 
how powerful or important, we 

4753
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:28,600
become, we're all just wanting 
counter with unexpected, rabbits

4754
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:30,500
away from looking completely 
ridiculous. 

4755
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:34,000
The beautiful thing about 
Napoleon's rapid incident, his 

4756
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:36,900
how it perfectly captures the 
absurdity, that looks beneath 

4757
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:40,800
all human pretension, Here we 
have the most powerful man in 

4758
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:42,600
Europe. 
Someone who has literally 

4759
04:09:42,600 --> 04:09:46,400
reshaped the political landscape
of an entire continent and he's 

4760
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,000
brought down by creatures. 
Most people consider suitable 

4761
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:52,800
for children's petting zoos, The
stories continued survival, 

4762
04:09:52,800 --> 04:09:56,500
despite everyone's best efforts 
to suppress it adds to its 

4763
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:59,200
Delight. 
Napoleon's government certainly 

4764
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:02,100
didn't want this story getting 
out and most of the participants

4765
04:10:02,100 --> 04:10:04,700
probably preferred not to talk 
about their morning being 

4766
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:08,500
overwhelmed by farm animals, but
the story was simply too good to

4767
04:10:08,500 --> 04:10:11,600
stay buried. 
Over the years, the rapid 

4768
04:10:11,600 --> 04:10:15,100
incident has taken on a life of 
its own each telling, like all 

4769
04:10:15,100 --> 04:10:18,000
good, historical anecdotes 
embellishes and exaggerates the 

4770
04:10:18,000 --> 04:10:21,100
story. 
In certain Renditions, thousands

4771
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:24,300
of rabbits, completely 
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 

4772
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:25,900
versions. 
The rapid attack actually. 

4773
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,300
Injures in Napoleon, some 
stories claim. 

4774
04:10:28,300 --> 04:10:30,800
The rabbits were deliberately 
released as part of a practical 

4775
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:33,800
joke, While others suggest they 
were trained to attack rabbits 

4776
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:37,700
deployed by his enemies. 
The truth, as you now know, is 

4777
04:10:37,700 --> 04:10:40,900
both more mundane and more 
amusing than the Legends, it 

4778
04:10:40,900 --> 04:10:43,600
wasn't thousands of rabbits and 
they worked trying to attack 

4779
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:45,208
anyone. 
Who was simply a case of 

4780
04:10:45,216 --> 04:10:48,400
domestic rabbits behaving, like,
domestic rabbits, treating 

4781
04:10:48,400 --> 04:10:51,000
humans as sources of food and 
comfort, rather than as 

4782
04:10:51,000 --> 04:10:54,700
predators to be avoided, but the
story in dues because it reveals

4783
04:10:54,700 --> 04:10:57,000
something important about power 
and Human Nature. 

4784
04:10:58,200 --> 04:11:01,400
Napoleon dedicated the majority 
of his career to demonstrating 

4785
04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:04,200
his ability to sum out any 
challenge through his unwavering

4786
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:07,700
determination, strategic 
planning and exceptional 

4787
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:12,000
organizational skills. 
Heated armies conquered Nations 

4788
04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:14,500
and rewrote the laws of entire 
societies. 

4789
04:11:14,500 --> 04:11:17,600
However, he was unable to 
overcome a group of hungry, 

4790
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:20,300
rabbits, there's something 
deeply, satisfying about this 

4791
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:22,900
story, especially for those of 
us who sometimes feel 

4792
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:25,400
overwhelmed by the ordinary 
challenges of daily life. 

4793
04:11:26,200 --> 04:11:29,400
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor

4794
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:32,200
setbacks don't carry such 
embarrassment, maybe getting 

4795
04:11:32,200 --> 04:11:35,500
flustered by a technology 
problem or being outwitted by a 

4796
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,400
household pet, or failing to 
assemble a piece of furniture 

4797
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:40,400
properly, puts us, in pretty 
good company. 

4798
04:11:42,000 --> 04:11:44,300
The rabbit incident also 
highlights, the importance of 

4799
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:46,500
understanding your resources, 
and your environment. 

4800
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:50,900
Bertier was an excellent 
organizer, but he fail to ask 

4801
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:53,000
the right questions about the 
rabbits he was acquiring. 

4802
04:11:53,000 --> 04:11:56,900
He focused on quantity rather 
than quality and he didn't 

4803
04:11:56,900 --> 04:11:59,500
consider how the rabbits 
background might affect their 

4804
04:11:59,500 --> 04:12:01,800
behavior. 
It's a lesson that applies to 

4805
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:04,800
everything from military 
campaigns to dinner parties, The

4806
04:12:04,800 --> 04:12:08,700
Details Matter, and assumptions 
can be dangerous. modern 

4807
04:12:08,700 --> 04:12:11,600
historians have used the rabbit 
story as an example of how even 

4808
04:12:11,600 --> 04:12:13,800
the most carefully planned 
events can go wrong in 

4809
04:12:13,800 --> 04:12:17,300
unexpected ways, it's become a 
case study in the limits of 

4810
04:12:17,308 --> 04:12:21,100
control and the importance of 
contingency planning, military 

4811
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,100
academies. 
Sometimes use it as humorous 

4812
04:12:23,100 --> 04:12:25,900
example of how intelligence 
gathering should include 

4813
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:29,300
seemingly trivial details. 
The story has also become a 

4814
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:31,800
favorite among those who study 
the psychology of power. 

4815
04:12:33,300 --> 04:12:36,600
Napoleon's reaction to the 
rabbit incident, his apparent 

4816
04:12:36,600 --> 04:12:40,200
inability to laugh at himself. 
His focus on damage control, 

4817
04:12:40,200 --> 04:12:42,700
rather than enjoying the 
absurdity reveals. 

4818
04:12:42,700 --> 04:12:45,300
Something about how absolute 
power can make people lose their

4819
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,700
sense of humor about themselves.
But the rabbit incidents, most 

4820
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:53,000
lasting lesson, is that life is 
unpredictable and absurd, no 

4821
04:12:53,000 --> 04:12:54,700
matter who you are, or how 
powerful you are. 

4822
04:12:55,500 --> 04:12:58,100
Napoleon could plan brilliant 
military campaigns and 

4823
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:01,300
reorganizing entirely legal 
systems, but he could not plan 

4824
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:04,900
for the possibility that 
domestic rabbits would mistake 

4825
04:13:04,900 --> 04:13:07,800
him for their favorite farmer. 
The rabbits, of course, were 

4826
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:10,900
completely innocent in all this,
they were just being rabbits 

4827
04:13:10,900 --> 04:13:13,000
following their instincts and 
their training. 

4828
04:13:14,300 --> 04:13:17,000
They saw humans and expected 
food and attention. 

4829
04:13:17,800 --> 04:13:20,300
Just as they'd been conditioned 
to expect throughout their 

4830
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:22,700
lives. 
From that perspective, the 

4831
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:25,400
humans were the ones behaving 
strangely by running away. 

4832
04:13:25,400 --> 04:13:29,000
Instead of providing the 
expected carrots and lettuce. 

4833
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:32,700
In the end, the rabbit incident 
becomes a perfect metaphor for 

4834
04:13:32,708 --> 04:13:36,300
the gap between our plans, and 
reality between our self-image 

4835
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:37,800
and how the world actually 
works. 

4836
04:13:38,600 --> 04:13:42,100
Napoleon saw himself as the 
master of Europe, but the rabbit

4837
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:44,100
saw him as a potential source of
breakfast. 

4838
04:13:44,100 --> 04:13:48,100
Both perspectives were valid but
only one of them was prepared 

4839
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:49,500
for what actually happened that 
morning. 

4840
04:13:50,800 --> 04:13:53,700
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, remember that, no 

4841
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:56,800
matter how important our plan 
seemed to us somewhere, there 

4842
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,300
are rabbits who have their ideas
about how things should work. 

4843
04:13:59,300 --> 04:14:02,700
And sometimes, just sometimes 
the rabbits win. 

4844
04:14:10,000 --> 04:14:12,900
Imagine yourself relaxing in 
your preferred chair on a Cool 

4845
04:14:12,900 --> 04:14:16,100
October evening perhaps with us,
toasty beverages in hand. 

4846
04:14:16,800 --> 04:14:19,800
Tonight, we will revisit a 
period in which America believed

4847
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:22,800
it had successfully mastered, 
the legal printing of money when

4848
04:14:22,800 --> 04:14:25,400
your neighbor's Barber was 
providing stock recommendations.

4849
04:14:25,400 --> 04:14:28,100
And when the question, what 
could go wrong was on the brink 

4850
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:30,200
of receiving the most costly 
response in history. 

4851
04:14:31,300 --> 04:14:34,600
The time period is the 1920s and
you are currently experiencing 

4852
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:37,000
The Roaring 20s as it is also 
known. 

4853
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,800
In the background Calvin 
Coolidge Is So Silent as 

4854
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:44,400
president that people just about
having to check his pulse while 

4855
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:47,000
Flappers are dancing. 
The Charleston and jazz music is

4856
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:50,800
spilling out of speakeasies. 
However, the genuine excitement 

4857
04:14:50,800 --> 04:14:53,700
is not located in the illicit. 
Ginger joints or the dance 

4858
04:14:53,700 --> 04:14:56,500
halls. 
It is on Wall Street where an 

4859
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:58,000
entire nation has persuaded 
itself. 

4860
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:02,100
That purchasing stocks is as 
Dependable as the sunrise after 

4861
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:05,400
the end of World War One, the 
United States found itself in a 

4862
04:15:05,400 --> 04:15:08,200
unique situation. 
America's factories were 

4863
04:15:08,200 --> 04:15:11,400
operating at full capacity. 
Manufacturing, a wide range of 

4864
04:15:11,400 --> 04:15:15,300
products including refrigerators
radios and Automobiles. 

4865
04:15:16,000 --> 04:15:18,500
While Europe was still in the 
process of assembling the parts 

4866
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:21,800
and calculating the cost. 
Henry, Ford had discovered a 

4867
04:15:21,800 --> 04:15:24,100
method to make cars affordable 
for the general public. 

4868
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:27,700
And as a result everyone became 
interested in purchasing one. 

4869
04:15:28,400 --> 04:15:30,900
please note that the car in 
question is not a single 

4870
04:15:30,900 --> 04:15:35,000
vehicle, rather, it is a modern 
more gleaming model, that is 

4871
04:15:35,008 --> 04:15:38,400
replaced every few years, the 
stock market, which was 

4872
04:15:38,400 --> 04:15:41,000
previously, the domain of 
affluent industrialists and 

4873
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:43,500
their well-connected 
acquaintances appeared to be 

4874
04:15:43,500 --> 04:15:47,400
accessible to all Between 
deliveries newspaper boys were 

4875
04:15:47,400 --> 04:15:50,200
exchanging, stock 
recommendations your 

4876
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:51,700
neighborhood. 
Grow some a casually mention 

4877
04:15:51,700 --> 04:15:54,100
that he earned more money last 
week by playing the market. 

4878
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:56,600
Then he did selling vegetables 
throughout the month. 

4879
04:15:57,300 --> 04:15:59,800
It was as if Wall Street had 
discovered a mystical money 

4880
04:15:59,800 --> 04:16:01,300
tree. 
And all you had to do was move 

4881
04:16:01,300 --> 04:16:04,200
its branches. 
In retrospect, the amusement of 

4882
04:16:04,200 --> 04:16:06,800
this episode was primarily due 
to the fact that everyone 

4883
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:09,300
believed it was a 
straightforward matter, you were

4884
04:16:09,300 --> 04:16:12,000
not required to comprehend the 
actual operations of a company. 

4885
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:15,400
Its profitability or its 
existence in any meaningful 

4886
04:16:15,400 --> 04:16:17,700
sense. 
It was enough to tell you that 

4887
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:20,700
its stock price Rose yesterday 
and will likely rise again 

4888
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:23,600
tomorrow. 
The logic was unwavering stocks 

4889
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:26,800
consistently increase. 
Everyone was becoming wealthy 

4890
04:16:26,800 --> 04:16:30,000
and anyone who advocated for a 
different outcome was evidently 

4891
04:16:30,000 --> 04:16:32,500
two traditional to comprehend 
contemporary economics. 

4892
04:16:33,400 --> 04:16:36,000
Investment clubs emerged in 
communities similar to book 

4893
04:16:36,000 --> 04:16:38,600
clubs. 
However, rather than engaging in

4894
04:16:38,600 --> 04:16:41,300
discussions about the most 
recent novel members would 

4895
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:44,000
convene to compare the amount of
money, they earned that week. 

4896
04:16:44,800 --> 04:16:47,700
Women who had never visited a 
bank with pooling their grocery 

4897
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,300
money to purchase shares and 
companies they were unfamiliar 

4898
04:16:50,300 --> 04:16:52,700
with. 
College students were ditching 

4899
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:55,400
classes to observe the ticker 
tape at brokerage officers 

4900
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:58,400
treating it as the most 
thrilling entertainment in town 

4901
04:16:58,400 --> 04:17:01,400
the newspapers. 
Contributed to this Hysteria by 

4902
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:03,400
publishing. 
Breathless accounts of ordinary 

4903
04:17:03,400 --> 04:17:05,400
individuals who had a financial 
success. 

4904
04:17:06,600 --> 04:17:10,800
The taxi driver retired at 35. 
The secretary purchased a small 

4905
04:17:10,800 --> 04:17:13,900
apartment building with a stock 
profits and the Homemaker funded

4906
04:17:13,900 --> 04:17:17,700
her daughter's wedding with a 
single well-timed purchase of 

4907
04:17:17,700 --> 04:17:21,200
radio Corporation stock. 
These narrative spread swiftly 

4908
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:25,000
much like gossip at a church 
Gathering, inspiring everyone to

4909
04:17:25,000 --> 04:17:27,400
Aspire to become the next 
successful individual. 

4910
04:17:28,200 --> 04:17:30,800
Thanks began lending money to 
individuals who decided to 

4911
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:33,400
purchase equities to capitalize 
on the current prosperity. 

4912
04:17:34,300 --> 04:17:37,500
The reasoning appeared to be 
sound if stocks consistently 

4913
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:40,800
increased lending money to 
individuals to purchase equities

4914
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:44,500
would be virtually risk-free. 
They called it buying on margin 

4915
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:48,300
a fancier term than borrowing 
money to gamble, but that's what

4916
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:50,900
it was. 
You could acquire 1000 dollars 

4917
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:54,300
worth of security with only one 
dollars of your funds and the 

4918
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:57,300
bank would provide the remaining
funds, you would sell the 

4919
04:17:57,300 --> 04:18:00,400
Securities, repay the loan and 
retain The Profit when they 

4920
04:18:00,408 --> 04:18:04,700
appreciated, what could possibly
go wrong as you prepare to 

4921
04:18:04,700 --> 04:18:07,000
retire for the evening and 
vision of world in which all 

4922
04:18:07,000 --> 04:18:08,900
individuals were Financial 
Geniuses. 

4923
04:18:08,900 --> 04:18:11,600
The future appeared as 
predictable as a well-oiled 

4924
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:14,200
timepiece. 
And the sole concern was not 

4925
04:18:14,200 --> 04:18:15,900
whether or not one would become 
wealthy. 

4926
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:19,400
But rather, how well he an 
individual would become although

4927
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,400
crashes, still several months 
away, the following morning in 

4928
04:18:22,400 --> 04:18:25,700
our narrative, your awakened, in
an America, that is persuaded, 

4929
04:18:25,700 --> 04:18:29,900
it is outsmarted, economic 
history, the year is 1928. 

4930
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:32,800
And if you had suggested to 
anyone that the party might be 

4931
04:18:32,808 --> 04:18:35,700
ending shortly, Would have 
looked at you as if you had 

4932
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:37,800
announced that the sun was 
planning to stop Rising. 

4933
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:41,300
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

4934
04:18:41,300 --> 04:18:43,700
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

4935
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:46,600
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

4936
04:18:46,600 --> 04:18:49,200
Well. 
General Electric and General 

4937
04:18:49,200 --> 04:18:51,500
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

4938
04:18:51,500 --> 04:18:54,500
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

4939
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:57,600
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

4940
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:00,600
people's Livvy people's living 
rooms for the first time 

4941
04:19:00,600 --> 04:19:04,000
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles replaced horses. 

4942
04:19:04,000 --> 04:19:07,800
And radios were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

4943
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:10,800
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much like the moment 

4944
04:19:10,800 --> 04:19:12,600
of kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

4945
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:15,700
The stock price is of these 
companies were not merely 

4946
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:19,000
reflecting their success. 
They were also reflecting the 

4947
04:19:19,000 --> 04:19:22,300
success of the companies wildest
dreams of everyone about their 

4948
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:26,500
future success, a generous, 
helping of pure speculation and 

4949
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:28,900
whatever the barbershop employee
heard from his cousin, who 

4950
04:19:28,900 --> 04:19:33,200
worked on Wall Street, Consider 
radio Corporation of America or 

4951
04:19:33,200 --> 04:19:36,800
RCA as it was commonly known. 
The corporation was at the 

4952
04:19:36,808 --> 04:19:38,300
epicenter of the radio. 
Boom. 

4953
04:19:38,300 --> 04:19:40,600
And the radio's were truly 
revolutionary. 

4954
04:19:42,300 --> 04:19:45,000
For the first time in human 
history, it was possible to 

4955
04:19:45,000 --> 04:19:47,600
listen to a concert in New York 
from the comfort of your living 

4956
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:51,000
room in Kansas. 
It was akin to Alchemy but it 

4957
04:19:51,000 --> 04:19:55,100
was both profitable and genuine.
This enthusiasm was evident in 

4958
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:58,900
the stock price of RCA. 
RCA stock price increased from 

4959
04:19:58,908 --> 04:20:03,000
85 dollars per share to 420 
dollars per share in 1928. 

4960
04:20:03,700 --> 04:20:07,000
It is not a typo, it nearly 
quadrupled in a single year. 

4961
04:20:08,200 --> 04:20:11,100
It is reasonable to assume that 
the five fold increase in a 

4962
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:12,600
company, stock price over the 
course of a year. 

4963
04:20:12,600 --> 04:20:16,000
But induce some degree of 
anxiety among investors, you 

4964
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:19,700
would be mistaken in contrast. 
It heightened individuals, 

4965
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:22,200
enthusiasm. 
The reasoning was elegantly. 

4966
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:25,700
Circular RCA stock was 
increasing due to its 

4967
04:20:25,700 --> 04:20:28,900
exceptional performance, which 
was evident in the company stock

4968
04:20:28,900 --> 04:20:30,900
price. 
It was evident that the 

4969
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:34,500
individual who suggested that a 
stock price increase of 400%, in

4970
04:20:34,500 --> 04:20:37,500
a single year, might be 
premature was unaware of the 

4971
04:20:37,500 --> 04:20:40,400
fundamental principles of 
contemporary, investing the 

4972
04:20:40,400 --> 04:20:43,200
truly cunning aspect. 
And this is the point at which 

4973
04:20:43,200 --> 04:20:46,400
the creativity is almost 
admirable, was the manner in 

4974
04:20:46,400 --> 04:20:49,300
which individuals convinced 
themselves that this time was 

4975
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:53,000
different. 
Speculation and foolishness were

4976
04:20:53,000 --> 04:20:56,100
the causes of previous stock 
market bubbles, which ultimately

4977
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:59,300
exploded. 
However, the foundation of this 

4978
04:20:59,300 --> 04:21:02,100
Prosperity, was the robust 
productivity and innovation of 

4979
04:21:02,100 --> 04:21:05,300
the United States. 
Radio Autumn reveals, 

4980
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:08,800
electricity Powers, electricity 
Powers, these appliances 

4981
04:21:08,800 --> 04:21:12,000
c-explorer. 
Corporations or tulip bulbs. 

4982
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:15,100
They were genuine businesses 
that manufactured genuine 

4983
04:21:15,100 --> 04:21:18,800
products for genuine customers. 
What individuals fail to 

4984
04:21:18,800 --> 04:21:21,400
comprehend was that it is 
possible to have a legitimate 

4985
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:25,400
organization that produces 
genuine goods and yet pay an 

4986
04:21:25,400 --> 04:21:26,900
exorbitant amount for its 
inventory. 

4987
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:30,600
It is comparable to paying 50 
dollars for an exceptionally 

4988
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:33,700
high-quality fruit. 
Fifty dollars is not a 

4989
04:21:33,700 --> 04:21:36,200
reasonable price. 
Although, the apple is although 

4990
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:40,200
and everything you wished for In
the interim, the institutions 

4991
04:21:40,200 --> 04:21:42,800
were experiencing their own 
variation of this logic problem.

4992
04:21:42,800 --> 04:21:45,900
They observed that all 
individuals who had borrowed 

4993
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:47,900
money to purchase equities had 
made a profit. 

4994
04:21:48,700 --> 04:21:51,600
Consequently, it was a secured 
decision to lend money to 

4995
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,400
purchase equities. 
The fact that everyone had made 

4996
04:21:54,400 --> 04:21:56,700
money precisely because they 
were lending money to buy 

4997
04:21:56,700 --> 04:22:00,600
stocks, creating the very demand
that drove prices up somehow 

4998
04:22:00,600 --> 04:22:03,700
eluded notice. 
It was akin to a dog pursuing 

4999
04:22:03,700 --> 04:22:06,600
its tail except that the dog was
sits that it was making 

5000
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:10,900
progress. 
Beginning in 1929 the financial 

5001
04:22:10,900 --> 04:22:14,600
system, beginning in 1929, the 
financial system was borrowing 

5002
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:18,500
approximately 8.5 billion 
dollars to provide context. 

5003
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:21,300
This was approximately 
equivalent to the entire federal

5004
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:23,600
budget. 
At the time it was as though the

5005
04:22:23,600 --> 04:22:26,800
entire Financial system had 
decided to place all of its be 

5006
04:22:26,800 --> 04:22:30,000
decided and was exceedingly 
confident in its decision. 

5007
04:22:30,700 --> 04:22:32,300
You're beginning to comprehend 
the issue. 

5008
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:34,400
Are you not? 
People were not being 

5009
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:36,800
irrational, rather they were 
reacting. 

5010
04:22:36,800 --> 04:22:38,900
Logically to the stimuli they 
observed. 

5011
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:42,900
The economy appeared robust 
stocks were increasing and 

5012
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:46,100
individuals were earning money. 
However, they were all reacting 

5013
04:22:46,100 --> 04:22:48,900
to the same information in the 
same manner, resulting in a 

5014
04:22:48,908 --> 04:22:52,500
situation in which everyone was 
correct until all of a sudden, 

5015
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:57,100
everyone was proved incorrect. 
Consider The Confident investors

5016
04:22:57,100 --> 04:23:00,000
of 1929. 
As you prepare for bed, they 

5017
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:01,800
were completely unaware. 
That they were living through 

5018
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:05,200
the economic equivalent of a 
cartoon character who runs off a

5019
04:23:05,200 --> 04:23:07,000
cliff but doesn't fall until he 
looks down. 

5020
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:09,900
They would examine their 
portfolios each morning and 

5021
04:23:09,900 --> 04:23:13,600
examenul at their paper profits.
the red flags were up everywhere

5022
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:17,400
by the summer of 1929 if you 
were to look But when there are 

5023
04:23:17,408 --> 04:23:20,400
warning signs at a party, no one
wants to be the one to bring 

5024
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:22,500
them up. 
As if you were the designated 

5025
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:24,900
driver, who keeps telling 
everyone to slow down, while 

5026
04:23:24,900 --> 04:23:28,200
your friends are having the time
of their lives, a few jerks 

5027
04:23:28,200 --> 04:23:31,600
tried to crash the party. 
A famous and respectable Banker 

5028
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,900
named Paul Warburg warned that 
the stock market had become too 

5029
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:37,800
risky for investors. 
The reaction was about what 

5030
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:40,800
you'd expect the next day. 
The stock price of his bank 

5031
04:23:40,800 --> 04:23:43,800
dropped, a newspapers called him
negative for no reason. 

5032
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:47,100
It was a typical case of 
shooting the messenger, but this

5033
04:23:47,100 --> 04:23:49,600
time the messenger was trying to
keep people from crossing the 

5034
04:23:49,600 --> 04:23:52,100
street. 
A famous economist named. 

5035
04:23:52,100 --> 04:23:56,200
Roger Babson said in September 
that sooner or later a crash is 

5036
04:23:56,200 --> 04:23:58,600
coming. 
Babson was known for being right

5037
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:02,200
about financial trends that day.
The market fell sharply. 

5038
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,700
Some people even called it the 
Babson break, but it quickly 

5039
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:08,800
rose again, people thought 
Babson was an old fashioned 

5040
04:24:08,800 --> 04:24:10,000
cynic. 
Who didn't know how the new 

5041
04:24:10,000 --> 04:24:11,500
economy worked and wrote him 
off. 

5042
04:24:11,500 --> 04:24:14,400
Everyone was happy that the 
ruler seemed to have a lot of 

5043
04:24:14,400 --> 04:24:16,200
money. 
So no one wanted to hear that. 

5044
04:24:16,200 --> 04:24:19,200
He didn't have any clothes. 
At the same time, the smart 

5045
04:24:19,200 --> 04:24:21,000
money. 
That is the people who knew what

5046
04:24:21,000 --> 04:24:23,200
was going on was quietly leaving
the market. 

5047
04:24:24,100 --> 04:24:25,700
John F, Kennedy is Father 
Joseph. 

5048
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,000
Reportedly said that he knew. 
It was time to get out of the 

5049
04:24:29,000 --> 04:24:30,600
stock market. 
When his shoe shine, boys 

5050
04:24:30,600 --> 04:24:33,800
started giving him, stop tips. 
It made perfect sense. 

5051
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:37,200
If everyone thinks stops are a 
good way to make money, then 

5052
04:24:37,200 --> 04:24:40,700
stocks probably aren't so good. 
After all. however, for every 

5053
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:43,700
Joseph, Kennedy who quietly sold
his interests, there were 

5054
04:24:43,708 --> 04:24:47,400
thousands of regular Americans 
who doubled down It made sense. 

5055
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:51,200
If stocks were solid investment 
last year, they were probably an

5056
04:24:51,200 --> 04:24:52,500
even better investment this 
year. 

5057
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:55,700
You might have thought you could
drive even fastest since you 

5058
04:24:55,700 --> 04:24:57,100
hadn't gotten a speeding ticket 
yet. 

5059
04:24:57,900 --> 04:25:00,700
All the excitement on Wall 
Street mass and really bad. 

5060
04:25:00,700 --> 04:25:02,900
He cannot news in the summer of 
1929. 

5061
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:06,600
The production of goods in 
factories was beginning to slow 

5062
04:25:06,600 --> 04:25:10,400
down Car Sales were going down, 
less building was being done. 

5063
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:13,500
But who cared about dull things.
Like industrial production when 

5064
04:25:13,500 --> 04:25:16,500
RCA was still going up and 
everyone knew someone who had 

5065
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:17,600
made a lot of money in the 
market. 

5066
04:25:19,200 --> 04:25:22,500
This part of the story is almost
like a dream, the real economy 

5067
04:25:22,500 --> 04:25:25,700
which includes factories farms 
and other businesses that do 

5068
04:25:25,700 --> 04:25:30,700
real work was getting tired. 
However, the stock market a 

5069
04:25:30,700 --> 04:25:32,100
symbol of the real economy's 
performance. 

5070
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:34,500
Consistently reached 
unprecedented Heights. 

5071
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,300
It felt like a movie where the 
music is happy and upbeat, but 

5072
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:40,100
the ship is slowly sinking on 
the screen. 

5073
04:25:41,000 --> 04:25:43,000
Despite its role as the 
responsible adult. 

5074
04:25:43,000 --> 04:25:46,100
In the scenario's, the Federal 
Reserve found itself in a 

5075
04:25:46,108 --> 04:25:49,400
challenging situation. 
Every time the Federal Reserve 

5076
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:52,200
attempted to curb the out of 
control stock trading, they 

5077
04:25:52,200 --> 04:25:54,600
faced accusations of harming, 
the US economy. 

5078
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:56,800
It is challenging to be the 
authority. 

5079
04:25:56,800 --> 04:25:58,200
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

5080
04:25:58,200 --> 04:26:01,200
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is a 

5081
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:03,300
specialty true. 
If ending the party means 

5082
04:26:03,300 --> 04:26:06,600
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

5083
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:10,500
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

5084
04:26:10,500 --> 04:26:14,000
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

5085
04:26:14,000 --> 04:26:16,900
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just off and kept 

5086
04:26:16,900 --> 04:26:18,700
going up. 
We tapped someone on the 

5087
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:21,200
shoulder but they just turned 
and danced faster. 

5088
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:25,000
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

5089
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:28,700
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure people. 

5090
04:26:28,700 --> 04:26:32,300
Put a lot of value on companies 
as if they would keep growing at

5091
04:26:32,300 --> 04:26:35,200
impossible rates forever. 
Someone must have known that you

5092
04:26:35,200 --> 04:26:39,000
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 
since you had grown six inches 

5093
04:26:39,000 --> 04:26:41,000
taller between the ages of 12 
and 14. 

5094
04:26:41,900 --> 04:26:44,700
What was really sad was how many
regular people had put their 

5095
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:48,600
life savings into this Market? 
Individuals who are diligently 

5096
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:52,400
saved money, LED Frugal 
Lifestyles and meticulously 

5097
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:55,300
planned for their retirement, 
for decades, suddenly began to 

5098
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:57,400
question the wisdom of their 
cautious approach. 

5099
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:02,000
They sold their bonds took out 
mortgages on their homes and put

5100
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:04,300
all of their money on the 
further rise in stock prices. 

5101
04:27:05,100 --> 04:27:08,600
Imagine that people in the 
United States in September 1929 

5102
04:27:08,600 --> 04:27:11,600
were pleased with their 
Investments and planning to 

5103
04:27:11,600 --> 04:27:14,300
retire early. 
As they went to sleep, that 

5104
04:27:14,300 --> 04:27:17,200
night, they had no idea that 
they were about to learn one of 

5105
04:27:17,208 --> 04:27:19,800
the most expensive lessons in 
the history of the economy. 

5106
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:24,700
The first few days of October, 
1929 were the same as any other 

5107
04:27:24,700 --> 04:27:27,700
month during the boom. 
People got up looked at their 

5108
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:31,400
stock Price's smiled at their 
gains, on paper and went about 

5109
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:33,500
their days feeling like they 
were great at money. 

5110
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:37,800
If you looked really closely and
not many people, did you might 

5111
04:27:37,800 --> 04:27:39,800
have seen that the base was 
beginning to crack. 

5112
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,700
On October 3rd the market had 
what Traders called a technical 

5113
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:46,300
correction. 
This was the first real sign of 

5114
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:48,600
trouble. 
In Wall Street talk that means 

5115
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:51,800
don't worry about it. 
Price has dropped for no reason.

5116
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:55,000
It may not seem like a big deal,
but the Dow Jones Industrial 

5117
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:56,800
Average went down by about 6 
points. 

5118
04:27:56,800 --> 04:27:59,500
This is because people were used
to it going up every day. 

5119
04:28:00,400 --> 04:28:02,400
But everyone knew that markets 
have bad days. 

5120
04:28:02,400 --> 04:28:05,100
Every so often it was important 
not to freak out. 

5121
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:09,000
Fear was for people who didn't 
know that America had entered a 

5122
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:12,100
new age of permanent wealth. 
The deal was a chance for the 

5123
04:28:12,100 --> 04:28:15,100
smart money or at least the 
money that thought it was smart 

5124
04:28:15,100 --> 04:28:18,100
to buy. 
Stocks for sale, how could you 

5125
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:21,400
say no to that? 
The market, exhibited, the 

5126
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:24,400
typical behavior of fluctuating 
unpredictably when it is 

5127
04:28:24,400 --> 04:28:26,900
uncertain about its direction. 
For the next two weeks. 

5128
04:28:27,900 --> 04:28:30,000
The market fluctuates daily, 
yet. 

5129
04:28:30,000 --> 04:28:33,600
It largely remained steady. 
Akin to an inebriated individual

5130
04:28:33,600 --> 04:28:35,300
attempting to maintain a 
straight path. 

5131
04:28:36,000 --> 04:28:39,100
Not many people were worried. 
The market was just taking a 

5132
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:43,000
break before The Next Step Up. 
On October 18th, however, the 

5133
04:28:43,000 --> 04:28:46,400
music began to slow down. 
This date would become famous 

5134
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:48,900
over time. 
The market dropped considerably,

5135
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:53,100
but this time it felt different,
it wasn't the slow decline in 

5136
04:28:53,108 --> 04:28:55,800
early October in Stead, it 
seemed like the market 

5137
04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:57,800
remembered something important, 
but didn't like it. 

5138
04:28:57,800 --> 04:29:00,900
As of this point, many people 
had borrowed money to buy 

5139
04:29:00,900 --> 04:29:04,100
stocks, leaving them open to 
something called a margin. 

5140
04:29:04,100 --> 04:29:07,200
Call to explain. 
Let's say you borrowed 900 

5141
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:09,100
dollars to buy stock worth 
1,000. 

5142
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:11,800
It's possible that, you know, 
more money than the stock was 

5143
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:13,400
worth. 
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 

5144
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,900
the bank would call and ask you 
to either add cash or sell stock

5145
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:20,400
to repay the loan, many people 
got those calls on October 18th.

5146
04:29:20,400 --> 04:29:23,000
You aren't concerned about 
getting a good price. 

5147
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:26,000
When you have to sell stock to 
pay back alone, you just need to

5148
04:29:26,008 --> 04:29:29,400
get rid of it quickly. 
Prices drop even faster. 

5149
04:29:29,400 --> 04:29:30,900
When many people need to sell 
quickly. 

5150
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:33,900
At the same time, this leads to 
more margin calls which calls 

5151
04:29:33,900 --> 04:29:37,500
even more people to sell like a 
Cascade of money where each rock

5152
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:41,700
that falls sets off more rocks. 
The weekend of October 19th and 

5153
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:44,700
20th, likely marked the last 
time most Americans believe they

5154
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:46,900
were living in an era of 
NeverEnding wealth. 

5155
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,700
Newspapers always willing to 
help wrote stories that made 

5156
04:29:50,700 --> 04:29:53,400
people feel better by saying 
that this was only a short-term 

5157
04:29:53,400 --> 04:29:56,100
setback. 
Smart buyers took advantage of 

5158
04:29:56,108 --> 04:30:00,200
this chance to identify deals. 
By Monday, everything would be 

5159
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:04,000
fine on Tuesday. 
October 21st, everything was 

5160
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:06,900
fine. 
The market opened trade went on 

5161
04:30:06,900 --> 04:30:10,600
and the world didn't end. 
However, the situation remained 

5162
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:12,600
largely unchanged throughout the
day. 

5163
04:30:12,600 --> 04:30:15,500
Prices steadily declined, akin 
to water. 

5164
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:17,100
Gradually draining from a 
bathtub. 

5165
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:20,200
Tuesday was worse. 
When's day was even worse. 

5166
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:25,200
Friday, October 24th which would
become famously known as black 

5167
04:30:25,200 --> 04:30:28,300
Thursday, Something very 
important to change. 

5168
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:32,600
It wasn't a fix and update or 
any other plight business term 

5169
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,100
for the same thing. 
It was just pure fear. 

5170
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:39,400
Imagine waking up on October 
24th, to find that your nest egg

5171
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,800
is shrunk not just a little but 
by a large enough amount that 

5172
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:44,800
you feel like you need to do 
some math in your head. 

5173
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:48,400
When you attempt to contact your
dealer, the phone lines 

5174
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:51,700
experience, congestion. 
Nobody appears to understand the

5175
04:30:51,700 --> 04:30:54,600
status of their Investments, 
despite everyone's efforts, to 

5176
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:58,600
learn an all-time high of over 
12 million shares were traded at

5177
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:00,400
that day, which is about three 
times. 

5178
04:31:00,400 --> 04:31:03,600
The normal amount The stock 
price is, were meant to be shown

5179
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:07,300
on ticker tape machines all day,
but they couldn't keep up, they 

5180
04:31:07,300 --> 04:31:09,800
were hours behind schedule by 
the afternoon, so no one 

5181
04:31:09,800 --> 04:31:13,100
anything was worth. 
People bought and sold stocks 

5182
04:31:13,100 --> 04:31:15,600
without knowing what the prices 
were and sellers didn't know 

5183
04:31:15,608 --> 04:31:18,300
what they were getting charged. 
As you go to sleep tonight, 

5184
04:31:18,300 --> 04:31:21,200
picture what Wall Street looked 
like that Thursday night. 

5185
04:31:21,200 --> 04:31:24,900
Many people gathered around the 
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 

5186
04:31:24,908 --> 04:31:27,800
strewn across the streets like 
confetti after a parade that no 

5187
04:31:27,808 --> 04:31:31,000
one wanted to go to and the 
sound of a party ending for the 

5188
04:31:31,008 --> 04:31:35,000
evening could be heard somewhere
in the Darkness. the party 

5189
04:31:35,000 --> 04:31:39,800
finished on October 24th, on 
October 29th also known as Black

5190
04:31:39,800 --> 04:31:43,100
Tuesday The police were called 
all the lights were turned on 

5191
04:31:43,100 --> 04:31:46,200
and everyone saw the mess. 
They had made, it's already very

5192
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:48,500
different from the world, you 
went to sleep in when you wake 

5193
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,000
up that Tuesday morning Over the
weekend. 

5194
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,800
It became clear that this wasn't
just a short-term setback. 

5195
04:31:53,800 --> 04:31:56,700
Even though Banks and well, 
known financiers were working 

5196
04:31:56,700 --> 04:31:59,500
hard to restore Trust. 
It really happened. 

5197
04:31:59,500 --> 04:32:01,600
There was a full-on banking 
Panic. 

5198
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:04,400
It was challenging for the 
morning newspapers to stay 

5199
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,300
positive, but you could read the
fear in the words. 

5200
04:32:08,100 --> 04:32:11,100
The headlines talked about 
temporary Market adjustments and

5201
04:32:11,100 --> 04:32:13,200
buying opportunities for smart 
investors. 

5202
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:16,500
But the numbers indicated that 
things were not what they seem 

5203
04:32:16,500 --> 04:32:18,900
to be. 
Stocks were going down quickly 

5204
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:22,100
after slowly going up for 
months, when the stock market 

5205
04:32:22,100 --> 04:32:25,500
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 
shares were already available 

5206
04:32:25,500 --> 04:32:28,700
for sale prices, don't just drop
during a panic. 

5207
04:32:28,700 --> 04:32:32,000
They crash because everyone 
wants to sell but no one wants 

5208
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,100
to buy. 
It's like musical chairs. 

5209
04:32:34,100 --> 04:32:37,000
But someone took away all the 
chairs at once and everyone saw 

5210
04:32:37,000 --> 04:32:40,700
it at the same time, over 16 
million shares were traded that 

5211
04:32:40,700 --> 04:32:43,100
day, which was a record. 
That wouldn't be broken for. 

5212
04:32:43,100 --> 04:32:46,600
Almost, 40 years, black Thursday
was already too busy for the 

5213
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:49,100
ticker tape machines to keep up 
by noon. 

5214
04:32:49,100 --> 04:32:52,500
They were reporting prices from 
10 a.m. they were hours behind 

5215
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:55,800
by the afternoon people made 
financial decisions based on 

5216
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:57,700
data, that was almost 
immediately outdated. 

5217
04:32:58,800 --> 04:33:02,000
Imagine the scene inside The 
Brokerage offices phones were 

5218
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:04,200
ringing. 
Nonstop workers were rushing to 

5219
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:06,800
handle sell orders. 
And customers were squeezing 

5220
04:33:06,800 --> 04:33:09,300
together to find out what was 
going on with their Investments.

5221
04:33:09,300 --> 04:33:12,300
Everyone was talking at the same
time and trying to shout over 

5222
04:33:12,300 --> 04:33:14,400
the others. 
The ticker tape machine's 

5223
04:33:14,400 --> 04:33:17,200
clattered and people began to 
realize something terrible was 

5224
04:33:17,200 --> 04:33:20,099
happening. 
The most distressing aspect was 

5225
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:22,000
witnessing ordinary individuals 
to discover. 

5226
04:33:22,000 --> 04:33:24,000
They had lost their entire life 
savings. 

5227
04:33:25,000 --> 04:33:27,500
The secretary had used the money
she earned from selling stocks 

5228
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:29,400
to purchase that apartment 
building. 

5229
04:33:30,300 --> 04:33:32,599
The value of her stocks are 
dropped since she bought them. 

5230
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:35,300
The car driver who quit when he 
was 35. 

5231
04:33:36,200 --> 04:33:37,900
Is search for work. 
Had begun again? 

5232
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:40,800
Who was the mother who paid for 
her daughter's wedding? 

5233
04:33:41,500 --> 04:33:43,900
There was no way for her to tell
her family that the money was 

5234
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:47,099
still there, but it wasn't just 
small buyers, who lost all their

5235
04:33:47,099 --> 04:33:48,800
money. 
The banks that gave all that 

5236
04:33:48,800 --> 04:33:50,300
money to buy stocks were also 
in. 

5237
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:53,099
A lot of trouble, people 
couldn't pay back their margin 

5238
04:33:53,099 --> 04:33:55,900
loans because the value of their
stocks dropped below what they 

5239
04:33:55,900 --> 04:33:58,400
borrowed. 
These circumstances meant that 

5240
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:00,200
the banks were left with useless
paper. 

5241
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:02,500
There was a chance that some 
banks. 

5242
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,700
This smaller ones that had done 
a lot of dealing in the stock 

5243
04:34:05,700 --> 04:34:08,300
market would fail. 
But a strange irony. 

5244
04:34:09,200 --> 04:34:11,500
The system that had made all 
those paper richest was now 

5245
04:34:11,500 --> 04:34:15,500
destroying them just as quickly 
calls on margin which at first 

5246
04:34:15,500 --> 04:34:18,800
seemed like a smart way to boost
gains were now making losses 

5247
04:34:18,800 --> 04:34:22,099
worse, people who bought stocks 
in several different companies, 

5248
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,000
thought they were lowering their
risk, but they soon learned that

5249
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:27,900
when there is a panic, all 
stocks go down at the same time,

5250
04:34:27,900 --> 04:34:31,099
they were stories, going around 
all day, that would become part 

5251
04:34:31,099 --> 04:34:34,300
of Wall Street, folklore. 
There was the story that 

5252
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:37,400
stockbrokers jumped out of 
office Windows, which was mostly

5253
04:34:37,400 --> 04:34:40,300
made up, but a few people did 
kill themselves in the weeks 

5254
04:34:40,300 --> 04:34:43,300
that followed the stories of 
millionaires who went from being

5255
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:46,300
rich to being middle class. 
In one day, a middle-class 

5256
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:49,099
families who went from being 
rich to being poor were more 

5257
04:34:49,099 --> 04:34:51,400
true. 
The Dow Jones Industrial Average

5258
04:34:51,400 --> 04:34:54,200
had declined by 12%. 
By the time, the market closed 

5259
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:58,500
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 
the second worst single day 

5260
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:02,300
percentage drop in its history. 
But the percentage doesn't show 

5261
04:35:02,300 --> 04:35:05,099
how sad it was for the millions 
of Americans who went to bed 

5262
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:08,700
that night knowing that their 
financial plans, their hopes of 

5263
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:12,000
retiring, early or sending their
kids to college had been turned 

5264
04:35:12,000 --> 04:35:15,700
into useless paper, certificates
evening newspaper headlines, 

5265
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:18,500
which attempted to maintain a 
positive outlook proclaimed 

5266
04:35:18,500 --> 04:35:23,500
phrases, like Market hits bottom
and worst is over, they were 

5267
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:26,200
mistaken, the stock market 
crashed didn't end on Black 

5268
04:35:26,200 --> 04:35:28,500
Tuesday. 
It was just the worst day of 

5269
04:35:28,500 --> 04:35:30,500
what would be a much longer and 
worse slide. 

5270
04:35:31,400 --> 04:35:34,200
There was a huge financial 
hangover in the United States in

5271
04:35:34,200 --> 04:35:37,700
the days after Black Tuesday. 
You know how it feels to stay 

5272
04:35:37,700 --> 04:35:40,700
up, too late at a party and then
question every choice you made 

5273
04:35:40,700 --> 04:35:43,099
the night before. 
That's how you feel in the 

5274
04:35:43,108 --> 04:35:46,700
morning in November 1929. 
That was the whole country. 

5275
04:35:46,700 --> 04:35:49,800
The first thing that happened 
was denial, which is probably 

5276
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:51,300
the most normal thing that can 
happen. 

5277
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:53,300
This had to be temporary. 
Right? 

5278
04:35:53,300 --> 04:35:56,800
Once price has dropped enough, 
smart, money would come back 

5279
04:35:56,800 --> 04:36:00,099
into the market, someone like 
the government, or the banks 

5280
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:03,800
would figure out how to fix this
the newspapers thought so too. 

5281
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:06,200
Because they kept writing up 
Beats stories about bargain 

5282
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:09,099
hunters and buying opportunities
all the way through November. 

5283
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:12,099
As it turned out, president 
Herbert Hoover was in office 

5284
04:36:12,099 --> 04:36:15,000
when The Music stopped He 
initially made an effort to 

5285
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:17,599
project confidence. 
He made reassuring statements 

5286
04:36:17,599 --> 04:36:20,800
about the basic strength of the 
American economy, which were 

5287
04:36:20,800 --> 04:36:24,200
accurate, but not very helpful. 
It is akin to informing someone 

5288
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:27,500
that their house is structurally
sound, while it is engulfed in 

5289
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:30,700
flames all around them. 
It was true that the economy was

5290
04:36:30,700 --> 04:36:33,599
strong, but that didn't help the
millions of people who had just 

5291
04:36:33,599 --> 04:36:37,300
seen their funds disappear. 
The weeks, following the crash 

5292
04:36:37,300 --> 04:36:39,200
revealed, the interconnectedness
of everything. 

5293
04:36:40,099 --> 04:36:42,900
The stock market was no longer 
just a place for Rich investors 

5294
04:36:42,900 --> 04:36:45,300
to have fun. 
It was an important part of 

5295
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,500
American Business. 
Banks had given out loans based 

5296
04:36:48,500 --> 04:36:50,300
on stock prices that were too 
high. 

5297
04:36:50,300 --> 04:36:53,300
A lot of businesses plan to grow
because they thought the good 

5298
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:57,099
times would last Regular 
families had made big Financial 

5299
04:36:57,099 --> 04:37:01,099
choices based on gains that were
only on paper and were now gone,

5300
04:37:01,099 --> 04:37:04,099
it was almost as bad for 
people's mental health, as it 

5301
04:37:04,099 --> 04:37:06,900
was for their finances. 
For nearly a decade. 

5302
04:37:06,900 --> 04:37:08,700
Americans were told that wealth 
was normal. 

5303
04:37:08,700 --> 04:37:11,300
And that anyone could get rich 
by trading in the market 

5304
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:14,500
individuals, who believe they 
were financially Savvy had to 

5305
04:37:14,500 --> 04:37:17,500
quickly confront the possibility
that they had been part of a 

5306
04:37:17,508 --> 04:37:20,300
widespread illusion. 
The most terrible thing about 

5307
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:22,800
the crash was that it showed the
lies that had kept the boom 

5308
04:37:22,800 --> 04:37:25,500
Going Could you please share 
those stories again about 

5309
04:37:25,500 --> 04:37:28,200
secretaries and cab drivers 
achieving financial success? 

5310
04:37:28,200 --> 04:37:32,200
Those people were now broke and 
their stories were meant to warn

5311
04:37:32,200 --> 04:37:35,800
instead of inspire Investment 
clubs that had sprung up in 

5312
04:37:35,800 --> 04:37:38,800
neighborhoods across the country
quietly broke up because their 

5313
04:37:38,800 --> 04:37:40,900
members were too ashamed to talk
about their losses. 

5314
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:44,800
It was clear by December 1929 
that the result wasn't going to 

5315
04:37:44,800 --> 04:37:47,599
be a quick comeback. 
Stock price is kept going down 

5316
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:50,599
but not in big drops all at once
instead. 

5317
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:53,800
They went down slowly and 
steadily in a way that was 

5318
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:55,300
almost worse than the initial 
fear. 

5319
04:37:56,200 --> 04:37:59,900
Panic is at least interesting. 
Slow decline is just sad. 

5320
04:37:59,900 --> 04:38:03,599
It's like every day seeing 
someone, you care about get sick

5321
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:07,000
and not being able to do 
anything about it. banks that 

5322
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:09,400
were eager to give money to buy 
stocks when now desperately 

5323
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:12,800
trying to get those loans paid 
back But a stone doesn't have 

5324
04:38:12,800 --> 04:38:14,800
blood and people can't give you 
money. 

5325
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:18,400
They don't have the first Banks 
to fail were the smaller ones 

5326
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:20,000
that had been most involved in 
stock market. 

5327
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:23,200
Speculation as the crashes 
spread, they moved up to the 

5328
04:38:23,207 --> 04:38:26,099
bigger Banks. 
Not many people knew the truth 

5329
04:38:26,099 --> 04:38:29,400
yet, but the stock market crash 
was only the beginning. 

5330
04:38:30,800 --> 04:38:33,400
Those who thought the crash 
wouldn't affect the real economy

5331
04:38:33,400 --> 04:38:37,200
factories farms and shops were 
about to be proven wrong. 

5332
04:38:38,099 --> 04:38:40,700
Losing their life savings, 
discourages people from making 

5333
04:38:40,700 --> 04:38:44,400
purchases, when people don't buy
things, businesses stopped, 

5334
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:46,500
making them people lose their 
jobs. 

5335
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:49,599
When companies stop making 
things, people tend to stop 

5336
04:38:49,599 --> 04:38:51,200
buying things when they lose 
their jobs. 

5337
04:38:51,200 --> 04:38:54,700
Once it starts is very difficult
to break out of this vicious 

5338
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:57,400
circle. 
Unemployment began to rise at 

5339
04:38:57,400 --> 04:39:01,300
the end of 1929 but people 
didn't fully understand how dire

5340
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:03,000
things were going to get for a 
few more months. 

5341
04:39:03,900 --> 04:39:07,300
Not only did the stock market 
crash wipe out wealth, but it 

5342
04:39:07,300 --> 04:39:10,700
also destroyed Trust. 
It turns out that confidence is 

5343
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:13,200
one of the most important parts 
of a healthy economy. 

5344
04:39:13,900 --> 04:39:15,700
The sad. 
Irony was that the things that 

5345
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:16,900
made the boom? 
So amazing. 

5346
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:21,599
Hope willingness to take risks 
and the belief that anything was

5347
04:39:21,599 --> 04:39:26,000
possible were now backfiring. 
At first, everyone thought 

5348
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:28,700
stocks could only go up now 
everyone. 

5349
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:32,599
Thought they could only go down 
prices were going down too low 

5350
04:39:32,599 --> 04:39:34,900
because of the same herd 
attitude that had pushed them up

5351
04:39:34,908 --> 04:39:38,100
too high. 
Now that the story is over you 

5352
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:40,400
may be thinking about what 
happened next and more 

5353
04:39:40,400 --> 04:39:43,500
importantly, what we learned 
from this costly lesson in being

5354
04:39:43,500 --> 04:39:46,800
humble with money. 
The first question is about the 

5355
04:39:46,800 --> 04:39:50,100
Great Depression, which happened
for 10 years and had a giant 

5356
04:39:50,100 --> 04:39:53,900
impact on American society. 
The second question has a more 

5357
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:56,500
difficult answer because the 
lessons people learned from the 

5358
04:39:56,500 --> 04:40:00,800
crash of 1929 was the ones that 
history was meant to teach them.

5359
04:40:01,500 --> 04:40:05,000
At the time, it looked like the 
most important lesson was that 

5360
04:40:05,000 --> 04:40:08,400
trading in the stock market was 
risky and not something regular 

5361
04:40:08,400 --> 04:40:11,600
people should do. 
For a generation of Americans 

5362
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:14,000
investing in stocks lost all 
charm. 

5363
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:16,300
It felt akin to dealing with 
explosive. 

5364
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:19,600
This may have been an 
overreaction but it was to be 

5365
04:40:19,608 --> 04:40:22,000
expected from people who just 
saw their neighbors lose 

5366
04:40:22,000 --> 04:40:24,300
everything. 
It took a while, but the 

5367
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:27,000
government also learned some 
things, a lot of the worst 

5368
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:29,900
things that happened in the 
1920s were stopped by new rules,

5369
04:40:29,900 --> 04:40:32,700
to keep an eye on the stock 
market, they established the 

5370
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:35,500
Security and Exchange Commission
to monitor the stock market. 

5371
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:40,200
Customers money to bet on stocks
Deposit Insurance was made so 

5372
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:41,700
that people wouldn't lose their 
savings. 

5373
04:40:41,700 --> 04:40:45,100
If their bank went out of 
business, while these changes 

5374
04:40:45,100 --> 04:40:47,800
were wise, they arrived too late
to assist those who had already 

5375
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:50,300
lost their lives. 
But here's the thing about 

5376
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:53,800
people, Were very Adept at 
getting the exact lessons we 

5377
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:57,000
learned from the last disaster 
while still being open to the 

5378
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:00,100
next one. 
People who live through 1929 

5379
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:03,800
were very wary of speculating in
the stock market, their children

5380
04:41:03,800 --> 04:41:07,100
and grandkids who didn't live 
through the crash were not as 

5381
04:41:07,100 --> 04:41:10,600
careful. 
America experienced another 

5382
04:41:10,600 --> 04:41:13,800
speculative frenzy in the 1990s 
this time. 

5383
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,800
The speculation frenzy focused 
on internet stocks which often 

5384
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:20,300
lost money and sometimes made no
profit at all. 

5385
04:41:20,300 --> 04:41:22,800
People quit their jobs to become
day. 

5386
04:41:22,800 --> 04:41:25,800
Trade Traders, new technology 
seemed to change everything and 

5387
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,100
stock prices that had nothing to
do with how businesses actually 

5388
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:31,500
worked made. 
The.com bubble of the late 

5389
04:41:31,500 --> 04:41:35,800
1990s. 
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 

5390
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:37,900
were quick to point out why this
time is different. 

5391
04:41:37,900 --> 04:41:41,200
People were shocked when that 
boom burst in 2000. 

5392
04:41:41,200 --> 04:41:44,800
Even though anyone who knew what
happened in 1929 could have seen

5393
04:41:44,800 --> 04:41:48,700
it coming the 2000 housing 
bubble had easy credit gambling 

5394
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:52,300
and the belief that prices could
only rise people were once again

5395
04:41:52,300 --> 04:41:57,100
shocked when that boom burst in 
2008 causing another financial 

5396
04:41:57,100 --> 04:41:59,900
crisis. 
Every generation must acquire 

5397
04:41:59,900 --> 04:42:02,500
these lessons independently 
often through painful 

5398
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:04,900
experiences. 
Its challenging, to remember the

5399
04:42:04,900 --> 04:42:08,200
most important lesson from 1929,
when the market is booming, 

5400
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:11,900
markets are driven by feelings 
as much as they are by economic 

5401
04:42:11,900 --> 04:42:14,600
facts. 
When everyone is, happy prices 

5402
04:42:14,600 --> 04:42:17,600
go up way past. 
What makes sense prices drop 

5403
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:19,100
below? 
What makes sense when everyone 

5404
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:21,600
is negative. 
It makes sense to be careful 

5405
04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:24,700
when everyone else is happy and 
brave when everyone else is sad.

5406
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,500
But that means going against 
your feelings in the crowd, 

5407
04:42:27,500 --> 04:42:30,500
which is never easy. 
Another thing I learned is that 

5408
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:33,300
adding more complexity, doesn't 
always get rid of the risk. 

5409
04:42:33,300 --> 04:42:37,500
It just hides it. 
In the 1920s, the system of 

5410
04:42:37,500 --> 04:42:41,100
margin loans seemed like a smart
way to let more people 

5411
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:42,800
participate in the growth of the
market. 

5412
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:47,400
In fact, it made the crash worse
by amplifying, gains and losses.

5413
04:42:47,400 --> 04:42:51,200
It seems like every time there 
is a financial crisis, something

5414
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,600
new comes out that is meant to 
make investing safer, but ends 

5415
04:42:54,600 --> 04:42:58,500
up making it riskier. 
The 1929 crash may have taught 

5416
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:01,900
us more than anything else, that
there is no such thing as cheap 

5417
04:43:01,900 --> 04:43:04,600
money. 
The people who got rich in the 

5418
04:43:04,600 --> 04:43:07,400
1920 stock market, weren't 
smarter than everyone else. 

5419
04:43:07,400 --> 04:43:10,300
They were just lucky enough to 
own stocks when everyone else 

5420
04:43:10,300 --> 04:43:14,500
wanted to buy them. 
When that changed their paper 

5421
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:18,000
gains went away, just as quickly
as they came, as you drift off 

5422
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:21,000
to sleep contemplate, those 
lessons and how strong the 

5423
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:24,800
people who lived through that 
time were they rebounded, absorb

5424
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:27,800
their mistakes and bolstered and
stabilized the economy. 

5425
04:43:27,800 --> 04:43:31,400
Despite the devastating impact 
of the 1929 crash. 

5426
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:35,900
It was not a catastrophic event.
Not just what can go wrong, but 

5427
04:43:35,900 --> 04:43:38,900
also how people fix things is 
sometimes the most important 

5428
04:43:38,900 --> 04:43:42,800
thing to learn from the past. 
The stock market did perform 

5429
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:46,300
better in the end but it took 25
years for it to hit its high 

5430
04:43:46,300 --> 04:43:50,300
points again in 1929. 
People became more careful and 

5431
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:52,300
less trusting of plans to get 
rich quickly. 

5432
04:43:53,100 --> 04:43:56,400
He also learned to Value steady 
long-term growth more than big 

5433
04:43:56,400 --> 04:43:58,500
game's. 
They also learned that people 

5434
04:43:58,500 --> 04:44:01,500
are creative and strong even in 
uncertain markets. 

5435
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:04,100
Good night. 
And remember that, the oldest 

5436
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:06,400
piece of investment advice is 
probably still the best. 

5437
04:44:07,200 --> 04:44:09,900
If it sounds too good to be 
true, it probably is. 

5438
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:19,300
There is there is a version of 
the Vikings that lives in your 

5439
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:22,500
head already horned. 
Helmets burning ships. 

5440
04:44:23,400 --> 04:44:28,000
Axis swinging through fog, it is
a vivid picture and it has been 

5441
04:44:28,008 --> 04:44:31,000
there so long that most people 
never stopped to wonder where it

5442
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,200
came from. 
The truth is almost none of it 

5443
04:44:34,200 --> 04:44:38,000
is accurate and the real story 
is so much more interesting that

5444
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,700
once you see it, the old one 
starts to feel like a costume 

5445
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:43,200
someone else picked out for 
them. 

5446
04:44:44,300 --> 04:44:46,700
Let us start at the very 
beginning before any of it 

5447
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:49,700
happened. 
Before the raids before the 

5448
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:53,500
Legends before the fear. 
In the Years leading up to 

5449
04:44:53,500 --> 04:44:58,400
roughly the late 700 CE. 
Scandinavia was not a land of 

5450
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:00,300
Warriors, waiting to be 
Unleashed on the world. 

5451
04:45:01,300 --> 04:45:04,600
There was a land of farmers 
fishermen and crafts. 

5452
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,100
People living in one of the 
harsher climates in northern 

5453
04:45:07,100 --> 04:45:09,700
Europe. 
The Winter's were brutal. 

5454
04:45:09,700 --> 04:45:13,300
The growing seasons were short. 
Soil. 

5455
04:45:13,300 --> 04:45:17,400
In many places was thin Rocky 
and stubborn. 

5456
04:45:18,400 --> 04:45:22,100
This was not a paradise, it was 
a place where people had to be 

5457
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:23,900
clever just to get through the 
year. 

5458
04:45:24,800 --> 04:45:26,400
And they were clever 
extraordinarily. 

5459
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:30,300
So think about what it actually 
takes to survive in a place like

5460
04:45:30,300 --> 04:45:33,300
that, you cannot rely on a 
single crop. 

5461
04:45:33,300 --> 04:45:37,200
You cannot assume the sea will 
be generous, you cannot afford 

5462
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:41,600
to waste anything because there 
is no margin for error, every 

5463
04:45:41,600 --> 04:45:45,600
household operated like a small 
quiet machine with moving Parts.

5464
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:49,500
Each one doing something 
essential The people who lived 

5465
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:51,900
here did not think of themselves
as Vikings by the way. 

5466
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:55,900
That word came later and it only
applied to a small number of 

5467
04:45:55,900 --> 04:45:59,600
people who went on Expeditions, 
most of them never left home. 

5468
04:45:59,600 --> 04:46:02,600
Most of them lived and died 
within a few miles of where they

5469
04:46:02,608 --> 04:46:06,700
were born and they built a world
there that worked What makes 

5470
04:46:06,700 --> 04:46:09,400
this so fascinating? 
Is that the skills they 

5471
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:13,200
developed during those long, 
cold years of survival are the 

5472
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:15,400
same skills that would later 
make them some of the most 

5473
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:20,000
effective Traders, settlers and 
Navigators, in human history. 

5474
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,600
It was not that they woke up one
morning and decided to conquer 

5475
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:26,000
the Seas. 
It was that they had already 

5476
04:46:26,000 --> 04:46:29,000
spent Generations learning 
exactly what they needed to 

5477
04:46:29,008 --> 04:46:31,800
know. 
The land itself shaped them in 

5478
04:46:31,808 --> 04:46:35,800
ways that are easy to overlook. 
Scandinavia is not flat. 

5479
04:46:35,800 --> 04:46:41,200
It is carved up by fuels broken 
into Ireland's and divided by 

5480
04:46:41,200 --> 04:46:44,700
mountains and rivers. 
This means that even traveling, 

5481
04:46:44,700 --> 04:46:48,100
short distance is required, an 
intimate understanding of water.

5482
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:51,400
You could not simply walk from 
one Valley to the next. 

5483
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:55,900
You have to go around or you had
to go across A boat was not a 

5484
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:58,100
luxury. 
It was the basic unit of 

5485
04:46:58,100 --> 04:47:01,300
Transportation. 
The way a road or a path might 

5486
04:47:01,308 --> 04:47:04,300
be in a flatter country. 
Children grew up watching their 

5487
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,900
parents navigate inlets and 
channels the way you might watch

5488
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:09,200
yours. 
Parallel park. 

5489
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:13,200
It was ordinary, it was 
necessary and it made them 

5490
04:47:13,200 --> 04:47:16,800
extraordinarily good at it. 
There is something worth pausing

5491
04:47:16,800 --> 04:47:20,100
on here, because it changes the 
way you understand, everything 

5492
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:23,200
that comes after. 
The Vikings did not arrive in 

5493
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:26,400
history as conquerors. 
They arrived as people who had 

5494
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,600
already mastered a set of skills
that happened to be enormously 

5495
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:34,700
useful in a world, where Rivers,
coastlines, and open water for 

5496
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:36,400
the main highways of trade and 
travel. 

5497
04:47:37,300 --> 04:47:40,000
When the rest of Europe looked 
at them, they saw Raiders. 

5498
04:47:40,900 --> 04:47:43,900
What they were really looking at
was the product of centuries of 

5499
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:48,800
quiet unglamorous adaptation. 
The early Norse Society was also

5500
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,700
far less militaristic than the 
reputation suggests. 

5501
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:56,000
Yes, there were weapons. 
And yes, there were conflicts 

5502
04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:59,900
between communities, but Warfare
was not the organizing principle

5503
04:47:59,900 --> 04:48:02,900
of daily life. 
It was one activity, among many.

5504
04:48:02,900 --> 04:48:06,200
And for most people, it was 
something that happened rarely 

5505
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:10,800
if the tool The majority of 
Norsemen were farmers first and 

5506
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:11,900
everything else. 
Second. 

5507
04:48:12,700 --> 04:48:16,100
They grew barley and Rye. 
They kept cattle and sheep. 

5508
04:48:16,100 --> 04:48:19,000
And goats they fished, they 
traded. 

5509
04:48:19,000 --> 04:48:22,400
They built things, they argued 
with their neighbors, over 

5510
04:48:22,400 --> 04:48:24,100
boundary lines and grazing 
rights. 

5511
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:28,100
The ways of argued over property
since the first person, drew a 

5512
04:48:28,100 --> 04:48:31,200
line in the dirt, What is 
particularly striking is how 

5513
04:48:31,200 --> 04:48:34,600
egalitarian nor Society was 
compared to much of the rest of 

5514
04:48:34,608 --> 04:48:36,600
the world. 
At that time, there were 

5515
04:48:36,608 --> 04:48:40,600
distinctions certainly, there 
were thralls who were enslaved 

5516
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:44,000
people and that is a dark and 
important part of the history 

5517
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:48,000
that deserves acknowledgment. 
There were all so y'alls, who 

5518
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:51,900
were something like local Lords 
and Carl's who were free farmers

5519
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:55,700
and thralls, who occupied 
various positions in between. 

5520
04:48:56,800 --> 04:48:59,600
But the gap between the top and 
the bottom was not nearly as 

5521
04:48:59,600 --> 04:49:04,300
vast as it was in say feudal. 
France or Anglo Saxon England. 

5522
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:08,200
A successful farmer could 
accumulate enough wealth and 

5523
04:49:08,200 --> 04:49:11,900
influence to stand in a long 
house and speak with genuine 

5524
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:15,300
Authority. 
The system was stratified, but 

5525
04:49:15,300 --> 04:49:18,300
it was not rigid in the way that
many other European societies 

5526
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:21,200
were at the time. 
This matters because it meant 

5527
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,500
that a wide range of people had 
a stake in making things work. 

5528
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:27,800
You did not need Royal 
permission to build a boat or 

5529
04:49:27,808 --> 04:49:31,600
sale to a new fishing ground. 
You did not need a king's 

5530
04:49:31,600 --> 04:49:35,000
blessing to trade with a 
neighboring Community initiative

5531
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:38,200
was not. 
Punished Ingenuity was rewarded.

5532
04:49:38,900 --> 04:49:42,800
And in a landscape that demanded
both this created a culture of 

5533
04:49:42,808 --> 04:49:45,400
people who are used to figuring 
things out on their own. 

5534
04:49:46,300 --> 04:49:49,700
So before you picture the Viking
in battle picture, the Viking in

5535
04:49:49,700 --> 04:49:53,100
a workshop shaping, a piece of 
walrus, Ivory into a game piece.

5536
04:49:53,100 --> 04:49:55,300
Picture. 
The Viking on a roof top 

5537
04:49:55,300 --> 04:49:58,500
patching a sod roof before the 
first hard Frost. 

5538
04:49:59,500 --> 04:50:02,900
Picture the Viking knee, deep in
a river, checking a fishing 

5539
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:05,100
line. 
These are the images that should

5540
04:50:05,100 --> 04:50:08,400
come first because they are the 
ones that are true, most of the 

5541
04:50:08,408 --> 04:50:10,300
time and they are the 
foundation. 

5542
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:13,000
Everything else was built on the
reputation. 

5543
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:16,900
Came later, the skills came 
first and the skills of the 

5544
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:19,400
story. 
There is one more thing worth 

5545
04:50:19,400 --> 04:50:21,800
noting about life. 
Before the reputation took hold,

5546
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:26,600
the Norse were not isolated even
before the age of expansion they

5547
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:27,900
were trading with their 
neighbors. 

5548
04:50:28,800 --> 04:50:34,000
First and Amber and dried fish 
moved, South Iron and Grain and 

5549
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:37,300
occasionally silver moved. 
North The network was already 

5550
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:39,700
there. 
Already functioning already 

5551
04:50:39,700 --> 04:50:42,900
connecting, Scandinavia to the 
rest of Europe in quiet 

5552
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:47,700
unglamorous ways. 
What changed in the late 700's 

5553
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:50,800
was not that the north suddenly 
became connected to the world. 

5554
04:50:51,600 --> 04:50:54,800
It was that the world suddenly 
noticed them, and once it 

5555
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,400
noticed them, it had a very hard
time looking away. 

5556
04:50:58,400 --> 04:50:59,900
But that is getting ahead of 
ourselves. 

5557
04:51:00,800 --> 04:51:04,500
For now, let us stay with the 
land and the water because that 

5558
04:51:04,500 --> 04:51:06,600
is where the next piece of the 
story lives. 

5559
04:51:06,600 --> 04:51:09,800
And it is a piece that most 
people never think about at all.

5560
04:51:09,808 --> 04:51:13,600
There is a reason for that. 
And the reason is simply that 

5561
04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:16,000
the quiet part of History do not
compete. 

5562
04:51:16,000 --> 04:51:19,200
Well with the loud parts Farmer 
mending. 

5563
04:51:19,200 --> 04:51:22,500
A fence does not make for the 
kind of story that gets retold 

5564
04:51:22,500 --> 04:51:25,200
around a fire. 
Off the fence still needed 

5565
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:27,700
mending. 
And someone still did it and the

5566
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:31,600
farm still stood because of it. 
Most of Norse history is like 

5567
04:51:31,600 --> 04:51:36,900
that fence unglamorous necessary
and holding everything else up. 

5568
04:51:37,700 --> 04:51:40,800
If you have ever lived near the 
ocean you know that it changes 

5569
04:51:40,800 --> 04:51:44,000
the way you think about 
distance, a town that is 40 

5570
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:47,800
miles away by Road, might feel 
closer than one that is 10 miles

5571
04:51:47,800 --> 04:51:50,400
away on the other side of a hill
because the water offers a 

5572
04:51:50,408 --> 04:51:54,600
straight unobstructed path. 
The Norse understood this better

5573
04:51:54,600 --> 04:51:56,700
than almost anyone in the 
medieval world. 

5574
04:51:57,600 --> 04:51:59,600
Water was not an obstacle to 
them. 

5575
04:51:59,600 --> 04:52:03,500
It was an invitation. 
The coastline of Norway alone is

5576
04:52:03,500 --> 04:52:07,700
staggering in its complexity. 
If you straightened every Fjord,

5577
04:52:07,700 --> 04:52:12,600
Inlet Ireland, and Peninsula, 
the coastline would be tens of 

5578
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:16,200
thousands of miles long. 
This is not a place where the 

5579
04:52:16,200 --> 04:52:20,000
land meets the sea in a clean 
line, it is a place with their 

5580
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:24,300
Tangled together into woven and 
almost impossible to separate 

5581
04:52:24,300 --> 04:52:27,900
and the people who lived along 
that Coastline did not 

5582
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:32,500
experience it as chaos. 
Experience to his home, they 

5583
04:52:32,500 --> 04:52:36,200
which channels were never good 
ball in which Seasons, they knew

5584
04:52:36,200 --> 04:52:39,900
where the currents ran fast and 
where they slowed, they knew the

5585
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:42,200
rocks by field. 
The way, you might know the 

5586
04:52:42,200 --> 04:52:44,100
layout of your own Kitchen in 
the dark. 

5587
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:48,800
This is intimacy with water 
shaped everything about Norse 

5588
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:51,400
daily life. 
Fishing was not a weekend 

5589
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:55,500
activity or a hobby, it was a 
fundamental source of food and 

5590
04:52:55,500 --> 04:52:58,200
income. 
The waters off, Scandinavia were

5591
04:52:58,200 --> 04:53:02,400
Rich teeming with coding and 
salmon among other species. 

5592
04:53:03,400 --> 04:53:05,800
Called in particular became 
enormously important. 

5593
04:53:05,800 --> 04:53:10,900
Not just as a food source, but 
as a trade good. dried Cod could

5594
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:14,700
last for months, even years, and
it could be carried long 

5595
04:53:14,700 --> 04:53:18,900
distances without spoiling It 
was lightweight calorie-dense 

5596
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:23,400
and portable. in many ways, 
dried Cod was to the Norse, what

5597
04:53:23,400 --> 04:53:26,200
grain was to agricultural 
civilizations, elsewhere in 

5598
04:53:26,200 --> 04:53:29,600
Europe, A storable tradable 
foundation upon which, 

5599
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:33,300
everything else could be billed.
The fishing itself required a 

5600
04:53:33,300 --> 04:53:36,100
level of skill and knowledge. 
That is hard to overstate. 

5601
04:53:36,900 --> 04:53:40,600
You had to know the tides, you 
had to know the weather, not 

5602
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:43,800
just today's weather but the way
the atmosphere behaved in your 

5603
04:53:43,808 --> 04:53:47,000
particular stretch of Coast 
which could be entirely 

5604
04:53:47,000 --> 04:53:49,100
different from what was 
happening, just a few miles 

5605
04:53:49,100 --> 04:53:51,700
away. 
You had to know where the fish 

5606
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:54,800
were at different times of year,
which meant understanding the 

5607
04:53:54,800 --> 04:53:58,000
water temperature, the currents,
and the behavior of the species 

5608
04:53:58,000 --> 04:54:00,500
you are. 
After this was not knowledge, 

5609
04:54:00,500 --> 04:54:03,300
you could read in a book. 
It was knowledge passed down 

5610
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:07,900
through, practice observation 
and years of quiet attention, 

5611
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:13,600
And extended far beyond fishing.
The Norse relationship with 

5612
04:54:13,600 --> 04:54:16,000
water also shaped how they 
thought about community. 

5613
04:54:17,000 --> 04:54:19,900
Settlements tended to Cluster 
along, coastlines and River 

5614
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:22,000
mouths. 
Not because the Land There was 

5615
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:25,200
necessarily the best for 
farming, but because the water 

5616
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:28,700
provided access to everything 
else, a village at the mouth of 

5617
04:54:28,700 --> 04:54:31,400
a river could send Goods 
upstream and receive goods from 

5618
04:54:31,400 --> 04:54:35,500
the interior. a settlement on a 
sheltered Bay could launch boats

5619
04:54:35,500 --> 04:54:40,000
and calm weather and haul them 
up on shore When Storms came The

5620
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:42,900
water was the reason people 
lived where they lived and it 

5621
04:54:42,900 --> 04:54:46,300
determined who they could trade 
with who they could reach and 

5622
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:48,400
how quickly they could move when
they needed to. 

5623
04:54:49,300 --> 04:54:52,900
Rivers were just as important as
the sea and in some ways more. 

5624
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:56,300
So for the interior of 
Scandinavia, Rivers were 

5625
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,800
highways and they were used as 
such Goods. 

5626
04:54:59,800 --> 04:55:03,200
Moved along the constantly 
carried by small boats and 

5627
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:06,200
rafts. 
The north was skilled at reading

5628
04:55:06,200 --> 04:55:09,900
Rivers, the way a sailor reads, 
the open ocean, understanding 

5629
04:55:09,900 --> 04:55:13,500
where the water moved fast, 
where it pulled where it was 

5630
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:17,000
shallow enough to Wade and where
it dropped suddenly into debt. 

5631
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:21,500
This knowledge of river systems 
were proven enormously valuable 

5632
04:55:21,500 --> 04:55:25,100
later when Norse Traders and 
settlers began pushing into the 

5633
04:55:25,100 --> 04:55:28,100
interior of what is now Russia. 
And In Europe. 

5634
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:30,800
But that is a story for another 
segment. 

5635
04:55:31,700 --> 04:55:36,500
For now, the point is simply 
this, The Norse did not stumble 

5636
04:55:36,500 --> 04:55:38,200
into their relationship with 
water. 

5637
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:42,200
They cultivated it. 
Generation after generation 

5638
04:55:42,200 --> 04:55:44,600
until it became As Natural as 
breathing. 

5639
04:55:45,600 --> 04:55:47,800
There is also something worth 
considering about the 

5640
04:55:47,800 --> 04:55:50,700
psychological effect of living 
in a landscape like this. 

5641
04:55:51,700 --> 04:55:55,300
When the water is always there, 
always visible always part of 

5642
04:55:55,300 --> 04:55:58,100
your daily routine. 
It becomes part of the way you 

5643
04:55:58,100 --> 04:56:01,400
see the world, The Norse did not
think of Travelers, something 

5644
04:56:01,400 --> 04:56:04,000
extraordinary. 
They thought of it as something 

5645
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:06,500
you did when you needed to get 
somewhere. 

5646
04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:10,800
Idea of staying in one place 
your entire life, never 

5647
04:56:10,800 --> 04:56:14,100
venturing, beyond the next 
Valley would have struck many of

5648
04:56:14,100 --> 04:56:16,900
them as unusual, perhaps, even a
little sad. 

5649
04:56:18,000 --> 04:56:21,600
Movement was normal. 
Exploration was not an act of 

5650
04:56:21,608 --> 04:56:24,400
heroism. 
It was simply what you did when 

5651
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,500
the water offered you away 
forward and you had a reason to 

5652
04:56:27,500 --> 04:56:30,500
take it. 
This is one of the things that 

5653
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:33,100
makes the north so different, 
from many of the other cultures 

5654
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:35,200
you read about in medieval 
European history. 

5655
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:38,700
In a world where most people's 
lives were bounded by the 

5656
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:41,200
nearest market town. 
The Norse were already thinking.

5657
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:44,800
In terms of coastlines and River
networks that stretched across 

5658
04:56:44,800 --> 04:56:47,900
hundreds of miles. 
Not because they were braver, 

5659
04:56:47,900 --> 04:56:51,300
but because their geography made
it possible and their skills 

5660
04:56:51,300 --> 04:56:54,900
made it practical, The boats 
themselves deserve a mention 

5661
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:58,400
here even though we are not 
focusing on shipbuilding as a 

5662
04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:01,300
separate topic. 
The Norse longship is one of the

5663
04:57:01,300 --> 04:57:03,700
most celebrated pieces of 
engineering and history. 

5664
04:57:03,700 --> 04:57:07,300
And for good reason, It was 
shallow enough to navigate 

5665
04:57:07,300 --> 04:57:11,000
rivers and Coastal shallows. 
It was flexible enough to ride 

5666
04:57:11,000 --> 04:57:12,900
over waves rather than fighting 
them. 

5667
04:57:13,600 --> 04:57:15,700
It was light enough to be 
carried, Overland, when 

5668
04:57:15,700 --> 04:57:20,300
necessary and it was fast. 
Remarkably fast for its size. 

5669
04:57:21,200 --> 04:57:23,600
But the thing that is often 
overlooked is how much of that 

5670
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,500
design was the product of 
practical necessity, rather than

5671
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:30,300
ambition the Norse did not build
those boats because they wanted 

5672
04:57:30,300 --> 04:57:33,400
to sail, across the Atlantic. 
They had them because they 

5673
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:37,100
needed to get from one fuel to 
the next, to haul fish to 

5674
04:57:37,100 --> 04:57:39,600
Market. 
And to visit a trading partner 

5675
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:43,100
on the other side of an island. 
The ocean Crossing was came 

5676
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:46,200
later. 
Daily usefulness came first. 

5677
04:57:48,000 --> 04:57:51,600
There is a quiet satisfaction in
thinking about this most 

5678
04:57:51,600 --> 04:57:54,400
impressive Feats of North Sea 
fairing were not planned 

5679
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:57,400
centuries in advance. 
They were the natural extension 

5680
04:57:57,400 --> 04:58:00,100
of skills that had been home for
Generations in the service of 

5681
04:58:00,108 --> 04:58:03,100
ordinary life. 
The nest in not set out to 

5682
04:58:03,100 --> 04:58:06,600
change the world. 
They set out to fish to trade 

5683
04:58:06,600 --> 04:58:10,700
and to move goods and people 
from one place to another and in

5684
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:12,900
doing. 
So they ended up touching almost

5685
04:58:12,900 --> 04:58:17,100
every corner of the Known World.
The water gave them axis their 

5686
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:19,400
skills. 
Gave them the ability to use it.

5687
04:58:20,100 --> 04:58:23,400
And the combination of the two 
created, something that no 

5688
04:58:23,400 --> 04:58:25,900
single generation could have 
planned or predicted. 

5689
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:30,600
It simply grew the way, a river 
grows, when tributaries feed 

5690
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:32,800
into it. 
Each one adding a little more 

5691
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:35,600
until the whole thing is 
something much larger than any 

5692
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,700
of its parts. 
Tonight, as you drift towards 

5693
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,500
sleep, it is worth holding that 
image for a moment. 

5694
04:58:42,500 --> 04:58:46,300
The image is not a viking on the
proud of a warship but rather of

5695
04:58:46,300 --> 04:58:50,200
a Norse fisherman checking his 
lines at dawn a trade a loading 

5696
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:54,100
dried, Cod onto a small boat and
a mother instructing her child 

5697
04:58:54,100 --> 04:58:56,600
on which channel to take When 
the tide is running out. 

5698
04:58:57,500 --> 04:58:59,300
These are the people who built 
the world. 

5699
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:03,400
The Vikings are remembered for 
one quiet trip across the water 

5700
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:06,200
at a time. 
There is one more detail about 

5701
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,000
water-oriented living that is 
worth mentioning before we move 

5702
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:12,200
on, and it has to do with the 
way the Norse thought about 

5703
04:59:12,200 --> 04:59:15,300
seasons. 
In a land, where the days shrink

5704
04:59:15,300 --> 04:59:19,200
to almost nothing in Winter and 
then expand to almost continuous

5705
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:22,400
daylight in summer. 
The rhythm of the year is not 

5706
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:25,400
subtle. 
It is dramatic and it Demands. 

5707
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:27,200
A kind of flexibility that 
people. 

5708
04:59:27,200 --> 04:59:31,800
In more temperate climates 
rarely have to develop The Norse

5709
04:59:31,800 --> 04:59:33,500
fish differently in some of them
in Winter. 

5710
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:36,900
They traveled differently. 
They worked differently. 

5711
04:59:36,900 --> 04:59:40,500
They even thought about time 
differently measuring it, not by

5712
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:44,000
clocks or calendars, but by the 
behavior of the land and the 

5713
04:59:44,008 --> 04:59:47,600
water around them. 
First Thor was a landmark. 

5714
04:59:47,600 --> 04:59:51,900
The arrival of certain fish 
species was a landmark the 

5715
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,200
longest day in the shortest day 
were landmarks. 

5716
04:59:55,000 --> 04:59:58,900
Life moved in cycles and the 
Norse moved with them, not 

5717
04:59:58,900 --> 05:00:03,100
fighting the Rhythm, but riding 
it the way, a boat rides away, 

5718
05:00:03,100 --> 05:00:04,800
rather than trying to cut 
through it. 

5719
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,800
This attentiveness to seasonal 
change made the Norse from Mark 

5720
05:00:08,800 --> 05:00:12,100
of the adaptable. 
When conditions shifted, whether

5721
05:00:12,100 --> 05:00:16,300
due to a bad winter and unusual 
storm or a change in the local 

5722
05:00:16,300 --> 05:00:19,800
ecosystem, they could adjust. 
They were not locked into a 

5723
05:00:19,800 --> 05:00:24,100
single strategy for survival, 
they had dozens of them and they

5724
05:00:24,100 --> 05:00:26,600
switched between them as the 
situation required. 

5725
05:00:27,500 --> 05:00:30,900
This flexibility was one of the 
reasons Norse communities were 

5726
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:33,000
so durable. 
They did not Thrive. 

5727
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:36,300
Only in good years, they 
survived in bad ones, too 

5728
05:00:36,300 --> 05:00:40,000
bending rather than Breaking the
way the longship bent with the 

5729
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:41,900
waves rather than resisting 
them. 

5730
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,300
And now let us talk about what 
they did when they got there 

5731
05:00:46,300 --> 05:00:50,000
because the skills they brought 
with them were remarkable in 

5732
05:00:50,000 --> 05:00:52,200
ways that have nothing to do 
with fighting. 

5733
05:00:53,200 --> 05:00:56,000
There is a particular kind of 
competence that does not make 

5734
05:00:56,000 --> 05:00:59,800
for exciting headlines. 
It does not involve swords or 

5735
05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:04,100
fire or dramatic loss stands. 
It is the competence of people 

5736
05:01:04,100 --> 05:01:09,100
who know, how to make things fix
things, and keep things running 

5737
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:11,200
in a climate that does not 
forgive mistakes. 

5738
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:15,900
The Norse, have this competence 
in abundance and this is one of 

5739
05:01:15,908 --> 05:01:18,100
the least celebrated parts of 
their story. 

5740
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:21,700
Woodworking as a good place to 
start because wood was 

5741
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:25,100
everywhere in Scandinavia and 
the Norse used it for almost 

5742
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:27,900
everything. 
The Norse used wood for building

5743
05:01:27,900 --> 05:01:33,900
structures boats, furniture 
tools, sled Runners fence posts 

5744
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:36,700
cooking implements and 
children's toys. 

5745
05:01:38,700 --> 05:01:42,400
Forests of Northern Scandinavia 
were vast and dense filled with 

5746
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:46,300
pine, Birch, and Spruce. 
And the Norse knew how to read a

5747
05:01:46,300 --> 05:01:47,700
tree. 
The way a butcher, knows how to 

5748
05:01:47,708 --> 05:01:51,200
read a cut of meat, They 
understood which would was best 

5749
05:01:51,200 --> 05:01:54,000
for which purpose Oak for 
structural Timbers. 

5750
05:01:54,000 --> 05:01:58,000
Where strength, matted? 
Most Pine for boat planking 

5751
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:00,800
where flexibility and 
lightweight were more important.

5752
05:02:01,800 --> 05:02:05,500
Birch for smaller items, where 
the wood needed to be easy to 

5753
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:09,100
shape and quick to work. 
The actual craft of woodworking 

5754
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:12,200
was passed down through 
apprenticeship through watching 

5755
05:02:12,200 --> 05:02:16,500
and doing and through years of 
handling tools and learning the 

5756
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:18,500
feel of the grain. 
Beneath your fingers. 

5757
05:02:19,800 --> 05:02:24,000
A skilled Norse Carpenter could 
shape a whole plank so precisely

5758
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:27,300
that it fit against its neighbor
with almost no Gap. 

5759
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:31,200
Relying not on nails or 
caulking, but on the accuracy of

5760
05:02:31,200 --> 05:02:35,000
the cut itself. 
This was not magic, it was 

5761
05:02:35,008 --> 05:02:39,000
practice and patience and a deep
familiarity with a material. 

5762
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,900
It was the kind of skill that 
took a lifetime to fully develop

5763
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:45,800
and it showed in everything the 
Norse build. 

5764
05:02:46,600 --> 05:02:50,000
Textile work was equally 
important and it occupied a 

5765
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:52,700
significant portion of daily 
life for women in North 

5766
05:02:52,700 --> 05:02:55,700
households. 
Spinning and weaving were not 

5767
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:58,400
minor tasks squeezed into the 
margins of the day. 

5768
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:01,700
It was Central activities and 
the cloth, they produced was 

5769
05:03:01,700 --> 05:03:05,900
both a practical necessity and a
source of genuine Pride. 

5770
05:03:06,600 --> 05:03:08,500
Norse wool cloth was known for 
its quality. 

5771
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:13,000
It was warm durable, and 
well-made, and it traveled. 

5772
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:16,700
Well, as a trade, good, the 
process of producing it from 

5773
05:03:16,700 --> 05:03:19,800
shearing, the Sheep to carding 
the wall to spinning it, into 

5774
05:03:19,800 --> 05:03:23,500
thread, to weaving it into 
fabric was long and labor 

5775
05:03:23,500 --> 05:03:26,600
intensive. 
It required skill at every stage

5776
05:03:26,600 --> 05:03:29,700
and the women who did it were 
not performing a lesser role in 

5777
05:03:29,700 --> 05:03:31,900
the household. 
They were producing one of the 

5778
05:03:31,908 --> 05:03:36,000
most valuable things, the 
household had Metal work was 

5779
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,100
another area where the north 
showed remarkable ability. 

5780
05:03:39,700 --> 05:03:42,600
Iron smelting and forging were 
practiced throughout 

5781
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:45,900
Scandinavia. 
A Norse myths were capable of 

5782
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:48,500
producing tools and weapons of 
high quality. 

5783
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:53,800
A good Smith was a valued member
of any Community, the work 

5784
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:56,300
required, both technical 
knowledge, and a kind of 

5785
05:03:56,308 --> 05:04:00,300
intuitive feel for the material.
You had to know how to heat. 

5786
05:04:01,100 --> 05:04:04,500
Strike and quench the iron. 
So held an edge without becoming

5787
05:04:04,500 --> 05:04:07,000
brittle. 
These were not skills, you could

5788
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,100
learn from a written guide. 
They were learned at the forge 

5789
05:04:10,100 --> 05:04:13,100
through repetition and failure 
and gradual mastery. 

5790
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
But here is, what is worth 
noting about all of the skills. 

5791
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:20,800
They were not specialized in the
way that skills tend to be in 

5792
05:04:20,800 --> 05:04:23,300
Modern Life. 
A Norse farmer. 

5793
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:26,200
Might also be a passable 
Carpenter, a competent 

5794
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:30,000
woodworker and someone who could
mend a tool or patch a roof 

5795
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:34,200
without needing to hire anyone. 
Women manage complex households 

5796
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:38,700
that involved cooking preserving
food, producing cloth, raising 

5797
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:41,500
children, and keeping the 
domestic economy running. 

5798
05:04:42,400 --> 05:04:45,000
There was overlap everywhere. 
People wore. 

5799
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:48,000
Multiple hats not because they 
were trying to impress anyone 

5800
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:52,200
but because the scale of Life 
demanded it this generalist 

5801
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:56,600
quality made Norse communities, 
remarkably resilient If one 

5802
05:04:56,600 --> 05:05:00,200
person got sick or was injured 
or simply Had a Bad season, 

5803
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:02,700
others could step in and cover 
the gap. 

5804
05:05:03,700 --> 05:05:07,100
There were no single points of 
failure, nowhere replaceable 

5805
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,900
specialist, without whom the 
whole system would collapse. 

5806
05:05:09,900 --> 05:05:13,700
Everyone knew enough to keep 
things moving and that shared 

5807
05:05:13,700 --> 05:05:17,900
competence created a kind of 
quiet stability, that outside 

5808
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:21,000
Israeli noticed that was 
essential to survival. 

5809
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:25,100
Cooking and food preservation 
deserve special attention here. 

5810
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:28,800
Because they reveal a great deal
about how the Norse actually 

5811
05:05:28,800 --> 05:05:31,600
lived. 
The diet was practical and 

5812
05:05:31,600 --> 05:05:34,900
varied built around, what the 
land and water could provide. 

5813
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:38,000
Fish. 
As we have already discussed was

5814
05:05:38,000 --> 05:05:40,500
a staple. 
So were dairy products. 

5815
05:05:41,300 --> 05:05:45,400
Cattle and sheep provided milk, 
which was consumed fresh and 

5816
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:49,900
also fermented into buttermilk 
and skier a thick Tangy, 

5817
05:05:49,900 --> 05:05:53,300
cultured, dairy product, that is
still eaten in Iceland today. 

5818
05:05:54,300 --> 05:05:56,400
Eggs came from chickens and 
ducks. 

5819
05:05:57,200 --> 05:06:01,000
Game was hunted when available. 
There is a nuts, were gathered 

5820
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,600
In Summer and Autumn when the 
landscape briefly exploded with 

5821
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:07,200
food. 
Fred was made from barley and 

5822
05:06:07,200 --> 05:06:11,100
Rye, the grains that actually 
grew in Scandinavian climate's. 

5823
05:06:11,800 --> 05:06:15,400
It was dense and heavy, nothing 
like the soft white bread that 

5824
05:06:15,400 --> 05:06:17,500
would become common in warmer 
parts of Europe. 

5825
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:21,400
But it was nutritious and 
filling, and it kept well which 

5826
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:24,200
mattered enormously in a place 
where Winter could last for 

5827
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:26,900
months. 
Preservation of food was a 

5828
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:29,400
critical skill and the Norse 
were good at it. 

5829
05:06:30,200 --> 05:06:34,000
Drying smoking and fermenting 
with the main methods, and they 

5830
05:06:34,000 --> 05:06:36,200
used each one with care and 
precision. 

5831
05:06:37,000 --> 05:06:40,600
Dried fish could last for years.
Fermented dairy products 

5832
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:44,300
provided nutritional Through The
Long Winter. smoked meat and 

5833
05:06:44,300 --> 05:06:47,900
fish, added variety, and could 
be carried on Long Journeys, 

5834
05:06:47,900 --> 05:06:51,800
without spoiling The Norse did 
not waste food. 

5835
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:56,200
In a climate where a single bad 
Harvest could mean genuine 

5836
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,000
hardship. 
Every scrap was accounted for 

5837
05:06:59,900 --> 05:07:02,300
there is something almost 
meditative about the rhythm of 

5838
05:07:02,300 --> 05:07:04,400
Norse daily life. 
When you think about it in these

5839
05:07:04,400 --> 05:07:09,000
terms, wake up 10, the animals 
work the land, or the water 

5840
05:07:09,000 --> 05:07:12,900
craft, something preserve 
something, feed the household 

5841
05:07:12,900 --> 05:07:16,000
repair, what needs repairing do 
it again? 

5842
05:07:16,000 --> 05:07:19,500
The next day there was not 
glamorous, but it was purposeful

5843
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:23,400
and it worked and It produced a 
people who were capable of 

5844
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:26,900
extraordinary things precisely 
because they had spent so long. 

5845
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,400
Mastering the ordinary ones and 
animal husbandry was another 

5846
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:33,800
Cornerstone of Norse daily life,
and it deserves a moment of 

5847
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,700
attention. 
Battle were prized possessions, 

5848
05:07:36,700 --> 05:07:41,100
symbols of wealth and stability 
and caring for them was a 

5849
05:07:41,100 --> 05:07:45,100
serious responsibility. 
North cattle was smaller than 

5850
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:49,700
modern breeds Hardy and well 
adapted the cold, but they still

5851
05:07:49,700 --> 05:07:53,400
required constant attention. 
They had to be fed through the 

5852
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:56,500
winter, which meant that enough 
hay had to be harvested and 

5853
05:07:56,500 --> 05:07:59,700
stored during the brief growing 
season to sustain the herd until

5854
05:07:59,700 --> 05:08:03,000
spring. 
Calculating how much hey, you 

5855
05:08:03,000 --> 05:08:05,300
needed and making sure you 
actually cut and dried. 

5856
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:09,100
Enough of it was one of the more
consequential decisions and 

5857
05:08:09,100 --> 05:08:11,900
Norse farmer. 
Made each year, get it wrong and

5858
05:08:11,900 --> 05:08:15,600
animals died, get it right and 
the household survived. 

5859
05:08:16,400 --> 05:08:20,500
Sheep were equally important and
in some ways more so because 

5860
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,700
they provided not only meat and 
milk, but also wool the raw 

5861
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:27,300
material for the textile 
production that kept North 

5862
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,600
households clothes that 
generated one of their most 

5863
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:34,200
valuable trade goods. 
Nor sheep were tough Scrappy 

5864
05:08:34,200 --> 05:08:36,500
animals. 
Well, suited to the harsh 

5865
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:39,700
grazing conditions of 
Scandinavia and they required 

5866
05:08:39,700 --> 05:08:43,900
less intensive, care and Cattle.
But they still had to be watched

5867
05:08:43,900 --> 05:08:48,100
sheered and fed and the 
knowledge of how to manage a 

5868
05:08:48,100 --> 05:08:49,600
flock. 
Well, was passed down through 

5869
05:08:49,600 --> 05:08:52,500
generations of careful, 
observation and practice. 

5870
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:57,100
One more skill, deserves mention
before we move on and that is 

5871
05:08:57,100 --> 05:09:00,200
navigation. 
We touched on the early in the 

5872
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:03,700
context of water oriented 
living. but it Bears repeating 

5873
05:09:03,700 --> 05:09:06,700
because it was so Central to 
everything the north did and 

5874
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:10,600
eventually became Norse 
navigation, was not dependent on

5875
05:09:10,600 --> 05:09:14,400
a single tool or technique. 
There was no compass in 

5876
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:16,200
Scandinavia until centuries 
later. 

5877
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:20,700
Instead Norse Navigators relied 
on a combination of knowledge 

5878
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:22,800
that was almost staggeringly 
Broad. 

5879
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,800
They read the Stars tracking 
their positions across the sky. 

5880
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:30,700
The Precision that allowed them 
to determine their latitude even

5881
05:09:30,700 --> 05:09:35,600
on clear nights far from Shore. 
They read the sun using devices 

5882
05:09:35,600 --> 05:09:38,700
called sunstones, which could 
look at the sun's position. 

5883
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:41,900
Even on overcast Days by 
detecting, the polarization of 

5884
05:09:41,900 --> 05:09:44,100
light. 
They read the wave's 

5885
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:46,700
understanding. 
How ocean swells behave 

5886
05:09:46,700 --> 05:09:49,800
differently depending on their 
relationship to the wind and the

5887
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:52,700
land. 
They read the birds knowing that

5888
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:56,000
certain species flew toward land
in the evening and away from it.

5889
05:09:56,000 --> 05:09:59,000
In the morning, they read the 
color of the water, the 

5890
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:03,300
temperature, the clouds, and the
wind, no single one of these 

5891
05:10:03,300 --> 05:10:04,800
methods was sufficient on its 
own. 

5892
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:08,700
But taken together, they formed 
a navigational system of 

5893
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:12,400
remarkable sophistication, one 
that allowed North Sailors to 

5894
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:16,000
cross, open, ocean, and arrive, 
within sight of their intended 

5895
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:19,600
destination with a regularity 
that impressed and sometimes 

5896
05:10:19,600 --> 05:10:24,100
terrified the people they 
visited. this was not luck, it 

5897
05:10:24,100 --> 05:10:27,500
was knowledge accumulated over 
generations and refined through 

5898
05:10:27,500 --> 05:10:31,400
constant use And it is worth 
remembering that all of these 

5899
05:10:31,400 --> 05:10:34,000
skills. 
The Woodworking the textile 

5900
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:36,700
work, the metal work, the 
cooking and the navigation. 

5901
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:39,500
Were not the province of a 
warrior class. 

5902
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:43,000
They were the province of 
ordinary people doing ordinary 

5903
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:45,000
things. 
The Norse did not become 

5904
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:47,400
remarkable because they were 
born remarkable. 

5905
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,800
They became remarkable because 
they spent centuries getting 

5906
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:53,000
very, very good at the things 
that mattered. 

5907
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:57,500
Now, all of that competence had 
to go somewhere and in the 

5908
05:10:57,500 --> 05:11:00,400
centuries after the Norse began 
expanding their reach. 

5909
05:11:00,400 --> 05:11:04,000
It went into one of the most 
impressive Feats of peaceful 

5910
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:09,700
human activity in the Medieval 
World Trade, and Torment. 

5911
05:11:11,000 --> 05:11:13,900
Let us follow that thread. 
Because it leads, somewhere 

5912
05:11:13,900 --> 05:11:16,800
surprising. 
The image of the Vikings are 

5913
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:18,600
Raiders. 
So deeply embedded in the 

5914
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:22,000
popular imagination that can be 
genuine Lee difficult to see 

5915
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:24,900
past it. 
But here is a fact worth sitting

5916
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,600
with a moment. 
The Norse were first and 

5917
05:11:27,600 --> 05:11:31,100
foremost Traders. 
Raiding was one activity among 

5918
05:11:31,100 --> 05:11:34,000
many and for a large portion of 
the north population. 

5919
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:37,100
It was not something they ever 
participated in. 

5920
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:41,800
What drew the Norse outward into
the wide world was not primarily

5921
05:11:41,800 --> 05:11:46,400
a desire to plunder. 
It was a desire to trade to find

5922
05:11:46,400 --> 05:11:50,500
new land and to build something 
in places where the old land 

5923
05:11:50,500 --> 05:11:52,800
could no longer support everyone
who needed it. 

5924
05:11:53,600 --> 05:11:57,100
The Norse trading Network at its
height stretched from the Frozen

5925
05:11:57,100 --> 05:12:00,700
shores of what is now Canada, 
all the way to the Byzantine 

5926
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:03,300
Empire and the markets of the 
Islamic world. 

5927
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:06,800
This is an almost absurd 
distance when you think about 

5928
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:10,000
it. 
Constantinople and Baghdad were 

5929
05:12:10,000 --> 05:12:12,100
not exactly neighbors of 
Scandinavia. 

5930
05:12:13,000 --> 05:12:17,500
And yet Norse traders made it 
there, not once, but regularly 

5931
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:19,800
over a period of several 
centuries. 

5932
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:25,300
They Carried first Ivory Amber 
and dried fish south and east. 

5933
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:30,000
They brought back silver silk 
spices and occasionally exotic 

5934
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,200
Curiosities. 
The exchange was substantial 

5935
05:12:33,200 --> 05:12:35,200
enough that nor silver from his 
hammock. 

5936
05:12:35,200 --> 05:12:38,300
Mints has been found in 
archaeological sites across 

5937
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:41,000
northern Europe. 
A testament to just how far the 

5938
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:44,500
money flowed the trading routes 
through what is now Russia and 

5939
05:12:44,500 --> 05:12:47,700
Eastern Europe are particularly 
fascinating because they reveal 

5940
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:51,500
a side of North activity. 
That is almost entirely absent 

5941
05:12:51,500 --> 05:12:55,200
from the popular narrative. 
North Traders known in the 

5942
05:12:55,208 --> 05:13:00,000
business sources as the 
varangians or the roofs travel 

5943
05:13:00,000 --> 05:13:03,600
South along, the massive river 
systems of Eastern Europe, the 

5944
05:13:03,600 --> 05:13:07,700
vulgar, the near and the West 
Indies among others. 

5945
05:13:08,800 --> 05:13:11,800
These Rivers connected, the 
Baltic seeds, the Caspian and 

5946
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:16,000
black seas, and the Norse, use 
them as highways portaging their

5947
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:18,800
boats, Overland between river 
systems where necessary. 

5948
05:13:20,100 --> 05:13:22,100
The settlements, they 
established along these routes 

5949
05:13:22,100 --> 05:13:24,200
were not conquests in the 
traditional sense. 

5950
05:13:25,100 --> 05:13:28,900
The settlement served as trading
posts waypoints and hubs for the

5951
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:32,200
exchange storage and subsequent 
movement of goods. 

5952
05:13:33,300 --> 05:13:36,000
The Norse who settled in what is
now, Kiev and novegrow. 

5953
05:13:36,000 --> 05:13:39,000
And other cities did not simply 
impose their culture on the 

5954
05:13:39,008 --> 05:13:42,500
people already living there, 
they blended with them, they 

5955
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:46,100
learned local languages, they 
married local women, their 

5956
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:48,500
adopted local Customs alongside 
their own. 

5957
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:53,500
The result was something 
genuinely new a hybrid culture 

5958
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:57,200
that Drew on both Norse and 
Slavic traditions and it became 

5959
05:13:57,200 --> 05:14:00,000
the foundation of what would 
eventually become the state of 

5960
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:02,400
Cleveland Russ. 
One of the most important 

5961
05:14:02,400 --> 05:14:04,800
political entities in medieval 
Eastern Europe. 

5962
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:10,100
This is not a story of Conquest,
it is a story of integration and

5963
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:12,900
it is one of the most 
underappreciated aspects of 

5964
05:14:12,908 --> 05:14:16,900
Norse history. 
Closer to home, the north. 

5965
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:22,200
Also settled Iceland Greenland 
and briefly a settlement in what

5966
05:14:22,200 --> 05:14:25,500
is now North America. 
Hundreds of years before 

5967
05:14:25,500 --> 05:14:28,200
Columbus made his famous voyage 
across the Atlantic. 

5968
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:33,100
The settlement of Iceland is 
particularly instructive because

5969
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:36,800
it illustrates how Norse 
expansion actually worked in 

5970
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:39,500
practice. 
Iceland was uninhabited. 

5971
05:14:39,500 --> 05:14:43,200
When the Norse arrived in the 
late 800s, which meant there was

5972
05:14:43,200 --> 05:14:45,900
no one to conquer and no one to 
displace. 

5973
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:50,000
The settlers simply showed up 
divided the land among 

5974
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:51,900
themselves. 
According to a system that was 

5975
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,700
remarkably fair by the standards
of the time and set about 

5976
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:59,500
building a society from scratch.
They brought their livestock 

5977
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:02,300
their tools, their language and 
their legal Traditions with 

5978
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:04,200
them. 
They built long house houses, 

5979
05:15:04,200 --> 05:15:07,700
they farmed sheep and cattle. 
They fished the rich Waters 

5980
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:10,400
around the island and they 
created something that would 

5981
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,200
become one of the most 
culturally productive Societies 

5982
05:15:13,200 --> 05:15:16,300
in medieval Europe. 
But that is a story for a later 

5983
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:20,000
segment. 
For now, the point is simply 

5984
05:15:20,000 --> 05:15:23,800
that the Norse did not need to 
take land from someone else in 

5985
05:15:23,800 --> 05:15:27,100
order to expand. 
When uninhabited land was 

5986
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:30,100
available, they took it settled 
it and made it work. 

5987
05:15:31,100 --> 05:15:34,000
Greenland followed a similar 
pattern, though, the conditions 

5988
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:37,800
there were far harsher. 
Nor settlers arrived in the late

5989
05:15:37,800 --> 05:15:41,800
900s and established two main 
communities on the west and 

5990
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:44,900
Eastern coasts. 
They raise sheep and cattle 

5991
05:15:44,900 --> 05:15:48,700
hunted marine, mammals and 
traded with the Inuit people. 

5992
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:53,000
They encountered the settlement 
survived for roughly 500 years 

5993
05:15:53,000 --> 05:15:56,700
before disappearing likely, due 
to a combination of climate 

5994
05:15:56,700 --> 05:16:00,100
change shifting trade routes, 
and a failure to adapt to 

5995
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:03,000
increase in harsh. 
Conditions, it is sobering 

5996
05:16:03,000 --> 05:16:05,900
story. 
A reminder that Norse expansion 

5997
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,400
was not always successful and 
that even a skilled and 

5998
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:12,400
resilient people could be 
defeated by circumstances beyond

5999
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:15,800
their control. 
But the trading itself, the 

6000
05:16:15,800 --> 05:16:20,100
movement of goods and ideas 
across vast distances is what 

6001
05:16:20,100 --> 05:16:21,700
deserves the most attention 
here. 

6002
05:16:22,500 --> 05:16:25,100
The Norse were not, the only 
traders in the Medieval World. 

6003
05:16:25,100 --> 05:16:28,300
Of course, the Vikings were 
operating in a network that 

6004
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:32,400
included Arab Merchants 
presenting Traders and many 

6005
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:34,800
others. 
But the Norse brought something 

6006
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:38,700
distinctive to this network, 
their ability to navigate rivers

6007
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:41,600
and coastlines that other 
Traders found difficult or 

6008
05:16:41,600 --> 05:16:44,300
impossible. 
They could reach places that 

6009
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:47,100
were simply not acceptable to 
people without their seafaring 

6010
05:16:47,100 --> 05:16:50,300
skills and this gave them a 
natural advantage in the 

6011
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:53,800
exchange of goods. 
The goods themselves, tell an 

6012
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:57,200
interesting story. 
Furs were enormously valuable in

6013
05:16:57,200 --> 05:17:00,600
the medieval world and 
Scandinavia and Northern Russia 

6014
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:04,100
were among the richest sources 
of high-quality Furs in Europe. 

6015
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:10,700
Beaver, pelts, Fox skins ermine 
and Sable all moved through nors

6016
05:17:10,700 --> 05:17:12,400
trading networks in large 
quantities. 

6017
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,300
Walrus Ivory was another 
important Norse. 

6018
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:19,900
Export used to make everything 
from chess pieces, to religious,

6019
05:17:19,900 --> 05:17:23,600
carvings in the churches of 
Western Europe, And dried cod. 

6020
05:17:23,600 --> 05:17:27,500
As we have already discussed was
a trade, good of remarkable, 

6021
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:31,900
durability, and portability one 
that could sustain long voyages 

6022
05:17:31,900 --> 05:17:36,100
and survived months in a cargo 
hold without spoiling In return,

6023
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:38,400
the Norse brought back Goods 
that enriched their own 

6024
05:17:38,400 --> 05:17:41,300
societies and connected them to 
distant cultures. 

6025
05:17:42,500 --> 05:17:46,200
Silver from Islamic mints tells 
us that Norse Traders reach, the

6026
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:49,600
markets of the Middle East silk 
from business entire Chinese 

6027
05:17:49,600 --> 05:17:52,500
sources tells us that luxury 
goods, traveled all the way 

6028
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:56,400
North to Scandinavia. 
And the coins beads and small 

6029
05:17:56,400 --> 05:18:00,400
objects found in North 
archaeological sites. picture of

6030
05:18:00,408 --> 05:18:02,900
a people who are far more 
Cosmopolitan than their 

6031
05:18:02,900 --> 05:18:07,000
reputation suggests, there is a 
quietness to trade that makes it

6032
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:08,800
easy to overlook in the sweep of
History. 

6033
05:18:08,800 --> 05:18:13,000
It does not produce the dramatic
moments that fill textbooks and 

6034
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:16,100
movies. 
No one writes epic poems about a

6035
05:18:16,100 --> 05:18:19,900
successful negotiation at a 
Market Fair or about a cargo of 

6036
05:18:19,900 --> 05:18:24,700
dried Cod arriving, safely and 
Constantinople Betrayed is how 

6037
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:29,600
civilizations actually grow. 
It is how ideas spread how 

6038
05:18:29,600 --> 05:18:32,900
Technologies move from one 
culture to another and how 

6039
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:36,400
economies develop enough Surplus
to support art and law and 

6040
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:38,800
learning. 
And the Norse for all their 

6041
05:18:38,800 --> 05:18:42,100
famous Raiders were among the 
most effective traders in the 

6042
05:18:42,100 --> 05:18:45,300
medieval world. 
The economics of Norse trade 

6043
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:48,400
were not simple barter though. 
Barter certainly played a role 

6044
05:18:48,408 --> 05:18:52,800
in smaller local exchanges. 
The larger transactions. 

6045
05:18:53,500 --> 05:18:55,600
Particularly those involving 
distant trading partners. 

6046
05:18:55,600 --> 05:18:58,300
The Norse use silver as a medium
of Exchange. 

6047
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:02,400
Nor silver coins have been found
across an enormous. 

6048
05:19:02,400 --> 05:19:05,800
Geographic range from 
Scandinavia to the British 

6049
05:19:05,800 --> 05:19:08,900
Isles, to the Baltic states, to 
the heart of Russia. 

6050
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:13,100
Many of these coins were not 
minted in Scandinavia at all. 

6051
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:17,400
They were Islamic silver Dirhams
minted in cities across the 

6052
05:19:17,400 --> 05:19:21,100
Middle East and Central Asia. 
And they made their way North 

6053
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,100
through the trading networks, 
that connected the Norse world, 

6054
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:28,200
the rest of the known world. 
The sheer volume of Islamic 

6055
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:31,600
silver found in Scandinavian 
archaeological site to striking.

6056
05:19:32,400 --> 05:19:35,000
It tells us that the Norse 
trading networks were not 

6057
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:39,500
occasional or opportunistic. 
They were sustained, systematic 

6058
05:19:39,500 --> 05:19:44,200
and enormously profitable. 
Norse Merchants made repeated 

6059
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:47,400
trips along the same routes 
building relationships with 

6060
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:51,300
trading partners over years and 
decades, developing the trust 

6061
05:19:51,300 --> 05:19:54,000
and the reputation that 
long-distance trade required. 

6062
05:19:54,800 --> 05:19:58,400
This was not a world of 
anonymous transactions, it was a

6063
05:19:58,400 --> 05:20:01,700
world of relationships and the 
Norse was skilled at building 

6064
05:20:01,700 --> 05:20:04,300
and maintaining them. 
So when you think about the 

6065
05:20:04,300 --> 05:20:09,000
Vikings tonight, try to see past
the longships and the axes, try 

6066
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:12,500
to see the merchant, calculating
the value of a bundle of Furs 

6067
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:14,100
against a handful of silver 
coins. 

6068
05:20:15,000 --> 05:20:17,900
Try to see the settler loading, 
a boat with livestock and Seed, 

6069
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,300
grain heading for an island. 
He's never seen. 

6070
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:23,900
Try to see the trade on a river 
in what is now Russia, 

6071
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:27,600
negotiating with a local Chief 
over the price of honey and 

6072
05:20:27,600 --> 05:20:32,700
beeswax. these are the Vikings 
who shape, the world not through

6073
05:20:32,700 --> 05:20:35,800
violence, but through the 
patient unglamorous work of 

6074
05:20:35,800 --> 05:20:39,500
moving things from one place to 
another, And the world. 

6075
05:20:39,500 --> 05:20:42,500
They helped build through trade 
and settlement and quiet. 

6076
05:20:42,500 --> 05:20:46,400
Integration was more complex and
more connected than most people 

6077
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:48,600
realize. 
It is time. 

6078
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:52,400
Now to look at another part of 
that world one, that lived not 

6079
05:20:52,400 --> 05:20:55,500
on the water but in the homes 
and communities where the north 

6080
05:20:55,500 --> 05:20:59,400
spent most of their time, It is 
time to talk about law and 

6081
05:20:59,400 --> 05:21:01,700
language. 
And the way they organize the 

6082
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:05,600
societies they built, one of the
things that separates a 

6083
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:08,900
collection of people from a 
civilization is law, not the 

6084
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:11,700
idea of it, the actual practice 
of it. 

6085
05:21:12,400 --> 05:21:15,400
The shared agreement that 
certain rules exist and that 

6086
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:18,100
everyone is bound by them. 
Even the powerful. 

6087
05:21:19,100 --> 05:21:22,400
The Norse had this and they had 
it earlier and more thoroughly 

6088
05:21:22,400 --> 05:21:26,100
than many of the societies 
around the legal Traditions were

6089
05:21:26,100 --> 05:21:28,700
not imposed from above by a king
or a priest. 

6090
05:21:28,700 --> 05:21:32,900
They Grew From Below from the 
community's themselves and they 

6091
05:21:32,900 --> 05:21:37,100
reflected a set of values that 
once you understand the reveal, 

6092
05:21:37,100 --> 05:21:39,800
a great deal about how the Norse
actually thought about the 

6093
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:43,100
world. 
The basic unit of Norse legal 

6094
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:46,800
life was the thing which was a 
regional assembly where free men

6095
05:21:46,800 --> 05:21:50,500
gather to settle disputes. 
Make decisions that affected the

6096
05:21:50,500 --> 05:21:53,100
community and conduct the 
business of governance. 

6097
05:21:53,100 --> 05:21:56,500
The word thing is in fact the 
origin of our Modern English 

6098
05:21:56,500 --> 05:21:59,100
word thing though. 
Its meaning has drifted 

6099
05:21:59,100 --> 05:22:02,900
enormously over the centuries. 
In the Norse World. 

6100
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:06,900
A thing was not an object. 
It was a gathering a forum. 

6101
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,200
A place where the community came
together to talk things through.

6102
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:14,800
These assemblies met at regular 
intervals, usually in the spring

6103
05:22:14,800 --> 05:22:18,300
and sometimes again in the 
Autumn men, traveled to attend 

6104
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:21,000
them sometimes from considerable
distances. 

6105
05:22:21,000 --> 05:22:25,300
And the meetings could last for 
days The proceedings were 

6106
05:22:25,308 --> 05:22:28,200
conducted according to 
established procedures with 

6107
05:22:28,200 --> 05:22:32,400
speakers, taking turns evidence 
being presented and decisions 

6108
05:22:32,400 --> 05:22:35,600
being reached through a process 
that while not identical to 

6109
05:22:35,600 --> 05:22:38,800
Modern democracy shared certain 
features with it. 

6110
05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:43,000
Free men had the right to speak 
decisions were made 

6111
05:22:43,000 --> 05:22:46,700
collectively. 
And the outcomes once reached 

6112
05:22:46,700 --> 05:22:49,600
carried the weight of the 
community behind them. 

6113
05:22:50,400 --> 05:22:54,200
This is worth pausing on because
it is genuinely remarkable for 

6114
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,200
the time period in much of 
medieval Europe. 

6115
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:01,500
Justice was the province of 
kings and Nobles, if you had a 

6116
05:23:01,500 --> 05:23:05,200
grievance, you brought it to 
your lord and your lord decided.

6117
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:08,900
The Norse system was different. 
It was decentralized. 

6118
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:13,500
It was participatory and it 
placed a significant amount of 

6119
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:17,400
power in the hands of ordinary 
farmers and landowners, not just

6120
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:18,700
the wealthy or the 
well-connected. 

6121
05:23:19,700 --> 05:23:22,200
The law itself was not written 
down for a long time. 

6122
05:23:22,200 --> 05:23:26,400
It existed in the memories of 
the community passed from one 

6123
05:23:26,400 --> 05:23:28,800
generation to the next through 
oral tradition. 

6124
05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:33,400
Certain individuals known as 
luxury in Iceland were charged 

6125
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,800
with memorizing and reciting the
law of the thing serving as a 

6126
05:23:36,808 --> 05:23:40,800
kind of living legal Library. 
This was not an imprecise or 

6127
05:23:40,800 --> 05:23:44,200
unreliable system. oral 
Traditions can be remarkably 

6128
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:46,400
accurate when they are 
maintained with care and 

6129
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:49,200
repeated regularly, and the 
north took, their legal 

6130
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:53,100
knowledge, seriously enough to 
do both, Content of the law 

6131
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:56,800
covered in an enormous range of 
everyday, concerns property 

6132
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:00,500
disputes were common and the law
provided detailed Frameworks for

6133
05:24:00,500 --> 05:24:03,100
resolving them. 
Inheritance was carefully 

6134
05:24:03,100 --> 05:24:06,900
regulated with rules governing, 
how a dead man's property should

6135
05:24:06,900 --> 05:24:11,100
be divided among his heirs. 
Crime against the person from 

6136
05:24:11,100 --> 05:24:15,100
theft to assault to more serious
offense's, each carried, 

6137
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,100
specific penalties. 
And the penalties were often 

6138
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:19,800
find Financial rather than 
physical. 

6139
05:24:20,700 --> 05:24:23,800
The Norse system relied heavily 
on compensation rather than 

6140
05:24:23,800 --> 05:24:26,600
punishment. 
If you injured, someone you owed

6141
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:29,100
them or their family, a specific
amount. 

6142
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:32,500
Calculated, according to the 
severity of the harm. 

6143
05:24:32,500 --> 05:24:35,000
Pay it. 
And the matter was settled 

6144
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,600
refused to pay. 
And you could be declared an 

6145
05:24:38,600 --> 05:24:41,300
outlaw, which meant that anyone 
was free to kill you without 

6146
05:24:41,300 --> 05:24:43,700
legal consequence. 
This last Point. 

6147
05:24:43,700 --> 05:24:47,000
Sounds harsh. 
And in some ways it was But it 

6148
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:50,400
also reflects a pragmatic 
understanding of how to maintain

6149
05:24:50,400 --> 05:24:54,300
order in a society without a 
standing police force or a 

6150
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:57,900
professional judiciary. 
The threat of outlawry was a 

6151
05:24:57,900 --> 05:25:01,700
powerful incentive to settle 
disputes peacefully and most 

6152
05:25:01,700 --> 05:25:04,600
people did The system was not 
perfect. 

6153
05:25:05,500 --> 05:25:08,200
Wealthy men could sometimes use 
their influence to tip 

6154
05:25:08,200 --> 05:25:12,000
proceedings in their favor. 
Feuds could escalate when one 

6155
05:25:12,000 --> 05:25:14,900
side felt the other had not been
adequately compensated. 

6156
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,100
But on balance it worked and it 
worked better than the 

6157
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:20,700
Alternatives available at the 
time. 

6158
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:24,100
Language is the other thread 
worth pulling here. 

6159
05:25:24,100 --> 05:25:27,700
Because the Norse language 
itself is one of the quietest 

6160
05:25:27,700 --> 05:25:31,600
and most lasting contributions 
the Vikings made to the world. 

6161
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:37,200
Old Norse the language spoken 
across, Scandinavia and Iceland 

6162
05:25:37,200 --> 05:25:40,600
during the Viking age. 
Was a North Germanic language 

6163
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:44,500
related to, but distinct from 
the language is spoken by the 

6164
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:46,500
Saxons and the angles in 
England. 

6165
05:25:47,600 --> 05:25:51,000
And when the north settled in 
England, Ireland, Scotland, and 

6166
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:53,300
other parts of the British 
Isles, they brought their 

6167
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:55,900
language with them. 
The result was not the 

6168
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:59,500
replacement of one language by 
another, it was something more 

6169
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:03,100
interesting than that. 
Old Norse and Old English. 

6170
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:06,100
Were similar enough that 
speakers of each could with some

6171
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:10,600
effort, understand the other 
They were not identical, but 

6172
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:13,700
they shared enough common ground
that communication was possible 

6173
05:26:13,700 --> 05:26:17,900
without a translator. 
And in the areas where North 

6174
05:26:17,900 --> 05:26:20,500
settlers lived, alongside 
English-speaking populations, 

6175
05:26:20,500 --> 05:26:24,500
the two languages began to blend
together in ways that shape the 

6176
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:28,200
English we speak today. 
The number of words in Modern 

6177
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:30,900
English that comes directly from
Old Norse is staggering. 

6178
05:26:30,900 --> 05:26:34,400
And many of them are so 
fundamental that you use them 

6179
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:36,500
without ever thinking about 
their Origins. 

6180
05:26:37,200 --> 05:26:46,300
The words Sky egg give take, 
they their their want wrong ugly

6181
05:26:46,300 --> 05:26:49,400
and hundreds of others. 
All entered English through 

6182
05:26:49,400 --> 05:26:52,900
North influence. 
But the contribution goes beyond

6183
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:56,700
in individual words, nor 
settlers also influence the 

6184
05:26:56,708 --> 05:27:00,500
grammar and syntax of English in
ways that linguists are still 

6185
05:27:00,500 --> 05:27:03,400
studying. 
The simplification of English 

6186
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:05,800
verb endings. 
For instance, may have been 

6187
05:27:05,808 --> 05:27:09,200
partly driven by the need for 
Norse and English speakers to 

6188
05:27:09,200 --> 05:27:12,100
communicate with each other. 
Using a shared simplified 

6189
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:14,300
grammar, This is one of the 
most. 

6190
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:17,200
Fascinating aspects of Norse 
influence on the world. 

6191
05:27:18,200 --> 05:27:20,900
Because it is so invisible. 
You cannot see it. 

6192
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:25,000
You cannot point to it on a map.
but every time you speak 

6193
05:27:25,000 --> 05:27:29,100
English, you are using words and
structures that were shaped in 

6194
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:33,200
part By people who, sail, to 
cross the North Sea, a thousand 

6195
05:27:33,200 --> 05:27:36,000
years ago and settled in a new 
land. 

6196
05:27:37,100 --> 05:27:40,300
The Vikings did not just change 
the political landscape of 

6197
05:27:40,300 --> 05:27:43,300
medieval Europe. 
They changed the way in an 

6198
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:46,800
entire language grew and evolved
and through that language, the 

6199
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:49,200
way millions of people think and
communicate today. 

6200
05:27:50,200 --> 05:27:53,400
There is something almost poetic
about this though, it is worth 

6201
05:27:53,400 --> 05:27:56,400
being careful with that word 
because the Norse themselves 

6202
05:27:56,400 --> 05:27:59,700
were deeply invested in the 
power of language and would have

6203
05:27:59,708 --> 05:28:03,600
understood its significant 
better than most words mattered 

6204
05:28:03,600 --> 05:28:08,400
enormously in North culture. 
The ability to speak well to 

6205
05:28:08,400 --> 05:28:10,900
compose verses that were 
memorable and striking. 

6206
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:14,900
And to tell a story that held an
audience was a valued skill, 

6207
05:28:14,900 --> 05:28:19,100
almost as valued as physical 
courage or practical competence,

6208
05:28:20,000 --> 05:28:24,000
The north sagas which we will 
touch on briefly later are in 

6209
05:28:24,000 --> 05:28:26,100
part a testament to this 
reverence for language. 

6210
05:28:26,900 --> 05:28:29,700
They are among the finest. 
Works of narrative, prose 

6211
05:28:29,700 --> 05:28:32,800
produced anywhere in the 
medieval world and they were 

6212
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:36,400
written in Old Norse. 
The language, the Vikings spoke 

6213
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:40,200
at home, The law and the 
language taken together, reveal 

6214
05:28:40,200 --> 05:28:42,900
a people who are far more 
sophisticated than the popular 

6215
05:28:42,900 --> 05:28:46,100
image suggests. 
They were not simply Warriors, 

6216
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:48,900
who happened to sail. 
They were a society with a 

6217
05:28:48,908 --> 05:28:53,400
functioning legal system, a rich
literary tradition and a 

6218
05:28:53,400 --> 05:28:55,800
language that would go on to 
shape one of the most widely 

6219
05:28:55,800 --> 05:28:59,100
spoken tongues in the world. 
These are not the 

6220
05:28:59,100 --> 05:29:02,700
accomplishments of Barbarians. 
These are the accomplishments of

6221
05:29:02,700 --> 05:29:05,900
a civilization, one that 
happened to be located at the 

6222
05:29:05,908 --> 05:29:09,200
edge of the known world. 
And one that for reasons, both 

6223
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:13,700
fair and unfair got a reputation
that obscured almost everything 

6224
05:29:13,700 --> 05:29:18,000
interesting about it. 
The thing assemblies, the oral 

6225
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:21,600
legal, traditions of blending of
Norse and English into something

6226
05:29:21,600 --> 05:29:24,000
new. 
And the words you use every 

6227
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:26,000
single day without knowing where
they came from. 

6228
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:31,300
These are the quiet, legacies, 
the ones that do not make for 

6229
05:29:31,300 --> 05:29:34,800
dramatic television, but that of
lasted, a thousand years and 

6230
05:29:34,800 --> 05:29:38,700
show no sign of fading. 
Now, let us step inside, 

6231
05:29:38,700 --> 05:29:42,300
literally, and talk about the 
homes, the Norse build, and the 

6232
05:29:42,308 --> 05:29:43,600
lives. 
They lived within them. 

6233
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:47,100
Because the domestic world of 
the Vikings is one of the most 

6234
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:51,300
under explored parts of their 
story and it is full of details 

6235
05:29:51,300 --> 05:29:53,700
that are both surprising and 
oddly comforting. 

6236
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:57,300
There is a warmth to thinking 
about how people actually live 

6237
05:29:57,300 --> 05:30:01,500
their daily lives as opposed to 
how they fought or conquered or 

6238
05:30:01,508 --> 05:30:04,600
explored. 
The Norse long house is one of 

6239
05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:08,100
the best Windows we have into 
that warmth and it is worth 

6240
05:30:08,100 --> 05:30:11,500
spending some time in sight it 
because the picture it reveals 

6241
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:15,800
is one of a people who cared 
deeply about Comfort family and 

6242
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,900
the small Pleasures that make a 
hard life and bearable. 

6243
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:23,200
The long house was the basic 
unit of North domestic 

6244
05:30:23,200 --> 05:30:26,900
architecture and it came in many
sizes and variations. 

6245
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:30,100
Depending on the region. 
The wealth of the family and the

6246
05:30:30,108 --> 05:30:33,100
local climate In its simplest 
form. 

6247
05:30:33,100 --> 05:30:36,600
It was a large rectangular 
building, sometimes remarkably 

6248
05:30:36,600 --> 05:30:42,300
large with thick walls made of 
wood, stone or turf depending on

6249
05:30:42,308 --> 05:30:46,200
what was available locally. 
In Iceland, where trees were 

6250
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:49,900
scared, long houses were often 
built primarily of stone and 

6251
05:30:49,908 --> 05:30:52,900
Turf. 
In Norway, where Timber was 

6252
05:30:52,900 --> 05:30:55,000
plentiful, would was the 
dominant material. 

6253
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:58,900
The roof was typically covered 
with sod, which provided 

6254
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:02,300
excellent insulation, keeping 
the interior, surprisingly, 

6255
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,200
warm. 
Even in the coldest months 

6256
05:31:04,200 --> 05:31:07,700
inside the Longhouse, was 
organized around a central fire 

6257
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:11,700
pit or half which served as the 
source of both heat and light. 

6258
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:15,900
There was no chimney the smoke 
drifted upward and escaped 

6259
05:31:15,900 --> 05:31:17,500
through a hole or Gap in the 
roof. 

6260
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:20,200
Which also let in a shaft of 
daylight. 

6261
05:31:21,000 --> 05:31:24,100
This meant that the interior of 
a longhouse was often hazy with 

6262
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:28,000
smoke and the walls and ceiling 
were perpetually darkened by it.

6263
05:31:28,900 --> 05:31:31,500
But it also meant that the fire 
could be kept burning almost 

6264
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:35,200
continuously Through The Long 
Winter and the smoke itself, 

6265
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:39,400
served a practical purpose. 
It helped preserve the dried 

6266
05:31:39,400 --> 05:31:41,400
fishing meet that hung from the 
rafters above. 

6267
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:45,500
The sleeping Arrangements were 
along the walls on raised 

6268
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:47,600
platforms or benches. 
That ran the length of the 

6269
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:49,100
building on either side of the 
half. 

6270
05:31:50,000 --> 05:31:51,700
These were not beds in the 
modern sense. 

6271
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:55,100
They were wooden platforms, 
covered with Furs and woven 

6272
05:31:55,100 --> 05:31:57,500
blankets. 
And they served as both sleeping

6273
05:31:57,500 --> 05:32:00,600
surfaces during the night and 
seating during the day. 

6274
05:32:02,200 --> 05:32:05,700
The family slept together. 
Close to the fire wrapped in 

6275
05:32:05,708 --> 05:32:09,900
layers of wool and animal skin. 
In the coldest months, this 

6276
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:12,500
communal warmth was not a matter
of preference. 

6277
05:32:12,500 --> 05:32:17,700
It was a matter of survival. 
The center of the Longhouse the 

6278
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:20,300
area around the fire was where 
the family spent most of its 

6279
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:23,000
waking hours. 
This was where meals were 

6280
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:26,000
prepared and eaten. 
The cooking was done over the 

6281
05:32:26,000 --> 05:32:30,900
Open Fire, or in a pit beside it
using iron pots that held stews,

6282
05:32:30,900 --> 05:32:32,700
and soups made from whatever was
available. 

6283
05:32:33,700 --> 05:32:38,200
A typical Norse meal might 
include fish, Dairy bread, and 

6284
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:40,300
perhaps some greens or berries 
in season. 

6285
05:32:41,200 --> 05:32:44,200
The meals were not elaborate but
they were substantial and they 

6286
05:32:44,200 --> 05:32:47,200
were eaten together as a family 
which gave them a social 

6287
05:32:47,200 --> 05:32:49,100
Dimension. 
That went beyond simple 

6288
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:53,900
nutritionally was brewed in most
households made from barley or 

6289
05:32:53,900 --> 05:32:57,300
other available grains and it 
was a daily part of the diet for

6290
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,200
adults and often for older 
children as well. 

6291
05:33:00,400 --> 05:33:02,700
This was not unusual for the 
Medieval World. 

6292
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:06,700
Water sources were often 
unreliable and fermented 

6293
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:09,800
beverages were both safer, to 
drink and more calorie dense 

6294
05:33:09,800 --> 05:33:12,600
than water. 
Morse sale was not particularly 

6295
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:16,600
Strong by modern standards but 
it was a staple and Brewing. 

6296
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:19,400
It was another of the many 
domestic skills that women in 

6297
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,000
North households managed 
alongside everything else. 

6298
05:33:22,900 --> 05:33:24,900
The Longhouse was also a 
workspace. 

6299
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:28,400
Textile production as we 
discussed earlier happened here,

6300
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,600
often in the evenings when the 
days outdoor work was done. 

6301
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,700
Women spun wool on drop 
spindles, which could be worked 

6302
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:39,200
while walking or sitting and 
wove it on upright, looms that 

6303
05:33:39,200 --> 05:33:42,700
were set up near the fire. 
The rhythmic click of the Loom 

6304
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:45,600
and the quiet pool of the 
spindle was sound. 

6305
05:33:45,600 --> 05:33:48,600
That filled Norse evenings and 
they were accompanied by 

6306
05:33:48,600 --> 05:33:54,100
conversation storytelling. 
And the occasional song children

6307
05:33:54,100 --> 05:33:56,900
grew up in this environment, 
surrounded by the work of the 

6308
05:33:56,900 --> 05:34:00,300
household and absorbing its 
rhythms from a very young age. 

6309
05:34:01,300 --> 05:34:04,200
Norse childhood was not a 
prolonged period of play and 

6310
05:34:04,200 --> 05:34:07,000
Leisure as it might be in 
wealthiest societies. 

6311
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:10,700
Children were expected to 
contribute to the household from

6312
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:13,500
an early age. 
Helping with tasks that match 

6313
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:17,700
their size and strength. 
But they were also valued and 

6314
05:34:17,700 --> 05:34:20,800
their well-being mattered to 
their parents in ways that are 

6315
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:23,200
evident from the archaeological 
and textual record. 

6316
05:34:24,300 --> 05:34:28,400
Children's grave of being found 
with care and attention buried 

6317
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:30,300
with small possessions that 
suggests. 

6318
05:34:30,300 --> 05:34:34,400
They were more than remembered. 
Norse law provided specific 

6319
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:37,600
protections for children 
including penalties for harming 

6320
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:40,200
them. 
The Norse were not sentimental 

6321
05:34:40,200 --> 05:34:43,100
about childhood in the way that 
modern Western cultures tend to 

6322
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:45,500
be, but they were not 
indifferent to it either. 

6323
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:50,200
The Longhouse also housed in 
many cases, more than one family

6324
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:54,200
extended family groups, often 
live together, sharing the space

6325
05:34:54,200 --> 05:34:57,800
and the work. 
Grandparents parents children 

6326
05:34:57,800 --> 05:35:01,200
and sometimes siblings and their
spouses all Under One Roof. 

6327
05:35:02,100 --> 05:35:05,200
This was partly practical a 
matter of shared labor and 

6328
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:08,700
shared warmth. 
And partly cultural a reflection

6329
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:11,700
of the Norse value placed on 
family, bonds and mutual 

6330
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:15,800
obligation. 
The long house was not just a 

6331
05:35:15,800 --> 05:35:19,400
shelter, it was a social 
structure, a place where 

6332
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:22,700
relationships were maintained 
and obligations were fulfilled 

6333
05:35:22,700 --> 05:35:25,900
on a daily basis. 
There is a detail about North 

6334
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,000
domestic life. 
That is worth lingering on 

6335
05:35:28,000 --> 05:35:31,000
because it reveals something 
about the texture of everyday 

6336
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:35,800
existence that larger historical
narratives tend to miss The 

6337
05:35:35,800 --> 05:35:39,000
Norse kept animals in the long 
house, during the winter months,

6338
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:43,300
cattle, sheep, and goats shared 
the building with human family, 

6339
05:35:43,300 --> 05:35:47,200
separated, by a partition, but 
close enough that their warmth 

6340
05:35:47,200 --> 05:35:50,500
contributed to the overall 
temperature of the space, this 

6341
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:54,200
sounds uncomfortable by modern 
standards and it probably was in

6342
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:57,800
certain ways but it also meant 
that the long house was never 

6343
05:35:57,800 --> 05:36:01,100
truly cold even on the darkest 
winter nights. 

6344
05:36:02,000 --> 05:36:05,800
The combined body heat of dozens
of animals and a human family, 

6345
05:36:05,800 --> 05:36:09,100
contained within thick walls of 
stone or turf. 

6346
05:36:09,600 --> 05:36:12,500
Created an environment that was 
surprisingly livable. 

6347
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:15,100
The smell presumably was 
something. 

6348
05:36:15,100 --> 05:36:18,300
You got used to. 
The Norse like people in many 

6349
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:22,100
pre-modern societies lived in 
much closer contact with animals

6350
05:36:22,100 --> 05:36:24,400
than we do. 
And they did not find it 

6351
05:36:24,400 --> 05:36:28,000
particularly remarkable hygiene 
and cleanliness were not 

6352
05:36:28,000 --> 05:36:30,000
neglected. 
Despite what the popular image 

6353
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:33,600
of Vikings might suggest. 
The Norse bathed regularly 

6354
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:37,300
particularly in areas where Hot 
Springs were available as they 

6355
05:36:37,300 --> 05:36:39,000
are in part of Iceland and 
Norway. 

6356
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:43,300
Archaeological evidence from 
North site to turned up Combs 

6357
05:36:43,300 --> 05:36:47,500
tweezers, razors and other 
grooming, implements suggesting 

6358
05:36:47,500 --> 05:36:49,200
that personal appearance 
mattered to them. 

6359
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:52,100
They were not the unwashed 
Savages of Legend. 

6360
05:36:52,900 --> 05:36:55,800
They were people who took pride 
in how they looked and felt 

6361
05:36:55,800 --> 05:37:00,000
within the constraints of their 
environment and resources. the 

6362
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:03,400
home also reflected North 
aesthetic sensibilities which 

6363
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:07,100
were more refined than the 
popular image allows North Art 

6364
05:37:07,100 --> 05:37:11,000
known as the Arts styles of the 
Viking, age was characterized by

6365
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:16,100
intricate interlocking patterns 
stylized, animal forms, and a 

6366
05:37:16,100 --> 05:37:18,700
level of decorative detail. 
That suggests a genuine 

6367
05:37:18,700 --> 05:37:21,300
appreciation for beauty and 
everyday objects. 

6368
05:37:22,100 --> 05:37:24,900
Longhouse door posts were 
sometimes carved with elaborate 

6369
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,000
designs. 
Wooden furniture and household. 

6370
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:31,500
Implements were decorated with 
patterns that serve no practical

6371
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:34,000
purpose other than to make them 
beautiful. 

6372
05:37:35,000 --> 05:37:39,500
The Norse did not live in bare 
utilitarian spaces, they lived 

6373
05:37:39,500 --> 05:37:42,500
in spaces that reflected their 
sense of what the world should 

6374
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:45,600
look like. 
And that sense, included Beauty 

6375
05:37:45,600 --> 05:37:49,100
alongside function an evening in
a Norse Longhouse. 

6376
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,300
When the days work was done and 
the fire was burning steadily 

6377
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:55,200
and the ale was poor and the 
family was gathered. 

6378
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:58,500
Close must have been one of the 
most Pleasant environments. 

6379
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:03,400
The Medieval World had to offer.
The warmth, the light the smell 

6380
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:07,400
of cooking food, the quiet 
conversation, the occasional 

6381
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:11,200
burst of laughter. 
It was not glamorous but it was 

6382
05:38:11,200 --> 05:38:15,400
real and it was human and it was
the place where the north spent 

6383
05:38:15,400 --> 05:38:19,300
most of their lives. 
Hospitality was another value 

6384
05:38:19,300 --> 05:38:22,600
that shape Norse domestic life 
in ways that went beyond simple 

6385
05:38:22,600 --> 05:38:26,800
polite nurse In a world where 
travel was common, but Inns and 

6386
05:38:26,808 --> 05:38:30,100
hotels did not exist. 
The obligation to feed and 

6387
05:38:30,100 --> 05:38:32,000
shelter, a traveler was taken 
seriously. 

6388
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:36,000
No snoring custom both supported
this expectation. 

6389
05:38:36,000 --> 05:38:40,600
A host was expected to offer 
food drink and a place to sleep 

6390
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,000
to anyone who arrived at the 
Longhouse and failing to do. 

6391
05:38:44,000 --> 05:38:47,100
So was considered a serious 
breach of social norms. 

6392
05:38:47,900 --> 05:38:51,800
This was not purely altruistic. 
Of course, in a society where 

6393
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:54,600
anyone might find themselves far
from home and in need of 

6394
05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:59,300
shelter, Of hospitality was a 
form of Mutual Insurance. 

6395
05:39:00,300 --> 05:39:02,800
You offered it to others because
you might one day, need it 

6396
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:06,200
yourself. the result was that, 
Norse long houses, were often 

6397
05:39:06,200 --> 05:39:09,200
more social active than a single
family dwelling in the modern 

6398
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,800
world might be Travelers passed 
through trade. 

6399
05:39:12,800 --> 05:39:16,700
A stop to rest and resupply 
relatives visited from 

6400
05:39:16,700 --> 05:39:20,200
neighboring settlements. 
Household was not a closed 

6401
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:24,200
system, it was open Connected To
The Wider community. 

6402
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:27,300
In ways that made isolation 
nearly impossible and 

6403
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:31,000
loneliness, at least the 
sustained kind of relatively 

6404
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:34,300
rare. 
And it is from this domestic 

6405
05:39:34,300 --> 05:39:38,900
world, this warm and busy and 
slightly Smoky Center of Norse 

6406
05:39:38,900 --> 05:39:42,200
existence that we should draw 
our final thread. 

6407
05:39:43,100 --> 05:39:46,200
Because the story of how the 
Vikings quietly shaped the world

6408
05:39:46,200 --> 05:39:49,700
does not end with trade or law 
or language. 

6409
05:39:50,500 --> 05:39:54,000
It ends with a legacy that is 
quiet to still one that 

6410
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:56,100
stretches. 
From those Longhouse halves all 

6411
05:39:56,100 --> 05:39:59,400
the way into the present, day 
touching things, you might never

6412
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,500
have thought to connect to a 
people who lived 1000 years ago 

6413
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:06,600
on the edge of the Northern sea.
The most lasting contributions 

6414
05:40:06,600 --> 05:40:09,800
any civilization makes are 
rarely the ones that intended. 

6415
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:13,400
The Norse did not set out to 
change the English language. 

6416
05:40:13,400 --> 05:40:17,500
They did not plan centuries in 
advance to help lay the 

6417
05:40:17,500 --> 05:40:20,100
groundwork for the political 
development of Eastern Europe. 

6418
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:24,100
They did not wake up one morning
and decide that their legal 

6419
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:25,700
Traditions would influence the 
way. 

6420
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:29,900
Iceland organized its Society 
for the next Thousand Years. 

6421
05:40:31,600 --> 05:40:34,200
These things happen because the 
Norse were a particular kind of 

6422
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:37,900
people living in a particular 
kind of place at a particular 

6423
05:40:37,900 --> 05:40:41,200
moment in history and the 
combination produced effects 

6424
05:40:41,200 --> 05:40:44,200
that rippled outward in ways. 
No single generation could have 

6425
05:40:44,208 --> 05:40:48,700
predicted or controlled This is 
what a quiet Legacy. 

6426
05:40:48,700 --> 05:40:52,800
Looks like not a monument or a 
conquest or a grand declaration.

6427
05:40:53,800 --> 05:40:57,400
Slow gradual, almost 
imperceptible shift in how the 

6428
05:40:57,400 --> 05:41:01,100
world Works driven by the 
ordinary activities of ordinary 

6429
05:41:01,100 --> 05:41:02,900
people who are simply trying to 
live. 

6430
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:05,900
Well, Let us trace a few of 
those threads because they are 

6431
05:41:05,900 --> 05:41:08,100
worth following the legal 
traditions. 

6432
05:41:08,100 --> 05:41:11,600
We discussed earlier did not 
disappear when the Viking age 

6433
05:41:11,600 --> 05:41:16,500
ended They evolved adapted and 
in some cases survived 

6434
05:41:16,500 --> 05:41:18,800
remarkably intact into the 
modern era. 

6435
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:24,700
Iceland is the clearest example.
The alfing Iceland's Parliament 

6436
05:41:24,700 --> 05:41:30,400
was established in 900 and 93 CE
and is still in operation today.

6437
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:33,900
Making it one of the oldest 
continuously functioning 

6438
05:41:33,900 --> 05:41:38,500
legislative bodies in the world.
It is not the same institution, 

6439
05:41:38,500 --> 05:41:42,000
it was 1,000 years ago. 
Of course it has changed 

6440
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:46,500
enormously adapting to new 
circumstances in new ideas about

6441
05:41:46,500 --> 05:41:50,400
governance. 
But its roots are north and the 

6442
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:54,100
basic principle behind it. 
That free people have the right 

6443
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:57,500
to gather and make decisions 
about their own Affairs is a 

6444
05:41:57,508 --> 05:42:00,900
principle that traces directly 
back to the thing, Assemblies of

6445
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:04,800
the Viking age. 
This is not a small thing, the 

6446
05:42:04,800 --> 05:42:07,700
idea that governance should be 
participatory that it should 

6447
05:42:07,708 --> 05:42:10,500
involve the consent of the 
governed rather than simply the 

6448
05:42:10,500 --> 05:42:14,000
will of the powerful is one of 
the most important ideas in the 

6449
05:42:14,000 --> 05:42:17,600
history of human civilization. 
And while it did not originate 

6450
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:21,100
exclusively with the Norse, they
were among the earliest and most

6451
05:42:21,108 --> 05:42:23,600
consistent practitioners of it 
in northern Europe. 

6452
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:27,400
The thing assemblies were not 
perfect democracies, they 

6453
05:42:27,400 --> 05:42:31,500
excluded women, thralls, and in 
many cases people without 

6454
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:35,100
sufficient property. 
But they were for their time and

6455
05:42:35,100 --> 05:42:39,200
place remarkably open systems 
and the tradition they 

6456
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:42,400
established in Iceland has 
endured in one former another 

6457
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:46,300
for over 1000 years. 
The North Stars, are another 

6458
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:49,200
Legacy worth considering because
they represent something 

6459
05:42:49,200 --> 05:42:53,400
genuinely unusual in the 
medieval literary, landscape the

6460
05:42:53,400 --> 05:42:57,800
sargas along detailed realistic 
narratives often based on 

6461
05:42:57,800 --> 05:42:59,900
historical events or real 
people. 

6462
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:03,300
Written in Old Norse between 
roughly the 12th and 14th 

6463
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,200
centuries. 
They are not myths or Legends, 

6464
05:43:06,200 --> 05:43:09,000
though, they sometimes 
incorporate mythological 

6465
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:12,100
elements. 
They are in many ways closer to 

6466
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,600
what we would Now, call novels 
or historical fiction, and they 

6467
05:43:15,600 --> 05:43:17,800
are a remarkable for their cycle
depth. 

6468
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:22,100
Their attention to character and
their unflinching willingness to

6469
05:43:22,100 --> 05:43:24,400
portray human beings in all 
their complexity. 

6470
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:27,300
The Icelandic sagas in 
particular. 

6471
05:43:27,300 --> 05:43:30,700
Are considered masterpieces of 
world literature by Scholars who

6472
05:43:30,700 --> 05:43:33,800
have studied them carefully and 
they deserve that reputation. 

6473
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:38,500
They portray nor Society with a 
frankness and a Nuance that is 

6474
05:43:38,500 --> 05:43:40,900
rare in any era of literary 
history. 

6475
05:43:41,600 --> 05:43:43,500
Characters are not heroes or 
villains. 

6476
05:43:43,500 --> 05:43:47,100
They are people flawed and 
complicated and sometimes 

6477
05:43:47,100 --> 05:43:50,500
surprising navigating a world 
that does not always make sense.

6478
05:43:50,500 --> 05:43:55,800
The sargas are funny, 
occasionally very funny in a dry

6479
05:43:55,800 --> 05:43:58,300
and understated way. 
That feels remarkably modern 

6480
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:03,600
There are so sad and violent and
tender sometimes all within the 

6481
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:07,300
same paragraph. 
What makes them relevant to a 

6482
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:10,600
discussion of Norse Legacy is 
that they represent a tradition 

6483
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:14,200
of Storytelling and record 
keeping that shape how 

6484
05:44:14,200 --> 05:44:18,200
subsequent Generations 
understood the Norse world. many

6485
05:44:18,200 --> 05:44:22,000
of the things we know about 
Viking age Society, its Customs 

6486
05:44:22,000 --> 05:44:27,200
its values and its daily rhythms
come from the sargas, They are 

6487
05:44:27,208 --> 05:44:30,100
not perfectly reliable. 
Historical sources of course, 

6488
05:44:30,800 --> 05:44:33,400
They were written centuries 
after many of the events they 

6489
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:37,300
describe and they reflect the 
perspectives and biases of their

6490
05:44:37,308 --> 05:44:39,700
authors. 
But they are extraordinary 

6491
05:44:39,700 --> 05:44:42,900
documents and they demonstrate 
that the Norse took their own 

6492
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:44,800
story. 
Seriously enough to write it 

6493
05:44:44,800 --> 05:44:49,600
down with care and skill. 
The cultural Legacy extends into

6494
05:44:49,600 --> 05:44:53,200
Art and Design as well Norse. 
Decorative art with its 

6495
05:44:53,200 --> 05:44:57,000
intricate interlocking patterns 
and stylized animal forms 

6496
05:44:57,000 --> 05:45:01,500
influence, the art of every 
culture, the Norse touched you 

6497
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:04,600
can see Norse in fluent in the 
illuminated, manuscripts of 

6498
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:08,400
Irish English monks in the 
carved, doorways of Scandinavian

6499
05:45:08,400 --> 05:45:12,400
churches, and in the metalwork 
and jewelry of medieval Europe 

6500
05:45:12,400 --> 05:45:16,500
more, broadly, The style 
traveled with the Norse wherever

6501
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:20,200
they went and it left traces 
that persisted long after the 

6502
05:45:20,200 --> 05:45:23,200
northern themselves and Blended 
in to the population's around 

6503
05:45:23,200 --> 05:45:26,200
them. 
Those are a geographical Legacy 

6504
05:45:26,200 --> 05:45:29,500
that is easy to overlook. 
Place names across the British 

6505
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:33,300
Isles, particularly in areas 
where Norse settlers lived in 

6506
05:45:33,300 --> 05:45:36,000
significant numbers of Norse 
origin. 

6507
05:45:36,800 --> 05:45:40,200
In the north of England in 
Scotland in Ireland and of 

6508
05:45:40,208 --> 05:45:42,300
course in Iceland. 
And the other North settle 

6509
05:45:42,300 --> 05:45:46,000
lands, the landscape itself 
carries the imprint of Norse 

6510
05:45:46,000 --> 05:45:51,200
presents in the name of towns, 
Rivers, Hills and Farms These 

6511
05:45:51,200 --> 05:45:54,800
names are fossils linguistic, 
traces of a people who lived in 

6512
05:45:54,808 --> 05:45:58,200
these places are 1000 years ago 
and who left their mark on the 

6513
05:45:58,200 --> 05:46:01,300
land in a way that no amount of 
subsequent habitation has 

6514
05:46:01,300 --> 05:46:05,900
erased. the word Friday, for 
instance, derives from the Norse

6515
05:46:05,900 --> 05:46:10,500
goddess frigg The word Wednesday
comes from Odin known in Norse 

6516
05:46:10,500 --> 05:46:13,000
as woden. 
Thursday is Thor's day. 

6517
05:46:13,900 --> 05:46:16,900
These connections are well 
known, but they're worth stating

6518
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:20,200
plainly because they illustrate 
how thoroughly Norse culture 

6519
05:46:20,200 --> 05:46:23,400
woven itself into the fabric of 
Every Day Life in northern 

6520
05:46:23,400 --> 05:46:25,700
Europe. 
You cannot get through a single 

6521
05:46:25,700 --> 05:46:28,600
week without using words that 
Trace back to Norse mythology 

6522
05:46:28,600 --> 05:46:31,700
and Norse language. 
And then there is the matter of 

6523
05:46:31,700 --> 05:46:35,700
exploration, which is perhaps 
the Norse Legacy that has 

6524
05:46:35,700 --> 05:46:39,100
received the most attention. 
Even if the attention has often 

6525
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:43,500
been focused on the wrong aspect
of it, The Norse reached North 

6526
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,500
America roughly 500 years before
Columbus. 

6527
05:46:47,500 --> 05:46:51,000
Establishing a settlement at a 
place called Vinland, which is 

6528
05:46:51,000 --> 05:46:53,300
now believed to have been 
located on the island of 

6529
05:46:53,300 --> 05:46:55,300
Newfoundland in what is now 
Canada. 

6530
05:46:56,400 --> 05:47:00,000
The settlement known from 
archaeological evidence at a 

6531
05:47:00,000 --> 05:47:02,600
site called loso. 
Medos did not last long. 

6532
05:47:03,800 --> 05:47:07,500
The Norse abandoned it within a 
few decades, likely due to 

6533
05:47:07,500 --> 05:47:10,700
conflicts with the indigenous 
peoples of the region and the 

6534
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:13,200
difficulty of maintaining a 
settlement so far from their 

6535
05:47:13,200 --> 05:47:16,300
Homeland. but the fact that they
got there at all is 

6536
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:19,700
extraordinary, It was not the 
result of a grand Expedition 

6537
05:47:19,700 --> 05:47:23,300
organized by a king or funded by
a wealthy sponsor. 

6538
05:47:23,300 --> 05:47:26,400
It was the result of North 
settlers in Iceland and 

6539
05:47:26,408 --> 05:47:29,600
Greenland, hearing stories about
land visible to the west and 

6540
05:47:29,600 --> 05:47:33,300
then sailing out to find it. 
The Norse reached North America 

6541
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:37,600
not through heroic determination
but through the same quiet habit

6542
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:40,300
of following the water that had 
driven their expansion for 

6543
05:47:40,300 --> 05:47:43,800
centuries. 
He saw an opportunity, they had 

6544
05:47:43,800 --> 05:47:45,900
the skills to take it and they 
did. 

6545
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:49,600
The settlement at Vineland did 
not change the course of world 

6546
05:47:49,600 --> 05:47:52,900
history in the way that 
Columbus's voyages did the 

6547
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:55,400
North, did not establish a 
permanent presence in North 

6548
05:47:55,400 --> 05:47:59,000
America and their contact. 
With the continent did not lead 

6549
05:47:59,000 --> 05:48:02,800
to sustained exchange between 
the old world and the new But it

6550
05:48:02,800 --> 05:48:06,400
does tell us something important
about the north character about 

6551
05:48:06,400 --> 05:48:10,200
their restlessness, their 
curiosity, and their willingness

6552
05:48:10,200 --> 05:48:13,500
to sail, into the unknowns 
simply because the unknown was 

6553
05:48:13,508 --> 05:48:15,300
there, and they had the means to
reach it. 

6554
05:48:16,100 --> 05:48:19,400
There was a thread connecting 
all of these legacies and it is 

6555
05:48:19,408 --> 05:48:21,300
worth naming before we let it 
go. 

6556
05:48:22,100 --> 05:48:25,600
The Norse shaped the world, not 
primarily through conquest or 

6557
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:29,900
violence, but through contact. 
They touch so many cultures. 

6558
05:48:29,900 --> 05:48:33,900
So many places so many languages
and legal systems, and artistic 

6559
05:48:33,900 --> 05:48:38,500
Traditions, that their influence
spread like water finding its 

6560
05:48:38,500 --> 05:48:44,700
way through cracks in stone. 
Slowly quietly persistently not 

6561
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:48,500
always noticed not always 
acknowledged but always there 

6562
05:48:48,500 --> 05:48:50,700
the English words you use every 
day. 

6563
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:54,200
The Parliamentary Traditions 
that Iceland still practice is 

6564
05:48:54,200 --> 05:48:58,000
the sargas remained masterpieces
of world literature. 

6565
05:48:58,900 --> 05:49:01,700
Place names are scattered across
the northern Landscapes of 

6566
05:49:01,700 --> 05:49:04,200
Europe. 
The knowledge that someone 

6567
05:49:04,200 --> 05:49:07,700
walked on the shores of North 
America a 1000 years before the 

6568
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:09,000
history books. 
Say it happened. 

6569
05:49:09,800 --> 05:49:13,400
These are not the legacies of 
conquerors the other legacies of

6570
05:49:13,400 --> 05:49:15,700
a people who were 
extraordinarily good at being in

6571
05:49:15,708 --> 05:49:19,700
the world at moving through it, 
a connecting with the people and

6572
05:49:19,700 --> 05:49:23,300
places they encountered and at 
leaving something behind that 

6573
05:49:23,300 --> 05:49:25,700
lasted. 
There is also a strand of 

6574
05:49:25,700 --> 05:49:29,000
cultural influence that connects
the north to Traditions, many 

6575
05:49:29,000 --> 05:49:32,300
people celebrate today without 
realizing the connection. 

6576
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,700
The midwinter Festival known as 
Yule which the north celebrated 

6577
05:49:36,700 --> 05:49:39,900
around the winter, solstice 
shared certain features with 

6578
05:49:39,900 --> 05:49:42,600
what would eventually become 
Christmas as it was practiced in

6579
05:49:42,608 --> 05:49:45,700
northern Europe. 
The Yule Log, the Gathering of 

6580
05:49:45,708 --> 05:49:48,300
family around a fire during the 
darkest time of year. 

6581
05:49:49,200 --> 05:49:54,000
Feasting and the storytelling. 
These were Norse Traditions long

6582
05:49:54,000 --> 05:49:56,800
before they were Christian ones 
and they Blended. 

6583
05:49:56,800 --> 05:50:00,700
So thoroughly into the fabric of
northern European culture that 

6584
05:50:00,700 --> 05:50:02,700
separating them is nearly 
impossible. 

6585
05:50:03,700 --> 05:50:07,100
Whether you celebrate Christmas 
or simply enjoy the idea of a 

6586
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:10,300
warm fire and a family gathered.
Close on a dark winter night, 

6587
05:50:10,300 --> 05:50:14,200
you are participating in 
something that has Norse Roots 

6588
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:17,700
even if the connection has been 
buried under centuries of other 

6589
05:50:17,700 --> 05:50:21,500
influences, the Norse also left 
their mark on the way Northern 

6590
05:50:21,500 --> 05:50:23,600
Europeans thought about the 
natural world. 

6591
05:50:25,100 --> 05:50:29,200
Norse mythology, populated the 
landscape with meaning rivers 

6592
05:50:29,200 --> 05:50:32,900
mountains. 
Forests and seas were not simply

6593
05:50:32,900 --> 05:50:36,700
physical features. 
They were inhabited in the north

6594
05:50:36,700 --> 05:50:41,300
of imagination by being's and 
forces that demanded respect and

6595
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:44,100
attention. 
This way of seeing the world, 

6596
05:50:44,100 --> 05:50:48,400
which anthropologists sometimes 
called animistic, persisted in 

6597
05:50:48,400 --> 05:50:52,800
Scandinavian, folk belief long, 
after the official conversion to

6598
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:56,900
Christianity, and it shaped the 
relationship between people and 

6599
05:50:56,900 --> 05:51:01,000
Landscape in ways that are still
felt in the cultures of Northern

6600
05:51:01,000 --> 05:51:04,600
Europe today. 
Tonight, as you settle into 

6601
05:51:04,600 --> 05:51:07,800
sleep, it might be worth 
carrying one last image with 

6602
05:51:07,800 --> 05:51:10,200
you. 
Not the Viking, on the warship. 

6603
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:14,000
Not the burning Village. 
Not the axe raised in battle. 

6604
05:51:14,800 --> 05:51:18,500
Instead picture a Norse Trader 
on a river somewhere, in what is

6605
05:51:18,508 --> 05:51:22,100
now Russia? 
Sitting in a small boat at dusk 

6606
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:24,800
watching the water, catch the 
last of the light. 

6607
05:51:25,500 --> 05:51:28,200
He has Goods to sell and a long 
way still to go. 

6608
05:51:29,200 --> 05:51:32,200
He is not thinking about history
or Legacy or the shape of the 

6609
05:51:32,200 --> 05:51:35,400
world, he's thinking about the 
current and the weather, and 

6610
05:51:35,400 --> 05:51:37,900
whether he will make it to the 
next settlement, before dark. 

6611
05:51:37,900 --> 05:51:41,700
He will make it. 
He is very good at this and 

6612
05:51:41,700 --> 05:51:45,900
somewhere 1000 years from now, a
person speaking a language, he 

6613
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:48,600
helped to shape will use a word.
He brought with him on that boat

6614
05:51:48,600 --> 05:51:50,700
without ever knowing where it 
came from. 

6615
05:51:51,500 --> 05:51:54,900
The river will still be flowing,
the water will still be catching

6616
05:51:54,900 --> 05:51:58,500
the light and the quiet work of 
connecting one place to another 

6617
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:02,600
one person to another and one 
idea to another will still be 

6618
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:05,400
going on way. 
It has been going on since the 

6619
05:52:05,400 --> 05:52:08,500
first North sailor looked out at
the water and decided to see 

6620
05:52:08,500 --> 05:52:10,600
what was on the other side. 
Sleep. 

6621
05:52:10,600 --> 05:52:16,000
Well, the Viking's the real ones
have earned it and so have you