A Gentle Reign | The Quiet Power of Queen Victoria | Boring History

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Hey, my sleepy friends. 
You've had a long day so why 

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don't we get cozy? 
And let me tell you a story 

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about a young woman who woke up 
one morning to discover she was 

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Queen of the most powerful 
Empire on Earth. 

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This is the story of Queen 
Victoria not the stern Monument 

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you might imagine but a real 
person who loved grieved laughed

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and somehow managed to give her 
name to an entire era if you're 

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new here. 
Joining the community is easy, 

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just tap subscribe and like the 
video and let me know where in 

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the world do you watching from 
and what time it is for you? 

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It's a small click. 
That makes a huge difference in 

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helping us grow. 
Now, find your favorite spot and

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let's begin. 
Imagine being 18 years old and 

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sound asleep in your childhood 
bedroom. 

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Rumors familiar the wallpaper 
you've seen every morning for 

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years. 
The slight Creak of floorboards,

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you know, by heart the way 
Morning, Light filter through 

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curtains, that have framed your 
dreams since you were small. 

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Now, imagine being awakened 
Before, Dawn with news, that 

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will transform every single 
aspect of your existence 

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forever. 
This was Victoria's reality on 

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June 20th, 1837. 
When the Archbishop of 

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Canterbury in the Lord, 
Chamberlain arrived at 

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Kensington Palace with their 
solemn faces and formal Court 

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dress, her uncle King William, 
the fourth had died during the 

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night and she was now Queen of 
the United Kingdom of Great, 

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Britain and Ireland, no training
period. 

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No, gradual transitions, just 
instant absolute transformation 

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from protected teenager to 
constitutional monarch Victoria 

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had spent her entire childhood 
in what historians, call the 

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Kensington system. 
A peculiar Arrangement. 

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That sounds more like a boarding
school punishment than a royal 

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upbringing. 
Her mother the Dutchess of Ken 

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and her mother's advisor. 
John Conroy had kept Victorious,

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isolated from Court, life 
surrounded by rules, and 

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restrictions that would make a 
modern helicopter parent look 

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relaxed. 
She wasn't allowed to walk down 

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stairs, without someone holding 
her hand. 

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She slept in her mother's 
bedroom, every night, her 

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companions were carefully, 
selected her reading material 

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monitored and her every 
movement, observed, and 

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controlled. 
The system was designed or 

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extensively to protect her from 
the corrupting influence of her 

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royal uncles. 
Who were admittedly, not the 

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best Role Models, but it also 
kept a dependent in experience 

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and theoretically easier to 
control once she became Queen 

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what the architects of this 
system fail to anticipate, was 

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that constant restriction, often
breeds Fierce Independence and 

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strong-willed individuals. 
And Victorious will was forged 

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steel wrapped in silk. 
The moment Victoria learned she 

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was Queen something shifted in 
her bearing that everyone 

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presented noticed. 
This small, young woman, barely 

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five feet tall with prominent 
blue eyes and attendance to 

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blush easily. 
Suddenly possessed an authority 

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that transcended her physical 
presence when she held her first

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privy council meeting just hours
after learning of her accession 

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elderly Statesmen. 
Who had governed Empires were 

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struck by her composure and 
dignity. 

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To that first council meeting a 
room full of men in their finest

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Formal, Wear powdered wigs, and 
gold braided coats. 

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All expecting to manage this 
inexperienced girl Queen 

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instead, they found someone who 
read the formal declaration in a

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clear, steady Voice who met 
their eyes directly, and who 

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made it. 
Absolutely plain that she 

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understood the weight of her new
position. 

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The Duke of Wellington who had 
defeated Napoleon and wasn't 

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easily impressed later. 
Remarked on her extraordinary, 

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self-possession, the Victoria's 
First Act of Independence was 

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deliciously pointed. 
She moved her bed out of her 

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mother's room. 
After 18 years of enforced 

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proximity. 
She claimed her own space with 

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the kind of determination that 
would characterize her entire 

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reign. 
It was a small domestic gesture 

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that represented a seismic shift
in power dynamics. 

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The Duchess of Kent who had 
planned to rule through her 

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daughter found herself, 
relegated to separate apartments

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and excluded from political 
influence. 

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The young Queen threw herself 
into her new role with an 

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enthusiasm. 
That surprised her advisors. 

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She loved the red dispatch boxes
that arrived daily filled with 

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government papers, requiring her
attention She enjoyed the 

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ceremony and ritual of Court 
life. 

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The formal drawing rooms and the
state dinners, most of all she 

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relished having her own 
household, her own decisions and

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her own life finally, under her 
own control. 

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Lord Melbourne, her first prime 
minister became something of a 

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father figure to Victoria the 
calling him. 

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That doesn't quite capture their
relationship. 

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He was a sophisticated worldly, 
man, in his late 50s and she was

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an enthusiastic teenager with 
opinions about everything. 

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He taught her, the intricacies 
of British politics with patient

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Good Humor. 
Endured her occasional temper 

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tantrums with Grace, and 
genuinely seemed to enjoy her 

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company. 
They would spend hours to 

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gather, discussing politics 
literature and caught gossiping.

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A bond. 
That was part mentorship. 

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Part friendship and entirely 
unconventional. 

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Victoria's early years as Queen 
had a quality of exhilaration 

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mixed. 
With bewilderment, she was 

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discovering London, Society 
attending the opera and theater 

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dancing at balls until dawn. 
And generally experiencing, the 

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youth should be denied during 
her isolated childhood, she 

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adored her New Freedom with the 
passion of someone who had been 

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released from benign captivity, 
a journals from this period 

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bubble with exclamation marks 
and underlined words capturing 

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her Delight in everything from 
new gowns to political debates. 

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The Euphoria of those. 
First years was occasionally 

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punctured by harsh lessons in 
Royal vulnerability. 

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The young Queen faced criticism 
in the Press rumors about her 

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relationship with Melbourne, and
even questioned about her 

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judgement in various courts, 
scandals, being Queen. 

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She was learning meant that 
every mistake was magnified. 

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And every decision scrutinized 
by people who had strong 

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opinions about how monarchy 
should function while the 

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Victoria was adjusting to her 
crown. 

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Brittany itself was in the midst
of a transformational, that 

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would have stacked previous 
generations, the country. 

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She inherited was neither the 
rural Agricultural Society of 

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her grandparents time, nor yet 
the industrial Powerhouse, it 

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would become by the end of her 
Reign. 

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It was caught in that 
uncomfortable Space Between 

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Worlds, where steam engines 
shared roads with horse drawn, 

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carts and Factory workers. 
Lived alongside traditional 

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Craftsmen. 
The 1830s and 1840s were Decades

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of profound social upheaval. 
The Industrial Revolution 

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though, historians debate, 
whether calling it to Revolution

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captures. 
Its gradual grinding nature was 

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remaking British Society from 
the ground up, Manchester and 

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Birmingham had transformed from 
Market towns into blackened 

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industrial cities were textile 
mills operated around the clock 

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and cold smoke, hung in the air,
like a permanent fog. 

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The Romantic image of pastoral 
England was giving way to the 

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reality of urban sprawl and 
Factory discipline. 

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You have to understand that this
transformation wasn't some 

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distant policy issue for 
Victoria. 

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She could see it when she 
traveled through her kingdom, 

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the railways, which had barely 
existed at her birth. 

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But now spreading across the 
countryside, like iron veins, 

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connecting cities and 
accelerating the pace of 

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everything. 
The first time Victoria traveled

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by train in 1842, she was both 
thrilled and slightly terrified 

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by the speed though. 
It barely 40 miles per hour. 

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It would seem comically slow to 
you today. 

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The social implications of 
industrialization troubled 

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Victoria even if she didn't 
always know what to do. 

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About them reports reached her 
of working conditions and 

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factories and mines. 
That would shock modern 

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sensibilities, children as young
as five working 12-hour shifts 

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and coal, mines families living 
in single room, tenements 

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without running water, or 
sanitation and work is paid. 

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So little, they could barely 
afford bread. 

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The gap between Britain's 
growing wealth, and the poverty 

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of many of its citizens created 
tensions that occasionally 

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erupted into violence. 
The chartist movement, which 

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demanded Democratic reforms, 
like Universal male suffrage, 

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and secret ballots represented, 
both the promise and threat of 

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this new Industrial Age working.
People were organizing demanding

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rights and challenging the 
assumption. 

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That political power should 
remain concentrated in 

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aristocratic hands. 
Victoria of view chart is with 

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the mixed of sympathy and alarm 
typical of her class. 

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She felt compassion for workers 
struggles, but feared 

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revolutionary violence that 
might threaten social stability.

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In 1842, when economic 
depression led to widespread 

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unrest and rumors of chartist. 
Uprising Victoria experience, 

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first-hand the fragility of 
public order. 

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Reports reached her of riots in 
industrial cities of troops 

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called out to disperse, angry 
crowds of genuine fear among the

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property classes that Britain 
might follow France's 

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revolutionary path, the young 
Queen, still in her early 

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twenties, had to project 
confidence and stability even as

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advisors debated, whether her 
safety could guaranteed but 

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Victorious. 
Britain wasn't defined solely by

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industrial strife and social 
tension. 

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This was also an era of 
remarkable creativity and 

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intellectual ferment. 
Charles Dickens was publishing 

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novels that exposed social 
injustices while entertaining. 

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Millions scientists like, 
Charles Darwin were developing 

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theories. 
That would revolutionize human 

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understanding of the natural 
world Engineers. 

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Like his bombard Kingdom. 
Brunel were Building Bridges 

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tunnels and ships. 
That pushed the boundaries of 

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what seemed technically 
possible. 

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The great exhibition of 1851 
held in the spectacular. 

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Crystal Palace in Hyde Park 
would come to symbolize British 

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confidence in this era of 
innovation, but we're getting 

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ahead of ourselves that Triumph 
belongs to a later. 

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Chapter after Victoria had 
navigated one of the most 

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significant transitions of her 
life. 

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What's worth understanding about
these early years of Victoria's 

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reign is how much the role of 
monarchy itself was changing 

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previous British monarchs had 
exercised, real political power,

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choosing Prime Ministers and 
influencing policy directly, but

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by Victorious time, the 
constitutional monarchy was 

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evolving into something more 
symbolic. 

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Representing National unity and 
continuity rather than 

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exercising. 
Direct governance Victoria would

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spend her entire Reign 
negotiating. 

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This delicate balance between 
influence and interference 

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between being above politics and
being politically irrelevant. 

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The young Queen was learning 
that modern monarchy required a 

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different kind of power than her
ancestors at wielded. 

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It was the power of example of 
moral Authority representing 

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ideals and values that United 
disparate parts of an 

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increasingly complex society. 
She was becoming less a ruler in

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the medieval sense and more a 
national symbol though she would

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have bristled at being reduced 
to Pure symbolism. 

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Now let's talk about Albert 
because, no story of Victoria 

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can ignore the man who would 
transform both her personal life

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and her understanding of 
monarchy. 

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But first, let's dispel the 
notion that this was some fairy 

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tale romance, from the start 
Victorious, path. 

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To marriage was complicated by 
her position, her personality 

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and her initial reluctance to 
share the power. 

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She'd so recently acquired When 
Victoria first met her cousin 

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Albert of sax Coburg and gotha 
in 1836 before her accession. 

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She found him Pleasant enough 
but hardly overwhelming he was 

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handsome in a classical German 
Way. 

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Tall well-proportioned with 
carefully, combed hair and 

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serious eyes but he was also 
rather formal got tired early at

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evening parties and had the kind
of earnest intellectual 

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interests that 18 year old 
Victoria found slightly boring. 

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Their second meeting in 1839 
produced dramatically different 

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results. 
Victoria had been Queen for two 

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years and had grown accustomed 
to her independence. 

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She wasn't particularly eager to
marry and had made it clear to 

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advisors that she would choose 
her own husband in her own time.

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Thank you very much. 
When Albert visited Windsor 

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Castle, at October. 
Victoria took one. 

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Look at him to sending from his 
carriage and experienced. 

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What she would later describe as
a complete change of heart. 

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Albert had matured in the 
intervening years. 

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He was 20 years old now with a 
bearing that combined 

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Continental sophistication with 
genuine warmth more importantly 

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00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:56,400
he possessed qualities, that 
Victoria's isolated upbringing 

236
00:12:56,400 --> 00:13:00,500
had left her craving. 
Intellectual depth, artistic 

237
00:13:00,500 --> 00:13:04,600
sensibility and a seriousness of
purpose, that matched, her own 

238
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:08,200
growing sense of Royal 
responsibility within days of 

239
00:13:08,208 --> 00:13:10,300
his arrival. 
Victorian knew she wanted to 

240
00:13:10,300 --> 00:13:13,000
marry him. 
Here's where the story gets 

241
00:13:13,000 --> 00:13:17,500
charmingly complicated, as Queen
Victoria had to propose to 

242
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:22,200
Albert, not the other way around
constitutional protocol required

243
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:24,100
it. 
And while this might sound like 

244
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:27,900
a modern romantic gesture, it 
actually placed Victoria in an 

245
00:13:27,900 --> 00:13:31,300
awkward position. 
She had to risk, rejection had 

246
00:13:31,300 --> 00:13:34,700
to articulate her feelings and 
had to make herself vulnerable 

247
00:13:34,700 --> 00:13:37,100
in a way that Queen's rarely had
to experience. 

248
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:43,800
Victoria proposed to Albert on 
October 15th, 1839 in a private 

249
00:13:43,800 --> 00:13:46,900
moment that she recorded in her 
journal with her characteristic.

250
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:51,300
Enthusiasm and underlining 
Albert accepted, and Victoria 

251
00:13:51,300 --> 00:13:54,200
experience to happiness, that 
seemed to surprise her with its 

252
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:57,500
intensity for someone who had 
spent years carefully, 

253
00:13:57,500 --> 00:14:01,200
maintaining Royal dignity and 
emotional control falling in 

254
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:03,900
love, was both exhilarating and 
slightly terrifying. 

255
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:08,600
Their wedding in February 1840 
was a relatively modest Affair 

256
00:14:08,600 --> 00:14:13,200
by Royal standards, Victoria 
wear white, satin dress rather 

257
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,700
than traditional hermine and 
velvet, robes inadvertently 

258
00:14:16,700 --> 00:14:18,800
setting a fashion trend that 
continues today. 

259
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:23,100
The ceremony at the chapel Royal
was beautiful but brief and 

260
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,300
Victorious journal entry that 
evening radiates contentment. 

261
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:28,700
That feels both Royal and 
utterly ordinary. 

262
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,700
The early years of Victoria and 
Albert's marriage represented, a

263
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,100
profound adjustment. 
For both of them Victoria had 

264
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:40,000
been absolutely in her household
since becoming Queen answerable 

265
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,300
to no one and a custom to have 
her way. 

266
00:14:43,400 --> 00:14:46,300
Now she had to navigate sharing 
her life with someone who had 

267
00:14:46,300 --> 00:14:50,800
his own opinions priorities and 
vision for monarchy Albert. 

268
00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,200
Meanwhile had to figure out how 
to be consort to the most 

269
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:57,200
powerful woman in the world 
without either dominating her or

270
00:14:57,200 --> 00:14:59,200
being reduced to decorative 
irrelevant. 

271
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,500
The solution, they eventually 
developed was a working 

272
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:05,300
partnership. 
That would define both their 

273
00:15:05,300 --> 00:15:08,400
marriage and Victoria's reign, 
Albert, became Victorious, 

274
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,200
private secretary, political 
adviser, and intellectual 

275
00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,100
companion. 
He brought organizational skills

276
00:15:14,100 --> 00:15:18,000
artistic taste and a progressive
vision of monarchy's role in 

277
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,600
modern society that complemented
Victoria's instinctive, 

278
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,500
conservatism and emotional 
intensity, they worked together 

279
00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:29,600
on official papers, discussed 
political issues, and jointly 

280
00:15:29,600 --> 00:15:33,100
shaped the public image of the 
monarchy, but their partnership 

281
00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:37,300
extended far, beyond political 
collaboration, Albert introduced

282
00:15:37,300 --> 00:15:41,100
Victoria to Serious art and 
music took her to exhibitions 

283
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:44,600
and concerts and encouraged her 
appreciation for culture and 

284
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,200
learning. 
He designed new palaces and 

285
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:51,000
Gardens reformed, Royal 
household management and brought

286
00:15:51,000 --> 00:15:54,300
Germanic efficiency to what had 
been a what chaotic in English 

287
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:57,500
Court under his influence? 
Windsor Castle and Buckingham 

288
00:15:57,500 --> 00:16:00,900
Palace became Showcases of 
modern Tastes and artistic 

289
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:04,500
excellence. 
Their domestic life away from 

290
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:08,500
State occasions and political 
duties, reveals the human warmth

291
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:12,400
beneath the formal portraits. 
They had nine children over 17 

292
00:16:12,400 --> 00:16:14,800
years. 
And while Victorian parenting 

293
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:18,200
seem what distant by modern 
standards their letters and 

294
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,600
journals, showed genuine 
affection for their growing 

295
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:23,900
family, they bought Osborne 
house on the Isle of Wight as a 

296
00:16:23,908 --> 00:16:26,600
private retreat. 
And Albert designed much of it 

297
00:16:26,600 --> 00:16:28,900
himself. 
A place where they could be 

298
00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:32,300
relatively normal parents rather
than Queen and Prince consort. 

299
00:16:33,200 --> 00:16:36,000
Victoria discovered that 
marriage and motherhood didn't 

300
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:38,700
diminish her power, but rather 
gave her new dimensions of 

301
00:16:38,708 --> 00:16:41,700
understanding. 
She could be simultaneously, a 

302
00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:44,100
constitutional Monarch, managing
complex, political 

303
00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:46,900
relationships, and a wife, 
dealing with the ordinary 

304
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:50,300
frustrations of married life. 
She was learning that strength 

305
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:53,900
comes in various forms and that 
allowing herself to depend on 

306
00:16:53,900 --> 00:16:56,300
Albert actually made her a more 
effective Queen. 

307
00:16:57,100 --> 00:17:00,400
Albertsons on Victoria was 
profound but gradual. 

308
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:04,000
He softened some of her 
impulsiveness, encouraged her 

309
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:07,400
intellectual development and 
helped her understand monarchy 

310
00:17:07,400 --> 00:17:10,900
as a force for moral, and social
progress rather than simply 

311
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:13,900
political power. 
Under his guidance Victoria 

312
00:17:13,900 --> 00:17:17,200
became more thoughtful about her
role in British society, and 

313
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:20,200
more conscious of the symbolic, 
importance of Royal behavior, 

314
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:27,000
and Royal exam portal. 
On December 14th, 1861, Albert 

315
00:17:27,000 --> 00:17:31,100
died of typhoid fever, at 
Windsor Castle, and Victoria's 

316
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:33,200
World collapse. 
So, completely that she would 

317
00:17:33,200 --> 00:17:35,600
spend the rest of her life. 
Trying to put the pieces back 

318
00:17:35,600 --> 00:17:38,000
together, he was only 42 years 
old. 

319
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:40,500
They had been married for 21 
years. 

320
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:44,800
Victoria was 42 herself, still 
in what should have been the 

321
00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:48,700
prime of her life suddenly alone
in a way that felt absolutely 

322
00:17:48,700 --> 00:17:52,200
unbearable? 
The depth of Victoria's grief 

323
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:53,800
shocked, even those who knew 
her. 

324
00:17:53,800 --> 00:17:57,800
Well, this wasn't the dignified 
mourning expected of royalty. 

325
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:02,000
It was raw overwhelming 
Devastation that she made no 

326
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:05,400
attempt to hide or minimize she 
withdrew from public life, 

327
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,700
almost completely spending 
months and darkened rooms 

328
00:18:08,700 --> 00:18:10,800
wearing black that she would 
never stop wearing. 

329
00:18:10,800 --> 00:18:14,800
She kept Albert's rooms. 
Exactly as they had been with 

330
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:17,500
his clothes laid out daily and 
fresh water placed in his 

331
00:18:17,508 --> 00:18:19,500
bedroom, as if he might return 
at any moment. 

332
00:18:20,400 --> 00:18:23,100
You need to understand that 
Victoria's morning, wasn't 

333
00:18:23,100 --> 00:18:27,900
simply personal grief though. 
It was certainly that was the 

334
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:30,400
loss of the person who had 
helped her, understand her role,

335
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,900
who had been her intellectual 
companion and political adviser 

336
00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:37,800
and who would give him structure
and meaning to her Reign without

337
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:42,300
Albert Victoria bereaved. 
But fundamentally lost. 

338
00:18:42,300 --> 00:18:45,500
If the map she'd been following 
had suddenly disappeared. 

339
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:49,800
The British public initially 
responded to Victoria's loss 

340
00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:52,200
with genuine. 
Sympathy Albert had grown 

341
00:18:52,200 --> 00:18:55,600
popular during his lifetime and 
people understood that the queen

342
00:18:55,600 --> 00:18:59,900
had lost her husband. but as 
months stretched into years and 

343
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,900
Victoria remained in seclusion, 
Public patients began wearing 

344
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:07,700
thin people started questioning 
what they were paying taxes for 

345
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:10,800
if their Monarch refused to 
appear in public or fulfill 

346
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,500
ceremonial duties. 
This was a crucial moment in the

347
00:19:14,500 --> 00:19:16,600
Victorian. 
Monarchy though, Victoria 

348
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:20,800
herself, probably, didn't see it
that way through her grief, the 

349
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,000
British people were increasingly
Democratic in their 

350
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:25,900
expectations. 
They wanted a monarch who was 

351
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:29,800
visible who participated in 
National Life and who gave them 

352
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,700
something tangible in return. 
For the cost of maintaining 

353
00:19:32,700 --> 00:19:36,700
Royal households Victoria's 
prolonged withdrawal, created a 

354
00:19:36,708 --> 00:19:40,200
crisis of legitimacy that would 
take years to resolve. 

355
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:44,000
Albert's death also revealed 
something about Victorious 

356
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:47,200
character that had perhaps been 
obscured by their partnership. 

357
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:52,100
Her remarkable capacity for 
endurance fewer people might 

358
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:55,100
have abdicated or completely 
collapsed under such profound 

359
00:19:55,100 --> 00:20:00,200
loss Victoria grieved intensely,
but continued working continued 

360
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,400
managing government business and
continued being Queen. 

361
00:20:03,400 --> 00:20:06,600
Even when she fell incapable of 
being anything at all. 

362
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:10,000
That was resilient born, not of 
strength, but of Duty. 

363
00:20:10,000 --> 00:20:13,300
She kept going because stopping 
wasn't an option. 

364
00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:18,100
Gradually imperceptibly, 
Victoria began rebuilding 

365
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:20,200
herself around the absence of 
the center. 

366
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:23,300
She couldn't replace Albert, 
didn't want to, but she learned 

367
00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:26,700
to function without him. 
She relied increasingly on her 

368
00:20:26,700 --> 00:20:30,300
Scottish servant, John Brown, 
whose blunt Highland Manor and 

369
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:33,300
lack of courtly. 
Deference, provided a refreshing

370
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:36,400
contrast to the careful 
circumspection of most Royal 

371
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:38,400
attendance. 
Their friendship would 

372
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:42,600
scandalize polite society, and 
fuel rumors, that Victoria 

373
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:47,500
herself, found both amusing and 
irritating, Benjamin Disraeli 

374
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:49,600
who became prime minister in 
1868. 

375
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:53,700
Played a crucial role in drawing
Victoria back in to public life.

376
00:20:53,700 --> 00:20:56,800
He understood that. 
The queen responded to flattery 

377
00:20:56,800 --> 00:21:00,700
personal attention and appeals 
to her since of Duty where 

378
00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:03,200
others had tried to argue 
Victorious into resume, in her, 

379
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:07,500
responsibilities Disraeli, 
Charmed her into it writing her 

380
00:21:07,500 --> 00:21:11,400
flattering letters and treating 
State business as Secrets shared

381
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,400
between friends. 
It was manipulation certainly 

382
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,800
but manipulation in service of 
both Victoria's well-being and 

383
00:21:17,800 --> 00:21:21,400
the Monkees of survival. 
By the early 1870s. 

384
00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:26,000
Victoria was gradually returning
to public visibility though, she

385
00:21:26,000 --> 00:21:29,800
never fully resumed the active 
social life of her early Reign, 

386
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:34,000
she held courts and levees 
appeared at State occasions and 

387
00:21:34,000 --> 00:21:37,700
showed herself to her subjects 
with increasing frequency, but 

388
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,300
she also maintained boundaries. 
That would have been Unthinkable

389
00:21:40,300 --> 00:21:43,900
earlier in her Reign refusing to
participate in events. 

390
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:46,300
She found two demanding or 
emotionally difficult. 

391
00:21:47,600 --> 00:21:50,500
What emerged from this long 
period of grief was a different 

392
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:54,300
kind of monarchy and Britain had
known before Victoria. 

393
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,100
Had learned that she could be 
Queen without being constantly 

394
00:21:57,100 --> 00:21:59,700
visible. 
That her symbolic importance 

395
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:02,600
didn't require her physical 
Presence at every ceremonial 

396
00:22:02,600 --> 00:22:06,300
occasion, she was pioneering a 
more private model of monarchy 

397
00:22:06,300 --> 00:22:08,800
that would influence. 
How future British Royals 

398
00:22:08,800 --> 00:22:11,000
balanced public duty with 
personal life. 

399
00:22:11,900 --> 00:22:15,500
The experience of profound loss 
also gave Victoria a deeper 

400
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:17,100
empathy for her subjects 
suffering. 

401
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:21,500
When disaster struck mining 
accidents, Factory fires, 

402
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:25,900
shipwrecks Victoria's, message 
of condolence carried, genuine 

403
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:28,300
feeling born from her own 
experience of grief. 

404
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:32,800
She understood in a way she 
perhaps hadn't early the bean 

405
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:36,000
Queen meant bearing witness to 
both the joys and Sorrows of an 

406
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:39,700
entire nation. 
Victoria's Black mourning dress 

407
00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:44,000
became iconic transforming from 
a personal expression of loss 

408
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,400
into a symbol of Victorian, 
propriety and emotional depth. 

409
00:22:47,400 --> 00:22:51,600
She was demonstrating that grief
deserved, respect and time and 

410
00:22:51,600 --> 00:22:54,600
that rushing, through sorrow or 
hiding it away wasn't necessary 

411
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,100
or healthy. 
In an era that often demanded 

412
00:22:57,100 --> 00:23:00,600
emotional restraint Victorious, 
prolonged morning, gave 

413
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:02,100
permission for others to grieve 
openly. 

414
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:06,000
And honestly, while Victoria 
mourned and gradually returned 

415
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,900
to public life. 
The world that bore her name was

416
00:23:08,900 --> 00:23:12,200
transforming with a speed that 
would have seen miraculous to 

417
00:23:12,200 --> 00:23:15,500
early Generations. 
The Victorian era that period 

418
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:20,000
from 1837 to 1901 became 
synonymous with progress 

419
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,900
Innovation and the particular 
combination of moral earnestness

420
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:27,700
and material ambition that 
characterized 90th Century 

421
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:32,300
Britain, Let's start with the 
physical transformational of 

422
00:23:32,300 --> 00:23:35,800
daily life because this is where
Victorian Innovation becomes 

423
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:38,200
tangible. 
And real, The Gaslight that had 

424
00:23:38,200 --> 00:23:41,100
been a luxury in Victoria's 
youth became standard in middle 

425
00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:44,700
class, home by mid-century, 
Telegraph wires spread across 

426
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:48,400
continents allowing near, 
instantaneous communication over

427
00:23:48,400 --> 00:23:51,400
distance is that had previously 
required weeks of travel. 

428
00:23:52,300 --> 00:23:55,400
Photography, evolved from 
daguerreotype Curiosities to 

429
00:23:55,400 --> 00:23:57,800
commonplace documentation of 
ordinary life. 

430
00:23:57,800 --> 00:24:01,900
Each of these changes sounds 
modest in isolation, but 

431
00:24:01,900 --> 00:24:05,200
together they revolutionized how
people experience time, space 

432
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,700
and possibility. 
The great exhibition of 1851 

433
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:12,900
that triumphs that Albert had 
championed an organized 

434
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,600
captured. 
Victorian optimism with Zenith 

435
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,500
the Crystal Palace itself, a 
massive structure of iron and 

436
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:24,100
glass housing exhibits from 
around the world demonstrated 

437
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:28,300
both British engineering power 
and Industrial confidence over 6

438
00:24:28,300 --> 00:24:30,300
million. 
People visited during its months

439
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:34,600
of operation, including Victoria
herself who attended numerous 

440
00:24:34,600 --> 00:24:37,600
times and recorded her Wonder in
journals that bubble with 

441
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,000
exclamation marks. 
But the Victorian world was 

442
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,900
never as uniformly Progressive 
as its Champions claimed, but 

443
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:48,000
beneath the gleaming Innovations
and expanding Empire, a 

444
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:52,300
persistent poverty, exploitation
and inequality, that reformers 

445
00:24:52,300 --> 00:24:56,200
spent decades, trying to address
the same industrial system that 

446
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:59,600
created unprecedented. 
Well, also created a urban 

447
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:03,700
slums, where children died of 
preventable diseases and workers

448
00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:06,100
endured conditions. 
That would be illegal to today. 

449
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:09,300
Victorian Britain was 
simultaneously the workshop of 

450
00:25:09,308 --> 00:25:12,600
the world and a society where 
many workers could barely afford

451
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:16,100
to feed their families. 
Victorian social reformers 

452
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:19,000
attack these problems with 
characteristic energy and moral 

453
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,900
certainty, the factory acts 
gradually limited child labor 

454
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:26,700
and improved working conditions.
Public Health reforms brought 

455
00:25:26,700 --> 00:25:30,600
clean water and proper sewage 
systems to cities where cholera 

456
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:34,200
had been a regular visitor, 
compulsory education acts ensure

457
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:36,900
that children received at least 
basic schooling rather than 

458
00:25:36,900 --> 00:25:41,100
spending their entire childhoods
in factories or mines progress 

459
00:25:41,100 --> 00:25:44,500
was real but frustratingly. 
Slow and the Victorian 

460
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:48,200
compromise between capitalism 
and compassion never fully 

461
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:51,300
resolved its internal 
contradictions, the British 

462
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:55,300
Empires expanded dramatically 
during Victoria's reign reaching

463
00:25:55,300 --> 00:25:58,700
its greatest extent and 
transforming Britain into the 

464
00:25:58,700 --> 00:26:02,000
predominant Global power in 
India, became the Crown Jewel, 

465
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,900
after the 1857 rebellion led to 
direct British rule, and 

466
00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:08,900
Victoria would eventually take 
the title Empress of India in. 

467
00:26:08,900 --> 00:26:13,500
1876 Africa was carved up in the
Scramble for colonies that mixed

468
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,000
missionaries zeal. 
Commercial ambition and 

469
00:26:16,000 --> 00:26:19,800
strategic calculation in roughly
equal measure a familiar. 

470
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:22,800
Pink colored territories on 
world maps, expanded until 

471
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,400
Britain controlled roughly a 
quarter of the earth's land 

472
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,100
surface and population. 
Victoria's personal relationship

473
00:26:29,100 --> 00:26:32,300
with this Empire was complex and
somewhat contradictory. 

474
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:35,800
She took genuine interest in 
her, Colonial subjects 

475
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:39,600
corresponded with Indian 
servants and African Chiefs and 

476
00:26:39,600 --> 00:26:41,700
seemed to believe. 
Sincerely, in Britain, 

477
00:26:41,700 --> 00:26:44,900
civilizing, Mission. 
Yet she also supported policies.

478
00:26:44,900 --> 00:26:47,800
That enforced British dominance 
through military force and 

479
00:26:47,800 --> 00:26:51,100
economic exploitation like many 
victorians. 

480
00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:53,800
She combined humanitarian 
sentiment with Imperial 

481
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,300
assumptions, never quite 
recognizing the contradiction 

482
00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,800
between promoting Christian 
values and maintaining Colonial 

483
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:04,000
hierarchies. 
The Victorian approached to 

484
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:07,500
social issues combined, moral 
earnestness with practical 

485
00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:10,700
reform, in ways that feel both 
admirable and frustrating from 

486
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:14,300
our modern perspective, 
victorians believed intensely 

487
00:27:14,300 --> 00:27:17,200
and personal responsibility, 
self-improvement. 

488
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:21,300
And moral rectitude, which 
sometimes translated into 

489
00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,600
judgmental attitudes toward 
poverty and suffering, yet, they

490
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:29,100
also created institutions 
hospitals, orphanages schools, 

491
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:32,900
libraries that genuinely 
improved lives and expanded 

492
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:34,800
opportunities for millions of 
people. 

493
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:40,400
Victorian culture, celebrated 
domicity and family life with an

494
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,800
intensity that shaped 
expectations for Generations. 

495
00:27:43,800 --> 00:27:47,000
The ideal Victorian home became 
a sanctuary from the harsh 

496
00:27:47,000 --> 00:27:51,100
commercial world with the wife 
mother as its moral Center, and 

497
00:27:51,100 --> 00:27:54,900
the husband father has provider 
and protector, Victoria and 

498
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:56,900
Albert's own family, life became
the model for this. 

499
00:27:56,900 --> 00:28:00,600
Domestic ideal, their image 
reproduced in countless prints 

500
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,700
and photographs that brought 
Royal Domesticity into ordinary 

501
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,900
British homes. 
But this idealized Domesticity 

502
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:11,800
obscured complicated reality. 
Victorian families could be 

503
00:28:11,800 --> 00:28:14,800
sights of genuine warmth and 
affection, but also of 

504
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,200
patriarchal control and hidden 
disfunction. 

505
00:28:17,200 --> 00:28:21,000
The emphasis on propriety in 
respectability, sometimes meant 

506
00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:26,200
that problems domestic violence 
addiction mental illness were 

507
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:29,200
hidden rather than addressed. 
Victorian home was 

508
00:28:29,200 --> 00:28:32,200
simultaneously a real source of 
comfort and a performance of 

509
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,500
values that didn't always match 
lived experience. 

510
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:39,900
Victorian literature and art 
captured by both the confidence 

511
00:28:39,900 --> 00:28:42,100
and anxiety of this transforming
era. 

512
00:28:42,100 --> 00:28:46,800
Dickens exposed social injustice
while entertaining middle class 

513
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:50,100
readers. 
The Bronte sisters explored 

514
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,100
women's in their lives and 
passionate emotions beneath 

515
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:57,100
respectable surfaces. 
Tennyson's poetry combined 

516
00:28:57,100 --> 00:28:59,600
medieval romance with Victorian 
doubt. 

517
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,600
The pre-raphaelite painters 
rejected industrial ugliness in 

518
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:07,500
favor of medieval inspired 
beauty while inadvertently 

519
00:29:07,500 --> 00:29:10,000
creating some of the era's. 
Most iconic images. 

520
00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:14,800
Science and religion engaged in 
increasingly fraught dialogue. 

521
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:18,600
As discoveries challenged 
traditional beliefs. 

522
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:22,700
Darwin's theory of evolution, 
published in 1859 forced 

523
00:29:22,700 --> 00:29:26,300
victorians to reconsider 
Humanity's place in nature and 

524
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:30,400
relationship to the divine. 
Geological discoveries revealed 

525
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:32,600
an Earth, Fare older than 
biblical chronology. 

526
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,900
Suggested Victorious, herself 
remained, conventionally 

527
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:39,000
religious, but many of her 
subjects were wrestling with 

528
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,100
faith in ways that earlier 
Generations had not confronted. 

529
00:29:43,200 --> 00:29:46,100
As Victoria aged in her 70s and 
80s. 

530
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:49,800
She transformed from the Widow 
of Windsor, in to something, 

531
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,100
approaching a living Monument, 
the Jubilee celebrating her 

532
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:57,800
Reign, the golden jubilee in 
1887 marking, 50 years and the 

533
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:03,200
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 marking,
60 years became occasions for 

534
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,900
national celebration that 
transcended simple. 

535
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:09,700
Royal pageantry people who had 
never known any other monarchy 

536
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:12,900
line streets to Glimpse. 
This small Stout elderly woman 

537
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,400
who would somehow become 
synonymous with their entire era

538
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:21,000
The golden jubilee in 1887 
revealed the complexity of 

539
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,400
Victoria's relationship with her
subjects. 

540
00:30:23,400 --> 00:30:26,400
She was genuinely moved by the 
outpouring of affection 

541
00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:29,400
surprised that people still 
cared after her long years of 

542
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:33,000
semi seclusion, the procession 
through London streets, showed 

543
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,900
her an Empire at its height 
representatives from India 

544
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:41,000
Africa, the Caribbean and all 
the pink territories on the map 

545
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,800
Gathering to honor their Queen. 
Victoria recorded her emotions 

546
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:47,700
and journals that capture both 
pride in Britain's achievements 

547
00:30:47,700 --> 00:30:50,900
and a certain weary awareness 
that was passing. 

548
00:30:50,900 --> 00:30:54,500
She was part of History, rather 
than simply living it. 

549
00:30:55,600 --> 00:31:00,200
By this point, Victoria served 
as Queen for five decades longer

550
00:31:00,200 --> 00:31:03,300
than most of her subjects, 
entire life times she had 

551
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:05,800
outlived. 
Most of her contemporaries seen 

552
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:09,700
Technologies transformed from 
Curiosity to commonplace and 

553
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:12,800
witness, social changes that 
would have astonished her 18 

554
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,500
year old self. 
She was the last living link to 

555
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:17,600
a Britain that had been 
predominantly Rural 

556
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,800
pre-industrial and more socially
stratified than the rapidly 

557
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:24,500
modernizing country of the 1880s
and 1890s. 

558
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:30,100
Victoria's political influence 
in these later years operated 

559
00:31:30,100 --> 00:31:33,300
through personal relationships 
rather than constitutional 

560
00:31:33,300 --> 00:31:35,600
Authority. 
She had become an expert at 

561
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:37,900
managing Prime, Ministers 
through a combination of 

562
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:41,400
personal charm. 
Emotional appeal and occasional 

563
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:44,500
outright manipulation. 
She knew she couldn't directly 

564
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,900
control policy anymore. 
Constitutional monarchy had 

565
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:50,600
evolved beyond that. 
Which he could influence 

566
00:31:50,600 --> 00:31:53,400
suggest. 
And sometimes obstruct through 

567
00:31:53,400 --> 00:31:56,500
the careful application of Royal
prerogative and personal 

568
00:31:56,500 --> 00:32:00,100
persuasion, her relationships 
with her prime ministers, 

569
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:04,100
revealed different facets of her
character Gladstone, the great 

570
00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:07,900
liberal Statesman irritated her,
intensely with his Earnest 

571
00:32:07,900 --> 00:32:11,400
moralizing and tendency to treat
her like a public meeting rather

572
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:14,700
than a person Disraeli. 
Meanwhile, had discovered the 

573
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:19,000
key to managing Victoria treat 
her as a woman first and a queen

574
00:32:19,008 --> 00:32:23,400
second flatter her shamelessly 
and make governance seem like an

575
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,300
intimate collaboration. 
The contrast between these 

576
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:29,200
relationships showed how much 
Victoria valued personal 

577
00:32:29,200 --> 00:32:32,800
attention and emotional 
connection alongside political 

578
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:35,800
competence. 
The family Victoria and Albert 

579
00:32:35,800 --> 00:32:38,500
had created. 
Now sprawled across European 

580
00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,700
royalty, her children and 
grandchildren had married into 

581
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:45,200
virtually every Royal House on 
the continent earning Victoria 

582
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:47,400
the nickname grandmother of 
Europe. 

583
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,500
This dynastic Network gave her 
personal stakes in European 

584
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:54,600
politics and created Family 
connections. 

585
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:58,100
That would be tested tragically 
in the wars of the early 20th 

586
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:01,700
century when Victoria gathered 
her extended family for her 

587
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:04,800
Diamond Jubilee. 
The photographs captured a 

588
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,400
moment of European royalty that 
would never come again. 

589
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,100
Many of these relatives would be
fighting each other within two 

590
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:15,000
decades Victorious. 
Later Years also saw her 

591
00:33:15,008 --> 00:33:18,700
becoming increasingly concerned 
with her Legacy and how history 

592
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:21,100
would remember her. 
She commissioned official 

593
00:33:21,100 --> 00:33:24,300
biographies carefully, edited 
her journals for eventual, 

594
00:33:24,300 --> 00:33:27,800
publication and tried to shape 
The Narrative of her Reign. 

595
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:31,500
She wanted to be remembered, not
just as the queen who presided 

596
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:34,800
over British expansion, but as 
someone who had tried to rule, 

597
00:33:34,800 --> 00:33:37,000
conscientiously and care for her
subjects. 

598
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,300
Welfare, where the history would
Grant her this Legacy remained 

599
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:42,700
uncertain even as she worked to 
secure it. 

600
00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:48,400
The Diamond Jubilee in 1897 was 
even more spectacular than the 

601
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:51,900
golden jubilee. 
A global celebration of Empire 

602
00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,900
and monarchy that brought 
representatives from across the 

603
00:33:54,900 --> 00:33:57,300
world to honor the Aging, Queen 
Victoria. 

604
00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:00,600
Now unable to walk easily and 
suffering from various ailments 

605
00:34:00,600 --> 00:34:04,100
participated in the festivities 
with characteristic 

606
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:07,000
determination. 
She appeared in an open Carriage

607
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:09,500
like knowing cheering crowds 
with the Regal bearing. 

608
00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:12,100
She had cultivated over six 
Decades of practice. 

609
00:34:13,100 --> 00:34:15,100
But beneath the pageantry and 
celebration. 

610
00:34:15,100 --> 00:34:19,000
Careful, observers could see 
signs of an era ending the 

611
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:22,500
Victorian certainties faith in 
progress confidence. 

612
00:34:22,500 --> 00:34:26,800
In Empire, belief in British 
Supremacy were beginning to fray

613
00:34:26,800 --> 00:34:29,000
at the edges. 
The bore War at the end of the 

614
00:34:29,000 --> 00:34:31,800
1890s revealed, military 
weaknesses and moral 

615
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:34,699
complications that challenge 
assumptions about British 

616
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:38,600
righteousness, social movements 
were demanding changes women 

617
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,800
suffrage, workers rights, Irish 
home, rule that threatened 

618
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:46,100
established hierarchies, the 
world was shifting beneath 

619
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,000
Victorious. 
Feet, moving toward a 20th 

620
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:50,600
century. 
That would look very different 

621
00:34:50,600 --> 00:34:53,500
from the Victorian age. 
Victorious. 

622
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,600
Health declined gradually 
through the final years of the 

623
00:34:56,600 --> 00:34:59,800
1890s. 
She suffered from rheumatism, a 

624
00:34:59,800 --> 00:35:02,800
difficulty, with their eyesight 
and tired easily, but she 

625
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:05,700
continued working continued 
managing her household and 

626
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,900
following political developments
and continued being Queen, 

627
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:11,400
because that's what she had done
for most of her conscious life. 

628
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:15,400
The role had become so 
fundamental to her identity that

629
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:17,900
separating Victoria. 
The person from Victoria the 

630
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:19,600
queen was essentially 
impossible. 

631
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:25,700
Victoria died on January 22nd, 
1901 at Osborne house, 

632
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:27,700
surrounded by her children and 
grandchildren. 

633
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:32,600
She was 81 years old, and had 
been Queen for 63 years longer 

634
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:35,900
than any British monarch before 
her and longer than most would 

635
00:35:35,900 --> 00:35:38,900
have thought possible. 
When she ascended at 18, her 

636
00:35:38,900 --> 00:35:41,800
passing marked, the end not just
of a Reign but of the entire 

637
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,500
19th century as if history 
itself had been waiting for her 

638
00:35:45,500 --> 00:35:49,500
to finish before moving forward.
The funeral procession through 

639
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:51,900
London streets. 
Drew enormous crowds of people 

640
00:35:51,900 --> 00:35:55,700
who had never known any other 
monk Victoria had been Queen 

641
00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,500
when their grandparents were 
young and had been a constant 

642
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:01,300
presence through all the 
transformation of the Victorian 

643
00:36:01,300 --> 00:36:05,000
age, her death felt like the 
closing of an era and in many 

644
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,500
ways it was He had wardian 
period, that followed would have

645
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:12,600
a different character, a lighter
tone, and a sense of living in 

646
00:36:12,600 --> 00:36:15,600
the Calm before a storm that 
would arrive with World War one.

647
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,400
But what exactly was Victorious 
Legacy? 

648
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:22,400
This question has occupied 
historians ever since and the 

649
00:36:22,400 --> 00:36:24,900
answers are as complex as 
Victoria herself. 

650
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:27,600
She didn't create the Victorian 
age. 

651
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:31,900
It was named after her not by 
her, but she helped shape its 

652
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:34,700
character and came to embody its
values. 

653
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:38,500
Her influence, operated less 
through direct political action 

654
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:42,400
through moral example, and 
symbolic, representation of what

655
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:46,600
victorians believed about Duty, 
family, and National purpose. 

656
00:36:47,700 --> 00:36:50,300
Victoria's model of 
constitutional monarchy 

657
00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:53,900
influenced how future British 
Royals would understand their 

658
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:56,600
role. 
She demonstrated that monarchs 

659
00:36:56,600 --> 00:36:58,800
could remain politically 
relevant without directly 

660
00:36:58,800 --> 00:37:02,700
exercising political power. 
And that symbolic importance 

661
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:06,300
could be a significant as 
constitutional Authority, the 

662
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:08,400
modern British Monarchy with its
carefully. 

663
00:37:08,400 --> 00:37:12,100
Calibrated balance between 
tradition and adaptation public 

664
00:37:12,100 --> 00:37:14,700
visibility and private life 
owes. 

665
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:17,500
Much to patterns Victoria 
established during her long 

666
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:20,500
Reign. 
A commitment to duty even 

667
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:24,900
through profound personal loss. 
Set a standard the subsequent 

668
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:28,300
monox of tried to emulate. 
Victoria showed that royalty 

669
00:37:28,300 --> 00:37:31,800
meant service rather than simply
privilege that being Queen 

670
00:37:31,800 --> 00:37:35,700
required personal sacrifice, and
consistent, dedication to 

671
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:38,500
responsibilities. 
That couldn't be delegated or 

672
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:41,000
escaped. 
When Elizabeth the second would 

673
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:43,900
later speak about dedicating her
life to Royal Service. 

674
00:37:43,900 --> 00:37:47,400
She was echoing patterns. 
Victoria had established more 

675
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,800
than a century earlier. 
Victorian emphasis on 

676
00:37:50,808 --> 00:37:54,800
Domesticity and family values. 
Which Victorian Albert had 

677
00:37:54,800 --> 00:37:57,200
modeled. 
So publicly influenced British 

678
00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:00,800
Society for Generations, the 
ideal of the respectable 

679
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:05,000
middle-class family morally. 
Upright, hard-working devoted to

680
00:38:05,000 --> 00:38:08,200
self-improvement became a 
cultural Touchstone that 

681
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:12,000
persisted well, into the 20th 
century whether this influence 

682
00:38:12,000 --> 00:38:15,500
was entirely positive is 
debatable, but its reality is 

683
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:19,200
undeniable. 
Victoria's relationship with 

684
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:21,500
Empire remains. 
Perhaps the most complicated 

685
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:25,000
aspect of her Legacy. 
The British Empire reached its 

686
00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:28,900
greatest extent during her Reign
and she took the title, Empress 

687
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:32,800
of India appeared when European 
imperialism, was intensified 

688
00:38:32,800 --> 00:38:36,400
modern perspectives. 
Recognized, the exploitation and

689
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:40,000
violence inherent in Imperial 
expansion in ways that 

690
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,700
victorians generally didn't. 
Creating a legacy that can't be 

691
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:47,400
celebrated on critically 
Victoria's, genuine interest and

692
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:49,400
Colonial subjects, doesn't 
erase. 

693
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:52,700
The structural inequalities of 
the system she represented. 

694
00:38:53,800 --> 00:38:57,600
Victorian ages emphasis on 
progress and Improvement while 

695
00:38:57,600 --> 00:39:01,100
sometimes producing 
self-righteous hypocrisy, also 

696
00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:04,900
drove genuine reforms that 
expanded opportunities and 

697
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,500
improved lives. 
The factory acts Public, Health 

698
00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:11,100
reforms and education expansion.
These weren't simply top-down in

699
00:39:11,108 --> 00:39:14,000
positions, but reflected 
Victorian beliefs about social 

700
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,900
responsibility and the 
possibility of making things 

701
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:20,000
better Victorious. 
Support for these reforms. 

702
00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:24,200
However, inconsistent aligned 
monarchy with Progressive causes

703
00:39:24,200 --> 00:39:26,700
in ways that enhanced Royal 
legitimacy. 

704
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:31,500
Perhaps Victoria's, most 
enduring personal Legacy is 

705
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:34,300
simply how long and 
consistently, she performed the 

706
00:39:34,300 --> 00:39:38,800
role of Queen, 63 years of 
beautiful service created, a 

707
00:39:38,800 --> 00:39:40,600
sense of continuity and 
stability. 

708
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:44,200
That helped Britain navigate the
massive social and economic 

709
00:39:44,200 --> 00:39:46,100
transformations of the 19th 
century. 

710
00:39:46,100 --> 00:39:49,700
People might disagree about 
policies or disapprove of Royal 

711
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:52,600
Behavior, but they knew Victoria
would still be Queen to 

712
00:39:52,608 --> 00:39:54,900
tomorrow. 
Providing a fixed point in a 

713
00:39:54,908 --> 00:39:58,300
changing world. 
The Victorian world that carried

714
00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:02,300
her name with its particular 
combination of moral earnestness

715
00:40:02,300 --> 00:40:06,500
and material ambition, its faith
in progress and anxiety about 

716
00:40:06,500 --> 00:40:09,200
change. 
It's genuine humanitarian, 

717
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:14,000
impulses, and persistent social 
inequalities reflected broader 

718
00:40:14,000 --> 00:40:16,100
forces than any single person 
could create. 

719
00:40:16,100 --> 00:40:20,000
But Victorious, long presence 
helped to give this era a sense 

720
00:40:20,000 --> 00:40:23,500
of coherence and identity, that 
it might not, otherwise have 

721
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:27,000
possessed. 
In the end Victorious, Legacy is

722
00:40:27,000 --> 00:40:31,000
less about specific policies or 
political decisions than about 

723
00:40:31,000 --> 00:40:33,700
demonstrating. 
How monarchy could adapt to 

724
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,500
Modern conditions without losing
its Central character. 

725
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:40,500
She showed that royalty could be
simultaneously, ordinary and 

726
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:42,600
exceptional. 
The Queen's could be wives and 

727
00:40:42,600 --> 00:40:44,700
mothers without diminishing 
their Authority. 

728
00:40:44,700 --> 00:40:48,200
That monarchy could survive by 
evolving rather than by 

729
00:40:48,200 --> 00:40:52,000
insisting on unchanging 
tradition as you prepare for 

730
00:40:52,000 --> 00:40:54,800
sleep tonight. 
Perhaps the most valuable thing 

731
00:40:54,800 --> 00:40:58,100
to understand about Victoria's, 
how thoroughly human she 

732
00:40:58,100 --> 00:40:59,900
remained. 
Despite spending most of her 

733
00:40:59,900 --> 00:41:02,600
life in positions that 
discouraged normal human 

734
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:04,900
feelings. 
She was someone who laughed 

735
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:08,900
easily cried openly loved deeply
and grieved without reservation.

736
00:41:08,900 --> 00:41:12,600
The qualities that made her an 
effective Monarch, a sense of 

737
00:41:12,600 --> 00:41:15,500
Duty. 
Her emotional honesty, the 

738
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:18,800
capacity for both firmness and 
compassion weren't Royal 

739
00:41:18,800 --> 00:41:22,700
attributes but human ones just 
applied on a larger stage. 

740
00:41:23,700 --> 00:41:27,400
Victoria's journals, which he 
kept throughout her adult life. 

741
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,200
Reveal a woman of genuine 
feeling and complexity. 

742
00:41:30,200 --> 00:41:33,600
She could be Petty and 
vindictive generous and 

743
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:37,800
warm-hearted intellectually, 
curious, and Frustratingly 

744
00:41:37,800 --> 00:41:41,500
stubborn often all on the same 
day, she experienced. 

745
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:44,300
The ordinary struggles of 
marriage and parent Hood the 

746
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:48,400
universal Sorrows of loss and 
aging and the common human needs

747
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:50,500
for love purpose and 
recognition. 

748
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,700
The difference was that she 
experienced these things while 

749
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:57,400
being Queen, which complicated 
everything without changing the 

750
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:02,700
fundamental emotional truths. 
Think about young Victorious, 18

751
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:06,400
years old and suddenly Queen 
navigating responsibility. 

752
00:42:06,400 --> 00:42:09,300
She hadn't been prepared for 
with nothing but her own 

753
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:12,300
intelligence and determination 
to guide her think about 

754
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:16,500
Victoria in love discovering 
that being Queen, didn't protect

755
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:19,200
her from the vulnerability and 
joy of romantic attachment. 

756
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:24,300
Think about Victoria grieving 
demonstrating that profound 

757
00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:28,200
loss, doesn't respect, rank or 
position, think about elderly, 

758
00:42:28,200 --> 00:42:32,300
Victoria looking back on six 
Decades of service and wondering

759
00:42:32,300 --> 00:42:35,800
if she'd done enough made the 
right choices and fulfilled her 

760
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:39,000
purposes. 
What made Victoria remarkable 

761
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:42,300
wasn't that she transcended 
human limitations but that she 

762
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,400
worked within them while 
carrying responsibilities, that 

763
00:42:45,400 --> 00:42:48,500
would have overwhelmed, many 
people, she was often wrong. 

764
00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:51,700
Sometimes, Petty and 
occasionally, stubborn Beyond 

765
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,600
Reason. 
She held views on Empire and 

766
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:58,300
social hierarchy that we now 
recognize as profoundly flawed, 

767
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:02,000
but she also showed up did the 
work and kept going through 

768
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:05,100
personal tragedies that might 
have Justified giving up 

769
00:43:05,100 --> 00:43:08,400
entirely? 
The Victorian age ended 

770
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:12,100
officially with Victoria's death
in 1901 but its influence 

771
00:43:12,100 --> 00:43:15,700
continued shaping British 
society and culture for decades.

772
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:21,300
Afterward the values Victoria 
represented Duty family, moral 

773
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:25,400
earnestness in progress. 
Continued informing British 

774
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:29,400
identity even as the 20th 
century Challenge and sometimes 

775
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:31,700
overturn them. 
When people speak about 

776
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:35,200
Victorian values, there are 
often referring to historical 

777
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:39,300
reality then to an idealized 
image, that Victoria herself 

778
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:42,700
helped create through the 
example of her life and reign. 

779
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:47,700
Your own life probably contains 
more, Victorian influence, the 

780
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:50,600
new realized the expectation 
that work should be meaningful 

781
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,000
and contribute to something 
larger than yourself. 

782
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:57,000
That's partly Victoria and the 
ideal that family should provide

783
00:43:57,000 --> 00:43:58,900
emotional. 
Warmth alongside practical 

784
00:43:58,900 --> 00:44:04,000
support Victoria and Albert 
helped popularize that model The

785
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:06,100
belief that individuals can 
improve themselves through 

786
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:09,800
education, and effort 
thoroughly, Victorian even your 

787
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:13,700
assumptions about privacy 
Domesticity and the separation 

788
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:16,800
between public and private life 
owes, something to patterns 

789
00:44:16,800 --> 00:44:18,800
established during the 
Victorious era. 

790
00:44:19,800 --> 00:44:23,900
The photographs of Victoria that
survived, and she was one of the

791
00:44:23,900 --> 00:44:27,400
most photographed people of the 
19th century, show a 

792
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:29,000
progression. 
That captures both personal 

793
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:32,600
aging and historical change 
early photographs, show a young 

794
00:44:32,608 --> 00:44:36,000
woman with soft features and 
elaborate hairstyles, still 

795
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:38,200
recognizably the girl who became
Queen. 

796
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:42,200
Middle age, photographs capture 
someone more substantial 

797
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:46,600
confident in her position and 
comfortable with authority late,

798
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,100
photographs show an elderly 
woman in black Stern face and 

799
00:44:50,100 --> 00:44:52,500
dignified. 
Looking like everyone's 

800
00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:55,600
formidable, grandmother, who 
nonetheless might surprise you 

801
00:44:55,600 --> 00:44:57,700
with unexpected humor or 
tenderness. 

802
00:44:58,600 --> 00:45:00,500
But photographs can't capture 
everything. 

803
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:04,500
They don't show Victorious laugh
which contemporaries described 

804
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:09,000
as full and genuine, they don't 
reveal her speaking voice, which

805
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:12,000
was apparently Musical and 
pleasant, they don't capture her

806
00:45:12,000 --> 00:45:13,700
handwriting in journals and 
letters. 

807
00:45:13,700 --> 00:45:17,300
Where her personality comes 
through an exclamation marks 

808
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:21,500
underlined words and passages 
that radiates emotion. 

809
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:27,300
The Victorious photographs is 
frozen formal and preserved. the

810
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:31,300
real Victoria was animated by 
feelings thoughts and 

811
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:35,400
experiences that no image could 
fully contain Victoria's 

812
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:38,600
relationship with her own legacy
was complicated by her awareness

813
00:45:38,600 --> 00:45:41,600
that she was becoming a 
historical figure while still 

814
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:43,800
living. 
She knew that historians would 

815
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:46,800
analyze her Reign. 
That a journals would be read by

816
00:45:46,800 --> 00:45:49,700
people who never knew her and 
that her life would become 

817
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:51,700
material for interpretation and 
judgment. 

818
00:45:51,700 --> 00:45:54,600
This awareness made her 
self-conscious in ways that 

819
00:45:54,600 --> 00:45:57,800
early a monarchs hadn't, been 
trying to shape, how she would 

820
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:01,000
be remembered even as a 
servant's continue to unfold. 

821
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:05,600
Victorian era as combination of 
progress and limitation of 

822
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,100
expanding possibilities 
alongside persistent in a 

823
00:46:09,108 --> 00:46:13,300
quality's reflects tensions. 
That remain unresolved in modern

824
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:16,700
society, is he still wrestle 
with questions about how to 

825
00:46:16,700 --> 00:46:20,800
balance individual Freedom, with
social responsibility, how to 

826
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:24,700
pursue economic growth while 
protecting human welfare and how

827
00:46:24,700 --> 00:46:27,600
to honor traditional while 
embracing necessary change. 

828
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,700
These aren't unique way, 
Victorian dilemmas, but 

829
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:33,500
victorians confronted them with 
a directness and moral 

830
00:46:33,500 --> 00:46:36,600
seriousness, that makes their 
struggles feel relevant to 

831
00:46:36,600 --> 00:46:41,200
contemporary concerns. 
Victoria's influence on the 

832
00:46:41,200 --> 00:46:44,900
British Monarchy. 
Specifically created patterns 

833
00:46:44,900 --> 00:46:48,700
that persist today, the emphasis
on family values and moral 

834
00:46:48,700 --> 00:46:50,800
example. 
The careful balance between 

835
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:54,800
visibility and privacy and the 
sense that royalty represents 

836
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:57,200
National continuity and shared 
values. 

837
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,700
All of these reflect Victorian 
presents when modern Royals 

838
00:47:01,700 --> 00:47:05,600
engage in charitable work, 
support social causes or present

839
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:07,600
themselves as devoted family 
members. 

840
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:10,700
They're following a template 
that Victoria helped establish 

841
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:15,400
But perhaps, the most remarkable
thing about Victoria is simply 

842
00:47:15,400 --> 00:47:19,100
that she remained recognizably 
herself throughout her long 

843
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:22,200
Reign, she didn't become a 
different person when she became

844
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:25,100
Queen, and she didn't lose her 
essential character. 

845
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:27,700
Through six Decades, of 
performing, a role that might 

846
00:47:27,700 --> 00:47:31,500
have consumed a week of her. 
Now, to the woman who died at 81

847
00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:34,500
retained fundamental qualities 
of the girl who became Queen at 

848
00:47:34,500 --> 00:47:37,500
18. 
The emotional attempts to the 

849
00:47:37,500 --> 00:47:41,300
strong opinions, the capacity 
for deep feeling and the sense 

850
00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:43,700
of Duty combined with genuine 
Humanity. 

851
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,400
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight. 

852
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:52,000
Consider this Victoria lived 
through a period of change, more

853
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:54,800
profound than most humans 
experience in their lifetimes. 

854
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,800
She was born in a world of 
horse-drawn carriages, and 

855
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,300
Candlelight, and died. 
In a world of automobiles and 

856
00:48:01,300 --> 00:48:04,200
electric lights. 
She witnessed the transformation

857
00:48:04,200 --> 00:48:07,000
of Britain from an Agricultural 
Society to an industrial 

858
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:10,400
Powerhouse. 
Saw science challenge religious,

859
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:14,400
certainties and watched as 
Democratic movements reshaped, 

860
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,600
political expectations, through 
all these changes. 

861
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,300
She provided a sense of 
continuity and stability. 

862
00:48:20,300 --> 00:48:22,900
That helped people navigate 
uncertainty. 

863
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:26,500
The small bedroom at Osborne 
house were victorious. 

864
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:30,000
Spent her final hours has been 
preserved, much as it was. 

865
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,400
He can visit it today and see 
the simple iron bed where she 

866
00:48:33,408 --> 00:48:37,300
died the viewer crossed to the 
Isle of Wight that she loved and

867
00:48:37,300 --> 00:48:39,600
the domestic. 
Simplicity, she preferred in her

868
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,200
private spaces. 
It's a reminder that even 

869
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:46,600
Queen's die in ordinary rooms. 
The trapping of monarchy fall 

870
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:50,400
away at the end, leaving only 
the human person facing the 

871
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:53,100
universal Human Experience of 
mortality. 

872
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:58,500
Catorce children and 
grandchildren, gathered around 

873
00:48:58,500 --> 00:49:01,600
her deathbed. 
Creating a scene that mixed 

874
00:49:01,600 --> 00:49:05,500
Royal protocol with genuine 
family grief, her son, who would

875
00:49:05,500 --> 00:49:09,900
become Edward the seventh held 
one hand while her grandson the 

876
00:49:09,900 --> 00:49:13,500
future German Kaiser, Wilhelm 
the second supported, her other 

877
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:16,900
arm, it was a moment when the 
personal and the political the 

878
00:49:16,900 --> 00:49:19,700
maternal, and the monarchical, 
and the intimate, and the 

879
00:49:19,708 --> 00:49:23,300
historical all converged into a 
single experience that was 

880
00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:25,500
simultaneously, unique and 
Universal. 

881
00:49:28,000 --> 00:49:31,800
In her final months. 
Victoria reportedly said that 

882
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:34,700
she didn't want to die. 
She felt she still had work to 

883
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,800
do, responsibilities to fulfill 
and purposes to serve. 

884
00:49:37,800 --> 00:49:40,800
It's a sentiment that captures 
something essential about her 

885
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:43,200
character. 
The sense that life meant 

886
00:49:43,200 --> 00:49:46,900
service having privileges 
required giving something back. 

887
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:50,200
And that being Queen was 
ultimately about Duty, rather 

888
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:53,600
than power, whether you agree 
with her vision of monarchy or 

889
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:57,000
not, there's something admirable
about someone who remained 

890
00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,900
committed to their 
responsibilities, literally 

891
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:04,700
until their final breath. 
The world victoria left behind 

892
00:50:04,700 --> 00:50:09,000
in 1901 was vastly different 
from the one she'd inherited in 

893
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:11,200
1830. 
Certain Britain had become the 

894
00:50:11,200 --> 00:50:14,700
world's dominant industrial and 
Imperial power Science, and 

895
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:17,900
Technology are transformed daily
life in ways that would have 

896
00:50:17,900 --> 00:50:21,900
seen like magic to earlier 
Generations, social reforms and 

897
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:24,200
expanded rights and 
opportunities for millions of 

898
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:27,600
people, the Victorian age with 
all, its achievements and 

899
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:29,700
limitations its progress and 
problems. 

900
00:50:29,700 --> 00:50:33,500
It's genuine humanitarian, 
impulses, and persistent. 

901
00:50:33,500 --> 00:50:37,300
Injustice had reshaped. 
Not just Britain, but much of 

902
00:50:37,300 --> 00:50:40,200
the world. 
But Victoria's, most personal 

903
00:50:40,200 --> 00:50:43,900
Legacy might be the example, she
provided of resilient in the 

904
00:50:43,900 --> 00:50:47,600
face of loss, her determination 
to continue being Queen after 

905
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:51,800
Albert's death to find meaning 
and purpose despite overwhelming

906
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:55,600
grief and to serve others, even 
while mourning privately. 

907
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:58,900
This demonstration of human 
strength in the face of 

908
00:50:58,908 --> 00:51:02,500
Devastation has resonated with 
people for Generations. 

909
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:06,700
Victoria showed that you can be 
profoundly damaged by loss 

910
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:10,700
without being destroyed by it. 
The grief and Duty can co-exist 

911
00:51:10,700 --> 00:51:15,600
and that broken hearts, can 
continue beating As the last 

912
00:51:15,608 --> 00:51:18,600
words of this story settle 
around you like a soft blanket. 

913
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:22,500
Think about what Victoria's life
represents beyond the historical

914
00:51:22,500 --> 00:51:24,900
facts. 
And Royal pageantry here was 

915
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:27,300
someone who spent most of her 
life performing a role that 

916
00:51:27,300 --> 00:51:30,300
demanded constant public 
presence while trying to 

917
00:51:30,308 --> 00:51:32,400
maintain some private sense of 
self. 

918
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:36,300
She had to be simultaneously, a 
symbol and a person both 

919
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,100
ordinary and exceptional human 
and institutional. 

920
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:42,800
Victorious story. 
Reminds us that leadership 

921
00:51:42,800 --> 00:51:47,100
whether of Nations or simply of 
our own lives requires showing 

922
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:51,600
up consistently even when we 
don't feel capable continuing to

923
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,300
work. 
Even when motivation Fades and 

924
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:58,100
finding ways to serve purposes 
larger than ourselves, even as 

925
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:00,200
we attend to personal needs and 
desires. 

926
00:52:00,200 --> 00:52:03,800
These aren't uniquely Royal 
Challengers but Universal human 

927
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:05,800
once. 
Just played out on a 

928
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:10,300
particularly visible stage. 
The Victorian age that bore her 

929
00:52:10,300 --> 00:52:13,600
name was ultimately about people
trying to navigate rapid change,

930
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:17,200
while holding onto values. 
They believed important, that 

931
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,500
challenge hasn't disappeared. 
If anything it's more intense in

932
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:23,500
our contemporary world of even 
faster, technological and social

933
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:26,500
transformation. 
Victoria is example suggests 

934
00:52:26,500 --> 00:52:29,200
that maintaining core 
commitments while adapting to 

935
00:52:29,200 --> 00:52:33,400
new circumstances isn't a 
contradiction but a necessity 

936
00:52:33,400 --> 00:52:36,700
that change and continuity can 
co-exist. 

937
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:40,100
And that progress does not 
require abandoning everything 

938
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:43,400
that came before. 
When you wake tomorrow morning 

939
00:52:43,400 --> 00:52:47,000
and go about your daily life, 
you'll be participating in a 

940
00:52:47,000 --> 00:52:49,500
world that Victoria helped shape
the calendar. 

941
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,900
You check has remnants of 
Victorian, timekeeping reforms 

942
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:57,000
the institutions you interact 
with schools hospitals, 

943
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:01,000
libraries many were established 
or transformed during her era. 

944
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:05,800
The assumptions you carry about 
family work, privacy and public 

945
00:53:05,800 --> 00:53:09,600
life, all their traces of 
Victorian influence history. 

946
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:11,800
Isn't something that happened in
the past and ended. 

947
00:53:11,800 --> 00:53:15,000
It's a continuous stream that 
flows through the present, 

948
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:18,600
connecting us to people. 
We never knew, but whose choices

949
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:24,100
still affect our lives. 
Victorious would probably be 

950
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:28,400
both a maze and some what 
bewildered by the 21st century 

951
00:53:28,400 --> 00:53:31,000
world. 
The technology would astonish 

952
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:33,300
her. 
A social changes would challenge

953
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:36,500
many of her assumptions. 
And the transformed role of 

954
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:39,500
monarchy would likely confuse 
someone who understood Royal 

955
00:53:39,500 --> 00:53:42,800
Authority very differently, but 
she might also recognize 

956
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,700
continuity, people still fall in
love. 

957
00:53:45,700 --> 00:53:48,300
Still grieve losses. 
Still struggle, with balancing 

958
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:50,700
personal desires and public 
responsibilities. 

959
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:54,600
And still wonder if their lives 
matter and what they'll leave 

960
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:56,800
behind. 
Queen. 

961
00:53:57,300 --> 00:53:59,800
Who wants was a young girl 
waking up to learn. 

962
00:53:59,800 --> 00:54:03,300
She ruled an Empire who fell in 
love and raise children and 

963
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:05,000
grieved, unbearably and kept 
working. 

964
00:54:05,000 --> 00:54:08,500
Anyway, he grew old watching the
world, transformed around her. 

965
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:12,100
She's been gone for over a 
century now, but something of 

966
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:16,900
her persists, In institution, 
she influenced in patents, she 

967
00:54:16,900 --> 00:54:19,600
established. 
And in the example, she provided

968
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:22,700
of someone trying to live 
honorably within the constraints

969
00:54:22,700 --> 00:54:26,700
of their circumstances. 
Tonight as you settle into 

970
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:31,800
sleep, your participating in a 
ritual as old as Humanity, the 

971
00:54:31,800 --> 00:54:34,900
telling of stories about people,
who came before us, try to 

972
00:54:34,900 --> 00:54:38,000
understand what their lives mean
and what we can learn from them.

973
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:41,700
Victorious story is ultimately 
about an ordinary person giving 

974
00:54:41,700 --> 00:54:45,100
extraordinary responsibilities 
and finding within herself. 

975
00:54:45,100 --> 00:54:47,300
The resources to meet them in 
perfectly. 

976
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:51,600
But persistently, it's a story 
about love and loss Duty and 

977
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:55,000
resilience the weight of 
expectations and the relief of 

978
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:58,000
finally laying them down. 
Sleep. 

979
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:02,400
Well, knowing that the challenge
is Victoria faced how to Live 

980
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:05,600
authentically, While meeting 
others, expectations, how to 

981
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:09,400
maintain purpose through 
changing circumstances, how to 

982
00:55:09,408 --> 00:55:12,200
balance personal needs with 
public responsibilities? 

983
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:15,500
How to keep going when lost 
makes continuing seemed 

984
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,100
impossible. 
These challenges can connect you

985
00:55:18,100 --> 00:55:21,500
across the centuries, to a small
woman in black who was once 

986
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:25,500
queen of half the world and who 
despite everything remained 

987
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:29,900
fundamentally human and until 
the end, Of Victorian ages gone 

988
00:55:29,900 --> 00:55:33,600
but Victoria herself from 
remains present in memory in 

989
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:37,400
influence and in the example of 
a life lived with determination 

990
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:41,100
feeling and an unshakeable sense
that Duty matters. 

991
00:55:41,100 --> 00:55:45,000
Love matters and showing up 
every day even when it's hard 

992
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:48,100
matters. 
Most of all, rest easy, and may 

993
00:55:48,100 --> 00:55:59,800
your dreams be gentle. 
Trying to comprehend 65,000 

994
00:55:59,800 --> 00:56:03,000
years, that's roughly how long 
humans have called Australia 

995
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:05,800
home, which means indigenous 
Australians were already ancient

996
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:08,900
when the pyramids were built 
already had established cultures

997
00:56:08,900 --> 00:56:12,100
when Romans founded and had been
telling their stories for 10s of

998
00:56:12,108 --> 00:56:14,500
thousands of years, before 
anyone wrote down the Epic of 

999
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:17,600
Gilgamesh. 
The Journey Begins in what 

1000
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:20,700
indigenous Australians call. 
The Dreamtime though that 

1001
00:56:20,700 --> 00:56:22,800
English word doesn't quite 
capture the concept. 

1002
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:26,700
It's not really about dreams or 
sleeping but about a time when 

1003
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:30,100
the world was being formed, when
ancestral beings traveled across

1004
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:33,700
the land, creating everything 
you see today, these weren't 

1005
00:56:33,700 --> 00:56:36,200
Gods sitting on mountaintops, 
issuing commands. 

1006
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,200
They were more like the land 
itself becoming conscious 

1007
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:42,500
shaping itself into existence 
through story and song. 

1008
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:45,500
Picture the continent as it 
might have appeared to those 

1009
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:48,500
first arrivals a place. 
So different from today's 

1010
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:50,700
Australia that you'd barely 
recognize it. 

1011
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:55,300
The climate was wetter. 
Vast Lakes covered areas that 

1012
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:58,200
now desert and megafauna roamed 
the landscape. 

1013
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:00,800
Like something from a natural 
history museum, come to life. 

1014
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:04,100
There were giant. 
Wombats the size of small cars, 

1015
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:07,000
were Superior lions. 
That would make today's big 

1016
00:57:07,000 --> 00:57:09,200
cats. 
Look, modest and kangaroos that 

1017
00:57:09,200 --> 00:57:12,900
stood. 10 feet tall. 
Australia was essentially a 

1018
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:16,400
continent-sized Wildlife Park 
featuring animals that Evolution

1019
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,600
had been tinkering with in 
isolation for millions of years.

1020
00:57:21,100 --> 00:57:23,900
The people who arrived during 
this time, came by sea, which 

1021
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:26,300
tells you something remarkable 
about human ingenuity. 

1022
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:29,900
They couldn't have walked even 
during ice ages. 

1023
00:57:29,900 --> 00:57:32,700
When sea levels dropped 
dramatically, there was always 

1024
00:57:32,700 --> 00:57:34,200
water between Asia and 
Australia. 

1025
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:37,700
So these weren't accidental 
Castaways washed up on random 

1026
00:57:37,700 --> 00:57:40,100
Shores. 
They were deliberate voyages who

1027
00:57:40,100 --> 00:57:44,000
looked at the ocean and decided 
to see what lay Beyond it making

1028
00:57:44,000 --> 00:57:47,600
them possibly the world's first 
true Mariners, what they found 

1029
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,600
was a continent that required 
completely different survival 

1030
00:57:50,600 --> 00:57:54,500
strategies from anywhere. 
Humans had lived before The 

1031
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:56,900
seasonal patterns they'd known 
in Asia, didn't apply here. 

1032
00:57:56,900 --> 00:57:59,600
The plants and animals were 
unlike anything, they'd 

1033
00:57:59,600 --> 00:58:03,000
encountered, traditional hunting
techniques needed adaptation. 

1034
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:05,700
It was like being handed a 
cookbook written in an 

1035
00:58:05,700 --> 00:58:08,300
unfamiliar language for 
ingredients that didn't exist 

1036
00:58:08,300 --> 00:58:11,800
back home. 
But humans are remarkably good 

1037
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:14,500
at figuring things out. 
And these are early Australians 

1038
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:17,700
became experts at reading a 
landscape that seemed determined

1039
00:58:17,700 --> 00:58:20,900
to keep its secrets. 
They learned which plants were 

1040
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:23,500
edible, which could be made 
edible through careful 

1041
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:27,300
preparation and, which should 
never be touched they discovered

1042
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:31,000
that certain rocks when struck 
together produced better tools 

1043
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,100
than others. 
They figured out that fire use 

1044
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:36,400
strategically could transform 
the landscape into a more 

1045
00:58:36,408 --> 00:58:39,800
productive hunting ground. 
This last Innovation, the 

1046
00:58:39,800 --> 00:58:43,500
systematic use of fire to manage
the land was probably the most 

1047
00:58:43,500 --> 00:58:45,700
consequential decision in 
Australian history. 

1048
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:49,100
By burning specific areas of 
specific times. 

1049
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:52,800
Indigenous Australians created a
mosaic of different habitats 

1050
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:56,500
encouraging certain plants while
discouraging others, making it 

1051
00:58:56,500 --> 00:58:59,700
easier to hunt and essentially 
becoming the continents first 

1052
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:03,700
environmental managers, the 
Australia that Europeans would 

1053
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:06,300
eventually encounter wasn't 
pristine Wilderness, Untouched 

1054
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:09,100
by human hands. 
It was a carefully cultivated 

1055
00:59:09,100 --> 00:59:12,800
landscape shaped by thousands of
years of deliberate management. 

1056
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:16,500
The Dreamtime stories that 
emerge from this period, weren't

1057
00:59:16,500 --> 00:59:20,100
just entertainment or religious 
texts, they were encyclopedias 

1058
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:22,700
of practical, knowledge and 
coded in narrative form. 

1059
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:26,400
Story about an ancestral being 
traveling from water to hold 

1060
00:59:26,408 --> 00:59:28,200
water. 
Hall was a survival map. 

1061
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:31,600
Tale about animals behaving in 
certain ways contained 

1062
00:59:31,600 --> 00:59:34,900
observations about ecology and 
seasonal patterns. 

1063
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:38,800
These stories were technology 
passed down through generations 

1064
00:59:38,800 --> 00:59:41,300
with the kind of precision that 
modern people, reserved for 

1065
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:44,700
manufacturing specifications, 
different groups, developed 

1066
00:59:44,700 --> 00:59:47,600
different stories for different 
Landscapes, because Australia 

1067
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:51,100
isn't one environment. 
But doesn't The tropical North 

1068
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:53,000
had little in common with the 
temperate South. 

1069
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:56,400
The coastal regions bore, no, 
resemblance to the Arid 

1070
00:59:56,400 --> 00:59:58,800
interior. 
Each environment, required its 

1071
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:02,000
own body of knowledge. 
Its own set of stories, and its 

1072
01:00:02,000 --> 01:00:05,000
own understanding of how to live
sustainably in a specific place.

1073
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:08,700
By the time European ships 
appeared on the horizon 

1074
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:12,100
indigenous Australians had 
developed hundreds of distinct 

1075
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:15,600
cultures speaking. 
More than 250 languages from 

1076
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:19,700
multiple language families, 
imagine more linguistic 

1077
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:22,100
diversity in one continent than 
in all of Europe. 

1078
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:25,600
These were primitive tribes 
waiting for civilization to 

1079
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:27,300
arrive. 
They were sophisticated 

1080
01:00:27,300 --> 01:00:31,300
societies with complex, social 
structures, extensive trade 

1081
01:00:31,300 --> 01:00:34,200
networks, and bodies of 
knowledge that had been refined 

1082
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:36,900
over Millennia. 
Their population was probably 

1083
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:40,600
somewhere between 300,000 and a 
million people though estimates 

1084
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:43,900
vary because and here's an 
important Point, inous 

1085
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:45,900
Australians didn't live like 
Europeans. 

1086
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:49,300
They didn't build cities, 
construct, permanent monuments, 

1087
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:51,800
or practice agriculture. 
In ways Europeans would 

1088
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:55,600
recognize, this didn't mean they
were less Advanced, it meant 

1089
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:57,800
they developed a different kind 
of sophistication. 

1090
01:00:57,800 --> 01:01:01,200
One based on deep ecological 
knowledge and sustainable 

1091
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:03,900
resource use rather than 
environmental transformation. 

1092
01:01:05,400 --> 01:01:08,600
Chapter 2, the island continent 
in isolation. 

1093
01:01:11,600 --> 01:01:14,000
While the rest of the world was 
writing history, building 

1094
01:01:14,000 --> 01:01:17,100
Empires, and generally making a 
fuss about civilization. 

1095
01:01:17,900 --> 01:01:19,700
Australia. 
Remained largely separate from 

1096
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:23,000
these Global dramas. 
The continents isolation was so 

1097
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:26,000
complete that it developed like 
a parallel universe where 

1098
01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:29,300
Evolution took different paths 
and human societies followed 

1099
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:32,600
different trajectories this 
isolation produced some 

1100
01:01:32,608 --> 01:01:36,000
wonderfully strange results. 
Mammals in Australia decided 

1101
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:38,900
that the whole placental thing 
was overrated and stuck with the

1102
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:42,500
marsupial approach carrying 
babies in pouches and generally 

1103
01:01:42,500 --> 01:01:44,000
doing mammalian life 
differently. 

1104
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:47,600
Plants evolved in directions 
that baffled later buttons. 

1105
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:51,200
Entire ecosystems developed 
without any of the animals or 

1106
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:53,000
plants that dominated other 
continents. 

1107
01:01:54,100 --> 01:01:56,900
For indigenous Australians this 
isolation meant their cultures 

1108
01:01:56,900 --> 01:02:00,300
of old without the disruptions 
that characterized other parts 

1109
01:02:00,300 --> 01:02:02,600
of the world. 
There were no invasions from 

1110
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:06,300
distant Empires know wholesale, 
adoptions of foreign religions 

1111
01:02:06,300 --> 01:02:09,500
and no ways of migration 
bringing new technologies or 

1112
01:02:09,500 --> 01:02:14,000
diseases change happens. 
Slowly driven by internal 

1113
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:16,100
Dynamics rather than external 
pressures. 

1114
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,900
This doesn't mean indigenous 
Australian societies were static

1115
01:02:19,900 --> 01:02:21,700
or unchanging. 
That's a myth. 

1116
01:02:21,700 --> 01:02:24,100
That Europeans would later. 
Use to justify colonization 

1117
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:29,300
cultures evolved, new practices 
emerged trade routes shifted and

1118
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:30,800
knowledge, continued to 
accumulate. 

1119
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,600
But the pace of change was 
different and the direction was 

1120
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:37,500
oriented toward deepening, 
understanding of the land rather

1121
01:02:37,500 --> 01:02:41,000
than transforming it. 
The coastal Aboriginal groups 

1122
01:02:41,000 --> 01:02:44,700
developed sophisticated phishing
techniques including fish traps.

1123
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:48,200
That could be seen from space. 
Extensive Stone Arrangements 

1124
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,500
that channeled fish into 
catching areas, Inland groups 

1125
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:54,700
created wells in the desert 
maintained complex, Water 

1126
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:57,700
Management Systems a new how to 
find moisture in the most 

1127
01:02:57,700 --> 01:03:01,400
unlikely places. 
Northern groups traded with 

1128
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:04,700
Indonesian fishermen, who came 
seized to harvest, tropang, 

1129
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:08,300
creating economic relationships,
that predated European contact 

1130
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:12,100
by centuries. 
The seasonal round the cyclical 

1131
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:15,300
movement of groups through their
territories timed to coincide 

1132
01:03:15,300 --> 01:03:16,900
with the availability of 
different. 

1133
01:03:16,900 --> 01:03:19,800
Resources was a Marvel of 
logistical planning. 

1134
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:23,600
It required detailed knowledge 
of when specific plants would 

1135
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:27,400
fruit when certain animals would
be most available and how to 

1136
01:03:27,400 --> 01:03:30,000
arrange social Gathering. 
So that dispersed groups could 

1137
01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:33,500
come together for ceremonies 
marriages and the exchange of 

1138
01:03:33,500 --> 01:03:35,700
goods and knowledge. 
These gatherings were like 

1139
01:03:35,700 --> 01:03:38,100
conferences where the latest 
Innovations were shared 

1140
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:41,700
alliances were confirmed and 
young people learned from 

1141
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:43,600
Elders. 
Across multiple communities 

1142
01:03:43,600 --> 01:03:47,700
information, traveled Slowly by 
modern standards but reliably 

1143
01:03:47,700 --> 01:03:51,000
moving along trade routes that 
connected groups separated by 

1144
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:55,200
thousands of miles. 
The spiritual life of indigenous

1145
01:03:55,200 --> 01:03:58,600
Australians was Inseparable from
their practical life, the 

1146
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:00,100
Dreamtime wasn't ancient 
history. 

1147
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:03,500
It was an eternal present 
constantly renewed through 

1148
01:04:03,500 --> 01:04:07,600
ceremony and song. 
Initiation rituals were just 

1149
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:10,800
social markers, but educational 
intensives where young people 

1150
01:04:10,800 --> 01:04:12,800
learn the Deep knowledge of 
their culture. 

1151
01:04:13,700 --> 01:04:17,000
Sacred sites were merely 
symbolic, but were actual places

1152
01:04:17,000 --> 01:04:20,400
where specific events and 
creation occurred as reeled to 

1153
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,400
indigenous Australians as 
historical, battlefields are to 

1154
01:04:23,400 --> 01:04:26,400
Modern nation's art. 
Served multiple purposes, 

1155
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:30,300
aesthetic expression, certainly,
but also, as mnemonic devices, 

1156
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:33,200
territorial markers and records 
of knowledge. 

1157
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:36,900
Rock art sites across Australia 
contain images, tens of 

1158
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:40,200
thousands of years old, making 
them some of Humanity's oldest 

1159
01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:43,500
continuous artistic traditions. 
Some paintings have been 

1160
01:04:43,508 --> 01:04:46,300
maintained and renewed for so 
long that they represent 

1161
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:49,600
unbroken chains of cultural 
transmission stretching back 

1162
01:04:49,600 --> 01:04:51,200
into periods that European 
history. 

1163
01:04:51,200 --> 01:04:55,300
Considers prehistoric. the 
boomerang probably Australia's, 

1164
01:04:55,300 --> 01:04:58,500
most famous contribution to 
World technology existed in 

1165
01:04:58,500 --> 01:05:02,400
forms, ranging from simple, 
throwing sticks to precisely, 

1166
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:05,400
engineered returning boomerangs 
that required sophisticated 

1167
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:09,200
understanding of aerodynamics, 
Different designs, served 

1168
01:05:09,200 --> 01:05:12,100
different purposes and the 
knowledge of how to make him use

1169
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:15,700
them was specialized and valued 
language was treated with a 

1170
01:05:15,700 --> 01:05:18,700
reverence that modern societies 
reserved for sacred texts. 

1171
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,400
Some languages had special forms
used only for ceremonies. 

1172
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:26,300
Others, had secretaries known 
only to initiate, men or women. 

1173
01:05:27,200 --> 01:05:29,600
The Precision of indigenous 
languages in describing 

1174
01:05:29,600 --> 01:05:33,700
ecological relationships kinship
structures and temporal Concepts

1175
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,000
often exceeded what English 
could express. 

1176
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:39,900
Requiring borrowed terms when 
anthropologists tried to explain

1177
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:43,100
these Concepts to European 
audiences as the centuries 

1178
01:05:43,100 --> 01:05:45,700
rolled past. 
And remember we're talking about

1179
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:48,400
a time span, that makes the 
entire history of Western 

1180
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,500
Civilization. 
Look like a weekend indigenous 

1181
01:05:51,500 --> 01:05:54,400
Australian societies continued 
their steady existence. 

1182
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,800
They weathered climate changes 
that turned Lakes into deserts 

1183
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:01,300
adapted to shifting, resources 
and maintained cultural 

1184
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:04,600
continuity across time periods 
that saw Empires rise and fall 

1185
01:06:04,600 --> 01:06:10,300
in other parts of the world. 
Chapter 3 distant ship's and 

1186
01:06:10,308 --> 01:06:14,800
first encounters. 
By the 17th century. 

1187
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,700
European ships had begun 
appearing in Australian Waters, 

1188
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:20,300
like confused guests at a party.
They were invited to. 

1189
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:22,900
These were played Voyages of 
Discovery. 

1190
01:06:22,900 --> 01:06:26,100
So much as navigational 
accidents ships, Bound for the 

1191
01:06:26,108 --> 01:06:29,100
Dutch East Indies, that had 
miscalculated, Portuguese 

1192
01:06:29,100 --> 01:06:30,800
vessels that might have visited.
But left. 

1193
01:06:30,800 --> 01:06:33,400
No, clear records. 
And Chinese Traders whose 

1194
01:06:33,400 --> 01:06:36,100
presence is suggested by 
artifacts, but remains 

1195
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:38,900
historically ambiguous. 
The Dutch were the first 

1196
01:06:38,908 --> 01:06:41,700
Europeans to definitely make 
contact though. 

1197
01:06:41,700 --> 01:06:43,600
Contact might be too generous a 
word. 

1198
01:06:44,200 --> 01:06:46,600
Dutch Navigators, touched 
various points along the 

1199
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:50,400
Australian coast between 16.06 
and 1756. 

1200
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,300
Took one, look at the Arid 
Landscapes, they encountered. 

1201
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:56,300
And essentially decided the 
whole continent was not worth 

1202
01:06:56,300 --> 01:07:00,000
the effort. 
They named it New Holland with 

1203
01:07:00,000 --> 01:07:03,100
all the enthusiasm of someone 
naming, a particularly boring 

1204
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:06,500
committee noted, the presence of
indigenous people without much 

1205
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:10,000
interest and sailed away to find
places with more obvious 

1206
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:13,400
commercial potential, these 
early encounters were like, two 

1207
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:15,500
people trying to have a 
conversation without sharing a 

1208
01:07:15,500 --> 01:07:18,700
language context or basic 
understanding of what the other 

1209
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:21,200
one wanted. 
Dutch Sailors, saw empty land 

1210
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:22,800
without the markers of 
civilization. 

1211
01:07:22,800 --> 01:07:27,200
They recognized, no cities. 
No agriculture, no obvious. 

1212
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:31,600
Well, Indigenous Australians or 
strange visitors who clearly had

1213
01:07:31,600 --> 01:07:35,000
no idea how to survive in this 
country and would probably leave

1214
01:07:35,000 --> 01:07:37,800
soon. 
The most famous of these early 

1215
01:07:37,800 --> 01:07:41,600
visitors was William dampier. 
An English pirate Explorer and 

1216
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:46,600
cereal exaggerator who visited 
the northwest coast in 1,688. 

1217
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:51,500
And again, in 1,699. 
Dampier's descriptions of 

1218
01:07:51,500 --> 01:07:54,400
indigenous, Australians were 
spectacularly uncharitable 

1219
01:07:54,400 --> 01:07:56,700
calling them. 
The miserable people in the 

1220
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,900
world, this from a man whose 
career highlights included 

1221
01:07:59,900 --> 01:08:03,300
piracy and who survival skills. 
Apparently didn't include 

1222
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:06,500
figuring out how to thrive in a 
desert climate without thousands

1223
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:08,400
of years of accumulated, local 
knowledge. 

1224
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:13,100
But dampers accounts circulated 
in England and Europe, creating 

1225
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:14,800
Impressions that would influence
later. 

1226
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:18,300
Attitudes the irony is that the 
people dampier dismissed? 

1227
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:21,200
As miserable had been living 
successfully and one of Earth's 

1228
01:08:21,200 --> 01:08:24,200
harshest environments for 
Millennia while dampier needed. 

1229
01:08:24,200 --> 01:08:27,399
Elaborate ships supplies from 
Europe and navigational 

1230
01:08:27,399 --> 01:08:31,300
instruments, just to visit 
briefly then came James Cook in 

1231
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:35,100
1717 and suddenly the Europeans,
got serious about this land, 

1232
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:38,200
they've been ignoring Cook's 
Voyage along the east coast was 

1233
01:08:38,200 --> 01:08:40,899
different from earlier of visits
because it was systematic 

1234
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:44,100
scientific and accompanied by 
artists and naturalists who 

1235
01:08:44,100 --> 01:08:47,700
documented everything they saw. 
Joseph Banks. 

1236
01:08:47,700 --> 01:08:51,800
The Expeditions botanist was so 
excited by the new species. 

1237
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:54,800
He found that the Expeditions 
First Landing site was named 

1238
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:58,300
Botany Bay in honor of his 
enthusiasm Kooks and counters 

1239
01:08:58,300 --> 01:09:01,500
with indigenous Australians 
along the coast were mixed at 

1240
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:03,899
some places. 
Local people showed curiosity 

1241
01:09:03,899 --> 01:09:07,300
about the visitors at others. 
They made it clear, the stranger

1242
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,800
should leave There was a notable
incident at Botany Bay, where 

1243
01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:14,000
indigenous, men tried to drive 
the British away which was both 

1244
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:17,300
Brave and completely reasonable.
Given the armed foreigners had 

1245
01:09:17,300 --> 01:09:20,700
just shown up uninvited What 
cooking his crew didn't 

1246
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:23,200
understand was that they were 
meeting people with established 

1247
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:26,899
territories, complex societies 
and no particular interest in 

1248
01:09:26,899 --> 01:09:29,399
European trade goods or 
Christian salvation. 

1249
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:33,300
The indigenous Australians who 
watched Cooks ships sail passed 

1250
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:36,700
weren't, all struck by European 
technology. they were probably 

1251
01:09:36,700 --> 01:09:39,100
wondering what these people 
wanted and when they'd leave, 

1252
01:09:39,800 --> 01:09:42,300
Cook's journals described in 
indigenous Australians more 

1253
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,300
charitably than dampier had 
noting their apparent 

1254
01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:48,200
contentment and health. 
He observed that they seem to 

1255
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:51,200
want nothing that Europeans 
possessed which banks found 

1256
01:09:51,200 --> 01:09:53,700
remarkable. 
Here, were people who looked at 

1257
01:09:53,707 --> 01:09:57,600
European Goods, metal tools 
cloth, manufactured items, and 

1258
01:09:57,600 --> 01:10:00,600
basically Shrugged. 
This should have suggested that 

1259
01:10:00,600 --> 01:10:03,400
indigenous Australians had 
successful material cultures 

1260
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:05,800
that met their needs. 
But Europeans tended to 

1261
01:10:05,800 --> 01:10:08,700
interpret it as evidence of 
primitiveness rather than 

1262
01:10:08,700 --> 01:10:11,800
cultural difference. 
The really consequential part of

1263
01:10:11,808 --> 01:10:14,400
Cook's Voyage came when he 
sailed into possession Island 

1264
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:17,200
and one of History's more 
questionable legal Maneuvers 

1265
01:10:17,200 --> 01:10:20,400
claim, the entire eastern coast 
of Australia for Britain, under 

1266
01:10:20,400 --> 01:10:23,700
the doctrine of Terra nullius 
land, belonging to No One. 

1267
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,800
This was not since obviously the
land belonged to the hundreds of

1268
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:30,800
indigenous groups who had lived 
there for 65,000 years. 

1269
01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:34,800
But European law had developed, 
convenient fiction, that allowed

1270
01:10:34,800 --> 01:10:36,900
colonizers to ignore indigenous 
ownership. 

1271
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,700
And Terra nullius was one of the
most pernicious. 

1272
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:44,300
Chapter 4. 
The First Fleet and unwanted 

1273
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:48,300
begins. 
Britain's decision to colonize 

1274
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:50,700
Australia, had nothing to do 
with the continents potential 

1275
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:53,700
and everything to do with a 
criminally overcrowded prison 

1276
01:10:53,700 --> 01:10:56,100
system. 
After losing the American 

1277
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:58,300
Revolution. 
Britain suddenly lacked a 

1278
01:10:58,300 --> 01:11:00,800
convenient place to ship 
convicts an Australian 

1279
01:11:00,800 --> 01:11:03,400
colonization was essentially a 
massive exercise. 

1280
01:11:03,400 --> 01:11:09,500
In out of sight, out of mind, 
criminal justice policy, The 

1281
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:14,100
First Fleet 11 ships carrying 
about 1500 people including over

1282
01:11:14,100 --> 01:11:17,700
700 convicts, sailing to the 
other side of the world, to 

1283
01:11:17,700 --> 01:11:20,700
establish a colony in a place, 
in none of them had ever seen. 

1284
01:11:22,300 --> 01:11:25,700
The Voyage took eight months 
which gives you plenty of time 

1285
01:11:25,700 --> 01:11:27,200
to contemplate Your Life 
Choices. 

1286
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,600
These weren't hardened criminals
for the most part but people 

1287
01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:34,300
convicted of theft poaching and 
other crimes that were more 

1288
01:11:34,308 --> 01:11:38,100
about poverty than violence. 
When the First Fleet arrived at 

1289
01:11:38,108 --> 01:11:42,300
Botany Bay in January 1788 they 
discovered that cooks glowing 

1290
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:44,200
descriptions had been somewhat 
optimistic. 

1291
01:11:45,100 --> 01:11:48,600
The bay was shallow exposed to 
wind, and generally unsuitable 

1292
01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:51,400
for settlement. 
After a few days of looking 

1293
01:11:51,400 --> 01:11:54,100
around and probably 
reconsidering their entire plan,

1294
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:55,900
they moved North to Port 
Jackson. 

1295
01:11:55,900 --> 01:12:00,500
What would become Sydney Harbour
and on January 26th, Arthur 

1296
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:02,700
Philippa established, the first 
European settlement on 

1297
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:06,800
Australian soil. 
That date January 26th would 

1298
01:12:06,800 --> 01:12:10,200
eventually become Australia day 
though indigenous Australians 

1299
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:13,600
understandably view it as 
Invasion day, the beginning of 

1300
01:12:13,600 --> 01:12:16,900
dispossession disease and 
cultural destruction. 

1301
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:20,500
It's a date that carries very 
different meanings, depending on

1302
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:23,200
your perspective, which tells 
you something about how 

1303
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:27,400
complicated Australian history 
remains the early colony was a 

1304
01:12:27,400 --> 01:12:30,400
disaster waiting to happen. 
With the emphasis on disaster, 

1305
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:34,000
Britain had sent convicts and 
guards but not nearly enough 

1306
01:12:34,000 --> 01:12:38,000
Farmers supplies, or people who 
knew anything about agriculture.

1307
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:42,100
In Australian conditions, the 
first crops failed supplies ran.

1308
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,500
Low people went hungry. 
Colony survived. 

1309
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:47,900
Its first years through a 
combination of desperate 

1310
01:12:47,900 --> 01:12:51,700
improvisation limited trade, 
with indigenous groups and 

1311
01:12:51,700 --> 01:12:54,400
Supply ships from Britain that 
arrived with frustrating 

1312
01:12:54,400 --> 01:12:58,800
irregularity Indigenous people 
of the Sydney region, the Euro 

1313
01:12:58,800 --> 01:13:01,800
Nation, watched these newcomers 
with a mixture of curiosity, 

1314
01:13:01,800 --> 01:13:06,200
concern and growing alarm. 
At first, there have been hoped 

1315
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:08,900
that the British would leave 
once they realized how unsuited 

1316
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:12,300
they were to local conditions. 
but as the settlement persisted 

1317
01:13:12,300 --> 01:13:15,800
and expanded it became clear 
these visitors intended to stay 

1318
01:13:16,600 --> 01:13:19,100
The relationship between 
colonizers and Indigenous 

1319
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:20,800
Australians, deteriorated 
quickly. 

1320
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:24,900
The British saw empty land ready
for use in indigenous 

1321
01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:27,500
Australians saw their 
territories being occupied their

1322
01:13:27,500 --> 01:13:29,800
resources being depleted and 
their way of life being 

1323
01:13:29,800 --> 01:13:33,200
threatened. 
Spears met muskets, traditional 

1324
01:13:33,200 --> 01:13:35,200
hunting grounds became British 
Farms. 

1325
01:13:35,200 --> 01:13:37,700
Sacred sites were cleared for 
buildings. 

1326
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:42,300
Smallpox hit Sydney's indigenous
population, in 1789, killing 

1327
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:44,900
roughly, half. 
The Europa people, whether this 

1328
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:48,200
was deliberately introduced as 
some historians argue or 

1329
01:13:48,200 --> 01:13:51,300
accidentally transmitted remains
debated, either way. 

1330
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,700
The impact was catastrophic 
European diseases against which 

1331
01:13:54,700 --> 01:13:58,000
indigenous Australians had no 
immunity reproved more deadly 

1332
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:00,100
than European weapons over the 
following decades. 

1333
01:14:00,900 --> 01:14:04,500
Some indigenous people try to 
work with the colonizers been 

1334
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:07,400
along and you're a man learned 
English and tried to bridge the 

1335
01:14:07,400 --> 01:14:09,800
cultural divide. 
He traveled to England. 

1336
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:12,500
Met King, George. 
The third and returned to Sydney

1337
01:14:12,500 --> 01:14:15,700
wearing English clothes. 
But been along story, didn't 

1338
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:18,600
have a happy ending. 
He eventually became a strange 

1339
01:14:18,600 --> 01:14:22,300
from both cultures to change to 
fully return to his previous 

1340
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,400
life but never truly accepted by
British Society. 

1341
01:14:25,400 --> 01:14:29,500
The Colony slowly stabilized and
grew more convicts. 

1342
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:33,400
Arrived free settlers began 
coming lured by land grants. 

1343
01:14:34,300 --> 01:14:37,400
The British pushed further 
Inland and with each expansion 

1344
01:14:37,400 --> 01:14:40,400
indigenous Australians were 
pushed off their traditional 

1345
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:42,800
lands. 
Some times this happened through

1346
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:46,500
negotiation or coercion, it 
happened through violence, that 

1347
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:49,300
Colonial authorities, preferred 
not to document to carefully. 

1348
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:52,600
By the early 1800s, the pattern 
was set. 

1349
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:56,000
British settlements expanded 
along the coast in England. 

1350
01:14:56,000 --> 01:15:00,200
In indigenous resistance met 
military response, diseases. 

1351
01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:02,900
Spread through indigenous 
populations fast faster than the

1352
01:15:02,900 --> 01:15:06,300
settlements themselves expanded 
and Britain, began to realize 

1353
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,200
that this prison Colony might 
actually become something more 

1354
01:15:09,200 --> 01:15:12,300
substantial. 
A 5. 

1355
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:16,000
Wool gold, and the rush to claim
a continent. 

1356
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,100
The transformation of Australia 
from penal colony to economic 

1357
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,800
Powerhouse happened, faster than
anyone expected, and it had a 

1358
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:28,300
lot to do with sheep. 
Specifically Merino sheep, whose

1359
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:30,100
wall turned out to grow 
exceptionally well, in 

1360
01:15:30,100 --> 01:15:34,300
Australian conditions. 
By the 1820s will exports were 

1361
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:38,700
making certain colonists very 
well fee and suddenly Australia 

1362
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:41,500
looked less like a Dumping 
Ground for criminals and more 

1363
01:15:41,500 --> 01:15:44,700
like an opportunity for 
ambitious settlers The land 

1364
01:15:44,700 --> 01:15:48,000
grants that Britain offered free
settlers were generous to put it

1365
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:51,400
mildly, thousands of acres to 
anyone willing, to establish a 

1366
01:15:51,400 --> 01:15:55,000
farm, of course, these grants 
completely ignored that the 

1367
01:15:55,000 --> 01:15:57,400
land, belonged to indigenous 
groups who had managed it for 

1368
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,500
millennia. 
Colonial authorities operated 

1369
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:04,000
under the convenient fiction of 
terrorists, treating Australia 

1370
01:16:04,000 --> 01:16:08,100
as empty land free for the 
taking squatters settlers who 

1371
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:11,100
simply moved onto land without 
official permission pushed the 

1372
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:14,000
boundaries of settlement even 
faster than colonial governments

1373
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:18,000
could keep track of They'd find 
good grazing land established 

1374
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:20,500
sheep stations, and essentially,
dare the authorities to do 

1375
01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:23,500
anything about it. 
Most of the time, the government

1376
01:16:23,500 --> 01:16:26,400
of eventually recognized these 
illegal settlements because 

1377
01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:28,100
stopping them would have 
required resources. 

1378
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:30,800
The Colony didn't have for 
indigenous Australians. 

1379
01:16:30,800 --> 01:16:34,700
This expansion was catastrophic,
their traditional lands were 

1380
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:36,800
taken for sheep stations 
waterholes. 

1381
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:39,800
Were monopolized by pastoral 
stations hunting grounds were 

1382
01:16:39,808 --> 01:16:42,900
fence off. 
When indigenous people continue 

1383
01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:45,600
to use their traditional 
territories which they had every

1384
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:49,400
right to do, they were treated 
as thieves and trespasses on 

1385
01:16:49,400 --> 01:16:52,800
their own land. 
Frontier violence escalated into

1386
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:55,100
what historians? 
Now, recognizes guerrilla 

1387
01:16:55,100 --> 01:16:58,700
warfare, indigenous groups 
conducted raids on pastoral 

1388
01:16:58,700 --> 01:17:02,900
stations, taking sheep and 
supplies settlers responded with

1389
01:17:02,900 --> 01:17:06,900
punitive Expeditions that often 
turned into massacres Colonial 

1390
01:17:06,900 --> 01:17:08,600
authorities, mostly looked the 
other way. 

1391
01:17:08,600 --> 01:17:12,100
Most of this violence went 
unrecorded, making it difficult 

1392
01:17:12,100 --> 01:17:13,800
to know the full extent of the 
deaths. 

1393
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:17,800
Then came 1851 and everything 
accelerated. 

1394
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:22,200
Gold was discovered first in New
South Wales and in Victoria 

1395
01:17:22,200 --> 01:17:25,100
sparking, one of history is 
great gold rushes. 

1396
01:17:25,900 --> 01:17:28,800
Suddenly Australia was flooded 
with Prospectors from around the

1397
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:32,100
world. 
Chinese miners, American 49ers 

1398
01:17:32,100 --> 01:17:35,400
who missed California's Gold 
Rush British workers seeking 

1399
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:37,800
Fortune an adventurous from 
everywhere. 

1400
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,300
The gold rushes transformed. 
Australia's demographics and 

1401
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:45,100
economy overnight Melbourne. 
Grew From a small town to a 

1402
01:17:45,100 --> 01:17:46,600
substantial City within a few 
years. 

1403
01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:49,100
The population doubled in a 
decade. 

1404
01:17:49,100 --> 01:17:52,500
Wealth poured in from the 
goldfields funding construction,

1405
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:55,300
Commerce, and the beginnings of 
an Australian identity. 

1406
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:58,100
That was less about being 
British and more about being 

1407
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,000
Australian. 
The gold Fields were remarkably 

1408
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:03,900
Democratic compared to most of 
19th century Society. 

1409
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:07,900
Anyone could try their luck 
convicts who'd served their time

1410
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:10,500
free. 
Settlers indigenous Australians 

1411
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:14,800
Chinese immigrants and people 
from every social class, your 

1412
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:17,600
success depended on luck and 
determination rather than birth 

1413
01:18:17,600 --> 01:18:20,000
or connection. 
This created a rough 

1414
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:22,500
egalitarianism that would 
influence Australian culture for

1415
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:25,100
Generations. 
Of course, this democracy had 

1416
01:18:25,100 --> 01:18:29,200
limits Chinese miners faced 
particular discrimination blamed

1417
01:18:29,200 --> 01:18:31,300
for everything from taking gold 
that should have gone to 

1418
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:33,300
Europeans to undermining wage 
standards. 

1419
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:36,700
Taxes and restrictions 
specifically targeted Chinese 

1420
01:18:36,700 --> 01:18:39,700
miners revealing. 
That Australian egalitarianism 

1421
01:18:39,700 --> 01:18:43,100
extended. 
Mainly to Europeans, indigenous 

1422
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:45,800
Australians were largely 
excluded from the goldfields 

1423
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:48,800
pushed aside by The Rush of 
Prospectors flooding across 

1424
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:51,800
their territories. 
The Eureka Stockade incident in 

1425
01:18:51,800 --> 01:18:54,900
1854, became one of the founding
myths of Australian democracy, 

1426
01:18:54,900 --> 01:18:58,900
minors in Ballarat, frustrated 
by expensive, licensees and 

1427
01:18:58,900 --> 01:19:02,000
government corruption, built a 
stockade and raise a flag 

1428
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:06,200
soldiers, attacked killing about
30 miners in a brief violent 

1429
01:19:06,200 --> 01:19:09,300
confrontation. 
The Rebellion failed militarily 

1430
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:12,400
but succeeded politically it led
to reforms that made the 

1431
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:15,600
colonies more democratic and 
became a symbol of Australian 

1432
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:20,300
Independence and workers rights.
By the 1860s Australia had been 

1433
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:23,900
transformed from a collection of
prison colonies to a prosperous 

1434
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:28,000
growing Society. 
The convict era was ending the 

1435
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,900
last convict ship arrived in 
Western Australia, in 1868, free

1436
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:33,600
immigration. 
Now, dwarfed forced 

1437
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:36,700
Transportation cities were 
growing industries were 

1438
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:39,700
developing and the colonies were
gaining increasing autonomy. 

1439
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:43,400
From British rule, But this 
Prosperity came at a cost that 

1440
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:47,200
wasn't equally distributed while
European settlers celebrated 

1441
01:19:47,200 --> 01:19:50,200
growth and opportunity 
indigenous Australians face 

1442
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,400
continuing dispossession, 
violence and population 

1443
01:19:53,400 --> 01:19:55,800
collapse. 
Their numbers are decreased 

1444
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:57,400
dramatically from pre-contact 
levels. 

1445
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:01,300
Ravaged by disease violence and 
the destruction of traditional 

1446
01:20:01,300 --> 01:20:06,700
ways of life. 
Chapter 6, making a nation from 

1447
01:20:06,700 --> 01:20:11,800
six arguments. 
By the 1890s, Australia 

1448
01:20:11,800 --> 01:20:14,700
consisted of six separate 
colonies, New South Wales, 

1449
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:18,300
Victoria Queensland, South 
Australia, Western Australia and

1450
01:20:18,300 --> 01:20:22,800
Tasmania each with its own 
government laws and tendency to 

1451
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:25,200
view the others as rivals or 
inconvenience is. 

1452
01:20:26,300 --> 01:20:28,900
Getting them to agree to form a 
single nation, was like, trying 

1453
01:20:28,900 --> 01:20:32,000
to organize, a family reunion 
where everyone thinks they 

1454
01:20:32,000 --> 01:20:34,600
should be in. 
Charge, the push for Federation 

1455
01:20:34,600 --> 01:20:37,700
came from a mixture of practical
needs and National sentiment. 

1456
01:20:38,500 --> 01:20:40,500
The colony is needed to 
coordinate defense. 

1457
01:20:40,500 --> 01:20:44,600
There were periodic scares about
foreign powers especially Russia

1458
01:20:44,600 --> 01:20:48,300
and later, Germany threatening 
Australian Waters, they needed 

1459
01:20:48,300 --> 01:20:51,300
to standardize Railway gauges, 
which were embarrassingly 

1460
01:20:51,300 --> 01:20:52,900
different across Colonial 
borders. 

1461
01:20:52,900 --> 01:20:56,300
Meaning Goods had to be unloaded
and reloaded when Crossing from 

1462
01:20:56,300 --> 01:20:59,200
one colony to another. 
And there was a growing sense 

1463
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:01,800
that Australians shared enough 
in common to deserve their own 

1464
01:21:01,800 --> 01:21:05,100
Nation rather than remaining a 
collection of British colonies. 

1465
01:21:05,800 --> 01:21:07,700
The process of creating this 
nation involved. 

1466
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:12,200
A lot of arguing constitutional 
conventions, met debated, add 

1467
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:15,400
and met again. 
Representatives from each colony

1468
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:18,300
lobbied for their interests. 
Small colonies. 

1469
01:21:18,300 --> 01:21:21,800
Worry about being dominated by 
large ones, large colonies, 

1470
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:24,700
resented, giving small colonies 
equal representation. 

1471
01:21:25,400 --> 01:21:28,400
Everyone had opinions about 
everything and getting six 

1472
01:21:28,400 --> 01:21:30,600
colonies to agree on 
constitutional language. 

1473
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:32,600
Proved only slightly easier than
actual nation. 

1474
01:21:32,600 --> 01:21:36,000
Building usually is One of the 
key compromises involved 

1475
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:39,200
creating a federal capital in 
New South Wales to appease the 

1476
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:42,500
most populous Colony. 
But located at least 100 miles 

1477
01:21:42,500 --> 01:21:46,300
from Sydney to appease Victoria 
which thoughts Sydney had too 

1478
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:49,400
much influence already. 
This eventually led to Canberra 

1479
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:52,400
a purpose-built capital that 
would become famous for its 

1480
01:21:52,400 --> 01:21:56,000
planned layout, bureaucratic 
atmosphere, and ability to make 

1481
01:21:56,000 --> 01:21:58,600
visitors wander why anyone 
thought building City from 

1482
01:21:58,600 --> 01:22:02,000
scratch and sheep grazing, 
country was a good idea. the 

1483
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:05,500
Constitution that emerged in 
1901 created a federal system 

1484
01:22:05,500 --> 01:22:08,400
that borrowed heavily from both 
Britain and the United States, 

1485
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:11,800
there will be a parliament with 
two houses, a House of 

1486
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:14,900
Representatives based on 
population and a senate giving 

1487
01:22:14,900 --> 01:22:19,000
equal representation to each 
state executive power would rest

1488
01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:21,600
with a prime minister and 
cabinet responsible to 

1489
01:22:21,600 --> 01:22:24,600
Parliament, And the British 
monarch would remain head of 

1490
01:22:24,608 --> 01:22:27,800
state represented by a 
governor-general because cutting

1491
01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:31,100
ties completely with Britain 
seemed too radical for 1901. 

1492
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:33,600
What the Constitution didn't 
address? 

1493
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:37,100
At least not positively was 
indigenous Australians. 

1494
01:22:37,900 --> 01:22:42,900
Section 127 specifically 
excluded Aboriginal natives from

1495
01:22:42,900 --> 01:22:44,600
being counted in the National 
census. 

1496
01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:48,800
Sectional 51 gave the federal 
government power to make laws of

1497
01:22:48,800 --> 01:22:51,800
about all people except the 
Aboriginal race. 

1498
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:55,000
This exclusion was not 
accidental oversight, but 

1499
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:58,300
deliberate policy reflecting, 
prevailing beliefs, that 

1500
01:22:58,300 --> 01:23:00,400
indigenous Australians were a 
dying race. 

1501
01:23:00,400 --> 01:23:04,600
That would soon vanish entirely 
solving what colonizes viewed as

1502
01:23:04,600 --> 01:23:08,000
the Aboriginal problem. 
The other notable exclusion 

1503
01:23:08,000 --> 01:23:09,700
involved. 
What would become known as the 

1504
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:13,800
white Australia policy? 
The immigration restriction Act 

1505
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:18,400
of 1901 was designed to keep 
non-europeans the Chinese and 

1506
01:23:18,400 --> 01:23:20,900
Pacific Islander people from 
immigrating to Australia. 

1507
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:24,900
It used dictation tests, that 
could be administered in any 

1508
01:23:24,900 --> 01:23:27,800
European language to exclude 
unwanted immigrants. 

1509
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:31,600
A system so transparently 
discriminatory that it became a 

1510
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:34,100
model for racist, immigration 
policies, elsewhere. 

1511
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:39,300
Federation Day, January 1st, 
1901 from celebrated with 

1512
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:42,800
enthusiasm by most white 
Australians there were parades 

1513
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:45,300
speeches and general 
celebrations of the new 

1514
01:23:45,300 --> 01:23:48,700
Commonwealth of Australia. 
For indigenous Australians, it 

1515
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:50,800
was just another day in an 
ongoing dispossession. 

1516
01:23:50,800 --> 01:23:54,100
Now to be conducted by a federal
government in state of colonial 

1517
01:23:54,100 --> 01:24:00,500
once Chapter 7, Wars, depression
and defining Australian 

1518
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:05,200
identity. 
The new Australian Nation barely

1519
01:24:05,200 --> 01:24:07,800
had time to settle into 
existence before World War one 

1520
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:12,200
came along and like a demanding 
relative insisted Australia 

1521
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:14,300
prove its maturity through 
military service. 

1522
01:24:15,700 --> 01:24:18,800
When Britain declared war in 
1914, Australia was 

1523
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:21,400
automatically at War 2. 
That's how the British 

1524
01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:24,300
Commonwealth worked and 
Australians volunteered in 

1525
01:24:24,300 --> 01:24:27,700
extraordinary numbers. 
The Australian and New Zealand. 

1526
01:24:27,708 --> 01:24:31,700
Army Corps, the anzacs landed at
Gallipoli and turkey in April 

1527
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:34,300
1915. 
As part of a british-led 

1528
01:24:34,300 --> 01:24:36,900
campaign, That was supposed to 
knock the Ottoman Empire out of 

1529
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:38,900
the war. 
Instead, it turned into an 

1530
01:24:38,900 --> 01:24:42,400
eight-month military disaster. 
Where Allied Forces were pinned 

1531
01:24:42,400 --> 01:24:45,400
on beaches and cliffs taking 
heavy casualties for no 

1532
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:49,000
strategic gain. 
The campaign failed completely 

1533
01:24:49,000 --> 01:24:51,900
but something interesting 
happened in that failure 

1534
01:24:51,900 --> 01:24:54,100
Australians developed a national
mythology. 

1535
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:58,400
Anzac Day, able 25 became 
Australia's most important 

1536
01:24:58,400 --> 01:25:02,300
National commemoration, not 
celebrating Victory but honoring

1537
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:06,400
sacrifice makeshift and the 
Anzac Spirit of endurance under 

1538
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:09,000
impossible conditions. 
There's something distinctly 

1539
01:25:09,000 --> 01:25:11,700
Australian about choosing a 
military defeat as your defining

1540
01:25:11,700 --> 01:25:14,600
national moment. 
Suggesting that how you handle 

1541
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:16,300
adversity matters more than 
winning. 

1542
01:25:17,300 --> 01:25:20,800
Over 60,000 Australian soldiers 
died in World War 1. 

1543
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:24,200
Staggering number for a nation 
of fewer than five million 

1544
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:27,700
people hardly a town or supper 
was not touched by grief. 

1545
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:32,200
War memorials went up in every 
Community listing names that 

1546
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,300
often represented significant 
percentages of local young men. 

1547
01:25:36,300 --> 01:25:39,100
The war changed Australia from a
collection of former colonies 

1548
01:25:39,100 --> 01:25:42,300
into a nation that had proven 
itself on the world stage 

1549
01:25:42,300 --> 01:25:45,400
though, the price of that proof 
was heartbreakingly high. 

1550
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:49,300
The 1920s brought recovery and 
prosperity briefly. 

1551
01:25:50,100 --> 01:25:52,700
Australia's economy, grew cities
expanded. 

1552
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:57,900
And there was a sense that the 
worst was behind Then came 1929 

1553
01:25:57,900 --> 01:26:01,200
and the Great Depression it in 
Australia, particularly hard? 

1554
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:04,000
Because the economy depended 
heavily on exports of wool and 

1555
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:08,700
wheat both of which collapsed in
value unemployment reached 30% 

1556
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:12,400
people, queued for government 
relief that barely kept families

1557
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:16,700
fed Shanty towns Grande City. 
Outskirts the Great Depression 

1558
01:26:16,700 --> 01:26:20,000
tested Australian institutions, 
and social cohesion, in ways 

1559
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:23,500
that would influence politics 
for Generations labor unions 

1560
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:25,900
gained strength. 
Pushing for better conditions 

1561
01:26:25,900 --> 01:26:29,500
and greater economic equality 
Conservative forces worried 

1562
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:33,200
about radicalism and communism. 
Political tensions, ran high 

1563
01:26:33,200 --> 01:26:35,200
occasionally, spilling into 
violence. 

1564
01:26:36,800 --> 01:26:38,400
Australia. 
Whether the depression without 

1565
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:41,100
Revolution or dictatorship, 
which was something of an 

1566
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:43,300
achievement given what was 
happening in other parts of the 

1567
01:26:43,300 --> 01:26:46,800
world but the experience left 
lasting marks on Australian 

1568
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:50,100
Society, World War Two came 
along, just as Australia was 

1569
01:26:50,100 --> 01:26:53,200
recovering from the depression. 
And this time, the threat was 

1570
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:55,900
existential. 
When Japan entered the war 

1571
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:59,200
Australia, suddenly faced 
Invasion by a military power 

1572
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:01,400
that was advancing rapidly 
through South East Asia. 

1573
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:06,000
The fall of Singapore in 1942 
where British Promises of 

1574
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:09,000
Defense collapsed and thousands 
of Australian soldiers were 

1575
01:27:09,000 --> 01:27:12,600
captured marked a turning point 
in Australian strategic thinking

1576
01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:15,900
prime minister John, Curtin made
a famous declaration. 

1577
01:27:15,900 --> 01:27:19,100
That Australia would look to 
America rather than Britain for 

1578
01:27:19,108 --> 01:27:22,300
security explicitly 
acknowledging that Britain could

1579
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:24,300
no longer protect his distant 
Dominion. 

1580
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:27,800
American General, Douglas 
MacArthur made Australia, his 

1581
01:27:27,800 --> 01:27:31,400
headquarters for the Pacific 
War, American servicemen flooded

1582
01:27:31,400 --> 01:27:34,400
into Australian cities. 
The battle of the Coral, Sea 

1583
01:27:34,400 --> 01:27:36,200
stopped. 
Japanese Naval forces heading 

1584
01:27:36,200 --> 01:27:39,900
toward Australia, The first time
Australians face war in their 

1585
01:27:39,900 --> 01:27:43,300
own region rather than fighting 
in distant European or middle 

1586
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:46,700
eastern campaigns. 
The war accelerated Australia's 

1587
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:49,800
transformation from British 
colony to independent nation. 

1588
01:27:50,800 --> 01:27:54,400
After 1945 there was no going 
back to assuming Britain would 

1589
01:27:54,400 --> 01:27:55,900
handle defense and foreign 
policy. 

1590
01:27:56,800 --> 01:27:59,500
Australian needed to develop its
own International relationships.

1591
01:27:59,500 --> 01:28:02,700
Strengthen its military and 
think about its place in the 

1592
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:06,200
asia-pacific region rather than 
imagining itself as a distant 

1593
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:10,600
Outpost of Europe. 
Chapter 8 post-war 

1594
01:28:10,600 --> 01:28:12,200
transformation and cultural 
Awakening. 

1595
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,900
The decades after World War Two 
saw Australia, transform more 

1596
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:19,600
rapidly than in all its previous
history. 

1597
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:22,800
The government launched a 
massive immigration program 

1598
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:25,000
under the slogan, populate or 
perish. 

1599
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:28,300
Bringing over 2 million 
immigrants between 1945 and 

1600
01:28:28,300 --> 01:28:33,800
1947. 1965 The initial Focus was
on British immigrants but as 

1601
01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:37,500
numbers fell short Australia, 
expanded to accept displaced 

1602
01:28:37,500 --> 01:28:41,200
persons from Europe. 
Polls ukrainians yugoslavs 

1603
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:44,800
Greeks and Italians. 
This immigration challenged the 

1604
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:47,200
white Australia policies 
assumptions without directly 

1605
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:49,800
confronting them. 
The Government tried to maintain

1606
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:52,100
the policy while accepting 
Southern Europeans. 

1607
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:55,100
Who earlier Generations might 
not have considered properly, 

1608
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:57,700
white, Italian and Greek 
immigrants. 

1609
01:28:57,700 --> 01:29:01,400
Faced discrimination were called
derogatory name and struggled 

1610
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,800
for acceptance, but their 
presence began diversifying what

1611
01:29:04,800 --> 01:29:07,600
it meant to be Australian. 
These immigrants, changed 

1612
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:10,900
Australian food, culture, and 
cities suburbs. 

1613
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:14,100
That had been relentlessly, 
British became multi-cultural 

1614
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:16,600
neighborhoods. 
Coffee Culture, arrived, with 

1615
01:29:16,600 --> 01:29:19,500
Italian immigrants who are 
horrified by Australian coffee 

1616
01:29:19,500 --> 01:29:22,200
habits. 
Greek restaurants, introduced 

1617
01:29:22,200 --> 01:29:25,400
Australians to cuisine's, beyond
meat pies and fish and chips. 

1618
01:29:26,300 --> 01:29:29,100
European immigrants, brought 
different attitudes about food 

1619
01:29:29,100 --> 01:29:32,500
family and Leisure that 
gradually influenced broad 

1620
01:29:32,500 --> 01:29:36,300
Australian culture. 
The 1950s and 1960s were also 

1621
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:39,000
when indigenous Australians 
began organizing more 

1622
01:29:39,000 --> 01:29:42,300
effectively for civil rights. 
They had fought in both world 

1623
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:45,600
wars worked in Industry, 
supporting the war effort and 

1624
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,400
then returned to lives defined 
by discrimination and legal 

1625
01:29:48,400 --> 01:29:51,600
restrictions in Queensland. 
And the Northern Territory 

1626
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,400
indigenous workers on cattle. 
Stations lived, under 

1627
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:57,200
conditions, barely 
distinguishable from servitude. 

1628
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,200
In Southern States in indigenous
people faced segregation in 

1629
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:05,900
housing, education, and public 
spaces. freedom rides of 1965 

1630
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:10,200
and fired by American Civil 
Rights Act of his students from 

1631
01:30:10,200 --> 01:30:13,100
the University of Sydney travel 
through rural New South Wales, 

1632
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:17,600
Wales documenting discrimination
and Sting segregation in 

1633
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,900
swimming pools, Cinemas, and 
other public spaces. these 

1634
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:23,600
protests brought national 
attention to inequalities that 

1635
01:30:23,600 --> 01:30:27,600
most Urban Australians preferred
not to think about The real 

1636
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:31,600
breakthrough came in 1967 with a
referendum, asking Australians 

1637
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,500
to remove constitutional 
Provisions. 

1638
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:37,400
Excluding indigenous Australians
from the Census and prohibiting 

1639
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:39,500
the federal government from 
making laws for them. 

1640
01:30:40,400 --> 01:30:43,600
Over 90% voted. 
Yes, one of the highest 

1641
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:45,500
referendum results in Australian
history. 

1642
01:30:46,400 --> 01:30:49,300
It didn't immediately change 
indigenous lives but it 

1643
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:52,700
represented a shift in National 
attitudes and acknowledgment 

1644
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:54,900
that exclusion and 
discrimination had to end. 

1645
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:58,900
The white Australia policies. 
Dismantling happened gradually 

1646
01:30:58,900 --> 01:31:00,800
through the 1960s and early 
1970s. 

1647
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:05,900
First restrictions eased 
slightly, then exceptions 

1648
01:31:05,900 --> 01:31:09,500
multiplied. 
Finally in 1973 the whitlam 

1649
01:31:09,500 --> 01:31:12,100
government officially ended 
racial discrimination in 

1650
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:15,700
Immigration policy. this opened 
Australia to Asian immigration, 

1651
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:19,000
fundamentally changing, the 
nation's demographic, trajectory

1652
01:31:19,900 --> 01:31:22,300
the Vietnamese refugees arrived.
After the Vietnam War. 

1653
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:25,600
Establishing communities that 
enriched Australian Society. 

1654
01:31:26,700 --> 01:31:30,300
Asian skilled migration 
increased by the 1980s. 

1655
01:31:30,300 --> 01:31:33,200
Australia was receiving 
immigrants from every continent 

1656
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,900
transforming cities into 
genuinely Multicultural places. 

1657
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:40,000
Sydney and Melbourne became 
among the world's most diverse 

1658
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:43,200
cities with neighborhoods. 
When dozens of languages, could 

1659
01:31:43,200 --> 01:31:46,000
be heard and restaurant. 
Representing cuisine's from 

1660
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:49,700
every corner of the globe. 
These changes were smooth or 

1661
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:52,800
universally welcomed. 
There were tensions racist, 

1662
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:55,400
incidents, and political 
movements resisting 

1663
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,600
multiculturalism. 
Pauline Hanson's, One Nation 

1664
01:31:58,600 --> 01:32:02,400
party emerged in the 1990s. 
Arguing that Asian immigration 

1665
01:32:02,400 --> 01:32:06,000
threatened Australian identity. 
That these resistance movements 

1666
01:32:06,000 --> 01:32:09,500
represented minorities, most 
Australians adapted to 

1667
01:32:09,500 --> 01:32:11,600
diversity. 
Recognizing that 

1668
01:32:11,600 --> 01:32:14,400
multiculturalism wasn't 
destroying Australian identity 

1669
01:32:14,400 --> 01:32:16,000
but creating a new version of 
it. 

1670
01:32:16,700 --> 01:32:18,400
The Arts flourished during this 
period. 

1671
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:22,300
Australian Cinema experienced a 
Renaissance with films that 

1672
01:32:22,300 --> 01:32:26,800
explored Australian, themes, and
Landscapes rock bands, like AC 

1673
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:31,400
/, DC and IMX SS achieved 
International success. 

1674
01:32:32,500 --> 01:32:35,400
Australian literature gained 
recognition Beyond simply being 

1675
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:37,400
exotic. 
British writing from the 

1676
01:32:37,400 --> 01:32:40,400
southern hemisphere. 
There was growing confidence 

1677
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,800
that Australian culture could 
stand on its own terms rather 

1678
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:46,700
than constantly referencing 
British or American models. 

1679
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,800
Chapter 9, land rights 
reconciliation and unfinished 

1680
01:32:51,800 --> 01:32:57,700
business. the 1970s and 1980s 
saw indigenous Australians push 

1681
01:32:57,700 --> 01:33:00,300
harder for land, rights 
recognition and 

1682
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:06,300
self-determination The case that
changed, everything was the govt

1683
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:09,300
land rights case where young 
people from Land Challenge 

1684
01:33:09,300 --> 01:33:12,400
mining on their traditional 
country, they lost in court. 

1685
01:33:12,400 --> 01:33:15,700
But the case generated national 
attention and political pressure

1686
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:19,200
that couldn't be ignored. 
Prime minister, Gough, whitlam, 

1687
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:21,600
responded by establishing the 
Aboriginal land Rights 

1688
01:33:21,600 --> 01:33:24,700
Commission which led to the 
Northern Territory land Rights 

1689
01:33:24,700 --> 01:33:28,200
Act of 1976. 
This was the first legislation 

1690
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:31,000
recognizing indigenous land 
ownership based on traditional 

1691
01:33:31,000 --> 01:33:34,700
connection rather than British 
legal Concepts indigenous 

1692
01:33:34,700 --> 01:33:36,600
communities. 
Could now claim unallocated 

1693
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:38,100
Crown Land in the Northern 
Territory. 

1694
01:33:38,100 --> 01:33:41,900
If they could prove traditional 
ownership, it was limited and 

1695
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:44,700
didn't extend the rest of 
Australia, but it established 

1696
01:33:44,700 --> 01:33:48,500
the principle that terrorist was
a fiction and Indigenous land 

1697
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:52,300
rights existed. 
The real bombshell came in 1992 

1698
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:56,400
with the marbot decision, Eddie 
marpo a Maryam man from the 

1699
01:33:56,400 --> 01:34:00,000
Torres Strait Islands had been 
fighting since 1982 for 

1700
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:02,800
recognition that is people owned
their traditional lands? 

1701
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:05,700
The high Court's decision in may
have over Queen's land. 

1702
01:34:05,700 --> 01:34:09,600
Finally, overturned terrorists 
ruling that native title existed

1703
01:34:09,600 --> 01:34:12,500
and had survived British 
colonization, where indigenous 

1704
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:15,800
people maintained continuous 
connection to land, this was 

1705
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:18,900
revolutionary like discovering 
that the Legal Foundation of 

1706
01:34:18,900 --> 01:34:22,600
Australian land ownership had 
been on quicksand It didn't mean

1707
01:34:22,600 --> 01:34:25,700
all of Australian land suddenly 
reverted to indigenous ownership

1708
01:34:25,700 --> 01:34:28,700
but it meant that indigenous 
people could claim native title 

1709
01:34:28,700 --> 01:34:31,900
where they could prove 
continuous connection and where 

1710
01:34:31,900 --> 01:34:34,400
the land hadn't been developed 
or granted away under other 

1711
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:38,700
legal processes. 
The native title Act of 1993 

1712
01:34:38,700 --> 01:34:42,000
tried to create a framework for 
recognizing these rights while 

1713
01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:43,900
protecting existing Property 
Owners. 

1714
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:47,300
The result was complex 
legalistic and often frustrating

1715
01:34:47,300 --> 01:34:50,600
for indigenous claimants, but it
was still remarkable progress. 

1716
01:34:50,600 --> 01:34:54,000
Compared to the blanket denial 
of indigenous rights that had 

1717
01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:56,200
characterized Australian law for
two centuries. 

1718
01:34:57,000 --> 01:34:59,500
The stolen Generations issue 
emerged into public 

1719
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:00,800
Consciousness during this 
period. 

1720
01:35:01,700 --> 01:35:04,800
For decades, Australian 
governments had systematically 

1721
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:07,000
removed indigenous children from
their families. 

1722
01:35:07,000 --> 01:35:11,200
Under a simulation policies, 
placing them in institutions or 

1723
01:35:11,200 --> 01:35:14,300
with white families. 
The idea was to breed out in 

1724
01:35:14,300 --> 01:35:17,300
indigenous, identity by raising 
children without connection to 

1725
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:19,900
their culture, families or 
communities. 

1726
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,600
The 1997, bringing them home 
report. 

1727
01:35:23,600 --> 01:35:26,200
Documented, this practice in 
devastating detail. 

1728
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:30,700
Tenz of thousands of children, 
forcibly removed families 

1729
01:35:30,700 --> 01:35:34,600
destroyed cultures, disrupted 
and psychological trauma that 

1730
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:36,700
affected, not just in 
individuals, but entire 

1731
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:41,000
communities across Generations. 
The report recommended a formal 

1732
01:35:41,000 --> 01:35:45,300
apology, but prime minister, 
John Howard refused arguing that

1733
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:48,200
present generation, shouldn't 
apologize for past actions. 

1734
01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:53,300
This refusal became increasingly
controversial in 2008. 

1735
01:35:53,300 --> 01:35:57,200
Newly elected prime minister, 
Kevin Rudd made a formal apology

1736
01:35:57,200 --> 01:36:00,600
to the stolen Generations in 
Parliament acknowledging, the 

1737
01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:02,700
suffering caused by forced 
removal policies. 

1738
01:36:02,700 --> 01:36:06,900
It was an emotional moment. 
Many stolen generation survivors

1739
01:36:06,900 --> 01:36:09,800
were present in Parliament, and 
the apology was broadcast 

1740
01:36:09,800 --> 01:36:13,000
nationally. 
It didn't undo the harm, but it 

1741
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:15,300
represented official 
acknowledgment of historical 

1742
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:17,800
Injustice. 
Yet progressed on indigenous 

1743
01:36:17,800 --> 01:36:21,600
issues, remained frustratingly, 
slow and uneven the Gap in life 

1744
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:26,100
expectancy Health outcomes, 
education and employment between

1745
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:29,700
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australians persisted despite 

1746
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:33,800
numerous government programs. 
Remote indigenous, communities 

1747
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:37,800
face particular challenges, 
inadequate, Services, Limited, 

1748
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:41,300
economic opportunities, and the 
ongoing impact of historical 

1749
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:44,900
dispossession. 
Constitutional recognition of 

1750
01:36:44,900 --> 01:36:47,300
indigenous Australians, became a
long-running debate. 

1751
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:51,200
The Constitution still 
contained, Provisions from 1901,

1752
01:36:51,200 --> 01:36:53,500
that excluded or marginalized 
indigenous. 

1753
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:56,800
People multiple proposals for 
constitutional reform were 

1754
01:36:56,800 --> 01:37:00,100
debated designed and discussed, 
but creating change that 

1755
01:37:00,108 --> 01:37:03,200
satisfied, both indigenous 
communities and required 

1756
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,400
referendum. 
Majorities proved, elusive the 

1757
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:10,400
2017 Uluru statement from the 
heart issued by indigenous, 

1758
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:12,900
leaders called for 
constitutional reform 

1759
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:15,700
establishing a voice to 
Parliament, a permanent 

1760
01:37:15,700 --> 01:37:18,500
indigenous advisory body, that 
would ensure indigenous 

1761
01:37:18,500 --> 01:37:22,200
communities had input into 
policies affecting them The 

1762
01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:25,100
Proposal sparked debate about 
constitutional change in 

1763
01:37:25,100 --> 01:37:27,900
indigenous representation and 
the relationship between 

1764
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:31,100
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australia that continues to day.

1765
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:35,800
Chapter 10, modern Australia, in
a changing world. 

1766
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:42,500
As the 20th century ended, and 
the 21st began Australia, found 

1767
01:37:42,500 --> 01:37:45,600
itself, navigating an identity 
that was increasingly complex. 

1768
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,900
No longer simply British but not
quite willing to embrace being a

1769
01:37:49,900 --> 01:37:53,200
Asian despite geography. 
Australia, occupied an 

1770
01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:55,700
interesting middle ground, a 
western democracy in the 

1771
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:58,500
asia-pacific region with a 
population, becoming more 

1772
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:02,500
diverse with each passing year. 
Sydney Olympics, in 2000, became

1773
01:38:02,500 --> 01:38:04,100
a showcase for this modern 
Australia. 

1774
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:07,200
The opening ceremony featured 
indigenous performers, 

1775
01:38:07,200 --> 01:38:11,200
prominently, Cathy Freeman. 
An indigenous athlete lit. 

1776
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:14,000
The Olympic flame and later won 
Gold in the 400 meters while 

1777
01:38:14,000 --> 01:38:18,200
carrying both the Australian and
Aboriginal Flags It was a moment

1778
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:20,900
of national pride that tried to 
bridge historical divisions 

1779
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:22,700
though. 
Many noted that Olympic 

1780
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:25,200
symbolism was easier than 
addressing substantive 

1781
01:38:25,200 --> 01:38:28,800
indigenous disadvantage, the 
Republic debates simmered 

1782
01:38:28,800 --> 01:38:32,700
throughout the 1990s and came to
a head with a 1999 referendum. 

1783
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:35,400
Asking Australians, if they 
wanted to replace the British 

1784
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:36,900
monarch with an Australian 
president. 

1785
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:40,900
The result was complicated, 
polls showed many Australian 

1786
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:44,100
supported becoming a republican 
principle, but the specific 

1787
01:38:44,100 --> 01:38:48,300
model proposed where Parliament 
would elect the president didn't

1788
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,400
satisfy either Monica's or 
Republicans, who wanted direct 

1789
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:54,400
election. 
The referendum failed and 

1790
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:56,800
Australia retained, Queen 
Elizabeth, the second, as head 

1791
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:59,700
of state, a reminder that 
changing constitutional 

1792
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:02,400
Arrangements requires more than 
vague sentiment. 

1793
01:39:03,400 --> 01:39:06,100
Australia's economy transformed 
during these decades through a 

1794
01:39:06,100 --> 01:39:09,900
process, politely called 
economic reform, but which 

1795
01:39:09,900 --> 01:39:13,100
involves significant pain for 
many communities and 

1796
01:39:13,100 --> 01:39:16,000
Manufacturing declined as 
globalization shifted production

1797
01:39:16,000 --> 01:39:19,000
to Asia. 
Mining boom, does China's growth

1798
01:39:19,000 --> 01:39:21,000
created. 
Enormous demand for Australian 

1799
01:39:21,000 --> 01:39:24,900
iron ore coal and natural gas. 
Service Industries, expanded, 

1800
01:39:24,900 --> 01:39:28,900
the economy, grew overall, that 
the benefits weren't distributed

1801
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,300
equally with inner-city. 
Professional workers doing well.

1802
01:39:31,300 --> 01:39:34,200
While outer suburban and 
Regional areas struggled with 

1803
01:39:34,208 --> 01:39:35,900
job losses and declining 
services. 

1804
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:40,300
The mining boom of the 2000s and
2010s brought extraordinary, 

1805
01:39:40,300 --> 01:39:43,900
wealth, particularly to Western 
Australia where iron ore mines 

1806
01:39:43,900 --> 01:39:45,900
produced billions in export 
Revenue. 

1807
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:49,200
This created an interesting 
Dynamic where mining companies 

1808
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:51,600
and state governments grew Rich 
while debates. 

1809
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:54,100
Raged about whether enough 
wealth was being captured for 

1810
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,700
broader public benefit through 
taxes, and royalties, climate 

1811
01:39:57,700 --> 01:39:59,500
change. 
Became an increasingly divisive 

1812
01:39:59,500 --> 01:40:02,300
political issue. 
Australia is particularly 

1813
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:05,400
vulnerable to climate impact. 
Droughts become more severe 

1814
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:09,600
bushfires, more frequent intense
Coral, bleaching threatens, the 

1815
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:13,200
Great Barrier Reef and Coastal 
communities face Rising Seas. 

1816
01:40:14,400 --> 01:40:17,000
Yet, Australia's economy. 
Depends heavily on coal and gas 

1817
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:20,300
exports creating political 
tensions between environmental 

1818
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:24,300
concerns and economic interests.
The Millennium drought of the 

1819
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:28,200
late 1990s through 2000s, hit 
South Eastern Australia, 

1820
01:40:28,200 --> 01:40:32,500
particularly hard, major cities 
implemented, water restrictions 

1821
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:35,900
Farmers, watch crops, fail and 
debates about Water Management. 

1822
01:40:35,900 --> 01:40:39,900
Dominated politics. the drought 
eventually broke, but it 

1823
01:40:39,900 --> 01:40:42,500
previewed challenges that 
climate changes expected to 

1824
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:45,400
intensify Then came the Black 
Saturday. 

1825
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:49,400
Bushfires of 2009 in Victoria 
the deadliest bushfires in 

1826
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:53,800
Australian history, killing 173,
people and destroying thousands 

1827
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,500
of homes. 
The fires generated their own 

1828
01:40:57,500 --> 01:40:59,900
weather systems. 
Moved faster than people could 

1829
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:03,900
flee and demonstrated the 
devastating potential of extreme

1830
01:41:03,900 --> 01:41:06,900
fire conditions combined with 
strong winds and record 

1831
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:09,500
temperatures. 
Immigration remained 

1832
01:41:09,500 --> 01:41:12,400
contentious. 
Excessive governments struggled 

1833
01:41:12,400 --> 01:41:15,300
with a silent Seekers arriving 
by boat implementing 

1834
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:17,400
increasingly harsh deterrence 
policies. 

1835
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:21,800
Offshore detention centres in 
nauru and Papua New Guinea, held

1836
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:24,300
Asylum, seekers in conditions 
that Drew International 

1837
01:41:24,300 --> 01:41:27,600
criticism. 
The political calculation was 

1838
01:41:27,600 --> 01:41:31,200
the being perceived as tough on 
borders won more votes than 

1839
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:35,300
humanitarian, concerns cost 
revealing uncomfortable truths 

1840
01:41:35,300 --> 01:41:37,000
about Australian. 
Political priorities. 

1841
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,100
Meanwhile Australia's 
relationship with China, grew 

1842
01:41:40,100 --> 01:41:42,500
more economically, important and
politically complicated. 

1843
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:46,900
China became Australia's largest
trading partner by far by buying

1844
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:49,600
Australian resources at scales, 
that drove economic growth. 

1845
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:53,600
Strategic concerns about 
China's, Rising power, its 

1846
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:57,100
treatment of ethnic minorities 
and its increasingly assertive, 

1847
01:41:57,100 --> 01:42:01,100
foreign policy created tensions 
between economic interests and 

1848
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:05,500
security concerns. 
The covid-19 pandemic in 2020 to

1849
01:42:05,500 --> 01:42:08,800
2021 revealed both strengths and
limitations in Australian 

1850
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:11,100
governance. 
Border closures and lockdowns 

1851
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:13,400
contain the virus more 
successful than. 

1852
01:42:13,400 --> 01:42:16,500
In many countries, keeping death
rates relatively low. 

1853
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:19,200
But border policies. 
Separated families. 

1854
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:22,000
Locked into International 
students and temporary residents

1855
01:42:22,000 --> 01:42:25,400
out of support systems and 
exposed inequalities in. 

1856
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:29,000
Who Could to weather extended 
lockdowns, state, border 

1857
01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:32,400
closures, previously 
Unthinkable, became routine with

1858
01:42:32,400 --> 01:42:34,900
States protecting their 
population by restricting 

1859
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:37,600
movement in ways that divided 
families and disrupted 

1860
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,100
businesses. 
The pandemic revealed that 

1861
01:42:40,100 --> 01:42:43,000
Australian federalism designed 
for an era of slow 

1862
01:42:43,000 --> 01:42:45,300
communication. 
And transport could create as 

1863
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:48,300
many problems as it solved in a 
crisis, requiring rapid 

1864
01:42:48,300 --> 01:42:51,500
coordinated response. 
The voice to Parliament 

1865
01:42:51,500 --> 01:42:54,000
referendum. 
In 2023 asked Australians 

1866
01:42:54,000 --> 01:42:56,900
whether they supported 
constitutional change to 

1867
01:42:56,900 --> 01:42:58,900
establish an indigenous advisory
body. 

1868
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:02,600
Despite initial polling showing 
support the referendum failed 

1869
01:43:02,600 --> 01:43:06,200
with many Australians voting, 
no, for varied reasons, some 

1870
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:08,400
opposed constitutional change 
others. 

1871
01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:12,700
Wanted practical action instead 
of symbolic recognition and some

1872
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:14,800
were influenced by 
misinformation campaigns about 

1873
01:43:14,800 --> 01:43:18,100
what the voice would actually. 
Do the referendums failure 

1874
01:43:18,100 --> 01:43:20,400
highlighted ongoing challenges 
and Reconciliation. 

1875
01:43:21,400 --> 01:43:24,400
While most Australian supported 
indigenous rights in abstract, 

1876
01:43:24,400 --> 01:43:27,900
terms building consensus for 
specific reforms proved 

1877
01:43:27,900 --> 01:43:30,500
difficult. 
The gap between symbolic 

1878
01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:33,900
recognition and substantive 
change remained frustratingly 

1879
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:40,100
wide. chapter 11, the land 
itself, Australia's enduring 

1880
01:43:40,100 --> 01:43:45,500
character As we wind down this 
long journey through Australian 

1881
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:48,000
history, it's worth considering 
the land itself. 

1882
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:52,100
This vast ancient continent that
has shaped everyone who has 

1883
01:43:52,100 --> 01:43:56,100
lived here from the first humans
who arrived, 65,000 years ago, 

1884
01:43:56,100 --> 01:43:59,100
to the most recent immigrants 
stepping off a plane last week. 

1885
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,500
Strayer is the flattest. 
Driest inhabited continent with 

1886
01:44:03,500 --> 01:44:06,000
soils, among the oldest and 
least fertile on Earth. 

1887
01:44:06,700 --> 01:44:09,500
This isn't Prime agricultural 
land, that generously yields, 

1888
01:44:09,500 --> 01:44:12,200
whatever you plant. 
It's a landscape that demands 

1889
01:44:12,200 --> 01:44:14,900
respect knowledge and 
adaptation. 

1890
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:19,200
Indigenous Australians, learn 
this over Millennia European 

1891
01:44:19,200 --> 01:44:21,300
settlers took longer and made 
more mistakes. 

1892
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:25,400
Sometimes spectacular ones the 
distances are almost 

1893
01:44:25,400 --> 01:44:27,500
incomprehensible to people from 
smaller countries. 

1894
01:44:27,500 --> 01:44:31,400
You can drive for hours days 
even and see nothing but 

1895
01:44:31,400 --> 01:44:35,200
scrubland the same eucalyptus 
trees stretching to every 

1896
01:44:35,200 --> 01:44:38,200
Horizon. 
There's a reason Australians 

1897
01:44:38,200 --> 01:44:40,500
measure distance in time, rather
than kilometers. 

1898
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:45,800
It's about four hours up. 
The road means more than its 350

1899
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,000
kilometers away. 
Because the real question is, 

1900
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:51,900
how long you'll be driving 
through that emptiness yet? 

1901
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:53,500
This emptiness isn't really 
empty. 

1902
01:44:53,500 --> 01:44:57,400
The Outback that looks Barren to
European eyes teams with life if

1903
01:44:57,400 --> 01:45:01,200
you know how to look lizard, 
Sheltering under rocks, Birds, 

1904
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:04,500
nesting in impossible, places 
and plants that survive years 

1905
01:45:04,500 --> 01:45:07,100
without rain and then burst into
bloom. 

1906
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,700
When moisture finally come comes
Indigenous Australians could 

1907
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:13,700
read this landscape like 
Europeans read books seeing 

1908
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,700
stories resources and knowledge 
in every feature. 

1909
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:19,300
The coast tell a different 
story. 

1910
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:24,100
Lush green and where most 
Australians actually live over 

1911
01:45:24,100 --> 01:45:27,000
80% of the population. 
Clusters along the coastline, 

1912
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:30,100
particularly the eastern and 
South Eastern coasts. 

1913
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:33,400
Leaving the interior largely 
uninhabited except for mining 

1914
01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:36,900
operations and small towns 
connected by impossibly long 

1915
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:39,300
roads. 
This creates an odd situation 

1916
01:45:39,300 --> 01:45:41,200
where Australia is 
simultaneously. 

1917
01:45:41,200 --> 01:45:44,200
One of the most urbanized 
countries in the world and one 

1918
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:46,800
with vast spaces where human 
presence is minimal. 

1919
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:49,900
The Great Barrier Reef 
stretching for over 2000 

1920
01:45:49,900 --> 01:45:53,100
kilometers along the Queensland 
Coast is the world's largest 

1921
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:55,300
living structure visible from 
space. 

1922
01:45:55,300 --> 01:45:59,100
It's a reminder that while the 
land is ancient and weathered, 

1923
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:02,100
the surrounding oceans are 
Dynamic and Alive. 

1924
01:46:02,100 --> 01:46:05,900
The Reef faces existential 
threats from warming Waters and 

1925
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:09,200
ocean acidification. 
Making it a symbol of broader 

1926
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:13,000
environmental challenges. 
Australian Wildlife, remains 

1927
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:18,200
gloriously, weird monotremes. 
Mammals that lay eggs exist. 

1928
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:20,600
Nowhere else marsupials 
dominate. 

1929
01:46:20,600 --> 01:46:23,800
Where placental mammals rule 
elsewhere venomous. 

1930
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:27,300
Creatures abound snake's, 
spiders jellyfish? 

1931
01:46:27,300 --> 01:46:30,400
And even a venomous platypus 
because apparently regular 

1932
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:31,800
platter people weren't strange 
enough. 

1933
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:34,900
Yet, for all the dangerous 
wildlife reputation. 

1934
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:38,400
Australia is remarkably safe. 
If you exercise basic Common 

1935
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:42,000
Sense, unlike places with large 
predators that actually hunt 

1936
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:46,500
humans, The seasons run opposite
to the northern hemisphere which

1937
01:46:46,500 --> 01:46:49,900
creates ongoing calendar. 
Confusion Christmas happens in 

1938
01:46:49,900 --> 01:46:51,900
summer. 
Requiring Australians to 

1939
01:46:51,900 --> 01:46:54,600
maintain European Traditions, 
like hot roast dinners in 

1940
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:57,700
sweltering heat while knowing 
that singing about snow and 

1941
01:46:57,700 --> 01:47:01,400
winter wonderland is 
geographically nonsense of Some 

1942
01:47:01,400 --> 01:47:04,000
things persist through cultural 
inertia regardless of 

1943
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:09,400
environmental fit. 
Chapter 12, what Australia means

1944
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:13,600
today? 
As you settle deeper into your 

1945
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:15,900
pillow, let's consider what 
Australia represents in the 

1946
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:19,100
early 21st century. 
Not the tourist brochure version

1947
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:22,700
with beaches not browsers, but 
the more complex reality of a 

1948
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:24,200
Nation. 
Still working out what it wants 

1949
01:47:24,200 --> 01:47:27,100
to be Australia is one of the 
world's most successful 

1950
01:47:27,100 --> 01:47:30,600
Multicultural democracies. 
A place where people from every 

1951
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:33,700
continent live together with 
generally less conflict than 

1952
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:37,500
history might predict. 
Over 30% of Australians were 

1953
01:47:37,500 --> 01:47:40,400
born overseas and in cities like
Sydney and Melbourne. 

1954
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:45,400
That percentage approaches 40%. 
This diversity is now woven into

1955
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:47,600
Australian identity, rather than
threatening it. 

1956
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,000
Though, individual incidents of 
racism, remind us that 

1957
01:47:51,000 --> 01:47:54,900
acceptance isn't Universal. 
Australian sense of humor 

1958
01:47:54,900 --> 01:47:58,200
self-deprecating ironic and 
slightly irreverent toward 

1959
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:00,500
Authority, remains a defining 
characteristic. 

1960
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:04,800
Australians, instinctively 
deflate pomposity value 

1961
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:08,300
authenticity over pretension and
use nicknames as signs of 

1962
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:11,300
affection. 
This can sometimes frustrate 

1963
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:13,900
visitors from more formal 
cultures, but it creates a 

1964
01:48:13,900 --> 01:48:16,800
social environment where 
hierarchy is less rigid than in 

1965
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:20,600
many societies. 
Makeshift that quintessentially,

1966
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:24,800
Australian, concept values, 
loyalty, helping others and 

1967
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:28,000
standing by your friends. 
It emerged from the harsh 

1968
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,500
conditions of early, colonial 
life where cooperation meant 

1969
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:35,200
survival got reinforced through 
military experiences and now 

1970
01:48:35,200 --> 01:48:38,300
shapes everything from workplace
culture to political rhetoric. 

1971
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:40,900
Though, makeshift has 
historically been quite 

1972
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,300
masculine in its emphasis, 
contemporary understanding has 

1973
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,100
broadened to include more 
diverse forms of solidarity and 

1974
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,000
Community Support. 
The tyranny of distance 

1975
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:54,000
Australia's isolation from Major
World centers, a national 

1976
01:48:54,000 --> 01:48:57,800
psychology in interesting ways. 
Australians are simultaneously 

1977
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:01,200
prevention and Cosmopolitan, 
deeply attached to local places,

1978
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:04,300
while being enthusiastic 
International Travelers, the 

1979
01:49:04,300 --> 01:49:06,900
distance creates a kind of 
Fortress mentality, sometimes, 

1980
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:09,900
but also produces people who are
comfortable with Crossing 

1981
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:13,300
cultural boundaries, bought 
occupy, an almost religious 

1982
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:16,300
place in Australian culture, 
Cricket Australian Rules, 

1983
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:20,700
Football rugby, league Rugby, 
Union, soccer, and countless 

1984
01:49:20,700 --> 01:49:23,600
other sports generate passion 
that can seem disproportionate 

1985
01:49:23,600 --> 01:49:27,900
to outside his Butt Sports 
service, social glue, creating 

1986
01:49:27,900 --> 01:49:30,600
shared experiences and 
identities that bridge other 

1987
01:49:30,600 --> 01:49:34,600
division's state, rivalries and 
sports are intense, but mostly 

1988
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:36,900
good natured except when they're
not. 

1989
01:49:37,900 --> 01:49:40,700
The beach lifestyle, isn't 
tourist mythology, but genuine 

1990
01:49:40,700 --> 01:49:44,500
cultural practice for millions 
of coastal Australians. learning

1991
01:49:44,500 --> 01:49:48,600
to swim understanding, surf 
conditions and spending summer 

1992
01:49:48,600 --> 01:49:52,100
days at the beach aren't luxury 
activities, but normal parts of 

1993
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:56,100
life Surf, life saving clubs or 
Community institutions that 

1994
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:59,200
combined, sport, service, and 
social connection. 

1995
01:50:00,300 --> 01:50:02,800
Australian English has evolved 
into its own dialect with 

1996
01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:06,900
distinctive pronunciation 
vocabulary and idioms that can 

1997
01:50:06,900 --> 01:50:09,900
confound even native English 
speakers from other countries. 

1998
01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:14,600
The tendency to abbreviate, 
everything arvo for afternoon, 

1999
01:50:14,600 --> 01:50:19,200
Servo for service station brekki
for breakfast combined with 

2000
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:21,300
distinctive, slang creates a 
language. 

2001
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:24,100
That is simultaneously familiar 
and foreign to other English 

2002
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:26,900
speakers. 
Yet underneath these cultural 

2003
01:50:26,900 --> 01:50:28,500
characteristics deeper 
questions. 

2004
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:31,800
Persist, what does 
reconciliation with indigenous 

2005
01:50:31,800 --> 01:50:35,200
Australians actually require 
Beyond symbolic gestures? 

2006
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:38,800
How does Australia balance its 
Western political Traditions 

2007
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:42,200
with its Asian geography? 
What responsibilities come with 

2008
01:50:42,200 --> 01:50:45,300
extraordinary resource wealth in
a world facing climate change. 

2009
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:48,800
How do you maintain social 
cohesion as diversity increases.

2010
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:52,700
These aren't questions with easy
answers and different 

2011
01:50:52,700 --> 01:50:55,400
Australians, answer them 
differently, the Australian 

2012
01:50:55,400 --> 01:50:58,700
political system, produces 
stability, but sometimes at the 

2013
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:02,800
cost of bold reform, Combination
of compulsory voting 

2014
01:51:02,800 --> 01:51:05,600
preferential voting and frequent
elections. 

2015
01:51:05,600 --> 01:51:08,600
Means that politicians must 
appeal to median voters, 

2016
01:51:08,600 --> 01:51:11,000
creating pressure for Centrist 
policies. 

2017
01:51:11,800 --> 01:51:15,500
This prevents extremism but can 
also prevent necessary change 

2018
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,400
when that change requires 
short-term sacrifice for 

2019
01:51:18,400 --> 01:51:21,800
long-term benefit. 
Indigenous disadvantage remains 

2020
01:51:21,800 --> 01:51:25,000
Australia's greatest domestic 
Challenge and moral failing. 

2021
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:28,900
Despite Decades of programs 
policies and good intentions 

2022
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:33,400
gaps in health education, 
employment and incarceration 

2023
01:51:33,400 --> 01:51:36,200
rates. 
Persist until these gaps closed.

2024
01:51:36,200 --> 01:51:39,500
Australia cannot claim to have 
truly reconciled with the 

2025
01:51:39,500 --> 01:51:43,000
Injustice of colonization and 
their continuing impacts. 

2026
01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:46,600
Epilogue. 
Stories. 

2027
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:51,000
That continue. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

2028
01:51:51,000 --> 01:51:54,500
remember that history isn't a 
story that ended it's one that 

2029
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:57,300
continues. 
The Australia that existed today

2030
01:51:57,300 --> 01:52:01,300
is dramatically different from 
the one that existed in 1788 or 

2031
01:52:01,300 --> 01:52:05,700
1901 or even 1988 and the 
Australia that will exist in 

2032
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:09,600
2018 will be different again 
shaped by decisions, being made 

2033
01:52:09,600 --> 01:52:11,600
now and challenges. 
Not yet visible. 

2034
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:15,800
Indigenous Australians after 
surviving 65,000 years, 

2035
01:52:15,800 --> 01:52:18,900
including two centuries of 
dispossession and destruction 

2036
01:52:18,900 --> 01:52:23,300
continued to maintain cultural 
Traditions revive languages and 

2037
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:25,600
assert rights to land and 
self-determination. 

2038
01:52:26,600 --> 01:52:28,500
Their story. 
The longest continuous. 

2039
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:32,600
Human story on Earth, didn't end
with colonization it adapted, 

2040
01:52:32,600 --> 01:52:36,700
persisted and continues. 
The Immigrant families who 

2041
01:52:36,700 --> 01:52:40,600
arrived from Europe Asia Africa 
and the Americas were creating 

2042
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:43,800
new chapters in Australian 
history bringing Traditions that

2043
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:46,200
enrich and complicate what it 
means to be Australian. 

2044
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:49,600
Their children and grandchildren
will blend these Traditions with

2045
01:52:49,600 --> 01:52:53,200
Australian culture in ways that 
continue the evolution that has 

2046
01:52:53,208 --> 01:52:55,200
characterized this continent for
millennia. 

2047
01:52:55,800 --> 01:52:59,200
Environmental challenges from 
climate change to species 

2048
01:52:59,200 --> 01:53:02,200
extinctions to water. 
Scarcity will require 

2049
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,100
Australians to reconsider their 
relationship with this ancient 

2050
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:07,200
land. 
Perhaps this will create 

2051
01:53:07,200 --> 01:53:09,800
opportunities to learn from 
indigenous knowledge systems 

2052
01:53:09,800 --> 01:53:12,600
that sustained human life here 
for thousands of generations 

2053
01:53:12,600 --> 01:53:16,400
without depleting resources that
support future Generations. 

2054
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:19,400
The Great Barrier Reef 
struggling under warming Seas 

2055
01:53:19,400 --> 01:53:22,400
reminds us that some losses 
might be irreversible without 

2056
01:53:22,400 --> 01:53:25,100
rapid action. 
The increasingly intense 

2057
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:28,000
Bushfire Seasons, warned that 
climate change isn't a distant 

2058
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:29,900
threat. 
But a present reality, requiring

2059
01:53:29,900 --> 01:53:33,500
adaptation and mitigation The 
drought prone, Inland teaches 

2060
01:53:33,500 --> 01:53:36,400
that water is precious and 
cannot be taken for granted. 

2061
01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:40,600
Australia's Geographic position,
tucked below Asia in the 

2062
01:53:40,600 --> 01:53:43,500
southern hemisphere will 
continue shaping its strategic 

2063
01:53:43,500 --> 01:53:47,000
and economic future. 
The rise of Asia, particularly 

2064
01:53:47,000 --> 01:53:50,500
China and India creates, both 
opportunities and challenges 

2065
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,100
that will Define Australian 
foreign policy for Generations. 

2066
01:53:53,100 --> 01:53:56,900
The Republican debate will 
resurface probably when Queen 

2067
01:53:56,900 --> 01:54:00,100
Elizabeth the second's Reign 
ends forcing Australians to 

2068
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:03,800
reconsider what constitutional 
links to Britain mean in an era,

2069
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:06,800
when Australian identity has 
evolved far beyond its Colonial,

2070
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:10,900
Origins cities will continue 
growing sprawling across land 

2071
01:54:10,900 --> 01:54:14,300
that was recently farmland or 
bush creating environmental and 

2072
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:18,200
infrastructure challenges that 
require Creative Solutions, the 

2073
01:54:18,200 --> 01:54:21,400
Australian dream of owning a 
detached house on a quarter of a

2074
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:24,300
block will become increasingly 
difficult as land prices. 

2075
01:54:24,300 --> 01:54:28,400
Rise and deadly increases 
technology will transform work, 

2076
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,700
education and social Connections
in ways. 

2077
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:35,300
We can barely imagine just as 
previous generations, could not 

2078
01:54:35,300 --> 01:54:38,600
imagine how television air 
conditioning and the internet 

2079
01:54:38,600 --> 01:54:41,900
would reshape Australian life. 
Through all these changes. 

2080
01:54:41,900 --> 01:54:44,700
Something fundamental about 
Australia will probably persist 

2081
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:48,300
the particular quality of light 
that is inspired artists for 

2082
01:54:48,300 --> 01:54:50,700
Millennia, the distinctive 
accent and humor. 

2083
01:54:50,700 --> 01:54:54,500
The Casual approach to social 
hierarchy and the fierce 

2084
01:54:54,500 --> 01:54:57,000
attachment to place that 
characterizes both indigenous 

2085
01:54:57,000 --> 01:54:59,200
and settler Australians in 
different. 

2086
01:54:59,200 --> 01:55:04,300
But sometimes overlapping ways 
The story that began 65,000 

2087
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:06,000
years ago. 
When the first humans crossed 

2088
01:55:06,000 --> 01:55:08,100
the water to reach this 
continent continues. 

2089
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:11,500
It has been a story of 
adaptation, Survival, conflict, 

2090
01:55:11,500 --> 01:55:15,300
creativity, and constant change.
It is included tragedies, that 

2091
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:17,900
should never be forgotten and 
triumphs worth celebrating. 

2092
01:55:17,900 --> 01:55:21,700
It has been shaped by indigenous
knowledge British colonization 

2093
01:55:21,700 --> 01:55:25,300
multi-cultural immigration. 
And countless, individual 

2094
01:55:25,300 --> 01:55:29,300
decisions that accumulated into 
historical forces as you fall 

2095
01:55:29,300 --> 01:55:33,200
asleep tonight, your connected 
to this, ongoing story, whether 

2096
01:55:33,200 --> 01:55:36,500
you're Australian yourself or 
simply someone interested in how

2097
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:40,500
human societies evolve adapt and
sometimes transcend, their 

2098
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:43,100
Origins. 
Australia's history, like all. 

2099
01:55:43,100 --> 01:55:46,500
History isn't a collection of 
dates and facts but a web of 

2100
01:55:46,500 --> 01:55:48,600
human experiences choices and 
consequences. 

2101
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:52,600
That continue resonating Through
Time, The Land itself. 

2102
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:56,800
Ancient weathered patient has 
witnessed all of this and will 

2103
01:55:56,800 --> 01:56:00,600
witness, whatever comes next the
stars that wheel overhead are 

2104
01:56:00,600 --> 01:56:03,400
the same stars that guided 
indigenous Navigators for 

2105
01:56:03,400 --> 01:56:06,900
thousands of generations that 
confused early European, 

2106
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:10,400
explorers and that now Mark, the
southern sky for everyone who 

2107
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:12,800
calls this continent home, 
Sleep. 

2108
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:15,300
Well, knowing that history is 
never truly finished. 

2109
01:56:15,300 --> 01:56:18,700
That every ending is also a 
beginning and that the oldest 

2110
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:22,200
inhabited continent on Earth 
continues, its journey into an 

2111
01:56:22,200 --> 01:56:24,200
unknowable but fascinating 
future. 

2112
01:56:25,200 --> 01:56:27,800
Story of Australia. 
Like the best bedtime stories. 

2113
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:31,900
Invites you to dream, not just 
of what was, but of what might 

2114
01:56:31,900 --> 01:56:39,200
be. 
Nikola Tesla's boyhood in the 

2115
01:56:39,200 --> 01:56:42,500
small village of smiley, an 
nestled in the rural reaches of 

2116
01:56:42,500 --> 01:56:45,600
the Austrian Empire. 
Now Croatia was, as far removed 

2117
01:56:45,600 --> 01:56:47,900
from the noise of modern 
Contraptions as one might 

2118
01:56:47,900 --> 01:56:50,600
imagine. 
Yet even amid this pastoral 

2119
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:53,400
backdrop Tesla found ways to 
indulge his curiosity. 

2120
01:56:54,500 --> 01:56:58,300
His father milutin was an 
orthodox priest often occupied 

2121
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:01,700
by religious duties, but he also
possessed a serious Library 

2122
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:04,000
where young Nicholas snuck away 
to read. 

2123
01:57:04,000 --> 01:57:07,500
In fact, Tesla frequently, 
credited the secretive 

2124
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:10,600
Explorations for sparking, his 
fascination with science. 

2125
01:57:10,600 --> 01:57:14,700
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 
resourceful and gifted woman. 

2126
01:57:14,700 --> 01:57:18,100
Crafted household tools. 
With her hands, granting Tesla 

2127
01:57:18,100 --> 01:57:19,900
first-hand. 
Look at the interplay between 

2128
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:24,200
imagination and utility. 
One story that rarely gets 

2129
01:57:24,200 --> 01:57:28,800
retold overshadowed perhaps by 
Granda, anecdotes involved a 

2130
01:57:28,800 --> 01:57:32,500
small wooden water wheel. 
He built at age 9 determined to 

2131
01:57:32,500 --> 01:57:34,800
harness, the churning stream 
that ran behind his home. 

2132
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:39,200
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 
from scavenge Driftwood, an 

2133
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:41,500
improvised and axle from a 
broken carpart. 

2134
01:57:41,500 --> 01:57:46,900
While the contrivance was crude,
it worked sort of it sputtered 

2135
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:50,200
and jammed more often than its 
fun but this half success taught

2136
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:54,400
him, the power of redirecting 
Natural Forces even as a child 

2137
01:57:54,400 --> 01:57:57,800
he recognized that nature has 
tremendous energy just waiting 

2138
01:57:57,800 --> 01:58:00,700
to be tapped. 
It was also during these early 

2139
01:58:00,700 --> 01:58:03,200
years, that Tesla started 
experiencing a cute 

2140
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:06,600
visualizations later. 
He described how bright flashes 

2141
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:09,300
before his eyes could conjure 
Vivid images of objects. 

2142
01:58:09,300 --> 01:58:13,000
He hadn't even witnessed before 
this phenomenon, which he called

2143
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:17,100
his mind's eye sometimes, 
unsettled people around him, but

2144
01:58:17,100 --> 01:58:20,400
it had a silver lining. whenever
an idea flickered through his 

2145
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,800
consciousness, He could examine 
its details in these mental 

2146
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:27,500
pictures rotating and refining 
them before he ever set pen to 

2147
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:31,700
paper, this unique ability often
minimized in popular accounts 

2148
01:58:31,700 --> 01:58:35,800
shaped his inventive process. 
Of course, not all was idyllic 

2149
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:40,000
as a Schoolboy Tesla nurse to 
rebellious streak and loathed 

2150
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:43,100
rope memorization. 
His teacher once scolded him for

2151
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,300
insisting, that the Earth was a 
giant magnet telling, the class 

2152
01:58:46,300 --> 01:58:48,800
that Tesla was letting his 
imagination run wild. 

2153
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:52,300
The teacher was unaware of how 
close Tesla was to the truth, 

2154
01:58:52,300 --> 01:58:55,800
nor how that minor humiliation 
inspired him to study, magnetism

2155
01:58:55,800 --> 01:58:58,400
more thoroughly. 
Some say the seeds of his 

2156
01:58:58,408 --> 01:59:02,000
future. 
AC motor began here in the 

2157
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:05,800
tension between Authority and 
Tesla's unwavering self-belief. 

2158
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:10,400
And spare moments, young Tesla 
found camaraderie with friends 

2159
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:12,700
who joined in his experiments 
like building. 

2160
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:16,100
Hand cranked contractions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

2161
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:20,300
telephones yet. 
If a Contraption fails Tesla 

2162
01:59:20,300 --> 01:59:24,300
vanished into introspection 
recalculating every step in his 

2163
01:59:24,300 --> 01:59:27,600
mind. 
In those hours, no one could pry

2164
01:59:27,600 --> 01:59:30,900
him away from his Reflections. 
It was as if he was lost in that

2165
01:59:30,900 --> 01:59:34,400
luminous in a workshop. 
Despite bouts of quiet 

2166
01:59:34,400 --> 01:59:37,100
withdrawal. 
Tesla still lived in a household

2167
01:59:37,100 --> 01:59:41,600
that valued performance, 
especially rhetorical Flair, his

2168
01:59:41,600 --> 01:59:44,100
father believed in the power of 
eloquence and would often 

2169
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,700
deliver stirring orations. 
Perhaps this is how Tesla 

2170
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:49,800
learned to present radical ideas
with poise. 

2171
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:53,000
You also gleaned from his 
mother, the virtue of patient 

2172
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:56,500
tinkering an aspect overshadowed
by stories of His Brilliant. 

2173
01:59:56,500 --> 02:00:00,600
Flashes of insight though, 
untrained formerly Duke is 

2174
02:00:00,600 --> 02:00:03,100
improvisational skills. 
Showed him that great inventions

2175
02:00:03,100 --> 02:00:06,100
need not come from Grand. 
Laboratories they could begin at

2176
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,100
a humble table or by the 
Riverside as long as one had the

2177
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:11,600
drive to see them through. 
By the time he reached out 

2178
02:00:11,600 --> 02:00:14,700
lessons, Tesla had devoured 
nearly every science book in his

2179
02:00:14,700 --> 02:00:17,100
father's Library. 
He immersed himself in 

2180
02:00:17,100 --> 02:00:20,200
electricity magnetism and 
mechanical wonders. 

2181
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:24,700
His Fascination growing with 
each page, later at night, when 

2182
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:27,300
the household slept, and a 
single kerosene lamp. 

2183
02:00:27,300 --> 02:00:31,100
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 
mold over New Concepts, making 

2184
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:32,700
mental notes on how to apply 
them. 

2185
02:00:33,400 --> 02:00:35,900
He never just read he scouted 
for Clues. 

2186
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:39,700
Each bit of knowledge layering 
onto his mental designs. 

2187
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:43,300
These experience is in Smule 
Jam, formed the Bedrock of a 

2188
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:46,700
lifetime of invention while the 
world would one day witness 

2189
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:49,900
testers, theatrical experiments 
and transformative discoveries. 

2190
02:00:49,900 --> 02:00:54,000
It All Began beside a murmuring 
Creek and within the hush of a 

2191
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:58,500
modest Library there free from 
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 

2192
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:02,700
value of curiosity, observation 
and sustained, determination. 

2193
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:06,500
It was in this unassuming 
domain, where wooden water 

2194
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,000
wheels sputtered and a boy's 
imagination soared that the 

2195
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:11,900
seeds of an extraordinary 
Destiny. 

2196
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:16,100
First took root Perhaps most 
telling these formative years 

2197
02:01:16,100 --> 02:01:19,100
cemented in Tesla, a lifelong 
pattern of introspection and 

2198
02:01:19,100 --> 02:01:22,400
experimentation the young 
inventor not only absorbed 

2199
02:01:22,400 --> 02:01:26,500
knowledge, he reinvented it in 
his imagination for him. 

2200
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:30,700
Smilin was not a Backwater, it 
was a secluded incubator for 

2201
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:34,800
unexplored possibilities. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

2202
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:37,200
spurred by academic. 
Pursuits that beckoned him to 

2203
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:40,100
larger. 
Arena's eventually Landing him 

2204
02:01:40,100 --> 02:01:41,900
at the Austrian Polytechnic in 
grounds. 

2205
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:46,000
The environment there, demanded 
rigor, which suited Tesla's 

2206
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:49,300
capacity for total immersion? 
He sank his teeth into 

2207
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:52,700
mathematics physics mechanics 
with a feverish intensity 

2208
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:55,800
professor's noted. 
His uncanny ability to answer 

2209
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:58,700
complex theoretical questions 
without referencing textbooks. 

2210
02:01:58,700 --> 02:02:01,800
A result of his extraordinary, 
mental visualization. 

2211
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:05,400
However, the spark that truly 
lit. 

2212
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:09,900
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

2213
02:02:09,900 --> 02:02:13,600
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

2214
02:02:13,600 --> 02:02:16,400
was the future of power. 
But Tesla found its 

2215
02:02:16,400 --> 02:02:20,100
inefficiencies, maddening 
observing, how DC motors 

2216
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:22,000
generated Sparks and wasted 
energy. 

2217
02:02:22,000 --> 02:02:25,800
He questioned how nobody noticed
a better pathway when one 

2218
02:02:25,808 --> 02:02:28,300
Professor pronounced that 
harnessing alternating current 

2219
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:31,200
AC at scale was an 
impossibility. 

2220
02:02:31,200 --> 02:02:35,200
Tesla resisted, the urge to 
argue instead, he spent late 

2221
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:38,200
nights in his boarding room 
sketching out rotating magnetic 

2222
02:02:38,200 --> 02:02:40,800
fields in his head if he does 
off at all. 

2223
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:44,500
It was with diagrams dancing 
across his eyelids despite his 

2224
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:48,200
academic prowess Tesla stinting,
grass did not end smoothly 

2225
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:51,700
exhaustion and perhaps an 
underlying rebellious streak 

2226
02:02:51,700 --> 02:02:54,800
contributed to friction with 
University administrators. 

2227
02:02:54,800 --> 02:02:58,600
Who wants rigged an experiment 
to demonstrate a refined method 

2228
02:02:58,600 --> 02:03:01,800
for measuring electric 
resistance, when the apparatus 

2229
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:05,300
short circuited Tesla found 
himself facing the wrath of a 

2230
02:03:05,300 --> 02:03:08,400
professor, outraged by 
unorthodox experimentation. 

2231
02:03:09,300 --> 02:03:12,600
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 
out leaving conventional 

2232
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:16,800
Academia behind. 
From grads, Tesla move to other 

2233
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:20,000
opportunities, including a brief
and often overlooked period in 

2234
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:23,100
Marburg. 
Now, maribor Slovenia there, a 

2235
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:26,300
shadow seemed to fall over him 
separated from the camaraderie 

2236
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:30,000
of classmates, grappled, with 
bouts of anxiety, without 

2237
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:33,500
structured lab access Tesla 
turned to solitary experiments 

2238
02:03:33,500 --> 02:03:37,100
tinkering with leftover scraps 
of metal and wire yet. 

2239
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,100
The Gloom of isolation Nord at 
him and he eventually returned 

2240
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:44,300
home for a spell, his confidence
rattled but not shattered. 

2241
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:48,500
It was in Budapest or working at
The Budapest telephone exchange.

2242
02:03:48,500 --> 02:03:50,600
The Tesla began to regain his 
footing. 

2243
02:03:51,300 --> 02:03:53,800
In that frenetic workspace, he 
was tasked with improving. 

2244
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:57,900
The nascent telephone systems 
design. one lesson, circulated 

2245
02:03:57,900 --> 02:04:01,500
story details, how Tesla, once 
clambered onto a rooftop to 

2246
02:04:01,500 --> 02:04:04,600
adjust overhead Line's the 
lightning flashes, giving him 

2247
02:04:04,600 --> 02:04:08,300
new ideas about high frequency, 
current colleagues regarded him,

2248
02:04:08,300 --> 02:04:10,800
as eccentric competent, 
Crucially. 

2249
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,200
It was during a routine walk 
through Budapest city park that 

2250
02:04:14,200 --> 02:04:17,200
the notion of the rotating 
magnetic field crystallized in 

2251
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:19,600
his mind. 
Inspired by a poem. 

2252
02:04:19,600 --> 02:04:23,500
He recited aloud Tesla. 
Abruptly stopped juristic from 

2253
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:26,900
the ground and began tracing 
swirling diagrams in the dirt. 

2254
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:30,500
He explained to His companion. 
How two or more alternating 

2255
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:34,300
currents out of phase, could 
induce a rotating field capable 

2256
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:36,800
of spinning a motor that Eureka 
moment. 

2257
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:38,700
Set, the course for his next 
inventions. 

2258
02:04:38,700 --> 02:04:42,000
It was an unveiling of practical
AC Concepts in the most 

2259
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:46,500
unassuming of settings, Far From
Any official laboratory shortly.

2260
02:04:46,500 --> 02:04:49,600
After Tesla found himself with 
an opportunity in Paris working 

2261
02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:53,000
for the Continental Edison 
Company, his tasks involve 

2262
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:56,700
troubleshooting installations of
Edison's DC Systems, the very 

2263
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,900
technology that had vexed him 
back at Graz even, so the job 

2264
02:05:00,900 --> 02:05:04,000
introduced him to real-world 
engineering challenges and 

2265
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:05,700
power. 
Outages, to generate a 

2266
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:09,700
malfunctions by day Tesla, 
tackled these issues, becoming 

2267
02:05:09,700 --> 02:05:12,500
something of a specialist and 
diagnosing electrical breakdowns

2268
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:15,500
by night. 
He refined sketches of his AC 

2269
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:18,600
motor desperately, wishing for 
the chance to build a prototype.

2270
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:22,000
The interplay between The Daily 
Grind of DC, Hardware 

2271
02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:25,100
maintenance, and the nightly 
pursuit of a sea Innovation. 

2272
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:29,400
Lent, Tesla's life are peculiar 
Duality an unresolved tension 

2273
02:05:29,400 --> 02:05:32,300
between the present and what he 
believed the future should be 

2274
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:35,300
well, though, overshadowed by 
the high drama of late years, 

2275
02:05:36,200 --> 02:05:39,600
These formative experiences 
taught Tesla resilience, he 

2276
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:42,800
learned how to negotiate limited
resources, how to observe the 

2277
02:05:42,800 --> 02:05:44,900
smallest anomalies in mechanical
performance. 

2278
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,000
And how to coax Visions from his
mind into workable sketches. 

2279
02:05:50,000 --> 02:05:53,500
More importantly, his confidence
in the feasibility of AC power 

2280
02:05:53,500 --> 02:05:57,200
solidified even as he undertook 
the tedium of dc-based 

2281
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:00,600
assignments, the world around 
him might have regarded AC as a 

2282
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:03,400
flight of fancy, but in his eyes
it was the rightful heir to the 

2283
02:06:03,408 --> 02:06:05,800
electrical Throne waiting for 
its moment to shine. 

2284
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:11,200
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 
United States in 1884 has often 

2285
02:06:11,200 --> 02:06:14,600
been romanticized, yet. 
A host of lesser known details 

2286
02:06:14,600 --> 02:06:17,600
in Rich that narrative. 
He arrived in New York, with 

2287
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:20,100
next to nothing carrying a 
letter of introduction to 

2288
02:06:20,100 --> 02:06:22,500
Thomas, Edison from his former 
employer in Paris. 

2289
02:06:23,300 --> 02:06:26,000
The letter supposedly claimed 
Tesla was an exceptional 

2290
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:28,900
engineer. 
Who would produce one does in 

2291
02:06:28,900 --> 02:06:33,500
popular Italian frames tester 
and Edison's instant Rivals. 

2292
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:37,100
But in truth, their relationship
began with cautious. 

2293
02:06:37,100 --> 02:06:40,800
Respect Edison recognized 
Tesla's competence right away 

2294
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:44,400
and put him to work on projects,
deemed too intricate or menial 

2295
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:47,100
for others. 
There's a story one, not widely 

2296
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:50,300
circulated, the Tesla fixed to 
defective shipboard lighting 

2297
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:52,800
system. 
Saving Edison's company from 

2298
02:06:52,800 --> 02:06:56,100
contract penalties, Tesla. 
Never used it as Leverage. 

2299
02:06:56,900 --> 02:07:01,400
Still Edison noticed intrigued 
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 

2300
02:07:01,400 --> 02:07:06,400
He assigned him to redesign DC, 
generators Tesla toiled day. 

2301
02:07:06,400 --> 02:07:08,900
And night, confident, his 
improvements would prove their 

2302
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:12,000
worth and they did. 
But when he sought remuneration 

2303
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:15,700
misunderstandings piled up, it 
wasn't a single dispute. 

2304
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:20,100
Over a massive bonus, more, a 
pattern of unkept promises and 

2305
02:07:20,100 --> 02:07:24,200
blurred expectations. 
By early 1885 the veneer of 

2306
02:07:24,200 --> 02:07:27,800
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 
left Edison's employee. 

2307
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:30,700
That was the Genesis of a 
rivalry later. 

2308
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,700
Amplified by newspapers driven 
more by conflicting Technologies

2309
02:07:34,700 --> 02:07:38,600
than personal hatred, financial 
troubles to set, Tesla almost 

2310
02:07:38,600 --> 02:07:41,300
immediately with fewer 
acquaintances in New York. 

2311
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:43,900
He found himself digging ditches
for two dollars a day. 

2312
02:07:43,908 --> 02:07:48,400
It might have been that physical
labor under a harsh son that 

2313
02:07:48,400 --> 02:07:51,400
sharpened his resolve. 
He told a friend that while his 

2314
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,100
body dug ditches his mind was 
Far Away. 

2315
02:07:54,100 --> 02:07:58,400
Tort describing a elliptical 
arcs of thought where some might

2316
02:07:58,400 --> 02:08:01,800
have fallen into despair. 
Tesla saw an interval to refine 

2317
02:08:01,800 --> 02:08:05,100
his intended path. 
That path led to the formation 

2318
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:07,000
of Tesla electric light and 
Manufacturing. 

2319
02:08:07,000 --> 02:08:11,100
His first entrepreneurial 
venture in America, he secured 

2320
02:08:11,100 --> 02:08:14,600
backers, who at first promised 
to let him develop Arc Lighting 

2321
02:08:14,600 --> 02:08:16,600
systems and eventually his 
prized AC Motors. 

2322
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:20,300
However, once Tesla delivered an
efficient Arc lighting solution,

2323
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,400
those investors showed no 
interest in AC Capital wanted 

2324
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:27,200
quick returns, not imaginative 
leaps. 

2325
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:30,900
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 
pushed out to the very company 

2326
02:08:30,900 --> 02:08:34,200
bearing, his name This episode 
left him, wary of business 

2327
02:08:34,200 --> 02:08:37,100
Partnerships and taught him. 
That investors valued immediate 

2328
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:40,800
profit over long-term Vision. 
Undeterred, Tesla began to 

2329
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:43,500
demonstrate his, a sea motor 
concept and smaller lecture 

2330
02:08:43,500 --> 02:08:45,700
halls around the city. 
One venue. 

2331
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:48,700
The back room of a modest 
Manhattan building had an 

2332
02:08:48,700 --> 02:08:52,800
audience of barely 20 people. 
but among them was Alfred S 

2333
02:08:52,800 --> 02:08:56,000
brown, the Westin Union 
superintendent who recognized 

2334
02:08:56,000 --> 02:09:00,400
Tesla's potential another backer
Charles Peck also attended, 

2335
02:09:01,300 --> 02:09:04,200
Together, they formed a 
partnership with Tesla pledging 

2336
02:09:04,200 --> 02:09:08,300
to support his AC technology. 
These unglamorous sessions laid 

2337
02:09:08,300 --> 02:09:10,500
vital groundwork for Tesla's 
next breakthrough. 

2338
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:14,600
Soon with Newfound supporters, 
Tesla established a laboratory 

2339
02:09:14,608 --> 02:09:19,700
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 
Amid coils of wire an improvised

2340
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:21,600
setups, he tinkered 
relentlessly. 

2341
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:24,200
The space was cramped but 
offered freedom. 

2342
02:09:25,000 --> 02:09:27,700
The constructed prototypes of 
the polyphase, AC motor 

2343
02:09:27,700 --> 02:09:31,100
painstakingly refining them 
until they could run smoothly 

2344
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:33,800
under load. 
Maintaining a consistent 

2345
02:09:33,800 --> 02:09:37,100
rotating, magnetic field, was 
one challenge, ensuring it 

2346
02:09:37,108 --> 02:09:38,800
didn't damage the apparatus over
time. 

2347
02:09:38,800 --> 02:09:43,700
Was another Tesla, tackled each,
obstacle systematically relying 

2348
02:09:43,700 --> 02:09:47,800
on mental simulations before any
real world tests, one anecdote 

2349
02:09:47,800 --> 02:09:50,000
from this period. 
Recounts Tesla experimenting 

2350
02:09:50,000 --> 02:09:53,000
with high-speed turbines that 
let out unnerving wines. 

2351
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:57,600
Passes by grew weary prompting 
multiple visits from the local 

2352
02:09:57,600 --> 02:10:00,100
fire brigade, after neighbors, 
complained of Sparks. 

2353
02:10:00,800 --> 02:10:04,700
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 
would apologize earnestly. 

2354
02:10:04,700 --> 02:10:07,000
Then resumed his adjustments. 
The moment they left. 

2355
02:10:07,900 --> 02:10:11,100
Such episodes highlight his 
tendency to live almost entirely

2356
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:14,600
in his realm of ideas, paying 
little heed to outside alarm. 

2357
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:17,900
While public fascination with 
the electricity, was on the rise

2358
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:20,300
spurred by the novelty of 
electric light's. 

2359
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:23,600
Most industrialists, still 
viewed a sea with caution. 

2360
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:27,700
Tesla's goal was not simply to 
make a sea Motors feasible, but 

2361
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:30,300
to persuade key players that 
this technology was reliable 

2362
02:10:30,300 --> 02:10:34,200
safe and profitable. 
Each small success in his lab 

2363
02:10:34,200 --> 02:10:38,000
bolstered, his resolve inching 
him closer to a grand future 

2364
02:10:38,000 --> 02:10:41,000
shaped by alternating current 
truly Unstoppable. 

2365
02:10:42,300 --> 02:10:46,400
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 
unveil his AC motor to the world

2366
02:10:46,400 --> 02:10:49,400
and the venue was the American 
Institute of electrical 

2367
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:52,400
engineers. 
While typical accounts highlight

2368
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,700
the significance of this event. 
Few explore the hushed. 

2369
02:10:55,700 --> 02:10:58,600
Excitement that filled that 
lecture hall, attendees 

2370
02:10:58,600 --> 02:11:01,500
included, professors journalists
and Industrial Titans. 

2371
02:11:01,500 --> 02:11:05,200
All a buzz with talk of a new 
era in electrical distribution. 

2372
02:11:05,200 --> 02:11:08,700
Some were openly skeptical 
others arrived hoping to witness

2373
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:11,500
the demise of what they 
considered an Impossible Dream. 

2374
02:11:12,400 --> 02:11:15,800
Tesla walked onto the stage with
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 

2375
02:11:15,808 --> 02:11:18,500
motor and discussing its 
principles with methodical 

2376
02:11:18,500 --> 02:11:21,000
precision. 
Crucial in the audience set 

2377
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:24,000
George Westinghouse who had 
embraced a c for power 

2378
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:27,600
transmission. 
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and

2379
02:11:27,600 --> 02:11:30,000
the elegant Simplicity of his 
motor Westinghouse. 

2380
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:32,400
Quickly reached out in 
negotiations. 

2381
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,700
He purchased Tesla's patents for
a substantial sum and promised 

2382
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:38,600
royalties for every horse power 
generated by his invention. 

2383
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:41,600
While mainstream retellings 
mentioned, the deal. 

2384
02:11:41,600 --> 02:11:44,800
The Nuance of their discussion's
shaped by Tesla's vision for 

2385
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:48,800
future expansion of AC off often
remains overlooked With 

2386
02:11:48,800 --> 02:11:51,900
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 
moved into a well-resourced 

2387
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:55,100
facility in Pittsburgh to refine
his designs for commercial 

2388
02:11:55,100 --> 02:11:57,800
production. 
The cultural shift from his 

2389
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:00,500
Liberty Street lab to an 
industrial setting was Stark. 

2390
02:12:01,300 --> 02:12:04,600
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 
frequency and voltage, while 

2391
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:08,000
corporate Engineers focused on 
standardized Parts despite 

2392
02:12:08,000 --> 02:12:10,300
tension, seeing his Motors mass 
produced. 

2393
02:12:10,300 --> 02:12:13,300
Thrilled him. 
He was elated when AC systems 

2394
02:12:13,300 --> 02:12:16,000
lit, parts of the 1893 World 
Columbian. 

2395
02:12:16,000 --> 02:12:19,600
Exposition in Chicago, 
showcasing a cityscape, a glow 

2396
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:22,600
with alternating current 
courtesy of Westinghouse and 

2397
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:25,200
Tesla. 
A lesser known interlude 

2398
02:12:25,200 --> 02:12:28,500
occurred or when Tesla visited 
Niagara Falls, a Falls to serve 

2399
02:12:28,500 --> 02:12:32,400
a, the plan, hydroelectric, 
station standing at the brink of

2400
02:12:32,400 --> 02:12:35,600
the Thundering Cascade. 
He reportedly Muse that 

2401
02:12:35,600 --> 02:12:39,100
harnessing, such power would 
reflect Humanity's harmony with 

2402
02:12:39,100 --> 02:12:43,200
nature when it went on line, 
delivering electricity as far as

2403
02:12:43,200 --> 02:12:47,300
Buffalo, it proved ACS potency 
yet the war of the currents 

2404
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:51,100
fueled by Edison's campaign 
labeling, AC, dangerous cast 

2405
02:12:51,100 --> 02:12:55,400
Shadows on these achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

2406
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,100
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals, to 

2407
02:12:58,100 --> 02:13:02,000
highlight AC's hazards Tesla 
though offended voided. 

2408
02:13:02,000 --> 02:13:05,600
Direct public attacks. 
Instead, he showcased Aces 

2409
02:13:05,600 --> 02:13:08,600
safety and flamboyant ways. 
Passing high frequency, currents

2410
02:13:08,600 --> 02:13:12,100
through himself to light lamps, 
Newspapers seized on these 

2411
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:16,200
spectacles, Tesla disliked 
theatrics for mere hype but saw 

2412
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,300
them as necessary to shift 
perception, Tesla's, finances, 

2413
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:22,500
briefly soared his arrangement 
with Westinghouse promised 

2414
02:13:22,500 --> 02:13:26,700
substantial gains as AC spread. 
However, Westinghouse soon faced

2415
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,100
Financial strain from the 
Niagara project and Market 

2416
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:31,300
fluctuations. 
When Bankers threatened, the 

2417
02:13:31,308 --> 02:13:34,100
Westinghouse company. 
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 

2418
02:13:34,100 --> 02:13:37,400
He released Westinghouse from 
the heavy royalty agreement. 

2419
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:41,500
Some theaters altruism others, 
suspect, that he believed 

2420
02:13:41,500 --> 02:13:44,900
broader, AC adoption would bring
even greater wealth down the 

2421
02:13:44,900 --> 02:13:47,700
line. 
Either way, this decision cost 

2422
02:13:47,700 --> 02:13:50,800
him. 
Millions that shifted Tesla's 

2423
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:54,400
partnership with Western house. 
Meanwhile, his growing celebrity

2424
02:13:54,400 --> 02:13:57,900
pushed him to chase new ideas, 
fascinated by high frequency, 

2425
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:00,000
currents and wireless power. 
He had debt that. 

2426
02:14:00,000 --> 02:14:02,400
AC power distribution, was only 
a starting point. 

2427
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:06,000
His pivot from danger to 
Visionary signaled, the door of 

2428
02:14:06,000 --> 02:14:10,200
a new phase yet the transition 
was uneasy industry leaders 

2429
02:14:10,200 --> 02:14:14,400
wanted market-ready products not
Grand at Tesla. 

2430
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:19,100
Ever the dreamer to break 
boundaries, this Clash set the 

2431
02:14:19,100 --> 02:14:22,800
stage for his most audacious 
projects, some of which risk 

2432
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:24,400
isolated him from commercial 
backers. 

2433
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:29,000
Even so, as a sea quietly became
the worldwide, standard Tesla's 

2434
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:30,900
decisive role, could not be 
denied. 

2435
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:35,300
He had toppled the seemingly 
immovable dies, regime and paved

2436
02:14:35,300 --> 02:14:37,400
the road for an era defined by 
alternating current. 

2437
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:40,900
A feat that left him eager to 
explore even more Uncharted 

2438
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:43,600
Terrain. 
These winds fueled Tesla's. 

2439
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:47,400
Restless imagination propelling,
further innovation, By the 

2440
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:51,500
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 
reputation as an inventor who 

2441
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:55,000
might rewrite the laws of nature
with each new contrivance in 

2442
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:57,700
truth. 
His methods combined meticulous 

2443
02:14:57,700 --> 02:15:00,500
trial and error with knights of 
solitary reflection. 

2444
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:04,100
He fashioned Advanced coils to 
produce high voltage. 

2445
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:08,200
High frequency, alternating 
currents, creating dramatic arcs

2446
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:11,200
of our lightning. 
While crowds flocked to watch 

2447
02:15:11,200 --> 02:15:13,800
his public lectures in 
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 

2448
02:15:13,800 --> 02:15:16,900
Restless longing for a place 
where he could attempt even 

2449
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:19,900
bigger experiments unencumbered 
by City constraints. 

2450
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:25,100
That desire took him to Colorado
Springs in 1899 perched at a 

2451
02:15:25,100 --> 02:15:27,700
higher altitude where thinner 
are helped facilitate certain 

2452
02:15:27,700 --> 02:15:31,000
high voltage tests. 
The remote location was an ideal

2453
02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:33,600
Laboratory. 
He set up shop at the edge of 

2454
02:15:33,608 --> 02:15:36,300
town building, a structure 
equipped with a tall, Mast 

2455
02:15:36,300 --> 02:15:39,900
jutting above the roofline local
spoke in hushed tones about 

2456
02:15:39,900 --> 02:15:44,000
lightning machines and Eerie 
after dark glows, some worried 

2457
02:15:44,000 --> 02:15:46,900
about potential catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

2458
02:15:46,900 --> 02:15:49,500
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours, 

2459
02:15:49,508 --> 02:15:53,700
studying the interplay of 
natural lightning inside that 

2460
02:15:53,700 --> 02:15:57,000
Workshop Tesla. 
Probed Frontiers that mainstream

2461
02:15:57,000 --> 02:16:00,300
scientists have scarcely 
imagined, he fixated on the 

2462
02:16:00,300 --> 02:16:03,000
residence of Earth so ionosphere
believing signals could be 

2463
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:06,100
beamed wirelessly across vast 
distances if properly tuned. 

2464
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:09,900
According to diary entries he 
meticulously recorded Every 

2465
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:13,800
Spark, every flash, every year, 
splitting crack of artificial 

2466
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:16,900
Thunder on occasion. 
He produced such intense 

2467
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:20,900
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard from miles, one 

2468
02:16:20,900 --> 02:16:23,100
account, claims that he caused 
the local power stations 

2469
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:27,600
generated to overheat prompting,
a short-lived blackout ever the 

2470
02:16:27,600 --> 02:16:31,600
polite, guest Tesla apologized, 
then resumed tinkering in 

2471
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:34,100
Colorado. 
Tesla crystallized his Grand 

2472
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:38,000
Vision, a system of Global 
Wireless communication and power

2473
02:16:38,000 --> 02:16:41,000
distribution. 
The towns, people hearing rumors

2474
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:45,000
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no cost

2475
02:16:45,000 --> 02:16:47,600
Tesla's goals. 
However, were subtler. 

2476
02:16:47,600 --> 02:16:50,700
He pictured networks of towers 
resonating with the Earth's 

2477
02:16:50,700 --> 02:16:53,600
natural electrical charge 
carrying Voice or energy 

2478
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:56,400
anywhere. 
This concept was a precursor to 

2479
02:16:56,400 --> 02:16:59,500
technologies that would surface 
decades later from Radio 

2480
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:03,299
Transmissions to radar and 
Beyond yet life in Colorado was 

2481
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:05,799
more than just experiments and 
thunderous arcs. 

2482
02:17:05,799 --> 02:17:09,000
Tesla occasionally, mingled with
the locals regaling, them with 

2483
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:11,900
Tales of Europe and his early 
exploits in New York. 

2484
02:17:12,799 --> 02:17:16,400
Despite his eccentric schedule 
he possessed impeccable manners,

2485
02:17:16,400 --> 02:17:20,000
one story recounts how he gave a
personal demo of Wireless lamps 

2486
02:17:20,000 --> 02:17:23,299
to a bewildered blacksmith who 
later insisted Tesla was pulling

2487
02:17:23,299 --> 02:17:27,500
electricity from thin air. 
Such encounters spurred Legends 

2488
02:17:27,500 --> 02:17:30,200
of Tesla as a wizard blending 
science with something like 

2489
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:33,400
sorcery. 
Still financing these colossal 

2490
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:37,299
tests drained test, Tesla's 
resources his main backer JP 

2491
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:39,799
Morgan had initially supported. 
The wireless project. 

2492
02:17:39,799 --> 02:17:44,500
Like Liam anticipated a monopoly
on global information, but once 

2493
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:47,200
more Morgan, realized Tesla's 
schemes were far, more ambitious

2494
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:51,400
and riskier the mere Wireless 
telegraphy, his enthusiasm cool.

2495
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:55,700
Tesla pressed on convinced one 
decisive demonstration would 

2496
02:17:55,700 --> 02:17:58,400
open funding floodgates that 
breakthrough. 

2497
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:01,799
However, remained elusive 
newspapers, Amplified rumors 

2498
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:04,700
about Tesla's activities. 
Some claiming he was attempting 

2499
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:07,000
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

2500
02:18:07,000 --> 02:18:09,900
Tesla did speculate about 
extraterrestrial intelligence. 

2501
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:14,200
His real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the Lyrid headlines. 

2502
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:17,000
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

2503
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:21,400
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

2504
02:18:21,400 --> 02:18:25,799
close the Colorado lab in 1900, 
he left with crates of notes and

2505
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:28,900
undiminished Zeal convinced. 
He could still bring Wireless 

2506
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:32,799
power to the masses. 
The townspeople Left Behind the 

2507
02:18:32,799 --> 02:18:34,799
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling. 

2508
02:18:34,799 --> 02:18:38,700
Static, lingard a testament to 
the spectacular possibilities 

2509
02:18:38,700 --> 02:18:41,400
that science could conjure for 
Tesla Hertz. 

2510
02:18:41,400 --> 02:18:45,000
Colorado Springs became a 
pivotal chapter, a Proving 

2511
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:47,400
Ground, that fortified his 
belief in the Limitless 

2512
02:18:47,400 --> 02:18:49,000
potential of electrical 
residents. 

2513
02:18:49,000 --> 02:18:52,299
It was there, he most clearly 
Force saw a connected World 

2514
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:56,200
boundless by wires than by the 
atmosphere and Earth circling 

2515
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,299
energy. 
Harness in hindsight Colorado 

2516
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:01,600
was the Overture to his next 
attempt at Global 

2517
02:19:01,600 --> 02:19:04,000
electrification. 
An attempt that would manifest 

2518
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:06,700
in the Towering outline of 
warden cliff on Long Island 

2519
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:09,400
Shores. 
Upon returning to New York, 

2520
02:19:09,400 --> 02:19:13,100
Tesla Consolidated, his findings
from Colorado Springs into an 

2521
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:17,400
audacious new Venture, the 
wardenclyffe Tower project With 

2522
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:19,799
financing from JP Morgan 
initially obtained. 

2523
02:19:19,799 --> 02:19:21,600
Under the premise of 
groundbreaking Wireless 

2524
02:19:21,600 --> 02:19:25,000
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 
in Shoreham Long Island. 

2525
02:19:25,000 --> 02:19:30,200
Overlooking the Atlantic. 
Construction began in 1901 the 

2526
02:19:30,200 --> 02:19:33,000
looming structure. 
Stood nearly Monday 187 ft high 

2527
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:37,000
topped by bulbous metal Dome an 
extended deep below ground 

2528
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:39,700
through a network of iron rods 
many. 

2529
02:19:39,700 --> 02:19:41,600
Observers had no idea what to 
make of it. 

2530
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:46,400
Tesla ever enigmatic referred 
sweeping claims about sending 

2531
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:48,500
both signals and energy across 
continents. 

2532
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,100
What often goes unappreciated is
How Deeply Tesla believed in the

2533
02:19:52,100 --> 02:19:55,300
underlying physics. 
His notes show that Warden Cliff

2534
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:58,900
wasn't limited to broadcasting, 
Telegraph signals, he intended 

2535
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:00,000
it. 
As the first of many 

2536
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:03,400
transmitters, all resonating 
with Earth's natural, electrical

2537
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:06,700
cavities to convey messages or 
even power to any matching 

2538
02:20:06,700 --> 02:20:11,300
receiver worldwide in his mind. 
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 

2539
02:20:11,300 --> 02:20:13,400
logical leap from the high 
voltage experiments. 

2540
02:20:13,400 --> 02:20:17,100
He had run in Colorado Springs. 
However, the timing was not in 

2541
02:20:17,100 --> 02:20:20,700
his favor in the same year that 
Warden Cliff's skeletal form. 

2542
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:24,200
Emerged from the Treetops guly 
Elmo, Marconi successfully 

2543
02:20:24,200 --> 02:20:26,400
conducted the first 
transatlantic, radio 

2544
02:20:26,400 --> 02:20:30,500
transmission reporters hailed, 
Marconi as a giant in wireless. 

2545
02:20:30,500 --> 02:20:35,100
Communication Tesla, outraged 
pointed out that his own patents

2546
02:20:35,100 --> 02:20:36,500
on. 
Alternating current and related 

2547
02:20:36,500 --> 02:20:38,600
Technologies. 
Predated Marconi's work. 

2548
02:20:39,500 --> 02:20:42,000
Nevertheless, a public and 
financiers were smitten with 

2549
02:20:42,008 --> 02:20:45,200
Marconi's simpler, more 
immediately marketable setup. 

2550
02:20:46,100 --> 02:20:49,100
Morgan's patients were thin. 
Why bankroll testers? 

2551
02:20:49,100 --> 02:20:51,600
Massive Tower. 
If Marconi is apparatus suffice 

2552
02:20:51,600 --> 02:20:55,100
for long distance. 
Signaling Warden, Cliff still 

2553
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:58,500
incomplete hemorrhaged money. 
The crew building at dwindled, 

2554
02:20:58,500 --> 02:21:02,200
salary went on paid and Tesla 
found himself pleading for fresh

2555
02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:06,000
capital. each conversation with 
Morgan ended in Thurston demands

2556
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,600
for tangible proof which Tesla 
couldn't produce fast enough 

2557
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:13,600
desperate for funds, Tesla tried
license in auxiliary 

2558
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:17,300
invention's, turbines pumps and 
even a plan to harness 

2559
02:21:17,300 --> 02:21:20,600
geothermal heat But investors 
questioned his broader 

2560
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:24,000
intentions where he might have 
pivot their money into the tower

2561
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:28,500
as Financial constraints. 
Titans Warden Cliffe remained a 

2562
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:32,600
half realized vision. 
By 1905, the site was 

2563
02:21:32,600 --> 02:21:35,900
effectively deserted. 
The tower silent Monument to 

2564
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:38,800
Tesla's Ambitions and the 
shifting tides of investor 

2565
02:21:38,800 --> 02:21:41,100
faith. 
During these Bleak years, 

2566
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:45,100
Tesla's public Persona grew more
eccentric, journalists 

2567
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,200
occasionally interviewed him 
only to hear about proposals for

2568
02:21:48,200 --> 02:21:52,700
death Rays or atmospheric power 
rumors circulated that he was 

2569
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:56,100
becoming a recluse. 
Yet, his mind State agile. 

2570
02:21:56,800 --> 02:21:59,000
Continuing to churn out 
possibilities. 

2571
02:21:59,000 --> 02:22:02,600
He saw solar energy as a future 
Mainstay though. 

2572
02:22:02,600 --> 02:22:05,100
Few listened. 
The industrial World seemed 

2573
02:22:05,100 --> 02:22:09,300
enthralled by an oil and coal. 
While Tesla's musings about sun,

2574
02:22:09,300 --> 02:22:12,400
powered engines, Drew smirks 
Warden, Cliff was never fully 

2575
02:22:12,400 --> 02:22:16,000
operational and the newspapers. 
Offered little sympathy some 

2576
02:22:16,000 --> 02:22:18,700
newspapers, ridiculed him 
portraying him as an unrealistic

2577
02:22:18,700 --> 02:22:21,500
idea list others. 
Barely mentioned his name 

2578
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:26,500
focusing instead on Marconi's 
ongoing successes Sting of being

2579
02:22:26,500 --> 02:22:30,400
overshadowed, was palpable. 
Tesla clung to the belief that 

2580
02:22:30,400 --> 02:22:32,900
one day the world would 
recognize the practicality of 

2581
02:22:32,900 --> 02:22:36,600
Wireless power. 
Indeed, later generation's would

2582
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:39,000
adapt many of his principles for
radio and Beyond. 

2583
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:42,700
But in his time, the towers 
failure, left him saddled with 

2584
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:45,700
debt and weighed down by public 
skepticism even. 

2585
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:47,800
So Tesla didn't abandon 
optimism. 

2586
02:22:47,800 --> 02:22:51,200
He often spoke as if Warden 
Cliff had simply been delayed. 

2587
02:22:52,200 --> 02:22:55,700
Canceled in private, he refined 
sketches of improved 

2588
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:59,800
transmitters reimagine, the 
towers design and kept dreaming 

2589
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:02,600
of a worldwide grid of resonant 
stations. 

2590
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:05,800
He believed that the planet 
itself with its vast. 

2591
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:08,700
Electrical potential could be 
turned into a conduit of 

2592
02:23:08,700 --> 02:23:11,800
universal energy. 
The fact that Society wasn't 

2593
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:15,400
ready did little to dampen his 
conviction despite setbacks 

2594
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:18,100
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 
crept into later. 

2595
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:21,300
Technological revolutions 
Wireless communication, would 

2596
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:22,900
evolve in Leaps and Bounds 
though. 

2597
02:23:22,900 --> 02:23:26,800
Powered by the more conventional
means Concepts like Global 

2598
02:23:26,800 --> 02:23:29,500
connectivity and broadcast 
energy to dismissed and Tesla's.

2599
02:23:29,500 --> 02:23:32,300
Day, surface decades afterward 
in varying forms. 

2600
02:23:32,300 --> 02:23:36,100
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 
century Tesla faced only 

2601
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,700
mounting bills evaporating 
capital and a tower rusting away

2602
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:42,900
on Long Island. 
The Heartbreak of warden. 

2603
02:23:42,900 --> 02:23:46,300
Cliff marked a turning point 
leaving Tesla to operate mostly 

2604
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:50,700
on the margins of an industry. 
Hid once revolutionized The 20th

2605
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:53,800
century marched on the world 
tester had done so much to 

2606
02:23:53,800 --> 02:23:57,000
illuminate. 
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he

2607
02:23:57,000 --> 02:24:00,500
championed became the backbone 
of modern infrastructure yet, 

2608
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:04,700
Tesla himself slipped from the 
spotlight, He moved between New 

2609
02:24:04,700 --> 02:24:07,100
York hotels. 
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 

2610
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:10,900
behind public interviews, grew 
spaz when he did speak. 

2611
02:24:10,900 --> 02:24:15,000
He mentioned theories of beam. 
Weapons weather manipulation and

2612
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:18,400
advanced propulsion sowing 
intrigued, even as some question

2613
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:22,100
his grasp on reality. 
But his notebooks to the extent,

2614
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:25,100
they survive reveal how these 
ideas built on earlier 

2615
02:24:25,100 --> 02:24:27,200
experiments rather than mere 
Whimsy. 

2616
02:24:28,000 --> 02:24:30,000
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 
later. 

2617
02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:33,000
Life was his nightly ritual of 
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,

2618
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:37,700
observers or a solitary figure 
scattering seeds by Lamplight 

2619
02:24:37,700 --> 02:24:40,900
but Tesla found solace in caring
for those birds. 

2620
02:24:40,900 --> 02:24:45,300
Claiming a special bond with one
white pigeon in particular, It 

2621
02:24:45,300 --> 02:24:48,700
may have seemed an odd Pastime 
for a renowned inventor yet. 

2622
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,600
It reflected a familiar Pac-Man.
Tesla's. 

2623
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:54,400
Deep empathy for natural, 
phenomena creatures included. 

2624
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:58,400
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged
over the origins of radio. 

2625
02:24:58,400 --> 02:25:02,700
Tesla had filed patents before 
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 

2626
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:05,400
Marconi was lauded for bringing 
Wireless transmission into the 

2627
02:25:05,400 --> 02:25:08,900
mainstream. 
The legal in Tangled on for 

2628
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:12,900
years. 
In 1943, the US Supreme Court 

2629
02:25:12,900 --> 02:25:15,600
finally recognized Tesla's 
priority for peace. 

2630
02:25:15,600 --> 02:25:18,400
Certain critical. 
Radio patents though, this 

2631
02:25:18,400 --> 02:25:21,300
Vindication arrived too late to 
alter his financial Straits. 

2632
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:25,600
He was never able to capitalize 
on the official ruling nor did 

2633
02:25:25,600 --> 02:25:28,100
it quell, The public's 
Association of radio primarily 

2634
02:25:28,100 --> 02:25:31,300
with Marconi. 
Tesla spent his final stretch of

2635
02:25:31,308 --> 02:25:35,100
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 
Though, short on funds, he still

2636
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:39,500
scrawled ideas on scraps. 
Of paper proposing, cosmic ray 

2637
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:42,800
engines and new power methods. 
Visitors, who managed to see 

2638
02:25:42,800 --> 02:25:44,200
him? 
Might find him animated and 

2639
02:25:44,200 --> 02:25:47,000
eloquent. 
Speaking in polished tones About

2640
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:50,300
harnessing the energy of the Sun
or channeling power from the 

2641
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:53,800
Earth's magnetic field. 
He believed that her telephone 

2642
02:25:53,800 --> 02:25:56,900
beam could end War by making 
National borders impenetrable. 

2643
02:25:57,700 --> 02:26:00,700
To many, he's notion sounded in 
possible yet. 

2644
02:26:00,700 --> 02:26:02,800
Tesla's track record. 
Left room to wonder. 

2645
02:26:03,700 --> 02:26:09,000
When he passed away on January, 
7th, 1943 in room, 337, he left 

2646
02:26:09,008 --> 02:26:11,700
behind boxes of documents that 
soon, became the subject of 

2647
02:26:11,700 --> 02:26:15,100
intense scrutiny authorities 
seized some of his papers 

2648
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:17,900
fuelling Rumours of hidden 
innovation's, or weapons to 

2649
02:26:17,900 --> 02:26:19,400
dangerous for public 
consumption. 

2650
02:26:19,400 --> 02:26:23,400
Conspiracy theories. 
Flourished, while the reality 

2651
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:27,100
likely involved routine, 
security concerns, the secrecy 

2652
02:26:27,100 --> 02:26:31,100
lent mistake to Tesla's Legacy. 
It became hard to disentangle 

2653
02:26:31,100 --> 02:26:33,800
fact from folklore over the 
decades. 

2654
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:37,100
Tesla standing in popular 
Consciousness swung wildly 

2655
02:26:37,100 --> 02:26:41,400
Edison's name overshadowed his 
for a time especially in school 

2656
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:45,300
textbooks only later did your 
movements rise to credit Tesla 

2657
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:48,800
for his revolutionary 
contributions, to AC power radio

2658
02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:52,400
technology and more modern 
Engineers scientists. 

2659
02:26:52,400 --> 02:26:54,900
And curious lay people 
uncovered, his patents and 

2660
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:58,400
writings marveling at how he'd 
anticipated entire fields of 

2661
02:26:58,408 --> 02:27:01,700
inquiry from robotics to 
wireless communication. 

2662
02:27:02,600 --> 02:27:05,000
His pioneering theories on 
resonance and frequency. 

2663
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:07,800
All informed aspects of modern 
electronics, though. 

2664
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:10,100
That debt was seldom 
acknowledged until much later. 

2665
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:14,700
In daily life. 
Tesla's, true genius shines in 

2666
02:27:14,700 --> 02:27:17,900
the simplest of ways. 
Flicka, light switch and you 

2667
02:27:17,900 --> 02:27:19,400
reap. 
The benefits of alternating 

2668
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:23,700
current use wireless devices and
you operate on a principal Tesla

2669
02:27:23,700 --> 02:27:25,200
believed could reach across the 
planet. 

2670
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:29,700
The Synergy envisioned between 
inventor nature and the 

2671
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,400
Unstoppable. 
March of progress remains a 

2672
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,200
potent, reminder of how one 
brilliant mine can shape hole 

2673
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:38,800
era's. 
Tesla's, story is above all a 

2674
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:40,700
study in perseverance and 
Paradox. 

2675
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,600
He shunned, the pursuit of, 
well, the needed Capital to 

2676
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:46,300
materialize his dreams. 
He relished public 

2677
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:50,100
demonstrations yet, often worked
Alone lost an interior worlds, 

2678
02:27:50,100 --> 02:27:54,700
he was both lauded and dismissed
recognized as a key figure in an

2679
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:56,600
electrifying, the modern world 
yet. 

2680
02:27:56,600 --> 02:27:59,200
Branded at times as an 
eccentric, on the fringes of 

2681
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:03,300
acceptable science even. 
So he left an imprint rivaled by

2682
02:28:03,300 --> 02:28:07,900
few long after his death. 
The hum of AC power lines, the 

2683
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:11,600
glow of electric lamps and the 
chirp of Wireless signals Echo, 

2684
02:28:11,600 --> 02:28:14,600
Tesla's influence. 
He never saw the breadth of his 

2685
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:17,700
Triumph in person, yet. 
The future, he glimpsed was Not 

2686
02:28:17,700 --> 02:28:20,600
Mere fantasy. 
It was an inevitable extension 

2687
02:28:20,600 --> 02:28:22,900
of the forces, he harnessed so 
elegantly. 

2688
02:28:23,700 --> 02:28:26,400
And though the man himself 
passed in relative, obscurity 

2689
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:30,100
his ideas still crackle with a 
Vitality that defies the 

2690
02:28:30,100 --> 02:28:31,900
boundaries of time and 
Imagination. 

2691
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,500
Picture yourself settling into a
comfortable, chair by a 

2692
02:28:43,500 --> 02:28:47,400
crackling fire maybe with a warm
cup of tea steaming beside you. 

2693
02:28:48,600 --> 02:28:52,000
Tonight we're going to take a 
gentle Journey back through time

2694
02:28:52,000 --> 02:28:57,000
to an Era when Castle's dotted 
the landscape like Stone flowers

2695
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:00,900
and family trees, looked more 
like family reads. 

2696
02:29:02,500 --> 02:29:06,300
You're about to discover how 
medieval Europe's obsession with

2697
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:10,100
keeping Bloodlines pure created,
some of the most entertainingly 

2698
02:29:10,100 --> 02:29:13,000
Twisted family Dynamics in human
history. 

2699
02:29:14,400 --> 02:29:18,900
Let's start in the year 1247 in 
a castle somewhere in what we'd 

2700
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:21,400
Now, call France. 
You're walking through the 

2701
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:24,800
wonderful Hall and something 
feels off. 

2702
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:29,800
Not scary off mind. 
You just peculiar every portrait

2703
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:31,300
lining. 
The walls seems to feature the 

2704
02:29:31,300 --> 02:29:34,900
same, prominent nose, the same 
slightly drooping eyelid. 

2705
02:29:34,900 --> 02:29:38,800
And the same unfortunate chin, 
that juts forward like a 

2706
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:41,900
Castle's, drawbridge permanently
stuck halfway down. 

2707
02:29:42,700 --> 02:29:47,000
It says, if one person post for 
every family portrait across 

2708
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:50,700
three centuries, just changing 
their clothes and hairstyles, to

2709
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:54,400
keep things intriguing. 
The culprit wasn't artistic 

2710
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:57,400
laziness or a painter with 
limited imagination. 

2711
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:02,200
This was the Habsburg jaw 
though, the habsburg's hadn't 

2712
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:06,600
quite perfected, their signature
look yet, medieval nobility had 

2713
02:30:06,600 --> 02:30:10,400
discovered what they thought was
the perfect solution to a very 

2714
02:30:10,400 --> 02:30:13,400
real problem. 
How do you keep your wealth 

2715
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:17,300
power and bloodline secure when 
you're surrounded by ambitious 

2716
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:20,500
neighbors? 
Who love nothing more than to 

2717
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,300
marry into your fortune and 
claim a piece of your kingdom. 

2718
02:30:24,700 --> 02:30:28,900
The answer seemed obvious at the
time, you marry your cousin and 

2719
02:30:28,900 --> 02:30:31,900
if that works out, well, maybe 
your children will marry their 

2720
02:30:31,900 --> 02:30:34,900
cousins, too. 
After all, who better to trust 

2721
02:30:34,900 --> 02:30:38,800
with your family's future than 
well, your family. 

2722
02:30:39,700 --> 02:30:42,700
It was like keeping your money 
in a family-owned Bank, except 

2723
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:46,100
the currency was DNA and the 
interest rates were absolutely 

2724
02:30:46,100 --> 02:30:49,400
terrible. 
You see, Medieval Europe 

2725
02:30:49,400 --> 02:30:52,300
operated on a simple principle, 
that would make modern 

2726
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:54,800
relationship. 
Counselors weep into their 

2727
02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:59,000
tissues, blood was thicker than 
water and the thicker, the 

2728
02:30:59,000 --> 02:31:02,200
better. 
King's and queen's looked at 

2729
02:31:02,200 --> 02:31:04,800
their family trees. 
And thought why let all these 

2730
02:31:04,800 --> 02:31:08,000
perfectly Noble Bloodlines 
wander off into other families 

2731
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:11,100
when we could just Loop them 
back around? 

2732
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:16,000
It was a time when recycling was
not only fashionable, but also a

2733
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:19,200
means of creating truly 
memorable genetic combinations 

2734
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:21,500
rather than preserving the 
environment. 

2735
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:27,500
The church despite its medieval 
Origins attempted to curb this 

2736
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:30,300
enthusiasm. 
Before marriage became a taboo. 

2737
02:31:30,300 --> 02:31:33,600
They established rules about how
closely related you could be. 

2738
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:36,900
But here's where it becomes, 
delightfully absurd. 

2739
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:41,100
These same Nobles who couldn't 
marry their first cousins would 

2740
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:45,000
spend fortunes on papal. 
Dispensations, basically 

2741
02:31:45,000 --> 02:31:48,500
permission slips from the pope 
to marry their second cousins. 

2742
02:31:48,500 --> 02:31:51,800
Instead, it was akin to 
obtaining a hall pass to 

2743
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:55,100
circumvent the rules. 
But the restrictions were based 

2744
02:31:55,100 --> 02:31:58,700
on genetics and the cost of the 
hall pass, surpassed the cost of

2745
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:02,900
most people's castles. 
Imagine being a medieval 

2746
02:32:02,900 --> 02:32:06,100
wedding, planner in those days. 
Instead of worrying about 

2747
02:32:06,100 --> 02:32:10,100
seating charts based on divorces
or political, disagreements. 

2748
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:13,400
You would be frantically 
sketching, family trees to 

2749
02:32:13,400 --> 02:32:17,900
ensure that the bride and groom 
weren't accidentally related as 

2750
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:21,300
uncle and niece. 
Let us examine the lineage, 

2751
02:32:21,300 --> 02:32:23,600
through your great grandmothers,
second marriage. 

2752
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:27,300
Oh dear. 
It appears your related in three

2753
02:32:27,300 --> 02:32:30,500
distinct ways. 
Should we prioritize the closest

2754
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,500
relationship? 
Or the most recent one for the 

2755
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:35,900
announcement? 
Should we go with the closest 

2756
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:39,300
relationship or the most recent 
one for the announcement? 

2757
02:32:40,500 --> 02:32:42,900
The irony, of course was 
delicious. 

2758
02:32:42,900 --> 02:32:46,300
These families were so concerned
with keeping their bloodlines 

2759
02:32:46,300 --> 02:32:51,100
pure, that they kept making them
increasingly concentrated Like 

2760
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:54,300
reducing a source until it 
becomes too intense for anyone 

2761
02:32:54,300 --> 02:32:57,900
to actually enjoy. 
What started as an attempt to 

2762
02:32:57,900 --> 02:33:02,200
preserve Noble characteristics. 
Ended up creating some truly 

2763
02:33:02,200 --> 02:33:06,100
unique, family reunions where 
everyone genuinely did look like

2764
02:33:06,100 --> 02:33:10,000
distant relatives because they 
were still in that castle. 

2765
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,000
And now, you're looking more 
closely at those portraits. 

2766
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:15,100
The resemblance isn't just 
striking. 

2767
02:33:15,100 --> 02:33:18,600
It's almost Supernatural. 
Three-year-old. 

2768
02:33:18,600 --> 02:33:21,600
Lord Timothy has the same weak 
chin as his 

2769
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:25,300
great-great-grandfather and Lady
Margaret's distinctive nose 

2770
02:33:25,300 --> 02:33:29,100
appears to have been passed down
with the Precision of a medieval

2771
02:33:29,100 --> 02:33:32,200
Mason's measurements. 
This isn't me a coincidence. 

2772
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:36,200
It's the result of your gene 
pool merging into a mere puddle.

2773
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:40,900
Let's Wander over to Medieval 
Spain, where the situation was 

2774
02:33:40,900 --> 02:33:45,000
getting, particularly intriguing
picture yourself as a visiting 

2775
02:33:45,000 --> 02:33:49,000
dignitary attending a royal 
wedding, your handed a program 

2776
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,400
that includes a family tree to 
help. 

2777
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:54,600
You understand how the bride and
groom are related. 

2778
02:33:54,600 --> 02:33:59,000
You unfold, it expecting 
something straightforward and 

2779
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:02,800
instead find what looks like a 
diagram for a very confused 

2780
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:06,900
electrical circuit. 
The bride is the groom's second 

2781
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,200
cousin through his mother's side
but also his third cousin 

2782
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:13,000
through his father's side. 
And if you follow this dotted 

2783
02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:16,600
line here, technically his step 
Aunt, through a previous 

2784
02:34:16,600 --> 02:34:20,100
marriage, that was annulled, but
the relationship somehow still 

2785
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:22,900
counts. 
Medieval record Keepers 

2786
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:25,700
developed impressive skills at 
diplomatic language. 

2787
02:34:26,400 --> 02:34:30,100
Instead of writing married, his 
cousin, they'd craft a labret 

2788
02:34:30,100 --> 02:34:34,300
phrases like United in. 
Holy matrimony with his beloved 

2789
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:38,000
kinswoman or joined with her. 
One of compatible, noble, 

2790
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:42,000
bearing and familiar bloodline. 
It was like medieval spin 

2791
02:34:42,000 --> 02:34:46,800
control, making family reunions 
sound like diplomatic summits. 

2792
02:34:47,900 --> 02:34:51,200
The mathematics of medieval 
marriage were staggering in some

2793
02:34:51,200 --> 02:34:53,100
Royal Family's. 
You could trace seven, different

2794
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:56,400
paths, connecting any husband 
and wife but it wasn't just that

2795
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,200
everyone was related. 
It was that everyone was related

2796
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:02,900
in multiple overlapping ways. 
Your spouse might 

2797
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:06,200
simultaneously. 
Be your second cousin, third 

2798
02:35:06,200 --> 02:35:10,400
cousin, once removed and fourth 
cousin, twice removed, family, 

2799
02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:13,800
gatherings must have required 
name tags, not just with names, 

2800
02:35:13,800 --> 02:35:18,000
but with relationship 
flowcharts, consider the case of

2801
02:35:18,000 --> 02:35:21,700
poor Charles, the second of 
Spain who appears later in our 

2802
02:35:21,700 --> 02:35:26,200
story, By the time he was born, 
his family tree had been so 

2803
02:35:26,200 --> 02:35:29,000
thoroughly Tangled that his 
parents were more closely 

2804
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:33,400
related and typical siblings. 
His coefficient of inbreeding 

2805
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:36,800
was higher than what you'd 
encounter in laboratory, mice, 

2806
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:39,100
bred specifically for genetic 
uniformity. 

2807
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:43,900
The man's jaw protruded so far 
forward that he couldn't chew 

2808
02:35:43,900 --> 02:35:46,300
properly. 
And his tongue was so large that

2809
02:35:46,300 --> 02:35:49,800
his speech was barely 
intelligible yet somehow the man

2810
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:52,600
was considered the Pinnacle of 
Royal breeding. 

2811
02:35:53,700 --> 02:35:56,700
Medieval Physicians blessed, 
their well-meaning hearts, had 

2812
02:35:56,700 --> 02:35:59,700
no idea what was happening. 
They developed elaborate 

2813
02:35:59,700 --> 02:36:04,800
theories about Noble blood and 
refined humors to explain why 

2814
02:36:04,800 --> 02:36:07,900
royal families such distinctive 
characteristics. 

2815
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:12,300
When Little Prince Ferdinand was
born with the family, signature 

2816
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:16,000
jutting jaw Physicians, would 
nod sagely and explained that 

2817
02:36:16,000 --> 02:36:19,900
the trait demonstrated the 
purity of his Noble Essence. 

2818
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:23,600
It was like having a genetic 
Lottery where all the winning 

2819
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:26,800
numbers were the same but 
everyone convinced themselves 

2820
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:29,300
that these traits proved they 
were lucky. 

2821
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:32,800
The tragic comedy reached, its 
peak. 

2822
02:36:32,800 --> 02:36:36,100
When families would celebrate 
these distinctive features as 

2823
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:39,800
proof of their superiority. 
That prominent forehead wasn't 

2824
02:36:39,800 --> 02:36:42,000
assigned of genetic 
bottlenecking. 

2825
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:44,600
It was evidence of noble 
bearing. 

2826
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:49,200
Rather than being the product of
chromosomal confusion, those 

2827
02:36:49,200 --> 02:36:52,600
slightly crossed eyes were a 
sign of Royal Reflection. 

2828
02:36:54,000 --> 02:36:57,000
Medieval courts developed an 
entire aesthetic around what 

2829
02:36:57,000 --> 02:36:59,200
were essentially genetic 
accidents. 

2830
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:03,400
Turning medical textbook 
examples into fashion statements

2831
02:37:04,300 --> 02:37:07,200
You can imagine the portrait 
artists of the time developing 

2832
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,900
very diplomatic techniques. 
How do you depict a person? 

2833
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:15,500
Whose features concentrated 
through generations of 

2834
02:37:15,500 --> 02:37:18,700
inbreeding resemble, a 
caricature of nobility. 

2835
02:37:18,700 --> 02:37:23,500
The answer was to lean into it. 
Creating Artistic Styles that 

2836
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:27,400
made everyone looks slightly 
surreal as if the distortions 

2837
02:37:27,400 --> 02:37:31,300
were intentional artistic 
choices rather than unavoidable 

2838
02:37:31,300 --> 02:37:36,800
biological reality in on a 
medieval meeting and the 

2839
02:37:36,800 --> 02:37:41,200
discussion isn't about taxes or 
territorial dispute, it's about 

2840
02:37:41,200 --> 02:37:43,100
marriage prospects for the young
prince. 

2841
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:48,400
The advisors of spread a massive
chart across the oak table and 

2842
02:37:48,400 --> 02:37:51,300
they're using colored threads to
trace family connections, like 

2843
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:54,000
their planning a military 
campaign in a way. 

2844
02:37:54,008 --> 02:37:57,400
They are medieval marriage 
wasn't romance. 

2845
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:01,400
It was strategic Alliance 
building with a side of genetic 

2846
02:38:01,400 --> 02:38:05,700
roulette. 
Every Union was a treaty every 

2847
02:38:05,700 --> 02:38:10,100
child, a potential diplomatic 
asset and every family tree a 

2848
02:38:10,100 --> 02:38:12,500
battle map showing who 
controlled what? 

2849
02:38:12,500 --> 02:38:17,000
Bloodlines You watch as the 
advisors debate, the merits of 

2850
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,800
various cousins, like their 
discussing trade routes or 

2851
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:24,000
Fortress locations. 
The Duke's daughter brings 

2852
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:28,100
strong claims to Three Counties 
one, adviser note's, moving a 

2853
02:38:28,100 --> 02:38:32,500
blue thread across the chart. 
However she is also the prince's

2854
02:38:32,500 --> 02:38:35,900
second cousin through both 
maternal and paternal lines. 

2855
02:38:37,000 --> 02:38:38,600
Another advisor responds? 
Yes. 

2856
02:38:38,600 --> 02:38:41,700
But consider the consolidation 
benefits. 

2857
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:45,300
Their children would have 
Undisputed claims to all 

2858
02:38:45,300 --> 02:38:48,600
territories involved. 
It was like medieval Monopoly 

2859
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:52,000
except instead of buying 
properties, they were collecting

2860
02:38:52,000 --> 02:38:55,300
relatives. 
The church is prohibition on 

2861
02:38:55,300 --> 02:38:59,300
close relative marriages created
an entire industry of 

2862
02:38:59,300 --> 02:39:03,300
genealogical detective work. 
families employed Specialists 

2863
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:08,000
whose only job was to trace 
Bloodlines and identify the most

2864
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:11,300
distant possible relatives who 
still brought useful political 

2865
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,900
connections These medieval 
relationship Consultants 

2866
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:17,900
functions. 
Similarly to Modern dating app, 

2867
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:21,700
algorithms analyzing 
compatibility based on factors 

2868
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:26,500
such as territorial Holdings, 
political alliances and genetic 

2869
02:39:26,500 --> 02:39:29,600
distance, albeit, with a limited
understanding of the latter, 

2870
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:33,000
Papal. 
Dispensation became medieval 

2871
02:39:33,000 --> 02:39:36,000
Europe's most expensive. 
Permission slips. 

2872
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:40,100
Want to marry your first cousin.
That'll be a Cathedrals worth of

2873
02:39:40,100 --> 02:39:43,000
gold, please. 
Second cousin, although it 

2874
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:47,600
remains expensive, it is still 
Within Reach. the Pope's office 

2875
02:39:47,600 --> 02:39:51,100
developed, an elaborate sliding 
scale based on how closely 

2876
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:55,100
related the happy couple were It
was like paying extra fees for 

2877
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:59,700
premium relationship violations.
And business was booming picture

2878
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:01,800
yourself as a young Noble in 
this system. 

2879
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:05,500
Your marriage prospects, weren't
to turn and by personality 

2880
02:40:05,500 --> 02:40:09,500
compatibility or shared 
interests, they were calculated 

2881
02:40:09,500 --> 02:40:12,800
based on territorial maps and 
bloodline charts. 

2882
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:16,900
Your ideal spouse was someone 
who was related closely enough 

2883
02:40:16,900 --> 02:40:20,200
to keep the family wealth 
concentrated, but distantly 

2884
02:40:20,200 --> 02:40:23,500
enough to avoid needing the most
expensive papal. 

2885
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:26,700
Dispensation romance, was 
finding someone, your only 

2886
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:29,600
related to in two or three ways 
in stead of 7. 

2887
02:40:30,500 --> 02:40:33,500
The paperwork alone was 
staggering, medieval marriage 

2888
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:36,900
contracts, read like 
International treaties complete 

2889
02:40:36,900 --> 02:40:40,800
with genealogical appendices, 
territorial transfer agreements,

2890
02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:46,000
and detailed succession plans. 
A simple, I do required 

2891
02:40:46,000 --> 02:40:48,800
documentation that would make 
modern divorce. 

2892
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,700
Lawyers, weep with joy. 
Couples needed to prove their 

2893
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:56,700
bloodlines document their 
dispensations and provide 

2894
02:40:56,700 --> 02:40:59,700
certified family trees. 
Going back Generations. 

2895
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:04,400
Some families got creative with 
their relationship mathematics. 

2896
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:08,400
If you couldn't locate a 
suitably distant relative who 

2897
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,800
brought favorable political 
connections, you could adopt 

2898
02:41:11,800 --> 02:41:14,300
someone into the family first, 
then a ranger married. 

2899
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:18,300
It was like medieval 
relationship hacking creating 

2900
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:22,400
artificial family connections to
justify strategic unions. 

2901
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:25,400
While still maintaining the 
appearance of keeping Bloodlines

2902
02:41:25,400 --> 02:41:28,900
pure The truly ambitious 
families played long-term. 

2903
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:31,900
Genetic chess. 
Arranging marriage is not just 

2904
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:35,300
for immediate political gain, 
but the setup advantageous 

2905
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:37,400
relationships for their 
grandchildren. 

2906
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,800
They'd marry siblings into 
different branches of Target 

2907
02:41:40,800 --> 02:41:43,400
families. 
Creating multiple connection 

2908
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:48,600
points for future Generations. 
It was Family Planning with a 30

2909
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:52,600
year strategic Horizon. 
Except the strategy was based on

2910
02:41:52,608 --> 02:41:56,500
a medieval understanding of 
genetics, which is to say no 

2911
02:41:56,500 --> 02:42:00,100
understanding at all. 
Medieval courts developed 

2912
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:03,000
elaborate etiquette around 
acknowledging these complex 

2913
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:06,100
relationships. 
You couldn't just introduce your

2914
02:42:06,100 --> 02:42:09,600
spouse as my wife. 
You needed to specify my beloved

2915
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,600
wife and second cousin once 
removed Through The Burgundian 

2916
02:42:12,600 --> 02:42:15,700
line. 
It was like medieval name tags 

2917
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:19,100
needed footnotes and every 
social Gathering required. 

2918
02:42:19,100 --> 02:42:22,600
A genie allergist on Stan by to 
sort out who could sit next to 

2919
02:42:22,600 --> 02:42:25,000
him. 
Without creating awkward family 

2920
02:42:25,000 --> 02:42:28,800
Dynamics, you've moved from the 
council chamber to the castle 

2921
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:32,200
Nursery where things get both 
more heartwarming and more 

2922
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:34,900
concerning. 
Medieval child. 

2923
02:42:34,900 --> 02:42:37,100
Rearing in noble, families was 
like running. 

2924
02:42:37,100 --> 02:42:40,700
A very exclusive, very expensive
laboratory experiment. 

2925
02:42:40,700 --> 02:42:44,800
In genetic concentration, except
nobody realized, they were 

2926
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:48,000
conducting an experiment 
picture, the Castle's Nursery 

2927
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:51,300
Wing where little Lord Jeffery 
is learning to walk with the 

2928
02:42:51,308 --> 02:42:54,800
distinctive family gate. 
A slight rolling motion. 

2929
02:42:54,800 --> 02:42:57,700
That's been passed down for six 
Generations. 

2930
02:42:59,600 --> 02:43:02,700
His sisters are practicing their
cursing with the families 

2931
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:06,200
characteristic head tilt. 
Which developed because several 

2932
02:43:06,200 --> 02:43:09,600
generations of inbreeding, 
created in an ear issues that 

2933
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:13,300
affected balance. 
What looks like refined noble 

2934
02:43:13,300 --> 02:43:16,900
bearing is actually adaptive 
Behavior around genetic quirks, 

2935
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:21,200
more evil tutors faced unique 
challenges that would stump 

2936
02:43:21,200 --> 02:43:24,900
modern educators. 
How do you instruct children in 

2937
02:43:24,900 --> 02:43:28,200
mathematics when their families 
genetic concentration? 

2938
02:43:28,200 --> 02:43:31,500
Has resulted in learning 
disabilities, that will remain 

2939
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:33,600
unexplained for another five 
centuries. 

2940
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:38,100
The solution was to assume that 
Noble children learned 

2941
02:43:38,100 --> 02:43:40,500
differently because they were 
naturally Superior. 

2942
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:44,500
Not because cousin marriage had 
created some interesting 

2943
02:43:44,500 --> 02:43:48,000
neurological. 
Variations the castle Physicians

2944
02:43:48,000 --> 02:43:50,500
developed specialized medical 
knowledge that was 

2945
02:43:50,500 --> 02:43:53,400
simultaneously impressive and 
completely wrong. 

2946
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:57,300
They could accurately describe 
the symptoms of what we now know

2947
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:01,100
as genetic disorders but their 
explanations were fascinating, 

2948
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:06,700
works of creative fiction that 
distinctive Habsburg jaw, the 

2949
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:10,000
family's Noble blood was so pure
that ordinary facial structures.

2950
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:12,400
Could not contain it. 
Those vision. 

2951
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:14,500
Problems are affecting multiple 
family members. 

2952
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:19,500
Noble eyes, evidently possess a 
refinement that surpasses common

2953
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:21,900
sight. 
You're observing the children's 

2954
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:25,200
daily lessons and there is 
something both poignant and 

2955
02:44:25,200 --> 02:44:29,500
absurd about their education. 
Little lady Catherine is 

2956
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:33,400
learning, heraldry memorizing, 
Coats of Arms that represent the

2957
02:44:33,400 --> 02:44:37,100
same few families arranged in 
slightly different combinations,

2958
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:42,200
across centuries. her brother is
studying genealogy which in 

2959
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:45,400
their family requires charts, 
that look like abstract art 

2960
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:49,500
projects, Their family tree has 
so many interconnecting branches

2961
02:44:49,500 --> 02:44:53,600
that tracing any lineage looks 
like following a drunken spiders

2962
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:56,500
web. 
Medieval Noble children of 

2963
02:44:56,500 --> 02:45:00,800
remarkable skills at diplomatic 
relationship, navigation, that 

2964
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:02,600
would impress, modern social 
workers. 

2965
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:07,000
By age 8, they could explain how
they were related to visiting 

2966
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,300
dignitaries in three different 
ways in which relationship took 

2967
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:15,300
precedence in which social 
situations. well technically 

2968
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:19,400
Lord Roderick is my great uncle 
through marriage, but also my 

2969
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:22,900
second cousin by Blood, So I 
should address him using the 

2970
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:26,500
cousin protocols and less 
grandmother is present, in which

2971
02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:29,600
case, the uncle relationship 
takes precedence because it 

2972
02:45:29,600 --> 02:45:31,300
comes through her side of the 
family. 

2973
02:45:32,500 --> 02:45:36,100
The education system adapted 
effectively to these genetic 

2974
02:45:36,100 --> 02:45:39,400
realities. 
Although this adaptation was not

2975
02:45:39,400 --> 02:45:42,100
intentional. 
When multiple children in the 

2976
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:44,700
same family, struggle with 
similar learning challenges, 

2977
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:47,900
medieval Educators, assume the 
evidence. 

2978
02:45:47,900 --> 02:45:52,100
Proved that Noble Minds worked 
on higher planes and common, 

2979
02:45:52,100 --> 02:45:56,000
intellects They develop teaching
methods that were effective for 

2980
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:58,800
children with learning 
disabilities, although they 

2981
02:45:58,800 --> 02:46:02,600
believed they were creating 
Advanced curricula intended for 

2982
02:46:02,608 --> 02:46:07,300
Superior Noble Minds. 
Castle life developed around 

2983
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:10,200
accommodating what? 
We now, recognize as the results

2984
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:14,100
of genetic concentration, meals 
were prepared in ways that made 

2985
02:46:14,100 --> 02:46:17,700
them easier for family members 
with jaw problems to eat. 

2986
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,900
Lighting was arranged to help 
relatives with vision issues, 

2987
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:25,300
navigate safely. 
Family members, who struggled 

2988
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:28,600
with balance or coordination 
were helped by the placement of 

2989
02:46:28,608 --> 02:46:31,400
the furniture. 
These were not recognized as 

2990
02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:35,300
medical accommodations, they 
were just the way Noble 

2991
02:46:35,300 --> 02:46:37,800
households. 
Operated, the children's play 

2992
02:46:37,800 --> 02:46:40,400
activities were charmingly 
adapted to their circumstances. 

2993
02:46:41,700 --> 02:46:45,200
Tag became a more contemplative 
game when several players had 

2994
02:46:45,200 --> 02:46:48,800
coordination issues. 
Hide and seek work differently. 

2995
02:46:48,800 --> 02:46:52,300
When some children had vision 
problems that made hiding 

2996
02:46:52,300 --> 02:46:56,200
easier, but seeking harder. 
The players developed elaborate 

2997
02:46:56,200 --> 02:46:59,100
group activities, that 
unintentionally provided 

2998
02:46:59,100 --> 02:47:02,500
excellent social therapy for 
children, dealing with various 

2999
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:05,400
genetic quirks. 
Although everyone assumed they 

3000
02:47:05,400 --> 02:47:08,500
were merely inventing, more 
refined forms of noble 

3001
02:47:08,500 --> 02:47:12,000
entertainment. 
Medieval toymakers created 

3002
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:14,900
special playthings for Noble 
children, that were actually 

3003
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:19,900
therapeutic devices in disguise.
Puzzles designed to help with 

3004
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:24,200
fine motor skills were presented
as intelligence challenges for 

3005
02:47:24,200 --> 02:47:27,800
Superior Minds. 
Games that provided speech 

3006
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:32,100
therapy were marketed, as 
refinement exercises, for Noble 

3007
02:47:32,100 --> 02:47:35,300
discourse. 
It was accidental occupational, 

3008
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:39,200
therapy disguised, as luxury 
entertainment and it worked 

3009
02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:42,900
remarkably well, you're now in 
the Magnificent, dining hall 

3010
02:47:42,900 --> 02:47:45,900
during a feast and the seating 
arrangement looks like it was 

3011
02:47:45,900 --> 02:47:49,400
planned by someone with a 
mathematics degree and a deep 

3012
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:52,000
understanding of medieval social
anxiety. 

3013
02:47:53,000 --> 02:47:55,500
The head table isn't just 
organized by rank. 

3014
02:47:55,500 --> 02:47:59,600
It's a careful dance around, 
genetic relationships political 

3015
02:47:59,600 --> 02:48:02,900
alliances, and the complex 
etiquette of acknowledging, 

3016
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,300
multiple forms of family, 
connections simultaneously. 

3017
02:48:06,900 --> 02:48:11,000
Medieval dinner conversation in 
Noble households, required 

3018
02:48:11,000 --> 02:48:14,400
skills, that were challenged. 
Modern diplomats When everyone 

3019
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,600
at the table, had overlapping 
sometimes contradictory 

3020
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:20,900
relationships with each other, 
you couldn't simply engage in 

3021
02:48:20,900 --> 02:48:23,100
casual conversation about the 
weather. 

3022
02:48:24,300 --> 02:48:27,300
When your father was also your 
dinner, companion, second 

3023
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:29,500
cousin, brother-in-law, and 
political rival. 

3024
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:32,800
The question. 
How's your father took on a 

3025
02:48:32,800 --> 02:48:35,500
significant weight? 
The entertainment during these 

3026
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:39,800
feasts adapted to the unique 
characteristics of inbred 

3027
02:48:39,800 --> 02:48:43,500
nobility in ways that were both 
considerate and completely 

3028
02:48:43,500 --> 02:48:47,200
unconscious. 
Minstrels learn to sing more 

3029
02:48:47,200 --> 02:48:51,500
slowly and clearly because 
several generations of genetic 

3030
02:48:51,500 --> 02:48:55,900
concentration had created 
hearing and processing issues in

3031
02:48:55,900 --> 02:48:58,900
many noble families. 
They believed they were creating

3032
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:03,500
more refined and contemplative 
musical styles in reality. 

3033
02:49:03,500 --> 02:49:06,800
They were actually developing 
accommodations for medieval 

3034
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,700
accessibility. 
You're observing the dinner 

3035
02:49:09,700 --> 02:49:13,400
conversation, and it's like 
watching a very polite, very 

3036
02:49:13,400 --> 02:49:17,400
complex form of verbal, 
gymnastics, when Lord Baldwin 

3037
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:20,500
mentions his recent marriage, 
three other people at the table.

3038
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:24,700
Have to navigate the facts that 
his new wife is their relative 

3039
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:28,200
in different ways. 
The conversation becomes a 

3040
02:49:28,200 --> 02:49:30,400
careful dance around 
relationship acknowledgments. 

3041
02:49:30,400 --> 02:49:34,100
Congratulations on your union. 
With our dear cousin. 

3042
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:38,100
Well, she's my cousin through 
the maternal line but I believe 

3043
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:39,400
she's your cousin through 
marriage. 

3044
02:49:39,400 --> 02:49:42,500
Lord, Edmund. 
Medieval etiquette books 

3045
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:45,200
developed increasingly complex 
rules for these situations 

3046
02:49:45,200 --> 02:49:47,800
though. 
They didn't quite understand why

3047
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:51,900
such rules were necessary. 
There were specific protocols 

3048
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:55,100
for addressing relatives. 
Who outranked, you relatives? 

3049
02:49:55,100 --> 02:49:58,600
Who outranked you, in some 
family lines but not others and 

3050
02:49:58,600 --> 02:50:02,300
relatives, whose relationship to
you change, depending, on which 

3051
02:50:02,300 --> 02:50:06,000
ancestor, you, trace your 
connection through. it was like 

3052
02:50:06,000 --> 02:50:11,000
medieval Roberts Rules of Order,
but for genetic complexity, the 

3053
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:14,800
Castle's record Keepers had 
evolved into part genealogist 

3054
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:17,800
part Diplomat and part social 
worker. 

3055
02:50:18,500 --> 02:50:21,300
They maintained massive charts 
Tracking, not just family 

3056
02:50:21,300 --> 02:50:25,500
relationships, but the emotional
and political implications of 

3057
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,500
those relationships. 
When planning seating 

3058
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:31,500
arrangements, they had to 
consider not just who was 

3059
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:35,200
related to whom, but which 
relationships were currently 

3060
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:38,400
being emphasized for political 
reasons and which were being 

3061
02:50:38,400 --> 02:50:42,600
diplomatically ignored. 
Medieval gift-giving became an 

3062
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:45,500
art form of relationship, 
acknowledgment, that would 

3063
02:50:45,500 --> 02:50:47,300
confuse modern etiquette 
experts. 

3064
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:50,300
Wedding presents had to 
acknowledge the couples 

3065
02:50:50,300 --> 02:50:52,800
relationship to The Giver in 
multiple ways. 

3066
02:50:52,800 --> 02:50:56,600
You might present them something
as their cousin, something else 

3067
02:50:56,600 --> 02:51:00,800
as their political Ally and a 
third item acknowledging their 

3068
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:03,000
connection through a different 
family line. 

3069
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:06,600
It was like giving layered 
presence that told a story of 

3070
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,700
your family's genetic history. 
The dinner entertainment often 

3071
02:51:10,700 --> 02:51:14,000
included genealogical 
performance is that were part 

3072
02:51:14,000 --> 02:51:16,600
history lesson and part family 
therapy. 

3073
02:51:17,300 --> 02:51:20,200
Bards would recite family 
lineages, but they had to 

3074
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:23,700
carefully navigate a complicated
web of relationships without 

3075
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:27,100
accidentally highlighting 
uncomfortable genetic 

3076
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,000
concentrations. 
It was storytelling that 

3077
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:33,300
required both poetic skill and 
diplomatic immunity. 

3078
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,400
You notice that conversations 
naturally developed careful 

3079
02:51:37,400 --> 02:51:42,300
euphemisms around the reality of
their genetic situation. instead

3080
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:46,600
of saying inbreeding, they 
talked about preserving Noble 

3081
02:51:46,600 --> 02:51:50,500
bloodlines Rather than 
mentioning genetic problems, 

3082
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:55,000
they discussed the refined 
nature of noble, constitutions. 

3083
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:59,500
They developed an entire 
vocabulary, that acknowledged 

3084
02:51:59,500 --> 02:52:02,200
their reality without quite 
admitting what was happening. 

3085
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:06,700
Medieval feasts, became 
elaborate social rituals, that 

3086
02:52:06,700 --> 02:52:09,900
helped families navigate. 
Their genetic complexity with 

3087
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:13,200
dignity and Grace. 
The formal structure of these 

3088
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:16,900
events provided a framework for 
managing relationships that were

3089
02:52:16,908 --> 02:52:19,400
too complicated for casual 
interaction. 

3090
02:52:19,400 --> 02:52:23,700
Everyone knew their role their 
place, and which aspects of 

3091
02:52:23,700 --> 02:52:26,400
their multiple family 
connections to emphasize in what

3092
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:30,200
contexts It was like dinner 
theater where everyone was both 

3093
02:52:30,200 --> 02:52:33,300
performer and audience. 
And the script was written by 

3094
02:52:33,300 --> 02:52:35,100
generations of genetic 
mathematics. 

3095
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:38,500
You're now visiting the Castle's
medical Wing. 

3096
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:41,400
Where medieval Physicians are 
performing intellectual 

3097
02:52:41,400 --> 02:52:44,800
gymnastics that would impress 
modern creative writing 

3098
02:52:44,800 --> 02:52:48,000
teachers. 
These dedicated healers are 

3099
02:52:48,000 --> 02:52:51,000
examining patients, whose 
genetic conditions won't be 

3100
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:54,200
properly understood for 
centuries and they're coming up 

3101
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:58,900
with explanations that are 
fascinating examples of medieval

3102
02:52:58,900 --> 02:53:03,500
medical imagination. 
Picture yourself observing a 

3103
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:06,500
consultation between the court 
physician and young Lord, 

3104
02:53:06,500 --> 02:53:10,500
Richard whose Habsburg jaw has 
progressed the point where 

3105
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:13,100
speaking clearly requires 
considerable efforts. 

3106
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:18,400
The doctor stroking, his beard 
thoughtfully explains that this 

3107
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:21,300
distinctive. 
Facial structure is actually 

3108
02:53:21,300 --> 02:53:25,000
evidence of noble blood being. 
So refined that it requires more

3109
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:27,600
space to flow properly through 
the facial region. 

3110
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,000
It's like medieval medical 
fiction. 

3111
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:33,000
Except everyone believes that 
scientific fact. 

3112
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:36,300
Medieval medical texts from 
Noble courts. 

3113
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:40,500
Read like fantasy novels written
by people who had genuine 

3114
02:53:40,500 --> 02:53:45,400
sympathy for their patients, but
absolutely no understanding of 

3115
02:53:45,400 --> 02:53:49,000
genetic. 
They describe Noble, Melancholy 

3116
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:53,500
depression from genetic factors 
refined constitutions. 

3117
02:53:54,300 --> 02:53:57,400
Autoimmune issues from 
inbreeding and Superior 

3118
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:00,700
sensitivities. 
Neurological problems from 

3119
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:04,300
genetic concentration. 
These Physicians were creating 

3120
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:08,000
medical mythology in real time 
and their patients were grateful

3121
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:10,900
for explanations. 
That preserved their dignity. 

3122
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:14,000
The treatments developed for 
noble families, were often 

3123
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:18,000
surprisingly effective. although
the doctors did not understand 

3124
02:54:18,000 --> 02:54:21,800
the reasons behind this 
effectiveness when treating 

3125
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:26,200
Noble digestive refinement. 
Intestinal problems from genetic

3126
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:30,500
factors Physicians prescribed 
digestible foods and small 

3127
02:54:30,500 --> 02:54:34,300
frequent meals. 
When addressing aristocratic 

3128
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:37,600
visual Sensitivity. 
I problems from inbreeding. 

3129
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:42,100
They recommended better lighting
and reduced ice strain. they 

3130
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:45,600
were accidentally providing 
excellent Medical Care, while 

3131
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:49,800
completely misunderstanding the 
underlying conditions You're 

3132
02:54:49,800 --> 02:54:53,200
watching a particularly creative
diagnostic session, where the 

3133
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:57,000
physician is examining lady 
Elena, whose balance problems 

3134
02:54:57,000 --> 02:54:59,200
and fine motor difficulties of 
being explained. 

3135
02:54:59,200 --> 02:55:03,300
As signs, that her Noble spirit 
is too refined for ordinary 

3136
02:55:03,300 --> 02:55:07,700
physical coordination. 
Careful exercise, adaptive 

3137
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:11,800
equipment, Master rating as 
luxury items and a modified 

3138
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:15,700
daily routine constitute. 
The prescribed treatment which 

3139
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:18,000
is actually perfect physical 
therapy. 

3140
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:22,200
It's accidental medicine that 
works despite being based on 

3141
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:27,300
completely wrong assumptions. 
Medieval Apothecary developed 

3142
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:29,400
special preparations for noble 
families. 

3143
02:55:29,400 --> 02:55:33,500
That were essentially, early 
Pharmaceuticals for genetic 

3144
02:55:33,500 --> 02:55:35,800
conditions. 
Though, they thought they were 

3145
02:55:35,800 --> 02:55:37,900
creating luxury wellness 
products. 

3146
02:55:39,400 --> 02:55:42,900
Tonics for Noble, nervousness 
containing ingredients that we 

3147
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:44,800
now know help with anxiety, 
disorders. 

3148
02:55:46,200 --> 02:55:50,700
Preparations for aristocratic 
digestive, delicacy included 

3149
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:52,800
herbs that helped with metabolic
issues. 

3150
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:56,400
They were practicing 
evidence-based medicine while 

3151
02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:59,300
thinking they were providing 
premium lifestyle products. 

3152
02:56:00,800 --> 02:56:03,300
The most creative, medical 
theories emerged around 

3153
02:56:03,300 --> 02:56:07,600
reproductive Health in noble 
families, Physicians noticed 

3154
02:56:07,600 --> 02:56:11,200
that Noble couples often had 
difficulty, conceiving healthy 

3155
02:56:11,200 --> 02:56:14,000
children, jeanetic compatibility
issues. 

3156
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:18,100
But they explained these factors
as evidence that Noble 

3157
02:56:18,100 --> 02:56:22,400
reproduction was naturally more 
selective and refined and common

3158
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,000
breeding. 
They developed fertility 

3159
02:56:25,000 --> 02:56:27,100
treatments. 
That were actually quite 

3160
02:56:27,100 --> 02:56:30,500
sophisticated though. 
Their theoretical explanations 

3161
02:56:30,500 --> 02:56:32,700
read like medieval romance 
novels. 

3162
02:56:33,500 --> 02:56:36,700
Court Physicians became experts 
at diplomatic medicine. 

3163
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:41,200
Treating real conditions while 
providing explanations that 

3164
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:44,200
preserved, their patients, 
social status and self-image. 

3165
02:56:44,900 --> 02:56:48,100
when addressing the learning 
difficulties common in inbred 

3166
02:56:48,100 --> 02:56:51,300
Noble children, they'd explain 
that Noble Minds, simply 

3167
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:55,500
operated on different more, 
sophisticated levels than 

3168
02:56:55,500 --> 02:56:58,200
ordinary, intellects They 
prescribe educational 

3169
02:56:58,200 --> 02:57:01,600
modifications, while framing 
them as advanced Noble training 

3170
02:57:01,600 --> 02:57:04,500
techniques. 
Medieval medical records from 

3171
02:57:04,500 --> 02:57:07,500
Noble households, reveal 
Physicians, who were genuinely 

3172
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:11,200
caring and effective, despite 
working with completely 

3173
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:14,500
inaccurate. 
Theoretical Frameworks, they 

3174
02:57:14,500 --> 02:57:18,200
documented symptoms with 
remarkable Precision developed 

3175
02:57:18,200 --> 02:57:22,300
Innovative treatments through 
careful observation and created 

3176
02:57:22,300 --> 02:57:24,600
support systems for their 
patients. 

3177
02:57:24,600 --> 02:57:27,600
That addressed both medical and 
social needs. 

3178
02:57:28,600 --> 02:57:31,100
They were practicing 
compassionate medicine, while 

3179
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:34,600
creating elaborate fictional 
explanations for what they were 

3180
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:36,900
treating. 
The farmers suitable 

3181
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,200
preparations created for noble 
families. 

3182
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:43,800
Often contained in greeds that 
modern medicine recognizes as 

3183
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:46,500
genuinely advantageous for 
genetic conditions. 

3184
02:57:48,300 --> 02:57:51,700
Medieval Physicians through 
careful observation and trial 

3185
02:57:51,700 --> 02:57:55,400
and error, identified, herbs and
compounds that addressed 

3186
02:57:55,400 --> 02:57:57,500
Simpsons. 
They couldn't properly 

3187
02:57:57,500 --> 02:58:00,400
explained. 
They were conducting successful 

3188
02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:03,600
medical research while thinking 
they were just creating more 

3189
02:58:03,600 --> 02:58:07,500
refined versions of common 
remedies you're in a castle. 

3190
02:58:07,500 --> 02:58:11,400
Courtyard in the late Middle, 
Ages watching the sun set, on a 

3191
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:14,500
time when people were doing 
genetic experiments without even

3192
02:58:14,500 --> 02:58:18,300
knowing it. 
European noble, families are 

3193
02:58:18,300 --> 02:58:20,600
beginning to see that they may 
need to change their marriage 

3194
02:58:20,600 --> 02:58:25,200
Customs but they don't know why.
The Epiphany came slowly like 

3195
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:27,400
the sun rising over the European
nobility. 

3196
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:32,400
Family started to see that their
refined Bloodlines were making 

3197
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:36,600
kids that had harder time with 
every day activities, the noble 

3198
02:58:36,600 --> 02:58:39,700
houses that were the most pure 
were having the hardest time, 

3199
02:58:39,700 --> 02:58:43,300
having healthy Aires. 
Even the most Innovative medical

3200
02:58:43,300 --> 02:58:47,200
hypotheses were having a 
difficult time explaining away 

3201
02:58:47,200 --> 02:58:49,800
trends that were becoming 
impossible to ignore. 

3202
02:58:50,800 --> 02:58:54,100
You're watching a family council
meeting where the advisors are 

3203
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:58,000
talking about things that would 
have been unimaginable 100 years

3204
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:01,300
ago, they're saying that the 
family might want to think about

3205
02:59:01,300 --> 02:59:04,500
making marriage alliance's, with
cousins, who are a little more 

3206
02:59:04,500 --> 02:59:07,400
distant, not because there's 
anything wrong with the way 

3207
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:09,800
they're doing things now. 
But because it might be 

3208
02:59:09,800 --> 02:59:13,200
politically smart to wide in 
their circle of possible Brides.

3209
02:59:14,100 --> 02:59:17,400
It's like witnessing folks find 
fire while acting like they were

3210
02:59:17,400 --> 02:59:19,400
merely attempting to make their 
home warmer. 

3211
02:59:20,400 --> 02:59:23,300
The church started to change its
rules about how to distribute 

3212
02:59:23,300 --> 02:59:26,600
out money, but it didn't say 
that the old rules had been bad.

3213
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:30,200
The Pope's offices began to 
encourage marriages between 

3214
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:32,600
families that had never been 
connected before. 

3215
02:59:33,700 --> 02:59:37,200
They framed this as a way to 
bring Christians together, not 

3216
02:59:37,200 --> 02:59:39,000
as a way to deal with genetic 
issues. 

3217
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:43,600
It was a change in diplomatic 
policy that medical goals 

3218
02:59:43,600 --> 02:59:45,400
without admitting medical 
grounds. 

3219
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:50,000
In the Middle Ages record. 
Keeping slowly changed from 

3220
02:59:50,000 --> 02:59:53,100
focusing on. 
Genetic Purity to focusing on 

3221
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:56,500
the political and territorial 
benefits of marriage. 

3222
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:01,200
Family history, began to focus 
more on the Strategic benefits 

3223
03:00:01,200 --> 03:00:04,700
of marriages and less on the 
genetic ties between spouses. 

3224
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:09,400
It was like watching medieval 
spin control change in real time

3225
03:00:09,400 --> 03:00:11,000
to address a public relations 
issue. 

3226
03:00:11,000 --> 03:00:13,700
That wouldn't be fully 
understood for hundreds of 

3227
03:00:13,708 --> 03:00:16,100
years. 
The transition wasn't sudden or 

3228
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:19,900
dramatic, it was a gradual 
recognition that survival 

3229
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,200
required some adjustments to 
traditional practices. 

3230
03:00:24,400 --> 03:00:27,900
Noble families began sending 
their children to courts in 

3231
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:31,700
different regions creating 
opportunities for marriages that

3232
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:35,200
were politically advantageous. 
But genetically beneficial 

3233
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:37,300
though. 
Nobody used that second term 

3234
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:39,400
yet. 
It was like accidentally 

3235
03:00:39,400 --> 03:00:43,100
discovering hybrid Vigor, while 
thinking you were just improving

3236
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:46,400
your diplomatic connections. 
Your witnessing, the beginning 

3237
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,700
of the end of an era. 
When European nobility conducted

3238
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:52,600
one of histories largest 
unintentional genetic 

3239
03:00:52,600 --> 03:00:55,600
experiments. 
Families that had spent 

3240
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,600
centuries perfecting the art of 
marrying with an increasingly 

3241
03:00:58,600 --> 03:01:02,000
narrow circles began the slow 
process of expanding their 

3242
03:01:02,000 --> 03:01:05,000
Horizons though. 
They framed it as political 

3243
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:07,800
strategy rather than genetic 
necessity. 

3244
03:01:08,700 --> 03:01:11,300
Medieval Physicians began, 
developing new theories. 

3245
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:14,800
That accidentally encouraged 
genetic diversity while 

3246
03:01:14,800 --> 03:01:17,700
maintaining the fiction that 
Noble blood was naturally 

3247
03:01:17,700 --> 03:01:21,800
Superior. they started 
suggesting that occasionally 

3248
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:26,200
introducing foreign Noble, 
essence's could strengthen and 

3249
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:30,400
refine existing bloodlines It 
was like, recommending genetic 

3250
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:33,700
diversity while pretending it 
was luxury bloodline 

3251
03:01:33,700 --> 03:01:36,700
enhancement. 
The most successful noble 

3252
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:40,200
families of the later medieval 
period for those who mastered, 

3253
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:44,300
the art of balancing genetic 
Health with political Advantage 

3254
03:01:44,300 --> 03:01:46,000
though. 
They didn't think about it in 

3255
03:01:46,000 --> 03:01:49,300
those terms. 
They found ways to marry outside

3256
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:52,800
their immediate family circles. 
While maintaining the social 

3257
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:55,600
fiction that they were 
preserving Noble bloodline 

3258
03:01:55,600 --> 03:01:59,800
Purity, it was diplomatic 
genetics practice by people, who

3259
03:01:59,800 --> 03:02:03,200
didn't know, genetics existed. 
As you watch, this medieval 

3260
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:07,300
Sunset, your witnessing, the end
of Europe's great experiment in 

3261
03:02:07,300 --> 03:02:10,900
genetic concentration. 
The noble families who survived 

3262
03:02:10,900 --> 03:02:13,700
and thrived for those who 
learned to Value political 

3263
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:17,900
Alliance over bloodline Purity. 
Even if they never quite 

3264
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:21,300
admitted that what they were 
doing, they discovered that the 

3265
03:02:21,308 --> 03:02:24,400
strongest Bloodlines were 
actually the most diverse ones 

3266
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:26,900
though. 
They'd never used those words to

3267
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:28,700
describe their new marriage 
strategies. 

3268
03:02:29,800 --> 03:02:33,000
The legacy of medieval 
inbreeding lives on in European 

3269
03:02:33,000 --> 03:02:36,700
Royal portraits or you can still
trace the distinctive features 

3270
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:42,100
that travel through centuries of
concentrated bloodlines Those 

3271
03:02:42,100 --> 03:02:44,800
portraits tell the story of 
families, who loved each other 

3272
03:02:44,800 --> 03:02:47,500
enough, to make terrible genetic
decisions. 

3273
03:02:47,500 --> 03:02:51,300
And who are wise enough 
eventually to quietly. 

3274
03:02:51,300 --> 03:02:54,300
Change course, without admitting
they'd made mistakes. 

3275
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:58,800
It's a story of human 
adaptability medieval resilience

3276
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:02,400
and the surprising power of 
accidental wisdom to correct, 

3277
03:03:02,400 --> 03:03:07,500
even the most well-intentioned 
errors And so, as our medieval 

3278
03:03:07,500 --> 03:03:11,500
tale draws to a close, you can 
rest easy knowing that, even the

3279
03:03:11,500 --> 03:03:15,300
most Tangled family trees, 
eventually find ways to grow new

3280
03:03:15,300 --> 03:03:17,800
branches. 
And that sometimes the best 

3281
03:03:17,800 --> 03:03:21,300
Solutions come from people who 
solve problems, they don't fully

3282
03:03:21,300 --> 03:03:24,200
understand in ways they never 
quite intended. 

3283
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:33,600
You know how you sometimes? 
Catch yourself. 

3284
03:03:33,600 --> 03:03:35,200
Embellishing a story, just a 
little bit. 

3285
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,800
Perhaps you incorporate a subtle
detail to enhance its appeal 

3286
03:03:38,800 --> 03:03:41,400
during dinner parties. 
Well, imagine if your entire 

3287
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:43,500
professional was on doing 
exactly that. 

3288
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:46,600
Except, instead of impressing 
your neighbor's, you were 

3289
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,600
fooling entire kingdoms and 
occasionally starting Wars by 

3290
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:52,700
accident. 
Welcome to the wonderfully weird

3291
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:55,100
world of medieval and 
Renaissance mapmaking. 

3292
03:03:55,100 --> 03:03:57,500
Where lying wasn't just 
acceptable? 

3293
03:03:57,500 --> 03:03:59,400
It was practically a job 
requirement. 

3294
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:03,000
Picture yourself settling into a
comfortable chair by the 

3295
03:04:03,000 --> 03:04:06,900
fireplace, maybe with a cup of 
something warm while we explore 

3296
03:04:06,900 --> 03:04:10,100
one of history's, most Charming,
professional scams upon 

3297
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:14,100
reflection, that's precisely the
truth of the situation for 

3298
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:16,300
centuries. 
The most respected cartographers

3299
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:19,100
in Europe were essentially 
running elaborate cons and 

3300
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:22,600
everyone just went along with it
because frankly nobody knew any 

3301
03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:25,400
better. 
You see back in the day and 

3302
03:04:25,400 --> 03:04:27,100
we're talking roughly from the 
12th century. 

3303
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:30,800
All the way up to the 1600s 
making Maps was less about 

3304
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:34,500
accuracy and more about filling 
up all that space on parchment. 

3305
03:04:35,300 --> 03:04:40,200
Imagine you're a mapmaker in say
1347 you have a beautiful piece 

3306
03:04:40,200 --> 03:04:43,200
of Vellum laid out on your desk 
and you possess a clear 

3307
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:45,300
understanding of the 
mediterranean's appearance. 

3308
03:04:46,200 --> 03:04:49,600
Sailors have navigated its 
waters for centuries, you can 

3309
03:04:49,608 --> 03:04:53,500
draw Italy with your eyes closed
and the coastline of Spain holds

3310
03:04:53,500 --> 03:04:56,200
no Mysteries but then you get to
the Edge's. 

3311
03:04:56,200 --> 03:05:00,200
The vast unknown weights you and
here's where things get 

3312
03:05:00,200 --> 03:05:03,000
intriguing because you can't 
just leave blank spaces. 

3313
03:05:03,000 --> 03:05:05,800
That would be admitting 
ignorance, medieval 

3314
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,000
professionals had about as much 
tolerance for admitting. 

3315
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:10,400
They didn't know something as 
your average teenager today. 

3316
03:05:11,700 --> 03:05:14,700
So what do you do? 
You make stuff up and not just 

3317
03:05:14,700 --> 03:05:16,600
little stuff. 
We're talking about entire 

3318
03:05:16,600 --> 03:05:19,700
continents mythical islands and 
creatures that would make 

3319
03:05:19,700 --> 03:05:23,500
Hollywood monster designers, 
weep With Envy The best part 

3320
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:25,600
everyone expected you to do 
this. 

3321
03:05:25,600 --> 03:05:28,800
It wasn't considered fraud. 
It was considered, filling in 

3322
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:30,700
the gaps with your best educated
guess. 

3323
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:33,800
Even if your education came 
entirely from Tavern stories and

3324
03:05:33,800 --> 03:05:38,200
fever dreams, take the Hereford 
mappa Mundi created around 1300.

3325
03:05:38,200 --> 03:05:42,400
This thing is gorgeous, a work 
of art that happens to also be a

3326
03:05:42,408 --> 03:05:44,800
map. 
But if you try to use it for 

3327
03:05:44,800 --> 03:05:47,700
navigation, you'd probably end 
up somewhere in the Atlantic 

3328
03:05:47,700 --> 03:05:50,600
having a chili very wet 
conversation with some very 

3329
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,600
confused fish. 
The map maker included 

3330
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:56,600
everything from the Garden of 
Eden, helpfully located in Asia 

3331
03:05:56,600 --> 03:05:59,400
to various monsters scattered 
around Africa. 

3332
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:02,800
Because apparently mediaeval 
cartographers believed that the 

3333
03:06:02,800 --> 03:06:05,800
further you got from Europe, 
more likely, you were to run 

3334
03:06:05,800 --> 03:06:07,400
into something with too many 
heads. 

3335
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:10,700
The funny thing is these were 
mistakes in the way we think of 

3336
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,200
them today. 
These were deliberate creative 

3337
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:16,300
choices. 
Medieval map, make us operated 

3338
03:06:16,300 --> 03:06:18,700
under the assumption that the 
world was full of Wonders. 

3339
03:06:18,700 --> 03:06:21,700
And if they hadn't personally 
seen proof that a particular one

3340
03:06:21,700 --> 03:06:25,900
didn't exist in a particular 
place, well, it might as well go

3341
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:29,100
on the map. 
It was really an optimistic lie.

3342
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:32,900
The kind of fibbing that says 
sure there might be a unicorn 

3343
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:34,100
over there. 
Why not? 

3344
03:06:34,100 --> 03:06:38,300
And the customers loved it. 
Kings and wealthy merchants 

3345
03:06:38,300 --> 03:06:41,800
didn't want boring accurate 
Maps, they wanted maps that told

3346
03:06:41,800 --> 03:06:44,900
stories maps. 
That confirmed everything they'd

3347
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:46,700
heard about the Exotic of the 
world. 

3348
03:06:46,700 --> 03:06:49,900
A map lacking monsters was 
devoid of imagination. 

3349
03:06:49,900 --> 03:06:54,000
Which diminished its purpose. 
The quest wasn't just about 

3350
03:06:54,000 --> 03:06:57,100
filling space though. 
In a world where information 

3351
03:06:57,100 --> 03:07:01,000
traveled slowly and often became
thoroughly mangled medieval 

3352
03:07:01,000 --> 03:07:05,000
mapmakers operated. 
By the time a story about a 

3353
03:07:05,000 --> 03:07:07,500
distant land, had traveled from 
Explorer to Trader to 

3354
03:07:07,500 --> 03:07:10,600
Matchmaker. 
It had usually picked up so many

3355
03:07:10,600 --> 03:07:13,600
embellishments that it bore 
about, as much resemblance to 

3356
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:15,700
reality as a fish story told by 
her uncle. 

3357
03:07:15,708 --> 03:07:18,800
After his fourth beer. 
So, as you drift off tonight, 

3358
03:07:18,800 --> 03:07:20,800
remember that somewhere in 
history. 

3359
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:24,500
There's a map maker who drew a 
perfectly lovely Island that 

3360
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:29,200
never existed, populated it with
creatures that never lived and 

3361
03:07:29,200 --> 03:07:31,100
convinced half of Europe. 
That it was a real place worth 

3362
03:07:31,100 --> 03:07:35,000
visiting and honestly the world 
was probably somewhat more 

3363
03:07:35,008 --> 03:07:37,600
interesting for it. 
Now you might be wondering how 

3364
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,400
exactly one goes about lying 
professionally on maps without 

3365
03:07:40,400 --> 03:07:44,300
getting fired exiled or fed to 
whatever monsters you've been 

3366
03:07:44,308 --> 03:07:47,200
drawing in the margins. 
The answer is surprisingly 

3367
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:49,400
simple. 
You don't call it lying. 

3368
03:07:49,400 --> 03:07:53,700
You call it interpretation of 
available sources or synthesis 

3369
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:56,000
of travel or accounts. 
It's all about the marketing, 

3370
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:58,500
really medieval and Renaissance 
map. 

3371
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:00,400
Make us have the technique down 
to an art form. 

3372
03:08:00,400 --> 03:08:04,000
They take a grain of Truth. 
Maybe a sailor story about 

3373
03:08:04,000 --> 03:08:07,100
seeing land on the horizon, and 
grow it into a full-fledged 

3374
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:10,900
continent, complete with cities 
rivers, and the occasional 

3375
03:08:10,900 --> 03:08:14,300
dragon, Think of it as the 
original version of making a 

3376
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:17,100
mountain out of a molehill, 
except the molehill might not 

3377
03:08:17,100 --> 03:08:20,400
have existed either. 
The map making process back then

3378
03:08:20,400 --> 03:08:23,600
was part detective, work part, 
creative writing and part 

3379
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,000
wishful. 
Thinking You'd gather every 

3380
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:30,300
scrap of information you could 
find ancient texts Travelers 

3381
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:33,000
Tales other maps and wild 
guesses. 

3382
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:35,500
From people who claim to know, 
someone who wants met a guy who 

3383
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:37,400
sailed somewhere vaguely in that
direction. 

3384
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:40,700
Subsequently. 
You would arrange all the 

3385
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,100
gathered information on your 
workbench and Endeavor to make 

3386
03:08:43,108 --> 03:08:46,500
sense of it, fully aware that a 
significant portion was likely 

3387
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:48,800
an accurate in the remainder was
certain dubious. 

3388
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:52,100
But the best part is that 
everyone knew how the system 

3389
03:08:52,100 --> 03:08:55,100
worked and accepted it. 
If everyone was aware of the 

3390
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:57,100
joke, it wouldn't be considered 
fraud. 

3391
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,500
King's commissioning Maps, 
weren't expecting GPS level 

3392
03:09:00,500 --> 03:09:04,100
accuracy, they wanted something 
impressive to hang on the castle

3393
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:08,300
wall, something that would make 
visiting dignitaries go and ah, 

3394
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:11,000
and maybe feel a little 
intimidated by the vast scope of

3395
03:09:11,008 --> 03:09:12,300
their host, geographical 
knowledge. 

3396
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,200
The true experts devised, their 
own Nuance strategies to 

3397
03:09:16,200 --> 03:09:19,200
mitigate their risks. 
They'd include little notes in 

3398
03:09:19,200 --> 03:09:22,400
Latin that roughly translated 
meant things like this 

3399
03:09:22,400 --> 03:09:26,300
information comes from sources 
of questionable reliability or 

3400
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:31,100
hear there might be dragons but 
on a sleigh who knows. these 

3401
03:09:31,100 --> 03:09:34,000
disclaimers were usually in tiny
script and tucked away in 

3402
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:36,600
Corners where nobody would 
notice them unless they were 

3403
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:40,300
specifically looking One of the 
most famous examples of 

3404
03:09:40,300 --> 03:09:43,200
organized cartographic. 
Creativity was the island of 

3405
03:09:43,200 --> 03:09:46,000
Brazil. 
Not Brazil, the country. 

3406
03:09:46,900 --> 03:09:48,800
It's spelled differently and 
actually exists. 

3407
03:09:48,800 --> 03:09:51,800
No, we're talking about Brazil 
with an s. 

3408
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:54,900
A mythical Island that appeared 
on maps of the North Atlantic 

3409
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:58,900
for over 500 years, it showed up
on different maps and different 

3410
03:09:58,900 --> 03:10:02,100
locations sometimes round 
sometimes Crescent shaped 

3411
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:05,600
sometimes accompanied by smaller
Islands, sometimes flying so 

3412
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:08,400
low. 
Mapmakers continue to include it

3413
03:10:08,400 --> 03:10:11,700
because their peers had done so 
and they felt it was important 

3414
03:10:11,700 --> 03:10:13,500
to respect established 
precedent. 

3415
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:16,400
The island had a whole mythology
built around it. 

3416
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:19,600
Some claimed it was shrouded in 
mist and only appeared every 

3417
03:10:19,600 --> 03:10:22,400
seven years. 
Others said, it was inhabited by

3418
03:10:22,400 --> 03:10:25,500
an advanced civilization that 
had mastered in visibility, 

3419
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,900
which was certainly a convenient
explanation for why nobody could

3420
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:32,200
ever find the place Sailors. 
Occasionally claimed to have 

3421
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:35,400
spotted it in the distance but 
somehow it always vanished 

3422
03:10:35,400 --> 03:10:37,100
before they could get close 
enough to land. 

3423
03:10:37,100 --> 03:10:40,700
It's interesting how the 
situation unfolded what makes 

3424
03:10:40,700 --> 03:10:43,400
this story even more amusing? 
Is that people kept mounting 

3425
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:47,600
expeditions to find Brazil? 
Well into the 18th Century, Real

3426
03:10:47,600 --> 03:10:51,400
Money changed hands. 
Real ships set sail, real 

3427
03:10:51,400 --> 03:10:52,900
Sailors. 
Spent real weeks. 

3428
03:10:52,900 --> 03:10:55,900
Searching empty ocean for an 
island that existed only in the 

3429
03:10:55,900 --> 03:10:58,000
collective imagination of the 
European map. 

3430
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:01,400
Making Community it resembled a 
centuries, long game of 

3431
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:04,200
concealment with no one, 
bothering to acknowledge that. 

3432
03:11:04,200 --> 03:11:06,300
One of the participants was 
purely fictional. 

3433
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:09,600
And that makes the themselves 
often seem to understand that 

3434
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:11,700
they were in the entertainment 
business as much as the 

3435
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:14,500
information business. 
Their Maps were gorgeous. 

3436
03:11:14,500 --> 03:11:17,200
Works of art filled with 
elaborate compass roses, 

3437
03:11:17,200 --> 03:11:19,400
decorative, borders, and sea 
monsters. 

3438
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:21,900
That looked like, they'd be 
designed by someone who really 

3439
03:11:21,900 --> 03:11:25,000
enjoyed their work. 
These Maps serve not only as 

3440
03:11:25,000 --> 03:11:28,600
functional documents but also as
Conversation Pieces, status 

3441
03:11:28,600 --> 03:11:31,700
symbols and windows into a world
that Blended elements of reality

3442
03:11:31,700 --> 03:11:34,700
and fantasy. 
And you know what, maybe that 

3443
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:38,200
wasn't such a negative thing in 
an age, when most people never 

3444
03:11:38,200 --> 03:11:41,300
traveled more than a few miles 
from where they were born, these

3445
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:43,500
Maps offered glimpses of a 
larger World filled with 

3446
03:11:43,508 --> 03:11:45,900
possibilities. 
While most of those 

3447
03:11:45,900 --> 03:11:48,800
possibilities were entirely 
fictional, they ignited the 

3448
03:11:48,800 --> 03:11:51,600
imagination in a manner that 
purely accurate Maps might not 

3449
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:55,100
have sometimes an occasional 
creative embellishment makes 

3450
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:58,000
life more interesting even if it
occasionally leads to 

3451
03:11:58,000 --> 03:12:00,500
disappointment when you actually
try to visit the places that 

3452
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:03,500
sounded so wonderful on paper. 
If you've ever wondered what 

3453
03:12:03,500 --> 03:12:05,900
happens when an entire 
profession decides to 

3454
03:12:05,900 --> 03:12:08,100
collectively, believe in 
something that doesn't exist. 

3455
03:12:08,100 --> 03:12:12,600
The story of antilia is a 
perfect case study This island 

3456
03:12:12,600 --> 03:12:16,400
which never was never could be, 
and never should have been 

3457
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:20,300
managed to appear on maps for 
over 200 years complete with 

3458
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:24,100
details, coastlines, Inland 
cities and enough backstory to 

3459
03:12:24,100 --> 03:12:26,500
fill a novel. 
The Legend went something like 

3460
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:30,400
this way. 
Back in seven, eleven add, when 

3461
03:12:30,400 --> 03:12:33,500
the Moors conquered Spain 7 
Bishops, fled across the 

3462
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:36,500
Atlantic with their 
congregations and founded Seven 

3463
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:41,000
Cities on a Mysterious Island. 
These Bishops being resourceful 

3464
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:44,400
types, supposedly built a 
thriving Christian civilization 

3465
03:12:44,400 --> 03:12:47,800
complete with gold mines, Pearl,
fisheries, and excellent 

3466
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:49,800
defensive capabilities that kept
them. 

3467
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:53,000
Safe from both Moorish Invasion 
and whatever sea monsters 

3468
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:54,000
happened to be in the 
neighborhood. 

3469
03:12:54,000 --> 03:12:58,500
Now, you'd think that an island 
large enough to support Seven 

3470
03:12:58,500 --> 03:13:00,900
Cities and their surrounding 
farmlands would be pretty hard 

3471
03:13:00,900 --> 03:13:04,700
to miss, you'd be right but that
didn't stop that makers from 

3472
03:13:04,700 --> 03:13:07,700
Duty including antilia on chart 
after chart. 

3473
03:13:07,700 --> 03:13:11,000
Usually placing it somewhere in 
the Atlantic west of Portugal 

3474
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:14,200
and Spain. 
The island migrated around a bit

3475
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:16,900
from map to map. 
Apparently even imaginary 

3476
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:18,900
Islands were subject to 
Continental Drift. 

3477
03:13:19,800 --> 03:13:22,500
The really impressive part was 
how detailed these depictions 

3478
03:13:22,500 --> 03:13:25,800
became over time. 
What started as a simple blob 

3479
03:13:25,800 --> 03:13:28,900
labeled antilia gradually 
evolved in to carefully drawn, 

3480
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:32,000
coastlines with Bays peninsulas 
and River mouths. 

3481
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:36,000
Mapmakers added, the Seven 
Cities, each with its name and 

3482
03:13:36,000 --> 03:13:38,900
approximate location. 
Some even included Roads, 

3483
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:41,400
connecting the cities because 
apparently mediaeval 

3484
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:43,400
cartographers were thorough in 
their fiction. 

3485
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,300
Portuguese Sailors, being 
practical, people occasionally, 

3486
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:49,800
set out to find this convenient,
Atlantic Paradise. 

3487
03:13:50,600 --> 03:13:53,300
After all, If there really was 
an Island full of Christians 

3488
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,100
sitting on gold mines, it seemed
worth checking out. 

3489
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:00,200
These Expeditions had a 
remarkable talent for almost 

3490
03:14:00,200 --> 03:14:03,000
finding antilia. 
Sailors would return with 

3491
03:14:03,000 --> 03:14:06,100
stories of seeing land in the 
distance or finding beaches 

3492
03:14:06,100 --> 03:14:09,700
covered with mysterious sand or 
encountering, unusually, tame 

3493
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:12,200
birds that must have come from 
some nearby civilization. 

3494
03:14:13,100 --> 03:14:16,700
No one ever succeeded in landing
on antilia but they achieved a 

3495
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,700
tantalizingly close approach. 
The best part of these near 

3496
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:22,000
discoveries was how they 
reinforced the Island's 

3497
03:14:22,000 --> 03:14:26,000
existence in everyone's Minds. 
Sailors were consistently almost

3498
03:14:26,000 --> 03:14:28,800
finding antilia. 
That was practically proof that 

3499
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:32,100
it was out there somewhere. 
A fact that all most and 

3500
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:34,800
actually are completely 
different thing, didn't seem to 

3501
03:14:34,800 --> 03:14:37,400
bother anyone much. 
It was the geographical 

3502
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,600
equivalent of my girlfriend 
lives in Canada, technically 

3503
03:14:40,600 --> 03:14:43,200
unprovable but not technically 
impossible either. 

3504
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:46,500
Christopher Columbus. 
Knew about antilia. 

3505
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:49,900
In fact, some historians think 
his calculations about the 

3506
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:53,400
distance to Asia were partly 
based on the assumption that he 

3507
03:14:53,408 --> 03:14:56,100
could stop for supplies at this 
mythical Island on the way. 

3508
03:14:57,100 --> 03:15:00,400
Imagine his surprise when he 
kept sailing west and found a 

3509
03:15:00,408 --> 03:15:02,900
completely different set of 
continents in Stead. 

3510
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:06,900
However, it is likely that 
accidentally discovering the 

3511
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:09,700
Americas while searching for a 
fictional island is one of the 

3512
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:11,600
more significant mistakes in 
human history. 

3513
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:16,000
What's fascinating is how long 
until your persisted even after 

3514
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:19,000
explorers started finding actual
islands in the Atlantic? 

3515
03:15:19,800 --> 03:15:23,200
Once explorers discovered and 
mapped the Azores and Tilia 

3516
03:15:23,200 --> 03:15:27,000
simply relocated further west 
when the Caribbean islands were 

3517
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:31,300
found until he relocated again. 
It was like a geographical game 

3518
03:15:31,300 --> 03:15:34,200
of musical chairs with the 
mythical Island, always 

3519
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:36,900
managing, to find a new empty 
spot on the map where it could 

3520
03:15:36,900 --> 03:15:40,600
theoretically exist. 
The island finally started 

3521
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:44,100
disappearing from maps in the 
late 16th century, not because 

3522
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:47,500
anyone proved it didn't exist, 
but because mapers were running 

3523
03:15:47,500 --> 03:15:49,000
out of empty, ocean to put it 
in. 

3524
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:52,800
Yet Atlantic was getting crowded
with real islands and there 

3525
03:15:52,800 --> 03:15:54,600
wasn't room for Imaginary ones 
anymore. 

3526
03:15:54,600 --> 03:15:58,100
It was a practical decision 
rather than a philosophical one 

3527
03:15:58,100 --> 03:16:01,300
and until he didn't die because 
people stopped believing in it. 

3528
03:16:01,300 --> 03:16:04,300
It died because reality was 
taking up too much space. 

3529
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:08,200
But even today you can find the 
remnants of this Century's long 

3530
03:16:08,200 --> 03:16:11,800
geographical fiction. 
The Caribbean islands are still 

3531
03:16:11,808 --> 03:16:14,500
called the Antilles the name 
that comes directly from our 

3532
03:16:14,500 --> 03:16:16,100
seven City Island, That Never 
Was. 

3533
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:19,800
Every time someone mentions the 
Lesser Antilles or the Greater 

3534
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:22,300
Antilles, they're invoking. 
The memory of those seven 

3535
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:25,500
Bishops in their imaginary, 
Christian Paradise, It's 

3536
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:28,200
probably the most successful 
piece of medieval fake news in 

3537
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:30,300
history. 
Outlasting, the civilization 

3538
03:16:30,300 --> 03:16:32,100
that created it by several 
centuries. 

3539
03:16:32,100 --> 03:16:34,600
You're likely beginning to 
understand that medieval 

3540
03:16:34,600 --> 03:16:37,200
mapmakers had a relatively 
relaxed approach to factual 

3541
03:16:37,200 --> 03:16:39,900
accuracy, but we haven't yet 
discussed their. 

3542
03:16:39,900 --> 03:16:42,700
Most delightful creation, the 
decorative monster. 

3543
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:46,600
If you don't populate, the vast 
unexplored regions on your map, 

3544
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:48,900
with terrifying creatures. 
What's the purpose? 

3545
03:16:50,100 --> 03:16:52,700
The decoration wasn't just 
random doodling during slow 

3546
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:56,000
afternoon's at the cartography 
Shop, monster placement required

3547
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:59,600
meticulous consideration of 
geography mythology and customer

3548
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:02,500
expectations. 
You couldn't simply place a 

3549
03:17:02,500 --> 03:17:06,100
dragon anywhere and consider the
task complete Different regions 

3550
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:09,200
called for different types of 
fantastic, former and a 

3551
03:17:09,200 --> 03:17:11,600
professional mapmaker needed to 
know the difference between a 

3552
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:14,400
good spot for a sea serpent and 
a prime location for a man 

3553
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:18,200
eating plant. 
Phrase he'd be dragons, has 

3554
03:17:18,200 --> 03:17:21,100
become famous as a short-hand 
for the unknown but actual 

3555
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:23,600
medieval Maps. 
Rarely used those exact words. 

3556
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:26,600
Most mapmakers were more 
creative in their warnings. 

3557
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:29,400
They'd include detailed 
illustration of whatever 

3558
03:17:29,400 --> 03:17:31,500
horrible creature. 
Supposedly lived in each 

3559
03:17:31,500 --> 03:17:34,900
unexplored region often with 
instructive little notes, about 

3560
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:38,400
its feeding habits temperament 
and preferred method of 

3561
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:42,500
devouring unwary Travelers. 
Africa was particularly, well, 

3562
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:44,400
stocked with fascinating 
Wildlife. 

3563
03:17:44,400 --> 03:17:49,000
According to Medieval mapmakers,
The continent apparently hosted 

3564
03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:52,300
everything from Giants, who 
lived backwards, whatever that 

3565
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:56,200
meant to tribes of people, with 
their faces in their chests to 

3566
03:17:56,200 --> 03:17:58,000
animals that were basically 
Lions. 

3567
03:17:58,000 --> 03:18:00,200
But with human hands and of 
Paws. 

3568
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:03,600
These weren't just random 
monster designs. 

3569
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,600
They came from a long tradition 
of travel literature that had 

3570
03:18:06,600 --> 03:18:09,900
been enthusiastically 
embellished over generations of 

3571
03:18:09,900 --> 03:18:12,900
retelling. 
Classical authors who had never 

3572
03:18:12,900 --> 03:18:16,100
visited the places, they 
described provided, the source 

3573
03:18:16,100 --> 03:18:19,200
material for many of these 
creatures Pliny, the Elder 

3574
03:18:19,200 --> 03:18:22,900
writing in Rome in the first 
century compiled, a natural 

3575
03:18:22,900 --> 03:18:26,200
history filled with second-hand 
accounts of distant lands and 

3576
03:18:26,200 --> 03:18:29,900
their exotic inhabitants. 
His work included dog-headed 

3577
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:32,400
men. 
People with backwards feet and 

3578
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:35,100
various other anatomical, 
impossibilities that medieval 

3579
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:37,600
mapmakers copied Faith onto 
their charts. 

3580
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:41,200
Nobody seemed to question, 
whether Pliny might have been a 

3581
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:43,300
bit gullible. 
Whether his sources might have 

3582
03:18:43,300 --> 03:18:46,500
been pulling his leg, Sea 
monsters were another growth 

3583
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:49,600
industry. 
The ocean was vastly unexplored,

3584
03:18:49,600 --> 03:18:52,600
and perfect, for hosting 
creatures of any size and 

3585
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:54,600
description. 
The map makers imagination could

3586
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:57,400
conjure up. 
Some maps featured relatively 

3587
03:18:57,400 --> 03:19:01,300
modestly, serpents basically 
large snakes with fins and an 

3588
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:04,300
attitude problem. 
Others depicted multi-headed 

3589
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:06,600
beasts. 
The size of islands capable of 

3590
03:19:06,608 --> 03:19:11,300
creating whirlpools by swimming 
in circles, The most famous sea 

3591
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:13,800
monster of the cartographic. 
World was probably the Kraken 

3592
03:19:13,800 --> 03:19:17,000
though it went by various names 
depending on which mapmaker was 

3593
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:19,400
drawing it. 
This creature was typically 

3594
03:19:19,400 --> 03:19:23,700
depicted as an enormous octopus 
or squid, large enough to wrap 

3595
03:19:23,700 --> 03:19:26,800
its tentacles around entire 
ships and drag them down to 

3596
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:29,100
whatever, passed for the bottom 
of the medieval ocean. 

3597
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:32,600
The Kraken had the advantage of 
being based on something real 

3598
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:36,900
giant squids do exist, but the 
mapmakers versions were usually 

3599
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,800
about 10 times larger than 
anything that actually lived in 

3600
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:42,400
the sea. 
What made these monster Maps? 

3601
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:45,900
Particularly entertaining was 
how specific they got about the 

3602
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:49,300
creatures behaviors. 
It wasn't enough to just draw a 

3603
03:19:49,300 --> 03:19:50,900
dragon. 
You needed to include 

3604
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:53,900
information about what the 
dragon 8, how it interacted with

3605
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:56,600
local human population and 
whether it was the sort of 

3606
03:19:56,600 --> 03:19:59,500
dragon that hoarded treasure all
the sort that just enjoyed 

3607
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:01,800
setting things on fire for 
recreational purposes. 

3608
03:20:01,800 --> 03:20:06,100
Some maps included details about
seasonal, migration patterns for

3609
03:20:06,100 --> 03:20:08,700
various monsters. 
As if these were real animals 

3610
03:20:08,700 --> 03:20:12,400
that someone had been carefully 
studying for years The economics

3611
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:14,100
of monster Maps were pretty 
straightforward. 

3612
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:17,600
Customers wanted their money's 
worth and a map covered with 

3613
03:20:17,600 --> 03:20:19,300
blank spaces didn't look like 
money. 

3614
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:22,400
Well, spent filling those spaces
with carefully. 

3615
03:20:22,400 --> 03:20:25,100
Researched mythological 
creatures showed that the 

3616
03:20:25,100 --> 03:20:28,600
mapmaker had really done their 
homework, even if their homework

3617
03:20:28,600 --> 03:20:32,000
consisted entirely of making 
things up a map with good 

3618
03:20:32,000 --> 03:20:35,700
monster coverage looked 
authoritative comprehensive and 

3619
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,500
worth displaying prominently in 
your castles main hall. 

3620
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,400
The funny thing is some of these
imaginary creatures were more 

3621
03:20:42,400 --> 03:20:45,300
thoroughly documented than real 
animals that lived in places. 

3622
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:49,000
Mapmakers could actually visit, 
you could find incredibly 

3623
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:51,300
detailed descriptions of 
griffins and their nesting 

3624
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:53,700
habits but good luck. 
Finding accurate information 

3625
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:56,700
about say regularly European 
birds that any map make her 

3626
03:20:56,700 --> 03:20:59,500
could have observed by walking 
outside their workshop running. 

3627
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:02,800
A successful map making business
in medieval times required, a 

3628
03:21:02,800 --> 03:21:06,400
delicate balance between giving 
customers what they expected and

3629
03:21:06,400 --> 03:21:09,500
avoiding the kind of spectacular
failures that might damage your 

3630
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:12,400
professional reputation. 
It was similar to fortune 

3631
03:21:12,400 --> 03:21:15,100
telling, but in stead of for 
telling the future, you were 

3632
03:21:15,100 --> 03:21:18,500
describing places that might or 
might not exist in locations 

3633
03:21:18,500 --> 03:21:20,000
that were probably completely 
wrong. 

3634
03:21:20,000 --> 03:21:23,200
The most successful mapmakers 
developed, what we might call 

3635
03:21:23,200 --> 03:21:27,100
the Strategic hedge ways of 
including exciting exotic 

3636
03:21:27,100 --> 03:21:30,900
content while subtly protecting 
themselves from accusation of 

3637
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:34,500
outright fabrication. 
They'd copy information from 

3638
03:21:34,500 --> 03:21:37,600
other respected Maps, which 
provided a kind of professional 

3639
03:21:37,600 --> 03:21:39,600
cover. 
If you're map, turned out to be 

3640
03:21:39,608 --> 03:21:42,300
wildly and accurate, you could 
always point to your sources and

3641
03:21:42,300 --> 03:21:45,300
suggest that any errors were 
inherited rather than invented. 

3642
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:48,900
This process led to one of the 
most amusing aspects of medieval

3643
03:21:48,900 --> 03:21:51,700
cartography. 
The perpetuation of mistakes 

3644
03:21:51,700 --> 03:21:53,700
through what amounted to 
professional courtesy. 

3645
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:57,600
If a respected map maker 
included a particular island or 

3646
03:21:57,600 --> 03:22:00,200
Monster or impossible River on 
their chart. 

3647
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,900
Other mapmakers would often 
include the same feature even if

3648
03:22:03,900 --> 03:22:05,700
it didn't make much geographical
sense. 

3649
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:09,000
Nobody wanted to be the one 
cartographer who left out 

3650
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:10,900
something that everyone else 
considered important. 

3651
03:22:10,900 --> 03:22:13,600
Even if everyone else was 
completely wrong about it. 

3652
03:22:15,200 --> 03:22:17,900
The price structure for medieval
Maps, reflected these realities 

3653
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:21,300
in intriguing ways, basic maps, 
with just the essential 

3654
03:22:21,300 --> 03:22:24,400
geographical features were 
relatively affordable, but if 

3655
03:22:24,400 --> 03:22:27,800
you wanted the full treatment 
complete with monsters, mythical

3656
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:32,200
Islands, detail, illustrations, 
and exotic place names, you paid

3657
03:22:32,200 --> 03:22:35,300
premium prices. 
Essentially, the most expensive 

3658
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:37,800
Maps were works of art, that 
incorporated geographical 

3659
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:41,400
information, not just attractive
design, geographical documents, 

3660
03:22:41,400 --> 03:22:44,200
wealthy customers often 
commissioned, custom maps that 

3661
03:22:44,200 --> 03:22:46,600
emphasized, whatever regions or 
features they were most 

3662
03:22:46,600 --> 03:22:49,500
interested in. 
A merchant planning trade routes

3663
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,000
might want extra detail in 
commercial ports and shipping 

3664
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:54,200
lanes. 
While a nobleman might prefer 

3665
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:57,000
elaborate illustrations of his 
family's coat of arms scattered 

3666
03:22:57,000 --> 03:23:00,200
across various continents. 
Some designers primarily 

3667
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:03,600
designed Maps as Conversation 
Pieces prioritizing visual 

3668
03:23:03,600 --> 03:23:06,800
impact and entertainment value 
over geographical accuracy. 

3669
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,200
The map making guilds that 
developed in major European 

3670
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,600
cities, served partly as 
professional organizations and 

3671
03:23:13,600 --> 03:23:15,500
partly as quality control 
systems. 

3672
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:19,200
They established standards for 
things like parchment quality 

3673
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:23,100
ink formulations and artistic 
techniques, but they were 

3674
03:23:23,100 --> 03:23:25,800
remarkably flexible about 
accuracy requirements. 

3675
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:29,400
A map could be completely wrong 
about the basic shape of 

3676
03:23:29,400 --> 03:23:31,800
continents and still earn Guild 
approval. 

3677
03:23:31,800 --> 03:23:33,800
As long as it was beautifully 
executed. 

3678
03:23:33,800 --> 03:23:37,500
And on appropriately, 
prestigious sources competition 

3679
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:41,000
between mapmaking centers, led 
to some creative approaches to 

3680
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:43,700
marketing. 
The nation Maps emphasized, 

3681
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:46,900
their access to information from
Eastern trade routes while 

3682
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:48,800
Spanish Maps. 
Highlighted their expertise in 

3683
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:53,000
Atlantic exploration eventually.
English cartographers promoted 

3684
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:56,600
their developing expertise in 
Northern Waters while Portuguese

3685
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,300
map makers, asserted that they 
had unique knowledge of African 

3686
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:01,700
coastlines. 
Each Regional map, making 

3687
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:04,400
tradition developed, its own 
signature style of educated 

3688
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:09,000
guessing, The rise of printing 
in the 15th century democratized

3689
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:11,900
map distribution that didn't 
necessarily improve map 

3690
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,500
accuracy. 
If anything printing, made it 

3691
03:24:14,500 --> 03:24:17,900
easier for mistakes to spread 
quickly and widely a single 

3692
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:20,500
inaccurate printed map could 
influence hundreds of other 

3693
03:24:20,500 --> 03:24:23,700
Maps, creating cascading errors,
that persisted for Generations. 

3694
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:26,500
The same technology that should 
have made. 

3695
03:24:26,500 --> 03:24:30,200
Corrections easier actually made
widespread misinformation more 

3696
03:24:30,200 --> 03:24:32,900
durable. 
Customer feedback was rarely 

3697
03:24:32,900 --> 03:24:35,300
immediate enough to affect 
map-making practices 

3698
03:24:35,300 --> 03:24:38,500
significantly. 
If you bought a map that turned 

3699
03:24:38,500 --> 03:24:40,800
out to be wrong about the 
location of a particular Island,

3700
03:24:40,800 --> 03:24:43,400
you probably wouldn't discover 
the error for years. 

3701
03:24:43,400 --> 03:24:47,400
If ever, you might think you may
navigation errors in the map 

3702
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:50,100
being wrong. 
This build in delay between 

3703
03:24:50,100 --> 03:24:52,900
creation and verification meant 
that matte makers could maintain

3704
03:24:52,900 --> 03:24:55,900
successful careers based on 
information that was 

3705
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:58,500
consistently. 
Speculatively wrong. 

3706
03:24:59,500 --> 03:25:02,000
The most successful mapmakers 
learned to manage customer 

3707
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:05,200
expectations without explicitly,
admitting the limitations of 

3708
03:25:05,200 --> 03:25:07,900
their knowledge. 
They developed a professional 

3709
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:10,600
vocabulary full of terms that 
sounded authoritative. 

3710
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,500
I'll actually mean your guests 
as accurate as mine. 

3711
03:25:14,600 --> 03:25:16,500
Phrases. 
Like according to the most 

3712
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:21,400
reliable sources and as reported
by experienced Navigators could 

3713
03:25:21,400 --> 03:25:24,000
cover a multitude of uncertainty
as without technically 

3714
03:25:24,000 --> 03:25:27,500
constituting fraud change came 
slowly to the world of 

3715
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:30,500
mapmaking, partly? 
Because the old system works so 

3716
03:25:30,500 --> 03:25:33,600
well for everyone involved. 
Customers got beautiful, 

3717
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:37,700
entertaining Maps, full of 
wonderful possibilities that 

3718
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:40,700
make us got to exercise their 
creativity while earning steady.

3719
03:25:40,700 --> 03:25:43,700
Livings Sailors. 
Got convenient excuses for 

3720
03:25:43,700 --> 03:25:46,700
failed voyages. 
After all, if the monsters 

3721
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:49,500
didn't attack you, those tricky 
currents around the mythical 

3722
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:53,500
Island probably would but 
eventually, reality started 

3723
03:25:53,500 --> 03:25:56,900
intruding on this comfortable 
Arrangement, the problem began 

3724
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:59,800
with Portuguese Sailors in the 
15th century who had the 

3725
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:02,300
annoying habit of actually 
visiting the places they were 

3726
03:26:02,300 --> 03:26:05,500
supposed to visit and then 
coming back with inconveniently 

3727
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:08,700
accurate reports about what 
they'd found their Instead of 

3728
03:26:08,708 --> 03:26:11,600
respectfully confirming the 
established geographical wisdom,

3729
03:26:11,600 --> 03:26:15,000
these explorers kept insisting 
that coastlines were shaped 

3730
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:18,400
differently than the maps 
suggested that certain islands 

3731
03:26:18,400 --> 03:26:21,400
didn't exist and that the 
monsters were surprisingly 

3732
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:22,900
absent. 
From areas where they were 

3733
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:27,300
supposed to be abundant, Vasco 
de Gama's Voyage around Africa 

3734
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:29,700
was particularly Troublesome for
traditional mapmakers. 

3735
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:32,400
Here was someone who had 
actually sailed around the 

3736
03:26:32,400 --> 03:26:36,400
entire continent map mapped its 
actual Coastline and returned 

3737
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:38,600
with details information about 
what was really there. 

3738
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:41,600
This kind of first-hand 
knowledge was deeply 

3739
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,800
inconvenient for cartographers 
who had spent decades perfecting

3740
03:26:44,800 --> 03:26:48,400
their artistic interpretations 
of African geography, based on 

3741
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:51,800
centuries old second-hand 
accounts, The Spanish, 

3742
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:54,700
exploration of the Americas 
created, similar problems, 

3743
03:26:54,700 --> 03:26:57,800
Columbus, and his successors 
consistently found. 

3744
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:01,000
New continents in areas where 
established Maps depicted empty 

3745
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:03,600
oceans yet. 
They lacked The Taste to return 

3746
03:27:03,600 --> 03:27:08,200
tangible evidence of their 
discoveries Gold exotic plants 

3747
03:27:08,200 --> 03:27:11,300
and Indigenous. 
People were much harder to argue

3748
03:27:11,300 --> 03:27:13,500
with than theoretical 
discussions about what might 

3749
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:16,800
exist in distant Waters. 
The Protestant Reformation 

3750
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:20,700
introduced an unexpected twist 
to the situation medieval Maps, 

3751
03:27:20,700 --> 03:27:23,500
had often included religious 
elements, the Garden of Eden, 

3752
03:27:23,500 --> 03:27:27,200
various biblical locations, and 
Christian symbolism integrated 

3753
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:31,300
with geographical features. 
As religious Authority became 

3754
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:33,100
more contested in some parts of 
Europe. 

3755
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:36,500
The theological aspects of 
traditional mapmaking, came 

3756
03:27:36,500 --> 03:27:38,000
under scrutiny, along with 
everything else. 

3757
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,300
Some reformers argued that 
mixing religious Doctrine with 

3758
03:27:41,300 --> 03:27:44,600
geographical information was 
inappropriate, which eliminated 

3759
03:27:44,600 --> 03:27:46,800
one of the traditional 
justifications for including 

3760
03:27:46,800 --> 03:27:50,600
speculative content on maps. 
The invention of more accurate 

3761
03:27:50,600 --> 03:27:53,000
navigation instruments. 
Gradually raised the standards 

3762
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:57,500
for what constituted acceptable 
geographical information when 

3763
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,000
sailors could determine their 
latitude with reasonable 

3764
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:03,500
Precision maps that placed 
familiar locations hundreds of 

3765
03:28:03,500 --> 03:28:05,700
miles from their actual 
positions became problematic. 

3766
03:28:06,900 --> 03:28:10,000
The magnetic compass, the 
astrolabe and eventually, more 

3767
03:28:10,000 --> 03:28:13,200
sophisticated tools made it 
harder for mapmakers to hide 

3768
03:28:13,200 --> 03:28:15,300
behind the excuse, that 
navigation was inherently 

3769
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:18,300
uncertain. 
Competition from explorers 

3770
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:20,900
turned cartographers, put 
additional pressure on 

3771
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:24,600
traditional, mapmakers people 
who had actually visited distant

3772
03:28:24,600 --> 03:28:26,200
places. 
Could produce Maps based on 

3773
03:28:26,200 --> 03:28:29,100
Direct observation rather than 
scholarly speculation. 

3774
03:28:29,900 --> 03:28:32,800
These Explorer cartographers 
didn't necessarily create more 

3775
03:28:32,800 --> 03:28:36,100
beautiful Maps, but their charts
have the compelling advantage 

3776
03:28:36,100 --> 03:28:38,100
of, actually working for 
navigation purposes. 

3777
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:42,400
While customers Value Beauty, 
those who intended to use their 

3778
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:45,200
maps for real travel, placed a 
greater value on functionality. 

3779
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:48,300
The printing Industries 
development, created, both 

3780
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,700
problems and opportunities for 
mapmakers on one hand. 

3781
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:54,700
The ability to produce printed 
Maps more quickly, and cheaply 

3782
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:58,100
than hand-drawn ones opened up 
new markets and increase the 

3783
03:28:58,100 --> 03:28:59,900
availability of geographical 
information. 

3784
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,000
On the other hand printing, made
it easier to compare maps from 

3785
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:07,100
different sources which 
highlighted inconsistencies and 

3786
03:29:07,100 --> 03:29:10,100
errors that might have gone 
unnoticed when each map was a 

3787
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:13,100
unique manuscript. 
Scientific method was perhaps 

3788
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:16,000
the most serious long-term 
threat to creative cartography. 

3789
03:29:16,900 --> 03:29:19,500
As Scholars began emphasizing 
direct observation, 

3790
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:23,600
reproduceable experiments and 
systematic skepticism about 

3791
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:26,200
received wisdom. 
The traditional approach to 

3792
03:29:26,200 --> 03:29:30,500
mapmaking looked increasingly 
unscientific Maps based on 

3793
03:29:30,500 --> 03:29:33,900
centuries old texts and 
theoretical speculation didn't 

3794
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:35,600
fit. 
Well with the new emphasis on 

3795
03:29:35,600 --> 03:29:37,600
empirical evidence and logical 
analysis. 

3796
03:29:37,600 --> 03:29:41,900
The transition wasn't immediate 
or complete Even as more 

3797
03:29:41,900 --> 03:29:44,600
accurate information became 
available, many mapmakers 

3798
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:47,600
continued, including traditional
elements alongside newer more 

3799
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:51,400
reliable content. 
Some maps from the 16th and 17th

3800
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:54,000
centuries show an almost 
schizophrenic split between 

3801
03:29:54,000 --> 03:29:57,400
carefully, surveyed, coastlines,
and mythical interior features. 

3802
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,400
As if the cartographers couldn't
quite bring themselves to 

3803
03:30:00,400 --> 03:30:03,700
abandon the old ways entirely as
you settle in, for the end of 

3804
03:30:03,700 --> 03:30:06,000
our journey, through the 
wonderfully, deceptive world of 

3805
03:30:06,000 --> 03:30:09,600
medieval map making its worth 
considering what we lost when 

3806
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,200
cartography became a science and
stead of an art form. 

3807
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:16,900
Yes, modern maps are infinitely,
more accurate infinitely, more 

3808
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:20,300
useful, and infinitely, less 
likely to send you sailing off 

3809
03:30:20,300 --> 03:30:23,200
the edge of the world or into 
the waiting tentacles of a 

3810
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:23,700
hungry. 
Kraken. 

3811
03:30:24,600 --> 03:30:27,200
But there are all so infinitely,
less likely to spark your 

3812
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:30,400
imagination, or make you wonder 
what might be waiting, just 

3813
03:30:30,400 --> 03:30:34,200
beyond the next Horizon. 
The Golden Age of creative 

3814
03:30:34,200 --> 03:30:36,800
cartography. 
Officially ended sometime in the

3815
03:30:36,808 --> 03:30:39,300
18th century when the 
combination of better 

3816
03:30:39,300 --> 03:30:42,600
instruments, systematic 
exploration and scientific 

3817
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:45,800
rigor, made it impossible to 
maintain the old traditions of 

3818
03:30:45,800 --> 03:30:48,300
educated guessing and artistic 
interpretation. 

3819
03:30:49,100 --> 03:30:51,900
The last mythical Islands, 
disappeared from authoritative 

3820
03:30:51,900 --> 03:30:55,600
Maps, the sea monsters were 
relegated to decorative corners 

3821
03:30:55,600 --> 03:30:59,000
and the vast blank spaces. 
Labeled Terra Incognito 

3822
03:30:59,000 --> 03:31:01,700
gradually filled with 
disappointingly, real 

3823
03:31:01,700 --> 03:31:05,100
geographical features. 
But the influence of those 

3824
03:31:05,100 --> 03:31:08,100
centuries of cartographic, 
creativity lingered in 

3825
03:31:08,108 --> 03:31:11,200
unexpected ways. 
The Age of Exploration was 

3826
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:14,200
partly motivated by maps that 
showed a world filled with 

3827
03:31:14,200 --> 03:31:18,500
wonderful possibilities islands 
of gold, passages to the Orient 

3828
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:21,700
and lands inhabited by exotic 
people's and fantastic 

3829
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:24,800
creatures. 
If the maps of Columbus's time 

3830
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:27,100
had accurately depicted the vast
empty ocean. 

3831
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:30,500
He would actually encounter, 
would he have sailed West? 

3832
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:35,100
If generations of optimistic, 
cartographers hadn't inflated, 

3833
03:31:35,100 --> 03:31:38,800
the potential rewards with the 
great Voyages of Discovery of 

3834
03:31:38,800 --> 03:31:42,300
seemed worth the risk and 
expense the mythology, created 

3835
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:45,900
by medieval mapmakers became 
embedded in European culture in 

3836
03:31:45,900 --> 03:31:47,600
ways that outlasted the maps 
themselves. 

3837
03:31:48,900 --> 03:31:52,100
Stories about antilia influence,
Spanish expectations about the 

3838
03:31:52,100 --> 03:31:56,000
Americas, Legends of Preston, 
John's Christian kingdom shaped 

3839
03:31:56,000 --> 03:31:58,100
Portuguese, exploration of 
Africa and Asia. 

3840
03:31:58,800 --> 03:32:01,800
The idea that the world's edges 
were populated by monsters and 

3841
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:05,400
Marvels became part of the 
European imagination, creating a

3842
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,500
sense that exploration was not 
just about trade routes and 

3843
03:32:08,500 --> 03:32:12,100
territorial expansion, but about
discovering ones that would 

3844
03:32:12,100 --> 03:32:16,400
justify the greatest risks. 
It took centuries for some of 

3845
03:32:16,408 --> 03:32:19,300
the most persistent geographical
myths to completely vanish. 

3846
03:32:20,000 --> 03:32:22,700
The Northwest Passage a 
hypothetical Northern route, 

3847
03:32:22,700 --> 03:32:24,300
connecting the Atlantic and 
Pacific. 

3848
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:28,900
Oceans appeared on maps for over
400 years before explorers 

3849
03:32:28,900 --> 03:32:32,200
finally confirmed that it didn't
exist in any practical sense, 

3850
03:32:32,200 --> 03:32:35,000
despite repeated evidence to the
country. 

3851
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:37,700
Many Maps depicted California as
an island. 

3852
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,300
Well, into the 18th century. 
These weren't simple mistakes, 

3853
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:45,200
they were examples of wishful 
thinking, so powerful that it 

3854
03:32:45,200 --> 03:32:47,600
overrode contradictory evidence 
for Generations. 

3855
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:51,200
The decorative elements of 
medieval Maps evolved into the 

3856
03:32:51,200 --> 03:32:54,200
artistic Traditions that still 
influence cartographic design 

3857
03:32:54,200 --> 03:32:57,000
today. 
Modern Maps may not include 

3858
03:32:57,000 --> 03:33:00,100
dragon's or Caesars. 
They still use artistic 

3859
03:33:00,100 --> 03:33:03,200
techniques developed by 
mapmakers, who understood that 

3860
03:33:03,200 --> 03:33:06,300
geographical documents needed to
be visually appealing as well as

3861
03:33:06,300 --> 03:33:09,200
informative. 
The elaborate campus, Rose's 

3862
03:33:09,200 --> 03:33:12,700
decorative, borders, and careful
attention to typography. 

3863
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:15,900
That characterized the best 
contemporary Maps can be traced 

3864
03:33:15,900 --> 03:33:18,900
directly back to mediaeval 
cartographers who knew that 

3865
03:33:18,900 --> 03:33:21,000
presentation mattered as much as
content. 

3866
03:33:22,100 --> 03:33:25,700
Most importantly, the medieval 
map making Traditions serves as 

3867
03:33:25,700 --> 03:33:28,100
a reminder of the complex 
relationship between information

3868
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:31,600
and Truth. 
Those old cartographers weren't 

3869
03:33:31,600 --> 03:33:33,100
deliberately trying to deceive 
anyone. 

3870
03:33:33,100 --> 03:33:36,700
They were doing their best to 
synthesize limited contradictory

3871
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:39,100
information into useful 
documents for their customers. 

3872
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:42,200
They filled gaps in their 
knowledge, with educated 

3873
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,400
guesses, traditional stories and
reasonable assumptions that 

3874
03:33:45,400 --> 03:33:48,900
turned out to be wrong. 
In that sense, they weren't so 

3875
03:33:48,900 --> 03:33:51,400
different from Modern experts 
who extrapolate from incomplete 

3876
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:54,200
data and make predictions about 
complex systems. 

3877
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:58,000
They don't fully understand The 
next time you use GPS to 

3878
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:00,000
navigate to someplace, you've 
never been before. 

3879
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:03,000
Spare a thought for the 
generations of mapmakers who 

3880
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,800
tackle the same basic problem 
with much less reliable 

3881
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:08,500
information and much more 
Creative Solutions. 

3882
03:34:08,500 --> 03:34:12,100
They may have gotten the details
wrong, but they got the spirit, 

3883
03:34:12,100 --> 03:34:15,100
right? 
The world is a big mysterious, 

3884
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:17,900
wonderful place, full of 
possibilities. 

3885
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:19,600
We have not discovered yet and 
wonders. 

3886
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:22,900
We can't quite imagine. 
If you ever find yourself in a 

3887
03:34:22,900 --> 03:34:25,400
situation where you need to fill
in some gaps, in your knowledge 

3888
03:34:25,400 --> 03:34:28,700
with your best educated guests. 
Remember that your following in 

3889
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:31,800
a long and honorable tradition. 
Just be careful not to include 

3890
03:34:31,800 --> 03:34:35,000
any dragons in the margins. 
These days people tend to check 

3891
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:39,100
those details sweet dreams and 
may your maps with the 

3892
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:42,700
geographical professional or 
personal lead you to discoveries

3893
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:45,200
that are at least as wonderful 
as the ones you imagined along 

3894
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:55,900
the way. 
Picturing in the 1500s, a damp 

3895
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:58,300
sheet, filled Kingdom sitting 
off the coast of Europe. 

3896
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:01,900
Watching, Spain Hall shiploads 
of gold back from the Americas. 

3897
03:35:02,800 --> 03:35:05,500
While Spain was becoming 
incredibly wealthy from its New 

3898
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:07,900
World Adventures. 
The English was still trying to 

3899
03:35:07,900 --> 03:35:11,100
figure out basic matters such as
not executing so many of their 

3900
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:14,400
monarchs Sometimes underdogs are
just getting warmed up. 

3901
03:35:15,500 --> 03:35:19,800
The Elizabeth, the first a woman
sat on the throne capable of 

3902
03:35:19,800 --> 03:35:22,600
engaging diplomatically in the 
morning and authorizing a pirate

3903
03:35:22,600 --> 03:35:24,400
raid. 
By tea time she looked at 

3904
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:27,100
Spain's treasure Fleet sailing 
past and thought the English 

3905
03:35:27,100 --> 03:35:30,500
deserve to share of that. 
Well, enter the Sea Dogs, which 

3906
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:33,100
sounds innocent. 
It was actually England's cheeky

3907
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:35,000
name for their officially 
unofficial Pirates. 

3908
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:39,100
These were men such as France's 
Drake, who had the audacity to 

3909
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:41,900
sail around the entire world. 
Just to prove, it could be done 

3910
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:44,800
stopping along the way to 
liberate Spanish treasure. 

3911
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,300
When Drake came home with a 
ship, so loaded with stolen 

3912
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:51,600
Spanish gold, that it nearly 
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 

3913
03:35:51,600 --> 03:35:55,800
him, she knighted him, the 
Spanish understandably were 

3914
03:35:55,800 --> 03:35:59,900
getting tired of this Behavior. 
So in 1588 they decided to send 

3915
03:35:59,900 --> 03:36:04,000
a little reminder called the 
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed

3916
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:06,500
with soldiers heading straight 
for Englund Shores. 

3917
03:36:06,500 --> 03:36:10,000
You might expect this to be 
wearing gets its come up once 

3918
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:14,200
David vs Goliath except Goliath 
has canons and centuries of 

3919
03:36:14,208 --> 03:36:17,100
Naval experience. 
But here's where geography 

3920
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,000
becomes Destiny and where 
England's, Terrible Weather. 

3921
03:36:20,000 --> 03:36:23,600
Finally worked in their favor. 
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who

3922
03:36:23,600 --> 03:36:26,400
had spent months planning, this 
invasion is ships. 

3923
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:29,500
Loaded with troops feeling 
confident, then he hits the 

3924
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:32,600
English Channel and discovers 
that English weather isn't just 

3925
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,000
unpleasant. 
It's actively hostile. 

3926
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:39,000
The wind starts howling. 
The Seas turned nasty and 

3927
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:41,800
suddenly, those massive proud 
warships are being tossed around

3928
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:44,300
violently. 
The English meanwhile had 

3929
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:46,700
smaller more. 
Nimble ships, that danced around

3930
03:36:46,700 --> 03:36:50,200
the Spanish Fleet. 
They darted fire, their cannons 

3931
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:52,100
and zip away before the Spanish 
could respond. 

3932
03:36:52,100 --> 03:36:55,700
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 
and the Spanish weren't ready 

3933
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:58,400
for it. 
But the real hero of this story 

3934
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:01,000
wasn't English bravery or 
cunning it was the weather. 

3935
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:04,200
A massive storm. 
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 

3936
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:07,400
sending ships crashing into 
rocks, running a ground and 

3937
03:37:07,400 --> 03:37:09,500
generally having the worst day 
in Naval History. 

3938
03:37:10,500 --> 03:37:13,100
The Spanish called it. 
El viento protestante. 

3939
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:16,900
The wind even God. 
It seemed had picked sides. 

3940
03:37:18,200 --> 03:37:20,900
When the dust settled, Spain 
seemingly Invincible. 

3941
03:37:20,900 --> 03:37:23,700
Navy was in tatters. 
And little England had proven 

3942
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,900
that sometimes being small, and 
Scrappy beats being big, and 

3943
03:37:26,900 --> 03:37:30,100
powerful, your underweight 
friend, somehow winning an arm 

3944
03:37:30,100 --> 03:37:33,300
wrestling contest against the 
Jim's bodybuilder, improbable 

3945
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:37,200
but undeniably impressive, This 
Victory not only protected 

3946
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,300
England from Invasion, but also 
signaled, the arrival of a new 

3947
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:43,900
player in the global Arena, the 
Spanish Empire, which had seemed

3948
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:46,300
as permanent as the Sunrise 
suddenly looked vulnerable. 

3949
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:49,900
An England that soggy little 
island that nobody had taken, 

3950
03:37:49,900 --> 03:37:53,200
seriously started getting some 
intriguing ideas about what it 

3951
03:37:53,208 --> 03:37:54,900
might accomplish on the world 
stage. 

3952
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:58,400
The age of Spanish dominance was
beginning to crack. 

3953
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:01,400
And through those cracks 
English, ambition was starting 

3954
03:38:01,400 --> 03:38:07,500
to grow persistent Unstoppable 
and surprisingly resilient The 

3955
03:38:07,500 --> 03:38:09,500
foundation was being laid for 
what would become the largest 

3956
03:38:09,500 --> 03:38:12,700
Empire in human history. 
After beating the Spanish Armada

3957
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:16,200
England had confidence but still
relatively little money compared

3958
03:38:16,200 --> 03:38:19,600
to its European neighbors. 
They needed a business plan and 

3959
03:38:19,600 --> 03:38:23,800
unfortunately the business plans
of the 1600s often involved what

3960
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,600
we politely call morally 
questionable practices, enter 

3961
03:38:27,600 --> 03:38:30,800
the merchant companies 
organizations with grand names 

3962
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:33,000
such as the company of merchant 
adventurers. 

3963
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:35,500
These weren't your typical 
Corner shops. 

3964
03:38:35,500 --> 03:38:38,600
They were massive trading 
corporations with royal Charters

3965
03:38:38,600 --> 03:38:42,600
that basically said go forth and
make money and don't ask too 

3966
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:46,100
many questions about how The 
East India Company was the crown

3967
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:48,200
jewel of these operations and 
calling. 

3968
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:51,000
It just a Trading Company, under
states, its true nature. 

3969
03:38:52,000 --> 03:38:54,800
Founded in 1600, it started as a
simple idea. 

3970
03:38:55,600 --> 03:39:00,100
Sail to Asia by spices and silk 
and silk home for enormous 

3971
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:02,500
profits. 
It became the world's first 

3972
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:06,200
Global Corporation, except with 
more cannons and fewer HR 

3973
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:09,600
departments, you have to 
understand spices back then were

3974
03:39:09,600 --> 03:39:12,400
just about making food taste 
better, they were incredibly 

3975
03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:15,600
valuable pepper was literally 
worth its weight in Silver. 

3976
03:39:15,600 --> 03:39:19,000
And Nutmeg was so precious that 
wars were fought over tiny 

3977
03:39:19,000 --> 03:39:22,100
islands that grew it. 
The Dutch had monopolized much 

3978
03:39:22,100 --> 03:39:24,900
of the spice trade charging 
whatever they wanted, and the 

3979
03:39:24,900 --> 03:39:27,000
English decided they should get 
in on that business. 

3980
03:39:28,200 --> 03:39:30,600
But the East Indy company wasn't
content to just trade. 

3981
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:33,700
They started hiring their own 
armies, making their own 

3982
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:36,800
treaties and essentially running
their own foreign policy. 

3983
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:39,500
A modern Corporation deciding to
start. 

3984
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:43,100
Conquering countries, that's 
basically what happened except 

3985
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:46,300
with sailing ships, and 
elaborate uniforms the companies

3986
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:48,900
expansion into India. 
Perfectly demonstrates how 

3987
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:52,100
ambition can snowball Beyond 
anyone's original intention. 

3988
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:55,900
They'd started by just wanting 
to set up trading posts along 

3989
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:59,200
the coast little fortified 
compounds where they could store

3990
03:39:59,200 --> 03:40:02,800
goods and conduct business. 
But in India, in the 1600s was a

3991
03:40:02,808 --> 03:40:06,300
complex Patchwork of competing 
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire 

3992
03:40:06,300 --> 03:40:08,600
which had been holding 
everything together was starting

3993
03:40:08,600 --> 03:40:11,100
to weaken. 
Into this power of vacuum, 

3994
03:40:11,100 --> 03:40:14,400
stepped the East India Company. 
They'd make a lions as with 

3995
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:17,600
local rulers, provide military 
support and gradually become 

3996
03:40:17,600 --> 03:40:20,500
indispensable. 
Before anyone quite realized 

3997
03:40:20,500 --> 03:40:23,300
what was happening, the company 
was not just trading in India, 

3998
03:40:23,300 --> 03:40:25,200
it was running, large chunks of 
it. 

3999
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:29,900
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 
was one of those moments that 

4000
03:40:29,900 --> 03:40:32,900
seemed minor at the time, but 
changed everything, Robert 

4001
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:34,700
Clive. 
A company official who'd started

4002
03:40:34,700 --> 03:40:37,500
as a clerk and worked his way up
to general defeated. 

4003
03:40:37,500 --> 03:40:39,700
The now of Bengal with a much 
smaller Force. 

4004
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:41,900
This unexpected Victory. 
Paved. 

4005
03:40:41,900 --> 03:40:45,300
The way for unprecedented power.
But Victory came with 

4006
03:40:45,300 --> 03:40:48,900
consequences, nobody had thought
through suddenly the East India.

4007
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,300
Company was responsible for 
governing millions of people 

4008
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:55,300
across vast territories. 
They'd gone from being Merchants

4009
03:40:55,300 --> 03:40:58,800
to being rulers, and they were 
completely unprepared for this 

4010
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:02,800
transformation. the wealth 
flowing back to Britain was 

4011
03:41:02,800 --> 03:41:06,900
staggering Bengal alone was 
generating revenues that dwarfed

4012
03:41:06,900 --> 03:41:10,700
many European kingdoms entire 
budgets, The taxes that had 

4013
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:13,300
previously benefited local 
rulers were now contributing 

4014
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:16,700
significantly to British coffers
and the company shareholders 

4015
03:41:16,700 --> 03:41:18,500
were experiencing unprecedented 
wealth. 

4016
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,100
Naturally, the foundation of 
this wealth rested on systems 

4017
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:24,800
that were fundamentally 
extractive and frequently cruel.

4018
03:41:25,800 --> 03:41:29,300
The company exploited, their 
territories prioritizing profit 

4019
03:41:29,300 --> 03:41:32,000
margins, over the well-being of 
the people, under their control.

4020
03:41:33,000 --> 03:41:36,100
Famines became more common and 
more deadly when local resources

4021
03:41:36,100 --> 03:41:38,600
were diverted to company 
profits, rather than local 

4022
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:40,200
needs. 
Back in London. 

4023
03:41:40,200 --> 03:41:43,100
People were starting to notice 
that their little Trading 

4024
03:41:43,100 --> 03:41:46,800
Company with somehow acquired an
Empire the British government 

4025
03:41:46,800 --> 03:41:49,300
wasn't entirely sure what to do 
with this situation. 

4026
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:52,700
The company was generating 
enormous wealth for the country,

4027
03:41:52,700 --> 03:41:56,200
but it was also making decisions
that affected in international 

4028
03:41:56,200 --> 03:41:58,600
relations and the lives of 
millions of people. 

4029
03:41:59,500 --> 03:42:01,700
This was the beginning of a 
pattern that would define the 

4030
03:42:01,700 --> 03:42:04,900
British Empire for centuries. 
Private ambition leading to 

4031
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:08,100
public responsibility. 
Commercial Ventures, growing 

4032
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:11,700
into political control and a 
small island nation, finding 

4033
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,100
itself, responsible for 
governing vast populations 

4034
03:42:14,100 --> 03:42:17,100
across the globe. 
Often without any clear plan for

4035
03:42:17,108 --> 03:42:18,800
how to do it. 
Ethically, or effectively. 

4036
03:42:20,200 --> 03:42:22,800
Stage was set for an Empire that
would span continents and 

4037
03:42:22,800 --> 03:42:26,600
reshape the world built, not 
through Grand strategy, but 

4038
03:42:26,600 --> 03:42:29,300
through the accumulated 
decisions of merchants soldiers.

4039
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:32,200
And administrators, who often 
had no idea what they were 

4040
03:42:32,200 --> 03:42:36,000
creating by the 1700s. 
Britain had stumbled into 

4041
03:42:36,000 --> 03:42:38,400
something resembling a strategy 
though. 

4042
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:40,400
Calling it a strategy might be 
generous. 

4043
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:43,500
It was more organized 
opportunism with excellent Naval

4044
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:47,100
support Britain had discovered 
that if you control the Seas, 

4045
03:42:47,100 --> 03:42:51,100
you could control global trade 
control, the highways and you 

4046
03:42:51,100 --> 03:42:53,800
don't need to own every town. 
You just need to control how 

4047
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:55,200
people and goods move between 
them. 

4048
03:42:55,200 --> 03:42:58,600
This is where the Royal Navy 
enters our story with full force

4049
03:42:58,600 --> 03:43:02,200
by the mid 1700 Britain was 
building ships constantly 

4050
03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:05,300
everywhere with the assumption 
that you could never have too 

4051
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:07,300
many. 
They had honed their Naval 

4052
03:43:07,300 --> 03:43:11,200
Warfare skills to such an extent
that any potential enemy found. 

4053
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:13,600
Encountering a British Fleet to 
be highly unwelcome. 

4054
03:43:13,600 --> 03:43:17,200
This Naval strategy truly 
demonstrated its Effectiveness 

4055
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:23,300
during the Seven Years War while
1000 and 556 to 1,763. 

4056
03:43:24,400 --> 03:43:26,800
While European powers engaged in
land battles. 

4057
03:43:26,800 --> 03:43:29,000
Britain pursued, a distinct 
strategy. 

4058
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:33,500
They swoop in capture strategic 
ports, and Islands, disrupt, 

4059
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:35,800
enemy trade routes and generally
make life. 

4060
03:43:35,800 --> 03:43:38,500
Miserable for anyone who 
depended on Maritime commas. 

4061
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:42,300
Take the capture of Quebec in 
1759, which sounds 

4062
03:43:42,300 --> 03:43:45,000
straightforward, but was 
actually extraordinarily daring.

4063
03:43:45,800 --> 03:43:47,700
General Wolfe and his troops had
to scale. 

4064
03:43:47,700 --> 03:43:50,200
Supposedly unclimbable cliffs in
the middle of the night, 

4065
03:43:50,200 --> 03:43:52,900
surprise, the French Defenders 
and capture one of the most 

4066
03:43:52,908 --> 03:43:54,400
important cities in North 
America. 

4067
03:43:55,100 --> 03:43:56,800
Was the kind of plan that should
have failed. 

4068
03:43:56,800 --> 03:44:00,700
Spectacularly somehow worked, 
perfectly, both wolf and the 

4069
03:44:00,708 --> 03:44:02,300
French command died in the 
Battle. 

4070
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,400
The result of all this Naval 
dominance was that britons 

4071
03:44:05,400 --> 03:44:07,600
started. 
Accumulating territories at an 

4072
03:44:07,600 --> 03:44:10,600
unprecedented rate. 
Gibraltar controlled access to 

4073
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:14,000
the Mediterranean Malta, was 
perfectly positioned for Middle 

4074
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:16,508
Eastern trade routes. 
The Cape of Good. 

4075
03:44:16,516 --> 03:44:18,100
Hope controlled the sea route to
Asia. 

4076
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:21,600
It was strategic positioning on 
a global scale with each 

4077
03:44:21,600 --> 03:44:23,200
acquisition. 
Making the next one more 

4078
03:44:23,200 --> 03:44:25,500
valuable from a logistical 
perspective. 

4079
03:44:25,500 --> 03:44:28,500
Governing a global Empire with a
sailing ship as your fastest 

4080
03:44:28,500 --> 03:44:32,800
communication method presents 
unique challenges messages 

4081
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:36,000
between London and India, took 
months, which meant that by the 

4082
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:37,600
time. 
Headquarters heard about a 

4083
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:39,000
problem and sent back 
instructions. 

4084
03:44:39,000 --> 03:44:42,400
The situation had usually either
resolved itself, or gotten 

4085
03:44:42,400 --> 03:44:45,900
spectacularly worse, this 
communication delay, created a 

4086
03:44:45,900 --> 03:44:48,600
dynamic where British officials 
on the ground had enormous 

4087
03:44:48,600 --> 03:44:50,900
autonomy. 
They couldn't ask under for 

4088
03:44:50,900 --> 03:44:53,400
permission every time they 
needed to make a decision so 

4089
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:55,700
they often just made it and 
hoped it would be approved. 

4090
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:59,200
Retroactively Some of officials 
used this Freedom responsibly 

4091
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:03,600
others, discovered that power 
exercised 8,000 miles away from 

4092
03:45:03,600 --> 03:45:06,000
any oversight can corrupts 
absolutely. 

4093
03:45:06,900 --> 03:45:09,300
You'd have company officials, 
essentially running their own 

4094
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:13,500
kingdoms, making treaties waging
Wars and collecting taxes. 

4095
03:45:13,500 --> 03:45:16,800
All while technically being 
employees of a trading company 

4096
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,100
based in London, the system 
worked when these officials were

4097
03:45:20,100 --> 03:45:23,500
competent and honest, but it 
created opportunities for abuse,

4098
03:45:23,500 --> 03:45:25,700
that would difficult to control 
from such distances. 

4099
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:30,000
The American colonies served as 
a prime illustration of the 

4100
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:31,600
potential pitfalls of this 
system. 

4101
03:45:32,400 --> 03:45:34,600
Strapped for cash. 
After the costly, Seven Years 

4102
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:37,700
War, the British government 
decided, the American should 

4103
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:39,400
contribute to their own defense 
costs. 

4104
03:45:39,400 --> 03:45:42,200
This seemed reasonable from 
London's perspective. 

4105
03:45:42,200 --> 03:45:44,800
After all British troops had 
just spent years protecting 

4106
03:45:44,800 --> 03:45:47,300
American colonists from French 
and Indian attacks. 

4107
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:51,000
But the colonists had gotten 
used to managing their Affairs 

4108
03:45:51,000 --> 03:45:54,600
and suddenly being asked to pay 
taxes, they'd had no say in 

4109
03:45:54,600 --> 03:45:56,800
imposing felt, fundamentally 
unfair. 

4110
03:45:57,700 --> 03:45:59,300
Famous. 
No taxation without 

4111
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:02,000
representation wasn't just a 
catchy slogan. 

4112
03:46:02,000 --> 03:46:05,400
It was a fundamental complained 
about the impossibility of 

4113
03:46:05,400 --> 03:46:07,900
governing and Empire when 
communication took months and 

4114
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:11,800
local conditions changed daily, 
The British response to American

4115
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:15,400
complaints was essentially we've
been doing this successfully all

4116
03:46:15,400 --> 03:46:17,300
over the world, just go along 
with it. 

4117
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:21,000
But North America was different 
from India or the Caribbean. 

4118
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,200
The colonists were mostly 
British, descended shared 

4119
03:46:24,200 --> 03:46:27,700
British legal traditions and had
enough economic independence to 

4120
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:29,300
cause real trouble if they 
organized. 

4121
03:46:30,100 --> 03:46:33,100
When that trouble finally came 
Britain, discovered that Naval 

4122
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:36,200
Supremacy while excellent for 
controlling trade routes and 

4123
03:46:36,208 --> 03:46:39,500
capturing Islands was less 
useful for fighting a land war 

4124
03:46:39,500 --> 03:46:42,300
against people who knew the 
terrain and had the support of 

4125
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:46,100
the local population. 
You could control the coasts but

4126
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:48,900
control the interior required 
different tactics entirely. 

4127
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:52,600
The loss of the American 
colonies was Britain's first. 

4128
03:46:52,600 --> 03:46:55,400
Major Imperial setback, but it 
wouldn't be the last. 

4129
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:59,300
The lesson was clear Empires 
built on Naval power and 

4130
03:46:59,300 --> 03:47:01,000
Commercial Advantage, were 
vulnerable. 

4131
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:04,200
When local populations decided 
they no longer wanted to be 

4132
03:47:04,200 --> 03:47:07,300
governed by distant foreigners, 
no matter how powerful those 

4133
03:47:07,300 --> 03:47:10,000
foreigners might be at Sea. 
After losing the American 

4134
03:47:10,000 --> 03:47:12,700
colonies, Britain was hurt and 
embarrassed, but determined to 

4135
03:47:12,708 --> 03:47:14,200
prove, they could do better 
elsewhere. 

4136
03:47:14,200 --> 03:47:17,900
They were lucky to have India, 
which was becoming their most 

4137
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:21,600
lucrative relationship, even if 
it was unexpectedly complex. 

4138
03:47:22,400 --> 03:47:26,500
By the 1800s calling in India. 
The jewel in the crown wasn't 

4139
03:47:26,500 --> 03:47:29,400
just poetic language, it was an 
economic reality. 

4140
03:47:29,400 --> 03:47:33,100
The wealth flowing from the 
subcontinent was extraordinary 

4141
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:38,300
cotton spices tea, opium and 
manufactured goods were 

4142
03:47:38,300 --> 03:47:40,900
generating revenues that made 
Britain, one of the wealthiest 

4143
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:44,800
Nations on Earth but this wealth
came with responsibilities and 

4144
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:48,300
complications that nobody had 
really planned for the thing 

4145
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:51,200
about governing 300 million 
people across the subcontinent 

4146
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:55,400
is that its incredibly complex. 
You're managing people who speak

4147
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:59,000
dozens of different languages, 
follow different religions and 

4148
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:01,600
have centuries of complicated 
relationships with each other 

4149
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:04,300
and you're expected to make a 
profit while doing it. 

4150
03:48:05,000 --> 03:48:07,000
The East India Company, had 
grown from a trading 

4151
03:48:07,000 --> 03:48:10,400
organization into essentially, a
parallel government complete 

4152
03:48:10,400 --> 03:48:14,200
with its own armies, tax systems
and legal codes company 

4153
03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:17,000
officials lived, lavishly 
building, elaborate mansions, 

4154
03:48:17,000 --> 03:48:19,900
and hosting parties that would 
have impressed European royalty.

4155
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:24,000
But they were all dealing with 
famines rebellions and the 

4156
03:48:24,000 --> 03:48:26,300
constant challenge of 
maintaining control over 

4157
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:28,400
territories larger than most 
European countries. 

4158
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:32,500
The Indian rebellion of 1857 
served as a significant 

4159
03:48:32,500 --> 03:48:37,000
Awakening a mutiny among Indian 
soldiers, escalated into a 

4160
03:48:37,008 --> 03:48:39,200
wide-spread Uprising throughout 
Northern India. 

4161
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:43,400
Thereby forcing the company to 
fight for its own Survival, The 

4162
03:48:43,400 --> 03:48:45,300
immediate trigger was rumors 
about ammunition. 

4163
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:47,700
Cartridges, being greased with 
cow and pig fat. 

4164
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:51,600
Offensive to both Hindu and 
Muslim soldiers, but the real 

4165
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,900
cause is went much deeper. 
The company had been gradually 

4166
03:48:54,900 --> 03:48:57,400
taking over more and more 
aspects of Indian life. 

4167
03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:01,300
Raising taxes changing 
traditional arrangements and 

4168
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:04,100
generally making life more 
difficult for local populations 

4169
03:49:04,100 --> 03:49:07,900
while getting richer themselves.
Eventually, the changes created 

4170
03:49:07,900 --> 03:49:10,200
enough resentment to explode 
into open Rebellion. 

4171
03:49:10,900 --> 03:49:14,200
The rebellion was brutal on both
sides, the atrocities that 

4172
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:17,600
shocked, even people accustomed 
to Colonial violence when 

4173
03:49:17,600 --> 03:49:19,600
British forces. 
Finally regained control. 

4174
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:22,400
The response was Swift. 
And decisive East. 

4175
03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:25,100
India Company was dissolved and 
the British government took 

4176
03:49:25,100 --> 03:49:28,700
Direct Control of India. 
Someone responsible needed to 

4177
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:31,800
take charge the new Arrangement 
known as the British. 

4178
03:49:31,800 --> 03:49:34,800
Raj was supposed to be more 
professional and less extractive

4179
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:37,500
than company rule. 
The idea was that government 

4180
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:41,000
officials unlike company 
employees who were prioritized 

4181
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:42,900
beneficial governance over pure 
profit. 

4182
03:49:43,800 --> 03:49:46,500
In practice, there was more a 
change in management structure 

4183
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:49,300
than a fundamental reform of a 
system designed to benefit 

4184
03:49:49,300 --> 03:49:51,700
Outsiders at the expense of 
locals. 

4185
03:49:52,500 --> 03:49:55,200
This period saw the construction
of massive infrastructure 

4186
03:49:55,200 --> 03:49:59,200
projects, Railways telegraphs, 
irrigation systems and 

4187
03:49:59,200 --> 03:50:02,000
administrative buildings that 
still the Indian landscape 

4188
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:05,100
today. 
The British built these not out 

4189
03:50:05,100 --> 03:50:08,200
of altruism but because 
effective extraction requires 

4190
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:11,400
effective infrastructure, better
roads, and Railways, made 

4191
03:50:11,400 --> 03:50:13,800
everything work more 
efficiently, but the primary 

4192
03:50:13,800 --> 03:50:17,100
beneficiary was still Britain. 
The railway system perfectly 

4193
03:50:17,100 --> 03:50:20,100
demonstrates. 
This Dynamic by 1900. 

4194
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:23,000
India had one of the largest 
railway networks in the world, 

4195
03:50:23,000 --> 03:50:27,100
which was genuinely impressive. 
And useful trains can connected 

4196
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:30,800
remote regions facilitated trade
and made travel easier for 

4197
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:34,000
millions of people, but the 
network was designed primarily 

4198
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:38,000
to move raw materials, from the 
interior to Coastal ports, and 

4199
03:50:38,000 --> 03:50:41,500
finished goods from ports to 
markets a pattern that benefited

4200
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:44,500
British manufacturers, much more
than Indian once. 

4201
03:50:45,200 --> 03:50:47,600
Imperial wealth was 
simultaneously transforming 

4202
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:51,100
British Society. 
Bengali fortunes enabled the 

4203
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:53,500
construction of Grand Mansion in
the countryside. 

4204
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:57,200
Entire families could live 
comfortably on the pension of 

4205
03:50:57,200 --> 03:51:01,200
relatives, who'd served in India
in Indian textiles foods and 

4206
03:51:01,208 --> 03:51:03,300
ideas were influencing British 
culture. 

4207
03:51:04,200 --> 03:51:07,400
Despite Britain maintaining 
strict hierarchies that kept in 

4208
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:09,400
Indian subordinate within their 
own country. 

4209
03:51:09,400 --> 03:51:13,500
Everyone recognized the irony 
British officials in India, 

4210
03:51:13,500 --> 03:51:16,100
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

4211
03:51:16,100 --> 03:51:18,500
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

4212
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:20,900
industrial cities were filled 
with workers enduring 

4213
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:23,700
conditions, often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

4214
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:27,800
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

4215
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:29,800
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

4216
03:51:30,900 --> 03:51:33,300
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

4217
03:51:33,300 --> 03:51:36,300
educational. 
The British introduced English 

4218
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:39,400
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

4219
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:42,200
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

4220
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,700
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

4221
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:48,800
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

4222
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:52,000
British political philosophy, 
including ideas, about democracy

4223
03:51:52,000 --> 03:51:56,600
individual rights, and 
self-governance This educated 

4224
03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:58,700
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

4225
03:51:58,700 --> 03:52:01,800
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

4226
03:52:01,800 --> 03:52:04,200
Why weren't they beneficial 
enough for in India? 

4227
03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:08,100
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

4228
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:09,800
through the very educational 
system. 

4229
03:52:09,800 --> 03:52:13,000
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

4230
03:52:13,000 --> 03:52:16,100
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

4231
03:52:16,100 --> 03:52:19,800
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

4232
03:52:19,800 --> 03:52:22,300
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

4233
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:25,500
alone at the top. 
But success brought its own 

4234
03:52:25,500 --> 03:52:27,900
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

4235
03:52:27,900 --> 03:52:30,900
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

4236
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:34,300
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

4237
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,900
The Russians were expanding 
south and east, methodically 

4238
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:40,500
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

4239
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:44,700
From Britain's perspective such 
activity was deeply concerning 

4240
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:48,000
because Russian expansion taught
Afghanistan met Russian 

4241
03:52:48,000 --> 03:52:51,100
expansion toward India and 
nobody was allowed to threaten 

4242
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:55,100
the jewel in the crown. 
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 

4243
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,500
called the great game. 
A decades long strategic 

4244
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,500
competition between Britain and 
Russia that played out across 

4245
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:03,500
some of the most inhospitable 
terrain on Earth. 

4246
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,800
It was expensive. 
Dangerous, geopolitics with real

4247
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:09,600
consequences measured in 
Empires. 

4248
03:53:09,600 --> 03:53:13,400
The problem was geography. 
The distance between Russian 

4249
03:53:13,400 --> 03:53:16,400
territory and British, India was
filled with mountains, deserts, 

4250
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:19,800
and tribal territories that 
nobody really controlled 

4251
03:53:20,700 --> 03:53:24,100
Afghanistan was the key piece 
whoever controlled Afghanistan. 

4252
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,400
Could threaten in India but 
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 

4253
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:29,500
habit of being completely 
unconquerable. 

4254
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:36,000
First Afghan war 1839 to 1842 
was Britain's attempt to install

4255
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:39,300
a friendly ruler in Kabul and it
went disastrously wrong. 

4256
03:53:40,500 --> 03:53:43,600
The plan involved marching an 
army through mountain passes to 

4257
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:46,000
impose a government on people 
who really didn't want one. 

4258
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:49,800
The Retreat from Kabul became 
legendary for all the wrong 

4259
03:53:49,800 --> 03:53:53,700
reasons of the roughly 16,000 
people who began the retreat. 

4260
03:53:53,700 --> 03:53:56,400
Only one British officer made it
back to tell the story. 

4261
03:53:56,400 --> 03:53:59,600
It was a military disaster that 
should have made everyone 

4262
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:01,900
reconsider their entire approach
to foreign policy. 

4263
03:54:01,900 --> 03:54:04,500
But here's the thing about 
Imperial momentum. 

4264
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,500
Once you're committed to 
defending everywhere, you can't 

4265
03:54:07,508 --> 03:54:09,000
really afford to look weak 
anywhere. 

4266
03:54:09,700 --> 03:54:13,200
So despite the Afghan disaster, 
Britain kept expanding building 

4267
03:54:13,200 --> 03:54:16,600
Naval bases, signing treaties, 
with local rulers, and getting 

4268
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:19,100
drawn into conflicts, that seem 
to multiply endlessly. 

4269
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:25,300
The Crimean War 1853 to 1856 was
officially presented as a 

4270
03:54:25,300 --> 03:54:27,000
conflict. 
To protect the Ottoman Empire, 

4271
03:54:27,000 --> 03:54:31,000
from Russia and expansion. 
However, its true purpose was to

4272
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:33,600
maintain the balance of power 
that secured Britain's Global 

4273
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:35,900
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

4274
03:54:35,900 --> 03:54:39,000
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

4275
03:54:39,000 --> 03:54:42,300
particularly competent. 
This was all the war that 

4276
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:45,700
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

4277
03:54:45,700 --> 03:54:49,000
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

4278
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:51,900
That the most memorable outcome 
was improvements in medical care

4279
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:55,600
for wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

4280
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:59,700
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

4281
03:54:59,700 --> 03:55:03,000
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

4282
03:55:03,000 --> 03:55:06,100
example of military. 
Incompetence that people 

4283
03:55:06,100 --> 03:55:09,700
couldn't stop talking about it. 
meanwhile, the cost of 

4284
03:55:09,708 --> 03:55:12,500
maintaining the global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

4285
03:55:13,400 --> 03:55:16,800
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

4286
03:55:16,800 --> 03:55:20,400
each one required its Army and 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

4287
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:23,400
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

4288
03:55:23,400 --> 03:55:26,600
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

4289
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,300
keep up with technological 
advances. 

4290
03:55:29,400 --> 03:55:32,600
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

4291
03:55:32,600 --> 03:55:36,100
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

4292
03:55:36,100 --> 03:55:38,700
standard, they had to build 
coaling stations around the 

4293
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:40,900
world. 
It was a never-ending cycle of 

4294
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:44,200
expensive upgrades on land. 
Britain was maintaining 

4295
03:55:44,200 --> 03:55:47,400
Garrison's from Gibraltar Hong 
Kong and each Garrison needed 

4296
03:55:47,400 --> 03:55:49,400
supplies reinforcements and 
local. 

4297
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:53,600
Support the logistics of empire 
were mine boggling coordinating 

4298
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:55,900
military operations across 
multiple time zones. 

4299
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:59,300
When your fastest communication 
was still limited by the speed 

4300
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:01,700
of telegraph cables, that could 
be cut by anyone with 

4301
03:56:01,700 --> 03:56:06,000
determination and basic tools. 
When local population's decided 

4302
03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:08,800
they'd had enough foreign rule, 
the Indian Mutiny had. 

4303
03:56:08,800 --> 03:56:10,900
Demonstrated how quickly things 
could go wrong? 

4304
03:56:10,900 --> 03:56:13,700
Every British colony. 
Now needs enough truth to 

4305
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:16,600
maintain order but not so many 
that the cost becomes 

4306
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,300
prohibitive. 
It was a delicate balance that 

4307
03:56:19,300 --> 03:56:23,800
required constant attention and 
enormous resources back home 

4308
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:27,300
British Society was dealing with
the contradictions of empire in 

4309
03:56:27,300 --> 03:56:31,000
increasingly uncomfortable ways.
While the wealth from India and 

4310
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:32,900
other colonies funded British 
Prosperity. 

4311
03:56:32,900 --> 03:56:36,300
It also raised moral questions 
that were difficult to dismiss 

4312
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:40,100
How do you reconcile believing 
in Liberty and Justice with 

4313
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:42,000
ruling over 100s of millions of 
people? 

4314
03:56:42,000 --> 03:56:45,600
But no say in their governance, 
some British intellectuals 

4315
03:56:45,600 --> 03:56:47,800
convinced themselves. 
That Empire was actually 

4316
03:56:47,800 --> 03:56:51,000
beneficial for colonized. 
People's a civilizing mission 

4317
03:56:51,000 --> 03:56:53,300
that brought progress and 
Enlightenment to backward 

4318
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:56,500
societies others were more 
honest about the economic 

4319
03:56:56,500 --> 03:56:59,800
motivations, but argued that the
benefits justify the costs. 

4320
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,500
Still others, began questioning 
whether the whole Enterprise was

4321
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:06,300
sustainable or ethical. 
These debates were mostly 

4322
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:09,500
academic for ordinary British 
people who enjoyed Imperial 

4323
03:57:09,500 --> 03:57:12,200
Prosperity without having to 
think too deeply about where it 

4324
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:15,300
came from. 
They were becoming very real for

4325
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,900
the growing number of educated 
Indians Africans and others who 

4326
03:57:18,900 --> 03:57:21,100
have been beginning to organize,
and demand changes to the 

4327
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,700
Colonial system by 1900. 
Britain's Empire covered roughly

4328
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:28,400
a quarter of the earth's land 
surface and ruled over 400 

4329
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:31,200
million people. 
Which sounds impressive, Until 

4330
03:57:31,200 --> 03:57:33,700
you realize that managing that 
many people across, that much 

4331
03:57:33,700 --> 03:57:37,800
territory was extraordinarily 
difficult trying to conduct an 

4332
03:57:37,800 --> 03:57:39,900
orchestra where half the 
musicians are in different 

4333
03:57:39,900 --> 03:57:42,000
buildings and none of them can 
hear the conductor. 

4334
03:57:42,800 --> 03:57:45,300
The first major crack in the 
Imperial facade. 

4335
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:48,500
Came from an unexpected 
Direction, white settlers in 

4336
03:57:48,500 --> 03:57:50,700
South Africa who had the 
audacity to fight back. 

4337
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:55,700
The Boer War. 1899 to 1902 was 
supposed to be a quick 

4338
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:58,900
demonstration of British power, 
but it turned into a grinding 

4339
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:01,400
conflict that revealed some 
uncomfortable truths about 

4340
03:58:01,400 --> 03:58:04,600
Imperial Warfare. 
Fighting Dutch farmers who knew 

4341
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:07,000
the terrain and had good rifles 
turned out to be much harder 

4342
03:58:07,000 --> 03:58:10,600
than anyone had anticipated. 
The British response was to 

4343
03:58:10,600 --> 03:58:13,900
invent concentration camps, not 
the Nazi death camps but the 

4344
03:58:13,900 --> 03:58:17,100
original version where civilian 
populations were confined to 

4345
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:20,000
control guerrilla warfare. 
It worked from a military 

4346
03:58:20,000 --> 03:58:23,500
standpoint but the international
criticism was severe and the 

4347
03:58:23,508 --> 03:58:26,100
cost was enormous. 
Britain spent more money 

4348
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:28,900
fighting a few thousand bore 
Farmers than laid spent on most 

4349
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:32,800
previous colonial wars combined.
More troubling was what the war 

4350
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:34,600
of revealed about British 
Society itself. 

4351
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,400
Physical examination of army 
recruits showed that a shocking 

4352
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:40,800
percentage of young British. 
Men were unfit for military 

4353
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:44,400
service, malnourished disease, 
and physically. 

4354
03:58:44,400 --> 03:58:48,300
Underdeveloped The empire was so
busy extracting well from other 

4355
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,000
countries that it had neglected,
the health of its own 

4356
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:53,600
population. 
World War 1 was supposed to 

4357
03:58:53,600 --> 03:58:56,600
demonstrate the Empire's, 
strength and unity and in some 

4358
03:58:56,608 --> 03:58:59,400
ways it did. 
Troops from India, Canada, 

4359
03:58:59,400 --> 03:59:03,100
Australia, New Zealand, and 
South Africa, fought alongside 

4360
03:59:03,100 --> 03:59:06,000
British forces. 
And the combined Imperial effort

4361
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:09,600
was genuinely impressive. 
But the war also accelerated 

4362
03:59:09,600 --> 03:59:12,600
changes that would ultimately 
undermine Imperial Authority. 

4363
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:16,400
The thing about asking people to
die for your cause is that it 

4364
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:18,800
gives them certain moral 
authority to question it 

4365
03:59:18,800 --> 03:59:21,700
afterward. 
Indian soldiers who fought in 

4366
03:59:21,700 --> 03:59:24,400
Europe and Mesopotamia returned 
home with New Perspectives on 

4367
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,300
British power and new 
expectations about political 

4368
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:29,700
rights. 
It's difficult to tell someone 

4369
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:31,600
they're not ready for 
self-governance after they've 

4370
03:59:31,600 --> 03:59:34,800
spent four years fighting 
Germans in the trenches, the 

4371
03:59:34,800 --> 03:59:37,200
economic cost of world war one 
was staggering. 

4372
03:59:37,200 --> 03:59:40,100
Britain went from being the 
world's largest creditor to 

4373
03:59:40,100 --> 03:59:42,800
being deeply in debt, 
particularly to the United 

4374
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:44,600
States. 
Running. 

4375
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:47,800
A global Empire is expensive 
under the best circumstances but

4376
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:50,200
trying to do it while 
simultaneously fighting the most

4377
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:53,500
destructive war in human history
was financially devastating. 

4378
03:59:54,500 --> 03:59:57,100
The interwar period, saw Britain
trying to maintain Imperial 

4379
03:59:57,100 --> 04:00:00,000
prestige on a reduced budget 
which worked out as well as 

4380
04:00:00,000 --> 04:00:02,300
you'd expect. 
Well, though, the government of 

4381
04:00:02,300 --> 04:00:05,000
India, Act of 1990 promised in 
Indians greatest 

4382
04:00:05,000 --> 04:00:08,300
self-governments, it's actual 
reforms were so limited that 

4383
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:10,500
they fail to satisfy almost 
anyone. 

4384
04:00:11,300 --> 04:00:14,500
Meanwhile, a lawyer named Gandhi
was developing new methods of 

4385
04:00:14,500 --> 04:00:17,100
resistance that were 
specifically designed to make 

4386
04:00:17,100 --> 04:00:20,200
British rule look illegitimate 
and brutal Gandhi's. 

4387
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:22,900
Genius was understanding that 
the moral Foundation of empire 

4388
04:00:22,900 --> 04:00:26,300
was already shaky. 
Most British people wanted to 

4389
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:28,200
believe they were governing 
other countries for those 

4390
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:30,900
countries benefit not just for 
British prophet. 

4391
04:00:31,700 --> 04:00:33,300
By organizing peaceful 
resistance. 

4392
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:36,300
That provoked, violent 
responses, Gandhi, made it 

4393
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:38,500
impossible to maintain that 
comfortable fiction. 

4394
04:00:39,400 --> 04:00:42,400
When British authorities beat 
peaceful protesters with clubs 

4395
04:00:42,400 --> 04:00:45,900
or opened fire on unarmed crowds
the civilizing. 

4396
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:48,800
Mission started looking more 
like organized theft. 

4397
04:00:49,900 --> 04:00:53,300
In many ways, World War Two was 
Britain's greatest achievement 

4398
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:57,600
standing alone against Nazi, 
Germany, and 1940 required, 

4399
04:00:57,600 --> 04:00:59,500
genuine, courage, and 
determination. 

4400
04:01:01,000 --> 04:01:03,800
Fighting that war required, 
mobilizing every possible 

4401
04:01:03,800 --> 04:01:07,300
resource, including the empires.
And it became increasingly 

4402
04:01:07,300 --> 04:01:11,100
difficult to justify denying 
political rights to people whose

4403
04:01:11,100 --> 04:01:13,400
contributions were essential to 
British survival. 

4404
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:18,100
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which
killed between two and three 

4405
04:01:18,100 --> 04:01:20,200
million. 
People was a particularly dark 

4406
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:22,900
moment while Britain was 
fighting for freedom and 

4407
04:01:22,908 --> 04:01:25,400
democracy. 
In Europe Imperial policies were

4408
04:01:25,400 --> 04:01:27,300
contributing to mass starvation 
in India. 

4409
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:30,900
Challenging to maintain that 
you're fighting for Universal 

4410
04:01:30,900 --> 04:01:33,800
human rights while 
simultaneously presiding over 

4411
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:36,600
preventable famine in your most 
important colony. 

4412
04:01:37,700 --> 04:01:42,000
By 1945 Britain had won the war 
but lost the economic foundation

4413
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:45,600
of the Empire. 
The country was exhausted broke 

4414
04:01:45,600 --> 04:01:49,700
and dependent on American Aid. 
The Royal Navy which had been 

4415
04:01:49,708 --> 04:01:53,100
the backbone of Imperial power 
for centuries was increasingly 

4416
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:55,900
obsolete, in an age of air 
power, and nuclear weapons. 

4417
04:01:56,700 --> 04:01:59,100
Maintaining global Military 
Supremacy was no longer 

4418
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:01,800
affordable and frankly no longer
possible. 

4419
04:02:03,200 --> 04:02:04,700
The people running, Britain were
stupid. 

4420
04:02:04,700 --> 04:02:06,800
They could see that. 
The old system was 

4421
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:09,400
unsustainable. 
The question wasn't whether to 

4422
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,400
end the Empire, but how to do it
in a way that preserved British 

4423
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,500
influence and prevented complete
chaos in former colonies. 

4424
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,300
Some British politicians hoped, 
they could transition to a new 

4425
04:02:19,308 --> 04:02:22,300
kind of relationship. 
Informal influence in stead of 

4426
04:02:22,308 --> 04:02:25,100
formal control economic 
Partnerships and state of 

4427
04:02:25,108 --> 04:02:28,300
colonial extraction. 
The idea was to maintain the 

4428
04:02:28,300 --> 04:02:31,600
benefits of Empire without the 
costs and moral complications of

4429
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:34,700
direct rule. 
It was an attractive Theory but 

4430
04:02:34,700 --> 04:02:37,000
it assumed that newly 
independent countries would want

4431
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:39,600
to maintain close ties with 
their former Colonial Masters 

4432
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:41,600
which turned out to be 
questionable. 

4433
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:43,800
The end of the British Empire 
wasn't sudden. 

4434
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:46,700
It was more of a very long, very
complicated process involving 

4435
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:50,300
dozens of countries, hundreds of
treaties, and countless 

4436
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:53,000
opportunities for things to go 
spectacularly wrong. 

4437
04:02:53,800 --> 04:02:56,800
Britain had spent centuries 
acquiring territories giving 

4438
04:02:56,800 --> 04:02:58,300
them back. 
Would prove to be almost as 

4439
04:02:58,300 --> 04:03:00,200
challenging as taking them in 
the first place. 

4440
04:03:01,100 --> 04:03:04,900
India's independence in 1947 was
both the inevitable beginning of

4441
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:08,800
the end and a case study in how 
decolonization could go horribly

4442
04:03:08,800 --> 04:03:10,200
wrong. 
Despite everyone's best 

4443
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:13,100
intentions. 
Partition, the division of 

4444
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:16,400
British India into India, and 
Pakistan was supposed to solve. 

4445
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:18,900
The problem of religious 
tensions between Hindus and 

4446
04:03:18,900 --> 04:03:21,900
Muslims. 
Instead, it created one of the 

4447
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:24,000
largest forced migrations in 
human history. 

4448
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:27,500
With millions of people fleeing 
their homes and somewhere 

4449
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:31,600
between 200,000 and 2 million 
people dying in communal 

4450
04:03:31,600 --> 04:03:34,200
violence. 
The British government's role in

4451
04:03:34,200 --> 04:03:37,900
Partition was problematic. 
Lord mountbatten the last Vice. 

4452
04:03:37,900 --> 04:03:40,800
Roy of India was given the 
impossible task of drawing 

4453
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:43,100
boarders. 
That would satisfy everyone, 

4454
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:46,900
which was roughly equivalent to 
being asked to divide a pizza in

4455
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:49,600
a way that makes everyone happy 
when some people want pepperoni 

4456
04:03:49,600 --> 04:03:54,300
and others are vegetarian. the 
irony is that Britain's 

4457
04:03:54,300 --> 04:03:57,000
departure from India was 
probably about 50 years, too 

4458
04:03:57,000 --> 04:04:00,000
late to be graceful and about 
five years to early to be 

4459
04:04:00,008 --> 04:04:03,900
properly played By 1947 British 
royal Authority. 

4460
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:06,700
Had already collapsed in much of
the subcontinent, but the 

4461
04:04:06,708 --> 04:04:10,200
timeline for Independence was so
rushed that nobody had time to 

4462
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,200
work out the Practical details 
of creating two new nations from

4463
04:04:13,200 --> 04:04:16,100
scratch. 
Meanwhile, other regions of the 

4464
04:04:16,108 --> 04:04:18,900
empire were coming to similar 
conclusions about British rule, 

4465
04:04:18,900 --> 04:04:22,100
albeit through, different means 
in Palestine. 

4466
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:25,100
Britain found itself, trying to 
balance promises made to the 

4467
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,700
Jewish and Arab population's 
while dealing with increasingly 

4468
04:04:28,700 --> 04:04:32,400
violent resistance from both 
sides, the solution was to give 

4469
04:04:32,400 --> 04:04:35,100
up and hand the problem over to 
the newly created United 

4470
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:37,900
Nations, which worked about as 
well as you'd expect. 

4471
04:04:39,300 --> 04:04:42,900
Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 
moment when Britain discovered, 

4472
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:46,000
that being a former superpower 
means you still think you 

4473
04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:49,000
deserve special treatment, but 
nobody else agrees. 

4474
04:04:50,100 --> 04:04:53,000
When Egypt nationalized, the 
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 

4475
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:55,900
invaded to retake it assuming 
they could still act 

4476
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:59,400
unilaterally on the world stage.
The United States, essentially 

4477
04:04:59,400 --> 04:05:02,500
told them to sit down and behave
themselves, and Britain 

4478
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:05,500
discovered that their special 
relationship with America didn't

4479
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:09,100
include permission to start wars
without asking first The 

4480
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:11,900
humiliation of Suez Mark, the 
psychological end of Empire. 

4481
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:15,100
Even though formal 
decolonization would continue 

4482
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:17,900
for decades, Britain could no 
longer pretend to be an 

4483
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,800
independent Global power. 
They were now a regional power 

4484
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:24,100
with global interests, the 
process of decolonization 

4485
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:27,800
accelerated through the 1960s 
with African territories, 

4486
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:31,600
gaining independence and Rapid 
succession. some transitions 

4487
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:36,200
were relatively smooth again as 
Independence in 1957, was 

4488
04:05:36,200 --> 04:05:39,700
managed by Kwame nkrumah who had
been educated in British 

4489
04:05:39,700 --> 04:05:43,000
universities and understood how 
to work within British political

4490
04:05:43,000 --> 04:05:47,400
systems, others like Kenya 
experienced brutal, conflicts, 

4491
04:05:47,400 --> 04:05:51,900
that left lasting scars on both 
sides, The challenge for Britain

4492
04:05:51,900 --> 04:05:55,500
was figuring out what came next 
having spent centuries telling 

4493
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:57,700
themselves that they governed 
other countries for those 

4494
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:00,400
countries benefit. 
How do you maintain any 

4495
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:02,400
influence? 
Once those countries are free to

4496
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:05,400
choose their relationships. 
The answer was the Commonwealth 

4497
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:08,200
of voluntary Association of 
Former colonies that would 

4498
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:10,500
maintain cultural and economic 
ties with Britain. 

4499
04:06:11,700 --> 04:06:14,400
The Commonwealth was an attempt 
to preserve relationships after 

4500
04:06:14,400 --> 04:06:18,000
the formal Empire ended some 
countries such as Canada and 

4501
04:06:18,000 --> 04:06:21,400
Australia were pleased to 
maintain close ties, others, 

4502
04:06:21,400 --> 04:06:24,800
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 
to do with Britain Beyond basic 

4503
04:06:24,800 --> 04:06:26,900
diplomatic relations. 
Still. 

4504
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:29,400
Others had more complex 
relationships that varied 

4505
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:31,600
depending on who was in charge 
and what Britain had done 

4506
04:06:31,600 --> 04:06:34,900
lately. 
By the 1970s, the transformation

4507
04:06:34,900 --> 04:06:38,600
was largely complete Britain had
gone from ruling a quarter of 

4508
04:06:38,608 --> 04:06:41,100
the world to being a 
medium-sized European country 

4509
04:06:41,100 --> 04:06:44,300
with some overseas territories 
and a lot of historical baggage.

4510
04:06:45,500 --> 04:06:48,500
Economic benefits of Empire, had
been replaced by the costs of 

4511
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:51,600
managing, decline, dealing with 
immigration from former 

4512
04:06:51,600 --> 04:06:55,100
colonies, maintaining expensive 
military commitments that no 

4513
04:06:55,100 --> 04:06:58,600
longer served clear purposes and
figuring out Britain's role in a

4514
04:06:58,600 --> 04:07:00,700
world where they were no longer 
automatically important. 

4515
04:07:01,600 --> 04:07:04,300
We are still working out how the
legacy of Empire continues to 

4516
04:07:04,308 --> 04:07:07,600
shape both Britain and its 
former colonies in Britain 

4517
04:07:07,600 --> 04:07:12,200
imperial history remains of both
pride and discomfort pride in 

4518
04:07:12,200 --> 04:07:15,200
the achievements and Global 
influence and discomfort with 

4519
04:07:15,200 --> 04:07:19,300
the methods and consequences in 
former colonies, the impacts 

4520
04:07:19,300 --> 04:07:22,700
vary enormously but they include
everything from legal systems 

4521
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:25,600
and languages to boarders and 
ethnic tensions that can be 

4522
04:07:25,600 --> 04:07:27,400
traced directly to colonial 
policies. 

4523
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:30,700
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 
is the English language itself 

4524
04:07:30,700 --> 04:07:33,900
which became the global lingua 
Franca partly, because the 

4525
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:37,900
British empire spread it across 
the world, today more people 

4526
04:07:37,900 --> 04:07:40,300
speaking English as a second 
language than as a first 

4527
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:43,600
language in the internet is made
English fluency, essential for 

4528
04:07:43,600 --> 04:07:46,600
Global participation in ways 
that the Builders of Empire 

4529
04:07:46,600 --> 04:07:49,900
never could have imagined So 
there you have it. 

4530
04:07:49,900 --> 04:07:54,000
The rise and fall of the British
Empire, from a soggy island with

4531
04:07:54,000 --> 04:07:57,000
big Ambitions to a global 
superpower to a Modern Nation. 

4532
04:07:57,000 --> 04:07:58,800
Still figuring out, its place in
the world. 

4533
04:07:59,700 --> 04:08:02,400
It's a story about how 
geography, technology and human 

4534
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:05,900
ambition can combine to create 
something unprecedented. 

4535
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:09,800
And how even the most powerful 
systems eventually face the 

4536
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:11,100
limits of their own 
contradictions? 

4537
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:15,800
Sweet dreams and remember 
Empires may come and go. 

4538
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:18,900
But the really good stories 
about them tend to stick around.

4539
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:29,300
Nicholas Copernicus did not 
awake each morning expecting to 

4540
04:08:29,300 --> 04:08:31,900
redefine how Humanity understood
the cosmos. 

4541
04:08:32,600 --> 04:08:35,500
In his youth, he was a quiet 
Observer of every day. 

4542
04:08:35,500 --> 04:08:39,500
Trade Civic gossip and the 
slaughter of Seasons along the 

4543
04:08:39,500 --> 04:08:44,500
Vistula River. 
Born in 1473, in lived in a land

4544
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:48,100
humming with activity. 
Bustling markets, occasional 

4545
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:50,900
outbreaks of illness. 
Whispers of new maps from 

4546
04:08:50,900 --> 04:08:53,800
distant Seas. 
He absorbed all of it without 

4547
04:08:53,800 --> 04:08:56,000
making Grand claims or seeking 
quick Fame. 

4548
04:08:56,000 --> 04:09:00,400
His father, a merchant of modest
means died when Copernicus was 

4549
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:03,300
still a child. 
This lost shifted, the boys path

4550
04:09:03,300 --> 04:09:05,200
placing him under the care of 
his uncle. 

4551
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,900
Lucas Watson Road, a bishop with
strong Ambitions for his nephew 

4552
04:09:08,900 --> 04:09:11,700
but it was not a cozy 
Arrangement, free from pressure 

4553
04:09:11,700 --> 04:09:16,200
in 15th century, Europe, family 
Alliance is mingled with church 

4554
04:09:16,200 --> 04:09:19,500
roles Watson Road made sure 
Nicholas gained abroad 

4555
04:09:19,500 --> 04:09:23,000
education, perhaps, believing 
that a well-schooled clergyman 

4556
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:25,400
could serve both faith and 
practical politics. 

4557
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:29,200
By his late teens Copernicus 
studied at the University of 

4558
04:09:29,200 --> 04:09:31,500
Krakoff, a lively Center of 
scholarship. 

4559
04:09:31,500 --> 04:09:35,500
The city's streets teamed with 
visiting Merchants who told of 

4560
04:09:35,500 --> 04:09:37,300
copper mines and foreign trade 
routes. 

4561
04:09:38,000 --> 04:09:40,900
Professors taught geometry side 
by side with astrology. 

4562
04:09:40,900 --> 04:09:44,400
Half lost Greek, texts, and 
careful Reflections on the 

4563
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:47,400
cosmos. 
Nicholas listened eagerly he 

4564
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:50,700
devoured ideas about Celestial 
spheres and puzzling, planetary 

4565
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:53,100
orbits. 
Buckingham away while also 

4566
04:09:53,100 --> 04:09:57,500
training in law and Medicine. 
As student he displayed, no wild

4567
04:09:57,500 --> 04:09:59,900
Rebellion. 
Instead, he showed a quiet 

4568
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:03,400
thirst for evidence. 
If a notion seemed inconsistent,

4569
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:07,200
such as the accepted idea that 
the sun spun around Earth, he 

4570
04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:11,800
filed it underneath, more 
thought, Beyond the lecture 

4571
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:14,400
Halls, Copernicus, and 
countered, a swirl of traveling 

4572
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:16,900
Scholars. 
Some boasted credentials from 

4573
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:19,200
Italy or distant corners of the 
Holy Roman Empire. 

4574
04:10:19,200 --> 04:10:22,800
They debated the relative 
positions of stars Where the 

4575
04:10:22,800 --> 04:10:24,500
mercury followed a perplexing 
path. 

4576
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:27,800
And if ancient astronomers might
have overlooked simpler 

4577
04:10:27,800 --> 04:10:31,900
interpretations, many dismissed 
all, eternity, outright clinging

4578
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:36,100
to the comfort of tradition. 
But Copernicus felt a tug toward

4579
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:40,100
re-examination observing the sky
with primitive instruments. 

4580
04:10:40,100 --> 04:10:43,300
He noted patterns. 
That didn't align perfectly with

4581
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,300
existing models. 
He completed his basic studies 

4582
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:50,600
in krakov, then ventured Beyond 
Poland's borders, Italy Beckham,

4583
04:10:50,600 --> 04:10:52,300
and with universities and 
blonde. 

4584
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:54,500
And Padua promising more 
specialized knowledge. 

4585
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,600
There he immersed, himself in 
the Revival of Greek, and Roman 

4586
04:10:58,600 --> 04:11:01,200
thought. 
The poured over manuscripts and 

4587
04:11:01,200 --> 04:11:04,200
dimly lit libraries. 
Stated by calculations from 

4588
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:08,000
centuries past. 
He also studied canon law for 

4589
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:10,500
filling, family, expectations. 
That he build a solid 

4590
04:11:10,500 --> 04:11:14,300
ecclesiastical career. 
But when evening came, he would 

4591
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:18,100
slip outside and look heavenward
measuring angles between stars 

4592
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:22,200
or charting planetary positions.
Each observation in the earth 

4593
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:25,100
might be in motion though. 
He did not announced such a 

4594
04:11:25,108 --> 04:11:28,500
claim prematurely. 
Although Copernicus was devout 

4595
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:30,000
and respectful of the church's 
Authority. 

4596
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:34,100
He had a careful mind. 
He saw, how theological, and 

4597
04:11:34,100 --> 04:11:35,500
political forces shaped 
knowledge. 

4598
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:39,000
If a new idea, threatened 
established beliefs, it might be

4599
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:42,800
scorned before it was tested. 
He acquired the skill of 

4600
04:11:42,800 --> 04:11:46,800
patience, gradually, he compiled
observations, he refined 

4601
04:11:46,800 --> 04:11:50,000
calculations taken from Greek 
sources, then combine them with 

4602
04:11:50,008 --> 04:11:53,300
modern Star Charts quietly. 
The shape of a new model 

4603
04:11:53,308 --> 04:11:57,400
emerged, Earth in motion around 
a sun that commanded the center 

4604
04:11:57,400 --> 04:11:59,900
of the system. 
Yet even these thoughts were 

4605
04:11:59,900 --> 04:12:02,600
incomplete. 
He lacked perfect instruments 

4606
04:12:02,600 --> 04:12:05,100
and recognized that the 
mathematics required further 

4607
04:12:05,100 --> 04:12:08,500
refinement. by the time he 
returned to his homeland to 

4608
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:12,200
serve as a Canon at from book 
Cathedral Bernica said developed

4609
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:14,700
an approach that blended corean 
with an innovation. 

4610
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:18,600
In from Borg, he managed 
administrative tasks financial 

4611
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:21,600
matters and Community disputes 
skills. 

4612
04:12:21,600 --> 04:12:26,300
That gave him a grounding in 
Practical life Still late at 

4613
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:29,600
night, he observed the skies 
through tiny windows in the 

4614
04:12:29,600 --> 04:12:34,300
tower using rudimentary tools. 
He tested angles, compared them 

4615
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:37,200
with references and revised, his
growing manuscript. 

4616
04:12:38,100 --> 04:12:40,000
Few neighbors knew the depth of 
his curiosity. 

4617
04:12:40,000 --> 04:12:43,900
He did not Proclaim that the 
Earth moved or that centuries of

4618
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:47,100
teaching were flawed. 
Instead he continued to gather 

4619
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:50,200
data revised charts and refine 
his emerging Theory. 

4620
04:12:50,900 --> 04:12:53,500
He weighed the risk to 
challenged the geocentric 

4621
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,300
worldview as to question, 
scriptural, interpretations, 

4622
04:12:56,300 --> 04:12:59,400
academic tradition, and the 
power structures that shape 

4623
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:01,500
them. 
But the puzzle of planetary 

4624
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,500
movement, Drew him forward. 
Urging him toward a more 

4625
04:13:04,500 --> 04:13:07,700
convincing explanation. 
By the dawn of a new century. 

4626
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:10,800
Copernicus is notebooks were 
rich with diagrams that 

4627
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,900
contradicted accepted Dogma, the
seeds of a revolution were sown.

4628
04:13:14,900 --> 04:13:17,900
Even if they still rested in 
unspoken form. 

4629
04:13:17,900 --> 04:13:21,200
In the mind of a humble Cannon, 
quite quietly, scribbling in a 

4630
04:13:21,200 --> 04:13:24,300
remote corner of Europe. 
And Secret Letters to close 

4631
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:27,200
colleague's, he hinted at his 
suspicions but held back. 

4632
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:31,100
His conclusions. 
By the early 16th century from 

4633
04:13:31,100 --> 04:13:33,100
bought, was more than a spot on 
the Baltic Coast. 

4634
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:37,500
Its Cathedral perched above 
Windswept, Waters housed, 

4635
04:13:37,500 --> 04:13:40,200
Copernicus in his role as Canon 
here. 

4636
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:43,100
He balanced Church governance 
with private question about 

4637
04:13:43,100 --> 04:13:46,200
planetary motion. 
Those smaller than crack off or 

4638
04:13:46,200 --> 04:13:48,100
bologna from bork offered 
something. 

4639
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:53,200
Precious quiet, steady hours for
research, Europe was tense with 

4640
04:13:53,200 --> 04:13:56,200
talk of religious reform rumors 
of upheaval. 

4641
04:13:56,200 --> 04:13:59,500
Swept through ports, reaching 
from bork in whispered fragments

4642
04:13:59,500 --> 04:14:02,700
Copernicus, saw the risks of 
challenging official Doctrine. 

4643
04:14:02,700 --> 04:14:05,800
If he declared Earth's movement,
he might face condemnation. 

4644
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:10,300
So, he worked cautiously 
measuring the sky with simple 

4645
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:13,600
instruments each night. 
His notes revealed that the Sun 

4646
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:18,000
not earth, likely held the 
center during the day he managed

4647
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:21,300
Church finances and mediated 
local problems officials, 

4648
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:25,900
admired his precision and calm. 
When currency troubles arose, he

4649
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:28,900
designed measures to stabilize 
coinage bolstering his 

4650
04:14:28,900 --> 04:14:32,800
reputation as a logical thinker.
Such Behavior help mask his 

4651
04:14:32,800 --> 04:14:36,100
rhetorical astronomy. the more 
respect he garnered for 

4652
04:14:36,100 --> 04:14:39,700
practical Solutions, the safer 
he fell to exploring unorthodox 

4653
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:44,000
ideas in private Still he 
remained in an age where the 

4654
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,200
church shaped much of scientific
understanding proposing. 

4655
04:14:47,200 --> 04:14:49,000
A Healer Centric system was 
risky. 

4656
04:14:49,700 --> 04:14:52,200
Scripture seemed to confirm 
Earth's Central place. 

4657
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:55,700
Panic has grass that 
mathematical evidence alone 

4658
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:58,700
might not sway those who 
believed questing Geo centralism

4659
04:14:58,700 --> 04:15:01,800
was a king to heresy. 
He exchanged guarded, letters 

4660
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:05,100
with Scholars sharing parts of 
his data, but rarely revealing, 

4661
04:15:05,100 --> 04:15:08,800
the full extent of his model. 
From box quiet aided. 

4662
04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:13,500
His patients attract, planetary 
paths months and years errors. 

4663
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:17,200
In existing models grew too 
large to ignore the orbits once 

4664
04:15:17,200 --> 04:15:19,900
Force fit to me. 
System made sense when the sun 

4665
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:22,200
set in the middle. 
Copernicus. 

4666
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:24,800
Refined these insights and 
drafts he showed only to trusted

4667
04:15:24,800 --> 04:15:27,400
friends. 
He feared the backlash of words 

4668
04:15:27,400 --> 04:15:31,000
spread prematurely, meanwhile 
the Reformation simmered in 

4669
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:32,700
Europe. 
People questioned Church 

4670
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:35,700
Authority on many fronts. 
The old structures were 

4671
04:15:35,700 --> 04:15:38,100
weakening. 
Copernicus, observed that the 

4672
04:15:38,100 --> 04:15:41,200
pervasive uncertainty could 
potentially Foster, new ideas. 

4673
04:15:42,000 --> 04:15:44,100
But it also heightened the 
likelihood of severe 

4674
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:46,200
retaliation. 
If these ideas contradicted 

4675
04:15:46,200 --> 04:15:49,200
deeply held beliefs. 
You watched how daring thinkers,

4676
04:15:49,200 --> 04:15:52,400
rest, Exile or worse? 
Yet, some found pockets of 

4677
04:15:52,400 --> 04:15:55,000
support. 
Suggesting that a revolution in 

4678
04:15:55,000 --> 04:15:59,100
astronomy, might have eventually
find acceptance by the mid-50s. 

4679
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:02,900
His notebooks held a skeleton of
the heliocentric model Earth 

4680
04:16:02,900 --> 04:16:05,300
spun and circled. 
The sun joined by the other 

4681
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:07,600
planets. 
Yet he refused to publish a 

4682
04:16:07,600 --> 04:16:10,300
major Treatise. 
He insisted on checking every 

4683
04:16:10,300 --> 04:16:13,400
calculation, observational 
evidence had to be Beyond 

4684
04:16:13,400 --> 04:16:16,400
reproach. 
Church superiors recognized his 

4685
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:19,200
diligence and seldom Pride into 
his nighttime research. 

4686
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:22,800
They assumed he was honing, 
church-related, expertise, not 

4687
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:25,900
drafting a cosmic shift, his 
life looked ordinary. 

4688
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:29,700
He ate modest meals cared for 
real colleague's and attended to

4689
04:16:29,700 --> 04:16:31,700
non-acute duties with unwavering
Focus. 

4690
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:35,400
But once Darkness fell, he 
scaled the cathedral Tower to 

4691
04:16:35,400 --> 04:16:38,500
observe the planets. 
He aligned homemade instruments 

4692
04:16:38,500 --> 04:16:42,200
to gauge Jupiter's position or 
noted how Venus vanished by the 

4693
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:46,100
sun's glare at times and 
consistent with geocentrism in 

4694
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,100
the hush of the tower. 
He felt the weight of discovery.

4695
04:16:50,100 --> 04:16:52,900
It by the knowledge that 
revealing it to soon, could 

4696
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:56,200
endanger him. 
This period also tested his 

4697
04:16:56,200 --> 04:17:00,000
resolve persistent calculations.
Sometimes contradicted, his 

4698
04:17:00,000 --> 04:17:03,200
earlier assumptions, forcing him
to correct or refine his 

4699
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:06,000
diagrams. 
Yet each setback, nudged him 

4700
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:09,300
toward a more robust framework. 
He realized that Ptolemy 

4701
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:12,500
centuries old design, no longer 
held up under meticulous 

4702
04:17:12,500 --> 04:17:15,300
scrutiny. 
If Earth truly revolved. 

4703
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:19,200
Explain the irregular motion, so
many had labor to reconcile. 

4704
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,900
The data whispered that ancient 
edifice of belief was cracking. 

4705
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:28,100
In 1514, he drafted a concise 
outline called the commentary 

4706
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:30,800
Olas. 
It's circulated among a small 

4707
04:17:30,800 --> 04:17:35,200
circle generating muted in tree.
Copernicus valued their 

4708
04:17:35,200 --> 04:17:37,300
feedback, which helped him hone 
his equations. 

4709
04:17:37,300 --> 04:17:41,300
He kept his tone measured 
presenting heliocentrism as a 

4710
04:17:41,300 --> 04:17:43,400
hypothesis rather than a 
challenge to Authority. 

4711
04:17:43,400 --> 04:17:47,600
He saw that acceptance depended 
on evidence, not straightened 

4712
04:17:47,600 --> 04:17:50,600
proclamation's. 
And so, he persisted day after 

4713
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,700
day, he would read economic 
reports in the morning and 

4714
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:56,800
engage in stargazing at night. 
Constantly refining his 

4715
04:17:56,800 --> 04:18:00,700
observations, the locals viewed,
him as a prudent Canon, never 

4716
04:18:00,700 --> 04:18:03,400
suspecting that his observations
could unsettle the very 

4717
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:07,100
Foundation of cosmic order. 
Yet in that remote corner of the

4718
04:18:07,100 --> 04:18:10,600
Baltic, he gathered the pieces 
for a grand puzzle, that would 

4719
04:18:10,600 --> 04:18:13,900
in time upend Humanities view of
itself. 

4720
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:17,600
By the end of this phase, his 
confidence had grown. 

4721
04:18:18,300 --> 04:18:21,400
The numbers spoke clearly to him
even if he kept them hidden from

4722
04:18:21,400 --> 04:18:24,000
public debate. 
While Europe's religious 

4723
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:26,300
tensions. 
Escalated Copernicus. 

4724
04:18:26,300 --> 04:18:27,700
Quietly. 
Solidified his theory. 

4725
04:18:27,700 --> 04:18:31,100
He saw potential allies in a 
future shaped by phone. 

4726
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:35,700
Fresh. 
By the 1520s Europe's religious 

4727
04:18:35,700 --> 04:18:38,900
landscape was in upheaval. 
Martin Luther's Reformation 

4728
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:41,100
challenged long-standing Church 
Authority. 

4729
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:44,800
Fueling tension across nations 
against this backdrop 

4730
04:18:44,800 --> 04:18:47,700
Copernicus. 
Quietly, refined his Centric 

4731
04:18:47,700 --> 04:18:51,700
theory that from borek juggled 
aesthetical duties with 

4732
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:55,500
clandestine astronomical. 
Pursuits aware that a misstep. 

4733
04:18:55,500 --> 04:18:58,300
Could brand him a heretic, he 
shared star charts and 

4734
04:18:58,300 --> 04:19:01,200
observations through letters to 
scholars in Italy and Germany. 

4735
04:19:01,900 --> 04:19:05,000
Although some recognized that 
ptolemaic geocentrism seemed 

4736
04:19:05,000 --> 04:19:07,800
forced open. 
Endorsement of Earth's motion 

4737
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:10,900
was risky. 
Cooper's tested each new data 

4738
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:13,600
point measuring planetary 
positions with homemade 

4739
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:16,900
instruments. 
With each alignment, the sunset 

4740
04:19:16,900 --> 04:19:19,600
centered approach gained 
credibility, but proclaiming it 

4741
04:19:19,600 --> 04:19:23,000
publicly might trigger 
condemnation, the diocese and 

4742
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:24,600
trusted him with greater 
responsibilities. 

4743
04:19:24,600 --> 04:19:28,800
He resolved Financial disputes, 
attended, Sinners and 

4744
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:31,400
occasionally traveled. 
Everywhere he went. 

4745
04:19:31,400 --> 04:19:35,100
He saw how Luther's ideas shook 
old pillars of authority 

4746
04:19:35,100 --> 04:19:38,300
quietly, he noted parallels to 
the cosmic debate. 

4747
04:19:39,000 --> 04:19:42,400
If Europe's spiritual core could
be questioned, perhaps it's 

4748
04:19:42,400 --> 04:19:45,000
astronomical beliefs might also 
be challenged. 

4749
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:49,600
Still caution prevailed. 
He wrote in Latin, making his 

4750
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:51,700
drafts less accessible to the 
uninitiated. 

4751
04:19:51,700 --> 04:19:55,900
He tested retrograde motion 
under the new model confirmed 

4752
04:19:55,900 --> 04:19:59,100
that Earth's rotation explained 
day and night and that seasonal 

4753
04:19:59,100 --> 04:20:01,100
changes fit a planet circling 
the sun. 

4754
04:20:01,100 --> 04:20:05,400
He was building a rigorous 
cohesive argument, Yet rumors 

4755
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:08,900
spread that Copernicus Harbor on
Orthodox views aware that 

4756
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,600
unrefined manuscripts circulated
without his permission. 

4757
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:15,200
He worried about critics who 
might seize on incomplete data. 

4758
04:20:15,200 --> 04:20:18,800
Despite these fears he found 
encouragement and quiet corners.

4759
04:20:19,500 --> 04:20:21,600
Trusted colleague's marveled at 
neatly. 

4760
04:20:21,600 --> 04:20:25,000
The theory explained, planetary 
wandering, others fearful 

4761
04:20:25,000 --> 04:20:27,900
themselves, advised him to hold 
back until Europe's religious 

4762
04:20:27,900 --> 04:20:31,800
confusion abated heeded, that 
Council, but he kept Gathering 

4763
04:20:31,800 --> 04:20:35,900
observations night after night. 
He charted angles and time 

4764
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:39,300
refining calculations, he felt 
certain that Earth's motion was 

4765
04:20:39,300 --> 04:20:41,400
not just plausible. 
It was likely true. 

4766
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:44,800
One of his challenges lay in 
reconciling scripture with a 

4767
04:20:44,800 --> 04:20:47,800
moving Earth. 
Many clerics took biblical 

4768
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,700
phrases as literal. 
Proof of geocentrism Copernicus 

4769
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:55,100
believed the Bible employed 
every day language not strict. 

4770
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:58,300
Cosmic geometry. 
He chose his words carefully. 

4771
04:20:58,300 --> 04:21:02,200
Asserting that a sun-centered 
system need an undermined faith.

4772
04:21:02,900 --> 04:21:05,400
Privately, he wished for a 
church, open to Nature's 

4773
04:21:05,400 --> 04:21:08,300
Revelations, but he recognized 
the risk of alienation if you 

4774
04:21:08,308 --> 04:21:13,000
push too hard by the mid 1520, 
Europe's political shifts 

4775
04:21:13,000 --> 04:21:16,400
touched him, personally he 
helped local officials with coin

4776
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:19,600
reforms and effort that Drew 
upon his mathematical Precision 

4777
04:21:19,600 --> 04:21:22,000
this success. 
Bolstered his standing as a 

4778
04:21:22,008 --> 04:21:25,100
practical Problem, Solver in 
directly shielding him from 

4779
04:21:25,100 --> 04:21:27,700
suspicion. 
Yet Church officials sometimes 

4780
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:30,200
hinted that he should remain 
within traditional boundaries, 

4781
04:21:30,200 --> 04:21:33,500
they value his service but 
seemed uneasy about Whispers of 

4782
04:21:33,508 --> 04:21:36,400
cosmic Novelties. 
His progress on the manuscript 

4783
04:21:36,400 --> 04:21:40,500
Advanced, the geometry, no 
longer relied on clunky epicycle

4784
04:21:40,500 --> 04:21:44,500
heliocentrism, explained 
phenomenon, more directly with 

4785
04:21:44,500 --> 04:21:48,000
fewer forced Corrections. 
He tested, Mercury's orbit, 

4786
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:51,100
verifying that it's Swift. 
Revolution's made sense in the 

4787
04:21:51,100 --> 04:21:53,900
new scheme. 
He noted how Venus's phases and 

4788
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:56,800
brightness, variations supported
a sun-centered perspective. 

4789
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,300
These observations, the 
rudimentary by modern standards 

4790
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:04,000
were groundbreaking. 
As Europe's religious conflicts 

4791
04:22:04,000 --> 04:22:07,000
intensified Copernicus reflected
on timing. 

4792
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,100
Should he reveal his findings 
before the church fully 

4793
04:22:10,100 --> 04:22:13,500
stabilized? 
He feared that any radical claim

4794
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:15,500
might be conflated with Luther 
and heresies. 

4795
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:19,400
He remained loyal to Catholicism
seeing, no reason why a more 

4796
04:22:19,400 --> 04:22:21,700
accurate Cosmic map should 
threaten spiritual truths. 

4797
04:22:22,300 --> 04:22:24,500
Yet, he knew that 
misunderstanding is abounded. 

4798
04:22:24,500 --> 04:22:28,200
Dogmatic Zeal could swiftly, 
erupt into persecution. 

4799
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:32,800
By the late 1520s, he had 
assembled a near complete draft.

4800
04:22:33,700 --> 04:22:38,200
He called it derivace orbium 
cholesterol on the revolution of

4801
04:22:38,200 --> 04:22:41,500
the Heavenly spheres, he 
circulated sexuals to close 

4802
04:22:41,500 --> 04:22:45,800
confidants soliciting feedback 
on calculations or Clarity a few

4803
04:22:45,808 --> 04:22:49,000
suggested releasing it soon. 
Hoping Europe's thirst for new 

4804
04:22:49,000 --> 04:22:52,000
knowledge might outweigh, 
theological resistance, others 

4805
04:22:52,000 --> 04:22:55,400
count to patients warning. 
The times were too volatile, 

4806
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:59,300
Hertz weighed both sides. 
He recognized that the 

4807
04:22:59,300 --> 04:23:02,700
Reformation had shattered old 
certain teas, perhaps the moment

4808
04:23:02,700 --> 04:23:05,900
was right for new truths. 
However, the consequences of 

4809
04:23:05,900 --> 04:23:09,600
open Defiance were significant. 
He decided to continue polishing

4810
04:23:09,600 --> 04:23:13,900
the manuscript ensuring that no 
detail was left unverified. 

4811
04:23:14,700 --> 04:23:17,700
In the event of condemnation, 
the evidence would undoubtedly 

4812
04:23:17,700 --> 04:23:20,800
bear, Witness. 
Meanwhile life at from book 

4813
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:24,000
proceeded with routine, he 
oversaw funds settled disputes 

4814
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:26,100
and tended to the occasional 
patient. 

4815
04:23:26,900 --> 04:23:30,500
By night, he ascended the tower 
to observe the Stars, they 

4816
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:33,700
remained serenely predictable, 
orbiting, the Sun in patterns, 

4817
04:23:33,700 --> 04:23:38,100
his mathematics could describe. 
This harmony sustained him even 

4818
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:40,200
as Europe's politics, churned 
unpredictably. 

4819
04:23:41,000 --> 04:23:44,500
He remained resolute. 
Soon, he would finalize his 

4820
04:23:44,500 --> 04:23:47,800
Cosmic blueprint. 
Copernicus was on the verge of a

4821
04:23:47,808 --> 04:23:50,900
significant Discovery years of 
painstaking work. 

4822
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:52,600
Had reinforced, an idea on 
something. 

4823
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:57,100
Able Earth was, neither the 
cosmic pivot nor immovable in 

4824
04:23:57,100 --> 04:23:59,700
the hush of his study. 
He refined equations, that could

4825
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:03,600
uproot centuries of belief. 
Yet for now, he kept them close 

4826
04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:05,600
a waiting, an opening in history
store. 

4827
04:24:05,600 --> 04:24:08,100
That might allow the light of 
his Discovery to shine without 

4828
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:10,800
calamity. 
Copernicus continued, his 

4829
04:24:10,808 --> 04:24:14,700
delicate balance as the 1530s 
approached Europe's religious 

4830
04:24:14,700 --> 04:24:17,800
turbulence showed no sign of 
easing and he sensed that 

4831
04:24:17,808 --> 04:24:21,800
caution remained critical yet 
with each passing year his 

4832
04:24:21,800 --> 04:24:25,700
manuscript neared completion. 
The pages revealing a coherent 

4833
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,200
system in which earth once 
deemed the universe's anchor, 

4834
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,300
now shared the heavens with 
planets spinning around the Sun 

4835
04:24:32,300 --> 04:24:35,200
quietly. 
He refined details that nagged 

4836
04:24:35,200 --> 04:24:38,800
at him because Mars seemed to be
moving backwards, it needed 

4837
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:40,600
extra care because its path 
showed. 

4838
04:24:40,600 --> 04:24:43,200
There was a better way to solve 
the problem than the geocentric 

4839
04:24:43,200 --> 04:24:47,600
mess of spheres and epicycles. 
I focusing on Mars and Venus 

4840
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:50,800
planets, whose orbits came 
closest to Earth, he 

4841
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:53,300
strengthened the numerical 
backbone of his claim. 

4842
04:24:54,000 --> 04:24:56,700
His Devotion to Precision 
occasionally bordered on 

4843
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:59,500
Obsession. 
But this meticulousness he 

4844
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:03,000
believed he was the only Shield 
against accusation of era. 

4845
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:07,200
From box daily routines, 
persisted in the cathedrals 

4846
04:25:07,200 --> 04:25:09,100
records. 
His signature appears on 

4847
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:10,900
financial ledgers and property 
documents. 

4848
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:14,500
He participated in Church, 
Sinners debated currently 

4849
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,600
standards and offered medical 
consultations to fellow clerics.

4850
04:25:18,200 --> 04:25:22,000
Despite his responsibilities, he
was always fascinated by 

4851
04:25:22,000 --> 04:25:25,200
geometry. 
And Star Charts at times he 

4852
04:25:25,200 --> 04:25:27,800
found at ironic that a man, so 
deeply entrenched in the 

4853
04:25:27,800 --> 04:25:31,100
church's official structure was 
assembling a radical concept 

4854
04:25:31,100 --> 04:25:33,000
that could unseat centuries old 
Dogma. 

4855
04:25:33,800 --> 04:25:36,200
Yet Copernicus did not see 
himself as a rebel. 

4856
04:25:36,200 --> 04:25:38,200
He was not out to undermine 
Faith. 

4857
04:25:38,200 --> 04:25:40,900
Merely to rectify. 
What he viewed as a flawed 

4858
04:25:40,900 --> 04:25:43,800
cosmology. 
The impetus behind his work. 

4859
04:25:43,800 --> 04:25:46,900
Was neither vanity nor 
Rebellion, but a quest for a 

4860
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:50,700
truer understanding of creation 
God had set the Sun at the 

4861
04:25:50,708 --> 04:25:55,200
center then acknowledging that 
truth honored rather than defied

4862
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:59,500
divine order. 
In these years, a handful of 

4863
04:25:59,508 --> 04:26:01,300
younger Scholars began seeking 
him out. 

4864
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:04,900
They heard Whispers that an 
unassuming canon in a Baltic 

4865
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:07,900
Outpost was building a 
staggering, new Celestial 

4866
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:10,800
framework. 
Once such visitor was a bright 

4867
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:12,800
mathematician, who journeyed 
North. 

4868
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:16,700
Risking poor roads and uncertain
lodgings, just to Glimpse 

4869
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:20,000
copernicus's calculations. 
Though, the older man was 

4870
04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:23,000
reserved. 
He recognized genuine curiosity 

4871
04:26:23,000 --> 04:26:26,300
in these guests and sometimes 
shared glimpses of his evolving 

4872
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:28,500
model. 
Distressed that it was still in 

4873
04:26:28,500 --> 04:26:31,600
flux cautioning them not to 
spread half-formed theories that

4874
04:26:31,600 --> 04:26:35,100
critics could easily dismantle 
occasionally word of 

4875
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:38,100
copernicus's ideas made its way 
to academics in larger cities. 

4876
04:26:38,100 --> 04:26:42,600
Some expressed skepticism they 
pointed to centuries of 

4877
04:26:42,600 --> 04:26:45,800
authority backing Earth's fixed 
position or they raise 

4878
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:48,500
theological concerns about 
dislodging Humanity from the 

4879
04:26:48,500 --> 04:26:53,000
cosmic Center others quietly. 
Cheered him on intrigued by 

4880
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:56,600
reports that his geometry 
matched observations more neatly

4881
04:26:56,600 --> 04:26:59,900
than ptolemies this division in 
response, only heightened his 

4882
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:02,800
sense that timing would be 
everything One Challenge. 

4883
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:04,600
He faced was how to present his 
findings. 

4884
04:27:04,600 --> 04:27:08,100
The written text was dense 
filled with geometry and 

4885
04:27:08,100 --> 04:27:11,400
astronomical tables. 
It would not be a casual read 

4886
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:13,500
for the untrained that was 
intentional. 

4887
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:17,100
Copernicus believed that if his 
argument stood against 

4888
04:27:17,100 --> 04:27:20,400
theological scrutiny, it must 
first appear airtight to 

4889
04:27:20,400 --> 04:27:23,300
mathematicians. 
Once the mathematical skeleton 

4890
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,300
was unassailable, he hoped 
reason would try and persuading,

4891
04:27:26,300 --> 04:27:29,000
even Skeptics who feared 
contradiction with scripture. 

4892
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,100
still, he had lingering doubts 
about reception, Europe was in 

4893
04:27:33,100 --> 04:27:36,300
disarray local skirmishes 
erupted over doctrine, that now 

4894
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:39,600
seemed fluid and the threat of 
political entanglement loomed 

4895
04:27:40,200 --> 04:27:43,100
When he read news of harsh 
punishments for dissenters, he 

4896
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:45,800
wondered whether his Cosmic 
Theory, might be lumped in with 

4897
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:49,900
dangerous heresies yet, he 
pressed on Guided by an inner 

4898
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,300
conviction that the simpler 
explanation of planetary motion 

4899
04:27:52,300 --> 04:27:56,400
must eventually prevail. 
Between editing sessions, he 

4900
04:27:56,400 --> 04:27:59,600
still took time to observe. 
The heavens nightly vigils were 

4901
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:02,900
a source of comfort for him. 
Even in his fifties, the glimmer

4902
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:04,800
of Saturn or the brightness of 
Jupiter. 

4903
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,700
Reassured him that the sky did 
not bend a human quarrels. 

4904
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:11,900
It followed laws that beckoned 
to be understood inside from box

4905
04:28:11,900 --> 04:28:14,800
walls. 
Kushner's outward life appeared 

4906
04:28:14,800 --> 04:28:17,700
unchanged. 
He was a dutiful Cannon and 

4907
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:20,700
measured official and an 
occasionally Stern, caretaker of

4908
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,600
church affairs. 
Only a trusted few new had 

4909
04:28:23,600 --> 04:28:26,300
deeply wrestled with the final 
touches of his magnum. 

4910
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:30,200
Opus, Some Nights by Lamplight. 
He rearranged in entire 

4911
04:28:30,200 --> 04:28:33,300
paragraphs seeking, a more 
precise way to describe 

4912
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:36,300
planetary paths. 
Small errors had no place in the

4913
04:28:36,308 --> 04:28:39,100
Bold. 
As the decade progressed 

4914
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:42,000
letters, trickled, in from 
Scholars, who'd Glimpse parts of

4915
04:28:42,008 --> 04:28:45,500
his manuscript. 
Many urged him to publish his 

4916
04:28:45,500 --> 04:28:48,200
seclusion. 
They argued only delayed a 

4917
04:28:48,200 --> 04:28:51,300
necessary debate yet. 
The swirling uncertainty in 

4918
04:28:51,300 --> 04:28:54,300
Europe, gave him pause. 
He suspected that once his book 

4919
04:28:54,300 --> 04:28:57,100
was out, there would be no 
turning back for. 

4920
04:28:57,100 --> 04:28:59,300
Now, he clung to a cautious 
optimism. 

4921
04:28:59,300 --> 04:29:03,300
Perhaps a new era would Adorn, 
One open to re-evaluating 

4922
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:07,300
ancient truths in that. 
Hope he saw the faint glow of a 

4923
04:29:07,300 --> 04:29:11,100
future shaped by calculation and
observation The dawn of the 

4924
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:17,200
1540s brought Copernicus and 
unexpected visitor, Georgina's a

4925
04:29:17,200 --> 04:29:20,800
young mathematician from 
Vietnam, Bergen had heard the 

4926
04:29:20,800 --> 04:29:24,100
rumors an aging, canon in 
distant, wormio was challenging,

4927
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:28,100
the cosmos itself. 
Curious and bold rheticus 

4928
04:29:28,100 --> 04:29:30,000
traveled, North to see if the 
stories were true. 

4929
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:33,400
Upon arrival, he found 
Copernicus at his desk, 

4930
04:29:33,400 --> 04:29:37,600
surrounded by geometric diagrams
half, finished manuscripts and 

4931
04:29:37,600 --> 04:29:41,000
Star Charts pin to walls. 
Their initial conversation was 

4932
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:46,700
guarded Copernicus ever wearing 
Questioned rheticus is motives. 

4933
04:29:46,700 --> 04:29:51,000
Was this gentleman a genuine 
scholar or a spy sent by critics

4934
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:54,400
seeking ammunition against him? 
But rheticus displayed both 

4935
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:57,600
admiration and a profound 
knowledge of mathematics before 

4936
04:29:57,600 --> 04:30:00,100
long. 
Trust replaced suspicion. 

4937
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,600
The younger man pled over 
copernicus's notes impressed by 

4938
04:30:04,600 --> 04:30:07,800
the clarity with which 
heliocentrism solved, planetary,

4939
04:30:07,800 --> 04:30:11,900
riddles, retrograde motion, 
awkward epicycles and the 

4940
04:30:11,900 --> 04:30:14,500
wandering Paths of Venus and 
Mars became far more 

4941
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:18,400
comprehensible in a sun-centered
layout encouraged by Aria to 

4942
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:21,000
kisses. 
Enthusiasm Copernicus cautiously

4943
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:23,900
shared more details. 
He explained how Decades of 

4944
04:30:23,900 --> 04:30:26,100
observations pointed to the same
conclusion. 

4945
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:29,900
Earth was a planet orbiting the 
Sun spinning on its axis to 

4946
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:34,600
create day and night rheticus, 
astonished urged him to polish. 

4947
04:30:34,600 --> 04:30:38,000
If even a fraction of these 
calculations were accurate, the 

4948
04:30:38,000 --> 04:30:41,200
world needed to know Copernicus 
hesitated. 

4949
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:44,000
Europe's religious situation. 
Remained volatile. 

4950
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:47,500
One misinterpretation of his 
work could see him branded a 

4951
04:30:47,500 --> 04:30:51,100
heretic still rheticus 
persisted, he offered to write a

4952
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:54,300
preliminary Treatise. 
Showcasing the core arguments, a

4953
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:55,700
trial, balloon to gauge 
reaction. 

4954
04:30:56,800 --> 04:30:59,700
Copernicus consented handing 
over relevant tables and 

4955
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:03,900
diagrams, criticus composed, the
narratio Prima describing 

4956
04:31:03,900 --> 04:31:08,000
heliocentrism in readable form. 
Circulated in scholarly circles 

4957
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:12,400
sparked, a mix of curiosity, 
praise an alarm, some lauded the

4958
04:31:12,408 --> 04:31:15,900
elegant math, others bristled at
the throne Earth, the church 

4959
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:19,200
kept silent for the moment. 
Perhaps not fully grasping the 

4960
04:31:19,200 --> 04:31:21,200
implications were too busy 
handling. 

4961
04:31:21,200 --> 04:31:25,500
Other controversies boyed by the
reaction rheticus urged 

4962
04:31:25,500 --> 04:31:27,600
Copernicus to finalized a 
revolutionibus. 

4963
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:31,000
He argued that reason and 
observation were on their side. 

4964
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,700
If the book laid out each 
calculation thoroughly, it could

4965
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:38,800
withstand even hostile scrutiny 
in private Copernicus. 

4966
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:40,500
Felt he was facing a pivotal 
moment. 

4967
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:43,700
He had dedicated most of his 
adult life to this theory. 

4968
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:47,600
If he died with the manuscript 
on published, all that effort 

4969
04:31:47,600 --> 04:31:50,700
might Fade Into Obscurity yet 
publish was to risk 

4970
04:31:50,700 --> 04:31:53,400
condemnation. 
Even as he wrestled with these 

4971
04:31:53,400 --> 04:31:56,900
choices life in from bork, 
marched forward, he oversaw 

4972
04:31:56,900 --> 04:31:59,600
Church revenues. 
Patched up administrative Loop 

4973
04:31:59,600 --> 04:32:02,600
holes, and sometimes practice 
meds, and for local residents, 

4974
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,800
reticulated for months, 
assisting with computations, and

4975
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:09,800
clarifying textural passages 
their collaboration. 

4976
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:13,600
Proved fruitful where kapernick 
is Latin explanation is felt 

4977
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:17,700
dense rheticus suggested simpler
wording where rheticus harried 

4978
04:32:17,700 --> 04:32:21,800
Copernicus and sister on double 
checking each figure in time. 

4979
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:23,900
The manuscript became more 
coherent and approachable. 

4980
04:32:24,700 --> 04:32:27,300
Rumors of this partnership 
spread and some Scholars 

4981
04:32:27,300 --> 04:32:29,100
traveled, North to witness the 
Synergy. 

4982
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:32,900
They debated planetary speeds 
and elliptical hints though. 

4983
04:32:32,900 --> 04:32:35,400
Neither man realized it fully at
the time. 

4984
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,200
Their exchange of ideas for 
shadowed future. 

4985
04:32:38,200 --> 04:32:40,900
Scientific endeavors where 
collaboration would push 

4986
04:32:40,900 --> 04:32:44,400
boundaries of knowledge. 
It a clouds of Doubt hovered. 

4987
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,600
Not everyone was ready for a 
world lacking Earth's Cosmic 

4988
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,400
privilege, Meanwhile Copernicus 
received letters from distant 

4989
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:53,400
colleagues warning him of 
potential backlash. 

4990
04:32:54,400 --> 04:32:57,100
A few devout theologians 
insisted that scripture, 

4991
04:32:57,100 --> 04:33:00,500
unequivocally placed Earth at 
the center and other faction 

4992
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:04,000
less tied to literal 
interpretations expressed 

4993
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:07,200
intrigued at the possibility of 
reconciling, a moving Earth with

4994
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:10,599
God's Grand Design. 
In these missives Copernicus, 

4995
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:14,900
saw both risk and Hope. 
Divisions among intellectuals 

4996
04:33:14,900 --> 04:33:18,700
mirrored, the broader Rift 
fracturing Christmas in he 

4997
04:33:18,700 --> 04:33:21,800
leaned on reticles, for Council.
The younger man, advocated 

4998
04:33:21,800 --> 04:33:24,599
transparency convinced that a 
well argued Treasures. 

4999
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:26,700
Would find Defenders among 
Europe Scholars. 

5000
04:33:27,400 --> 04:33:30,400
This optimism harkened 
Copernicus, though he remained 

5001
04:33:30,400 --> 04:33:33,700
where he to reassure his friend 
and perhaps himself. 

5002
04:33:33,700 --> 04:33:37,599
He invoked the principle that 
truth grounded in measurable 

5003
04:33:37,599 --> 04:33:41,800
phenomena should endure. 
If the sun truly lay at the 

5004
04:33:41,800 --> 04:33:45,200
center, no, condemnation could 
erase the geometry proving it 

5005
04:33:45,200 --> 04:33:50,300
yet, as they rechecked tables, 
and refine the text Copernicus, 

5006
04:33:50,300 --> 04:33:54,200
Health began to wane long hours 
at his desk, combined with the 

5007
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:57,800
stress of potential controversy 
weighed on him, still he pressed

5008
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:01,599
forward in quiet corners of the 
cathedral complex, he paced 

5009
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:04,099
mentally rehearsing how to 
defend his findings. 

5010
04:34:04,099 --> 04:34:08,599
If challenged with each revision
to Revolution of solidified into

5011
04:34:08,599 --> 04:34:12,300
a structured argument geometry 
and observation intertwined 

5012
04:34:12,300 --> 04:34:16,000
forming, a fortress of logic. 
Sensing the urgency of the 

5013
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:19,400
situation rheticus suggested, 
printing the manuscript. 

5014
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:23,300
Copernicus. 
Reluctantly agreed provided he 

5015
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:25,900
could oversee the final stages 
to ensure accuracy. 

5016
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:28,400
He wanted. 
No sensationalism no. 

5017
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:32,599
Grandstanding the data would 
provide sufficient evidence, a 

5018
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:34,200
moving Earth wasn't just an 
opinion. 

5019
04:34:34,200 --> 04:34:39,599
It was a conclusion drawn from 
Decades of meticulous inquiry by

5020
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:42,500
the early 1540s. 
Copernicus was on the verge of 

5021
04:34:42,508 --> 04:34:46,599
publication, the quiet scholar, 
who once hid his notes now inch 

5022
04:34:46,599 --> 04:34:49,800
toward revealing them Europe, 
might recoil or Rejoice. 

5023
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:53,900
He could not predict, but with 
rheticus at his side, he felt 

5024
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:56,200
less alone. 
The momentum was Unstoppable. 

5025
04:34:56,200 --> 04:35:00,599
A swirl of ink stained Pages, 
fresh calculation, and cautious 

5026
04:35:00,599 --> 04:35:04,599
excitement gathered Force soon. 
The world would learn of a 

5027
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:07,300
cosmic shift that carried as 
much, poetic Wonder as it did 

5028
04:35:07,300 --> 04:35:11,900
sober mathematics by 1542, 
Copernicus is manuscript. 

5029
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:13,300
Was nearly ready for the 
printer? 

5030
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:17,400
Yeti fretted over every line. 
Even after rheticus departed, 

5031
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:20,099
from bought to handle Affairs 
elsewhere, they can continue. 

5032
04:35:20,300 --> 04:35:22,900
To exchanging letters the 
youngest scholar reported 

5033
04:35:22,900 --> 04:35:25,300
progress and securing a printing
arrangement in Europe. 

5034
04:35:26,400 --> 04:35:27,900
A city known for scholarly 
Works. 

5035
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:32,800
Although pleased Copernicus. 
Felt a Pang of anxiety handing 

5036
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,800
his life's labor to a printer. 
Meant relinquishing control over

5037
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:38,599
its reception. 
Braced himself for potential 

5038
04:35:38,599 --> 04:35:41,200
Fallout. 
Whispers among clerics 

5039
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:43,900
suggested, that a harsh reaction
could come from those who read. 

5040
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:47,000
The Bible Celestial references 
as literal scientific 

5041
04:35:47,000 --> 04:35:50,300
statements. 
And yet the same hush also 

5042
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:53,900
contained flickers of curiosity,
many churchmen with an interest,

5043
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:56,400
in astronomy, a privately 
acknowledged that the 

5044
04:35:56,400 --> 04:35:59,200
intricacies of ptolemaic 
astronomy challenged their 

5045
04:35:59,207 --> 04:36:03,500
credibility. 
Perhaps in time a new system if 

5046
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:08,300
persuasively presented might 
find acceptance, Before sending 

5047
04:36:08,300 --> 04:36:11,900
the final draft in Nuremberg, 
Copernicus, added finishing 

5048
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:15,400
touches refined, planetary 
tables, a preface in measured 

5049
04:36:15,400 --> 04:36:17,900
tones and clear proofs of each 
claim. 

5050
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:22,200
He took solace in rheticus vowed
to overseas of the publication, 

5051
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:25,800
but as he sealed the last pack 
of manuscripts, he could not 

5052
04:36:25,808 --> 04:36:29,300
quell a Tremor of apprehension. 
There was no telling how Europe 

5053
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:31,700
embroiled in Protestant Catholic
tensions. 

5054
04:36:31,700 --> 04:36:34,599
Would react to an idea that 
seemed to rewrite creation 

5055
04:36:34,599 --> 04:36:38,599
script in the printing shop, 
troubles stirred, Andreas 

5056
04:36:38,599 --> 04:36:41,599
oakanda, Lutheran, Theologian, 
and mathematician. 

5057
04:36:42,200 --> 04:36:45,800
Was in listed to help with the 
publication process, the Ender 

5058
04:36:45,800 --> 04:36:50,099
without direct approval. 
A fixed a preface suggesting 

5059
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:53,300
that we should treat the new 
model as a mere hypothesis, not 

5060
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:57,300
a literal truth. 
Intent on shielding Copernicus 

5061
04:36:57,300 --> 04:37:00,400
from persecution or so he 
claimed OC. 

5062
04:37:00,400 --> 04:37:03,200
And as note implied, that the 
heliocentric Arrangement was 

5063
04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:06,000
just a convenient way to 
calculate planetary positions. 

5064
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:10,099
This ambivalence grated on those
who knew copernicus's genuine 

5065
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:14,200
conviction rheticus furious at 
the alteration sought to rectify

5066
04:37:14,200 --> 04:37:17,900
matters but the printing presses
were already in motion copies of

5067
04:37:17,900 --> 04:37:22,000
the revolutionists orbium 
coalesce rolled out some with 

5068
04:37:22,000 --> 04:37:24,500
OCD and authorized preface front
and center. 

5069
04:37:26,300 --> 04:37:29,300
This reached Copernicus and from
Borg, he was too ill to mount a 

5070
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:32,500
vigorous protest age and 
sickness had caught up with him 

5071
04:37:32,500 --> 04:37:35,500
friends noted that his once 
methodical pace of life. 

5072
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:39,000
Now faltered as he confronted 
persistent fatigue in bouts of 

5073
04:37:39,008 --> 04:37:42,200
confusion. 
Still his resolved did not 

5074
04:37:42,200 --> 04:37:44,400
break. 
He had done what he set out to 

5075
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:47,300
do, placed the Earth in motion 
and the sun in the center with 

5076
04:37:47,300 --> 04:37:51,599
rigorous math to back it. 
In spirit, he rejected oakanda 

5077
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:54,500
suggestion that it was mere 
theory for Copernicus. 

5078
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:57,400
Careful Obsession and 
calculation had laid bare the 

5079
04:37:57,400 --> 04:38:00,900
architecture of the cosmos. 
His only regret was losing a 

5080
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:03,400
measure of control over how the 
public first encountered his 

5081
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:05,800
opus. 
As the printed volumes began 

5082
04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:07,599
their slow dissemination across 
Europe. 

5083
04:38:07,599 --> 04:38:12,300
The initial response was muted. 
Many readers found the text too 

5084
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:15,200
dense to pass quickly. 
Some Scholars examined, the 

5085
04:38:15,200 --> 04:38:19,200
tables and geometry intrigued 
but unsure if they dared endorse

5086
04:38:19,200 --> 04:38:22,800
such a radical Viewpoint others,
dismissed it out turmoil. 

5087
04:38:22,800 --> 04:38:25,200
Citing scriptural or 
philosophical objections. 

5088
04:38:25,200 --> 04:38:28,599
Church officials preoccupied 
with stamping out Protestant 

5089
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,300
heresies did not immediately 
focus on the treaters. 

5090
04:38:32,400 --> 04:38:35,400
Swirl of local controversies 
overshadowed, copernicus's 

5091
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:39,000
Cosmic claim. 
Meanwhile in the hushed rooms of

5092
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:42,200
monastic libraries a few 
inquisitive Minds turned the 

5093
04:38:42,207 --> 04:38:45,900
pages with Dawning realization. 
The logic was compelling. 

5094
04:38:46,599 --> 04:38:50,300
No matter how one tried to 
preserve geocentrism, the math 

5095
04:38:50,300 --> 04:38:53,700
kept pointing back to a 
sun-centered system that a Canon

5096
04:38:53,700 --> 04:38:57,000
of the church had authored such 
a text baffled sum and inspired 

5097
04:38:57,000 --> 04:39:00,200
others. 
Indeed Whispers circulated. 

5098
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:03,599
That if a Catholic cleric could 
Advocate a moving Earth, perhaps

5099
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:06,800
the lines dividing faith and 
inquiry weren't as absolute as 

5100
04:39:06,808 --> 04:39:09,700
many believed. 
Back in from Bourque. 

5101
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:13,900
Copernicus is conditioned, 
deteriorated accounts suggest he

5102
04:39:13,900 --> 04:39:18,000
suffered a stroke. 
By May of 1543, He was largely 

5103
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:20,400
bedridden drifting in and out of
clarity. 

5104
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:24,300
Legend holds it that he received
a bound copy of the 

5105
04:39:24,300 --> 04:39:27,599
revolutionibus on his deathbed 
though, whether he recognized it

5106
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:31,900
as uncertain, some say he opened
it saw the printed diagrams and 

5107
04:39:31,900 --> 04:39:34,800
smiled faintly, others claim he 
was barely conscious. 

5108
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:37,800
The truth is lost in the haze of
Final hours. 

5109
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:40,800
What remains certain is that he 
passed away soon? 

5110
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:44,600
After the book appeared his 
life's work once guarded in 

5111
04:39:44,600 --> 04:39:47,900
secret manuscripts. 
Now circulated Beyond his small 

5112
04:39:47,900 --> 04:39:52,100
domain The seeds of Revolution 
were in place poised to 

5113
04:39:52,100 --> 04:39:54,000
challenge. 
Intellectual assumptions for 

5114
04:39:54,000 --> 04:39:57,600
generations to come like a 
spark, igniting a distant fuse 

5115
04:39:57,600 --> 04:40:01,900
to revolutionibus would not 
detonate instantly, but it 

5116
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:04,600
carried a flame that would burn 
steadily through Halls of 

5117
04:40:04,608 --> 04:40:08,300
learning. 
In those last days copernicus's 

5118
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:12,000
name was, not yet legendary few 
grass the enormity of the events

5119
04:40:12,000 --> 04:40:15,900
that had unfolded but in that 
small, cathedral town, an 

5120
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:17,800
exhausted scholar had released 
into the world. 

5121
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:21,900
An idea both Stark and beautiful
that Earth itself was, but one 

5122
04:40:21,900 --> 04:40:24,000
traveler in a grand Cosmic 
dance. 

5123
04:40:24,800 --> 04:40:28,200
And though his eyes closed 
before the storm broke the echo 

5124
04:40:28,200 --> 04:40:29,400
of his Insight would Ripple 
onward. 

5125
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:33,600
Bridging ages of Darkness and 
Light after Copernicus is 

5126
04:40:33,600 --> 04:40:37,500
passing his book lingered in 
relative, obscurity in the year,

5127
04:40:37,500 --> 04:40:40,900
1543, religious controversies in
Europe. 

5128
04:40:40,900 --> 04:40:44,200
Overshadowed, A Treatise on 
planetary motions, many copies 

5129
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:46,800
of the revolucion ended up in 
University. 

5130
04:40:46,800 --> 04:40:50,000
Libraries occasionally browsed 
by curious readers but not 

5131
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:54,200
instantly hailed as a landmark. 
The pace of change in astronomy,

5132
04:40:54,200 --> 04:40:57,800
proved slower than myth might 
suggest yet word of a new cosmic

5133
04:40:57,800 --> 04:40:59,500
Theory. 
Spread across scholarly circles 

5134
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:03,600
mathematicians and astronomers 
who tested copernicus', geometry

5135
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:07,000
found it persuasive. 
Some disliked Usher's, preface 

5136
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,400
recognizing the Copernicus, 
himself viewed the subject as 

5137
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:12,100
more than a mere computational 
tool. 

5138
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:16,000
Others felt uneasy endorsing a 
concept that could provoke 

5139
04:41:16,000 --> 04:41:20,700
Church sensaya even so the 
healing Centric proposition once

5140
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:22,800
Unthinkable steadily gained 
attention. 

5141
04:41:23,900 --> 04:41:27,300
People wondered if centuries of 
geocentrism had been mistaken, 

5142
04:41:27,300 --> 04:41:29,000
what else might we be wrong 
about? 

5143
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:33,400
In the decades that followed 
Defenders of the copernican 

5144
04:41:33,400 --> 04:41:37,600
system, refined his work errors 
or approximations in planetary 

5145
04:41:37,600 --> 04:41:40,500
tables were corrected often with
better instruments than 

5146
04:41:40,500 --> 04:41:44,100
Copernicus had possessed young 
astronomers, who never met him 

5147
04:41:44,100 --> 04:41:46,400
still found guidance in his 
Pages. 

5148
04:41:46,400 --> 04:41:50,400
Building on the foundation. 
He left behind a handful of them

5149
04:41:50,400 --> 04:41:53,400
wrote treatises supporting the 
heliocentric view adding 

5150
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:57,400
incremental proof with each. 
Fresh observation opposition. 

5151
04:41:57,400 --> 04:42:01,300
However, was not trivial 
traditionalists or copernicus's 

5152
04:42:01,300 --> 04:42:02,900
ideas, as an affront to human 
dignity. 

5153
04:42:03,900 --> 04:42:06,900
If Earth's spun through space, 
how did that align with the 

5154
04:42:06,908 --> 04:42:08,000
Divine? 
Your Dane Center? 

5155
04:42:09,100 --> 04:42:12,500
Dogmatic interpretations of 
scripture, hardened and some 

5156
04:42:12,500 --> 04:42:17,300
influential theologians declared
the new system unscriptural in 

5157
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:20,500
certain academic Halls, 
supporters of caperna, spa with 

5158
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,500
conservative voices refused to 
surrender the old model. 

5159
04:42:24,800 --> 04:42:27,100
Quietly a battle of paradigms 
began. 

5160
04:42:27,100 --> 04:42:31,400
One figure who championed 
copernicus' heliocentrism was 

5161
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:35,600
Galileo Galilei born more than 
20 years before Copernicus died,

5162
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:39,400
Galileo's telescopic 
observations decades later 

5163
04:42:39,400 --> 04:42:43,300
provided striking evidence the 
phases of Venus the moon's of 

5164
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:45,800
Jupiter and the sunspots that 
shifted daily. 

5165
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:50,200
The Galileo's story would unfold
in its own tumultuous way. 

5166
04:42:50,200 --> 04:42:52,700
He traced a lineage back to 
Copernicus. 

5167
04:42:52,700 --> 04:42:56,500
Galileo might never have defied 
convention by pointing his lens 

5168
04:42:56,500 --> 04:43:00,200
Skyward in the absence of that 
earlier text despite Galileo's 

5169
04:43:00,200 --> 04:43:03,600
eventual condemnation, 
copernicus's seeds continued to 

5170
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:06,600
sprout. 
Johannes Kepler and other giant 

5171
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:10,200
of astronomy built on copernican
principles to demonstrate a 

5172
04:43:10,200 --> 04:43:13,000
elliptical orbits. 
Those elliptical refinements, 

5173
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:16,100
improved predictions Beyond 
copernicus's original data. 

5174
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:19,400
Each subsequent Advanced 
validated, the notion that the 

5175
04:43:19,400 --> 04:43:21,800
Earth traveled around the Sun 
Newton's. 

5176
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:23,500
Physics would later bind it all 
together. 

5177
04:43:23,500 --> 04:43:26,600
Showing how gravity governed 
these Celestial dance is 

5178
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:28,900
weaving. 
Kapernick is revolution in the 

5179
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:30,800
broader tapestry of scientific 
law. 

5180
04:43:31,700 --> 04:43:34,000
As these luminaries pushed, the 
limits of astronomy, 

5181
04:43:34,000 --> 04:43:37,400
copernicus's name gradually 
gained a venerable glow. 

5182
04:43:38,100 --> 04:43:39,600
Scholars. 
Looked back on his cautious 

5183
04:43:39,600 --> 04:43:42,600
approach and saw wisdom. 
He had predicted resistance 

5184
04:43:42,600 --> 04:43:46,500
recognized, The Perils of an 
Epoch Riven by religious strife,

5185
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:50,800
and still managed to publish 
nordic's claim over time. 

5186
04:43:50,800 --> 04:43:53,900
The memory of him as a timid 
cannon in a remote cathedral 

5187
04:43:53,900 --> 04:43:56,700
town, transformed into an image 
of the Brave father of modern 

5188
04:43:56,700 --> 04:43:59,600
astronomy. 
In the centuries to come the 

5189
04:43:59,600 --> 04:44:01,700
church itself would revise its 
stance. 

5190
04:44:02,300 --> 04:44:05,200
Though, official condemnations 
of heliocentrism, emerged 

5191
04:44:05,200 --> 04:44:06,900
decades, after copernicus's 
death. 

5192
04:44:06,900 --> 04:44:10,000
They were eventually lifted and 
his Works found a place in 

5193
04:44:10,000 --> 04:44:13,300
Catholic scholarship. 
That shift was neither Swift nor

5194
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:17,400
simple, but it underscored how 
even massive institutions could 

5195
04:44:17,400 --> 04:44:21,800
adapt to New Evidence given 
enough time and debate, Legends 

5196
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:24,900
about Copernicus blossomed. 
Some painted him as an 

5197
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:28,700
acknowledged Rebel others as a 
devout servant of the church who

5198
04:44:28,700 --> 04:44:32,400
happened upon a startling truth.
The reality was more nuanced. 

5199
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,800
He was part of a lineage ancient
Greek astronomers, Islamic 

5200
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:40,400
mathematicians in European 
scholars, all contributed pieces

5201
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:43,200
of the puzzle. 
He finally assembled yet, he was

5202
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:45,200
the one who broke from the 
gravitational pull of 

5203
04:44:45,208 --> 04:44:49,700
traditional suggesting that 
Earth sword through space rather

5204
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:55,300
than resting at creation center.
Today in visitors see statues 

5205
04:44:55,300 --> 04:44:57,700
and plaques celebrating the home
town astronomer. 

5206
04:44:58,500 --> 04:45:02,100
His name adorns craters on the 
moon, testifying to his lasting 

5207
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:05,200
imprint, on our knowledge of the
Heaven's schoolchildren. 

5208
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:08,500
Learn of his achievements often 
without grasping, the centuries 

5209
04:45:08,500 --> 04:45:10,500
of struggle, it took for his 
ideas to Triumph. 

5210
04:45:11,200 --> 04:45:14,600
In the broader sweep of History.
His story warns us that even 

5211
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:17,700
widely held beliefs can crumble 
under the weight of rigorous 

5212
04:45:17,700 --> 04:45:22,100
observation and honest inquiry. 
And so Nicolaus copernicus's 

5213
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:24,600
life underscores the power of 
quiet, determination. 

5214
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:29,700
He served as a Canon healed, the
sick balanced Church finances 

5215
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:33,200
and through it all. 
Reinterpreted the universe. 

5216
04:45:34,600 --> 04:45:36,200
Though he never saw the full 
upheaval. 

5217
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:38,800
His book would create He lit the
fuse. 

5218
04:45:39,700 --> 04:45:43,200
In the end, his legacy 
transcended, his age forging 

5219
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:45,900
Pathways for thinkers bold 
enough to look up, wooden 

5220
04:45:45,900 --> 04:45:48,400
questions, the obvious by 
repositioning Earth Among the 

5221
04:45:48,400 --> 04:45:51,800
Stars gave human kind gift. 
Both humbling and liberating, 

5222
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:55,800
the realization that our vantage
point is, but one corner of a 

5223
04:45:55,800 --> 04:46:05,500
vast Cosmic stage. 
Most likely you're wearing a 

5224
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:08,500
watch at the moment perhaps it's
cleverly buzzing on your wrist 

5225
04:46:08,500 --> 04:46:11,900
to remind you of meetings and to
keep track of your steps maybe 

5226
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:13,700
it's a classic watch that your 
father gave. 

5227
04:46:13,700 --> 04:46:16,500
You the kind that ticks in a 
nice way when you press it to 

5228
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:20,600
your ear, the pocket, watch a 
small mechanical Marvel that sat

5229
04:46:20,600 --> 04:46:23,700
for centuries in the hearts of 
farmers Emperors and everyone 

5230
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:26,700
else in between is the 
grandfather of all personal 

5231
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:30,400
timepieces, The invention of the
pocket watch was not a sudden 

5232
04:46:30,400 --> 04:46:34,700
horological miracle. 
Know it gradually, as most good 

5233
04:46:34,700 --> 04:46:37,500
things do. 
Clockmakers were working in 

5234
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:40,900
their workshops in the early, 
1500s attempting to reduce the 

5235
04:46:40,900 --> 04:46:45,000
enormous Tower, clocks that 
ruled European cities. these 

5236
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:48,300
initial attempts were roughly as
accurate as a sundial during a 

5237
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:52,100
thunderstorm and as portable as 
a small refrigerator, When 

5238
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,800
someone who historians still 
disagree about figured out, how 

5239
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:58,400
to make a mainspring small 
enough to fit in something, you 

5240
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:01,400
could actually carry. 
That was the real breakthrough. 

5241
04:47:01,400 --> 04:47:04,300
This was more than just 
engineering, that was like, 

5242
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:07,800
packing, a water wheels Force 
into a biscuit size object, the 

5243
04:47:07,800 --> 04:47:10,800
Revolutionary idea behind those 
early pocket watches was that 

5244
04:47:10,800 --> 04:47:12,600
time was no longer bound by 
location. 

5245
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:15,800
They were cumbersome. 
Heavy devices that hung from 

5246
04:47:15,800 --> 04:47:19,500
chains like portable anvils, 
it's critical to comprehend what

5247
04:47:19,500 --> 04:47:23,200
this meant prior to the 
invention of pocket watches time

5248
04:47:23,200 --> 04:47:26,400
was determined by the sound of 
church bells, the Town Square 

5249
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:28,500
and the cycle of sunrise and 
sunset. 

5250
04:47:28,500 --> 04:47:32,500
All of a sudden time itself 
could be owned by Regular 

5251
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:34,900
People. 
They were able to plan meetings 

5252
04:47:34,900 --> 04:47:38,200
schedule, appointments divide 
their days into manageable 

5253
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:42,600
chunks and perhaps most 
importantly arrive, subtly late.

5254
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:46,600
The first pocket watches, were 
expensive luxury items that most

5255
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:49,200
people couldn't afford in a 
year, they were mechanical 

5256
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,600
wonders conversation starters 
and Status, symbols, that gave 

5257
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:54,400
their owners. 
The impression that they were 

5258
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:57,800
carrying a piece of the future, 
Rich Merchants wore them as 

5259
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,500
symbols of their success and 
Kings gathered them like 

5260
04:48:00,500 --> 04:48:03,400
precious gems. 
This is where the story starts 

5261
04:48:03,400 --> 04:48:06,200
to get interesting, though. 
The pocket watch was not 

5262
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:08,800
exclusive for very long. 
As is the case with most 

5263
04:48:08,800 --> 04:48:12,800
high-end products Craftsman 
discovered ways to improve lower

5264
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:14,900
the cost and increase their 
dependability. 

5265
04:48:16,000 --> 04:48:19,300
By the 1600s middle class 
professionals were simple 

5266
04:48:19,300 --> 04:48:23,800
timepieces and by the 1700s even
farmers were using their watches

5267
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:26,200
to determine when it was time 
for their afternoon naps. 

5268
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:28,700
The initial designs were 
endearingly flawed. 

5269
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:31,800
Some clocks were so bad at 
keeping time that their owners 

5270
04:48:31,800 --> 04:48:34,600
had to wind them several times a
day but they still showed up 

5271
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:37,300
everywhere either fashionably 
late or embarrassingly early. 

5272
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:40,300
The faces were frequently. 
Artistic Creations. 

5273
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:43,600
Such as intricate enamel, 
painting of mythological 

5274
04:48:43,600 --> 04:48:48,400
characters, pastoral Landscapes 
or loved ones, portraits Having 

5275
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:50,900
one was similar to have a small 
Gallery in your best pocket. 

5276
04:48:50,900 --> 04:48:53,900
The way these early pocket 
watches altered people's 

5277
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:56,900
perspectives on their days is 
what most intrigues me about 

5278
04:48:56,900 --> 04:49:00,000
them in the past. 
You might have said, I'll meet 

5279
04:49:00,008 --> 04:49:02,500
you when the sun is halfway down
the sky today. 

5280
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:05,800
You could say, I'll meet you at 
3:50 this accuracy, 

5281
04:49:05,800 --> 04:49:08,200
revolutionized social life 
travel and Commerce. 

5282
04:49:08,200 --> 04:49:12,200
In ways, their creators could 
never have predicted Tower 

5283
04:49:12,200 --> 04:49:14,200
clocks were never able to 
achieve the same level of 

5284
04:49:14,200 --> 04:49:17,500
personalization as the pocket 
watch like feeding a pet. 

5285
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:21,200
You wind the device each morning
you dozed off while listening to

5286
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,000
its steady tick. 
Not only did you lose track of 

5287
04:49:24,008 --> 04:49:26,300
time when it broke, but you also
lost a friend. 

5288
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:29,700
A cymbals of Love. 
Husbands, gave them to wives. 

5289
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:33,200
Fathers handed them down to sons
and lovers traded them. 

5290
04:49:34,000 --> 04:49:37,700
By the late, 1600s anyone who 
wanted to be respected, had to 

5291
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:40,300
have a pocket watch. 
Keeping up with a world that was

5292
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,100
starting to move at a more 
mechanical Pace was more 

5293
04:49:43,100 --> 04:49:44,900
important than simply keeping 
time. 

5294
04:49:44,900 --> 04:49:48,500
When the 1700s arrived pocket 
watches entered, what could be 

5295
04:49:48,500 --> 04:49:50,400
described as their awkward 
adolescents. 

5296
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:53,900
They were becoming increasingly 
sophisticated but they still 

5297
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:57,600
needed to mature. 
Fundamental idea was sound, but 

5298
04:49:57,600 --> 04:49:59,400
the way it was carried out, 
needed Improvement. 

5299
04:49:59,400 --> 04:50:03,200
It takes a lot of work. 
Accuracy was the primary issue, 

5300
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:06,300
the accuracy of early pocket 
watches was comparable to that 

5301
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,500
of weather forecasts. 
That is they were accurate 

5302
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:12,100
enough to maintain interest, but
inaccurate enough to create 

5303
04:50:12,100 --> 04:50:15,700
serious issues, it's possible 
for a merchant who gets to the 

5304
04:50:15,700 --> 04:50:18,900
market and our early to find out
that his watch has been running 

5305
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:23,700
fast for the past three days or 
worse is watch, might decide to 

5306
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:27,400
take an unplanned break, causing
him to miss a crucial meeting. 

5307
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:30,500
story becomes wonderfully 
obsessive at this point 

5308
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:34,000
clockmakers throughout Europe 
were enthralled with the task of

5309
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:38,200
Designing the perfect pocket 
watch Like musical virtuoso's, 

5310
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:41,700
they were creating time itself 
one tick at a time rather than 

5311
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:45,500
Symphonies the balance wheel, a 
tiny rotating component that 

5312
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:47,700
became the beating heart of any 
high quality pocket. 

5313
04:50:47,700 --> 04:50:51,200
Watch was the Breakthrough, 
consider it the more portable 

5314
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,300
smaller cousin of the pendulum 
time could be divided into 

5315
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:57,600
remarkably accurate segments by 
this tiny device which 

5316
04:50:57,600 --> 04:50:59,700
oscillated back and forth with 
such regularity. 

5317
04:51:01,100 --> 04:51:04,800
Delicate precisely balanced and 
calibrated, with the accuracy of

5318
04:51:04,800 --> 04:51:08,500
a Master, Chef measuring spices,
the best balance Wheels with 

5319
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,900
himself, works of art. 
The Undisputed masters of pocket

5320
04:51:11,900 --> 04:51:13,800
watch accuracy were English 
clockmakers. 

5321
04:51:13,800 --> 04:51:17,800
Especially those based in 
London, they created methods for

5322
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:19,500
creating gears that were so 
smooth. 

5323
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:23,500
They didn't seem to tick. 
But rather whispered he produced

5324
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,600
such Exquisite cases that have 
fluent clients purchased them 

5325
04:51:26,600 --> 04:51:30,100
for their visual appeal as much 
as their ability to tell time. 

5326
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:34,100
But in surprising ways the Swiss
transformed, the sector Swiss 

5327
04:51:34,100 --> 04:51:37,000
Artisans started thinking about 
mass production while the 

5328
04:51:37,008 --> 04:51:40,400
English concentrated on making 
the most Exquisite and accurate 

5329
04:51:40,400 --> 04:51:43,300
timepieces for the affluent. 
They created methods for 

5330
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:46,000
producing Dependable, pocket 
watches that the average working

5331
04:51:46,000 --> 04:51:49,500
person could afford. 
There was significant societal 

5332
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:52,100
repercussions from this 
democratization of timekeeping. 

5333
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:55,100
Factory worker. 
Could now own the same kind of 

5334
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:58,800
Precision Watches his boss for 
the first time in human history.

5335
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:02,500
Both could arrive at exactly the
same time and know they were on 

5336
04:52:02,500 --> 04:52:05,700
time, but this didn't exactly 
level the playing field because 

5337
04:52:05,700 --> 04:52:08,700
the worker had a plain steel 
watch and the boss still had a 

5338
04:52:08,708 --> 04:52:10,200
gold one. 
That was encrusted with 

5339
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:12,800
diamonds. 
Additionally, the pocket watch 

5340
04:52:12,800 --> 04:52:15,300
emerged as a key component of 
the professional culture. 

5341
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:19,300
Teachers, use them to organize 
their lessons, doctors use them 

5342
04:52:19,300 --> 04:52:22,200
to time patients. 
Pulses, and lawyers used them to

5343
04:52:22,200 --> 04:52:25,700
build by the hour. 
Time is money was no longer 

5344
04:52:25,700 --> 04:52:28,800
merely a catchphrase. 
It was a quantifiable fact that 

5345
04:52:28,800 --> 04:52:32,400
you could grasp in your hand. 
The most endearing thing about 

5346
04:52:32,400 --> 04:52:35,700
pocket watches from the 18th 
century is how their designers 

5347
04:52:35,700 --> 04:52:38,700
couldn't help, but at tiny 
details that made them fun to 

5348
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:41,200
own even though they had no 
functional use. 

5349
04:52:42,400 --> 04:52:45,400
On the hour, some performed, 
little Melodies others. 

5350
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:47,300
Had miniature astronomical 
displays that. 

5351
04:52:47,300 --> 04:52:49,700
Displayed the planets positions 
or the moon's phases. 

5352
04:52:50,500 --> 04:52:53,400
A handful of aspirational 
artists, produced timepieces 

5353
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:56,700
with numerous complications, 
mechanical elements, that could 

5354
04:52:56,700 --> 04:53:00,200
record the day of the week, the 
date, and even leap years. 

5355
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,100
These were portable 
Entertainment Systems, rather 

5356
04:53:03,100 --> 04:53:06,300
than merely watches. 
You could surreptitiously check.

5357
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:09,600
Not only the time but also where
the Saturn was in the right 

5358
04:53:09,600 --> 04:53:12,700
Celestial alignment for making 
crucial business decisions. 

5359
04:53:12,700 --> 04:53:15,800
During lengthy carriage rides or
dull social gatherings. 

5360
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,100
The cases themselves were 
transformed into artistic 

5361
04:53:19,100 --> 04:53:21,700
canvases. 
You were adorned with elaborate 

5362
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:24,800
designs family, crests and 
significant inscriptions by 

5363
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:28,400
talented engravers. 
Touching personal messages like 

5364
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:30,700
to my beloved Son on his wedding
day. 

5365
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:35,300
In memory of faithful service or
occasionally just time flies, 

5366
04:53:35,300 --> 04:53:38,600
but memories remain a found on a
lot of pocket watches from this 

5367
04:53:38,600 --> 04:53:41,500
era. 
The railroad, which was invented

5368
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:44,900
in the early 1800s would 
fundamentally alter how people 

5369
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:48,800
perceive time, all of a sudden, 
taking a few minutes off, was 

5370
04:53:48,800 --> 04:53:51,700
not only inconvenient, but also 
potentially fatal. 

5371
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:55,000
You see, approximate timing was 
perfectly acceptable. 

5372
04:53:55,000 --> 04:53:58,200
When long distance, traveled was
primarily accomplished by horse 

5373
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:01,800
and carriage passengers, just 
waited if the afternoon stage 

5374
04:54:01,800 --> 04:54:04,600
was running late, you catch the 
next one to Morrow. 

5375
04:54:04,600 --> 04:54:05,900
The day. 
After, if you missed the 

5376
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,800
previous one time was still 
pliable and forgiving trained. 

5377
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:12,900
However, altered all of that, 
they followed time tables that 

5378
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:16,100
were measured in minutes rather 
than ours more significantly. 

5379
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:19,400
They were on the same tracks 
which meant that two trains that

5380
04:54:19,400 --> 04:54:20,900
were even slightly behind 
schedule. 

5381
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:23,200
Could end up sharing a section 
of railroad at the same time, 

5382
04:54:23,200 --> 04:54:26,300
which would never totally lead 
to disastrous outcomes. 

5383
04:54:27,500 --> 04:54:29,700
The pocket, watch industry. 
Grew to meet the unprecedented. 

5384
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:32,200
Demand for accurate. 
Timekeeping that resulted from 

5385
04:54:32,200 --> 04:54:35,400
this? 
Conductors engineers and 

5386
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:38,800
stationers were required by 
railroad companies to wear 

5387
04:54:38,800 --> 04:54:41,600
watches that adhere to stringent
accuracy requirements. 

5388
04:54:42,400 --> 04:54:45,400
These were precise devices that 
needed to maintain time within 

5389
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:48,700
seconds not minutes. 
So they weren't just any pocket 

5390
04:54:48,700 --> 04:54:52,900
watches The railroad pocket 
watch evolved into a symbol of 

5391
04:54:52,900 --> 04:54:56,800
expertise, large sturdy and 
built to continue operating 

5392
04:54:56,800 --> 04:54:59,700
precisely and spite of the 
frequent jarring and vibration 

5393
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:02,200
of train travel. 
These timepieces were the norm 

5394
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:05,800
because a conductor had to 
rapidly check the time even in 

5395
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:07,500
low light or while traveling at 
a high speed. 

5396
04:55:07,500 --> 04:55:10,000
They had faces that were bold 
and easy to read. 

5397
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:13,900
Railroad companies set up 
complex synchronization systems 

5398
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:17,200
because they took accuracy and 
timekeeping very seriously. 

5399
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:20,700
Railroad workers would be able 
to adjust their watches to match

5400
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:24,000
the Master Clock, by using the 
telegraph, to transmit, official

5401
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:25,800
time. 
Signals at Major stations. 

5402
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:30,000
As a result, the truly 
standardized time system that 

5403
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:32,600
covered great distance is 
established for the first time 

5404
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:35,600
in human history. 
It had a huge social impact. 

5405
04:55:36,600 --> 04:55:39,800
Prior to the invention of 
railroads, each Town, maintained

5406
04:55:39,800 --> 04:55:43,100
its own local time which was 
typically determined by the time

5407
04:55:43,100 --> 04:55:47,000
the sun rose, this implied, that
it might be 11:47 in 

5408
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:50,500
Philadelphia and 12:30 in 
Boston, at noon, in New York. 

5409
04:55:51,500 --> 04:55:53,600
This had little bearing on 
day-to-day existence. 

5410
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:57,500
It was chaos for railroad. 
Scheduling pocket watches, 

5411
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:00,500
became the tools that enabled 
the standardized time zones that

5412
04:56:00,500 --> 04:56:04,100
were imposed by the railroads, 
all of a sudden millions of 

5413
04:56:04,108 --> 04:56:06,800
people were adjusting their 
daily routines to the mechanical

5414
04:56:06,800 --> 04:56:09,400
accuracy of their own 
timepieces, rather than the sun 

5415
04:56:09,400 --> 04:56:12,300
or church bells. 
Significant advancements in the 

5416
04:56:12,308 --> 04:56:15,200
production of pocket watches 
also occur during this time. 

5417
04:56:15,900 --> 04:56:18,400
In order to simplify repairs and
increase manufacturing 

5418
04:56:18,400 --> 04:56:21,900
efficiency, American companies, 
such as Wolfram and Elgin 

5419
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:24,800
started manufacturing watches 
with interchangeable parts. 

5420
04:56:25,500 --> 04:56:28,200
Each watch was no longer. 
A one of a kind handcrafted 

5421
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:31,700
object rather, they were 
Precision engineered products 

5422
04:56:31,700 --> 04:56:34,800
that were simple to maintain and
could be assembled rapidly. 

5423
04:56:35,700 --> 04:56:38,300
The railroad standard pocket 
watch Rose to prominence as a 

5424
04:56:38,300 --> 04:56:40,200
symbol of industrial accuracy in
America. 

5425
04:56:41,100 --> 04:56:43,700
These watches were constructed 
to endure, the harsh conditions 

5426
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:47,600
of railroad, work passed, 
stringent testing and received 

5427
04:56:47,600 --> 04:56:50,800
accuracy certification. 
They were all so beautiful 

5428
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:53,500
items, even the most practical 
railroad watch. 

5429
04:56:53,500 --> 04:56:57,600
Had tasteful hands, well-crafted
numerals and cases that were 

5430
04:56:57,600 --> 04:57:01,400
both practical and beautiful. 
However, the way that pocket 

5431
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,300
watches became ingrained in 
professional identity was 

5432
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:06,700
perhaps the most intriguing 
development of this era. 

5433
04:57:07,800 --> 04:57:10,700
A railroad man's watch 
represented, his dependability, 

5434
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,500
accuracy and dedication to 
safety. 

5435
04:57:14,300 --> 04:57:17,400
It was more than just a tool 
since being able to tell the 

5436
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:19,800
exact time was essential to 
their professional reputation. 

5437
04:57:19,800 --> 04:57:22,800
These men would spend their own 
money on the best watches. 

5438
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:26,500
They could afford. 
The practice of inspecting and 

5439
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:29,100
certifying watches was also 
started during the railroad 

5440
04:57:29,100 --> 04:57:30,200
pocket. 
Watch era. 

5441
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:33,700
Professional watch, inspectors, 
were hired by railroad companies

5442
04:57:33,700 --> 04:57:36,900
to regularly, check timepieces 
to make sure they adhere to the 

5443
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:40,500
stringent requirements needed 
for safe operation as a result. 

5444
04:57:40,500 --> 04:57:44,100
A culture of superior horology, 
was established, which impacted 

5445
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:45,700
watchmaking for many years to 
come. 

5446
04:57:45,700 --> 04:57:49,500
One could refer to the late 19th
and early 20th centuries as the 

5447
04:57:49,500 --> 04:57:53,000
Golden Age of the pocket. 
Watch At this time, the 

5448
04:57:53,000 --> 04:57:55,400
technical and cultural 
significance of these mechanical

5449
04:57:55,400 --> 04:57:57,900
wanders. 
Peaked Pocket watches were more 

5450
04:57:57,900 --> 04:58:00,500
than just timepieces. 
During this time, they were 

5451
04:58:00,500 --> 04:58:04,200
technological Marvels family, 
heirlooms, and statements all 

5452
04:58:04,200 --> 04:58:06,300
combined into one sophisticated 
package. 

5453
04:58:06,300 --> 04:58:09,600
The diversity was astounding for
a few dollars. 

5454
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:12,100
You could purchase a 
straightforward Dependable, 

5455
04:58:12,100 --> 04:58:15,300
watch or you could commission a 
work of art that took years to 

5456
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:17,400
complete and cost more than a 
house. 

5457
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,100
This air is luxury timepieces 
were true remarkable. 

5458
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,300
Even today the intricate 
timepieces made by Master 

5459
04:58:24,300 --> 04:58:28,500
Craftsmen seem almost magical in
addition to telling you the time

5460
04:58:28,500 --> 04:58:31,600
some watches can also tell you 
the date the day of the week, 

5461
04:58:31,600 --> 04:58:35,500
the month, the year, and the 
moon phase, others had Manute 

5462
04:58:35,500 --> 04:58:38,400
repeaters which were devices 
that when a button was pressed 

5463
04:58:38,400 --> 04:58:41,500
would chime out the time so that
you could determine the hour. 

5464
04:58:41,500 --> 04:58:45,200
Even in total darkness, Patrol 
calendars that automatically 

5465
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:47,900
corrected for leap years and 
would stay accurate for 

5466
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:50,700
centuries without human 
correction where among the most 

5467
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:54,000
ambitious pieces, these were 
merely timepieces. 

5468
04:58:54,000 --> 04:58:57,100
They were tiny mechanical 
computers that were designed to 

5469
04:58:57,100 --> 04:59:00,100
track the intricate details of 
our calendar system with amazing

5470
04:59:00,100 --> 04:59:03,200
accuracy. 
However, not only the affluent 

5471
04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:05,300
adopted pocket watches during 
this heyday. 

5472
04:59:05,900 --> 04:59:08,900
Working Class, People could now.
Afford Dependable timepieces. 

5473
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:10,200
Thanks to mass production 
techniques. 

5474
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:13,600
And owning a watch, came to be 
seen as a sign of respectability

5475
04:59:13,600 --> 04:59:16,800
and responsibility. 
When a young man got his first 

5476
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:20,300
pocket watch, he was taking part
in a milestone as important as 

5477
04:59:20,300 --> 04:59:24,100
getting his first job or suit. 
The pocket watch was an integral

5478
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:26,700
part of Every Day, Life. 
Winding your watch. 

5479
04:59:26,700 --> 04:59:29,300
Each morning was a meditative 
way to connect with your own 

5480
04:59:29,300 --> 04:59:31,600
timepiece. 
You would check the time 

5481
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:34,600
throughout the day by using a 
familiar motion to reach into 

5482
04:59:34,600 --> 04:59:37,500
your vest pocket and pull out 
the watch by its chain. 

5483
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:41,300
This wasn't merely practical. 
It was a little act that showed 

5484
04:59:41,300 --> 04:59:44,500
the world that you were a person
who appreciated accuracy and 

5485
04:59:44,500 --> 04:59:46,900
timeliness. 
The chains themselves turned 

5486
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,800
into fashion accessories. 
Some were straightforward and 

5487
04:59:49,800 --> 04:59:52,700
practical While others were all 
Nate pieces of jewelry with 

5488
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:56,400
meaningful, charms decorative 
fobs, and intricate links. 

5489
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:00,400
For socially conservative men. 
A Watch chain was frequently. 

5490
05:00:00,400 --> 05:00:03,000
One of the few pieces of jewelry
they could wear without looking 

5491
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:04,700
garish. 
Interesting. 

5492
05:00:04,700 --> 05:00:07,400
Tales about the owners of these 
pocket watches can be found in 

5493
05:00:07,400 --> 05:00:10,100
their cases. 
Numerous ones had initials 

5494
05:00:10,100 --> 05:00:12,900
family crests or private 
messages and graved on the 

5495
05:00:12,900 --> 05:00:15,300
summoned. 
Hinged backs that opened to 

5496
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:18,400
reveal pictures of loved ones. 
Making them portable private 

5497
05:00:18,400 --> 05:00:21,900
shrine's the way that pocket 
watches from this era became 

5498
05:00:21,900 --> 05:00:25,300
stores of meaning and memory is 
what makes them so poignant 

5499
05:00:26,400 --> 05:00:29,600
Father would pass his watch to 
his son and tell him about his 

5500
05:00:29,600 --> 05:00:32,600
past exploits. 
It is possible for a wife to 

5501
05:00:32,600 --> 05:00:35,400
have a romantic inscription in 
graved on her husband's watch 

5502
05:00:35,400 --> 05:00:38,900
immigrants, brought timepieces 
that link them to the nation's 

5503
05:00:38,900 --> 05:00:41,700
they had left behind and 
soldiers carried watches, that 

5504
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:43,100
brought them back to their 
Homeland. 

5505
05:00:43,900 --> 05:00:47,000
During this Heyday, the quality 
of manufacturing was exceptional

5506
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:51,600
American firms, like Hamilton 
and Illinois as well as Swiss 

5507
05:00:51,600 --> 05:00:55,400
produces protect Philip and 
Vashon constant on her were 

5508
05:00:55,400 --> 05:00:57,500
creating watches. 
That were not only precise but 

5509
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,700
also long lasting. 
More than a century later. 

5510
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,900
Many pocket watches from this 
era, still functional, which 

5511
05:01:03,900 --> 05:01:06,700
speaks volumes about the 
craftsmanship of their creators 

5512
05:01:06,700 --> 05:01:09,000
and the resilience of mechanical
engineering. 

5513
05:01:09,800 --> 05:01:13,000
In ways that are difficult to 
imagine today, the pocket watch 

5514
05:01:13,000 --> 05:01:15,100
also became a central to 
professional life. 

5515
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:18,400
They were used by doctors to 
track treatment outcomes and 

5516
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:21,300
time patients, pulses attorneys 
charge. 

5517
05:01:21,300 --> 05:01:23,500
Their clients according to the 
exact timing of their 

5518
05:01:23,500 --> 05:01:27,300
consultations Factory managers 
use stopwatch accuracy to 

5519
05:01:27,300 --> 05:01:29,700
coordinate, shift changes, A 
pocket. 

5520
05:01:29,700 --> 05:01:32,900
Watch a necessary tool that 
structured and organized daily. 

5521
05:01:32,900 --> 05:01:35,400
Life was the smartphone of its 
time. 

5522
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:38,500
Some of the most fascinating 
Tales From The Golden Age 

5523
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:41,700
feature, unsung heroes, who 
depended on pocket watches in 

5524
05:01:41,700 --> 05:01:43,400
ways, their creators, never 
imagined. 

5525
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:46,600
Despite the fact that we 
frequently associate them with 

5526
05:01:46,600 --> 05:01:51,300
affluent gentleman, wearing top,
hats consider nurses, Nurses 

5527
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:54,000
found that pocket watches were 
crucial instruments for patient 

5528
05:01:54,000 --> 05:01:57,100
monitoring during a time when 
the medical field was becoming 

5529
05:01:57,100 --> 05:02:00,100
more scientific. 
They used to call Nate patient 

5530
05:02:00,100 --> 05:02:04,100
care track pulse rate and time 
medication intervals by pinning.

5531
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:07,800
Tiny sophisticated watches, the 
foreigners of contemporary, 

5532
05:02:07,800 --> 05:02:09,500
nursing watches to their 
uniforms. 

5533
05:02:10,400 --> 05:02:13,100
Since precise timing could mean 
the difference between life and 

5534
05:02:13,108 --> 05:02:16,000
death. 
These women, many of whom were 

5535
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:19,100
from low-income families 
invested their own funds in high

5536
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:22,100
quality timepieces. 
The relationship between rural 

5537
05:02:22,100 --> 05:02:24,800
mail carriers and pocket watches
became almost mystical. 

5538
05:02:24,800 --> 05:02:28,000
These postal workers used a 
combination of landmarks 

5539
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:32,200
Instinct and exact timing to 
navigate before GPS or even 

5540
05:02:32,200 --> 05:02:33,900
trustworthy roadmaps were 
available. 

5541
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:37,700
Carrier might be aware that the 
walk from the Johnson Farm to 

5542
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:41,400
the creek took precisely 17 
minutes and that it took an 

5543
05:02:41,400 --> 05:02:44,900
additional 12 minutes to get to 
the Miller residents, they used 

5544
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,600
their pocket watches as 
navigational aids to keep track 

5545
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,200
of their schedules while 
traveling miles on country roads

5546
05:02:50,200 --> 05:02:51,500
in a variety of weather 
conditions. 

5547
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:55,800
Most astonishingly blind people 
found that their pocket watches 

5548
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:59,600
could be used as highly Advanced
to assistive technology in order

5549
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:01,200
to directly feel the hands 
position. 

5550
05:03:01,200 --> 05:03:04,400
Many pocket watches from this 
era had cases that could be 

5551
05:03:04,408 --> 05:03:08,300
opened with one hand. 
The first tactile timepieces in 

5552
05:03:08,300 --> 05:03:11,300
history were made possible by 
certain watches that were 

5553
05:03:11,300 --> 05:03:13,500
specially made with Rays hands 
and numerals. 

5554
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:17,100
A pocket watch became a means of
preserving Independence and 

5555
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:20,300
navigating social situations 
with Assurance for those who are

5556
05:03:20,300 --> 05:03:24,100
unable to rely on visual cues. 
Pocket watches and the mining 

5557
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:25,700
industry developed a unique 
relationship. 

5558
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:29,000
Miners depended on sturdy 
timepieces. 

5559
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:31,600
That could endure harsh 
conditions because they worked 

5560
05:03:31,600 --> 05:03:35,000
deep underground where natural 
light never reached and shift 

5561
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:36,400
schedules were essential for 
safety. 

5562
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:39,500
Because they knew that 
synchronized timing could 

5563
05:03:39,500 --> 05:03:42,500
prevent accidents, and 
coordinate rescue operations, 

5564
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:45,700
mining companies frequently 
included watches as part of 

5565
05:03:45,700 --> 05:03:49,100
their safety equipment, to 
maintain the exact timing needed

5566
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:52,700
for their Beacon operations. 
Like housekeepers those loan 

5567
05:03:52,700 --> 05:03:56,600
Protectors of coastal. 
Safety used pocket watches every

5568
05:03:56,600 --> 05:03:59,600
Lighthouse had a distinct 
pattern of Lights, a particular 

5569
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:02,400
series of flashes that made it 
easier for ships to locate them.

5570
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:05,900
Lighthouse Keepers became 
proficient at using their pocket

5571
05:04:05,900 --> 05:04:09,100
watches to maintain these 
lifesaving rhythms because 

5572
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:11,800
maintaining these patterns 
required Split Second timing. 

5573
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:14,800
These professional applications 
are intriguing because they 

5574
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:19,000
drove innovation in watchmaking 
and unanticipated ways watches 

5575
05:04:19,000 --> 05:04:22,800
that were easy to sterilize when
necessary for nurses timepieces 

5576
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:26,000
that could withstand explosions 
and cave-ins were necessary for 

5577
05:04:26,000 --> 05:04:29,300
minors. watches that could 
remain accurate and severe 

5578
05:04:29,300 --> 05:04:30,900
weather conditions were 
essential for light 

5579
05:04:30,900 --> 05:04:35,300
housekeepers, In response 
manufacturers created customized

5580
05:04:35,300 --> 05:04:38,000
designs. 
To guard against Industrial 

5581
05:04:38,000 --> 05:04:40,700
Equipment. 
Some watches had antimagnetic 

5582
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:44,300
Shields others, had reinforced 
cases that were resilient to 

5583
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:48,000
severe physical harm. 
Using radium based paint that 

5584
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:49,400
glowed. 
In total darkness. 

5585
05:04:50,100 --> 05:04:53,000
A few companies produced pocket 
watches with glowing hands and 

5586
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:56,500
numerals but they were unaware 
of the potential health hazards 

5587
05:04:56,500 --> 05:05:00,600
associated with this invention. 
Innovation was still fueled by 

5588
05:05:00,600 --> 05:05:04,600
the railroad sector, but in more
complex ways, Some of the most 

5589
05:05:04,600 --> 05:05:07,600
sophisticated mechanical 
engineering of this era was 

5590
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,700
found in the railroad pocket 
watches, despite the physical 

5591
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:13,500
demands of railroad work. 
Temperature, fluctuations and 

5592
05:05:13,500 --> 05:05:16,800
continuous vibration. 
They had to maintain precise 

5593
05:05:16,800 --> 05:05:19,600
time. 
Railroad approved timepieces had

5594
05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:22,200
to remain accurate within 
seconds over weeks or months, 

5595
05:05:22,200 --> 05:05:24,800
which was a very demanding 
testing process. 

5596
05:05:24,800 --> 05:05:28,200
However, the most heartwarming 
Tales are probably those of 

5597
05:05:28,200 --> 05:05:31,700
regular people who discovered 
extraordinary significance in 

5598
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:35,700
their pocket watches, According 
to some stories, immigrant sold,

5599
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,700
almost everything they owned but
retain their family watches as 

5600
05:05:38,700 --> 05:05:41,800
reminders of their former homes.
Veterans. 

5601
05:05:41,800 --> 05:05:44,400
Who maintained routines that 
aided in their reintegration 

5602
05:05:44,400 --> 05:05:47,800
into society by using their 
military issued pocket watches 

5603
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:51,000
farmers, who use Swiss 
Clockwork, Precision, to time. 

5604
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:53,300
Everything from livestock 
feeding, schedules to crop 

5605
05:05:53,300 --> 05:05:56,500
plantings challenges. 
In the early 20th century would 

5606
05:05:56,500 --> 05:05:59,200
drastically alter how people 
interacted with their watches. 

5607
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:03,100
The world had never before seen 
such demands for precise timing 

5608
05:06:03,100 --> 05:06:07,100
as it did during the Great War. 
As it was, then known an 

5609
05:06:07,100 --> 05:06:09,300
unprecedented level of 
coordination was needed for 

5610
05:06:09,300 --> 05:06:12,100
military operations. 
Barrages of artillery. 

5611
05:06:12,100 --> 05:06:15,700
Had to be timed to the second 
cross miles of Battlefield 

5612
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,300
infantry. 
Advances had to be coordinated. 

5613
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:22,000
Everyone had to follow the same 
exact schedule in order for 

5614
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:23,500
units to communicate with one 
another. 

5615
05:06:24,200 --> 05:06:26,500
Military leaders initially 
believed that conventional 

5616
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:28,600
pocket watches would satisfy 
these requirements. 

5617
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:33,200
After all for decades railroad 
companies and other Industries 

5618
05:06:33,200 --> 05:06:35,300
had benefitted greatly from 
these timepieces. 

5619
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:39,300
However, the limitations of 
pocket based time keeping was 

5620
05:06:39,300 --> 05:06:41,700
soon exposed by the realities of
trench warfare. 

5621
05:06:42,600 --> 05:06:46,200
When carrying equipment crawling
through mud or operating heavy 

5622
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:49,500
machinery, soldiers found that 
it was frequently impossible to 

5623
05:06:49,500 --> 05:06:51,200
reach into a pocket to check the
time. 

5624
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:55,500
Even worse, removing a pocket 
watch, could reveal a soldier's 

5625
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:59,300
location to enemy Observers. 
Military personnel needed a 

5626
05:06:59,300 --> 05:07:03,200
discrete and Speedy way to check
the time unexpectedly women's 

5627
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,300
watches provided, the answer 
watchmakers have been making 

5628
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:10,100
tiny wrist watches for decades 
mostly As jewelry for affluent 

5629
05:07:10,100 --> 05:07:11,600
women. 
Serious men. 

5630
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:15,200
Tended to dismiss these bracelet
watches as frivolous decorations

5631
05:07:15,200 --> 05:07:17,000
and viewed them as feminine 
accessories. 

5632
05:07:17,000 --> 05:07:21,500
However, social convention was 
overruled by military necessity.

5633
05:07:21,500 --> 05:07:25,900
At first soldiers, used 
makeshift leather bands or even 

5634
05:07:25,900 --> 05:07:28,800
bits of wire to strap, tiny 
watches to their wrists. 

5635
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:33,300
They found that in addition to 
being more practical wrist, warm

5636
05:07:33,300 --> 05:07:35,900
timepieces were also more 
accurate than pocket watches and

5637
05:07:35,900 --> 05:07:40,100
combat situations, the change 
took time throughout the war, 

5638
05:07:40,100 --> 05:07:42,500
many Military Officers, 
preferred conventional pocket 

5639
05:07:42,500 --> 05:07:45,000
watches over wristwatches 
because they were seen as 

5640
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:47,900
unmanly. 
However, in listed men, rapidly 

5641
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:50,800
embraced wrist warned timepieces
as necessary gear after 

5642
05:07:50,800 --> 05:07:53,100
encountering the Practical 
realities of contemporary 

5643
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:56,900
Warfare, This change reflected a
wider shift in how people lived 

5644
05:07:56,900 --> 05:07:59,300
and worked, not just to change 
in fashion. 

5645
05:08:00,400 --> 05:08:03,100
Compared to the leisurely, 
Victorian era that gave rise to 

5646
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:05,300
pocket. 
Watch culture, the post-war 

5647
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:08,100
world was quicker more mobile 
and more demanding. 

5648
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:11,300
Wristwatches were more 
appropriate for the more active 

5649
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:13,800
lifestyles of women, who would 
joined the workforce in 

5650
05:08:13,800 --> 05:08:16,000
previously unheard of numbers 
during the war. 

5651
05:08:16,700 --> 05:08:19,700
Workers in factories, found that
timepieces worn on the wrist 

5652
05:08:19,700 --> 05:08:23,200
were less likely to snag on 
equipment outdoor enthusiasts, 

5653
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:25,700
and athletes discovered that 
wristwatches were more useful 

5654
05:08:25,700 --> 05:08:27,500
for keeping track of physical 
activities. 

5655
05:08:27,500 --> 05:08:31,800
At first, the watch industry, 
opposed this shift manufacturers

5656
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:34,600
were reluctant to give up their 
Decades of experience and 

5657
05:08:34,600 --> 05:08:36,500
developing pocket. 
Watch technology. 

5658
05:08:36,500 --> 05:08:40,400
However, adaptation was 
ultimately compelled by consumer

5659
05:08:40,400 --> 05:08:42,800
demand. 
Businesses started producing 

5660
05:08:42,800 --> 05:08:45,500
wristwatches with the same 
accuracy and dependability that 

5661
05:08:45,500 --> 05:08:47,100
had made pocket, watches 
popular. 

5662
05:08:47,900 --> 05:08:50,700
But the change didn't happen. 
All at once pocket, watches 

5663
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,300
continued to be popular among 
specific age groups and 

5664
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:55,900
professionals throughout the 
1920s and 1930s. 

5665
05:08:57,000 --> 05:08:59,400
Because railroad rules, had not 
yet been changed to allow 

5666
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:01,300
wristwatches. 
Railroad employees. 

5667
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:04,200
Still preferred them. 
Compared to their wrist warned. 

5668
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:07,400
Counterparts older gentlemen 
regarded pocket watches as more 

5669
05:09:07,400 --> 05:09:11,300
formal and dignified. 
An intriguing generational, 

5670
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:14,800
divide resulted from this. 
While their Elders saw pocket 

5671
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:16,900
watches as symbols of tradition 
and sophistication. 

5672
05:09:16,900 --> 05:09:19,900
Young people embraced 
wristwatches as symbols of 

5673
05:09:19,900 --> 05:09:23,400
modernity and progress. 
Choosing between a wristwatch 

5674
05:09:23,400 --> 05:09:26,300
and a pocket watch has evolved 
into a subtly expressed 

5675
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:29,600
statement about your values and 
position in a world that is 

5676
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:33,200
changing quickly. 
This transition became even more

5677
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:36,400
complicated as a result of the 
Great Depression long after 

5678
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,400
wristwatches, had gained 
popularity, many families 

5679
05:09:39,400 --> 05:09:42,600
continue to use inherited pocket
watches because they could not 

5680
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:46,100
afford new timepieces, as a 
result pocket watches started to

5681
05:09:46,100 --> 05:09:48,100
be linked to both tradition and 
improvisation. 

5682
05:09:48,800 --> 05:09:51,600
Ironically some of the most 
inventive pocket watch, designed

5683
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:53,400
ever. 
Produced were also influenced by

5684
05:09:53,400 --> 05:09:56,600
the economic pressure desperate 
to keep their market share 

5685
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:58,900
manufacturers started creating 
watches. 

5686
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:01,200
That could be worn as a wrist 
and pocket watches. 

5687
05:10:01,200 --> 05:10:04,800
These adaptable Styles included 
detachable cases, that could be 

5688
05:10:04,800 --> 05:10:09,000
strapped to the wrist or worn on
chains as needed by the 1940s. 

5689
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:11,400
It was clear that pocket watches
would become commonplace 

5690
05:10:11,400 --> 05:10:15,100
timepieces, The post-war 
economic boom, made new wrist 

5691
05:10:15,100 --> 05:10:16,800
warn time. 
Pieces of affordable for nearly 

5692
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,800
everyone and World War, 2 
accelerated, the adoption of 

5693
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:23,200
wristwatches, for evidently 
practical reasons, but rather 

5694
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:27,200
than just Vanishing something 
intriguing occurred, unexpected 

5695
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:30,200
places gave pocket watches new 
life and they took on 

5696
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:33,100
significance that their original
designers, never intended. 

5697
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,200
They evolved into wedding tokens
retirement, gifts and graduation

5698
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,600
presents items selected for 
their symbolic value, rather 

5699
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:44,200
than their usefulness. 
In addition to passing on a 

5700
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:47,400
timepiece a grandfather who gave
his grandson, his pocket watch 

5701
05:10:47,400 --> 05:10:50,400
was also imparting a link to an 
alternative perspective on time.

5702
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:54,200
Those early proponents of 
pocket, watch accuracy, railroad

5703
05:10:54,200 --> 05:10:57,100
companies, gradually loosen 
their standards for allowing 

5704
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:01,300
certified wrist watches. 
However out of habit pride in 

5705
05:11:01,300 --> 05:11:04,400
their jobs and sincere, love for
these mechanical companions, 

5706
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:08,000
they had depended on for decades
many veteran railroad workers, 

5707
05:11:08,000 --> 05:11:11,400
kept carrying pocket, watches 
During this period of 

5708
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:14,400
transition, the medical field 
developed a complex relationship

5709
05:11:14,400 --> 05:11:18,400
with pocket watches of its own. 
Many older doctors still carried

5710
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:21,000
pocket watches as a sign of 
their professional Authority and

5711
05:11:21,000 --> 05:11:24,200
ties to Medical tradition. 
While nurses had mostly shifted 

5712
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:26,400
to wrist, warned, timepiece, and
pin on watches. 

5713
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:29,500
The situation for watchmakers 
was intriguing. 

5714
05:11:29,500 --> 05:11:32,500
Although there was still a 
significant need for repair and 

5715
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,700
maintenance services, the market
for new pocket watches had all 

5716
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:39,000
but vanished This led to the 
development of a specialized 

5717
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,300
craft, that was more concerned 
with maintaining already 

5718
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:43,800
existing timepieces then with 
making new ones. 

5719
05:11:44,900 --> 05:11:48,000
Master horologist took on the 
role of vintage auto mechanics, 

5720
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:51,100
repairing devices that were too 
valuable and significant to be 

5721
05:11:51,108 --> 05:11:54,500
abandoned but were no longer 
being produced unexpectedly, 

5722
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:57,400
pocket watches started to show 
up in counterculture movements 

5723
05:11:57,400 --> 05:12:02,100
in the 1960s and 1970s adopting 
pocket watches as symbols of 

5724
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:05,000
individualism and a link to 
pre-industrial values. 

5725
05:12:05,000 --> 05:12:07,900
Young people rejected the 
Conformity of conventional 

5726
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:10,700
wristwatches. 
This wasn't about Nostalgia 

5727
05:12:10,700 --> 05:12:13,800
rather, it was about 
demonstrating that you worked on

5728
05:12:13,800 --> 05:12:17,000
your own time, independent of 
the fast-paced nature of 

5729
05:12:17,000 --> 05:12:20,000
contemporary business. 
Life, collectors started to 

5730
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:22,700
acknowledge pocket watches as 
authentic works of art and 

5731
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:26,800
historical relics museums began 
collecting important examples 

5732
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,000
for their permanent collections 
not auction. 

5733
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:32,200
Houses began, holding specialty 
sales with timepieces from 

5734
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:35,900
well-known manufacturers. 
Once commonplace items became 

5735
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:37,500
cultural. 
Treasures, deserving of 

5736
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:41,100
preservation and study 
Mechanical timepieces appeared 

5737
05:12:41,100 --> 05:12:44,200
even more outdated with the 
quartz revolution of the 1970s 

5738
05:12:44,200 --> 05:12:46,900
and the digital watch, boom of 
the 1980s. 

5739
05:12:46,900 --> 05:12:50,300
However, this advancement in 
technology also brought 

5740
05:12:50,300 --> 05:12:52,600
attention to the unique 
qualities of conventional 

5741
05:12:52,600 --> 05:12:55,100
mechanical watches, a well-kept 
pocket. 

5742
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:58,200
Watch symbolized durability 
Artistry, and the joy of 

5743
05:12:58,208 --> 05:13:01,100
possessing, something that was 
made to last for Generations in 

5744
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:03,700
a world of throwaway 
Electronics, pocket watches. 

5745
05:13:03,700 --> 05:13:06,400
Now, hold a special place in how
we relate to time and 

5746
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:08,600
Technology. 
They are both outdated and 

5747
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,300
Timeless, deeply significant and
impractical. 

5748
05:13:11,300 --> 05:13:14,100
Some artists continue to create 
new ones. 

5749
05:13:14,100 --> 05:13:18,200
Typically as collectors, 
Specialties or luxury goods, we 

5750
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:21,900
still purchase, sell restore and
cherish vintage examples. 

5751
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:25,400
The most amazing aspect of the 
pocket watch narrative is how 

5752
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:28,700
these mechanical Contraptions 
influenced and produced are 

5753
05:13:28,700 --> 05:13:30,700
contemporary conception of 
personal time. 

5754
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:34,700
Prior to pocket, watches time 
was governed by local clocks 

5755
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:38,100
church, bells and organic 
rhythms time, became precise 

5756
05:13:38,100 --> 05:13:40,300
individualized and portable 
after pocket. 

5757
05:13:40,300 --> 05:13:43,300
Watches your continuing a 
traditional started. 

5758
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,300
When early clockmakers, tried to
fit the power of a tower clock 

5759
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:50,000
into a pocket sized device every
time you look at your Smartwatch

5760
05:13:50,000 --> 05:13:55,000
or check the time on your phone.
The basic human need to carry 

5761
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,500
time with us, personalize it, 
and use it to plan our lives, 

5762
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:01,900
with the people and activities. 
We care about has not changed 

5763
05:14:01,900 --> 05:14:04,600
despite the significant 
advancements and Technology. 

5764
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:08,100
We learned from the pocket. 
Watch that mechanical accuracy 

5765
05:14:08,100 --> 05:14:11,100
could be beautiful. 
That time could be owned and 

5766
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:12,900
that being on time could be a 
virtue. 

5767
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:15,900
We're still learning how those 
lessons influence the modern 

5768
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:18,100
world. 
It's not bad for a tiny metal 

5769
05:14:18,100 --> 05:14:19,800
disc that fits neatly in your 
pocket. 

5770
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:31,700
To yourself on the front, porch 
of a house, and a small town in 

5771
05:14:31,700 --> 05:14:37,200
America on October 31st 1909. 
It's about 5:00 in the evening 

5772
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:40,000
and the light in the fall. 
Has that special quality? 

5773
05:14:40,000 --> 05:14:43,600
That photographers spend their 
whole lives, trying to get gold 

5774
05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:47,500
and slamming, making everything 
it touches look like it belongs 

5775
05:14:47,500 --> 05:14:49,900
in a painting, you'd find in 
your grandma's parlor. 

5776
05:14:50,700 --> 05:14:53,300
The air is cool. 
Like it is in October, which 

5777
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:56,500
makes you happy to have a 
cardigan all jacket, but not so 

5778
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:58,300
cold that you need to hurry in 
side. 

5779
05:14:59,200 --> 05:15:02,600
You can't make the smell in the 
air to officially to mix of 

5780
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:05,600
wood, smoke from someone's 
chimney, and the earthy smell of

5781
05:15:05,608 --> 05:15:08,200
leaves that fell yesterday and 
got wet in the rain. 

5782
05:15:09,300 --> 05:15:12,300
Underneath It All. 
There's that smell of autumn 

5783
05:15:12,300 --> 05:15:15,600
that can't be put into words. 
You could be in any number of 

5784
05:15:15,608 --> 05:15:20,800
towns like Oberlin Ohio, Concord
Massachusetts, or Galesburg, 

5785
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:24,500
Illinois. 
In 1909 these towns. 

5786
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:27,200
All had tree-lined streets with 
Maples that were putting on 

5787
05:15:27,200 --> 05:15:31,200
their annual firework show of 
color houses, that were close 

5788
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:33,600
enough to feel like neighbors, 
but far enough apart for 

5789
05:15:33,600 --> 05:15:36,700
privacy. 
And a pace of life, that modern 

5790
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:40,900
people would find either 
relaxing or maddeningly slow, 

5791
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:44,700
depending on their mood. 
Most of the house is on your 

5792
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:48,000
street are made of wood and a 
painted insensible colors like 

5793
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:51,300
white gray or sometimes a bold 
cream. 

5794
05:15:52,300 --> 05:15:55,100
These are not the perfectly 
restored, Victorian homes, you 

5795
05:15:55,108 --> 05:15:58,700
see in historic districts to 
day, these are homes that people

5796
05:15:58,700 --> 05:16:02,000
live in and some of them need a 
little paint, touch-up While 

5797
05:16:02,000 --> 05:16:04,600
others have porches that sag a 
little in the middle from years 

5798
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:07,500
of use. 
But they're all well taken care 

5799
05:16:07,500 --> 05:16:11,100
of with walkways that are swept 
and windows that catch the 

5800
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:15,100
evening light like Amber. 
The big party that October 31st 

5801
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:17,900
1909 would become wasn't yet a 
big deal. 

5802
05:16:18,800 --> 05:16:22,800
People still called it Halloween
or Halloween, which is a cute 

5803
05:16:22,800 --> 05:16:26,000
old-fashioned way to say it, but
it wasn't a day that needed to 

5804
05:16:26,000 --> 05:16:28,400
be planned weeks in advance or 
taken off work. 

5805
05:16:29,300 --> 05:16:32,400
Kids went to school like usual, 
adults went about their daily 

5806
05:16:32,400 --> 05:16:36,200
lives and the parties that night
mostly took place in homes and 

5807
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:38,900
church social Halls, instead of 
turning entire neighborhoods 

5808
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:42,600
into haunted displays. 
At this time of day, the streets

5809
05:16:42,600 --> 05:16:45,800
are starting to quiet down. 
Men are coming home from work 

5810
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:48,900
stores and offices. 
They are walking home because in

5811
05:16:48,900 --> 05:16:51,500
a town like this, most things 
are close enough to walk to 

5812
05:16:52,200 --> 05:16:55,500
their dressed up in suits, but 
not because it's a special 

5813
05:16:55,508 --> 05:16:58,200
occasion. 
That's just what men want to 

5814
05:16:58,200 --> 05:17:00,600
work. 
It will dark will suits with 

5815
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:04,700
vests pocket watches on chains 
and hats that they would hang on

5816
05:17:04,700 --> 05:17:06,600
Coach racks as soon as they got 
home. 

5817
05:17:06,600 --> 05:17:10,100
Women can be seen through lip 
Windows moving around their 

5818
05:17:10,100 --> 05:17:12,600
kitchens and the strange dance 
of making dinner. 

5819
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:17,200
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 
mean following an online recipe 

5820
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:19,600
or reheating? 
Something from the store. 

5821
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:24,000
It was a big deal that needed 
constant attention coal or wood 

5822
05:17:24,000 --> 05:17:27,500
stoves ingredients that had been
picked out the day before or 

5823
05:17:27,500 --> 05:17:31,400
that morning and skills that 
took years to learn and were 

5824
05:17:31,400 --> 05:17:35,400
passed down through generations.
Like family heirlooms The kids 

5825
05:17:35,400 --> 05:17:38,000
are all excited and this is 
where Halloween starts to show 

5826
05:17:38,000 --> 05:17:40,100
itself. 
The parents are trying to keep 

5827
05:17:40,100 --> 05:17:43,300
them calm until after dinner. 
There will be parties tonight 

5828
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:46,400
after dinner and the dishes are 
done, not the kind you're 

5829
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:48,800
thinking of with loud music and 
lots of people, you don't know. 

5830
05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:53,300
These are gatherings in parlors 
and church basements where games

5831
05:17:53,300 --> 05:17:57,000
will be played, fortunes will be
told and the line between the 

5832
05:17:57,000 --> 05:17:59,600
normal world and something. 
A little stranger will seem to 

5833
05:17:59,608 --> 05:18:02,700
blur for a few hours. 
You can tell its fall from the 

5834
05:18:02,708 --> 05:18:04,300
porch as the evening gets 
darker. 

5835
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:07,600
There are things that make it 
clear that this is full no 

5836
05:18:07,600 --> 05:18:10,100
matter what year it is. 
There are pumpkins on the 

5837
05:18:10,108 --> 05:18:12,300
porches. 
These are not the carved 

5838
05:18:12,300 --> 05:18:14,700
jack-o-lanterns that will become
popular later. 

5839
05:18:14,700 --> 05:18:17,800
Instead, they are whole 
pumpkins, some of which are 

5840
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:21,000
quite large that were bought 
from local farms to be used as 

5841
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:25,100
decorations and eaten later. 
Some might have simple faces 

5842
05:18:25,100 --> 05:18:28,300
carved in to them just as many 
are left hole. 

5843
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:31,300
The orange color is enough to 
make them look like Christmas 

5844
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:35,200
people of Tide corn, stalks to 
the railings of their porches 

5845
05:18:35,200 --> 05:18:38,200
and the posts of their fences. 
There are already dry and 

5846
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:40,000
rustling in the light evening 
Breeze. 

5847
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:43,600
Making a sound that is both sad 
and somehow comforting. 

5848
05:18:44,800 --> 05:18:47,900
Some homes, have put them 
together in shocks which attempt

5849
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:50,100
like structures that farmers use
in fields. 

5850
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:54,000
But a smaller for decoration, 
you might also see gourds in 

5851
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:58,400
different shapes Autumn Leaves 
tied together in bundles and may

5852
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:02,200
be some pots with late blooming.
Chrysanthemums in the The 

5853
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:05,400
decorations from 1909 are 
handmade seasonal and temporary,

5854
05:19:05,400 --> 05:19:08,400
which shows a different way of 
thinking about material Goods. 

5855
05:19:08,400 --> 05:19:11,400
There are no plastic or 
mass-produced items here. 

5856
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:15,600
Everything has been made bought 
or found locally. 

5857
05:19:16,300 --> 05:19:19,500
These decorations won't be put 
away in labeled storage bins for

5858
05:19:19,500 --> 05:19:21,900
next year. 
When November comes, Instead, 

5859
05:19:21,900 --> 05:19:25,500
they'll be composted burned or 
returned to the ground. 

5860
05:19:25,500 --> 05:19:28,000
And new ones will be made in 
October. 

5861
05:19:28,000 --> 05:19:31,900
When it starts to get dark, 
which happens around 6:00 in 

5862
05:19:31,900 --> 05:19:34,300
late October 1909 without 
daylight. 

5863
05:19:34,300 --> 05:19:39,100
Saving time, you can see candles
being lit and windows in 1909. 

5864
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,700
There are electric light's, but 
they aren't everywhere 

5865
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:44,400
especially in small towns and 
rural areas. 

5866
05:19:44,400 --> 05:19:47,900
A lot of homes, still, use 
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 

5867
05:19:47,900 --> 05:19:50,900
even homes with their 
electricity, might use candles 

5868
05:19:50,900 --> 05:19:54,100
to night to set the mood. 
These aren't the fake flameless 

5869
05:19:54,100 --> 05:19:58,000
LED candles you have now or even
the scented candles that come in

5870
05:19:58,008 --> 05:20:01,200
pretty jars. 
These candles are made of Tallow

5871
05:20:01,200 --> 05:20:04,100
or beeswax and some are 
hand-dipped While others are 

5872
05:20:04,100 --> 05:20:06,300
molded. 
They all give off a warm 

5873
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:07,700
slightly. 
Flickering light. 

5874
05:20:07,700 --> 05:20:10,700
That makes every room look like 
a painting by a Dutch Master. 

5875
05:20:11,700 --> 05:20:15,900
The light doesn't fill rooms 
like, electric bulbs do instead.

5876
05:20:15,900 --> 05:20:19,200
It makes pools of light 
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 

5877
05:20:19,200 --> 05:20:22,000
which makes Holmes, look, both 
cozy and mysterious. 

5878
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,000
To get a better idea of what 
Halloween meant in 1909. 

5879
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:29,600
You need to go back. 
Even further in time to when 

5880
05:20:29,600 --> 05:20:32,200
this Knight had other names and 
served other purposes. 

5881
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:35,600
Don't worry, this won't be a 
boring history class. 

5882
05:20:36,400 --> 05:20:39,000
Think of it more, like figuring 
out the layers of tradition that

5883
05:20:39,000 --> 05:20:43,900
have built up on this date over 
time like rings on a tree. each 

5884
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:47,100
layer adds meaning without 
completely erasing what came 

5885
05:20:47,100 --> 05:20:50,300
before it Like many stories from
October. 

5886
05:20:50,300 --> 05:20:54,300
This one starts with the ancient
Celts who lived in what is now 

5887
05:20:54,300 --> 05:20:57,000
Ireland? 
Scotland, Wales and parts of 

5888
05:20:57,000 --> 05:21:01,200
France, thousands of years ago. 
Saman was a festival that people

5889
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:05,600
pronounced sow in like the 
female pig, not some Haines, 

5890
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:09,900
which is what most people think.
The cells thought of winter as a

5891
05:21:09,908 --> 05:21:13,500
time of death, just like they 
thought of spring as a time of 

5892
05:21:13,500 --> 05:21:15,400
life. 
Samhime. 

5893
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:17,800
Mark the end of the harvest 
season and the start of winter. 

5894
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:22,100
But from your cozy spot in the 
present, he is what makes Sammy 

5895
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:24,900
in interesting. 
It wasn't mostly a scary 

5896
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:26,300
holiday. 
Yes. 

5897
05:21:26,300 --> 05:21:29,400
The Celts thought that the line 
between the living world and the

5898
05:21:29,400 --> 05:21:32,100
world of the Dead became less 
clear on this night. 

5899
05:21:33,000 --> 05:21:36,700
Yes, they believed that Spirits 
could cross over but they didn't

5900
05:21:36,700 --> 05:21:41,100
respond with fear instead. 
They were friendly, but careful,

5901
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:44,700
they left food out for wandering
Spirits lit. 

5902
05:21:44,700 --> 05:21:48,400
Bonfires to help The Souls of 
the Dead, find their way and 

5903
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:51,500
were happy to be able to talk to
their ancestors who had died. 

5904
05:21:52,500 --> 05:21:55,700
Picture this. 
Once a year, the barrier between

5905
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,100
you and your beloved 
grandmother, who died becomes. 

5906
05:21:58,100 --> 05:21:59,900
So thin that she can come over 
for dinner. 

5907
05:22:00,600 --> 05:22:04,300
You wouldn't lock the doors in 
fear instead, you'd set an extra

5908
05:22:04,308 --> 05:22:06,600
place at the table and hope 
she'd share her knowledge with 

5909
05:22:06,600 --> 05:22:09,500
you one more time. 
That was more like the spirit of

5910
05:22:09,500 --> 05:22:11,800
Sam in the scary Halloween, we 
know today. 

5911
05:22:12,700 --> 05:22:16,100
As Christianity spread through 
Celtic lands, which took 

5912
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,100
hundreds of years and wasn't a 
single dramatic conversion. 

5913
05:22:19,100 --> 05:22:22,900
Moment the church did something 
smart that they had done with 

5914
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:26,600
many Pagan festivals. 
Instead of trying to get rid of 

5915
05:22:26,600 --> 05:22:29,900
Samhain completely, they just 
took it in and made All Saints 

5916
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:32,700
Day on November 1st and All 
Souls day on November 2nd. 

5917
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:37,600
All Hallows Eve was the night 
before All Saints Day over time.

5918
05:22:37,600 --> 05:22:42,100
It became Halloween. this 
Christian layer didn't get rid 

5919
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:46,500
of the older traditions instead,
it baptized them giving them new

5920
05:22:46,500 --> 05:22:49,700
meanings while the old ones 
still echoed underneath It 

5921
05:22:49,700 --> 05:22:53,100
became a Christian tradition to 
like candles for the dead, but 

5922
05:22:53,100 --> 05:22:55,200
it wasn't that different from 
the Celtic bonfires. 

5923
05:22:56,000 --> 05:22:58,600
The idea that the dead was 
somehow closer on this night, 

5924
05:22:58,600 --> 05:23:01,800
the same, but it was seen 
through a different religious 

5925
05:23:01,800 --> 05:23:04,700
lens. 
When these costs got to America 

5926
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:07,800
mostly through Irish and 
Scottish immigrants in the 

5927
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:10,400
1800s. 
They had already changed a 

5928
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:13,500
little from where they came from
the immigrants brought memories 

5929
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:15,700
of home that were part. 
Real, folk crack practice, and 

5930
05:23:15,700 --> 05:23:17,500
part romanticized. 
Nostalgia. 

5931
05:23:18,500 --> 05:23:23,100
They remembered the parties, the
games, the fortune-telling, and 

5932
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:26,600
the general feeling that this 
night was special, even if they 

5933
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:30,300
weren't sure why, it had started
Halloween in America is still 

5934
05:23:30,308 --> 05:23:33,900
figuring out who it is in 1909. 
It won't be a holiday for kids 

5935
05:23:33,900 --> 05:23:38,500
to get candy, until the 1950s 
instead, it's mostly an evening 

5936
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:41,400
for teams and young adults to 
hang out, play games. 

5937
05:23:41,400 --> 05:23:45,400
And most importantly, tell 
fortunes about love One of the 

5938
05:23:45,400 --> 05:23:47,800
most common beliefs about 
Halloween, which has changed 

5939
05:23:47,800 --> 05:23:51,000
over time, is that it was a good
night to find out what your love

5940
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:52,100
life would be like in the 
future. 

5941
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:56,200
People who celebrated Halloween 
in 1909, probably didn't know 

5942
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:59,500
much about some Mains history. 
All the complicated theological 

5943
05:23:59,500 --> 05:24:03,200
talks that went on in the 
medieval Church They know that 

5944
05:24:03,200 --> 05:24:06,900
their grandparents and parents 
celebrated this night that there

5945
05:24:06,900 --> 05:24:09,700
are certain things you do on 
Halloween and that this 

5946
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:11,900
something nice and mysterious 
about a night. 

5947
05:24:11,908 --> 05:24:15,500
When you look into the future 
and realize that the world might

5948
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:18,900
be Stranger Than it, seems you 
could say that this is Halloween

5949
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:22,700
in the middle of a change, it 
has changed a lot since its folk

5950
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:25,700
groups, but it hasn't yet become
the commercial Powerhouse of 

5951
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:28,300
your time. 
It lives in this interesting 

5952
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:31,400
middle ground where folk 
Traditions mixed with Victorian 

5953
05:24:31,400 --> 05:24:35,600
parlor games, rural Harvest 
celebrations, mixed with Urban 

5954
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:40,100
social entertainment, and real 
belief in the Supernatural turns

5955
05:24:40,100 --> 05:24:43,900
into playful superstition. 
Once the sun goes down in your 

5956
05:24:43,908 --> 05:24:47,500
1909 neighborhood, the real work
of getting ready for Halloween 

5957
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:50,200
begins. 
Inside the houses, this is where

5958
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:53,400
you'd see how people celebrated 
holidays in the past compared to

5959
05:24:53,400 --> 05:24:57,608
now, There are no costume shops 
know places to buy a lot of 

5960
05:24:57,616 --> 05:25:01,100
pre-made decorations and no 
party supply warehouses. 

5961
05:25:02,000 --> 05:25:05,000
You have to make everything by 
hand for tonight to be special 

5962
05:25:05,000 --> 05:25:08,300
and making things is part of the
celebration itself. 

5963
05:25:09,200 --> 05:25:11,000
Let's take a look inside a 
normal home. 

5964
05:25:11,000 --> 05:25:12,500
That is hosting a Halloween 
party. 

5965
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:16,600
Parlor has changed. 
If you don't know what a parlor 

5966
05:25:16,600 --> 05:25:19,800
is, it's the formal sitting room
where guests were entertained. 

5967
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:23,000
In homes of working class or 
middle class. 

5968
05:25:23,000 --> 05:25:26,400
People, this might be the only 
room beside bedrooms that is 

5969
05:25:26,400 --> 05:25:28,900
used for both every day living 
and special events. 

5970
05:25:29,900 --> 05:25:32,900
In wealthier homes. 
The Parlor was used for guests 

5971
05:25:32,900 --> 05:25:36,400
while the family used to less 
formal sitting room for everyday

5972
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:38,800
life. 
The everyday Furniture has been 

5973
05:25:38,808 --> 05:25:41,000
moved around to make more room 
for tonight's Gathering. 

5974
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:45,400
Heavy a pollster chairs, and 
settees, which are made to last 

5975
05:25:45,400 --> 05:25:48,300
for generations and weigh about 
as much as modern cars have been

5976
05:25:48,308 --> 05:25:51,600
pushed back against the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

5977
05:25:51,600 --> 05:25:54,900
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

5978
05:25:55,800 --> 05:25:59,700
Keep in mind that this is 1909 
and Victorian, manners are still

5979
05:25:59,708 --> 05:26:03,100
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

5980
05:26:03,100 --> 05:26:04,400
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

5981
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:08,100
The decoration show both 
creativity and a lack of it. 

5982
05:26:08,800 --> 05:26:11,600
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

5983
05:26:11,600 --> 05:26:13,900
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

5984
05:26:14,700 --> 05:26:18,400
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

5985
05:26:18,400 --> 05:26:21,900
younger siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

5986
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:26,100
paper, making them into circles,
and sticking them together with 

5987
05:26:26,100 --> 05:26:29,300
flour pace. 
Some of the circles in the 

5988
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:32,200
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

5989
05:26:32,200 --> 05:26:36,000
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand, there are cut outs

5990
05:26:36,000 --> 05:26:39,600
of black cats witches on 
broomsticks and crescent, moon 

5991
05:26:39,600 --> 05:26:42,600
on the walls. 
These were probably copied from 

5992
05:26:42,600 --> 05:26:46,500
templates in women's magazines. 
Like, Ladies Home Journal, a 

5993
05:26:46,500 --> 05:26:49,500
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

5994
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:52,300
holidays? 
The Silhouettes are simple and 

5995
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:56,000
easy to recognize and they make 
the room feel festive without 

5996
05:26:56,000 --> 05:27:00,100
being too scaredy. 
This decoration is meant to make

5997
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:02,700
you feel playful and mysterious 
not scared. 

5998
05:27:03,500 --> 05:27:07,400
The Jacqueline is probably the 
most atmospheric decoration, but

5999
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:11,000
in 1909 it might have been a 
turnip planter or a hollowed out

6000
05:27:11,008 --> 05:27:15,200
gored of a pumpkin. 
The custom of carving vegetables

6001
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:18,900
into Lantern started in Ireland,
and Scotland, where they used 

6002
05:27:18,900 --> 05:27:23,400
turnips and rutabagas at first. 
Irish immigrants brought the 

6003
05:27:23,400 --> 05:27:27,400
tradition to America and found 
that pumpkins worked even better

6004
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,800
because they were bigger softer 
and easier to carve the 

6005
05:27:31,800 --> 05:27:34,500
jack-o-lantern on the table or 
mantle piece has a face. 

6006
05:27:34,500 --> 05:27:39,000
That is more funny than scary. 
The features are simple, a 

6007
05:27:39,000 --> 05:27:42,700
triangular nose and eyes a gap, 
toothed grin, and a lot of 

6008
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:46,800
patience and a strong knife. 
Candle flickers inside making 

6009
05:27:46,800 --> 05:27:49,600
the face look like it's moving 
and dancing in the low light. 

6010
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:52,600
Smell of slightly burnt. 
Pumpkin flesh. 

6011
05:27:52,600 --> 05:27:55,900
Adds to the mood mixing with the
other smells of the night. 

6012
05:27:57,100 --> 05:27:59,900
King of smells the house is full
of them, which might be too much

6013
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:02,200
for someone who is used to 
Modern air conditioning and 

6014
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:05,900
places that don't smell. 
The smell of wood smoke from the

6015
05:28:05,900 --> 05:28:08,800
stove. 
Tang of apples, from a bold 

6016
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:12,300
waiting to be used in the 
evening's game's the sweet spicy

6017
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:16,000
smell of cider warming on the 
stove and the smell of a house 

6018
05:28:16,000 --> 05:28:18,400
that has been closed up against 
the cooling evening. 

6019
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:22,200
It's a mix of wood fabric old 
paper. 

6020
05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:24,300
And people living there that 
isn't bad. 

6021
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:27,400
But is very alive. 
People are getting ready for the

6022
05:28:27,400 --> 05:28:29,200
snacks. 
That will be served later in the

6023
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:32,300
dining room or kitchen. 
This isn't a full meal. 

6024
05:28:32,300 --> 05:28:36,200
Guess would have eaten dinner at
home before coming in Stead, 

6025
05:28:36,200 --> 05:28:40,600
it's what people of this time 
called light refreshments, This 

6026
05:28:40,600 --> 05:28:43,900
usually means cider, both 
regular and maybe some spike for

6027
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:48,200
the adults cookies or small 
cakes, candied apples, popcorn 

6028
05:28:48,200 --> 05:28:51,900
balls and maybe roasted nuts. 
The kitchen is a place where 

6029
05:28:51,900 --> 05:28:55,300
people work hard. 
Stove, whether it's a cold 

6030
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:58,300
range, or one of the newer gas 
models has been going for hours,

6031
05:28:58,300 --> 05:29:00,600
keeping the right temperature 
for each dish. 

6032
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:06,100
In 1909 baking was more like 
chemistry done by Instinct and 

6033
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:08,700
experience the following exact 
recipes. 

6034
05:29:09,500 --> 05:29:12,200
A woman who has been in charge 
of a household for years can 

6035
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:15,000
tell if the oven is at the right
temperature by how quickly a 

6036
05:29:15,000 --> 05:29:17,900
piece of paper brows. 
She can also tell if bread is 

6037
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:21,400
done by the sound, it makes when
tapped on the bottom treats 

6038
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,300
being made based on both 
tradition and what is going on 

6039
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:28,000
in farming in October. 
Apples are a big part of this 

6040
05:29:28,000 --> 05:29:30,400
time of year because it's the 
height of apple season. 

6041
05:29:30,400 --> 05:29:33,700
And they've been a big part of 
Halloween for years. 

6042
05:29:33,700 --> 05:29:37,200
Some apples are being canned, by
dipping them in a mixture of 

6043
05:29:37,208 --> 05:29:41,100
sugar, corn syrup and red food 
coloring, and then letting them 

6044
05:29:41,100 --> 05:29:44,800
hard on waxed paper. 
Sticky and somewhat difficult 

6045
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,100
process. 
That makes treats that are so 

6046
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:48,900
sweet. 
They hurt your teeth and so 

6047
05:29:48,900 --> 05:29:50,700
hard. 
You have to work hard to chew 

6048
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:52,800
them. 
Some apples are meant for games.

6049
05:29:52,800 --> 05:29:55,900
Instead of eating, they've been 
polished until they shine and 

6050
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:58,200
put in a big metal tub or wooden
barrel. 

6051
05:29:58,200 --> 05:30:00,700
That will be filled with water 
for apple bobbing. 

6052
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:03,800
This is one of the most 
traditional and popular 

6053
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:06,700
Halloween activities, even 
though it's hard and not very 

6054
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:09,400
dignified. 
The big pot on the stove is 

6055
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,500
making popcorn. 
The kernels were bought in bulk 

6056
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:15,100
from a general store, and a kept
in a jar in the pantry. 

6057
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:17,400
You have to keep an eye on the 
pot and shake it. 

6058
05:30:17,408 --> 05:30:20,100
Hard to keep the popcorn from 
burning in 1909. 

6059
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:24,100
After they pop, the fluffy white
kernels will be shaped into 

6060
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:26,800
balls and held together with 
molasses or sugar syrup. 

6061
05:30:27,500 --> 05:30:30,600
These treat to park candy, part 
snack, and all seasonal. 

6062
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:34,400
Usually more than one generation
works together to make these 

6063
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:36,500
drinks. 
The grandmother of the house 

6064
05:30:36,500 --> 05:30:38,300
might be in charge. 
While a daughter, does the 

6065
05:30:38,300 --> 05:30:42,000
harder work, the kids can help 
with easy tasks like polishing 

6066
05:30:42,000 --> 05:30:44,600
apples or counting out cookies 
onto serving plates. 

6067
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:48,400
Even getting ready as a kind of 
visit since family members 

6068
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:51,200
worked together and talk about 
the days of events gossip and 

6069
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:54,300
opinions. 
As the time for guests to arrive

6070
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:57,900
draws near probably around 7 or 
7:30 in the evening. 

6071
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:02,900
Final check of the preparations 
is made, are there enough seats 

6072
05:31:02,900 --> 05:31:06,400
is the jack-o'-lantern in a 
place where people can see it 

6073
05:31:06,400 --> 05:31:09,600
but not accidentally knock it 
over the game. 

6074
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:12,500
Setup is the fire in the 
fireplace. 

6075
05:31:12,500 --> 05:31:14,900
Keeping the room warm without 
making it too hot. 

6076
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:17,500
The house is, as red as it's 
going to get. 

6077
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:20,100
It's changed from how it usually
looks into something. 

6078
05:31:20,100 --> 05:31:23,800
Special, the changes isn't big. 
No one would think this is 

6079
05:31:23,800 --> 05:31:25,900
anything other than a nice 
middle class home. 

6080
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:28,000
But there is a purpose behind 
it. 

6081
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:31,300
And it's like effort has been 
made to make the place feel 

6082
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:33,000
right for this mysterious 
Knight. 

6083
05:31:34,600 --> 05:31:37,300
As guests start to arrive 
walking through the darkening 

6084
05:31:37,300 --> 05:31:39,900
streets because most people live
close enough that they don't 

6085
05:31:39,900 --> 05:31:44,400
need cars, the real heart of a 
1909 Halloween party starts to 

6086
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:48,700
show itself. this is a night 
mostly for games, but not just 

6087
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:52,500
any games, these games are meant
to show you what your romantic 

6088
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:56,500
future will be like these days 
Halloween is less about 

6089
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:59,800
costumes, and candy and more 
about young people, trying to 

6090
05:31:59,808 --> 05:32:03,200
figure out who they might marry 
You need to know what's going on

6091
05:32:03,200 --> 05:32:05,700
in society to understand why 
this is so important. 

6092
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:10,500
Romantic relationships in 1909 
were both more limited and more 

6093
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:14,300
important than they are now. 
Young man, and women didn't date

6094
05:32:14,300 --> 05:32:16,800
a lot of people at once. 
Lived together before getting 

6095
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:20,200
married and spend years, trying 
to figure out what they wanted. 

6096
05:32:21,000 --> 05:32:24,000
Courtship was a serious matter 
that had real effects on 

6097
05:32:24,000 --> 05:32:27,200
people's lives and finances. 
And marriage was the most 

6098
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:30,300
important thing that happened to
most people, especially women. 

6099
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:33,900
So an evening of games that 
might show you your romantic 

6100
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:37,100
future wasn't just a fun way to 
pass the time. 

6101
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:40,700
It was a way to deal with a real
worry through the socially 

6102
05:32:40,700 --> 05:32:43,100
acceptable form of light-hearted
superstition. 

6103
05:32:44,100 --> 05:32:46,700
No one really thought that 
bobbing for apples could tell 

6104
05:32:46,700 --> 05:32:49,400
them who their future spouse 
would be, but no one really 

6105
05:32:49,400 --> 05:32:52,400
didn't believe it either. 
It was in that comfortable space

6106
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:57,300
between what is certain and what
is possible that make folklore 

6107
05:32:57,300 --> 05:32:59,400
work. 
The host, family greets, the 

6108
05:32:59,400 --> 05:33:01,800
first guests at the door and for
a brief moment. 

6109
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:05,000
People move from the cold 
October night to the warm candle

6110
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,000
in side. 
People take off their coats and 

6111
05:33:08,000 --> 05:33:10,900
hang them on the coat. 
Tree in the hall, hats are 

6112
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:12,600
carefully. 
Put on the right surface's, 

6113
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:16,300
people greeted each other 
properly which may seem stiff to

6114
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,700
Modern people but gives social 
interactions are comfortable 

6115
05:33:19,700 --> 05:33:22,400
structure. 
Most of the guests, a young 

6116
05:33:22,408 --> 05:33:24,300
people in their late, teens and 
early 20s. 

6117
05:33:25,500 --> 05:33:28,200
Some older friends or family 
members might come along to keep

6118
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:31,600
an eye on them or just because 
Community social events aren't 

6119
05:33:31,600 --> 05:33:33,700
as age segregated. 
As they will be later. 

6120
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:37,200
Everyone is wearing their best 
clothes which aren't fancy 

6121
05:33:37,200 --> 05:33:40,400
formal clothes. 
But nicer day or evening clothes

6122
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:42,500
that show respect for the event 
and the hosts. 

6123
05:33:43,200 --> 05:33:45,900
The game start, when enough 
people are there to make a real 

6124
05:33:45,900 --> 05:33:48,300
party. 
And the first game is almost 

6125
05:33:48,300 --> 05:33:51,900
always apple bobbing, which is 
an old game that somehow 

6126
05:33:51,900 --> 05:33:53,800
manages, to be both silly and 
serious. 

6127
05:33:53,800 --> 05:33:56,600
At the same time, the apples are
floating on the surface of the 

6128
05:33:56,608 --> 05:34:00,200
big tub or barrel of water. 
They bob up and down slowly 

6129
05:34:00,200 --> 05:34:02,300
making them look like they are 
easy to catch. 

6130
05:34:03,700 --> 05:34:06,600
The rule is simple. 
You can only catch an apple with

6131
05:34:06,600 --> 05:34:10,800
your mouth, not your hands. 
The truth is that it's a lot 

6132
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:14,000
harder, especially when you 
think about how strict fashion 

6133
05:34:14,000 --> 05:34:18,700
and propriety were in 1909. 
The young women wear blouses or 

6134
05:34:18,700 --> 05:34:23,000
dresses with high collars and 
fancy fronts that absolutely 

6135
05:34:23,000 --> 05:34:26,300
cannot get wet without causing 
real social problems. 

6136
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:29,400
The young men were collars. 
That will Wilt right away. 

6137
05:34:29,400 --> 05:34:33,000
If they get wet ruining the 
carefully, starched look, they 

6138
05:34:33,000 --> 05:34:35,800
had before. 
So the game is all about trying 

6139
05:34:35,800 --> 05:34:38,800
to keep your dignity while you 
dunk your face into cold water 

6140
05:34:38,800 --> 05:34:41,700
and Chase slippery apples around
with your teeth. 

6141
05:34:42,700 --> 05:34:45,500
The first Brave person to try 
usually walks up to the tub with

6142
05:34:45,500 --> 05:34:49,100
confidence, but that confidence 
quickly Fades after the first 

6143
05:34:49,100 --> 05:34:51,800
try. 
The Apple moves away just as 

6144
05:34:51,800 --> 05:34:55,300
your mouth gets to it, pushed by
the ripples, your own movement 

6145
05:34:55,300 --> 05:34:58,500
makes you come up sputtering. 
And your friends laugh at you, 

6146
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:01,700
your hair is wet and your pride 
is a little hurt. 

6147
05:35:02,400 --> 05:35:05,600
But social pressure and real 
fun, make you want to try again.

6148
05:35:05,600 --> 05:35:08,700
And if you're lucky, you're 
persistent, you finally win with

6149
05:35:08,700 --> 05:35:11,900
an apple in your mouth. 
Tradition says that the first 

6150
05:35:11,900 --> 05:35:14,400
person to Bob, an apple will be 
the first person in the group to

6151
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:16,800
get married. 
This is where the Romantic 

6152
05:35:16,800 --> 05:35:20,900
fortune telling part comes from.
Doesn't really matter if anyone 

6153
05:35:20,900 --> 05:35:23,200
believes this, the attempt is 
Fun. 

6154
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,900
The success is a small win and 
the prophecy gives you something

6155
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:28,600
to laugh about for the rest of 
the night. 

6156
05:35:29,900 --> 05:35:33,100
And another fun game is to hang 
Donuts or apples on strings that

6157
05:35:33,100 --> 05:35:34,700
are attached to a rod or the 
Sealing. 

6158
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:37,600
People have to wait the treat 
that is hanging without using 

6159
05:35:37,600 --> 05:35:40,800
their hands, which is harder 
than its sound because the 

6160
05:35:40,800 --> 05:35:42,400
target moves away with each 
bite. 

6161
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:45,700
The good thing about this game 
is that it keeps everyone's 

6162
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:49,000
clothes mostly dry while still 
being funny and hard. 

6163
05:35:49,900 --> 05:35:52,900
There are also quieter more 
mysterious games that use real 

6164
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:55,000
Divination in stead of just 
playing to win. 

6165
05:35:56,300 --> 05:35:59,600
One of the oldest ones is to sit
in a dark room in front of a 

6166
05:35:59,600 --> 05:36:01,700
mirror. 
Eat an apple by candlelight. 

6167
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:04,500
And look over your shoulder. 
Into the mirror, as midnight 

6168
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:07,700
approaches. 
People say that if you look in 

6169
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:10,200
there, you will see the face of 
your future spouse. 

6170
05:36:10,200 --> 05:36:14,300
Not many people take this ritual
seriously, they usually laugh 

6171
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,600
make nervous jokes and feel 
better when nothing strange 

6172
05:36:17,600 --> 05:36:20,100
happens. 
But the attempt shows that 

6173
05:36:20,100 --> 05:36:23,000
Halloween is supposed to be a 
night when the normal rules are 

6174
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:25,500
broken and you might see 
something Beyond normal reality.

6175
05:36:26,400 --> 05:36:29,200
Putting nuts on the half of the 
fireplace, is another way to 

6176
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:32,300
tell the future. 
Two Nuts and named after a 

6177
05:36:32,300 --> 05:36:36,100
couple and as they heat up their
behavior is supposed to show, 

6178
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:38,000
what will happen in the future 
of the relationship. 

6179
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:41,900
The relationship will be good if
the nuts burn quietly next to 

6180
05:36:41,900 --> 05:36:44,500
each other. 
If they pop and jump apart, the 

6181
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:48,300
love is over. 
Fact that nutty behavior when 

6182
05:36:48,300 --> 05:36:51,300
heated probably has more to do 
with moisture content than 

6183
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:54,400
mystical Revelation, doesn't 
make anyone less interested in 

6184
05:36:54,400 --> 05:36:57,400
seeing their romantic future. 
Supposedly revealed in little 

6185
05:36:57,400 --> 05:37:00,600
explosions. 
Another way to tell the future 

6186
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:03,700
is to peel apples. 
The goal is to peel an apple in 

6187
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:07,600
one long unbroken strip of skin 
and then throw the peel over 

6188
05:37:07,600 --> 05:37:10,600
your shoulder. 
The way, the peel lands is said 

6189
05:37:10,600 --> 05:37:13,400
to make the first letter of your
future spouses name. 

6190
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:16,308
You need to be good at peeling 
apples and have a lot of 

6191
05:37:16,316 --> 05:37:19,500
imagination to figure out what 
the shapes mean since they don't

6192
05:37:19,500 --> 05:37:23,200
usually look like letters. 
In between these more 

6193
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:26,000
traditional activities, people 
play card games and parlor 

6194
05:37:26,000 --> 05:37:30,400
games, people play games like 
charades Progressive Euchre, and

6195
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:32,400
other guessing games that were 
popular at the time. 

6196
05:37:33,600 --> 05:37:35,700
The games are meant to help 
people who don't know each other

6197
05:37:35,708 --> 05:37:37,200
well get to know each other 
better. 

6198
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:42,200
They are so social, not solitary
and competitive but not cut 

6199
05:37:42,200 --> 05:37:44,700
throat. 
The entertainment for the 

6200
05:37:44,700 --> 05:37:47,500
evening, shows a different way 
of dealing with boredom and fun 

6201
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:51,100
than your used to. 
When conversation slows down in 

6202
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:55,300
1909, there are no TVs phones or
Internet. 

6203
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:58,400
To look at people have learned 
how to make entertainment in 

6204
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,000
state of just watching it and 
they have the skills and 

6205
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:03,800
patience to do things that 
require a lot of focus and 

6206
05:38:03,800 --> 05:38:07,200
engagement. 
This means that charade which 

6207
05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:10,100
might seem old-fashioned or 
boring to someone who is used to

6208
05:38:10,100 --> 05:38:14,100
constant digital stimulation. 
Can be really fun when it's the 

6209
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:17,200
only thing to do and the 
audience is good at both acting 

6210
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:21,800
and guessing Slow pace of the 
evening, getting games ready, 

6211
05:38:21,800 --> 05:38:29,500
playing them and finishing them.
Feels nice in it to faster Pace 

6212
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:33,700
options as the evening goes on. 
And the parlor games come to a 

6213
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:36,200
natural end. 
Someone suggests one of the most

6214
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:39,700
popular Halloween traditions of 
the time a walk through the 

6215
05:38:39,700 --> 05:38:42,500
night. 
This wasn't a planned event like

6216
05:38:42,500 --> 05:38:45,300
trick or treating would later 
become in Stead. 

6217
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:47,500
It was an unplanned trip into 
the dark. 

6218
05:38:47,500 --> 05:38:49,400
That served many purposes at 
once. 

6219
05:38:50,200 --> 05:38:53,100
For the teens at the party and 
nightwalk gave them something 

6220
05:38:53,100 --> 05:38:56,600
rare in a time when adults were 
always watching them some 

6221
05:38:56,600 --> 05:38:59,300
privacy. 
Chaperones might go with the 

6222
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:01,500
group. 
But once everyone was spread out

6223
05:39:01,500 --> 05:39:05,000
along a dark Country Road or 
Village Street, couples could 

6224
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:08,000
drift apart a little and have 
short conversations without old 

6225
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:12,300
people watching every move. 
It wasn't exactly scandalous but

6226
05:39:12,300 --> 05:39:14,900
it was a rare chance to be alone
with someone in a world where 

6227
05:39:14,900 --> 05:39:16,400
most courtship happened in 
public. 

6228
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:19,600
The group meets in the front 
hall and gets their coats and 

6229
05:39:19,600 --> 05:39:22,900
wraps from where they left the 
early. the women put on wall 

6230
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:27,400
cloaks or coats and sometimes 
shawls to keep warm the men put 

6231
05:39:27,400 --> 05:39:30,700
on their suits and overcoats as 
well as the hats that no 

6232
05:39:30,700 --> 05:39:34,500
respectable person would go 
outside without Someone like to 

6233
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:37,800
Lantern either an oil lamp or a 
flashlight, if they are lucky 

6234
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:39,900
enough to have one of those 
newfangled devices. 

6235
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:45,300
The moon, if it is visible also 
provides a light, once your eyes

6236
05:39:45,308 --> 05:39:48,400
get used to it. 
Going outside is like going to A

6237
05:39:48,400 --> 05:39:51,700
Whole New World. 
The air has that crisp clear 

6238
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,800
quality that Autumn nights have 
and the temperature has dropped 

6239
05:39:54,808 --> 05:39:58,100
a lot since sunset. 
The cold feels good instead of 

6240
05:39:58,108 --> 05:40:02,000
bad, when you breathe, you make 
small clouds that quickly 

6241
05:40:02,000 --> 05:40:04,700
disappear. 
The smells from earlier in the 

6242
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:07,700
evening like wood smoke and damp
leaves have gotten stronger. 

6243
05:40:08,500 --> 05:40:11,800
You might even be able to smell 
Frost even though it hasn't 

6244
05:40:11,800 --> 05:40:15,300
gotten cold enough yet. 
It's hard to imagine how dark it

6245
05:40:15,300 --> 05:40:17,600
was in 1909 in most places 
today. 

6246
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:21,600
There aren't any streetlights in
neighborhoods porch lights? 

6247
05:40:21,600 --> 05:40:24,500
That stay on all night or 
shopping centers, or Office 

6248
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:28,400
Buildings that give off light. 
The windows of individual homes,

6249
05:40:28,400 --> 05:40:31,600
letting warm light. 
That these little spots of light

6250
05:40:31,600 --> 05:40:34,100
only make the darkness around 
them seem deeper. 

6251
05:40:35,300 --> 05:40:36,000
Guys. 
Clear. 

6252
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:40,000
The stars of beautiful. 
Lots of light that people in 

6253
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:44,100
your time usually only see in 
planetariums the group leaves 

6254
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:46,200
without a specific destination 
in mind. 

6255
05:40:47,000 --> 05:40:49,800
They walk along streets and 
paths that everyone knows during

6256
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:52,000
the day, but that looked 
different at night. 

6257
05:40:52,900 --> 05:40:56,400
Landmarks that are easy to find.
Turn into strange shapes. 

6258
05:40:57,400 --> 05:41:00,400
The tree that marks the edge of 
someone's property, becomes a 

6259
05:41:00,400 --> 05:41:03,500
shadowy figure against the sky, 
which is a little lighter. 

6260
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:07,300
You don't notice the fence you 
pass every day until you trip 

6261
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:09,100
over it and need to pay 
attention to it. 

6262
05:41:09,100 --> 05:41:12,300
Voices sound different at night 
than they do during the day, 

6263
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:14,800
they sound clearer and farther 
away. 

6264
05:41:16,100 --> 05:41:18,800
The group's talking makes a 
bubble of human sound. 

6265
05:41:18,800 --> 05:41:20,900
That is surrounded by the sound 
of the night. 

6266
05:41:20,900 --> 05:41:25,100
Like the rustling of leaves, The
Barking, of a dog in the 

6267
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:28,300
distance. 
Hooting of an owl and the wind 

6268
05:41:28,300 --> 05:41:31,500
moving through bare branches 
with a sound like running water.

6269
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:36,700
These natural sounds are scary. 
They're more like friends. 

6270
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:40,600
Reminding us that the dark is 
full of life going about its 

6271
05:41:40,600 --> 05:41:43,000
business. 
While the group is walking, 

6272
05:41:43,000 --> 05:41:45,600
someone might tell ghost stories
or stories about the area. 

6273
05:41:46,500 --> 05:41:50,500
In 1909 every town had these 
things the house where someone 

6274
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:54,400
died in a strange way 50 years 
ago the crossroads where a 

6275
05:41:54,400 --> 05:41:55,900
headless horseman is said to 
ride. 

6276
05:41:56,700 --> 05:42:00,200
Washington Irving story was 
published in 1820 and had become

6277
05:42:00,200 --> 05:42:03,100
very popular and the cemetery 
where lights are. 

6278
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:06,800
Sometimes seemed floating among 
the graves These stories aren't 

6279
05:42:06,800 --> 05:42:09,800
meant to scare you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

6280
05:42:09,800 --> 05:42:12,300
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

6281
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:14,400
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

6282
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:18,200
every day. 
The Storyteller talks in a low 

6283
05:42:18,200 --> 05:42:21,600
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

6284
05:42:21,600 --> 05:42:23,400
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

6285
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,200
The people who hear it. 
Laugh nervously and shiver a 

6286
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:29,600
lot. 
Showing fear more than feeling 

6287
05:42:29,600 --> 05:42:32,500
it. 
If the group goes past a 

6288
05:42:32,500 --> 05:42:35,900
cemetery which is often close to
homes in small towns, they might

6289
05:42:35,900 --> 05:42:39,000
stop at the fence, not to go in 
because that would be 

6290
05:42:39,008 --> 05:42:42,700
disrespectful to the dead, but 
to recognize the place and maybe

6291
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:44,700
think of friends and family who 
are buried there. 

6292
05:42:45,600 --> 05:42:48,400
The victorians and edwardians 
had a complicated relationship 

6293
05:42:48,400 --> 05:42:51,100
with death. 
They were more familiar with it 

6294
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:53,600
than people today, because it 
happened at home instead of in 

6295
05:42:53,608 --> 05:42:56,300
hospitals and the death rate was
higher, they were all. 

6296
05:42:56,300 --> 05:42:59,700
So more sentimental about it, 
the walk could take you to a 

6297
05:42:59,700 --> 05:43:03,000
place that is important to the 
area like a Hilltop with a view 

6298
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:07,000
of the countryside, a bridge 
over a stream or a big old tree 

6299
05:43:07,000 --> 05:43:08,900
that has been a landmark for 
Generations. 

6300
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:13,700
These places the group might 
stop not for any planned reason,

6301
05:43:13,700 --> 05:43:18,000
but just to enjoy the night, 
York October are and being young

6302
05:43:18,000 --> 05:43:22,400
alive and part of a community. 
This nightwalk gives some of the

6303
05:43:22,400 --> 05:43:24,800
group, a chance to think about 
the deeper meanings of 

6304
05:43:24,800 --> 05:43:28,300
Halloween, it's easier to 
believe that the veil Between 

6305
05:43:28,300 --> 05:43:31,800
Worlds is really thinner, and 
that those who have died are 

6306
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:35,400
really closer when you stand in 
the dark Under the Stars, these 

6307
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:38,900
thoughts don't have to be scary.
It's comforting rather than 

6308
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:41,800
scary to think that your 
grandmother or a friend who has 

6309
05:43:41,800 --> 05:43:46,500
passed away, might be nearby. 
Critical parts of the Walker 

6310
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:49,600
Charming in their own way. 
Women walk through the dark 

6311
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:53,400
while wearing long skirts that 
get caught on plants and shoes 

6312
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:54,900
that aren't meant for rough 
ground. 

6313
05:43:55,800 --> 05:43:59,400
Men offer their arms to help 
women over hard places, which is

6314
05:43:59,408 --> 05:44:03,300
both practical and romantic. 
The person carrying the land to 

6315
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:05,000
become important for a short 
time. 

6316
05:44:05,900 --> 05:44:08,500
They hold the light that keeps 
everyone on the path and draw 

6317
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:11,500
the group's attention. 
Eventually the group goes home 

6318
05:44:11,500 --> 05:44:13,200
because it's too cold. 
It's too late. 

6319
05:44:13,200 --> 05:44:15,600
Or they're just too tired from 
all the fun. 

6320
05:44:15,600 --> 05:44:18,500
They had that night. 
The walk back off. 

6321
05:44:18,500 --> 05:44:21,800
Often seemed short of the walk 
out, which is what happens when 

6322
05:44:21,800 --> 05:44:24,900
you walk home. 
People might be talking less now

6323
05:44:24,900 --> 05:44:28,100
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening has 

6324
05:44:28,100 --> 05:44:32,300
turned into satisfied tiredness.
As they get closer to the house 

6325
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:36,100
with the party started, the warm
light coming through the windows

6326
05:44:36,100 --> 05:44:38,000
looks. 
Especially inviting after being 

6327
05:44:38,000 --> 05:44:41,400
in the dark for a while. 
The group is grateful for the 

6328
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:44,700
warmth and light when they come 
back in, especially since it's 

6329
05:44:44,700 --> 05:44:49,900
so cold and dark outside. 
This change from dark to light 

6330
05:44:49,900 --> 05:44:53,600
and cold to warm is small. 
But it touches on something. 

6331
05:44:53,600 --> 05:44:58,200
Deep down that makes a home, 
feel like a safe place. once 

6332
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:02,000
back in the warm house with cold
cheeks and hair that have been 

6333
05:45:02,000 --> 05:45:05,700
messed up by the wind, The 
conversation often turns to the 

6334
05:45:05,700 --> 05:45:10,300
spooky parts of Halloween. 
But in 1909 beliefs in the 

6335
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:13,500
Supernatural are in a strange 
Place between real faith and fun

6336
05:45:13,500 --> 05:45:16,600
between old-fashioned beliefs 
and new fashion doubt. 

6337
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:20,900
You should know that 1909 is an 
interesting time in history for 

6338
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:22,700
people who believe in the 
Supernatural. 

6339
05:45:23,500 --> 05:45:27,100
This is an age of growing 
scientific knowledge, widespread

6340
05:45:27,100 --> 05:45:29,800
education and technological 
progress. 

6341
05:45:29,800 --> 05:45:31,900
That is changing how people live
every day. 

6342
05:45:33,000 --> 05:45:36,500
Spiritualism, the idea that the 
dead can talk to the living 

6343
05:45:36,500 --> 05:45:39,400
through. 
Mediums was very popular in the 

6344
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:42,100
late 1800s, and still has a lot 
of followers. 

6345
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:45,900
The ghost stories and Gothic 
literature of the last 100 years

6346
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:49,500
have made Supernatural, 
encounters seem very romantic. 

6347
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:53,200
As a result, most educated 
people in 1909. 

6348
05:45:53,200 --> 05:45:56,300
Don't really believe in the 
Halloween superstitions but they

6349
05:45:56,300 --> 05:45:58,100
don't completely disbelieve them
either. 

6350
05:45:58,100 --> 05:46:01,500
You might not believe in 
astrology but you still know 

6351
05:46:01,500 --> 05:46:04,500
your zodiac sign and feel good. 
When your horoscope says good 

6352
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:07,400
things are coming. 
The Supernatural is one of those

6353
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:10,600
things that probably aren't 
real, but could be and it's fun 

6354
05:46:10,600 --> 05:46:14,600
to think about them. 
Anyway, In 1909 Halloween 

6355
05:46:14,600 --> 05:46:18,300
folklore was mostly about 
spirits of the Dead, not demons 

6356
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,700
or other evil beings. 
People believe that the Knight 

6357
05:46:21,700 --> 05:46:24,500
is a time when people who have 
died can come back to see the 

6358
05:46:24,500 --> 05:46:26,900
people and places they loved in 
life. 

6359
05:46:27,800 --> 05:46:31,500
Instead of being scared, this is
usually shown as a soft, even 

6360
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:34,700
beautiful chants. 
The custom of leaving food for 

6361
05:46:34,700 --> 05:46:37,000
the dead, which goes back to 
Celtic. 

6362
05:46:37,000 --> 05:46:40,800
Samhime is still going on, but 
in a less strict way. 

6363
05:46:41,800 --> 05:46:45,000
Some families might set a place 
at the table or put out a plate 

6364
05:46:45,000 --> 05:46:47,300
of treats to show that their 
loved ones, who have passed 

6365
05:46:47,300 --> 05:46:49,200
away, a welcome to come by if 
they want to. 

6366
05:46:50,100 --> 05:46:53,600
You don't do this out of fear or
dread you do it out of the same.

6367
05:46:53,600 --> 05:46:56,200
Kindness you would show to 
living relatives who might stop 

6368
05:46:56,200 --> 05:47:00,200
by without warning. 
The stories told at Halloween 

6369
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:02,900
parties are more likely to be 
sad and scaredy. 

6370
05:47:03,600 --> 05:47:07,300
Someone might tell a story about
a grandmother who died and whose

6371
05:47:07,300 --> 05:47:09,900
favorite perfume was in her old 
room on Halloween night. 

6372
05:47:10,700 --> 05:47:14,500
Or about a father, who died and 
whose pocket watch, which had 

6373
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:17,700
stopped at the moment of his 
death rang, once at midnight, on

6374
05:47:17,700 --> 05:47:21,600
All Hallows e for no reason. 
These stories talk about loss 

6375
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:23,900
and grief. 
That they also say that love 

6376
05:47:23,900 --> 05:47:28,000
lives on after death. the ghosts
in Halloween stories from 1909 

6377
05:47:28,000 --> 05:47:30,900
aren't the evil ghosts that show
up in later horror stories, 

6378
05:47:30,900 --> 05:47:34,600
they're more like kind spirits 
who might help or comfort you if

6379
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:38,800
you treat them with respect, The
fortune telling games that were 

6380
05:47:38,800 --> 05:47:42,100
played in the evening seemed to 
call on the spirits as sources 

6381
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:45,600
of information about the future,
when you look in the mirror and 

6382
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:49,200
hope to see your future spouse, 
your asking the spirits to show 

6383
05:47:49,200 --> 05:47:52,200
you what they know. 
Even the scary part of 

6384
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:55,100
Halloween, these days are very 
mild compared to what they used 

6385
05:47:55,100 --> 05:47:57,700
to be. 
There are black cats and witches

6386
05:47:57,700 --> 05:48:01,300
in the decorations, but they are
more stylized and decorative and

6387
05:48:01,300 --> 05:48:03,900
scaredy. 
The witch on a broomstick isn't 

6388
05:48:03,900 --> 05:48:07,800
a bad old woman who eats kids, 
she is a symbol of folk magic 

6389
05:48:07,800 --> 05:48:11,700
and wisdom from the countryside.
The black cat isn't a sign of 

6390
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:14,200
bad luck. 
It's a creature that is linked 

6391
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:19,300
to mystery, the line between 
home and Wild Spaces most of the

6392
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:22,200
time, the local Legends told at 
night are about strange, things 

6393
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:25,700
that happened. 
Not real horror The lights in 

6394
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:27,900
the cemetery, could be Spirits 
or Marsh gas. 

6395
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:31,000
The fact that it's not clear 
what they are is part of what 

6396
05:48:31,000 --> 05:48:33,700
makes them. 
Interesting, the strange sounds 

6397
05:48:33,700 --> 05:48:36,700
near The Old Mill, could be 
ghosts or the wind and ones 

6398
05:48:36,700 --> 05:48:39,300
imagination. 
The fact that we don't know, for

6399
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:42,400
sure is what makes the story 
interesting instead of just 

6400
05:48:42,400 --> 05:48:44,600
scary. 
Halloween, all. 

6401
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:47,100
So, has a lot of what we might 
call protective folklore. 

6402
05:48:47,100 --> 05:48:50,300
There are ideas about how to 
tell the future and there are 

6403
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:53,100
also ideas about how to keep 
yourself safe from bad things 

6404
05:48:53,100 --> 05:48:56,900
that might happen on this night.
Evil spirits will be confused if

6405
05:48:56,900 --> 05:49:00,100
you turn your clothes inside out
having a little salt in your 

6406
05:49:00,100 --> 05:49:03,500
pocket will keep you safe. 
Walking around your house and 

6407
05:49:03,500 --> 05:49:07,000
the direction of the Sun 
clockwise before bed will keep 

6408
05:49:07,000 --> 05:49:09,400
it safe. 
These protective Customs are 

6409
05:49:09,400 --> 05:49:13,700
done with a wink and a smile as 
if to say just in case and they 

6410
05:49:13,700 --> 05:49:16,800
don't cost anything and might 
help you don't really believe 

6411
05:49:16,800 --> 05:49:20,100
that these things matter but the
ritual of acknowledging them 

6412
05:49:20,100 --> 05:49:23,200
connects you to generations of 
people who found comfort in 

6413
05:49:23,200 --> 05:49:27,000
these small protective gestures.
It's like how you might avoid 

6414
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:30,600
walking under ladders or feel a 
small superstitious pleasure in 

6415
05:49:30,600 --> 05:49:35,500
finding a penny heads up. 
In 1909 Halloween had more 

6416
05:49:35,500 --> 05:49:37,800
religious meaning than it does. 
Now when it is more 

6417
05:49:37,800 --> 05:49:43,500
commercialized, The name itself,
All Hallows Eve which means the 

6418
05:49:43,500 --> 05:49:46,700
night before. 
All Saints Day keeps the link to

6419
05:49:46,700 --> 05:49:50,800
Christian tradition even though 
the holiday has many older Pagan

6420
05:49:50,800 --> 05:49:52,700
elements. 
Some families. 

6421
05:49:52,700 --> 05:49:55,400
Go to special church services on
November 1st. 

6422
05:49:55,400 --> 05:49:58,400
To remember Saints and family 
members who have died. 

6423
05:49:59,300 --> 05:50:02,000
This makes Halloween part of a 
longer time of remembering and 

6424
05:50:02,000 --> 05:50:05,200
spiritual reflection. 
Most people don't seem to mind 

6425
05:50:05,200 --> 05:50:07,500
that Christian and non-Christian
elements live together. 

6426
05:50:08,400 --> 05:50:11,400
Christian calendar has always 
been open to including local 

6427
05:50:11,400 --> 05:50:16,700
customs and folk practices. 
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 

6428
05:50:16,700 --> 05:50:19,500
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

6429
05:50:20,200 --> 05:50:22,200
You can honor Christian Saints 
and all. 

6430
05:50:22,200 --> 05:50:25,500
So Bob for apples to see what 
your love life will be like in 

6431
05:50:25,500 --> 05:50:29,300
the future without any problems.
Lack of light adds to the 

6432
05:50:29,300 --> 05:50:33,400
supernatural feel of the night. 
Pin mine that electric lights 

6433
05:50:33,400 --> 05:50:36,500
aren't common yet and even where
they are people don't use them 

6434
05:50:36,500 --> 05:50:39,900
very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

6435
05:50:39,900 --> 05:50:42,500
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

6436
05:50:43,100 --> 05:50:46,300
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

6437
05:50:46,300 --> 05:50:50,000
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, the change and move. 

6438
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:54,200
Faces that come out of the dark 
and into pools of light and 

6439
05:50:54,200 --> 05:50:56,400
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

6440
05:50:57,200 --> 05:50:59,600
In this light, it's easy to 
think that you might see 

6441
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:03,400
something strange. shadow that 
moves in a strange way, could be

6442
05:51:03,408 --> 05:51:07,400
an effect of the candlelight or 
it could be something else that 

6443
05:51:07,400 --> 05:51:10,300
feeling of being there, when 
you're alone in dark room, Could

6444
05:51:10,300 --> 05:51:13,200
Be Your Mind Playing Tricks on 
you or it could be a loved one 

6445
05:51:13,200 --> 05:51:17,900
who's passed away checking in 
The uncertainty is part of the 

6446
05:51:17,900 --> 05:51:22,000
experience. and it seems that 
most people in 1909 are happy to

6447
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,400
leave it that way instead of 
insisting, on either total 

6448
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:29,700
belief, or total doubt, the fact
that people in 1909 were more 

6449
05:51:29,700 --> 05:51:33,000
comfortable with not knowing 
about the supernatural shows, a 

6450
05:51:33,000 --> 05:51:36,900
bigger cultural difference 
between then and now, In today's

6451
05:51:36,900 --> 05:51:40,000
world, there is a lot of 
pressure to put things into one 

6452
05:51:40,000 --> 05:51:43,200
of two groups. 
Significantly proven facts or 

6453
05:51:43,200 --> 05:51:47,900
superstitions that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

6454
05:51:47,908 --> 05:51:49,400
okay. 
With the idea that something's 

6455
05:51:49,400 --> 05:51:53,300
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

6456
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:55,400
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

6457
05:51:56,400 --> 05:51:59,400
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy chairs with 

6458
05:51:59,400 --> 05:52:02,600
cups of warm cider. 
The conversation might turn to 

6459
05:52:02,600 --> 05:52:06,300
the idea of thin places which 
are places where the line 

6460
05:52:06,300 --> 05:52:08,700
between the normal world and 
something else seems to be very 

6461
05:52:08,700 --> 05:52:11,200
thin. 
There are such places in every 

6462
05:52:11,200 --> 05:52:15,500
town, the old churchyard, the 
crossroads at the edge of town 

6463
05:52:15,500 --> 05:52:18,900
Lynch and tree that was already 
old when the first settlers came

6464
05:52:18,900 --> 05:52:21,100
and the spring that never 
freezes. 

6465
05:52:21,100 --> 05:52:24,800
Even in the coldest winter 
People don't think these thin 

6466
05:52:24,800 --> 05:52:27,600
places are dangerous. 
Instead, they think they are 

6467
05:52:27,600 --> 05:52:30,400
special and should be respected 
and give an attention. 

6468
05:52:31,300 --> 05:52:32,600
People don't stay away from 
them. 

6469
05:52:32,600 --> 05:52:36,200
Instead they go to them knowing 
that they might find something 

6470
05:52:36,200 --> 05:52:39,600
strange there. 
Halloween is a time when people 

6471
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:42,200
believed that the veil Between 
Worlds gets thinner. 

6472
05:52:43,000 --> 05:52:46,100
This makes the whole night feel 
like a thin time when Anything 

6473
05:52:46,100 --> 05:52:49,400
Could Happen. 
The party is now in its last 

6474
05:52:49,400 --> 05:52:52,000
phase. 
The calm time before midnight 

6475
05:52:52,000 --> 05:52:55,000
when everyone is tired, but not 
too tired to have fun. 

6476
05:52:55,900 --> 05:52:59,700
The group has enjoyed the snacks
played the game and had their 

6477
05:52:59,700 --> 05:53:03,800
fortunes told with varying 
levels of faith in how accurate 

6478
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:06,300
they were. 
Then they went outside into the 

6479
05:53:06,300 --> 05:53:08,100
October night and came back 
safely. 

6480
05:53:09,000 --> 05:53:11,300
This is the time for quieter 
activities. 

6481
05:53:12,100 --> 05:53:15,400
Talking that has become more 
personal as the night went on 

6482
05:53:15,400 --> 05:53:18,400
and people let their guard down 
and for thinking about what 

6483
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:22,500
Halloween means beyond the games
and traditions, if the family is

6484
05:53:22,500 --> 05:53:25,100
Rich enough to have a piano, 
someone might be playing soft 

6485
05:53:25,100 --> 05:53:28,900
music that fits the time of day.
There are both popular songs 

6486
05:53:28,900 --> 05:53:31,300
from the time and older songs 
that have been passed down 

6487
05:53:31,300 --> 05:53:33,900
through the years. 
If you listen to music from 

6488
05:53:33,900 --> 05:53:37,200
1909, it will sound very 
old-fashioned to you. 

6489
05:53:37,200 --> 05:53:41,800
The lyrics are sentimental and 
The Melodies are simple showing 

6490
05:53:41,800 --> 05:53:43,900
how people thought in the 
Victorian era. 

6491
05:53:43,900 --> 05:53:47,800
But with a more positive view of
the Edwardian era but in this 

6492
05:53:47,800 --> 05:53:51,300
case, with the October night, 
pressing against the windows and

6493
05:53:51,308 --> 05:53:54,700
the candles burning low, in 
their holders, The music does 

6494
05:53:54,700 --> 05:53:58,200
its job of setting the mood and 
giving people something to do 

6495
05:53:58,200 --> 05:54:01,800
with their attention, that isn't
as demanding as games or deep 

6496
05:54:01,800 --> 05:54:04,900
conversation. 
Some guests have already left 

6497
05:54:04,900 --> 05:54:08,000
especially those who have to 
walk along way home or who 

6498
05:54:08,000 --> 05:54:09,500
strict parents are waiting up 
for them. 

6499
05:54:10,400 --> 05:54:12,600
The elaborate politeness rituals
of the time. 

6500
05:54:12,600 --> 05:54:16,100
Mark, that parchers thanking 
their hosts several times, 

6501
05:54:16,100 --> 05:54:19,800
putting on their outdoor clothes
making last jokes and promising 

6502
05:54:19,800 --> 05:54:22,300
to see each other soon at church
or around town. 

6503
05:54:23,200 --> 05:54:25,300
Those who are still, there are 
the strong ones. 

6504
05:54:25,300 --> 05:54:28,700
The ones who haven't quite let 
go of the magic of the night 

6505
05:54:28,700 --> 05:54:31,200
yet. 
The mother of the host family 

6506
05:54:31,200 --> 05:54:34,500
might be in the kitchen quietly,
starting to clean up the mess 

6507
05:54:34,500 --> 05:54:37,900
that can't wait until morning. 
She might be putting away food. 

6508
05:54:37,900 --> 05:54:42,200
That will spoil washing cups and
plates and banking the fire in 

6509
05:54:42,200 --> 05:54:45,000
the stove. 
This work is done without 

6510
05:54:45,000 --> 05:54:48,300
complaint or martyrdom, just 
because it's part of being a 

6511
05:54:48,300 --> 05:54:51,000
host. 
There will be more cleaning up 

6512
05:54:51,000 --> 05:54:53,300
in the morning but the worst of 
it can be done. 

6513
05:54:53,300 --> 05:54:56,500
Now, while guests are still 
there but busy, if there are any

6514
05:54:56,500 --> 05:54:59,000
younger kids in the house, they 
have long since gone to bed, 

6515
05:54:59,000 --> 05:55:01,900
however, they may still be awake
in their rooms. 

6516
05:55:01,900 --> 05:55:05,800
Trying to stay alert for any 
Supernatural visits or just 

6517
05:55:05,800 --> 05:55:08,800
excited by the strange. 
Sounds of a party going on later

6518
05:55:08,800 --> 05:55:11,600
to the night. 
They will remember this night in

6519
05:55:11,600 --> 05:55:14,800
their own way. 
The strange Shadows cast by the 

6520
05:55:14,800 --> 05:55:18,800
candlelight, the guests laughed 
after the special snacks, they 

6521
05:55:18,800 --> 05:55:22,000
got to eat before bed and the 
feeling that something important

6522
05:55:22,000 --> 05:55:25,300
magical was going on, even 
though they were old enough to 

6523
05:55:25,300 --> 05:55:29,100
fully take part. 
As the clock, whether it's a 

6524
05:55:29,100 --> 05:55:32,300
mantle piece clock, a wall clock
or someone's pocket, watch get 

6525
05:55:32,300 --> 05:55:35,500
closer to midnight people. 
Often take a moment to 

6526
05:55:35,500 --> 05:55:38,500
acknowledge it. 
Halloween night is traditionally

6527
05:55:38,500 --> 05:55:41,900
the most powerful time of the 
year and midnight is when the 

6528
05:55:41,900 --> 05:55:45,600
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.
Spirits are most likely to be 

6529
05:55:45,600 --> 05:55:48,900
present and divination is most 
likely to be accurate. 

6530
05:55:49,900 --> 05:55:52,300
The group might stand by a 
window and look out at the 

6531
05:55:52,308 --> 05:55:54,900
night, which is now very still 
and dark. 

6532
05:55:55,700 --> 05:55:59,000
As families go to bed, most of 
the lights, in nearby houses 

6533
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:02,300
have gone out. 
If you can see the moon, it has 

6534
05:56:02,300 --> 05:56:05,200
moved across the sky. 
Since the party started, the 

6535
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:06,800
wind could have gotten stronger 
or weaker. 

6536
05:56:06,800 --> 05:56:09,500
The temperature has definitely 
dropped even more. 

6537
05:56:09,500 --> 05:56:13,900
And by morning, there will 
probably be frost In some places

6538
05:56:13,900 --> 05:56:15,800
people, have a tradition of 
being quiet. 

6539
05:56:15,800 --> 05:56:19,200
When the clock, strikes midnight
and listening for sounds that 

6540
05:56:19,200 --> 05:56:23,500
might not be from this world. 
We do this with Open Hearts, not

6541
05:56:23,500 --> 05:56:27,100
scared ones, because we know 
that if Spirits are around, this

6542
05:56:27,100 --> 05:56:30,200
is when they might show 
themselves, the silence is 

6543
05:56:30,200 --> 05:56:33,500
friendly not tents. 
And the only sound is the 

6544
05:56:33,500 --> 05:56:35,800
clock's mechanism, getting ready
to strike 12. 

6545
05:56:36,700 --> 05:56:39,500
When the clock strikes midnight,
there is often a small 

6546
05:56:39,500 --> 05:56:41,800
Collective. 
Exhale as if everyone has 

6547
05:56:41,800 --> 05:56:46,500
crossed a line this can be 
marked by Chimes bells or just 

6548
05:56:46,500 --> 05:56:49,000
the quiet agreement of those, 
checking their watches. 

6549
05:56:49,900 --> 05:56:52,600
All Saints Day has started, 
which means that Halloween is 

6550
05:56:52,600 --> 05:56:56,900
over the magical time is over. 
And while people were aware of 

6551
05:56:56,900 --> 05:57:00,600
and welcomed the spirits, no one
seems to be upset that, nothing 

6552
05:57:00,600 --> 05:57:02,600
dramatic, or Supernatural 
happened. 

6553
05:57:03,600 --> 05:57:07,300
What mattered was the 
possibility being open to the 

6554
05:57:07,300 --> 05:57:11,500
unknown rather than knowing it? 
Someone might raise a glass with

6555
05:57:11,500 --> 05:57:13,400
the last of the cider or other 
drink. 

6556
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:18,000
The toast could be to All Saints
to friend, who can't be there to

6557
05:57:18,000 --> 05:57:21,300
the winter that everyone needs 
to get ready for, or just to the

6558
05:57:21,300 --> 05:57:23,600
success. 
Of the Knights of events people 

6559
05:57:23,600 --> 05:57:26,700
raise their glasses or cups and 
drink the toast, which makes the

6560
05:57:26,700 --> 05:57:30,100
party feel like it's over. 
Now, is when the last departures

6561
05:57:30,100 --> 05:57:34,400
really start, even the most 
dedicated party go as know that 

6562
05:57:34,400 --> 05:57:37,700
the Knight to come to an end. 
And that tomorrow technically, 

6563
05:57:37,700 --> 05:57:42,300
today will come soon with its 
demands of work school and other

6564
05:57:42,300 --> 05:57:45,800
daily tasks. 
The front door opens several 

6565
05:57:45,800 --> 05:57:48,200
times to let groups of guests 
out into the night. 

6566
05:57:49,000 --> 05:57:52,600
Each time they say thank you and
goodbye and remind everyone 

6567
05:57:52,600 --> 05:57:56,200
about upcoming community events.
For the host family. 

6568
05:57:56,200 --> 05:58:00,100
There is a strange mix of 
tiredness and happiness that 

6569
05:58:00,100 --> 05:58:02,100
comes from having successful 
entertained. 

6570
05:58:03,200 --> 05:58:06,600
House is a mess. 
The candles are almost out and 

6571
05:58:06,600 --> 05:58:09,600
there is still work to be done 
but the evening did what it was 

6572
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:13,100
supposed to do. 
Bring people together on a 

6573
05:58:13,100 --> 05:58:16,700
tradition acknowledge mystery 
and give young people a chance 

6574
05:58:16,700 --> 05:58:18,800
to hang out in a safe structured
way. 

6575
05:58:20,400 --> 05:58:22,700
When the last guests leave for 
the night, the house becomes 

6576
05:58:22,700 --> 05:58:26,400
quiet in a different way. 
It's not the quiet of waiting 

6577
05:58:26,400 --> 05:58:29,900
for the party to start. 
It's the quiet of an event that 

6578
05:58:29,900 --> 05:58:33,300
has ended. 
The parents and maybe some older

6579
05:58:33,300 --> 05:58:35,300
children, who helped host the 
party start. 

6580
05:58:35,300 --> 05:58:37,900
The process of turning the house
back into a home. 

6581
05:58:38,700 --> 05:58:41,700
This process has its own. 
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 

6582
05:58:41,700 --> 05:58:44,200
candles, go out and the light 
gets dimmer and dimmer until 

6583
05:58:44,200 --> 05:58:46,300
they're only one or two lamps 
left to work by. 

6584
05:58:47,300 --> 05:58:49,800
The decorations will stay up for
now, they'll come down to 

6585
05:58:49,800 --> 05:58:51,200
tomorrow or in the next few 
days. 

6586
05:58:52,400 --> 05:58:54,300
Furniture. 
On the other hand is starting to

6587
05:58:54,300 --> 05:58:57,700
move back to its normal places. 
The cushions are fluffed. 

6588
05:58:57,700 --> 05:59:00,000
The windows are checked to make 
sure they're properly. 

6589
05:59:00,000 --> 05:59:02,700
Latched against the night. 
Are the front door is locked 

6590
05:59:02,700 --> 05:59:05,500
with the solid sound. 
That lets everyone know the 

6591
05:59:05,500 --> 05:59:08,600
house is ready for sleep. 
The last cleaning in the kitchen

6592
05:59:08,600 --> 05:59:12,400
is done quickly because of 
years, of practice, the stove, 

6593
05:59:12,400 --> 05:59:15,500
heats the water for washing 
dishes and the towels that have 

6594
05:59:15,500 --> 05:59:17,400
been warming up nearby dry them 
off. 

6595
05:59:17,400 --> 05:59:21,000
Then the dishes are put back in 
their places in the cupboards. 

6596
05:59:21,700 --> 05:59:24,500
The leftover food is looked at 
to see what can be saved. 

6597
05:59:24,500 --> 05:59:27,700
What should be eaten tomorrow 
and what can be given to the 

6598
05:59:27,700 --> 05:59:31,800
chickens if the family has them?
In a world where most families 

6599
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:35,200
live much closer to the edge of 
subsistence than we do today. 

6600
05:59:35,200 --> 05:59:38,000
There was no such thing as 
waste. 

6601
05:59:38,700 --> 05:59:41,300
The mother of the house, does 
one last check of the rooms 

6602
05:59:41,300 --> 05:59:44,500
where guests are making sure 
there are no forgotten items. 

6603
05:59:44,500 --> 05:59:48,500
The candles are really out and 
don't pose a fire risk and that 

6604
05:59:48,500 --> 05:59:50,300
she knows what needs to be done 
in the morning. 

6605
05:59:51,100 --> 05:59:53,000
This isn't obsessive care 
taking. 

6606
05:59:53,000 --> 05:59:55,900
It's just the responsible 
oversight that comes with 

6607
05:59:55,900 --> 05:59:59,300
running a household. 
It requires a lot more attention

6608
05:59:59,300 --> 06:00:02,200
to safety and maintenance than 
modern convenience is due. 

6609
06:00:03,100 --> 06:00:06,900
The father might go outside one 
last time before bed partly to 

6610
06:00:06,900 --> 06:00:09,800
make sure everything is safe and
partly for that private moment 

6611
06:00:09,800 --> 06:00:14,300
under the October stars that men
of his age like to Smoke one 

6612
06:00:14,300 --> 06:00:17,100
last pipe on the portrait or in 
the yard thinking about the 

6613
06:00:17,100 --> 06:00:20,400
night in the season. 
Every one can feel that winter 

6614
06:00:20,400 --> 06:00:23,900
is coming in the colder night 
air, there are still things to 

6615
06:00:23,900 --> 06:00:28,100
do to get ready, hang storm, 
windows, split and stack wood 

6616
06:00:28,100 --> 06:00:31,200
and get the garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

6617
06:00:32,500 --> 06:00:36,000
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

6618
06:00:36,000 --> 06:00:39,800
upstairs and houses with the 
second floor in 1909, made me 

6619
06:00:39,800 --> 06:00:43,000
feel good about the day. 
The stairs might Creek with 

6620
06:00:43,000 --> 06:00:45,600
familiar. 
Sounds the banister, feels 

6621
06:00:45,600 --> 06:00:48,900
smooth under your hand, and the 
Darkness of the upstairs. 

6622
06:00:48,900 --> 06:00:52,300
Feels cozy instead of strange 
now that Halloween is over. 

6623
06:00:53,500 --> 06:00:56,600
By today's standards, bedrooms 
were cold in 1909. 

6624
06:00:57,500 --> 06:00:59,500
Most homes don't have Central 
Heating. 

6625
06:01:00,300 --> 06:01:04,400
Downstairs rooms might be warmed
by stoves or fireplaces but 

6626
06:01:04,400 --> 06:01:07,500
upstairs rooms get most of their
heat from the rising warmth of 

6627
06:01:07,500 --> 06:01:10,700
daytime fires, which has long 
since gone away on a late 

6628
06:01:10,700 --> 06:01:13,800
October night. 
People expect bedrooms to be 

6629
06:01:13,800 --> 06:01:18,100
cold and they are for sleeping. 
Not lounging around, getting 

6630
06:01:18,100 --> 06:01:20,200
ready for bed. 
Includes both cleaning up and 

6631
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:24,000
relaxing, rituals people wash 
their faces, by pouring water 

6632
06:01:24,000 --> 06:01:27,600
from a picture into a basement. 
Indoor plumbing is common in 

6633
06:01:27,600 --> 06:01:31,300
cities but not everywhere. 
Tooth powered or paste is used 

6634
06:01:31,300 --> 06:01:34,600
to clean teeth. 
Women especially do the ritual 

6635
06:01:34,600 --> 06:01:37,700
of brushing. 
Their hair one 100 times, which 

6636
06:01:37,700 --> 06:01:39,100
was thought to be good for hair 
health. 

6637
06:01:40,000 --> 06:01:42,800
Taking off clothes carefully and
either folding them up to where 

6638
06:01:42,800 --> 06:01:45,100
again if they're clean enough or
putting them in the laundry. 

6639
06:01:45,900 --> 06:01:50,600
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 
women wore long, nightgowns men,

6640
06:01:50,600 --> 06:01:53,700
more night shirts, and they 
might have sleeping caps and bed

6641
06:01:53,700 --> 06:01:56,300
socks. 
When it was cold, people sleep 

6642
06:01:56,300 --> 06:01:58,800
with more clothes on than your 
used to partly, because it's 

6643
06:01:58,800 --> 06:02:02,600
cold and partly because modesty 
standards apply even when you're

6644
06:02:02,600 --> 06:02:06,600
sleeping, Earlier, in the day, 
the bed was made with smooth 

6645
06:02:06,600 --> 06:02:10,100
sheets and a range blankets, and
quilts were added or taken away,

6646
06:02:10,100 --> 06:02:12,700
depending on the season. 
When you slip between the 

6647
06:02:12,708 --> 06:02:16,000
sheets, they are cold at first, 
but will warm up from your body 

6648
06:02:16,000 --> 06:02:18,600
heat? 
For a moment, your body can 

6649
06:02:18,600 --> 06:02:22,100
finally rest after hours of 
standing walking and Performing 

6650
06:02:22,100 --> 06:02:25,200
socially. 
Pillow is just write the 

6651
06:02:25,200 --> 06:02:28,900
blankets are heavy and warm and 
the bedroom is completely dark 

6652
06:02:28,900 --> 06:02:31,100
in a way that modern people 
don't often experience. 

6653
06:02:32,200 --> 06:02:35,700
There are no LED lights from the
electronics, no streetlight 

6654
06:02:35,700 --> 06:02:39,000
shining through the curtains and
no ambient Urban light. 

6655
06:02:40,400 --> 06:02:44,000
In this darkness and quiet. 
Thoughts might go back over the 

6656
06:02:44,000 --> 06:02:47,800
events of the evening. 
The games and laughed after the 

6657
06:02:47,800 --> 06:02:51,500
talks and flirting. 
As time spent outside under the 

6658
06:02:51,500 --> 06:02:54,500
stars, realizing that life may 
be more mysterious than its 

6659
06:02:54,500 --> 06:02:57,100
seems and the comfort of 
community and tradition. 

6660
06:02:58,100 --> 06:03:01,300
These thoughts mix with the 
start of dreams as 

6661
06:03:01,300 --> 06:03:04,600
Consciousness. 
Lets go and sleep comes. 

6662
06:03:05,800 --> 06:03:09,800
Morning comes like it does in 
November Leighton unwilling with

6663
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:11,800
gray light. 
That seems to come from the air 

6664
06:03:11,800 --> 06:03:14,200
itself instead of from a 
specific Direction. 

6665
06:03:15,300 --> 06:03:18,100
The first person to wake up has 
to start the fire again by 

6666
06:03:18,100 --> 06:03:22,100
cleaning out the ashes, putting 
down new kindling and coaxing 

6667
06:03:22,100 --> 06:03:25,600
Flames from Embers or matches. 
This will gradually build the 

6668
06:03:25,600 --> 06:03:27,900
fire that will warm the house 
and cook breakfast. 

6669
06:03:28,800 --> 06:03:31,200
The light on November 1st shows 
that the house is still 

6670
06:03:31,200 --> 06:03:34,300
decorated for Halloween. 
But in the light of day, the 

6671
06:03:34,300 --> 06:03:37,400
decorations look less mysterious
and more like what they are. 

6672
06:03:38,200 --> 06:03:40,600
Paper and vegetables arrange for
a short time. 

6673
06:03:41,500 --> 06:03:44,400
He's decorations will be taken 
down in the next day or two. 

6674
06:03:45,300 --> 06:03:47,700
You could cut the pumpkins up 
for pies or stews. 

6675
06:03:47,700 --> 06:03:50,100
The paper decorations will be 
carefully. 

6676
06:03:50,100 --> 06:03:52,700
Taken down and either stored or 
burned in the stove. 

6677
06:03:52,700 --> 06:03:54,800
Since new ones will be needed 
next year. 

6678
06:03:54,800 --> 06:03:57,900
Anyway. 
But today, All Saints Day for 

6679
06:03:57,900 --> 06:04:00,600
those who follow the religious 
calendar, there's no need to 

6680
06:04:00,600 --> 06:04:02,500
break up the magic from last 
night, right away. 

6681
06:04:03,600 --> 06:04:05,800
Every day people have to make 
and eat breakfast. 

6682
06:04:05,800 --> 06:04:10,200
Do their chores and go back to 
their normal lives. but the 

6683
06:04:10,200 --> 06:04:13,200
memory of the party is still 
fresh giving people something to

6684
06:04:13,200 --> 06:04:16,400
talk about at breakfast, when 
they run into neighbor's and 

6685
06:04:16,408 --> 06:04:20,600
Friends during the day, On 
November 1st, the town feels a 

6686
06:04:20,600 --> 06:04:22,800
little different than it did on 
October 31st. 

6687
06:04:22,800 --> 06:04:26,300
But someone looking in from the 
outside might have a hard time 

6688
06:04:26,300 --> 06:04:29,800
figuring out what has changed. 
It's partly because the calendar

6689
06:04:29,800 --> 06:04:32,900
has changed to a new month, 
partly, because the weather is 

6690
06:04:32,900 --> 06:04:36,200
getting colder and partly, 
because the feeling that a 

6691
06:04:36,200 --> 06:04:40,100
holiday, no matter how small has
come and gone and take its 

6692
06:04:40,100 --> 06:04:43,200
special quality with it. 
People who went to Halloween 

6693
06:04:43,200 --> 06:04:46,000
parties, the night before might 
be a little tired from staying 

6694
06:04:46,000 --> 06:04:49,500
up later than usual, but it's a 
nice tiredness that comes from 

6695
06:04:49,500 --> 06:04:52,400
having fun with friends rather 
than from stress or worry. 

6696
06:04:53,300 --> 06:04:55,900
People talk about different 
parties at work and school. 

6697
06:04:55,900 --> 06:04:58,700
Share. 
Funny stories, wonder if the 

6698
06:04:58,700 --> 06:05:00,300
fortune telling games were 
right. 

6699
06:05:00,300 --> 06:05:04,100
And tease, those whose romantic 
Futures were supposedly revealed

6700
06:05:04,100 --> 06:05:08,500
by Apple's nuts, or looking in a
mirror, For those who go the 

6701
06:05:08,500 --> 06:05:10,900
church service on All Saints 
Day, as a more serious 

6702
06:05:10,900 --> 06:05:12,600
Counterpoint to the fun of 
Halloween. 

6703
06:05:13,600 --> 06:05:17,500
This day is for remembering the 
dead, recognizing the communion 

6704
06:05:17,500 --> 06:05:20,900
of saints and thinking about 
death and faith. 

6705
06:05:22,000 --> 06:05:24,300
There may be prayers for the 
dead hymns. 

6706
06:05:24,300 --> 06:05:26,900
That talk about eternal life and
meeting again in heaven. 

6707
06:05:26,900 --> 06:05:30,000
And the reading of the names of 
church members who died in the 

6708
06:05:30,000 --> 06:05:33,500
past year, there is no conflict 
between the games from last 

6709
06:05:33,500 --> 06:05:36,100
night and the seriousness of 
this morning. 

6710
06:05:37,000 --> 06:05:39,900
Halloween and All Saints Day are
both ways to remember the Dead 

6711
06:05:39,900 --> 06:05:43,900
Halloween, does this with fun. 
And hope, while All Saints Day, 

6712
06:05:43,900 --> 06:05:47,300
does it with respect and prayer?
Both of them, know that death 

6713
06:05:47,300 --> 06:05:51,400
doesn't end a relationship. 
It just changes it as November 

6714
06:05:51,400 --> 06:05:55,000
1st goes on into the afternoon 
and evening, the change of 

6715
06:05:55,000 --> 06:05:59,500
seasons becomes more obvious. 
The sun sets noticeably earlier 

6716
06:05:59,500 --> 06:06:02,500
than it did just a few weeks 
ago, even though it is already 

6717
06:06:02,500 --> 06:06:06,500
low in the sky at noon. 
The evening comes on with that 

6718
06:06:06,500 --> 06:06:09,500
special kind of November 
darkness that isn't as gold as 

6719
06:06:09,500 --> 06:06:13,600
October's but his more complete 
this kind of Darkness will last 

6720
06:06:13,600 --> 06:06:16,300
for the next few months. 
Farmers and people with 

6721
06:06:16,300 --> 06:06:17,900
guardians are getting ready for 
winter. 

6722
06:06:19,000 --> 06:06:20,900
Before a killing Frost ends, the
growing season. 

6723
06:06:20,900 --> 06:06:23,600
The last Hardy vegetables need 
to be picked. 

6724
06:06:24,400 --> 06:06:26,700
You need to dig up and store, 
root vegetables. 

6725
06:06:26,700 --> 06:06:29,000
Like turnips, carrots and 
potatoes. 

6726
06:06:29,000 --> 06:06:33,000
You need to get rid of any dead 
plants in your garden beds. 

6727
06:06:33,000 --> 06:06:35,900
You can either add them to 
compost, piles or let them break

6728
06:06:35,900 --> 06:06:39,100
down over the winter. 
The change from October to 

6729
06:06:39,100 --> 06:06:41,900
November also helps people get 
ready for the holidays. 

6730
06:06:42,600 --> 06:06:45,600
There will be a series of 
holidays coming up, Thanksgiving

6731
06:06:45,600 --> 06:06:49,400
Christmas, New Year's. 
These will break up the dark 

6732
06:06:49,400 --> 06:06:52,500
months, but on November 1st, 
those holidays. 

6733
06:06:52,500 --> 06:06:55,900
Still seem far away. 
For now, the main thing to do is

6734
06:06:55,900 --> 06:06:59,700
get used to the fact that winter
means shorter days, Colder 

6735
06:06:59,700 --> 06:07:02,000
Weather and having to spend more
time inside. 

6736
06:07:02,800 --> 06:07:04,900
Family start to think about 
winter projects. 

6737
06:07:04,900 --> 06:07:07,400
Well things they can do when 
they can't work outside. 

6738
06:07:07,400 --> 06:07:11,100
Women might plan. 
So in projects, like making 

6739
06:07:11,100 --> 06:07:15,500
quilts fixing, or changing 
clothes, or making new clothes 

6740
06:07:15,500 --> 06:07:18,300
during the winter. 
When they have to stay in side, 

6741
06:07:18,300 --> 06:07:21,000
men might have to fix things 
sharp and tools or finish 

6742
06:07:21,000 --> 06:07:25,100
projects and bombs or workshops.
Kids know that school days will 

6743
06:07:25,100 --> 06:07:27,900
start and end in the dark. 
And that recess might be too 

6744
06:07:27,900 --> 06:07:30,000
cold for them to play outside 
comfortably. 

6745
06:07:31,100 --> 06:07:34,300
As the months get darker 
remembering Halloween night is a

6746
06:07:34,300 --> 06:07:38,000
bright spot to look back on the 
games, the laughter, and the 

6747
06:07:38,000 --> 06:07:41,800
times spent under the stars in 
October, all become stories, 

6748
06:07:41,800 --> 06:07:45,600
that can be told again and again
and private memories, that can 

6749
06:07:45,600 --> 06:07:48,500
be enjoyed. 
Depending on your mood and 

6750
06:07:48,500 --> 06:07:51,200
beliefs, the predictions made by
fortune. 

6751
06:07:51,200 --> 06:07:55,300
Tellers can be funny or serious.
The party helped people feel 

6752
06:07:55,300 --> 06:07:58,100
like they were part of a 
community which makes the coming

6753
06:07:58,100 --> 06:07:59,500
winter. 
Feel less lonely. 

6754
06:08:00,100 --> 06:08:02,800
Now that it's been over 100 
years since that Halloween night

6755
06:08:02,800 --> 06:08:06,600
in 1909, it's worth thinking 
about what was lost and what was

6756
06:08:06,608 --> 06:08:09,300
kept as Halloween changed into 
the holiday. 

6757
06:08:09,300 --> 06:08:13,200
You know, today in many ways 
Halloween 1909 was the end of an

6758
06:08:13,200 --> 06:08:15,200
era. 
It was the last time, the 

6759
06:08:15,200 --> 06:08:18,400
holiday kept its folk character 
before commercial interests, 

6760
06:08:18,400 --> 06:08:20,500
changed it into something 
completely different. 

6761
06:08:21,800 --> 06:08:26,400
At first, the change happened 
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 

6762
06:08:26,400 --> 06:08:30,200
was becoming more about kids 
schools and Community groups 

6763
06:08:30,200 --> 06:08:32,600
were throwing parties that were 
like the ones that happened in 

6764
06:08:32,600 --> 06:08:36,500
homes in 1909 but they were more
organized and less mysterious 

6765
06:08:36,500 --> 06:08:39,400
trick or treating. 
As we know it started in the 

6766
06:08:39,400 --> 06:08:42,900
1930s that it didn't become 
popular until after World War 2.

6767
06:08:43,800 --> 06:08:47,400
In the 1950s Halloween, became a
candy holiday for kids. 

6768
06:08:48,200 --> 06:08:51,800
Straw bought costumes and 
decorations, every change had 

6769
06:08:51,800 --> 06:08:54,100
its pros and cons Halloween 
today. 

6770
06:08:54,100 --> 06:08:57,400
Reaches more people gives 
millions of kids fun memories 

6771
06:08:57,400 --> 06:09:01,800
and makes people really happy 
and excited. but when folk 

6772
06:09:01,800 --> 06:09:04,900
Traditions turned into a 
commercial holiday, Something 

6773
06:09:04,900 --> 06:09:08,800
was lost the real sense of 
mystery the connection to 

6774
06:09:08,800 --> 06:09:10,800
ancestors and traditions that go
back. 

6775
06:09:10,800 --> 06:09:15,200
Hundreds of years and the focus 
on fortune telling and romantic 

6776
06:09:15,200 --> 06:09:17,900
Futures that made Halloween 
special for young adults. 

6777
06:09:17,900 --> 06:09:22,000
The Halloween of 1909 was a part
of a cultural history that 

6778
06:09:22,000 --> 06:09:25,700
couldn't last. 
It needed a slow pace of life so

6779
06:09:25,700 --> 06:09:28,300
that people could make 
decorations by hand and play 

6780
06:09:28,300 --> 06:09:30,700
long games. 
It needed communities. 

6781
06:09:30,700 --> 06:09:33,500
That were small enough for most 
people to know each other and 

6782
06:09:33,500 --> 06:09:35,500
feel comfortable meeting in 
homes. 

6783
06:09:35,500 --> 06:09:39,300
It needed a connection to 
Darkness and the supernatural 

6784
06:09:39,300 --> 06:09:42,300
that more electricity and 
Science Education would weaken 

6785
06:09:42,300 --> 06:09:45,900
it needed a social structure for
dating and marriage that were 

6786
06:09:45,900 --> 06:09:48,300
changed because of how gender 
roles and romantic Freedom 

6787
06:09:48,300 --> 06:09:52,300
changed in the 20th century. 
But the main ideas behind 

6788
06:09:52,300 --> 06:09:55,700
Halloween, in 1909 are still 
there in modern versions of the 

6789
06:09:55,700 --> 06:09:58,800
holiday. 
The desire to play with fear in 

6790
06:09:58,800 --> 06:10:02,600
a safe way, the appeal of 
changing through costumes, the 

6791
06:10:02,600 --> 06:10:06,100
joy of celebrating the seasons 
and the recognition that the 

6792
06:10:06,100 --> 06:10:08,400
line between life and death 
needs to be respected. 

6793
06:10:08,400 --> 06:10:12,400
All of these things are still 
around but in different ways, 

6794
06:10:12,400 --> 06:10:16,100
the fortune telling games that 
were such a big part of 

6795
06:10:16,108 --> 06:10:18,600
Halloween in 1909, are mostly 
gone now. 

6796
06:10:19,800 --> 06:10:22,700
Because people's views on 
marriage have changed people, 

6797
06:10:22,700 --> 06:10:25,700
move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

6798
06:10:25,700 --> 06:10:28,500
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

6799
06:10:28,500 --> 06:10:31,200
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

6800
06:10:31,200 --> 06:10:34,400
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck. 

6801
06:10:34,400 --> 06:10:38,100
The rituals that go along with 
eating candy and the small 

6802
06:10:38,100 --> 06:10:40,700
thrill of staying up late and 
walking around neighborhoods 

6803
06:10:40,700 --> 06:10:43,800
after Dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

6804
06:10:43,800 --> 06:10:47,200
Harvest festivals or churches, 
School parties neighborhood 

6805
06:10:47,200 --> 06:10:50,000
trick or treating routes that 
get people out of their homes at

6806
06:10:50,000 --> 06:10:52,500
the same time. 
Have kept the focus on community

6807
06:10:52,500 --> 06:10:54,400
Gathering. 
Even adult. 

6808
06:10:54,400 --> 06:10:58,100
Halloween parties are like the 
social events of 1909, but with 

6809
06:10:58,100 --> 06:11:01,200
less fortune telling and more 
costly rooms, the links to the 

6810
06:11:01,208 --> 06:11:05,000
supernatural has changed in 
stead of going away, modern 

6811
06:11:05,000 --> 06:11:08,900
Halloween, focuses on fake 
scares, like haunted houses, 

6812
06:11:08,900 --> 06:11:12,200
horror movies and scary 
decorations. 

6813
06:11:12,200 --> 06:11:16,900
Instead of real interactions 
with the idea of spirits, But 

6814
06:11:16,900 --> 06:11:18,900
even though commercial Horrors, 
scare me. 

6815
06:11:19,500 --> 06:11:21,900
There are still a recognition 
that death deserves to be 

6816
06:11:21,900 --> 06:11:24,800
remembered. 
That the Line Between Worlds can

6817
06:11:24,800 --> 06:11:28,400
be playfully crossed. 
And that darkness and mystery of

6818
06:11:28,400 --> 06:11:31,400
Being Human, from your point of 
view. 

6819
06:11:31,400 --> 06:11:35,000
The most interesting thing about
how Halloween 1909 is how gentle

6820
06:11:35,000 --> 06:11:37,200
it is. 
Spirits were nice. 

6821
06:11:37,200 --> 06:11:41,400
The darkness was friendly. 
Fortune telling was more fun 

6822
06:11:41,400 --> 06:11:44,300
than serious, and the 
celebration brought people of 

6823
06:11:44,300 --> 06:11:47,700
all ages and interests together 
instead of separating them. 

6824
06:11:48,600 --> 06:11:51,800
It was a holiday that recognized
mystery without requiring 

6825
06:11:51,800 --> 06:11:55,600
belief, that respected tradition
without being strict about it 

6826
06:11:55,600 --> 06:11:59,600
and that made room for love hope
and connection with others. 

6827
06:12:00,600 --> 06:12:03,200
This gentleness shows that 
people in this culture, had a 

6828
06:12:03,200 --> 06:12:05,900
different view of fear and the 
supernatural than they did later

6829
06:12:05,900 --> 06:12:09,200
in the 20th century. 
Even though people say, the 

6830
06:12:09,200 --> 06:12:12,500
Victorian and Edwardian here as 
were very strict, there were 

6831
06:12:12,508 --> 06:12:14,700
actually very open about death 
and spirits. 

6832
06:12:15,600 --> 06:12:19,000
People talked about death fairly
openly and it was a part of life

6833
06:12:19,000 --> 06:12:21,400
through mourning rituals and 
Memorial practices. 

6834
06:12:22,200 --> 06:12:24,900
The thought that the dead might 
come back for a visit wasn't 

6835
06:12:24,900 --> 06:12:28,300
scaredy, it was comforting, it 
was like saying that love and 

6836
06:12:28,300 --> 06:12:32,300
connection live on after death. 
By making death a medical issue 

6837
06:12:32,300 --> 06:12:35,900
and taking it out of the home 
culture in the late 20th century

6838
06:12:35,900 --> 06:12:37,600
made. 
It both less familiar and more 

6839
06:12:37,600 --> 06:12:41,100
scary Halloween changed to 
reflect this. 

6840
06:12:42,100 --> 06:12:45,400
Becoming more about fear and 
horror than about gentle mystery

6841
06:12:45,400 --> 06:12:48,600
and Family Ties. 
People stopped being careful 

6842
06:12:48,600 --> 06:12:50,800
about the Supernatural and 
started to be afraid of it. 

6843
06:12:51,800 --> 06:12:55,300
Spirits turned into scary beings
and of loved ones coming back. 

6844
06:12:57,000 --> 06:13:00,400
But that October night in 1909, 
when we spent time together, 

6845
06:13:00,400 --> 06:13:03,200
Halloween was still the same as 
it had always been. 

6846
06:13:03,900 --> 06:13:06,500
It was a night for young people 
to dream about their romantic 

6847
06:13:06,500 --> 06:13:10,100
futures for communities to come 
together in warmth and light. 

6848
06:13:10,100 --> 06:13:13,900
While acknowledging the cold 
Darkness outside for traditions 

6849
06:13:13,900 --> 06:13:17,700
to be honored and passed on and 
for the possibility of mystery 

6850
06:13:17,700 --> 06:13:19,500
to be acknowledged, without 
needing proof. 

6851
06:13:20,500 --> 06:13:24,000
As you get ready for bed with 
your own October night, pressing

6852
06:13:24,000 --> 06:13:27,200
against your windows, think 
about what parts of that 

6853
06:13:27,200 --> 06:13:30,800
Halloween in 1909 might be worth
keeping or getting back. 

6854
06:13:31,900 --> 06:13:35,000
Not in an nostalgic way that 
tries to bring back the past. 

6855
06:13:35,900 --> 06:13:38,700
Because that passed had its own 
problems and limitations that we

6856
06:13:38,700 --> 06:13:42,500
shouldn't romanticize. 
Instead we should think about 

6857
06:13:42,500 --> 06:13:45,700
what human needs those 
Traditions met and how those 

6858
06:13:45,700 --> 06:13:49,900
needs might still be relevant. 
The decorations made by hand in 

6859
06:13:49,900 --> 06:13:52,400
1909 were both necessary and 
creative. 

6860
06:13:53,200 --> 06:13:55,400
In a world where Holladay 
decorations are made in 

6861
06:13:55,400 --> 06:13:59,100
factories, the idea of making 
your own decorations, even 

6862
06:13:59,100 --> 06:14:03,300
simple ones is appealing. 
For example, cutting out shapes 

6863
06:14:03,300 --> 06:14:07,900
from paper, carving pumpkins, 
with care and arranging, Autumn 

6864
06:14:07,900 --> 06:14:10,600
Leaves and corn stalks into 
Arrangements that celebrate the 

6865
06:14:10,600 --> 06:14:14,000
season. 
The fortune-telling games were 

6866
06:14:14,000 --> 06:14:18,100
Silly and fun that they had a 
point to remind people that the 

6867
06:14:18,100 --> 06:14:21,600
future is unknown, and to give 
them a chance to think about 

6868
06:14:21,600 --> 06:14:23,800
their hopes and dreams in a fun 
way. 

6869
06:14:25,100 --> 06:14:28,200
We don't often let us play with 
uncertainty like this, because 

6870
06:14:28,200 --> 06:14:30,700
modern life is so focused on 
planning and control. 

6871
06:14:31,700 --> 06:14:34,800
There may be Merit in Pursuits 
that Amalgamated Amusement with 

6872
06:14:34,800 --> 06:14:37,200
mild contemplation of our 
aspirations. 

6873
06:14:38,200 --> 06:14:41,600
The night walks of 1909, made it
possible to experience darkness,

6874
06:14:41,600 --> 06:14:44,400
which is becoming less common in
Modern Life. 

6875
06:14:45,400 --> 06:14:48,400
When was the last time you 
walked in real darkness, without

6876
06:14:48,400 --> 06:14:53,700
street lights flashlight? 
When was the last time you felt 

6877
06:14:53,700 --> 06:14:56,500
what it was like to be a human 
being for thousands of years? 

6878
06:14:57,500 --> 06:15:00,200
It's good for you to get away 
from artificial light every now 

6879
06:15:00,200 --> 06:15:03,400
and then and experience the 
natural rhythms of day and 

6880
06:15:03,400 --> 06:15:06,000
night. 
The community aspect of 

6881
06:15:06,000 --> 06:15:09,300
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 
needs for connection, and 

6882
06:15:09,300 --> 06:15:12,300
belonging that don't go away 
just because we have social 

6883
06:15:12,300 --> 06:15:16,300
media and texting. 
Even in our connected age, it 

6884
06:15:16,300 --> 06:15:19,400
still worth it to share physical
space play games together and 

6885
06:15:19,400 --> 06:15:22,400
make memories in real time 
instead of writing them down and

6886
06:15:22,400 --> 06:15:25,100
posting them later. 
The most important thing about 

6887
06:15:25,100 --> 06:15:27,800
the 1909 Halloween is its 
relationship with the 

6888
06:15:27,808 --> 06:15:30,800
supernatural. 
It was open to possibilities, 

6889
06:15:30,800 --> 06:15:34,100
without needing to be sure and 
it accepted mystery without 

6890
06:15:34,100 --> 06:15:37,600
being scared of it. 
This is a good way to deal with 

6891
06:15:37,600 --> 06:15:40,400
the unknowns in life. 
We live in a time when 

6892
06:15:40,400 --> 06:15:43,900
everything needs proof and 
evidence which is useful in some

6893
06:15:43,900 --> 06:15:48,800
situations but not in others. 
Some experiences such as love 

6894
06:15:48,800 --> 06:15:53,000
beauty meaning, and the 
potential for something Beyond 

6895
06:15:53,000 --> 06:15:57,700
every day reality. 
Allude empirical validation yet,

6896
06:15:57,700 --> 06:16:01,800
remain significant to human 
existence that Halloween night 

6897
06:16:01,800 --> 06:16:06,000
in 1909, with its candles and 
cider games. 

6898
06:16:06,000 --> 06:16:10,000
And Gatherings walks in the dark
of October and back to the warm 

6899
06:16:10,000 --> 06:16:12,400
light. 
And the idea that Spirits might 

6900
06:16:12,400 --> 06:16:15,900
be near without being scary, was
a way of being in the world at 

6901
06:16:15,900 --> 06:16:20,400
focused on connection Community 
mystery and gentle Joy. 

6902
06:16:20,400 --> 06:16:23,600
You might picture yourself at 
that 1909 party. 

6903
06:16:23,600 --> 06:16:27,600
As you fall asleep after coming 
in from the cold night, you can 

6904
06:16:27,608 --> 06:16:30,900
feel the warmth of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

6905
06:16:30,900 --> 06:16:34,200
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter. 

6906
06:16:34,200 --> 06:16:37,800
Someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm and skill. 

6907
06:16:39,000 --> 06:16:42,300
See the candles flickering and 
the Shadows dancing on the walls

6908
06:16:42,300 --> 06:16:43,900
that are covered in hand cut 
paper. 

6909
06:16:44,800 --> 06:16:47,100
You can smell the wood smoke. 
The full are. 

6910
06:16:47,100 --> 06:16:49,800
And that hard to describe smell 
of a house full of people 

6911
06:16:49,800 --> 06:16:52,600
celebrating. 
You're part of a tradition that 

6912
06:16:52,600 --> 06:16:56,300
goes back, hundreds of years, 
the connects you to the Celts 

6913
06:16:56,300 --> 06:17:00,000
Who lit, bonfires at Samhain the
Christians who prayed for the 

6914
06:17:00,000 --> 06:17:03,300
dead on All Hallows Eve. 
The fortune tellers who looked 

6915
06:17:03,300 --> 06:17:07,300
into mirrors in the Victorian 
era, the 1909 Gathering where 

6916
06:17:07,300 --> 06:17:10,400
young people laughed and played 
and hoped for happy Futures. 

6917
06:17:10,400 --> 06:17:14,300
And every Halloween celebration 
that has recognized that mystery

6918
06:17:14,300 --> 06:17:17,800
and darkness and the chance to 
connect with others beyond the 

6919
06:17:17,800 --> 06:17:21,700
normal world. 
November will keep moving toward

6920
06:17:21,700 --> 06:17:25,600
winter tomorrow but tonight in 
the space between waking and 

6921
06:17:25,600 --> 06:17:29,400
sleeping, you can rest in the 
kind Spirit of that Halloween in

6922
06:17:29,400 --> 06:17:33,300
1909. 
Spirits were friendly, Darkness 

6923
06:17:33,300 --> 06:17:36,800
was kind, and the future was 
uncertain, but full of Hope. 

6924
06:17:37,700 --> 06:17:40,700
Sleep well, surrounded by the 
customs of those who came 

6925
06:17:40,700 --> 06:17:44,400
before, and those who will come 
after these custards connect us 

6926
06:17:44,400 --> 06:17:47,200
across time, because we all need
to Mark the changing of the 

6927
06:17:47,200 --> 06:17:51,700
seasons gather together to stay 
warm against the cold, hope for 

6928
06:17:51,700 --> 06:17:54,500
good things to come. 
And remember that the world may 

6929
06:17:54,500 --> 06:17:57,600
hold more mystery and Magic than
we see in our daily lives.