Podcast Extra: Adjusting Nitrogen Management with John Kempf and MSHC

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I was asked to speak about

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nitrogen management in

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particular,

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and perhaps touch on phosphorus

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management as well,

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and how

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we can think

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differently about managing

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nitrogen from a plant health

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perspective and from a soil

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biology perspective.

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And particularly when we look at

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the macroeconomic conditions of

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what's happening and what's

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going on in the world.

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You know, many years ago on the

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podcast,

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I was having a conversation with

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Gary Zimmer and I asked Gary the

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question,

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If you could wave a magic wand

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and change one thing,

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and you're with the goal and the

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objectives of accelerating the

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adoption of a different form of

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agriculture.

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But at that point in time,

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Gary was referring to as a

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biological agriculture.

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If you could wave a magic wand

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and change one thing, what would

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it be?

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And Gary's answer to that

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question was, I would make

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nitrogen really expensive.

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And what

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he intended by that, what he

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meant by that is

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that

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What he had discovered in 30

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some years of what he called

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biological farming is

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that you can grow your own

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nitrogen. And he wasn't even

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talking about cover crops.

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Cover crops were a part of it,

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but he was speaking more about

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the soil biology and the

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discovery and the realization

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that

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soil health and

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the ability to fix and sequester

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nitrogen and supply nitrogen to

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a crop

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is closely connected to each

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other. And if you wanted to

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incentivize the adoption of soil

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health

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in a significant way at a large

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scale,

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One easy pathway to do that

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would be to make it cheaper to

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grow your own nitrogen than to

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buy it.

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And

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since he made that comment,

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it's now, I don't know, at least

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six or seven years ago, probably

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longer,

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we've learned a lot more about

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nitrogen

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the impact that it has,

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and the way that it changes

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plant physiology, and the way

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that it changes soil

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microbiology.

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So for the discussion today, I'm

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going to provide a quick

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overview of some of the ways

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that we think differently about

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nitrogen today than we did 10

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years ago,

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and

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how we manage it differently.

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I want to just dive right

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straight into the practicalities

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of it, because obviously spring

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is here, planting season is upon

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us.

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And what can we do differently

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this season that can have a very

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significant impact?

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So

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there's

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many starting points in this

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conversation, but one of the

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things that I want to put out

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there for us to think about is I

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think it would be wise for us

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to,

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it would be helpful for us if we

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stopped having a conversation

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about nitrogen.

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Because from

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a biological system perspective,

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from a soil biology and a plant

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perspective,

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nitrogen doesn't exist.

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Plants and biology do not

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interact with N.

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They don't even really interact,

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well, biology does, but plants

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don't even really interact with

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N2, the nitrogen gas that's in

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the atmosphere.

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We would be much better served

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if we started having a

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conversation about nitrate

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and ammonium and urea

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and amino acids,

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amino sugars,

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protein forms of nitrogen,

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because the plants and the soil

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biology interact with each of

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those differently, and in some

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cases,

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in extremely different ways.

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It weakens our understanding of

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agronomy and it weakens our

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understanding of plant nutrition

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and nutrition management.

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To talk about nitrogen

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generically,

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when we really should be talking

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about nitrate versus urea

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because those two have

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fundamentally different

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impacts on plant physiology and

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on the on the way that plants

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express themselves.

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So I'm

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going to just

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jump right in and the the core

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objective here what I want to

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speak about is I

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want to speak about just

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There's so many,

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I could literally talk about

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these various forms of nitrogen

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and how they interact in

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biological systems for four

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hours, but that would,

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I don't think that would be a

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boring conversation, but I want

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to make it really practical and

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focus on what we are doing, how

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we are managing nitrogen today

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with the

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growers that we do consulting

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work for, what we've learned

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over the last half a dozen or

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more years and how we're

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constantly evolving.

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So I

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want to focus on the practical

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aspects, but also describe how

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we got there.

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So we know that one of the

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challenges with nitrogen,

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particularly in the nitrate

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form, is that it's water

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-soluble.

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And that's problematic both when

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we have too much water and when

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we don't have enough.

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And this was one of the pieces

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that I found quite intriguing

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when we started working with

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biological nitrogen.

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The discovery and the

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realization that

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nitrogen and other nutrients

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that are coming from soil

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biology, from biological cells,

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bacterial cells in particular,

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are still available to the plant

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in the absence of free soil

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water.

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You've probably heard stories of

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farms that had improved soil

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health, they started making

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changes,

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and

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in dry conditions, drought

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stress conditions, they still

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went on to produce a high

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-yielding crop

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that was not only a high

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-yielding crop but also had high

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test weight.

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And this has been something

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we've

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observed now a number of times

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where you have these

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exceptionally high yielding

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crops with high test weights

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that are

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completely out of proportion to

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what you would expect

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when you have given that you

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might have very dry conditions

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in August and September.

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And in every instance when that

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occurs, when we measure what's

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happening and what's going on

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with soil biology,

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we have this biological nutrient

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delivery that can continue to

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deliver

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the nitrogen and other nutrients

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in the absence of free soil

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water.

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And that is

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such a powerful,

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it builds so much resilience for

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us from a soil health and plant

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health and yield perspective.

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So one of the things,

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one of the most popular webinars

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that I ever

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did was,

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I forget it was something,

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the title was something to the

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effect of how nitrogen creates

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yield drag.

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On the surface,

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I mean, people's kind of first

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reaction to that is,

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wait,

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nitrogen can create a yield

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drag? Like everything we've been

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indoctrinated with and

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everything we've been told for

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the last 40 years is the

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opposite of that.

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We're constantly putting on more

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nitrogen and

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we

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want to drive more vegetative

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growth.

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And it was intriguing to me to

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observe that over the years

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there's

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slight variation, of course,

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dependent on genetics and region

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and so forth. But

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As a general rule,

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the highest yielding crops are

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not,

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they're

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practically never

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crops that, I actually shouldn't

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say practically never, I cannot

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recall of a single instance

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where

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we've been consulting with a

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grower and the highest yielding

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crop was the crop that had the

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highest yield. levels of

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nitrogen.

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I've never seen it, not once.

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When all of the other nutrients

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are balanced and are being

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managed well,

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and nitrogen is applied in

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excessive rates or at higher

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levels than it should be in a

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certain field,

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we always see a yield drag

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effect.

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It has a negative effect on

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yield. Past a certain threshold,

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nitrogen has a negative effect

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on yield rather than a positive

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effect.

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There's a number of reasons for

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why this is the case.

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I'll

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give you a non -corn example as

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a starting point in the

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conversation.

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If we look at watermelons as an

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example,

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the highest yielding watermelon

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crops

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often do not have enough

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vegetation to cover the

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watermelons.

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The watermelons stand out in the

300
00:08:35,009 --> 00:08:35,889
field very clearly.

301
00:08:36,679 --> 00:08:38,000
You'll have another field right

302
00:08:38,000 --> 00:08:38,799
beside it

303
00:08:39,509 --> 00:08:41,610
where there is such lush and

304
00:08:41,610 --> 00:08:43,129
abundant foliage and vegetation

305
00:08:43,129 --> 00:08:44,430
that it completely covers the

306
00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:46,409
watermelons and it'll yield 20

307
00:08:46,409 --> 00:08:47,509
to 30 % less.

308
00:08:48,730 --> 00:08:52,129
And that is a signal of

309
00:08:52,539 --> 00:08:53,819
a plant that had high levels of

310
00:08:53,819 --> 00:08:54,619
nitrate.

311
00:08:54,789 --> 00:08:55,589
And we

312
00:08:58,019 --> 00:08:59,879
could have a long conversation

313
00:08:59,879 --> 00:09:02,360
about the effect that nitrate

314
00:09:02,360 --> 00:09:04,019
has on plants, but I'll

315
00:09:04,879 --> 00:09:05,980
start with,

316
00:09:06,950 --> 00:09:07,750
this

317
00:09:09,330 --> 00:09:10,649
was not Don Huber's PhD

318
00:09:10,649 --> 00:09:11,449
research,

319
00:09:11,789 --> 00:09:12,830
it was one of his colleagues,

320
00:09:14,019 --> 00:09:14,899
it wasn't Bob Kramer.

321
00:09:15,960 --> 00:09:17,360
I'm forgetting the name of the

322
00:09:17,360 --> 00:09:18,159
individual right now.

323
00:09:18,220 --> 00:09:19,919
I've heard this story secondhand

324
00:09:19,919 --> 00:09:21,379
and I'm in the process of

325
00:09:21,379 --> 00:09:22,980
tracking down the original PhD

326
00:09:22,980 --> 00:09:23,840
paper right now.

327
00:09:24,830 --> 00:09:26,389
But the story that was related

328
00:09:26,389 --> 00:09:27,370
to me, this was research that

329
00:09:27,370 --> 00:09:29,250
was done at Purdue back in the

330
00:09:29,250 --> 00:09:31,909
late 70s, I want to say 76 -77

331
00:09:31,909 --> 00:09:32,709
timeframe.

332
00:09:33,389 --> 00:09:34,309
And at that point they

333
00:09:34,309 --> 00:09:35,930
determined that the highest

334
00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:36,850
yielding crops,

335
00:09:37,350 --> 00:09:38,509
this was on corn specifically,

336
00:09:38,629 --> 00:09:40,009
the highest yielding corn crops

337
00:09:40,090 --> 00:09:40,889
were

338
00:09:41,399 --> 00:09:42,620
crops that were getting,

339
00:09:42,960 --> 00:09:44,299
of their total nitrogen supply,

340
00:09:44,419 --> 00:09:46,000
they were getting 80 % as

341
00:09:46,000 --> 00:09:47,960
ammonium and 20 % as nitrate.

342
00:09:50,059 --> 00:09:52,279
We've known this since the 70s.

343
00:09:53,460 --> 00:09:55,080
And this was, of course, before

344
00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:55,879
we

345
00:09:56,149 --> 00:09:57,590
fully appreciated and were fully

346
00:09:57,590 --> 00:09:59,629
aware of the impact of soil

347
00:09:59,629 --> 00:10:01,230
biology. So they were not yet

348
00:10:01,230 --> 00:10:03,389
measuring amino sugars and amino

349
00:10:03,389 --> 00:10:04,830
acids in various organic forms

350
00:10:04,830 --> 00:10:05,669
of nitrogen. They were just

351
00:10:05,669 --> 00:10:06,710
looking at the ammonium to

352
00:10:06,710 --> 00:10:07,509
nitrate component

353
00:10:08,429 --> 00:10:10,070
And they were saying the highest

354
00:10:10,070 --> 00:10:11,429
yielding crops are crops that

355
00:10:11,429 --> 00:10:13,330
are 80 % ammonium and 20 %

356
00:10:13,330 --> 00:10:14,129
nitrate.

357
00:10:14,090 --> 00:10:15,789
And that was consistent across a

358
00:10:15,789 --> 00:10:16,589
wide

359
00:10:16,580 --> 00:10:19,360
variety of different soil types

360
00:10:19,360 --> 00:10:20,519
and different growing contexts.

361
00:10:21,720 --> 00:10:22,559
And the

362
00:10:23,710 --> 00:10:25,950
reason for that, we've also

363
00:10:25,950 --> 00:10:28,429
found that nitrate in particular

364
00:10:28,429 --> 00:10:30,350
can have a yield drag effect for

365
00:10:30,919 --> 00:10:33,340
two reasons, as we understand it

366
00:10:33,340 --> 00:10:34,139
right now.

367
00:10:35,350 --> 00:10:36,149
There's a few other,

368
00:10:36,809 --> 00:10:38,230
I'll expand it to three reasons.

369
00:10:38,350 --> 00:10:39,389
There's a few other secondary

370
00:10:39,389 --> 00:10:40,750
reasons, but the three big ones

371
00:10:40,750 --> 00:10:41,750
are one,

372
00:10:42,389 --> 00:10:43,909
A plant that has high levels of

373
00:10:43,909 --> 00:10:46,269
nitrate requires higher levels

374
00:10:46,269 --> 00:10:47,069
of water.

375
00:10:47,909 --> 00:10:50,230
You make a plant thirsty for

376
00:10:50,919 --> 00:10:52,539
additional water requirements

377
00:10:52,539 --> 00:10:54,100
when you provide it with lots of

378
00:10:54,100 --> 00:10:54,899
nitrate.

379
00:10:55,149 --> 00:10:58,129
And this is not rocket science,

380
00:10:58,269 --> 00:10:59,210
it's not anything that's that

381
00:10:59,210 --> 00:11:00,250
complicated to figure out.

382
00:11:00,779 --> 00:11:02,480
If you go into any plant

383
00:11:03,309 --> 00:11:04,669
nutrition handbook or textbook,

384
00:11:04,789 --> 00:11:05,769
or you can readily look this up

385
00:11:05,769 --> 00:11:06,569
online,

386
00:11:06,759 --> 00:11:09,519
and you look at the nitrate

387
00:11:09,519 --> 00:11:11,100
conversion pathway that is

388
00:11:11,100 --> 00:11:13,259
required to convert nitrate to

389
00:11:13,450 --> 00:11:14,250
glutamine.

390
00:11:14,799 --> 00:11:15,919
in the protein synthesis

391
00:11:15,919 --> 00:11:16,719
process.

392
00:11:17,440 --> 00:11:19,680
That conversion process requires

393
00:11:19,680 --> 00:11:20,919
three molecules of water.

394
00:11:21,759 --> 00:11:23,240
So for every molecule of nitrate

395
00:11:23,240 --> 00:11:24,039
the plant absorbs,

396
00:11:24,620 --> 00:11:25,980
it requires three molecules of

397
00:11:25,980 --> 00:11:26,779
water

398
00:11:26,610 --> 00:11:27,409
additional,

399
00:11:27,710 --> 00:11:28,509
an extra,

400
00:11:29,139 --> 00:11:30,840
that it would not require if it

401
00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:31,960
absorbed that nitrogen in the

402
00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:32,759
form of ammonium

403
00:11:33,069 --> 00:11:34,230
or in the form of urea.

404
00:11:35,220 --> 00:11:37,000
So simply by giving the plant

405
00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:37,799
nitrate,

406
00:11:38,320 --> 00:11:39,740
you make the plant thirstier,

407
00:11:39,940 --> 00:11:40,799
you increase its water

408
00:11:40,799 --> 00:11:41,599
requirement.

409
00:11:41,580 --> 00:11:42,379
That's part one.

410
00:11:43,379 --> 00:11:44,179
Part two,

411
00:11:45,169 --> 00:11:47,409
to convert nitrate through this

412
00:11:47,409 --> 00:11:48,870
nitrate conversion process and

413
00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:49,889
eventually into glutamine and

414
00:11:49,889 --> 00:11:51,490
into peptides and proteins

415
00:11:52,279 --> 00:11:54,639
requires much higher levels of

416
00:11:54,639 --> 00:11:55,899
energy, much higher levels of

417
00:11:55,899 --> 00:11:56,699
sugar.

418
00:11:56,840 --> 00:11:58,080
there's much greater sugar

419
00:11:58,080 --> 00:11:59,440
requirement and energy

420
00:11:59,440 --> 00:12:01,139
requirement to convert nitrate

421
00:12:01,139 --> 00:12:02,639
than it is to convert ammonium

422
00:12:02,639 --> 00:12:04,240
or urea or

423
00:12:04,620 --> 00:12:06,460
amino acids and amino sugars.

424
00:12:07,399 --> 00:12:09,299
So the nitrate

425
00:12:09,639 --> 00:12:11,440
conversion is both,

426
00:12:11,879 --> 00:12:13,700
creates both additional thirst

427
00:12:14,519 --> 00:12:16,440
and it creates an additional

428
00:12:16,440 --> 00:12:17,240
energy drain,

429
00:12:18,210 --> 00:12:20,090
which is two of the significant

430
00:12:20,090 --> 00:12:21,490
contributing factors why they

431
00:12:21,490 --> 00:12:22,769
originally identified that the

432
00:12:22,769 --> 00:12:24,190
highest yielding crops were

433
00:12:24,470 --> 00:12:25,809
crops that were getting most of

434
00:12:25,809 --> 00:12:26,750
their nitrogen in the form of

435
00:12:26,750 --> 00:12:27,549
ammonium.

436
00:12:27,970 --> 00:12:29,029
But then the third reason

437
00:12:29,759 --> 00:12:30,559
is

438
00:12:32,450 --> 00:12:33,429
that you

439
00:12:36,500 --> 00:12:37,340
could arguably,

440
00:12:38,620 --> 00:12:39,840
when we look at

441
00:12:40,759 --> 00:12:43,000
plant phytohormones and

442
00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:45,830
phytohormone interactions and

443
00:12:47,000 --> 00:12:48,360
the impact that they have, we

444
00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:49,440
can have these conversations

445
00:12:49,440 --> 00:12:50,539
about various forms of

446
00:12:50,539 --> 00:12:52,200
gibberellins and cytokinins and

447
00:12:52,200 --> 00:12:53,980
abscisic acid and on and on the

448
00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:54,779
list goes,

449
00:12:56,059 --> 00:12:57,759
but you could arguably look at

450
00:12:57,759 --> 00:13:00,080
nitrate as a hormone.

451
00:13:01,250 --> 00:13:02,950
Nitrate has a hormonal effect

452
00:13:02,950 --> 00:13:04,669
and it drives very rapid

453
00:13:04,669 --> 00:13:05,610
vegetative growth

454
00:13:06,210 --> 00:13:07,330
and very rapid

455
00:13:08,710 --> 00:13:09,649
root expansion,

456
00:13:10,069 --> 00:13:11,350
leaf expansion, leaf surface

457
00:13:11,350 --> 00:13:12,289
area, and so forth.

458
00:13:13,659 --> 00:13:14,500
What is interesting,

459
00:13:15,399 --> 00:13:17,000
you know, years ago there was

460
00:13:17,000 --> 00:13:18,919
this concept that I introduced

461
00:13:18,919 --> 00:13:19,719
many

462
00:13:20,430 --> 00:13:21,769
years ago that we used to call

463
00:13:21,769 --> 00:13:22,970
critical points of influence.

464
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:25,059
And we don't talk about critical

465
00:13:25,059 --> 00:13:26,419
points of influence quite as

466
00:13:26,419 --> 00:13:28,580
much because it was not

467
00:13:28,580 --> 00:13:29,899
necessarily complicated to

468
00:13:29,899 --> 00:13:30,700
understand. but it

469
00:13:31,139 --> 00:13:33,080
was not intuitive for a lot of

470
00:13:33,080 --> 00:13:33,879
people.

471
00:13:34,720 --> 00:13:36,000
But we learned that,

472
00:13:36,539 --> 00:13:37,679
and I think we all know,

473
00:13:38,879 --> 00:13:40,240
that plants all have these

474
00:13:40,240 --> 00:13:41,980
critical points, these critical

475
00:13:42,129 --> 00:13:44,710
leverage windows, where any type

476
00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:45,870
of stress or

477
00:13:46,690 --> 00:13:48,470
any type of beneficial impact in

478
00:13:48,470 --> 00:13:49,870
this very narrow window can have

479
00:13:49,870 --> 00:13:51,149
a disproportionately positive

480
00:13:51,149 --> 00:13:51,949
effect.

481
00:13:52,159 --> 00:13:54,059
So this goes back all the way to

482
00:13:54,059 --> 00:13:56,759
Charles Tsai's research at Iowa

483
00:13:56,759 --> 00:13:58,620
State University back in the, I

484
00:13:58,620 --> 00:13:59,440
want to say this was the early

485
00:13:59,440 --> 00:14:01,860
70s, like 72, 73, somewhere in

486
00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:02,659
there.

487
00:14:03,889 --> 00:14:04,689
He identified,

488
00:14:05,350 --> 00:14:06,590
and now this has been updated,

489
00:14:06,950 --> 00:14:08,029
there's updated research on

490
00:14:08,029 --> 00:14:09,070
this, but his original research

491
00:14:09,070 --> 00:14:11,129
said that the number of

492
00:14:11,129 --> 00:14:13,389
potential ears that a corn plant

493
00:14:13,389 --> 00:14:14,789
will have on a flex ear hybrid

494
00:14:15,460 --> 00:14:16,259
is,

495
00:14:17,799 --> 00:14:18,599
excuse me,

496
00:14:19,299 --> 00:14:20,460
that the embryos for those

497
00:14:20,460 --> 00:14:21,659
potential ears are

498
00:14:22,230 --> 00:14:23,029
determined

499
00:14:23,190 --> 00:14:26,129
nine to 11 days after emergence.

500
00:14:27,419 --> 00:14:28,779
and that the

501
00:14:29,610 --> 00:14:32,169
number of rows are determined 14

502
00:14:32,169 --> 00:14:33,690
to 21 days after emergence,

503
00:14:34,899 --> 00:14:36,799
and the number of kernels per

504
00:14:36,799 --> 00:14:39,319
row is determined 42 to 49 days

505
00:14:39,319 --> 00:14:40,119
after emergence.

506
00:14:41,819 --> 00:14:42,680
And so

507
00:14:44,819 --> 00:14:46,120
there's a few things that

508
00:14:46,620 --> 00:14:48,639
are interesting about this

509
00:14:48,639 --> 00:14:49,439
scenario.

510
00:14:49,960 --> 00:14:50,759
First,

511
00:14:52,440 --> 00:14:53,460
if you consider if you have a

512
00:14:53,460 --> 00:14:54,279
flex ear hybrid,

513
00:14:55,259 --> 00:14:57,980
the greatest impact on yield

514
00:14:57,980 --> 00:14:59,759
happens earliest in the plant's

515
00:14:59,759 --> 00:15:00,559
life.

516
00:15:00,629 --> 00:15:03,210
So if you increase the number of

517
00:15:04,230 --> 00:15:05,590
ears per plant,

518
00:15:06,200 --> 00:15:08,139
or if you increase the number of

519
00:15:08,139 --> 00:15:09,039
rows per year,

520
00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:10,669
you will have a much greater

521
00:15:10,669 --> 00:15:13,169
impact on yield potential than

522
00:15:13,169 --> 00:15:14,970
if you simply increase the

523
00:15:14,970 --> 00:15:16,169
number of kernels per row.

524
00:15:17,730 --> 00:15:18,529
So that's

525
00:15:19,009 --> 00:15:19,930
one interesting aspect.

526
00:15:20,090 --> 00:15:21,409
The other interesting aspect is

527
00:15:21,409 --> 00:15:22,649
how early in the plant's life

528
00:15:22,649 --> 00:15:24,009
this happens and also how narrow

529
00:15:24,009 --> 00:15:24,809
the window is.

530
00:15:25,919 --> 00:15:28,299
Like number of ear embryos and

531
00:15:28,299 --> 00:15:30,240
ear embryo initiation is

532
00:15:30,240 --> 00:15:32,240
determined nine to eleven days

533
00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:33,059
after germination.

534
00:15:33,399 --> 00:15:34,299
That's pretty early.

535
00:15:34,399 --> 00:15:35,240
That's two weeks.

536
00:15:35,559 --> 00:15:36,679
And it's also it's a three day

537
00:15:36,679 --> 00:15:37,479
long window.

538
00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:40,029
So that's the concept of these

539
00:15:40,029 --> 00:15:41,090
critical points of influence.

540
00:15:41,169 --> 00:15:42,330
You have a three day window.

541
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:45,159
And if you have severe weather

542
00:15:45,159 --> 00:15:45,959
stress

543
00:15:46,179 --> 00:15:48,440
or nutritional stress in that

544
00:15:48,440 --> 00:15:49,820
window, then that's going to

545
00:15:49,820 --> 00:15:50,620
have an impact

546
00:15:51,019 --> 00:15:52,759
that lasts for the rest of that

547
00:15:52,759 --> 00:15:53,559
plant's life.

548
00:15:54,549 --> 00:15:55,349
So

549
00:15:56,850 --> 00:15:59,730
what I'm coming to realize is

550
00:16:00,429 --> 00:16:02,700
that I'll just cut straight to

551
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:03,500
the bottom line.

552
00:16:03,360 --> 00:16:04,220
There's a lot of additional

553
00:16:04,529 --> 00:16:06,730
dots that I could connect in the

554
00:16:06,730 --> 00:16:07,529
chain here, but

555
00:16:07,850 --> 00:16:09,669
the bottom line is that nitrate

556
00:16:09,669 --> 00:16:12,289
behaves as a phytohormone and it

557
00:16:12,289 --> 00:16:14,009
drives vegetative growth.

558
00:16:15,429 --> 00:16:16,269
And it

559
00:16:16,899 --> 00:16:18,379
is beneficial to

560
00:16:18,690 --> 00:16:19,490
have

561
00:16:19,639 --> 00:16:21,279
generous levels of nitrate

562
00:16:21,279 --> 00:16:23,059
earlier on in the plant's life.

563
00:16:23,340 --> 00:16:24,539
So in a corn plant, particularly

564
00:16:24,539 --> 00:16:25,639
when you have, when you're at

565
00:16:25,639 --> 00:16:26,500
the seedling stage,

566
00:16:27,139 --> 00:16:27,960
all

567
00:16:28,529 --> 00:16:29,329
the way starting from

568
00:16:29,210 --> 00:16:30,009
germination,

569
00:16:30,840 --> 00:16:32,720
up until about V5 to V6,

570
00:16:33,519 --> 00:16:35,259
you have positive yield

571
00:16:35,259 --> 00:16:37,319
influences from having higher

572
00:16:37,319 --> 00:16:38,159
levels of nitrate.

573
00:16:39,240 --> 00:16:41,120
And from that point forward, for

574
00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:42,200
the rest of the season,

575
00:16:42,559 --> 00:16:43,779
you actually get greater

576
00:16:43,779 --> 00:16:44,879
benefits, greater yield

577
00:16:44,879 --> 00:16:46,299
responses from having less

578
00:16:46,299 --> 00:16:47,099
nitrate,

579
00:16:47,279 --> 00:16:49,440
20 % or less of the plant's

580
00:16:49,440 --> 00:16:50,340
total nitrogen supply,

581
00:16:51,019 --> 00:16:53,440
and more ammonium or urea or

582
00:16:53,690 --> 00:16:54,710
other forms of nitrogen.

583
00:16:55,419 --> 00:16:57,200
You want to minimize nitrate

584
00:16:57,639 --> 00:17:00,379
after V5, V6, and you want to

585
00:17:00,379 --> 00:17:01,759
get the majority of nitrogen in

586
00:17:01,759 --> 00:17:02,559
other forms.

587
00:17:03,889 --> 00:17:05,950
So I think I'm spending too much

588
00:17:05,950 --> 00:17:06,750
time here.

589
00:17:06,869 --> 00:17:07,669
Yeah, I see him.

590
00:17:07,910 --> 00:17:08,990
I got ahead of the slides here a

591
00:17:08,990 --> 00:17:09,789
little bit, but

592
00:17:09,970 --> 00:17:10,849
we see here,

593
00:17:11,230 --> 00:17:12,049
takes

594
00:17:13,029 --> 00:17:14,069
three times more

595
00:17:14,509 --> 00:17:15,309
energy,

596
00:17:15,769 --> 00:17:17,490
takes 15 moles of ATP versus

597
00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:19,269
five for nitrate with versus

598
00:17:19,269 --> 00:17:21,480
five moles. of ATP for ammonium.

599
00:17:22,420 --> 00:17:24,339
Three molecules of water for

600
00:17:25,259 --> 00:17:27,000
each molecule of nitrate.

601
00:17:27,750 --> 00:17:28,549
And

602
00:17:28,240 --> 00:17:29,539
the bottom line,

603
00:17:29,880 --> 00:17:30,960
what we've come to realize,

604
00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:33,980
and this has been difficult to

605
00:17:33,980 --> 00:17:35,539
quantify exactly, this is just

606
00:17:35,539 --> 00:17:36,940
based on lots of experience and

607
00:17:36,940 --> 00:17:37,740
observation,

608
00:17:38,329 --> 00:17:39,990
but I

609
00:17:40,519 --> 00:17:43,619
would suggest that plants that

610
00:17:43,619 --> 00:17:44,900
are getting lots of nitrogen in

611
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:45,799
the form of nitrate

612
00:17:46,450 --> 00:17:48,750
can require 20 -30 % more water

613
00:17:48,750 --> 00:17:50,230
to produce the same bushels

614
00:17:50,569 --> 00:17:51,829
as those that are using

615
00:17:51,829 --> 00:17:53,730
biological nitrogen or getting

616
00:17:53,730 --> 00:17:55,309
nitrogen from ammonium and urea.

617
00:17:56,119 --> 00:17:57,200
That's a pretty big difference.

618
00:17:57,480 --> 00:17:58,759
You want to talk about drought

619
00:17:58,759 --> 00:17:59,559
resilience?

620
00:18:01,579 --> 00:18:03,240
30 % less water is kind of a big

621
00:18:03,240 --> 00:18:04,039
deal.

622
00:18:06,670 --> 00:18:07,470
So,

623
00:18:07,809 --> 00:18:09,250
I would suspect many of you are

624
00:18:09,250 --> 00:18:10,369
familiar with the Rhizophagy

625
00:18:10,369 --> 00:18:11,269
cycle at this point.

626
00:18:12,599 --> 00:18:14,240
If you're not, I don't have the

627
00:18:14,240 --> 00:18:15,220
time here to really do it

628
00:18:15,220 --> 00:18:16,019
justice.

629
00:18:16,809 --> 00:18:17,849
There's lots of information

630
00:18:17,849 --> 00:18:19,809
available about this cycle

631
00:18:19,809 --> 00:18:21,890
online, but the short version of

632
00:18:21,890 --> 00:18:22,930
what we are learning is that

633
00:18:22,930 --> 00:18:24,730
plants have the ability to

634
00:18:25,140 --> 00:18:27,480
absorb the great majority of

635
00:18:27,480 --> 00:18:28,900
their nutrition, including

636
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:29,700
nitrogen,

637
00:18:30,309 --> 00:18:32,049
in the form of living bacterial

638
00:18:32,049 --> 00:18:34,089
cells and living fungal cells

639
00:18:34,089 --> 00:18:36,250
and microalgae and so forth.

640
00:18:36,930 --> 00:18:38,750
But that they, let me move this

641
00:18:38,750 --> 00:18:40,490
zoom slide around here a little

642
00:18:40,490 --> 00:18:41,289
bit. So

643
00:18:41,210 --> 00:18:43,410
this research is credited to Dr.

644
00:18:43,529 --> 00:18:44,470
James White from Rutgers

645
00:18:44,470 --> 00:18:45,269
University.

646
00:18:45,609 --> 00:18:46,849
He's popularized it and

647
00:18:46,849 --> 00:18:47,769
published it with a group of

648
00:18:47,769 --> 00:18:48,849
colleagues over the last decade

649
00:18:48,849 --> 00:18:49,649
plus.

650
00:18:50,569 --> 00:18:52,369
And he's describing that plants

651
00:18:52,369 --> 00:18:53,809
are absorbing living

652
00:18:54,339 --> 00:18:55,139
microbes,

653
00:18:55,660 --> 00:18:56,980
and these microbes are

654
00:18:56,980 --> 00:18:59,200
colonizing the entire plant and

655
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:00,420
providing it with nutrition.

656
00:19:01,730 --> 00:19:03,490
And what we're discovering, this

657
00:19:03,490 --> 00:19:05,910
is how undomesticated ecosystems

658
00:19:05,910 --> 00:19:07,549
work. So if you have wild plants

659
00:19:07,549 --> 00:19:08,809
that are out in the forest or

660
00:19:08,809 --> 00:19:09,609
out in the meadows and the

661
00:19:09,549 --> 00:19:10,349
prairies,

662
00:19:12,029 --> 00:19:12,829
in

663
00:19:13,119 --> 00:19:14,799
these wild ecosystems that are

664
00:19:14,799 --> 00:19:15,880
not being fertilized,

665
00:19:16,910 --> 00:19:18,410
the great majority, upwards of

666
00:19:18,410 --> 00:19:20,410
90 % of all of their nutrition

667
00:19:20,410 --> 00:19:21,930
requirements are being provided

668
00:19:21,930 --> 00:19:23,170
by this

669
00:19:23,539 --> 00:19:25,740
mechanism. I'm hesitant to call

670
00:19:25,740 --> 00:19:27,000
it a mechanism, but this

671
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:28,440
pathway, if you will,

672
00:19:29,180 --> 00:19:30,779
of plants absorbing entire

673
00:19:30,779 --> 00:19:31,579
microbes.

674
00:19:32,539 --> 00:19:33,460
And what

675
00:19:34,829 --> 00:19:36,450
we're now coming to realize is

676
00:19:36,450 --> 00:19:39,549
that this same pathway can

677
00:19:39,549 --> 00:19:41,930
also deliver upwards of 90 % of

678
00:19:41,930 --> 00:19:42,730
a plant's nutritional

679
00:19:42,630 --> 00:19:43,430
requirements

680
00:19:44,170 --> 00:19:46,450
in an agriculture environment if

681
00:19:47,690 --> 00:19:49,490
we stop preventing it from being

682
00:19:49,490 --> 00:19:50,289
effective.

683
00:19:50,930 --> 00:19:51,730
And there

684
00:19:52,250 --> 00:19:53,349
are many things that we do to

685
00:19:53,349 --> 00:19:54,630
prevent it from being effective.

686
00:19:55,349 --> 00:19:56,569
The short version,

687
00:19:56,890 --> 00:19:58,029
let me see if I have it here on

688
00:19:58,029 --> 00:19:58,829
the slides.

689
00:20:00,710 --> 00:20:01,730
But in short,

690
00:20:03,269 --> 00:20:04,069
we have

691
00:20:05,309 --> 00:20:07,490
one of the best ways,

692
00:20:08,519 --> 00:20:09,319
the way that I've started

693
00:20:09,279 --> 00:20:10,240
describing this

694
00:20:10,619 --> 00:20:12,359
to produce the greatest

695
00:20:12,359 --> 00:20:13,960
accuracy, I'm using some

696
00:20:13,960 --> 00:20:15,180
language that isn't commonly

697
00:20:15,180 --> 00:20:16,119
used in

698
00:20:16,529 --> 00:20:17,869
agronomy but is still very

699
00:20:17,869 --> 00:20:18,950
appropriate, and I'm talking

700
00:20:18,950 --> 00:20:19,750
about

701
00:20:21,430 --> 00:20:23,349
Biological nutrition versus

702
00:20:23,349 --> 00:20:24,529
electrolyte nutrition.

703
00:20:26,069 --> 00:20:28,109
A lot of the fertilizers that we

704
00:20:28,109 --> 00:20:30,170
use are inherently electrolytes.

705
00:20:30,269 --> 00:20:31,410
Anytime you have soluble

706
00:20:31,410 --> 00:20:33,470
potassium or soluble chloride or

707
00:20:33,470 --> 00:20:34,869
soluble nitrogen in

708
00:20:35,250 --> 00:20:36,329
the form of nitrates or

709
00:20:36,329 --> 00:20:37,129
ammonium,

710
00:20:37,279 --> 00:20:38,319
particularly nitrates,

711
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:40,319
and even urea,

712
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:42,880
you have a material that has a

713
00:20:42,880 --> 00:20:44,299
relatively high salt index.

714
00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:46,119
It has a high electrical

715
00:20:46,119 --> 00:20:46,919
conductivity.

716
00:20:48,079 --> 00:20:49,380
And what happens when you have

717
00:20:49,380 --> 00:20:50,680
materials that have a high

718
00:20:50,680 --> 00:20:51,720
electrical conductivity,

719
00:20:52,359 --> 00:20:54,160
You know, there's

720
00:20:54,890 --> 00:20:57,890
some debate around the truth of

721
00:20:57,890 --> 00:20:59,769
this story or this myth, I

722
00:20:59,769 --> 00:21:00,690
suppose you could call it.

723
00:21:01,519 --> 00:21:02,480
But there's some discussion

724
00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:04,440
around how the Romans salted the

725
00:21:04,440 --> 00:21:07,799
land of the Greeks when they did

726
00:21:07,799 --> 00:21:08,880
not want those states to

727
00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:10,160
reemerge and to be conquered.

728
00:21:10,430 --> 00:21:11,230
again.

729
00:21:12,220 --> 00:21:13,599
And when you add salt to land,

730
00:21:13,720 --> 00:21:14,920
essentially what you're doing is

731
00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:16,140
you're adding a very high dose

732
00:21:16,140 --> 00:21:17,039
of an electrolyte

733
00:21:17,769 --> 00:21:19,130
that will shut down

734
00:21:19,660 --> 00:21:20,779
biological activity.

735
00:21:21,710 --> 00:21:23,569
And this used to be a standard

736
00:21:23,569 --> 00:21:25,470
practice years ago in asparagus

737
00:21:25,470 --> 00:21:26,609
production as well that would

738
00:21:26,609 --> 00:21:27,569
actually add

739
00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:29,880
sodium chloride, salt, to the

740
00:21:29,880 --> 00:21:31,720
land in high concentrations as a

741
00:21:31,720 --> 00:21:32,839
weed control because the

742
00:21:32,839 --> 00:21:34,079
asparagus could tolerate that

743
00:21:34,079 --> 00:21:35,160
where other plants could not.

744
00:21:36,259 --> 00:21:37,460
I've gotten to see some of those

745
00:21:37,460 --> 00:21:39,740
soils and see the loss of

746
00:21:39,740 --> 00:21:41,019
structure and the destruction

747
00:21:41,019 --> 00:21:42,039
that has occurred from that

748
00:21:42,039 --> 00:21:42,839
practice.

749
00:21:43,819 --> 00:21:45,140
But the reality is

750
00:21:46,059 --> 00:21:47,819
we are doing it, we're doing

751
00:21:47,819 --> 00:21:49,140
exactly the same thing with our

752
00:21:49,140 --> 00:21:50,240
fertilizer applications, but

753
00:21:50,240 --> 00:21:51,339
just in smaller doses and

754
00:21:51,339 --> 00:21:52,339
perhaps more spread out over

755
00:21:52,339 --> 00:21:53,139
time,

756
00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:55,690
where the fertilizers that we're

757
00:21:55,690 --> 00:21:57,589
adding generally have a high

758
00:21:57,589 --> 00:21:58,569
electrical conductivity.

759
00:21:58,690 --> 00:21:59,569
They have a high AC.

760
00:22:00,130 --> 00:22:00,950
And so when

761
00:22:01,519 --> 00:22:02,940
you, let's say you have a wound,

762
00:22:03,079 --> 00:22:04,039
a cut or finger,

763
00:22:06,309 --> 00:22:07,349
you get fertilizer into that,

764
00:22:07,450 --> 00:22:08,349
you know what that's going to

765
00:22:08,349 --> 00:22:09,549
feel like. It's going to burn.

766
00:22:09,950 --> 00:22:11,690
And that burning is cellular

767
00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:12,490
oxidation.

768
00:22:13,380 --> 00:22:14,880
It is that electrolyte

769
00:22:15,509 --> 00:22:18,029
damaging and degrading cell

770
00:22:18,029 --> 00:22:18,829
membranes.

771
00:22:20,150 --> 00:22:21,730
The same thing happens to

772
00:22:21,730 --> 00:22:23,730
microbial cells in the soil when

773
00:22:24,549 --> 00:22:26,430
we add fertilizers to the soil.

774
00:22:26,750 --> 00:22:28,210
Whenever we add a high

775
00:22:28,210 --> 00:22:29,630
electrolyte content

776
00:22:30,069 --> 00:22:31,789
nutrient

777
00:22:32,359 --> 00:22:34,099
or fertilizer to the soil,

778
00:22:34,559 --> 00:22:36,200
that has a detrimental effect on

779
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:38,250
soil biology. So the pathway

780
00:22:38,250 --> 00:22:39,049
forward,

781
00:22:39,289 --> 00:22:40,349
if we want to

782
00:22:41,059 --> 00:22:43,160
to enhance this, if we want to

783
00:22:43,160 --> 00:22:44,519
enhance the ability to grow our

784
00:22:44,519 --> 00:22:45,319
own nitrogen,

785
00:22:45,420 --> 00:22:46,460
fix our own nitrogen from

786
00:22:46,460 --> 00:22:49,460
biology and feed it to provide

787
00:22:49,460 --> 00:22:50,279
that to plants.

788
00:22:51,730 --> 00:22:53,700
The kind of the science of

789
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:56,599
navigating this transition

790
00:22:56,599 --> 00:22:59,549
is providing an on -ramp for

791
00:22:59,549 --> 00:23:01,670
biology and biological nutrition

792
00:23:01,670 --> 00:23:03,470
while we create an off -ramp

793
00:23:04,549 --> 00:23:06,230
from electrolyte nutrition.

794
00:23:07,569 --> 00:23:08,369
So

795
00:23:08,519 --> 00:23:10,000
if you

796
00:23:11,019 --> 00:23:12,440
can just imagine that

797
00:23:12,779 --> 00:23:16,220
you have an on -ramp on an XY

798
00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:17,180
axis,

799
00:23:17,920 --> 00:23:19,380
you have up to the upper right

800
00:23:19,380 --> 00:23:20,319
of the corner, you have an on

801
00:23:20,319 --> 00:23:21,140
-ramp for

802
00:23:21,480 --> 00:23:23,319
biological nutrition, and then

803
00:23:23,319 --> 00:23:24,279
you have an off -ramp for

804
00:23:24,279 --> 00:23:25,480
chemistry nutrition or for

805
00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:26,279
electrolyte nutrition.

806
00:23:26,640 --> 00:23:27,480
The question is,

807
00:23:27,799 --> 00:23:29,799
how do you navigate those and

808
00:23:29,799 --> 00:23:31,380
how do you balance those without

809
00:23:31,380 --> 00:23:32,519
compromising on yield?

810
00:23:33,039 --> 00:23:34,160
Because I'm of the persuasion

811
00:23:34,750 --> 00:23:35,549
that

812
00:23:35,480 --> 00:23:38,670
there should not be a

813
00:23:38,670 --> 00:23:40,609
need for a yield loss.

814
00:23:40,670 --> 00:23:41,829
If you have a yield loss during

815
00:23:41,829 --> 00:23:42,730
a transition, that's a

816
00:23:42,730 --> 00:23:44,230
reflection of bad agronomy, not

817
00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:46,349
a reflection of the challenges

818
00:23:46,349 --> 00:23:47,190
with the

819
00:23:49,069 --> 00:23:50,309
challenges with rebuilding soil

820
00:23:50,309 --> 00:23:51,109
biology.

821
00:23:52,150 --> 00:23:53,750
So I'm

822
00:23:54,890 --> 00:23:56,230
going to I'm

823
00:23:56,670 --> 00:23:58,289
just going to dive right into

824
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:01,259
the way that we manage the

825
00:24:01,259 --> 00:24:03,079
transition on farms that we work

826
00:24:03,079 --> 00:24:04,160
with is we

827
00:24:04,630 --> 00:24:07,150
try to reduce the

828
00:24:08,119 --> 00:24:09,880
concentration and the quantity

829
00:24:09,880 --> 00:24:11,880
of electrolytes that we are

830
00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:13,420
applying at any one point in

831
00:24:13,420 --> 00:24:14,220
time.

832
00:24:14,799 --> 00:24:15,599
So we

833
00:24:15,920 --> 00:24:17,099
do multiple applications.

834
00:24:17,099 --> 00:24:18,920
We split applications out over

835
00:24:18,920 --> 00:24:20,240
the course of the season and

836
00:24:20,839 --> 00:24:21,819
we try to

837
00:24:22,359 --> 00:24:24,720
apply as much to the plant as

838
00:24:24,720 --> 00:24:26,400
possible and as little to the

839
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:28,000
soil as possible while still

840
00:24:28,210 --> 00:24:29,529
getting good

841
00:24:29,970 --> 00:24:32,420
performance and good yield

842
00:24:32,420 --> 00:24:33,220
results.

843
00:24:33,279 --> 00:24:34,079
So I'm

844
00:24:34,549 --> 00:24:35,690
going to...

845
00:24:36,539 --> 00:24:37,339
What

846
00:24:38,250 --> 00:24:39,190
are we doing on time here?

847
00:24:41,079 --> 00:24:42,119
I'm going to

848
00:24:42,869 --> 00:24:45,150
just provide a very rapid,

849
00:24:45,630 --> 00:24:47,710
high -level overview of our

850
00:24:47,859 --> 00:24:50,420
thinking and our approach to

851
00:24:50,420 --> 00:24:51,339
nitrogen management.

852
00:24:52,849 --> 00:24:53,869
And we'll

853
00:24:54,819 --> 00:24:55,880
go through some specific

854
00:24:55,880 --> 00:24:57,500
applications and the thought

855
00:24:57,500 --> 00:24:58,940
process behind them, and then

856
00:24:58,940 --> 00:24:59,940
I'm just going to open it up for

857
00:24:59,940 --> 00:25:02,240
Q &A. and we can chat about any

858
00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:03,220
questions that you might have.

859
00:25:05,869 --> 00:25:07,769
There's a few pieces of

860
00:25:08,339 --> 00:25:09,859
information that are important

861
00:25:09,859 --> 00:25:11,099
for all of this to make sense.

862
00:25:12,299 --> 00:25:14,400
The first is something that I

863
00:25:14,400 --> 00:25:15,200
learned,

864
00:25:15,930 --> 00:25:17,289
an old rule of thumb that was

865
00:25:17,289 --> 00:25:18,890
developed by a team of Brookside

866
00:25:18,890 --> 00:25:21,019
agronomists 50 -some years ago.

867
00:25:22,019 --> 00:25:23,789
When they were looking at corn

868
00:25:23,789 --> 00:25:24,589
nutrition,

869
00:25:24,650 --> 00:25:25,990
they identified that

870
00:25:28,750 --> 00:25:29,549
Sulfur,

871
00:25:29,789 --> 00:25:30,970
at that point,

872
00:25:31,369 --> 00:25:32,549
sulfur was much more common in

873
00:25:32,549 --> 00:25:33,710
the atmosphere than it is today.

874
00:25:33,890 --> 00:25:35,230
And they identified that sulfur,

875
00:25:36,440 --> 00:25:38,259
the first 25 pounds of sulfur

876
00:25:38,259 --> 00:25:39,059
can

877
00:25:39,150 --> 00:25:41,650
deliver the same yield response

878
00:25:41,650 --> 00:25:43,029
as a pound of nitrogen.

879
00:25:43,470 --> 00:25:44,890
There was this threshold effect

880
00:25:44,890 --> 00:25:45,690
that

881
00:25:45,740 --> 00:25:47,160
the first 25 pounds of sulfur

882
00:25:47,160 --> 00:25:47,960
had

883
00:25:48,059 --> 00:25:50,740
the same crop yield effect as 25

884
00:25:50,740 --> 00:25:51,539
pounds of nitrogen.

885
00:25:51,680 --> 00:25:53,240
And after that 25 pound

886
00:25:53,240 --> 00:25:54,039
threshold,

887
00:25:54,849 --> 00:25:56,589
that effect would diminish and

888
00:25:56,589 --> 00:25:57,549
taper off. It would no longer

889
00:25:57,549 --> 00:25:58,670
held true at a one -to -one

890
00:25:58,670 --> 00:25:59,470
ratio.

891
00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:02,619
So they described that in any

892
00:26:02,619 --> 00:26:04,650
nitrogen program or nitrogen

893
00:26:04,650 --> 00:26:05,690
recommendation, they would

894
00:26:05,690 --> 00:26:07,569
replace the first 25 pounds of N

895
00:26:07,569 --> 00:26:09,609
with 25 pounds of sulfur and get

896
00:26:09,609 --> 00:26:10,529
the same yield response.

897
00:26:11,349 --> 00:26:12,569
So that was one, that's one

898
00:26:12,569 --> 00:26:13,769
interesting aspect, one

899
00:26:13,769 --> 00:26:14,910
important consideration.

900
00:26:16,789 --> 00:26:17,589
The other

901
00:26:17,940 --> 00:26:18,740
is,

902
00:26:19,079 --> 00:26:19,879
and this

903
00:26:20,269 --> 00:26:22,730
research was originally done at

904
00:26:22,730 --> 00:26:24,809
University of California, Davis

905
00:26:24,809 --> 00:26:25,609
by,

906
00:26:26,880 --> 00:26:28,910
I'm blanking out, Patrick Brown,

907
00:26:29,009 --> 00:26:30,130
if I recall the name correctly.

908
00:26:32,049 --> 00:26:33,869
He described that a foliar

909
00:26:33,869 --> 00:26:35,250
application of urea

910
00:26:36,329 --> 00:26:37,569
There was some variation from

911
00:26:37,569 --> 00:26:39,029
crop to crop, but that in many

912
00:26:39,029 --> 00:26:40,170
crops, the crops that he

913
00:26:40,170 --> 00:26:41,089
studied, it would have

914
00:26:41,920 --> 00:26:43,559
an equivalent, produce an

915
00:26:43,559 --> 00:26:44,859
equivalent crop response.

916
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:46,640
One pound of nitrogen as urea

917
00:26:46,640 --> 00:26:49,460
foliar produced the same crop

918
00:26:49,460 --> 00:26:51,119
response as seven pounds of

919
00:26:51,119 --> 00:26:52,000
nitrogen in

920
00:26:52,690 --> 00:26:54,349
the form of urea applied to the

921
00:26:54,349 --> 00:26:55,149
soil.

922
00:26:56,119 --> 00:26:57,859
And there have now been a group

923
00:26:57,859 --> 00:26:59,059
of growers that we've worked

924
00:26:59,059 --> 00:27:00,359
with, Beau Clawson has worked

925
00:27:00,359 --> 00:27:01,599
with this extensively, Patrick

926
00:27:01,599 --> 00:27:02,559
Fabian has worked with it

927
00:27:02,559 --> 00:27:03,359
extensively,

928
00:27:03,599 --> 00:27:05,240
and they're reporting on corn

929
00:27:05,240 --> 00:27:06,039
specifically,

930
00:27:06,339 --> 00:27:07,440
and on small grains,

931
00:27:08,059 --> 00:27:10,319
they're reporting a minimum of a

932
00:27:10,319 --> 00:27:11,400
4 to 1 ratio.

933
00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:14,619
And just a couple of weeks ago I

934
00:27:14,619 --> 00:27:15,720
heard one conversation where

935
00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:16,599
they were using some specific

936
00:27:16,599 --> 00:27:17,420
forms of urea.

937
00:27:18,049 --> 00:27:19,990
and they were reporting when

938
00:27:19,990 --> 00:27:21,910
applied at particular crop

939
00:27:21,910 --> 00:27:23,710
growth stages on corn, they were

940
00:27:23,710 --> 00:27:25,470
reporting as much as a 12 to 1

941
00:27:25,470 --> 00:27:26,269
ratio,

942
00:27:26,670 --> 00:27:28,609
that a pound of nitrogen to the

943
00:27:28,609 --> 00:27:31,210
plant produced the same

944
00:27:31,210 --> 00:27:33,470
yield results as a pound of N

945
00:27:33,470 --> 00:27:34,829
applied to the soil.

946
00:27:37,269 --> 00:27:38,069
Well,

947
00:27:38,079 --> 00:27:38,879
my goodness,

948
00:27:40,089 --> 00:27:41,230
if you could cut your nitrogen

949
00:27:41,230 --> 00:27:44,410
application rates down to 25%,

950
00:27:44,410 --> 00:27:46,880
cut it four times with foliar

951
00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:47,680
applications,

952
00:27:48,420 --> 00:27:49,579
Wouldn't that be worth it?

953
00:27:49,839 --> 00:27:50,940
I mean, yes, there are

954
00:27:50,940 --> 00:27:53,099
application costs and logistics

955
00:27:53,099 --> 00:27:54,460
and there's lots of things to

956
00:27:54,460 --> 00:27:55,839
figure out, but that's a pretty

957
00:27:55,839 --> 00:27:58,420
substantial variation.

958
00:28:00,529 --> 00:28:03,789
So when we combine those

959
00:28:05,289 --> 00:28:07,109
various pieces, we say, all

960
00:28:07,109 --> 00:28:07,909
right,

961
00:28:07,650 --> 00:28:09,609
how can we optimize foliar

962
00:28:09,609 --> 00:28:10,409
applications?

963
00:28:10,670 --> 00:28:12,430
How can we, particularly at

964
00:28:12,430 --> 00:28:13,789
times of greatest plant need,

965
00:28:15,049 --> 00:28:17,009
how can we minimize the

966
00:28:18,119 --> 00:28:20,019
concentration of electrolytes at

967
00:28:20,019 --> 00:28:21,079
any one point in time?

968
00:28:21,119 --> 00:28:22,279
How can we spread that out over

969
00:28:22,279 --> 00:28:23,079
time?

970
00:28:23,339 --> 00:28:24,660
How can we make sure that the

971
00:28:24,660 --> 00:28:27,440
plant has a good dose of nitrate

972
00:28:27,440 --> 00:28:29,039
for the first five to six weeks

973
00:28:29,039 --> 00:28:29,839
of plant life,

974
00:28:30,119 --> 00:28:31,559
and then has mostly ammonium and

975
00:28:31,559 --> 00:28:33,220
urea for later on?

976
00:28:34,279 --> 00:28:36,519
How can we incorporate the rule

977
00:28:36,519 --> 00:28:37,759
of thumb of the first 25 pounds

978
00:28:37,759 --> 00:28:39,039
of sulfur? What does that look

979
00:28:39,039 --> 00:28:39,839
like?

980
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:41,380
So what that looks like

981
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:43,000
is,

982
00:28:44,039 --> 00:28:44,839
and

983
00:28:45,319 --> 00:28:46,119
this is

984
00:28:46,079 --> 00:28:48,900
kind of a broad, very broad

985
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:49,700
brush stroke,

986
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:51,259
point for

987
00:28:52,470 --> 00:28:53,509
making recommendations.

988
00:28:54,539 --> 00:28:57,440
If the frame of reference here

989
00:28:57,440 --> 00:28:59,400
or the context here is if a

990
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:00,319
grower asked me to make

991
00:29:00,319 --> 00:29:01,440
recommendations and I knew

992
00:29:01,440 --> 00:29:02,240
nothing

993
00:29:02,420 --> 00:29:03,819
about the soil,

994
00:29:04,160 --> 00:29:05,859
about the crop history, about

995
00:29:05,859 --> 00:29:06,759
what was going on,

996
00:29:07,269 --> 00:29:09,250
all that I knew is that he has

997
00:29:09,250 --> 00:29:11,529
historically been applying 200

998
00:29:11,529 --> 00:29:13,170
pounds of nitrogen and

999
00:29:14,299 --> 00:29:16,539
and producing a certain yield

1000
00:29:16,539 --> 00:29:18,119
outcome on his soil that he is

1001
00:29:18,119 --> 00:29:18,940
satisfied with,

1002
00:29:20,039 --> 00:29:21,380
I would, and I would be asked to

1003
00:29:21,380 --> 00:29:22,299
make a set of recommendations

1004
00:29:22,299 --> 00:29:23,759
just off the cuff without any

1005
00:29:23,759 --> 00:29:24,559
further information.

1006
00:29:24,660 --> 00:29:25,980
Of course, the obvious thing is

1007
00:29:25,980 --> 00:29:27,180
you then start looking for

1008
00:29:27,180 --> 00:29:28,380
further information so you can

1009
00:29:28,380 --> 00:29:29,180
dial things in.

1010
00:29:29,910 --> 00:29:31,609
So this is, I'm putting this out

1011
00:29:31,609 --> 00:29:33,130
there, this is a starting point

1012
00:29:33,130 --> 00:29:34,210
from which to customize.

1013
00:29:34,930 --> 00:29:36,549
You then customize what fits

1014
00:29:36,549 --> 00:29:38,109
your soil, your context, your

1015
00:29:38,109 --> 00:29:38,909
operation.

1016
00:29:40,519 --> 00:29:43,500
But if I'm starting with a soil

1017
00:29:44,569 --> 00:29:46,529
and a context that has

1018
00:29:46,529 --> 00:29:47,910
historically been using 200

1019
00:29:47,910 --> 00:29:49,529
pounds of nitrogen over

1020
00:29:50,039 --> 00:29:51,119
the course of a growing season

1021
00:29:51,119 --> 00:29:52,000
to grow a corn crop,

1022
00:29:52,720 --> 00:29:54,599
here's what my math would look

1023
00:29:54,599 --> 00:29:55,900
like. I would say, all right,

1024
00:29:56,869 --> 00:29:58,710
and my general recommendation as

1025
00:29:58,710 --> 00:29:59,509
a starting point,

1026
00:29:59,750 --> 00:30:01,329
I want to start with 40 units of

1027
00:30:01,329 --> 00:30:03,710
nitrogen applied at planting in

1028
00:30:04,279 --> 00:30:05,099
the form of

1029
00:30:05,480 --> 00:30:07,079
ammonium and nitrate,

1030
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:08,299
not urea.

1031
00:30:09,410 --> 00:30:10,750
I want ammonium and nitrate at

1032
00:30:10,750 --> 00:30:11,549
planting

1033
00:30:11,890 --> 00:30:13,609
and that can be

1034
00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:16,220
That can be in a 2x2.

1035
00:30:16,539 --> 00:30:18,380
A 2x2 is as close to the seed as

1036
00:30:18,380 --> 00:30:19,180
I want to come.

1037
00:30:19,059 --> 00:30:19,960
I would actually prefer that it

1038
00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:21,460
be a little bit farther away or

1039
00:30:21,460 --> 00:30:22,259
a little bit deeper.

1040
00:30:22,990 --> 00:30:23,990
It can be put in earlier with a

1041
00:30:23,990 --> 00:30:24,789
strip -till.

1042
00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:26,880
Obviously, there's lots of

1043
00:30:26,880 --> 00:30:28,420
variation to different farming

1044
00:30:28,420 --> 00:30:30,220
operations here that are very

1045
00:30:30,220 --> 00:30:31,319
context -dependent, but

1046
00:30:32,210 --> 00:30:34,190
that would be the place where I

1047
00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:34,990
would start.

1048
00:30:35,029 --> 00:30:35,829
And then,

1049
00:30:36,390 --> 00:30:37,289
actually,

1050
00:30:37,799 --> 00:30:39,180
I'm going to go on to the side

1051
00:30:39,180 --> 00:30:39,980
dress, and then I'm going to

1052
00:30:39,720 --> 00:30:40,900
come back and talk about how I

1053
00:30:40,900 --> 00:30:41,759
would fine -tune this.

1054
00:30:42,710 --> 00:30:44,369
Then I would follow that up with

1055
00:30:44,369 --> 00:30:46,150
an additional 4x2, of nitrogen

1056
00:30:46,150 --> 00:30:47,150
side -dressed

1057
00:30:48,259 --> 00:30:51,039
at about V5 to V6,

1058
00:30:52,049 --> 00:30:52,849
probably right in the

1059
00:30:52,730 --> 00:30:53,589
neighborhood of V5.

1060
00:30:55,579 --> 00:30:58,039
So that gives us a total of 80

1061
00:30:58,039 --> 00:30:59,660
units at this point.

1062
00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:00,539
And by the way,

1063
00:31:01,369 --> 00:31:02,970
that 40 units at side -dress,

1064
00:31:03,410 --> 00:31:04,910
ideally I would refer to be in

1065
00:31:04,910 --> 00:31:05,710
the form of urea,

1066
00:31:06,099 --> 00:31:07,640
not ammonium and nitrate.

1067
00:31:07,980 --> 00:31:10,299
Again, I'm just giving you what

1068
00:31:10,299 --> 00:31:11,819
is the ideal. What's the ideal

1069
00:31:11,819 --> 00:31:12,619
from

1070
00:31:12,420 --> 00:31:13,440
a yield

1071
00:31:14,390 --> 00:31:15,890
perspective, from a biology

1072
00:31:15,890 --> 00:31:17,390
perspective, how does this crop

1073
00:31:17,390 --> 00:31:19,200
produce the most and have the

1074
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:20,519
smallest water requirement, one

1075
00:31:20,519 --> 00:31:21,319
of the things that we talked

1076
00:31:21,279 --> 00:31:22,079
about.

1077
00:31:23,150 --> 00:31:23,950
So

1078
00:31:23,579 --> 00:31:27,039
in split up between that planter

1079
00:31:27,039 --> 00:31:28,519
application and the side dress

1080
00:31:28,519 --> 00:31:30,059
application, I also want a

1081
00:31:30,059 --> 00:31:31,720
minimum of 25 units of sulfur.

1082
00:31:33,029 --> 00:31:34,269
I want 25 pounds of sulfur per

1083
00:31:34,269 --> 00:31:35,690
acre split between those two.

1084
00:31:36,839 --> 00:31:37,639
And

1085
00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:40,099
at the very minimum in either

1086
00:31:40,099 --> 00:31:42,059
application, I want nitrogen and

1087
00:31:42,269 --> 00:31:43,730
sulfur to be in a 10 to 1 ratio.

1088
00:31:44,640 --> 00:31:45,440
And then

1089
00:31:45,460 --> 00:31:47,160
You can also dig into and look

1090
00:31:47,160 --> 00:31:48,140
at what we've been doing with

1091
00:31:48,140 --> 00:31:49,400
our nitrogen efficiency program.

1092
00:31:49,640 --> 00:31:50,519
You will get the highest

1093
00:31:50,519 --> 00:31:51,740
performance, the best results

1094
00:31:51,740 --> 00:31:52,940
when you also mix some carbon

1095
00:31:52,940 --> 00:31:53,859
with this, some humic

1096
00:31:53,859 --> 00:31:54,659
substances.

1097
00:31:55,140 --> 00:31:57,910
We use humicarb a lot and I have

1098
00:31:57,910 --> 00:31:59,329
a very strong recommendation for

1099
00:31:59,329 --> 00:32:00,809
also mixing molybdenum with this

1100
00:32:00,809 --> 00:32:01,609
application.

1101
00:32:01,869 --> 00:32:03,410
It takes about a pint per acre

1102
00:32:03,410 --> 00:32:04,369
of a three to four percent

1103
00:32:04,369 --> 00:32:05,210
molybdenum product.

1104
00:32:06,029 --> 00:32:06,829
Molybdenum

1105
00:32:06,890 --> 00:32:09,289
is the critical enzyme for the

1106
00:32:09,289 --> 00:32:11,150
nitrate reductase enzyme that is

1107
00:32:11,150 --> 00:32:13,210
used by both biology and by

1108
00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:14,009
plants.

1109
00:32:14,329 --> 00:32:17,230
And every time we add molybdenum

1110
00:32:17,230 --> 00:32:18,769
and carbon and this combination

1111
00:32:18,769 --> 00:32:19,970
into this mix,

1112
00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:23,309
we see the nitrogen leaching

1113
00:32:23,309 --> 00:32:26,410
goes to practically zero.

1114
00:32:27,890 --> 00:32:29,349
And even

1115
00:32:29,660 --> 00:32:30,880
in high moisture conditions.

1116
00:32:31,019 --> 00:32:32,259
And the reason for that is

1117
00:32:32,259 --> 00:32:34,400
because if you have adequate

1118
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:35,359
molybdenum levels,

1119
00:32:36,140 --> 00:32:37,420
even when the soil

1120
00:32:38,079 --> 00:32:40,720
biology nitrifies back, excuse

1121
00:32:40,720 --> 00:32:41,519
me,

1122
00:32:41,359 --> 00:32:43,240
nitrifies nitrogen from the

1123
00:32:43,579 --> 00:32:45,740
various forms urea and ammonium

1124
00:32:45,740 --> 00:32:47,279
into nitrate and builds up

1125
00:32:47,279 --> 00:32:48,079
nitrate levels,

1126
00:32:48,740 --> 00:32:50,160
adequate levels of molybdenum

1127
00:32:50,160 --> 00:32:52,839
allow other soil biology to

1128
00:32:53,119 --> 00:32:55,700
convert that nitrate back into

1129
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:56,640
organic nitrogen.

1130
00:32:57,079 --> 00:32:58,500
And so you actually moderate

1131
00:32:58,880 --> 00:33:00,960
and modulate the nitrate levels

1132
00:33:00,960 --> 00:33:02,839
in the soil to not become

1133
00:33:02,839 --> 00:33:03,639
excessive

1134
00:33:03,670 --> 00:33:06,849
simply by having adequate levels

1135
00:33:06,849 --> 00:33:07,649
of molybdenum.

1136
00:33:07,829 --> 00:33:08,910
That means a lot for

1137
00:33:08,910 --> 00:33:10,130
leachability. It reduces your

1138
00:33:10,130 --> 00:33:11,869
leachability, but also it

1139
00:33:11,869 --> 00:33:14,049
increases your plant's energy

1140
00:33:14,420 --> 00:33:16,119
response because it's now

1141
00:33:16,119 --> 00:33:17,119
absorbing less nitrate.

1142
00:33:17,200 --> 00:33:18,000
It has some,

1143
00:33:18,269 --> 00:33:19,730
but it's not absorbing 80 %

1144
00:33:19,730 --> 00:33:21,150
nitrate instead of 20%.

1145
00:33:22,490 --> 00:33:23,529
All

1146
00:33:24,670 --> 00:33:25,950
right, I already spoke about 25

1147
00:33:25,950 --> 00:33:26,750
pounds of sulfur,

1148
00:33:27,210 --> 00:33:28,509
already spoke about the side

1149
00:33:28,509 --> 00:33:29,309
dress,

1150
00:33:31,690 --> 00:33:33,009
and now we go to foliar

1151
00:33:33,009 --> 00:33:33,809
applications.

1152
00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:35,180
So

1153
00:33:35,240 --> 00:33:36,420
somebody

1154
00:33:37,309 --> 00:33:38,950
put a significant typo into this

1155
00:33:38,950 --> 00:33:39,750
slide, but

1156
00:33:40,079 --> 00:33:41,500
our

1157
00:33:42,289 --> 00:33:43,089
target

1158
00:33:43,539 --> 00:33:45,720
is two foliar applications.

1159
00:33:46,960 --> 00:33:47,759
is the ideal.

1160
00:33:48,119 --> 00:33:49,680
One at tasseling

1161
00:33:50,190 --> 00:33:52,210
and one around R1.

1162
00:33:53,119 --> 00:33:55,019
Both applications targeting 10

1163
00:33:55,019 --> 00:33:56,940
units of nitrogen per acre

1164
00:33:57,410 --> 00:34:00,440
in the form of urea, low

1165
00:34:00,440 --> 00:34:02,440
biuret urea that has been

1166
00:34:02,440 --> 00:34:03,960
liquefied and melted as liquid

1167
00:34:03,960 --> 00:34:04,759
urea.

1168
00:34:05,140 --> 00:34:06,619
And again, you combine this with

1169
00:34:06,619 --> 00:34:07,500
a

1170
00:34:08,170 --> 00:34:09,429
touch of carbon, you add some

1171
00:34:09,429 --> 00:34:10,230
molybdenum to it.

1172
00:34:11,110 --> 00:34:11,989
And now you remember,

1173
00:34:13,739 --> 00:34:15,599
we're

1174
00:34:16,269 --> 00:34:17,550
putting on 10 pounds of nitrogen

1175
00:34:17,550 --> 00:34:19,289
per acre per application for a

1176
00:34:19,289 --> 00:34:20,230
total of 20 pounds.

1177
00:34:21,230 --> 00:34:22,030
But we have

1178
00:34:22,840 --> 00:34:24,980
A lot of field experience and a

1179
00:34:24,980 --> 00:34:26,300
lot of growers who are telling

1180
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:27,719
us that this application

1181
00:34:27,719 --> 00:34:29,199
produces a crop response the

1182
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:30,599
equivalent of four pounds of

1183
00:34:30,599 --> 00:34:31,780
nitrogen applied to the soil.

1184
00:34:33,119 --> 00:34:34,039
So with

1185
00:34:35,389 --> 00:34:37,269
my math here. I'm just

1186
00:34:38,159 --> 00:34:39,159
sketching this out.

1187
00:34:39,280 --> 00:34:41,440
We started with 80 units of

1188
00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:43,099
nitrogen soil applied,

1189
00:34:43,559 --> 00:34:45,639
40 at planting, 40 side dress, a

1190
00:34:45,639 --> 00:34:46,500
total of 80 pounds.

1191
00:34:47,550 --> 00:34:49,250
To that 80 pounds, we added 25

1192
00:34:49,250 --> 00:34:50,510
pounds of sulfur that

1193
00:34:50,820 --> 00:34:52,219
we expect to deliver the

1194
00:34:52,219 --> 00:34:53,719
equivalent yield response of 25

1195
00:34:53,719 --> 00:34:54,519
pounds of nitrogen.

1196
00:34:54,860 --> 00:34:56,679
So 80 pounds plus 25 pounds of

1197
00:34:56,679 --> 00:34:58,679
sulfur, now we're at 105 pounds

1198
00:34:58,679 --> 00:34:59,480
equivalent.

1199
00:35:00,440 --> 00:35:01,380
And we

1200
00:35:01,730 --> 00:35:02,530
add

1201
00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:06,099
Those 20 pounds of nitrogen as

1202
00:35:06,099 --> 00:35:07,980
foliars that produce an

1203
00:35:07,980 --> 00:35:09,940
equivalent yield response of 80

1204
00:35:09,940 --> 00:35:11,280
units soil applied.

1205
00:35:12,110 --> 00:35:15,289
So we're at 105 plus 80 and now

1206
00:35:15,289 --> 00:35:17,389
we're at 185 units of nitrogen

1207
00:35:17,389 --> 00:35:18,949
in terms of plant energy

1208
00:35:18,949 --> 00:35:19,750
equivalent.

1209
00:35:21,320 --> 00:35:23,780
So we've replaced 200 units with

1210
00:35:24,440 --> 00:35:25,860
185 for

1211
00:35:26,780 --> 00:35:28,539
a fraction of the cost because

1212
00:35:28,539 --> 00:35:29,559
we put on less,

1213
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:31,440
spread it out over time,

1214
00:35:31,949 --> 00:35:33,190
we've got greater logistical

1215
00:35:33,190 --> 00:35:34,530
costs in getting it applied,

1216
00:35:36,519 --> 00:35:38,920
and we're But we've got a

1217
00:35:38,920 --> 00:35:40,360
fraction of the cost of actual

1218
00:35:40,360 --> 00:35:41,160
product.

1219
00:35:41,670 --> 00:35:43,190
And what's more important,

1220
00:35:44,679 --> 00:35:46,019
from a long -term perspective,

1221
00:35:46,440 --> 00:35:48,400
we have a fraction of the cost

1222
00:35:48,610 --> 00:35:50,730
to our soil biology because

1223
00:35:50,730 --> 00:35:52,329
we've reduced the electrolyte

1224
00:35:52,329 --> 00:35:53,130
load.

1225
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:54,420
Instead of having

1226
00:35:55,599 --> 00:35:57,500
100 units of nitrogen applied

1227
00:35:57,500 --> 00:35:58,300
twice,

1228
00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:00,000
once at planting and once at

1229
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:01,119
side dress or whatever the

1230
00:36:01,119 --> 00:36:02,000
equation might be,

1231
00:36:02,579 --> 00:36:04,039
we have much smaller

1232
00:36:04,039 --> 00:36:06,099
concentrations of electrolytes

1233
00:36:06,099 --> 00:36:07,719
being applied to the soil and

1234
00:36:07,940 --> 00:36:08,920
they're being spread out over

1235
00:36:08,920 --> 00:36:09,720
time.

1236
00:36:10,280 --> 00:36:12,099
So your negative effect on soil

1237
00:36:12,099 --> 00:36:14,179
biology goes down dramatically.

1238
00:36:14,659 --> 00:36:15,820
And all of a sudden,

1239
00:36:16,679 --> 00:36:17,619
particularly later in the

1240
00:36:17,619 --> 00:36:18,420
growing season,

1241
00:36:18,659 --> 00:36:21,239
when that soil nitrogen levels

1242
00:36:21,239 --> 00:36:23,260
become, soil electrolyte levels

1243
00:36:23,260 --> 00:36:25,340
become less concentrated,

1244
00:36:26,739 --> 00:36:28,739
soil biology starts fixing a lot

1245
00:36:28,739 --> 00:36:30,280
more nitrogen and making it a

1246
00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:31,080
lot more stable.

1247
00:36:30,599 --> 00:36:31,539
providing it to the crop.

1248
00:36:31,840 --> 00:36:32,640
So this

1249
00:36:32,940 --> 00:36:36,039
is a very large brush

1250
00:36:36,039 --> 00:36:36,840
stroke,

1251
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:39,179
very high level overview of how

1252
00:36:39,179 --> 00:36:40,599
I think about hydrogen

1253
00:36:40,599 --> 00:36:42,079
management on a corn crop at

1254
00:36:42,079 --> 00:36:42,880
this point,

1255
00:36:43,150 --> 00:36:45,550
where we're spreading out the

1256
00:36:45,550 --> 00:36:46,350
electrolytes,

1257
00:36:46,579 --> 00:36:47,480
we're putting some on as

1258
00:36:47,480 --> 00:36:48,760
foliars, we're replacing some of

1259
00:36:48,760 --> 00:36:49,619
the nitrogen with sulfur.

1260
00:36:50,320 --> 00:36:51,280
You can do all those things.

1261
00:36:51,340 --> 00:36:52,199
It's common for us.

1262
00:36:52,340 --> 00:36:54,300
You can do the penciling out of

1263
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:55,539
the math on your own, what makes

1264
00:36:55,539 --> 00:36:56,639
sense in your own context.

1265
00:36:57,849 --> 00:36:59,329
But what is interesting is that

1266
00:36:59,329 --> 00:37:01,769
this commonly translates to

1267
00:37:02,340 --> 00:37:05,340
anywhere from a 30 to a 50 %

1268
00:37:05,340 --> 00:37:08,219
reduction in actual input costs,

1269
00:37:08,519 --> 00:37:09,679
sometimes more than that.

1270
00:37:10,710 --> 00:37:12,730
And that includes the

1271
00:37:12,730 --> 00:37:14,010
application costs as well.

1272
00:37:14,559 --> 00:37:16,659
But there's additional logistics

1273
00:37:16,659 --> 00:37:17,920
and additional difficulty in

1274
00:37:17,920 --> 00:37:19,219
making those multiple passes per

1275
00:37:19,219 --> 00:37:20,059
season, particularly with the

1276
00:37:20,059 --> 00:37:20,860
foliars.

1277
00:37:21,610 --> 00:37:23,650
Drones are starting to be quite

1278
00:37:23,650 --> 00:37:24,750
widely used for the foliar

1279
00:37:24,750 --> 00:37:26,010
applications of urea very

1280
00:37:26,010 --> 00:37:26,810
effectively.

1281
00:37:27,619 --> 00:37:28,420
So,

1282
00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:29,679
um, that's, that's kind of the

1283
00:37:29,679 --> 00:37:30,920
big picture, big picture

1284
00:37:30,920 --> 00:37:31,960
overview. And I think,

1285
00:37:32,340 --> 00:37:33,140
um,

1286
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:36,429
yeah, you can, you can dig into,

1287
00:37:37,409 --> 00:37:38,289
I think we have a nitrogen

1288
00:37:38,289 --> 00:37:39,550
efficiency calculator on our

1289
00:37:39,550 --> 00:37:40,350
website.

1290
00:37:40,289 --> 00:37:41,090
At least we used to, I don't

1291
00:37:41,090 --> 00:37:42,110
think we've changed it all that

1292
00:37:42,110 --> 00:37:42,910
much.

1293
00:37:43,269 --> 00:37:44,070
Um,

1294
00:37:44,050 --> 00:37:45,170
but this earlier

1295
00:37:45,840 --> 00:37:46,960
in the slide deck, I pointed

1296
00:37:46,960 --> 00:37:48,519
out, there's this rule of thumb

1297
00:37:49,280 --> 00:37:50,539
for the

1298
00:37:52,230 --> 00:37:53,409
nitrogen requirement that's

1299
00:37:53,409 --> 00:37:54,389
required to grow a bushel of

1300
00:37:54,389 --> 00:37:55,190
grain.

1301
00:37:56,070 --> 00:37:57,969
Um, I've seen growers go down to

1302
00:37:57,969 --> 00:37:59,369
as little as 0 .5

1303
00:37:59,940 --> 00:38:01,940
pounds of nitrogen that they can

1304
00:38:01,940 --> 00:38:03,360
account for coming from,

1305
00:38:03,980 --> 00:38:05,110
uh, organic matter contribution

1306
00:38:05,110 --> 00:38:07,110
and compost and cover crops,

1307
00:38:07,210 --> 00:38:08,690
there's sometimes some fuzziness

1308
00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:09,490
in those numbers.

1309
00:38:11,139 --> 00:38:14,039
0 .75 is readily achievable.

1310
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:15,900
First year out of the gate, no

1311
00:38:15,900 --> 00:38:16,719
sweat, no problems.

1312
00:38:16,860 --> 00:38:18,159
It's easy to achieve 0 .75

1313
00:38:18,159 --> 00:38:19,739
pounds of nitrogen per bushel of

1314
00:38:19,739 --> 00:38:20,539
grain.

1315
00:38:21,079 --> 00:38:22,179
And the growers who are taking

1316
00:38:22,179 --> 00:38:23,280
this approach of putting on

1317
00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:24,639
foliar applications of urea and

1318
00:38:24,639 --> 00:38:27,059
so forth, are commonly hitting 0

1319
00:38:27,059 --> 00:38:27,860
.65.

1320
00:38:27,920 --> 00:38:30,059
0 .65 to 0 .7 is

1321
00:38:30,409 --> 00:38:32,329
not a challenge at all.

1322
00:38:32,610 --> 00:38:35,730
It's a very readily achievable

1323
00:38:35,730 --> 00:38:36,530
goal.

1324
00:38:37,090 --> 00:38:37,890
So

1325
00:38:37,920 --> 00:38:39,480
that's the overview.

1326
00:38:40,210 --> 00:38:42,510
And yeah, I think I will switch

1327
00:38:42,510 --> 00:38:43,889
it to...

1328
00:38:45,170 --> 00:38:45,970
Q &A,

1329
00:38:46,170 --> 00:38:47,429
if any of you have any

1330
00:38:47,429 --> 00:38:48,230
questions.

1331
00:38:48,929 --> 00:38:49,949
And you can also,

1332
00:38:50,289 --> 00:38:52,190
if you have any questions for us

1333
00:38:52,190 --> 00:38:53,690
as a team and you want to dig

1334
00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:55,349
deeper into what this might look

1335
00:38:55,349 --> 00:38:56,630
like on your specific soil and

1336
00:38:56,630 --> 00:38:57,430
context,

1337
00:38:57,659 --> 00:38:58,900
you can connect with Abby here.

1338
00:38:58,940 --> 00:39:00,559
You can see her contact

1339
00:39:00,559 --> 00:39:01,519
information here on the slide

1340
00:39:01,519 --> 00:39:02,539
deck. But yeah, we'd love to

1341
00:39:02,539 --> 00:39:03,340
hear from you.

1342
00:39:03,710 --> 00:39:05,409
And with that, I'm going to

1343
00:39:05,409 --> 00:39:07,719
switch to Q &A and happy to

1344
00:39:07,719 --> 00:39:08,760
answer any questions that you

1345
00:39:08,760 --> 00:39:09,560
might have.

1346
00:39:12,130 --> 00:39:13,829
See, there's some here in the

1347
00:39:13,829 --> 00:39:14,630
chat.

1348
00:39:15,130 --> 00:39:16,309
Yeah, you're welcome to put any

1349
00:39:16,309 --> 00:39:17,269
questions into the chat.

1350
00:39:18,360 --> 00:39:20,559
or also I think you can unmute

1351
00:39:20,559 --> 00:39:23,010
yourself and we can just have a

1352
00:39:23,010 --> 00:39:23,810
conversation.

1353
00:39:25,300 --> 00:39:26,400
There's a first question here

1354
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:27,840
from Paul. Is there a need to

1355
00:39:27,840 --> 00:39:29,559
measure the carbon to nitrogen

1356
00:39:29,559 --> 00:39:31,039
ratio in a soil test?

1357
00:39:31,539 --> 00:39:32,880
Wondering because of

1358
00:39:32,880 --> 00:39:34,059
fluctuations of results when

1359
00:39:34,059 --> 00:39:35,639
utilizing compost extracts in

1360
00:39:35,639 --> 00:39:36,500
the furrow at planting.

1361
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:41,100
Paul,

1362
00:39:41,219 --> 00:39:42,019
it's a good question.

1363
00:39:46,789 --> 00:39:47,590
I'm

1364
00:39:51,190 --> 00:39:52,230
struggling a bit to answer your

1365
00:39:52,230 --> 00:39:53,030
question

1366
00:39:53,809 --> 00:39:55,489
because both

1367
00:39:56,849 --> 00:39:59,289
nitrogen and carbon get measured

1368
00:39:59,289 --> 00:40:01,309
in so many different ways on so

1369
00:40:01,309 --> 00:40:02,269
many different tests.

1370
00:40:03,570 --> 00:40:05,250
The answer is yes, I think it

1371
00:40:05,250 --> 00:40:06,050
would be beneficial,

1372
00:40:06,329 --> 00:40:07,489
but you're going to have to

1373
00:40:07,489 --> 00:40:08,590
learn what

1374
00:40:09,190 --> 00:40:10,369
the results actually mean.

1375
00:40:11,139 --> 00:40:11,940
So for

1376
00:40:13,070 --> 00:40:14,369
example, if you use the Haney

1377
00:40:14,369 --> 00:40:15,170
analysis,

1378
00:40:15,570 --> 00:40:17,510
I was quite a fan of the Haney

1379
00:40:17,510 --> 00:40:18,929
analysis for a

1380
00:40:19,789 --> 00:40:20,590
number of years.

1381
00:40:20,500 --> 00:40:23,050
We used it quite widely and I

1382
00:40:23,199 --> 00:40:25,519
still think in many ways it's

1383
00:40:25,519 --> 00:40:26,320
the

1384
00:40:29,780 --> 00:40:31,059
correct way to express this.

1385
00:40:32,190 --> 00:40:35,030
It's the least bad soil sampling

1386
00:40:35,030 --> 00:40:37,210
methodology that we have for

1387
00:40:37,210 --> 00:40:39,389
measuring and managing nitrogen,

1388
00:40:39,809 --> 00:40:41,590
nitrogen to carbon ratios and so

1389
00:40:41,590 --> 00:40:42,390
forth.

1390
00:40:44,260 --> 00:40:46,019
You know, as is so often true in

1391
00:40:46,019 --> 00:40:46,820
life,

1392
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:48,760
our greatest strengths,

1393
00:40:49,469 --> 00:40:51,170
this is for us as people and for

1394
00:40:51,170 --> 00:40:52,289
operations and so forth, so

1395
00:40:52,289 --> 00:40:53,550
often our greatest strengths

1396
00:40:54,360 --> 00:40:56,059
have hidden downsides that are

1397
00:40:56,059 --> 00:40:57,159
also our greatest weaknesses.

1398
00:40:58,199 --> 00:40:59,139
And that's also true of the

1399
00:40:59,139 --> 00:40:59,940
Haney analysis.

1400
00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,179
The challenge with the Haney

1401
00:41:02,179 --> 00:41:03,980
analysis is that it can vary

1402
00:41:03,980 --> 00:41:06,800
quite significantly based on

1403
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:07,659
soil moisture levels.

1404
00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:11,090
So if you have soils that are

1405
00:41:11,090 --> 00:41:12,150
dry for

1406
00:41:12,719 --> 00:41:13,519
two weeks,

1407
00:41:13,780 --> 00:41:15,219
and you have limited microbial

1408
00:41:15,219 --> 00:41:16,599
activity because of a lack of

1409
00:41:16,599 --> 00:41:18,159
soil moisture, and then you get

1410
00:41:18,699 --> 00:41:19,500
an

1411
00:41:20,199 --> 00:41:21,280
inch of rain,

1412
00:41:21,780 --> 00:41:22,739
and you pull a sample

1413
00:41:22,739 --> 00:41:24,159
immediately before and

1414
00:41:24,340 --> 00:41:25,140
immediately after,

1415
00:41:26,639 --> 00:41:27,599
they will look like completely

1416
00:41:27,599 --> 00:41:29,360
different soils on that type of

1417
00:41:29,360 --> 00:41:30,160
analysis.

1418
00:41:31,159 --> 00:41:32,480
Because the

1419
00:41:32,820 --> 00:41:34,800
soil that was dry had limited

1420
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:36,000
microbial activity and it had

1421
00:41:36,000 --> 00:41:37,679
kind of accumulated this

1422
00:41:38,119 --> 00:41:39,340
readily available carbon.

1423
00:41:40,820 --> 00:41:41,960
You take it into the lab,

1424
00:41:42,340 --> 00:41:43,980
you add moisture to it, and you

1425
00:41:43,980 --> 00:41:46,380
get this tremendous CO2 burst.

1426
00:41:46,619 --> 00:41:47,820
You get this tremendous burst of

1427
00:41:47,820 --> 00:41:49,340
microbial activity because of

1428
00:41:49,340 --> 00:41:51,039
all this pent -up energy that

1429
00:41:51,039 --> 00:41:52,199
was just waiting for moisture.

1430
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:55,280
And you don't see that when

1431
00:41:55,280 --> 00:41:56,080
you've had a good rain.

1432
00:41:57,059 --> 00:41:57,860
So

1433
00:41:57,940 --> 00:41:59,659
the short answer is

1434
00:42:00,210 --> 00:42:02,150
to your question is that yes,

1435
00:42:02,510 --> 00:42:04,170
I do think it is valuable to

1436
00:42:04,170 --> 00:42:04,989
measure carbon and nitrogen

1437
00:42:04,989 --> 00:42:05,789
ratios,

1438
00:42:05,989 --> 00:42:06,789
but

1439
00:42:06,679 --> 00:42:08,119
there's

1440
00:42:08,659 --> 00:42:09,760
at this point,

1441
00:42:10,789 --> 00:42:11,829
either one of two things is

1442
00:42:11,829 --> 00:42:13,010
true. Either I don't understand

1443
00:42:13,010 --> 00:42:14,389
them well enough, or there's a

1444
00:42:14,389 --> 00:42:15,190
lot of interpretation.

1445
00:42:15,099 --> 00:42:16,320
that's required to read them

1446
00:42:16,320 --> 00:42:17,120
well.

1447
00:42:17,309 --> 00:42:18,489
So that's the caveat that I

1448
00:42:18,489 --> 00:42:19,289
would offer.

1449
00:42:22,010 --> 00:42:23,409
Question from Doug, where does

1450
00:42:23,409 --> 00:42:24,449
manure fit into this?

1451
00:42:25,500 --> 00:42:26,460
So Doug,

1452
00:42:27,239 --> 00:42:28,039
manure,

1453
00:42:28,980 --> 00:42:30,179
when manure is applied,

1454
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:31,980
the majority of nitrogen that it

1455
00:42:31,980 --> 00:42:33,800
contains will be in the form of

1456
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:34,820
organic nitrogen.

1457
00:42:35,340 --> 00:42:36,440
And that's just the umbrella

1458
00:42:36,440 --> 00:42:38,219
catch -all term that is used to

1459
00:42:38,219 --> 00:42:39,619
describe nitrogen in the form of

1460
00:42:39,619 --> 00:42:40,659
proteins, in the form of

1461
00:42:40,659 --> 00:42:42,260
enzymes, amino acids, amino

1462
00:42:42,260 --> 00:42:43,260
sugars, and so forth.

1463
00:42:44,039 --> 00:42:46,659
the nitrate content and the

1464
00:42:46,659 --> 00:42:48,019
ammonium content of manure,

1465
00:42:48,199 --> 00:42:49,860
ideally, will be quite low.

1466
00:42:52,889 --> 00:42:54,630
That is

1467
00:42:54,940 --> 00:42:55,900
what would be most common.

1468
00:42:57,429 --> 00:43:00,489
The form

1469
00:43:01,309 --> 00:43:03,010
of nitrogen in manure is

1470
00:43:03,409 --> 00:43:05,530
essentially biological nitrogen

1471
00:43:05,530 --> 00:43:07,369
delivery. It's what I've been

1472
00:43:07,369 --> 00:43:08,170
describing

1473
00:43:08,329 --> 00:43:10,530
that can happen in healthy soils

1474
00:43:10,530 --> 00:43:11,989
in the absence of excessive

1475
00:43:11,989 --> 00:43:12,989
electrolytes. Now what's

1476
00:43:12,989 --> 00:43:13,789
interesting,

1477
00:43:14,489 --> 00:43:15,289
when

1478
00:43:16,340 --> 00:43:17,760
we think about the challenges of

1479
00:43:17,760 --> 00:43:18,739
electrolytes, you have

1480
00:43:19,199 --> 00:43:20,059
Inside the plant,

1481
00:43:20,360 --> 00:43:21,179
you have a

1482
00:43:22,519 --> 00:43:24,079
handful of major electrolytes.

1483
00:43:24,199 --> 00:43:25,179
You have potassium,

1484
00:43:26,019 --> 00:43:26,820
chloride,

1485
00:43:27,269 --> 00:43:28,070
nitrate,

1486
00:43:28,289 --> 00:43:29,090
sodium,

1487
00:43:29,590 --> 00:43:31,719
and then it's not as significant

1488
00:43:31,719 --> 00:43:32,920
a contributor, but it's also an

1489
00:43:32,920 --> 00:43:34,280
electrolyte. You have, to some

1490
00:43:34,280 --> 00:43:35,199
degree, you have magnesium.

1491
00:43:36,460 --> 00:43:37,260
And in the soil,

1492
00:43:37,579 --> 00:43:39,690
you also have the first four.

1493
00:43:39,809 --> 00:43:41,190
You have nitrate, potassium,

1494
00:43:41,449 --> 00:43:43,170
chloride, and sodium as

1495
00:43:44,219 --> 00:43:45,199
being the significant

1496
00:43:45,199 --> 00:43:46,019
electrolytes.

1497
00:43:46,690 --> 00:43:47,490
And

1498
00:43:48,289 --> 00:43:49,630
We've had a number of

1499
00:43:49,630 --> 00:43:50,670
observations, a number of

1500
00:43:50,670 --> 00:43:53,369
instances where dairy manure can

1501
00:43:53,369 --> 00:43:55,170
be problematic, particularly

1502
00:43:55,170 --> 00:43:56,510
when applied at high doses,

1503
00:43:57,599 --> 00:43:58,960
because of the salt that's fed

1504
00:43:58,960 --> 00:43:59,760
to dairy cows.

1505
00:44:00,519 --> 00:44:01,320
I mean,

1506
00:44:02,010 --> 00:44:03,050
there are many people who can

1507
00:44:03,050 --> 00:44:05,070
testify to applying liquid dairy

1508
00:44:05,070 --> 00:44:06,190
manure and having dead

1509
00:44:06,190 --> 00:44:07,070
earthworms behind the

1510
00:44:07,070 --> 00:44:07,870
application,

1511
00:44:08,210 --> 00:44:09,650
having the soil covered in dead

1512
00:44:09,650 --> 00:44:11,000
earthworms. and that those dead

1513
00:44:11,000 --> 00:44:12,760
earthworms are an expression of

1514
00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:14,920
excessive levels of electrolytes

1515
00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:16,900
and perhaps other toxins as well

1516
00:44:16,900 --> 00:44:18,760
but high levels of salts being

1517
00:44:18,760 --> 00:44:19,840
applied with the liquid dairy

1518
00:44:19,840 --> 00:44:20,640
manure.

1519
00:44:21,099 --> 00:44:21,900
So

1520
00:44:22,219 --> 00:44:24,320
salts aren't just exclusively

1521
00:44:24,320 --> 00:44:25,900
coming from fertilizers they can

1522
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:27,900
also come from from high manure

1523
00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:28,960
applications particularly in the

1524
00:44:28,960 --> 00:44:29,760
case of dairy manure.

1525
00:44:31,679 --> 00:44:33,179
Question from Mark, is sulfur

1526
00:44:33,179 --> 00:44:34,519
being added with the foliar

1527
00:44:34,519 --> 00:44:36,179
applications during Tasslin R1?

1528
00:44:36,440 --> 00:44:37,240
Ideally, yes.

1529
00:44:37,619 --> 00:44:39,159
I'd like to add, doesn't take

1530
00:44:39,159 --> 00:44:40,460
much, but I also want to hit

1531
00:44:40,460 --> 00:44:41,260
that 10 to 1

1532
00:44:41,710 --> 00:44:43,510
hydrogen to sulfur ratio, pound

1533
00:44:43,510 --> 00:44:44,849
for pound. That can be in the

1534
00:44:44,849 --> 00:44:46,110
form of ammonium thiosulfate,

1535
00:44:46,190 --> 00:44:46,990
which is most common.

1536
00:44:47,829 --> 00:44:49,210
A few folks are also dissolving

1537
00:44:49,210 --> 00:44:50,329
ammonium sulfate, which you can

1538
00:44:50,329 --> 00:44:51,130
also do quite readily.

1539
00:44:51,110 --> 00:44:52,150
Either one works quite well.

1540
00:44:54,940 --> 00:44:56,139
Question from David, can you

1541
00:44:56,139 --> 00:44:57,639
expand on drone application

1542
00:44:57,639 --> 00:44:58,980
rates of late season foliar

1543
00:44:58,980 --> 00:45:00,539
reapplication to prevent leaf

1544
00:45:00,539 --> 00:45:01,340
burn?

1545
00:45:03,280 --> 00:45:04,080
This is

1546
00:45:04,420 --> 00:45:05,980
This is actually an area that I

1547
00:45:05,980 --> 00:45:08,119
need to catch up with Patrick

1548
00:45:08,269 --> 00:45:10,030
Fabian and Bo Claus and a couple

1549
00:45:10,030 --> 00:45:10,969
of people who've been pushing

1550
00:45:10,969 --> 00:45:11,809
the envelope here

1551
00:45:13,400 --> 00:45:16,820
because I'm, I will admit that I

1552
00:45:16,820 --> 00:45:18,219
am perplexed by some of the

1553
00:45:18,219 --> 00:45:19,300
things that they're reporting.

1554
00:45:20,550 --> 00:45:21,350
So

1555
00:45:21,440 --> 00:45:22,900
they are, the conversations I've

1556
00:45:22,900 --> 00:45:23,700
had with them,

1557
00:45:24,280 --> 00:45:25,420
if I'm understanding correctly,

1558
00:45:25,420 --> 00:45:26,739
they're putting on 10 units of

1559
00:45:26,739 --> 00:45:27,900
nitrogen per application

1560
00:45:28,239 --> 00:45:31,360
with a drone as melted urea.

1561
00:45:31,559 --> 00:45:33,260
They're adding Humacarb to that.

1562
00:45:34,929 --> 00:45:36,730
And they're putting on

1563
00:45:37,119 --> 00:45:39,460
a solution that is 50 % melted

1564
00:45:39,460 --> 00:45:41,059
urea and 50 % water.

1565
00:45:41,340 --> 00:45:42,480
So that means the

1566
00:45:42,789 --> 00:45:44,190
liquid that they are applying is

1567
00:45:44,190 --> 00:45:45,949
essentially 10 % nitrogen and

1568
00:45:47,159 --> 00:45:48,579
they're reporting no burning

1569
00:45:48,579 --> 00:45:51,000
effects on that, which I

1570
00:45:51,539 --> 00:45:52,340
find puzzling.

1571
00:45:53,329 --> 00:45:55,570
So I want to go back and just

1572
00:45:56,010 --> 00:45:57,610
double check and double verify

1573
00:45:57,610 --> 00:45:59,010
those numbers, make sure I'm not

1574
00:45:59,010 --> 00:46:00,050
misunderstanding or didn't

1575
00:46:00,050 --> 00:46:01,230
misunderstand anything because

1576
00:46:01,230 --> 00:46:02,650
that seems to be quite high.

1577
00:46:04,590 --> 00:46:06,079
But it is also true that

1578
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:08,300
because of the leaf structure,

1579
00:46:08,780 --> 00:46:11,760
the small grains and the corn,

1580
00:46:13,449 --> 00:46:15,909
sorghum, so forth, these grasses

1581
00:46:15,909 --> 00:46:17,630
do have a much higher ability to

1582
00:46:17,630 --> 00:46:19,500
handle those electrolytes as a

1583
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:20,719
foliar than a broadleaf crop

1584
00:46:20,719 --> 00:46:21,519
would.

1585
00:46:21,559 --> 00:46:22,980
I'm quite confident if you did

1586
00:46:22,980 --> 00:46:24,119
that on soybeans or other

1587
00:46:24,119 --> 00:46:25,360
tomatoes or other broadleaf

1588
00:46:25,360 --> 00:46:26,480
crops, you would absolutely have

1589
00:46:26,480 --> 00:46:27,280
leaf burn on that.

1590
00:46:29,059 --> 00:46:30,219
Question from Adam.

1591
00:46:30,480 --> 00:46:32,280
Does the source or form of

1592
00:46:32,280 --> 00:46:34,239
sulfur make a difference for the

1593
00:46:34,239 --> 00:46:35,619
25 pounds applied during the

1594
00:46:35,619 --> 00:46:36,420
growing season?

1595
00:46:36,219 --> 00:46:37,019
I don't believe so.

1596
00:46:37,280 --> 00:46:38,960
No, that can be as thiosulfate

1597
00:46:38,960 --> 00:46:40,219
or as sulfate, whether it's

1598
00:46:40,219 --> 00:46:41,659
coming from ammonium sulfate,

1599
00:46:41,739 --> 00:46:42,780
ammonium thiosulfate,

1600
00:46:43,440 --> 00:46:44,360
potassium sulfate,

1601
00:46:44,679 --> 00:46:45,679
gypsum. You can even apply it.

1602
00:46:45,719 --> 00:46:46,739
It doesn't even have to be in

1603
00:46:46,739 --> 00:46:47,559
the same tank mix.

1604
00:46:48,500 --> 00:46:50,760
We've had growers that put

1605
00:46:51,869 --> 00:46:52,670
on,

1606
00:46:53,110 --> 00:46:54,230
because of their soil

1607
00:46:54,230 --> 00:46:56,250
conditions, they needed some

1608
00:46:56,690 --> 00:46:57,610
gypsum applications.

1609
00:46:58,380 --> 00:46:59,619
And so they're banding gypsum.

1610
00:47:00,409 --> 00:47:01,449
And perhaps

1611
00:47:01,760 --> 00:47:04,159
I've had gypsum being banded on

1612
00:47:04,159 --> 00:47:04,960
with a,

1613
00:47:06,559 --> 00:47:07,800
my brain stopped working,

1614
00:47:08,159 --> 00:47:08,960
not side dress,

1615
00:47:10,099 --> 00:47:10,900
strip -till,

1616
00:47:11,530 --> 00:47:12,789
with a strip -till application

1617
00:47:12,789 --> 00:47:14,530
and depending on that as a form

1618
00:47:14,530 --> 00:47:15,330
of solver.

1619
00:47:15,329 --> 00:47:16,829
And that is equally effective

1620
00:47:16,829 --> 00:47:17,630
and appropriate.

1621
00:47:21,159 --> 00:47:22,199
Question from Myron.

1622
00:47:22,260 --> 00:47:23,060
Hi Myron.

1623
00:47:23,239 --> 00:47:24,300
Is there any concern about

1624
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:26,019
pollen shed when applying foliar

1625
00:47:26,019 --> 00:47:28,440
N just prior to VTN and R1?

1626
00:47:29,130 --> 00:47:30,570
Would boron potentially be added

1627
00:47:30,570 --> 00:47:31,370
as well?

1628
00:47:32,969 --> 00:47:34,010
That's a good question, Myron.

1629
00:47:34,070 --> 00:47:35,010
I don't know the answer.

1630
00:47:37,849 --> 00:47:39,889
And yes, you could add boron to

1631
00:47:39,889 --> 00:47:41,289
the mix, you could add copper to

1632
00:47:41,289 --> 00:47:42,269
the mix as well.

1633
00:47:42,690 --> 00:47:43,610
This is a

1634
00:47:44,050 --> 00:47:46,010
bit of a sidebar, something that

1635
00:47:46,010 --> 00:47:47,510
we've learned about boron,

1636
00:47:47,610 --> 00:47:49,349
excuse me, about pollen

1637
00:47:49,349 --> 00:47:50,150
viability

1638
00:47:50,519 --> 00:47:52,880
and pollen tube viability.

1639
00:47:54,150 --> 00:47:56,869
You can keep pollen tubes,

1640
00:47:59,199 --> 00:48:00,000
what's the word that I'm looking

1641
00:47:59,980 --> 00:48:02,159
for? not fresh, but they can

1642
00:48:02,159 --> 00:48:03,639
maintain their strength and not

1643
00:48:03,639 --> 00:48:05,639
collapse for much longer periods

1644
00:48:05,639 --> 00:48:06,440
of time

1645
00:48:06,570 --> 00:48:08,530
when they have adequate levels

1646
00:48:08,530 --> 00:48:09,750
of copper and boron.

1647
00:48:10,070 --> 00:48:11,650
Those two in particular we found

1648
00:48:11,650 --> 00:48:13,670
will dramatically increase

1649
00:48:13,670 --> 00:48:14,869
pollination on

1650
00:48:15,340 --> 00:48:16,699
a wide variety of crops.

1651
00:48:17,179 --> 00:48:18,639
If we make sure we have generous

1652
00:48:18,639 --> 00:48:20,039
levels of copper and boron prior

1653
00:48:20,039 --> 00:48:21,139
to, obviously it needs to be in

1654
00:48:21,139 --> 00:48:22,300
the pollen tubes and it needs to

1655
00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:24,190
be in the pollen weeks in

1656
00:48:24,190 --> 00:48:25,250
advance of the actual event

1657
00:48:25,250 --> 00:48:26,050
itself.

1658
00:48:30,710 --> 00:48:32,610
Question from Kurt, if nitrate

1659
00:48:32,610 --> 00:48:34,070
nitrogen applications are

1660
00:48:34,070 --> 00:48:34,870
absent,

1661
00:48:35,110 --> 00:48:38,349
how much N on average can you

1662
00:48:38,349 --> 00:48:40,010
attribute to free nitrogen

1663
00:48:40,010 --> 00:48:42,050
fixing bacteria from species in

1664
00:48:42,050 --> 00:48:42,850
biocode gold?

1665
00:48:43,679 --> 00:48:45,420
Can this seed treatment be

1666
00:48:45,420 --> 00:48:47,019
accounted for in this new

1667
00:48:47,019 --> 00:48:48,440
concept of nitrogen management?

1668
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:50,559
Ah, Kurt, you asked the million

1669
00:48:50,559 --> 00:48:51,360
dollar question.

1670
00:48:56,699 --> 00:48:57,500
So

1671
00:48:58,079 --> 00:48:58,980
I would rephrase,

1672
00:48:59,380 --> 00:49:01,000
if I'm understanding what you're

1673
00:49:01,000 --> 00:49:01,880
asking correctly,

1674
00:49:02,929 --> 00:49:04,329
I'll rephrase it just a little

1675
00:49:04,329 --> 00:49:05,590
bit. I think what you meant to

1676
00:49:05,590 --> 00:49:06,390
ask is

1677
00:49:07,039 --> 00:49:09,280
not if nitrate and applications

1678
00:49:09,280 --> 00:49:10,480
are absent, but more if

1679
00:49:10,480 --> 00:49:11,539
electrolyte nitrogen

1680
00:49:11,539 --> 00:49:12,719
applications are absent.

1681
00:49:13,659 --> 00:49:14,840
And maybe that could be

1682
00:49:14,840 --> 00:49:15,679
interpreted in a couple of

1683
00:49:15,679 --> 00:49:16,480
different ways there.

1684
00:49:16,460 --> 00:49:17,260
But

1685
00:49:17,530 --> 00:49:20,380
the bottom line is that

1686
00:49:20,760 --> 00:49:23,099
I missed talking about biocoat

1687
00:49:23,099 --> 00:49:23,900
gold a little bit.

1688
00:49:24,559 --> 00:49:27,039
Yes, biocoat gold can deliver

1689
00:49:27,039 --> 00:49:28,619
substantial amounts of nitrogen,

1690
00:49:29,369 --> 00:49:31,230
and it can vary quite a bit.

1691
00:49:31,289 --> 00:49:32,909
It will vary based on

1692
00:49:33,590 --> 00:49:34,769
The amount of nitrogen applied,

1693
00:49:34,889 --> 00:49:35,869
how close proximity,

1694
00:49:36,170 --> 00:49:37,489
phosphorus fertilizer starter

1695
00:49:37,489 --> 00:49:38,630
solutions, was there a starter

1696
00:49:38,630 --> 00:49:39,430
right on the seed?

1697
00:49:41,070 --> 00:49:41,969
So the

1698
00:49:42,920 --> 00:49:43,720
variability,

1699
00:49:45,260 --> 00:49:47,179
we have observed, maybe the most

1700
00:49:47,179 --> 00:49:49,119
accurate way to say this is that

1701
00:49:50,199 --> 00:49:52,179
we have observed BioCoat Gold

1702
00:49:52,179 --> 00:49:53,360
delivering

1703
00:49:55,719 --> 00:49:57,719
let me back up, I want to be

1704
00:49:57,719 --> 00:49:58,820
sure I state this accurately.

1705
00:50:00,409 --> 00:50:01,550
We've observed high -yielding

1706
00:50:01,550 --> 00:50:02,350
corn crops

1707
00:50:02,630 --> 00:50:05,480
where the crop contained

1708
00:50:05,860 --> 00:50:07,980
upwards of 60 pounds of nitrogen

1709
00:50:07,980 --> 00:50:09,579
that we were unable to account

1710
00:50:09,579 --> 00:50:10,380
for

1711
00:50:10,869 --> 00:50:12,730
from applications of any type,

1712
00:50:12,869 --> 00:50:14,389
manure, compost, cover crops,

1713
00:50:14,650 --> 00:50:15,450
etc.

1714
00:50:15,900 --> 00:50:17,300
That seemed to be coming from

1715
00:50:17,300 --> 00:50:18,100
the Biocote Gold.

1716
00:50:18,920 --> 00:50:20,139
That's the high number that

1717
00:50:20,139 --> 00:50:20,940
we've observed.

1718
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,320
35 to 40 is very common

1719
00:50:25,139 --> 00:50:26,440
and

1720
00:50:28,139 --> 00:50:29,460
Actually, I do have a few

1721
00:50:29,460 --> 00:50:30,940
outlier instances that are well

1722
00:50:30,940 --> 00:50:33,139
above the 60 number, but 60 is a

1723
00:50:33,139 --> 00:50:33,940
number that's pretty

1724
00:50:33,880 --> 00:50:35,059
consistently reliable and

1725
00:50:35,059 --> 00:50:36,219
achievable, I think.

1726
00:50:38,159 --> 00:50:38,960
But

1727
00:50:39,079 --> 00:50:40,320
that all depends.

1728
00:50:40,480 --> 00:50:42,360
It depends on soils having

1729
00:50:42,360 --> 00:50:43,599
adequate carbon, adequate

1730
00:50:43,599 --> 00:50:45,440
organic matter for that

1731
00:50:45,440 --> 00:50:46,880
biococoal to really become

1732
00:50:46,880 --> 00:50:47,680
active.

1733
00:50:47,619 --> 00:50:49,000
It depends on there being not

1734
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:50,460
lots of electrolytes right on

1735
00:50:50,460 --> 00:50:51,340
the seed or

1736
00:50:51,710 --> 00:50:52,769
very close to the seed.

1737
00:50:52,869 --> 00:50:54,090
It needs a couple of weeks to

1738
00:50:54,090 --> 00:50:54,890
really activate.

1739
00:50:55,920 --> 00:50:57,019
So those

1740
00:50:57,619 --> 00:50:59,139
are all important variables and

1741
00:50:59,139 --> 00:51:01,059
important pieces that it's

1742
00:51:02,190 --> 00:51:03,969
I'm hesitant to quantify and say

1743
00:51:03,969 --> 00:51:05,670
that you can put biocoat gold on

1744
00:51:05,670 --> 00:51:07,599
and you can depend on it for 30

1745
00:51:07,599 --> 00:51:08,639
to 40 units of nitrogen.

1746
00:51:09,000 --> 00:51:10,340
Now, that will be true for 80 %

1747
00:51:10,340 --> 00:51:11,140
of the operations,

1748
00:51:11,559 --> 00:51:12,860
but for 20 % it won't be

1749
00:51:13,300 --> 00:51:15,019
because of other extenuating

1750
00:51:15,019 --> 00:51:15,820
circumstances.

1751
00:51:17,599 --> 00:51:18,400
Something

1752
00:51:19,389 --> 00:51:20,329
that is important that I

1753
00:51:20,329 --> 00:51:22,130
realized I missed mentioning is

1754
00:51:22,539 --> 00:51:24,519
there is a critical two -week

1755
00:51:24,519 --> 00:51:25,320
window.

1756
00:51:25,340 --> 00:51:26,140
Biocoat gold,

1757
00:51:27,150 --> 00:51:28,510
colonization of the rhizosphere,

1758
00:51:29,489 --> 00:51:30,289
or

1759
00:51:30,710 --> 00:51:32,090
not just biocoat gold, but

1760
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:34,900
the colonization of the plant,

1761
00:51:35,239 --> 00:51:36,619
root system and that emerging

1762
00:51:36,619 --> 00:51:37,860
radical right at germination.

1763
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:39,159
There is a two -week window

1764
00:51:39,760 --> 00:51:41,440
right after germination that is

1765
00:51:41,440 --> 00:51:43,460
critical for disease resistance

1766
00:51:43,460 --> 00:51:45,139
later on in the plant's life and

1767
00:51:45,139 --> 00:51:46,139
that is critical for the highest

1768
00:51:46,139 --> 00:51:47,480
yield and the best nutrition

1769
00:51:47,480 --> 00:51:48,579
delivery through the season.

1770
00:51:49,250 --> 00:51:50,909
That first two weeks window is

1771
00:51:50,909 --> 00:51:51,869
so important.

1772
00:51:52,230 --> 00:51:54,420
And the easiest way to shut down

1773
00:51:54,420 --> 00:51:56,400
colonization in that two -week

1774
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:57,200
window

1775
00:51:57,139 --> 00:51:58,619
is to

1776
00:51:59,760 --> 00:52:02,119
put on a starter that has high

1777
00:52:02,119 --> 00:52:03,480
concentrations of electrolytes.

1778
00:52:03,639 --> 00:52:04,820
So if you put on a soluble

1779
00:52:04,820 --> 00:52:06,199
phosphor starter or

1780
00:52:06,539 --> 00:52:08,360
a starter that contains a good

1781
00:52:08,360 --> 00:52:09,880
dose of nitrogen right in close

1782
00:52:09,880 --> 00:52:10,960
proximity to the seed,

1783
00:52:11,539 --> 00:52:12,480
that's a good way of shutting

1784
00:52:12,480 --> 00:52:13,280
down biococcal.

1785
00:52:13,320 --> 00:52:14,420
It's much better to have it off

1786
00:52:14,420 --> 00:52:15,599
to the side on a 2x2 or

1787
00:52:15,599 --> 00:52:16,400
something like that.

1788
00:52:16,840 --> 00:52:17,699
You know, many years ago,

1789
00:52:17,739 --> 00:52:19,480
William Albrecht made

1790
00:52:21,289 --> 00:52:23,809
this quote from a professor at

1791
00:52:23,809 --> 00:52:25,050
the University of Missouri, and

1792
00:52:25,050 --> 00:52:26,050
he said something to the effect

1793
00:52:26,050 --> 00:52:26,850
of,

1794
00:52:28,219 --> 00:52:29,019
the

1795
00:52:28,920 --> 00:52:31,630
science of fertilizer placement

1796
00:52:31,630 --> 00:52:32,430
is

1797
00:52:32,909 --> 00:52:34,769
all about the art of placing

1798
00:52:34,769 --> 00:52:37,269
soluble electrolytes so that

1799
00:52:37,269 --> 00:52:39,369
plant roots can avoid them.

1800
00:52:40,670 --> 00:52:42,829
And he was, of course, looking

1801
00:52:42,829 --> 00:52:44,909
at this from the perspective of

1802
00:52:45,539 --> 00:52:47,260
what does

1803
00:52:48,530 --> 00:52:50,429
biology have the capacity to

1804
00:52:50,429 --> 00:52:51,889
deliver if we don't shut it

1805
00:52:51,889 --> 00:52:52,690
down?

1806
00:52:55,329 --> 00:52:56,710
A follow -up question here from

1807
00:52:56,710 --> 00:52:57,510
Carl.

1808
00:52:58,059 --> 00:52:59,079
Speaking of manure, would you

1809
00:52:59,079 --> 00:53:00,239
say that a major problem with

1810
00:53:00,239 --> 00:53:01,940
modern livestock production, i

1811
00:53:01,940 --> 00:53:02,740
.e.

1812
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:03,100
CAFOs,

1813
00:53:02,800 --> 00:53:03,860
is the concentrated part?

1814
00:53:03,960 --> 00:53:05,159
Way too many animals in one

1815
00:53:05,159 --> 00:53:06,539
place, difficult, expensive

1816
00:53:06,539 --> 00:53:07,860
nutrient over -application, etc.

1817
00:53:09,429 --> 00:53:12,210
I would say that that model has

1818
00:53:12,210 --> 00:53:13,869
lots of inherent challenges with

1819
00:53:13,869 --> 00:53:16,150
it and lots of externalized

1820
00:53:16,150 --> 00:53:16,950
costs

1821
00:53:17,630 --> 00:53:20,090
that it would be much wiser to

1822
00:53:20,090 --> 00:53:21,110
go to a different model.

1823
00:53:21,429 --> 00:53:22,409
But that's a conversation for

1824
00:53:22,409 --> 00:53:23,210
another day.

1825
00:53:24,699 --> 00:53:25,780
Question from David, do you have

1826
00:53:25,780 --> 00:53:27,199
any data around using compost

1827
00:53:27,199 --> 00:53:28,920
extracts as a carrier for foliar

1828
00:53:28,920 --> 00:53:29,860
urea applications?

1829
00:53:30,179 --> 00:53:30,980
Very limited, David.

1830
00:53:31,039 --> 00:53:32,179
We do have a few people that

1831
00:53:32,179 --> 00:53:33,960
have done that and continue to

1832
00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:34,760
do that,

1833
00:53:35,099 --> 00:53:36,940
and they believe they're getting

1834
00:53:36,940 --> 00:53:37,860
benefits from that.

1835
00:53:38,079 --> 00:53:39,960
But when you are putting on a

1836
00:53:39,960 --> 00:53:41,260
foliar urea application,

1837
00:53:42,230 --> 00:53:44,389
that is a high electrolyte

1838
00:53:44,590 --> 00:53:45,390
solution.

1839
00:53:45,650 --> 00:53:47,389
I mean, urea has a salt index of

1840
00:53:47,389 --> 00:53:49,250
106, which basically means that

1841
00:53:49,250 --> 00:53:50,489
it is saltier than sodium

1842
00:53:50,489 --> 00:53:51,369
chloride by

1843
00:53:52,230 --> 00:53:53,030
6%.

1844
00:53:53,719 --> 00:53:55,679
Sodium chloride is the benchmark

1845
00:53:55,679 --> 00:53:57,380
index of the index at 100.

1846
00:53:58,360 --> 00:54:00,039
So urea at 106 means it's

1847
00:54:00,039 --> 00:54:01,239
saltier than sodium chloride.

1848
00:54:02,059 --> 00:54:02,860
And

1849
00:54:02,769 --> 00:54:05,329
so when you have a foliar spray

1850
00:54:05,329 --> 00:54:07,389
solution of urea with that high

1851
00:54:07,389 --> 00:54:08,210
salt content,

1852
00:54:11,119 --> 00:54:12,840
Practical expectation would be

1853
00:54:12,840 --> 00:54:16,079
that very tiny amounts of those

1854
00:54:16,079 --> 00:54:17,820
microbes would still be alive

1855
00:54:17,820 --> 00:54:18,920
when they touch the leaf

1856
00:54:18,920 --> 00:54:19,720
surface.

1857
00:54:20,789 --> 00:54:22,110
You would still, I

1858
00:54:22,519 --> 00:54:23,559
can expect that you would still

1859
00:54:23,559 --> 00:54:24,480
get benefits from their

1860
00:54:24,480 --> 00:54:25,820
metabolites, from microbial

1861
00:54:25,820 --> 00:54:27,280
metabolites, but not from living

1862
00:54:27,280 --> 00:54:28,080
microbes themselves.

1863
00:54:31,880 --> 00:54:32,680
Last

1864
00:54:38,000 --> 00:54:39,340
question here is from Mark.

1865
00:54:39,719 --> 00:54:42,679
If 32 % and sulfur source

1866
00:54:45,010 --> 00:54:47,030
are applied at planting,

1867
00:54:47,599 --> 00:54:48,920
Would there be a significant

1868
00:54:48,920 --> 00:54:50,179
difference in the application

1869
00:54:50,179 --> 00:54:52,219
method currently using broadcast

1870
00:54:52,219 --> 00:54:54,039
versus indexing to the row?

1871
00:54:55,449 --> 00:54:58,510
So if you are using broadcast,

1872
00:54:59,210 --> 00:55:01,150
then your application rate is

1873
00:55:01,150 --> 00:55:02,889
probably going to need to go up

1874
00:55:02,889 --> 00:55:04,429
to get the equivalent crop

1875
00:55:04,429 --> 00:55:05,849
response. So the recommendations

1876
00:55:05,849 --> 00:55:06,949
that I've been making have been

1877
00:55:06,949 --> 00:55:08,110
with the expectation of having

1878
00:55:08,110 --> 00:55:08,910
it banded.

1879
00:55:09,710 --> 00:55:12,130
And if you broadcast it, then

1880
00:55:12,130 --> 00:55:13,329
yes, probably your application

1881
00:55:13,329 --> 00:55:14,389
rates will need to go up to

1882
00:55:14,389 --> 00:55:15,909
produce an equivalent response.

1883
00:55:17,630 --> 00:55:19,630
A question from Tom.

1884
00:55:19,809 --> 00:55:20,909
Do you think there's ever a

1885
00:55:20,909 --> 00:55:22,789
possibility for melted urea to

1886
00:55:22,789 --> 00:55:24,869
ever be usable in certified

1887
00:55:24,869 --> 00:55:25,690
organic use?

1888
00:55:29,789 --> 00:55:31,030
Tom, the problem with that

1889
00:55:31,030 --> 00:55:31,830
question

1890
00:55:32,869 --> 00:55:34,349
is that it's a political

1891
00:55:34,349 --> 00:55:35,150
question,

1892
00:55:36,329 --> 00:55:38,150
not a question based on science.

1893
00:55:39,659 --> 00:55:40,599
And so, it's

1894
00:55:41,039 --> 00:55:42,820
impossible to answer because

1895
00:55:42,820 --> 00:55:43,620
it's

1896
00:55:43,780 --> 00:55:45,420
a question based on politics and

1897
00:55:45,420 --> 00:55:46,220
not on science.

1898
00:55:46,199 --> 00:55:47,000
As you know,

1899
00:55:47,869 --> 00:55:48,869
there are many synthetic

1900
00:55:48,869 --> 00:55:50,349
materials such as magnesium

1901
00:55:50,349 --> 00:55:51,750
sulfate, for example, that can

1902
00:55:51,750 --> 00:55:52,809
be used with a documented

1903
00:55:52,809 --> 00:55:53,610
deficiency

1904
00:55:54,199 --> 00:55:55,000
and

1905
00:55:55,699 --> 00:55:57,760
a number of trace minerals as

1906
00:55:57,760 --> 00:55:59,000
well, trace mineral sulfates, et

1907
00:55:59,000 --> 00:55:59,800
cetera, et cetera.

1908
00:56:01,210 --> 00:56:03,789
So I would argue that there are

1909
00:56:03,789 --> 00:56:05,130
a number of things that organic

1910
00:56:05,130 --> 00:56:07,170
certifiers and the organic,

1911
00:56:09,550 --> 00:56:10,350
I think

1912
00:56:12,980 --> 00:56:13,780
if

1913
00:56:14,000 --> 00:56:15,860
The organic certification space

1914
00:56:15,860 --> 00:56:17,079
had gone down a different

1915
00:56:17,079 --> 00:56:18,579
pathway of being

1916
00:56:19,409 --> 00:56:20,750
more

1917
00:56:21,570 --> 00:56:23,530
pragmatic and less idealistic.

1918
00:56:25,030 --> 00:56:26,230
We would not be having a

1919
00:56:26,230 --> 00:56:28,409
conversation today about

1920
00:56:28,619 --> 00:56:29,940
regenerative agriculture.

1921
00:56:30,199 --> 00:56:31,360
I think if it had gone down a

1922
00:56:31,360 --> 00:56:32,320
pathway of

1923
00:56:33,179 --> 00:56:34,940
actually looking at quality of

1924
00:56:34,940 --> 00:56:36,699
outcomes and measuring both the

1925
00:56:36,699 --> 00:56:38,360
presence of quality as well as

1926
00:56:38,360 --> 00:56:39,960
the absence of toxicity and how

1927
00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:40,760
we got there

1928
00:56:41,110 --> 00:56:42,710
and taken a less idealistic

1929
00:56:42,710 --> 00:56:43,969
approach, we would be in a very

1930
00:56:43,969 --> 00:56:45,309
different place as an industry

1931
00:56:45,309 --> 00:56:46,110
overall.

1932
00:56:46,570 --> 00:56:47,610
But that's a whole separate,

1933
00:56:47,730 --> 00:56:48,530
that's a whole other

1934
00:56:48,190 --> 00:56:48,990
conversation.

1935
00:56:49,789 --> 00:56:50,989
So I don't,

1936
00:56:51,519 --> 00:56:54,079
my instinct is I don't expect

1937
00:56:54,079 --> 00:56:56,000
there would ever be a

1938
00:56:56,000 --> 00:56:57,260
possibility of using melted urea

1939
00:56:57,260 --> 00:56:58,280
in organic operations.

1940
00:56:58,280 --> 00:56:59,579
I just don't expect to see that

1941
00:56:59,579 --> 00:57:00,380
happening.

1942
00:57:00,840 --> 00:57:01,900
But the good news is

1943
00:57:03,039 --> 00:57:03,840
this,

1944
00:57:04,039 --> 00:57:05,139
there's something that I missed

1945
00:57:05,139 --> 00:57:05,940
mentioning.

1946
00:57:07,429 --> 00:57:09,610
This process that I described of

1947
00:57:09,960 --> 00:57:11,719
transitioning from

1948
00:57:12,510 --> 00:57:14,809
200 units of nitrogen to,

1949
00:57:16,289 --> 00:57:17,349
what was the number that we came

1950
00:57:17,349 --> 00:57:18,349
up with? 100 units of,

1951
00:57:18,650 --> 00:57:20,690
from 200 units of N to 100 units

1952
00:57:20,690 --> 00:57:22,289
of N plus 25 pounds of sulfur.

1953
00:57:22,960 --> 00:57:24,239
That's the net net difference.

1954
00:57:25,289 --> 00:57:27,139
I want to be very clear that I'm

1955
00:57:27,139 --> 00:57:29,079
suggesting that we have a lot of

1956
00:57:29,079 --> 00:57:30,380
field experience with this, but

1957
00:57:30,789 --> 00:57:32,809
this approach is a transition

1958
00:57:32,809 --> 00:57:33,610
approach.

1959
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:36,460
This would be year one of

1960
00:57:36,460 --> 00:57:37,260
transition.

1961
00:57:38,059 --> 00:57:38,860
And I

1962
00:57:40,480 --> 00:57:42,380
don't have an exact count or

1963
00:57:42,380 --> 00:57:43,920
exact numbers, but the number of

1964
00:57:43,920 --> 00:57:45,659
growers who started there and

1965
00:57:45,659 --> 00:57:46,940
then transitioned on further

1966
00:57:46,940 --> 00:57:48,179
down to even less,

1967
00:57:48,940 --> 00:57:50,840
where they're applying 30 to 50

1968
00:57:50,840 --> 00:57:52,820
units of nitrogen for a season

1969
00:57:53,420 --> 00:57:54,480
and

1970
00:57:54,960 --> 00:57:58,139
delivering 100 % of the

1971
00:57:58,139 --> 00:57:59,780
remainder with biological

1972
00:57:59,780 --> 00:58:00,679
nitrogen.

1973
00:58:02,380 --> 00:58:03,780
is there's a very large number

1974
00:58:03,780 --> 00:58:04,580
of those growers.

1975
00:58:04,440 --> 00:58:05,420
It's measured in the hundreds.

1976
00:58:05,639 --> 00:58:06,840
Actually, it's probably even

1977
00:58:06,840 --> 00:58:07,840
measured in the thousands at

1978
00:58:07,840 --> 00:58:08,640
this point.

1979
00:58:09,789 --> 00:58:10,809
So this

1980
00:58:12,110 --> 00:58:13,750
is year one of a transition

1981
00:58:13,750 --> 00:58:14,550
period,

1982
00:58:14,869 --> 00:58:17,309
and that transition can extend

1983
00:58:17,309 --> 00:58:19,030
in some contexts for a couple of

1984
00:58:19,030 --> 00:58:20,489
years. But over time, the

1985
00:58:20,489 --> 00:58:22,610
objective is to get the applied

1986
00:58:22,610 --> 00:58:24,489
nitrogen down and replace it

1987
00:58:24,489 --> 00:58:26,170
with biological nitrogen that is

1988
00:58:26,170 --> 00:58:27,329
fixed from the atmosphere.

1989
00:58:29,550 --> 00:58:30,889
Cover crops can contribute,

1990
00:58:31,250 --> 00:58:32,610
manure can contribute, compost

1991
00:58:32,610 --> 00:58:33,789
can contribute, but what I'm

1992
00:58:33,789 --> 00:58:35,070
really talking about, and I want

1993
00:58:35,070 --> 00:58:36,090
to be very clear about this,

1994
00:58:36,730 --> 00:58:38,829
we have a number of farms, a

1995
00:58:38,829 --> 00:58:39,989
large number of farms, the

1996
00:58:39,989 --> 00:58:40,929
majority of the farms that we

1997
00:58:40,929 --> 00:58:41,730
work with

1998
00:58:42,510 --> 00:58:44,349
are in challenged environments

1999
00:58:44,349 --> 00:58:45,150
that

2000
00:58:45,570 --> 00:58:47,730
don't have the ability to use,

2001
00:58:47,829 --> 00:58:49,530
they cannot rely on cover crops

2002
00:58:49,530 --> 00:58:50,969
because of water and moisture

2003
00:58:50,969 --> 00:58:52,349
constraints in many cases,

2004
00:58:53,230 --> 00:58:54,730
and, or timing and seasonal

2005
00:58:54,730 --> 00:58:56,130
constraints, and they cannot,

2006
00:58:56,289 --> 00:58:57,690
they don't have access to manure

2007
00:58:57,690 --> 00:58:58,490
and compost.

2008
00:58:59,360 --> 00:59:00,160
So

2009
00:59:00,650 --> 00:59:02,989
those are valuable, useful tools

2010
00:59:04,139 --> 00:59:05,480
I'm completely in favor of them.

2011
00:59:06,630 --> 00:59:07,510
But what I'm really talking

2012
00:59:07,510 --> 00:59:08,310
about is

2013
00:59:08,289 --> 00:59:10,230
transitioning to a

2014
00:59:11,440 --> 00:59:13,360
state of soil health where the

2015
00:59:13,360 --> 00:59:15,260
biology can deliver nitrogen,

2016
00:59:16,260 --> 00:59:17,679
even in the absence of those

2017
00:59:17,679 --> 00:59:18,480
things,

2018
00:59:18,659 --> 00:59:19,960
even in the absence of regular

2019
00:59:19,960 --> 00:59:21,440
cover crops, even in the absence

2020
00:59:21,440 --> 00:59:22,480
of manure and compost

2021
00:59:22,480 --> 00:59:23,280
applications.

2022
00:59:24,190 --> 00:59:25,769
Soil biology can still get to

2023
00:59:25,769 --> 00:59:26,710
the point where it can deliver

2024
00:59:26,710 --> 00:59:28,449
substantial nitrogen if

2025
00:59:29,019 --> 00:59:30,340
we just stop killing it.

2026
00:59:30,369 --> 00:59:31,170
and shutting it down.

2027
00:59:32,340 --> 00:59:33,140
So I

2028
00:59:33,340 --> 00:59:34,360
think I'm going to call it a

2029
00:59:34,360 --> 00:59:35,880
wrap there. I've used up an hour

2030
00:59:35,880 --> 00:59:36,680
of everyone's time.

2031
00:59:36,739 --> 00:59:37,920
I want to say thank you all for

2032
00:59:37,920 --> 00:59:39,300
being here. I hope you found the

2033
00:59:39,300 --> 00:59:40,199
information useful.

2034
00:59:41,039 --> 00:59:41,840
And if there's any further

2035
00:59:41,840 --> 00:59:43,400
questions that you have, any

2036
00:59:43,400 --> 00:59:44,320
further questions that we can

2037
00:59:44,320 --> 00:59:45,120
answer,

2038
00:59:45,059 --> 00:59:46,440
please reach out to our team at

2039
00:59:46,440 --> 00:59:48,099
AEA. I'm happy to jump on a call

2040
00:59:48,099 --> 00:59:48,900
and have any further

2041
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:50,699
conversations about how we might

2042
00:59:50,699 --> 00:59:51,699
be able to work with you and

2043
00:59:52,269 --> 00:59:53,110
figure it all out.

2044
00:59:53,190 --> 00:59:54,489
So thank you all for being here.

2045
00:59:54,980 --> 00:59:55,840
Here's to a great growing

2046
00:59:55,840 --> 00:59:56,640
season.

2047
00:59:56,519 --> 00:59:58,280
May you always have timely rains

2048
00:59:58,280 --> 00:59:59,080
and

2049
00:59:59,730 --> 01:00:01,590
may your yields be awesome.

2050
01:00:01,849 --> 01:00:02,650
Thank you all.

2051
01:00:03,050 --> 01:00:04,590
The team at AEA and I are

2052
01:00:04,590 --> 01:00:06,110
dedicated to bringing this show

2053
01:00:06,110 --> 01:00:07,710
to you because we believe that

2054
01:00:07,710 --> 01:00:09,409
knowledge and information is the

2055
01:00:09,409 --> 01:00:11,070
foundation of successful

2056
01:00:11,070 --> 01:00:12,369
regenerative systems.

2057
01:00:13,090 --> 01:00:15,090
At AEA, we believe that growing

2058
01:00:15,090 --> 01:00:16,809
better quality food and making

2059
01:00:16,809 --> 01:00:18,349
more money from your crops is

2060
01:00:18,349 --> 01:00:19,150
possible.

2061
01:00:19,469 --> 01:00:21,190
And since 2006, we've worked

2062
01:00:21,190 --> 01:00:22,250
with leading professional

2063
01:00:22,250 --> 01:00:23,690
growers to help them do just

2064
01:00:23,690 --> 01:00:24,490
that.

2065
01:00:24,639 --> 01:00:27,300
At AEA, we don't guess, we test,

2066
01:00:27,420 --> 01:00:28,220
we analyze,

2067
01:00:28,639 --> 01:00:29,820
and we provide recommendations

2068
01:00:29,820 --> 01:00:31,579
based on scientific data,

2069
01:00:32,019 --> 01:00:32,900
knowledge, and experience.

2070
01:00:33,690 --> 01:00:34,730
We've developed products that

2071
01:00:34,730 --> 01:00:36,030
are uniquely positioned to help

2072
01:00:36,030 --> 01:00:37,530
growers make more money with

2073
01:00:37,530 --> 01:00:38,510
regenerative agriculture.

2074
01:00:39,289 --> 01:00:40,650
If you are a professional grower

2075
01:00:40,650 --> 01:00:42,489
who believes in testing instead

2076
01:00:42,489 --> 01:00:43,289
of guessing,

2077
01:00:43,849 --> 01:00:44,929
someone who believes in a

2078
01:00:44,929 --> 01:00:46,349
better, more regenerative way to

2079
01:00:46,349 --> 01:00:47,150
grow,

2080
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:49,840
visit advancingecoag .com and

2081
01:00:49,840 --> 01:00:51,360
contact us to see if AEA is

2082
01:00:51,360 --> 01:00:52,160
right for you.