How People Celebrated a Gentle Christmas in the Middle Ages | Boring History For Sleep

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Let's crack a lack of my sleepy 
friends. 

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We're traveling back. 600 years 
to a time when Christmas meant 

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something quite different than 
it does today. 

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That's right tonight. 
You'll experience The 12 Days of

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Christmas in a medieval manner 
where the air smells of wood 

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smoke and roasting meat. 
Where the darkness of winter is 

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held at Bay by Rush light and 
half fire. 

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And where the celebration of 
Christ's birth mingles with 

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older Traditions that stretch 
back before memory. 

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This is your Christmas in the 
year 1424 and you are home. 

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If you're new, here is all these
joining. 

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The community is super cool and 
easy. 

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Just tap subscribe and like the 
video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, find your sweet spot for 

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sleeping. 
And let's begin. 

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You stand at the narrow window 
of the manor house watching 

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November Fade Into December with
that peculiar quality of late 

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Autumn light, that seems to 
drain color from the world. 

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The landscape beyond the thick 
glass expensive, glass. 

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A point of Pride for your 
household has transformed into 

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something spare and honest. 
The fields that were gold with 

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Harvest two months ago. 
Now, lied dark and furrowed 

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waiting for spring like a held 
breath. 

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This is the time of year when 
your ancestors believed the 

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boundary between worlds, grew 
thin. 

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When the old gods though, you'd 
never speak such thoughts aloud 

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with the priest nearby. 
Walked the Frozen Earth 

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alongside Christian Saints. 
The tree stand bear against the 

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sky, their branches making 
patterns like the veins in an 

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oak leaf pressed flat in a 
manuscript. 

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You know, each of those trees by
sight, the ancient Oak that 

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marks the boundary between your 
Lord's land and the common 

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fields the line of beaches that 
shelter the road to the village 

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and the Twisted Hawthorne where 
May Day Celebrations happen in a

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season that feels impossibly 
distant. 

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Now, the cold has been building 
for weeks that peculiar medieval

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Kohl that seems to seep through 
stone walls as if they were made

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of wool rather than Masonry, 
you've learned to dress in 

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layers, a linen shift against 
your skin, a Woolen Curtola over

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that and today an additional 
circuit line with rapid further 

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that your grandmother made 
before she died. 

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The first still smells faintly 
of the urge used to store it. 

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A mixture of lavender and tansy,
that brings her back to you. 

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Across the years with a Clarity,
that sometimes catches your 

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breath, the manners preparations
for winter began at michaelmas 

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back. 
When the last warm days of 

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September, still held the memory
of Summer. 

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You helped bring in the final 
Harvest. 

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Working alongside villagers 
whose families have been tied to

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this land for Generations Beyond
Counting. 

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The Wheaton barley was stored in
The Granary rats. 

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Be damned though. 
The barn cats do their best to 

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keep that particular problem 
manageable. 

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Apples were laid carefully and 
straw in the undercrossing that 

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might rot through the entire 
store. 

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The Autumn pigs were slaughtered
off to Saint. 

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Martin's day a process, you've 
grown accustomed to over the 

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years though, you never quite 
learn to enjoy it. 

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Salted pork. 
Now, hangs from the rafters of 

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the Larder, alongside dried fish
from The Summer's catch and the 

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smoke deal that tastes like the 
river mud, where they were 

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caught, Your householders stored
enough food to see you through 

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to spring or so everyone hopes 
with that particular combination

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of faith and anxiety that 
characterizes medieval winter 

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planning. 
Crop failures. 

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Happen stores. 
Go bad. 

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Winter can be a season of slow 
starvation, if preparations were

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insufficient or luck proves 
cruel this year. 

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Looks promising. 
The Harvest was good. 

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The weather has been harsh but 
not catastrophic and your Lord's

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household has both the resources
and the will to celebrate 

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Christmas properly. 
This matters more than you might

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initially think, because 
Christmas in the Medieval World 

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Isn't just a day, it's a season,
a statement and sometimes a 

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battlefield where social 
hierarchies are simultaneously 

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reinforced and momentarily, 
suspended, the Advent season has

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been observed with the proper 
solemnity for the past four 

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weeks. 
You've been fasting or at least 

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what passes for fasting when 
you're not a monks, sworn to 

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extreme piety, Know meet on 
Wednesdays. 

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Fridays or Saturdays know? 
Rich foods? 

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No. 
Excessive celebration. 

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Church calls this a time of 
penitence and preparation, a 

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spiritual winter, before the 
birth of Christ, brings light 

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back to the world. 
You've noticed that this 

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enforceable sterility makes the 
upcoming Feast seem even more 

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glorious, which may or may not 
be the church as actual 

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intention. 
The Manor itself has been 

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gradually transforming. 
Fresh rushes have been laid on 

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the floors of the Great Hall 
mixed with herbs that released 

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their scent when crushed 
underfoot. 

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The smell reminds you of Summer 
Meadows, which is probably the 

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point, an olfactory Defiance of 
Winter's barrenness. 

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The walls of being cleaned of 
the years accumulation of soot 

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and grime. 
A job that fell to you and the 

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other household members over 
several days of hard labor, that

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left everyone's hands Roar and 
their backs aching outside. 

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You can see the first real snow 
of the Season. 

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Beginning to fall, not the wet 
brief flurries that came and 

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melted last week but proper 
snow, that means business. 

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Flake's a small and determined, 
the kind that will accumulate 

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into drifts that might cut off 
the manor from the village for 

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days. 
Part of you feels a flutter of 

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anxiety at this isolation but 
another part perhaps the part 

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that remembers older ways of 
thinking feels A peculiar 

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comfort in being snowed in as if
winter itself, has decided to 

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hold you safe in a white cocoon 
and until spring comes to wake 

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you the shortest day of the 
year, has just passed and you 

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noticed its arrival with the 
attention that medieval people 

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pay to such markers. 
At the winter solstice Darkness 

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claims nearly 16 hours of every 
day here. 

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In England leaving only a brief 
window of Grey, light that 

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barely qualifies as day at all. 
Your ancestors, the truly 

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ancient ones before Christianity
came to these islands lit, great

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Fires, at the solstice to 
encourage the sun to return. 

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Church calls such practices 
Pagan Superstition. 

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But you notice that, the Advent 
wreath with its Progressive 

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lighting of candles follows a 
suspiciously similar pattern. 

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The Village Church Bell Rings, 
marking the hour of none, what 

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we would call three in the 
afternoon though, the medieval 

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Reckoning of time is less 
precise than you might prefer. 

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The sound carries clearly 
through the cold air, that 

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particular quality of bell tone 
in Winter. 

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That seems to travel further and
ring longer than it does in 

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summer. 
You recognize the bells voice 

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the way. 
You might recognize a 

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neighbor's, not having heard it,
Mark the hours and called to 

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prayer for your entire life. 
Christmas Eve is tomorrow and 

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the manner has reached that 
state of barely contained energy

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that precedes any major event. 
They're still work to be done. 

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There's always work to be done 
in a medieval household. 

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But the essential preparations 
are complete. 

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The ale has been brewed and is 
properly strong, which you 

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confirmed through the 
time-honored method of sampling.

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It possibly more often than 
strictly necessary for quality 

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control purposes. 
The bread has been baked in 

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quantities. 
That seemed excessive until you 

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remember. 
How many people will need to be 

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fed over the coming days? 
Your role in tomorrow's 

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festivities is both simple and 
complex. 

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You are neither nobility or 
servant something in between 

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what later centuries will call 
yoman or franklyn. 

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A person of some substance Who 
belongs to the manor household 

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without being of the 
aristocratic class. 

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This means you'll eat at the 
great feast, but not at the high

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table, you'll participate in the
celebration but not lead them. 

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You'll observe the social 
theater of medieval Christmas 

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from a position that 
simultaneously inside and 

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outside the performance, the 
light is failing. 

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Now that early winter dusk that 
makes you feel the day has been 

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stolen from you. 
Candles will need to be lit 

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soon. 
Carefully rationed because 

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Beeswax is expensive and Tallow 
candles smell like rendered fat,

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which is exactly what they are. 
You've grown accustomed to doing

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as much as possible by daylight 
planning, your activities 

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around. 
The sun's brief appearance like 

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a farmer planning around rain. 
But tomorrow tomorrow, the 

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Christmas season truly begins. 
And with it comes a temporary 

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suspension of the normal. 
Order of things, the darkness of

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winter will be pushed back by 
fire and celebration. 

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The usual hierarchies will be 
playfully inverted. 

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For 12 days, the manner will 
exist in a kind of sanctioned 

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Carnival where the rules that 
govern the rest of the year 

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become flexible negotiable and 
almost dreamlike you turn from 

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the window and head to the Great
Hall where the evening meal is 

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being prepared. 
The smell of pottage that 

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Eternal medieval stew. 
That contains what ever 

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vegetables and grains are 
available drifts up from the 

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kitchen. 
It's a humble meal, this last 

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supper, before the feast, but it
tastes of comfort and 

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anticipation. 
Tomorrow, you think smiling to 

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yourself tomorrow? 
The celebration begins Christmas

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Eve morning arrived with the 
kind of cold. 

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That makes the water in the wash
basin, develop a thin of ice 

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overnight. 
You break through it with your 

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fingers, the shock of cold water
on your face serving as a more 

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effective, wake up than any 
amount of coffee could provide. 

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Not that you have coffee. 
Anyway, since it won't be common

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in England for another 200 
years. 

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You make do with weak ale, which
is safer to drink than water and

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has the additional benefit of 
making early morning. 

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Chores seems slightly less 
miserable, the manner is already

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awakened working, when you 
emerge from your chamber, the 

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household operates on a schedule
that treats Dawn is already late

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morning. 
A function of Winter's short 

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days and the amount of work that
needs to be accomplished before 

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the evening's festivities. 
In the kitchen, a separate 

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building because of fire danger,
connected to the main hall by a 

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covered walkway. 
That never quite keeps the food 

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as hot as the cooks would like 
Preparations began before first 

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light you make your way there 
now partly to see if you can 

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help and partly because the 
kitchen is reliably, the warmest

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place in the entire Manor. 
The great half dominates one 

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wall large enough that you could
stand up right inside it. 

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If the fire wasn't currently 
roaring a temperature that would

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melt LED, Cook a woman of 
indeterminate age. 

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Whose face has been reddened by 
years of working over Flames 

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directs. 
The Controlled Chaos with the 

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authority of a military 
commander. 

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The Christmas Feast requires 
days of preparation and today 

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represents the culmination of 
planning that began weeks ago. 

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A wild boar brought down by your
lord Hunting Party 3 days. 

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Previous hangs in the cold room,
ready for roasting. 

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You saw the hunt participated in
it. 

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Actually and remember the 
precise moment when the boar 

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turned at Bay its tusks, 
catching the winter light before

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the spears found their mark. 
Medieval hunting is less Sport 

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and more dangerous necessity. 
A fact that the ball made 

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emphatically clear before it 
died, the ball will be the feast

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centerpiece roasted whole and 
brought into the hole with 

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appropriate ceremony. 
But it's only one element of a 

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meal that will include dishes 
both familiar and strange to 

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Modern sensibilities. 
You watch as kitchen servants. 

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Prepare peacock, yes peacock, 
which will be roasted. 

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And then carefully reassembled 
with its iridescent feathers to 

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create a display that value 
spectacle, as much as flavor. 

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Medieval feasting is performance
art. 

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That happens to be edible. 
Pies are being assembled but not

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the sweet desserts. 
That later centuries will 

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associate with the word medieval
Pi is a massive Affairs. 

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Some large enough that you need 
both arms to carry them filled 

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with combinations, that would 
puzzle modern Cooks, Venison and

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dried fruits. 
Pork and apples fish and spice's

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that came all the way from the 
orientation traders, who charge 

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prices that made your lord 
wince, even as he paid them. 

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These pies, serve partly as food
and partly a storage containers,

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a thick pastry crusts, more 
Structural Engineering than 

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cuisine. 
The spices themselves represent 

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wealth in a form that later ages
will find hard to comprehend. 

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00:12:43,500 --> 00:12:48,100
The pepper cinnamon Ginger and 
cloves that the cook uses with 

232
00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:52,700
what seems like abandon actually
cost more per pound than some of

233
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:57,100
the servants are in a year. 
But Christmas demands lavish 

234
00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,400
display and properly spice 
dishes announced to everyone 

235
00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:04,200
present that this household has 
both prosperity and access to 

236
00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:08,300
the far-reaching trade networks.
The Kinect medieval England to 

237
00:13:08,300 --> 00:13:10,800
The Wider World. 
Your assigned to help with the 

238
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:14,100
March pain, that medieval 
precursor to marzipan that 

239
00:13:14,100 --> 00:13:17,400
combined ground, almonds with 
sugar and rosewater into 

240
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:19,800
something that shaped into 
elaborate decorations. 

241
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:24,300
The almonds came from Spain, the
sugar from Cyprus and the 

242
00:13:24,300 --> 00:13:26,000
rosewater from someone's 
careful. 

243
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:27,800
Distillation of this Summer's 
Rose's. 

244
00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:31,100
Your shaping. 
The sweet paste into forms, 

245
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:34,100
flowers, and animals, and 
geometric patterns. 

246
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:35,700
That would make a mathematician 
happy. 

247
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:39,400
While around you, the kitchen's 
work continues at a pace, that 

248
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:41,700
would exhaust a modern caterer 
bread. 

249
00:13:41,700 --> 00:13:45,400
Baking happens in waves with 
lows emerging from the Clay Oven

250
00:13:45,400 --> 00:13:48,700
in the Bakehouse at intervals 
Time by experience rather than 

251
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:52,900
clocks. 
Finest white bread, made from 

252
00:13:52,900 --> 00:13:57,300
wheat flour, that's been served.
Multiple times, will Grace the 

253
00:13:57,300 --> 00:13:59,900
high table where your lord and 
his family will sit. 

254
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:04,600
The coarser brown bread, still 
perfectly good but made from 

255
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,100
less refined flour, will feed 
the rest of the household. 

256
00:14:08,100 --> 00:14:12,200
The hierarchy of medieval 
Society is reflected, even in 

257
00:14:12,200 --> 00:14:16,900
gluten content, the elf is a 
checked and rechecked multiple 

258
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:17,700
Barrel. 
Stand. 

259
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:21,000
Ready each marked with symbols, 
that indicate its strength and 

260
00:14:21,008 --> 00:14:24,100
Brewing date. 
Medieval people drink ale the 

261
00:14:24,108 --> 00:14:26,300
way. 
Modern people, drink water, not 

262
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,200
because they're all functioning 
alcoholics, but because 

263
00:14:29,200 --> 00:14:33,700
fermentation makes water safe. 
The alcohol content is typically

264
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:37,400
lower than modern beer but the 
quantities consumed would still 

265
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,100
make designated driving an 
interesting concept. 

266
00:14:40,100 --> 00:14:44,200
If cars, existed wine is 
reserved for the high table and 

267
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,300
for mixing into spice drinks 
that will be heated and served 

268
00:14:47,300 --> 00:14:50,700
throughout the evening. 
He helped prepare the hypocrisy 

269
00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:54,900
yesterday wine mixed with honey 
and spice's strained through 

270
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:57,200
cloth until it runs. 
Clear and sweet. 

271
00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,000
Tastes like Christmas distilled 
into liquid form warming, you 

272
00:15:02,000 --> 00:15:05,100
from the inside out, in a way 
that the half fire, never quite 

273
00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:07,900
manages. 
The Great Hall itself is being 

274
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:11,000
transformed from its everyday 
functionality and to something 

275
00:15:11,000 --> 00:15:14,800
approaching splendor. 
The usual Trestle tables have 

276
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:17,000
been joined by additional 
surfaces borrowed from 

277
00:15:17,008 --> 00:15:20,900
neighboring rooms, creating a 
u-shape that will seat everyone 

278
00:15:20,900 --> 00:15:23,300
from highest to lowest according
to their station. 

279
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:28,400
Fresh tablecloths actual linen, 
not the rough hemp used for 

280
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:32,100
everyday meals cover, the 
boards, their whiteness, a 

281
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:35,000
statement of cleanliness and 
status that guests will notice 

282
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,200
and appreciate decorations are 
appearing as you watch. 

283
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:42,100
Transforming the stonehall into 
something warmer and more alive.

284
00:15:42,900 --> 00:15:45,500
Garlands of Holly and Ivy draped
along the walls. 

285
00:15:45,500 --> 00:15:49,100
The green are Defiance of 
winters barrenness, that carries

286
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:53,500
meaning older than Christianity.
The holy with its red berries, 

287
00:15:53,500 --> 00:15:56,800
and sharp leaves represents. 
Masculine energy in the old ways

288
00:15:56,800 --> 00:16:00,900
of thinking, well, ivy with its 
clinging softness represents the

289
00:16:00,900 --> 00:16:04,500
feminine bringing them together 
at Christmas symbolizes. 

290
00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:07,300
The hope that opposites can 
unite and create something 

291
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:11,200
harmonious, which makes them 
perfect decorations for a 

292
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,600
seasoned dedicated to peace and 
goodwill missile toe. 

293
00:16:14,600 --> 00:16:17,000
Hangs in the doorway. 
Another tradition that the 

294
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:19,200
church tolerates with out quite 
approving. 

295
00:16:20,500 --> 00:16:23,400
The white berries and the fact 
that mistletoe grows on oak 

296
00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:27,600
trees, without touching Earth, 
made it sacred to The Druids who

297
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:30,700
haven't existed for centuries, 
but whose influence lingers in 

298
00:16:30,700 --> 00:16:33,400
ways that surfaced during winter
celebrations. 

299
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,400
You notice that people paused 
slightly when passing beneath it

300
00:16:37,400 --> 00:16:40,500
aware of its presence. 
Even if they pretend not to be 

301
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,600
the Lord of The Manor has 
invited guests from neighboring,

302
00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:46,500
Estates, which means Chambers 
are being prepared for overnight

303
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:49,500
visitors. 
Fresh straw is being laid. 

304
00:16:49,500 --> 00:16:53,400
In the palettes linens are being
aired and the households best 

305
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:55,500
pottery is being brought out 
from Storage. 

306
00:16:56,300 --> 00:16:59,900
Medieval hospitality is both 
genuine, kindness and social 

307
00:16:59,900 --> 00:17:02,100
necessity. 
You never know. 

308
00:17:02,100 --> 00:17:04,200
When you might need to show up 
at someone else's door. 

309
00:17:04,200 --> 00:17:07,800
So, treating visitors well, is 
essentially an investment in 

310
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:10,500
your own future comfort. 
You take a moment to step 

311
00:17:10,500 --> 00:17:13,099
outside needing are, that 
doesn't smell of cooking and 

312
00:17:13,099 --> 00:17:15,500
smoke. 
The courtyard is busy with 

313
00:17:15,500 --> 00:17:18,700
arriving Provisions. 
A car is just delivered fish 

314
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:21,500
from the coast packed in salt 
for the journey. 

315
00:17:21,500 --> 00:17:23,700
Another brings wine from 
Bristol. 

316
00:17:23,700 --> 00:17:27,900
The barrels marked with seals 
that testify to their origin. 

317
00:17:28,800 --> 00:17:31,600
A third card carries what 
appears to be nothing but 

318
00:17:31,600 --> 00:17:34,800
firewood. 
Which seems excessive until you 

319
00:17:34,800 --> 00:17:36,300
remember that keeping the Great 
Hall. 

320
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:39,600
Warm enough for feasting 
requires roughly, the equivalent

321
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:43,000
of burning a small Forest, The 
Village folk or arriving. 

322
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:45,200
Now, those who will help serve 
the feast or provide 

323
00:17:45,200 --> 00:17:48,000
entertainment. 
You see the minstrel who comes 

324
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,500
every year, his small stringed, 
instrument wrapped carefully 

325
00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:54,500
against the cold. 
There's the Storyteller who can 

326
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:57,800
recite romance is about King, 
Arthur, and his knights with the

327
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:01,000
dramatic Flair. 
That makes even familiar Tales 

328
00:18:01,000 --> 00:18:04,400
seem fresh. 
A group of young men carry 

329
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,000
instruments for dancing, drums 
and pipes. 

330
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:08,500
And something that might be a 
primitive. 

331
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:10,300
Fiddle. 
Children are everywhere 

332
00:18:10,300 --> 00:18:14,400
underfoot and overexcited 
getting in the way with that 

333
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:16,600
particular genius. 
That children have perfected 

334
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:19,900
across all time periods. 
They're supposed to be helping 

335
00:18:19,900 --> 00:18:23,600
with preparations but mostly 
they're building anticipation to

336
00:18:23,600 --> 00:18:26,700
levels that make them 
practically vibrate with energy.

337
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:30,700
Christmas for medieval children 
means the rare treat of plenty 

338
00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:34,400
more food than they usually see 
sweet things. 

339
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:38,100
They taste only a few times a 
year and a general atmosphere of

340
00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:41,500
Celebration that makes adults 
temporarily less strict about 

341
00:18:41,500 --> 00:18:44,600
Behavior. 
The church bell Ring's for sexed

342
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,200
the noon service reminding 
everyone that beneath all the 

343
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:51,700
feasting and celebration 
Christmas is ultimately a 

344
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:55,200
religious observant, a group 
heads toward the village church 

345
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:57,700
for prayers. 
Their breath making clouds in 

346
00:18:57,700 --> 00:18:59,900
the cold. 
Are you can consider joining 

347
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,200
them but decide your time is 
better spent continuing with 

348
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,600
preparations. 
God, you figure probably 

349
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,300
understands the Practical 
necessities of feeding, a 

350
00:19:09,300 --> 00:19:12,600
household of 40 people plus 
guests, back in the kitchen. 

351
00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:16,500
The Controlled Chaos has evolved
into something more intense, the

352
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:21,000
bore is on the spit now, slowly 
rotating over the fire its fat 

353
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:23,900
dripping and sizzling in a way 
that makes your mouth water, 

354
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:25,700
despite the substantial 
breakfast. 

355
00:19:25,700 --> 00:19:28,300
You ate earlier. 
The cook is basting it with a 

356
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:31,800
mixture that smells of Honey 
herbs and something sharp that 

357
00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:35,200
might be vinegar. 
Medieval cooking often, combines

358
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,900
flavors in ways that later. 
Centuries will forget Sweet and 

359
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:43,500
sour together. 
Fruit with meat and spices used 

360
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:47,200
with a heavy hand that modern 
palette might find over Welling.

361
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,600
You help carry dishes from 
Kitchen to haul part of the 

362
00:19:50,600 --> 00:19:52,700
human chain. 
That moves food across the gap 

363
00:19:52,700 --> 00:19:55,100
between where it's cooked and 
where it will be served. 

364
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,700
The serving dishes themselves, a
statements of wealth pewter. 

365
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,100
For the household, silver for 
the high table. 

366
00:20:03,100 --> 00:20:06,400
Your lord owns exactly three 
piece of actual gold plate, 

367
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,300
which will be displayed 
prominently, even though their 

368
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:11,100
decorative rather than 
functional. 

369
00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:15,600
Medieval status is performed 
through material goods and 

370
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:17,500
Christmas is the biggest 
performance of the year. 

371
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:21,900
The afternoon passes in a blur 
of activity punctuated by small 

372
00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:25,600
moments of connection. 
Share a joke with the cook's 

373
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:28,500
assistant about the peacock, 
which looks considerably more 

374
00:20:28,500 --> 00:20:30,900
dignified alive than it. 
Does halfway plucked. 

375
00:20:31,500 --> 00:20:34,200
You help a kitchen boy, who is 
nearly in tears because he 

376
00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:35,800
dropped a bowl of expensive 
spices. 

377
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:39,400
You tell him accidents happen, 
sweep up the loss. 

378
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:42,100
And don't mention it to anyone 
who might punish him. 

379
00:20:42,900 --> 00:20:45,900
You steal a moment to sample. 
The March pane purely for 

380
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:49,500
quality control purposes and 
find it perfectly sweet with 

381
00:20:49,500 --> 00:20:51,600
just enough rose water to make 
it interesting. 

382
00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:55,600
As Darkness begins to fall, 
which happens appallingly early 

383
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:59,400
in an English December. final 
preparations, reach their 

384
00:20:59,400 --> 00:21:03,100
crescendo Candles a lit 
throughout the hall, they're 

385
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:06,000
like reflecting off the Silver 
and pewter to create an 

386
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,800
atmosphere that transforms the 
everyday space into something 

387
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,600
approaching magical. 
Fire in the great half has been 

388
00:21:12,608 --> 00:21:16,400
built up until it Roars like a 
living thing pushing heat into 

389
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:19,400
the hall with an enthusiasm. 
That makes the far end almost 

390
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:21,900
comfortable. 
He take a moment to stand in the

391
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:25,700
hall watching the transformation
from workspace to Feast Hall, 

392
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:29,400
reach completion. 
Tables are set, the decorations 

393
00:21:29,400 --> 00:21:32,400
are in place. 
The food is nearly ready and the

394
00:21:32,408 --> 00:21:36,600
guests are beginning to arrive. 
In a few hours, this space will 

395
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:41,400
be filled with people music, 
food and celebration. 

396
00:21:42,500 --> 00:21:46,100
But right now in this quiet 
moment, before the festivities 

397
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:50,000
begin, you can appreciate the 
work that went into creating 

398
00:21:50,000 --> 00:21:54,800
this medieval Christmas. 
Cooperation the tradition, the 

399
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,000
small acts of preparation, that 
connect you to centuries of 

400
00:21:58,008 --> 00:22:00,900
people who celebrated this same 
season in similar ways. 

401
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,400
Tomorrow is Christmas day. 
But tonight to night is 

402
00:22:04,400 --> 00:22:07,100
Christmas Eve. 
When the anticipation might 

403
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:10,800
actually be better than the 
Fulfillment, you head toward 

404
00:22:10,800 --> 00:22:13,000
your chamber to change into your
best clothes. 

405
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:17,500
The one saved for special 
occasions, it will begin soon 

406
00:22:17,500 --> 00:22:20,800
and you want to be ready to 
experience it properly with all 

407
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,000
the attention and appreciation 
that such careful, preparation, 

408
00:22:24,000 --> 00:22:27,500
deserves evening, arrives with 
the kind of cold, that makes you

409
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:29,500
grateful for every piece of 
wool, you own. 

410
00:22:30,300 --> 00:22:33,800
You dress for the feast in your 
finest, garments, a deep blue 

411
00:22:33,800 --> 00:22:37,500
tunic that your mother made died
with woad that cost more than 

412
00:22:37,500 --> 00:22:40,600
you like to remember and a 
circuit embroidered with a 

413
00:22:40,608 --> 00:22:43,600
pattern that tries hard to look 
like noble decoration. 

414
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,200
While remaining just humble 
enough to avoid accusations of 

415
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:51,400
social climbing. 
Medieval fashion is a careful 

416
00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:54,700
navigation between displaying 
your prosperity and not 

417
00:22:54,708 --> 00:22:56,900
appearing to rise above your 
station. 

418
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:00,000
The Great Hall has reached that 
perfect moment when all 

419
00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:03,500
preparation is complete and the 
celebration is about to begin. 

420
00:23:04,300 --> 00:23:07,000
guests have arrived from 
neighboring manners, their 

421
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,400
horses stamping in the Stables 
while their owners warm 

422
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:13,100
themselves by the fire, The 
social geography of the hall, 

423
00:23:13,100 --> 00:23:15,600
reflects the strict hierarchy of
medieval life. 

424
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:19,500
The high table on its race 
platform of one end, the 

425
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:23,400
household tables arranged 
perpendicular to it and space at

426
00:23:23,400 --> 00:23:26,300
the lower end for entertainers 
and servants, who will eat off 

427
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:29,400
to they finish serving your lord
enters with the ceremony 

428
00:23:29,400 --> 00:23:33,000
appropriate to his position, 
accompanied by his lady wife and

429
00:23:33,000 --> 00:23:36,900
their children, everyone stands.
Not because there's a formal 

430
00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:40,400
rule, requiring it, but because 
some forms of respect are so 

431
00:23:40,408 --> 00:23:43,100
deeply ingrained, they feel like
natural law. 

432
00:23:44,600 --> 00:23:48,100
He takes his place at the center
of the high table and only when 

433
00:23:48,100 --> 00:23:50,200
he seated as everyone else 
follow suit. 

434
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,700
A choreography of medieval 
manners that no one has to think

435
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:55,800
about because it's been drilled 
in since childhood. 

436
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,900
The feast begins with a ceremony
that predates Christianity by 

437
00:23:59,900 --> 00:24:04,600
centuries, a servant enters 
carrying the Waffle Bowl an 

438
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:06,600
enormous. 
Wooden vessel filled with spiced

439
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:10,600
ale decorated with ribbons and 
containing What appear to be 

440
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:13,100
small. 
Roasted apples floating on top, 

441
00:24:13,100 --> 00:24:16,700
your lord raises the bowl and 
speaks the traditional words 

442
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:21,700
waste hair behold or be healthy 
and everyone responds. 

443
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,900
Drink hail. 
The bowl is passed around the 

444
00:24:24,900 --> 00:24:27,100
hall. 
Each person taking a drink. 

445
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:31,200
A communal sharing that binds 
everyone present into temporary 

446
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:33,900
Fellowship. 
Then the food begins to arrive 

447
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,400
course after course, in a 
display that makes your early 

448
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:39,700
sampling seem ridiculously 
inadequate. 

449
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:43,900
The bore enters first carried on
a massive. 

450
00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:48,500
Wooden platter by Four Strong. 
Servant's garnished with bayleys

451
00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:52,100
and accompanied by musicians 
playing a triumphant Fanfare on 

452
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,400
instruments that sound vaguely 
like very aggressive kazoos. 

453
00:24:56,300 --> 00:24:58,400
Medieval music is an acquired 
taste. 

454
00:24:59,200 --> 00:25:01,200
But you've acquired it over 
years of exposure. 

455
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:05,300
The Boar's Head is removed and 
set before your lord, who carves

456
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:06,900
the first portions with the 
knife. 

457
00:25:06,900 --> 00:25:10,300
He wears at his belt that every 
day, tool that serves for 

458
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,800
eating, working and occasional 
self-defense, depending on 

459
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:17,700
circumstances, the meat is 
distributed according to rank 

460
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:21,300
with the choices portions going 
to the high table and 

461
00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:24,400
progressively less prestigious 
Cuts, moving down the social 

462
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:28,300
scale, You receive a serving 
that's perfectly respectable, 

463
00:25:28,300 --> 00:25:32,700
tender and Rich with fat. 
And seasoned with herbs, you 

464
00:25:32,700 --> 00:25:35,000
helped gather last summer more 
dishes. 

465
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,300
Following waves that test Your 
Capacity, the peacock 

466
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:42,100
reassembled into something 
approximating life gets admired 

467
00:25:42,100 --> 00:25:45,000
more than eaten. 
Its meat is tough and the 

468
00:25:45,000 --> 00:25:48,200
feathers are mostly for show. 
The pies arrive. 

469
00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:52,300
They're crossed golden and the 
content steaming fish dishes 

470
00:25:52,300 --> 00:25:56,500
appear required by Church law 
even during feast days prepared 

471
00:25:56,500 --> 00:25:59,400
in ways that disguise their 
origin under layers of spices 

472
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:02,600
and sauces. 
Vegetables, cooked with butter 

473
00:26:02,600 --> 00:26:05,400
and herbs eggs, prepared and 
combinations. 

474
00:26:05,400 --> 00:26:07,700
That seem designed to use as 
many eggs as possible. 

475
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:12,000
Cheese from The Summer's 
production, aged, just right. 

476
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,500
Bread in quantities. 
That would normally feed you for

477
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:17,500
a week. 
The meal happens in that, 

478
00:26:17,500 --> 00:26:21,000
peculiar medieval Rhythm were 
eating is punctuated by 

479
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:25,000
entertainment conversation and 
periodic breaks for your stomach

480
00:26:25,008 --> 00:26:28,900
to catch up with your ambition. 
Servants circulate with pictures

481
00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:32,500
of Ale, and wine, keeping cups, 
filled with the efficiency of 

482
00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:36,000
long practice. 
The whole grows warmer from the 

483
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:39,500
Press of bodies and the Roaring 
fire until you find yourself. 

484
00:26:39,500 --> 00:26:43,100
Pushing back from the table, 
slightly loosening your belt and

485
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:45,800
wondering how anyone could 
possibly eat more. 

486
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:49,400
But of course, there's always 
more, the March pain, you helped

487
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,200
to prepare arrives in elaborate 
forms, alongside other sweets, 

488
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:55,700
that involve combinations of 
Honey fruit and nuts. 

489
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,000
Spiced wine is served hot 
warming. 

490
00:26:59,000 --> 00:27:01,500
You from the inside while 
simultaneously, making you 

491
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:05,300
slightly dizzy. 
Conversation around, you grows 

492
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:08,900
louder as inhibitions lower, and
the evening progresses toward 

493
00:27:08,900 --> 00:27:11,300
the moment. 
Everyone is actually waiting for

494
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:15,600
Midnight Mass. 
Church bell begins ringing while

495
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:19,000
the feast is still in full 
swing, it's tone, cutting 

496
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:21,500
through the noise to remind 
everyone that beneath the 

497
00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:24,500
celebration. 
This is a Holy Night. 

498
00:27:25,900 --> 00:27:29,200
The birth of Christ. 
The theological reason for this 

499
00:27:29,200 --> 00:27:33,100
entire season will be 
commemorated at midnight in a 

500
00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:35,200
ceremony that's remained. 
Essentially unchanged for 

501
00:27:35,200 --> 00:27:39,700
centuries, the transformation 
from Feast Hall to worshipers is

502
00:27:39,700 --> 00:27:43,500
gradual but inevitable as people
begin to set down their cups and

503
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:45,100
prepare to make their way to the
church. 

504
00:27:45,100 --> 00:27:49,600
You bundle yourself back into 
your warmest clothes, adding an 

505
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:52,500
additional cloak because the 
walk to the church is short, but

506
00:27:52,500 --> 00:27:56,000
the building itself has no 
heating Beyond body warmth and a

507
00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:59,300
few candles. 
The procession from Mana to 

508
00:27:59,300 --> 00:28:03,400
church happens by Torchlight. 
Align of illuminated figures 

509
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,800
moving through darkness, in a 
scene that could be from any 

510
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:09,200
Christmas Eve for the past 500 
years. 

511
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:13,400
The Village Church sits apart 
from the manor serving, both the

512
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,200
household and the village in 
that uneasy partnership that 

513
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:18,400
characterizes medieval religious
life. 

514
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:21,700
It's a stone building that was 
already old when your 

515
00:28:21,700 --> 00:28:24,100
grandparents were young. 
Its architecture. 

516
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,700
Simple but solid designed to 
last centuries rather than 

517
00:28:27,700 --> 00:28:30,900
decades. 
The bell in his Tower continues,

518
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,400
ringing calling the faithful to 
worship with a voice that 

519
00:28:34,400 --> 00:28:37,400
carries across the Frozen Fields
inside. 

520
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,200
The church has been transformed 
by candlelight and Evergreen 

521
00:28:40,200 --> 00:28:42,800
decorations. 
The normal austerity of 

522
00:28:42,800 --> 00:28:46,300
stonewalls and plain surfaces 
has been softened by garlands of

523
00:28:46,300 --> 00:28:49,400
Holly and Ivy. 
Well, Banks of candles create 

524
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:53,100
pools of warm light, that push 
back against the vast Darkness 

525
00:28:53,100 --> 00:28:57,000
outside. 
Smell is distinctive, beeswax, 

526
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:01,800
and incense, Cold Stone and wool
clothing, that particular center

527
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,700
of a medieval church that 
combines devotion with practical

528
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:07,100
reality, the priest stands 
ready? 

529
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,000
Investments? 
That are the finest possessions.

530
00:29:09,000 --> 00:29:13,200
This poor Church owns The silken
embroidery were gifts from your 

531
00:29:13,200 --> 00:29:17,000
Lord's family Generations ago. 
Passed down and carefully 

532
00:29:17,000 --> 00:29:20,700
maintained brought out only for 
the highest holy days. 

533
00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:24,800
In the candlelight they shine 
with a richness that transforms 

534
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:26,800
The Humble Village priest. 
In to something approaching 

535
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,100
Magnificent, the mass begins in 
Latin that. 

536
00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:32,600
Sacred language that most people
present don't actually 

537
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:36,000
understand but which carries the
weight of tradition and divine 

538
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,800
Authority. 
The priest voice Rises and falls

539
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:42,800
in the ancient Cadence's. 
Speaking words that were already

540
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,000
old when England became England,
you follow along, not through 

541
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:49,300
understanding, but through 
familiarity knowing when to 

542
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:53,100
stand Neil and make responses 
that are more muscle memory than

543
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:55,900
conscious thought, there's 
something profound about 

544
00:29:55,900 --> 00:30:00,100
participating in a ceremony, you
don't fully comprehend trusting 

545
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:03,100
that the ritual itself carries, 
meaning, beyond your individual 

546
00:30:03,100 --> 00:30:07,700
grasp of its words The Latin 
phrases wash over you like a 

547
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:12,200
river ancient and Powerful 
connecting you to centuries of 

548
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:14,900
believers who stood in churches 
throughout Christendom. 

549
00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:19,400
Speaking the same words at the 
same hour, the Christmas liturgy

550
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:23,100
has particular Beauty. 
The joy that breaks through even

551
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,500
when mediated by a language, you
don't speak. 

552
00:30:26,300 --> 00:30:29,900
The priest reads the Nativity 
Story in Latin, of course. 

553
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:33,700
But you know it well enough to 
follow along in your mind, the 

554
00:30:33,700 --> 00:30:36,600
journey to Bethlehem, the Inn 
with no room. 

555
00:30:36,600 --> 00:30:41,000
The stable in the manger, The 
Angels appeared to Shepherds in 

556
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:43,500
fields that probably looked a 
lot like the one surrounding 

557
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:45,600
your village. 
There's a moment during the 

558
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,300
mass, when the priest elevates, 
the consecrated host. 

559
00:30:48,300 --> 00:30:51,300
And the entire congregation 
drops to his knees. 

560
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:56,100
In unison, the Bell Rings, a 
small handbell, not the Tower 

561
00:30:56,100 --> 00:30:59,800
Bell and in the candlelit 
darkness of a medieval Church on

562
00:30:59,800 --> 00:31:02,100
Christmas Eve. 
You feel the presence of 

563
00:31:02,100 --> 00:31:06,000
something larger than yourself. 
Whether it's the Divine, the 

564
00:31:06,000 --> 00:31:09,200
weight of tradition or simply 
the human need to mark this 

565
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:11,100
darkest season with light and 
Hope. 

566
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:15,700
You're not sure, maybe it 
doesn't matter, maybe all three 

567
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:18,400
are aspects of the same truth. 
Carols. 

568
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,000
Begin after the consecration. 
These aren't the refined hymns. 

569
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:23,800
That later. 
Centuries will create but 

570
00:31:23,800 --> 00:31:27,200
rougher older songs that blend 
Christian themes with folk 

571
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:29,600
Melodies that probably predate 
Christianity. 

572
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:35,100
The tunes are simple enough that
everyone can join in creating a 

573
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:38,400
sound, that's more enthusiastic 
than technically proficient. 

574
00:31:39,200 --> 00:31:42,400
Medieval congregational singing 
operates on the prince of all 

575
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,000
that, volume compensates for any
lack of skill. 

576
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,400
You sing along your voice 
joining dozens of others in the 

577
00:31:48,400 --> 00:31:51,100
cold. 
Air, the song tells of angels 

578
00:31:51,100 --> 00:31:55,600
and Shepherds of a star leading 
wise men from the East and of a 

579
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:59,000
baby born in circumstances of 
poverty who nonetheless 

580
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,300
represents salvation for all 
Humanity. 

581
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:06,200
The theology is heavy, but the 
melody is bright that 

582
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:08,900
particularly medieval 
combination of profound 

583
00:32:08,900 --> 00:32:10,400
religious. 
Meaning delivered through 

584
00:32:10,400 --> 00:32:14,400
approachable, even cheerful 
music, The Mask concludes in the

585
00:32:14,408 --> 00:32:16,700
small hours of the morning 
Christmas day. 

586
00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,200
Now technically though it still 
feels like night. 

587
00:32:20,600 --> 00:32:23,600
The priest gives his final 
blessing and the congregation 

588
00:32:23,600 --> 00:32:27,400
begins to stir preparing to head
back out into the cold. 

589
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:31,900
But there's a reluctance to 
leave a desire to extend this 

590
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,100
moment when the entire Community
stands together and shared 

591
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:37,700
purpose and shared belief 
outside. 

592
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,500
The snow has begun again, soft 
flakes, that catch the torch 

593
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,400
light as the processionary forms
for the walk back to the manor. 

594
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:48,600
Your breath makes clouds in the 
Frigidaire and your toes have 

595
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:50,100
lost. 
Most of their feeling despite 

596
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:51,900
your Woolen stockings and 
leather boots. 

597
00:32:52,800 --> 00:32:55,400
But there's a warmth inside you 
that has nothing to do with 

598
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,200
temperature. 
A satisfaction of having marked 

599
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,200
this night, properly of having 
participated in a tradition that

600
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,600
connects you to Believers across
time and space. 

601
00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,500
The manor house. 
Appears ahead. 

602
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:11,100
It's Windows glowing with 
firelight promising warmth and 

603
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:15,500
the continuation of Celebration 
Because while midnight mass 

604
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:19,300
represents the spiritual Heart 
of Christmas Eve, the night is 

605
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:23,700
far from over. 
Food still, Waits ale still 

606
00:33:23,700 --> 00:33:27,600
flows and the celebration of 
Christ birth will continue until

607
00:33:27,600 --> 00:33:30,400
exhaustion and Dawn finally, 
send everyone to bed. 

608
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,900
You enter the Great Hall to find
that Servants of kept the fires 

609
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,200
burning in the food. 
Warm a smaller group remains. 

610
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,200
Now those Hardy Souls who have 
the stamina to continue 

611
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,800
celebrating after a feast and a 
midnight mass. 

612
00:33:43,700 --> 00:33:45,900
You join them accepting a cup of
hot. 

613
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:50,600
Spiced wine settling by the fire
to let its warmth seat back into

614
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:53,800
your Frozen extremities 
Christmas day has begun. 

615
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:58,200
And with it comes the promise of
12, more days of celebration, of

616
00:33:58,200 --> 00:34:01,700
Fellowship, of temporary, 
suspension of the normal order. 

617
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,500
Your exactly where you belong 
surrounded by Community wrapped 

618
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:10,300
in Tradition, marking the turn 
of the year in ways that your 

619
00:34:10,300 --> 00:34:14,100
ancestors would recognize. 
It's a good feeling this sense 

620
00:34:14,100 --> 00:34:17,699
of connection and continuity. 
It's What Christmas Means 

621
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:23,500
underneath, all the Theology and
ceremony the simple human need 

622
00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:28,199
to push back Darkness with light
to combat winter, with warmth 

623
00:34:28,199 --> 00:34:31,900
and to face the cold season 
together rather than Alone 

624
00:34:31,900 --> 00:34:34,400
Christmas morning arrives later 
than usual. 

625
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:38,300
A concession to the previous 
night's festivities that leaves 

626
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:41,400
you grateful for the heavy 
curtains around your bed, and 

627
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:43,600
the extra blanket. 
You remember to add before, 

628
00:34:43,600 --> 00:34:46,900
collapsing into sleep. 
The manor house is quiet with 

629
00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:49,800
the particular silence that 
follows significant celebration.

630
00:34:51,000 --> 00:34:52,900
Not the active hush of people 
sleeping. 

631
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:56,900
But the exhausted Stillness of 
people who have thoroughly worn 

632
00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,000
themselves out and are taking 
their time recovering. 

633
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:04,100
You rise eventually drawn by the
smell of fresh bread and the 

634
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:06,600
recognition that however, much 
you ate last night. 

635
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:09,400
Hunger has a way of returning 
with the morning. 

636
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:14,400
The Great Hall shows signs of 
last night's, Feast the tables 

637
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,600
have not been fully cleared. 
Those servants have made initial

638
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:20,400
progress. 
Someone has kept the fire going 

639
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,200
for which, you're grateful 
because the stone walls, hold 

640
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:24,800
cold. 
Like, they hold memories, 

641
00:35:24,800 --> 00:35:28,900
stubbornly and for a long time. 
The breakfast laid out is 

642
00:35:28,900 --> 00:35:31,100
generous even by Feast Day 
standards. 

643
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:33,900
Fresh bread. 
Still warm from the Bakehouse 

644
00:35:33,900 --> 00:35:37,100
butter, that tastes of summer, 
grass, despite the winter 

645
00:35:37,100 --> 00:35:41,300
season, and cheese aged to that 
perfect point where it sharp 

646
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:44,700
without being overwhelming. 
Cold meats left from yesterday's

647
00:35:44,700 --> 00:35:48,200
Feast, including slice of that 
ball, that tasted even better 

648
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:51,500
cold than they did hot. 
Porridge made rich with honey 

649
00:35:51,500 --> 00:35:54,300
and nuts. 
Small beer to drink because 

650
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:56,500
starting the day with ale is 
perfectly normal. 

651
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:59,500
When clean water is suspect, and
coffee hasn't been invented yet.

652
00:35:59,500 --> 00:36:03,300
People drifting gradually 
responding to their own internal

653
00:36:03,300 --> 00:36:06,200
schedule and varying levels of 
recovery from last night's 

654
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,400
revelries. 
Your Lord arrives looking 

655
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,200
surprisingly. 
Well rested, which either speaks

656
00:36:12,200 --> 00:36:15,700
to a noble Constitution or to 
having servants, who ensure that

657
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:18,500
Lords get proper sleep 
regardless of fee schedules. 

658
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:23,000
His children trail behind him. 
Still dressed in their Christmas

659
00:36:23,000 --> 00:36:26,400
finest from yesterday apparently
having slept in their good 

660
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:30,300
clothes, rather than changing a 
very medieval approach to 

661
00:36:30,300 --> 00:36:33,700
laundry conservation. 
The plan for today involves more

662
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:37,100
eating naturally because the 
Christmas Feast spans multiple 

663
00:36:37,100 --> 00:36:39,800
days and yesterday's offerings 
were merely the beginning. 

664
00:36:41,000 --> 00:36:45,100
But first, there's the morning 
gift-giving ceremony, a 

665
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:47,600
tradition, that sits somewhere 
between religious observe and 

666
00:36:47,608 --> 00:36:51,800
social performance, medieval 
Christmas gifts on what later 

667
00:36:51,800 --> 00:36:53,300
centuries will make of the 
traditional. 

668
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:56,200
There are no wrap packages with 
bows. 

669
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,200
No surprise is concealed until 
the moment of opening. 

670
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:04,400
Instead gifs a practical often 
expected and carefully 

671
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:07,900
calibrated to reflect and 
reinforce social relationships. 

672
00:37:08,600 --> 00:37:12,000
Your Lord will give gifts to his
household money to serve and 

673
00:37:12,000 --> 00:37:15,600
cloth to Craftsman. 
Perhaps a new knife to someone 

674
00:37:15,600 --> 00:37:17,000
who service deserves 
recognition. 

675
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,500
In return, He will receive gifts
that acknowledged his position 

676
00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:26,600
gloves, handkerchiefs spices and
things that flatter without 

677
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,900
presuming equality. 
You've prepared your own modest 

678
00:37:29,900 --> 00:37:33,200
gifts, a jar of honey from your 
hives, to the Cook who's made 

679
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,000
your meals all year. 
A carved wooden toy for the 

680
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:39,100
Lord's, youngest child and a 
length of ribbon for the lady of

681
00:37:39,100 --> 00:37:41,500
the manner that you purchased 
from a peddler who passed 

682
00:37:41,500 --> 00:37:45,200
through in autumn These aren't 
extravagant presence, but there 

683
00:37:45,200 --> 00:37:48,300
are appropriate to your station 
and to the relationships. 

684
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:52,000
They acknowledge the gift-giving
happens in the Great Hall with 

685
00:37:52,000 --> 00:37:55,100
everyone present to win The 
Exchange is There's a 

686
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:58,800
ritualistic quality to it. 
Each presentation accompanied by

687
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:00,800
words of thanks and reciprocal 
good. 

688
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,300
Wishes. 
When your lord gives you a small

689
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,300
purse containing coins, you 
know, the exact amount without 

690
00:38:06,300 --> 00:38:10,600
counting it, three days wages, 
the standard Christmas gift of 

691
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:13,900
value household members. 
It's enough to feel generous 

692
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:16,500
without being so much as to 
disrupt the social order. 

693
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:19,800
The children received their 
gifts with an enthusiasm, that 

694
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:24,100
makes the adults smile toys 
carved from wood, a small horse,

695
00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:27,600
a ball, and a doll made of cloth
and stuffing. 

696
00:38:28,800 --> 00:38:31,900
These are precious items in a 
world where childhood is shorter

697
00:38:31,900 --> 00:38:35,700
and toys are rarer than later. 
Generations will consider normal

698
00:38:36,500 --> 00:38:40,100
You watch a boy of perhaps 7 
received his wooden sword with a

699
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:41,800
joy. 
So pure it makes you remember 

700
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:45,400
your own childhood when such 
simple things could contain 

701
00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,200
entire worlds of imagination 
once. 

702
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:50,900
The gifts have been exchanged, 
the serious business of 

703
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:55,400
continuing, the feast begins, 
Fresh tables are set the 

704
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:58,100
servants having cleared last 
night's remains while you were 

705
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:01,300
distracted by gift-giving a new 
dishes, begin to appear. 

706
00:39:02,300 --> 00:39:05,900
To today's offering some lighter
than yesterday's, a recognition 

707
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,200
that there are still 11 more 
days of feasting ahead, and 

708
00:39:09,200 --> 00:39:13,700
pacing is essential to survival.
Pies appear smaller than last 

709
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:17,500
night's, massive constructions, 
but no less elaborate One 

710
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:20,200
contains dried cherries and 
spices that tastes like 

711
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:24,000
concentrated summer. 
Another holds a mixture of meats

712
00:39:24,000 --> 00:39:26,800
that have been cooked down into 
something rich and satisfying. 

713
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,500
There are pastries filled with 
cheese and herbs, small enough 

714
00:39:30,500 --> 00:39:33,500
to eat with your hands, which 
you do, despite the grease that 

715
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,900
accumulates on your fingers. 
The truly magnificent offering 

716
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,900
is the subtlety. 
That peculiar medieval creation 

717
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:44,300
that's part Food. 
Part art project an entirely 

718
00:39:44,300 --> 00:39:46,100
concerned with impressing 
guests. 

719
00:39:46,900 --> 00:39:50,800
To today's version is a castle 
made entirely of March pain, 

720
00:39:50,800 --> 00:39:54,800
complete with tiny sugar, towers
and walls detailed with such 

721
00:39:54,800 --> 00:39:56,800
care. 
You feel almost guilty eating 

722
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:00,800
it. 
Almost the sweetness is intense,

723
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,900
the Almond flavor pronounced and
the entire creation represents 

724
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:07,400
hours of. 
Someone's careful work that will

725
00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:10,800
be consumed in minutes. 
Medieval feasting has always 

726
00:40:10,808 --> 00:40:14,500
been partly about conspicuous 
consumption and this sugary 

727
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:18,000
Castle delivers that message 
with Clarity entertainment 

728
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:20,400
companies the meal because 
eating for hours would be 

729
00:40:20,408 --> 00:40:23,900
tedious without distraction. 
The minstrel from yesterday, 

730
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:28,200
reappears, this time performing 
songs that range from religious 

731
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:32,500
hymns to stories of courtly. 
Love to ballads about Robin Hood

732
00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:35,600
that are probably treasonous. 
If anyone bothered to think too 

733
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:38,700
hard about them. 
Tune is a catchy in that way, 

734
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,900
Medieval music has modal scales 
that sound simultaneously 

735
00:40:42,900 --> 00:40:46,900
familiar and strange to ears 
trained on later harmonies 

736
00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:50,700
between courses, a juggler 
performs, keeping six wooden 

737
00:40:50,700 --> 00:40:53,200
balls in the air with a skill 
that looks effortless but 

738
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:56,500
represents years of practice. 
When someone from the audience 

739
00:40:56,500 --> 00:40:59,600
calls out a challenge. 
He adds knives, the rotational 

740
00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:02,600
their blades catching the 
firelight as they spin. 

741
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,700
It's the kind of performance 
that makes you hold your breath 

742
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,500
partly from admiration and 
partly from the very real 

743
00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:13,500
possibility that someone might 
need bandages soon. 

744
00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,100
Medieval entertainment doesn't 
include safety nets, literal or 

745
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:22,200
figurative. 
The Storyteller takes his turn, 

746
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:25,300
settling onto a stool near the 
fire and launching into a 

747
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:27,600
romance about. 
So go away and his various 

748
00:41:27,600 --> 00:41:31,100
Adventures. 
His voice Rises and falls with 

749
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,300
the drama. 
Describing battles with giants, 

750
00:41:34,300 --> 00:41:38,700
encounters with temptresses and 
moral dilemmas that somehow 

751
00:41:38,700 --> 00:41:41,800
always resolved in ways that 
reinforce the importance of 

752
00:41:41,808 --> 00:41:44,300
Christian virtue and feudal 
loyalty. 

753
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:49,600
You've heard this story before. 
Probably several times, but the 

754
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:54,100
telling matters, as much as the 
tale, the storytellers art is in

755
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:57,800
bringing familiar narrative to 
life in making audiences feel 

756
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:00,300
emotions. 
They already know are coming the

757
00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:03,000
meal stretches through the 
afternoon in that Timeless way 

758
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:06,100
that medieval feasts have where 
you lose track of, whether 

759
00:42:06,100 --> 00:42:10,200
you're eating lunch or dinner or
something in between, Servant to

760
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:12,900
keep bringing food and people 
keep eating it though. 

761
00:42:12,900 --> 00:42:16,100
The pace has slowed considerably
from last night's enthusiasm 

762
00:42:16,100 --> 00:42:19,400
there's a limit to how much 
roast meat and spiced wine. 

763
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:23,500
Any human system can process and
your approaching yours with a 

764
00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:26,000
certainty of someone who's done 
this before and should know 

765
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,100
better. 
But somehow never learns as the 

766
00:42:29,100 --> 00:42:31,800
winter afternoon Fades which it 
does appallingly. 

767
00:42:31,800 --> 00:42:33,900
Early leaving, you feeling? 
Cheated of daylight. 

768
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,200
Someone suggest games, this is 
met with enthusiasm by those 

769
00:42:38,200 --> 00:42:41,200
young enough to still have 
energy and grows from those of 

770
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:43,300
us who've eaten too much to move
with any Grace. 

771
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,500
But the suggestion carries the 
day and tables are pushed back 

772
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:49,100
to create space in the Great 
Hall. 

773
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:51,700
The games that follow are the 
traditional Christmas 

774
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,500
diversions. 
Some religious in origin. 

775
00:42:54,500 --> 00:42:58,200
Others considerably older and 
more Pagan than the church would

776
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:01,900
prefer to acknowledge. 
Hoodman blind is played first. 

777
00:43:01,900 --> 00:43:05,200
A medieval version of Blind 
Man's Bluff. 

778
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:09,400
Where someone is hooded and must
catch other players by sound and

779
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,700
touch alone. 
The game quickly, descends into 

780
00:43:12,700 --> 00:43:16,100
cheerful chaos with hooded 
players, stumbling into 

781
00:43:16,100 --> 00:43:19,500
Furniture while everyone else 
shrieks with laughter and offers

782
00:43:19,500 --> 00:43:23,800
misleading directions. 
Hot cockles comes next, a game 

783
00:43:23,808 --> 00:43:26,900
that seems designed to test both
physical endurance and social 

784
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:31,100
bonds, one person kneels 
blindfolded While others, take 

785
00:43:31,100 --> 00:43:34,300
turns striking their back and 
the kneeling person must guess 

786
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:37,500
who hit them, it's rougher than 
it sounds and watching. 

787
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:40,000
It makes you grateful that 
medieval Society, has some 

788
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,000
concept of rank appropriate 
play. 

789
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:44,700
The servants participate 
enthusiastically. 

790
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:48,500
Apparently viewing this as an 
opportunity for socialist, 

791
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,200
sanctioned revenge against 
authority, figures who've anned 

792
00:43:51,200 --> 00:43:54,700
them throughout the year, 
someone produces a ball leather 

793
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:56,900
stuffed with rags and an 
impromptu. 

794
00:43:56,900 --> 00:43:59,800
Game of catch develops that 
rapidly becomes competitive. 

795
00:43:59,800 --> 00:44:04,400
Medieval people take their games
seriously, even informal ones, 

796
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,800
the ball flies back and forth 
with increasing velocity. 

797
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:11,700
Until someone makes an errant 
throw that sent it directly into

798
00:44:11,700 --> 00:44:15,300
the remnants of the feast, 
scattering pastries and sloshing

799
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:18,300
wine. 
The resulting laughter suggests,

800
00:44:18,300 --> 00:44:21,300
this might have been intentional
music starts up again. 

801
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:25,600
This time for dancing. 
The dancers are communal rather 

802
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:29,000
than partnered with long lines 
of people moving through 

803
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,500
patterns that everyone knows by 
heart. 

804
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:35,600
The steps are simple but the 
combinations are complex, 

805
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,400
requiring attention and 
coordination. 

806
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:40,900
That's challenging after several
cups of wine. 

807
00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:46,000
You join in partly because 
refusing would be antisocial and

808
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:48,000
partly because the movement 
feels good. 

809
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:51,300
After hours of sitting and 
eating the, Carol dance is a 

810
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:54,300
particularly enjoyable, 
combining song with movement in 

811
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:58,400
patterns, that Circle the whole 
These dancers are old probably 

812
00:44:58,400 --> 00:45:01,500
predating Christianity, their 
circular forms. 

813
00:45:01,500 --> 00:45:04,400
Echoing the wheel of the year 
and the cycles of Seasons. 

814
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:08,600
The church's christianized them,
hadding religious lyrics to 

815
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:12,500
Pagan forms, creating that 
typical medieval blend of old 

816
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,700
and new beliefs, that 
characterizes so much of the 

817
00:45:15,700 --> 00:45:17,900
holiday. 
As you move through the dance, 

818
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:21,400
you become aware of the 
community or part of These are 

819
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:24,500
people, you've known your entire
life whose families have been 

820
00:45:24,508 --> 00:45:26,400
connected to yours for 
Generations. 

821
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,900
The Lord's, grandfather knew 
your grandfather, The Cook's 

822
00:45:30,900 --> 00:45:33,800
mother taught your mother, how 
to brew proper ale. 

823
00:45:34,800 --> 00:45:37,400
The children playing in the 
corner will grow up to work. 

824
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:40,500
Alongside your own children, 
continuing patterns of 

825
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:42,900
relationship that stretch back 
Beyond memory. 

826
00:45:42,900 --> 00:45:46,000
This interconnection is what 
medieval life actually means. 

827
00:45:46,000 --> 00:45:49,400
Underneath all the historical 
discussion of feudalism and 

828
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:53,900
hierarchy, You're not isolated 
individuals, pursuing, separate 

829
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,800
paths, but threads in a fabric. 
That's been weaving itself for 

830
00:45:57,800 --> 00:46:00,400
centuries. 
The Christmas Feast is partly 

831
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:02,000
about celebrating Christ's 
birth. 

832
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,500
Yes, it's also about reinforcing
the social bonds that reminding 

833
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:08,500
everyone of their place in the 
larger pattern. 

834
00:46:08,500 --> 00:46:11,900
The dancing continues until 
people are genuinely exhausted 

835
00:46:11,900 --> 00:46:14,300
flushed with exertion and dizzy 
from spinning. 

836
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,100
Someone calls for more wine and 
servants appear with pictures 

837
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:21,700
because apparently, there's no 
upper limit to how much liquid a

838
00:46:21,700 --> 00:46:23,500
medieval Feast can produce and 
consume. 

839
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,200
You accept one more cup, more 
from habit than desire. 

840
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:30,500
Holding it while you catch your 
breath and let your heart rate 

841
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:32,300
return to something approaching 
normal. 

842
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,700
Fire in the great half is built 
up again with massive logs, 

843
00:46:36,700 --> 00:46:38,200
added that will burn through the
night. 

844
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:42,300
The Yule Log tradition that 
enormous piece of wood that's 

845
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:43,600
supposed to burn throughout the 
Christmas. 

846
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:48,200
Season sits at the half's heart 
glowing with heat that pushes 

847
00:46:48,200 --> 00:46:52,300
back against the winter cold. 
This log was cut from an oak 

848
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:56,200
tree with ceremony dragged to 
the manner with celebration and 

849
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,300
lit with Embers saved from last 
year's yule log. 

850
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:04,300
It's a tradition that predates 
Christianity by centuries, a 

851
00:47:04,300 --> 00:47:06,800
fire worshiping ritual that the 
church tolerates because 

852
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,400
traditions this old are 
impossible to eradicate evening,

853
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:13,500
settles over the manner, the 
calling it evening feels wrong. 

854
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:17,400
When darkness arrived hours ago,
time during the Christmas season

855
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:21,400
operates differently measured 
not by clocks which are rare and

856
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:25,900
temperamental anyway but by the 
rhythm of feast entertainments 

857
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:29,400
and rest periods that flow into 
one another without clear 

858
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:32,700
boundaries the Great Hall, has 
reached that perfect state of 

859
00:47:32,700 --> 00:47:36,000
comfortable exhaustion, where 
everyone is content to Simply 

860
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:40,300
exist together, Some people are 
still eating working through the

861
00:47:40,300 --> 00:47:44,500
seemingly infinite supplies of 
food, others are talking, they 

862
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:47,500
conversations animated by wine 
and fellowship. 

863
00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:51,200
Children are sprawled near the 
fire, not quite asleep, but 

864
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,400
clearly heading that direction. 
Dogs that have been begging 

865
00:47:54,400 --> 00:47:56,900
scraps all day. 
Now like contentedly under 

866
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:01,000
tables their bellies full and 
their loyalty temporarily 

867
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:05,000
purchased with roast meat, you 
find yourself a spot near the 

868
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:08,000
fire, not too close to be 
uncomfortably hot but close 

869
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:09,500
enough to benefit from his 
warmth. 

870
00:48:10,200 --> 00:48:13,700
The heat makes you drowsy that 
Pleasant heaviness that comes 

871
00:48:13,700 --> 00:48:16,800
from physical satisfaction. 
And the knowledge that you have 

872
00:48:16,800 --> 00:48:20,300
nowhere else to be and nothing 
else you must do. 

873
00:48:21,600 --> 00:48:23,700
Christmas. 
You realize is partly about this

874
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:27,800
about permission to Simply exist
without the constant pressure of

875
00:48:27,800 --> 00:48:31,100
work and obligation the minstrel
plays quietly now. 

876
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:34,700
Soft tunes that underscore 
rather than dominate, the Halls 

877
00:48:34,700 --> 00:48:37,500
atmosphere. 
Someone is telling a story and 

878
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:41,000
one corner their voice rising 
and falling while listeners 

879
00:48:41,000 --> 00:48:42,500
respond with occasional 
laughter. 

880
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:46,100
A group near the far. 
End is singing not a 

881
00:48:46,100 --> 00:48:48,700
performance, but the Casual 
music making that happens when 

882
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:51,700
people who've known each other 
forever, harmonize, without 

883
00:48:51,700 --> 00:48:54,600
thinking about it. 
You let your eyes drift closed 

884
00:48:54,600 --> 00:48:56,700
from a moment, just resting 
them. 

885
00:48:56,700 --> 00:49:00,300
When you open them again, some 
undefined amount of time as 

886
00:49:00,300 --> 00:49:02,400
passed. 
And the fire has burned lower, 

887
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,800
The hall is quieter. 
Now people having gradually 

888
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:10,800
migrated to their beds or simply
fallen asleep where they sat. 

889
00:49:11,700 --> 00:49:15,000
This is normal for Christmas 
celebrations, sleep happens when

890
00:49:15,000 --> 00:49:18,400
it happens, in whatever 
location, you happen to occupy 

891
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:21,400
when exhaustion finally wins 
tomorrow. 

892
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:24,000
Or today, depending on how you 
count time. 

893
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:27,700
After midnight, the feast will 
continue more food, more 

894
00:49:27,700 --> 00:49:31,700
entertainment, more Fellowship, 
The 12 Days of Christmas, 

895
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:35,700
stretch ahead each day, bringing
similar patterns of Celebration 

896
00:49:35,700 --> 00:49:39,200
each night blending into the 
next until the season becomes a 

897
00:49:39,208 --> 00:49:42,700
single extended experience 
rather than discrete days. 

898
00:49:42,700 --> 00:49:47,500
But for now in this moment your 
content to sit by the fire 

899
00:49:47,500 --> 00:49:51,500
surrounded by Community, warm 
and fed and safe. 

900
00:49:52,400 --> 00:49:55,400
Winter ranges outside. 
But inside the Mana walls, 

901
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:59,800
Christmas holds Darkness at Bay 
with light cold with warmth and 

902
00:49:59,800 --> 00:50:02,400
isolation with Fellowship. 
It's enough. 

903
00:50:02,400 --> 00:50:06,800
It's everything really the 
second day of Christmas arrives 

904
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:10,200
with your body's insistent 
reminder that you're not as 

905
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:13,500
young as you want were and that 
medieval feasting takes a 

906
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:16,400
physical toll that would benefit
from Modern pain relievers. 

907
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:19,700
You extract yourself from 
wherever you ended up sleeping 

908
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:24,300
Appears to be a pile of cushions
near the half which explains why

909
00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:27,000
one side of your body feels 
roasted while the other feels 

910
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:30,300
Frozen and Survey. 
The Great Hall in mourning 

911
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:34,100
light, the space looks like the 
aftermath of a very successful 

912
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:36,300
party which is exactly what it 
is. 

913
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:41,000
Servants are already moving 
through clearing the detritus of

914
00:50:41,008 --> 00:50:43,800
yesterday's celebrations. 
With the efficient resignation 

915
00:50:43,800 --> 00:50:47,200
of people who know they'll be 
doing the same work for 11, more

916
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:49,800
days. 
You help where you can carrying 

917
00:50:49,800 --> 00:50:52,300
dishes to the kitchen 
straightening benches, and 

918
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,500
trying to find where your shoes 
ended up after last night's 

919
00:50:55,500 --> 00:50:57,300
dancing, removed them from your 
feet. 

920
00:50:57,300 --> 00:51:00,600
Breakfast is a quieter than 
yesterday partly. 

921
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:03,500
Because several people are still
asleep and partly because 

922
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,300
everyone's ambition for food has
been temporarily satisfied. 

923
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:11,300
You settle for bread and cheese 
small beer and an apple from the

924
00:51:11,300 --> 00:51:14,200
Autumn storage that has gone 
slightly soft but tastes sweet 

925
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:18,200
enough to forgive its texture. 
Medieval mornings after feast 

926
00:51:18,200 --> 00:51:22,000
days are exercises, in gentle 
recovery, allowing your body to 

927
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:24,600
catch up with what your 
enthusiasm inflicted upon it. 

928
00:51:24,600 --> 00:51:27,900
The day, unfolds, with less 
structure than yesterday's 

929
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:30,600
Ceremony. 
This is boxing day though. 

930
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:32,800
It won't be called that for 
several more centuries. 

931
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:36,300
The tradition of giving gifts to
servants and the poor has 

932
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,200
already happened. 
Yesterday's presence covered. 

933
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:43,000
That obligation today is for 
continuing the celebration in 

934
00:51:43,000 --> 00:51:45,700
whatever form appeals to 
people's current energy levels, 

935
00:51:45,700 --> 00:51:50,100
some chose to hunt bundling into
warm clothes and heading out 

936
00:51:50,100 --> 00:51:53,200
with dogs and weapons to pursue 
Winter game through snowy 

937
00:51:53,200 --> 00:51:55,700
fields. 
Hunting during Christmas is 

938
00:51:55,700 --> 00:52:00,600
partly sport partly necessity 
and partly an excuse to escape 

939
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:04,200
the manor House's increasingly 
crowded and aromatic interior. 

940
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:07,600
You can consider joining them, 
but decide that standing in 

941
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:10,900
Frozen Fields waiting for deer 
sounds less appealing than 

942
00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:13,900
staying by the fire. 
Instead you participate in the 

943
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:18,300
games that develop or throughout
the day, someone has produced a 

944
00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:21,600
set of dice carved from bone and
gambling begins with the 

945
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:24,400
enthusiastic disregard for 
church prohibitions. 

946
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:28,800
That characterizes medieval 
attitudes toward gaming wages. 

947
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:33,700
Small amounts a few coins. 
A knife that seen better days a 

948
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:35,800
promise to do someone share of 
work next week. 

949
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:40,900
The dice clatter across the 
table and fortunes rise and fall

950
00:52:40,900 --> 00:52:44,200
with each throw medieval dice 
games are wonderfully. 

951
00:52:44,200 --> 00:52:46,600
Simple compared to what later, 
centuries will devise. 

952
00:52:46,600 --> 00:52:50,200
The rules are straightforward, 
the outcomes depend entirely on 

953
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:53,500
chance and the entertainment 
value comes from the social 

954
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:55,400
interaction more than the game 
itself. 

955
00:52:55,400 --> 00:53:00,400
You win some lose more and don't
particularly care about either 

956
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:02,900
outcome. 
The point is the participation, 

957
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:07,100
the fellowship and the shared 
experience of trying your luck 

958
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,500
against fate and your friends 
cards haven't been invented yet 

959
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:11,900
or at least have reached 
England. 

960
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:14,400
So your spare the complexity 
that playing cards will 

961
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:18,300
eventually bring to gaming 
Instead, there are board games 

962
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:21,900
carved into wooden surfaces 
games, involving moving pieces, 

963
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:25,300
according to dice, throws and 
games that require strategy and 

964
00:53:25,308 --> 00:53:28,300
planning. 
Someone produces a chess set and

965
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:31,000
you watch a match between two 
players who take the game 

966
00:53:31,000 --> 00:53:34,200
seriously enough that Spectators
full silent during crucial 

967
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:36,700
moments. 
The children have their own 

968
00:53:36,700 --> 00:53:39,000
games happening in corners and 
corridors. 

969
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:43,500
They play with the wooden toys 
from yesterday's gifs creating 

970
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:48,600
elaborate scenarios that seem to
involve Knights dragon's and a 

971
00:53:48,600 --> 00:53:51,000
surprising amount of falling 
over dramatically. 

972
00:53:51,800 --> 00:53:53,700
Their energy is boundless in 
that way. 

973
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:56,200
That makes adults 
simultaneously, envious and 

974
00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:58,700
exhausted. 
You remember having that much 

975
00:53:58,700 --> 00:54:01,400
Vitality? 
Once though it feels like a 

976
00:54:01,400 --> 00:54:05,500
previous lifetime, rather than a
previous decade, midday brings 

977
00:54:05,500 --> 00:54:07,600
another meal? 
Because, of course, it does. 

978
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:11,300
The feast continues with 
offerings that aim for variety 

979
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,800
rather than volume, at least 
that seems to be the intention 

980
00:54:14,800 --> 00:54:17,600
though the actual quantities. 
Remain substantial. 

981
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,900
Roasted foul today, smaller 
birds that cook faster than 

982
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:27,000
yesterday's, massive bore. 
Fish prepared with enough spices

983
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,700
to disguise its origin. 
A concession to religious rules 

984
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:34,300
about when meat can be eaten. 
Vegetable dishes that actually 

985
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:37,000
taste of their ingredients 
rather than the sources covering

986
00:54:37,000 --> 00:54:39,200
them. 
There's a meat pie that turns 

987
00:54:39,200 --> 00:54:43,200
out to contain lamprey. that 
peculiar eel-like fish that 

988
00:54:43,200 --> 00:54:46,600
wealthy people consider delicacy
despite its appearance 

989
00:54:46,600 --> 00:54:50,600
suggesting otherwise You try it 
because refusing would be rude. 

990
00:54:50,600 --> 00:54:54,400
Discover it tastes like River. 
Mud and regret it and quietly 

991
00:54:54,400 --> 00:54:56,100
feed the rest to a dog under the
table. 

992
00:54:56,900 --> 00:54:59,600
The dog appears equally 
unimpressed but eats it anyway 

993
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:02,400
because dogs have different 
standards than humans. 

994
00:55:02,400 --> 00:55:05,600
When it comes to food evaluation
the afternoon, entertainment 

995
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:09,300
comes from an unexpected Source.
Visitors arrive from a 

996
00:55:09,308 --> 00:55:11,900
neighboring manner. 
Their lord have to decide to 

997
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:14,800
make a Christmas call that 
combined social obligation with 

998
00:55:14,800 --> 00:55:18,300
genuine friendliness. 
Medieval visiting during 

999
00:55:18,300 --> 00:55:20,900
Christmas is expected, staying 
isolated. 

1000
00:55:20,900 --> 00:55:23,900
During the season of Fellowship 
would be considered anti-social 

1001
00:55:23,900 --> 00:55:27,900
bordering on hostile. 
The visitors bring gifts for 

1002
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:32,200
their hosts, a barrel of wine. 
A haunch of venison, some 

1003
00:55:32,200 --> 00:55:36,500
expensive candles and are 
welcome with the enthusiasm that

1004
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:40,500
such generosity deserves with 
new guests, come new stories, 

1005
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:43,700
fresh, gossip and different 
perspectives on shared 

1006
00:55:43,700 --> 00:55:47,000
acquaintances. 
Medieval people are tremendous 

1007
00:55:47,000 --> 00:55:50,300
gossips, treating news about 
neighbors with the attention 

1008
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:53,200
that later ages will reserve for
celebrity scandals. 

1009
00:55:53,200 --> 00:55:57,200
You learn about marriages being 
arranged lands being disputed 

1010
00:55:57,200 --> 00:56:00,700
and Priests behaving in ways 
that suggest their vows of 

1011
00:56:00,700 --> 00:56:03,700
celibacy are more aspirational 
than actual. 

1012
00:56:04,700 --> 00:56:07,700
The specifics would probably 
sound tedious to Outsiders. 

1013
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:10,700
But for you, these are the 
stories that make up the fabric 

1014
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:13,100
of Your World. 
The Visitors bring their own 

1015
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:15,900
entertainment, as well. 
One of them is apparently known 

1016
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:19,400
for his riddles and he proceeds 
to pose questions that range 

1017
00:56:19,400 --> 00:56:24,100
from clever to grow in inducing.
What has hands but cannot clap. 

1018
00:56:25,000 --> 00:56:28,200
Clock accept that hardly. 
Anyone present has seen an 

1019
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:31,900
actual clock. 
So the answer Falls flat What 

1020
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:36,200
gets wetter as it dries. 
Towel which works better and 

1021
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:38,700
produces satisfied nods from 
those who guess correctly, 

1022
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:41,300
evening brings music and more 
dancing. 

1023
00:56:41,300 --> 00:56:44,600
Because apparently yesterday's 
dancing wasn't sufficient to 

1024
00:56:44,600 --> 00:56:46,700
exhaust. 
Everyone's enthusiasm for 

1025
00:56:46,700 --> 00:56:51,700
spinning in circles to Medieval 
Tunes, The dance is tonight are 

1026
00:56:51,700 --> 00:56:55,000
more elaborate with patterns 
that require instruction for 

1027
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:58,400
those unfamiliar with them. 
You watch your lord attempt to 

1028
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:02,900
particularly complex step, 
stumble, recover with dignity, 

1029
00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:06,300
mostly intact and continued. 
As if nothing happened. 

1030
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:10,500
Medieval Aristocrats are very 
good at pretending that public. 

1031
00:57:10,500 --> 00:57:14,500
Mishaps are intentional choices,
someone suggests Christmas play.

1032
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,300
And a group of the more 
theatrical household members, 

1033
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:20,900
begin organizing a performance. 
These aren't elaborate 

1034
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:24,300
Productions with scripts and 
rehearsals but improvised 

1035
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:26,500
entertainments based on familiar
stories. 

1036
00:57:27,300 --> 00:57:31,300
Tonight's offering appears to be
the Nativity with servants and 

1037
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:34,600
minor Nobles volunteering for 
roles that include Shepards 

1038
00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:38,700
angels and what appears to be a 
very reluctant donkey played by 

1039
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:42,200
someone wearing a blanket and 
making half-hearted praying 

1040
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:45,000
sound. 
A player's Charming in its 

1041
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:48,200
amateurs, with actors for 
getting their lines, Angels 

1042
00:57:48,200 --> 00:57:52,500
Wings, falling off mid scene and
the baby Jesus represented by a 

1043
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:55,600
wooden doll that looks nothing 
like an infant and everything, 

1044
00:57:55,600 --> 00:57:59,700
like a carved log with a face 
painted on it. but the audience 

1045
00:57:59,700 --> 00:58:03,700
loves it, responding with cheers
and laughter and genuine, 

1046
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:07,800
appreciation for the effort, 
Medieval entertainment values 

1047
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:11,600
participation over Perfection, 
the attempt over the achievement

1048
00:58:11,600 --> 00:58:14,400
as night. 
Deepens, the celebration settles

1049
00:58:14,400 --> 00:58:19,000
Into the Now, familiar pattern 
of eating drinking and generally

1050
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,500
existing together. 
In that comfortable way that 

1051
00:58:21,500 --> 00:58:24,600
happens when people have shared 
several days of continuous 

1052
00:58:24,600 --> 00:58:28,700
celebration. 
The wine flows loosening tongues

1053
00:58:28,700 --> 00:58:31,200
and lowering in a mission in 
ways that tomorrow might bring 

1054
00:58:31,200 --> 00:58:34,100
regrets. 
But tonight produces only warmth

1055
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:36,500
and fellowship. 
You find yourself in a 

1056
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:38,500
conversation with one of the 
visiting Noble's. 

1057
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:42,300
Discussing topics that range 
from the weather was a safe 

1058
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:46,000
subject to the political 
situation with France, less 

1059
00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:48,500
safe. 
But interesting to speculation 

1060
00:58:48,500 --> 00:58:50,300
about what the New Year might 
bring. 

1061
00:58:51,600 --> 00:58:54,300
Medieval people are both 
fatalistic about the future 

1062
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:57,800
believing that God's will 
ultimately determined everything

1063
00:58:57,800 --> 00:59:01,800
and actively engaged in trying 
to shape of circumstances to 

1064
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:04,800
their advantage. 
The contradiction doesn't bother

1065
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,200
anyone. 
The conversation drifts to 

1066
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:10,700
memories of previous Christmases
and stories emerge about 

1067
00:59:10,700 --> 00:59:14,900
celebrations in years past. 
The Christmas when snow fell so 

1068
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:17,400
heavily. 
That the Manna was isolated for 

1069
00:59:17,400 --> 00:59:20,100
a week. 
The Christmas when the borer 

1070
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:23,000
escaped before, it could be 
roasted and had to be recaptured

1071
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:25,500
in an adventure that apparently 
involved. 

1072
00:59:25,500 --> 00:59:29,700
Three servants, two dogs and 
considerable property damage. 

1073
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:33,900
The Christmas when the priest 
had drunk too much was sale and 

1074
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:37,100
delivered midnight, mass in 
Latin, that was creatively 

1075
00:59:37,100 --> 00:59:40,100
interpreted at best. 
These stories can connect you to

1076
00:59:40,108 --> 00:59:43,200
the history of the place and 
people around you, creating a 

1077
00:59:43,200 --> 00:59:46,400
sense of continuity that 
stretches Beyond individual 

1078
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,400
lifetimes. 
You're not just celebrating this

1079
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,700
Christmas, the participating in 
a tradition that your 

1080
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:55,500
grandparents knew that your 
grandchildren will know that 

1081
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:57,800
creates a thread of shared 
experience, running through 

1082
00:59:57,800 --> 01:00:00,900
time. 
The fire burns lower again and 

1083
01:00:00,900 --> 01:00:04,100
again is up with fresh logs that
will carry warmth through the 

1084
01:00:04,100 --> 01:00:07,900
night. 
The Yule Log continues, its slow

1085
01:00:07,900 --> 01:00:11,200
combustion. 
A constant presence that anchors

1086
01:00:11,200 --> 01:00:16,100
the celebration to something 
older than Christianity older 

1087
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:20,100
than Rome as old as humans 
gathering around, fire to push 

1088
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:24,100
back, darkness and cold. 
Sleep comes, gradually people 

1089
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:28,200
drifting away or simply settling
where they sit in cloaks and 

1090
01:00:28,208 --> 01:00:32,400
blankets content to rest in the 
great Halls communal warmth. 

1091
01:00:33,000 --> 01:00:35,900
You find your own sleeping Spot 
somewhere between the fire and 

1092
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:39,700
the wall where warmth and stone 
create a balance that feels just

1093
01:00:39,700 --> 01:00:42,300
right. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

1094
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,900
of Celebration and the day after
that, and the day after that, 

1095
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:50,000
until the 12 days of past and 
Epiphany arrives to Mark the end

1096
01:00:50,000 --> 01:00:53,800
of the Christmas season. 
But that's a future concern for 

1097
01:00:53,800 --> 01:00:58,200
now, surrounded by Community, 
warm and fed and safe you, let 

1098
01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:01,300
sleep, take you. 
Your last conscious thought of 

1099
01:01:01,300 --> 01:01:04,700
vague sense of contentment, that
this is What Christmas Means, 

1100
01:01:04,700 --> 01:01:08,900
not the present or the food, or 
any single element. 

1101
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:12,900
But the whole experience of 
living within community of 

1102
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:16,800
marking times, passage together 
of creating shared memories, 

1103
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:19,900
that will warm you through 
Winters Yet to Come the middle 

1104
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:22,600
Days of Christmas blur together,
with that Pleasant in 

1105
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:26,400
distinctness, that comes from 
continuous celebration without 

1106
01:01:26,400 --> 01:01:28,400
the anchoring routine of normal 
work. 

1107
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,100
You've lost track of whether 
this is the third fourth or 

1108
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:35,500
fifth day, not because you're 
drunk though. 

1109
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,900
The steady consumption of Ale 
and wine certainly isn't helping

1110
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:42,500
temporal clarity. 
But because the days themselves 

1111
01:01:42,500 --> 01:01:45,300
have merged into one extended 
present tense. 

1112
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:49,400
Where time is measured by meals 
and entertainment, rather than 

1113
01:01:49,400 --> 01:01:53,600
by any more conventional metric 
this morning or possibly after 

1114
01:01:53,600 --> 01:01:55,700
noon, the winter light, makes it
hard to tell. 

1115
01:01:55,700 --> 01:01:59,400
You, find yourself with 
unexpected free time, the 

1116
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:02,400
servants have the Great Hall. 
Well, in hand, the kitchen is 

1117
01:02:02,400 --> 01:02:05,100
managing without your help and 
the current entertainment 

1118
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:09,100
doesn't require audience 
participation You take advantage

1119
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:12,600
of this rare Solitude to claim a
chair near the fire in the 

1120
01:02:12,608 --> 01:02:16,300
blanket that smells of wood 
smoke and wool content to Simply

1121
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:20,300
sit and watch the Flames. 
Medieval fires a mesmerizing in 

1122
01:02:20,300 --> 01:02:24,500
ways that Modern Heating can't 
replicate Flames move with 

1123
01:02:24,500 --> 01:02:28,100
unpredictable Beauty, finding 
shapes in the burning wood. 

1124
01:02:28,100 --> 01:02:32,400
That seem almost meaningful. 
Your ancestors saw spirit in 

1125
01:02:32,400 --> 01:02:36,800
such Flames, reduces in their 
flickering and believe that fire

1126
01:02:36,800 --> 01:02:39,400
was a living thing with 
intelligence and intention. 

1127
01:02:40,300 --> 01:02:43,900
The Church disapproves of such 
thinking, but sitting here alone

1128
01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:46,000
with the fire, you can 
understand the impulse. 

1129
01:02:47,000 --> 01:02:51,400
Flames do seem Alive, dance, and
breathing, and consuming the 

1130
01:02:51,400 --> 01:02:54,000
wood with what looks remarkably.
Like, hunger. 

1131
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:57,400
The Great Hall is quieter than 
it's been since Christmas Eve. 

1132
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:01,300
Most people are elsewhere 
hunting sleeping off last 

1133
01:03:01,300 --> 01:03:04,700
night's feast or participating 
in some entertainment happening 

1134
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:08,600
in another part of the manner. 
The quiet, feels precious after 

1135
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:12,300
days of constant noise and 
activity, you're not 

1136
01:03:12,308 --> 01:03:14,700
anti-social. 
You've thoroughly enjoyed the 

1137
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:18,300
celebration, but everyone needs 
occasional Solitude to process 

1138
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,000
experience and simply exist 
without performing for others. 

1139
01:03:22,000 --> 01:03:26,300
Your thoughts drift to 
Christmases past memories Rising

1140
01:03:26,300 --> 01:03:29,600
like the Sparks from the fire. 
You remember childhood 

1141
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:33,300
Christmases, when the feast 
seemed impossibly Grand and you 

1142
01:03:33,300 --> 01:03:37,000
believed without questions that 
the season was magical, You 

1143
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:39,600
remember the first Christmas 
after your father died? 

1144
01:03:39,600 --> 01:03:43,700
When the celebration felt Hollow
despite everyone's efforts to 

1145
01:03:43,700 --> 01:03:47,000
maintain traditions. 
You remember last year's 

1146
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:49,600
Christmas? 
Which seemed unremarkable at the

1147
01:03:49,608 --> 01:03:51,800
time. 
But now carries a poignancy at 

1148
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:54,900
lack there because you 
understand how each celebration 

1149
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:57,000
is unique. 
Even when following familiar 

1150
01:03:57,000 --> 01:03:59,800
patterns, medieval life 
encourages, this kind of 

1151
01:03:59,800 --> 01:04:03,400
reflection this awareness of 
times passage and the cycle that

1152
01:04:03,400 --> 01:04:07,600
structure human existence. 
The agricultural year creates a 

1153
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:11,600
rhythm of planting and harvest 
growth and dormant sea the 

1154
01:04:11,600 --> 01:04:15,600
church year marks time with 
Saints days and holy Seasons the

1155
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:18,900
human life cycle moves from 
birth through childhood adult 

1156
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:23,600
hood old age and death with a 
visibility that later ages will 

1157
01:04:23,600 --> 01:04:26,500
try to hide but that medieval 
people accept as natural. 

1158
01:04:27,300 --> 01:04:30,500
Christmas sits at the 
intersection of these Cycles the

1159
01:04:30,500 --> 01:04:33,700
darkest time of the natural 
year, the celebration of 

1160
01:04:33,708 --> 01:04:35,400
Christ's birth in the religious 
year. 

1161
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:38,900
And for you, personally, a 
moment to reflect on your own 

1162
01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:41,400
Journey Through Time. 
You think about the people 

1163
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:44,800
who've passed away since last 
Christmas Your neighbor's wife 

1164
01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:48,800
died in childbirth, both mother 
and infant were lost despite the

1165
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,400
midwife's. 
Best efforts an old man from The

1166
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:52,800
Village whose name you're 
ashamed. 

1167
01:04:52,800 --> 01:04:55,900
To realize you've forgotten 
though, you remember his face 

1168
01:04:55,900 --> 01:04:59,200
and his kindness. 
A child who fell through ice on 

1169
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,100
the Mill, Pond gone before, 
anyone could reach him. 

1170
01:05:03,400 --> 01:05:06,000
Medieval death is commonplace in
ways that later. 

1171
01:05:06,000 --> 01:05:09,700
Centuries will forget a constant
presence that makes the 

1172
01:05:09,700 --> 01:05:12,000
celebration of life, all the 
more important. 

1173
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:16,500
But you also think about new 
arrivals babies born, in the 

1174
01:05:16,500 --> 01:05:19,400
past year, who are experiencing 
their first Christmas though 

1175
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:23,000
their two young to remember it 
marriages that joined families 

1176
01:05:23,000 --> 01:05:25,600
in bonds that will Ripple 
through generations. 

1177
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:31,000
New households established new 
positions, filled the constant 

1178
01:05:31,000 --> 01:05:33,700
renewal that balances death 
persistence. 

1179
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:39,700
Life continues, patterns, repeat
and Christmas marks the turn of 

1180
01:05:39,708 --> 01:05:42,900
the year with acknowledgment 
that both endings and Beginnings

1181
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:46,100
are part of the same cycle. 
The Fire pops. 

1182
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:49,800
Loudly, sending Sparks up the 
chimney and startling you from 

1183
01:05:49,800 --> 01:05:52,900
your reverie. 
You add another log watching. 

1184
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:56,200
It catch and begin, its own 
transformation, from solid wood 

1185
01:05:56,200 --> 01:06:01,500
to Flame and heat and eventually
Ash The cycle of consumption and

1186
01:06:01,500 --> 01:06:03,600
transformation. 
Seems like it should mean. 

1187
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:07,000
Something should carry some 
deeper significance that you can

1188
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:09,500
almost grasp but not quite 
articulate. 

1189
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:13,600
Medieval people are comfortable 
with this kind of incomplete 

1190
01:06:13,600 --> 01:06:16,500
understanding with truths that 
feel real. 

1191
01:06:16,500 --> 01:06:20,100
Even when they can't be, fully 
explained a servant appears with

1192
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:23,100
food because, of course, there's
more food. 

1193
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,600
There's always more food during 
Christmas and you accept a plate

1194
01:06:26,600 --> 01:06:28,200
without really looking at what's
on it. 

1195
01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:32,300
The eating has become almost 
automatic, he background 

1196
01:06:32,300 --> 01:06:35,500
activity that continues 
regardless of actual hunger. 

1197
01:06:36,500 --> 01:06:39,300
You too mechanically while 
continuing to watch the fire 

1198
01:06:39,300 --> 01:06:42,600
finding yourself. 
Surprisingly content with this 

1199
01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:46,600
moment of solitary existence 
within the largest celebration, 

1200
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:50,100
the door opens admitting cold 
air, and several people 

1201
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:54,000
returning from some outdoor 
activity. their laughing flushed

1202
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:58,100
with exertion and cold bringing 
energy, that disrupts your quiet

1203
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:01,400
contemplation, but that you find
yourself welcoming anyway, 

1204
01:07:02,200 --> 01:07:05,600
Solitude is precious. 
But so his community and the 

1205
01:07:05,600 --> 01:07:07,800
balance between them is what 
makes life bearable. 

1206
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:11,900
Someone settles near you an 
older man, whose name, you know,

1207
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:14,100
but whose life story, you've 
never fully heard. 

1208
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:17,000
In the Casual way that happens 
during Christmas. 

1209
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:20,800
When normal social boundaries 
relaxed, he begins talking about

1210
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:24,800
his own memories Christmases, 
from 50 years ago, when the 

1211
01:07:24,808 --> 01:07:27,200
current Lord's grandfather, 
ruled the manner, and the world 

1212
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:31,100
was simultaneously different and
exactly the same, his stories 

1213
01:07:31,108 --> 01:07:33,500
are fascinating, not for their 
drama, but for their 

1214
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:37,000
ordinariness he talks about 
Feast that sound like the one 

1215
01:07:37,000 --> 01:07:40,900
you're currently experiencing 
about music and games and about 

1216
01:07:40,900 --> 01:07:43,300
the particular quality of 
Fellowship that Christmas 

1217
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:47,200
creates He mentions people long 
Dead, with a casualness of 

1218
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:49,100
someone who's outlived most of 
his generation. 

1219
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:54,500
Treating mortality, is a fact, 
rather than a tragedy medieval 

1220
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:57,200
old age, brings this 
perspective, if you live long 

1221
01:07:57,200 --> 01:08:00,700
enough, Death Becomes a familiar
companion rather than a 

1222
01:08:00,700 --> 01:08:03,600
terrifying. 
Stranger you listen Asking 

1223
01:08:03,600 --> 01:08:06,600
occasional questions, learning 
things about the manners history

1224
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:08,500
that no, written record 
captures. 

1225
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,500
These oral histories are how 
medieval communities, remember 

1226
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:16,899
themselves, stories passed from 
person to person each telling 

1227
01:08:16,899 --> 01:08:20,000
adding and subtracting details. 
And the truth becomes less 

1228
01:08:20,000 --> 01:08:23,600
important than the meaning. 
The old man's memories, aren't 

1229
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:24,600
historically. 
Accurate. 

1230
01:08:24,600 --> 01:08:27,100
Probably, but their true in a 
deeper sense. 

1231
01:08:27,800 --> 01:08:31,300
Capture the feeling of those 
past celebrations, the texture 

1232
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:34,800
of Life lived, within this 
community and the continuity 

1233
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:37,700
that connects past to present 
more people. 

1234
01:08:37,700 --> 01:08:41,300
Join your Fireside Gathering 
drawn by the warmth and the 

1235
01:08:41,300 --> 01:08:45,800
conversation Someone contributes
their own memories and someone 

1236
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:48,600
else tells a story they heard 
from their grandmother and 

1237
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:51,600
gradually the solitary 
reflection transforms into 

1238
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,600
communal remembering. 
This is how medal people process

1239
01:08:55,600 --> 01:08:59,399
experience, not through 
individual introspection though.

1240
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:02,700
That happens that through shared
storytelling that creates 

1241
01:09:02,700 --> 01:09:06,000
Collective understanding the 
afternoons, slides toward 

1242
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:08,800
evening with that winter. 
A Pity that still surprises you 

1243
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:13,100
even though you've experienced 
it every year of your life, Fire

1244
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:15,800
needs constant, feeding you take
your turn. 

1245
01:09:15,800 --> 01:09:18,899
Adding logs, maintaining the 
warmth that makes the Great Hall

1246
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,200
habitable. 
The Yule Log continues, its Slow

1247
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:25,600
Burn smaller now than when it 
was lit on Christmas Eve, but 

1248
01:09:25,600 --> 01:09:29,399
still substantial still serving.
Its purpose of carrying fire 

1249
01:09:29,399 --> 01:09:32,800
through the darkest season, 
someone suggests mold wine. 

1250
01:09:32,800 --> 01:09:35,800
And a servant is dispatched, to 
heat some with spices. 

1251
01:09:36,899 --> 01:09:39,899
The drink arrives in wooden cups
that warm your hands while the 

1252
01:09:39,899 --> 01:09:43,300
wine warms your insides creating
a double comfort. 

1253
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:46,800
That makes the winter evening. 
Feel less threatening medieval, 

1254
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,800
people are experts at these 
small Comforts that creating 

1255
01:09:49,800 --> 01:09:53,200
warmth and light and fellowship 
to combat the cold and dark that

1256
01:09:53,200 --> 01:09:55,700
surrounds them. 
The storytelling continues. 

1257
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:59,700
Ranging from personal memories 
to folk tales to outright 

1258
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:02,600
Fabrications that everyone 
recognizes as such. 

1259
01:10:02,600 --> 01:10:06,400
But enjoys any way, A story 
about a knight and a dragon. 

1260
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:11,800
Story about a clever peasant who
outwitted a demon a story about 

1261
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:15,000
ancient Kings and their great 
Deeds that probably never 

1262
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:18,400
happened but the capture 
something true about human 

1263
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:21,800
ambition and folly. 
Medieval people don't 

1264
01:10:21,800 --> 01:10:24,400
distinguish, sharply between 
history and Legend. 

1265
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:28,900
Between fact and story. 
They're all ways of 

1266
01:10:28,900 --> 01:10:32,000
understanding the world. 
All valid, in their own terms, 

1267
01:10:32,000 --> 01:10:35,700
he contribute Your Own Story. 
Something that happened to you 

1268
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:39,000
years ago, that's become Smooth 
by repeated, telling in to 

1269
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:43,700
something, almost Mythic the 
facts of being simplified, the 

1270
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:47,200
timeline compressed and the 
ending made more satisfying than

1271
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:51,900
the messy reality probably was. 
But the story Works drawing 

1272
01:10:51,900 --> 01:10:55,200
laughter and response from your 
audience creating connection 

1273
01:10:55,200 --> 01:10:59,200
through shared narrative the 
evening meal arrives, more food,

1274
01:10:59,200 --> 01:11:03,500
always more food but tonight it 
feels less like gorging and more

1275
01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:07,100
like fuel for the storytelling. 
you eat without paying much 

1276
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:10,900
attention, focused on the 
conversation, on the faces 

1277
01:11:10,900 --> 01:11:14,700
around, you lit by firelight and
on the sense of being exactly 

1278
01:11:14,700 --> 01:11:17,900
where you belong as night 
deepens, the Gathering settles 

1279
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:21,900
into comfortable companionship, 
The stories slow, and eventually

1280
01:11:21,900 --> 01:11:26,300
stop replaced by the contented 
Silence of people who've said 

1281
01:11:26,300 --> 01:11:29,400
what needed saying and are now 
content to Simply exist 

1282
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:33,000
together. 
Fire crackles, someone shifts 

1283
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:35,500
position, and a dog size in 
sleep. 

1284
01:11:35,500 --> 01:11:39,900
Small sounds that emphasize 
rather than break the quiet you.

1285
01:11:39,900 --> 01:11:43,200
Let your mind drift again this 
time forward rather than 

1286
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:46,200
backward. 
What will next Christmas bring 

1287
01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:49,500
will everyone currently present 
be here to celebrate it. 

1288
01:11:50,300 --> 01:11:52,800
Will new people join the 
Gathering While others depart 

1289
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:57,000
through death or distance. 
Future is unknowable which 

1290
01:11:57,000 --> 01:11:59,400
medieval people except with a 
later. 

1291
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:01,800
Ages will find you that 
admirable, or fatalistic, 

1292
01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:06,500
depending on their perspective. 
That's a future concern tonight.

1293
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:10,200
Surrounded by community and 
warmth with stories told and 

1294
01:12:10,200 --> 01:12:12,600
heard your content with the 
present moment. 

1295
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:17,300
This is what the Christmas 
season offers, not just feasting

1296
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:20,500
and entertainment but these 
quieter moments of connection 

1297
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:24,300
and reflection of understanding 
your place within the larger 

1298
01:12:24,300 --> 01:12:29,200
patterns of community and time. 
The fire burns on Eternal in the

1299
01:12:29,200 --> 01:12:30,800
moment. 
Even though, you know, it will 

1300
01:12:30,800 --> 01:12:32,800
eventually consume its Fuel and 
die. 

1301
01:12:33,700 --> 01:12:35,200
But there will be more wood 
tomorrow. 

1302
01:12:35,200 --> 01:12:39,500
More fires to warm, future 
Knights and more Christmases to 

1303
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:44,000
celebrate in years, to come the 
patterns, repeat the Cycles turn

1304
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,600
and you're part of something 
that extends beyond your 

1305
01:12:46,600 --> 01:12:49,100
individual life into past and 
future alike. 

1306
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:51,900
It's a comforting thought this 
sense of continuity. 

1307
01:12:52,700 --> 01:12:54,400
You're not alone. 
Not really. 

1308
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:58,300
You're connected to everyone, 
who came before and everyone who

1309
01:12:58,300 --> 01:13:01,400
will come after all of you 
celebrating the same season, 

1310
01:13:01,400 --> 01:13:03,700
marking the same turning of the 
Year. 

1311
01:13:03,700 --> 01:13:07,100
Finding meaning in similar 
rituals of light and want and 

1312
01:13:07,100 --> 01:13:10,700
fellowship. 
Sleep comes easily to night your

1313
01:13:10,700 --> 01:13:13,100
mind settled by reflection and 
connection. 

1314
01:13:13,100 --> 01:13:18,100
Your body warm from fire and 
wine your spirit content with 

1315
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,900
its place in the world. 
Tomorrow will bring another day 

1316
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:26,800
of Celebration but for now this 
moment of Peace by the fire is 

1317
01:13:26,800 --> 01:13:29,200
enough. 
More than enough, everything 

1318
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:32,300
really everything. 
The final days of the Christmas 

1319
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:35,500
season arrived with a feeling 
that simultaneously Melanie and 

1320
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:38,000
relieved. 
The celebration has been 

1321
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:41,300
glorious. 
The fellowship genuine and the 

1322
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:45,400
feasting abundant, but even the 
best parties must eventually end

1323
01:13:45,400 --> 01:13:48,200
a medieval stamina has its 
limits. 

1324
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:51,900
You wake on what you determine 
must be somewhere around the 

1325
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:55,700
10th or 11th day of Christmas, 
your body informing you. 

1326
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:58,900
With some emphasis that it would
appreciate a return to normal, 

1327
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:01,700
eating patterns and regular 
sleep schedules. 

1328
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:05,200
The manor house, show signs of 
the continuous celebration. 

1329
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:09,700
The Great Hall despite daily 
cleanings has accumulated the 

1330
01:14:09,700 --> 01:14:13,300
patina of 12 days of use the 
rushes on the floor. 

1331
01:14:13,300 --> 01:14:17,100
Need replacing the tables are 
showing permanent stains from 

1332
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:21,600
spilled, wine and dropped food. 
Even the decorations, the holy 

1333
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:25,000
and Ivy, that seemed so fresh on
Christmas Eve are looking tired.

1334
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:29,400
Their leaves drooping their 
branches drying out, but they're

1335
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,500
still a piffany ahead. 
The 12th night when the 

1336
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:35,800
Christmas season of finally 
concludes with one final 

1337
01:14:35,800 --> 01:14:38,500
celebration. 
Honoring the arrival of the 

1338
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:42,600
three kings at Christ's Manger. 
This last Feast will Mark the 

1339
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,400
transition back to ordinary time
to the regular patterns of work 

1340
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,200
and obligation that structure 
medieval life outside. 

1341
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,100
The holy Seasons. 
He spend the morning helping 

1342
01:14:52,100 --> 01:14:55,700
with preparations partly from 
obligation and partly from the 

1343
01:14:55,700 --> 01:14:59,000
recognition that keeping busy 
makes time pass more pleasantly.

1344
01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:03,300
The kitchen is preparing yet. 
Another Feast though. 

1345
01:15:03,300 --> 01:15:06,400
The Kooks enthusiasm seems 
somewhat diminished by two weeks

1346
01:15:06,400 --> 01:15:10,300
of continuous cooking. 
You help where you can chopping 

1347
01:15:10,300 --> 01:15:13,000
vegetables with less Precision 
than the task, probably 

1348
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:17,100
requires, stirring pots and 
trying to stay out of the way. 

1349
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:21,500
When actual competent Cooks need
space to work, the final feasts 

1350
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:25,100
menu represents a greatest hits 
collection from the past 12 days

1351
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:29,300
dishes that were particularly 
successful reappear while 

1352
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:33,300
experiments that didn't work. 
So well, a quietly emitted The 

1353
01:15:33,300 --> 01:15:36,200
ball makes a final appearance or
at least parts of it. 

1354
01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:39,700
Do transformed into a pie that 
combines the remaining meet with

1355
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:43,200
so many spices that its original
identity is more theoretical 

1356
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:47,700
than actual more peacock. 
Because apparently the first 

1357
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:49,000
peacock wasn't displaying 
enough. 

1358
01:15:50,600 --> 01:15:54,100
Fish dishes that honor religious
tradition while secretly making 

1359
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:55,900
everyone wish for just a little 
more meat. 

1360
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:59,600
The subtlety for tonight's Feast
is reportedly even more 

1361
01:15:59,600 --> 01:16:02,100
elaborate than previous 
offerings though. 

1362
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:04,600
The kitchen is keeping it hidden
until the proper moment of 

1363
01:16:04,600 --> 01:16:07,000
Revelation. 
You've caught glimpses, 

1364
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:11,300
something involving castles and 
possibly dragons, all made from 

1365
01:16:11,300 --> 01:16:14,400
March pain, and sugar work that 
represents someone's heroic 

1366
01:16:14,400 --> 01:16:16,800
effort. 
But the full effect is being 

1367
01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:18,400
saved. 
For Maximum Impact. 

1368
01:16:18,400 --> 01:16:21,000
The afternoon, brings a 
reflective quality. 

1369
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:24,200
Sense of ending. 
That makes you notice details. 

1370
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:28,000
You've been taking for granted 
The way phyllite plays on the 

1371
01:16:28,000 --> 01:16:31,400
great Halls walls, the sound of 
familiar voices, and 

1372
01:16:31,400 --> 01:16:34,700
conversation. 
Smell of wood smoke and food and

1373
01:16:34,700 --> 01:16:37,300
the accumulated of two weeks of 
Celebration. 

1374
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,700
These sensory experiences of 
surrounded you constantly. 

1375
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:44,400
But now knowing they're about to
end. 

1376
01:16:44,400 --> 01:16:47,600
They suddenly seemed precious 
and worth fixing in memory. 

1377
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:51,300
Some guests, begin to party 
needing to return to their own 

1378
01:16:51,300 --> 01:16:53,500
manners and obligations before 
epiphany. 

1379
01:16:54,500 --> 01:16:57,800
Farewells are genuine and 
Promises to visit in the new 

1380
01:16:57,800 --> 01:17:01,000
year are exchanged. 
With the understanding that such

1381
01:17:01,000 --> 01:17:04,800
visits may or may not actually 
happen depending on whether work

1382
01:17:04,800 --> 01:17:09,000
and the 100 other factors that 
govern medieval life, You 

1383
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:12,900
participate in the goodbyes 
feeling that peculiar medieval 

1384
01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:16,900
blend of formality and warmth 
that characterizes relationships

1385
01:17:16,900 --> 01:17:20,100
between people who are neither 
family, nor strangers, but 

1386
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,800
something in between as evening 
approaches the household gathers

1387
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,300
for the final Feast with an 
energy. 

1388
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:29,200
That's different from previous 
nights, they're still 

1389
01:17:29,200 --> 01:17:32,900
enthusiasm, but it's tempered by
fatigue and the knowledge that 

1390
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:35,100
this is the last such gathering 
for many months. 

1391
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,300
The next major celebration will 
be Easter and that feels 

1392
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:41,700
impossibly distant from this. 
December evening. 

1393
01:17:41,700 --> 01:17:45,000
The meal begins with the usual 
ceremony, but proceeds with 

1394
01:17:45,008 --> 01:17:48,700
slightly less Gusto than earlier
Feasts. people are eating 

1395
01:17:48,700 --> 01:17:51,500
because it's expected more than 
because they're actually hungry 

1396
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:55,700
after 12 days of continuous, 
feasting You work your way 

1397
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:57,900
through a plate of food, that 
would have excited, you 

1398
01:17:57,900 --> 01:18:01,400
immensely two weeks ago, but now
seems somewhat redundant. 

1399
01:18:02,200 --> 01:18:04,700
How many different ways can one 
prepare roasted meat? 

1400
01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:08,500
Apparently quite a few. 
But at this point, they're all 

1401
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:11,300
starting to taste similar 
regardless of spices and sauces.

1402
01:18:11,300 --> 01:18:15,300
The subtleties revealed draws 
appropriate gasps of admiration.

1403
01:18:15,300 --> 01:18:18,700
It's a March pain Castle. 
Even more elaborate, the 

1404
01:18:18,708 --> 01:18:22,600
previous attempts, complete with
tiny sugar Knights and what 

1405
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,900
appears to be a dragon made from
spun sugar. 

1406
01:18:24,900 --> 01:18:27,100
That's colored red with some 
kind of dye. 

1407
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:30,500
The artistic achievement is 
remarkable and everyone 

1408
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:32,900
acknowledges it appropriately 
before the structure is 

1409
01:18:32,908 --> 01:18:37,000
dismantled and consumed. 
Medieval art is meant to be 

1410
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:41,000
temporary Beauty created for the
moment rather than preserved for

1411
01:18:41,000 --> 01:18:44,400
posterity entertainment. 
For the final night, includes 

1412
01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:46,800
the best performance is from the
past 12 days. 

1413
01:18:46,800 --> 01:18:51,200
The minstrel plays his favorite 
songs, the Storyteller accounts,

1414
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:54,500
his most successful Tale, the 
jugular performs his most 

1415
01:18:54,500 --> 01:18:57,900
impressive routine adding even 
more knives to his rotation 

1416
01:18:57,900 --> 01:19:01,400
until it seems impossible that 
he won't accidentally stab 

1417
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,500
someone. 
Medieval audiences, appreciate 

1418
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:08,400
technical skill and tonight's 
performances represent Mastery 

1419
01:19:08,400 --> 01:19:11,700
earned through years of practice
as dancing again. 

1420
01:19:11,700 --> 01:19:15,000
But gentler this time as if 
everyone's collectively 

1421
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:17,600
acknowledged that aggressive 
celebration would be more than 

1422
01:19:17,600 --> 01:19:21,900
tired bodies can manage. 
The carols are with real feeling

1423
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:25,500
these familiar songs taking on 
extra meaning, as they Mark the 

1424
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:29,000
end of the season. 
You join the singing your voice 

1425
01:19:29,000 --> 01:19:31,700
blending with dozens of others 
in harmonies that are more 

1426
01:19:31,708 --> 01:19:34,700
enthusiastic than perfect but 
that creates Something 

1427
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,100
Beautiful. 
Nonetheless, as midnight 

1428
01:19:37,100 --> 01:19:40,700
approaches, the Gathering takes 
on a more solemn tone Epiphany. 

1429
01:19:40,700 --> 01:19:42,500
Celebrates the arrival of the 
major. 

1430
01:19:42,500 --> 01:19:46,000
I, those wise men from the East 
to follow the star to find the 

1431
01:19:46,008 --> 01:19:46,700
Christ. 
Child. 

1432
01:19:47,800 --> 01:19:50,500
In medieval thinking, they 
represent the inclusion of 

1433
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:54,000
Gentiles and Christianity's 
promise the expansion of 

1434
01:19:54,000 --> 01:19:57,500
Salvation Beyond its Jewish 
Origins to Encompass the entire 

1435
01:19:57,500 --> 01:20:01,400
world. 
It's heady theological stuff but

1436
01:20:01,400 --> 01:20:04,900
mostly think about the journey, 
those men made traveling vast 

1437
01:20:04,900 --> 01:20:07,000
distances following what they 
believed was. 

1438
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,800
Divine guidance arriving to 
offer gifts to a baby born in 

1439
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,600
poverty. 
The story resonates in ways that

1440
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:18,000
transcend its religious meaning 
The idea of a journey of 

1441
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:20,900
following something, you believe
in even when the path is 

1442
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:23,600
unclear. 
Of offering what you have to 

1443
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:27,200
something greater than yourself.
These are Universal human 

1444
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:30,500
experiences that medieval 
people, understand viscerally. 

1445
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:35,300
Your own life has been a journey
of sorts with paths taken and 

1446
01:20:35,300 --> 01:20:40,100
not taken decisions made with 
imperfect information and faith,

1447
01:20:40,100 --> 01:20:42,400
that things will work out 
combined with effort to make 

1448
01:20:42,408 --> 01:20:44,900
them do. 
So a blessing is pronounced over

1449
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:47,900
the Gathering. the priest 
speaking words that commend 

1450
01:20:47,900 --> 01:20:51,600
everyone to God's care in the 
coming year, The prayer is in 

1451
01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:54,900
Latin naturally, but the 
sentiment comes through clearly 

1452
01:20:54,900 --> 01:20:56,600
enough. 
May you be safe? 

1453
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,800
May you prosper. 
May you live to celebrate 

1454
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:03,800
together again next Christmas. 
Simple wishes that carry weight 

1455
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:07,500
because medieval life makes none
of them guaranteed the Gathering

1456
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:11,300
begins to disperse. 
People seeking their beds with 

1457
01:21:11,300 --> 01:21:13,700
the satisfaction of Celebration 
completed. 

1458
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:17,100
The Great Hall will be 
thoroughly cleaned tomorrow, the

1459
01:21:17,100 --> 01:21:20,100
declaration's removed and the 
normal routine resumed. 

1460
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:24,300
But tonight for these Final 
hours, the Christmas season 

1461
01:21:24,300 --> 01:21:28,100
still holds protecting you 
within its bubble of sanctioned 

1462
01:21:28,100 --> 01:21:31,600
celebration before releasing you
back to the regular patterns of 

1463
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,100
medieval existence. 
Find yourself as you have on 

1464
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:38,500
previous nights near the fire 
watching the Flames with 

1465
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:41,600
thoughts that are too scattered 
to form coherent patterns. 

1466
01:21:42,600 --> 01:21:44,900
The Yule Log has burned down to 
almost nothing. 

1467
01:21:44,900 --> 01:21:49,000
Soon to be extinguished, its 
remains saved to light next. 

1468
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:51,100
Year's log in continuation of 
tradition. 

1469
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:55,200
The fires warmth, still 
surrounds you, but you can sense

1470
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:58,400
the cold, Beyond it, winter. 
Still holding the world. 

1471
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:01,100
In its grip. 
Despite Christmases temporary 

1472
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:08,300
defiance. 
In the early 19th century, the 

1473
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:11,800
United States was still refining
its identity grappling with 

1474
01:22:11,800 --> 01:22:14,600
International pressures. 
Chief among them was the 

1475
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:17,800
persistent clash with Great 
Britain which never fully 

1476
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:19,800
receded, even after the 
Revolutionary War. 

1477
01:22:20,800 --> 01:22:24,200
By the year 1812 tensions. 
Had once again, escalated 

1478
01:22:24,200 --> 01:22:27,800
British warships roamed, the 
Atlantic seizing, American 

1479
01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:30,800
Merchant vessels and impressing,
Sailors into the Royal Navy. 

1480
01:22:30,800 --> 01:22:34,300
Britain Justified these actions 
by citing its endless struggle 

1481
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:37,600
with Napoleonic France but 
Americans saw them as blatant 

1482
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:41,600
infringements on neutral rights 
politicians in Washington, DC, 

1483
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:45,500
argued that National sale. 
Honor demanded a Resolute 

1484
01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:47,900
stance. 
Yet not all Americans. 

1485
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:51,500
Agreed, New England Merchants 
dependent on overseas trade. 

1486
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:55,000
Feared that a war would wreck 
their livelihoods Frontier 

1487
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:56,300
Farmers. 
From the Western South. 

1488
01:22:56,300 --> 01:22:59,500
Meanwhile, were more bellicose. 
They complained of British 

1489
01:22:59,500 --> 01:23:02,700
influence over native tribes 
alleging that British agents 

1490
01:23:02,700 --> 01:23:05,500
provided Weaponry to indigenous 
groups resisting American 

1491
01:23:05,500 --> 01:23:08,100
expansion. 
Famed orators in Congress 

1492
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,400
labeled warhawks pressed for 
military action. 

1493
01:23:11,400 --> 01:23:14,900
Insisting, that only Force could
end Maritime harassment and 

1494
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:18,600
secure National credibility. 
James Madison, the fourth 

1495
01:23:18,600 --> 01:23:21,900
president presided over a 
Charged political scene. 

1496
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:27,000
Quiet deer. 
See if he weighed options 

1497
01:23:27,000 --> 01:23:29,400
carefully. 
But the clamor for war. 

1498
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:33,900
Grew in June 1812, Madison 
Center War message to Congress, 

1499
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:38,400
highlighting impressment trade, 
restrictions and alleged British

1500
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:42,300
Insight of native violence. 
A narrow majority in both houses

1501
01:23:42,300 --> 01:23:45,600
voted for war, marking the first
time that the United States 

1502
01:23:45,600 --> 01:23:48,900
formally declared it. 
The nation's newness and 

1503
01:23:48,900 --> 01:23:51,800
untested Military raised 
questions, could the young 

1504
01:23:51,800 --> 01:23:54,300
Republic muster the unity and 
resources to challenge? 

1505
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,900
The world's leading Naval power 
on paper, the British hardly 

1506
01:23:57,900 --> 01:23:59,600
viewed. 
The us as a primary threat, 

1507
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,900
Napoleon's armies in Europe had 
captured their attention, 

1508
01:24:02,900 --> 01:24:06,400
nonetheless, the British 
recognized that if the Americans

1509
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:08,700
invaded Canada, the region might
be lost. 

1510
01:24:08,700 --> 01:24:12,900
After all Canada was likely 
populated and the British 

1511
01:24:12,900 --> 01:24:15,000
presence there. 
Hinged on loyal, militias, 

1512
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,700
British leaders believed that 
despite the American impetus. 

1513
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:23,100
The conflict wouldn't supplant. 
Britain's Prime Focus on the 

1514
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:25,600
European front. 
So they stationed smaller 

1515
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:28,500
Garrison's trusting that, the 
disorganized American approach 

1516
01:24:28,500 --> 01:24:32,200
would yield limited success 
across the Atlantic in American 

1517
01:24:32,200 --> 01:24:34,700
port cities. 
Many tried to maintain Commerce 

1518
01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:38,300
but with British blockades, 
looming, Merchant captains, 

1519
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:41,000
found themselves restricted or 
forced to sail under constant 

1520
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:43,000
threat. 
The administration in 

1521
01:24:43,000 --> 01:24:46,100
Washington, saw the conflict as 
a chance to rid the continent of

1522
01:24:46,100 --> 01:24:49,400
lingering British power. 
Some leaders fantasized that 

1523
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:51,200
capturing Canada might be 
straightforward. 

1524
01:24:52,000 --> 01:24:54,700
They assumed Canadians would 
readily join the American cause.

1525
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:59,500
However, the Assumption proved 
naive Canadian loyalty to the 

1526
01:24:59,500 --> 01:25:02,700
crown, especially among certain 
Pockets was stronger than 

1527
01:25:02,700 --> 01:25:06,700
American said anticipated. 
Meanwhile, the walls outbreak 

1528
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:09,900
also reverberated among native 
nations particularly in the 

1529
01:25:09,900 --> 01:25:13,000
Great Lakes region, some tribes 
formed alliances with the 

1530
01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:14,900
British. 
Considering them to be less 

1531
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:17,200
harmful than the land hungry, 
American settlers. 

1532
01:25:17,900 --> 01:25:21,200
Leaders like to come sir strove 
to form a broad indigenous 

1533
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:22,900
Confederation that might halt 
further. 

1534
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:26,800
American encroachment. 
For them, this war was another 

1535
01:25:26,800 --> 01:25:29,000
chapter in a long-standing 
struggle to defend their 

1536
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:32,000
homelands. 
The British short on Manpower 

1537
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:35,700
readily welcomed indigenous. 
Allies will be it with uncertain

1538
01:25:35,700 --> 01:25:39,400
commitments once the war ended, 
Public opinion within the United

1539
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,500
States remained uneven, southern
and western states. 

1540
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:45,200
Tended to favor hostilities in 
contrast. 

1541
01:25:45,200 --> 01:25:48,000
Many new englanders rely on. 
Atlantic trade. 

1542
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:51,400
Found the conflict ruinous. 
Some State's. 

1543
01:25:51,400 --> 01:25:53,000
Half-heartedly contributed 
militia. 

1544
01:25:53,800 --> 01:25:57,000
Political friction within the US
threatened to hamper effective, 

1545
01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:59,800
prosecution of the war. 
Nevertheless, the formal 

1546
01:25:59,800 --> 01:26:03,300
declaration spurred initial 
bursts of patriotism in certain 

1547
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:07,000
regions, local militia parades, 
and oratory about defending 

1548
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:09,900
Liberty, repeated the rhetoric 
of the revolutionary era. 

1549
01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:13,500
The critics derided, the war as 
Mr. Madison's war. 

1550
01:26:14,600 --> 01:26:18,300
As the summer of 1812 progressed
American forces, ready to 

1551
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,400
invasions across the Canadian 
border, aiming to quickly seize 

1552
01:26:21,400 --> 01:26:24,800
territory, the war department, 
however, was Ill prepared. 

1553
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:28,500
The regular army was small 
officer by a mix of 

1554
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:31,800
Revolutionary War veterans, and 
political appointees State. 

1555
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:33,600
Militias varied, widely and 
discipline. 

1556
01:26:34,300 --> 01:26:37,700
Supply lines were shaky still 
generals promised Swift 

1557
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:40,500
victories. 
The Observers from Europe, half 

1558
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:43,800
attentive, while embroiled in 
Napoleonic campaigns, watched 

1559
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:46,900
with mild interest, suspecting 
the conflict would remain 

1560
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,700
localized. 
The War of 1812 began. 

1561
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:52,600
In this precarious multifaceted 
environment. 

1562
01:26:53,500 --> 01:26:56,700
The Americans believed they 
could avenge Maritime wrongs and

1563
01:26:56,700 --> 01:27:00,300
perhaps expand into Canada, the 
British confident. 

1564
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:03,700
But distracted expected to 
defend Canada with minimal 

1565
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:08,200
resources indigenous Nations 
caught in the crossfire saw an 

1566
01:27:08,200 --> 01:27:10,200
opportunity to resist American 
expansion. 

1567
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:14,100
As the war commenced. 
Few realized the transformative 

1568
01:27:14,100 --> 01:27:16,200
effects. 
It would have on North America's

1569
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:18,700
diplomatic and cultural 
landscape early. 

1570
01:27:18,700 --> 01:27:22,700
In 1813 American strategists. 
Believe they could redeem the 

1571
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,400
humiliation of 1812 by launching
renewed defensive in Canada. 

1572
01:27:26,400 --> 01:27:30,700
However, the same structural 
flaws, persisted volunteer, 

1573
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:34,200
militias uncertain supply lines 
and Leadership lacking 

1574
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:36,100
experience in large scale 
campaigns. 

1575
01:27:36,900 --> 01:27:39,800
Generals like Henry Dearborn, 
planned coordinated, thrusts 

1576
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:42,800
along Lake Ontario in the 
Niagara Frontier. yet 

1577
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:45,800
cooperation between commands 
remain shaky and British 

1578
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:49,100
Defenders aided by local militia
and Indigenous allies 

1579
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:54,000
effectively, countered, many 
moves, On Lake Erie Oliver 

1580
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:56,900
Hazard, Perry supervised a 
frantic shipbuilding effort at 

1581
01:27:56,900 --> 01:27:59,400
Presque Isle present, dayra 
Pennsylvania. 

1582
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:05,000
Plan was bold construct a small 
Fleet to wrest control of the 

1583
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:08,200
lake from the British thereby 
isolating their garrisons in 

1584
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:12,900
Western Upper Canada. 
In September 1813 Perry, 

1585
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:15,400
Squadron faced the British at 
the Battle of Lake Erie. 

1586
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:19,200
The mid chaotic fighting 
Perry's, Flagship took heavy 

1587
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,500
damage, prompting him to row to 
another vessel and continue the 

1588
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:25,100
fight. 
The result was a striking, 

1589
01:28:25,100 --> 01:28:28,400
American victory culminating in 
his laconic message. 

1590
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:30,800
We have met the enemy and they 
are ours. 

1591
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:34,700
This Triumph 7 Britain Supply 
route and force them to abandon 

1592
01:28:34,700 --> 01:28:38,100
Detroit simultaneously. 
William Henry Harris and led an 

1593
01:28:38,100 --> 01:28:41,600
American Army into Upper Canada.
Bolstered by a lake erie's 

1594
01:28:41,600 --> 01:28:45,300
strategic Advantage, Harrison 
Advanced culminating in the 

1595
01:28:45,308 --> 01:28:47,500
battle of the Thames in October,
1813. 

1596
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:51,500
The death of their shattered, 
the indigenous Coalition in the 

1597
01:28:51,508 --> 01:28:54,500
region, although some tribes 
would continue resistance, 

1598
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:57,400
unified front to camps. 
Are championed as dissipated 

1599
01:28:57,400 --> 01:29:01,700
American morale, sawed at these,
Regional successes mitigating 

1600
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:05,400
memories of the prior years. 
Catastrophes not all from France

1601
01:29:05,400 --> 01:29:09,200
prospered, along Lake Ontario, 
The American's captured, and 

1602
01:29:09,200 --> 01:29:13,200
burned, York future Toronto, 
angering Canadian locals, but 

1603
01:29:13,200 --> 01:29:17,100
failing to achieve a decisive 
hold Furthermore, the attempt to

1604
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:19,900
hold or take the Niagara region 
vacillate as leadership. 

1605
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:23,500
Changed the incompetent or 
quarrelsome, interplay among 

1606
01:29:23,500 --> 01:29:25,700
American generals let 
opportunities slip away. 

1607
01:29:26,500 --> 01:29:29,500
British regulars though, 
outnumbered capitalized on 

1608
01:29:29,500 --> 01:29:31,300
interior lines, and local 
knowledge. 

1609
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:34,700
They also enjoyed better 
coordination with indigenous 

1610
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:38,200
forces. 
On the Atlantic side the US Navy

1611
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:41,300
is larger warships occasionally 
triumphed in single ship duels 

1612
01:29:41,300 --> 01:29:45,100
but Britain's blockade grew 
tighter, American Merchant 

1613
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:47,100
vessels found it perilous to 
venture out. 

1614
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:49,900
Privateers operating from 
smaller ports. 

1615
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:53,000
Try to slip through, capturing 
British Merchant ships for 

1616
01:29:53,000 --> 01:29:55,600
Bounty. 
Despite being a significant 

1617
01:29:55,600 --> 01:29:58,500
threat to Britain, these 
privateers were unable to lift 

1618
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:02,100
the blockade. coastal towns 
faced hardship, as imported 

1619
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:06,500
goods, became scarce, fueling 
discontent In New England, 

1620
01:30:06,500 --> 01:30:11,200
especially anti-war sentiments, 
solidified, some Federalists saw

1621
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:14,900
the conflict as a southern War 
suspecting expansion in 

1622
01:30:14,900 --> 01:30:17,900
territory only benefited. 
South-Western agrarian 

1623
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:21,700
interests. 
Amid these realities 1814 

1624
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:24,000
brought a water shed shift in 
the global context. 

1625
01:30:25,200 --> 01:30:28,300
Napoleon's defeat in Europe, 
freed British resources to Pivot

1626
01:30:28,300 --> 01:30:31,100
to North America. 
The British plan, major events 

1627
01:30:31,100 --> 01:30:35,600
of one, a southern thrusting to 
capture New Orleans, another 

1628
01:30:35,600 --> 01:30:38,200
amid, Atlantic Invasion to 
strike the Chesapeake. 

1629
01:30:38,200 --> 01:30:41,600
They also stepped up a temps to 
secure control of Lake 

1630
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:44,100
Champlain. 
A route to New York, Centuria. 

1631
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:47,800
The intensification alarm the 
Mattson Administration which 

1632
01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:51,500
realized that if these drives 
succeeded major US cities could 

1633
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:56,000
fall or States, might Bolt from 
the Union. also, Central in 

1634
01:30:56,000 --> 01:30:58,700
1814, was a series of 
negotiations, that began in 

1635
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:03,000
Ghent, Belgium, American 
delegates, including John, 

1636
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:06,800
Quincy Adams and Henry, Clay 
faced British counterparts, 

1637
01:31:07,600 --> 01:31:10,800
These talks progressed slowly 
shaped by events on the 

1638
01:31:10,800 --> 01:31:14,600
battlefield initially. 
Britain, demanded concessions 

1639
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:17,200
like a recognized indigenous 
buffer state in the old North 

1640
01:31:17,200 --> 01:31:20,700
West, while the Americans 
insisted on status quo 

1641
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:24,600
Antebellum. 
Each side hoped for a military 

1642
01:31:24,600 --> 01:31:28,400
advantage that would improve. 
And Throughout the summer, the 

1643
01:31:28,400 --> 01:31:32,000
negotiation sea sword, 
overshadowed by intensifying 

1644
01:31:32,000 --> 01:31:34,800
hostility. 
An overlooked aspect was the 

1645
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,100
South-Western Frontier where 
Andrew Jackson confronted Creek 

1646
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:40,700
Warriors allied with or 
influenced by the British. 

1647
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,000
Jackson's Tennessee. 
Volunteers, waged, Fierce 

1648
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:46,700
campaigns in the creek War. 
Culminating, in a decisive 

1649
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:47,800
victory. 
At Horseshoe. 

1650
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:51,100
Bend the resulting treaty forced
vast, land, cessions, from The 

1651
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:53,200
Creeks, revealing, how the War 
of 1812. 

1652
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:56,600
Also served American expansion 
into indigenous expense, 

1653
01:31:56,600 --> 01:32:00,800
Jackson's reputation, soared 
positioning him for greater 

1654
01:32:00,800 --> 01:32:02,100
National prominence after the 
conflict. 

1655
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,900
Thus, by mid 1814, the war was 
nearing a pivotal moment. 

1656
01:32:05,900 --> 01:32:08,900
The British plan to unleash 
their Superior fleets and 

1657
01:32:08,908 --> 01:32:10,700
Veteran troops. 
Now freed from European 

1658
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:14,700
entanglements, the Americans 
battered and divided pinned 

1659
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:17,100
hopes on local successes and the
resilience of militia. 

1660
01:32:17,900 --> 01:32:21,500
Diplomatic channels flickered, 
but no one was sure, how soon or

1661
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:23,000
on what terms piece would 
arrive? 

1662
01:32:23,800 --> 01:32:26,500
Stage was set for dramatic 
clashes that would shape not 

1663
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:29,300
just the immediate fortunes of 
the two countries that the 

1664
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:33,300
future map of North America. 
Observers recognize that the 

1665
01:32:33,300 --> 01:32:35,700
war's outcome. 
Might finally clarify whether 

1666
01:32:35,700 --> 01:32:39,300
the United States after three 
decades of Independence could 

1667
01:32:39,300 --> 01:32:42,600
fully stand among Global powers 
or remain overshadowed by older 

1668
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,000
Empires. 
Late 1814 saw Britain, escalate 

1669
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:49,600
one prong targeted, the 
Chesapeake, it success at 

1670
01:32:49,600 --> 01:32:53,100
capturing and burning Washington
DC in August shocked Americans. 

1671
01:32:53,100 --> 01:32:55,700
The British sought to quickly 
follow up by attacking 

1672
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:57,500
Baltimore. 
A crucial Port. 

1673
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:01,000
If Baltimore fell Britain, might
cripple the Region's Commerce 

1674
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:04,300
and break American resolve yet 
Baltimore's Defenders prepared, 

1675
01:33:04,300 --> 01:33:08,500
vigorously citizens, erected 
barricades sank vessels to block

1676
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:11,000
Harbor, approaches and 
reinforced Fort McHenry. 

1677
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:14,500
British warships, commenced 
bombardment on the night of 

1678
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:17,900
September 13th. 
Unleashing Salvo after Salvo in 

1679
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:22,900
the fort despite the onslaught 
the fort held When Dawn arrived,

1680
01:33:22,900 --> 01:33:26,700
the American flags still 
billowed witnessed by Francis 

1681
01:33:26,700 --> 01:33:29,500
Scott Key who penned the 
Star-Spangled Banner. 

1682
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:33,700
This morale, boosting outcome 
force, the British to withdraw 

1683
01:33:33,700 --> 01:33:36,300
neutralizing. 
This Chesapeake campaign. 

1684
01:33:37,200 --> 01:33:40,800
Another British thrust aimed at 
Lake Champlain, an army advance 

1685
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:43,400
from Canada, hoping to slice 
into Upstate. 

1686
01:33:43,400 --> 01:33:44,900
New York and isolate New 
England. 

1687
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:50,500
On September 11th, 1814 American
Naval forces, under Thomas 

1688
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:54,100
macdonough, won the pivotal 
Battle of Plattsburgh Bay out. 

1689
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:57,300
Maneuvering the British Squadron
with their Naval support, lost 

1690
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:00,800
the British land Invasion, 
faltered forcing a hasty 

1691
01:34:00,800 --> 01:34:03,600
Retreat. 
This second repulsed alongside 

1692
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:06,600
Baltimore's defense shattered. 
British hopes for a swift 

1693
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:08,400
resolution by capturing major 
towns. 

1694
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:11,700
Meanwhile, the southwestern 
Frontier remained a separate 

1695
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:13,900
theater. 
Andrew Jackson's victory over 

1696
01:34:13,900 --> 01:34:16,800
the Creeks, had freed him to 
concentrate on potential. 

1697
01:34:16,800 --> 01:34:18,400
British moves along the Gulf 
Coast. 

1698
01:34:19,300 --> 01:34:22,100
British strategists planned, a 
grand assault on New Orleans, 

1699
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:25,200
imagining that controlling the 
Mississippi's mouth would hamper

1700
01:34:25,200 --> 01:34:28,900
American expansion. 
Jackson, where of the vital 

1701
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:31,700
importance of the city 
assembled, a force of militia, 

1702
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:35,900
volunteers Freedman, and even a 
group of Barataria Pirates under

1703
01:34:35,900 --> 01:34:39,400
Jean, Lafitte forging a 
makeshift but spirited Army. 

1704
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:42,600
But that confrontational 
weighted, final, culmination, 

1705
01:34:42,600 --> 01:34:45,800
early, the next year. 
In the midst of these unfolding 

1706
01:34:45,800 --> 01:34:49,800
battles, negotiations in Kent 
progressed, since sensing that 

1707
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:51,900
neither side would gain from 
prolonged conflict. 

1708
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,900
British diplomats seized earlier
demands for territory or 

1709
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:59,200
indigenous buffer States while 
Americans stung by the burning 

1710
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:02,800
of their Capital recognize that 
an indefinite War threatened 

1711
01:35:02,800 --> 01:35:07,500
ruin. by December a draft 
treaty, emerged endorsing the 

1712
01:35:07,500 --> 01:35:10,900
principle of status quo 
Antebellum, both nations, would 

1713
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:14,600
revert to pre-war boundaries, 
Outstanding issues like 

1714
01:35:14,600 --> 01:35:17,800
impressment or Maritime rights, 
were not addressed, rendering 

1715
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,200
the Wars original triggers. 
Unsolved nonetheless, the 

1716
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,300
desperate weariness on both 
sides pressed them. 

1717
01:35:23,308 --> 01:35:28,100
To sign the Treaty of Ghent on 
December the 24th. 1814 however,

1718
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,200
word of the treaty needed to 
Traverse the Atlantic. 

1719
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:35,000
None of the signatories realized
a major confrontation loomed on 

1720
01:35:35,008 --> 01:35:37,900
the Mississippi. 
British forces, landed near New 

1721
01:35:37,900 --> 01:35:41,600
Orleans in mid-December 1814, 
Jackson rushed to fortify the 

1722
01:35:41,600 --> 01:35:44,100
city's approaches digging 
entrenchments. 

1723
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:48,500
Along the Rodriguez Canal on 
January 8th, 1815 the British 

1724
01:35:48,500 --> 01:35:51,500
launched a frontal assault 
certain their disciplined ranks.

1725
01:35:51,500 --> 01:35:55,600
Could overwhelm Jackson's ragtag
Defenders instead entrenched. 

1726
01:35:55,600 --> 01:35:58,600
Americans Unleashed to 
devastating vollies of musket 

1727
01:35:58,600 --> 01:36:00,500
and artillery fire. 
Decimating. 

1728
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:03,700
British columns the attack. 
Collapsed British. 

1729
01:36:03,700 --> 01:36:07,800
Casualties soared while American
losses were modest Jacksons 

1730
01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:10,200
Victory, catapulted. 
Him into National stardom. 

1731
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:13,500
Ironically this epic battle 
occurred after the signing of 

1732
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:16,000
peace. 
When news of the Treaty of 

1733
01:36:16,008 --> 01:36:17,600
Ghent. 
Finally, reached North America 

1734
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:20,200
Weeks Later. 
Both countries ratified at 

1735
01:36:20,200 --> 01:36:24,800
promptly halting further 
bloodshed For Americans, the war

1736
01:36:24,800 --> 01:36:27,900
concluded on an emotional High. 
Thanks to the improbable success

1737
01:36:27,900 --> 01:36:30,700
at New Orleans. 
They hailed the conflict as a 

1738
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:33,600
second triumph over the Britain,
ignoring that the treaty 

1739
01:36:33,600 --> 01:36:36,600
emitted, the maritime issues 
that sparked the war for 

1740
01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:38,800
Britain. 
The war had always been a side 

1741
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:40,900
theater overshadowed by the 
Napoleonic Wars. 

1742
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:44,000
So ending it with minimal, 
concessions was acceptable. 

1743
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,600
Only indigenous Nations truly 
lost out with tecumseh's 

1744
01:36:48,600 --> 01:36:50,900
Confederation broken and no 
recognized buffer. 

1745
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:54,600
Territory the war that spurred 
the Unstoppable wave of American

1746
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:58,100
expansion Westwood in the 
aftermath Federer list 

1747
01:36:58,100 --> 01:37:00,500
opposition. 
Collapsed tainted by War, 

1748
01:37:00,500 --> 01:37:04,000
rumored secession, talk at the 
Hartford Convention the party 

1749
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:07,300
with ushering in the so-called 
Era of Good Feelings. 

1750
01:37:07,300 --> 01:37:11,500
The war also stimulated a sense 
of national identity, forging 

1751
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:13,400
Heroes. 
Like Andrew Jackson William, 

1752
01:37:13,400 --> 01:37:15,400
Henry Harrison and Oliver Hazard
Perry. 

1753
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:18,600
The Mythos of the war over 
shadowed the chaotic 

1754
01:37:18,600 --> 01:37:21,400
mismanagement and Half Baked 
strategies that marked its early

1755
01:37:21,400 --> 01:37:24,400
phases. 
Instead popular memory latched 

1756
01:37:24,400 --> 01:37:26,100
onto the Star-Spangled defense 
of Fort. 

1757
01:37:26,100 --> 01:37:29,800
McHenry the ragtag victory at 
New Orleans and the notion that 

1758
01:37:29,800 --> 01:37:32,500
the United States had defended 
its independence once again. 

1759
01:37:33,500 --> 01:37:38,000
From a broader perspective, the 
War of 1812 significantly shaped

1760
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:42,100
North American geopolitics. 
Canada having rebuffed Invasion 

1761
01:37:42,100 --> 01:37:44,400
Consolidated. 
Its distinct identity 

1762
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:48,900
reinforcing loyalty to the crown
the United States for its part. 

1763
01:37:48,900 --> 01:37:52,100
Experienced a surge of 
nationalism, ironically 

1764
01:37:52,100 --> 01:37:55,700
reinforcing Union sentiments, 
despite the wars Rocky start, 

1765
01:37:56,700 --> 01:37:58,500
The conflict. 
Also revealed structural 

1766
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:02,000
weaknesses in American Finance 
and Logistics prompting 

1767
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:05,500
post-war, reforms freed from 
foreign entanglements. 

1768
01:38:05,500 --> 01:38:09,000
The US turned more confidently 
towards internal development and

1769
01:38:09,000 --> 01:38:12,600
westward expansion. 
Indeed the walls, Messi 

1770
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:14,900
conclusion, paved the path for 
subsequent growth. 

1771
01:38:14,900 --> 01:38:16,900
That would define much of the 
19th century. 

1772
01:38:16,900 --> 01:38:20,700
Historians continued to debate 
the War of 1812 deeper 

1773
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:23,600
significant. 
Some label it, a minor War 

1774
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:27,400
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Giants in Europe While others, 

1775
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:29,400
see it. 
As a critical test of American 

1776
01:38:29,400 --> 01:38:32,700
sovereignty. 
The reality perhaps is the both 

1777
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:34,700
are true. 
On the grand scale. 

1778
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:38,300
Britain was more consumed with 
the Napoleon, but for the young 

1779
01:38:38,300 --> 01:38:41,700
United States, The conflict 
marked a crucial junker. 

1780
01:38:42,400 --> 01:38:44,900
Did the New Republic have the 
Cajun to withstand external 

1781
01:38:44,900 --> 01:38:47,000
assault or would it fragment 
under pressure? 

1782
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:50,500
One often overlooked outcome was
the impetus for American 

1783
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:53,600
industrialization. 
British blockades cut off 

1784
01:38:53,600 --> 01:38:56,700
European Imports. 
Prompting domestic manufacturers

1785
01:38:56,700 --> 01:38:58,900
to step in and Supply textiles 
and finished goods. 

1786
01:38:58,900 --> 01:39:03,500
Previously sourced from abroad 
This unintended stimulus laid 

1787
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:06,400
early foundations, for the 
Industrial Revolution Stateside 

1788
01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:09,800
once piece resumed, those infant
Industries. 

1789
01:39:09,800 --> 01:39:13,400
Demanded tariff protection, 
spurring sectional debates over 

1790
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:16,600
free trade versus protective 
measures a theme. 

1791
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:19,900
That shaped National politics. 
Well into the mid-century the 

1792
01:39:19,900 --> 01:39:22,700
war also spurred the creation of
new symbols of identity. 

1793
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:27,200
The Battered, but surviving flag
at Fort McHenry the poem by 

1794
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:31,000
Francis Scott Key that morphed 
into a national anthem and even 

1795
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:34,000
the iconic image of Dolly, 
Madison rescuing crucial State 

1796
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:38,000
papers, these narratives turned 
the War of 1812 into a story of 

1797
01:39:38,000 --> 01:39:41,000
Pierce. 
For many Americans in subsequent

1798
01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:44,700
decades, it stood as proof that 
courage and cunning could offset

1799
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:47,800
inferior numbers or resources 
that cultural Legacy 

1800
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:50,700
overshadowed, the administrative
bumbling and the partisan Rancor

1801
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:53,900
that nearly crippled the war 
effort for indigenous Nations. 

1802
01:39:53,900 --> 01:39:57,900
The wars end accelerated. 
Their dispossession to come as 

1803
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:00,300
dream of a native Confederacy 
collapsed with his death. 

1804
01:40:01,000 --> 01:40:04,500
British forces no longer needing
a bulwark against us expansion. 

1805
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:07,100
Provided limited post-war 
assistance. 

1806
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,600
Tribes that had allied with 
Britain faced retribution or 

1807
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:12,300
land seizures As Americans 
advanced. 

1808
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:15,400
In the South Andrew Jackson's 
post-war. 

1809
01:40:15,400 --> 01:40:17,900
Ascendancy led to further 
treaties pushing native groups 

1810
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:21,700
West, thus the War of 1812 
served as a key moment. 

1811
01:40:21,700 --> 01:40:24,800
Paving the way for widespread 
White Settlement throughout the 

1812
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:29,400
Mississippi region and Beyond As
for Canada, it developed a sense

1813
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:33,100
of shared Heritage by resisting 
American invasions French and 

1814
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:36,100
English-speaking Canadians 
United under the crown to repel 

1815
01:40:36,100 --> 01:40:39,000
the foreign threat. 
So in seeds for budding national

1816
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:41,200
identity. 
Distinct from Britain and the US

1817
01:40:42,200 --> 01:40:45,300
Figures like Laura, Secord who 
carried warning of an American 

1818
01:40:45,300 --> 01:40:49,500
raid or the dead General. 
Isaac Brock became local. 

1819
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:52,800
Here's the wars memory. 
Underscored that Canada would 

1820
01:40:52,800 --> 01:40:56,700
not be simply swallowed by the 
larger Republic to the South a 

1821
01:40:56,700 --> 01:40:58,800
dynamic that remains a point of 
cultural Pride. 

1822
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:02,300
Meanwhile the returning US 
soldiers found themselves in 

1823
01:41:02,300 --> 01:41:05,500
varied conditions. 
Many Frontier militias simply 

1824
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:09,300
melted back into civilian life 
officers like Andrew Jackson or 

1825
01:41:09,300 --> 01:41:12,700
William Henry Harrison Harley 
Quinn reputation to political 

1826
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:15,500
Capital eventually capturing the
White House. 

1827
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:18,700
The post-war political 
environment recognized the 

1828
01:41:18,700 --> 01:41:20,500
potency of war heroes as 
leaders. 

1829
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:25,200
That Federalist Party tarred 
with disloyalty soon dissolved 

1830
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:28,500
leaving the Democratic 
Republicans dominant though. 

1831
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:31,200
Internal factions would later 
spin off into new parties. 

1832
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:35,500
James Madison completed his 
presidency in 1817, claiming the

1833
01:41:35,500 --> 01:41:37,900
war had proven, the 
Constitutional system could 

1834
01:41:37,900 --> 01:41:42,300
endure an external threat. 
However, not all scars vanished.

1835
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:47,100
New England's economy battered 
by blockades, pivoted more 

1836
01:41:47,100 --> 01:41:50,500
strongly toward manufacturing, 
Southern cotton, expanded 

1837
01:41:50,500 --> 01:41:53,600
rapidly. 
Ironically fueled by the sense 

1838
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,700
of security that no immediate 
British incursion, threatened, 

1839
01:41:56,700 --> 01:41:59,700
the coastline The wars of 
ephemeral Alliance is with 

1840
01:41:59,700 --> 01:42:03,900
French Exiles or Spanish forces 
in Florida in to ongoing 

1841
01:42:03,900 --> 01:42:06,400
jockeying for territory within a
few years. 

1842
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:10,100
The US negotiated further 
expansions, culminating in the 

1843
01:42:10,108 --> 01:42:15,000
acquisition of Florida from 
Spain in 1819, these expansions 

1844
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:19,500
ironically were partly greased 
by the sense that the US had won

1845
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:22,800
the War of 1812. 
Even if the official treaty 

1846
01:42:22,800 --> 01:42:24,900
indicated, no formal, Victor or 
concession. 

1847
01:42:25,800 --> 01:42:28,300
Thus the conflicts Legacy 
blossomed in multiple 

1848
01:42:28,300 --> 01:42:30,800
directions. 
For some it was an afterthought 

1849
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:33,900
overshadowed by the Napoleonic 
Saga for others. 

1850
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,700
Especially Americans. 
It was a second war of 

1851
01:42:36,708 --> 01:42:40,200
independence that validated the 
Constitutional experiment for 

1852
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:42,800
indigenous Nations, it 
triggered, sorrowful 

1853
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:46,700
fragmentation, for Canadians it.
Stamped a rebellious proud 

1854
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:48,700
identity that shaped future 
Confederation. 

1855
01:42:48,700 --> 01:42:52,300
And for the wider Atlantic 
World, it removed a potential 

1856
01:42:52,300 --> 01:42:56,200
Thorn allowing Britain and the 
US to gradually pivot from 

1857
01:42:56,200 --> 01:42:59,400
enemies to trading partners. 
Of course, the complexities of 

1858
01:42:59,400 --> 01:43:02,700
war, never vanished neatly 
subsequent decades or tensions. 

1859
01:43:02,700 --> 01:43:06,200
Remain the boundary disputes in 
the Great Lakes region 

1860
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,300
eventually resolved by the 
peaceful diplomacy. 

1861
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:12,800
The War of 1812. 
Thus quietly ended, an era of 

1862
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:16,400
direct anglo-american conflict 
In the century that followed 

1863
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:19,400
both Nations found more 
pressing, concerns elsewhere, 

1864
01:43:19,400 --> 01:43:24,500
forging an uneasy but enduring 
peace over time the war receded 

1865
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:27,400
into historical memory 
overshadowed by other miles 

1866
01:43:27,400 --> 01:43:30,000
stones. 
Yet its impact on shaping North 

1867
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:34,100
American political cultural and 
economic trajectories remains in

1868
01:43:34,100 --> 01:43:36,500
disputable From a modern 
viewpoint. 

1869
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,300
The War of 1812 often suffers 
from overshadowing by the 

1870
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,600
American Revolution, or the 
Civil War, yet it introduced 

1871
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:47,400
important transformations in how
Americans conceptualize their a 

1872
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:50,300
government's role. 
How local militias interface 

1873
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:53,900
with Federal Authority and how 
the broader continent responded 

1874
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:57,200
to shifting power dynamics for a
generation that came of age. 

1875
01:43:57,200 --> 01:44:00,700
After 1776, the war, proved 
their own defining moment. 

1876
01:44:01,500 --> 01:44:04,500
Many states or newly minted. 
Heroes were identified local 

1877
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:07,500
episodes of Valor forging. 
A tapestry of War Stories That 

1878
01:44:07,500 --> 01:44:11,700
fed local Pride among lesson 
known anecdotes is the role of 

1879
01:44:11,700 --> 01:44:15,100
enslaved men who escaped to 
British lines particularly in 

1880
01:44:15,100 --> 01:44:18,300
the Chesapeake region. 
The British offered freedom to 

1881
01:44:18,300 --> 01:44:21,800
those who joined their, cause 
akin to certain practices During

1882
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:24,400
the Revolution, many seized the 
chance. 

1883
01:44:24,400 --> 01:44:27,200
Enforcing British logistical 
efforts or forming labor 

1884
01:44:27,200 --> 01:44:29,600
battalions. 
Following the war, some 

1885
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:33,700
relocated to British territories
such as Nova Scotia or Trinidad,

1886
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:36,900
forming diaspora communities 
known as merkin's. 

1887
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:39,300
The phenomenon. 
Highlighted the contradictory 

1888
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:42,300
nature of War fought over 
Liberty while slavery persisted 

1889
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:45,800
adding another dimension to the 
moral tension of the era. 

1890
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,600
Another overlooked thread is the
role of women on the home front.

1891
01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:52,200
Dolly Madison's Rescue of the 
White House. 

1892
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:56,100
Portrait is famous but countless
unnamed women toiled under 

1893
01:44:56,100 --> 01:45:00,100
blockades farmed while husbands 
marched and nursed, wounded, 

1894
01:45:00,100 --> 01:45:04,800
militia men, some women with 
entrepreneurial Flair turned to 

1895
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:08,000
weaving or local manufacturing 
to fill voids left by the 

1896
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:11,700
disrupted in Port Market. 
Their contributions though. 

1897
01:45:11,700 --> 01:45:14,800
Seldom documented were part of 
the shift toward a more 

1898
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:18,700
self-sufficient, domestic 
economy, proving that crises can

1899
01:45:18,700 --> 01:45:20,800
spur inventive, responses in 
local communities. 

1900
01:45:21,800 --> 01:45:24,500
Meanwhile, the impetus for 
building infrastructure, grew 

1901
01:45:24,500 --> 01:45:26,700
the war exposed, how the poor 
roads. 

1902
01:45:26,700 --> 01:45:30,000
Hindered troop movements and 
supply lines, prompting calls 

1903
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:33,500
for federal investment in 
internal improvements, canals, 

1904
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,600
turnpike's, and eventually 
railroads, Although these 

1905
01:45:36,600 --> 01:45:39,700
developments Advanced mostly 
after the war ended, the War of 

1906
01:45:39,700 --> 01:45:43,000
1812 experience, laid bare the 
necessity for connectivity. 

1907
01:45:43,900 --> 01:45:46,800
As a result, the federal 
government gradually leaned into

1908
01:45:46,800 --> 01:45:48,600
more involvement with the 
infrastructure. 

1909
01:45:48,600 --> 01:45:53,100
An idea championed by national 
Republicans, who wanted to unify

1910
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:55,300
the states through improved 
trade routes. 

1911
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:59,300
Diplomatically the postwar 
settlements signified, a slow 

1912
01:45:59,300 --> 01:46:02,600
thorong in anglo-american 
relations British Statesman 

1913
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:05,700
preoccupied with maintaining 
post Napoleonic Europe's order. 

1914
01:46:05,700 --> 01:46:09,300
Found it pragmatic to reduce 
friction across the Atlantic. 

1915
01:46:10,100 --> 01:46:12,200
The rush Baggett agreement of 
1817? 

1916
01:46:12,200 --> 01:46:16,400
Demilitarized the Great Lakes a 
pioneering Arms, Control pack 

1917
01:46:16,400 --> 01:46:20,100
that diffused future tensions 
over time, the Canada US, 

1918
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:23,300
boundary stabilized. 
Fostering an unusual phenomenon,

1919
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:26,200
the world's longest undefended 
Frontier. 

1920
01:46:27,000 --> 01:46:29,600
This shift from hostility to 
Mutual accommodation in. 

1921
01:46:29,600 --> 01:46:32,800
North America stands as a direct
outgrowth of the war. 

1922
01:46:32,800 --> 01:46:36,200
Even if overshadowed by the 
dramatic episodes of 1812 to 

1923
01:46:36,200 --> 01:46:40,900
1815 for indigenous peoples the 
war's end spelled heartbreak 

1924
01:46:40,900 --> 01:46:44,600
Britain no longer needed to 
bolster native confederation so 

1925
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:47,600
they withdrew support. 
The momentum of American 

1926
01:46:47,600 --> 01:46:50,100
expansion. 
Resumed Unstoppable. 

1927
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:53,900
Patchwork of treaties forced 
tribes onto smaller lands or 

1928
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:57,300
Westwood the war had briefly 
offered a chance for Unity under

1929
01:46:57,300 --> 01:47:00,300
to come to his leadership. 
But that Vision perished at the 

1930
01:47:00,308 --> 01:47:03,700
tens, the subsequent 
displacement of tribes in Ohio 

1931
01:47:03,700 --> 01:47:07,200
and Indiana sword, part of the 
broader National policy that 

1932
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:09,900
would eventually culminate in 
the forested removals of the 

1933
01:47:09,900 --> 01:47:13,200
1830s. 
Culturally, the war Federal 

1934
01:47:13,200 --> 01:47:16,500
romantic notion of American 
Pride in adversity. 

1935
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:19,000
Painters produced Works. 
Depicting. 

1936
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,400
The Constitution's Jewels at sea
or the British retreat from 

1937
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:25,400
Baltimore. 
Poetry and ballads commemorated.

1938
01:47:25,400 --> 01:47:28,100
Local militia triumphs over 
decades. 

1939
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:31,300
These popular accounts coalesced
into a somewhat sanitized 

1940
01:47:31,300 --> 01:47:34,600
narrative, highlighting victory 
at New Orleans and the heroic 

1941
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:38,200
stand at Fort McHenry. 
The fiascos, the bungled 

1942
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,100
invasions of Canada, the burning
of Washington slipped into 

1943
01:47:41,100 --> 01:47:44,600
lesser emphasis this selective, 
memory pattern shaped how 

1944
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:46,700
textbooks presented the war for 
Generations. 

1945
01:47:46,700 --> 01:47:50,600
Culminating, in a sense that the
US overcame formidable odds to 

1946
01:47:50,600 --> 01:47:54,600
defend its independence once 
more, Thus, the War of 1812 was 

1947
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:57,600
not solely about the immediate 
triggers of Maritime rights or 

1948
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:00,600
Frontier attention. 
Its significant unfolded over 

1949
01:48:00,600 --> 01:48:04,800
decades, influencing Economic 
Policy, forging new Heroes, 

1950
01:48:04,800 --> 01:48:08,300
weaving, New cultural motifs and
setting boundaries for 

1951
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:11,500
indigenous communities, even 
with no territorial gains 

1952
01:48:11,500 --> 01:48:14,400
certified, the intangible 
results were profound. 

1953
01:48:15,600 --> 01:48:18,300
The conflict established that 
the US could wage war without 

1954
01:48:18,300 --> 01:48:21,800
fracturing or be, it narrowly? 
It paved a path for internal 

1955
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:24,500
expansion and signaled that a 
truly post Colonial. 

1956
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:28,000
North America was emerging With 
the US and Canada forging to 

1957
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:31,200
distinct identities. 
Looking back these legacies 

1958
01:48:31,200 --> 01:48:34,500
underscore that Wars even ones 
overshadowed by larger. 

1959
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:37,600
Global events can reshape 
continents and subtle but 

1960
01:48:37,600 --> 01:48:42,100
enduring ways the War of 1812 
might seem distant yet its 

1961
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:44,000
themes echo in contemporary 
life. 

1962
01:48:44,000 --> 01:48:47,400
How a Young Nation handles 
International bullying, the 

1963
01:48:47,400 --> 01:48:50,000
friction between defending 
principles and managing everyday

1964
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:52,800
Commerce. 
And the tensions of forging 

1965
01:48:52,800 --> 01:48:54,900
Unity among disparate Regional 
interests. 

1966
01:48:55,900 --> 01:48:59,900
Observing how that the US then 
navigated blockades invasions 

1967
01:48:59,900 --> 01:49:03,700
and internal disputes can offer 
perspective on the modern crises

1968
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,900
where resource constraints and 
political divides remain just as

1969
01:49:06,900 --> 01:49:09,000
real or be it in different 
forms. 

1970
01:49:10,200 --> 01:49:13,700
One instructive aspect is the 
leadership Dynamic President 

1971
01:49:13,700 --> 01:49:17,100
Madison initially reluctant 
found himself backed into a war 

1972
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:20,800
by vocal Congressional voices. 
The wars early failures exposed 

1973
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:23,100
the cost of insufficient 
preparation and partisan. 

1974
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:26,400
Bickering, only by mid conflict.
Did the administration 

1975
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:29,300
coordinator effectively with 
local, militias Naval 

1976
01:49:29,300 --> 01:49:33,400
contractors, and privateers. 
This shift from disorganization 

1977
01:49:33,400 --> 01:49:37,400
to partial Synergy teaches how 
policy making once confronted 

1978
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:39,500
with the real adversity can 
pivot. 

1979
01:49:40,600 --> 01:49:44,800
Many modern observers glean that
advanced planning while I dealt 

1980
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:48,200
often collides with political 
hesitancy yet, adversity can 

1981
01:49:48,200 --> 01:49:50,300
spur belated but decisive 
collaboration. 

1982
01:49:51,300 --> 01:49:53,600
Another dimension is the 
interplay of personal and 

1983
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:55,700
strategic. 
Agendas ambitious. 

1984
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:58,100
Generals such as William Hull or
later. 

1985
01:49:58,100 --> 01:50:00,600
Jacob Brown had their reputation
at stake. 

1986
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:04,700
Politicians in Congress, angled 
for local advantage or 

1987
01:50:04,700 --> 01:50:07,100
re-election. 
The war's path was shaped by 

1988
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:10,900
these individual aims, sometimes
to the detriment of cohesiveness

1989
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:12,900
national strategy. 
Simile. 

1990
01:50:12,900 --> 01:50:16,600
In today's environment personal 
ambition can sabotage or realign

1991
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,700
Collective efforts showing that 
cohesively leadership must 

1992
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:22,000
harness personal drives rather 
than deny them. 

1993
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:26,500
The conflict also, underscores, 
how external catalysts can unify

1994
01:50:26,500 --> 01:50:30,100
in otherwise fractious Society, 
despite ongoing disputes, the 

1995
01:50:30,100 --> 01:50:33,100
burning of Washington United 
many who previously criticized 

1996
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:35,500
the war, the subsequent defense 
of Baltimore. 

1997
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:38,200
Turned despair into resilience 
bridging divides. 

1998
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:40,800
At least temporarily this 
phenomenon. 

1999
01:50:40,800 --> 01:50:44,100
Appears repeatedly in. 
National History is a tangible. 

2000
01:50:44,100 --> 01:50:46,300
External threat can Galvanize 
Unity. 

2001
01:50:46,300 --> 01:50:48,400
Overshadowing internal 
differences. 

2002
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:52,300
However, sustaining that Unity 
after the crisis of debate is 

2003
01:50:52,300 --> 01:50:55,000
another matter. 
A lesson, well, illustrated by 

2004
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:57,600
the Meltdown of Federalists 
support post-war and the 

2005
01:50:57,608 --> 01:51:01,300
ephemeral Era of Good Feelings. 
From a moral Vantage. 

2006
01:51:02,700 --> 01:51:04,200
The war. 
Showcased how indigenous 

2007
01:51:04,200 --> 01:51:06,800
alliances can be manipulated by 
great Powers. 

2008
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,500
British promises to protect 
native lands or the American 

2009
01:51:10,500 --> 01:51:13,600
pledged to incorporate friendly 
tribes Orten found little 

2010
01:51:13,600 --> 01:51:17,500
fulfillment once strategic ends 
were met The ephemeral nature of

2011
01:51:17,508 --> 01:51:20,200
these alliances led to tragic 
outcomes for indigenous 

2012
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:23,500
communities, modern discussions 
about the rights of marginalized

2013
01:51:23,500 --> 01:51:26,700
groups caught in geopolitical 
crossfires resonate with the 

2014
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:30,000
story of these nations. 
Exploitation as pawns while 

2015
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:33,500
times differ the principle that 
real autonomy seldom emerges 

2016
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:37,100
from foreign patrons remains 
relevant in the realm of memory,

2017
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:40,600
the War of 1812 reveals how 
selective retelling can 

2018
01:51:40,600 --> 01:51:42,900
overshadow. 
Complexities Francis. 

2019
01:51:42,900 --> 01:51:46,000
Scott Key is rockets red glare 
sword in the National 

2020
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:49,500
Consciousness, overshadowing 
episodes where us invasions 

2021
01:51:49,500 --> 01:51:52,300
faild or inflicted harm on 
civilians today. 

2022
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:55,200
Educational curricula often 
reduced the water to a handful 

2023
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:58,900
of famous vignettes burning of 
Washington, the Star-Spangled 

2024
01:51:58,900 --> 01:52:02,500
Banner Andrew Jackson, New 
Orleans neglecting the messy 

2025
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:06,100
intricacies this phenomenon in 
historical narrative, 

2026
01:52:06,100 --> 01:52:08,900
underscores the importance of 
seeking more, profound 

2027
01:52:08,900 --> 01:52:10,800
perspectives, Beyond iconic 
highlights. 

2028
01:52:11,800 --> 01:52:14,500
Another parallel to modern 
times, is the wars reflection on

2029
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:18,100
global Commerce, then, as now 
major Powers tried to control 

2030
01:52:18,100 --> 01:52:20,800
trade routes imposing blockades,
or sanctions. 

2031
01:52:20,800 --> 01:52:24,700
The US had to navigate to duel 
challenge, sustaining internal 

2032
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:28,100
Unity while resisting external 
economic pressure, the wars 

2033
01:52:28,100 --> 01:52:31,100
outcome hinted that a nation 
with robust internal markets and

2034
01:52:31,100 --> 01:52:34,400
flexible production can endure 
even when cut off from usual 

2035
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:38,100
trade, This resilience Dynamic 
remains at the core of 

2036
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:41,000
contemporary discourse around 
self-sufficiency and Global 

2037
01:52:41,000 --> 01:52:44,100
Supply chains. 
Ultimately the War of 1812 

2038
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:48,600
Legacy remains multifaceted. 
United Americans around A 

2039
01:52:48,600 --> 01:52:51,500
Renewed sense of identity. 
Advanced some individuals, 

2040
01:52:51,500 --> 01:52:54,300
politically and inflicted 
irreparable damage on 

2041
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:56,900
indigenous. 
Confederacies it, highlighted 

2042
01:52:56,900 --> 01:53:00,100
that the young Republic though. 
Battered could stand. 

2043
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:03,300
As an independent entity 
shaping, a distinct brand of 

2044
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:06,200
national pride, that propelled 
expansions West and cultural 

2045
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:08,100
Evolution at home. 
Yet. 

2046
01:53:08,100 --> 01:53:11,200
The moral questions particularly
regarding indigenous and 

2047
01:53:11,200 --> 01:53:14,800
enslaved populations, reveal 
deeper costs, For midlife 

2048
01:53:14,800 --> 01:53:17,500
readers, who are balancing 
personal ideals with real world.

2049
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:21,200
Complexities, the War of 1812 
emphasizes that every Grand 

2050
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:24,800
Enterprise from commercial 
policy to Warfare hinges on 

2051
01:53:24,808 --> 01:53:28,300
negotiation of principal 
ambition and compromise. 

2052
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:32,000
During this delicate balance 
societies, often uncover, their 

2053
01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:35,000
potential for harmony as well as
the potential for future strife.

2054
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:38,700
When the final guns fell, silent
in the Treaty of Ghent was 

2055
01:53:38,700 --> 01:53:41,400
ratified. 
The War of 1812 immediate 

2056
01:53:41,400 --> 01:53:42,800
outcome. 
Could be summarized as a 

2057
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:45,800
military stalemate but a cycle 
logical victory for the US. 

2058
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,600
The impetus behind the War 
ending, British impressment, and

2059
01:53:49,600 --> 01:53:53,000
Maritime restrictions remained 
largely unresolved in the text 

2060
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:55,100
of Peace. 
But Global shifts. 

2061
01:53:55,100 --> 01:53:58,200
Including the final defeat of 
Napoleon rendered. 

2062
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:01,300
Those Maritime issues moot. 
Britain no longer felt the same 

2063
01:54:01,308 --> 01:54:03,400
compulsion to detain American 
Sailors. 

2064
01:54:03,400 --> 01:54:07,600
Gradually normal trade, resumed,
domestically, the war left 

2065
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:10,300
behind a changed political and 
economic landscape. 

2066
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:15,000
The Federalist Party collapsed 
tainted by its near treasonous 

2067
01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:18,100
Hartford Convention, the 
Democratic Republicans 

2068
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:21,000
established a single party 
dominance despite the emergence 

2069
01:54:21,000 --> 01:54:24,700
of internal factions James 
Monroe, succeeded Madison, and 

2070
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:28,000
ushered in the so called Era of 
Good Feelings where partisan, 

2071
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,300
bickering lulled temporarily 
Simultaneously. 

2072
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,600
The war stoked calls for a more 
robust National infrastructure 

2073
01:54:34,600 --> 01:54:38,100
roads. 
Canals a better banking system 

2074
01:54:38,100 --> 01:54:40,200
to prevent future Logistics 
nightmares. 

2075
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:44,100
Many of the same states to 
bought Federal Authority during 

2076
01:54:44,100 --> 01:54:45,800
the war. 
Now grudgingly admitted the 

2077
01:54:45,800 --> 01:54:48,600
necessity of coordinated 
planning of the wars 

2078
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:51,200
personality's. 
Andrew Jackson emerged as the 

2079
01:54:51,200 --> 01:54:54,800
archetypal hero, his triumphant 
New Orleans overshadowed, early 

2080
01:54:54,800 --> 01:54:58,800
phyreas, popular ballads, hailed
him as the Unstoppable Old 

2081
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,700
Hickory. 
This catapulted Jackson toward 

2082
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:03,800
the presidency in the following 
decade. 

2083
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:07,400
Shaping a new wave of populist 
politics that departed from the 

2084
01:55:07,400 --> 01:55:09,500
more Patrician style of 
Jefferson or Madison. 

2085
01:55:09,500 --> 01:55:12,900
Another figure Dolly Madison 
remained. 

2086
01:55:12,900 --> 01:55:15,300
A cultural icon for her bravery 
during the White House. 

2087
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:19,100
Evacuation exemplifying how 
small a personal acts can become

2088
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:22,500
legendary in a war, overshadowed
by battles and sieges. 

2089
01:55:23,400 --> 01:55:26,200
Meanwhile, the war's end did not
bring peace to indigenous 

2090
01:55:26,200 --> 01:55:28,600
Nations. 
With tecumseh's Coalition 

2091
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:33,100
shattered American expansion, 
surged West leading to treaties 

2092
01:55:33,100 --> 01:55:35,500
that often Force tribes off 
ancestral lands. 

2093
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:39,400
The wars of ephemeral alliances 
were in the British used tribal 

2094
01:55:39,400 --> 01:55:43,000
forces to hamper us invasion's 
vanished, once the conflict 

2095
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:45,100
concluded, leaving tribes 
vulnerable. 

2096
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:49,600
This pattern repeated throughout
the 19th century, culminating in

2097
01:55:49,600 --> 01:55:52,300
a systematic push across the 
continent that overshadowed 

2098
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:55,000
early illusions of 
indigenous-led Confederation. 

2099
01:55:56,100 --> 01:55:58,300
For Britain. 
The war was a minor chapter. 

2100
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:01,000
Most British historical accounts
mention it. 

2101
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:04,100
As a side Conflict overshadowed 
by the Napoleonic Wars, the 

2102
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:07,100
eventual forging of an amicable 
British American relationship in

2103
01:56:07,100 --> 01:56:09,600
the 19th century. 
Meant that the War of 1812 

2104
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:12,400
quietly retreated into the 
background of British 

2105
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:15,800
Consciousness, The Joint rushed 
back at agreement of 1817. 

2106
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,300
Prevented future Naval, 
build-ups on the great lakes and

2107
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,400
fostered the concept of a 
demilitarized boundary that 

2108
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:24,300
remains remarkable in global 
terms. 

2109
01:56:25,000 --> 01:56:28,600
The Canada defending against 
American invasions underlined, a

2110
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:32,300
budding sense of distinct 
identity residents of Upper and 

2111
01:56:32,308 --> 01:56:34,800
Lower Canada. 
Had to many American surprised 

2112
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:37,100
not welcomed the idea of 
annexation. 

2113
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:41,200
This loyalty to the British 
crown found fresh impetus after 

2114
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:44,200
repelling, repeated us attacks 
over time. 

2115
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,100
Canadian historians pointed to 
the War of 1812 as a 

2116
01:56:47,108 --> 01:56:50,100
foundational moment. 
The volunteer militias that 

2117
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:53,100
alliances with indigenous 
Fighters and the persevering 

2118
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:55,000
local leadership, formed the 
nucleus of later. 

2119
01:56:55,000 --> 01:56:58,500
Canadian Unity commemorations 
throughout the 19th century, 

2120
01:56:58,500 --> 01:57:02,300
celebrated Heroes, like Isaac, 
Brock forging National myth, 

2121
01:57:02,300 --> 01:57:06,300
that shape the country's future.
In the broader context of US. 

2122
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:09,400
Military traditional the war. 
Highlighted weaknesses, that 

2123
01:57:09,400 --> 01:57:13,100
spurred professionalization. 
The humiliating collapses of 

2124
01:57:13,100 --> 01:57:15,800
militias taught that raw 
volunteer forces needed, better 

2125
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:19,100
training and discipline Naval 
successes on the other hand. 

2126
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:22,400
Proved the potential of 
well-crafted professional Navy. 

2127
01:57:23,200 --> 01:57:26,900
Post-war the Navy's leadership 
gradually expanded adopting new 

2128
01:57:26,900 --> 01:57:29,400
ship designs and forging a 
tradition that would eventually 

2129
01:57:29,400 --> 01:57:31,200
Propel the US to Maritime 
prominence. 

2130
01:57:31,200 --> 01:57:34,000
In The Next Century. 
The Army though overshadowed 

2131
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,400
also instituted reforms in 
leadership, selection and Supply

2132
01:57:37,400 --> 01:57:41,200
management. 
As the decades passed the war's 

2133
01:57:41,200 --> 01:57:42,800
memory nestled into National 
Law. 

2134
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:46,400
The Star Spangled Banner, 
originally penned as a poem, 

2135
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:49,600
eventually became the national 
anthem by the early 20th 

2136
01:57:49,600 --> 01:57:52,500
century. 
Immortalizing that moment at 

2137
01:57:52,500 --> 01:57:57,300
Fort McHenry Veterans of the war
overshadowed, by the larger 

2138
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,400
generation of Revolutionary War 
Patriot formed their 

2139
01:58:00,400 --> 01:58:03,000
associations though, their 
Recollections were less 

2140
01:58:03,000 --> 01:58:05,900
frequently lionized. 
It wasn't until the war 

2141
01:58:05,900 --> 01:58:09,600
Centennial in 1912 that a wave 
of commemorative events, revived

2142
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,900
interest historians, passed 
Diaries and official records. 

2143
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:16,800
Unveiling the wars complexities,
how it Advanced certain 

2144
01:58:16,800 --> 01:58:20,800
domestic, Industries spurred 
expansion in flamed indigenous 

2145
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:24,000
dispossession and permanently 
altered the shape of Canadian 

2146
01:58:24,000 --> 01:58:26,100
identity. 
For Canada. 

2147
01:58:26,100 --> 01:58:30,300
It reinforced a distinctive path
onto the crown for Britain. 

2148
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:33,300
It ended on Earth from Sideshow 
that proved Americans wouldn't 

2149
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:37,200
revert to Colonial dependence 
and for indigenous people's it, 

2150
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:39,200
signaled. 
The lethal truth of an expanding

2151
01:58:39,200 --> 01:58:44,000
American Republic The wars 
finale overshadowed by the real 

2152
01:58:44,000 --> 01:58:48,200
timing of news delivered no 
single glorious Victor, but 

2153
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:51,100
shaped the next centuries 
cross-border realities in waste,

2154
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:56,500
subtle yet, enduring. 
Elizabeth Schuyler came into the

2155
01:58:56,500 --> 01:59:01,600
world, on August 9th. 1757 
cradled by the trolling vistas 

2156
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:05,300
of the Hudson River her father, 
Philip Schuyler was a respected 

2157
01:59:05,300 --> 01:59:08,500
military leader and landowner in
the colony of New York and Her 

2158
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:12,100
Mother Catherine Van Rensselaer 
hailed from one of the most 

2159
01:59:12,100 --> 01:59:13,800
influential families in the 
region. 

2160
01:59:14,600 --> 01:59:16,600
Growing up amid. 
Such privilege might have 

2161
01:59:16,600 --> 01:59:20,700
nurtured a sense of arrogance in
some but Eliza as she was often 

2162
01:59:20,700 --> 01:59:24,200
called had a natural warmth that
set her apart from many of her 

2163
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:28,600
peers nestled in the Shiloh 
mansion in Albany, Eliza spent 

2164
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:31,800
her early years as part of a 
large clan that valued public 

2165
01:59:31,800 --> 01:59:35,400
service hospitality and the 
quiet force of tradition. 

2166
01:59:36,500 --> 01:59:39,400
The estate hummed with activity.
Soldiers. 

2167
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,300
Sometimes shared camp stories by
the half traveling. 

2168
01:59:42,300 --> 01:59:45,800
Merchants arrived to do business
and politicians stopped by on 

2169
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:50,500
their way to legislative session
in this world of visitors Eliza 

2170
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:54,100
learn to mingle with all sorts 
haughty Aristocrats weary 

2171
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:56,500
militia officers. 
And even the occasional foreign 

2172
01:59:56,500 --> 02:00:01,300
Envoy, Yet her home, life had 
its share of complexities, the 

2173
02:00:01,300 --> 02:00:04,100
Skylar family, they're wealthy 
carried. 

2174
02:00:04,100 --> 02:00:06,700
The anxiety of living in a 
colony, hovering on the brink of

2175
02:00:06,700 --> 02:00:09,200
conflict. 
The tensions between Britain and

2176
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:12,900
its American subjects. 
Simmered as a child Eliza 

2177
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:15,200
observed how her father Wade the
possibility of War. 

2178
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:18,000
General Philip. 
Schuyler eventually became a key

2179
02:00:18,000 --> 02:00:21,300
figure in the Continental Army, 
and dinner table conversations. 

2180
02:00:21,300 --> 02:00:25,200
Often circled back to strategy 
Logistics and the moral burden 

2181
02:00:25,200 --> 02:00:28,400
of rebellion. 
These discussions shaped Eliza's

2182
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:29,900
understanding of Politics as 
something. 

2183
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:33,500
More than an abstract game. 
It was about forging, a future 

2184
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:38,000
from uncertain times, despite 
such concerns her childhood 

2185
02:00:38,000 --> 02:00:41,300
retained, a sense of magic. 
She roamed the gardens 

2186
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:43,600
overlooking. 
The Hudson daydreaming about 

2187
02:00:43,600 --> 02:00:47,300
distant places, she only knew 
from Travelers Tales, she and 

2188
02:00:47,300 --> 02:00:50,900
her sisters Angelica, and Peggy 
shared a bond forged by laughter

2189
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:54,000
and Mischief pranks on 
unsuspecting cousins. 

2190
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:57,100
Midnight raids on the kitchen to
pilfer sugar biscuits. 

2191
02:00:57,100 --> 02:01:00,800
Eliza was, neither the bookish 
child Angelica was Nor as 

2192
02:01:00,800 --> 02:01:03,900
vivacious as Peggy but she 
combined a quiet determination 

2193
02:01:03,900 --> 02:01:07,800
with a thoughtful curiosity. 
As she approached her teenage 

2194
02:01:07,800 --> 02:01:10,100
years. 
Eliza's, mother introduced her 

2195
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:13,200
to the more formal aspects of 
Womanhood sewing circles, 

2196
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:16,700
polite, dances and lessons in 
Hospitality were considered 

2197
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:18,300
essential to any young ladies 
future. 

2198
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:22,900
Sum these rituals were wrote, 
but Eliza took to them, with a 

2199
02:01:22,900 --> 02:01:25,300
sense of genuine. 
Kindness she discovered, she 

2200
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:28,800
could put people at ease, a 
smile here, a well-timed joke, 

2201
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:32,000
there, it was less about social 
climbing and more about forging 

2202
02:01:32,000 --> 02:01:34,800
a real connection sometime 
around her adolescence. 

2203
02:01:34,800 --> 02:01:38,100
The American Revolution moved 
from hushed speculation to 

2204
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:40,908
living reality. 
Soldiers, set up camp on the 

2205
02:01:40,916 --> 02:01:44,100
Schuyler grounds forged 
alliances in the drawing room 

2206
02:01:44,100 --> 02:01:47,400
and apprehension about the 
future permeated daily life. 

2207
02:01:48,400 --> 02:01:51,200
Eliza's, father was dispatched 
on missions, across the region. 

2208
02:01:51,200 --> 02:01:54,800
Leaving her mother to manage the
estate's day-to-day operations 

2209
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:58,500
in this environment. 
Eliza developed resourcefulness 

2210
02:01:58,500 --> 02:02:01,700
noticing, how the women of her 
family stepped up, when men were

2211
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:04,300
off Waging War. 
Her father's increased 

2212
02:02:04,300 --> 02:02:08,500
involvement in the war in 1777, 
marked a significant shift in 

2213
02:02:08,500 --> 02:02:11,700
the situation. 
That year British forces 

2214
02:02:11,700 --> 02:02:14,500
threatened the Hudson Corridor 
and Albany itself seemed 

2215
02:02:14,500 --> 02:02:17,100
vulnerable. 
While many families fled South 

2216
02:02:17,100 --> 02:02:20,300
for safety, the Shiloh's 
remained steadfast trusting in 

2217
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:24,700
Philip's, strategic mind. 
Eliza watched as her once calm 

2218
02:02:24,700 --> 02:02:27,500
household transformed into a 
nerve center of patriot, 

2219
02:02:27,500 --> 02:02:31,900
supporters maps on tables, 
correspondences carried in and 

2220
02:02:31,900 --> 02:02:35,100
out by exhausted couriers and 
the muffled clang of our 

2221
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:37,600
armaments. 
Stacked in the yard amid this 

2222
02:02:37,600 --> 02:02:41,100
upheaval Eliza group keenly 
aware of her position in the 

2223
02:02:41,108 --> 02:02:43,200
swirling drama of a young 
nation's birth. 

2224
02:02:44,000 --> 02:02:46,600
With Angelica off, forging, 
social alliances in other 

2225
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:48,400
colonies. 
And Peggy bouncing between 

2226
02:02:48,400 --> 02:02:51,800
acquaintances Eliza found 
herself called upon to maintain 

2227
02:02:51,800 --> 02:02:55,000
a semblance of normalcy. 
She visited the wounded in 

2228
02:02:55,000 --> 02:02:57,400
makeshift infirmaries and 
prepared care packages for 

2229
02:02:57,400 --> 02:03:00,500
soldiers, though. 
Still unmarried she was no 

2230
02:03:00,500 --> 02:03:03,300
longer a mere child, listening 
in on adult conversations. 

2231
02:03:03,300 --> 02:03:07,100
She was a participant embracing 
the cause of Liberty her father 

2232
02:03:07,100 --> 02:03:10,800
championed. 
As the war raged each new day 

2233
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:14,400
seemed to bring a surprise 
shifting alliances and certain 

2234
02:03:14,400 --> 02:03:18,500
supplies and heartbreak over 
lost battles in that cauldron of

2235
02:03:18,500 --> 02:03:21,300
Revolution. 
Fate was about to introduce her 

2236
02:03:21,300 --> 02:03:23,400
to a fire. 
A young officer of illegitimate 

2237
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:26,900
birth and boundless ambition, 
Elizabeth Shiloh was about to 

2238
02:03:26,900 --> 02:03:30,300
meet Alexander Hamilton and her 
life would never be the same. 

2239
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:35,900
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779 but their paths

2240
02:03:35,900 --> 02:03:39,000
had nearly crossed earlier, he 
served as made to comp to 

2241
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,700
General George Washington and 
was known among the Continental 

2242
02:03:41,700 --> 02:03:44,400
armies in a circle for his 
articulate letters and Keen, 

2243
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:47,700
strategic mind. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

2244
02:03:47,708 --> 02:03:50,400
wedlock in the West Indies. 
Could have made him an outsider,

2245
02:03:50,400 --> 02:03:53,800
but his intellect and further 
for the Patriot cause earned him

2246
02:03:53,800 --> 02:03:56,000
respect. 
Though, not from an elite 

2247
02:03:56,000 --> 02:03:59,300
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality, 

2248
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,400
that defied social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

2249
02:04:03,400 --> 02:04:06,200
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Sheila household

2250
02:04:06,200 --> 02:04:10,000
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

2251
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,100
earnestness in his eyes that 
left an impression he was no 

2252
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,800
tall Gallant figure. 
Instead, he was Compact and 

2253
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:20,600
brimming with Restless energy, 
rumor had it, he could dictate 

2254
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:24,100
multiple letters simultaneously 
to different AIDS, his mind 

2255
02:04:24,100 --> 02:04:27,500
racing faster than his quill. 
Could keep up Eliza. 

2256
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:30,900
Conversely was known for her 
measured confidence quiet but 

2257
02:04:30,900 --> 02:04:34,200
unwavering their conversations 
at first centered on 

2258
02:04:34,200 --> 02:04:37,800
practicalities. 
The direction of the war rumors 

2259
02:04:37,800 --> 02:04:40,700
of British troop movements and 
the hardships faced by soldiers.

2260
02:04:40,700 --> 02:04:44,500
But beneath these tactical 
topics a personal connection 

2261
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:48,500
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 
ambition refreshing rather than 

2262
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:52,600
boastful he in turn appreciated,
her sincerity in the 

2263
02:04:52,608 --> 02:04:56,400
intelligence, she did not flaunt
They spent evening strolling 

2264
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:58,800
through the garden. 
Forging a bond grounded in 

2265
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:01,200
Shared. 
Hope for America's future, and a

2266
02:05:01,200 --> 02:05:03,700
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

2267
02:05:04,500 --> 02:05:08,300
Still alive courtships in 
Wartime. 

2268
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:10,600
Carried on. 
Certainly, she saw how hot 

2269
02:05:10,600 --> 02:05:12,000
break. 
Could follow a letter announcing

2270
02:05:12,000 --> 02:05:14,000
a casualty or transfer to a 
distant front. 

2271
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:18,700
The Hamilton's letters penned 
during his absences were tender 

2272
02:05:18,700 --> 02:05:21,300
infused with more than just 
flattery. 

2273
02:05:21,900 --> 02:05:25,500
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

2274
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:27,200
ready to face life's challenges 
together. 

2275
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:31,700
When he addressed her as Eliza, 
it felt simultaneously intimate 

2276
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:34,500
and reverent. 
They married on December 14th. 

2277
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:38,200
1780 in a ceremony that 
reflected the swirl of 

2278
02:05:38,208 --> 02:05:42,000
revolutionary fervor. 
The bride's father though, still

2279
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,400
weighed down by the complexities
of War, offered a generous 

2280
02:05:45,400 --> 02:05:48,500
celebration, at the Scylla 
Mansion, guests included 

2281
02:05:48,500 --> 02:05:52,200
prominent Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

2282
02:05:52,200 --> 02:05:55,500
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violins 

2283
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:58,500
played and talked of 
Independence, mingle with toast 

2284
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,600
to love. 
For Eliza that night felt like a

2285
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:03,900
bridge between her old life and 
a New Horizon. 

2286
02:06:03,900 --> 02:06:07,600
In the early weeks of marriage. 
Their world seemed to pulse with

2287
02:06:07,608 --> 02:06:10,100
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

2288
02:06:10,100 --> 02:06:13,500
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

2289
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:16,500
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

2290
02:06:16,500 --> 02:06:20,600
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

2291
02:06:20,600 --> 02:06:25,100
dangerous territory. 
Eliza accustomed to supporting 

2292
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:28,800
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, She learned to manage 

2293
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:31,400
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

2294
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:34,300
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

2295
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:36,000
anxieties about the fate of the 
revolution. 

2296
02:06:37,000 --> 02:06:41,300
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779 that their 

2297
02:06:41,300 --> 02:06:44,200
paths had nearly crossed 
earlier, he served as an aide to

2298
02:06:44,208 --> 02:06:46,600
come to General George 
Washington, and was known among 

2299
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:49,200
the Continental armies in a 
circle for his articulate 

2300
02:06:49,200 --> 02:06:50,800
letters and Keen, strategic 
mind. 

2301
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:54,500
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 
wedlock in the West Indies. 

2302
02:06:54,500 --> 02:06:57,900
Could have made him an outsider,
but his intellect and further 

2303
02:06:57,900 --> 02:06:59,500
for the Patriot cause earned him
respect. 

2304
02:07:00,500 --> 02:07:03,400
Though, not from an elite 
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 

2305
02:07:03,400 --> 02:07:06,600
possessed a magnetic quality, 
that defied social conventions. 

2306
02:07:06,600 --> 02:07:10,200
When they finally met it was 
through mutual acquaintances, 

2307
02:07:10,200 --> 02:07:11,700
who gathered in the Schuyler 
household. 

2308
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:15,600
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

2309
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:17,500
earnestness. 
In his eyes that left an 

2310
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:20,300
impression he was no tall 
Gallant figure. 

2311
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:24,100
Instead he was Compact and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

2312
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:26,600
rumor had it. 
He could dictate multiple 

2313
02:07:26,600 --> 02:07:29,900
letters simultaneously to 
different AIDS, his mind racing 

2314
02:07:29,900 --> 02:07:33,000
faster than his quill. 
Could keep up Eliza. 

2315
02:07:33,000 --> 02:07:36,400
Conversely was known for her 
measured confidence quiet but 

2316
02:07:36,400 --> 02:07:39,700
unwavering their conversations 
at first centered on 

2317
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:43,300
practicalities. 
The direction of the war rumors 

2318
02:07:43,300 --> 02:07:46,200
of British troop movements and 
the hardships faced by soldiers.

2319
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:50,100
But beneath these tactical 
topics a personal connection 

2320
02:07:50,100 --> 02:07:54,000
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 
ambition refreshing rather than 

2321
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:58,200
boastful he in turn appreciated,
her sincerity in the 

2322
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,900
intelligence, she did not flaunt
They spent evening strolling 

2323
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:04,300
through the garden. 
Forging a bond grounded in 

2324
02:08:04,300 --> 02:08:06,700
Shared. 
Hope for America's future, and a

2325
02:08:06,700 --> 02:08:09,200
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

2326
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:14,900
Still alive courtships in 
Wartime carried uncertainty. 

2327
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:17,800
She saw how heartbreak could 
follow a letter announcing a 

2328
02:08:17,800 --> 02:08:19,500
casualty, or a transfer to a 
distant front. 

2329
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:24,200
The Hamilton's letters penned 
during his absences were tender 

2330
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:26,800
infused with more than just 
flattery. 

2331
02:08:27,600 --> 02:08:31,000
He spoke of unity both for the 
nation and between two Souls 

2332
02:08:31,000 --> 02:08:32,700
ready to face life's challenges 
together. 

2333
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:37,200
When he addressed her as Eliza, 
it felt simultaneously intimate 

2334
02:08:37,200 --> 02:08:40,000
and reverent. 
They married on December 14th. 

2335
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:43,800
1780 in a ceremony that 
reflected the swirl of 

2336
02:08:43,800 --> 02:08:47,500
revolutionary fervor. 
The bride's father though, still

2337
02:08:47,500 --> 02:08:51,000
weighed down by the complexities
of War, offered a generous 

2338
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:54,100
celebration, at the Scala 
Mansion, guests included, 

2339
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,700
prominent Military Officers, 
local dignitaries and friends 

2340
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:01,100
from across the colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violins 

2341
02:09:01,100 --> 02:09:04,000
played and talked of 
Independence, mingle with toast 

2342
02:09:04,000 --> 02:09:07,100
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

2343
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:09,500
a bridge between her old life 
and a new horizon. 

2344
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:13,100
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

2345
02:09:13,108 --> 02:09:15,700
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

2346
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:19,100
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

2347
02:09:19,100 --> 02:09:22,100
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

2348
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:26,100
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

2349
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:30,600
dangerous territory. 
Lieser accustomed to supporting 

2350
02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:34,200
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, she learned to manage 

2351
02:09:34,200 --> 02:09:36,900
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

2352
02:09:36,900 --> 02:09:39,600
documents and servers. 
A confidant for Hamilton's 

2353
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:41,500
anxiety is about the fate of the
revolution. 

2354
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:44,500
When the Treaty of Paris 
officially ended the 

2355
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:48,200
Revolutionary War in 1783 
Alexander, Hamilton found 

2356
02:09:48,200 --> 02:09:51,800
himself in a position to help 
shape America's future after his

2357
02:09:51,800 --> 02:09:54,300
borrower admission, he 
established a thriving, legal 

2358
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:55,900
practice in bustling, New York 
City. 

2359
02:09:55,900 --> 02:09:59,600
Initially he focused on property
disputes left in the walls. 

2360
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:03,400
Wake yet, bigger Ambitions 
loomed, he sensed the new nation

2361
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,700
needed, a stable Financial 
structure, a strong central 

2362
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:11,000
government, and a cohesive 
framework for Unity Eliza. 

2363
02:10:11,000 --> 02:10:14,300
Meanwhile adapted to City Life 
with the same resilience. 

2364
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,700
She had shown amid military 
camps The Hamilton's household 

2365
02:10:17,700 --> 02:10:20,600
was never quiet for long their 
circle of acquaintances, 

2366
02:10:20,600 --> 02:10:24,700
ballooned including Statesman, 
merchants and Military comrades,

2367
02:10:24,700 --> 02:10:28,500
turned politicians, the Hamilton
Home became a hub of Spirited 

2368
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:32,000
discourse Eliza served as both 
Hostess and participant. 

2369
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:34,400
Her Hallmark was a welcome 
presence. 

2370
02:10:34,400 --> 02:10:39,000
In everyone felt a D's from the 
most polished Senator to the 

2371
02:10:39,000 --> 02:10:40,700
rough. 
Human Frontier representative 

2372
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:45,200
Despite some times intimidating 
conversation about economics or 

2373
02:10:45,200 --> 02:10:47,900
legislation? 
She never shied away from asking

2374
02:10:47,900 --> 02:10:51,300
pointed questions. 
Alexander's participation in the

2375
02:10:51,300 --> 02:10:55,400
Constitutional Convention in 
1787 represented a progressive 

2376
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:57,700
moment. 
While he was away in 

2377
02:10:57,700 --> 02:11:01,300
Philadelphia Eliza managed 
Affairs, in New York maintaining

2378
02:11:01,300 --> 02:11:04,300
correspondence with him. 
She offered moral support 

2379
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:07,800
reading newspapers to gauge 
public sentiment and relaying 

2380
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:10,800
her observations. 
Though, not formally educated in

2381
02:11:10,800 --> 02:11:14,000
political Theory, she grasped 
the importance of a balanced 

2382
02:11:14,000 --> 02:11:16,300
government. 
She often wrote that the promise

2383
02:11:16,300 --> 02:11:19,300
of Liberty would flounder 
without practical safeguards 

2384
02:11:20,200 --> 02:11:23,400
when Hamilton returned with the 
proposed Constitution debates, 

2385
02:11:23,400 --> 02:11:28,100
raged Federalists championed a 
robust central government, while

2386
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:30,100
Anti-Federalists, feared 
tyranny. 

2387
02:11:30,700 --> 02:11:34,100
Hamilton a leading Federalists 
penned, the majority of the 

2388
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:38,200
Federalist Papers explaining, 
the Constitution's merits late, 

2389
02:11:38,200 --> 02:11:42,100
nights of writing blurred until 
dawn, Eliza recognized his 

2390
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:44,700
further doing what she could to 
ease his workload. 

2391
02:11:44,700 --> 02:11:50,000
She edited drafts lightly made 
sure he ate and even coordinated

2392
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:52,600
with his co-authors, John Jay 
and James Madison. 

2393
02:11:52,600 --> 02:11:56,000
Well though her name never 
appeared on the pamphlets her, 

2394
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:58,600
unseen labor, and emotional, 
support proved invaluable. 

2395
02:11:59,500 --> 02:12:02,800
Because the Constitution was 
ratified, Hamilton stepped into 

2396
02:12:02,800 --> 02:12:06,400
a new role, the nation's first, 
Secretary of the Treasury under 

2397
02:12:06,400 --> 02:12:09,400
President, George Washington. 
He tackled the public debt 

2398
02:12:09,400 --> 02:12:12,500
proposed, a national bank and 
laid out an economic blueprint, 

2399
02:12:12,500 --> 02:12:14,200
that would stir controversy for 
years. 

2400
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:18,100
Throughout this Whirlwind Eliza 
managed a rapidly expanding 

2401
02:12:18,100 --> 02:12:21,100
family. 
More children arrived, each 

2402
02:12:21,100 --> 02:12:24,400
named with care. 
She also tended her father's 

2403
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:26,400
Affairs. 
As Philip Schuyler had joined 

2404
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:30,300
the new US Senate, Eliza adeptly
juggled her responsibilities 

2405
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:33,100
balancing. 
The Realms of motherhood, social

2406
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:35,300
diplomacy and philanthropic 
engagements. 

2407
02:12:36,200 --> 02:12:38,700
One of her quieter achievements,
involved the creation of an 

2408
02:12:38,700 --> 02:12:42,300
orphanage in the aftermath of 
War, many children roam, the 

2409
02:12:42,300 --> 02:12:45,900
streets, bereft of parents. 
Eliza's, heart went out to them.

2410
02:12:45,908 --> 02:12:49,600
She tapped into her connections 
rallying other women from 

2411
02:12:49,600 --> 02:12:52,600
prominent families. 
To organize resources, though, 

2412
02:12:52,600 --> 02:12:55,100
Hamilton's name was more 
associated with financial 

2413
02:12:55,100 --> 02:12:57,600
policy. 
It was Eliza who championed 

2414
02:12:57,600 --> 02:13:01,200
charitable efforts seeing in the
reflection of the new Republic's

2415
02:13:01,200 --> 02:13:04,400
moral obligations. 
She believed social welfare was 

2416
02:13:04,408 --> 02:13:07,600
not a luxury, but a fundamental 
sine of civilised values. 

2417
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:11,000
Meanwhile, the couple's personal
life was a tapestry of devotion 

2418
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:15,100
intense arguments, and fleeting 
reconciliations Hamilton's 

2419
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:17,400
political enemies. 
Targeted him relentlessly. 

2420
02:13:17,400 --> 02:13:21,600
He was accused of favouritism. 
Monarchy leaning sympathies and 

2421
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,400
financial improprieties Eliza 
stood by him. 

2422
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:29,400
Convinced of his Integrity. 
Yet stress loomed long hours at 

2423
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:32,400
the treasury combined with the 
soon scorn of detractors. 

2424
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:35,500
Sometimes left Hamilton edgy, 
family dinners occasionally 

2425
02:13:35,500 --> 02:13:39,000
turned into strategy session, 
with Eliza offering a calm 

2426
02:13:39,000 --> 02:13:41,800
perspective at other times. 
He withdrew into brooding 

2427
02:13:41,800 --> 02:13:47,300
rumination then came scandal in 
1791 Hamilton embarked on a 

2428
02:13:47,300 --> 02:13:50,900
disastrous affair with Maria. 
Reynolds eventually revealed in 

2429
02:13:50,900 --> 02:13:56,300
1797 Eliza learned of it in 
disjointed pieces, the Betrayal 

2430
02:13:56,300 --> 02:13:59,300
hitting hard. 
The affair was no trifling 

2431
02:13:59,300 --> 02:14:01,700
rumor. 
It was a reality that threatened

2432
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:06,500
to unmo her marriage and yet in 
her heartbreak she chose not to 

2433
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:09,600
abandon him. 
Some historians interpret her 

2434
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:13,300
reaction as moral fortitude. 
She believed in Redemption 

2435
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:15,700
specially for the father of her 
children. 

2436
02:14:16,500 --> 02:14:20,300
Other cities are pragmatic move,
given her limited options in 

2437
02:14:20,300 --> 02:14:22,800
that era. 
Regardless her decision, 

2438
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:26,400
underscored a resolved forged by
adversity, she insisted that 

2439
02:14:26,400 --> 02:14:29,100
Hamilton come clean publicly 
which he did through the 

2440
02:14:29,100 --> 02:14:31,700
infamous Reynolds. 
Pamphlet, revealing private 

2441
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:35,900
matters in humiliating detail. 
Scandal tarnished Hamilton's 

2442
02:14:35,900 --> 02:14:40,000
reputation, but Eliza never 
wavered in supporting him, their

2443
02:14:40,000 --> 02:14:43,900
Union, tested by the court of 
public opinion, emerged battered

2444
02:14:43,900 --> 02:14:48,500
yet, intact, She retreated from 
society's glare focusing on her 

2445
02:14:48,500 --> 02:14:51,300
children and philanthropic 
ventures in private. 

2446
02:14:51,300 --> 02:14:54,500
She and Hamilton work toward 
mending, the trust between them.

2447
02:14:55,200 --> 02:14:58,400
Her stance was rooted in a 
belief that individuals and the 

2448
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:02,100
Young Nation could be redeemed 
from failings, provided they 

2449
02:15:02,100 --> 02:15:06,600
confronted their missteps, 
openly By the end of the 1790s 

2450
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:10,300
Hamilton, had resigned from the 
treasury, political battles 

2451
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:13,400
consumed him Federalists and 
Democratic Republicans fought 

2452
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:16,300
bitterly. 
Eliza quietly reflective saw the

2453
02:15:16,300 --> 02:15:20,000
shape of things to come a new 
century beckoned but personal 

2454
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,300
storms had left scars, still she
pressed on with her 

2455
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:25,500
philanthropic dreams and 
unwavering commitment to her 

2456
02:15:25,500 --> 02:15:28,600
family convinced that the 
American experiment and her 

2457
02:15:28,600 --> 02:15:31,100
marriage, both warranted every 
out of perseverance. 

2458
02:15:31,100 --> 02:15:35,100
She could muster Because the 
1800s donned Alexander 

2459
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:38,000
Hamilton's political career 
entered a contentious phase. 

2460
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:41,800
He engaged in newspaper, feuds 
criticized, John Adams 

2461
02:15:41,800 --> 02:15:45,100
presidency and tried to sway 
elections behind the scenes, 

2462
02:15:45,100 --> 02:15:49,100
Eliza watched worried that his 
Relentless ambition, might 

2463
02:15:49,100 --> 02:15:53,000
alienate even his allies. 
She urged moderation, but 

2464
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:56,600
Hamilton's temperament demanded.
He pushed forward certain that 

2465
02:15:56,600 --> 02:15:58,900
his vision for the nation 
outweighed short-term immunity. 

2466
02:15:59,900 --> 02:16:02,800
meanwhile, Eliza deepened, her 
involvement in New York's 

2467
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:06,200
charitable circles, she helped 
organize relief for impoverished

2468
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:09,500
families, often visiting 
tenements with a small retinue 

2469
02:16:09,500 --> 02:16:12,700
to distribute Necessities her 
presence in these rough 

2470
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:15,400
neighborhood surprised many 
Dressed modestly. 

2471
02:16:15,400 --> 02:16:18,200
But unmistakably from a higher 
Social sphere. 

2472
02:16:19,100 --> 02:16:22,100
She approached each household 
with empathy inquiring about 

2473
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:25,000
their hardships and connecting 
them with local artists or job 

2474
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:28,400
possibilities in her mind. 
The spirit of the Revolution 

2475
02:16:28,400 --> 02:16:31,400
hinged on ensuring that flip 
Outi was not purely for the 

2476
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,000
privileged at home. 
Life was busy the Hamilton 

2477
02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:38,700
children by now a lively brood 
required guidance, and moral 

2478
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:43,000
grounding, Eliza's, father had 
retired from the Senate and her 

2479
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:45,100
sisters were scattered among 
marriages and Estates. 

2480
02:16:45,900 --> 02:16:49,400
Letters, flew back and forth 
among the wireless Xfinity. 

2481
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,799
Hamilton's disputes escalated, 
he penned, damning critiques of 

2482
02:17:08,808 --> 02:17:13,000
Aaron Burr, once a political 
Ally, but now, arrival Burr 

2483
02:17:13,000 --> 02:17:15,200
equally. 
Ambitious, felt slighted by 

2484
02:17:15,200 --> 02:17:20,100
Hamilton's influence and remarks
in 1804 Burr, on the verge of 

2485
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:22,400
losing New. 
York's governorship intensified 

2486
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:26,100
tensions by accusing Hamilton of
undermining his campaign as 

2487
02:17:26,100 --> 02:17:29,100
accusations swirled. 
Bearish issued a challenge. 

2488
02:17:30,000 --> 02:17:33,799
Adorned duel to settle. 
Their honor Eliza upon learning 

2489
02:17:33,799 --> 02:17:36,700
of the challenge pleaded for 
Hamilton to find another 

2490
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,299
resolution. 
She implored him to consider 

2491
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,700
their children to think of the 
Scandal that had already tested 

2492
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:45,799
their marriage to weigh the 
Heartbreak that another public 

2493
02:17:45,799 --> 02:17:48,700
confrontation would unleash. 
Hamilton assured. 

2494
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:50,200
Her the affair was a matter of 
principle. 

2495
02:17:50,200 --> 02:17:53,200
He confessed personal 
reservations about jeweling 

2496
02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:55,400
contradicted. 
His moral conviction and 

2497
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:57,900
religious beliefs. 
Yeah, the unwritten rules of 

2498
02:17:57,900 --> 02:18:00,600
Honor among gentlemen, at the 
time, left little room for 

2499
02:18:00,600 --> 02:18:03,900
retreat without being branded a 
coward torn between personal 

2500
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:08,000
ethics and societal codes. 
Hamilton resolved to meet Burr 

2501
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:10,299
across the Hudson River in 
Weehawken, New Jersey. 

2502
02:18:11,299 --> 02:18:14,000
The night before the duel. 
Hamilton wrote letters to 

2503
02:18:14,000 --> 02:18:17,200
friends and family Eliza found 
him in a somber mood. 

2504
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:20,900
His usual fiery determination 
replaced by introspective 

2505
02:18:20,900 --> 02:18:23,299
Melancholy. 
He gave her instructions about 

2506
02:18:23,299 --> 02:18:26,600
the children's education, 
finances and even personal 

2507
02:18:26,600 --> 02:18:29,500
regrets. 
He tried desperately to sway him

2508
02:18:29,500 --> 02:18:32,500
offering every argument from his
political future to their 

2509
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:35,500
families stability, but the 
machine of the duel was set in 

2510
02:18:35,500 --> 02:18:38,000
Motion in a final gesture of 
Love. 

2511
02:18:38,000 --> 02:18:42,600
They prayed together. 
Tears unspoken but understood on

2512
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:47,200
the morning of the July 11th 
1804, Hamilton and Burr faced 

2513
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:50,400
each other at Weehawken Eliza 
waited anxiously at home, 

2514
02:18:50,400 --> 02:18:54,900
wracked by dread, the details of
the duel remained debated, but 

2515
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:58,000
the outcome was tragically clear
Hamilton was mortally. 

2516
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:01,400
Wounded shot in the lower 
abdomen and transported across 

2517
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:03,799
the river. 
Eliza rushed to his side, 

2518
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:06,608
finding him in a friend's house 
drifting in and out of 

2519
02:19:06,616 --> 02:19:09,299
Consciousness. 
He lingered for more than 24 

2520
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:12,600
hours enough time for them to 
exchange final words. 

2521
02:19:13,500 --> 02:19:18,200
Expressed regret for the turmoil
he'd caused and she threw tears 

2522
02:19:18,200 --> 02:19:20,299
assured him of her unconditional
love. 

2523
02:19:21,400 --> 02:19:27,799
Hamilton died on July 1247 with 
seven surviving children and 

2524
02:19:27,799 --> 02:19:29,500
another extended family to 
support. 

2525
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:32,799
The entire city of New York was 
shocked. 

2526
02:19:32,799 --> 02:19:37,100
A funeral procession took place 
overshadowed by the scandalous 

2527
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:40,799
nature of the duel. 
Birth fled publicly vilified, 

2528
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:45,400
Eliza's grief was immense a 
mixture of sorrow and anger. 

2529
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:49,600
At a code of honor that demanded
lethal resolution at the 

2530
02:19:49,608 --> 02:19:51,900
political climate that spurred 
such violence. 

2531
02:19:52,600 --> 02:19:55,400
And at the cosmic cruelty of 
losing her husband, just as the 

2532
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:59,400
nation was stabilizing. 
In her anguish, she sought 

2533
02:19:59,400 --> 02:20:03,500
solace in faith and family. 
The immediate aftermath required

2534
02:20:03,500 --> 02:20:07,700
practical decisions, Hamilton's 
debts, loomed large sum due to 

2535
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:09,900
his lavish lifestyle and 
unprofitable Investments. 

2536
02:20:09,900 --> 02:20:13,700
Eliza reluctant though she was 
tackled the financial 

2537
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:16,800
intricacies head-on. 
Rather than Retreat into 

2538
02:20:16,800 --> 02:20:18,800
mourning, she found a Clarity of
purpose. 

2539
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:21,600
She would Safeguard her 
husband's Legacy provide for 

2540
02:20:21,600 --> 02:20:24,100
their children and carry on with
the charitable mission's. 

2541
02:20:24,100 --> 02:20:27,600
That held a special place in her
heart, If Alexander Hamilton 

2542
02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:32,100
died in his place in history, 
Eliza would live on to shape how

2543
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:34,100
that history remembered him in 
the weeks. 

2544
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:37,800
Following Alexander Hamilton's 
Funeral, Eliza confronted a 

2545
02:20:37,800 --> 02:20:41,000
daunting to-do list. 
She sorted through unpaid bills.

2546
02:20:41,000 --> 02:20:44,300
Discovered unfinished essays and
treatises in his study. 

2547
02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:48,000
And face the prospect of raising
her children in a social climate

2548
02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:51,000
that still buzzed with rumors 
about the Fatal duel. 

2549
02:20:52,000 --> 02:20:54,400
The Shiloh family offered 
emotional and financial support.

2550
02:20:55,300 --> 02:20:57,600
But Eliza felt compelled to 
manage her Affairs 

2551
02:20:57,600 --> 02:21:00,400
independently. 
She liquidated, some assets, 

2552
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:03,900
negotiated with creditors and 
carefully planned a modest 

2553
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:07,100
lifestyle that would preserve 
dignity, yet, remain financially

2554
02:21:07,100 --> 02:21:10,000
feasible. 
One of her first initiatives was

2555
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:13,100
to gather Hamilton's letters and
writings, she sensed that his 

2556
02:21:13,100 --> 02:21:15,500
political enemies, might attempt
to distort, his legacy 

2557
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:18,500
determined, to present, an 
accurate account of his 

2558
02:21:18,500 --> 02:21:20,800
contributions. 
She approached friends and 

2559
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:22,600
colleague for additional 
correspondents. 

2560
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:25,700
In a thing that could shed light
on Hamilton's thought process 

2561
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:28,900
and character. 
These efforts planted the seeds 

2562
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:31,800
of what would eventually become 
a significant archival trove. 

2563
02:21:32,600 --> 02:21:34,600
Though she had no formal 
training in his historical 

2564
02:21:34,600 --> 02:21:38,100
preservation, all she knew was 
that the story of his role in 

2565
02:21:38,100 --> 02:21:40,500
founding the new nation needed 
to be told honestly. 

2566
02:21:41,300 --> 02:21:43,800
Free from the rancor that 
surrounded, his final years. 

2567
02:21:44,700 --> 02:21:46,700
Her philanthropic Spirit surged 
as well. 

2568
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:49,900
She returned to the orphan, 
Asylum, Society of New York 

2569
02:21:49,900 --> 02:21:53,600
later known as Graham Windham 
dedicating more hours to its 

2570
02:21:53,600 --> 02:21:56,200
expansion. 
The orphanage had grown since 

2571
02:21:56,200 --> 02:22:00,300
its Inception, and children of 
various ages depended on stable 

2572
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:03,700
funds and guidance Eliza 
believed her personal grief, 

2573
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:06,600
could fuel a deeper compassion. 
For those who had lost families,

2574
02:22:06,600 --> 02:22:08,500
under equally harsh 
circumstances. 

2575
02:22:09,900 --> 02:22:12,700
She organized fundraisers 
leaning on acquaintances. 

2576
02:22:12,700 --> 02:22:14,700
From Hamilton's, Federalists 
circles. 

2577
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:16,200
And from her father's old 
Networks. 

2578
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:20,700
Donations trickled in enough to 
expand the orphanages facilities

2579
02:22:20,700 --> 02:22:23,100
at home. 
She took solace in her 

2580
02:22:23,100 --> 02:22:26,700
children's presents, some older 
ones, like, Philip Junior and 

2581
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:29,300
Angelica. 
Stepped into supportive roles 

2582
02:22:29,300 --> 02:22:32,200
though they too real from their 
fathers violent death. 

2583
02:22:33,100 --> 02:22:36,600
Eliza's maternal instincts 
extended Beyond mere comfort. 

2584
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:40,200
Actively cultivated their 
education and moral development.

2585
02:22:40,200 --> 02:22:43,500
Hamilton had always advocated 
for robust learning. 

2586
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:47,300
So she ensured her sons and 
daughters had accessed to tutors

2587
02:22:47,300 --> 02:22:50,400
and libraries, the younger 
children gleaned from her and 

2588
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:54,000
abiding sense of hope despite 
life's traumas friendship with 

2589
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:57,200
Dolly, Madison charismatic wife 
of President James Madison. 

2590
02:22:57,200 --> 02:23:00,500
Rekindled after the duel though,
Madison had once, been 

2591
02:23:00,500 --> 02:23:04,300
Hamilton's political rivalry, 
admired, Eliza's fortitude and 

2592
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,500
philanthropic Drive. 
The two women exchanged letters 

2593
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,700
on everything from child-rearing
to the complexities of shaping 

2594
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:15,000
national identity, during visits
to the Capitol Eliza dined 

2595
02:23:15,000 --> 02:23:17,700
amongst Statesmen, who revered 
her husband's intellect yet had 

2596
02:23:17,700 --> 02:23:20,500
once clashed with him her 
presence in these circles 

2597
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:23,000
underscored that. 
While Hamilton was gone his 

2598
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:25,400
ideals and family. 
Remained part of America's 

2599
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:29,000
evolving story over time, Eliza 
found a measure of Peace. 

2600
02:23:29,000 --> 02:23:33,200
She read extensively scripture 
philosophy and even Hamilton's 

2601
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:36,600
essays on finance. 
She became a discreet mentor to 

2602
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:39,100
young women. 
Advising them that lost did not 

2603
02:23:39,100 --> 02:23:41,100
have to Define one's entire 
existence. 

2604
02:23:42,000 --> 02:23:45,200
In that process, she uncovered 
an internal Wellspring of power.

2605
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,500
No longer defined melee as a 
general's daughter or a 

2606
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,800
statements wife, she was forging
her identity as a protector of 

2607
02:23:51,808 --> 02:23:53,800
children. 
A keeper of her husband's 

2608
02:23:53,800 --> 02:23:56,800
Legacy, and a quiet stabilizing 
figure in a nation still 

2609
02:23:56,800 --> 02:24:00,400
shaping, its post-war identity. 
Yet she confronted constant 

2610
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:01,900
reminders of the jewels 
aftermath. 

2611
02:24:02,700 --> 02:24:06,000
Bears reputation had collapsed 
but he lingered on societies 

2612
02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:08,900
fringes and occasionally rumors 
of his presence in New York. 

2613
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:12,700
Circulated some supporters of 
Hamilton yearned for Eliza's 

2614
02:24:12,700 --> 02:24:16,000
public condemnation of Burr. she
responded by emphasizing 

2615
02:24:16,000 --> 02:24:19,400
forgiveness, not for burst sake 
alone, but for her own spiritual

2616
02:24:19,400 --> 02:24:23,100
health, Still, she admitted to 
close friends that the wound ran

2617
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:25,600
deep. 
And any mention of Burr, 

2618
02:24:25,600 --> 02:24:29,900
reopened old pain. 
In 1806 tragedy Revisited, her 

2619
02:24:29,900 --> 02:24:33,500
life when her sister Peggy died.
Though, they had not spent as 

2620
02:24:33,500 --> 02:24:36,700
much time together recently 
losing a sibling reignited. 

2621
02:24:36,700 --> 02:24:40,200
Her sense of mortality. 
Each family lost bird 

2622
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,300
reflection. 
Why does fate entwine sorrow and

2623
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:46,100
joy? 
So tightly She found partial 

2624
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:49,000
answers in her face, which had 
grown more Earnest since 

2625
02:24:49,000 --> 02:24:51,600
Hamilton's death. 
Eliza turned to church 

2626
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:54,700
communities for Comfort 
simultaneously offering her 

2627
02:24:54,700 --> 02:24:56,600
organizational skills to Parish 
events. 

2628
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:01,800
Slowly, the Hamilton household 
stabilized debts were gradually.

2629
02:25:01,800 --> 02:25:05,200
Paid off the children advanced 
in their studies or commenced 

2630
02:25:05,200 --> 02:25:08,000
livelihoods, Eliza's 
philanthropic projects, 

2631
02:25:08,000 --> 02:25:12,000
flourished, earning her quiet 
admiration, across class lines, 

2632
02:25:12,000 --> 02:25:16,400
life was by no means. 
Carefree money was tight social,

2633
02:25:16,400 --> 02:25:19,500
slight stung but she navigated 
each challenge with calm 

2634
02:25:19,500 --> 02:25:23,000
determination by middle age. 
She stood as a testament to 

2635
02:25:23,000 --> 02:25:27,500
endurance weaving, heartbreak 
Duty and service into a tapestry

2636
02:25:27,500 --> 02:25:30,900
that gave her a renewed sense of
mission as decades rolled on 

2637
02:25:30,900 --> 02:25:33,500
Eliza entered a reflective phase
of life. 

2638
02:25:33,500 --> 02:25:36,800
She remained in New York though.
The city changed around her 

2639
02:25:36,800 --> 02:25:40,100
evolving from a 
post-revolutionary port in to a 

2640
02:25:40,100 --> 02:25:42,700
bustling Metropolis. 
She occasionally visited her 

2641
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:46,200
beloved, Sheila mansion in 
Albany now, quieter and steeped 

2642
02:25:46,200 --> 02:25:49,300
in Nostalgia. 
Each time, she walked the garden

2643
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:53,000
paths where she wants courted. 
Alexander reminded of both the 

2644
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,000
Innocents of Youth and the 
seismic shifts that had sculpted

2645
02:25:56,000 --> 02:25:58,300
her fate. 
During the War of 1812. 

2646
02:25:58,300 --> 02:26:02,600
When the US again, clashed with 
Britain, Eliza worried for her 

2647
02:26:02,600 --> 02:26:06,600
son's some of whom served in the
conflict, Memory of the 

2648
02:26:06,600 --> 02:26:10,000
Revolution merged with fresh 
anxiety is she found the 

2649
02:26:10,000 --> 02:26:14,800
national mood reminiscent of her
childhood uncertainty pride, and

2650
02:26:14,800 --> 02:26:17,800
the determination to defend 
Independence though. 

2651
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:20,500
She was no longer at the 
Forefront of patriotic further. 

2652
02:26:21,300 --> 02:26:24,300
She contributed by donating to 
relief efforts for soldiers 

2653
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,400
families. 
The orphan Asylum Society also 

2654
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:31,300
expanded its reach taking in 
children, orphaned by this new 

2655
02:26:31,300 --> 02:26:34,000
war. 
Family events, punctuated her 

2656
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:37,000
life with both grief and 
celebration, her father Philip 

2657
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:41,300
Schuyler passed away in 1804 my 
months. 

2658
02:26:41,308 --> 02:26:45,400
After Hamilton's death, her 
mother, Catherine died in 1803. 

2659
02:26:45,400 --> 02:26:49,000
So Eliza found herself 
increasingly the matriarch of a 

2660
02:26:49,000 --> 02:26:51,400
sprawling Clan. 
Grandchildren eventually came 

2661
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:54,100
into the picture. 
She watched them with pride 

2662
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:56,400
telling stories of their heroic 
grandfather. 

2663
02:26:56,400 --> 02:27:00,100
These Tales often alluded to 
Hamilton's intellectual prowess 

2664
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:04,300
omitting, the specifics of his 
downfall, Eliza believed that 

2665
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:07,400
preserving his better qualities 
would Inspire young Generations.

2666
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:10,400
A notable shift occurred in the 
1820s. 

2667
02:27:10,400 --> 02:27:14,300
When John Church Hamilton one of
her son's began collecting 

2668
02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:17,700
material for a biography of his 
father, Eliza became an 

2669
02:27:17,700 --> 02:27:21,200
essential collaborator. 
Providing letters anecdotes and 

2670
02:27:21,200 --> 02:27:25,000
clarifications a memory was shot
despite advancing age. 

2671
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,200
She recalled specific 
conversations recounted 

2672
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:31,500
legislative battles and recalled
the exact inflection in 

2673
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:35,800
Hamilton's voice when he debated
a point of law, Many historians 

2674
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:38,800
would later Marvel at her 
Recollections which filled gaps 

2675
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:42,200
in the archival record. 
It was as if she carried a 

2676
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:45,000
living library of Hamilton's 
life in her heart, yet that 

2677
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:47,500
collaboration was not free of 
emotional toll. 

2678
02:27:48,100 --> 02:27:50,300
Revisiting, the events leading 
up to the duel. 

2679
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:53,700
Forced her to confront Old, 
Wounds tears, occasionally 

2680
02:27:53,700 --> 02:27:56,900
halted, her storytelling. 
Specially, when she recounted 

2681
02:27:56,900 --> 02:27:58,400
the final hours of Hamilton's 
life. 

2682
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:02,300
John Church pressed, gently 
wanting to capture every detail 

2683
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:08,000
for posterity Eliza sensing the 
greater purpose persevered. she 

2684
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:10,400
recognized that telling 
Hamilton's story might help the 

2685
02:28:10,400 --> 02:28:13,300
nation appreciate the 
foundations, he helped lay, he 

2686
02:28:13,300 --> 02:28:16,300
structures like the treasury 
Department, the national bank 

2687
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:21,300
and the concept of federal 
credit In 1828 she traveled 

2688
02:28:21,300 --> 02:28:24,500
briefly to Washington, DC 
invited by friends who 

2689
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:26,100
remembered her philanthropic 
achievements. 

2690
02:28:27,100 --> 02:28:29,300
The capital had grown since her 
early visits. 

2691
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:33,500
Monuments dotted the landscape 
celebrating founding fathers. 

2692
02:28:34,300 --> 02:28:37,500
She experienced a bitter, sweet 
Pride passing tributes to men. 

2693
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:40,800
Hamilton had worked alongside, 
George Washington, Thomas, 

2694
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:44,900
Jefferson and James Madison. 
Some pointed out the conspicuous

2695
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:46,600
absence of Hamilton's own 
Monument. 

2696
02:28:47,400 --> 02:28:50,100
She Shrugged it off. 
Insisting that the measure of a 

2697
02:28:50,100 --> 02:28:53,500
person's influence, lay not in 
stone Effigies, but in living 

2698
02:28:53,500 --> 02:28:56,100
institutions, with the passage 
of time. 

2699
02:28:56,100 --> 02:28:58,800
She also became more candid 
about the Reynolds Scandal 

2700
02:28:58,800 --> 02:29:03,000
though still discrete in private
conversations, she admitted the 

2701
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:05,200
pain, had never vanished but she
framed it. 

2702
02:29:05,200 --> 02:29:07,800
As a testament to the flawed 
Humanity, even brilliant people 

2703
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:11,800
carry Her capacity to forgive 
reflected a deep spirituality. 

2704
02:29:12,600 --> 02:29:15,700
She attended church regularly 
praying for Unity in a country 

2705
02:29:15,708 --> 02:29:18,000
that seemed perpetually on the 
brink of new conflicts, 

2706
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:21,900
Nullification Crisis debates 
over slavery, and the push 

2707
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:24,400
Westward Living Well into her 
golden years. 

2708
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,800
She gathered, a tight circle of 
confidants often. 

2709
02:29:27,800 --> 02:29:30,300
They found her mending clothing 
for Orphan children or 

2710
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,100
proofreading a letter for John 
Church's next manuscript draft. 

2711
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:36,300
She rarely sought to claim for 
her charitable work. 

2712
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:40,100
If praise, she gently read 
directed attention to the cause 

2713
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:43,400
itself for her. 
The real Triumph in ensuring 

2714
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:46,700
children had a chance of life 
just as the nation's Founders 

2715
02:29:46,700 --> 02:29:49,500
had tried to secure opportunity 
for future Generations. 

2716
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:54,500
In 1832, she experienced another
heartbreak, when her oldest son,

2717
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:56,300
Philip Jr. 
Passed away. 

2718
02:29:56,300 --> 02:30:00,200
After a struggle with illness 
each loss reminded her of times 

2719
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:04,000
Relentless March, yet her face 
and familial bonds kept her 

2720
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:06,800
grounded. 
She wrote that her love for God.

2721
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:09,800
And for the late General 
Hamilton fortified her soul 

2722
02:30:09,800 --> 02:30:13,300
against despair. 
Approaching 80, Elizabeth 

2723
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:17,400
Schuyler Hamilton was more than 
a relic of a revolutionary era. 

2724
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:20,700
She was a living Narrative of 
strength, weaving, personal 

2725
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:23,300
tragedy, and national memory 
into a single tapestry of 

2726
02:30:23,308 --> 02:30:26,800
compassion, and Hope. 
Elizabeth, Schuyler Hamilton 

2727
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:30,200
lived to see Andrew Jackson's 
presidency in the beginnings of 

2728
02:30:30,208 --> 02:30:34,000
the Industrial Revolution. 
She watched America morph into a

2729
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:36,000
nation. 
Both deeply reflective of its 

2730
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:38,600
revolutionary roots and 
straining toward modernity. 

2731
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:43,500
Railroads, spread factories 
arose, this political scene 

2732
02:30:43,500 --> 02:30:46,600
erupted with fresh tensions, 
over states rights and potential

2733
02:30:46,600 --> 02:30:49,700
expansion. 
By now, Eliza was considered a 

2734
02:30:49,708 --> 02:30:52,800
venerable figure. 
One of the last living links to 

2735
02:30:52,800 --> 02:30:54,400
the nation's founding 
generation. 

2736
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,100
In her final years. 
She resided in a modest home in 

2737
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:01,500
Washington DC partly to be near 
some of her children. 

2738
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:06,000
The city had matured since the 
muddy partly built Capital. 

2739
02:31:06,000 --> 02:31:10,300
She wants new She took quiet 
walks with visitors reflecting 

2740
02:31:10,300 --> 02:31:12,000
on how her husband had helped 
shape. 

2741
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:15,300
The financial systems that the 
field such growth Political 

2742
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:18,200
leaders, occasionally sought her
out for anecdotal insights, 

2743
02:31:18,200 --> 02:31:21,000
hoping to glean from her 
personal glimpses into Hamilton 

2744
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:24,700
strategies and relationships. 
She obliged politely though, she

2745
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:26,600
often reminded them that real 
progress, required. 

2746
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:31,300
Fresh ideas, not men, nostalgia,
Her commitment to philanthropy 

2747
02:31:31,300 --> 02:31:34,400
never waned. 
Even in advanced age she 

2748
02:31:34,400 --> 02:31:37,800
attended orphan, Asylum Society 
meetings when possible offering 

2749
02:31:37,800 --> 02:31:40,100
guidance on fundraising and 
Resource Management. 

2750
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:43,700
Younger trustees listened 
intently aware that the 

2751
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:45,800
society's founding mother was 
still sharp. 

2752
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:48,000
Despite her Frailty in many 
ways. 

2753
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:51,500
The orphanage of become a symbol
of her life's work, caring for 

2754
02:31:51,500 --> 02:31:55,200
the vulnerable preserving hope 
amidst adversity ensuring the 

2755
02:31:55,208 --> 02:31:58,000
completeness of John Church. 
Hamilton's father's biography 

2756
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:00,200
was one of her most cherished 
final projects. 

2757
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:04,300
She reviewed the final drafts 
contributing details, she'd 

2758
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:07,600
previously withheld or forgotten
she emphasized, Hamilton's 

2759
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:09,400
unwavering dedication to the 
union. 

2760
02:32:09,400 --> 02:32:12,900
His Progressive stance is on 
federal power and his 

2761
02:32:12,900 --> 02:32:14,900
unrelenting push for financial 
stability. 

2762
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:19,200
Some editorial, disagreements 
arose, particularly around the 

2763
02:32:19,200 --> 02:32:23,300
Reynolds Affair, but Eliza 
insisted on honesty, tempered by

2764
02:32:23,308 --> 02:32:26,700
grace. 
The published volume's not 

2765
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:30,200
immediate, bestsellers gradually
shaped public, understanding of 

2766
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,800
how Hamilton's Legacy. 
As her health declined, her 

2767
02:32:33,800 --> 02:32:37,200
family closed, ranks around her 
letters from grandchildren 

2768
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:40,500
poured in stories of their 
studies, their marriage, is 

2769
02:32:40,500 --> 02:32:43,800
their small. 
Triumphs Eliza's once robust 

2770
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:46,900
figure had become frail, but her
mind held firm. 

2771
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:51,100
She reminisced about ballrooms 
in Albany, the swirling War 

2772
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:54,200
councils at her childhood home, 
and the day, she first locked 

2773
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,100
eyes with us. 
All a Brash young officer in 

2774
02:32:57,100 --> 02:33:00,300
Revolutionary Garb. 
Occasional visitors found her 

2775
02:33:00,300 --> 02:33:03,800
reading The Federalist Papers by
candlelight. as if we 

2776
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:06,900
acquainting herself with 
Hamilton's voice, she also kept 

2777
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:10,500
a well-worn Bible reflecting a 
faith that had Boyd her through 

2778
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:15,000
heartbreak, after heartbreak. 
Prayer to her was less about 

2779
02:33:15,000 --> 02:33:17,500
ceremony and more about 
continuous conversation with a 

2780
02:33:17,508 --> 02:33:20,400
higher power. 
That a guided her from water. 

2781
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:23,700
Widowhood in these final 
dialogues with God, she found 

2782
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:27,400
peace certain that her labors 
both familial and charitable 

2783
02:33:27,400 --> 02:33:31,900
held meaning, Beyond mortal 
life, Elizabeth Schuyler 

2784
02:33:31,900 --> 02:33:35,400
Hamilton died. 
On November, the 9th 1854 at the

2785
02:33:35,400 --> 02:33:40,000
age of 97, her passing Mark, the
end of an era obituaries 

2786
02:33:40,000 --> 02:33:42,900
praised, her dedication to 
preserving Alexander Hamilton's 

2787
02:33:42,900 --> 02:33:47,300
Legacy and championing. 
Charitable causes Publications 

2788
02:33:47,300 --> 02:33:50,500
recounted her Devotion to the 
orphan Asylum society, and her 

2789
02:33:50,500 --> 02:33:53,500
unwavering presence during the 
tumultuous birth of the 

2790
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:55,900
Republic. 
While she never held public 

2791
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:59,700
office. her influence was 
palpable in the community, she 

2792
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:03,600
served and in The Narrative of 
America's founding She was 

2793
02:34:03,608 --> 02:34:06,600
buried near her husband in the 
graveyard of Trinity Church in 

2794
02:34:06,600 --> 02:34:09,300
Manhattan. 
Reuniting them in Eternal. 

2795
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:13,200
Rest beneath the city skyline, 
he had once helped transform for

2796
02:34:13,200 --> 02:34:16,500
decades, the memory of her, 
kindness lingered in the stories

2797
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:20,100
told by those who knew her. 
A woman who had endured Scandal 

2798
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:23,900
and dual driven tragedy, only to
emerge as a symbol of Grace. 

2799
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:27,800
In the decades following her 
death interest in Hamilton's 

2800
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,800
financial genius grew spurred by
economic expansions and civil 

2801
02:34:31,800 --> 02:34:34,600
conflict. 
Historians found in Eliza's 

2802
02:34:34,600 --> 02:34:37,600
carefully guarded letters, a 
trove of insight into The Man 

2803
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:40,200
Behind the policies, a 
philanthropic Legacy. 

2804
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:43,400
Endured with the orphanage, 
continuing to serve children, 

2805
02:34:43,400 --> 02:34:47,600
well, into the Modern Age over 
time as the nation wrestled with

2806
02:34:47,600 --> 02:34:49,400
the complexities of its founding
ideals. 

2807
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,200
The figure of Eliza gained 
renewed appreciation. 

2808
02:34:53,400 --> 02:34:56,700
She was not merely the devoted 
wife of a founding father, but a

2809
02:34:56,700 --> 02:34:59,000
quiet architect of social 
welfare and historical 

2810
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:02,800
stewardship in her own right? 
To this day visitors at 

2811
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:05,100
Hamilton's grave site. 
Often spare a moment for 

2812
02:35:05,100 --> 02:35:08,400
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton. 
Her story, underscores, how the 

2813
02:35:08,400 --> 02:35:14,800
quieter characters of History 
can profoundly Picture this. 

2814
02:35:14,800 --> 02:35:18,100
You're about to witness one of 
history's most famous days 

2815
02:35:18,100 --> 02:35:20,800
except nobody that morning knew 
it was going to be famous. 

2816
02:35:22,000 --> 02:35:26,300
July. 4th 1776 started like most
summer days in Philadelphia 

2817
02:35:26,300 --> 02:35:30,800
sticky humid and full of men in 
wigs, complaining about the 

2818
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:33,300
weather. 
The kind of morning where your 

2819
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:35,500
shirt sticks to your back before
you've even had your coffee. 

2820
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,000
Though back then it was more 
like lukewarm tea and stale 

2821
02:35:39,000 --> 02:35:41,200
bread. 
You'd find yourself walking 

2822
02:35:41,200 --> 02:35:44,500
through a city, that smell like 
horses chamber pots, and the 

2823
02:35:44,508 --> 02:35:47,200
occasional whiff of something 
that might charitably be called 

2824
02:35:47,200 --> 02:35:51,500
Colonial cooking. 
Philadelphia in 1776 wasn't 

2825
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:55,100
exactly the City of Brotherly 
Love, we know today, it was more

2826
02:35:55,100 --> 02:35:57,600
like the City of Brotherly 
pleased, don't dump your garbage

2827
02:35:57,600 --> 02:35:59,000
in the street in front of my 
house. 

2828
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,800
But in the Pennsylvania state 
house, something extraordinary 

2829
02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:08,400
was brewing and it wasn't just 
the tension. 56 men from 13 

2830
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:11,500
colonies had been gathering for 
weeks arguing about something 

2831
02:36:11,500 --> 02:36:13,800
that would have gotten them 
hanged just for thinking about 

2832
02:36:13,800 --> 02:36:16,700
it a few years early. 
They wanted to tell the most 

2833
02:36:16,708 --> 02:36:19,700
powerful Empire in the world to 
take a long walk off a short 

2834
02:36:19,700 --> 02:36:22,200
pier. 
Now, you might imagine this 

2835
02:36:22,200 --> 02:36:25,200
momentous day began with 
dramatic speeches and stirring 

2836
02:36:25,200 --> 02:36:28,100
music, but the reality was much 
more mundane. 

2837
02:36:28,900 --> 02:36:31,600
Most of the delegates, probably 
woke up with the 18th century 

2838
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:34,900
equivalent of a hangover, not 
from alcohol necessarily, but 

2839
02:36:34,900 --> 02:36:38,500
from weeks of heated, debate, 
poor sleep on lumpy mattresses 

2840
02:36:38,500 --> 02:36:41,200
and the constant worry that they
were either about to make 

2841
02:36:41,200 --> 02:36:43,100
history or become history 
themselves. 

2842
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:47,000
The morning started with the 
usual, Colonial breakfast maybe 

2843
02:36:47,000 --> 02:36:51,100
some cornmeal mush if you were 
lucky, The delegate shuffled 

2844
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:53,900
into the state house, like any 
group of middle-aged men heading

2845
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:55,400
to a particularly important 
meeting. 

2846
02:36:56,500 --> 02:36:59,300
Except this meeting was about 
treason, which does tend to 

2847
02:36:59,300 --> 02:37:02,700
focus the Mind wonderfully. 
You'd notice that nobody was 

2848
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:05,900
wearing red, white, and blue, 
yet that would come later 

2849
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:09,800
instead. 
You'd see a lot of brown beige 

2850
02:37:09,800 --> 02:37:13,100
and that peculiar shade of green
that seemed to be popular, with 

2851
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:15,600
men, who spent their time 
writing strongly worded, letters

2852
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:18,000
to Kings. 
These were not the marble 

2853
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,600
statues, we often see in museums
these were real individuals 

2854
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:25,500
grappling with real issues such 
as John Adams, who was already 

2855
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:28,500
establishing a reputation for 
his lack of diplomatic skills. 

2856
02:37:29,700 --> 02:37:32,800
The funny thing about July 4th 
is that it almost wasn't July 

2857
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:35,700
4th at all. 
The Continental Congress had 

2858
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:39,100
actually voted for Independence.
On July 2nd, and John Adams was 

2859
02:37:39,100 --> 02:37:40,700
convinced that this would be the
day. 

2860
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:44,000
American would celebrate 
forever. he was so confident 

2861
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:47,200
about this that he wrote to his 
wife, Abigail predicting that 

2862
02:37:47,200 --> 02:37:50,800
July 2nd would be celebrated 
with Pomp and parade with shows 

2863
02:37:50,800 --> 02:37:55,600
Games, sports guns, Bells, 
bonfires and illuminations Poor 

2864
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:59,000
John Adams he was off by exactly
two days, which in the grand 

2865
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:00,200
scheme of history is pretty 
good. 

2866
02:38:00,200 --> 02:38:03,300
But in the world of national 
holidays, it's like showing up 

2867
02:38:03,300 --> 02:38:05,000
to your birthday party on the 
wrong day. 

2868
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:08,300
The weather that morning was 
typical for Philadelphia in 

2869
02:38:08,300 --> 02:38:12,600
early July hot monkey and the 
kind of humid that makes you 

2870
02:38:12,600 --> 02:38:15,600
wonder why anyone thought it was
a good idea to build a city in a

2871
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:18,000
swamp? 
Even before the day officially 

2872
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:20,600
began, the delegates were 
already perspiring through their

2873
02:38:20,600 --> 02:38:23,000
wool coats. 
You can almost picture them 

2874
02:38:23,000 --> 02:38:25,700
Fanning themselves with whatever
papers they had handy. 

2875
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:29,000
Probably, including some early 
drafts of what would become the 

2876
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,100
Declaration of Independence as 
the morning progressed. 

2877
02:38:32,100 --> 02:38:34,800
You'd sense the weight of what 
was about to happen. 

2878
02:38:34,800 --> 02:38:38,000
These men weren't just having a 
heated town hall meeting. 

2879
02:38:38,000 --> 02:38:40,500
They were about to sign what 
amounted to their death 

2880
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,700
warrants, if things went badly. 
King George. 

2881
02:38:43,700 --> 02:38:45,900
The third not known for his 
sense of humor. 

2882
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:48,900
About rebellious colonists, 
imposed the death penalty for 

2883
02:38:48,900 --> 02:38:51,300
treason. 
Nobody had remembered to bring 

2884
02:38:51,300 --> 02:38:53,900
the fireworks. 
Setting the stage for a day that

2885
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:56,400
would echo through centuries by 
mid-morning. 

2886
02:38:56,400 --> 02:38:59,100
You'd find yourself in the midst
of what might be history is most

2887
02:38:59,100 --> 02:39:02,800
consequential editing session. 
Imagine trying to Wordsmith your

2888
02:39:02,800 --> 02:39:05,100
way out of being subjects of the
British Empire. 

2889
02:39:05,900 --> 02:39:08,500
It's like writing the world's 
most important resignation 

2890
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:11,300
letter except your boss has 
Canon's. 

2891
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,500
The Declaration of Independence.
You know, today wasn't just 

2892
02:39:15,500 --> 02:39:18,800
magically perfect on July 4th, 
it had been through more 

2893
02:39:18,800 --> 02:39:21,900
revisions than a college 
student's term paper and Thomas 

2894
02:39:21,900 --> 02:39:23,600
Jefferson. 
The primary author was getting 

2895
02:39:23,600 --> 02:39:25,700
increasingly. 
Frustrated with all the changes.

2896
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:28,900
You would observe him sitting 
there like Lee tapping, his 

2897
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:32,300
fingers on the table as his 
meticulously crafted phrases 

2898
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:36,400
were chopped up rearranged and 
sometimes completely discarded. 

2899
02:39:37,900 --> 02:39:42,100
Jefferson had originally about 
1,800 words, but by the time 

2900
02:39:42,100 --> 02:39:45,500
everyone got done with their 
edits suggestions and helpful 

2901
02:39:45,500 --> 02:39:48,800
rewrites, it was down to about 
1,300 words. 

2902
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:53,000
That's roughly a 30% cut, which 
would make any writer wins. 

2903
02:39:53,000 --> 02:39:55,100
It's like cooking a perfect 
souffle. 

2904
02:39:55,100 --> 02:39:57,000
Only to have everyone. 
In the kitchen suggest 

2905
02:39:57,000 --> 02:39:59,700
improvements until you're left 
with scrambled eggs. 

2906
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:03,400
One of the biggest arguments 
that morning was about slavery. 

2907
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:06,400
Jefferson had included. 
A passage condemning King. 

2908
02:40:06,400 --> 02:40:09,700
George, the third for the slave 
trade calling it piratical 

2909
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:12,300
Warfare and cruel war against 
human nature. 

2910
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:16,000
It was a bold statement 
especially coming from a man who

2911
02:40:16,008 --> 02:40:19,500
owned slaves himself. 
However, the delegates from 

2912
02:40:19,500 --> 02:40:21,400
South Carolina and Georgia 
protested. 

2913
02:40:21,400 --> 02:40:24,900
So loudly that their complaints 
could likely be heard from a 

2914
02:40:24,900 --> 02:40:27,900
distance of three blocks. 
They were not about to sign 

2915
02:40:27,900 --> 02:40:30,200
anything that might interfere 
with their economic interests, 

2916
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:33,300
even if it meant keeping a 
glaring contradiction in their 

2917
02:40:33,300 --> 02:40:37,400
Declaration of Human Rights. 
Everyone was aware of the irony 

2918
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:39,500
here. 
They were declaring. 

2919
02:40:39,500 --> 02:40:43,100
That all men are created equal 
while simultaneously refusing to

2920
02:40:43,100 --> 02:40:46,500
address the fact that about 20% 
of the colonial population was 

2921
02:40:46,500 --> 02:40:49,300
enslaved. 
It's like declaring your house a

2922
02:40:49,300 --> 02:40:51,500
democracy while keeping some 
family members locked in the 

2923
02:40:51,500 --> 02:40:54,000
basement. 
Despite the start cognitive 

2924
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:57,600
dissonance, they chose to defer 
solving this particular issue to

2925
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:00,500
Future Generations. 
You'd notice that the delegates 

2926
02:41:00,500 --> 02:41:03,400
were getting Twitchy as the 
morning war on every time. 

2927
02:41:03,400 --> 02:41:06,700
Someone walked past the Windows 
heads would turn For those 

2928
02:41:06,700 --> 02:41:09,700
British soldiers was that the 
sound of ships in the harbor. 

2929
02:41:09,700 --> 02:41:13,300
The paranoia was understandable.
They were literally in the 

2930
02:41:13,308 --> 02:41:16,300
middle of committing treason and
the penalty for failure was 

2931
02:41:16,308 --> 02:41:19,000
considerably worse than a 
negative performance review. 

2932
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:22,200
John Hancock, the president of 
the Continental Congress 

2933
02:41:22,200 --> 02:41:26,600
attempted to maintain everyone's
Focus, but the task proved to be

2934
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:29,600
a challenging one. 
The situation, resembled a herd 

2935
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:33,000
of cats, wearing wigs, lawyers 
and landowners dressed in wigs, 

2936
02:41:33,000 --> 02:41:35,700
held strong views on the use of 
commas and semicolons. 

2937
02:41:35,700 --> 02:41:39,600
You'd watch grown men argue for 
20 minutes about whether to use 

2938
02:41:39,600 --> 02:41:43,600
unalienable or an alienable 
rights apparently unaware, that 

2939
02:41:43,600 --> 02:41:46,600
they were making the same point 
in the way, the heat was 

2940
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:50,100
becoming unbearable Philadelphia
in July is, nobody's idea of 

2941
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:52,800
pleasant and the state house 
didn't exactly have air 

2942
02:41:52,800 --> 02:41:55,400
conditioning. 
The windows were open, but that 

2943
02:41:55,400 --> 02:41:57,900
just meant more flies and the 
occasional horse-drawn cart 

2944
02:41:57,900 --> 02:42:00,900
clattering by to interrupt 
important discussion about 

2945
02:42:00,900 --> 02:42:03,200
natural rights and the pursuit 
of happiness. 

2946
02:42:04,100 --> 02:42:07,400
Benjamin Franklin. 
The oldest delegate at 7:30 was 

2947
02:42:07,400 --> 02:42:10,900
probably the only one enjoying 
himself his ability to find 

2948
02:42:10,900 --> 02:42:13,900
humor and even the most serious 
situations made watching a group

2949
02:42:13,908 --> 02:42:15,800
of young men argue about 
punctuation. 

2950
02:42:15,800 --> 02:42:20,000
While committing trees and 
delightful experience, you'd see

2951
02:42:20,000 --> 02:42:22,100
him, occasionally, make a dry 
comment that would either 

2952
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:25,900
diffuse tension or accidentally 
worse than it, depending on how 

2953
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:30,100
stressed everyone was feeling. 
The morning was rapidly passing,

2954
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:33,700
and they had yet to finalize the
document. some delegates, 

2955
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:36,600
wondered if they'd ever finish, 
or if they'd still be arguing 

2956
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:40,000
Overcomers when the British army
came to arrest them, Pressure 

2957
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:42,400
was mounting and not just from 
the weather. 

2958
02:42:42,400 --> 02:42:44,900
They didn't know they were 
making something that would 

2959
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:46,400
outlive them and their 
descendants. 

2960
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:48,900
They were just trying to get 
through the day without getting 

2961
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:52,500
hanged as the afternoon heat 
settled over Philadelphia like a

2962
02:42:52,500 --> 02:42:55,600
wool blanket soaked in soup, 
you'd find yourself, witnessing 

2963
02:42:55,600 --> 02:42:59,900
something remarkable, 56, men, 
trying to work up the courage to

2964
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:02,400
sign, what was essentially a 
fancy suicide note. 

2965
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,000
The Declaration was finally 
ready. 

2966
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:08,000
But now came the hard part 
actually, committing to it. 

2967
02:43:09,300 --> 02:43:11,900
The scene inside the state house
was becoming increasingly 

2968
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:15,900
surreal with the passing. 
Our these were action heroes or 

2969
02:43:15,900 --> 02:43:18,100
mythical figures. 
They were mostly middle-aged 

2970
02:43:18,100 --> 02:43:21,100
businessmen lawyers and 
landowners who were sweating 

2971
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:23,500
through their Formal Wear while 
contemplating treason. 

2972
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:26,900
You'd see them fidgeting with 
their quill pens, adjusting 

2973
02:43:26,900 --> 02:43:29,200
their wigs. 
And probably wondering if it was

2974
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:31,500
too late to claim, they were 
just visiting Philadelphia for 

2975
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:34,200
the cheese. 
Steaks Despite his attempt to 

2976
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:37,200
project confidence, John 
Hancock's nervousness was 

2977
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,200
evident. 
When the time came to sign, he 

2978
02:43:40,200 --> 02:43:43,300
famously wrote his name large 
enough that King George can read

2979
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:47,100
it without his spectacles. 
It was a wonderful line, but 

2980
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:49,600
you'd notice his hand was 
probably shaking, just a little 

2981
02:43:49,608 --> 02:43:52,900
bit as he wrote it. 
Making jokes about the king. 

2982
02:43:52,900 --> 02:43:55,900
While committing treason is the 
18th century equivalent of 

2983
02:43:55,900 --> 02:43:59,900
whistling past the graveyard. 
The afternoon brought a parade 

2984
02:43:59,908 --> 02:44:01,400
of delegates to the signing 
table. 

2985
02:44:01,400 --> 02:44:04,700
Each one probably having a small
internal crisis as they 

2986
02:44:04,700 --> 02:44:08,500
approached you'd watch them. 
Take the quill pause for just a 

2987
02:44:08,500 --> 02:44:11,800
moment too long then sign their 
names with varying degrees of 

2988
02:44:11,800 --> 02:44:15,800
flourish Some signed boldly 
others barely managed to 

2989
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:17,800
scribble. 
A few looked like they were 

2990
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:20,900
signing their death warrant 
which let's be honest, they 

2991
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:24,200
probably were Charles Carroll of
Maryland was particularly 

2992
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:27,200
nervous because he was the only 
Catholic signer and Catholics 

2993
02:44:27,200 --> 02:44:30,000
weren't exactly popular in 1776 
America. 

2994
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:32,900
When someone pointed out that 
there were other Charles 

2995
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:36,100
carrolls in Maryland, he went 
back and added of Carrollton to 

2996
02:44:36,100 --> 02:44:38,500
his signature. 
It's like, adding your middle 

2997
02:44:38,500 --> 02:44:41,900
name to make sure you get credit
for your treason or blame 

2998
02:44:41,900 --> 02:44:45,600
depending on how things went. 
The humidity was making 

2999
02:44:45,600 --> 02:44:48,200
everyone. 
Cranky wigs, were wilting 

3000
02:44:48,200 --> 02:44:51,000
clothes were sticking and the 
smell of 56 stressed. 

3001
02:44:51,000 --> 02:44:53,000
Men in Wool coats was becoming 
noticeable. 

3002
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:56,100
You'd see them Fanning 
themselves with whatever papers 

3003
02:44:56,100 --> 02:44:58,400
they could find probably 
including some copies of the 

3004
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:01,300
Declaration itself. 
The irony of using your 

3005
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:04,300
revolutionary document, as a 
personal cooling device wasn't 

3006
02:45:04,300 --> 02:45:06,900
lost on. 
Anyone Benjamin Franklin was 

3007
02:45:06,900 --> 02:45:08,800
still managing to find humor in 
the situation. 

3008
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:12,900
When someone mentioned that they
must hang together Franklin. 

3009
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:16,800
Reportedly, quipped most 
assuredly or we shall all hang 

3010
02:45:16,800 --> 02:45:19,700
separately. 
It was funny but also true, 

3011
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,500
which is the worst kind of humor
when you're trying to stay up to

3012
02:45:22,500 --> 02:45:24,200
Mystic about not getting 
executed. 

3013
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:28,300
Some delegates were experiencing
lingering doubts, you'd notice 

3014
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,100
hushed, conversations, and 
Corners delegates, stepping 

3015
02:45:31,100 --> 02:45:33,900
outside for fresh air and the 
occasional nervous laugh. 

3016
02:45:33,900 --> 02:45:36,500
That was a little too loud. 
The weight of what they were 

3017
02:45:36,500 --> 02:45:38,900
doing was sinking in. 
They weren't just making a 

3018
02:45:38,900 --> 02:45:41,400
political statement. 
They were essentially declaring 

3019
02:45:41,400 --> 02:45:43,400
war on the most powerful 
military in the world. 

3020
02:45:43,400 --> 02:45:46,800
The afternoon stretched on and 
you'd realize that this 

3021
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:49,000
momentous day was actually 
pretty tedious. 

3022
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:52,600
History rarely happens in neat, 
dramatic packages. 

3023
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:56,600
Instead it's usually a bunch of 
people in uncomfortable clothes 

3024
02:45:56,600 --> 02:46:00,300
making difficult decisions in 
bad weather while worrying about

3025
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:01,800
whether they're making a 
terrible mistake. 

3026
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:05,800
What made it even more Awkward? 
Was that they could not really 

3027
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:08,300
celebrate yet? 
Signing. 

3028
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:11,100
The Declaration was one thing, 
but actually winning 

3029
02:46:11,100 --> 02:46:13,700
Independence was going to 
require a war that many of them 

3030
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,700
were not sure they could win. 
It's like throwing a going away 

3031
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:19,000
party when you're not sure. 
You're actually going anywhere. 

3032
02:46:20,100 --> 02:46:23,500
As the afternoon wore on, you'd 
sense, the growing realization 

3033
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:26,400
that there was no turning back 
now, they'd crossed their 

3034
02:46:26,408 --> 02:46:30,400
Rubicon burned, their Bridges 
and any other metaphor were 

3035
02:46:30,400 --> 02:46:31,800
committed. 
Now whether we like it or not, 

3036
02:46:31,808 --> 02:46:35,300
they had made their decision and
were fully committed to the 

3037
02:46:35,300 --> 02:46:38,600
journey as evening settled over 
Philadelphia, like a slightly 

3038
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:40,500
cooler, but still uncomfortable 
blanket. 

3039
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:45,200
You'd find yourself watching 56 
men, trying to figure out what 

3040
02:46:45,200 --> 02:46:47,900
to do next. 
They just signed the Declaration

3041
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:51,500
of Independence but there was no
manual for what to do. 

3042
02:46:51,500 --> 02:46:53,900
After, you've committed treason 
a practical guide. 

3043
02:46:54,900 --> 02:46:56,900
The immediate question was 
surprisingly practical. 

3044
02:46:56,900 --> 02:46:59,300
How do you tell people what 
you've just done? 

3045
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:05,800
This was 1776 not 2024. 
There was no Twitter, No CNN, no

3046
02:47:05,800 --> 02:47:09,500
way to instantly Broadcast News.
They'd have to rely on Riders on

3047
02:47:09,500 --> 02:47:12,500
Horseback which was like trying 
to go viral using carrier 

3048
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:15,300
pigeons. 
The news would spread at roughly

3049
02:47:15,300 --> 02:47:18,800
the speed of a horse with 
excellent stamina, weather 

3050
02:47:18,800 --> 02:47:21,800
permitting. 
You'd notice the delegates were 

3051
02:47:21,800 --> 02:47:24,400
experiencing what we might Now 
call buyers remorse. 

3052
02:47:24,400 --> 02:47:27,500
Except instead of regretting a 
purchase they were 

3053
02:47:27,500 --> 02:47:30,400
second-guessing whether they 
just doomed themselves to a 

3054
02:47:30,400 --> 02:47:33,700
particularly unpleasant death 
John Adams was pacing around, 

3055
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:37,700
probably wondering if he should 
have stuck to being a lawyer, at

3056
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:40,600
least when you lose a court 
case, the worst that happens is 

3057
02:47:40,600 --> 02:47:43,900
your client gets upset. 
Not hanged. 

3058
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:47,100
The evening brought a strange 
mix of relief and Terror. 

3059
02:47:47,100 --> 02:47:50,400
They felt a sense of relief as 
they had successfully conveyed. 

3060
02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:52,700
Their opinions about King 
George, the third's taxes and 

3061
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:55,400
tea policies. 
They felt Terror because they 

3062
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:58,000
had just informed the king of 
England about their opinions on 

3063
02:47:58,000 --> 02:48:01,300
his taxes and tea policies, 
knowing he commanded the world's

3064
02:48:01,300 --> 02:48:04,900
most powerful navy. 
Benjamin Franklin was still the 

3065
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:08,700
calmest person in the room, 
probably because at 70 he'd 

3066
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:11,900
already lived longer than most 
people could expect to in 1776. 

3067
02:48:11,900 --> 02:48:15,600
He was treating the whole thing 
like an intriguing experiment 

3068
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:19,400
which it was except experiments.
Usually don't end with the 

3069
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,300
participants getting executed. 
If the results aren't favorable,

3070
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:26,100
the Practical concerns were 
starting to hit home, how do you

3071
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:27,900
fight a war against the British 
Empire? 

3072
02:48:27,900 --> 02:48:30,700
When your army consists mostly 
of farmers with hunting rifles? 

3073
02:48:30,700 --> 02:48:34,500
What strategies can be employed 
to find out to Revolution in the

3074
02:48:34,500 --> 02:48:37,900
absence of a treasury. what 
steps do you take to establish a

3075
02:48:37,900 --> 02:48:39,800
government after having 
dismissed, the only form of 

3076
02:48:39,800 --> 02:48:42,800
governance you have ever 
experienced these work 

3077
02:48:42,800 --> 02:48:45,500
theoretical questions anymore. 
They were Monday morning 

3078
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,800
problems that needed solving 
you'd see small groups of 

3079
02:48:48,808 --> 02:48:51,600
delegates clustering together. 
Probably trying to figure out 

3080
02:48:51,600 --> 02:48:54,200
their next steps. 
Some would discussing military 

3081
02:48:54,200 --> 02:48:57,800
strategy, others were worried 
about their families and a few 

3082
02:48:57,808 --> 02:49:00,000
were probably wondering if it 
was too late to claim, they were

3083
02:49:00,008 --> 02:49:03,200
just visiting Philadelphia and 
had accidentally signed the 

3084
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:06,400
wrong document. 
The food situation was becoming 

3085
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:09,300
another issue. 
Philadelphia in July was hot 

3086
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:11,700
humid and not exactly known for 
its fine. 

3087
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:14,400
Dining the delegates were 
probably eating whatever they 

3088
02:49:14,400 --> 02:49:17,400
could find bread cheese. 
Maybe some questionable meat 

3089
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:19,500
that had been sitting out too 
long in the heat. 

3090
02:49:20,400 --> 02:49:22,700
Revolutionary, Cuisine wasn't 
exactly a priority. 

3091
02:49:22,700 --> 02:49:25,500
When you were trying to 
overthrow a government, as 

3092
02:49:25,500 --> 02:49:29,000
Darkness fell, you'd notice that
the celebratory mood was mixed 

3093
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:31,800
with genuine anxiety. 
They'd done something 

3094
02:49:31,800 --> 02:49:37,000
unprecedented created a new 
nation with words on paper, but 

3095
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:39,900
words on paper, don't stop 
Canon's and the British had 

3096
02:49:39,900 --> 02:49:42,100
plenty. 
The gap between declaring 

3097
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:44,900
independence and actually 
achieving it was looking rather 

3098
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:48,300
large and intimidating. 
Some delegates were already 

3099
02:49:48,300 --> 02:49:51,100
thinking about how to explain 
the circumstance to their wives,

3100
02:49:51,100 --> 02:49:54,200
honey, I'm home. 
And by the way I've just 

3101
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:57,200
committed treason isn't exactly 
the kind of conversation. 

3102
02:49:57,200 --> 02:50:00,500
You plan for the domestic 
implications of Revolution were 

3103
02:50:00,500 --> 02:50:02,200
probably just starting to sink 
in. 

3104
02:50:03,900 --> 02:50:06,300
The evening was also bringing 
practical concerns about 

3105
02:50:06,300 --> 02:50:09,000
security, should they post 
guards? 

3106
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:11,200
Were there, British spies and 
Philadelphia. 

3107
02:50:12,300 --> 02:50:14,000
When did King George learn about
this? 

3108
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:18,100
And when did he take action? 
The paranoia was probably 

3109
02:50:18,100 --> 02:50:20,800
Justified but it wasn't making 
anyone more comfortable. 

3110
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:26,000
You'd realize that July 4th 1776
was ending not with fireworks 

3111
02:50:26,000 --> 02:50:29,800
and celebration but with a group
of exhausted very worried men 

3112
02:50:29,800 --> 02:50:32,200
trying to figure out how to 
survive what they just started. 

3113
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:36,500
They lit fuse but nobody was 
quite sure how long it was or 

3114
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:38,800
what exactly would explode when 
it reached the end. 

3115
02:50:38,800 --> 02:50:42,500
Now as Philadelphia passes into 
the night you might find 

3116
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:45,100
yourself in the midst of what 
could be considered history's, 

3117
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,100
most consequential case of 
insomnia similar to your 

3118
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:51,200
situation. 
The delegates were not exactly 

3119
02:50:51,200 --> 02:50:52,600
sleeping peacefully after 
signing. 

3120
02:50:52,600 --> 02:50:54,000
What a mounted to their death 
warrants. 

3121
02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:57,300
You'd imagine them tossing and 
turning on their lumpy Colonial 

3122
02:50:57,300 --> 02:50:59,900
mattresses wandering. 
If they just made the biggest 

3123
02:50:59,900 --> 02:51:02,500
mistake of their lives. 
The heavens are Philadelphia, 

3124
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:05,700
were buzzing with nervous, 
energy, you'd see clusters of 

3125
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,100
delegates nursing ales and 
trying to convince each other 

3126
02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:10,800
and the themselves that they 
done the right thing. 

3127
02:51:12,100 --> 02:51:15,300
The conversations probably went 
something like we showed them, 

3128
02:51:15,300 --> 02:51:18,200
didn't we? 
This was likely followed by long

3129
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:21,100
pause and nervous sips of 
whatever Colonial beer passed 

3130
02:51:21,100 --> 02:51:25,700
for alcohol in 1776. 
John Adams was probably lying 

3131
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:29,300
awake, mentally composing, 
letters to his wife, Abigail 

3132
02:51:29,300 --> 02:51:33,100
trying to explain, how he'd gone
from being a respected lawyer to

3133
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:35,500
a wanted traitor in the span of 
a single day. 

3134
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:39,600
The letter writing was good 
practice because if things went 

3135
02:51:39,600 --> 02:51:42,900
badly, his final correspondence,
might be coming from a prison 

3136
02:51:42,900 --> 02:51:45,200
cell. 
You'd notice that the reality of

3137
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:48,400
what they'd done was slowly 
sinking in, they'd essentially 

3138
02:51:48,400 --> 02:51:51,100
declared war on the most 
powerful Empire in the world, 

3139
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,200
and their army, consisted of 
whoever, George Washington could

3140
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,500
round up and convinced to fight.
It's like challenging the high 

3141
02:51:57,500 --> 02:52:00,000
school football team to a game 
when your team consists of the 

3142
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:01,900
chess club and a few 
enthusiastic. 

3143
02:52:01,900 --> 02:52:05,700
But uncoordinated, volunteers, 
the night brought practical 

3144
02:52:05,700 --> 02:52:07,900
issues, they probably hadn't 
thought of in the afternoon. 

3145
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:11,000
How do you run a country when 
you've never ran one before? 

3146
02:52:11,000 --> 02:52:13,700
How do you collect taxes when 
you've just rebelled against 

3147
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:15,500
them? 
How do you create a military 

3148
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:18,800
when most of your experience 
with Warfare comes from fighting

3149
02:52:18,800 --> 02:52:21,200
Native Americans and the 
occasional border dispute? 

3150
02:52:22,200 --> 02:52:25,000
Benjamin Franklin was probably 
the only one getting any sleep 

3151
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:28,400
but even he was likely wondering
if his diplomatic skills would 

3152
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:30,900
be enough to convince France to 
help them fight the British. 

3153
02:52:31,900 --> 02:52:34,900
Please help us fight your 
traditional enemy even though we

3154
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:38,300
have no money, no real army and 
no guarantee we won't lose 

3155
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:41,500
spectacularly. 
The weather wasn't helping 

3156
02:52:41,500 --> 02:52:45,100
anyone's mood Philadelphia in 
July is humid enough to make you

3157
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:48,000
question your life choices even 
under normal circumstances. 

3158
02:52:48,000 --> 02:52:50,100
And these weren't normal 
circumstances. 

3159
02:52:50,100 --> 02:52:53,800
You'd picture the delegates 
lying in their beds sweating 

3160
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:57,000
through their nightshirts 
listening to every sound outside

3161
02:52:57,000 --> 02:52:59,700
and wondering, if it might be 
British soldiers coming to 

3162
02:52:59,700 --> 02:53:01,900
arrest them. 
Some of the delegates were 

3163
02:53:01,900 --> 02:53:04,900
likely experiencing what we 
would now refer to as a panic 

3164
02:53:04,900 --> 02:53:07,300
attack. 
Thomas, Jefferson the primary 

3165
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:10,500
author of the Declaration was 
likely, second-guessing every 

3166
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:13,500
word, he'd written Did he make 
the case strongly enough? 

3167
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:16,700
Did he make it too strong? 
Should he have included more 

3168
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:19,200
about taxation? 
Should he have included less 

3169
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:22,200
about natural rights? 
The perfectionist within him was

3170
02:53:22,200 --> 02:53:24,300
likely experiencing a great deal
of regret. 

3171
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:28,500
The night also brought the 
sobering realization that they 

3172
02:53:28,500 --> 02:53:30,900
just made themselves. 
The Most Wanted men in America. 

3173
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:33,300
King George. 
The third was not going to 

3174
02:53:33,300 --> 02:53:36,500
respond to their declaration 
with a polite notes saying, we 

3175
02:53:36,500 --> 02:53:39,200
understand your concerns and 
will take them under advisement 

3176
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:41,700
King George. 
The third was prepared to 

3177
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:45,600
respond with ship's soldiers and
a strong desire to set an 

3178
02:53:45,600 --> 02:53:47,200
example for Colonial 
troublemakers. 

3179
02:53:47,900 --> 02:53:50,500
You'd sense that the delegates 
were starting to understand the 

3180
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:53,400
difference between theory and 
practice sitting around 

3181
02:53:53,400 --> 02:53:56,300
discussing natural rights and 
the social contract in abstract,

3182
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:59,100
terms is one thing. 
It's another thing entirely to 

3183
02:53:59,100 --> 02:54:02,600
stake your life, your fortune 
and your sacred Honor on those 

3184
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:06,100
principles especially when 
sacred Honor doesn't stop 

3185
02:54:06,100 --> 02:54:09,100
bullets. 
The night was also bringing 

3186
02:54:09,100 --> 02:54:12,600
questions about leadership. 
Despite their recent Declaration

3187
02:54:12,600 --> 02:54:16,100
of Independence, they lacked a 
president, a cabinet and a 

3188
02:54:16,100 --> 02:54:19,600
well-defined chain of command. 
George Washington was off, 

3189
02:54:19,600 --> 02:54:21,300
somewhere. 
Trying to build an army, but 

3190
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:25,000
armies need supplies food, and 
ammunition, none of which were 

3191
02:54:25,000 --> 02:54:28,700
in abundant Supply. 
As the night wore on, you'd 

3192
02:54:28,700 --> 02:54:31,700
realize that July 4th 1776 was 
ending. 

3193
02:54:31,700 --> 02:54:35,800
Not with Triumph, but with 
uncertainty, They had embarked 

3194
02:54:35,800 --> 02:54:38,300
on a journey that could lead to 
either Freedom or The Gallows 

3195
02:54:38,300 --> 02:54:40,800
and nobody was entirely sure, 
which way it would go. 

3196
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:44,300
Dawn, broke over Philadelphia on
July 5th, like a hangover. 

3197
02:54:44,300 --> 02:54:48,400
After a particularly unwise 
night of decision-making, you'd 

3198
02:54:48,400 --> 02:54:49,800
find yourself witnessing the 
morning. 

3199
02:54:49,800 --> 02:54:52,400
After one of History's. 
Biggest what have we done 

3200
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:55,800
moments? 
The delegates were waking up to 

3201
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:58,600
the reality that they just 
committed trees and coffee 

3202
02:54:58,600 --> 02:55:00,300
wasn't going to make this 
problem go away. 

3203
02:55:01,300 --> 02:55:03,900
The first priority was to print 
and distribute copies of the 

3204
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:06,700
Declaration. 
This event was before King 

3205
02:55:06,700 --> 02:55:09,200
Coco's, so they had to rely on 
John Dunlop. 

3206
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:11,800
A local printer, who probably 
had no idea. 

3207
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:13,700
He was about to become a 
footnote in history. 

3208
02:55:14,500 --> 02:55:17,900
You'd watch him setting type by 
hand letter by letter, creating 

3209
02:55:17,900 --> 02:55:21,000
what would become known as the 
Dunlap broadside the first 

3210
02:55:21,000 --> 02:55:23,200
printed copies of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

3211
02:55:24,000 --> 02:55:27,500
The printing process was 
painstakingly slow each letter 

3212
02:55:27,500 --> 02:55:30,100
required individual placement 
and errors. 

3213
02:55:30,100 --> 02:55:33,400
Necessitated a fresh start. 
It's like trying to send a tweet

3214
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:37,000
except each character takes five
minutes to type and if you make 

3215
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:41,100
a typo, you have to start the 
entire message over Dunlap was 

3216
02:55:41,100 --> 02:55:43,600
probably wondering why these 
particular customers seem so 

3217
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:45,000
anxious about their printing 
job. 

3218
02:55:45,000 --> 02:55:47,700
Meanwhile, the delegates were 
dealing with the Practical 

3219
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,900
implications of their decision. 
How do you communicate to your 

3220
02:55:50,900 --> 02:55:53,400
business partners that you've 
initiated a conflict with your 

3221
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:56,600
largest trading, partner? 
How do you inform your creditors

3222
02:55:56,600 --> 02:55:59,100
that the currency they 
anticipate receiving payment in 

3223
02:55:59,100 --> 02:56:03,100
may not endure for much longer 
The economic ramifications of 

3224
02:56:03,100 --> 02:56:04,600
the Revolution were beginning to
surface. 

3225
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:08,100
You'd notice that the mood in 
Philadelphia was shifting from 

3226
02:56:08,100 --> 02:56:10,200
revolutionary further to 
practical anxiety. 

3227
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:14,000
The town's people will begin to 
hear rumors about what had 

3228
02:56:14,000 --> 02:56:16,300
happened in the state house and 
reactions were mixed. 

3229
02:56:17,200 --> 02:56:18,900
Some were excited about 
independence. 

3230
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:23,000
Others were scared of war and 
many were confused about how it 

3231
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:25,800
would affect their lives. 
The news was spreading slowly 

3232
02:56:25,800 --> 02:56:29,400
through the city carried by word
of mouth and the occasional 

3233
02:56:29,400 --> 02:56:33,000
printed broadside. 
You'd see small groups of people

3234
02:56:33,000 --> 02:56:35,300
gathering on street corners. 
Discussing what? 

3235
02:56:35,300 --> 02:56:37,500
They'd heard and trying to 
figure out what it all meant. 

3236
02:56:38,500 --> 02:56:41,400
The reactions range from 
enthusiastic support to complete

3237
02:56:41,400 --> 02:56:44,100
Panic with most people falling 
somewhere in between. 

3238
02:56:45,000 --> 02:56:47,600
The delegates were also starting
to worry about their families. 

3239
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:50,800
Having your name on a document, 
declaring independence from 

3240
02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:54,600
Britain was fine in theory, but 
in practice, it made you a 

3241
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:56,700
Target. 
British loyalists weren't going 

3242
02:56:56,708 --> 02:56:59,100
to be pleased about this 
development and Colonial. 

3243
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:01,700
Justice wasn't exactly known for
its gentle. 

3244
02:57:01,700 --> 02:57:03,200
Treatment of political 
dissidents. 

3245
02:57:03,200 --> 02:57:06,000
Benjamin Franklin was likely the
busiest person. 

3246
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:09,000
In Philadelphia that morning 
attempting to determine the best

3247
02:57:09,000 --> 02:57:11,100
way to inform potential allies 
in Europe. 

3248
02:57:11,100 --> 02:57:14,100
The Americans were going to need
friends and they were going to 

3249
02:57:14,108 --> 02:57:17,200
need them fast. 
The Diplomatic challenges were 

3250
02:57:17,200 --> 02:57:19,400
enormous. 
How do you convince other 

3251
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:20,900
countries to support a 
revolution? 

3252
02:57:20,900 --> 02:57:25,100
That might fail spectacularly? 
You'd realize that July 5th was 

3253
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,200
when the real work began, 
declaring independence was the 

3254
02:57:28,200 --> 02:57:30,200
easy part compared to actually 
achieving it. 

3255
02:57:30,900 --> 02:57:33,500
They needed to build an army 
established, a government 

3256
02:57:33,500 --> 02:57:37,600
created Treasury and somehow 
managed to fight off the British

3257
02:57:37,600 --> 02:57:40,400
Empire all while making it up as
they went along. 

3258
02:57:41,300 --> 02:57:43,800
The morning, brought the first 
practical test of their new 

3259
02:57:43,800 --> 02:57:46,200
Independence. 
How do you govern a country? 

3260
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:47,900
That doesn't officially exist, 
yet. 

3261
02:57:47,900 --> 02:57:50,700
They were in the awkward 
position of having declared 

3262
02:57:50,700 --> 02:57:53,700
themselves free from British 
rule without having established,

3263
02:57:53,700 --> 02:57:56,500
what would replace it? 
It's like quitting your job 

3264
02:57:56,500 --> 02:57:58,900
before you found a new one, 
except the stakes were 

3265
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:02,200
considerably higher. 
The weather was still hot and 

3266
02:58:02,200 --> 02:58:04,700
humid, which wasn't helping 
anyone's mood. 

3267
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:08,900
You'd see the delegate sweating 
through their Formal Wear trying

3268
02:58:08,900 --> 02:58:11,800
to look dignified while dealing 
with the growing realization 

3269
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:14,900
that they just taken on the most
powerful Empire in the world 

3270
02:58:14,900 --> 02:58:17,600
with little more than good 
intentions and a strongly worded

3271
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:20,700
letter. 
The American Revolution began on

3272
02:58:20,700 --> 02:58:23,400
July 5th. 
When the next steps were decided

3273
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:25,700
not when the Declaration was 
signed. 

3274
02:58:25,700 --> 02:58:29,200
As you look back on that 
sweltering July day in 1776. 

3275
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:32,400
You'd realize that what happened
in Philadelphia wasn't just The 

3276
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:35,000
Birth of a Nation. 
It was the moment when a group 

3277
02:58:35,008 --> 02:58:39,200
of flawed frightened and very 
human people, decided to bet 

3278
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,500
everything on an idea. 
The concept of self-governance, 

3279
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:45,200
the consent of the governed as 
the source of government power 

3280
02:58:45,200 --> 02:58:48,800
and the necessity of risking all
for a better future all 

3281
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:54,400
resonated with this idea. 
Funny thing about July 4th 1776 

3282
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:56,800
is that nobody? 
That day knew they were 

3283
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:59,400
creating, what would become the 
most powerful nation in the 

3284
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:01,800
world? 
They were just trying to survive

3285
02:59:01,800 --> 02:59:03,500
the next few months without 
getting hanged. 

3286
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:07,300
The Declaration of Independence 
wasn't written by demigods or 

3287
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:10,100
marble statues. 
It was written by middle-aged 

3288
02:59:10,100 --> 02:59:13,700
men in wigs who were sweating 
through their wool coats and 

3289
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:16,700
arguing about Commerce. 
What makes their story? 

3290
02:59:16,700 --> 02:59:19,000
So remarkable isn't that they 
were perfect. 

3291
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,400
They weren't they compromised on
slavery. 

3292
02:59:22,400 --> 02:59:25,700
They argued about everything and
they were terrified of failing. 

3293
02:59:25,700 --> 02:59:28,700
What makes them remarkable is 
that they did it anyway. 

3294
02:59:29,500 --> 02:59:32,500
Despite the lack of certainty, 
they bravely took a risk that 

3295
02:59:32,500 --> 02:59:37,000
transformed the world. 
The real magic of July 4th, 1776

3296
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:40,500
wasn't in the document itself. 
It was in the decision to take 

3297
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:44,800
that leap. 56 men decided that 
the risk of failure was worth 

3298
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:46,700
the chance of creating something
unprecedented. 

3299
02:59:47,800 --> 02:59:51,900
They stake their lives fortunes 
and sacred Honor on the belief 

3300
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,500
that individuals could surpass 
Kings and subjects. 

3301
02:59:55,300 --> 02:59:57,900
You'd understand that the 
America they created wasn't the 

3302
02:59:57,900 --> 02:59:59,000
America. 
We know today. 

3303
02:59:59,800 --> 03:00:02,300
They couldn't have imagined a 
country that would span from 

3304
03:00:02,300 --> 03:00:05,700
coast to coast land on the moon,
or become a Haven for 

3305
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:07,800
immigrants. 
They were just trying to create 

3306
03:00:07,800 --> 03:00:10,900
a place where people could live 
free from tyranny and make their

3307
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:14,000
own choices. 
The irony lies in the fact that 

3308
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:16,600
the founding fathers would 
likely be astonished by the 

3309
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:20,300
results of their bold decision. 
They were dealing with 13 

3310
03:00:20,300 --> 03:00:21,300
colonies. 
Hugging. 

3311
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:23,900
The Eastern Seaboard. 
Not a continental superpower. 

3312
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:27,100
They were worried about 
convincing people to join their 

3313
03:00:27,100 --> 03:00:29,300
cause not about being a global 
leader. 

3314
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:31,800
They were just trying to make it
through the next day. 

3315
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:38,800
But that's what makes July 4th. 
1776, so inspiring It reminds us

3316
03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:42,000
that big changes often start 
with small groups of people who 

3317
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:45,600
decide to take a risk. 
The Declaration of Independence.

3318
03:00:45,600 --> 03:00:47,300
Wasn't the result of a perfect 
plan. 

3319
03:00:47,300 --> 03:00:51,200
It was the result of imperfect 
people who decided to try 

3320
03:00:51,200 --> 03:00:53,600
something better as you drift 
off to sleep. 

3321
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:56,600
Thinking about that long ago. 
Summer day, you'd realize that 

3322
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:01,600
the real lesson of July 4th 1776
isn't about the greatness of the

3323
03:01:01,600 --> 03:01:04,500
founding fathers. 
It's about the power of ordinary

3324
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:07,800
people to do extraordinary 
things when they decided to take

3325
03:01:07,800 --> 03:01:10,700
a leap of faith. 
They gave us not just a country,

3326
03:01:10,700 --> 03:01:12,900
but an example of what's 
possible. 

3327
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:16,300
When people decide to risk 
everything for something better.

3328
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:19,900
The men who signed the 
Declaration of Independence Were

3329
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,000
Heroes when they woke up that 
morning, they became Heroes. 

3330
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:24,600
By the time, they went to sleep 
that night. 

3331
03:01:25,300 --> 03:01:27,600
And that's a reminder that 
heroism isn't about being 

3332
03:01:27,600 --> 03:01:30,100
perfect or Fearless. 
It's about doing the right 

3333
03:01:30,100 --> 03:01:32,600
thing. 
Even when you're scared, unsure 

3334
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:35,900
and the consequences of failure 
are two terrible to contemplate.

3335
03:01:36,800 --> 03:01:39,900
Good night. 
Remember every Great Leap, 

3336
03:01:39,900 --> 03:01:42,400
Forward began with someone 
willing to take the first step 

3337
03:01:42,400 --> 03:01:44,600
even when they couldn't see 
where it would lead. 

3338
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:48,800
This is akin to the sweaty 
nervous men in Philadelphia who 

3339
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:52,200
transformed the world with just 
words on paper and The Bravery 

3340
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:58,000
to sign their names. you know 
how sometimes the most 

3341
03:01:58,000 --> 03:02:01,500
ridiculous moments in history 
happen and powerful people try 

3342
03:02:01,500 --> 03:02:06,200
to do something perfectly normal
Well, settle in because you're 

3343
03:02:06,200 --> 03:02:10,200
about to hear about the time 
Napoleon Bonaparte conqueror of 

3344
03:02:10,200 --> 03:02:12,800
Europe. 
Emperor of France, the man who 

3345
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:16,500
redrew the map of the world got 
completely overwhelmed by a 

3346
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:20,400
bunch of fluffy rabbits. 
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 

3347
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:24,100
when his power was at its peak, 
he has just signed the Treaty of

3348
03:02:24,108 --> 03:02:27,000
tilsit with Russia, which 
essentially divides Europe 

3349
03:02:27,000 --> 03:02:29,200
between him and Tsar. 
Alexander the firm as if they 

3350
03:02:29,200 --> 03:02:32,500
are splitting a pizza, the 
treaty negotiations, took place 

3351
03:02:32,500 --> 03:02:35,200
on a raft in the middle of the 
niemen river, which sounds 

3352
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:37,900
uncomfortable, but was 
apparently the fashionable way 

3353
03:02:37,900 --> 03:02:40,000
to conduct International 
diplomacy back there. 

3354
03:02:41,400 --> 03:02:43,500
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 
about himself. 

3355
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:47,700
He is 37 years old ruler of an 
Empire that stretches from Spain

3356
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:50,600
to Poland and he's just 
convinced one of Europe's. 

3357
03:02:50,600 --> 03:02:53,300
Most powerful rulers to be his 
friend in stead of his enemy. 

3358
03:02:53,900 --> 03:02:57,500
In his mind, the occasion calls 
for a celebration, this is not 

3359
03:02:57,500 --> 03:03:01,000
just any celebration but one 
that is fittingly Imperial and 

3360
03:03:01,000 --> 03:03:03,400
manly. 
So, what does the emperor France

3361
03:03:03,400 --> 03:03:05,500
decide to do? 
He wants to go hunting. 

3362
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:07,900
Specifically, he wants to go 
rabbit hunting. 

3363
03:03:08,800 --> 03:03:11,900
Now, this may seem like a 
perfectly reasonable way for a 

3364
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:15,700
powerful man to decompress after
all hunting was the traditional 

3365
03:03:15,700 --> 03:03:19,200
pastime of European nobility it 
showed you had Leisure Time, 

3366
03:03:19,200 --> 03:03:22,000
excellent, aim and weren't 
afraid to get a little dirt 

3367
03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:25,700
under your fingernails. 
This is where Napoleon's 

3368
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:29,200
personality begins to emerge. 
Napoleon cannot simply go 

3369
03:03:29,200 --> 03:03:30,800
hunting like any other 
individual. 

3370
03:03:30,800 --> 03:03:35,100
Everything has to be grand. 
Everything has to be perfect and

3371
03:03:35,100 --> 03:03:36,600
everything has to make a 
statement. 

3372
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,300
He doesn't want to wander 
through the woods, hoping to 

3373
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:42,300
spot a rabbit or two. 
He desires a hunt that is not 

3374
03:03:42,308 --> 03:03:45,900
only Grand but also spectacular 
a hunt that will leave a lasting

3375
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:48,500
impression. 
He turns to his chief of staff 

3376
03:03:48,500 --> 03:03:52,400
Alexandra Bertier, and tells him
to organize a rabbit hunt. 

3377
03:03:52,400 --> 03:03:56,200
This is not just any rabbit hunt
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 

3378
03:03:57,100 --> 03:04:00,100
The TA who is dealt with 
Napoleon's grandiose ideas for 

3379
03:04:00,100 --> 03:04:04,100
years probably sized internally 
but immediately gets to work. 

3380
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:08,200
After all, if your boss has just
conquered most of Europe, you 

3381
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:11,100
don't argue with him about 
party, planing the location 

3382
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:14,000
shows and is the grounds around 
Melbourne Napoleon's country 

3383
03:04:14,000 --> 03:04:16,600
estate. 
It's a beautiful property with 

3384
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:20,000
Rolling Hills scattered woods 
and plenty of open space. 

3385
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:25,000
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 
The plan is simple, invite all 

3386
03:04:25,000 --> 03:04:28,200
the important Military Officers 
and government officials release

3387
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:31,000
hundreds of rabbits into the 
countryside and then have a 

3388
03:04:31,008 --> 03:04:35,100
grand time chasing them down. 
You can imagine Napoleon's 

3389
03:04:35,100 --> 03:04:36,700
excitement as the plans come 
together. 

3390
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:40,900
He's probably pacing around his 
study hands clasped behind his 

3391
03:04:40,900 --> 03:04:44,400
back in that famous Posse 
detailing exactly how he wants 

3392
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,400
everything arranged. 
The weapons must be cleaned and 

3393
03:04:47,400 --> 03:04:49,400
prepared. 
The Refreshments must be 

3394
03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:51,700
perfect. 
And there must be many rabbits. 

3395
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:54,800
This phase is where Bertier 
starts to earn his reputation. 

3396
03:04:54,800 --> 03:04:57,200
As one of history's, most 
competent staff officers. 

3397
03:04:57,200 --> 03:05:00,500
He understands that his Emperor 
doesn't just want a Hunting 

3398
03:05:00,500 --> 03:05:02,900
Party. 
He wants a hunting party that 

3399
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:06,200
will become a legend. 
Bertier starts the planning 

3400
03:05:06,200 --> 03:05:08,000
process with the same 
meticulousness. 

3401
03:05:08,000 --> 03:05:10,100
He would apply to a military 
campaign. 

3402
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:13,500
First, he needs to secure the 
hunting grounds. 

3403
03:05:13,500 --> 03:05:16,700
The estate must be properly 
prepared with beaters, 

3404
03:05:16,700 --> 03:05:18,800
positioned to drive the rabbits 
toward the hunters. 

3405
03:05:18,800 --> 03:05:20,800
Then there's the matter of 
weapons. 

3406
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:25,100
Find hunting rifles, for all the
guests properly, maintained and 

3407
03:05:25,100 --> 03:05:29,300
cited food, and drinks should be
provided for the guests as they 

3408
03:05:29,300 --> 03:05:31,700
will undoubtedly engage in a 
LinkedIn day of outdoor 

3409
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,200
activities. 
They need to arrange 

3410
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:36,400
transportation to and from the 
hunting grounds. 

3411
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,200
It's starting to sound less like
a casual afternoon and more like

3412
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,600
a logistical operation. 
But most importantly, Bertier 

3413
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,500
needs rabbits Bertier. 
Requires an abundance of 

3414
03:05:46,500 --> 03:05:50,100
rabbits, the year is 1807, so 
it's not like he can just call 

3415
03:05:50,100 --> 03:05:51,900
up a rabbit supplier and place 
an order. 

3416
03:05:52,500 --> 03:05:55,000
He needs to find someone who can
provide hundreds of rabbits, on 

3417
03:05:55,000 --> 03:05:57,100
short notice. 
And they need to be the right 

3418
03:05:57,100 --> 03:06:01,100
kind of rabbits, healthy 
numerous and suitable for an 

3419
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,100
imperial Hunting Party. 
As you drift off tonight, 

3420
03:06:04,100 --> 03:06:07,900
picture Napoleon in his study 
completely absorbed in planning,

3421
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:11,200
what he thinks will be a perfect
day of hunting with no idea that

3422
03:06:11,200 --> 03:06:13,700
he's about to face one of the 
most embarrassing moments of his

3423
03:06:13,700 --> 03:06:16,500
career. 
So there's beta Napoleon's, most

3424
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:19,600
trusted organizer placing, what 
might seem like a simple task, 

3425
03:06:19,600 --> 03:06:23,000
get some rabbits for the 
emperor's hunting party, but you

3426
03:06:23,000 --> 03:06:25,200
know how it is when your boss 
wants something done perfectly 

3427
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,900
suddenly, even the simplest job 
comes complicated. 

3428
03:06:29,300 --> 03:06:32,000
Starts by doing what any 
sensible person would do. 

3429
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:35,600
He asks around? 
Where does one acquire? 

3430
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:37,700
Several hundred. 
Rabbits for hunting party. 

3431
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:40,900
It's not exactly the kind of 
question that comes up in normal

3432
03:06:40,900 --> 03:06:43,900
conversation. 
Oh, by the way, do you know 

3433
03:06:43,900 --> 03:06:47,000
anyone who has a few hundred 
rabbits lying around asking for 

3434
03:06:47,000 --> 03:06:49,500
an emperor? 
The answer it turns out is local

3435
03:06:49,500 --> 03:06:53,400
farmers and Rapid breeders. 
In early 19th century, France 

3436
03:06:53,400 --> 03:06:55,500
rabbit. 
Farming was actually quite 

3437
03:06:55,500 --> 03:06:59,300
common rabbits were reliable 
source of meat and fur. 

3438
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,900
They reproduced quickly and they
didn't require much space or 

3439
03:07:02,900 --> 03:07:05,700
expensive. 
Feed your average French farmer.

3440
03:07:05,700 --> 03:07:08,400
Probably had a dozen or so 
rabbits in hutches behind his 

3441
03:07:08,400 --> 03:07:11,000
house. 
But Bertier doesn't need a dozen

3442
03:07:11,000 --> 03:07:12,500
rabbits. 
He needs hundreds. 

3443
03:07:13,300 --> 03:07:16,000
So he starts sending out his 
assistance to every farm and 

3444
03:07:16,008 --> 03:07:18,400
rabbit breeder within a day's 
travel of Melissa. 

3445
03:07:19,000 --> 03:07:22,200
The message is simple. 
The emperor needs rabbits and he

3446
03:07:22,200 --> 03:07:25,000
needs them by a specific date. 
Money is no object. 

3447
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:28,100
Now, you can imagine the 
conversations this must have 

3448
03:07:28,100 --> 03:07:29,700
sparked in, French Farmhouse 
houses. 

3449
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:33,200
The emperor wants. 
Our rabbits does the emperor 

3450
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:37,200
want them all the hunting? 
Well, if Bonaparte wants rabbits

3451
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:41,100
Bonaparte gets rabbits. 
It probably seemed like the most

3452
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:43,100
patriotic thing. 
A rabbit farmer could do for 

3453
03:07:43,100 --> 03:07:45,700
France. 
Words quickly through the 

3454
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:49,100
farming communities imperial 
agent, soon contact, every 

3455
03:07:49,100 --> 03:07:52,100
rabbit, breeder in the region, 
the demand is so high. 

3456
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:54,900
That people start bringing 
rabbits from farther and farther

3457
03:07:54,900 --> 03:07:58,100
away, carts full of rabbit 
cages, start rolling toward 

3458
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:01,200
males on from all directions, 
but here's where things get 

3459
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:03,000
intriguing. 
And we're Bertier, makes what 

3460
03:08:03,000 --> 03:08:05,300
historians now recognizes as a 
crucial era. 

3461
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:08,900
He so focused on getting enough 
rabbits that he doesn't pay 

3462
03:08:08,900 --> 03:08:10,500
close attention to, what kind 
he's getting. 

3463
03:08:11,300 --> 03:08:14,000
You see, there are basically two
types of rabbits, you might 

3464
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:17,600
encounter in this situation. 
There are wild rabbits, the kind

3465
03:08:17,600 --> 03:08:20,300
that live in the woods and 
Fields that are naturally wary 

3466
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:22,700
of humans and will run away. 
The moment, they are released. 

3467
03:08:22,700 --> 03:08:26,000
These are the rabbits that would
make for proper hunting skittish

3468
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:28,800
Swift and inclined to scatter in
all directions. 

3469
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:32,500
The moment they sense Danger. 
Then there are domestic rabbits,

3470
03:08:32,500 --> 03:08:34,900
the kind that farmers raise for 
meat and fur. 

3471
03:08:34,900 --> 03:08:38,800
These rabbits have been bred for
generations to be docile welfare

3472
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,000
and comfortable around humans. 
They used to being handled and 

3473
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:45,200
used to being fed by people and 
they associate humans with food 

3474
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:49,000
and safety rather than Danger. 
But ya in his rushed to fulfill 

3475
03:08:49,000 --> 03:08:51,600
Napoleon's order ends up with a 
mix of both types. 

3476
03:08:51,600 --> 03:08:54,900
But here's the problem, the 
domestic rabbits vastly, 

3477
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:58,500
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 
local farmers and breeders are 

3478
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:00,600
supplying domestic rabbits 
because they have a larger 

3479
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:04,000
quantity of them and domestic 
rabbits, it turns out behave 

3480
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:06,200
very differently from wild. 
Rabbits, when released in to the

3481
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:09,300
countryside, as the day of the 
hunter approaches hundreds of 

3482
03:09:09,308 --> 03:09:11,500
rabbits in wooden. 
Cages are being transported to 

3483
03:09:11,500 --> 03:09:14,300
malm the logistics alone are 
impressive. 

3484
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:18,200
You've got dozens of cars. 
Each loaded with rabbit cages 

3485
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:21,500
converging on Napoleon's. 
Estate the rabbits are fed and 

3486
03:09:21,500 --> 03:09:25,100
watered kept in the shade and 
generally treated better than 

3487
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:26,800
many soldiers in Napoleon's 
Army. 

3488
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:30,300
The staff at malamis on is 
probably a bit bewildered by the

3489
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:33,800
whole operation. 
Stable boys are suddenly dealing

3490
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:35,800
with hundreds of rabbits, 
instead of horses. 

3491
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:38,800
The groundskeepers are being 
asked to help, prepare release 

3492
03:09:38,800 --> 03:09:41,500
points for the rabbits. 
The kitchen staff is also 

3493
03:09:41,500 --> 03:09:44,600
involved, as they must provide 
food for all the rabbits and the

3494
03:09:44,600 --> 03:09:47,200
hunt day. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 

3495
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:49,800
more and more excited about his 
upcoming Hunting Party. 

3496
03:09:49,800 --> 03:09:54,200
Napoleon is likely examining his
hunting rifle strategizing with 

3497
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:57,400
his officers and envisioning. 
The tales that will unfold from 

3498
03:09:57,400 --> 03:10:00,400
This Magnificent hunt. 
In his mind, it's going to be a 

3499
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:02,500
perfect day. 
Good weather, good company. 

3500
03:10:02,500 --> 03:10:04,900
And plenty of rabbits to provide
exciting sport. 

3501
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:07,800
Bertier. 
Meanwhile is dealing with the 

3502
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:10,600
Practical details. 
Could you please advise on the 

3503
03:10:10,600 --> 03:10:12,600
optimal location for releasing 
the rabbits? 

3504
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:14,600
How many should be released at 
once? 

3505
03:10:14,600 --> 03:10:18,000
Should they be released all at 
the same time or in waves to 

3506
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:19,600
keep the hunting interesting 
throughout the day? 

3507
03:10:20,600 --> 03:10:23,100
These are the kinds of questions
that don't come up in military 

3508
03:10:23,100 --> 03:10:26,100
planning but their crucial for a
successful Hunting Party. 

3509
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:29,600
The decision is made to release 
all the rabbits at once from 

3510
03:10:29,600 --> 03:10:32,700
several different points around 
the hunting grounds, the move 

3511
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,300
should provide plenty of targets
and ensure that the rabbit 

3512
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:38,200
scatter in all directions, 
giving everyone a good chance at

3513
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:40,800
some hunting. 
It seems like a perfectly 

3514
03:10:40,800 --> 03:10:44,600
reasonable plan, as you go to 
bed, imagine the rabbits in 

3515
03:10:44,600 --> 03:10:47,500
their cages unaware that they're
about to make history in the 

3516
03:10:47,500 --> 03:10:50,500
most unexpected way, the morning
of the great rabbit, hunt, 

3517
03:10:50,500 --> 03:10:53,200
Dawn's, clear, and bright the 
kind of summer day. 

3518
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:55,300
That makes you want to be 
outside doing something active. 

3519
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:58,300
Napoleon wakes up in an 
excellent mood. 

3520
03:10:58,300 --> 03:11:01,300
Probably humming to himself as 
he gets dressed in his hunting 

3521
03:11:01,300 --> 03:11:03,600
outfit. 
He's chosen his clothes 

3522
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,600
carefully elegant. 
But practical the fitting an 

3523
03:11:06,608 --> 03:11:08,800
emperor who's about to 
demonstrate his prowess. 

3524
03:11:08,800 --> 03:11:11,700
In the field, you can picture 
him standing in front of his 

3525
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:15,000
mirror, adjusting his coat. 
Making sure everything is 

3526
03:11:15,000 --> 03:11:17,300
perfect. 
This isn't just a hunting trip. 

3527
03:11:17,300 --> 03:11:20,900
It's a performance. 
Napoleon wants to present 

3528
03:11:20,900 --> 03:11:24,200
himself as a masterful huntsman 
to all the important people in 

3529
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:26,200
his government and Military who 
will be present. 

3530
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,300
The guests start arriving at 
malaise on in the late morning. 

3531
03:11:30,300 --> 03:11:33,500
These aren't just casual friends
invited for a day of sport. 

3532
03:11:33,500 --> 03:11:37,000
These are the power Brokers of 
the French Empire, Military 

3533
03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:39,100
Officers, who've helped Napoleon
conquer Europe. 

3534
03:11:39,100 --> 03:11:42,800
Government officials who run his
administration and diplomats who

3535
03:11:42,800 --> 03:11:45,800
negotiate his treaties, 
Everyone's dressed in their 

3536
03:11:45,800 --> 03:11:48,600
finest hunting attire, carrying 
beautiful rifles. 

3537
03:11:48,600 --> 03:11:51,600
Looking forward to a day of 
Imperial entertainment. 

3538
03:11:52,500 --> 03:11:56,400
The atmosphere is festive and 
relaxed after years of constant 

3539
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:58,200
Warfare. 
Everyone's ready for a break. 

3540
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:02,000
Treaty of tilsit has brought a 
temporary peace to Europe and 

3541
03:12:02,000 --> 03:12:05,000
for the first time in years 
Napoleon's, Inner Circle can 

3542
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:07,500
gather without discussing 
military campaigns or political 

3543
03:12:07,500 --> 03:12:10,800
crises is just going to be a 
pleasant day of hunting tasty 

3544
03:12:10,800 --> 03:12:13,700
food and masculine camaraderie. 
Bertier. 

3545
03:12:13,700 --> 03:12:16,200
Meanwhile, is running around 
making sure everything is 

3546
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:18,400
perfect. 
He's coordinating with the 

3547
03:12:18,400 --> 03:12:20,600
beaters, who will drive the 
rabbits toward the hunters. 

3548
03:12:20,600 --> 03:12:23,600
Checking that the refreshment 
stations are properly stocked 

3549
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:25,700
and making sure all the rifles 
are in. 

3550
03:12:25,700 --> 03:12:29,300
Excellent working order. 
He is also supervising the final

3551
03:12:29,300 --> 03:12:30,900
preparations for the Rapid 
Release. 

3552
03:12:31,800 --> 03:12:34,000
Throughout the hunting grounds. 
The rabbits themselves are 

3553
03:12:34,000 --> 03:12:37,600
placed in key, locations of 
cages are scattered through the 

3554
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,500
woods and Fields. 
Each one containing several 

3555
03:12:40,500 --> 03:12:44,700
rabbits ready to be released on 
Signal The plan is beautifully. 

3556
03:12:44,700 --> 03:12:48,400
Simple, when Napoleon gives the 
word, all the cages will be open

3557
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:51,000
simultaneously. 
Releasing a small army of 

3558
03:12:51,000 --> 03:12:54,500
rabbits in to the countryside. 
The hunters will then fan out 

3559
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:58,100
and begin their sport. 
What nobody realizes that the 

3560
03:12:58,100 --> 03:13:00,700
majority of these rabbits of 
spent their entire lives in 

3561
03:13:00,700 --> 03:13:03,800
captivity. 
They've been hand fed by Farmers

3562
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:08,000
handled by humans and generally 
treated as livestock rather than

3563
03:13:08,000 --> 03:13:10,800
wild animals. 
They don't have the instincts 

3564
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:12,900
that would make them good 
hunting targets, they don't 

3565
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:14,200
know. 
They're supposed to be afraid of

3566
03:13:14,200 --> 03:13:17,500
humans. 
The Hunting Party gathers in the

3567
03:13:17,500 --> 03:13:20,800
main field and Napoleon gives a 
little speech about the day's 

3568
03:13:20,800 --> 03:13:23,500
activities. 
He's in his element commanding 

3569
03:13:23,500 --> 03:13:26,500
attention, setting the tone for 
what he expects to be a 

3570
03:13:26,500 --> 03:13:28,800
memorable day. 
The rifles are loaded. 

3571
03:13:28,800 --> 03:13:32,100
The beaters are in position and 
everyone's ready for the grand 

3572
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:35,100
release. 
Bertier, gives the signal and 

3573
03:13:35,100 --> 03:13:37,900
all across the hunting grounds 
caged doors, swing open. 

3574
03:13:38,800 --> 03:13:42,200
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 
into the sunshine, probably 

3575
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:45,300
blinking in the southern 
brightness and looking around to

3576
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:48,700
get their bearings. 
For a brief moment, everything 

3577
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:50,400
appears to be proceeding as 
planned. 

3578
03:13:50,400 --> 03:13:54,200
The hunters spread out across 
the field rifles, ready 

3579
03:13:54,200 --> 03:13:57,800
expecting the rabbits to scatter
in all directions and provide 

3580
03:13:57,800 --> 03:14:01,800
them with moving targets. 
Napoleon himself takes a 

3581
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:02,900
position in the center of the 
field. 

3582
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:05,500
Probably. 
Feeling very satisfied with how 

3583
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:08,600
well everything is organized. 
But then something unexpected 

3584
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:11,700
happens in running away from the
humans. 

3585
03:14:11,700 --> 03:14:14,900
The rabbits start moving toward 
them, not just a few rabbits, 

3586
03:14:14,900 --> 03:14:18,600
but dozens of them, then 
hundreds, they're hopping across

3587
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:20,000
the field with what appears to 
be. 

3588
03:14:20,008 --> 03:14:22,900
Determination heading straight 
for the hunting party. 

3589
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:26,300
At first, the scene probably 
seems amusing rather than 

3590
03:14:26,300 --> 03:14:29,400
alarming, maybe Napoleon 
Chuckles and makes a joke about 

3591
03:14:29,400 --> 03:14:30,300
Brave. 
Rabbits. 

3592
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,300
Maybe some of the officers laugh
about, rabbits, that don't know.

3593
03:14:33,300 --> 03:14:35,000
They're supposed to be afraid of
hunters. 

3594
03:14:35,000 --> 03:14:38,900
It's quirky and unexpected but 
not necessarily problematic. 

3595
03:14:38,900 --> 03:14:42,400
But the rabbits keep coming and 
more rabbits, keep emerging from

3596
03:14:42,400 --> 03:14:45,500
the woods and in stead of 
providing moving targets running

3597
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:48,200
away from the hunters. 
They're converging on the humans

3598
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:52,100
like their expecting something, 
which of course they are. 

3599
03:14:52,100 --> 03:14:56,000
They are expecting to be fed, 
just like they've been fed every

3600
03:14:56,000 --> 03:15:00,100
day of their lives. 
The Hunting Party Starts to 

3601
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:02,800
realize that something is going 
very wrong with their carefully 

3602
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:05,800
planned day of sport. 
These aren't wild rabbits 

3603
03:15:05,800 --> 03:15:08,500
behaving, like wild rabbits, 
these are domestic. 

3604
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:11,600
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,
rabbits and domestic rabbits 

3605
03:15:11,600 --> 03:15:14,000
have very different ideas about 
what humans are for. 

3606
03:15:15,000 --> 03:15:18,100
As you drift off to sleep. 
Imagine Napoleon standing in 

3607
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:21,100
that field rifle. 
In he observing hundreds of 

3608
03:15:21,108 --> 03:15:24,300
rabbits, hopping toward him with
an unmistakable confidence and 

3609
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:27,400
beginning to realize that his 
perfect Hunting Party is about 

3610
03:15:27,400 --> 03:15:29,600
to transform into something 
entirely different. 

3611
03:15:29,600 --> 03:15:32,700
Healing, do you recall the 
moment when you become aware of 

3612
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:35,700
a dire situation? 
Yet uncertain about how to 

3613
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:38,500
address it? 
That's exactly where Napoleon 

3614
03:15:38,500 --> 03:15:42,000
finds himself as hundreds of 
rabbits, continue hopping toward

3615
03:15:42,000 --> 03:15:45,500
the hunting party with what can 
only be described as enthusiasm 

3616
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:49,000
at first, the situation is more 
puzzling than alarming. 

3617
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:51,100
These are supposed to be prey 
animals. 

3618
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:54,000
After all, they're supposed to 
run away when they see humans 

3619
03:15:54,000 --> 03:15:57,500
with rifles instead, there are 
approaching like they're 

3620
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:00,500
expecting a handout. 
Some of the officers are still 

3621
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:04,000
chuckling nervously making jokes
about Fearless French rabbits 

3622
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:08,000
showing their patriotic spirit. 
But the rabbits keep coming and 

3623
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:10,800
they're not just approaching 
their surrounding the hunting 

3624
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:12,800
party. 
It's like watching a slow 

3625
03:16:12,800 --> 03:16:14,900
motion. 
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 

3626
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:17,500
ears. 
The rabbits hopped closer and 

3627
03:16:17,500 --> 03:16:20,500
closer, and some of them start 
doing what domestic rabbits do 

3628
03:16:20,500 --> 03:16:22,000
when they want attention from 
humans. 

3629
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:26,000
They start climbing picture, 
imagine Napoleon, the emperor of

3630
03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:29,400
France and Conquer of Europe, 
standing in a field As Rabbits 

3631
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:33,100
begin hopping onto his boots, 
then on to his legs, then up 

3632
03:16:33,100 --> 03:16:35,500
with his coat. 
These aren't tiny rabbits, 

3633
03:16:35,500 --> 03:16:38,700
either, these are well-fed farm,
rabbits, some of them weighing 

3634
03:16:38,700 --> 03:16:41,400
several pounds each and their 
treating Napoleon, like he's 

3635
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:43,200
their favorite farmer coming to 
feed them. 

3636
03:16:44,000 --> 03:16:46,100
The other Hunters are 
experiencing the same problem, 

3637
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:49,100
rabbits are climbing all over 
them getting tangled in their 

3638
03:16:49,100 --> 03:16:52,000
hunting gear and generally 
behaving like overly Friendly 

3639
03:16:52,000 --> 03:16:55,800
Pets rather than Wild game. 
Some of the officers are trying 

3640
03:16:55,808 --> 03:16:58,800
to gently push the rabbits away,
but there are too many of them 

3641
03:16:58,800 --> 03:17:03,300
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 

3642
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:07,000
rapidly turning to irritation. 
This is not how an imperial 

3643
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:09,900
Hunting Party supposed to go. 
He's supposed to be 

3644
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:13,500
demonstrating his, Marksmanship 
enjoying civilized Sport with 

3645
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,300
his colleagues and creating 
stories that will enhance his 

3646
03:17:16,300 --> 03:17:19,300
reputation. 
Instead he's being overwhelmed 

3647
03:17:19,300 --> 03:17:22,800
by affectionate rabbits. 
The situation gets worse when 

3648
03:17:22,800 --> 03:17:25,300
the rabbits starting exhibiting 
more, aggressive behavior. 

3649
03:17:26,100 --> 03:17:28,500
They are not aggressive in the 
sense of attacking but 

3650
03:17:28,500 --> 03:17:31,200
aggressive in the sense of 
relentlessly pursuing their 

3651
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:35,000
desires and what they want, have
been trained by a lifetime of 

3652
03:17:35,000 --> 03:17:37,200
human. 
Interaction is food and 

3653
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:39,400
attention from these humans who 
have appeared in their 

3654
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,300
territory. 
Some of the larger rabbits begin

3655
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:45,300
to exhibit Boulder Behavior. 
They're not just climbing on the

3656
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:47,200
hunters. 
There are exploring Pockets 

3657
03:17:47,200 --> 03:17:50,200
chewing on clothing and 
generally, treating The Hunting 

3658
03:17:50,200 --> 03:17:53,900
Party like a mobile petting zoo 
Napoleon finds himself with 

3659
03:17:53,900 --> 03:17:57,300
rabbits in his coat Pockets 
rabbits tugging at his buttons 

3660
03:17:57,300 --> 03:18:00,100
and rabbits, that seemed 
determined to climb all the way 

3661
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:03,500
up to his shoulders. 
The rifles intended for hunting 

3662
03:18:03,500 --> 03:18:05,500
turn into completely useless 
tools. 

3663
03:18:05,500 --> 03:18:08,300
You can't shoot at rabbits that 
are climbing all over you 

3664
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:10,500
without risking injury, to 
yourself or your fellow hunters.

3665
03:18:10,500 --> 03:18:13,700
And even if you could get a 
clear shot, these rabbits are so

3666
03:18:13,708 --> 03:18:16,000
tame and friendly that shooting 
them would feel less like 

3667
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:18,300
hunting and more like Massacre 
Bertier. 

3668
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:21,800
Watching this disaster on fold. 
Probably realizes exactly what 

3669
03:18:21,800 --> 03:18:24,800
went wrong. instead of 
encountering wild, rabbits 

3670
03:18:24,800 --> 03:18:29,000
Bettie has encountered, domestic
rabbits who view humans as 

3671
03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:31,800
sources of food and comfort, 
rather than as potential 

3672
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:35,600
predators But realizing the 
problem and fixing it, a two 

3673
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:37,200
different things, especially 
when you're dealing with 

3674
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:40,600
hundreds of determined rabbits, 
the hunters try various 

3675
03:18:40,600 --> 03:18:43,900
strategies to deal with their 
situation, some attempt to walk 

3676
03:18:43,900 --> 03:18:46,300
away from the rabbits but the 
rabbit simply follow them. 

3677
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:48,500
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

3678
03:18:48,500 --> 03:18:52,300
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

3679
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:55,400
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

3680
03:18:55,400 --> 03:18:58,300
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

3681
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:01,100
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

3682
03:19:01,100 --> 03:19:04,300
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

3683
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:07,300
to remove one rabbit from his 
person, two more, take its 

3684
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:09,600
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

3685
03:19:09,600 --> 03:19:12,200
Outfit is getting covered in a 
rabbit fur and possibly other 

3686
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:13,700
things that rabbits leave 
behind. 

3687
03:19:14,600 --> 03:19:17,000
The other members of The Hunting
Party having their struggles. 

3688
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:20,400
These men important government 
officials and Military Officers 

3689
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:23,100
are accustomed to receiving 
respect and deference. 

3690
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:26,800
Instead they're being treated 
like walking Rabbit toys by an 

3691
03:19:26,800 --> 03:19:30,800
army of overly friendly farm 
animals, the beaters who were 

3692
03:19:30,800 --> 03:19:33,300
supposed to drive the rabbits 
toward the hunters a standing 

3693
03:19:33,300 --> 03:19:36,200
around looking confused. 
Their job was to make sure the 

3694
03:19:36,200 --> 03:19:37,600
rabbits ran in the right 
direction. 

3695
03:19:37,600 --> 03:19:40,000
But these rabbits don't need to 
be driven anywhere. 

3696
03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:44,400
The rabbits are precisely where 
they should be swarming all over

3697
03:19:44,400 --> 03:19:46,300
the humans. 
They believe are there to feed 

3698
03:19:46,300 --> 03:19:48,700
them. 
As the situation continues to 

3699
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:51,100
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 
giving orders. 

3700
03:19:51,100 --> 03:19:54,800
He's a military commander after 
all and his instinct when faced 

3701
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:57,700
with a crisis is to take charge 
and start issuing commands. 

3702
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:00,900
What exactly do you instruct 
when you're being surrounded by 

3703
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:04,500
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 

3704
03:20:04,500 --> 03:20:07,500
Imperial tonight. 
As you settle in picture, 

3705
03:20:07,500 --> 03:20:10,600
Napoleon standing in that field,
his Imperial composure, 

3706
03:20:10,600 --> 03:20:13,000
beginning to crack as he 
realizes that he's about to 

3707
03:20:13,000 --> 03:20:14,500
suffer. 
One of the most ridiculous 

3708
03:20:14,500 --> 03:20:17,400
defeats of his career. 
At the hands of creatures, that 

3709
03:20:17,400 --> 03:20:20,700
weigh less than his boots. 
Every disaster culminates in a 

3710
03:20:20,708 --> 03:20:23,500
realization that maintaining 
dignity is no longer a luxury. 

3711
03:20:24,400 --> 03:20:28,000
For Napoleon that moment arrives
when a particularly large rabbit

3712
03:20:28,000 --> 03:20:31,100
managers to climb all the way up
his coat and perch on his 

3713
03:20:31,100 --> 03:20:33,500
shoulder. 
Like some kind of furry floppy, 

3714
03:20:33,500 --> 03:20:36,600
eared parrot. 
The emperor of France, the man 

3715
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:39,000
who has stared down the armies 
of Austria Prussia and Russia 

3716
03:20:39,000 --> 03:20:43,300
fighting himself in the utterly 
ridiculous position of being 

3717
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,600
unable to dislodge a single 
rabbit from his personal without

3718
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:48,800
losing his balance and 
potentially falling over. 

3719
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:51,900
naturally dozens of other 
rabbits surround His Feet 

3720
03:20:51,900 --> 03:20:55,100
hopping back and forth, 
rendering any abrupt movement, 

3721
03:20:55,100 --> 03:20:58,100
hazardous You can imagine the 
thoughts going through 

3722
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,200
Napoleon's head at this moment. 
This is supposed to be a 

3723
03:21:01,200 --> 03:21:04,200
relaxing day of sport. 
A chance to unwind with his 

3724
03:21:04,200 --> 03:21:07,400
closest Associates and enjoy 
some traditional aristocratic 

3725
03:21:07,400 --> 03:21:11,000
entertainment. 
Instead an army of overly 

3726
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:14,000
affectionate farm animals is 
treating him like a jungle gym. 

3727
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:16,500
The other Hunters are faring, 
know better. 

3728
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,600
The creatures that eat lettuce 
are defeating these seasoned 

3729
03:21:19,600 --> 03:21:22,300
Military Officers who have 
charged into battle without 

3730
03:21:22,300 --> 03:21:24,500
flinching. 
Some of them are trying to 

3731
03:21:24,500 --> 03:21:27,500
maintain their composure, but 
it's hard to look dignified when

3732
03:21:27,500 --> 03:21:30,000
you're covered in rabbit fur and
there's a rabbit trying to nest 

3733
03:21:30,000 --> 03:21:33,800
in your hat. 
The situation reaches its peak, 

3734
03:21:33,800 --> 03:21:37,800
when someone history doesn't 
record, who makes the Fatal 

3735
03:21:37,800 --> 03:21:39,800
mistake of trying to run away 
from the rabbits. 

3736
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:43,000
Perhaps, it's one of the young 
girl, officers, someone who 

3737
03:21:43,000 --> 03:21:44,600
thinks he can simply outrun the 
problem. 

3738
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:47,500
But running turns out to be 
exactly the wrong strategy, 

3739
03:21:47,500 --> 03:21:50,700
because it triggers every 
rabbits instinct to chase after 

3740
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:53,500
something that's moving. 
Suddenly instead of just 

3741
03:21:53,500 --> 03:21:56,100
climbing on the stationary 
humans, the rabbits start 

3742
03:21:56,108 --> 03:21:59,700
hopping off to the running 
humans and rabbits, it turns out

3743
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:04,000
a surprise when they want to be.
They can hop at speeds of up to 

3744
03:22:04,008 --> 03:22:07,400
25 miles per hour, which is 
considerably fast than most 

3745
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:10,400
humans can run while carrying 
hunting rifles and wearing 

3746
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:14,300
formal hunting attire. 
Napoleon seeing one of his 

3747
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:17,100
officers being chased across the
field by a horde of bouncing, 

3748
03:22:17,100 --> 03:22:20,800
rabbits probably realizes that 
the situation has moved Beyond 

3749
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:24,300
embarrassing and into the realm 
of the completely absurd. 

3750
03:22:25,000 --> 03:22:27,400
This is the kind of seen that 
would be funny if it were 

3751
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:30,500
happening to someone else but is
absolutely mortifying when it's 

3752
03:22:30,500 --> 03:22:34,200
happening to you. 
The decision is reached though. 

3753
03:22:34,200 --> 03:22:37,500
It is not entirely clear who 
made it that the Hunting Party 

3754
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:40,000
should retreat. 
It's not a tactical 

3755
03:22:40,000 --> 03:22:43,300
repositioning or a strategic 
withdrawal, but a genuine 

3756
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:47,300
Retreat from an army of rabbits.
Napoleon who is never retreated 

3757
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:50,300
from a human enemy is about to 
retreat from a bunch of farm 

3758
03:22:50,300 --> 03:22:53,400
animals, but retreating from 
Rabbits, turned out to be more 

3759
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,000
complicated than retreating from
say, Austrian Cavalry. 

3760
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:58,800
The rabbits don't understand 
military protocol. 

3761
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:01,800
They don't recognize Flags or 
ceasefire signals. 

3762
03:23:01,800 --> 03:23:05,000
They just see their favorite 
humans trying to leave and their

3763
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:08,400
determined to follow. 
The hunting party starts moving 

3764
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:10,900
toward their carriages, but the 
rabbits move with them. 

3765
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,300
It's like trying to evacuate a 
building while being followed by

3766
03:23:14,300 --> 03:23:16,400
100s of overly enthusiastic 
pets. 

3767
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:20,200
Every step toward the carriages 
is accompanied by a bouncing 

3768
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,100
escort of rabbits who seem to 
think their presence is the most

3769
03:23:23,100 --> 03:23:25,500
entertaining thing that's ever 
happened to them. 

3770
03:23:25,500 --> 03:23:27,900
Napoleon trying to maintain 
some. 

3771
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:31,500
Semblance of Imperial dignity 
walks as calmly as he can toward

3772
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:34,200
his Carriage, but it's hard to 
look Imperial. 

3773
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:37,200
When you're brushing rabbits off
your coat, every few steps and 

3774
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:38,700
there's rabbit fur floating 
around. 

3775
03:23:38,700 --> 03:23:42,700
You like some kind of Barnyard 
snowstorm The carriages when 

3776
03:23:42,700 --> 03:23:44,700
they finally reach them present 
their problems. 

3777
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:49,200
The rabbits completely terrify 
the horses horses and rabbits 

3778
03:23:49,200 --> 03:23:52,400
don't normally interact and the 
horses aren't sure what to make 

3779
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:54,700
of these small bounce and 
creatures that keep hopping 

3780
03:23:54,700 --> 03:23:57,600
around their hooves. 
Some of the horses are dancing. 

3781
03:23:57,600 --> 03:24:01,200
Nervously, others are trying to 
back away and the Coachmen are 

3782
03:24:01,200 --> 03:24:02,400
struggling to keep them under 
control. 

3783
03:24:03,500 --> 03:24:06,100
Getting into the carriages 
becomes an operation in itself. 

3784
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:09,300
The moment someone opens a 
carriage door rabbit start 

3785
03:24:09,300 --> 03:24:12,400
trying to hop inside they're not
being malicious, they just want 

3786
03:24:12,400 --> 03:24:15,100
to continue their interaction 
with these fascinating humans. 

3787
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:18,900
But having a carriage full of 
rabbits, is not exactly what 

3788
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:21,300
Napoleon had in mind for his 
dignified departure. 

3789
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,700
The scene becomes increasingly 
chaotic as The Hunting Party 

3790
03:24:25,700 --> 03:24:28,300
tries to separate themselves 
from their rabbit and Meyers 

3791
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:31,600
Some of the officers are 
literally having to pick rabbits

3792
03:24:31,600 --> 03:24:34,500
off themselves and set them down
before climbing into carriages, 

3793
03:24:34,500 --> 03:24:37,600
others are trying to create 
barriers to keep the rabbits 

3794
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,800
from following them. 
Napoleon finally makes it to his

3795
03:24:40,800 --> 03:24:43,500
Carriage probably with less 
Grace than he's used to 

3796
03:24:43,500 --> 03:24:47,000
displaying in public. 
The Coachman, whose never dealt 

3797
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:49,900
with a rabbit Siege before is 
doing his best to keep the 

3798
03:24:49,900 --> 03:24:51,800
rabbits from climbing onto the 
carriage itself. 

3799
03:24:52,700 --> 03:24:55,300
Some of the more athletic 
rabbits are actually managing to

3800
03:24:55,300 --> 03:24:57,600
hop onto the running boards and 
peer into the windows. 

3801
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:01,400
As you drift off tonight. 
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 

3802
03:25:01,400 --> 03:25:05,200
Carriage, looking out at a field
full of rabbits who have 

3803
03:25:05,200 --> 03:25:08,000
probably wondering why their new
human friends are leaving and 

3804
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:10,300
trying to figure out how he's 
going to explain the matter to 

3805
03:25:10,308 --> 03:25:12,200
anyone. 
The carriage ride back to 

3806
03:25:12,200 --> 03:25:14,900
Melissa, is probably one of the 
most awkward Journeys in 

3807
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:18,500
Napoleon's life. 
Here he is the Emperor France 

3808
03:25:18,500 --> 03:25:21,300
fresh from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

3809
03:25:21,300 --> 03:25:24,800
history and he has to sit there 
with rabbit first still clinging

3810
03:25:24,800 --> 03:25:26,800
to his coat while pretending 
that what just happened. 

3811
03:25:26,800 --> 03:25:29,700
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the silence in 

3812
03:25:29,700 --> 03:25:32,300
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

3813
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:35,100
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

3814
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:37,600
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

3815
03:25:37,600 --> 03:25:39,800
way that appears impressive 
rather than absurd? 

3816
03:25:40,500 --> 03:25:44,300
Napoleon who typically possesses
a wealth of words, like he 

3817
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:47,200
spends the entire Journey 
attempting to contextualize This

3818
03:25:47,200 --> 03:25:49,600
Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

3819
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:51,500
with their own awkward 
situations. 

3820
03:25:51,500 --> 03:25:54,100
These are high ranking military 
officers and government 

3821
03:25:54,100 --> 03:25:56,200
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

3822
03:25:56,200 --> 03:25:59,500
defies all their training and 
experience they've been in 

3823
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:02,200
battles. 
They've negotiated trees and 

3824
03:26:02,200 --> 03:26:04,800
they've dealt with political 
crises, but none of that 

3825
03:26:04,800 --> 03:26:07,400
prepared them for being climbed 
on by overly friendly farm 

3826
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:10,000
animals. 
Some officers may be joking to 

3827
03:26:10,000 --> 03:26:12,800
lighten the mood, but what do 
you joke about when rabbits have

3828
03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:15,800
just defeated your Emperor? 
Others are maintaining a 

3829
03:26:15,800 --> 03:26:18,900
dignified silence pretending 
that nothing unusual has 

3830
03:26:18,900 --> 03:26:20,700
happened. 
A few are probably already 

3831
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,700
trying to figure out how to tell
the story to their wives without

3832
03:26:23,700 --> 03:26:27,400
sounding completely insane. 
meanwhile back at the hunting 

3833
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:31,400
grounds Bertier is left to deal 
with the aftermath But he a must

3834
03:26:31,400 --> 03:26:33,700
decide how to handle the 
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 

3835
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:35,800
The estate. 
He can't just leave them there. 

3836
03:26:35,800 --> 03:26:38,300
They're not wild rabbits. 
So they don't know how to 

3837
03:26:38,300 --> 03:26:41,600
survive on their own, but he 
also can't exactly round them 

3838
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:44,900
all up and return them to their 
original owners because that 

3839
03:26:44,900 --> 03:26:46,600
would require admitting what 
happened. 

3840
03:26:47,500 --> 03:26:50,200
The estate staff is probably 
having the strangest day of 

3841
03:26:50,208 --> 03:26:52,900
their careers, the 
groundskeepers who were 

3842
03:26:52,900 --> 03:26:55,900
expecting to help with a normal 
Hunting Party are now dealing 

3843
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:57,500
with a rabbit population 
explosion. 

3844
03:26:58,300 --> 03:27:01,700
The stable hands are trying to 
calm down horses who are stilled

3845
03:27:01,700 --> 03:27:04,600
by the mornings events. 
Everyone is attempting to 

3846
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:07,100
restore some semblance of 
normalcy to the once peaceful 

3847
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:10,300
country estate. 
Word of the rabbit incident 

3848
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,400
starts spreading almost 
immediately, despite everyone's 

3849
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:16,000
best efforts to keep it quiet 
servants. 

3850
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,000
Talk to other servants, Coachmen
share stories with other 

3851
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:21,800
Coachmen and pretty soon. 
The tale is making its way 

3852
03:27:21,800 --> 03:27:23,500
through the Social Circle of 
Paris. 

3853
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:26,700
Stories, that spread aren't 
exactly accurate. 

3854
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:30,400
There are embellished 
exaggerated and twisted into 

3855
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:33,100
something, even more ridiculous 
than what actually happened. 

3856
03:27:33,900 --> 03:27:36,600
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 
with a crisis of public 

3857
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:39,300
relations. 
Napoleon has established his 

3858
03:27:39,300 --> 03:27:43,300
reputation by being Invincible. 
Mastering every situation and 

3859
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:45,300
never letting anyone catch him 
off guard. 

3860
03:27:45,300 --> 03:27:48,400
The idea that he could be 
defeated by a bunch of rabbits, 

3861
03:27:48,400 --> 03:27:51,700
is exactly the kind of story 
that his political enemies would

3862
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:54,900
love to spread around Europe. 
The official version of events 

3863
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:57,000
that emerges is carefully, 
sanitized. 

3864
03:27:57,000 --> 03:28:00,600
The hunting party was successful
and enjoyable, the emperor 

3865
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:03,900
demonstrated his excellent 
Marksmanship and everyone had a 

3866
03:28:03,908 --> 03:28:07,300
thoroughly Imperial time. 
Any mention of rabbits behaving.

3867
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,900
Unusually is carefully omitted 
from the official records, but 

3868
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:12,600
you can't completely suppress a 
story. 

3869
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,200
This good Whispers and private 
letters circulate the rabbit 

3870
03:28:16,200 --> 03:28:19,300
incident as a historical 
anecdote Military Officers. 

3871
03:28:19,300 --> 03:28:22,600
Tell the story to their friends,
government officials, share it 

3872
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:24,300
with their families and 
gradually. 

3873
03:28:24,300 --> 03:28:26,700
It becomes part of The 
Unofficial history of Napoleon's

3874
03:28:26,700 --> 03:28:31,000
reign, The irony lies in the 
fact that this absurd rabbit 

3875
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:34,100
defeat occurs during the 
Pinnacle of Napoleon's power. 

3876
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:36,800
He's just negotiated the Treaty 
of tilsit. 

3877
03:28:36,800 --> 03:28:39,800
He controls most of Europe and 
he's at the peak of his 

3878
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:41,200
political and Military 
influence. 

3879
03:28:42,100 --> 03:28:45,800
However he finds himself 
completely powerless against a 

3880
03:28:45,800 --> 03:28:48,800
group of domestic, rabbits who 
merely seek food and affection. 

3881
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:53,200
Years later when Napoleon is in 
Exile on Saint Helena, he 

3882
03:28:53,200 --> 03:28:56,400
probably has plenty of time to 
reflect on the rabbit incident. 

3883
03:28:56,400 --> 03:28:59,700
The story becomes, increasingly 
humorous, over time and 

3884
03:28:59,700 --> 03:29:03,300
distance, yet it all serves as a
poignant illustration of how 

3885
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:05,800
even the most powerful 
individuals can succumb to 

3886
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:10,700
unforeseen circumstances. 38, 
meanwhile, learns a valuable 

3887
03:29:10,700 --> 03:29:14,100
lesson about the importance of 
understanding your resources. 

3888
03:29:14,100 --> 03:29:17,400
He has successfully managed 
military logistics for some of 

3889
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:19,600
the most complex campaigns in 
European history. 

3890
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:23,100
But his failure to distinguish 
between wild and domestic 

3891
03:29:23,100 --> 03:29:27,400
rabbits has led to his defeat 
Probably not a mistake he'll 

3892
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,600
ever make again. 
The rabbits themselves have had 

3893
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:32,800
their brief moment of historical
significance. 

3894
03:29:32,800 --> 03:29:35,900
Our eventually rounded up and 
returned to more conventional 

3895
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:38,500
lives. 
Some probably end up back on 

3896
03:29:38,500 --> 03:29:41,000
farms. 
Others might be relocated to 

3897
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:42,700
areas where they can live more 
naturally. 

3898
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:47,400
But for one morning in 1807, 
they were the most important 

3899
03:29:47,400 --> 03:29:50,300
creatures in France as you 
settle in for the night. 

3900
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:53,300
Think about how this story 
reveals something essential 

3901
03:29:53,300 --> 03:29:56,500
about human nature, no matter 
how powerful or important we 

3902
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,500
become were all just one 
encounter with unexpected, 

3903
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:01,900
rabbits away from looking 
completely ridiculous. 

3904
03:30:01,900 --> 03:30:05,600
The beautiful thing about 
Napoleon's rapid incident is how

3905
03:30:05,600 --> 03:30:07,300
it perfectly captures the 
absurdity. 

3906
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:09,600
That looks beneath all human 
pretension. 

3907
03:30:10,400 --> 03:30:12,500
Here we have the most powerful 
man in Europe. 

3908
03:30:12,500 --> 03:30:15,600
Someone who has literally 
reshaped the political landscape

3909
03:30:15,600 --> 03:30:19,000
of an entire continent and he's 
brought down by creatures. 

3910
03:30:19,000 --> 03:30:22,800
Most people consider suitable 
for children's petting zoos, The

3911
03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:26,200
stories continued survival, 
despite everyone's best efforts 

3912
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:28,400
to suppress it adds to its 
Delight. 

3913
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:31,800
Napoleon's government certainly 
didn't want this story getting 

3914
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:35,200
out and most of the participants
probably preferred not to talk 

3915
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:38,500
about their morning being 
overwhelmed by farm animals, but

3916
03:30:38,500 --> 03:30:40,700
the story was simply too good to
stay buried. 

3917
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:44,400
Over the years, the rabbit 
incident has taken on a life of 

3918
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:47,700
its own each telling, like all 
good, historical anecdotes 

3919
03:30:47,700 --> 03:30:49,800
embellishes and exaggerates the 
story. 

3920
03:30:50,700 --> 03:30:53,600
In certain Renditions, thousands
of rabbits, completely 

3921
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:56,000
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 
versions. 

3922
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:59,300
The rapid attack actually, 
injures Napoleon some stories 

3923
03:30:59,300 --> 03:31:00,900
claim. 
The rabbits were deliberately 

3924
03:31:00,900 --> 03:31:04,000
released as part of a practical 
joke, While others suggest they 

3925
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:06,400
were trained to attack rabbits 
deployed by his enemies. 

3926
03:31:06,400 --> 03:31:10,300
The truth, as you now know, is 
both more mundane and more 

3927
03:31:10,300 --> 03:31:13,600
amusing than the legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits, 

3928
03:31:13,600 --> 03:31:15,400
and they weren't trying to 
attack anyone. 

3929
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:18,600
He was simply a case of domestic
rabbits behaving, like, domestic

3930
03:31:18,600 --> 03:31:21,700
rabbits, treating humans as 
sources of food and comfort 

3931
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:25,300
rather than as predators to be 
avoided, but the story endures 

3932
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:28,200
because it reveals something 
important about power and Human 

3933
03:31:28,200 --> 03:31:31,300
Nature. 
Napoleon dedicated the majority 

3934
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:34,200
of his career to demonstrating 
his ability to sum out any 

3935
03:31:34,200 --> 03:31:37,400
challenge through his unwavering
determination, strategic 

3936
03:31:37,400 --> 03:31:40,400
planning and exceptional 
organizational skills. 

3937
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:44,900
He defeated armies conquered 
Nations and rewrote the laws of 

3938
03:31:44,900 --> 03:31:47,800
entire societies. 
However, he was unable to 

3939
03:31:47,800 --> 03:31:50,300
overcome a group of hungry, 
rabbits, there's something 

3940
03:31:50,300 --> 03:31:53,600
deeply satisfying about this 
story for those of us who 

3941
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:56,500
sometimes feel overwhelmed by 
the ordinary challenges of daily

3942
03:31:56,500 --> 03:31:59,100
life. 
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 

3943
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:01,800
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor
setbacks don't carry such 

3944
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:05,000
embarrassment, maybe getting 
flustered by a technology 

3945
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:08,700
problem or being outwitted by a 
household pet, or failing to 

3946
03:32:08,700 --> 03:32:11,200
assemble a piece of furniture 
properly, puts us, in pretty 

3947
03:32:11,208 --> 03:32:14,500
good company. 
The rabbit incident also 

3948
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,000
highlights, the importance of 
understanding your resources, 

3949
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,300
and your environment. 
Bertier was an excellent 

3950
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:23,400
organizer, but he failed to ask 
the right questions about the 

3951
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:26,500
rabbits he was acquiring. 
He focused on quantity rather 

3952
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:29,500
than quality and he didn't 
consider how the rabbits 

3953
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:31,300
background might affect their 
behavior. 

3954
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:34,100
It's a lesson that applies to 
everything from military 

3955
03:32:34,100 --> 03:32:38,000
campaigns to dinner parties, The
Details Matter, and assumptions 

3956
03:32:38,000 --> 03:32:41,400
can be dangerous. modern 
historians have used the rabbit 

3957
03:32:41,400 --> 03:32:44,200
story as an example of how even 
the most carefully planned 

3958
03:32:44,200 --> 03:32:47,700
events can go wrong in 
unexpected ways, it's become a 

3959
03:32:47,700 --> 03:32:50,000
case study in the limits of 
control and the importance of 

3960
03:32:50,008 --> 03:32:53,100
contingency planning, military 
academies. 

3961
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,400
Sometimes use it as humorous 
example of how intelligence 

3962
03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:58,900
gathering should include 
seemingly trivial details. 

3963
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:02,100
The story has also become a 
favorite among those who study 

3964
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:06,000
the psychology of power. 
Napoleon's reaction to the 

3965
03:33:06,008 --> 03:33:09,500
rabbit incident, his apparent 
inability to laugh at himself. 

3966
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:12,700
His focus on damage control, 
rather than enjoying the 

3967
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:15,400
absurdity reveals. 
Something about how absolute 

3968
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:17,800
power can make people lose their
sense of humor about themselves.

3969
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,900
But the rabbit incidents. 
Most lasting lesson is that life

3970
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:25,400
is unpredictable and absurd, no 
matter who you are, or how 

3971
03:33:25,400 --> 03:33:28,400
powerful you are. 
Napoleon could plan brilliant 

3972
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:31,400
military campaigns and 
reorganize entire legal systems,

3973
03:33:31,400 --> 03:33:34,400
but he couldn't plan for the 
possibility that hundreds of 

3974
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:37,500
domestic rabbits would mistake 
him for their favorite farmer. 

3975
03:33:37,500 --> 03:33:40,700
The rabbits of course, were 
completely innocent in all this,

3976
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:44,000
they were just being rabbits 
following their instincts and 

3977
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:47,300
their training. 
They saw humans and expected 

3978
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:50,500
food and attention. 
Just as they'd been conditioned 

3979
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:52,100
to expect throughout their 
lives. 

3980
03:33:52,800 --> 03:33:55,500
From their perspective, the 
humans were the ones behaving 

3981
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:58,500
strangely by running away. 
Instead of providing the 

3982
03:33:58,500 --> 03:34:02,500
expected carrots and lettuce. 
In the end, the rabbit incident 

3983
03:34:02,500 --> 03:34:05,500
becomes a perfect metaphor for 
the gap between our plans and 

3984
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:08,000
reality. 
Between our self-image and how 

3985
03:34:08,000 --> 03:34:11,500
the world actually works. 
Napoleon saw himself as the 

3986
03:34:11,500 --> 03:34:15,000
master of Europe, but the rabbit
saw him as a potential source of

3987
03:34:15,000 --> 03:34:18,300
breakfast. 
Both perspectives were valid but

3988
03:34:18,300 --> 03:34:20,600
only one of them was prepared 
for what actually happened that 

3989
03:34:20,608 --> 03:34:23,400
morning. 
As you drift off to sleep 

3990
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:26,600
tonight, remember that, no 
matter how important our plan 

3991
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,600
seemed to us somewhere, there 
are rabbits who have their ideas

3992
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:32,900
about how things should work. 
And sometimes, just sometimes 

3993
03:34:32,900 --> 03:34:39,100
the rabbits win. 
Margaret Holloway had always 

3994
03:34:39,100 --> 03:34:42,000
prided herself on being the sort
of person who read instruction 

3995
03:34:42,000 --> 03:34:44,500
manuals. 
Particularly for toasters her 

3996
03:34:44,500 --> 03:34:47,300
insurance company continued to 
mention the incident from 19 

3997
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,600
years ago in hushed, traumatized
Tone's. 

3998
03:34:49,600 --> 03:34:52,800
So, when she inherited her, 
great aunt, Millicent's peculiar

3999
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:56,000
collection of antique, including
what appeared to be a medieval 

4000
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:58,700
astro-lab made of suspiciously 
modern materials. 

4001
03:34:58,700 --> 03:35:01,800
She naturally assumed there 
would be documentation there 

4002
03:35:01,800 --> 03:35:05,700
wasn't What there was tucked 
behind the device like a guilty.

4003
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:09,100
Afterthought was a Post-It. 
Note reading, don't touch the 

4004
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:10,900
blue bits when Mercury is in 
retrograde. 

4005
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:15,100
M. 
Margaret, who possessed both a 

4006
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:18,100
master's degree in library 
science and a healthy skepticism

4007
03:35:18,100 --> 03:35:21,300
toward astrological nonsense, 
promptly touched the blue bits. 

4008
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,100
It was Tuesday morning. 
She had already dealt with three

4009
03:35:24,100 --> 03:35:27,400
passive, aggressive emails from 
her supervisor and Mercury. 

4010
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:30,300
Could frankly retrograde itself 
into the Sun, for all she cared,

4011
03:35:31,100 --> 03:35:34,400
The astrolabe hummed, this was 
Margaret's first indication 

4012
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:36,200
that, perhaps great art. 
Millicent had been more 

4013
03:35:36,200 --> 03:35:37,700
eccentric than previously 
documented. 

4014
03:35:37,700 --> 03:35:41,500
The second indication, was the 
way her kitchen began folding 

4015
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:44,800
itself, inside out, like origami
designed by a mathematician, 

4016
03:35:44,800 --> 03:35:48,800
having an existential crisis, 
oh, bollocks, and Margaret and 

4017
03:35:48,808 --> 03:35:51,500
said, which were destined to be 
the last words spoken in her 

4018
03:35:51,500 --> 03:35:55,100
ranch style home in Suburban, 
Ohio for approximately 700 

4019
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:59,000
years, the world transformed 
into a pretzel, infused with 

4020
03:35:59,000 --> 03:36:02,500
Cosmic salt and offered itself 
to the universe accompanied by 

4021
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:06,300
temporal displacement. 
Margaret found herself flying 

4022
03:36:06,300 --> 03:36:09,200
face down in what smelled 
suspiciously like a combination 

4023
03:36:09,200 --> 03:36:12,200
of horses unwashed, humans and 
regret. 

4024
03:36:13,200 --> 03:36:15,600
When she lifted her head, she 
discovered she was wearing a 

4025
03:36:15,600 --> 03:36:17,400
brown. 
Woolen dress that itched in 

4026
03:36:17,400 --> 03:36:19,500
places. 
She didn't know could itch and 

4027
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:22,200
her sensible Flats had been 
replaced by leather things that 

4028
03:36:22,200 --> 03:36:24,900
appeared to have been crafted by
someone who had only heard 

4029
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:29,200
Footwear described second-hand. 
Around her, a medieval village 

4030
03:36:29,200 --> 03:36:32,400
conducted its morning, business 
with the sort of casual chaos 

4031
03:36:32,400 --> 03:36:34,700
that suggested this was 
perfectly normal Tuesday 

4032
03:36:34,700 --> 03:36:37,200
Behavior. 
A man chased a pig while 

4033
03:36:37,200 --> 03:36:39,900
shouting what Margaret assumed 
were Medieval profanities. 

4034
03:36:40,700 --> 03:36:43,500
A woman emptied, a chamber pot 
from a second story window with 

4035
03:36:43,500 --> 03:36:46,100
the practice of someone who had 
clearly done this before. 

4036
03:36:47,000 --> 03:36:48,800
Children played in the dirt with
sticks. 

4037
03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:51,300
Apparently. 
Finding the activity, the height

4038
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:55,200
of entertainment Margaret, sat 
up slowly her librarian, 

4039
03:36:55,200 --> 03:36:57,800
instincts immediately, 
cataloging the historical, 

4040
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:00,900
inconsistencies, the 
architecture was wrong for any 

4041
03:37:00,900 --> 03:37:03,900
specific period. 
She could identify The clothing 

4042
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:06,900
was a mixture of styles. 
Spanning roughly three centuries

4043
03:37:06,900 --> 03:37:10,200
was the man over there wearing, 
what appeared to be a digital 

4044
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:13,000
watch? 
Is this your first time after 

4045
03:37:13,000 --> 03:37:15,900
voice behind her Margaret turned
to find a woman in her 50s? 

4046
03:37:15,900 --> 03:37:19,100
Wearing robes that managed to 
look both authentically medieval

4047
03:37:19,100 --> 03:37:22,500
and suspiciously. 
Well tailored, a smile was 

4048
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:25,400
knowing and her teeth were far 
too straight for someone living 

4049
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:29,500
in the pre-dental era. may I ask
your, pardon Margaret asked, 

4050
03:37:29,500 --> 03:37:33,300
Margaret asked, then immediately
regretted it in her experience, 

4051
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:37,000
begging anyone's, pardon, in an 
unfamiliar situation, typically 

4052
03:37:37,000 --> 03:37:41,300
led to complications Time travel
the woman clarified as if the 

4053
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:43,300
solution were obvious, you've 
got that. 

4054
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:46,600
Look, you've recently realized 
that physics is more of a 

4055
03:37:46,608 --> 03:37:50,800
suggestion than a law. 
I'm sister Agatha formerly, dot,

4056
03:37:50,800 --> 03:37:54,100
Agnes, Whitmore of the Cambridge
medieval history department. 

4057
03:37:54,100 --> 03:37:57,400
And you're clearly, not from 
around here, temporarily 

4058
03:37:57,400 --> 03:37:59,700
speaking. 
Margaret stared. 

4059
03:38:00,400 --> 03:38:05,200
This is impossible. 
Oh honey, sister Agatha laughed,

4060
03:38:05,200 --> 03:38:08,900
a sound that carried distinct 
notes of Hysteria carefully 

4061
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:10,500
controlled through years of 
practice. 

4062
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:15,000
Impossible was last used day. 
This is just inconvenient. 

4063
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:17,600
Come on, let's get you oriented 
before the anachronism, please 

4064
03:38:17,600 --> 03:38:19,600
show up. 
The, what now? 

4065
03:38:21,100 --> 03:38:22,900
But sister Agatha was already 
walking away. 

4066
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:26,000
Her robes wishing with the 
authority of someone who had 

4067
03:38:26,000 --> 03:38:28,700
learned to navigate, both 
medieval politics and University

4068
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:32,300
bureaucracy. 
Margaret scrambled to follow her

4069
03:38:32,300 --> 03:38:34,800
new shoes, making sound like 
frustrated cats on the 

4070
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:38,400
cobblestones as they walk 
through the village, Margaret 

4071
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:42,300
noticed more inconsistencies, a 
blacksmith hammered, what looks 

4072
03:38:42,300 --> 03:38:44,300
suspiciously like a smartphone 
case. 

4073
03:38:45,100 --> 03:38:48,700
A merchant sold authentic 
medieval remedies from bottles 

4074
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:50,700
that clearly bore, modern 
safety, seals. 

4075
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:54,100
And everywhere people moved with
a particular sort of resigned 

4076
03:38:54,100 --> 03:38:56,800
efficiency that Margaret 
recognized from her office 

4077
03:38:56,800 --> 03:38:58,400
environment. 
Right? 

4078
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:01,800
Sister Agatha, said, stopping 
outside what appeared to be a 

4079
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:04,800
Tavern with a sign, reading the 
temporal refugee. 

4080
03:39:05,700 --> 03:39:09,700
Here's the situation, welcome to
Kronos Commons, The Accidental 

4081
03:39:09,700 --> 03:39:12,700
Dumping Ground for temporal 
tourists, displaced individuals,

4082
03:39:12,700 --> 03:39:14,800
and the generally temporarily 
confused. 

4083
03:39:14,800 --> 03:39:19,800
We've got Romans victorians a 
perplexed gentleman from 1623 

4084
03:39:19,800 --> 03:39:22,200
who keeps asking about the 
location of the nearest 

4085
03:39:22,200 --> 03:39:24,400
Starbucks. 
And last week, we acquired a 

4086
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:26,900
flapper from the 20s, who was 
already revolutionized our 

4087
03:39:26,900 --> 03:39:30,100
cocktail menu. 
Margaret felt a familiar 

4088
03:39:30,100 --> 03:39:32,700
Sensation that she usually 
associated with faculty 

4089
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:35,500
meetings. 
The gradual realization that she

4090
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:38,800
was trapped in something that 
made no sense, but would somehow

4091
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:41,600
become her responsibility. 
How do I get home? 

4092
03:39:41,600 --> 03:39:46,300
She asked, Sister smiled took on
the sort of kindness typically 

4093
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:48,300
reserved for delivering 
catastrophic news. 

4094
03:39:48,300 --> 03:39:50,500
Well that's the question isn't 
it? 

4095
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:54,100
Some people figure it out, 
others don't but the good news 

4096
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,100
is we've developed quite a nice 
little Community here. 

4097
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:00,800
We've got running water, thanks 
to a Roman engineer, decent 

4098
03:40:00,800 --> 03:40:04,000
food, courtesy of a Victorian 
chef and surprisingly 

4099
03:40:04,000 --> 03:40:06,600
Progressive social policies 
implemented by a group of 

4100
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:08,200
suffragettes who arrived last 
spring. 

4101
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:11,400
Margaret looked around at the 
village with new eyes. 

4102
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,900
It wasn't medieval at all, she 
realized it was something 

4103
03:40:14,900 --> 03:40:19,000
entirely new a place where time 
had hiccuped collected. 

4104
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:21,700
Its mistakes and decided to make
the best of things. 

4105
03:40:21,700 --> 03:40:26,400
How long have you been here? 
She asked Five years is a 

4106
03:40:26,400 --> 03:40:29,300
subjective time. 
It could be five minutes or five

4107
03:40:29,300 --> 03:40:32,300
decades in the real world times.
A bit wobbly here. 

4108
03:40:33,200 --> 03:40:36,200
Sister Agatha Shrugged, but I've
got to say the research 

4109
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:39,300
opportunities are unparalleled. 
Where else can you get primary 

4110
03:40:39,300 --> 03:40:41,500
source material from actual 
primary sources? 

4111
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:44,900
Margaret felt a self-giving to 
panic which was unfortunate 

4112
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:47,300
because Panic had never been 
particularly useful in her 

4113
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:49,500
experience. 
But I have a job. 

4114
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:52,400
I have a mortgage. 
I have a cat had sister 

4115
03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:55,500
corrected. 
Gently past tense is crucial 

4116
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:57,900
when you're dealing with 
temporal displacement but look 

4117
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:00,400
on the bright side, no more 
mortgage payments. 

4118
03:41:00,400 --> 03:41:03,600
The temporal Refugee turned out 
to be precisely what it sounded 

4119
03:41:03,600 --> 03:41:07,100
like a Tavern for people who had
accidentally fallen through the 

4120
03:41:07,100 --> 03:41:10,500
cracks in time and were making 
the best of it with varying 

4121
03:41:10,500 --> 03:41:13,400
degrees of success. 
The proprietor was a cheerful 

4122
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:17,900
woman named Gladys who claimed 
to be from 1943 and had arrived 

4123
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:20,100
during the blitz expecting to 
find an air raid shelter. 

4124
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,700
Instead she'd found herself The 
Accidental mayor of history's. 

4125
03:41:24,700 --> 03:41:29,200
Most confused municipality. 
New arrival Gladis announced as 

4126
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:30,800
sister Agatha LED Margaret 
through the door. 

4127
03:41:31,500 --> 03:41:34,500
Welcome to the club that no one 
desired to join yet. 

4128
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:38,300
Everyone inextricably finds 
themselves a part of The First 

4129
03:41:38,300 --> 03:41:42,000
Drink is free, the second is on 
credit and the third is your 

4130
03:41:42,000 --> 03:41:44,900
responsibility, because you 
should know our economy by then,

4131
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:48,500
the taverns interior was a 
fascinating Collision of 

4132
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,600
architectural periods. 
Tudor beam supported, what 

4133
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:55,200
appeared to be Art Deco, light 
fixtures, while Roman mosaics 

4134
03:41:55,200 --> 03:41:57,700
decorated flaws laid with 
Victorian tiles. 

4135
03:41:57,700 --> 03:42:01,000
The overall effect was like 
walking into time and having an 

4136
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:04,200
identity crisis. 
At a corner table, a man in what

4137
03:42:04,200 --> 03:42:07,000
looked like 18th century 
clothing was engaged in animated

4138
03:42:07,000 --> 03:42:11,100
conversation with a woman, 
wearing a 1960s mod dress, and a

4139
03:42:11,108 --> 03:42:13,900
Roman Centurion who had 
apparently decided to keep his 

4140
03:42:13,900 --> 03:42:17,300
armor, but updated attitude. 
Their discussion appeared to 

4141
03:42:17,308 --> 03:42:20,100
center around the best methods 
for organizing a democratic 

4142
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:22,200
government. 
When your citizen respond, 

4143
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:24,500
roughly 2000 years of political 
evolution. 

4144
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:29,800
That's our steering committee. 
Sister, Agatha explained, we 

4145
03:42:29,800 --> 03:42:31,800
found that representative 
democracy works. 

4146
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:34,600
Surprisingly, well, when 
everyone's equally confused 

4147
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:38,300
about the present situation, 
Thomas who hails from the year, 

4148
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,900
1776 arrived shortly after 
signing a document, he describes

4149
03:42:41,900 --> 03:42:45,000
as terribly important which is 
why he has strong opinions about

4150
03:42:45,000 --> 03:42:50,000
governance Veronica, who is from
1967 holds strong opinions on a 

4151
03:42:50,000 --> 03:42:53,500
wide range of topics Marcus, has
strong opinions, about military 

4152
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:56,500
organization, primarily 
suggesting that all disputes 

4153
03:42:56,500 --> 03:42:57,800
should be settled through 
combat. 

4154
03:42:58,900 --> 03:43:02,000
Margaret accepted a drink from 
Gladys that tasted like, it had 

4155
03:43:02,000 --> 03:43:04,900
been invented by someone who 
remembered alcohol, fondly, but 

4156
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,400
had to work with medieval 
ingredients, Although it wasn't 

4157
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:11,400
entirely unpleasant, the drink 
felt like a metaphor for her 

4158
03:43:11,400 --> 03:43:15,700
entire situation. 
So, how does this work Margaret 

4159
03:43:15,700 --> 03:43:17,300
asked? 
The data day. 

4160
03:43:17,308 --> 03:43:20,000
I mean, you can't all just sit 
around drinking and forming 

4161
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:23,300
committees. 
Oh heavens, no Gladys laughed. 

4162
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:25,400
We've got quite the economy 
going. 

4163
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:27,400
It turns out. 
When you put together people 

4164
03:43:27,400 --> 03:43:30,500
from different times you get a 
lot of useful knowledge exchange

4165
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:34,500
markers Roman construction 
techniques which the Victorian 

4166
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:38,000
engineer improved with modern 
Material Science, which Thomas 

4167
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,100
enhance with Democratic labor 
practices, which Veronica, 

4168
03:43:41,100 --> 03:43:43,700
revolutionized with modern 
efficiency methods. 

4169
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:47,200
She gestured toward the window, 
where Margaret could see people 

4170
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:50,000
working on what appeared to be a
construction project involving 

4171
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:53,200
both medieval stonework and 
suspiciously modern looking 

4172
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:56,000
Plumbing. 
We're building a proper Town 

4173
03:43:56,008 --> 03:43:57,700
Hall. 
Sister, Agatha explained 

4174
03:43:57,700 --> 03:44:01,200
complete with meeting rooms a 
library and what Veronica 

4175
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:03,500
insists on calling a social 
services department. 

4176
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:07,000
Apparently, temporal 
displacement comes with its own 

4177
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:08,800
unique set of bureaucratic 
needs. 

4178
03:44:09,900 --> 03:44:11,500
But surely someone's trying to 
get home. 

4179
03:44:11,500 --> 03:44:15,200
Margaret asked the tavern went 
quiet in a way that suggested, 

4180
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:17,100
she touched on a sensitive 
subject. 

4181
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:21,400
Gladys polished a glass with 
unnecessary intensity, while 

4182
03:44:21,400 --> 03:44:24,100
sister Agatha developed a sudden
interest in the pattern of the 

4183
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:26,900
tablecloth. 
Well, Thomas said from the 

4184
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:30,200
corner table, his Colonial 
American accent carrying clearly

4185
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:32,400
across the room. 
That's rather the central 

4186
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,100
question, isn't it? 
Some folk spend all their time 

4187
03:44:35,100 --> 03:44:36,200
trying to figure out the way 
back. 

4188
03:44:36,200 --> 03:44:38,600
Others come to the conclusion 
that staying in. 

4189
03:44:38,608 --> 03:44:42,700
The present isn't necessarily A 
Bad Thing and some, he Trails 

4190
03:44:42,700 --> 03:44:44,700
off. 
Some Margaret, prompted. 

4191
03:44:45,500 --> 03:44:47,800
Some discover that home isn't 
quite what they remembered 

4192
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,400
Veronica. 
Finish London, accent, Chris, 

4193
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:52,300
despite the anachronistic 
setting. 

4194
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:56,500
Turns out when you've been gone 
for subjective years, certain 

4195
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:58,700
assumptions about what you want 
to return to start looking 

4196
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:01,900
rather questionable. 
Markus the Roman Centurion 

4197
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:04,600
nodded Gravely. 
I was fleeing Gaul when I 

4198
03:45:04,608 --> 03:45:07,800
arrived here, the situation 
which involved a superior 

4199
03:45:07,800 --> 03:45:10,000
officers wife and a 
misunderstanding about Roman 

4200
03:45:10,000 --> 03:45:11,900
marriage. 
Customs was rather embarrassing.

4201
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:15,600
Point is going back, would 
involve considerably more 

4202
03:45:15,600 --> 03:45:17,200
crucifixion than I am 
comfortable with. 

4203
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:23,100
Margaret felt the weight of her 
life settling around her like an

4204
03:45:23,100 --> 03:45:26,400
ill-fitting coat. 
Her job at the library while 

4205
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,800
stable had become increasingly 
automated and decreasingly 

4206
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,500
fulfilling. 
Her marriage had ended two years

4207
03:45:32,500 --> 03:45:34,900
ago when her husband discovered 
that his midlife crisis 

4208
03:45:34,900 --> 03:45:38,200
required, a motorcycle. 
And a 25 year old named Crystal.

4209
03:45:39,000 --> 03:45:41,600
Her mortgage was for a house 
that had always felt too large 

4210
03:45:41,600 --> 03:45:43,500
for one person and two small for
the life. 

4211
03:45:43,500 --> 03:45:46,800
She'd imagined she'd have how do
you know if you want to go back?

4212
03:45:46,800 --> 03:45:50,800
She asked quietly. 
That said sister Agatha is the 

4213
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:53,700
question. 
Everyone asks and nobody can 

4214
03:45:53,700 --> 03:45:57,300
answer for anyone else, but I 
will say this in five years 

4215
03:45:57,300 --> 03:46:00,700
here, I've published more 
original research than I did in 

4216
03:46:00,700 --> 03:46:03,800
20 years at Cambridge. 
It turns out that primary source

4217
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:06,700
material is much easier to 
obtain when your sources are 

4218
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:10,200
sitting at the next table. 
Gladys set down her glass and 

4219
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:12,900
leaned against the bar. 
I've been thinking about that 

4220
03:46:12,900 --> 03:46:14,500
night in London, when I ended up
here. 

4221
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,000
The sirens were going off, bombs
were falling and I was more 

4222
03:46:18,000 --> 03:46:20,000
terrified than I'd ever been in 
my life. 

4223
03:46:20,800 --> 03:46:23,200
But I was also More Alive than 
I'd felt in years. 

4224
03:46:24,000 --> 03:46:26,100
Three years had passed since my 
husband's death. 

4225
03:46:26,100 --> 03:46:29,400
My children had grown and left 
and I was merely existing. 

4226
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:32,000
You need me here. 
I'm building something. 

4227
03:46:33,100 --> 03:46:35,800
But don't you miss it, Margaret 
asked your real life. 

4228
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,900
This is my real, life Gladys 
said, simply the other one was 

4229
03:46:39,900 --> 03:46:43,300
just what happened before. 
I started Living The Tavern door

4230
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:47,300
abruptly opened suggesting 
either extreme urgency or poor 

4231
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:49,400
door. 
Maintenance a young man. 

4232
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,400
Stumbled in wearing clothes, 
that looked like a confused 

4233
03:46:52,400 --> 03:46:55,100
merger between medieval peasant 
wear and what Margaret was 

4234
03:46:55,100 --> 03:46:58,400
beginning to recognize as the 
standard issue temporal Refugee 

4235
03:46:58,400 --> 03:47:01,100
uniform Emergency committee 
meeting. 

4236
03:47:01,100 --> 03:47:04,600
He announced breathlessly we've 
got anachronism policing coming 

4237
03:47:04,600 --> 03:47:07,300
and there are asking about 
unauthorized timeline 

4238
03:47:07,300 --> 03:47:10,400
modifications The Tavern erupted
into organized and Chaos. 

4239
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,000
Thomas immediately began 
drafting what he called 

4240
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,200
emergencies protocols for 
Democratic crisis management. 

4241
03:47:17,100 --> 03:47:19,600
For Veronica started organizing 
people into what she termed 

4242
03:47:19,600 --> 03:47:23,200
efficiency groups, Marcus began 
discussing defensive strategies 

4243
03:47:23,200 --> 03:47:26,500
that involved words like Phalanx
and tactical retreat. 

4244
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:29,600
An acronym. 
Police Margaret asked sister 

4245
03:47:29,600 --> 03:47:33,200
about the commotion. 
Time travels, governing body 

4246
03:47:33,200 --> 03:47:35,300
sister, Agatha explained 
Grimley. 

4247
03:47:35,900 --> 03:47:38,800
Consider them to be the universe
is Hull monitors, but with the 

4248
03:47:38,800 --> 03:47:40,900
authority to erase entire 
timelines. 

4249
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:44,000
If they think things have gotten
too messy, they don't like 

4250
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:47,900
places like this too many 
variables, too much potential 

4251
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:50,200
for paradox. 
What do they do? 

4252
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:54,000
Best case scenario? 
They relocate us to approve, 

4253
03:47:54,000 --> 03:47:56,800
temporal zones. 
Worst case scenario. 

4254
03:47:56,800 --> 03:48:01,400
They decide where too much of a 
risk and sister Agatha made a 

4255
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:03,000
gesture. 
That could be interpreted as 

4256
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:07,100
either poof or obliteration. 
Margaret felt that familiar 

4257
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,500
librarian Instinct kicking in 
the one that appeared whenever 

4258
03:48:10,500 --> 03:48:13,400
someone threatened to reorganize
her carefully maintained systems

4259
03:48:13,400 --> 03:48:16,600
without consulting her first. it
was the same feeling she got 

4260
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:19,800
when patrons tried to return 
books to the wrong shells, or 

4261
03:48:19,800 --> 03:48:23,400
when her supervisor suggested 
improving efficiency through 

4262
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:26,900
methods that would clearly make 
everything worse Right? 

4263
03:48:26,900 --> 03:48:29,200
She said surprising herself with
her decisive nurse. 

4264
03:48:29,200 --> 03:48:33,000
What actions are necessary. 
The emergency committee meeting 

4265
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:35,400
took place in what Gladys 
optimistically called the 

4266
03:48:35,400 --> 03:48:38,108
community center, which was 
actually the Tavon with the 

4267
03:48:38,116 --> 03:48:40,600
tables pushed together and 
everyone trying to look official

4268
03:48:40,600 --> 03:48:42,700
well though. 
Half of the drinking ale at 10 

4269
03:48:42,708 --> 03:48:46,000
in the morning, Margaret found 
herself appointed as Secretary 

4270
03:48:46,000 --> 03:48:48,600
of Records, primarily because 
she was the only one present to 

4271
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:51,700
new what carbon paper was and 
could also operate the hand 

4272
03:48:51,700 --> 03:48:54,800
cranked printing, press the 
Victorian gentleman named Nigel,

4273
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:56,900
had constructed from memory and 
spare parts. 

4274
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:01,100
Right then Thomas said calling 
the meeting to order with the 

4275
03:49:01,100 --> 03:49:04,000
sort of Gravitas that suggested 
he'd had practice at this sort 

4276
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:08,400
of thing Jeremiah report. 
Jeremiah the young man who 

4277
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,500
brought the news stood up and 
consulted, what appeared to be 

4278
03:49:11,500 --> 03:49:14,600
notes written on bark. 
Three anachronism police 

4279
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:17,300
officers arrived this morning 
via what looked like a temporal 

4280
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:20,000
Vortex disguised as a traveling 
Merchant wagon. 

4281
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:22,400
They are staying at the inn and 
asking questions about 

4282
03:49:22,400 --> 03:49:25,700
unauthorized timeline 
modifications and dangerous, 

4283
03:49:25,700 --> 03:49:28,700
temporal accumulations. 
Dangerous. 

4284
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:32,100
Temporal accumulation sister 
Agatha repeated thoughtfully. 

4285
03:49:32,900 --> 03:49:34,400
That's what they call places 
like us. 

4286
03:49:34,400 --> 03:49:37,600
We have an excessive number of 
individuals from various eras 

4287
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:40,600
residing in one place. 
Where apparently creating? 

4288
03:49:40,600 --> 03:49:44,200
What they term chronological. 
Instability bollocks said, 

4289
03:49:44,200 --> 03:49:47,500
Veronica firmly were creating a 
chronological Community. 

4290
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:50,500
There's a different Marcus 
nodded approvingly. 

4291
03:49:51,500 --> 03:49:55,000
In Rome, we had a saying when 
the bureaucrats arrive, hide the

4292
03:49:55,000 --> 03:49:58,300
wine and sharp and the swords. 
We're not hiding wine or 

4293
03:49:58,300 --> 03:50:01,400
sharpening swords Tom said 
quickly, we're civilized people 

4294
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:04,200
have a civilized discussion 
about how to handle a 

4295
03:50:04,200 --> 03:50:06,600
bureaucratic situation through 
proper Democratic channels. 

4296
03:50:07,700 --> 03:50:12,300
Have you met bureaucrats Gladys 
asked, dryly in my experience. 

4297
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:14,800
Proper Democratic channels work 
about as well for people in 

4298
03:50:14,808 --> 03:50:16,200
London during the blitz as they 
do. 

4299
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,900
Now, that is not at all and you 
mostly have to muddle through 

4300
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,100
and hope for the best. 
Margaret found herself taking 

4301
03:50:23,100 --> 03:50:26,300
detailed notes, partly out of 
professional habit and partly 

4302
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:28,100
because writing things down, 
helped her think. 

4303
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:32,700
As she wrote patterns began to 
emerge the anachronism police 

4304
03:50:32,700 --> 03:50:35,300
seemed concerned about their 
communities effect on the 

4305
03:50:35,300 --> 03:50:38,500
timeline, but from what she 
could gather, they hadn't 

4306
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:39,900
actually done anything to affect
it. 

4307
03:50:39,900 --> 03:50:42,200
They were just living their 
lives in a place that 

4308
03:50:42,200 --> 03:50:45,600
technically shouldn't exist. 
What exactly is the timeline 

4309
03:50:45,600 --> 03:50:49,000
we're supposedly affecting she 
asked the room went quiet. 

4310
03:50:50,300 --> 03:50:52,600
Margaret was beginning to 
recognize this particular type 

4311
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:54,800
of Silence. 
It was the same one that 

4312
03:50:54,800 --> 03:50:56,500
occurred in library staff 
meetings. 

4313
03:50:56,500 --> 03:50:59,000
When someone asked obvious 
questions that revealed 

4314
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:03,300
fundamental problems with the 
entire system, Well, sister 

4315
03:51:03,300 --> 03:51:06,300
Agatha said slowly that's rather
complicated. 

4316
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:09,700
See technically, none of us 
should be here. 

4317
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:12,400
We should all be in our original
Times. 

4318
03:51:12,400 --> 03:51:15,400
Living our original lives, 
making our original 

4319
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:18,600
contributions to history. 
But we're not affecting our 

4320
03:51:18,600 --> 03:51:21,200
original times. 
Margaret pointed out, we're not 

4321
03:51:21,200 --> 03:51:23,400
there. 
If anything, our absence should 

4322
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:25,000
have more impact than our 
presence here. 

4323
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:29,800
Ah said Nigel the Victorian 
engineer speaking up for the 

4324
03:51:29,800 --> 03:51:33,400
first time, that's where it gets
intriguing, my research. 

4325
03:51:33,400 --> 03:51:36,100
Which I've dedicated a 
significant amount of time to 

4326
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:38,800
indicate that our disappearances
of received compensation 

4327
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:44,300
compensated, how Tom's asked, 
Replacements, Nigel said, simply

4328
03:51:44,300 --> 03:51:48,000
the timeline has generated 
substitute versions of us to 

4329
03:51:48,000 --> 03:51:50,500
fill the gaps. 
We left behind my wife, believes

4330
03:51:50,500 --> 03:51:53,900
I died in a factory accident, 
sister Agatha's University 

4331
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:55,400
believes. 
She took early retirement 

4332
03:51:55,400 --> 03:51:59,000
Margaret's Library believed. 
She moved to Florida to care for

4333
03:51:59,000 --> 03:52:01,500
an elderly relative. 
Margaret felt a chill that had 

4334
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:03,200
nothing to do with the medieval 
heating system. 

4335
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:06,600
So there's another version of me
living my life. 

4336
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:10,700
A timeline generated 
approximation sister Agatha 

4337
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:14,100
confirmed, close enough to 
maintain continuity, but not 

4338
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:17,800
actually you think of it as 
temporal autocorrect. 

4339
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:21,100
That's deeply. 
Unsettling Margaret said. 

4340
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:24,100
Welcome to time. 
Travel Gladys said, chiefly 

4341
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:27,300
nothing about it makes sense. 
And the more you think about it,

4342
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:30,100
the more you realize that sense 
was always overrated. 

4343
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:34,700
Anyway, he the meeting continued
for another hour with various 

4344
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:37,000
committee members proposing 
solutions, that range from 

4345
03:52:37,000 --> 03:52:43,000
diplomatic negotiation Thomas to
strategic misdirection Veronica 

4346
03:52:43,000 --> 03:52:47,200
to trial by combat. 
Markus, predictably Margaret 

4347
03:52:47,200 --> 03:52:49,600
found herself thinking about the
other version of herself living 

4348
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:52,700
in her house doing her job, and 
presumably, feeding her cat. 

4349
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:55,100
Was that version of her 
fulfilled? 

4350
03:52:55,100 --> 03:52:58,000
Was she living the life? 
Margaret had been too afraid to 

4351
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:01,100
lead? 
I proposed she said interrupting

4352
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:03,700
a discussion about the proper 
protocol for addressing temporal

4353
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:06,800
law enforcement that we find out
what the anachronism police 

4354
03:53:06,800 --> 03:53:08,900
actually want. 
Before we decide how to respond 

4355
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:11,800
to them. 
Revolutionary thinking Veronica 

4356
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:14,500
said approvingly gather 
intelligence before forming 

4357
03:53:14,500 --> 03:53:16,100
strategy. 
I like her. 

4358
03:53:16,900 --> 03:53:20,000
It's called reconnaissance, 
Marcus added basic military 

4359
03:53:20,000 --> 03:53:23,400
procedure. 
It's called Common Sense Gladys 

4360
03:53:23,400 --> 03:53:25,300
said but I suppose that's 
revolutionary enough. 

4361
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:29,900
In most situations Thomas nodded
thoughtfully, Margaret raises an

4362
03:53:29,900 --> 03:53:31,900
excellent point. 
We've been assuming they want to

4363
03:53:31,900 --> 03:53:35,300
shut us down or relocate us but 
perhaps their concerns are more 

4364
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:37,500
specific. 
Jeremiah what? 

4365
03:53:37,500 --> 03:53:41,900
Exactly were they asking about? 
Jeremiah, consulted, his bark 

4366
03:53:41,900 --> 03:53:43,800
notes. 
Again, they wanted to know, 

4367
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,600
about unauthorized, historical 
documentation and that chronic 

4368
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:50,900
technological development and 
unsanctioned temporal 

4369
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,800
educational programs. 
Margaret held her librarian, 

4370
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:56,400
instincts, tingling. 
Those are very specific 

4371
03:53:56,400 --> 03:53:59,300
concerns. 
Not General timeline protection.

4372
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:03,200
Specific activities. 
Sister Agatha's been writing 

4373
03:54:03,200 --> 03:54:05,700
papers about medieval life, 
based on Direct observation, 

4374
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:09,200
Nigel said, slowly. 
I've been developing hybrid 

4375
03:54:09,200 --> 03:54:12,500
Technologies using Knowledge 
from multiple times and we've 

4376
03:54:12,500 --> 03:54:14,800
all been sharing knowledge 
across historical boundaries 

4377
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,400
We've been learning from each 
other Margaret said, and 

4378
03:54:18,400 --> 03:54:20,000
apparently, that's what they're 
worried about. 

4379
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:24,000
The room fell silent again but 
this time it was the thoughtful 

4380
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,100
Silence of people. 
Realizing they were in more 

4381
03:54:26,100 --> 03:54:28,000
trouble than they initially 
understood. 

4382
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:31,200
But also possibly more right 
than they dare to Hope. 

4383
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:36,700
So Thomas said finally we're not
just temporal refugees were 

4384
03:54:36,700 --> 03:54:40,100
temporal revolutionaries. 
Accidental, temporal 

4385
03:54:40,100 --> 03:54:42,600
revolutionaries or sister Agatha
corrected. 

4386
03:54:43,700 --> 03:54:47,700
The best kind of said with 
satisfaction, nobody expects The

4387
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:51,500
Accidental revolutionaries. 
Margaret looked around the room 

4388
03:54:51,500 --> 03:54:54,500
at her fellow temporal Misfits 
and felt something she hadn't 

4389
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,300
expressed experienced in years. 
The sense that she was precisely

4390
03:54:58,300 --> 03:55:00,000
where she was supposed to be 
doing it. 

4391
03:55:00,000 --> 03:55:01,700
Exactly what she was supposed to
do. 

4392
03:55:01,700 --> 03:55:05,000
She appeared to be tasked with 
challenging, the fundamental 

4393
03:55:05,000 --> 03:55:07,500
principles of temporal law 
enforcement by radically 

4394
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:09,300
establishing a functional 
community. 

4395
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:12,700
Right there. 
She said surprising herself 

4396
03:55:12,700 --> 03:55:15,700
again with her decisive nurse. 
Let's go talk to these. 

4397
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,800
Anachronism police and find out 
exactly what kind of Revolution 

4398
03:55:18,800 --> 03:55:22,200
were accidentally leading based 
on her experience, with various 

4399
03:55:22,200 --> 03:55:26,100
forms of bureaucratic Authority.
Margaret expected, the acronym 

4400
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:29,800
police to be polite, efficient 
and firmly convinced that their 

4401
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:31,400
approach was the only logical 
one. 

4402
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:35,500
They're taking up residence in 
The Villages only in which was 

4403
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:39,300
run by a cheerful woman from the
14th century who had adapted to 

4404
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,000
her unusual. 
Clown tell by developing what 

4405
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:45,500
she called a flexible approach 
to customer service. 

4406
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:49,800
The three officers were sitting 
in the ins common room, when 

4407
03:55:49,800 --> 03:55:51,900
Margaret's diplomatic delegation
arrived. 

4408
03:55:52,600 --> 03:55:56,400
Thomas had insisted on formal. 
Protocols Veronica, had insisted

4409
03:55:56,400 --> 03:55:58,600
on strategic positioning and 
Marcus. 

4410
03:55:58,600 --> 03:56:01,900
Had insisted on bringing weapons
ceremonial purposes only. 

4411
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:04,200
He had assured them while, 
checking the edge on his 

4412
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,500
Gladius, Margaret had insisted 
on bringing tea service, because

4413
03:56:07,500 --> 03:56:11,500
in her experience any difficult,
conversation went better with 

4414
03:56:11,500 --> 03:56:14,800
proper Refreshments, the lead 
officer was a woman who 

4415
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:18,300
introduced herself as Inspector 
Cronos, which Margaret suspected

4416
03:56:18,300 --> 03:56:20,300
was either. 
An assumed name or evidence that

4417
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:23,400
the anacronym police had a 
department devoted entirely to 

4418
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:26,400
ironic nomenclature. 
She was wearing what appeared to

4419
03:56:26,400 --> 03:56:28,800
be a uniformed designed by 
someone who had been told to 

4420
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:32,500
create Timeless professional 
attire and had interpreted the 

4421
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:35,900
term as a boring Grace suit that
could plausibly exist in any 

4422
03:56:35,900 --> 03:56:38,400
century. 
Thank you for meeting with us. 

4423
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:41,100
Inspector Cronus. 
Said as Margaret arrange the tea

4424
03:56:41,100 --> 03:56:42,500
service on the ins largest 
table. 

4425
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,200
We appreciate your cooperation 
in this matter. 

4426
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:50,500
Our pleasure Thomas replied 
smoothly. though, I confess were

4427
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:52,900
uncertain about the nature of 
the matter that requires our 

4428
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:56,700
cooperation, Inspector Kronos 
consulted, a tablet that 

4429
03:56:56,708 --> 03:56:59,200
definitely hadn't existed in any
time period. 

4430
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:02,200
Margaret could identify. 
You're aware that this 

4431
03:57:02,200 --> 03:57:05,300
settlement exists in violation 
of several temporal Accords. 

4432
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:08,300
We weren't aware. 
There were temporal Accords. 

4433
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:12,400
Sister Agatha, said, mildly. 
Perhaps, you could Enlighten us.

4434
03:57:13,300 --> 03:57:15,800
Margaret poured tea while 
listening to inspector, Kronos, 

4435
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:18,100
explain the complex legal 
framework, that apparently 

4436
03:57:18,100 --> 03:57:21,000
governed time travel. 
According to the temporal 

4437
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,900
Accords unauthorized time travel
was prohibited, temporal 

4438
03:57:24,900 --> 03:57:27,800
settlements were forbidden and 
crossed temporal knowledge. 

4439
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:31,000
Sharing was considered a class 3
chronological offense punishable

4440
03:57:31,000 --> 03:57:34,300
by timeline rehabilitation. 
Timeline. 

4441
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:36,400
Rehabilitation sounds ominous 
Veronica. 

4442
03:57:36,400 --> 03:57:38,800
Observed. 
It's a Humane process. 

4443
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:42,700
Inspector Cronus, assured her. 
We simply relocated individuals 

4444
03:57:42,700 --> 03:57:45,200
to appropriate. 
Temporal Zone's, where they can 

4445
03:57:45,200 --> 03:57:47,800
live productive lives without 
disrupting historical 

4446
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:50,200
continuity. 
Separator. 

4447
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:53,800
You mean Margaret said offering 
sugar cubes send us back to our 

4448
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:55,600
original times where we want to 
go or not. 

4449
03:57:56,300 --> 03:57:58,900
The personal preferences of 
temporarily displaced persons 

4450
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:02,500
are secondary to the stability 
of the timeline inspector Kronos

4451
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:05,600
replied, accepting her tea with 
the sort of politeness that 

4452
03:58:05,600 --> 03:58:07,000
suggested. 
She had been trained in 

4453
03:58:07,000 --> 03:58:09,200
diplomatic protocols, but found 
them. 

4454
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:13,500
Tedious Margaret felt that 
familiar librarian, anger Rising

4455
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:16,600
the specific Fury that came from
dealing with people who 

4456
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:19,800
prioritized systems over people 
and called it necessary 

4457
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:23,000
efficiency. 
And who decided that timelines 

4458
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,500
stability was more important 
than personal autonomy. 

4459
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:29,300
Inspector Cronus. 
Looked genuinely puzzled by the 

4460
03:58:29,300 --> 03:58:31,700
question. 
The temporal authority, of 

4461
03:58:31,708 --> 03:58:35,000
course, timeline stability, May 
maintains the proper order of 

4462
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:38,900
historical events. 
Whose proper order Thomas asked 

4463
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:42,500
his Colonial revolutionary 
instincts, clearly activated, 

4464
03:58:42,500 --> 03:58:45,000
who gave this temporal 
Authority, the right to 

4465
03:58:45,000 --> 03:58:46,800
determine how people should live
their lives. 

4466
03:58:47,900 --> 03:58:51,200
The Authority derives from 
temporal law, which exists to 

4467
03:58:51,200 --> 03:58:53,300
prevent paradoxes and maintain 
historical. 

4468
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:57,100
Accuracy, inspector Cronus 
explained patiently as if 

4469
03:58:57,100 --> 03:58:59,500
speaking to children who 
couldn't understand basic 

4470
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:04,200
concepts. historical accuracy, 
according to whom sister asked, 

4471
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:07,300
I've spent five years here, 
conducting primary research. 

4472
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:10,500
That revealed significant errors
in accepted historical, 

4473
03:59:10,500 --> 03:59:13,100
narratives. 
Are you more interested in 

4474
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:16,100
preserving factual accuracy or 
in upholding your own 

4475
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:20,200
interpretation of accuracy? 
Margaret watched inspector 

4476
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,000
chronosis face? 
Carefully years of dealing with 

4477
03:59:23,000 --> 03:59:25,900
Library patrons had taught her 
to recognize the exact moment 

4478
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:28,600
when someone realized their 
position might not be as 

4479
03:59:28,600 --> 03:59:32,300
unassailable as they'd assumed, 
inspector Kronos was having that

4480
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:36,000
moment right now, your research 
is part of the problem, one of 

4481
03:59:36,000 --> 03:59:39,200
the other officers said speaking
for the first time you're 

4482
03:59:39,200 --> 03:59:42,200
creating unauthorized historical
documentation that could alter 

4483
03:59:42,200 --> 03:59:45,900
scholarly understanding of past 
events, You mean it could 

4484
03:59:45,900 --> 03:59:50,100
improve scholarly understanding 
Margaret said sweetly refilling.

4485
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:53,700
His teacup Isn't that what 
researchers supposed to do? 

4486
03:59:54,700 --> 03:59:57,300
Not when it disrupts established
historical consensus. 

4487
03:59:57,300 --> 04:00:00,700
The officer replied. 
Established historical consensus

4488
04:00:00,700 --> 04:00:02,800
has been wrong before of 
Veronica pointed out. 

4489
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:07,100
I should know. 
I live through the 60s and the 

4490
04:00:07,100 --> 04:00:10,100
established historical consensus
about that decade is almost 

4491
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:13,200
entirely bollocks. 
Margaret could see that this 

4492
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:15,500
conversation was heading toward 
the sort of philosophical 

4493
04:00:15,500 --> 04:00:18,600
impasse that typically resulted 
in either violence or very long 

4494
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:21,600
meetings. 
In her experience, violence was 

4495
04:00:21,600 --> 04:00:24,400
Messier that often more official
than meetings. 

4496
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:27,500
However, both typically ended 
with someone feeling aggrieved 

4497
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:31,000
and nothing actually resolved 
Inspector. 

4498
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:33,400
Kronos she said, interrupting 
what appeared to be the 

4499
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:35,700
beginning of a lecture about the
importance of historical 

4500
04:00:35,700 --> 04:00:38,500
stability. 
May, I ask you a personal 

4501
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:41,800
question? 
Inspector, Kronos looked weary. 

4502
04:00:42,400 --> 04:00:45,300
I suppose. 
When did you last have a 

4503
04:00:45,300 --> 04:00:48,200
vacation? 
The question clearly wasn't what

4504
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:52,700
inspector Kronos had expected. 
I that's not relevant to this 

4505
04:00:52,700 --> 04:00:55,800
investigation. 
Humor, me Margaret said, 

4506
04:00:55,800 --> 04:00:58,100
employing the same tone. 
She used with particularly 

4507
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:01,900
stubborn Library, patrons, When 
did you last take time off from 

4508
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:04,300
work? 
Temporal Authority agents. 

4509
04:01:04,300 --> 04:01:07,200
Don't take vacations. 
In Secretary Kronos said 

4510
04:01:07,200 --> 04:01:09,300
stiffly, we have important work 
to do. 

4511
04:01:10,100 --> 04:01:14,000
Everyone needs time off Margaret
said gently otherwise work 

4512
04:01:14,000 --> 04:01:16,700
becomes the only thing that 
Gives Life Meaning and that's 

4513
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:19,700
not healthy for anyone. 
Trust me, I speak from 

4514
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:23,400
experience. 
She gestured around the end 

4515
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:25,900
common room, where the afternoon
light was streaming through 

4516
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:28,500
windows that have been designed 
by someone from the 18th century

4517
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:32,000
built by someone from ancient 
Rome and decorated by someone 

4518
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:35,800
from the 1966, the result was 
chaotic but somehow harmonious 

4519
04:01:35,800 --> 04:01:38,900
Like A visual representation of 
their entire community. 

4520
04:01:39,700 --> 04:01:43,000
This place works. 
She said we have people from a 

4521
04:01:43,000 --> 04:01:45,000
dozen different times. 
Living together sharing 

4522
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:46,400
knowledge, building something 
new. 

4523
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,400
We're not disrupting the 
timeline. 

4524
04:01:48,400 --> 04:01:50,900
We're creating something the 
timeline never had before 

4525
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,900
something beautiful. 
Unauthorized beauty is still 

4526
04:01:54,900 --> 04:01:58,200
unauthorized. 
Inspector Kronos said, but a 

4527
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:01,000
voice lacked conviction, 
According to the temporal 

4528
04:02:01,000 --> 04:02:01,600
Accords. 
Yes. 

4529
04:02:01,600 --> 04:02:04,300
Margaret. 
But have you considered that the

4530
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:08,000
temporal Accords might be wrong?
The silence that followed was 

4531
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:10,600
different from the previous 
uncomfortable silences. 

4532
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:14,100
This silence was the result of 
someone who had blindly followed

4533
04:02:14,100 --> 04:02:17,200
the rules for years, suddenly 
forced to question their logic. 

4534
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:19,400
The Accords exist for good 
reason. 

4535
04:02:19,400 --> 04:02:24,000
Inspector Cronos said finally 
I'm sure they do Thomas said 

4536
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:26,900
diplomatically, but good reasons
can become bad reasons. 

4537
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:30,400
If circumstances change in my 
experience, the best laws of the

4538
04:02:30,400 --> 04:02:32,300
ones that can adapt a new 
Situation's. 

4539
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:35,700
What if Sister Agatha suggested 
carefully? 

4540
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:38,700
Instead of shutting us down, you
studied us. 

4541
04:02:38,700 --> 04:02:41,900
We could be a pilot program for 
controlled cross, temporal 

4542
04:02:41,900 --> 04:02:45,000
Community Development, think of 
the research opportunities. 

4543
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:49,300
Margaret could see inspector 
Kronos wavering years of 

4544
04:02:49,300 --> 04:02:51,900
bureaucratic training, were 
warring with what appeared to be

4545
04:02:51,908 --> 04:02:55,100
genuine curiosity and possibly 
the first intriguing 

4546
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:59,100
conversation she had in decades 
That would require authorization

4547
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:02,400
from the temporal Authority 
inspector Kronos said slowly. 

4548
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:06,900
Then let's get authorization. 
Margaret said briskly, I assume 

4549
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:08,500
there's some sort of application
process. 

4550
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:13,000
Inspector Kronos stared at her. 
You want to apply for legal 

4551
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:15,400
recognition as an experimental 
temporal community? 

4552
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,600
Why not? 
Margaret Shrugged, we're already

4553
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:21,300
here. 
We're already functioning. 

4554
04:03:21,300 --> 04:03:23,000
And apparently we're already 
breaking. 

4555
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:26,500
The rules might as well break 
them officially applying for 

4556
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:28,500
legal recognition. 
As an experimental. 

4557
04:03:28,500 --> 04:03:31,500
Temporal Community turned out to
involve approximately 17 

4558
04:03:31,500 --> 04:03:34,300
different forms Each of which 
had to be filled out in 

4559
04:03:34,300 --> 04:03:36,700
triplicate, using writing, 
implements appropriate to the 

4560
04:03:36,708 --> 04:03:38,700
time period of the person 
filling them out. 

4561
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:42,100
Margaret found herself wielding 
a quill pen for the first time 

4562
04:03:42,100 --> 04:03:44,600
in her life. 
While cursing, whoever decided 

4563
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:47,900
that bureaucracy should be 
deliberately difficult, This is 

4564
04:03:47,900 --> 04:03:50,900
ridiculous. 
Veronica muttered struggling 

4565
04:03:50,900 --> 04:03:53,400
with what appeared to be a 
formed designed to assess cross.

4566
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:55,800
Temporal cultural integration, 
protocols. 

4567
04:03:56,700 --> 04:03:59,200
They want to know our policy for
resolving conflicts between 

4568
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:01,400
Roman law and Renaissance 
banking practices. 

4569
04:04:02,200 --> 04:04:04,800
We don't have conflicts between 
Roman law and Renaissance 

4570
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:07,900
banking practices. 
Thomas pointed out working his 

4571
04:04:07,900 --> 04:04:09,900
way through a forum about 
Democratic governance in 

4572
04:04:09,900 --> 04:04:12,700
multitude period communities 
with the sort of methodical 

4573
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,500
Precision that suggested he'd 
had experience with Colonial 

4574
04:04:15,500 --> 04:04:18,700
paperwork. 
Exactly sister Agatha said, 

4575
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:22,300
Marcus handles military Justice,
Nigel handles infrastructure 

4576
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:24,600
disputes. 
You handle governance issues and

4577
04:04:24,600 --> 04:04:27,200
Gladys handles everything else 
because she's the only one who's

4578
04:04:27,200 --> 04:04:31,000
actually good at managing people
Margaret looked up from form. 

4579
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:35,200
47b justification for temporal 
cohabitation and realized 

4580
04:04:35,200 --> 04:04:37,900
something important. 
They hadn't just accidentally 

4581
04:04:37,900 --> 04:04:41,000
created a community, they'd 
accidentally created a 

4582
04:04:41,000 --> 04:04:43,700
functioning government and not 
just any government. 

4583
04:04:43,700 --> 04:04:46,500
But one that actually worked 
because everyone involved was 

4584
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:48,800
too confused and to practical to
waste time on politics. 

4585
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:52,600
We need to document this. 
She said suddenly document what 

4586
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:56,000
is spectacular Cronus assed She 
had remained at the Inn to 

4587
04:04:56,000 --> 04:04:59,600
oversee the application process,
but Margaret suspected that her 

4588
04:04:59,600 --> 04:05:02,300
primary reason for staying was 
her interest in their Community,

4589
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,000
which she found far more 
engaging than her usual 

4590
04:05:05,000 --> 04:05:07,800
assignments. 
This is how we govern ourselves 

4591
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:10,600
Margaret explained reaching for 
a fresh sheet of paper. 

4592
04:05:10,600 --> 04:05:14,200
If we're applying to be an 
experimental Community, we need 

4593
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:17,000
to show that our experiment 
actually produces results. 

4594
04:05:18,100 --> 04:05:20,600
Over the next several hours, 
Margaret found herself doing 

4595
04:05:20,600 --> 04:05:22,900
what she did. 
Best organizing information, 

4596
04:05:23,900 --> 04:05:26,500
With input from the others, she 
documented their decision-making

4597
04:05:26,500 --> 04:05:29,900
processes, their conflict 
resolution methods, their 

4598
04:05:29,900 --> 04:05:32,700
resource allocation systems, and
their integration, protocols. 

4599
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:36,600
What emerged was a picture of a 
community that had organically 

4600
04:05:36,600 --> 04:05:39,500
developed solutions to problems.
That political scientists spent 

4601
04:05:39,500 --> 04:05:42,500
decades debating This is 
extraordinary. 

4602
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:46,300
Inspector Kronos said reading 
over Margaret's documentation, 

4603
04:05:46,300 --> 04:05:50,300
you've created a functional 
multi-temporal, democracy within

4604
04:05:50,300 --> 04:05:53,000
cultural sensitivity, protocols,
and adaptive governance 

4605
04:05:53,000 --> 04:05:56,000
structures. 
We've muddled through Gladys 

4606
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:58,600
corrected, bringing them all and
other round of tea. 

4607
04:05:59,400 --> 04:06:02,100
We've made the best of it, just 
like anyone else who finds 

4608
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:04,000
themselves in an unexpected 
situation. 

4609
04:06:05,100 --> 04:06:08,400
But that's precisely the point. 
Inspector Corona said, 

4610
04:06:08,400 --> 04:06:12,000
excitement creeping into her 
voice for the first time since 

4611
04:06:12,000 --> 04:06:15,200
Margaret had met her. 
Most temporal displacement, 

4612
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:19,200
results in psychological. 
Trauma, cultural, isolation and 

4613
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:22,700
eventual breakdown. 
Created something that not only 

4614
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:26,000
works but actually enhances the 
lives of everyone involved. 

4615
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:29,000
Margaret looked around the ends 
common room where their 

4616
04:06:29,000 --> 04:06:32,400
impromptu government session had
attracted an audience of curious

4617
04:06:32,400 --> 04:06:35,800
community members. 
Marcus was explaining Roman 

4618
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:38,700
military organization to a group
that included a Viking Warrior 

4619
04:06:38,700 --> 04:06:42,000
Two medieval merchants what 
appeared to be a flapper who had

4620
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:44,900
arrived just that morning. 
Niger was sketching engineering 

4621
04:06:44,900 --> 04:06:48,200
diagrams, on a napkin, while a 
Renaissance artist offered 

4622
04:06:48,200 --> 04:06:50,200
suggestions about aesthetic 
improvements. 

4623
04:06:50,900 --> 04:06:53,800
Thomas and Veronica were deep in
discussion about the Practical 

4624
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:56,800
applications of democratic 
theory with a gentleman, who 

4625
04:06:56,800 --> 04:06:59,000
claimed to be from the court of 
Louis the 14th. 

4626
04:06:59,600 --> 04:07:01,500
It works because we need it to 
work. 

4627
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:03,600
In Margaret said we can't go 
home. 

4628
04:07:03,600 --> 04:07:06,900
So we have to make this place 
home and that means figuring out

4629
04:07:06,900 --> 04:07:09,500
how to live together even when 
we come from entirely different 

4630
04:07:09,500 --> 04:07:13,700
worlds, the temporal Authority 
should see this inspector Cronus

4631
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:16,500
said, they've been trying to 
solve the problem of the 

4632
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:19,200
temporal displacement for 
centuries and you've 

4633
04:07:19,200 --> 04:07:20,500
accidentally discovered the 
solution. 

4634
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:23,600
What's the problem with temporal
displacement? 

4635
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:27,700
Sister of the Year asked 
Displaced persons typically 

4636
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,400
suffer from severe, temporal 
culture, shock inspector, Cronus

4637
04:07:31,400 --> 04:07:33,900
explained. 
They can't adapt to their new 

4638
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:36,400
time, but they can't return to 
their original time. 

4639
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:39,300
Either most end up in 
Specialized Care Facilities, or 

4640
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:42,900
isolated temporal, reservations.
Margaret felt a chill. 

4641
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:47,700
Temporal reservations quarantine
zones were displaced. 

4642
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,300
Persons can live out their lives
without affecting the timeline. 

4643
04:07:50,300 --> 04:07:53,600
Inspector Kronos said, 
apparently not noticing the 

4644
04:07:53,600 --> 04:07:57,000
horror on everyone's faces is 
considered the most Humane 

4645
04:07:57,000 --> 04:08:00,900
solution. 
Humane Thomas, repeated flatly, 

4646
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:04,300
you isolate people from society 
and call it Humane. 

4647
04:08:04,300 --> 04:08:07,200
It's better than the alternative
inspector. 

4648
04:08:07,200 --> 04:08:09,400
Kronos said defensively 
uncontrolled. 

4649
04:08:09,400 --> 04:08:13,300
Temporal displacement can cause 
paradoxes timeline disruptions 

4650
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:18,200
and even reality Cascades As 
that actually happened, Margaret

4651
04:08:18,200 --> 04:08:22,500
asked, or is it theoretical 
inspector Kronos paused well 

4652
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:26,200
theoretical. 
But the risk is theoretical 

4653
04:08:26,200 --> 04:08:29,500
Margaret finished. 
Meanwhile, the reality, is that,

4654
04:08:29,500 --> 04:08:32,400
your condemning people to 
isolation based on theoretical 

4655
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,800
risks, she stood up feeling the 
same sense of righteous. 

4656
04:08:35,800 --> 04:08:38,900
Indignation, that had sustained 
her through years of fighting 

4657
04:08:38,900 --> 04:08:41,400
budget cuts and bureaucratic 
interference at the library. 

4658
04:08:42,500 --> 04:08:45,500
Inspector Kronos. 
I think it's time the temporal 

4659
04:08:45,500 --> 04:08:48,500
Authority met with some people 
who have actually made temporal 

4660
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:52,400
displacement work. you want to 
petition, the temporal Authority

4661
04:08:52,400 --> 04:08:56,300
directly inspector, Kronos asked
looking alarmed, I want to 

4662
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:58,400
invite them to visit Margaret 
corrected. 

4663
04:08:58,400 --> 04:09:00,400
Let them see what we've built 
here. 

4664
04:09:00,400 --> 04:09:03,500
Let them meet our community. 
Let them understand that 

4665
04:09:03,500 --> 04:09:05,800
temporal displacement. 
Doesn't have to be a problem to 

4666
04:09:05,800 --> 04:09:08,300
be managed. 
It can be an opportunity to be 

4667
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:11,900
embraced. 
The room went quiet again, but 

4668
04:09:11,900 --> 04:09:14,700
this time it was the excited 
Silence of people who had just 

4669
04:09:14,708 --> 04:09:16,400
realized. 
They were about to do something.

4670
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:19,800
Either very brave or very stupid
and weren't entirely sure. 

4671
04:09:19,800 --> 04:09:23,900
Which That said, Veronica slowly
is either brilliant or 

4672
04:09:23,900 --> 04:09:27,900
completely insane. in my 
experience Gladys said, 

4673
04:09:27,900 --> 04:09:32,600
cheerfully the best ideas are 
usually both inspector Kronos 

4674
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:35,000
looked around the room at the 
faces of people who had 

4675
04:09:35,000 --> 04:09:38,400
accidentally revolutionized 
temporal Community planning and 

4676
04:09:38,400 --> 04:09:41,100
we're now proposing to take 
their Revolution directly to the

4677
04:09:41,100 --> 04:09:42,900
highest levels of temporal 
Authority. 

4678
04:09:43,900 --> 04:09:46,600
Margaret could see her trying to
calculate the potential 

4679
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:50,100
consequences, weigh the risks 
against the benefits, and figure

4680
04:09:50,100 --> 04:09:52,500
out whether supporting this plan
would Advance or destroy her 

4681
04:09:52,500 --> 04:09:55,100
career. 
I'll need to send a preliminary 

4682
04:09:55,100 --> 04:09:58,000
report. 
First she said, finally, Prepare

4683
04:09:58,000 --> 04:10:00,700
them for the possibility of an 
unconventional solution to the 

4684
04:10:00,700 --> 04:10:04,200
displacement problem. 
Unconventional Solutions are the

4685
04:10:04,200 --> 04:10:06,300
best kind Marcus said 
approvingly. 

4686
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:10,800
In Rome, we had a saying when 
conventional tactics fail, try 

4687
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:12,700
something. 
So unexpected that your enemies 

4688
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:16,400
defeat themselves through 
confusion Did Romans actually 

4689
04:10:16,400 --> 04:10:20,100
say that? 
Thomas asked, no Marcus admitted

4690
04:10:20,100 --> 04:10:21,800
cheerfully, but they should 
have. 

4691
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:25,900
Its excellent advice. 
Margaret looked at inspector 

4692
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,900
Cronus who was staring at their 
Community with the expression of

4693
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:32,000
someone who had come to enforce 
the rules and instead discovered

4694
04:10:32,000 --> 04:10:34,800
that they might need changing 
inspector. 

4695
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:38,500
She said gently, when did you 
last do something that made you 

4696
04:10:38,508 --> 04:10:42,600
excited about your work? 
Inspector, Kronos was quiet for 

4697
04:10:42,600 --> 04:10:44,700
a long moment. 
I can't remember. 

4698
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:47,800
She said, finally. 
Then maybe it's time to try 

4699
04:10:47,800 --> 04:10:50,900
something new Margaret 
suggested, maybe it's time to 

4700
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:53,800
help us show the temporal 
Authority that some problems are

4701
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:55,400
actually opportunities in 
Disguise. 

4702
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,500
The temporal authorities 
response to inspect a Cronus is 

4703
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:01,900
preliminary report of three days
later in the form of what 

4704
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:04,700
appeared to be a medieval 
messenger, who wrote a horse. 

4705
04:11:04,700 --> 04:11:07,100
That moves slightly too, 
smoothly and cast, no shadow. 

4706
04:11:08,300 --> 04:11:10,700
The message itself was written 
on parchment that looked 

4707
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:13,900
authentic, but felt like 
high-quality printer paper and 

4708
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:16,400
the ink had the peculiar 
property of remaining wet until 

4709
04:11:16,400 --> 04:11:20,100
someone read it at which point 
it dried instantly Margaret had 

4710
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:22,300
become fascinated by these 
temporal inconsistencies. 

4711
04:11:22,300 --> 04:11:25,400
Everything about the temporal 
Authority seemed designed to 

4712
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:27,800
look period appropriate while 
functioning with modern 

4713
04:11:27,800 --> 04:11:31,000
efficiently, as if they couldn't
decide whether they wanted to 

4714
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:33,600
blend in with history or 
transcended entirely. 

4715
04:11:34,400 --> 04:11:37,500
There are sending a delegation 
inspector, Kronos announced 

4716
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:39,900
reading the message allowed to 
the assemble Community. 

4717
04:11:39,900 --> 04:11:43,700
Senior inspector, Paradox 
Inspector Calls ality and 

4718
04:11:43,700 --> 04:11:47,000
directed temporal will arrive 
tomorrow to assess the viability

4719
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:50,000
of Cronos Commons as an 
experimental community. 

4720
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:54,400
Direct a temporal sister Agatha 
asked, that's either a critical 

4721
04:11:54,400 --> 04:11:56,800
personal someone with a deeply 
unfortunate name. 

4722
04:11:57,800 --> 04:12:01,600
Both, probably Veronica said, in
my experience the most 

4723
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:05,200
important, bureaucrats always 
have the most ridiculous titles.

4724
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:08,800
Margaret felt the familiar 
flutter of anxiety that 

4725
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:11,800
proceeded, any important 
inspection, whether it was 

4726
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:14,700
Library Auditors Health 
Department, officials or 

4727
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:16,600
apparently temporal law 
enforcement. 

4728
04:12:17,500 --> 04:12:20,700
But underneath the anxiety was 
something else excitement. 

4729
04:12:21,900 --> 04:12:24,900
First time in years, she was 
part of something that mattered 

4730
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:27,400
something worth far more 
fighting for. 

4731
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:31,300
Right then she said Stan 
standing up with the sort of 

4732
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,000
decisiveness that surprised 
everyone including herself. 

4733
04:12:34,000 --> 04:12:38,300
We have one day to prepare for 
the most important visitors. 

4734
04:12:38,300 --> 04:12:39,600
This community has ever 
received. 

4735
04:12:39,600 --> 04:12:43,100
I suggest we show them exactly 
what we've accomplished here. 

4736
04:12:44,000 --> 04:12:47,200
The next 24 hours passed in a 
blur of organized chaos. 

4737
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:49,800
That would have made any event 
planner weep with other 

4738
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:53,300
admiration or despair. 
Gladys organized a feast that 

4739
04:12:53,300 --> 04:12:57,300
showcase culinary techniques 
from 12 different times, Nigel 

4740
04:12:57,300 --> 04:13:00,200
provided the entire village with
a comprehensive overview of 

4741
04:13:00,200 --> 04:13:02,600
infrastructure. 
Improvements highlighting the 

4742
04:13:02,600 --> 04:13:05,300
innovations that emerged from 
the fusion of Roman engineering,

4743
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,500
Victoria and precision, and 
modern Material Science. 

4744
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,200
Thomas prepared, a presentation 
on their governance, structure 

4745
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:14,700
that managed to be both 
academically rigorous and 

4746
04:13:14,700 --> 04:13:18,400
practically applicable. 
Margaret found herself 

4747
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:20,700
coordinating. 
The entire effort which felt 

4748
04:13:20,700 --> 04:13:23,600
remarkably similar to organizing
the library's annual fundraising

4749
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:26,600
Gala. 
Except with more times involved 

4750
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:30,400
and significantly higher Stakes.
She discovered that her years of

4751
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:33,100
managing Library events had 
prepared her surprisingly, well,

4752
04:13:33,100 --> 04:13:34,800
for managing, temporal 
diplomacy. 

4753
04:13:35,500 --> 04:13:39,200
The delegation arrived precisely
at noon stepping out of what 

4754
04:13:39,200 --> 04:13:41,800
appeared to be a traveling 
Merchants wagon, that definitely

4755
04:13:41,800 --> 04:13:44,500
hadn't been their moments before
director. 

4756
04:13:44,500 --> 04:13:46,800
Temporal turned out to be a 
woman who looked like she could 

4757
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,600
have been anywhere between 30 
and 300 years old wearing robes 

4758
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:53,300
that managed to suggest both 
medieval Authority and modern 

4759
04:13:53,300 --> 04:13:56,300
professionalism. 
Senior inspector Paradox was a 

4760
04:13:56,308 --> 04:13:59,000
tall man with the sort of 
precisely groomed appearance 

4761
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:01,000
that suggested. 
He took temporal regulations, 

4762
04:14:01,000 --> 04:14:04,600
very seriously indeed. 
Inspector Calls ality was 

4763
04:14:04,608 --> 04:14:07,200
younger with the eager 
expression of someone who had 

4764
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:10,300
recently been promoted and was 
determined to prove worthy of 

4765
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:12,800
the position. 
Welcome to Cronos. 

4766
04:14:12,800 --> 04:14:15,400
Commons Margaret said, stepping 
forward with the sort of 

4767
04:14:15,400 --> 04:14:18,300
confidence, usually reserved for
dealing with particularly 

4768
04:14:18,300 --> 04:14:21,700
difficult Library board members.
We are honored by your visit 

4769
04:14:21,700 --> 04:14:24,900
director, temporal looked around
the Village Square where the 

4770
04:14:24,908 --> 04:14:27,000
community had assembled to greet
their visitors. 

4771
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:30,600
Her expression was carefully 
neutral, but Margaret caught her

4772
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:32,200
pausing to study the 
architectural. 

4773
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:35,400
Innovations, the way people from
different times were naturally 

4774
04:14:35,400 --> 04:14:38,600
interacting and the general 
atmosphere of purposeful 

4775
04:14:38,600 --> 04:14:41,400
activity. 
Inspector Chronos has submitted 

4776
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,700
a preliminary report suggesting 
that this community represents a

4777
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:47,400
viable alternative to 
traditional displacement. 

4778
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:51,200
Protocols directed temporal 
said, we're here to assess the 

4779
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:54,700
accuracy of the assessment. 
We'd be delighted to show you 

4780
04:14:54,700 --> 04:14:56,900
around. 
Thomas said, stepping forward 

4781
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:00,800
with Colonial diplomatic charm. 
Perhaps we could begin with our 

4782
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:04,400
governance Center. 
What followed was the most 

4783
04:15:04,400 --> 04:15:07,000
unusual term Margaret ever 
participated in? 

4784
04:15:07,800 --> 04:15:10,100
They showed the delegation, 
their Democratic decision-making

4785
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:12,400
processes. 
Their conflict resolution 

4786
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:15,700
methods, their resource 
allocation system and their 

4787
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:18,300
integration. 
Protocols, At each stop 

4788
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:21,100
community members. 
Demonstrated not just how their 

4789
04:15:21,100 --> 04:15:23,000
systems worked, but why they 
worked? 

4790
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,800
The key Insight sister Agatha 
explained as they stood in what 

4791
04:15:26,800 --> 04:15:28,800
had become their informal 
receipt urgent center. 

4792
04:15:28,808 --> 04:15:32,200
Is that temporal displacement, 
doesn't have to mean, cultural 

4793
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:35,000
isolation, when you put people 
from different times together, 

4794
04:15:35,008 --> 04:15:36,700
they don't just adapt to each 
other. 

4795
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:40,600
They enhance each other. 
She gestured to a wall covered 

4796
04:15:40,600 --> 04:15:43,900
with research notes, engineering
diagrams, artistic 

4797
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:47,200
collaborations and what appeared
to be a detailed analysis of 

4798
04:15:47,200 --> 04:15:50,300
democratic theory written in 
four different languages by 

4799
04:15:50,300 --> 04:15:52,000
authors from four different 
centuries. 

4800
04:15:52,800 --> 04:15:54,600
We're not just preserving 
historical knowledge. 

4801
04:15:54,600 --> 04:15:58,400
She continued we're creating new
knowledge, by combining 

4802
04:15:58,400 --> 04:16:01,500
historical perspectives in ways 
that have never been possible 

4803
04:16:01,500 --> 04:16:04,300
before. 
Inspector call. 

4804
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:07,300
Solati was taking in Malden 
notes while senior inspector, 

4805
04:16:07,300 --> 04:16:09,600
Paradox, maintained an 
expression of professional. 

4806
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:13,000
Skepticism directed temporal, 
however, was studying the 

4807
04:16:13,000 --> 04:16:16,200
research wall with the sort of 
intense Focus that suggested she

4808
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:17,700
was seeing something she hadn't 
expected. 

4809
04:16:18,700 --> 04:16:21,900
This is unprecedented. 
She said finally crossed 

4810
04:16:21,900 --> 04:16:23,900
temporal knowledge synthesis on 
this scale. 

4811
04:16:24,700 --> 04:16:26,400
The implications are 
extraordinary. 

4812
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:29,800
The implications are what we 
live with every day, Gladys 

4813
04:16:29,800 --> 04:16:32,400
said, cheerfully appearing with 
a tray of Refreshments that 

4814
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:35,100
somehow managed to appeal to 
taste preferences from across 

4815
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:37,500
the centuries. 
It turns out when you stop 

4816
04:16:37,500 --> 04:16:39,800
worrying about the implications 
and start focusing on the 

4817
04:16:39,800 --> 04:16:41,800
practicalities, most problems 
solve themselves. 

4818
04:16:43,000 --> 04:16:45,800
The tour continued through the 
afternoon, with the delegation, 

4819
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,500
observing everything, from 
Marcus's conflict, resolution 

4820
04:16:48,500 --> 04:16:51,400
sessions, which involve more 
shouting, the Margaret's 

4821
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:52,700
comfortable with, but seemed to 
work. 

4822
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:56,800
To Nigel's engineering workshops
which had produced innovations, 

4823
04:16:56,800 --> 04:16:58,900
that probably shouldn't have 
been possible with available 

4824
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:01,600
materials. 
However, Margaret was aware that

4825
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:04,300
the evening Feast would 
determine the success or failure

4826
04:17:04,300 --> 04:17:07,300
of their argument. 
As the community gathered around

4827
04:17:07,300 --> 04:17:10,200
tables that had been built by 
combining Roman construction 

4828
04:17:10,200 --> 04:17:13,300
techniques with Victorian 
craftsmanship, and a modern 

4829
04:17:13,308 --> 04:17:16,300
ergonomic principles. 
She watched the delegation of 

4830
04:17:16,308 --> 04:17:18,900
observe something that couldn't 
be documented or measured. 

4831
04:17:18,900 --> 04:17:23,400
The simple fact that their 
Community was genuinely happy, I

4832
04:17:23,400 --> 04:17:25,900
have a question directed 
temporal said as the meal wound 

4833
04:17:25,900 --> 04:17:27,700
down. 
What happens when someone wants 

4834
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:30,400
to leave? 
The question lingered in the 

4835
04:17:30,400 --> 04:17:32,900
air, akin to an uncomfortable 
truth. 

4836
04:17:32,900 --> 04:17:36,800
That everyone had been evading. 
Margaret felt her stomach 

4837
04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:39,400
clenched because this was the 
one aspect of their Community, 

4838
04:17:39,400 --> 04:17:43,700
they haven't fully addressed 
Well, Thomas said slowly that's 

4839
04:17:43,700 --> 04:17:46,900
rather complicated. 
We haven't actually figured out 

4840
04:17:46,900 --> 04:17:49,100
how to leave even if someone 
wanted to. 

4841
04:17:50,000 --> 04:17:52,100
But would you Inspector Calls? 
A Letty? 

4842
04:17:52,100 --> 04:17:56,600
Ask want to leave. 
I mean if you could Margaret 

4843
04:17:56,600 --> 04:17:58,600
looked around the table at 
faces, that had become more 

4844
04:17:58,608 --> 04:18:02,100
familiar to her than her family.
These people had become her 

4845
04:18:02,100 --> 04:18:05,100
colleagues, her friends, her 
chosen community, in a way that 

4846
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:09,100
her old life had never provided.
I think she said carefully. 

4847
04:18:09,100 --> 04:18:13,200
That's the wrong question. 
The right question is, would we 

4848
04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:15,200
want to go back to the lives? 
We were living before. 

4849
04:18:15,200 --> 04:18:17,900
We came here. 
And the answer to that question 

4850
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:21,100
director, temporal asked 
Margaret smiled asked me 

4851
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:23,000
tomorrow. 
The temporal authorities 

4852
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:25,200
decision came in the form of an 
official Proclamation. 

4853
04:18:25,200 --> 04:18:28,300
That somehow managed to be both 
bureaucratically, precise and 

4854
04:18:28,300 --> 04:18:32,300
genuinely revolutionary. 
Chronos Commons was granted 

4855
04:18:32,300 --> 04:18:35,100
experimental status as the first
authorized cross. 

4856
04:18:35,100 --> 04:18:38,700
Temporal community development 
project with funding legal 

4857
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:42,500
recognition and most importantly
official permission to continue 

4858
04:18:42,500 --> 04:18:45,600
existing. 
Congratulations directed, 

4859
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:48,300
temporal said, presenting 
Margaret with a document that 

4860
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:51,600
looked like a medieval Charter 
but contained Clauses about 

4861
04:18:51,600 --> 04:18:55,100
Innovative, temporal integration
methodologies and sustainable 

4862
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:59,000
anachronistic Community Players.
You've accidentally solved a 

4863
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:00,800
problem, we've been working on 
for centuries. 

4864
04:19:01,600 --> 04:19:04,800
You've accidentally sold several
problems for on a corrected. 

4865
04:19:04,800 --> 04:19:07,700
Temporal displacement, 
cross-cultural integration, 

4866
04:19:07,700 --> 04:19:10,500
sustainable Community 
Development and Margaret's 

4867
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:13,300
midlife crisis. 
Margaret laughed because it was 

4868
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:16,500
true somewhere between 
organizing emergency committee 

4869
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:19,100
meetings and negotiating with 
temporal bureaucrats. 

4870
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:22,200
She had discovered that her 
midlife crisis hadn't been about

4871
04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:25,100
her age, or her circumstances. 
It had been about the fact that 

4872
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:27,100
she hadn't been living a life 
that felt like her own. 

4873
04:19:28,100 --> 04:19:32,700
So what happens now she asked? 
Now, director temporal said, you

4874
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:34,500
become a model for other 
temporal displacement 

4875
04:19:34,500 --> 04:19:36,600
situations. 
We'll be sending observers 

4876
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:39,800
researchers and probably a few 
more accidental Time, Travelers 

4877
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:41,600
your way you're going to be 
busy. 

4878
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:45,900
We're already busy Gladys 
pointed out a good at busy. 

4879
04:19:45,900 --> 04:19:50,300
Busy is what happens when you're
doing something that matters. as

4880
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:52,600
the temporal Authority 
delegation prepared to leave 

4881
04:19:52,600 --> 04:19:56,600
inspector Kronos, approached 
Margaret privately, I've 

4882
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:58,100
submitted a request for 
reassignment. 

4883
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:01,300
She said, I'd like to stay here 
as a permanent liaison between 

4884
04:20:01,300 --> 04:20:04,500
the community and the authority.
Why do you want to be 

4885
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:06,500
reassigned? 
Margaret asked, though. 

4886
04:20:06,500 --> 04:20:09,000
She suspected. 
She knew the answer because For 

4887
04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:11,500
the First Time in decades, I'm 
engaged in work that feels 

4888
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:15,600
significant inspector, Kronos 
stated plainly And because 

4889
04:20:15,608 --> 04:20:17,800
someone needs to document what 
you're accomplishing here. 

4890
04:20:18,600 --> 04:20:21,400
Future temporal communities are 
going to need guidance and 

4891
04:20:21,400 --> 04:20:23,100
you've already figured out most 
of the answers. 

4892
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:26,400
Margaret nodded. 
Will need help with the 

4893
04:20:26,400 --> 04:20:29,100
paperwork. 
Anyway, temporal bureaucracy is 

4894
04:20:29,100 --> 04:20:31,300
even more complicated than 
regular bureaucracy. 

4895
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:35,800
That evening as the community 
gathered for what had become 

4896
04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:37,300
their traditional end of day 
meeting. 

4897
04:20:37,300 --> 04:20:40,500
Margaret reflected, on the 
strange Journey that had brought

4898
04:20:40,500 --> 04:20:42,600
her here. 
Six months ago, she had been 

4899
04:20:42,608 --> 04:20:46,200
living a life that felt too 
small too predictable, and too 

4900
04:20:46,200 --> 04:20:48,400
much like settling for less than
she deserved. 

4901
04:20:48,400 --> 04:20:51,900
Now, she was helping to Pioneer 
a new form of humanity, that 

4902
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:53,900
existed outside normal time in 
space. 

4903
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:59,000
Any regrets sister asked 
settling into the chair beside 

4904
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:01,400
her? 
Margaret considered the question

4905
04:21:01,400 --> 04:21:04,000
seriously? 
Did she miss her old life? 

4906
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,000
Did she miss her house her job 
her routine? 

4907
04:21:07,000 --> 04:21:10,100
Or did she miss the person? 
She had been when those things 

4908
04:21:10,100 --> 04:21:12,600
had felt like enough. 
I missed my cat. 

4909
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:16,600
She said finally cats are 
adaptable if he could see me 

4910
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:17,900
now. 
He'd probably approve. 

4911
04:21:17,900 --> 04:21:20,600
He always thought I was capable 
of more than I believed. 

4912
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:24,100
Cats at excellent judges of 
character, Thomas agreed. 

4913
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:28,700
They see potential that humans. 
Often miss Speaking of potential

4914
04:21:28,700 --> 04:21:31,400
Veronica said what do we want to
be when we grow up? 

4915
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:34,400
Now that we're officially 
experimental, we get to decide 

4916
04:21:34,400 --> 04:21:37,300
what we're experimenting. 
With the questions sparked, the 

4917
04:21:37,300 --> 04:21:39,800
sort of enthusiastic discussion 
that Margaret had learned to 

4918
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:42,600
associate with her new community
ideas. 

4919
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:46,000
Flew around the room like 
butterflies establishing a 

4920
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:49,100
university for cross-temporal 
studies, developing sustainable 

4921
04:21:49,100 --> 04:21:51,800
technologies that combined 
Knowledge from multiple time 

4922
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:54,200
periods. 
Creating artistic collaborations

4923
04:21:54,200 --> 04:21:56,800
that had never been possible 
before and writing the 

4924
04:21:56,808 --> 04:21:59,300
definitive guides to temporal 
Community planning. 

4925
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:03,000
We could change how people think
about time itself, Nigel 

4926
04:22:03,000 --> 04:22:06,100
suggested. 
Demonstrate that past present 

4927
04:22:06,100 --> 04:22:09,900
and future Arts separate things.
Their different perspectives on 

4928
04:22:09,900 --> 04:22:13,200
the same Human Experience. 
We could revolutionize 

4929
04:22:13,200 --> 04:22:17,400
historical, research, assistant 
added, imagine what we could 

4930
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:19,700
learn if historians could 
actually talk to the people, 

4931
04:22:19,700 --> 04:22:23,000
they study. 
We could perfect democracy or 

4932
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:26,300
Thomas said with the enthusiasm 
of someone who had spent 

4933
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:28,400
centuries thinking about 
political Theory. 

4934
04:22:29,400 --> 04:22:32,300
Test different approaches with 
people who have lived under 

4935
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:34,600
different systems. 
We could just keep being 

4936
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:38,700
ourselves and see what happens 
Gladys said pragmatically in my 

4937
04:22:38,700 --> 04:22:41,200
experience the best, 
revolution's of the ones that 

4938
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,100
happen naturally because people 
are living the lives. 

4939
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:47,400
They want to live. 
Margaret listen to the 

4940
04:22:47,400 --> 04:22:50,500
conversation swirl around her 
and felt something she had never

4941
04:22:50,500 --> 04:22:53,700
experienced before. 
Complete certainty that she was 

4942
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:56,900
precisely where she belonged 
doing, exactly what she was 

4943
04:22:56,900 --> 04:22:58,900
meant to do with exactly the 
people. 

4944
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:03,100
She was meant to do it with I 
have a proposal she said and the

4945
04:23:03,108 --> 04:23:06,300
room quieted to listen. 
What if we stopped defining 

4946
04:23:06,300 --> 04:23:08,400
ourselves and just become who we
want to be? 

4947
04:23:09,400 --> 04:23:12,100
We're not just a temporal 
Community or an experimental 

4948
04:23:12,100 --> 04:23:15,300
project or an accidental 
Revolution where people who 

4949
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:17,700
found each other across time and
space and decided to build 

4950
04:23:17,700 --> 04:23:22,500
something beautiful together. 
That said, Markus approvingly is

4951
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:24,600
the sort of proposal that wins 
Wars. 

4952
04:23:25,700 --> 04:23:28,600
Are we at War? 
Inspector's Ali asked looking 

4953
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:31,100
alarmed. 
We're at war with the idea that 

4954
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:33,900
people have to accept the lives.
They give an instead of creating

4955
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:36,900
the lives. 
They want Margaret said, we're 

4956
04:23:36,900 --> 04:23:39,600
at war with the notion that 
different is dangerous, instead 

4957
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:42,000
of wonderful. 
The belief that the future must 

4958
04:23:42,000 --> 04:23:45,500
mirror the past simply because 
it's, the norm is what we're 

4959
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:49,000
fighting against. 
Revolutionary Wars are the best 

4960
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:52,800
kind of Veronica said with 
satisfaction the specially when 

4961
04:23:52,800 --> 04:23:56,600
you win by accident. 
Because the meeting wound down 

4962
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,300
and people began drifting back 
to their homes homes. 

4963
04:23:59,300 --> 04:24:01,900
That had been built by combining
architectural Knowledge from 

4964
04:24:01,900 --> 04:24:05,400
across the centuries decorated 
with art created through 

4965
04:24:05,400 --> 04:24:08,500
cross-temporal collaboration and
filled with the sort of 

4966
04:24:08,500 --> 04:24:10,700
contentment that came from 
living in a community where 

4967
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:14,200
everyone belonged Margaret 
stepped outside to look up at 

4968
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:16,300
stars that had witnessed all of 
human history. 

4969
04:24:17,000 --> 04:24:20,300
Tomorrow would bring new 
challenges, new visitors and new

4970
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:22,800
opportunities to prove that 
their accidental experiment in 

4971
04:24:22,800 --> 04:24:25,400
temporal Community. 
Building could work on a larger 

4972
04:24:25,400 --> 04:24:29,300
scale, there would be more 
paperwork, more bureaucracy and 

4973
04:24:29,300 --> 04:24:31,800
more negotiations with 
authorities who still weren't 

4974
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:34,100
entirely convinced that rules 
were meant to be broken. 

4975
04:24:35,300 --> 04:24:38,500
But tonight Margaret was simply 
a woman who had accidentally 

4976
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:40,200
time traveled into the best 
life. 

4977
04:24:40,200 --> 04:24:43,200
She'd never imagined living 
surrounded by friends, she had 

4978
04:24:43,208 --> 04:24:46,500
never expected to make working 
on projects that mattered in 

4979
04:24:46,500 --> 04:24:49,700
ways she was still discovering. 
She thought about the other 

4980
04:24:49,700 --> 04:24:53,000
version of herself living in her
old house working at her old 

4981
04:24:53,008 --> 04:24:56,000
job, probably wondering why life
felt so unsatisfying. 

4982
04:24:56,900 --> 04:24:59,600
Margaret had been waiting 
approval to pursue her desired 

4983
04:24:59,600 --> 04:25:02,000
life. 
This Margaret had learned that 

4984
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:03,800
sometimes. 
The best thing you can do is 

4985
04:25:03,800 --> 04:25:06,800
stop waiting for permission and 
start creating the life you 

4986
04:25:06,800 --> 04:25:10,300
deserve. 
The Stars looked exactly the 

4987
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:13,300
same as they had in her time, 
which somehow made everything 

4988
04:25:13,300 --> 04:25:16,300
else feel possible. 
Time was more flexible than 

4989
04:25:16,300 --> 04:25:18,900
anyone had. 
Imagined Community was more 

4990
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:21,900
important than anyone had 
realized and revolution could 

4991
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:24,000
happen. 
Accidentally, when people simply

4992
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:27,000
decided to treat each other with
kindness and respect across the 

4993
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:28,800
barriers that were supposed to 
divide them. 

4994
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:32,300
Margaret smiled and went inside 
to help Gladys plant, tomorrow's

4995
04:25:32,300 --> 04:25:36,000
menu because even accidental, 
revolutionaries had to eat and 

4996
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:38,700
someone needed to coordinate the
logistics of changing the world 

4997
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:42,800
on shared Millers time after all
she was still a librarian at 

4998
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:45,400
heart. 
And Librarians, understood that 

4999
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:47,500
the most important revolution's 
were the ones that happen. 

5000
04:25:47,500 --> 04:25:50,900
Quietly, one person has to time 
through the simple Act of 

5001
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:54,000
helping people find exactly what
they were looking for even when 

5002
04:25:54,000 --> 04:25:55,300
they hadn't known they were 
looking for it. 

5003
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:01,300
Okay, check this out. 
Your stepping into the year 1066

5004
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:04,100
and you've just witnessed the 
most successful hostile 

5005
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:06,200
Takeover. 
In English History, though, they

5006
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:10,200
didn't call it that back then. 
William the Conqueror who 

5007
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:13,500
probably would have made an 
excellent corporate CEO has just

5008
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:17,100
defeated Harold at Hastings and 
suddenly everyone who matters is

5009
04:26:17,100 --> 04:26:19,800
speaking French. 
The Norman Court wasn't like the

5010
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:23,300
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 
Where Warriors might burst into 

5011
04:26:23,300 --> 04:26:26,100
song between courses and dogs 
wandered, freely, among the 

5012
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:30,200
rushes know, William brought 
Continental sophistication to 

5013
04:26:30,200 --> 04:26:33,600
England, which was rather like 
introducing fine wine to a group

5014
04:26:33,608 --> 04:26:35,800
of people who'd been perfectly 
happy with ale. 

5015
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:39,100
You can imagine the culture 
shock, One day you're an 

5016
04:26:39,108 --> 04:26:42,500
Anglo-Saxon Noble comfortable in
your familial world of mead 

5017
04:26:42,500 --> 04:26:45,300
halls and familiar customs. 
And the next day, there's a 

5018
04:26:45,300 --> 04:26:48,200
french-speaking king issuing 
orders in a language. 

5019
04:26:48,200 --> 04:26:49,900
That sounds like someone 
gargling honey. 

5020
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:53,600
The Normans didn't just conquer 
England, they redecorated it 

5021
04:26:53,600 --> 04:26:58,000
entirely William's Court, moved 
constantly a medieval Roadshow 

5022
04:26:58,000 --> 04:27:00,300
that would have given Modern 
event planners nightmares. 

5023
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:03,700
The Royal household packed up 
every few weeks and trudge from 

5024
04:27:03,708 --> 04:27:06,400
Castle to Castle. 
Carrying everything from the 

5025
04:27:06,400 --> 04:27:08,700
King's favorite chair to the 
Royal toilet seat. 

5026
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:10,800
Yes! 
Medieval kings had portable 

5027
04:27:10,800 --> 04:27:13,200
toilet seats. 
Even conquerors need comfort. 

5028
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:16,800
The domesday book, William's 
famous survey of England reads, 

5029
04:27:16,800 --> 04:27:18,900
like the world's most 
comprehensive tax audit. 

5030
04:27:19,600 --> 04:27:22,400
Imagine teams of Norman, 
Clarke's descending on English 

5031
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:26,000
Villages like medieval 
accountants, counting every Pig,

5032
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:29,500
chicken and patch of turnips. 
The locals must have watched 

5033
04:27:29,500 --> 04:27:31,300
these proceedings with the same 
enthusiasm. 

5034
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:33,600
Modern people show for tax 
season. 

5035
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,000
What made the Norman Court 
fascinating? 

5036
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:39,200
Was that it was essentially a 
startup that achieved success 

5037
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:43,300
Beyond anyone's expectations. 
William took a relatively small 

5038
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:46,200
group of French Nobles and 
convinced them to cross the 

5039
04:27:46,200 --> 04:27:48,500
channel and reinvent an entire 
Kingdom. 

5040
04:27:49,500 --> 04:27:52,400
They brought new architecture, 
new laws, new fashions. 

5041
04:27:52,400 --> 04:27:55,600
And most importantly, new ideas 
about how Royal courts should 

5042
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:57,800
function. 
The Norman's turn, the English 

5043
04:27:57,800 --> 04:27:59,700
Court into Europe's. 
Most efficient government 

5044
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:03,100
machine, they created a 
bureaucracy, so organized that 

5045
04:28:03,100 --> 04:28:04,800
historians still Marvel at it 
today. 

5046
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:09,000
Every penny was accounted for 
every legal decision recorded 

5047
04:28:09,000 --> 04:28:13,700
and every Royal progress plan 
with military precision, The 

5048
04:28:13,700 --> 04:28:17,500
Saxons had been Jazz musicians 
improvising freely and following

5049
04:28:17,500 --> 04:28:19,900
their instincts. 
The Normans were a full 

5050
04:28:19,908 --> 04:28:22,800
orchestra playing from 
carefully, written sheet music. 

5051
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:26,300
What's remarkable is how quickly
the two cultures began to blend 

5052
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:29,600
within a generation Norman, 
Knights were marrying English, 

5053
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,200
arroces and their children, grew
up by lingual. 

5054
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,400
The court became a place where 
French efficiency met English 

5055
04:28:35,400 --> 04:28:39,600
practicality, creating 
something, entirely new, You 

5056
04:28:39,600 --> 04:28:42,200
might say it was the Medieval 
equivalent of fusion Cuisine 

5057
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,200
except of mixing tie and Mexican
flavors. 

5058
04:28:45,200 --> 04:28:47,300
They were blending governmental 
systems. 

5059
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:49,900
The castle became the symbol of 
this new order. 

5060
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:53,400
These weren't just fortresses, 
they were corporate headquarters

5061
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:57,200
Law Courts, tax offices and 
luxury hotels. 

5062
04:28:57,200 --> 04:28:59,300
All rolled into massive Stone 
packages. 

5063
04:28:59,300 --> 04:29:02,100
You are entering the nerve 
center of a kingdom. 

5064
04:29:02,100 --> 04:29:04,800
That was systematically 
reorganizing from the ground up 

5065
04:29:04,800 --> 04:29:06,500
when you stepped into a Norman 
castles. 

5066
04:29:06,500 --> 04:29:10,200
Great Hall fast, forward to the 
plantagenets and you'll find 

5067
04:29:10,200 --> 04:29:13,000
yourself in what amounts to the 
world's longest running family 

5068
04:29:13,000 --> 04:29:15,500
drama. 
If the Normans were efficient 

5069
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:19,300
administrators, the plantagenets
were passionate performers, who 

5070
04:29:19,300 --> 04:29:20,900
have to run a kingdom on the 
side. 

5071
04:29:20,900 --> 04:29:25,300
Henry the second, the first plan
King inherited an Empire that 

5072
04:29:25,300 --> 04:29:27,600
stretched from the Scottish 
borders to the Pyrenees. 

5073
04:29:27,600 --> 04:29:31,700
Managing this required him to be
part politician, part, general 

5074
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:34,700
part Diplomat and part traveling
salesman. 

5075
04:29:35,500 --> 04:29:38,700
He was constantly on the Move, 
governing his vast territories, 

5076
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:41,200
with the energy of someone who 
had far too much medieval 

5077
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:44,900
coffee, if such a thing had 
existed, the plantagenet court 

5078
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:47,400
was where politics became 
personal in the most spectacular

5079
04:29:47,400 --> 04:29:50,200
ways. 
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor

5080
04:29:50,200 --> 04:29:53,500
of Aquitaine a woman who was 
essentially the power broker of 

5081
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:56,000
her age. 
Eleanor had already been queen 

5082
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:58,600
of France before marrying Henry 
bringing with her the 

5083
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:00,500
sophisticated culture of 
Southern France. 

5084
04:30:01,600 --> 04:30:04,300
You turn the English Court into 
a place where Troubadour sang 

5085
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:08,300
Love Songs, poets competed for 
Royal favor and courtly romance.

5086
04:30:08,300 --> 04:30:12,200
Flourished like exotic flowers 
in a hot house but Eleanor and 

5087
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:14,600
Henry's marriage was less 
romance novel and more 

5088
04:30:14,600 --> 04:30:18,200
psychological Thriller. 
They spent years, alternately 

5089
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,200
partnering, an ambitious 
political schemes and plotting 

5090
04:30:21,200 --> 04:30:24,800
each other's downfall. 
Their four Sons Henry, the young

5091
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:28,800
king Richard, the lionheart 
Jeffrey and John grew up 

5092
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:31,500
watching their parents complex 
relationship and apparently 

5093
04:30:31,500 --> 04:30:33,700
decided that family Harmony was 
overrated. 

5094
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:37,000
The result was a royal family 
that treated succession planning

5095
04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:40,000
like a contact sport. 
The prince's rebelled against 

5096
04:30:40,000 --> 04:30:42,900
their father formed, a 
alliance's with foreign Kings 

5097
04:30:42,900 --> 04:30:45,600
and generally behaved, like 
teenagers with armies. 

5098
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:50,000
When Henry, the young king died 
in 1183, he was technically 

5099
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:51,700
still in Rebellion against his 
father. 

5100
04:30:52,500 --> 04:30:55,100
Family, dinners must have been 
extraordinarily awkward. 

5101
04:30:55,100 --> 04:30:58,200
Richard the first, the lionheart
spent most of his Reign away 

5102
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:00,000
from England crusading in the 
Holy Land. 

5103
04:31:00,900 --> 04:31:03,300
He treated his kingdom, rather 
like a wealthy parent, might 

5104
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:06,400
treat a trust fund a reliable 
source of income for more 

5105
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,100
exciting. 
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 

5106
04:31:09,100 --> 04:31:12,200
spoke little English and visited
England, perhaps twice during 

5107
04:31:12,200 --> 04:31:15,600
his tenure Reign. 
However, he continues to be one 

5108
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:19,000
of England's, most renowned 
monarchs demonstrating that time

5109
04:31:19,000 --> 04:31:22,300
apart can truly deepen, one's 
affection, Then Came John. 

5110
04:31:22,300 --> 04:31:25,300
And if you've seen any movie 
about Robin Hood, you know, John

5111
04:31:25,300 --> 04:31:28,700
as the villain. 
The real John was more complex 

5112
04:31:28,700 --> 04:31:32,200
than Hollywood suggests, less 
cartoonishly evil more 

5113
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:35,800
disastrously incompetent. 
He succeeded in losing the 

5114
04:31:35,800 --> 04:31:37,800
majority of his French 
territories facing 

5115
04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:41,100
excommunication from the pope 
and inciting armed Rebellion 

5116
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:45,200
among his own barons. 
In 1215, they literally cornered

5117
04:31:45,200 --> 04:31:48,300
him at Runnymede and made him 
sign Magna Carta, which was 

5118
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:49,800
medieval England's way of 
saying. 

5119
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:53,400
We need to have a serious talk 
about your management style, the

5120
04:31:53,400 --> 04:31:56,300
plantagenet court during John's 
Reign, likely felt like working 

5121
04:31:56,300 --> 04:32:00,200
for a startup in which the CEO 
continually makes decisions that

5122
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:02,100
everyone knows will lead to 
failure. 

5123
04:32:02,700 --> 04:32:04,300
Yet. 
No one can determine how to 

5124
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:06,800
intervene. 
The Barons ultimately took 

5125
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:10,300
action establishing the first 
formal limits on Royal power in 

5126
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:13,100
English History. 
John's son Henry, the third 

5127
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,800
inherited this mess at age. 9 
growing up as a child. 

5128
04:32:16,800 --> 04:32:19,300
King meant the Henry's entire 
education in King ship. 

5129
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,600
Came from watching Regents and 
advisors managed the kingdoms 

5130
04:32:22,600 --> 04:32:24,300
recovery from his father's 
disasters. 

5131
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,500
Perhaps this explains why Henry 
developed such an obsession with

5132
04:32:28,500 --> 04:32:32,000
beautiful things, architecture 
art and luxury goods. 

5133
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,600
That would make medieval 
Instagram followers, weep With 

5134
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:37,400
Envy Henry, the third's court 
was where English Royal 

5135
04:32:37,400 --> 04:32:40,800
ceremonial really began to 
flourish He reconstructed 

5136
04:32:40,800 --> 04:32:43,900
Westminster Abbey and the gothic
style setting the stage for the 

5137
04:32:43,900 --> 04:32:46,700
crowning of English monarchs for
the ensuing 8th centuries. 

5138
04:32:47,400 --> 04:32:50,700
He collected art patronized 
Scholars and turned the Royal 

5139
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:53,400
Court into a cultural center 
that attracted Talent from 

5140
04:32:53,400 --> 04:32:56,100
across Europe. 
The plantagenets established 

5141
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:59,400
patterns that would echo through
English, Royal history, the 

5142
04:32:59,400 --> 04:33:02,300
tension between the king's 
personal desires and his public 

5143
04:33:02,300 --> 04:33:04,700
duties. 
The constant need to balance 

5144
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:07,800
English interests against 
Continental Ambitions and the 

5145
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:10,599
recurring discovery, that even 
Kings must occasionally listen 

5146
04:33:10,599 --> 04:33:12,500
to their subjects, opinions 
about governance. 

5147
04:33:12,500 --> 04:33:15,700
Edward the first arrived on the 
throne, like someone finally 

5148
04:33:15,700 --> 04:33:18,400
reading the instruction manual 
after generations of 

5149
04:33:18,400 --> 04:33:21,400
improvisation. 
Where his predecessors had 

5150
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:24,200
stumbled through the complexity 
of medieval King ship. 

5151
04:33:24,200 --> 04:33:27,500
Edward approached the job with 
the systematic, thoroughness of 

5152
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:30,700
a master Craftsman, you can 
picture Edwards Court as a place

5153
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:32,500
where everything finally ran on 
time. 

5154
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:34,800
This was a king who conquered 
Wales. 

5155
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:38,300
Not through dramatic, Cavalry 
Charges, but through methodical 

5156
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:40,500
strategic planning and Superior 
Logistics. 

5157
04:33:40,500 --> 04:33:43,599
He built a ring of cars that 
looked like, they'd been 

5158
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:46,400
designed by someone who studied 
every military engineering 

5159
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:50,800
textbook ever written. 
Which in a sense, Edward had the

5160
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:52,800
court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

5161
04:33:52,800 --> 04:33:54,300
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

5162
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:58,400
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

5163
04:33:58,400 --> 04:34:02,500
legislated he created new laws 
reformed old ones and 

5164
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:05,200
established legal procedures 
that lasted for centuries. 

5165
04:34:05,200 --> 04:34:08,000
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

5166
04:34:08,000 --> 04:34:11,599
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance while 

5167
04:34:11,599 --> 04:34:13,500
other kings or lawmaking as a 
tedious. 

5168
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:17,099
Necessity, Edward treated it as 
creative problem-solving. 

5169
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:20,700
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony into 

5170
04:34:20,700 --> 04:34:24,200
Political theater. 
His conquest of Wales culminated

5171
04:34:24,200 --> 04:34:26,900
in one of history's, most 
effective publicity stunts, 

5172
04:34:26,900 --> 04:34:31,400
presenting his infant son Edward
later, Edward the second to the 

5173
04:34:31,400 --> 04:34:35,400
Welsh as their prince of Wales, 
a native born ruler, who 

5174
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:38,000
happened to speak. 
No Welsh, but whose birth in 

5175
04:34:38,000 --> 04:34:39,800
Canada and castle made him 
technically. 

5176
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:42,500
Welsh enough to satisfy the 
political requirements. 

5177
04:34:42,500 --> 04:34:44,900
The court during Edwards, 
reigned felt like the 

5178
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:48,000
headquarters of a successful 
consulting firm organ. 

5179
04:34:48,099 --> 04:34:51,500
Forceful and slightly 
intimidating to Outsiders. 

5180
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:55,800
Foreign ambassadors, arrived 
expecting medieval chaos and 

5181
04:34:55,800 --> 04:34:58,500
instead found Clarks who could 
produce any document within 

5182
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:02,000
minutes treasury officials who 
knew exactly how much money was 

5183
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,099
available for any proposed 
Venture and a king who actually 

5184
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:07,900
read The Briefing papers, 
Edward's relationship with 

5185
04:35:07,900 --> 04:35:10,700
Parliament, illustrates his 
practical approach to politics. 

5186
04:35:10,700 --> 04:35:13,300
He didn't summon Parliament, 
because he believed in 

5187
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:16,900
Democratic principles, such 
ideas were still centuries in 

5188
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,500
the future. 
He called Parliament because he 

5189
04:35:19,500 --> 04:35:22,800
needed money for his military 
campaigns and he discovered that

5190
04:35:22,800 --> 04:35:25,700
representatives were more likely
to approve taxes if they felt 

5191
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:28,500
consulted about how those taxes 
would be spent. 

5192
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:33,000
It was medieval crowdfunding 
with a constitutional twist, the

5193
04:35:33,000 --> 04:35:36,900
Court's daily routine, reflected
Edward systemic, nature morning,

5194
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:38,800
councils dealt with 
administrative business. 

5195
04:35:38,800 --> 04:35:41,500
After noon. 
Session's handled legal appeals,

5196
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:44,500
an evening's were reserved for 
diplomatic receptions, and 

5197
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:47,300
cultural events. 
Even the Royal meals. 

5198
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:50,599
Followed precise protocols, not 
because Edward was particularly 

5199
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:53,900
formal, but because he'd figured
out that consistent procedures. 

5200
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:57,099
Prevented the sort of chaos that
had played earlier Reigns, 

5201
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,800
Edwards, Queen Eleanor of 
Castile brought her own 

5202
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:03,300
sophisticated household that 
merged seamlessly with the 

5203
04:36:03,300 --> 04:36:06,300
English Court. 
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 

5204
04:36:06,300 --> 04:36:08,700
Royal wife. 
She was a political partner who 

5205
04:36:08,700 --> 04:36:11,900
managed extensive Estates 
engaged in diplomatic 

5206
04:36:11,900 --> 04:36:15,000
negotiations, and helped to 
create the cultural atmosphere 

5207
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:18,000
that made Edwards Court a magnet
for European Talent. 

5208
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:21,300
The famous Eleanor crosses. 
The elaborate monuments Edward 

5209
04:36:21,300 --> 04:36:24,500
erected at every place Eleanor's
funeral procession rested on its

5210
04:36:24,500 --> 04:36:27,400
way to Westminster. 
Well, just expressions of Royal 

5211
04:36:27,400 --> 04:36:29,400
grief. 
They were architectural 

5212
04:36:29,400 --> 04:36:31,500
advertisements for the 
plantagenet dynasties 

5213
04:36:31,500 --> 04:36:34,800
sophistication and power. 
Each cross served as a visual 

5214
04:36:34,800 --> 04:36:37,599
cue that those ruling. 
This Kingdom understood both 

5215
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:41,200
emotional depth, and artistic 
Excellence, Edwards Court, 

5216
04:36:41,200 --> 04:36:43,800
produced the administrative 
Innovation that allowed England 

5217
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,000
to function as a unified Kingdom
rather than a collection of 

5218
04:36:47,000 --> 04:36:50,400
semi-independent regions. 
The Royal Chancery developed 

5219
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:53,000
standardized procedures for 
everything from diplomatic 

5220
04:36:53,000 --> 04:36:55,900
correspondence. 
To land Grant's the, exchequer 

5221
04:36:55,900 --> 04:36:58,400
refined accounting methods that 
tracked Royale income with 

5222
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:00,599
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance. 

5223
04:37:00,599 --> 04:37:03,900
Bankers. 
When Edward died in 1307, he 

5224
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:06,500
left his son a kingdom that 
functioned like a well-designed 

5225
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:10,500
machine unfortunately, as well. 
Discover not every King was 

5226
04:37:10,500 --> 04:37:13,500
mechanically inclined. 
Edward the second inherited. 

5227
04:37:13,500 --> 04:37:16,700
His father's efficient Kingdom 
and promptly, demonstrated that 

5228
04:37:16,700 --> 04:37:19,400
governmental expertise isn't 
necessarily genetic. 

5229
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:23,900
If Edward the first Court had 
been a Precision timepiece, his 

5230
04:37:23,900 --> 04:37:27,099
sons caught was more like an 
expensive watch that kept losing

5231
04:37:27,099 --> 04:37:29,300
time because the owner couldn't 
stop fiddling with the 

5232
04:37:29,300 --> 04:37:31,500
mechanism. 
The problem wasn't that Edward 

5233
04:37:31,500 --> 04:37:33,200
the second lacked intelligence 
or education. 

5234
04:37:33,200 --> 04:37:37,099
He'd received the finest 
medieval schooling available and

5235
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:39,700
understood Royal duties 
perfectly well in theory. 

5236
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:43,500
Problem was that Edward the 
second found the actual work of 

5237
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:47,599
kingship monumentally boring. 
He preferred spending time with 

5238
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:51,000
his close friends engaging in 
manual crafts and generally 

5239
04:37:51,000 --> 04:37:53,900
behaving like someone who'd 
inherited a successful family 

5240
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:57,200
business but would rather be 
pursuing artistic interests. 

5241
04:37:57,200 --> 04:38:00,200
This created the medieval 
equivalent of an office where 

5242
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:03,599
the CEO spends most of his time 
in the employee break room while

5243
04:38:03,599 --> 04:38:05,500
important decisions pile up on 
his desk. 

5244
04:38:06,400 --> 04:38:09,300
Edwards Court became a place 
where ambitious Nobles competed 

5245
04:38:09,300 --> 04:38:12,099
not for the king's attention 
regarding policy matters. 

5246
04:38:12,099 --> 04:38:16,000
But for positions in his inner 
Social Circle, the situation 

5247
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:18,400
became complicated. 
When Edward developed an 

5248
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,700
intensely close relationship 
with Piers gaveston, a young 

5249
04:38:21,707 --> 04:38:24,599
nobleman who possessed, the 
medieval equivalent of magnetic 

5250
04:38:24,599 --> 04:38:28,500
charisma. 
Galveston was witty stylish and 

5251
04:38:28,500 --> 04:38:31,599
completely uninterested in the 
sort of respectful, deference 

5252
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:34,500
that other Nobles expected to 
receive from Royal favourites. 

5253
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:38,400
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 
with insulting pet names and 

5254
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:40,400
generally behaved. 
Like someone who'd never read 

5255
04:38:40,400 --> 04:38:43,400
the handbook on, medieval Court 
Politics, the established 

5256
04:38:43,400 --> 04:38:45,300
nobility. 
Watched this relationship with 

5257
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,200
the mounting horror of senior 
Executives discovering that the 

5258
04:38:48,200 --> 04:38:50,900
bosses college roommate has been
appointed as their new 

5259
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:53,300
supervisor. 
Galveston wasn't just 

5260
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:56,000
inappropriate. 
He was effective at making the 

5261
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:58,800
traditional power Brokers, feel 
excluded, from important 

5262
04:38:58,800 --> 04:39:02,700
decisions, the court, split into
factions, those who found the 

5263
04:39:02,700 --> 04:39:06,500
situation tolerable and those 
who decidedly did not the result

5264
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:09,599
was a series of political crises
that read like, medieval office 

5265
04:39:09,599 --> 04:39:11,700
politics taken to their logical 
extreme. 

5266
04:39:11,700 --> 04:39:15,500
The Barons repeatedly forced 
Edward to send gaveston into 

5267
04:39:15,500 --> 04:39:19,800
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 
ways to bring him back and gave 

5268
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:22,099
us an repeatedly. 
Managed to offend everyone who 

5269
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:25,200
mattered the cycle continued 
until 1312. 

5270
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:28,800
When a group of girls decided to
solve the problem permanently by

5271
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:32,099
murdering gavestone Edwards 
reaction to his favorite death. 

5272
04:39:32,099 --> 04:39:34,800
Transformed him from an 
ineffective, but harmless King 

5273
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:36,700
in to a genuinely dangerous 
enemy. 

5274
04:39:37,700 --> 04:39:41,000
The gentle artistic Soul who 
preferred crafts to Conquest 

5275
04:39:41,000 --> 04:39:44,100
suddenly developed a talent for 
sustained Vengeance. 

5276
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:47,300
That would have impressed his 
Warrior father, the court became

5277
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,000
a place where courteous 
calculated not just political 

5278
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:52,200
Advantage, but personal 
survival. 

5279
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:55,900
The dispenser family, Hue, the 
Elder and Hugh the younger 

5280
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:59,700
replaced gaveston as Edwards 
closest advisors that they 

5281
04:39:59,708 --> 04:40:02,400
brought none of Galveston's 
charm and all of his talent for 

5282
04:40:02,408 --> 04:40:05,500
making enemies. 
The dispensers treated Royal 

5283
04:40:05,500 --> 04:40:09,300
favour as a license for systemic
corruption, using their 

5284
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:12,500
positions to acquire lands, 
titles and wealth through 

5285
04:40:12,500 --> 04:40:14,800
methods that would have 
embarrassed medieval robber 

5286
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:16,900
barons. 
Meanwhile, Edwards, Queen, 

5287
04:40:16,900 --> 04:40:19,500
Isabella of France. 
Watched her husband's 

5288
04:40:19,500 --> 04:40:22,900
relationships with male favorite
and gradual descent into 

5289
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:25,900
Political paranoia with the 
patience of someone waiting for 

5290
04:40:25,900 --> 04:40:27,500
the right moment to file for 
divorce. 

5291
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,800
If such a thing had existed in 
medieval Royal marriage 

5292
04:40:30,800 --> 04:40:33,700
contracts, Isabella's 
transformation from neglected 

5293
04:40:33,700 --> 04:40:36,700
wife to political revolutionary,
deserves its own chapter, in any

5294
04:40:36,700 --> 04:40:40,500
study of medieval character 
development, She began the reign

5295
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:44,100
as a conventional Royal, consort
due to sleep producing heirs and

5296
04:40:44,100 --> 04:40:48,400
managing her household. 
By 1325, she had evolved into a 

5297
04:40:48,400 --> 04:40:51,600
master political strategist who 
could give lessons in regime 

5298
04:40:51,600 --> 04:40:55,100
change to Modern intelligence 
agencies her alliance with Roger

5299
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:57,100
Mortimer. 
One of England's, most powerful 

5300
04:40:57,100 --> 04:41:00,200
Barons created the medieval 
equivalent of a shadow 

5301
04:41:00,200 --> 04:41:02,600
government. 
Isabella and Mortimer 

5302
04:41:02,600 --> 04:41:05,300
established themselves in 
France, gathered military 

5303
04:41:05,300 --> 04:41:08,000
support and planned their 
invasion of England with the 

5304
04:41:08,000 --> 04:41:10,700
thoroughness that Edward. 
The second had never applied to 

5305
04:41:10,700 --> 04:41:12,900
actual governance. 
When is Isabella's, forces 

5306
04:41:12,900 --> 04:41:16,800
landed in England, in 1326 
Edwards government collapsed 

5307
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:20,100
with the speed of a house of 
cards in a stiff breeze, the 

5308
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:22,500
king who had spent 20 years 
alienating. 

5309
04:41:22,500 --> 04:41:25,800
His most important supporters 
discovered that loyalty cannot 

5310
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:27,900
be stored like grain in a Royal 
Warehouse. 

5311
04:41:27,900 --> 04:41:32,200
It spoils if neglected for too 
long Edwards capture and forced 

5312
04:41:32,200 --> 04:41:36,600
abdication in 1327 ended one of 
the most psychologically complex

5313
04:41:36,600 --> 04:41:39,800
rains in English History. 
His court had become a 

5314
04:41:39,800 --> 04:41:41,800
cautionary. 
Tale about what happens when 

5315
04:41:41,800 --> 04:41:44,300
personal relationships override 
political judgment. 

5316
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:47,900
And when kings forget that, 
their private preferences cannot

5317
04:41:47,900 --> 04:41:51,000
be separated from their public 
responsibilities Edward. 

5318
04:41:51,000 --> 04:41:53,900
The third inherited, a kingdom 
that desperately needed someone 

5319
04:41:53,900 --> 04:41:57,700
who actually wanted to be king. 
Fortunately, that's exactly what

5320
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:00,500
they got. 
Where his father had approached 

5321
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:03,200
kingship, like a reluctant 
employee showing up for a job. 

5322
04:42:03,200 --> 04:42:06,600
He'd never wanted Edward, the 
third embraced royal power with 

5323
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:09,700
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 
been waiting his entire life for

5324
04:42:09,700 --> 04:42:12,100
the opportunity. 
The court of Edward, the third 

5325
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:14,900
felt like a medieval version of 
Mission Control during an 

5326
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:17,900
exciting Space Program. 
Everything was focused on the 

5327
04:42:17,900 --> 04:42:20,600
great project of proving that 
England could compete with 

5328
04:42:20,600 --> 04:42:22,900
France as a major European 
power. 

5329
04:42:22,900 --> 04:42:26,600
This required transforming 
English, military capabilities 

5330
04:42:26,600 --> 04:42:29,900
diplomatic relationships and 
cultural Prestige. 

5331
04:42:29,900 --> 04:42:33,300
Simultaneously Edward solution 
was to turn Warfare into a 

5332
04:42:33,308 --> 04:42:35,600
combination of professional 
efficiency and chivalrous 

5333
04:42:35,600 --> 04:42:38,900
spectacle his court became the 
headquarters for military 

5334
04:42:38,900 --> 04:42:40,300
innovations. 
That would revolutionize 

5335
04:42:40,300 --> 04:42:44,000
European combat English 
longbowmen weren't just skilled 

5336
04:42:44,000 --> 04:42:47,100
archers, they were Precision 
weapons specialist, whose 

5337
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:49,400
training regiments would have 
impressed modern Olympic 

5338
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:53,100
coaches, the creation of the 
order of the Garter in 1348. 

5339
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:56,900
Illustrates Edwards genius for 
combining practical politics 

5340
04:42:56,900 --> 04:43:00,300
with romantic imagery. 
The Story Goes that Edward 

5341
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:02,900
rescued, a lady's garter that 
had fallen during a court, 

5342
04:43:02,900 --> 04:43:05,900
dance, declaring honey, sweat Ki
Molly pass. 

5343
04:43:05,900 --> 04:43:08,000
Shame on him, who thinks evil of
it? 

5344
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:11,200
Whether this actually happened 
matters less than Edwards 

5345
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:13,400
Insight. 
That nightly honor needed 

5346
04:43:13,400 --> 04:43:16,000
institutional structure to 
remain politically useful. 

5347
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:19,000
The Garter nights weren't just 
ceremonial appointments. 

5348
04:43:19,000 --> 04:43:22,700
They were Edwards Corps military
and political leadership bound 

5349
04:43:22,700 --> 04:43:25,700
together by Oaths that merged 
personal loyalty with service to

5350
04:43:25,700 --> 04:43:28,300
the kingdom. 
It was medieval team building 

5351
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:31,600
with lasting constitutional 
implications Edwards Court 

5352
04:43:31,600 --> 04:43:34,300
during the early phases of the 
100 Years War buzzed with the 

5353
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:36,100
confidence of a successful 
startup. 

5354
04:43:36,100 --> 04:43:39,800
That's just secured major 
funding the victory at crazy, in

5355
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:43,600
1346 proved that English 
Tactical Innovations could 

5356
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:47,400
defeat traditional French 
military superiority The capture

5357
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:49,700
of Cali gave England, a 
permanent foothold on the 

5358
04:43:49,708 --> 04:43:54,600
continent, the victory at party 
in 1356 where Edward son? 

5359
04:43:54,600 --> 04:43:56,900
The black prince captured. 
The French King himself 

5360
04:43:56,900 --> 04:44:00,000
established, the English. 
Royal Family's reputation as 

5361
04:44:00,000 --> 04:44:03,400
Europe's Most formidable 
military Dynasty but courts that

5362
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:06,700
revolve around military success 
inevitable challenges when the 

5363
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:10,100
victory stopped coming. 
The black death, which reached 

5364
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:13,800
England in 1348, killed 
approximately 1/3 of the 

5365
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:16,700
population and disrupted. 
The economic systems. 

5366
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:18,900
That funded Edwards, Continental
ambitions. 

5367
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:22,400
Suddenly, the court found itself
managing not just military 

5368
04:44:22,400 --> 04:44:25,400
campaigns, but social 
Revolution, the plagues 

5369
04:44:25,400 --> 04:44:27,800
aftermath created labor. 
Shortages that gave surviving 

5370
04:44:27,800 --> 04:44:30,300
peasants, unprecedented 
bargaining power. 

5371
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,000
Traditional social hierarchies 
began shifting in ways that made

5372
04:44:34,000 --> 04:44:37,100
established Nobles nervous. 
The court had to navigate 

5373
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:40,100
between maintaining traditional 
Privileges and acknowledging New

5374
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:43,300
Economic realities, Edward age 
into someone who learned that 

5375
04:44:43,300 --> 04:44:46,300
even successful Kings cannot 
control all the variables, that 

5376
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:49,700
determine their Reigns outcomes.
The energetic Warrior who 

5377
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:52,700
launched England's bid for 
Continental Empire became a 

5378
04:44:52,700 --> 04:44:55,000
somewhat Melancholy figure 
presiding over a kingdom. 

5379
04:44:55,008 --> 04:44:57,800
That was simultaneously more 
powerful, and more troubled than

5380
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,100
it had. 
Been at his accession the court 

5381
04:45:00,100 --> 04:45:02,200
during Edwards. 
Final years reflected. 

5382
04:45:02,200 --> 04:45:05,600
This complexity Royal ceremony 
is maintained their magnificent 

5383
04:45:05,600 --> 04:45:09,500
diplomatic negotiations. 
Continue to cross Europe and 

5384
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,100
Military campaigned proceeded, 
according to established 

5385
04:45:12,100 --> 04:45:14,700
strategies. 
But underneath the familiar 

5386
04:45:14,700 --> 04:45:17,900
routine, everyone could sense 
that the assumptions, underlying

5387
04:45:17,900 --> 04:45:20,700
Edwards, early successes were 
becoming increasingly 

5388
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:23,100
questionable. 
The black prince is premature 

5389
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:26,600
death in. 1376 symbolized the 
broader challenges facing the 

5390
04:45:26,600 --> 04:45:30,400
plantagenet system Edward the 
third had created a court 

5391
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:33,200
culture based on chivalrous, 
military Excellence, but 

5392
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,900
chivalry offered limited 
guidance for managing plague 

5393
04:45:35,900 --> 04:45:39,500
disrupted social structures 
economic inflation and the 

5394
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:41,500
growing political sophistication
of England's. 

5395
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:46,000
Urban populations when Edward 
the third died in 1377, he left 

5396
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:48,800
a kingdom that had achieved his 
goal of establishing England as 

5397
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:52,400
a major European power. 
But at costs that his successes 

5398
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:55,400
would spend Generations, 
calculating 10 year old Richard,

5399
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:58,600
the Second inherited a kingdom 
expecting another warrior king 

5400
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,600
and instead got an artist who 
happened to wear a crown. 

5401
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,300
If Edward the third's court had 
been focused outward toward 

5402
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:09,000
Continental Conquest Richards, 
Court turned inward toward 

5403
04:46:09,000 --> 04:46:12,200
creating something 
unprecedented, a royal household

5404
04:46:12,200 --> 04:46:15,500
that treated cultural 
sophistication as seriously as 

5405
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:18,800
previous generations. 
Had treated military prowess you

5406
04:46:18,800 --> 04:46:21,500
can imagine the confusion this 
caused among Nobles, who'd spent

5407
04:46:21,500 --> 04:46:24,000
their entire careers preparing 
for careers as nights and 

5408
04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:26,700
Military Commanders. 
Suddenly, they found themselves 

5409
04:46:26,700 --> 04:46:29,400
in a court where success went 
understanding, poetry, 

5410
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:33,300
appreciating architectural 
Innovations, and navigating 

5411
04:46:33,300 --> 04:46:36,400
social protocols that resembled 
elaborate performance is more 

5412
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:38,300
than traditional feudal 
relationships. 

5413
04:46:38,300 --> 04:46:41,500
Richards, Court developed its 
own aesthetic that Modern Art 

5414
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:43,300
historians still study with 
fascination. 

5415
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:46,500
The king, commissioned 
illuminated manuscripts. 

5416
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:49,600
That looked like medieval 
graphic novels patronized 

5417
04:46:49,600 --> 04:46:52,300
architect to created buildings, 
that seemed to float. 

5418
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:56,000
Despite being constructed from 
heavy Stone and surrounded 

5419
04:46:56,000 --> 04:46:59,500
himself with intellectuals who 
treated political philosophy as 

5420
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:01,600
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 
dedication. 

5421
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:05,000
The famous Wilton diptych 
probably created for Richard's 

5422
04:47:05,000 --> 04:47:09,200
Court, captures the atmosphere 
perfectly Shows Richard being 

5423
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:11,900
presented to the Virgin, Mary by
his patron saints. 

5424
04:47:11,900 --> 04:47:15,600
But the paintings real subject 
is the idea that Royal Authority

5425
04:47:15,600 --> 04:47:18,500
derives from Divine aesthetic 
judgment rather than military 

5426
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:21,000
prowess. 
Richard looks less like a 

5427
04:47:21,000 --> 04:47:24,000
warrior and more like a medieval
art critic, whose discovered 

5428
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:26,800
something beautiful. 
This cultural revolution wasn't 

5429
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,400
just decorative, understood that
Royal Authority needed. 

5430
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:32,500
New Foundations. 
Now that the Black Death had 

5431
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:34,600
disrupted traditional social 
hierarchies. 

5432
04:47:34,600 --> 04:47:37,900
If Kings could no longer rely 
solely on military, force, and 

5433
04:47:37,900 --> 04:47:41,200
feudal, obligation to maintain 
power, they needed to create new

5434
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:45,100
forms of prestige and Authority.
Richard's solution was to make 

5435
04:47:45,100 --> 04:47:47,700
the Royal Court. 
So culturally magnificent, that 

5436
04:47:47,700 --> 04:47:50,400
association with it, became 
irresistible to ambitious. 

5437
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:53,600
Nobles, the result was a court 
where political negotiations 

5438
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:57,300
felt like elaborate theatrical 
performances, Richard developed 

5439
04:47:57,300 --> 04:48:00,500
ceremonies that turned routine 
administrative tasks into 

5440
04:48:00,500 --> 04:48:03,500
rituals that demonstrated Royal 
Authority through aesthetic 

5441
04:48:03,500 --> 04:48:06,500
Excellence, rather than raw 
power for an ambassadors 

5442
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:08,500
arrived. 
Expecting traditional medieval 

5443
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:10,600
formality. 
And instead encountered 

5444
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:13,400
governmental procedures that 
seem designed by choreographers 

5445
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:17,000
Richards personal style, 
reflected, this approach he 

5446
04:48:17,000 --> 04:48:18,700
dressed with an attention to 
detail. 

5447
04:48:18,700 --> 04:48:20,800
That would have impressed 
Renaissance fashion designers 

5448
04:48:20,800 --> 04:48:23,800
spoke with the Precision of 
someone who studied rhetoric as 

5449
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:27,100
a fine art and carried himself 
with the conscience of a 

5450
04:48:27,100 --> 04:48:30,400
performer who understood that 
every public appearance was a 

5451
04:48:30,400 --> 04:48:33,200
political statement, the king's 
relationship with literature 

5452
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:34,600
produced. 
Some of the most important 

5453
04:48:34,600 --> 04:48:36,500
cultural developments in English
History. 

5454
04:48:37,400 --> 04:48:40,500
Richard's, Court patronized 
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 

5455
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:43,500
Canterbury Tales captures the 
social complexity of late, 

5456
04:48:43,500 --> 04:48:46,200
medieval England with 
psychological insight, that 

5457
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:50,400
still amazes modern readers. 
Position as a royal Customs, 

5458
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:54,000
official allowed him to observe 
English society from both 

5459
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:57,600
aristocratic and Commercial 
perspectives, giving his writing

5460
04:48:57,600 --> 04:49:00,200
a breath that purely academic 
poets could not match. 

5461
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:03,500
But Richards, aesthetic approach
to King ship created, its own 

5462
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:06,900
political challenges. 
Noble should expected to advance

5463
04:49:06,900 --> 04:49:09,700
their careers through military 
service found themselves 

5464
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:12,800
competing in cultural Arenas, 
where they felt disadvantaged 

5465
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:16,000
The court became a place where 
traditional Warriors, tried to 

5466
04:49:16,000 --> 04:49:20,300
master skills, sophisticated 
conversation appreciation of 

5467
04:49:20,300 --> 04:49:24,700
artistic subtlety, understanding
of literary references that seem

5468
04:49:24,700 --> 04:49:27,500
to have little connection to the
Practical business of governing 

5469
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:30,300
a kingdom. 
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 

5470
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:33,300
tested Richards, unconventional 
approach to Royal Authority. 

5471
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:36,700
When what Tyler, LED thousands 
of rebellious peasants to 

5472
04:49:36,700 --> 04:49:39,800
London, demanding social, and 
economic reforms that would have

5473
04:49:39,808 --> 04:49:43,300
dismantled the feudal system. 
The 14 year old King Face, his 

5474
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:47,400
first major, political crisis, 
His response, demonstrated both 

5475
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,400
the strengths and limitations of
his aesthetic approach to power.

5476
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:53,700
Richard met the rebels 
personally using his Royal 

5477
04:49:53,700 --> 04:49:57,100
presence and rhetorical skills 
to diffuse their immediate anger

5478
04:49:57,100 --> 04:49:59,800
for a moment. 
It seemed as if the young kings 

5479
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:03,100
cultural sophistication might 
succeed, where traditional 

5480
04:50:03,100 --> 04:50:06,700
military responses would have 
failed. but when Tyler was 

5481
04:50:06,700 --> 04:50:09,800
killed during the negotiations 
Richards, promise of reforms was

5482
04:50:09,800 --> 04:50:12,900
quickly forgotten and the Revolt
was suppressed with traditional 

5483
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:16,200
violence, The Experience seems 
to have convinced Richard that 

5484
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:19,200
cultural Authority alone wasn't 
sufficient for Royal survival, 

5485
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:26,600
His court during the 1399 
authoritarian political methods.

5486
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,200
Richard began demanding, new 
forms of Royal reverence 

5487
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:32,100
creating ceremonies that 
elevated. 

5488
04:50:32,100 --> 04:50:35,700
The king of traditional feudal 
relationships, the famous scene 

5489
04:50:35,700 --> 04:50:38,200
where Richard required Nobles, 
to approach his throne on their 

5490
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:41,400
knees and address him. 
Only when spoken to wasn't just 

5491
04:50:41,400 --> 04:50:44,400
Royal vanity. 
It was a systematic attempt to 

5492
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:47,800
reconstruct Royal Authority 
along different lines than his 

5493
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:51,100
predecessors had used. 
Richard understood that if 

5494
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:53,900
cultural Prestige was going to 
replace military dominance as 

5495
04:50:53,900 --> 04:50:57,200
the foundation of royal power, 
then Royal dignity needed. 

5496
04:50:57,200 --> 04:51:00,400
Unprecedented protection by the 
late 1390. 

5497
04:51:00,400 --> 04:51:03,400
Richards Court had become a 
place where aesthetic Excellence

5498
04:51:03,400 --> 04:51:05,200
co-existed with political 
paranoia. 

5499
04:51:06,300 --> 04:51:08,000
The king who'd created 
England's. 

5500
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:10,900
Most culturally sophisticated 
Royal household was 

5501
04:51:10,900 --> 04:51:14,100
simultaneously alienating the 
noble families who support he 

5502
04:51:14,100 --> 04:51:17,500
needed for political survival. 
The beautiful ceremonies and 

5503
04:51:17,500 --> 04:51:20,500
magnificent art were real 
achievements but they couldn't 

5504
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:23,700
substitute for the Practical 
political skills that successful

5505
04:51:23,700 --> 04:51:27,000
medieval kingship required when 
Henry bowling broke deposed 

5506
04:51:27,000 --> 04:51:30,700
Richard the Second in 1399, he 
faced a challenge that no 

5507
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:32,400
previous English. 
King had confronted. 

5508
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:36,300
How do you establish legitimacy 
when you've just proven that 

5509
04:51:36,300 --> 04:51:39,100
Royal Authority isn't actually 
sacred Henry. 

5510
04:51:39,100 --> 04:51:41,900
The 4th Court had to function 
simultaneously as a functioning 

5511
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:45,200
government and as a constant 
argument for why the lancastrian

5512
04:51:45,200 --> 04:51:48,500
dynasty deserve to rule England,
the solution was to create a 

5513
04:51:48,508 --> 04:51:51,600
court culture that emphasized 
practical competence over 

5514
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:55,100
aesthetic, magnificence. 
Where Richards Court had felt 

5515
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:57,000
like an art gallery. 
That occasionally conducted 

5516
04:51:57,000 --> 04:52:00,300
government business Henry's 
Court, operated more like a 

5517
04:52:00,308 --> 04:52:03,300
well-run law firm that happened 
to be housed in Royal palaces 

5518
04:52:03,300 --> 04:52:06,300
Henry, the fourth understood 
that his questionable claim to 

5519
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:08,000
the throne meant. 
He needed to govern more 

5520
04:52:08,000 --> 04:52:10,700
effectively than Kings with 
uncontested legitimacy. 

5521
04:52:11,900 --> 04:52:14,400
His Court established 
administrative procedures aimed 

5522
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:17,900
at showcasing Royal competence 
by ensuring visible efficiency. 

5523
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:22,500
Foreign ambassadors and domestic
Noble's alike could see that 

5524
04:52:22,500 --> 04:52:26,000
this government actually worked.
Bills were paid on time. 

5525
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:29,900
Legal decisions were rendered 
promptly and Military campaigns 

5526
04:52:29,900 --> 04:52:31,800
were organized with professional
thoroughness. 

5527
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:34,600
The lancastrian, courts 
relationship with Parliament 

5528
04:52:34,600 --> 04:52:36,400
illustrates this practical 
approach. 

5529
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:39,900
Henry didn't call Parliament 
because he enjoyed legislative 

5530
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:43,100
debate but because he needed 
regular communication with the 

5531
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:45,600
social groups who support 
maintained his Dynasty's 

5532
04:52:45,600 --> 04:52:48,200
position. 
Parliamentary sessions during 

5533
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:51,700
Henry's Reign felt less like 
Royal ceremonies and more like 

5534
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:54,400
business meetings where 
practical people discussed, 

5535
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,600
practical problems, this created
a court atmosphere, that was 

5536
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:00,700
less visually spectacular than 
Richards, but more politically 

5537
04:53:00,700 --> 04:53:03,600
sustainable. 
Henry's courtiers Advance their 

5538
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,400
careers through administrative 
competence military, 

5539
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:09,400
Effectiveness and practical 
problem-solving rather than 

5540
04:53:09,400 --> 04:53:11,900
cultural sophistication or 
aesthetic sensitivity. 

5541
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:16,700
The change wasn't necessarily an
improvement England, lost some 

5542
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,100
of the cultural achievements 
that Richard's patronage had 

5543
04:53:19,100 --> 04:53:21,100
fostered. 
But it was more suited to the 

5544
04:53:21,108 --> 04:53:24,500
political realities of usurped 
King ship Henry the 5th 

5545
04:53:24,500 --> 04:53:26,900
inherited. 
This practical Court culture and

5546
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,000
applied it to the grandest 
possible project proofing. 

5547
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,300
That the lancastrian dinasty 
could have military successes 

5548
04:53:33,300 --> 04:53:37,600
that would justify its 
questionable Origins His court 

5549
04:53:37,600 --> 04:53:40,500
became the headquarters for the 
most successful military 

5550
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:43,600
campaign in English History. 
The preparation for Henry's 

5551
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:46,800
French campaigns reveals how the
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 

5552
04:53:46,800 --> 04:53:49,000
into something resembling a 
modern general staff. 

5553
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:53,800
Every aspect of the Aging Court.
Campaign Logistics intelligence 

5554
04:53:53,800 --> 04:53:55,900
gathering diplomatic 
preparation. 

5555
04:53:55,900 --> 04:53:59,800
Financial planning was organized
with systematic attention to 

5556
04:53:59,800 --> 04:54:01,400
detail. 
That previous generations of 

5557
04:54:01,400 --> 04:54:04,800
English kings at rarely achieved
Henry's Court during the French 

5558
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:06,600
campaigns. 
Must have felt like Mission 

5559
04:54:06,600 --> 04:54:08,600
Control during a successful 
space program. 

5560
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:12,800
Maps, covered the walls. 
Dispatches arrive daily from 

5561
04:54:12,800 --> 04:54:15,600
Agents throughout France and 
treasury officials. 

5562
04:54:15,600 --> 04:54:18,100
Calculated the cost of 
maintaining English armies on 

5563
04:54:18,108 --> 04:54:21,000
foreign soil with accounting 
Precision that would have 

5564
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:24,200
impressed Renaissance Bankers 
the victory at Agincourt in 

5565
04:54:24,200 --> 04:54:26,800
1415, provided exactly the 
legitimacy. 

5566
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:30,300
Boost that lancastrian kingship 
needed Henry had proven that. 

5567
04:54:30,300 --> 04:54:33,700
His dynasty could achieve 
military successes that rivaled 

5568
04:54:33,700 --> 04:54:35,700
the greatest accomplishments of 
the plantagenets. 

5569
04:54:36,700 --> 04:54:39,200
The Court's practical approach 
to governance had produced 

5570
04:54:39,200 --> 04:54:41,200
practical results. 
That no one could question. 

5571
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:44,300
But Henry's early death in 1422 
left. 

5572
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:47,500
His infant son, Henry, the sixth
to inherit both the French 

5573
04:54:47,500 --> 04:54:50,800
conquests and the systematic 
Court culture that had achieved 

5574
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,200
them. 
This created a fascinating 

5575
04:54:53,200 --> 04:54:55,300
problem. 
What happens when a court 

5576
04:54:55,308 --> 04:54:57,900
designed around practical 
competence is headed by someone?

5577
04:54:57,900 --> 04:54:59,600
Who's more interested in 
scholarly? 

5578
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:03,100
Pursuits, an administrative 
efficiency Henry, the sixth 

5579
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:05,100
Court represents. 
One of the most intriguing 

5580
04:55:05,100 --> 04:55:08,900
experiments in English, Royal 
history, King was genuinely 

5581
04:55:08,900 --> 04:55:13,000
Pious, intellectually gifted and
temperamentally unsuited for the

5582
04:55:13,008 --> 04:55:16,000
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

5583
04:55:16,000 --> 04:55:19,500
required, his courtiers found 
themselves managing a kingdom on

5584
04:55:19,500 --> 04:55:21,800
behalf of someone who has more 
interested in founding 

5585
04:55:21,800 --> 04:55:25,300
educational institutions that 
maintaining military conquests. 

5586
04:55:25,300 --> 04:55:28,300
The result was a court where 
practical administrators 

5587
04:55:28,300 --> 04:55:30,900
gradually took over the 
functions that previous Kings 

5588
04:55:30,900 --> 04:55:34,200
had performed personally. 
This might have worked, if 

5589
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:37,000
Henry's Nobles had been content 
with administrative kingship, 

5590
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:40,600
but many of them had their own 
ideas about how Royal Authority 

5591
04:55:40,600 --> 04:55:43,600
should function. 
Henry, the 6th Court was too 

5592
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:46,100
well, organized for its own 
good, which contributed to the 

5593
04:55:46,100 --> 04:55:50,100
start of the wars of the Roses. 
the efficient administrative 

5594
04:55:50,100 --> 04:55:52,900
systems that Henry the fourth 
and Henry the 5th had created 

5595
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:56,600
continued to function even when 
the king himself provided 

5596
04:55:56,600 --> 04:56:00,600
minimal leadership, This allowed
ambitious Nobles to use Royal 

5597
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:02,600
administrative machinery for 
their purposes. 

5598
04:56:02,600 --> 04:56:05,600
Turning the crowns own 
governmental Effectiveness 

5599
04:56:05,600 --> 04:56:08,700
against Lancaster and Authority 
by the 1450s. 

5600
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:11,100
The Lancaster Inn Court had 
become a place where formal 

5601
04:56:11,100 --> 04:56:14,400
governmental procedures 
continued while actual political

5602
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:17,900
power shifted toward Noble 
factions that were preparing for

5603
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:22,100
Civil War The courtiers who 
created England's most efficient

5604
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:24,200
medieval government found 
themselves managing the 

5605
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:26,700
systematic destruction of the 
dynasty they'd serve. 

5606
04:56:26,700 --> 04:56:29,000
So effectively head with the 
fourth Court. 

5607
04:56:29,000 --> 04:56:32,800
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 
challenge of governing a kingdom

5608
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:34,900
where everyone had just learned 
that King's could be 

5609
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:38,400
overthrowing by subjects with 
sufficient military support and 

5610
04:56:38,400 --> 04:56:42,000
political determination. 
The Orca solution was to create 

5611
04:56:42,000 --> 04:56:45,400
a royal. 
The court was so magnificently 

5612
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:48,300
impressive that people would 
forget how recently, the dynasty

5613
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:50,400
had come to power. 
Edward understood that 

5614
04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:53,200
successful usurpers, need to 
establish legitimacy, through 

5615
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:55,000
demonstration, rather than 
argument. 

5616
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:59,000
His court became a showcase 
designed to prove that Yorkies 

5617
04:56:59,000 --> 04:57:01,900
kingship represented, not just 
political change, but cultural 

5618
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:05,700
advancement every ceremony, 
every architectural project and 

5619
04:57:05,700 --> 04:57:09,300
every diplomatic reception was 
planned to demonstrate that this

5620
04:57:09,300 --> 04:57:12,600
dynasty governed with a 
sophistication that justified. 

5621
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:16,100
Its hold on power, the orcas 
courts daily routine reflected 

5622
04:57:16,100 --> 04:57:18,500
this strategy. 
Morning administrative. 

5623
04:57:18,500 --> 04:57:21,700
Session's handled governmental 
business with efficiency that 

5624
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:24,300
maintained continuity from 
Lancaster and practices. 

5625
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:27,800
But after noon an evening event,
showcased Royal magnificence 

5626
04:57:27,800 --> 04:57:30,200
that surpassed anything in 
England had seen. 

5627
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:33,400
Since Richard the Second 
aesthetic experiments Edwards, 

5628
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,500
personal style contributed 
significantly to his atmosphere.

5629
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:40,400
The King was exceptionally tall,
strikingly handsome and 

5630
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,200
possessed the sort of natural 
Charisma that made people want 

5631
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:47,300
to be associated with his court.
Foreign visitors, consistently 

5632
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:50,100
reported that Edward looked like
what they expected a king to 

5633
04:57:50,108 --> 04:57:53,900
look like which provided exactly
the sort of visual legitimacy 

5634
04:57:53,900 --> 04:57:57,000
that usurped dynasties 
particularly needed, but the 

5635
04:57:57,008 --> 04:57:59,500
Yorkers courts. 
Real Innovation was its approach

5636
04:57:59,500 --> 04:58:03,000
to economic policy. 
Edward, the Fourth was the first

5637
04:58:03,000 --> 04:58:06,400
English king to understand that 
Royal Authority in the late 15th

5638
04:58:06,400 --> 04:58:09,000
century needed to be financially
self-sustaining. 

5639
04:58:10,200 --> 04:58:12,600
His court developed trading 
relationships, investment, 

5640
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,700
strategies and revenue, 
generating systems that made the

5641
04:58:15,708 --> 04:58:19,000
crown less dependent on 
parliamentary grants than any 

5642
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,000
previous medieval Dynasty. 
This economic independence 

5643
04:58:22,000 --> 04:58:25,100
allowed Edward to create a court
culture that combined political 

5644
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:29,400
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

5645
04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:31,800
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

5646
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,400
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

5647
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:37,800
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

5648
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:41,100
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

5649
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:44,300
aesthetic, achievement 
reinforced each other, rather 

5650
04:58:44,300 --> 04:58:46,800
than competing for Royal 
attention Edwards. 

5651
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:50,400
Married to Elizabeth Woodville 
in 1464 illustrates both the 

5652
04:58:50,400 --> 04:58:52,500
strengths and the complications 
of this approach. 

5653
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:54,800
Elizabeth wasn't a foreign 
Prince. 

5654
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:57,300
Whose marriage would cement 
diplomatic alliances. 

5655
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:00,500
She was an English Widow whose 
family connections could 

5656
04:59:00,500 --> 04:59:02,500
strengthen domestic political 
Networks. 

5657
04:59:03,300 --> 04:59:05,800
The decision was politically 
practical, but socially 

5658
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:09,000
controversial, creating Court 
factions that would influence 

5659
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:12,300
English politics for decades. 
The Woodville families rapid 

5660
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:15,300
advancement through Royal favor 
created the medieval equivalent 

5661
04:59:15,300 --> 04:59:18,300
of nepotism concerns. 
But there are actual 

5662
04:59:18,300 --> 04:59:20,600
administrative competence was 
generally impressive. 

5663
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:24,000
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 
new energy and fresh 

5664
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:26,800
perspectives, to court positions
that had sometimes, become 

5665
04:59:26,800 --> 04:59:29,400
routine under previous dynasties
Edwards. 

5666
04:59:29,400 --> 04:59:32,200
Court, during the 1470s 
represented, the high point of 

5667
04:59:32,200 --> 04:59:35,600
the orcust achievement, the king
had successfully combined 

5668
04:59:35,600 --> 04:59:38,900
military, Effectiveness 
administrative competence and 

5669
04:59:38,900 --> 04:59:41,900
cultural sophistication in ways 
that seem to justify the walls 

5670
04:59:41,900 --> 04:59:44,600
of the Roses as necessary 
modernization rather than 

5671
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:47,800
destructive civil conflict. 
The brief restoration of Henry, 

5672
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:56,500
the 6th and 147th Underwood's 
leadership. 

5673
04:59:57,300 --> 05:00:00,500
Henry's restored, Court felt 
archaic and ineffective compared

5674
05:00:00,500 --> 05:00:02,900
to the yorkist innovation's that
courtiers had recently 

5675
05:00:02,900 --> 05:00:07,200
experienced. when Edward 
returned, from exile to reclaim 

5676
05:00:07,200 --> 05:00:10,800
his throne, He found that many 
previously neutral Nobles and 

5677
05:00:10,800 --> 05:00:13,400
decided that Yorkies King ship 
was simply more impressive than 

5678
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:17,300
Lancaster and Alternatives 
Edwards sudden death in 1483 at 

5679
05:00:17,300 --> 05:00:21,100
age, 40 ended this experiment in
systemic Royal magnificence 

5680
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:23,500
before. 
Its long-term Effectiveness 

5681
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:27,200
could be fully evaluated His 
brother, Richard the third 

5682
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:30,200
inherited a kingdom, where Court
culture, had become Central to 

5683
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:33,600
political legitimacy. 
But whether specific elements of

5684
05:00:33,600 --> 05:00:36,200
that culture were closely 
associated with Edward's 

5685
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:39,300
personal Charisma, and 
leadership style Richard, the 

5686
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:41,200
third's court represents. 
One of history's. 

5687
05:00:41,200 --> 05:00:44,400
Most fascinating studies in the 
relationship between political 

5688
05:00:44,400 --> 05:00:46,200
Effectiveness and public 
perception. 

5689
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:49,700
By most objective measures, 
Richard was a competent 

5690
05:00:49,700 --> 05:00:52,700
administrator who governed 
England efficiently during his 

5691
05:00:52,700 --> 05:00:55,200
brief reign. 
His court maintained the 

5692
05:00:55,200 --> 05:00:57,400
organizational systems that 
Edward had established 

5693
05:00:57,400 --> 05:01:00,000
continued. 
The cultural patronage that had 

5694
05:01:00,000 --> 05:01:03,200
made Yorkies King ship 
impressive and handled domestic 

5695
05:01:03,200 --> 05:01:06,400
and foreign policy with 
reasonable skill but Richard's 

5696
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:09,200
Court could never escape the 
circumstances of his accession 

5697
05:01:09,200 --> 05:01:11,700
to power, The Disappearance of 
his nephews. 

5698
05:01:11,700 --> 05:01:16,500
Edward, the 5th and Richard Duke
of York created suspicions that 

5699
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,000
no amount of governmental 
competence could overcome 

5700
05:01:19,900 --> 05:01:23,000
Richard found himself managing a
court where formal procedures 

5701
05:01:23,000 --> 05:01:25,900
continued, normally while 
underlying political support 

5702
05:01:25,900 --> 05:01:29,500
steadily eroded, the irony of 
Richards Reign was that he'd 

5703
05:01:29,500 --> 05:01:32,400
inherited the most sophisticated
Royal Court in English History. 

5704
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:37,700
At precisely the moment when 
courts are fistic to matter, The

5705
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:40,700
yorkist Innovations in 
governmental efficiency cultural

5706
05:01:40,700 --> 05:01:43,800
patronage and economic 
independence were genuine 

5707
05:01:43,800 --> 05:01:46,700
achievements but they couldn't 
compensate for fundamental 

5708
05:01:46,700 --> 05:01:50,300
questions about dynastic 
legitimacy when Henry Tudor 

5709
05:01:50,300 --> 05:01:54,600
landed at Milford Haven in 1485.
He represented not just another 

5710
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:58,300
dynastic claimant, but a return 
to the principle that Royal 

5711
05:01:58,300 --> 05:02:01,700
courts should be judged 
primarily on their political 

5712
05:02:01,700 --> 05:02:04,600
Effectiveness rather than their 
cultural achievements. 

5713
05:02:05,900 --> 05:02:08,800
The Battle of Bosworth field 
ended the orcust experiment and 

5714
05:02:08,800 --> 05:02:10,800
began a new phase. 
In English, Royal Court 

5715
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,800
development Henry, the seventh 
Corps after 1485, functioned 

5716
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:18,100
like a startup company, whose 
founder understood that survival

5717
05:02:18,100 --> 05:02:21,700
required completely different 
strategies than those needed for

5718
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:24,600
initial success. 
Having won the crown through 

5719
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:28,000
military Victory Henry face, the
challenge of astonishing a 

5720
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:30,500
dynasty that could maintain 
power through means other than 

5721
05:02:30,500 --> 05:02:33,100
continued Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

5722
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:35,200
deliberately modest compared to 
your kissed. 

5723
05:02:35,200 --> 05:02:39,200
Magnificent Henry, understood 
that impressive ceremony is and 

5724
05:02:39,200 --> 05:02:42,600
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

5725
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:45,900
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

5726
05:02:47,100 --> 05:02:49,800
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

5727
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,700
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

5728
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:56,900
potential Rivals. 
You can picture Henry's Court as

5729
05:02:56,900 --> 05:02:59,500
a place where accountants held 
higher status than poets. 

5730
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:02,400
Where treasury records received 
more attention than 

5731
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:06,200
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

5732
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:08,400
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

5733
05:03:09,900 --> 05:03:12,300
This wasn't because Henry lacked
appreciation for cultural 

5734
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:15,500
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

5735
05:03:15,500 --> 05:03:19,500
newly established dynasties must
observe the courts daily routine

5736
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:21,800
reflected. 
These priorities morning 

5737
05:03:21,800 --> 05:03:24,100
session, dealt with financial 
planning, that would have 

5738
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,500
impressed, modern budget 
analysts after noon meetings, 

5739
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:30,200
handled diplomatic 
correspondence, that gradually 

5740
05:03:30,200 --> 05:03:32,800
established England's 
credibility with European powers

5741
05:03:32,800 --> 05:03:35,600
who are still uncertain about 
Tudor legitimacy. 

5742
05:03:36,600 --> 05:03:39,500
Evening events were modest 
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal

5743
05:03:39,500 --> 05:03:43,000
dignity without the extravagant.
That might suggest governmental 

5744
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:46,100
irresponsibility, Henry's 
marriage to Elizabeth of York 

5745
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:48,800
was, perhaps the most successful
political Alliance in English 

5746
05:03:48,800 --> 05:03:51,500
History. 
By uniting the yorkist and 

5747
05:03:51,500 --> 05:03:55,100
Lancaster, and claims Henry 
created a dynasty, whose 

5748
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:58,300
legitimacy was based on National
reconciliation, rather than 

5749
05:03:58,300 --> 05:04:01,300
factional Victory. 
The court became a place where 

5750
05:04:01,300 --> 05:04:04,200
former enemies worked together 
on shared governmental projects 

5751
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:07,500
demonstrating that the wars of 
the Roses are truly ended. 

5752
05:04:07,500 --> 05:04:10,200
The Tudor courts approached. 
A noble management was 

5753
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:13,300
particularly Innovative rather 
than trying to eliminate 

5754
05:04:13,300 --> 05:04:15,800
powerful. 
Aristocratic families Henry 

5755
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:19,400
created systems that channeled 
Noble ambition towards to the 

5756
05:04:19,408 --> 05:04:22,100
crown. 
Court positions became 

5757
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:24,300
opportunities for career 
advancement, that required, 

5758
05:04:24,300 --> 05:04:27,200
demonstrated, loyalty and 
competence rather than 

5759
05:04:27,200 --> 05:04:30,700
hereditary privilege alone. 
This created a court atmosphere 

5760
05:04:30,700 --> 05:04:33,400
that combined traditional 
medieval higher key with 

5761
05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:35,900
meritocratic elements that 
anticipated later. 

5762
05:04:35,900 --> 05:04:39,200
Governmental developments. 
Noble birth remained important, 

5763
05:04:39,200 --> 05:04:42,700
but actual responsibility was 
distributed based on proven 

5764
05:04:42,700 --> 05:04:45,100
ability to advance Tudor 
dynastic. 

5765
05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:48,200
Interests Henry, the seventh 
success in establishing 

5766
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:51,500
Financial Independence for the 
crown had profound implications 

5767
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:55,000
for court culture. 
Unlike previous dynasties, that 

5768
05:04:55,000 --> 05:04:57,700
needed to maintain parliamentary
support for regular Tax. 

5769
05:04:57,700 --> 05:05:01,300
Grants, the Tudor Court could 
plan long-term projects, without

5770
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:04,400
constant, negotiation, with 
potentially hostile legislative 

5771
05:05:04,400 --> 05:05:07,000
assemblies. 
This financial autonomy allowed 

5772
05:05:07,000 --> 05:05:09,900
Henry the 8th to inherit a court
that could support, dramatic, 

5773
05:05:09,900 --> 05:05:11,700
cultural and political 
Innovations. 

5774
05:05:12,400 --> 05:05:15,400
Where his father had necessarily
focused on consolidation and 

5775
05:05:15,400 --> 05:05:18,100
survival Henry. 
The 8th could pursue Grand 

5776
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:20,600
Ambitions that were transforming
English, Royal Authority, and 

5777
05:05:20,600 --> 05:05:24,600
fundamental ways Henry, the 8th 
Court represents the moment when

5778
05:05:24,600 --> 05:05:27,800
medieval kingship evolved into 
something recognizably modern 

5779
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:31,500
The young king inherited, his 
father's financial resources and

5780
05:05:31,500 --> 05:05:34,800
administrative competence but 
applied them to projects that 

5781
05:05:34,800 --> 05:05:37,400
would have seemed impossible to 
previous generations of English.

5782
05:05:37,400 --> 05:05:41,000
Monarchs Henry, the 8th a 
dramatic change in Royal Court 

5783
05:05:41,000 --> 05:05:44,300
culture as Illustrated in the 
field of the cloth of gold in 

5784
05:05:44,300 --> 05:05:47,300
1520. 
This meeting with Francis. 

5785
05:05:47,300 --> 05:05:50,200
The first of France was 
essentially a 3 week Festival 

5786
05:05:50,200 --> 05:05:53,700
that demonstrated English 
wealth, cultural sophistication,

5787
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:57,400
and technological capability. 
On a scale that a mazed 

5788
05:05:57,400 --> 05:06:00,900
contemporary Observers. 
The temporary buildings, 

5789
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:03,800
constructed for the event, 
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 

5790
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:06,600
in their magnificence. 
But Henry's Court culture wasn't

5791
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:10,100
just about impressive displays, 
the king assembled intellectual 

5792
05:06:10,100 --> 05:06:12,800
and artistic talent that 
transformed England's cultural 

5793
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:17,400
landscape, Thomas More hands, 
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 

5794
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:20,600
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 
to creating a court that 

5795
05:06:20,608 --> 05:06:24,000
combined Renaissance Learning, 
artistic Innovation and 

5796
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:26,900
administrative efficiency and 
unprecedented ways. 

5797
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:30,000
The king's break with Rome in 
the 1530s transformed, the 

5798
05:06:30,008 --> 05:06:31,800
English Court into something 
unprecedented. 

5799
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:35,400
A royal household at function 
simultaneously as a government 

5800
05:06:35,400 --> 05:06:38,900
Headquarters, A Center of 
religious reform and a cultural 

5801
05:06:38,900 --> 05:06:42,000
laboratory experimenting with 
new forms of Royal Authority, 

5802
05:06:42,000 --> 05:06:45,300
Henry's Court during the 
Reformation years buzzed with 

5803
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:47,800
the energy of people who 
understood, they were 

5804
05:06:47,800 --> 05:06:50,600
participating in historical 
changes that would reshape 

5805
05:06:50,600 --> 05:06:53,800
European civilization. 
Courtiers found themselves 

5806
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:56,500
managing not just traditional 
governmental business but also 

5807
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,900
the systematic reorganization of
English religious life, the 

5808
05:06:59,900 --> 05:07:03,000
redistribution of monastic 
wealth, and the creation of new 

5809
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:04,700
legal Frameworks for Royal 
Supremacy. 

5810
05:07:04,700 --> 05:07:07,600
The dissolution of the 
monasteries provided Henry's 

5811
05:07:07,600 --> 05:07:10,000
court with resources that 
previous English kings could 

5812
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:13,600
hardly have imagined. 
Suddenly centuries of religious 

5813
05:07:13,600 --> 05:07:16,100
patronage had given the crown 
control over vast. 

5814
05:07:16,100 --> 05:07:20,000
Estates architectural, Treasures
libraries and artistic 

5815
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:22,700
collections. 
The court became a place where 

5816
05:07:22,700 --> 05:07:26,000
former monastic buildings, were 
converted into Royal residences 

5817
05:07:26,000 --> 05:07:29,800
where illuminated manuscripts 
were repurposed for secular use 

5818
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:33,100
and where centuries of religious
art were evaluated for their 

5819
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:36,800
potential contribution to Royal 
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 

5820
05:07:36,800 --> 05:07:38,500
role in managing these 
Transformations. 

5821
05:07:38,500 --> 05:07:41,300
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 
culture had evolved Beyond 

5822
05:07:41,300 --> 05:07:44,900
traditional feudal relationships
Cromwell was neither a powerful 

5823
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:48,800
nobleman Nora church official, 
but a lawyer and administrator 

5824
05:07:48,800 --> 05:07:51,100
whose expertise in governmental 
procedure. 

5825
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:53,800
Made him indispensable to 
Henry's revolutionary projects. 

5826
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:57,200
His rise to power illustrates 
how the Tudor Court had become a

5827
05:07:57,208 --> 05:08:00,200
meritocracy where technical 
competence could overcome 

5828
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:03,900
traditional social limitations 
Henry six, marriages created a 

5829
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:06,700
court atmosphere, where personal
relationships and political 

5830
05:08:06,700 --> 05:08:09,000
calculations became inseparably 
intertwined. 

5831
05:08:10,200 --> 05:08:13,100
Each wedding brought new 
families into Royal favor each 

5832
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:16,400
divorce or execution eliminated 
established Court networks. 

5833
05:08:16,400 --> 05:08:19,500
And each new Queen created 
opportunities for ambitious 

5834
05:08:19,500 --> 05:08:22,100
courtiers, to advance their 
careers, through association 

5835
05:08:22,100 --> 05:08:24,700
with their household, the court 
during Henry's. 

5836
05:08:24,700 --> 05:08:27,600
Final years, had become a place 
where survival required constant

5837
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:29,400
attention to the king's 
changing. 

5838
05:08:29,400 --> 05:08:33,100
Moods shifting, political 
alliances and evolving religious

5839
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:37,700
policies developed the sort of 
psychological sensitivity, that 

5840
05:08:37,700 --> 05:08:40,500
would have impressed. 
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning

5841
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:44,600
to interpret, Royal gestures 
decode, ambiguous statements and

5842
05:08:44,600 --> 05:08:47,700
anticipate policy changes before
they were officially announced. 

5843
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:51,200
Elizabeth, the first inherited a
kingdom, exhausted by religious 

5844
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:53,400
upheaval and dynastic 
uncertainty. 

5845
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:57,100
Then spent 45 years transforming
her Court into the most 

5846
05:08:57,100 --> 05:09:00,300
successful piece of political 
theater in European history. 

5847
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:04,100
Henry, the 8th Court had been a 
workshop for religious and 

5848
05:09:04,100 --> 05:09:07,200
political Innovation. 
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 

5849
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:09,700
where every day brought new 
performance is designed to 

5850
05:09:09,700 --> 05:09:12,600
demonstrate that England, had 
achieved, cultural and political

5851
05:09:12,600 --> 05:09:15,000
greatness. 
You can imagine the challenge of

5852
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:17,400
Elizabeth faced as a young Queen
in 1558. 

5853
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:20,900
She was unmarried in an age when
female rule was considered 

5854
05:09:20,900 --> 05:09:24,600
unnatural religiously suspect in
a kingdom divided between 

5855
05:09:24,600 --> 05:09:27,300
Catholic and Protestant, 
factions and politically 

5856
05:09:27,300 --> 05:09:29,800
vulnerable in a Europe where 
major Powers were actively 

5857
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:31,200
plotting. 
England's destruction. 

5858
05:09:32,000 --> 05:09:34,100
Her solution was to create a 
court culture. 

5859
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:38,000
So dazzling, that domestic and 
foreign observers became too 

5860
05:09:38,000 --> 05:09:40,600
fascinated by the spectacle to 
focus on the underlying 

5861
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:43,400
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan
Court operated on 

5862
05:09:43,400 --> 05:09:46,200
multiple-level. 
Simultaneously, the surface 

5863
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:49,400
level was pure pageantry, 
elaborate costumes, complex 

5864
05:09:49,400 --> 05:09:53,000
ceremonies and artistic displays
that made Royal receptions feel 

5865
05:09:53,000 --> 05:09:57,100
like theatrical performances. 
but underneath the spectacle was

5866
05:09:57,100 --> 05:10:00,100
a sophisticated intelligence 
operation that gathered 

5867
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:03,600
information from a cross Europe,
a diplomatic Network that played

5868
05:10:03,600 --> 05:10:07,000
Major Powers against each other 
and an administrative system, 

5869
05:10:07,000 --> 05:10:09,700
that managed England's 
transformation into a major 

5870
05:10:09,700 --> 05:10:13,900
commercial power Elizabeth's, 
famous progresses annual tours 

5871
05:10:13,900 --> 05:10:17,100
through England's, Countryside 
illustrate this, multi-layered 

5872
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:20,800
approach perfectly From one 
perspective, these were costly 

5873
05:10:20,800 --> 05:10:24,200
exercises in Royal vanity that 
allowed the queen to enjoy 

5874
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:27,000
magnificent Hospitality at her 
subjects expense. 

5875
05:10:27,800 --> 05:10:30,200
From another perspective, they 
were systematic efforts to 

5876
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:32,700
demonstrate. 
Royal accessibility gather 

5877
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:36,000
intelligence about local 
conditions and maintain personal

5878
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:39,100
relationships with the noble 
families, who support the crown 

5879
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,400
needed for political stability. 
The progress is also served as 

5880
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:44,700
mobile, advertisements for 
Elizabeth and achievement. 

5881
05:10:45,600 --> 05:10:48,300
When the Queens enormous 
Entourage arrived at the country

5882
05:10:48,300 --> 05:10:52,100
estate local populations, could 
see for themselves, the wealth 

5883
05:10:52,100 --> 05:10:55,200
sophistication and cultural 
confidence of their government. 

5884
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:58,400
These visits were live 
demonstrations that England 

5885
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:01,400
under Elizabeth was prospering 
in ways that justified the 

5886
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,600
religious and political changes 
of the previous generation, the 

5887
05:11:04,600 --> 05:11:07,200
courts relationship with 
literature during Elizabeth's 

5888
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:09,700
Reign created some of the 
greatest achievements in English

5889
05:11:09,700 --> 05:11:13,600
cultural history. 
Itmann spent as the fairy queen 

5890
05:11:13,600 --> 05:11:16,700
was essentially an extended 
compliment to Elizabeth that 

5891
05:11:16,700 --> 05:11:18,600
happened to be written in some 
of the most beautiful. 

5892
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:21,900
Poetry in the English language, 
Christopher, Marlowe and William

5893
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,200
Shakespeare wrote plays that 
explored themes, of power, and 

5894
05:11:25,200 --> 05:11:28,400
ambition, and political 
legitimacy with psychological 

5895
05:11:28,400 --> 05:11:30,800
depth, that still amazes modern 
audiences. 

5896
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:34,200
But this wasn't just Royal 
patronage of talented artists. 

5897
05:11:35,000 --> 05:11:37,800
Elizabeth understood, that 
cultural achievement was a form 

5898
05:11:37,800 --> 05:11:40,600
of political power. 
When foreign ambassadors 

5899
05:11:40,600 --> 05:11:43,100
attended, performance of 
Shakespeare's plays at court, 

5900
05:11:43,100 --> 05:11:45,200
they were witnessing 
demonstrations. 

5901
05:11:45,200 --> 05:11:47,700
Of English intellectual 
sophistication that carried 

5902
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:50,800
diplomatic implications. 
A kingdom that could produce 

5903
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:52,600
such art. 
Was clearly not the backward 

5904
05:11:52,600 --> 05:11:56,200
isolated nation, that hostile 
European observers preferred to 

5905
05:11:56,208 --> 05:11:58,900
imagine the famous question of 
Elizabeth's. 

5906
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:00,700
Marriage, demonstrates. 
How thoroughly she had 

5907
05:12:00,700 --> 05:12:03,700
integrated personal decisions 
with political strategy? 

5908
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:07,600
Every potential marriage 
Alliance was simultaneously, a 

5909
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:11,300
romantic possibility, a 
diplomatic negotiation, and a 

5910
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:13,900
piece of theatrical performance 
designed to keep foreign powers 

5911
05:12:13,900 --> 05:12:16,700
guessing about English. 
Intentions, the Queen's 

5912
05:12:16,700 --> 05:12:20,600
courtship with various suitors, 
Philip the second of Spain Eric,

5913
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:24,700
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 
Charles of Austria and most 

5914
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:28,600
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 
Leicester provided ongoing 

5915
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:31,500
entertainment that distracted 
attention from more sensitive 

5916
05:12:31,500 --> 05:12:34,200
political matters. 
Elizabeth managed to keep 

5917
05:12:34,208 --> 05:12:37,600
multiple marriage, negotiations 
active for decades without 

5918
05:12:37,600 --> 05:12:41,400
actually committing to any of 
them using romantic possibility.

5919
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,800
As a diplomatic tool with 
unprecedented skill, the courts 

5920
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:46,800
response to the Spanish Armada 
in 1588. 

5921
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:50,700
Showcased Elizabethan political 
theater at his most effective 

5922
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:54,700
Elizabeth's appearance before 
her troops at Tilbury declaring 

5923
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:58,100
that she had the body of a weak 
and feeble woman, but the heart 

5924
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:01,000
and stomach of a king was 
political communication that 

5925
05:13:01,000 --> 05:13:04,400
transformed of potential 
military disaster into a moment 

5926
05:13:04,400 --> 05:13:07,900
of Of national inspiration, the 
victory over the Spanish Armada 

5927
05:13:07,900 --> 05:13:10,400
validated, all of Elizabeth's. 
Governmental strategies 

5928
05:13:10,400 --> 05:13:14,400
simultaneously, English Naval 
Innovations had, proven Superior

5929
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:18,200
to Spanish, military tradition, 
Protestant religious conviction 

5930
05:13:18,200 --> 05:13:22,000
had apparently received Divine 
approval, and Elizabeth's, son, 

5931
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:24,600
married status, which critics 
had long considered a national 

5932
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:27,700
weakness, suddenly appeared to 
be evidence of her unique 

5933
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:31,100
dedication to England's welfare,
the Elizabethan Court during the

5934
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:35,200
1590s felt like the headquarters
of a successful Revolution that 

5935
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:39,000
had exceeded, everyone's 
expectations England had become 

5936
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:41,900
a major European power despite 
lacking the traditional 

5937
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:46,600
resources, vast territories, 
massive population's, abundant 

5938
05:13:46,600 --> 05:13:49,800
precious metals that other 
powers relied upon for their 

5939
05:13:49,800 --> 05:13:52,800
International influence. 
Elizabeth's achievement, was to 

5940
05:13:52,800 --> 05:13:56,100
demonstrate that a relatively 
small Kingdom could compete with

5941
05:13:56,100 --> 05:14:00,100
Continental Empires, through 
Superior organization, cultural 

5942
05:14:00,100 --> 05:14:02,600
sophistication and political 
creativity. 

5943
05:14:03,500 --> 05:14:07,100
Her Court became the model that 
later English monarchs would 

5944
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:10,500
many attempt to emulate her, but
few can match her unique 

5945
05:14:10,500 --> 05:14:13,500
combination of theatrical Flair,
and practical, Effectiveness 

5946
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:15,500
James, the first arrived in 
England. 

5947
05:14:15,500 --> 05:14:19,800
In 1603 created a fascinating 
collision between Scottish Royal

5948
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:21,800
traditions and Elizabethan Court
culture. 

5949
05:14:22,700 --> 05:14:24,800
James brought with him ideas 
about kingship. 

5950
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:27,700
That were theoretically more 
sophisticated than Elizabeth's, 

5951
05:14:27,700 --> 05:14:30,700
practical approach, but proved 
less suited to English political

5952
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:33,500
realities. 
The Jacobian Court, resembled a 

5953
05:14:33,500 --> 05:14:36,500
university that had unexpectedly
taken on governmental duties. 

5954
05:14:37,100 --> 05:14:40,600
James was genuinely learned, he 
wrote books on political Theory,

5955
05:14:40,600 --> 05:14:42,400
Theology, and even Tobacco 
Control. 

5956
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:45,900
But his intellectual approach to
kingship, sometimes conflicted 

5957
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:48,700
with the Practical political 
skills, that successful, English

5958
05:14:48,700 --> 05:14:51,400
Monarchy required. 
You can pick the culture shock 

5959
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:53,500
that occurred. 
When James is Scottish courteous

5960
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:56,200
encountered, the complex 
Protocols of Elizabethan Court 

5961
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:58,700
life. 
The Scots were accustomed to 

5962
05:14:58,700 --> 05:15:01,400
more informal relationships 
between the king and his Nobles.

5963
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,500
While English courtiers had 
developed elaborate ceremonial 

5964
05:15:04,500 --> 05:15:06,600
procedures. 
That treated Royal access as a 

5965
05:15:06,608 --> 05:15:10,000
carefully rationed privilege. 
The result was a court where two

5966
05:15:10,000 --> 05:15:12,800
different style of monarchy 
existed in constant tension. 

5967
05:15:13,600 --> 05:15:16,600
James preferred scholarly 
discussion and theoretical 

5968
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:18,700
debate. 
While his English, courtiers 

5969
05:15:18,700 --> 05:15:21,500
were more comfortable with the 
sort of political theater that 

5970
05:15:21,500 --> 05:15:23,200
had made Elisabeth Reign 
successful. 

5971
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:26,500
The mixture produced some 
fascinating cultural 

5972
05:15:26,500 --> 05:15:29,400
achievements, but also political
complications that would 

5973
05:15:29,400 --> 05:15:31,100
influence English history for 
Generations. 

5974
05:15:31,100 --> 05:15:34,600
James's Court, patronized the 
translation of the Bible that 

5975
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:37,700
bears his name. 
The King James version completed

5976
05:15:37,700 --> 05:15:41,300
in 1611 which became one of the 
most influential works of 

5977
05:15:41,300 --> 05:15:45,300
English prose ever written. the 
king's personal involvement in 

5978
05:15:45,300 --> 05:15:48,300
this project demonstrates, how 
Jacobian caught culture, could 

5979
05:15:48,300 --> 05:15:51,500
combine serious intellectual 
work with practical, political 

5980
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:55,100
purposes, The new Bible 
translation was simultaneously, 

5981
05:15:55,100 --> 05:15:58,400
a scholarly achievement, a 
religious statement, and a 

5982
05:15:58,400 --> 05:16:01,400
political document designed to 
establish Royal authority over 

5983
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:04,100
English spiritual life. 
The courts relationship with 

5984
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:06,700
theater during James's Reign. 
Produced some of Shakespeare's 

5985
05:16:06,700 --> 05:16:11,700
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth
and the Tempest were all written

5986
05:16:11,700 --> 05:16:14,000
for Royal audiences. 
Who understood the political 

5987
05:16:14,000 --> 05:16:17,900
themes, these Works explored. 
When courtiers watched Macbeth's

5988
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:20,800
meditation on the relationship 
between ambition and legitimacy,

5989
05:16:20,800 --> 05:16:23,900
they were seeing their own 
political concerns, reflected in

5990
05:16:23,900 --> 05:16:27,100
dramatic, poetry of 
extraordinary power, but James 

5991
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:29,500
is theoretical approach to 
monarchy created. 

5992
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:32,300
Practical problems that became 
increasingly serious as his 

5993
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:35,300
reign progressed. 
His belief in the divine, right 

5994
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:39,100
of kings was intellectually 
coherent, but politically and 

5995
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:41,300
practical in a kingdom, where 
Parliament had grown accustomed 

5996
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:43,700
to being consulted about major 
policy decisions. 

5997
05:16:43,700 --> 05:16:47,500
The Gunpowder Plot of 16.05 
provided James with an 

5998
05:16:47,500 --> 05:16:50,300
opportunity to demonstrate that 
his scholarly approached to King

5999
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:53,900
ship could handle serious 
political crisis, his 

6000
05:16:53,900 --> 05:16:56,900
investigation of the conspiracy,
showed genuine detective skills 

6001
05:16:56,900 --> 05:16:59,600
and his management of the 
aftermath demonstrated. 

6002
05:16:59,600 --> 05:17:02,900
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 
and decisive action against 

6003
05:17:02,900 --> 05:17:06,100
genuine threats. 
However, James's financial 

6004
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:09,000
management created ongoing 
tensions that his son, Charles 

6005
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:11,000
the first would inherit along 
with the crown. 

6006
05:17:11,800 --> 05:17:15,500
The Jacobian Court was expensive
in ways that even Elizabeth's 

6007
05:17:15,500 --> 05:17:19,100
magnificent progresses had not 
been James, distributed, titles 

6008
05:17:19,100 --> 05:17:22,000
lands and pensions with 
generosity that reflected his 

6009
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:25,100
theoretical belief that Royal 
magnificence was essential to 

6010
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:27,900
monarchical dignity. 
But his practical accounting 

6011
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:30,600
skills were less impressive than
his theoretical knowledge, 

6012
05:17:30,600 --> 05:17:34,100
Charles the first inherited, his
father's intellectual approach 

6013
05:17:34,100 --> 05:17:37,200
to kingship, but lacked James's,
political flexibility and 

6014
05:17:37,200 --> 05:17:40,400
personal charisma. 
Charles's Court, became a place 

6015
05:17:40,400 --> 05:17:43,600
where theoretical Perfection was
pursued with systemic, 

6016
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,600
Dedication, that ignored the 
political compromises that 

6017
05:17:46,600 --> 05:17:49,300
successful monarchy, required. 
The Caroline. 

6018
05:17:49,300 --> 05:17:52,700
Court during the 1630s achieved,
a level of artistic and cultural

6019
05:17:52,700 --> 05:17:55,200
sophistication. 
That rivaled the greatest 

6020
05:17:55,200 --> 05:17:58,600
European achievements. 
Anthony van Dykes portraits of 

6021
05:17:58,608 --> 05:18:02,300
Charles and his family created 
visual representations of Royal 

6022
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:05,700
dignity that still influence how
we imagined 17th century 

6023
05:18:05,700 --> 05:18:09,800
monarchy The court musks 
designed by Inigo Jones. 

6024
05:18:09,800 --> 05:18:13,900
Combined architecture music 
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 

6025
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:16,700
in ways that amazed contemporary
observers. 

6026
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:20,000
But this cultural achievement 
existed in increasing tension, 

6027
05:18:20,000 --> 05:18:23,000
with political realities, that 
Charles seemed determined to 

6028
05:18:23,000 --> 05:18:25,800
ignore his court. 
Became a place where beautiful 

6029
05:18:25,800 --> 05:18:29,400
ceremonies and magnificent art 
co-existed with governmental 

6030
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:32,400
policies that were 
systematically alienating, the 

6031
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:34,000
social groups who support the 
English. 

6032
05:18:34,000 --> 05:18:37,400
Monarchy traditionally required 
the 11-year period, when Charles

6033
05:18:37,400 --> 05:18:41,600
ruled without Parliament, the so
called personal rule from 1629 

6034
05:18:41,600 --> 05:18:45,000
to 1640, transformed the Royal 
Court in to something 

6035
05:18:45,000 --> 05:18:46,600
unprecedented in English 
History. 

6036
05:18:46,600 --> 05:18:50,100
A government that functioned 
independently of the legislative

6037
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:52,700
institutions that had been 
Central to English political 

6038
05:18:52,700 --> 05:18:56,100
developments in medieval times 
Charles's Court during these 

6039
05:18:56,100 --> 05:18:58,700
years operated with efficiency 
that would have impressed his 

6040
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:01,500
Tudor predecessors. 
But its Effectiveness was 

6041
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:04,800
undermined by growing popular 
conviction that the King was 

6042
05:19:04,800 --> 05:19:07,100
governing in ways that violated 
fundament. 

6043
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:08,700
English. 
Political traditions. 

6044
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:12,600
The court became isolated from 
the broader political nation in 

6045
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:14,900
ways that made future conflicts 
almost inevitable. 

6046
05:19:14,900 --> 05:19:18,300
When Charles finally, recalled 
parliament in 1640. 

6047
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,400
His court, found itself 
confronting political opposition

6048
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:24,400
that had been growing stronger. 
While Royal Authority had been 

6049
05:19:24,408 --> 05:19:27,900
growing more rigid The result 
was a political crisis that 

6050
05:19:27,900 --> 05:19:30,900
neither traditional Royal 
Authority, nor Innovative Court 

6051
05:19:30,900 --> 05:19:34,000
culture could resolve through 
conventional means the execution

6052
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:36,800
of Charles. 
The first in 1649 created a 

6053
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:39,900
unique situation in European 
history, a major Kingdom 

6054
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:42,600
attempting to function without 
any Royal Court at all. 

6055
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:46,000
The Commonwealth period 
represents the ultimate test of 

6056
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,100
whether traditional governmental
functions required traditional 

6057
05:19:49,100 --> 05:19:52,200
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 
Oliver cromwell's, government 

6058
05:19:52,200 --> 05:19:55,100
faced the challenge of 
maintaining domestic order and 

6059
05:19:55,100 --> 05:19:58,200
international respectability 
without the institutional 

6060
05:19:58,200 --> 05:20:01,000
structures that had supported 
English political Authority for 

6061
05:20:01,008 --> 05:20:04,000
centuries. 
The result was a series of 

6062
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,000
improvised solutions that were 
sometimes successful but never 

6063
05:20:07,000 --> 05:20:10,700
entirely convincing to domestic 
or foreign observers you can 

6064
05:20:10,700 --> 05:20:13,400
imagine the confusion that 
ordinary English people felt 

6065
05:20:13,400 --> 05:20:16,300
when familiar Royal sermon is 
simply disappeared from public 

6066
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:19,200
life. 
No more Royal progresses through

6067
05:20:19,200 --> 05:20:21,500
the countryside, no more, 
elaborate Court. 

6068
05:20:21,500 --> 05:20:25,000
Celebrations to Mark important 
occasions, and no more visible 

6069
05:20:25,000 --> 05:20:28,600
demonstrations of governmental 
continuity that had reassured 

6070
05:20:28,600 --> 05:20:30,900
previous generation about 
political stability. 

6071
05:20:30,900 --> 05:20:34,600
The cromwellian court, though, 
it was never officially called a

6072
05:20:34,600 --> 05:20:36,900
court developed. 
Its own protocols, that 

6073
05:20:36,900 --> 05:20:40,400
attempted to combine Republican,
Simplicity with the ceremonial 

6074
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:43,000
dignity that governmental 
Authority seem to require 

6075
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:46,800
Foreign ambassadors still needed
to be received with appropriate 

6076
05:20:46,800 --> 05:20:50,400
formality important, state 
occasions, still required public

6077
05:20:50,400 --> 05:20:53,500
ceremonies and political 
Authority, still needed visible 

6078
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:55,300
demonstrations of its 
legitimacy. 

6079
05:20:55,300 --> 05:20:58,000
Cromwell's, personal style 
reflected this challenge. 

6080
05:20:58,000 --> 05:21:01,200
He rejected Royal titles and 
traditional monarchical 

6081
05:21:01,200 --> 05:21:04,600
ceremonies but he lived in. 
Royal palaces used Royal 

6082
05:21:04,600 --> 05:21:08,100
ceremonial objects and gradually
adopted many of the protocols 

6083
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:09,500
that had previously been 
associated. 

6084
05:21:09,500 --> 05:21:13,000
With crowned Kings, the line 
between Republican leadership 

6085
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:16,000
and monarchical Authority proved
more difficult to maintain than 

6086
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:17,600
theoretical political 
philosophy. 

6087
05:21:17,600 --> 05:21:20,700
Had suggested the Commonwealth 
periods, cultural achievements 

6088
05:21:20,700 --> 05:21:23,900
were real but different from 
traditional Royal patronage. 

6089
05:21:24,500 --> 05:21:27,800
John Milton's political writings
including the tenure of kings 

6090
05:21:27,800 --> 05:21:31,900
and magistrates and later 
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 

6091
05:21:31,900 --> 05:21:34,800
of authority, rebellion and 
political legitimacy with 

6092
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:38,100
intellectual depth that 
surpassed most Court sponsored 

6093
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:40,600
literature. 
But these Works were produced 

6094
05:21:40,600 --> 05:21:44,000
despite governmental policy 
rather than because of Royal 

6095
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:46,500
encouragement, the absence of a 
Royal Court. 

6096
05:21:46,500 --> 05:21:49,100
Also affected English 
international relations in ways 

6097
05:21:49,100 --> 05:21:52,100
that became increasingly 
problematic as the Commonwealth 

6098
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,600
period continued. 
European monarchs were reluctant

6099
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:58,900
to treat cromwell's government 
as a legitimate equal partly, 

6100
05:21:58,900 --> 05:22:00,800
because it lacked the ceremonial
structures. 

6101
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,000
That traditional diplomacy 
required for normal 

6102
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:07,600
International relationships. 
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 

6103
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:10,100
son, Richard briefly attempted 
to continue the Commonwealth 

6104
05:22:10,100 --> 05:22:13,300
system, but the experiment 
quickly, demonstrated that 

6105
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:16,600
Republican government required 
personal Authority that couldn't

6106
05:22:16,600 --> 05:22:18,500
be inherited through family 
succession. 

6107
05:22:18,500 --> 05:22:21,200
The irony was that effective 
Republican. 

6108
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:23,800
Leadership seemed to require 
many of the same qualities that 

6109
05:22:23,800 --> 05:22:27,100
successful monarchy demanded. 
Charles the second's returned to

6110
05:22:27,100 --> 05:22:30,200
England in 1660 created, one of 
the most remarkable 

6111
05:22:30,200 --> 05:22:32,100
transformations in English Court
history. 

6112
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:36,300
The king had spent his Exile in 
French and Dutch courts. 

6113
05:22:36,300 --> 05:22:38,500
That had continued developing 
while England. 

6114
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:42,300
Experimented with republicanism 
When Charles established his 

6115
05:22:42,300 --> 05:22:45,200
restored Court, he brought 
Continental innovations that 

6116
05:22:45,200 --> 05:22:47,200
revolutionized English Royal 
culture. 

6117
05:22:47,200 --> 05:22:50,600
The restoration Court felt like 
a party that had been postponed 

6118
05:22:50,600 --> 05:22:53,800
for 11 years and was finally 
being celebrated with 

6119
05:22:53,800 --> 05:22:57,600
accumulated and enthusiasm. 
Charles understood that his 

6120
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:00,100
restoration needed to 
demonstrate, not just political 

6121
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:03,500
legitimacy, but cultural 
superiority over the Republican 

6122
05:23:03,500 --> 05:23:05,700
experiment that a temporarily 
replaced. 

6123
05:23:05,700 --> 05:23:08,700
Traditional, monarchy, you can 
picture the excitement that must

6124
05:23:08,700 --> 05:23:11,400
have filled London when familiar
Royal ceremonies return to 

6125
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:14,600
English public life. 
The coronation procession is 

6126
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:17,900
caught celebrations and Royal 
progresses provided Visual 

6127
05:23:17,900 --> 05:23:20,400
Evidence that normal political 
order had been restored. 

6128
05:23:21,500 --> 05:23:24,100
The Charles's Court was more 
than just a return to pre-civil 

6129
05:23:24,100 --> 05:23:26,200
war Traditions. 
It was an upgrade that 

6130
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:28,900
incorporated, the best features 
of European Royal culture. 

6131
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,900
The king's personal style, 
reflected his Continental 

6132
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:35,900
education, Charles was witty 
sophisticated and possessed, the

6133
05:23:35,900 --> 05:23:38,600
sort of easy charm that made 
people want to spend time in his

6134
05:23:38,600 --> 05:23:41,000
presence. 
His court became a place where 

6135
05:23:41,008 --> 05:23:44,000
conversation was considered an 
art form where scientific 

6136
05:23:44,000 --> 05:23:47,300
discussion co-existed with 
theatrical entertainment and 

6137
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:49,900
where English cultural life 
reconnected with broader 

6138
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:52,100
European developments, the Royal
Society. 

6139
05:23:52,100 --> 05:23:56,200
Founded in 1660 illustrates how 
the restoration Court supported 

6140
05:23:56,200 --> 05:23:59,600
intellectual achievements that 
combined practical, utility with

6141
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:02,800
cultural Prestige. 
When Isaac Newton, Christopher 

6142
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,900
and Robert Hooke conducted their
experiments under Royal 

6143
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:08,000
patronage. 
They were advancing human 

6144
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:09,200
knowledge. 
While simultaneously 

6145
05:24:09,200 --> 05:24:13,100
demonstrating that the English 
Monarchy supported the sort of 

6146
05:24:13,100 --> 05:24:16,100
scientific progress, that was 
transforming European 

6147
05:24:16,100 --> 05:24:18,900
civilization. 
Charles's Court was also where 

6148
05:24:18,900 --> 05:24:22,700
English theater achieved some of
its greatest successes The 

6149
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:25,600
king's enthusiastic support for 
dramatic performance is helped 

6150
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:28,200
create the conditions that 
produced restoration comedy. 

6151
05:24:29,000 --> 05:24:32,600
Theatrical form that combines 
sophisticated social observation

6152
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,700
with entertainment that appealed
to both courtly and popular 

6153
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:39,000
audiences, but the restoration 
courts, most significant 

6154
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:41,400
Innovation was its approach to 
religious diversity. 

6155
05:24:41,400 --> 05:24:45,400
Charles's personal Catholic 
sympathies were balanced by his 

6156
05:24:45,400 --> 05:24:48,600
political understanding. 
That England required Protestant

6157
05:24:48,600 --> 05:24:50,500
Royal Authority for domestic 
stability. 

6158
05:24:50,500 --> 05:24:53,900
His court became a place where 
religious differences were 

6159
05:24:53,900 --> 05:24:56,200
managed through practical 
tolerance rather than 

6160
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:59,300
theoretical. 
Resolution this created a court 

6161
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:00,800
atmosphere. 
That was more intellectually 

6162
05:25:00,800 --> 05:25:03,100
diverse than England had 
experienced since before the 

6163
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:07,700
Reformation, Clicks anglicans 
and various Protestant 

6164
05:25:07,700 --> 05:25:11,100
denominations, all found places 
in court life, though, their 

6165
05:25:11,100 --> 05:25:12,800
relationships were sometimes 
tense. 

6166
05:25:12,800 --> 05:25:14,400
And always politically 
complicated. 

6167
05:25:14,400 --> 05:25:19,300
The Great Fire of London in 1666
provided Charles's court with an

6168
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:22,100
opportunity to demonstrate Royal
leadership during a genuine 

6169
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:25,100
National crisis. 
The king's personal involvement 

6170
05:25:25,100 --> 05:25:28,100
in firefighting efforts and his 
support for Christopher. 

6171
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:31,000
Wren's rebuilding plans, show 
that the restored monarchy could

6172
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:33,800
provide effective practical 
leadership, as well as 

6173
05:25:33,800 --> 05:25:37,900
ceremonial magnifiscents James. 
The second succession in 1685 

6174
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:40,700
created immediate tension 
between the court culture that 

6175
05:25:40,700 --> 05:25:44,200
Charles had established and 
James's determination to restore

6176
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:46,800
Catholicism. 
As England's official religion. 

6177
05:25:47,600 --> 05:25:51,200
James had inherited his brother 
sophisticated court system but 

6178
05:25:51,200 --> 05:25:54,000
lacked Charles's political 
sensitivity about the religious 

6179
05:25:54,000 --> 05:25:56,400
compromises that the English 
Monarchy required. 

6180
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:59,400
The Jacobite Court during 
James's brief Reign felt like a 

6181
05:25:59,408 --> 05:26:01,900
place where people were waiting 
for something dramatic to happen

6182
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:03,600
though. 
No one was quite sure. 

6183
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:06,700
What formed that drama would 
take James's policies, 

6184
05:26:06,700 --> 05:26:09,100
systematically alienated. 
The Protestant political 

6185
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:12,400
establishment that had supported
his brothers restoration, while 

6186
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:14,500
his court ceremonies 
increasingly emphasized, 

6187
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:17,700
Catholic religious elements that
made most English observers 

6188
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,600
nervous, when William of Orange 
landed in England, in 1688 

6189
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:24,700
James's Court collapsed with 
startling speed. 

6190
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:28,000
The king who had inherited the 
most sophisticated Royal 

6191
05:26:28,000 --> 05:26:30,600
household in English. 
History, found himself with 

6192
05:26:30,600 --> 05:26:32,400
almost no domestic political 
support. 

6193
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:36,100
When the crisis finally arrived,
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 

6194
05:26:36,100 --> 05:26:38,800
fundamentally changed. 
The relationship between 

6195
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:41,700
English, Royal courts and 
political Authority. 

6196
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:45,200
William the third and Mary, the 
second established a court 

6197
05:26:45,208 --> 05:26:48,900
system that operated within 
constitutional limitations that 

6198
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:51,500
would have seemed impossible to 
earlier generations of English. 

6199
05:26:51,500 --> 05:26:53,700
Monarchs. 
The new Royal Court had to 

6200
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:56,700
function simultaneously as a 
ceremonial Center that 

6201
05:26:56,700 --> 05:26:59,500
maintained monarchical dignity 
and as a governmental 

6202
05:26:59,500 --> 05:27:02,900
institution that acknowledged 
parliamentary Supremacy over 

6203
05:27:02,900 --> 05:27:06,700
major policy decision. 
This required developing new 

6204
05:27:06,700 --> 05:27:09,500
protocols that preserved Royal 
Prestige, while respecting the 

6205
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:11,900
political realities, that the 
Glorious Revolution had 

6206
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,300
established. 
You can imagine the delicate 

6207
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:17,000
balance that caught officials 
needed to maintain during this 

6208
05:27:17,000 --> 05:27:20,200
transitional period. 
Royal ceremonies still needed to

6209
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:23,500
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,
but they couldn't suggest that 

6210
05:27:23,500 --> 05:27:25,600
the crowned Authority that 
Parliament. 

6211
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:29,000
Now controlled Foreign diplomats
still needed to be received with

6212
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:32,100
suitable formality but 
diplomatic policies required, 

6213
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:34,900
legislative approval. 
In ways that complicated 

6214
05:27:34,900 --> 05:27:38,100
traditional Royal prerogatives, 
the Hanoverian succession in 

6215
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:41,500
1714 brought another Continental
influence to English Court 

6216
05:27:41,500 --> 05:27:44,600
culture, the George, the first 
Court face, the additional 

6217
05:27:44,600 --> 05:27:47,500
challenge of establishing 
legitimacy for a dentist. 

6218
05:27:47,500 --> 05:27:50,800
He with limited English 
connections, The early Georgian 

6219
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:53,600
Court compensated for this 
linguistic and cultural Distance

6220
05:27:53,600 --> 05:27:56,600
by developing ceremonial 
procedures that emphasize 

6221
05:27:56,600 --> 05:27:59,900
constitutional propriety rather 
than personal Charisma. 

6222
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:02,500
George the second Court 
achieved, a more comfortable 

6223
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:04,900
balance between German Royal 
traditions and English 

6224
05:28:04,900 --> 05:28:08,200
constitutional requirements. 
The king spoke better English 

6225
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:11,400
than his father understood 
English, political customs, more

6226
05:28:11,400 --> 05:28:14,700
thoroughly and created a court 
atmosphere that successfully 

6227
05:28:14,700 --> 05:28:17,200
combined. 
Continental sophistication with 

6228
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:20,200
domestic, political sensitivity,
but it was during George. 

6229
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:22,900
The third's, long Reign that the
Georgian Court System, reached 

6230
05:28:22,900 --> 05:28:26,100
its mature form George. 
The third was the first hand of 

6231
05:28:26,108 --> 05:28:28,000
Varian Monarch who was 
thoroughly English in 

6232
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:31,800
educational temperament and 
political understanding his 

6233
05:28:31,800 --> 05:28:35,100
court became the template for 
constitutional monarchy that 

6234
05:28:35,100 --> 05:28:37,200
would influence British royal 
culture for the next two 

6235
05:28:37,200 --> 05:28:39,600
centuries. 
The Georgian courts daily 

6236
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,300
routine reflected, these 
constitutional limitations 

6237
05:28:42,300 --> 05:28:45,200
morning, sessions, dealt with 
ceremonial business. 

6238
05:28:45,200 --> 05:28:48,100
That maintained Royal dignity 
without challenging 

6239
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,400
parliamentary Authority. 
After noon, meeting's handled 

6240
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:54,500
diplomatic correspondence. 
That required coordination with 

6241
05:28:54,500 --> 05:28:56,700
government ministers, who were 
responsible to Parliament. 

6242
05:28:56,700 --> 05:29:00,300
Rather than to the crown alone, 
George the third's court, during

6243
05:29:00,300 --> 05:29:02,700
the American Revolution, 
demonstrates how constitutional 

6244
05:29:02,700 --> 05:29:07,000
monarchy functioned during major
political crises, the king 

6245
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:10,100
personally opposed American 
independence, but his court had 

6246
05:29:10,100 --> 05:29:12,900
to manage a military conflict 
that was primarily directed by 

6247
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:14,400
ministers. 
Who are accountable to 

6248
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:17,100
Parliament. 
Royal Authority and 

6249
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:19,500
parliamentary government 
operated in parallel rather than

6250
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:22,600
in the hierarchical relationship
that had characterized earlier 

6251
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:24,800
periods. 
The Court's response to George 

6252
05:29:24,800 --> 05:29:27,900
the third's periodic, mental 
illness created unprecedented 

6253
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,400
constitutional challenges that 
required improvised Solutions, 

6254
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:35,600
The Regency crisis of 1788 
forced Parliament and the Royal 

6255
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:38,500
household to develop procedures 
for managing governmental 

6256
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,800
continuity. 
When the Monarch was unable to 

6257
05:29:40,808 --> 05:29:42,600
perform his constitutional 
duties. 

6258
05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:45,700
These experiences established 
precedents, that would prove 

6259
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:48,800
crucial during the formal 
Regency period from 1811 to 

6260
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:51,000
1820. 
When the future, George the 

6261
05:29:51,000 --> 05:29:52,800
fourth governed on his father's 
behalf. 

6262
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:55,900
The Regents he called 
represented the full flowering 

6263
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:59,800
of Georgian Royal culture. 
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 

6264
05:29:59,800 --> 05:30:03,600
expensive enough to scandalize 
contemporary critics George, the

6265
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:06,100
fourth quarter as Prince. 
Regent achieved, a level of 

6266
05:30:06,100 --> 05:30:08,800
cultural patronage that rivaled 
the greatest European 

6267
05:30:08,800 --> 05:30:11,300
achievements. 
The rebuilding of the royal 

6268
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:13,800
Pavilion. 
Brighton, the planning of Regent

6269
05:30:13,800 --> 05:30:15,300
Street and Regents Park in 
London. 

6270
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:19,200
And the support for artists 
writers and musicians, created a

6271
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:21,800
court culture that combined 
aesthetic achievement with 

6272
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:25,700
constitutional propriety 
Victoria's accession in 1837 

6273
05:30:25,700 --> 05:30:28,200
created a dramatic 
transformation in English Court 

6274
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:31,500
culture that reflected broader 
changes in social attitudes, 

6275
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:36,000
economic relationships and 
Imperial responsibilities, The 

6276
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:38,700
18 year old Queen inherited, a 
court system that had been 

6277
05:30:38,708 --> 05:30:41,500
designed for Georgian Royal 
lifestyle but would need to 

6278
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:44,600
accommodate Victorian moral 
expectations and Global Imperial

6279
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:47,300
duties. 
The early, Victorian Court faced

6280
05:30:47,300 --> 05:30:49,700
the challenge of establishing 
respect for a young female 

6281
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,300
Monarch in an age. 
When political Authority was 

6282
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:54,600
generally associated with 
masculine leadership. 

6283
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:58,100
Victoria's solution was to 
create a court culture that 

6284
05:30:58,100 --> 05:31:02,000
emphasized, moral Authority, 
domestic virtue and Imperial 

6285
05:31:02,000 --> 05:31:05,300
responsibility rather than the 
personal Charisma, or cultural 

6286
05:31:05,300 --> 05:31:07,800
sophistication that had 
characterized earlier, Royal 

6287
05:31:07,800 --> 05:31:10,000
Traditions. 
You can imagine the dramatic 

6288
05:31:10,000 --> 05:31:12,700
change in the court atmosphere 
that Victoria's moral standards 

6289
05:31:12,700 --> 05:31:15,400
produced. 
Where Georgian Court life had 

6290
05:31:15,400 --> 05:31:19,200
celebrated wit sophistication 
and a certain tolerance for 

6291
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:21,700
personal Scandal. 
Victorian Court culture, 

6292
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:25,800
emphasized, Duty propriety and 
the sort of moral earnestness 

6293
05:31:25,800 --> 05:31:28,700
that would have made earlier 
generations of courtiers, deeply

6294
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:32,100
uncomfortable, Victoria's 
married to Prince Albert in 1840

6295
05:31:32,100 --> 05:31:35,400
established the partnership that
would define Victorian Royal 

6296
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:36,900
culture for the next two 
decades. 

6297
05:31:38,100 --> 05:31:40,500
Albert Braut, German 
thoroughness, and intellectual 

6298
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,800
seriousness to English Court 
life, creating an atmosphere 

6299
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:47,600
where governmental efficiency 
cultural patronage, and moral 

6300
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:50,200
Improvement, were pursued with 
systemic dedication. 

6301
05:31:50,200 --> 05:31:53,300
The Victorian courts approached 
to ceremonial Innovation 

6302
05:31:53,300 --> 05:31:55,400
illustrates this. 
New seriousness of purpose. 

6303
05:31:56,400 --> 05:32:00,000
The great exhibition of 1851 
organized under Albert's 

6304
05:32:00,000 --> 05:32:02,700
leadership was simultaneously a 
celebration of British 

6305
05:32:02,700 --> 05:32:05,400
industrial achievement the 
demonstration of Imperial 

6306
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:07,400
wealth. 
And a moral statement about the 

6307
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:10,600
benefits of international 
cooperation and technological 

6308
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:12,900
progress. 
Albert's influence on court 

6309
05:32:12,900 --> 05:32:16,200
culture, extended far beyond 
ceremonial occasions, he 

6310
05:32:16,200 --> 05:32:19,700
reorganized Royal finances. 
Modernized Royal Estates and 

6311
05:32:19,700 --> 05:32:22,600
established new standards for 
the sort of cultural patronage 

6312
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:26,400
that the monarchy should provide
The prince consort treated Royal

6313
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:28,800
duties with the systematic 
attention to detail that 

6314
05:32:28,800 --> 05:32:31,300
successful. 
Businesses required applying 

6315
05:32:31,300 --> 05:32:34,600
commercial principles to 
monarchical responsibilities the

6316
05:32:34,600 --> 05:32:37,300
courts, daily routine, during 
Albert's lifetime reflected. 

6317
05:32:37,300 --> 05:32:40,600
This business like approach, 
Morning sessions, handled 

6318
05:32:40,600 --> 05:32:42,400
administrative business with 
efficiency. 

6319
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:44,800
That would have impressed Tudor 
bureaucrats. 

6320
05:32:44,800 --> 05:32:48,300
After noon meetings, dealt with 
the charitable organizations 

6321
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,500
educational institutions and 
cultural projects that have 

6322
05:32:51,500 --> 05:32:55,300
become Central to Victorian 
Royal identity Victoria's grief 

6323
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:58,200
after Albert's death in 1861, 
transformed the court. 

6324
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,900
Once again this time in ways 
that created long-term problems 

6325
05:33:01,900 --> 05:33:05,700
for monarchical Prestige, the 
Queen's withdrawal from public 

6326
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,900
ceremonial duties meant that the
Victorian Court maintained its 

6327
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:11,700
administrative functions while 
losing much of its symbolic 

6328
05:33:11,700 --> 05:33:14,000
visibility. 
The court during Victoria's 

6329
05:33:14,000 --> 05:33:17,000
widowhood operated like a 
governmental Department, whose 

6330
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:19,200
chief executive had chosen to 
work from home. 

6331
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:23,300
While Royal business proceeded, 
efficiently, the ceremonial 

6332
05:33:23,300 --> 05:33:26,600
aspects of monarchy which served
as public demonstrations of 

6333
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,400
constitutional continuity. 
Saw a significant reduction, 

6334
05:33:29,400 --> 05:33:32,400
this created opportunities for 
other members of the royal 

6335
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:34,600
family, particularly the Prince 
of Wales, the future. 

6336
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:38,100
Edward the seventh to develop, 
alternative approaches to Royal 

6337
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:41,600
public life. 
Edwards Court in Waiting became 

6338
05:33:41,600 --> 05:33:44,400
a center for the sort of social 
activities that Victoria's 

6339
05:33:44,400 --> 05:33:46,600
morning had eliminated from 
official Royal culture. 

6340
05:33:46,600 --> 05:33:49,800
The tension between Victoria's 
withdrawn approach and Edwards 

6341
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,700
social style created two 
different models of Royal 

6342
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:55,700
behavior that coexisted 
uncomfortably within the same 

6343
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:59,400
constitutional system. 
The Queen's moral Authority was 

6344
05:33:59,400 --> 05:34:02,300
unquestioned, but her sons 
understanding of Royal 

6345
05:34:02,300 --> 05:34:05,000
ceremonial requirements, seemed 
more suited to practical 

6346
05:34:05,000 --> 05:34:08,900
political needs Victoria's 
golden jubilee in 1887 and 

6347
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:12,500
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 
demonstrated that the Queen's 

6348
05:34:12,500 --> 05:34:15,300
moral Authority, had created a 
new form of monarchical 

6349
05:34:15,300 --> 05:34:18,000
prestige. 
These celebrations weren't just 

6350
05:34:18,000 --> 05:34:20,800
British occasions, they were 
Imperial festivals. 

6351
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:23,900
That demonstrated how Victorian 
Royal culture had expanded to 

6352
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:25,500
Encompass Global 
responsibilities. 

6353
05:34:25,500 --> 05:34:28,700
The Victorian courts final 
achievement was establishing the

6354
05:34:28,700 --> 05:34:31,900
Constitutional framework that 
would allow the British Monarchy

6355
05:34:31,900 --> 05:34:34,500
to survive the Democratic 
transformation of the 20th 

6356
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:37,500
century. 
Victoria's combination of moral 

6357
05:34:37,500 --> 05:34:40,400
Authority, Imperial 
responsibility, and 

6358
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:43,700
constitutional propriety created
a template for monarchical. 

6359
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,700
Relevance that proved adaptable 
to changing political 

6360
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:49,700
circumstances as we reach the 
end of our gentle Journey 

6361
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:51,600
Through the centuries of Royal 
courts. 

6362
05:34:51,600 --> 05:34:54,400
You might find yourself 
reflecting on how these ancient 

6363
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:56,600
patterns still echo in 
contemporary life. 

6364
05:34:57,600 --> 05:35:01,200
The challenges that medieval 
kings faced balancing personal 

6365
05:35:01,200 --> 05:35:04,100
desires with public 
responsibilities managing 

6366
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:06,700
competing interest groups, 
adapting traditional 

6367
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:10,600
institutions to changing 
circumstances remain remarkably 

6368
05:35:10,600 --> 05:35:13,400
familiar to anyone who observes 
modern politics or 

6369
05:35:13,400 --> 05:35:15,400
organizational leadership 
English. 

6370
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:18,400
Royal courts of old from William
the conquerors efficient Norman 

6371
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,600
Administration, to Victoria's 
moral Imperial Authority, 

6372
05:35:21,600 --> 05:35:24,900
illustrating Humanities 
continuing experiment. 

6373
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,700
With the relationship between 
individual Authority and 

6374
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:28,600
Collective. 
Governance. 

6375
05:35:28,600 --> 05:35:32,400
Each generation discovered that 
successful leadership required 

6376
05:35:32,400 --> 05:35:36,100
adapting inherited Traditions to
contemporary realities while 

6377
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:38,700
maintaining enough continuity to
preserve institutional 

6378
05:35:38,700 --> 05:35:41,100
legitimacy. 
Perhaps, the most striking 

6379
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:45,200
pattern is how consistently 
English, Royal courts, served as

6380
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:46,700
Laboratories for political 
innovation. 

6381
05:35:47,800 --> 05:35:50,500
The Magna Carta emerged from 
King John's administrative 

6382
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:52,900
failures Parliament developed 
from Edward. 

6383
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:56,500
The first financial needs the 
Reformation Grew From Henry, the

6384
05:35:56,508 --> 05:36:00,500
8th's personal circumstances and
constitutional monarchy evolved 

6385
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:02,900
from the Glorious revolutions, 
political Necessities. 

6386
05:36:02,900 --> 05:36:05,200
These weren't planned 
developments Guided by 

6387
05:36:05,200 --> 05:36:08,200
theoretical political 
philosophy, they were practical 

6388
05:36:08,200 --> 05:36:11,700
solutions to immediate problems,
created by people who were 

6389
05:36:11,700 --> 05:36:14,400
trying to make inherited 
governmental systems work under 

6390
05:36:14,400 --> 05:36:18,300
changing circumstances. 
The Genius of English political 

6391
05:36:18,300 --> 05:36:21,400
development was its capacity to 
transform temporary expedience 

6392
05:36:21,400 --> 05:36:25,300
into permanent constitutional 
principles, the human Stories 

6393
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:28,100
Behind These institutional 
changes, Eleanor of 

6394
05:36:28,108 --> 05:36:30,800
acquaintances political 
sophistication, Richard the 

6395
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:34,200
Second aesthetic innovation's, 
Elizabeth the first theatrical 

6396
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,400
State craft and Charles the 
second's. 

6397
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:39,300
Continental sophistication. 
Remind us that political 

6398
05:36:39,300 --> 05:36:42,400
systems, ultimately expression 
of individual personality 

6399
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:46,100
interacting with historical 
circumstance, as you settle 

6400
05:36:46,100 --> 05:36:47,600
deeper into your comfortable 
spot. 

6401
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:50,900
Tonight, you might consider how 
these Royal courts created, the 

6402
05:36:50,900 --> 05:36:53,600
governmental Traditions that 
still influenced Democratic 

6403
05:36:53,600 --> 05:36:56,900
societies today. 
The idea that political 

6404
05:36:56,900 --> 05:37:00,500
Authority requires popular 
consent, that governmental power

6405
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:03,500
should be limited by law and 
that cultural achievement, 

6406
05:37:03,500 --> 05:37:07,500
enhances political legitimacy, 
these Concepts developed through

6407
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:10,900
centuries of experimentation in 
Royal households that were 

6408
05:37:10,900 --> 05:37:13,400
trying to solve practical, 
problems of leadership and 

6409
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:15,300
governance. 
The English Royal courts 

6410
05:37:15,300 --> 05:37:18,600
Evolution from medieval warrior 
Kings to constitutional monarchs

6411
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:21,300
reflects Humanities broader 
journey toward more 

6412
05:37:21,300 --> 05:37:23,400
sophisticated forms of social 
organization. 

6413
05:37:24,600 --> 05:37:27,700
Each generation built upon 
previous achievements while 

6414
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:30,700
adapting to New Challenges, 
creating institutional, 

6415
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:34,100
continuity that allowed gradual 
transformation rather than 

6416
05:37:34,100 --> 05:37:37,700
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 
as you drift towards sleep, you 

6417
05:37:37,700 --> 05:37:40,600
carry with you, the stories of 
nearly 1000 years of human 

6418
05:37:40,600 --> 05:37:45,100
creativity adaptation and the 
endless fascinating complexity 

6419
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:48,200
of people learn to live together
in organized societies. 

6420
05:37:49,000 --> 05:37:52,300
Sweet dreams and may your rest 
be as peaceful as a medieval 

6421
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:54,200
Monastery Garden on a quiet 
summer evening. 

6422
05:37:59,600 --> 05:38:02,800
Picture yourself waking up in a 
narrow bed, that is barely wider

6423
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:05,700
than a coffin, but somehow more 
comfortable than anything. 

6424
05:38:05,700 --> 05:38:07,500
You'd known before coming to 
ashwitha. 

6425
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,000
The room, you share with two 
other housemates is tucked under

6426
05:38:11,000 --> 05:38:13,400
the eaves where the ceiling 
slopes down. 

6427
05:38:13,400 --> 05:38:16,000
So dramatically that you've 
learned to duck instinctively 

6428
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:19,100
when getting dressed The walls 
are thin enough that you can 

6429
05:38:19,100 --> 05:38:22,300
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

6430
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:24,500
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

6431
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:26,500
Wooden Spoons. 
Conducting an orchestra of 

6432
05:38:26,500 --> 05:38:29,500
copper pots. 
It's 4:30 in the morning and 

6433
05:38:29,500 --> 05:38:33,000
your body has become a living 
alarm clock after 18 months in 

6434
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:35,000
service. 
You no longer need the Bell. 

6435
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:37,700
That Martha. 
The senior House made rings to 

6436
05:38:37,700 --> 05:38:40,600
wake everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

6437
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,100
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

6438
05:38:44,100 --> 05:38:46,300
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

6439
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:48,800
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

6440
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:51,800
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

6441
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:55,300
where you need the most The 
floorboards Creak their familiar

6442
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:58,600
greeting, as you tiptoe around 
your sleeping roommate, Sarah 

6443
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:01,500
the scullery maid talks in her 
sleep, about her sweet heart, 

6444
05:39:01,500 --> 05:39:05,000
back in the village while Emma, 
who works in the laundry, snores

6445
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:07,900
with the dedication of someone 
who earned every moment of rest.

6446
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,600
The servants staircase serves as
your primary route to all 

6447
05:39:11,600 --> 05:39:14,900
important places, it's narrow 
and steep designed by 

6448
05:39:14,900 --> 05:39:16,900
architects. 
Who clearly never had to carry a

6449
05:39:16,900 --> 05:39:20,600
coal up for flights while 
balancing a chamber pot and 

6450
05:39:20,600 --> 05:39:22,500
trying not to wake the entire 
household. 

6451
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,900
You've developed a peculiar 
Grace, navigating these stairs, 

6452
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:31,600
part mountain goat part ballet 
dancer, all determination, not 

6453
05:39:31,600 --> 05:39:33,500
to Tumble backward into 
catastrophe. 

6454
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:37,000
Your first stop is the 
Magnificent Hall where 

6455
05:39:37,000 --> 05:39:39,200
yesterday's ashes in the massive
fireplace. 

6456
05:39:39,200 --> 05:39:41,100
Look like the remains of a small
Dragon. 

6457
05:39:41,100 --> 05:39:44,200
The greatest heavy enough to 
Anchor a ship and cleaning it 

6458
05:39:44,200 --> 05:39:46,700
requires the kind of athletic 
ability that would impress 

6459
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:49,700
circus performers, you've 
learned to approach it like a 

6460
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:53,700
puzzle first the smaller pieces 
then the great itself always 

6461
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:56,700
mindful that cold dust has a 
magical ability to appear on 

6462
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:58,400
surfaces. 
You have not even touched yet. 

6463
05:39:59,200 --> 05:40:00,800
The Manor wakes up around you in
layers. 

6464
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:04,300
First come the other servants 
moving through their morning 

6465
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:07,500
routines with the synchronized 
Precision of dancers who've 

6466
05:40:07,500 --> 05:40:10,600
rehearse the same performance 
for years then come the dog's 

6467
05:40:10,600 --> 05:40:14,000
Lord ashworth's hunting hounds 
who seem to insist on serving 

6468
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,400
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 
of human convenience. 

6469
05:40:17,400 --> 05:40:22,100
Finally, the house itself begins
to stir floorboards settling 

6470
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:25,600
pipes, gurgling their morning 
complaints and somewhere in the 

6471
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:27,600
distance. 
The grandfather clock in, the 

6472
05:40:27,600 --> 05:40:30,200
entrance hall, chiming the hours
like a Stern Headmaster. 

6473
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:33,400
Keeping everyone on schedule. 
You've learned to love these 

6474
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:36,400
early morning moments, when the 
man of belongs entirely to its 

6475
05:40:36,400 --> 05:40:38,500
servants. 
There's something peaceful about

6476
05:40:38,500 --> 05:40:40,700
moving through rooms. 
That will later Buzz with the 

6477
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:43,200
complicated social Machinery of 
the upper classes. 

6478
05:40:43,200 --> 05:40:47,700
But for now exists in a state of
suspended animation, The drawing

6479
05:40:47,700 --> 05:40:49,700
room with its silk wallpaper and
furniture. 

6480
05:40:49,700 --> 05:40:52,800
That costs more than most people
earn in a decade feels almost 

6481
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:56,000
friendly in the pre-dawn 
darkness, you dust the mahogany,

6482
05:40:56,000 --> 05:40:58,300
tables and straighten. 
The cushions on chairs that 

6483
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:01,700
probably have their own names 
and pedigrees The Morning, Light

6484
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:04,500
filtering through the tool 
Windows reveals dust moats 

6485
05:41:04,500 --> 05:41:06,800
dancing in the air. 
Like tiny rebellious, spirits, 

6486
05:41:07,400 --> 05:41:09,800
You've developed a personal 
relationship with dust. 

6487
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:13,600
It's your constant companion, 
your Eternal opponent and 

6488
05:41:13,600 --> 05:41:15,800
occasionally, when the light 
hits it just right. 

6489
05:41:15,800 --> 05:41:18,800
Your unwitting collaborator in 
creating something almost 

6490
05:41:18,800 --> 05:41:21,800
beautiful. 
Dust, you've learned has 

6491
05:41:21,800 --> 05:41:24,600
personality. 
The dust in the library is 

6492
05:41:24,600 --> 05:41:28,300
scholarly and dignified settling
politely on leather bound books.

6493
05:41:29,000 --> 05:41:31,300
The dust in the children's 
playroom, is chaotic and 

6494
05:41:31,300 --> 05:41:34,300
adventurous hiding in corners 
and emerging at the most 

6495
05:41:34,300 --> 05:41:38,200
inconvenient moments. 
By 6:00 you've already 

6496
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:40,000
accomplished. 
What most people would consider 

6497
05:41:40,000 --> 05:41:43,400
a full day's work. 
The fires lit, the main rooms 

6498
05:41:43,400 --> 05:41:46,300
are clean and you've managed to 
avoid waking, anyone, who might 

6499
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:48,700
dock your wages for disturbing 
their beauty sleep. 

6500
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:51,700
Your back aches, in that 
particular way that comes from 

6501
05:41:51,700 --> 05:41:53,800
bending over greats and reaching
under Furniture. 

6502
05:41:53,800 --> 05:41:57,500
But there's a satisfaction in 
seeing the manor slowly come to 

6503
05:41:57,508 --> 05:41:59,800
life around your efforts. 
The kitchen. 

6504
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:03,400
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast, is a warm 

6505
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:06,900
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

6506
05:42:06,900 --> 05:42:08,800
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

6507
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:11,700
She ruled her realm with the 
authority of a general and the 

6508
05:42:11,708 --> 05:42:14,900
warmth of a favorite aunt 
dispensing, both orders and 

6509
05:42:14,900 --> 05:42:17,800
wisdom in equal measure the 
pecking order in a Victorian, 

6510
05:42:17,800 --> 05:42:20,900
Mansion is more complex than the
family tree of European royalty 

6511
05:42:20,900 --> 05:42:23,400
and twice as confusing for 
newcomers. 

6512
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:26,700
You've learned to navigate this 
social Labyrinth, with the skill

6513
05:42:26,700 --> 05:42:31,000
of a diplomat, always mindful of
who out-ranks who and exactly 

6514
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:33,100
how much courtesy each position 
demands. 

6515
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:36,300
At the top of the servants 
hierarchy. 

6516
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,800
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 
who carries himself with the 

6517
05:42:39,800 --> 05:42:42,500
Dignity of a man whose never 
doubted his place in the world. 

6518
05:42:43,600 --> 05:42:46,100
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 
possesses the ability to 

6519
05:42:46,100 --> 05:42:48,200
elevate. 
The mundane tasks of polishing, 

6520
05:42:48,200 --> 05:42:52,000
silver to a sacred ritual and 
his disapproval is unmistakable.

6521
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:54,600
You've seen him reduce footman 
to stammering. 

6522
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:57,400
Apologies with nothing more than
a raised eyebrow and a slight 

6523
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:00,300
tightening around the eyes just 
below him Reigns. 

6524
05:43:00,300 --> 05:43:03,900
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 
Who manages the female staff 

6525
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:06,400
with the organizational skills 
of a military commander? 

6526
05:43:06,400 --> 05:43:10,600
And the intuition of someone 
whose raised 12 children He 

6527
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:13,400
carries a massive ring of keys 
that Jangles with every step 

6528
05:43:13,400 --> 05:43:16,600
announcing her presence. 
Like a one-woman brass band 

6529
05:43:16,600 --> 05:43:20,000
these Keys unlock everything 
from the linen closets to The 

6530
05:43:20,008 --> 05:43:22,400
Wine Cellar. 
And the sound of them has become

6531
05:43:22,400 --> 05:43:24,600
the soundtrack of authority in 
your daily life. 

6532
05:43:25,400 --> 05:43:28,200
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 

6533
05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:30,700
and a heart that softer than her
Yorkshire pudding. 

6534
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:34,200
She's a cook who meticulously 
remembers each servants, 

6535
05:43:34,200 --> 05:43:37,800
preferred tea, and consistently 
provides an extra biscuit during

6536
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:41,500
a particularly challenging day. 
Her domain is distinct from the 

6537
05:43:41,500 --> 05:43:44,700
rest of the house higher key as 
she reports directly to Mrs, 

6538
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:48,100
Hartwell however within her 
kitchen her Authority is 

6539
05:43:48,100 --> 05:43:50,800
unquestioned you found your 
place somewhere in the middle of

6540
05:43:50,800 --> 05:43:54,300
this complex social Machinery. 
As a housemaid, you're above the

6541
05:43:54,308 --> 05:43:55,900
scholarly made and the kitchen 
help. 

6542
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:58,000
But below the ladies made to the
governor's. 

6543
05:43:59,000 --> 05:44:01,400
To position that requires a 
peculiar kind of social 

6544
05:44:01,400 --> 05:44:03,600
awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

6545
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,500
those above. 
You kind to those below you and 

6546
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:08,100
cautious around those at your 
level. 

6547
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:10,800
Because horizontal politics 
among servers can be more 

6548
05:44:10,800 --> 05:44:14,300
treacherous than anything 
happening up stairs, the footmen

6549
05:44:14,300 --> 05:44:16,900
occupy their own strange 
category in this higher Archie, 

6550
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:20,500
they're technically your equals,
but they seem to believe their 

6551
05:44:20,500 --> 05:44:23,100
fancy uniforms and proximity to 
the dining room. 

6552
05:44:23,100 --> 05:44:24,800
Make them practically members of
the family. 

6553
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:29,200
James, the senior footman has 
mastered the skill of sneering 

6554
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:33,700
at people while simultaneously, 
serving them soup, his permitted

6555
05:44:33,700 --> 05:44:36,600
hair and pristine white gloves, 
make him look like he's 

6556
05:44:36,600 --> 05:44:39,900
constantly ready for a formal 
portrait even when he's just 

6557
05:44:39,900 --> 05:44:44,000
carrying coal, scuttles. 
The daily dance of Precedence 

6558
05:44:44,000 --> 05:44:47,700
plays out in 100 small ways. 
Who enters the servants Hall? 

6559
05:44:47,700 --> 05:44:51,300
First for meals, who gets the 
best seat near the fire, who's 

6560
05:44:51,300 --> 05:44:54,400
allowed to voice opinions about 
the families guests and who must

6561
05:44:54,400 --> 05:44:58,200
simply listen a nod. 
You've learned to read these 

6562
05:44:58,200 --> 05:45:01,700
subtle cues like a scholar, 
studying ancient texts because 

6563
05:45:01,700 --> 05:45:04,700
misunderstanding your place can 
result in anything from cold 

6564
05:45:04,700 --> 05:45:08,100
shoulders to actual dismissal. 
The Strangers part of this 

6565
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:10,900
hierarchy is how it mirrors the 
family upstairs, while remaining

6566
05:45:10,900 --> 05:45:14,700
completely separate from it. 
Lord Ashworth might be the 

6567
05:45:14,700 --> 05:45:17,500
master of the house but he has 
no idea that William. 

6568
05:45:17,500 --> 05:45:20,800
The second footman has been 
conducting a subtle campaign of 

6569
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:24,700
psychological warfare against 
Thomas the holy over, who's 

6570
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:26,900
responsibility. 
It is to polish the brass door 

6571
05:45:26,900 --> 05:45:29,500
knobs. 
The servant dramas unfold 

6572
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:33,100
parallel to the family's lives 
invisible to them, but consuming

6573
05:45:33,100 --> 05:45:37,000
tremendous energy below stairs, 
you've developed a strategy for 

6574
05:45:37,000 --> 05:45:40,200
navigating these social Waters 
that involves generous amounts 

6575
05:45:40,200 --> 05:45:43,700
of tea, careful, listening, and 
an almost Supernatural ability 

6576
05:45:43,700 --> 05:45:45,800
to become invisible when 
tensions rise. 

6577
05:45:45,800 --> 05:45:49,100
The key is understanding that 
everyone from the lowliest, 

6578
05:45:49,100 --> 05:45:51,300
scullery maid to the most 
exalted ladies. 

6579
05:45:51,300 --> 05:45:54,800
Maid is desperately trying to 
maintain their dignity in a 

6580
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:57,300
world that offers very little of
it to people in service. 

6581
05:45:58,100 --> 05:46:02,000
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

6582
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:04,000
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

6583
05:46:04,000 --> 05:46:07,400
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

6584
05:46:07,400 --> 05:46:10,200
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

6585
05:46:10,200 --> 05:46:12,100
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

6586
05:46:13,000 --> 05:46:16,300
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

6587
05:46:16,300 --> 05:46:18,400
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

6588
05:46:18,400 --> 05:46:20,900
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

6589
05:46:20,900 --> 05:46:23,900
lullaby. 
Truly fascinating members of 

6590
05:46:23,900 --> 05:46:25,800
this servant. 
Ecosystem are the Specialists, 

6591
05:46:25,800 --> 05:46:30,000
the lamp trimmer who treats each
fixture like a delicate patient,

6592
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,200
requiring surgery? 
The boot boy, who knows the 

6593
05:46:33,200 --> 05:46:36,700
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

6594
05:46:36,700 --> 05:46:38,900
under-butler who is being 
groomed from Mr. Whitmore's 

6595
05:46:38,900 --> 05:46:42,200
position and carries the weight 
of that future responsibility, 

6596
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:44,100
like a crown that still being 
fitted. 

6597
05:46:44,100 --> 05:46:47,100
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

6598
05:46:47,100 --> 05:46:50,300
Worlds, simultaneously like 
being an actor in a play where 

6599
05:46:50,300 --> 05:46:52,600
half the cast doesn't know the 
other half exists. 

6600
05:46:53,400 --> 05:46:55,800
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

6601
05:46:55,800 --> 05:46:58,900
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

6602
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:02,700
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

6603
05:47:02,700 --> 05:47:06,200
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

6604
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:09,800
that connects every floor of the
house designed specifically. 

6605
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:12,800
So servants can move through the
mansion without disturbing the 

6606
05:47:12,800 --> 05:47:15,000
family's carefully, orchestrated
daily life. 

6607
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:18,700
You've learned to navigate these
stairs and complete, darkness, 

6608
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:22,400
your feet knowing exactly where 
each step creaks and which 

6609
05:47:22,400 --> 05:47:25,300
handrail Wiggles, it's like 
having a secret passage to 

6610
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:28,300
everywhere that matters. 
Except the secret is that you're

6611
05:47:28,300 --> 05:47:29,800
not supposed to exist while 
using it. 

6612
05:47:29,800 --> 05:47:33,000
The family's daily routine 
creates a complex choreography 

6613
05:47:33,000 --> 05:47:34,700
that you've learned to dance 
around. 

6614
05:47:35,800 --> 05:47:37,200
Lady Ashworth, takes her 
morning. 

6615
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:39,900
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 
means you need to have her 

6616
05:47:39,908 --> 05:47:43,900
sitting room Immaculate, by 
7:30, She has a particular way 

6617
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:46,300
of saying when things aren't 
arranged to her satisfaction, 

6618
05:47:46,300 --> 05:47:50,200
not quite disapproval, but, 
definitely disappointment that 

6619
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:52,600
can ruin your entire morning. 
If you're not prepared for it, 

6620
05:47:52,600 --> 05:47:56,800
the children present their own 
unique challenges, Master 

6621
05:47:56,800 --> 05:47:59,400
fredric 8 years old and 
convinced of his military 

6622
05:47:59,400 --> 05:48:02,500
greatness has transformed the 
third floor into his personal 

6623
05:48:02,500 --> 05:48:04,900
Battlefield. 
You've learned to clean around 

6624
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:06,900
elaborate Arrangements of toy 
soldiers. 

6625
05:48:06,900 --> 05:48:09,800
Knowing that disturbing his 
campaigns could result in the 

6626
05:48:09,808 --> 05:48:11,800
kind of tantrum. 
That brings his mother running 

6627
05:48:11,800 --> 05:48:14,200
and gets servants blamed for 
corrupting young. 

6628
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:18,500
Mine's His sister. 
Miss Carolyn is 12 and has 

6629
05:48:18,500 --> 05:48:21,000
recently discovered, the power 
of treating servants, like her 

6630
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:24,200
personal confidence, which is 
flattering Until you realize 

6631
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:26,900
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household. 

6632
05:48:26,900 --> 05:48:29,300
The guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

6633
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,200
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

6634
05:48:32,200 --> 05:48:34,500
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

6635
05:48:35,300 --> 05:48:38,300
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

6636
05:48:38,300 --> 05:48:41,800
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

6637
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:45,300
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

6638
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:48,000
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

6639
05:48:48,000 --> 05:48:50,400
completely different species of 
the worst. 

6640
05:48:51,800 --> 05:48:55,700
Mrs, Fitzpatrick, lady Ashworth,
sister visits monthly and treats

6641
05:48:55,700 --> 05:48:58,300
the servants Hall like her 
personal entertainment venue. 

6642
05:48:59,000 --> 05:49:02,400
Sheetz through asking intrusive 
questions about your personal 

6643
05:49:02,400 --> 05:49:05,200
life, while simultaneously 
rearranging everything, 

6644
05:49:05,200 --> 05:49:06,800
according to her own 
preferences. 

6645
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:10,700
Her lady's maid. 
Miss Prentice apologizes 

6646
05:49:10,700 --> 05:49:14,000
constantly for her Mistresses 
Behavior while somehow making it

6647
05:49:14,000 --> 05:49:15,400
clear that she considers 
herself. 

6648
05:49:15,400 --> 05:49:19,500
Superior to the permanent staff,
the dinner party is where your 

6649
05:49:19,500 --> 05:49:21,600
invisibility skills get their 
greatest work out. 

6650
05:49:22,400 --> 05:49:24,700
You've learned to move through 
the dining room like a ghost. 

6651
05:49:24,700 --> 05:49:28,500
Refilling water glasses and 
replacing courses while eight to

6652
05:49:28,500 --> 05:49:29,800
12. 
People conduct conversations 

6653
05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:33,600
that range from fascinating to 
horrifying often within the same

6654
05:49:33,600 --> 05:49:36,100
sentence. 
The trick is to listen without 

6655
05:49:36,100 --> 05:49:39,200
appearing, to listen, to 
anticipate needs without seeming

6656
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:41,200
to pay attention. 
And to remember everything 

6657
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:43,500
while, pretending to forget it, 
all the moment, you leave the 

6658
05:49:43,500 --> 05:49:45,900
room. 
Overhearing conversations about 

6659
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:50,000
politics and social scandals. 
That would make excellent gossip

6660
05:49:50,000 --> 05:49:52,600
if you could share them, you've 
gained valuable insights. 

6661
05:49:53,300 --> 05:49:55,500
The family discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

6662
05:49:55,500 --> 05:49:58,400
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

6663
05:49:58,400 --> 05:50:01,000
the weather to the Empire all 
while servants. 

6664
05:50:01,000 --> 05:50:02,800
Move around them like, well, 
trained spirits. 

6665
05:50:03,500 --> 05:50:06,100
It has provided you with an 
education in human nature that 

6666
05:50:06,100 --> 05:50:09,100
no school could match. 
The most challenging aspect of 

6667
05:50:09,100 --> 05:50:11,500
this Upstairs Downstairs. 
Existence is maintaining your 

6668
05:50:11,500 --> 05:50:15,700
sense of self while pretending 
to be invisible. you've learned 

6669
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:17,900
to find moments of genuine 
connection with the family 

6670
05:50:17,900 --> 05:50:21,500
members, a shared joke with Miss
Carolyn, a moment of 

6671
05:50:21,500 --> 05:50:24,400
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,
when you've arranged her flowers

6672
05:50:24,400 --> 05:50:27,500
particularly well or not of 
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,

6673
05:50:27,500 --> 05:50:30,100
when you've managed to clean his
study without disturbing his 

6674
05:50:30,100 --> 05:50:34,400
carefully, organized chaos, The 
house itself becomes a character

6675
05:50:34,400 --> 05:50:37,400
in this daily drama. 
Different rooms have different 

6676
05:50:37,400 --> 05:50:40,100
personalities. 
Different moods and different 

6677
05:50:40,100 --> 05:50:41,508
requirements. 
For how you're supposed to 

6678
05:50:41,516 --> 05:50:44,200
behave in the library demands 
quiet. 

6679
05:50:44,200 --> 05:50:47,200
Reverence the drawing room 
requires careful, attention to 

6680
05:50:47,200 --> 05:50:49,400
every surface and the nurse 
renew needs. 

6681
05:50:49,400 --> 05:50:50,900
The kind of vigilance that comes
from. 

6682
05:50:50,900 --> 05:50:53,500
Knowing that children can 
destroy a perfectly clean room 

6683
05:50:53,500 --> 05:50:56,600
in the time, it takes to Blink 
cleaning of Victorian. 

6684
05:50:56,600 --> 05:50:59,000
Mansion is like being a 
detective, a chemist and an 

6685
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:00,800
athlete. 
All rolled into one exhausting 

6686
05:51:00,800 --> 05:51:05,200
profession You've learned that 
every stain tells a story, every

6687
05:51:05,200 --> 05:51:08,600
surface has its personality and 
every cleaning solution has the 

6688
05:51:08,600 --> 05:51:11,800
potential to either save the 
day, or create a disaster that 

6689
05:51:11,800 --> 05:51:14,900
follows you for months, the 
cleaning supplies in Mrs, 

6690
05:51:14,900 --> 05:51:17,300
hartwell's locked, cupboard, 
looked like ingredients for 

6691
05:51:17,300 --> 05:51:19,800
either medicine or Mayhem, 
depending on your level of 

6692
05:51:19,808 --> 05:51:22,600
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

6693
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:25,400
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

6694
05:51:25,400 --> 05:51:28,400
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

6695
05:51:28,400 --> 05:51:32,600
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

6696
05:51:32,600 --> 05:51:35,100
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots. 

6697
05:51:35,100 --> 05:51:37,700
Often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

6698
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:40,300
sandpaper. 
You've developed a personal 

6699
05:51:40,300 --> 05:51:42,200
relationship with different 
types of dirt. 

6700
05:51:42,200 --> 05:51:45,600
There's the honest dirt that 
comes from daily living dust, 

6701
05:51:45,600 --> 05:51:49,000
mud the occasional spilled tea, 
which responds to 

6702
05:51:49,000 --> 05:51:51,500
straightforward cleaning methods
and doesn't hold grudges. 

6703
05:51:52,500 --> 05:51:55,500
Then there's the sneaky dirt 
that hides in corners and behind

6704
05:51:55,500 --> 05:51:57,700
Furniture waiting to embarrass 
you. 

6705
05:51:57,700 --> 05:52:01,300
When important guests, visit the
worst is the mysterious dirt 

6706
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:03,100
that appears overnight on 
surfaces. 

6707
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,300
You cleaned perfectly the day 
before which you're convinced is

6708
05:52:06,300 --> 05:52:08,600
either Supernatural or the 
result of some servant 

6709
05:52:08,600 --> 05:52:10,100
conspiracy you have not figured 
out yet. 

6710
05:52:11,000 --> 05:52:13,500
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 
the chandeliers requires the 

6711
05:52:13,508 --> 05:52:15,600
kind of Courage. 
Usually reserved for mounting 

6712
05:52:15,600 --> 05:52:18,300
climbing, you've mastered the 
art of dismantling. 

6713
05:52:18,300 --> 05:52:21,300
These Crystal monsters 
meticulously cleaning each 

6714
05:52:21,300 --> 05:52:24,100
individual Crystal with a 
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 

6715
05:52:24,100 --> 05:52:27,400
fervently Advocates, but 
withholds the recipe, The 

6716
05:52:27,400 --> 05:52:30,700
crystals have to be dried with 
specific cloths polished with 

6717
05:52:30,700 --> 05:52:33,900
particular movements and 
reassembled in exactly the right

6718
05:52:33,900 --> 05:52:36,000
order or they'll catch the Light
wrong. 

6719
05:52:36,000 --> 05:52:39,600
And everyone will notice Carpet 
cleaning is where you've truly 

6720
05:52:39,600 --> 05:52:41,500
earned your stripes as a 
domestic Warrior. 

6721
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:45,400
The dining room carpet which 
depicts some sort of hunting 

6722
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:48,300
scene with more dire than you'd 
see in an actual Forest requires

6723
05:52:48,300 --> 05:52:51,600
weekly attention with a carpet 
beater, that's heavier than most

6724
05:52:51,600 --> 05:52:53,800
people's luggage. 
You've learned to read the 

6725
05:52:53,808 --> 05:52:56,200
carpets mood. 
Some weeks, it gives up its 

6726
05:52:56,200 --> 05:52:59,500
dirty easily other weeks. 
It clings to every spec like 

6727
05:52:59,500 --> 05:53:02,600
it's fighting for its life. 
The Silver Service is your 

6728
05:53:02,600 --> 05:53:04,600
Nemesis and your pride 
simultaneously. 

6729
05:53:05,400 --> 05:53:07,700
There are pieces in the butler's
Pantry that have been in the 

6730
05:53:07,700 --> 05:53:10,500
family for Generations, each 
with its own cleaning 

6731
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:13,400
requirements, and its own way of
making you look incompetent. 

6732
05:53:14,300 --> 05:53:15,800
The tea service from Lourdes, 
Ashworth. 

6733
05:53:15,800 --> 05:53:19,200
Grandmother requires a special 
polish that has to be applied in

6734
05:53:19,200 --> 05:53:22,700
circular motions. 
Never straight lines and buffed 

6735
05:53:22,700 --> 05:53:26,800
to a shine that can blind 
unsuspecting footman. you've 

6736
05:53:26,800 --> 05:53:29,000
discovered that cleaning is 
really about understanding 

6737
05:53:29,000 --> 05:53:33,100
chemistry, even if nobody calls 
it that Different materials 

6738
05:53:33,100 --> 05:53:36,200
required, different approaches, 
different solutions, and 

6739
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:39,100
different techniques. 
The marble in the entrance hall 

6740
05:53:39,100 --> 05:53:40,700
needs. 
Gentle treatment with specific 

6741
05:53:40,700 --> 05:53:42,900
soaps. 
While the wood paneling in the 

6742
05:53:42,908 --> 05:53:45,100
study requires oils that have 
been mixed. 

6743
05:53:45,100 --> 05:53:48,200
According to recipes, that are 
closely guarded family secrets, 

6744
05:53:48,200 --> 05:53:51,200
the laundry presents, its own 
scientific challenges. 

6745
05:53:51,200 --> 05:53:55,300
You've learned to identify 
stains by sight smell and 

6746
05:53:55,300 --> 05:53:58,700
sometimes by the story behind 
them blood requires, cold water 

6747
05:53:58,700 --> 05:54:00,900
and salt. 
Wine needs to be treated 

6748
05:54:00,900 --> 05:54:03,900
immediately with white wine. 
If you can get it a mysterious 

6749
05:54:03,900 --> 05:54:06,200
stains on the children's 
clothing, usually respond to a 

6750
05:54:06,208 --> 05:54:08,100
combination of prayer and 
whatever. 

6751
05:54:08,100 --> 05:54:11,300
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.

6752
05:54:12,100 --> 05:54:14,500
Your skills truly test. 
During the seasonal cleaning 

6753
05:54:14,500 --> 05:54:17,600
rituals spring cleaning means 
taking apart every room. 

6754
05:54:17,600 --> 05:54:20,300
Cleaning surfaces that have not 
seen attention since the 

6755
05:54:20,300 --> 05:54:23,300
previous year and discovering 
problems that have been hiding. 

6756
05:54:23,300 --> 05:54:25,600
All winter. 
You've learned to approach these

6757
05:54:25,600 --> 05:54:28,700
marathons like a military 
campaign with careful planning, 

6758
05:54:28,700 --> 05:54:32,100
strategic Supply management. 
And the kind of determination 

6759
05:54:32,100 --> 05:54:34,300
that comes from. 
Knowing that failure means 

6760
05:54:34,300 --> 05:54:35,500
starting over from the 
beginning. 

6761
05:54:37,000 --> 05:54:39,700
The tools of your trade have 
become extension of your body, 

6762
05:54:39,700 --> 05:54:43,000
you know, exactly how much 
pressure each brush can handle, 

6763
05:54:43,000 --> 05:54:46,600
which cloths work best on which 
surfaces and how to make a 

6764
05:54:46,608 --> 05:54:48,700
feather duster perform, like a 
Precision instrument. 

6765
05:54:49,600 --> 05:54:52,500
Your hands have developed. 
Calluses in places that tell the

6766
05:54:52,500 --> 05:54:55,500
story of your daily routine and 
your back has learned to bend 

6767
05:54:55,500 --> 05:54:58,600
and twist in ways that would 
impress contortionists, the 

6768
05:54:58,600 --> 05:55:01,200
kitchen is the heart of the 
manner but it's a heart that 

6769
05:55:01,200 --> 05:55:04,000
beats with the rhythm of 
organized, chaos, military, 

6770
05:55:04,000 --> 05:55:07,300
precision, and the occasional 
minor explosion when someone 

6771
05:55:07,300 --> 05:55:10,100
forgets that the temperamental 
stove has a mind of its own, 

6772
05:55:11,200 --> 05:55:13,800
You've learned to navigate this 
culinary Battlefield with the 

6773
05:55:13,808 --> 05:55:17,000
skill of a diplomat and the 
reflexes of someone who's been 

6774
05:55:17,000 --> 05:55:19,800
hit by flying pastry once too 
often. 

6775
05:55:20,800 --> 05:55:23,900
This is Pemberton governs, her 
domain with a wooden spoon that 

6776
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:26,300
has endured more use than most 
medieval weapons. 

6777
05:55:26,300 --> 05:55:30,000
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adeptly prepares a seven-course 

6778
05:55:30,000 --> 05:55:34,200
dinner for 12 guests managers. 
The daily meals for 23 servants,

6779
05:55:34,200 --> 05:55:37,500
monitors, dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate with the weather 

6780
05:55:37,500 --> 05:55:40,500
and maintains a constant 
commentary on the moral failing 

6781
05:55:40,500 --> 05:55:42,600
of anyone who has ever 
questioned her gravy. 

6782
05:55:43,400 --> 05:55:45,500
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

6783
05:55:45,500 --> 05:55:47,700
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

6784
05:55:47,700 --> 05:55:51,600
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

6785
05:55:51,600 --> 05:55:54,700
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

6786
05:55:54,700 --> 05:55:57,400
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

6787
05:55:58,400 --> 05:56:01,000
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

6788
05:56:01,000 --> 05:56:04,300
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

6789
05:56:04,300 --> 05:56:06,400
lumps. 
And the bacon requires the kind 

6790
05:56:06,400 --> 05:56:09,300
of attention usually reserved 
for diplomatic negotiations. 

6791
05:56:10,100 --> 05:56:11,600
You've learned to read the 
kitchen's. 

6792
05:56:11,600 --> 05:56:15,100
Moods like a weather forecaster.
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 

6793
05:56:15,100 --> 05:56:18,900
humming while she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

6794
05:56:19,800 --> 05:56:22,400
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

6795
05:56:22,400 --> 05:56:24,800
servants, who don't appreciate 
proper cooking. 

6796
05:56:25,500 --> 05:56:30,000
It's time to become very useful,
very quietly and very far from 

6797
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:33,200
her line of sight. 
When she starts banging pots 

6798
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:36,600
louder than necessary. 
Everyone knows to work faster 

6799
05:56:36,600 --> 05:56:40,700
and speak less. 
The scullery maid, poor. 

6800
05:56:40,700 --> 05:56:44,600
Sarah lives in a world of 
endless dishes where every meal 

6801
05:56:44,600 --> 05:56:47,800
creates a mountain of plates 
glasses and serving pieces that 

6802
05:56:47,800 --> 05:56:51,100
need to be washed, dried and put
away before the next meal Begins

6803
05:56:51,100 --> 05:56:54,100
the cycle again. 
She's developed arms that could 

6804
05:56:54,100 --> 05:56:57,100
probably arm wrestle, most of 
the footmen and a philosophical 

6805
05:56:57,100 --> 05:56:59,300
approach to dishwater that 
borders on the mystical. 

6806
05:57:00,000 --> 05:57:03,500
Her domain is the enormous sink,
a porcelain monster that could 

6807
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,200
probably the small horse and she
approaches each load of dishes 

6808
05:57:07,200 --> 05:57:08,900
like a general, planning a 
campaign. 

6809
05:57:09,900 --> 05:57:12,300
Preparation of meals for 
upstairs, is a performance that 

6810
05:57:12,300 --> 05:57:15,900
requires choreography timing and
the kind of attention to detail 

6811
05:57:15,900 --> 05:57:17,500
that would impress Swiss 
watchmakers. 

6812
05:57:18,300 --> 05:57:20,600
Every plate must be warm to the 
exact temperature. 

6813
05:57:20,600 --> 05:57:23,300
Every garnish placed with 
artistic precision. 

6814
05:57:23,300 --> 05:57:26,600
And every course time to arrive 
at the dining room, exactly, 

6815
05:57:26,600 --> 05:57:29,800
when the family is ready for it.
You've learned to move through 

6816
05:57:29,800 --> 05:57:32,900
this ballet, without disrupting 
the flow, carrying messages 

6817
05:57:32,900 --> 05:57:35,900
between the kitchen and the 
dining room adjusting plans. 

6818
05:57:35,900 --> 05:57:38,900
When last minute guests arrive 
and somehow managing to be 

6819
05:57:38,900 --> 05:57:42,900
helpful without getting in the 
way, The servants meals, present

6820
05:57:42,900 --> 05:57:46,900
their challenges, we need to 
feed 23 people substantial, 

6821
05:57:46,900 --> 05:57:50,200
satisfying food that is 
efficient to prepare and doesn't

6822
05:57:50,200 --> 05:57:52,700
require the same ingredients as 
the family's meals. 

6823
05:57:53,500 --> 05:57:56,800
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 
The skill of maximizing, the use

6824
05:57:56,800 --> 05:58:00,100
of ingredients resulting in 
meals, that not only economical,

6825
05:58:00,100 --> 05:58:03,300
but also delicious, despite her 
reluctance to acknowledge their 

6826
05:58:03,300 --> 05:58:06,800
deliciousness. 
The weekly delivery of supplies,

6827
05:58:06,800 --> 05:58:09,300
turns the kitchen into a small 
version of a Marketplace, 

6828
05:58:09,300 --> 05:58:12,800
Tradesman arrived with 
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 

6829
05:58:12,800 --> 05:58:14,800
Goods. 
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects, 

6830
05:58:14,800 --> 05:58:17,800
everything with the critical eye
of someone who's been fooled by 

6831
05:58:17,800 --> 05:58:19,700
wilted lettuce. 
Exactly. 

6832
05:58:19,700 --> 05:58:23,600
Once and learned her lesson, She
haggles over prices. 

6833
05:58:23,600 --> 05:58:27,400
Rejects inferior products and 
somehow, manages to maintain 

6834
05:58:27,400 --> 05:58:30,000
relationships with suppliers 
that ensure the man gets the 

6835
05:58:30,000 --> 05:58:32,200
best of everything while staying
within budget. 

6836
05:58:33,100 --> 05:58:35,700
The kitchen gossip network is 
more efficient than the Postal 

6837
05:58:35,700 --> 05:58:39,200
Service information travels from
the tradesman's entrance to the 

6838
05:58:39,208 --> 05:58:41,300
servants Hall. 
Faster than Steam from a kettle 

6839
05:58:41,300 --> 05:58:44,700
and Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows
about neighborhood scandals 

6840
05:58:44,700 --> 05:58:47,400
before they happen. 
She dispenses wisdom about 

6841
05:58:47,400 --> 05:58:50,700
everything from unreliable 
butchers to unsuitable 

6842
05:58:50,700 --> 05:58:54,000
marriages, all while stirring 
sources and timing roasts with 

6843
05:58:54,000 --> 05:58:55,500
the Precision of a master 
conductor. 

6844
05:58:56,500 --> 05:58:59,300
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

6845
05:58:59,300 --> 05:59:01,600
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

6846
05:59:01,600 --> 05:59:05,200
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

6847
05:59:05,200 --> 05:59:08,300
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

6848
05:59:08,300 --> 05:59:11,800
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

6849
05:59:11,800 --> 05:59:14,300
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

6850
05:59:15,200 --> 05:59:17,700
It's during These Quiet Moments 
that you appreciate the 

6851
05:59:17,700 --> 05:59:22,000
kitchen's warmth, both literal 
and metaphorical and understand 

6852
05:59:22,000 --> 05:59:25,800
why it's considered the heart of
the entire household living in a

6853
05:59:25,800 --> 05:59:28,400
Victorian Mansion also makes you
an unwilling keeper of family 

6854
05:59:28,400 --> 05:59:32,200
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

6855
05:59:32,208 --> 05:59:34,900
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

6856
05:59:34,900 --> 05:59:37,800
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

6857
05:59:37,800 --> 05:59:40,100
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

6858
05:59:40,100 --> 05:59:42,000
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

6859
05:59:42,000 --> 05:59:45,100
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

6860
05:59:45,100 --> 05:59:48,600
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

6861
05:59:48,600 --> 05:59:51,900
the servant world and spending 
it unwise leak and leave you 

6862
05:59:51,900 --> 05:59:54,600
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

6863
05:59:54,600 --> 05:59:58,000
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

6864
05:59:58,000 --> 06:00:01,100
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

6865
06:00:01,100 --> 06:00:04,200
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha. 

6866
06:00:04,200 --> 06:00:07,500
The senior housemaid has been 
with the family for 15 years and

6867
06:00:07,500 --> 06:00:11,200
knows everything about everyone.
She possesses an extensive 

6868
06:00:11,200 --> 06:00:14,200
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

6869
06:00:14,200 --> 06:00:17,800
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 

6870
06:00:17,800 --> 06:00:20,800
sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner, Martha. 

6871
06:00:20,800 --> 06:00:23,500
Dispenses this information. 
Like a careful pharmacist, 

6872
06:00:23,500 --> 06:00:27,200
giving you just enough to 
satisfy your curiosity without 

6873
06:00:27,200 --> 06:00:29,000
providing enough to get you into
trouble. 

6874
06:00:29,000 --> 06:00:32,500
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

6875
06:00:32,500 --> 06:00:35,300
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

6876
06:00:35,308 --> 06:00:38,000
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

6877
06:00:38,000 --> 06:00:40,600
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

6878
06:00:40,608 --> 06:00:42,500
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

6879
06:00:42,500 --> 06:00:45,300
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

6880
06:00:45,300 --> 06:00:48,300
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

6881
06:00:48,300 --> 06:00:51,700
expected to comprehend. 
The art is an appearing 

6882
06:00:51,700 --> 06:00:54,600
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

6883
06:00:54,600 --> 06:00:57,000
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it all. 

6884
06:00:57,800 --> 06:01:00,400
The guest rooms, hold a wealth 
of information about the family 

6885
06:01:00,400 --> 06:01:03,200
social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

6886
06:01:03,200 --> 06:01:05,900
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

6887
06:01:05,900 --> 06:01:08,800
correspondence and their 
requests for specific services. 

6888
06:01:09,800 --> 06:01:13,300
Colonel Weatherby who visits 
quarterly always bring his soap 

6889
06:01:13,300 --> 06:01:16,500
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

6890
06:01:16,500 --> 06:01:19,000
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

6891
06:01:19,008 --> 06:01:22,700
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

6892
06:01:22,700 --> 06:01:25,100
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

6893
06:01:25,100 --> 06:01:26,700
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

6894
06:01:26,700 --> 06:01:29,000
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

6895
06:01:29,000 --> 06:01:32,200
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

6896
06:01:32,200 --> 06:01:34,800
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

6897
06:01:34,800 --> 06:01:36,800
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

6898
06:01:36,800 --> 06:01:39,100
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

6899
06:01:39,100 --> 06:01:42,500
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

6900
06:01:42,500 --> 06:01:45,300
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

6901
06:01:45,300 --> 06:01:48,400
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

6902
06:01:48,400 --> 06:01:51,700
economies that must never be a 
parent to visitors this 

6903
06:01:51,700 --> 06:01:55,300
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

6904
06:01:55,300 --> 06:01:58,800
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

6905
06:01:58,800 --> 06:02:01,500
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servants 

6906
06:02:01,500 --> 06:02:04,500
Hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

6907
06:02:04,500 --> 06:02:07,300
the moment when Miss Caroline's 
parents will notice her obvious.

6908
06:02:07,300 --> 06:02:10,100
In fact, situation with the 
young curate who is visiting to 

6909
06:02:10,100 --> 06:02:13,900
discuss her charitable work. 
Master Fredrick's current 

6910
06:02:13,900 --> 06:02:17,200
obsession with military history,
seems to be connected to his 

6911
06:02:17,200 --> 06:02:20,600
desire to impress missed. 
Julia the daughter of a visiting

6912
06:02:20,600 --> 06:02:24,000
general, which is a adorable 
Until you realize that 8 year 

6913
06:02:24,000 --> 06:02:26,200
old romantic strategies 
involving increasingly, 

6914
06:02:26,200 --> 06:02:30,300
elaborate displays of toy 
soldier expertise, Observing the

6915
06:02:30,300 --> 06:02:33,100
relationship between Lord and 
Lady Ashworth from the unique 

6916
06:02:33,100 --> 06:02:35,600
perspective of someone who 
maintains their private spaces 

6917
06:02:35,600 --> 06:02:38,600
is a fascinating study. 
In Victorian marriage, they 

6918
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:41,500
maintain the perfect facade of 
domestic Harmony and public. 

6919
06:02:41,500 --> 06:02:45,100
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

6920
06:02:45,100 --> 06:02:48,400
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

6921
06:02:48,400 --> 06:02:50,800
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

6922
06:02:50,800 --> 06:02:53,500
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

6923
06:02:53,500 --> 06:02:56,400
other. 
The most unexpected secrets are 

6924
06:02:56,400 --> 06:02:57,900
the ones that reveal the 
family's Humanity. 

6925
06:02:58,900 --> 06:03:01,600
You've discovered that Lord 
Ashworth writes poetry which he 

6926
06:03:01,600 --> 06:03:04,300
hides in his desk drawer like 
its evidence of criminal 

6927
06:03:04,300 --> 06:03:06,300
activity. 
Lady Ashworth. 

6928
06:03:06,300 --> 06:03:09,500
Discreetly transfers funds to 
her former governors who was 

6929
06:03:09,500 --> 06:03:12,800
struggling financially. 
Master Frederick sleeps with a 

6930
06:03:12,800 --> 06:03:15,500
stuffed elephant. 
He's had since infancy a 

6931
06:03:15,500 --> 06:03:18,000
miscarried in keeps a diary 
locked in a box, you would never

6932
06:03:18,000 --> 06:03:21,300
dream of opening, even though, 
you know exactly where she hides

6933
06:03:21,300 --> 06:03:24,000
the key, the neighborhood 
scandals that filter through the

6934
06:03:24,000 --> 06:03:26,400
servants Network are like 
chapter in a novel That Never 

6935
06:03:26,400 --> 06:03:28,700
Ends. 
There's the ongoing mystery of 

6936
06:03:28,708 --> 06:03:30,400
why the Pemberton family down 
the road. 

6937
06:03:30,400 --> 06:03:32,700
Suddenly dismissed their entire 
staff last month. 

6938
06:03:32,700 --> 06:03:35,800
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

6939
06:03:35,808 --> 06:03:38,700
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

6940
06:03:38,700 --> 06:03:41,500
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter, 

6941
06:03:41,500 --> 06:03:44,400
who has been seen walking on 
chaperoned with the young man 

6942
06:03:44,400 --> 06:03:46,300
who is definitely not from a 
suitable family. 

6943
06:03:46,300 --> 06:03:49,500
After 18 months in service, 
you've learned that life in a 

6944
06:03:49,500 --> 06:03:51,000
Victorian Mansion is built on 
rhythm. 

6945
06:03:51,600 --> 06:03:54,200
The daily beet of routine that 
keeps everything functioning 

6946
06:03:54,200 --> 06:03:57,700
punctuated by moments of 
unexpected magic, that make all 

6947
06:03:57,700 --> 06:04:01,200
the hard work worth while your 
days of developed, a musical 

6948
06:04:01,200 --> 06:04:04,500
quality each task flowing into 
the next with the kind of 

6949
06:04:04,508 --> 06:04:06,500
precision that comes from 
repetition. 

6950
06:04:06,500 --> 06:04:10,500
And the knowledge that 22 other 
people depend on, you doing your

6951
06:04:10,500 --> 06:04:13,800
part perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

6952
06:04:13,800 --> 06:04:17,200
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

6953
06:04:17,200 --> 06:04:18,700
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

6954
06:04:18,700 --> 06:04:22,200
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

6955
06:04:22,200 --> 06:04:25,100
smoke and the general, 
resurrection of a house that has

6956
06:04:25,100 --> 06:04:29,200
been hibernating, summer brings 
Garden parties house guests and 

6957
06:04:29,200 --> 06:04:31,800
the challenge of keeping cool in
rooms that face the afternoon 

6958
06:04:31,800 --> 06:04:36,900
sun Autumn means preparing for 
winter seed preserving food and 

6959
06:04:36,900 --> 06:04:39,600
The Melancholy beauty of 
watching The Grounds transformed

6960
06:04:39,600 --> 06:04:43,800
into a landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

6961
06:04:43,800 --> 06:04:48,100
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

6962
06:04:48,100 --> 06:04:50,600
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

6963
06:04:50,600 --> 06:04:53,900
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze, everything solid. 

6964
06:04:53,900 --> 06:04:57,200
You've learned to find beauty in
the most mundane tasks. 

6965
06:04:57,900 --> 06:05:00,400
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

6966
06:05:00,400 --> 06:05:03,600
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

6967
06:05:03,600 --> 06:05:05,900
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

6968
06:05:05,900 --> 06:05:07,800
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

6969
06:05:08,500 --> 06:05:10,000
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

6970
06:05:10,000 --> 06:05:13,100
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

6971
06:05:13,100 --> 06:05:16,100
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

6972
06:05:16,100 --> 06:05:20,500
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

6973
06:05:20,500 --> 06:05:24,000
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

6974
06:05:24,000 --> 06:05:26,800
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

6975
06:05:26,800 --> 06:05:30,200
appreciate Lord ashworth's 
absent-minded Professor 

6976
06:05:30,200 --> 06:05:33,800
tendencies mean you never move 
anything on his desk even when 

6977
06:05:33,800 --> 06:05:35,600
it's been sitting in the same 
spot for months. 

6978
06:05:36,600 --> 06:05:38,900
Lady Ashworth. 
Perfectionist streak has taught 

6979
06:05:38,900 --> 06:05:41,500
you to anticipate problems 
before they occur. 

6980
06:05:41,500 --> 06:05:45,900
And to take pride in exceeding 
expectations, the children have 

6981
06:05:45,900 --> 06:05:48,400
shown you that growing up in 
privilege, doesn't necessarily 

6982
06:05:48,400 --> 06:05:49,900
mean growing up without 
challenges. 

6983
06:05:49,900 --> 06:05:52,900
And that being wealthy doesn't 
protect you from the universal 

6984
06:05:52,900 --> 06:05:55,700
experience of childhood 
confusion and the need for 

6985
06:05:55,700 --> 06:05:58,600
kindness, your fellow servants, 
have become the family. 

6986
06:05:58,600 --> 06:06:02,200
You never expected to find. 
Martha's tough exterior, 

6987
06:06:02,200 --> 06:06:05,400
conceals a heart Shattered by 
numerous disappointments yet. 

6988
06:06:05,400 --> 06:06:07,900
She's the first to extend 
assistance, when you're in need 

6989
06:06:07,900 --> 06:06:11,300
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 
complaints about ungrateful. 

6990
06:06:11,300 --> 06:06:15,400
People conceal a profound joy in
providing nutritious food and 

6991
06:06:15,400 --> 06:06:18,300
maintaining their health. 
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 

6992
06:06:18,300 --> 06:06:22,000
intimidating, dignity has shown 
moments of unexpected humor, and

6993
06:06:22,000 --> 06:06:25,300
surprising kindness. 
The skills you've developed in 

6994
06:06:25,300 --> 06:06:28,700
service of changed you in ways, 
you didn't anticipate, your 

6995
06:06:28,700 --> 06:06:31,100
hands have become capable of 
delicate work. 

6996
06:06:31,100 --> 06:06:33,700
That would have been impossible,
18 months ago. 

6997
06:06:33,700 --> 06:06:37,200
Your back has grown stronger 
from all the bending and lifting

6998
06:06:37,200 --> 06:06:41,400
your mind has become more 
organized, more efficient, and 

6999
06:06:41,400 --> 06:06:43,100
better at solving problems 
quickly. 

7000
06:06:43,100 --> 06:06:47,900
You've learned to read people's 
moods to anticipate needs and to

7001
06:06:47,900 --> 06:06:49,700
provide Comfort without being 
asked. 

7002
06:06:50,500 --> 06:06:53,000
The most surprising discovery is
how much you've learned about 

7003
06:06:53,000 --> 06:06:56,900
yourself living in service has 
taught you resilience patience 

7004
06:06:56,900 --> 06:06:58,500
and the value of work. 
Well, done. 

7005
06:06:58,500 --> 06:07:02,300
You've learned that you can 
adapt unexpected situations that

7006
06:07:02,300 --> 06:07:05,500
you can do more than you thought
and that dignity isn't based on 

7007
06:07:05,508 --> 06:07:09,400
social status. 
Future stretches ahead with 

7008
06:07:09,400 --> 06:07:11,000
possibilities. 
You're still learning to 

7009
06:07:11,000 --> 06:07:13,700
imagine. 
Some servants spend their entire

7010
06:07:13,700 --> 06:07:17,000
careers in service Rising 
through the ranks to positions 

7011
06:07:17,000 --> 06:07:20,600
of respect and responsibility. 
Others, save their wages and 

7012
06:07:20,600 --> 06:07:22,400
eventually establish their 
households. 

7013
06:07:22,400 --> 06:07:25,800
A few Marion leave service 
altogether, carrying their 

7014
06:07:25,800 --> 06:07:29,300
skills into different lives. 
You haven't decided which path 

7015
06:07:29,300 --> 06:07:32,800
you'll take, but you've learned 
that having choices is a luxury,

7016
06:07:32,800 --> 06:07:37,300
your grateful for As you settle 
into your narrow bed, at the end

7017
06:07:37,300 --> 06:07:40,900
of another long day, listening 
to Sarah murmur about her sweet 

7018
06:07:40,900 --> 06:07:42,600
heart, and Emma's reliable 
snores. 

7019
06:07:42,600 --> 06:07:46,000
You realize that this life 
you've built in service is more 

7020
06:07:46,000 --> 06:07:49,900
than just a job. 
It's community and education and

7021
06:07:49,900 --> 06:07:51,500
a foundation for whatever comes 
next. 

7022
06:07:52,400 --> 06:07:55,900
The manor house sleeps around 
you peaceful and secure and you 

7023
06:07:55,900 --> 06:07:58,400
drift off, knowing that tomorrow
will bring the same rhythm of 

7024
06:07:58,400 --> 06:08:00,700
routine and the same possibility
of small Magic. 

7025
06:08:01,800 --> 06:08:04,400
The last thing you hear before 
sleep takes you is the 

7026
06:08:04,400 --> 06:08:07,500
grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall chiming the hours 

7027
06:08:07,500 --> 06:08:10,900
with the same steady reliability
that has marked your days since 

7028
06:08:10,900 --> 06:08:14,300
you arrived. 
It's a comforting sound, a 

7029
06:08:14,300 --> 06:08:17,300
reminder that some things endure
and that your part in keeping 

7030
06:08:17,300 --> 06:08:20,100
this small world, functioning 
matters more than you might 

7031
06:08:20,100 --> 06:08:21,600
have. 
Thought when you first climb 

7032
06:08:21,600 --> 06:08:24,500
those steep servant stairs with 
your single bag of possessions 

7033
06:08:24,500 --> 06:08:28,800
and a Heart full of uncertainty.
Your life in service has taught 

7034
06:08:28,800 --> 06:08:30,600
you, that home isn't always the 
place. 

7035
06:08:30,600 --> 06:08:32,600
You're born and family isn't 
always the people. 

7036
06:08:32,600 --> 06:08:36,000
You share blood with. 
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 

7037
06:08:36,000 --> 06:08:38,700
under sloped ceilings and 
families, the people who know 

7038
06:08:38,700 --> 06:08:42,200
exactly how you like your tea 
and never forget to save you the

7039
06:08:42,200 --> 06:08:44,400
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 
apple tart.