How to be a supervillain with physics.

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Speaker 1: Hey, Hey, do you ever think about your legacy? I mean, like, what am I going to be remembered for? Yeah, you know what's going to be the first line of your obituary? Well, I'm gonna be dead, so I don't think I'll be too worried about it. But I just hope it's not something like slipped on a banana Revenge of the Bananas. That might be like comically and karmically appropriate. Yeah, it's a super subject. But what about you? What do you want to be remembered for. I don't know. I guess it would be nice to not be remembered for, like destroying the planet and exterminating the human race. It seems like a low bar there. But your physicist, you work at a giant energy particle collider. I think you might be in the wrong field there. That's why I worry about it. Well, as long as you're not the one pressing the button, you're probably okay. Right, that person is going down in history or lack of history, because we'll all be gone. What's that? I didn't hear you as pressing this big red button. Don't do it. Hi am or handmade cartoonists and the creator of PhD Comics. Hi. I'm Daniel. I'm a particle physicist, and I actually have pressed the big red button in the control room at certain kidding. They have one. They have one, absolutely. Is it like a toy one or for real, like the one that pulls out all the stops or does all the stops? You know, they have a real one. They also actually have a decoy for visitors so they can come in and press the button and see all the lights go on. That one doesn't actually do anything, but there is one in the center of the control room which shuts everything down in case of emergency. Wow, and you've pressed that one. I have pressed that one. I was on shift something like twelve thirteen years ago when the LHC had that big accident and there was a short and liquid helium spread everywhere and we had to shut everything down urgently. Well that's exciting. Does that mean you say if the universe? I don't think I saved anything, but I did get to press the button, so good points for me. Maybe you'll get a Nobel Prize for saving humanity. I just want to not end humanity. Well, welcome to our podcast. Daniel and Jorge explained the Universe a production of I Heart Radio, in which we take you to the end of human thought and the forefront of human ignorance and ask questions about the nature of this crazy universe. We try to peel back a layer of reality and show you what's underneath. We try to ask questions that if we knew the answers, would change the way we felt about being human and about living in this world. We don't shy away from all of it, and we try to explain all of it to you. Yeah, because it is a fascinating world, full of interesting and awesome things to discover, and a lot of interesting things that could potentially destroy the world. I mean, that's kind of the nature of physics. There's a lot of power there. There is a lot of power. There are fearsome forces that are in delicate balances. You know, our son, for example, is squeezed together by gravity and constantly exploded by fusion bombs. And it's amazing how stable our situation is given how fragile it seems. Yeah, it is sort of a weird sort of mixture in the universe of feeling like things could end at any moment, but also it's sort of being amazed that we're still here. Yeah, it's sort of like we're balancing on a knife edge, and we've been doing it for thousands and thousands of years, billions of years, billions of years if you include all the microbs. Why hasn't you know, just a puff of wind come to knock us off in one direction? Why haven't we been sterilized by a nearby supernova? Yeah, it seems like physics has a lot of ways in which things can end. It's almost like a handbook for future supervillain. The more you understand the universe, the better you are manipulating it and bending it to your will. So in some sense, the task of physics is to reveal those handles, is to figure out, like, huh, how does this whole machine actually work? Because if you know how it works, you might be able to twist the knobs to get your particular desired outcome. Yeah, and you know, obviously, and we want to do good things with physics, and people have done amazing and wonderful things with physics and understanding of the universe. But you might also do some other things with what you learn about the universe. You might and we often get questions from listeners. That makes me go, why is this person asking this question? Why are they interested in building a giant laser that they could put in space and point at the Earth. Why is their email address double encrypted? And why can't you find any trace of this person on the Internet. That's right at underground Volcano Layer dot com effort that has good reviews on yon. But yeah, it's a question we often get on the inbox. People seem to be very curious about different ways that you can end the world using physics. That's right, and personally, while I'm very interested in physics and revealing the nature of reality, I chose particle physics because I thought it would have basically no immediate applications, meaning I'm not equipping supervillain or master criminals or dictators with technologies that they can use to terrorize or slaughter innocent civilians. That's one reason I got into particle physics. So that makes me feel two ways about sharing these secrets of the universe with everybody out there. I thought your story was going to take a different twist. I thought you were going to go with the butt It's like I started off wanting to do good for humanity, but then I learned more about particle physics. That's the character arc for Daniel Whites and the comic character. That's the supervillain origin story. Here, we're living it right now. Well, we're still in the preamble because I'm not a supervillain yet, so this is still all lead up to my supervillain origin story. I'm just creating other supervillains by sharing physics. I see, you're like in that movie trilogy where you're the good guy in the first movie, but then you turn into the bad guy in the second movie. Hey, you know, every bad guy thinks that they're the good guy. Okay, so maybe we're all just a bad guy. But we are here to help, or at least we try to help here on the podcast, answering people's questions, and so today we are going to take a step at some of these in thing suggestions from readers about ways in which you might use physics for the wrong ends. So to the end the podcast, we'll be tackling how do it be a super villain using physics. I can't tell if everybody out there just pulled out pencil and paper because they want to take notes, or if they're now writing a furious, angry email. Why would you even do that? We might get canceled from the internet. We also might get canceled because some supervillain out there might use this information to destroy us, literally canceled the universe. But yeah, I guess this is sort of like supervillain consulting our Like, if you ever wanted to be a super villain, here are ways in which you might want to approach this, And you can look at it the other way. You could say, Hey, supervillains out there, please send us a detailed speck of your plans to destroy the world so we can quote unquote help you with it. C c FBI dot gov. Yeah, maybe there are superheroes listening to this, in which case you know they can start making you know, counterplants. All right, Well, maybe what we should do when we answer each question is we should also give tips to the superheroes as to how to thwart this plan and then sit back and enjoy with a bag of popcorn. Better than a Marvel movie, watch this happen in real life. Well, if this is actually a thing, I mean, Daniel, you do get these suggestions and questions on Twitter and over email, right, I do, absolutely and usually They don't explicitly say, by the way, I'm a supervillain. They just sort of asked the kind of question of supervillain might But last week I did get an email from a listener named Frederick who said he wanted to know if it was possible to be a supervillain and destroy the world, and he had an idea he wanted to run by me. Oh wow, so he's self identified as a super or was he asking for a friend quote unquote, No, he's self identified, though I can't tell if it's tongue in cheek or if he's real and it's a tongue in cheek in cheek or something. Oh boy, did he end the know with ba ha ha ha. That might be a telltale sign. He does have a French accent, so I don't know what that means. Right the Bond movies they always have a European xing. Well, yeah, so Frederick sort of started this off, and then you went out there and you asked people to send you more ideas for how to be a supervillain. Yeah. I was wondering how many aspiring supervillains were out there with burning physics questions that they hadn't asked us, So I thought, let's hear all of them. All right, Well, let's start with Frederick's question, And here's a question about the sun. Hello, Danyan, Hey, that's Frederick from Friends. I wanted to know what would be the best way to extinguish or turn of the sun. No, but I have any immediate pends. Thanks. Wow, he really does sound like a supervillain. Hey, but he says he doesn't have any immediate plans, so we shouldn't worry, right, Yes, Mr Bond, I have all the time in the world exactly. I mean, I'm just planning to turn off the sun next year or the year after, so don't worry. Yeah, you can get back to me tomorrow or the day after. I still have to to implement my plan, that's right. That does give us time to give some tips to the superheroes out there working furiously to make sure Frederick's ambitions are not realized. Frederick has an interesting question. I guess if you are a supervillain and you wanted to take out the sun, how would you do it? Like, can you extinguish it like you said, or turn it off somehow? Because that would be a kind of catastrophic for humanity in the Earth. It would definitely be bad news. Almost all of the energy that we use here on Earth comes from the Sun, either directly like solar panels, or indirectly because plants eat it, and then we eat the plants or use their remnants millions of years later as fossil fuels. It's pretty essential. Without the Sun, our lives would definitely change a lot. So extinguishing the Sun would be pretty effective. Thanks. We get dark pretty quick exactly, but would die immediately. I mean, like if you just turn off the Sun, all the mass would presumably still be there, so our orbits would still be the same. I mean, it would just be kind of a permanent night. And then couldn't we use like energy from the core of the Earth, Like, wouldn't the Earth stay kind of nice and warm at least at the center for a while? Well, it depends on how you extinguish the Sun. We'll get into it. But some of these schemes involved adding a lot more mass to the Sun, which would definitely change the Earth's orbit. But if you could somehow just like flick the Sun off so it just went dark and then we lived in a cold Earth, then yeah, It's not true that we would all instantly die, right, but we would just lose all sorts of external energy. And so while you couldn't get energy from the core of the earth, because there's a lot of energy down there, you need to use all of that to grow food and you know, clean water and all that kind of stuff. So it would be a huge endeavor. We might not all die, but I think most of us would definitely die. I see, we would all look a little paler, probably, and we would get cabin fever and we get grumpy, and we'd be like arguing with each other. We'd be unhappy at least. That's probably the least of our But yeah, I guess this question is like, how would you do it? How would you turn off the sun or, as you said, extinguish it? Like can you just pour up a bunch of water in it to die it? Right, that's a lot of people's first thought. But you know, the sun is not like a fire. It's not just like an enormous fire. Fire is chemical, right, and you're extracting energy from the bonds stored in wood or whatever fuel that is. And the reason water puts that out is because part of that reaction is using oxygen from the air, and the water suffocates the fire and cools it very quickly. But you can't do that with the Sun because the Sun is not fire. The Sun is a huge exploding nuclear bomb. And the nuclear bomb doesn't require any oxygen to go off. And more importantly, if you add water to it, it's just like adding more fuel. This fusion bomb can burn that water. What so like if I well, if I poured some water on the Sun, first of all, it would probably like evaporate, right, would turn into plasma right away, before it even gets the center. It wouldn't stay as water. It would break down into hydrogen and oxygen. And what's hydrogen. Hydrogen is the fuel the sun burns. So it's like adding oil to cooking fire. You're literally adding agen and hydrogen to a hydrogen bomb. Yeah, you want to put out this fire, and you pour curacine on it, Well, lead that didn't work. That's essentially what you'd be doing. And that's true of almost anything you add to the Sun, unless it's too heavy, unless it's got too many protons inside of it. It's too high numbered an element for the Sun to burn, right, Because as a reminder, the Sun works using fusion, which kind of takes two light elements together and build a heavier element that releases energy. That's why the sun is factory for taking lower number elements, elements with fewer protons and the nucleus and producing heavier things or is astronomers say metals, because for astronomy, everything that's not hydrogen or helium is a metal, And so it's turning hydrogen and helium into heavier stuff lithium and carbon and neon and oxygen, and it does that by squeezing them together and then releasing some energy. But that's only true up to about iron. If you squeeze to hydrogen nuclei together, you get helium plus energy. If you squeeze to iron nuclei together, then you get something heavier, but you lose energy. It costs energy, so at that point you start to cool down the sun. Right, It's almost like things that are lighter than iron want to fuse together, or at least it's like a positive reaction, but anything heavier than iron doesn't really want to get together, so you have to put energy in. Well, we have to invite it on the podcast to ask it about like what does it really want man, But energetically, yeah, it's not favorable. If you have a star that has a lot of iron at its core, that iron isn't gonna be able to fuse, or if it does, it's going to be sucking energy away from everything else, so it'll be cooling the star. The whole point is you need a self sustaining reaction. You need to be producing energy to make the next one. And so that's why less than iron is fusion that drives the star forward, and heavier than iron cools the star. Right, It's almost like adding ashes to a fire. It doesn't do anything right. It can't burn anymore, that's right. The ash just sort of gets in the way. So I guess a way to turn out the sun would be just to dump a bunch of iron into the sun, right like it just back up roocoloads of it and pour it in and it would all sort of, I guess, fall to the center of the Sun, and then the Sun would just be unable to sustain the fusion reaction. And more technically, the reaction happens mostly at the core of the Sun, and so if you put a bunch of iron in and it just sort of like floats around the surface for a while. The Sun will just burn away happily. The iron won't fuse, but the helium and the hydrogen inside of it still will. But if that iron gets to the core and it sort of pushes out the hydrogen, then that really will disrupt the burning of the Sun. Interesting, would it be hard for the iron to get to the core because I imagine the center is like exploding and there's like stuff coming out and being stuff being pushed out. Would it be hard for like, if I just sprinkled the Sun with some iron, maybe the iron would just stay on the surface. Well, we don't really understand the convection inside the Sun very well, and that's why, for example, we still don't really understand the Sun's magnetic field and stuff like that. But we do think that the heavier stuff tends to fall to the core. In really large stars, you end up with these shell with the heaviest stuff at the core and the lighter stuff on the outside. And so eventually the iron will fall to the core, but it might not be immediate. All right, So that's one way to turn off the Sun. Just give it some iron supplements. So what are other ways that you can take it out. The other thing is you don't really need iron. It's true that iron can't fuse and release energy, but there are other things that are too heavy for our sun to fuse. Like the really biggest stars confuse things up to iron, but you've got to be really massive for that. Our star is not heavy enough to create the conditions to fuse even lighter things like oxygen or carbon. So you put enough oxygen or carbon at the core, you can actually put out our sun because it's not hot enough to fuse that, even though in theory another star could what you mean, I could put out the sun with ashes, is what you're saying. Anything that it can't fuse would put it out. And our star and not big enough, not hot enough at its core to fuse things like oxygen. Other stars are right, which is how we get heavier elements. But ours is sort of a smaller, colder star compared to the big Poppas and mamas out there. I mean, we just said that if you put water, you're putting oxygen and hydrogen. Wouldn't the oxygen then kind of put out to the sun. Yeah, but you're also adding hydrogen, right, And so you're adding fuel to it, so water is not the way I would do it. I would put pure oxygen, or pure carbon or pure iron. I feel like you're saying that we can just blow on the Sun and it'll go out, like you just go. If you're big enough and you're your puff is big enough, you could put out. It's not that way. Yes, that's true. If you can blow out an entire sun's core of breath, then you could blow out the Sun. There you go, that's the problem for the supervillain. Super lung Man could totally blow out the Sun, and then you can also put out the Sun by taking stuff out of it. Right. The reason the fusion is happening in the Sun is because there's so much gravitational pressure because it has so much mass. And we once talked about how small a star could get, and we figured out it's something like eighty times the mass of Jupiter, whereas our Sun is like a thousand times the mass of Jupiter. And so if you stripped away a lot of the fuel from the Sun, then it wouldn't have enough mass to keep up that gravitational pressure, and it would basically fall apart and the fusion would stop. But you'd have to take away like more than nine of the mass of the Sun and blow it out into space somewhere. Really like, if you took out the Sun would still keep going. The Sun would still keep going. It would be a much smaller, colder star, but it would still keep burning. Well, this one seems harder than blowing on it. How do you take a ninety percent of a star? I guess you blow on it really hard. I don't know. I don't have a plan for that, you know, I see, Well, that doesn't help our supervillain friend Frederick here about that. I'm kind of relieved. Maybe so, I guess what's the lesson for superheroes? Then? If you see anybody accumulating Jupiter side blobs of carbon or iron, be worried. If you see a giant Jupiter size ball of oxygen heading towards the Sun, start digging. I guess it's the lesson. Call somebody and start digging. Do something. I mean, if you're a superhero, don't just watch this happen, you know, at least let us know. All right, Well, let's get into other questions we have for potential supervillains. Here, we want to use physics two spice things up in the universe. We have questions here about freeze raise giant nuclear power ants, so let's get into those. But first let's take a quick break. All right, Welcome back to Daniel and JORGEZ super Villain Academy, where you can learn to destroy the human race for a cheap, cheap rate and conveniently. Daniel, you're already a professor, so you're you know, code name could just be the professor. Is that a super villain or superhero code name? I think it's usually a super villain. That right, You never see a good professor. What about Professor X. He's need to lead the X academy? Oh true, yeah, yeah, yeah, well he has the X. So are you professor D I'm professor w Professor why? All right? We're answering questions here of suggestions people have sent about ways that you can use physics to potentially kind of end things for humanity on bread or by accident. I think these things would be pretty tough to do accidentally, so there's not a lot of mystery about people's intentions if you see them pulling off one of these schemes. All right, Well, our next question is from Brian, and he has a question about ants. Hi, Daniel and Jorge. This is Brian Field calling, longtime listener, first time caller. As you well know, I have developed a race of giant nuclear powered robot ants as part of an unholy technological horror. I plan to unleash and crush my many enemies. During my beta testing phase, I allowed the ants to communicate with each other via wired internet cables to speed up the debugging process. But now that I've upgraded to WiFi six on the ants, they really only function well in swarm mode and tend to get lost when they go on individuals seek and destroy missions, and I think the WiFi is the problem. Any advice. Also, let me know which major city would like to be appointed the local warlord of Thanks so much, talk to you later. Wow, that was a pretty detailed confession there. I don't know what to do with that man. This person has already very specific plans. It sounds like he just music called tech support, not a physicist. He's like kind of control with my WiFi. Maybe he can turn it off and on. Maybe they'll help. I happen to know this person is already a working theoretical physicist. I see, al right, Well, his question is how can we build giant nuclear powered ants? And I guess he means like ants the insect, not your parents, sister, giant nuclear powered aunts and uncles and cousins, And that sounds even more terrifying, Oh my gosh, even more dangerous. Yeah, so this is a fun question, you know, giant nuclear powered ants. And as I was thinking about how to answer this, I thought, I wonder if I know anybody who's sort of an expert on robotics, maybe like robotics inspired by insects. And then I remember, I do know this guy who got his PhD thinking about how cockroaches run. I know someone like that, so I like to forget him sometimes. So I thought, let's ask him instead of me answering the question, Let's see what Jorge has to say about giant nuclear powered ants. Yeah. I do have a PhD in robotics and I focused on making carckroach robots. But answer a bit of a more of a challenge. I think he means like little tiny robots, which is kind of like a whole new, different kind of problem, like how do you miniaturize all of these things? But I want to ride down the street of this city. I've been appointed warlord of on top of one of these giant nuclear powered ants. Oh. I see you're thinking like giant. Oh I see, I'm gonna crush my enemies. Oh, because I don't think Brian said giant in his question, did he? I wonder if he meant like little tiny ones like a swarm, or like once you can ride around it. All right, Well, let's think about both. How hard would it be to build super tiny, miniature nuclear power dance. Well, it would be kind of hard. Yeah, I know that at least twenty years ago that people were making little tiny robot flies. So I've seen those. I've seen videos of those. You can make little tiny, little mechanisms and little wings that can beat and generate enough lift to you know, fly around. So I think that's possible, like making little tiny mechanisms. And it's the idea there that you're trying to understand how the insect does it by repeating it, or you're just trying to have the advantages of the insects, like you want a tiny robot that can fly into a window and spy on your enemies. Well, I think it's mostly engineers doing this. But I don't think they think too much about the Engineers don't have enemies. Engineers just you know, facilitate the supervillain stuff. Stop asking why I just do it. No, it's a combination of both. You know, you want to understand how flies do it and what's going on, and if you can replicate it, if you can make a robot that does it, that means you understood it pretty well, so that that's kind of the theory. And also, you know, to make better robots like little you know, flies are super efficient and super fast and they they're super like good at turning corners when they fly, So if you can make a robot they can do that, that would be you know, super useful. And how do you power these tiny little robots? Obviously Brian is imagining some super tiny little arc reactor, but in reality, how do you power a super tiny robot? Yeah, that's always the question in robotics is like how where do you get enough power to like carry it around and have it enough to last in a while. That's kind of the core issue robotics. Well, I think that's a question kind of for you. I mean, he's asking about nuclear powered ants, like what's the smallest nuclear reactor you can make. Can you make one that's like the size of an ant? Depends on the size of your aunt, you know. I think the current existing smallest nuclear reactors are things like on submarines, and those are tend to be small and quiet, but definitely bigger than an ant since you have people inside of them. So if we go warlord size riding on top of ants, then maybe you could fit in nuclear reactor inside of them. And I know that people are working to make these things smaller and smaller because also we have nuclear reactors on satellites, though those tend to be much lower power. That's the kind of thing where you want power for like fifty years, but you really only need a trickle, not like you know, I'm going to climb up this building and shoot laser out of my eyeballs kind of power. Right, But things like the Mars are over, the robots we sent to Mars, those have nuclear powered reactors, right, or not reactors, but at least they have like a you know, radioactive material and then they's decaying and you capture all the energy and then that's how you kind of fill up your battery exactly. That kind of thing is not really a nuclear reactor. It's more like a nuclear battery. You have some kind of material there which has a lot of energy in it, and you know it's going to decay and release heat, and so it's sort of like just gonna gradually give up some of its energy, which then you can use. You can turn it into electricity and use it. But you know, a nuclear powered submarine, for example, has a real reactor in it that's undergoing fission all the time. This control old, sustained nuclear reaction. That's a huge amount of energy. It's much much more powerful than one of these like nuclear batteries that's on the rover or on some of our satellites. But theoretically you could make a tiny version of it, right, Like, couldn't you just miniaturize everything and make a little tiny reactor that they is doing fission. You could, although it's a challenge, right because for fission, you need these neutrons to fly out, and you need them to be not too hot and not too cold, and so you need some sort of moderating thing and the surface area to volume is very important for keeping the reaction going. And so you know, you can't just scale everything up and down, which is why, for example, like if you take an ant and you scale it up, the physics doesn't work because the surface areata volume changes and so the physics changes. So shrinking things the physics also changes, and you might need a completely different design. But I don't think there's anything in principle preventing it. I think you could probably design the super tiny nuclear fission reactor. You just need really tiny tweezers to kind of put it together, basically. Yeah, And the good thing about it is that the energy lasts a long time, right, A little bit of fuel can last you for years or even decades. Wow, So this would be nuclear powered radioactive ants to the list of potential dangers. Well, what about like the computer you would have to put into an ant like that we make computers that small or what does? At some point? You know, we're limited by how much processing power we can fit into its brain depends how smart you want the ant, I suppose, But we can make chips really really small these days and pretty powerful, and so I don't think that's really going to be an issue. All right, Well, and then I guess the answer is that you can make a tiny nuclear powered ants and giant wants for that matter, because all the problems are kind of about scale. Yeah, it's much easier to make them big than to make them small. But you know, good luck Brian with your WiFi connection. You know, I'm sure you can debug that. It's funny how he's gone in this far, but the problems are in WiFi. Well that's because he's a theoretical physicist. He tackle all the hard problems. Now we're stuck on the easy one. He's like, why am I only getting three bars and not four bars? They can't figure that out? All right, Well, thank you Brian for that question. Our next question is a pretty traditional supervillain weapon. I think you always see it isn't in comic books. So our question is from Mark and he has a question about freeze raise. My supervillain weapon of choice would be a freeze ray. And there are really two types of devices here. One device would just let me freeze an individual person, turn them into a block of ice like that, sort of like the old Batman shows or the Incredibles. The other choice is a device that would let me select, say a thousand square miles and either cover it in five feet of ice or freeze everything down to thirty below zero in that space. And there must be a way to do this, because if Duluth, Minnesota is thirty below zero, Indiana is not thirty below zero. So there are ways to contain it using high pressure or low pressure. Or could we get rid of the ozone layer that trap the heat, Like, couldn't you cut that out into above a space and just let space freeze it up? I don't know. Oh boy, Yeah, Mark has ideas. Mark does have ideas. He wants options. It seems like he's thought about different angles and a lot of different ways in which he could use this. That's true. He's very creative. I happen to also know that Mark is a cartoonist, and you know you have to watch out for those. M Y's right. Don't let him near physics. It's a dangerous combination. Don't mix cartoons in physics exactly. It's an explosive cocktail. But yeah, his idea is the freeze rate, which, like he said, you can see in a lot of comic books like Batman, Mr. Freeze or Froz Oh. I think wasn't in The Incredible the movie? Isn't that something you eat a frozen like like a chocolate froz. Oh, yeah, I think that was the joke. But yeah, I guess he wants like some kind of device that shoots a ray that whatever it touches it freezes, like it lowers the temperature immediately. Yeah. That sounds super cool, and you know, I'd like to have one in my kitchen, sort of like the anti microwave, so I could like super quickly cool something down rather than having to just let it gradually diffuse out into the air. But it's a difficult proposition, and the biggest obstacle is that if you're shooting a ray at something, a ray is typically like a beam of energy, right, it's particles, or its waves or it's something, but it's energy. So if you're gonna shoot a ray at something, you're basically always going to be adding energy to that system. Interesting, yeah, because like anytime you're admitting something, you're probably putting energy out into the world. Yeah. Even if you shine a flashlight on something, you're heating it up. I mean a really small amount, because the amount of energy in your light beam is small compared to the energy at that rock or whatever is holding. But you heat something up every time you shine light at it, or shoot electrons at it, or any kind of ray is going to heat something up. So it's almost like you need like a vacuum ray, like a ray that sucks energy out of something and that will cool it down. Yeah, that's right. And there is one exception. There is one way that people have figured out how to cool something down by shooting a laser at it. Interesting. You can use the laser, which normally would heat something up, to cool stuff. Yeah, And this is a cool technique that people invented to try to get materials really really cold. People interested, for example, in like the quantum state of objects when they get really close to absolute zero, things like Bose Einstein condensates invented this really cool technique called laser cooling. And it seems weird because you're like shooting a laser beam with something and that seems like it must heat it up. But if you set it up in a very very clever way, then it can actually result in overall cooling. I have to spectrum in my head that it's a blue laser. Is it a blue laser because it's blue is cold? Yeah, and the red red ones are the hot ones, right, yeah, and it's got like ice crystals all around it the laser beam. Yeah. So how did these cooling lasers work. Well. The idea here is that you have a very specific kind of at of atoms that can absorb energy at one specific energy. Remember, the atoms can't just absorb all kinds of energy. They can only absorb it if there's like the right spacing between energy levels for their electrons. Electrons zooming around them, for example, can't just be at any arbitrary energy. It's quantized. It's like a ladder there. So if you shoot energy at an atom and the energy corresponds to exactly one step of the ladder, then it can absorb that energy. If it's too much, if it's a little bit more than that, it can't absorb that energy. So that's something you have to know about atoms when you think about this. So you start with a bunch of atoms and you shoot a laser at the atom that has energy just below what the atom can absorb. So then only atoms moving quickly towards the source of the laser will be able to absorb it. They can do that because they will see the laser energy Doppler shift it up, it'll be blue shifted to just the right energy. Then they absorb that energy and admit it in a random direction, and this has the overall effect of lowering their speed because it takes their speed in one direction and sort of bends it in another direction, and so that overall their magnitude of their speed has decreased a little bit. Well, that's a pretty interesting scheme there. It sounds like you're sending in light through this laser that's just at the right frequency for only some of the atoms to give off their energy, whereas the other atoms ignore it exactly. So it selects some of the atoms to absorb it, and they absorb it, and then they naturally re emit it, but they go in another direction. And so it takes like all the atoms that are moving at the laser really fast and it points them in other directions. This has the effect of overall slowing down the atom because it takes like some of its speed in one direction and points it in another direction. And I guess you take that energy that goes off in the other direction and you absorb it or you take it away another way. Yeah, it just gets radiated off exactly shoots out as a photon. And so you can do that, but only with a certain kind of atom, Like if you shoot it at a person, it wouldn't have the same effect. It has to be like a specially tune atom and laser to work together. Yes, and you need a bunch of atoms that are already pretty cold. You need them to be happy to absorb this laser. So you need a laser that's very finely tuned to the kind of atom, and you need a pretty pure like cold gas, and this will help you cool it even further. Like nobody starts with like a hot hamburger and laser cools it down to room temperature. That's just not something that's practical, but has anyone We're all working on that all the time. Man, It's like the biggest open problem in physics. Forget dark matter. How do you cool down a hamburger? No, it's something like if you have atoms at ten degrees kelvin, this can help you get them down to one degree kelvin or microkelvin or mill kelvin. But it is an example of a real ray which can actually cool a material. But if you shoot it at a person, even if they're pretty cool, it wouldn't work. It would just heat them up. Yeah, exactly, would just heat them up unless there happen to be you know, exactly the right gas of sodium atoms. But otherwise know and Mark wants to do more than that. He wants to freeze like an entire square mile of earth. But what if I'm just using my imagination here, What if you have like some special ray gun, you know, that looks at what it's shooting and tunes the laser just right for each adam it's shooting at and to maybe get to use the same cooling effect. Is that possible? I suppose it would be possible on the surface, But you're such a complicated mix of stuff. You need so many different kinds of beams, and I think that those things might interfere with each other because you need objects that would only accept with one kind of laser light and at the other laser lights that you mean for you know, a different kind of material hit the wrong kind, then they might accidentally heat it up. What if you kind of expand the your imagination a little bit, like what if you should make a ray that shoots a process during kind of particle, maybe that when it hits you it absorbs your energy. It hits you and absorbs your energy and interacts with you somehow, does some sort of like fusion. Yeah, I suppose you know, fusion absorbs energy above of a certain element, as we were talking about earlier. So imagine you're shooting like really heavy elements at somebody hard enough that it creates fusion and that eats up some of the energy. Well, I think that you're going to end up putting in more energy in the beam still than it's going to get absorbed by the fusion. All right, Well, it sounds like it's not really possible, But here you have an idea about maybe using liquid nitrogen. I think Mark has to give up on the ray idea. But if instead you're willing to do things like shoot a tube of liquid nitrogen as somebody, that could very effectively freeze them. It's not exactly a ray, it's like, you know, it's a cylinder of matter you're shooting at somebody. But still it could really effectively cool something down, right, And that works because the nitrogen in your liquid nagen is so cold that when it hits you, it absorbs energy. Right, Yeah, the energy that is in you spreads out into you and the liquid nitrogen, and since it has essentially no heat in it, it's a huge sink for energy, and so it spreads out very rapidly. And so I did a little back up the envelope calculation, and for example, to freeze a person pretty rapidly, you would need about a ton of liquid nitrogen, about a thousand kilograms of liquid nitrogen. Wow. Yeah, let's be specific. We can be as helpful as possible. The superheroes and supervillains have to have budgets also, right, everybody has operations and legal fees and stuff. So you've got a plan. The devil's in the detail and in what you do with those details. All right, So I guess liquid nargen And well, I mean, if you have something that shoots liquid nigrogen, you could call that a ray, right, technically because there it's atoms too, particles in it. Yeah, I suppose so may Technically the definition of radiation is any kind of energetic particle or matter, and that includes things like helium, nuclei, and electrons. So sure, why not liquid nitrogen? Sure that's radiation? Now? All right, I guess it's past FDA approval here. All right, well, thank you Mark for that cool question, and so let's get into our last question for supervillains here on the podcast. But first let's take another quick break. All right, welcome back to Daniel and jorgez Academy for Supervillains and or Superheroes, Academy for Marvel Movies, how to Guide for Destroying the Human race. And our next question comes from Andreas, who has a question about televisions. Yeah, this is a question from Andreas on Twitter. He wanted to know if it would be possible to invent a remote control that could control simultaneously all of the televisions on Earth, presumably to then brainwash people or just to sell them, you know, late night products. I think to drive them crazy. Imagine you're sitting down for your favorite show and boom, the TV switches to something else at the most exciting moment, or your sports team is about to score, and boom, the TV switches to something else that could drive people crazy and basically sparking apocalypse. You think the supervillain is more like a super prankster. I think the right pranks could definitely push humanity over the edge. I mean, we're all a little bit nervous these days. So, like you're watching the season finale of like Tiger King, and some of you cut to an endless commercial decided would crumble. We're hanging by a threat already, man, That's what I'm thinking. All right, Well, the question is, can you device something that will control all televisions and then the planet? I think they have already, right, this has been done. It's called Netflix. To me, this seems like a programming problem, right. You know, there's really no physical or technical barrier. All these devices are online, as you say, and they already received messages, and so you just gotta somehow get through a few layers of security, which probably aren't amazing. I wonder if hackers out there have already tried this, have tried to like hack into your television to change what you are watching. I imagine it's probably not that hard. I see, So you think it's just like a hacker problem. Yeah. I mean my television, for example, talks to everything with WiFi, and so you have a laptop out there, you somebody get connected to my WiFi network. Not that hard. You could probably hack into my TV and upload new instructions and a bot a boom, but a being you're in charge. Well, maybe the question is like, can you come up with a device that somehow admits some sort of wave or some sort of you know, signal that somehow overrides all television. That's usually what you see in movies. Well, in this case, I think what I would do is I would just have a program somewhere distributed via the Internet to everybody's WiFi in their house, right, so you wouldn't need to like reach everybody's TV from your own individual broadcast antenna. Who you just want to go over the Internet and then do it locally. I mean, actually, this happens to me all the time. My son somehow has hooked up his phone to the TV, and when it's in his pocket, he's accidentally changing channels without realizing it. So, you know, it's tire. Your son sounds like he's a super villain hacker in the making. He's just like stumbled way into it without even knowing how he's doing it. I'm always calling out to him, like, hey, turn off your phone. I was watching that. Maybe he's trying to drive you crazy, Danny, Yes, maybe he is. Maybe this is him. Maybe his name is actually is Andreas Torgersen. He's a domestic supervillain. And what domestic I mean in your house. Yeah, so I think if you're a super villain and this was your plan, probably you just need to hire a teenager, pay them in pizza for a week and they could probably figure this out. Done all right. Our last question here of the day comes from someone on Twitter again and they have a question about dark energy. This comes from somebody whose name we don't know, but they title themselves as hopeful Cynic on Twitter, and their question is whether it's possible to harness dark energy to power a Death Star style tripoint laser. Interesting, first of all, anonymous question that is suspicious, very sauce, and also great Star Wars reference here death Star dark energy. I feel like you know the power of the dark Side is coming through. Yeah, this is the great question. This made me wonder. I would like to know if that's possible. I wonder if that is possible. And one of the things that's exciting about this is the idea of harnessing dark energy. Dark energy is our description of the fact that the universe is expanding and that that expansion is accelerating, which requires some enormous amount of energy. And the cool thing is that when the universe expands, dark energy doesn't get like thinner or more dilute. When you make new space between like here and another galaxy, that's what dark energy is doing. It makes new space that comes with new dark energy, and so it's constantly essentially creating energy, which means that whatever dark energy is, it's capable of creating energy out of nothing, out of the vacuum, of violating conservation of energy. So that definitely seems like an appealing way to like gather a bunch of energy. I don't know about focusing into a beam that can destroy planets, but it definitely is a potential source of energy. Well, what's kind of interesting about dark energy is that it's sort of like phys this thing. It's sort of embedded in the fabric of space itself, right, like it's somehow coming from space itself and it's stretching it. So it's it's literally kind of all around us. We think, yeah, we really don't know anything about the mechanism of it. One idea is that it comes from the nature of space itself, that the quantum zero point energy of space provides some sort of repulsive effect which stretches space. That's like an idea of an idea. That idea itself doesn't actually work because if you try to use that idea and calculate how much dark energy there should be, you get a number which is different from what we measure by ten to the one hundred. So we're pretty far off from like understanding the detailed mechanism of it, which makes it pretty hard to know how to harness it. But we do know that it's out there and that there is a lot of energy stored in it. Yeah, I mean, it seems like what is it about. The two thirds of the energy of the universe is dark energy, so it's a lot the universe is mostly dark energy. The universe is mostly dark energy. That's right, though it's weird to think about because sort of like dark matter. There's more dark matter than normal matter, but dark matter is much more diffuse because it's spread out more like normal matter is pretty dense like our planet and our bodies and our sun. And there isn't that much dark matter in our solar system because there's also dark matter between the stars. It's spread out and in the same way dark energy. Even though there's more of it than anything else. It's not that powerful on a local scale because it's spread out throughout the entire cosmos. All that empty space between galaxies, for example, has dark energy in it, and so dark energy doesn't seem very powerful, but it's just because it's everywhere. Well, I guess then that kind of puts like a boschi of things because even if we did sort of know what it was and could harness it, I mean, you would to get any significant amount of it, you would need to sort of like farm a huge volume of space just to get a little bit of energy, right, because it's so diffuse and so kind of in the background. Yeah, exactly. I did a little calculation, and if you build a spring that was one light year long, then dark energy would make it longer around twenty two millimeters per second. So you know, that's not tiny, but it's also not huge. You know, two centimeters per second. It's not that much energy. I see. It's not something you could maybe put into a death star rate right away, not immediately. And also I don't know how they got those lasers to do that where they come together at a point and then change direction like that's pretty cool. That violates some lots of physics right there. That's the part that bumped you, Not how they're all standing upright in the same direction in space. So many things to talk about there, but that's the part that always makes my physics brain go, what, how do you bend the path of our laser with another laser? Yes? Exactly, all right, Well it sounds like hopeful cynic. You will have to do some physics for us to build this death rate, and you'll have to understand what dark energy is, which currently we have no idea. We have no idea, but it is promising because it means that there are ways to create energy and and if you really understood the nature of space and time, it might give you the power to extract free energy from the universe. Okay, I think that covers all of our questions for today. Daniel. How do you think our supervillain students did? Would you given an A or an A plus? Well, we have to see we've given them basically assignments, and now what comes next to see how well they execute the Hopefully they get an F and if they get an A, then we're all toasted. If they get an A, you probably won't even know about it. That's right, we'll be floating out in space, either frozen or mostly frozen. I think most of these seemed to have would freeze this. I guess if you see me and Jorge riding down the street on giant nuclear powered ants, then you'll know that Brian at least has succeeded. You know that we coopted our students ideas and used it for our own purpose. What kind of professor would do that? But I do think jokes aside that it is fun to think about these incredible forces that are a play in the universe that you know, all around us is an incredible amount of energy bound in to the nucleus of atoms and created in space in between everything. We have only begun to understand the very nature of the universe, and we know that it is filled with incredibly powerful forces and energy, some that we haven't even yet imagined. Yeah, because you know, it's amazing to think about the power that comes from understanding these things about the universe. You know, like once you understand them, that then you can do stuff. And you know, hopefully we want to just do super villain stuff. But to think about all the amazing things you can do with some of this knowledge about the universe and some of the amazing technology that can come from it. I mean, you can really, you know, get humanity out to the stars or help our civilization live forever. Yeah. It could be that in a thousand years people have a deeper understanding of the nature of the universe, and that some of the problems that we are struggling with today will seem trivial to them. They will seem like, why didn't they just figure this out? And so it could be that the obstacle between us and some utopia, he's really just knowledge. He's really just figuring out the nature of this crazy universe. Yeah. And so in the third movie of the trilogy, you know, all those supervillains actually turned out to be the good guys. He told you. You just have to wait for the third movie. The arc resolves itself. All right. Well, we hope you enjoyed that. Thanks for joining us, See you next time. Thanks for listening, and remember that Daniel and Jorge explained. The Universe is a production of I Heart Radio or more podcast For my heart Radio, visit the I Heart Radio app, Apple Podcasts, or wherever you listen to your favorite shows yeah,