A Quiet Presidency In The 1980s | The Life and Legacy of Ronald Reagan | Boring History For Sleep

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Hello, my little sleepy friends,
you finally made it to the end 

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of the day with me. 
So why don't we get snuggled up?

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And let me tell you a story here
tonight through time to meet a 

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man whose lifespan nearly the 
entire 20th century. 

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A journey that took him from a 
tiny Illinois, apartment above a

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bakery to the most powerful 
office on Earth. 

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This is the story of Ronald 
Reagan told not through the 

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noise of politics and headlines.
But through the Quiet Moments 

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that reveal who someone really 
is If you're new here joining, 

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the community is super quick and
easy. 

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Just tap subscribe and like the 
video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world, you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, find your comfy spot for 

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sleeping, and let's begin. 
Matching the Midwest in 1911, 

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before the world knew about 
world wars or television, or the

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atomic age. 
The Aaron Dixon Illinois smelled

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like fresh bread from the bakery
down stairs and honest dirt from

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farms that stretched to every 
Horizon. 

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This was a town where people 
knew their neighbor's business, 

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not from social media. 
But from actually, talking over 

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backyard fences where the 
biggest entertainment might be a

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traveling salesman stories or a 
Saturday picture, show into 

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this. 
World came Ronald Wilson, Reagan

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on February, 6th 1911 in a small
apartment where Winter draft 

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snuck through window frames and 
summer, heat, made sleep 

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difficult. 
His mother Nell called him, her 

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little Dutchman, because of his 
chubby face and the way his dark

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hair stood up in the morning. 
The nickname stuck. 

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Short and eventually to just 
duck. 

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A name that would follow him 
through childhood, through 

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lifeguard Summers and into his 
early career Dutch's father. 

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Jack was an Irish Catholic shoe 
salesman with dreams, that 

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always seemed just slightly Out 
Of Reach like trying to catch 

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dandelion seeds on the Wind. 
Jack had the gift of 

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Storytelling that particularly 
Irish ability to make even a 

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fails called sound like an 
adventure. 

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But he also had a weakness for 
whiskey that would shape young 

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Duchess, understanding of both 
compassion and disappointment. 

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You have to picture Duchess a 
boy, maybe nine or ten years old

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coming home from school on a 
February afternoon. 

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When the Illinois cold could 
freeze your breath into visible 

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clouds. 
He found his father passed out 

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on the front porch, smelling of 
alcohol and failure. 

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Most children might have run for
help or broken down crying. 

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Dutch grabbed his father under 
the arms and dragged him inside 

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away from the neighbor's eyes 
and the killing cold that 

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moment, choosing dignity over 
shame action over despair would 

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become a pattern. 
Dutchland early that you could 

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love someone despite their 
failings that kindness didn't 

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require approval. 
That some situations demanded 

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quiet competence rather than 
dramatic gestures his mother. 

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Nell provided the counterbalance
to Jack's unreliability She was 

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a woman of fierce Protestant 
Faith, who saw goodness, as 

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something you practiced daily 
like scales on a piano. 

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Nell volunteered at hospitals 
visited prisoners and somehow 

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stretched Jackson regular 
paychecks to feed her family 

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while occasionally helping even 
poorer Neighbors. 

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She also loved amateur theater 
with the passionate, some people

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reserved for religion. 
Nell would take Dutch to church 

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performance is and Community 
Theater Productions in. 

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Venues that smelled of old wood 
and Dusty velvet curtains. 

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She taught him to memorize 
passages from the Bible and 

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poems by heart training, his 
memory, the way athletes, train 

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muscles. 
Without knowing it, she was 

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preparing him for a life where 
words and their delivery would 

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become his greatest tools. 
Duchess eyesight was terrible. 

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He was profoundly nearsighted in
an era before vision problems 

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were routinely tested in 
children. 

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The world Beyond a few feet was 
a colorful blur. 

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Which meant he learned to 
navigate Life by reading 

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people's tones and Body Language
rather than their facial 

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expressions. 
When he finally got glasses at 

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13, the sharp Clarity of the 
world startled him. 

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Trees had individual leaves. 
Building's had texture people 

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had details faces this 
experience of seeing the world 

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transformed from an 
impressionistic blur to Sharp 

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detail created A peculiar way of
perceiving reality. 

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Dutchland that sometimes the big
picture the shapes and movements

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and general Impressions mattered
more than obsessive focus on 

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small details. 
It was a mindset that would 

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serve him. 
Well, as an executive though, it

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would frustrate those who wanted
him to dive into policy. 

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Minutiae the Rock River ran 
through dicks and like a liquid 

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promise. 
It's current Swift enough to 

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make swimming a genuine 
challenge. 

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Dutch spent seven Summers 
working as a lifeguard at Lowell

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Park stationed on a wooden chair
that gave him a view of the 

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beach and the swimmers. 
He kept a log of every rescue. 

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77 people over seven years, each
one marked with a notch carved 

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into a fallen log picture. 
Those long summer days, the sun 

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heating, the wooden platform 
beneath his feet. 

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Smell of suntan, lotion and 
river water, and the constant 

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scanning of the swimming area 
for signs of distress. 

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Being a lifeguard taught Dutch 
to watch for trouble before. 

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It became a crisis to project 
car authority, even when your 

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heart was racing and to 
understand that preventing 

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disaster was better than 
heroically responding to it. 

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The work will also taught him 
something about recognition and 

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gratitude, Some people arrested 
thanked? 

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Him profusely others, seemed 
almost resentful that. 

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They'd needed help. 
Most forgot about him within 

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days. 
It was an early lesson that 

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doing the right thing, didn't 
guarantee appreciation and that 

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you had to find satisfaction in 
the action itself rather than in

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other people's responses, Dixon 
was small enough. 

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That everyone knew everyone, but
diverse enough to teach Dutch 

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that America wasn't a single 
story but a collection of them. 

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There were immigrant families, 
who spoke with accidents? 

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Black families, who face 
discrimination. 

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That troubled. 
Dutch. 

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Even as a boy working-class 
laborers and prosperous 

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Merchants devout church, goers 
and Skeptics. 

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This small town contained 
multitudes and Dutch absorbed 

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them all. 
You know, that moment, when you 

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discover the thing, you're 
genuinely good at not just 

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competent but naturally gifted 
in a way that makes difficult 

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tasks, feel effortless. 
For Dutch Reagan. 

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That moment came in front of a 
microphone at a small radio 

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station in Iowa, after 
graduating from Eureka College, 

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a tiny school, where he played 
football with more enthusiasm 

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than skill and performed in 
school, plays with growing 

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confidence. 
Needed a job in the depths of 

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the Great Depression. 
Work was the scarce, as 

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compassion in a collection 
agency, but Dutch had an idea. 

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Radio was exploding Across 
America bringing voices into 

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living rooms from farms to 
cities and Dutch believed. 

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He could be one of those voices.
His first break came at Wok in 

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Davenport Iowa, where a station 
manager, gave him a test. 

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Recreate a football game from 
memory, making it exciting 

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enough to hold listeners 
attention. 

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Dutch closed his eyes and 
described a game. 

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He'd watched at Eureka, his 
voice rising and falling with 

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the action, painting pictures 
with nothing, but words and 

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enthusiasm. the manager hired 
him on the spot, from their 

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Dutch moved to who in Des 
Moines, a larger station with a 

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stronger signal, that reached 
across the Midwest His specialty

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became broadcasting. 
Chicago Cubs, baseball games, 

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But here's the thing that makes 
you smile, he usually wasn't at 

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the games. 
Instead, he sat in a studio, 

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while in the assistant, received
telegraphed updates of plays as 

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they happened. 
Dutch would take those Bare 

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Bones, facts grounded to shore, 
out of first and turn them into 

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Vivid narratives, imagine 
sitting in that studio with him.

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The telegraph machine clicks 
out. 

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Its spare information Dutch 
leans into the microphone, his 

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voice warm and confident 
describing the crack of the bat,

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the trajectory of the ball, 
Short Stops athletic dive and 

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the desperate throw to first 
base that beats the runner by 

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half a step. 
He's making up the details but 

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they are the details that make 
the game come alive in listeners

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imaginations fonts, the 
telegraph line went dead during 

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a critical at bat. 
Without missing a beat Dutch. 

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Had the batter foul Off Pitch, 
off the pitch off the pitch. 

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Describing each one with 
creative variation stalling for 

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what must have felt like forever
until the line came back. 

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When it did he learned The 
Battered popped out on the first

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pitch but his listeners never 
knew about the technical 

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difficulty. 
They just remembered an exciting

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at bat. 
This wasn't dishonesty exactly. 

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It was storytelling. 
Dutch was learning that the 

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emotional truth of a story 
sometimes mattered, more than 

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its granular. 
Accuracy. 

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He was discovering that 
communication was about creating

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shared understanding and feeling
not just transmitting data. 

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These were lessons that would 
shape his entire approach to 

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public speaking. 
The radio years taught Dutch to 

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use his voice like an 
instrument. 

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He learned which words had 
weight and which ones needed to 

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be touched lightly. 
He discovered that Paul's could 

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be more powerful than speech 
that enthusiasm was contagious 

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through Airwaves and that you 
could make people see things, 

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they were not looking at and 
feel things they were 

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experiencing working in radio. 
Also gave Dutch A peculiar 

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relationship with Fame. 
People across the Midwest. 

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Knew his voice intimately. 
He came into their homes, 

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accompanied their meals and 
provided company during lonely 

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evenings. 
But they didn't know his face. 

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He could walk down streets and 
towns were thousands, knew him 

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and nobody would recognize him. 
He was a kind of Fame that felt 

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both real and Fantom. 
Des Moines in those days was a 

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city of tree-lined streets and a
slower pace of life than the 

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coasts. 
Dutch would walk to work in the 

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mornings. 
Watching the city wake up and 

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walk home in the evening's a 
street lights flickered on. 

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He was successful enough to 
afford a nice apartment and a 

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car. 
Solid middle class achievements 

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during the Depression. 
When many people were struggling

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to survive, Dutch had Hollywood 
dreams scratching at the back of

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his mind, like a persistent 
itch. he'd grown up watching 

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movies and that Dickson theater 
and later at Eureka he 

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discovered, he enjoyed 
performing Radio had taught him 

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about voice and timing, but he 
wanted to see if he could 

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translate those skills to the 
screen. 

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The Cubs is spring training in 
California, gave him the excuse,

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he needed picture Los Angeles in
1937. 

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A city of palm trees and 
possibility. 

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Where swimming pools, reflected,
impossibly, blue skies, and the 

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dream of stardom was as common 
as Smaug Dutch arrived in, 

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Southern California with the 
Cubs for spring training and 

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decided to take his shot at the 
movies. 

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Through a contact from his radio
days, he got a screen test at 

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Warner Bros the studio system 
back then was like a Dream 

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Factory designed by accountants.
Warner Brothers, had actors 

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under contract churning out 
movies with the efficiency of an

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automobile assembly line. 
Most contract players would 

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appear in dozens of films 
without ever becoming Stars. 

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They'd be the second detective, 
a friend of the lead or the 

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handsome background figuring 
crowd scenes, Duchess screen 

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test went well enough. 
That Warner Brothers, offered 

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him a contract, though, they 
insisted on one change. 

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Dutch Reagan, didn't sound like 
a movie star. 

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He'd need to use his actual 
first name, Ronald. 

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And so, Ronald Reagan was born 
as a public identity though, 

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friends and family would 
continue calling him Dutch for 

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decades. 
His early movies were what 

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Hollywood called be pictures. 
Low budget Productions, that 

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filled out the bottom half of 
double features. 

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Ronald would film, multiple 
movies in quick. 

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Succession learning his craft, 
the way apprentices wants to 

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learn trade's by doing the work 
over and over until competence 

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became instinct. 
He played reporters soldiers, 

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small-town Heroes, occasionally 
a villain. 

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And once even portrayed George 
gipp, the legendary Notre Dame 

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football player in a scene with 
Pat O'Brien that would follow 

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him. 
The rest of his life. 

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The Gipper seen where Reagan's 
character gives a dying pep. 

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Talk asking his team to win. 
One for the Gipper became the 

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role. 
Most associated with his 

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Hollywood career. 
It's ironic that this brief 

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scene in a modestly, successful 
film would become more famous 

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than anything else, he did 
movies. 

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Reagan himself would later use 
the Gipper reference in 

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political speeches. 
Fully aware of its emotional 

234
00:12:57,400 --> 00:13:00,300
resonance, even as he gently 
mocked his own mythmaking, 

235
00:13:00,300 --> 00:13:04,600
Hollywood, Life had its own 
Reagan would wake Before Dawn 

236
00:13:04,600 --> 00:13:07,300
drive to the studio. 
While the city was still quiet, 

237
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:11,100
spend hours in makeup and 
wardrobe film scenes. 

238
00:13:11,100 --> 00:13:14,800
That might last second on screen
and then repeat the process day 

239
00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:18,300
after day. 
It was less glamorous than an 

240
00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:20,900
audience's. 
Imagined more like factory work 

241
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:24,900
with better lighting but there 
were compensation's, Reagan 

242
00:13:24,900 --> 00:13:28,100
earned good money enough, to 
support his parents and safe for

243
00:13:28,108 --> 00:13:30,700
the future. 
He met interesting people from 

244
00:13:30,700 --> 00:13:32,900
around the world who had been 
drawn to Hollywood's 

245
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:36,600
gravitational pull He learned 
about lighting and camera angles

246
00:13:36,600 --> 00:13:40,300
discovering how the lens could 
make someone appear heroic or 

247
00:13:40,300 --> 00:13:43,900
vulnerable confident or 
uncertain simply through 

248
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:47,700
positioning an illumination. 
He also met Jane Wyman and 

249
00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:50,700
actress with talent and 
ambition, he was determined to 

250
00:13:50,700 --> 00:13:52,800
become a serious, dramatic 
performer. 

251
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:56,000
Their marriage. 
In 1940 seemed like the natural 

252
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,600
progression of two young people 
building careers in the same 

253
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,800
industry. 
They had a daughter, Maureen, 

254
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:06,600
and adopted a son. 
Michael creating, what looked 

255
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,900
from outside like a picture? 
Perfect Hollywood, family World 

256
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:11,800
War 2. 
Interrupted Reagan's Hollywood 

257
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,000
Ascent. 
His terrible eyesight. 

258
00:14:14,000 --> 00:14:17,600
Kept him from combat duty but he
spent the War years making 

259
00:14:17,600 --> 00:14:21,000
training films for the Army Air 
corps, remaining, stationed in 

260
00:14:21,000 --> 00:14:24,400
California, but wearing a 
uniform and contributing to the 

261
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,600
war effort through his 
particular skills. 

262
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:30,700
It was a strange kind of service
playing soldier while real 

263
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:34,200
soldiers, fought overseas, but 
the training films, he helped 

264
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,700
create serve genuine purposes. 
In preparing are cruise for 

265
00:14:37,700 --> 00:14:40,000
combat. 
Those War years showed in 

266
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,100
something important about the 
power of film as communication. 

267
00:14:43,900 --> 00:14:46,700
A well-made training film. 
Could teach complex procedures 

268
00:14:46,700 --> 00:14:50,200
more effectively than manuals. 
It could prepare men for the 

269
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:54,400
cycle challenges of combat. 
It could save lives by helping 

270
00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,700
people visualize dangerous 
situations before encountering 

271
00:14:57,700 --> 00:15:00,200
them. 
Film wasn't just entertainment. 

272
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:03,300
It was a tool for education and 
persuasion. 

273
00:15:03,300 --> 00:15:08,000
After the war Reagan returned to
making movies but Hollywood was 

274
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,900
changing. 
The studio system was beginning 

275
00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:14,500
to crack television, was 
starting to eat away at movie 

276
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:16,900
audiences. 
Reagan found himself 

277
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:19,800
increasingly interested in the 
business side of the industry 

278
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,100
serving as president of the 
Screen. 

279
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:25,400
Actors Guild and negotiating 
with Studios over contracts and 

280
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,800
working conditions. 
The SAG presidency introduced 

281
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,300
Reagan to a different kind of 
performance, labor negotiations.

282
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:35,300
Political maneuvering and 
building coalitions, among 

283
00:15:35,300 --> 00:15:39,200
people with competing interests.
He discovered he was good at it.

284
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:43,300
The same skills that made him 
effective on camera, translated,

285
00:15:43,300 --> 00:15:46,000
surprisingly well to conference 
rooms and negotiating. 

286
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:49,700
Session's his marriage to Jane 
Wyman ended during this period, 

287
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:53,900
not with dramatic confrontation,
but with the slow dissolution of

288
00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,000
two people growing in different 
directions. 

289
00:15:57,100 --> 00:16:00,700
She wanted to focus on serious, 
dramatic, roles and resented. 

290
00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:02,600
The time Reagan, spent on Guild 
business. 

291
00:16:03,800 --> 00:16:07,000
He was increasingly engaged with
politics and Industry issues, 

292
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,400
that didn't interest her. 
The divorce was civilized but 

293
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:14,000
painful leaving Reagan with 
another experience of failure 

294
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:16,900
that he handled with the same 
quiet dignity. 

295
00:16:16,900 --> 00:16:20,600
He'd shown dragging his father 
inside years before sometimes 

296
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:22,100
the right person arrives. 
Exactly. 

297
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:25,400
When you need the most though, 
you might not recognize it 

298
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,400
immediately. 
For Ronald Reagan, that person 

299
00:16:29,400 --> 00:16:33,100
was Nancy Davis, a young 
actress, who came to him with a 

300
00:16:33,108 --> 00:16:35,400
problem. 
Her name was appearing on 

301
00:16:35,408 --> 00:16:37,500
communist. 
Sympathizing petition, she'd 

302
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:40,600
never signed threatening her 
career in an era when such 

303
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:42,200
accusations could be 
professionally. 

304
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:46,500
Fatal Reagan still serving as a 
sea President helped sort out 

305
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:49,200
the confusion. 
It was a different Nancy Davis 

306
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:53,500
and suggested dinner to explain 
the situation that dinner led to

307
00:16:53,508 --> 00:16:56,100
another. 
And then another and what began 

308
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:58,500
as professional courtesy 
transformed into something 

309
00:16:58,500 --> 00:17:01,600
deeper. 
Nancy saw in Reagan, something 

310
00:17:01,600 --> 00:17:05,700
many people missed beneath the 
easy charm and ready, smile was 

311
00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,400
a man of genuine, kindness and 
surprising depth. 

312
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:13,400
They married in 1952 in a small 
ceremony solo key. 

313
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,200
That Reagan's best man had to be
pulled from the restaurant where

314
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:17,599
they plan to have their wedding 
lunch. 

315
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,099
Nancy brought to the marriage of
Fierce protectiveness and a 

316
00:17:22,099 --> 00:17:25,000
clarity about What mattered. 
She wasn't interested in 

317
00:17:25,000 --> 00:17:28,300
Reagan's continuing acting 
career, or his Guild activities.

318
00:17:28,300 --> 00:17:32,100
She was interested in him in 
building a life together. 

319
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:35,300
And in creating the home that 
had always felt slightly 

320
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:38,100
provisional in his first 
marriage picture their life. 

321
00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,800
In Pacific Palisades a ranch 
style house with a view. 

322
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:48,100
Two children Patty born in 1952 
and Ron born in 1958 and the 

323
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,000
comfortable routines of 
successful upper middle class 

324
00:17:51,000 --> 00:17:54,500
life in 1950. 
California Reagan was making 

325
00:17:54,500 --> 00:17:58,100
decent money hosting General 
Electric Theater on television. 

326
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:02,200
A job that paid better than most
of his movie roles and required 

327
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,900
far less time on set, the GE job
came with an unusual 

328
00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:08,200
requirement. 
Reagan would tour. 

329
00:18:08,200 --> 00:18:11,800
Gee Factory and Facilities 
around the country, giving talks

330
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:14,800
to employees about free. 
Enterprise the dangers of 

331
00:18:14,808 --> 00:18:18,200
excessive government regulation 
and the virtues of American 

332
00:18:18,200 --> 00:18:21,800
individualism. 
It was ostensibly, corporate 

333
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:25,300
cheerleading, but it became 
Reagan's political education by 

334
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:28,200
immersion. 
Imagine walking through Factory 

335
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:31,300
floors, the smell of machine oil
and hot metal. 

336
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:35,800
The noise of production lines 
and the faces of workers taking 

337
00:18:35,800 --> 00:18:39,600
their lunch breaks to hear some 
TV personality, talk about 

338
00:18:39,600 --> 00:18:44,100
economic philosophy, Gave these 
talks, hundreds of times 

339
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:48,000
refining, his message with each 
repetition learning what 

340
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,500
resonated and what fell flat and
discovering that he could 

341
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:54,600
connect with audiences through 
humor and storytelling. 

342
00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:58,300
Rather than abstract Theory, 
those Factory talks, transformed

343
00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:00,000
Reagan's, understanding of 
politics. 

344
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:04,300
He'd been a Democrat his entire 
life, a supporter of Franklin 

345
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:08,000
Roosevelt, and the New Deal. 
But repeated, exposure to 

346
00:19:08,000 --> 00:19:11,800
workers who complained about 
taxes regulations and government

347
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:14,200
inefficiency began shifting his 
perspective. 

348
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:18,000
He was learning conservatism not
from books, but from 

349
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,800
conversations absorbing it 
through experience, rather than 

350
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:25,900
ideology, his political 
Evolution was like a photograph 

351
00:19:25,900 --> 00:19:30,700
developing in solution, gradual 
irreversible and eventually 

352
00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:35,000
undeniable. 
By the early 1960s Reagan had 

353
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,400
re-registered as a republican, 
though. 

354
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:39,700
Many of his old Hollywood 
friends viewed this as either 

355
00:19:39,700 --> 00:19:44,000
betrayal or delusion How could 
someone who'd grown up in the 

356
00:19:44,008 --> 00:19:46,600
depression? 
You'd seen poverty, first-hand, 

357
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:49,800
and who'd been a union, 
president Embrace conservative 

358
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,600
politics Reagan's. 
Answer would have been that he 

359
00:19:52,600 --> 00:19:57,800
hadn't changed the world had The
liberalism of Roosevelt had been

360
00:19:57,800 --> 00:19:59,300
about helping the struggling 
middle class. 

361
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:04,000
Modern liberalism in Reagan's 
view had become about expanding 

362
00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:08,000
government for its own sake, 
creating dependency, rather than

363
00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:11,300
opportunity. 
Whether this analysis was 

364
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,600
accurate is debatable but Reagan
believed its sincerely. 

365
00:20:14,600 --> 00:20:19,100
In 1964 Reagan gave a televised 
speech and support of Barry 

366
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:20,900
goldwater's presidential 
campaign. 

367
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:25,200
The speech, which Reagan had 
been polishing during his gears 

368
00:20:25,200 --> 00:20:29,400
laid out of vision of limited, 
government, individual, freedom,

369
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:33,100
and American exceptionalism. 
That electrified conservative 

370
00:20:33,100 --> 00:20:37,400
audiences Goldwater, lost the 
election badly, but Reagan 

371
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:41,300
speech raised over 8 million 
dollars and made him instantly 

372
00:20:41,300 --> 00:20:44,500
visible to Republican power, 
Brokers, within months. 

373
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:47,200
California. 
Republicans were asking Reagan 

374
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:48,300
to consider running for 
governor. 

375
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:53,300
The state was facing budget 
problems campus, protests, and a

376
00:20:53,300 --> 00:20:55,500
sense that things were spinning 
out of control. 

377
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,600
Reagan. 
They thought could bring the 

378
00:20:58,600 --> 00:21:01,500
same car authority projected on 
screen to the governor's. 

379
00:21:01,500 --> 00:21:05,900
Office Reagan, was 54 years old 
late to begin a political 

380
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:08,300
career, but young enough to 
sustain the energy it would 

381
00:21:08,300 --> 00:21:12,600
require Nancy was skeptical 
worried about trading their 

382
00:21:12,600 --> 00:21:15,600
comfortable life for the 
scrutiny and stress of politics.

383
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,200
But Reagan was intrigued by the 
challenge by the possibility of 

384
00:21:20,208 --> 00:21:22,900
translating his ideas into 
actual governance. 

385
00:21:22,900 --> 00:21:25,100
The ranch Reagan bought in the 
mountains. 

386
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,300
North of Santa Barbara, became 
his Retreat, during the 

387
00:21:28,300 --> 00:21:30,700
campaign, and throughout his 
political career. 

388
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:36,300
It was 688 Acres of California 
landscape where he could ride 

389
00:21:36,300 --> 00:21:40,900
horses, clear brush and rebuild,
Stone fences with his own hands.

390
00:21:41,900 --> 00:21:45,200
The physical labor grounded, him
provided escape from the 

391
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:48,800
artificial world of politics and
performance, and reminded him 

392
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:52,100
that he'd come from people who 
worked with their hands picture 

393
00:21:52,100 --> 00:21:55,700
Reagan on that ranch wearing 
jeans and a work shirt faded 

394
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:59,800
from Sun and washing sweat on 
his forehead building a fence 

395
00:21:59,800 --> 00:22:03,700
post by post. 
This wasn't Recreation, he 

396
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:07,100
genuinely enjoyed the work, the 
way some people enjoy crossword,

397
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:10,300
puzzles or woodworking. 
Nancy would watch from the 

398
00:22:10,300 --> 00:22:13,900
porch, shaking her head at her 
60 year old, husband, hauling 

399
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:17,400
rocks, like a ranch hand Reagan.
Won the California governorship 

400
00:22:17,400 --> 00:22:19,900
in 1966 by nearly a million 
votes. 

401
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:22,100
Riding. 
A wave of middle class 

402
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:26,800
frustration with campus, 
protests, Rising taxes, and a 

403
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:28,200
sense. 
That traditional value were 

404
00:22:28,200 --> 00:22:31,300
under assault He's an 
inauguration took place shortly 

405
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,000
after midnight on January 2nd 
1967. 

406
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:37,900
Because astrologers had advised 
Nancy that this was the most 

407
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:41,000
auspicious moment. 
A detail that would have seemed 

408
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:44,400
quaint if it hadn't foreshadowed
announces Reliance on 

409
00:22:44,400 --> 00:22:47,200
astrological advice, throughout 
Reagan's political career, 

410
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:50,800
governing California turned out 
to be considerably, more complex

411
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:54,700
than hosting a television show 
on negotiating act a contracts. 

412
00:22:55,400 --> 00:23:00,700
The state was massive diverse 
and fractious with problems, 

413
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:04,800
that resisted Simple Solutions. 
Reagan approached the job with 

414
00:23:04,800 --> 00:23:08,000
the same practical pragmatism. 
He'd learned as a lifeguard. 

415
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:13,500
Identify the problem, take 
action and don't obsess over 

416
00:23:13,500 --> 00:23:16,400
Perfect Solutions. 
His early governorship was 

417
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,000
marked by learning mistakes 
Reagan had campaigned on cutting

418
00:23:20,000 --> 00:23:23,500
taxes and reducing government 
but he quickly discovered that 

419
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:27,800
California's budget problems 
required tax increases not cuts.

420
00:23:28,600 --> 00:23:31,200
He proposed the largest tax 
increase in State history, 

421
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,900
explaining to frustrated 
supporters that sometimes you 

422
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:37,900
have to make choices based on 
reality rather than preference 

423
00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:41,500
this pragmatic. 
Conservatism the willingness to 

424
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:44,700
compromise when necessary while 
maintaining core principles 

425
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:48,100
would characterize Reagan's 
entire political career. 

426
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,600
His critics called it hypocrisy 
or flexibility, depending on 

427
00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:55,900
their perspective. 
Reagan simply saw it as 

428
00:23:55,900 --> 00:23:59,300
governing rather than posturing 
the issue that most tested 

429
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:01,700
Reagan as governor was the 
conflict at California 

430
00:24:01,700 --> 00:24:05,100
universities. 
Particularly Berkeley student 

431
00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:09,300
protests against the Vietnam War
racial discrimination, and 

432
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:12,900
traditional Authority were 
transforming campuses into 

433
00:24:12,900 --> 00:24:16,700
sights of Confrontation. 
Reagan had campaigned promising 

434
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:20,700
to clean up the mess at Berkeley
and many supporters expected him

435
00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:23,700
to crack down hard. 
What actually happened was more 

436
00:24:23,700 --> 00:24:26,700
nuanced. 
Reagan did support using Force 

437
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:30,200
when protests turn violent but 
he also met with student leaders

438
00:24:30,200 --> 00:24:33,700
toured campuses and tried to 
understand the sources of 

439
00:24:33,700 --> 00:24:36,100
discontent beneath the 
theatrical protests. 

440
00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:39,500
He realized that while he 
disagreed with protesters 

441
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:42,700
tactics, many of their 
conclusions, some of their 

442
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:46,300
concerns about discrimination 
and access will legitimate this 

443
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:50,400
ability to separate methods from
grievances to oppose someone's 

444
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:54,200
tactic while acknowledging their
underlying concerns became 

445
00:24:54,200 --> 00:24:56,000
characteristic of Reagan's 
approach. 

446
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,200
He could be friendly with 
people. 

447
00:24:58,200 --> 00:25:01,900
He disagreed with politically 
could find Common Ground while 

448
00:25:01,900 --> 00:25:05,000
maintaining different sizes and 
could negotiate with without 

449
00:25:05,000 --> 00:25:08,400
feeling like compromise and 
surrender Regan's daily routine 

450
00:25:08,400 --> 00:25:10,300
as Governor revealed his 
personality. 

451
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:14,700
He arrived at the office around 
9 late by political standards 

452
00:25:14,700 --> 00:25:17,900
and left by six, almost never 
taking work home. 

453
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,400
He preferred concise memos to 
lengthen, the briefings wanted 

454
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:26,400
policy options presented as 
stories rather than data and 

455
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,400
made decisions, based on what 
felt right? 

456
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:32,500
Rather than elaborate analysis, 
this approach drove policy 

457
00:25:32,500 --> 00:25:36,800
experts to distraction They'd 
prepare detailed briefings only 

458
00:25:36,800 --> 00:25:38,700
to have Reagan asked for a 
one-page summary. 

459
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:43,100
They'd present complex 
statistical, analyzes and Reagan

460
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:45,700
would want to know how it 
affected specific individuals. 

461
00:25:46,600 --> 00:25:50,000
His aides learned to translate 
policy into narrative to present

462
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,000
information. 
The way Reagan, processed it 

463
00:25:52,000 --> 00:25:56,700
through stories and examples 
rather than abstractions critics

464
00:25:56,700 --> 00:25:59,100
called this intellectual 
laziness. 

465
00:26:00,100 --> 00:26:02,400
Reagan's Defenders, argued. 
It was a different kind of 

466
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:05,200
intelligence. 
The ability to see patterns and 

467
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:07,600
principles, rather than getting 
lost in details. 

468
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:12,500
The truth was probably somewhere
in between Reagan wasn't detail 

469
00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:15,500
oriented, but he was genuinely 
thoughtful about big questions. 

470
00:26:15,500 --> 00:26:19,100
Even if his thinking didn't look
academic, his working 

471
00:26:19,100 --> 00:26:21,500
relationship with the 
legislature required him to 

472
00:26:21,500 --> 00:26:24,300
negotiate with Democrats who 
controlled both houses. 

473
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,800
Reagan discovered, he enjoyed 
this aspect of governing the 

474
00:26:28,800 --> 00:26:32,400
deal-making the trading of 
priorities and the conversations

475
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,400
over drinks were political 
enemies, could become temporary 

476
00:26:35,400 --> 00:26:38,300
allies. 
He treated politics less as 

477
00:26:38,300 --> 00:26:40,500
Warfare than as a competitive 
game. 

478
00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:43,500
Where opponents today might be 
partners tomorrow, one of 

479
00:26:43,508 --> 00:26:46,500
Reagan's, more successful 
initiatives was welfare reform 

480
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:50,400
where he worked with Democratic 
legislators to create a program 

481
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:53,800
that reduced case loads, while 
increasing benefits for those 

482
00:26:53,800 --> 00:26:57,700
who genuinely needed help. 
It was exactly the kind of 

483
00:26:57,700 --> 00:27:01,100
practical accomplishment, that 
validated Reagan's approach 

484
00:27:01,100 --> 00:27:06,100
focus on outcomes rather than 
ideology compromise where 

485
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:10,100
necessary and take credit for 
Success while sharing blame for 

486
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,400
failure, the ranch remained, his
Escape throughout eight years. 

487
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:17,100
As Governor, every chance he 
could Reagan would fly to Santa 

488
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:20,700
Barbara and drive up in the 
mountains leaving behind the 

489
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:22,300
political, precious of 
Sacramento. 

490
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,800
He dried his horse's along 
trails in by heart cut firewood 

491
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,400
with a chainsaw and work on 
projects that had nothing to do 

492
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:33,900
with polling or legislation 
after two terms as California. 

493
00:27:33,900 --> 00:27:37,000
Governor Reagan was 
constitutionally barred from 

494
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,900
seeking a third, which was 
probably fine with Nancy who'd 

495
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:45,700
never loved political life. 
Regen was 64 years old, an age, 

496
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:48,100
when most men would have been 
contemplating retirement, 

497
00:27:48,100 --> 00:27:51,300
instead Reagan was thinking 
about the president sea. 

498
00:27:51,300 --> 00:27:56,600
His first serious attempt came 
in 1976 incumbent President 

499
00:27:56,600 --> 00:27:58,600
Gerald Ford for the Republican 
nomination. 

500
00:27:59,600 --> 00:28:03,100
It was an audacious move 
challenging a sitting president 

501
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:05,800
from your own party and it 
nearly worked. 

502
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:09,700
Reagan won several key primaries
and went to the convention with 

503
00:28:09,700 --> 00:28:13,400
enough delegates to force a 
fight, ultimately losing by the 

504
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:17,300
narrowest of margins. 
The loss was disappointing but 

505
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:20,400
it also proves something 
important Reagan's appeal, 

506
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:24,500
extended far, beyond California.
He'd connected with voters 

507
00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,800
across the country, particularly
in the South and West, who 

508
00:28:27,800 --> 00:28:30,900
responded to his message of 
limited government strong 

509
00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:35,500
defense and Traditional Values. 
The defeating 76 set up the 

510
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:39,200
victory in 80 the four years 
between those campaigns Suarez 

511
00:28:39,200 --> 00:28:43,500
in consolidating his support 
giving speeches writing radio 

512
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:46,500
commentaries and building 
relationships with party 

513
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:49,400
activists. 
He was essentially running for 

514
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,900
president for four years 
straight though. 

515
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:54,500
In the low-key manner, that 
characterized his approach. 

516
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,400
There were no dramatic 
announcements or revolutionary 

517
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:01,400
strategies just steady 
persistent effort to build 

518
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:05,500
support, the 1980 campaign began
with Reagan as the front runner,

519
00:29:05,500 --> 00:29:10,600
which brought his own precious. 
George HW, Bush emerged as his 

520
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:14,300
strongest Challenger, winning 
the Iowa caucuses and creating 

521
00:29:14,300 --> 00:29:18,000
doubt about Reagan's 
inevitability but Reagan's 

522
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:20,600
campaign learned from the 
setback and by the time they 

523
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:23,900
reach New Hampshire, he'd 
regained momentum, there was a 

524
00:29:23,908 --> 00:29:26,900
debate moment in Nashua that 
captured Reagan's ability to 

525
00:29:26,908 --> 00:29:31,400
seize unexpected opportunities, 
When the moderator tried to shut

526
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:33,600
off Reagan's microphone during a
dispute. 

527
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,800
Over debate, rules Reagan, 
grabbed the microphone and 

528
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:39,300
declared. 
I am paying for this microphone.

529
00:29:39,300 --> 00:29:43,900
Mr. Green The moderators name 
was actually green, but nobody 

530
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:47,200
cared about the era. 
Reagan's forceful assertion of 

531
00:29:47,208 --> 00:29:49,100
his right to speak became the 
moment. 

532
00:29:49,100 --> 00:29:52,600
Everyone remembered he only 
Hampshire decisively and never 

533
00:29:52,600 --> 00:29:56,100
really looked back securing the 
nomination and choosing Bush's 

534
00:29:56,100 --> 00:29:58,800
running mate. 
A practical decision that 

535
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:02,300
unified the party even though 
the two men were particularly 

536
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,500
close. 
In their face President, Jimmy 

537
00:30:05,500 --> 00:30:07,700
Carter. 
He was struggling with a hostage

538
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:12,200
crisis in Iran, High inflation. 
And a general sense of national 

539
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,000
malays, the campaign between 
Reagan and Carter was less about

540
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:19,100
policy details and about 
contrasting visions of America. 

541
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:23,500
Carter spoke of limits of 
difficult choices and of 

542
00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:27,700
managing decline. 
Reagan spoke of possibility of 

543
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:31,900
renewal of America's best days, 
being ahead, rather than behind,

544
00:30:31,900 --> 00:30:34,700
it wasn't that Reagan ignored 
problems. 

545
00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:38,500
He simply insisted that American
Ingenuity and freedom could 

546
00:30:38,500 --> 00:30:42,000
solve them their single debate, 
held a week before the election 

547
00:30:42,000 --> 00:30:45,300
became a master class in 
Reagan's political skills. 

548
00:30:46,500 --> 00:30:49,800
When Carter tried to attack 
Reagan's record, Reagan, 

549
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,600
responded with a gentle. 
There you go, again, dismissing.

550
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:55,800
The criticism with humor, rather
than anger. 

551
00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,600
When Carter brought up his 
daughter Amy's concerns about 

552
00:30:59,600 --> 00:31:03,000
nuclear weapons, Reagan asked 
viewers a simple question. 

553
00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:05,800
Are you better off than you were
four years ago? 

554
00:31:05,800 --> 00:31:11,200
That question, simple, direct 
personal cut through all the 

555
00:31:11,200 --> 00:31:13,900
policy debates and economic 
statistics to something 

556
00:31:13,900 --> 00:31:17,400
fundamental. 
Most Americans felt worse off 

557
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:20,300
than they had for years earlier 
and Reagan's question. 

558
00:31:20,300 --> 00:31:22,200
Gave them permission to vote 
based on that. 

559
00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:25,100
Feeling rather than Party 
Loyalty or policy analysis 

560
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:29,900
Reagan won, decisively caring, 
44 States and beginning, a 

561
00:31:29,900 --> 00:31:33,200
political realignment that would
reshape American politics for a 

562
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:36,700
generation. 
On Inauguration Day, January, 

563
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:40,300
20th, 1981. 
As Reagan, took the oath of 

564
00:31:40,308 --> 00:31:43,300
office, Iran released the 
American hostages. 

565
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:48,500
It had held for 444 days whether
as a final insult car or a 

566
00:31:48,500 --> 00:31:52,300
gesture of respect for Reagan 
remains debated picker, the Oval

567
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:54,300
Office on a typical morning 
during the Reagan. 

568
00:31:54,300 --> 00:31:57,100
Presidente. 
Sunlight streaming through the 

569
00:31:57,100 --> 00:32:01,400
tall Windows, the presidential 
seal woven into the carpet and 

570
00:32:01,400 --> 00:32:03,700
Reagan sitting at the desk, 
reviewing his schedule. 

571
00:32:04,700 --> 00:32:07,400
He joked that he was the only 
person who had to get permission

572
00:32:07,400 --> 00:32:11,000
from his wife to stay late at 
work and it was only partly a 

573
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,600
joke Reagan brought to the 
presidency, the same approach 

574
00:32:13,600 --> 00:32:17,400
he'd used as Governor arrived 
around 9 work through a 

575
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,300
structured schedule and leave by
6. 

576
00:32:20,100 --> 00:32:23,100
His aides learned to accommodate
this routine condensing 

577
00:32:23,100 --> 00:32:25,600
briefings and scheduling 
important meetings during his 

578
00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:29,400
most alert hours. 
Critics saw this as evidence of 

579
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:33,600
laziness or lack of Engagement. 
Reagan saw it as maintaining the

580
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:37,000
energy and focus necessary for a
job that could easily consume 

581
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:40,000
you the early months of his 
presidency focused on two 

582
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:45,500
priorities, cutting taxes and 
increasing defense spending The 

583
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,600
combination seemed 
mathematically impossible. 

584
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:51,100
How do you cut Revenue while 
increasing expenses without 

585
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:54,300
exploding the deficit? 
Reagan's answer? 

586
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:57,000
Was that economic growth from 
tax cuts were generated enough 

587
00:32:57,000 --> 00:32:59,000
Revenue to cover the spending 
increases. 

588
00:32:59,900 --> 00:33:02,600
Whether this Theory, worked 
remains debated among 

589
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:06,200
economists, but Reagan sold it 
with such conviction that 

590
00:33:06,200 --> 00:33:09,900
Congress passed his program. 
His communication skills proved 

591
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:12,300
invaluable. 
Reagan didn't just present 

592
00:33:12,300 --> 00:33:14,700
policies. 
He told stories about people 

593
00:33:14,700 --> 00:33:17,800
affected by them. 
He didn't cite statistics about 

594
00:33:17,800 --> 00:33:20,500
poverty. 
He talked about welfare Queen's,

595
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:23,300
driving catalogs. 
Stories were sometimes 

596
00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:27,800
exaggerated or even fabricated? 
But they conveyed emotional 

597
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:30,800
truths that resonated with 
audiences who'd stopped 

598
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:36,200
listening to policy wax years 
ago then came March 30th 1981. 

599
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:39,800
Reagan was walking to his 
limousine outside of Washington 

600
00:33:39,800 --> 00:33:42,300
hotel. 
When John Hinckley Jr, opened 

601
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:45,200
fire. 
The secret service agent pushed 

602
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:47,500
Reagan into the car and 
initially thought the president 

603
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:51,500
hadn't been hit. 
But Reagan was coughing, blood a

604
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:53,700
bulleted, Ricochet off the 
limousine and struck him. 

605
00:33:53,708 --> 00:33:57,200
Under his left arm puncturing 
along and stopping less than an 

606
00:33:57,200 --> 00:33:59,900
inch from his heart. 
Reagan's behavior during the 

607
00:33:59,900 --> 00:34:02,500
assassination attempt in its 
aftermath became legendary. 

608
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:06,800
As he was wheeled into surgery, 
he reportedly told the doctors. 

609
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:11,400
I hope you're all Republicans. 
When Nancy arrived at the 

610
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:16,500
hospital, terrified. 
He quoted an old WC Fields line.

611
00:34:17,400 --> 00:34:20,900
Honey, I forgot to duck. 
Even seriously. 

612
00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:24,500
Wounded Reagan was performing, 
not out of dishonesty, but 

613
00:34:24,500 --> 00:34:27,400
because humor was how he 
processed fear and pain. 

614
00:34:27,400 --> 00:34:30,500
The assassination attempt 
transformed Reagan's president 

615
00:34:30,500 --> 00:34:33,900
in subtle ways. 
Surviving a bullet that nearly 

616
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:36,699
killed him created. 
A sense that Reagan was somehow 

617
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:39,500
protected that he had a destiny 
to fulfill. 

618
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:43,300
It also showed Americans a more 
human side of their president, 

619
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:46,600
the man who joked with doctors 
while his life hung in the 

620
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:48,900
balance. 
Who recovered with remarkable 

621
00:34:48,900 --> 00:34:52,600
speed for a 70 year old and who 
seemed genuinely gracious, 

622
00:34:52,600 --> 00:34:55,900
rather than bitter, toward his 
attacker recovery took longer 

623
00:34:55,900 --> 00:34:59,500
than Reagan initially admitted. 
For weeks, after returning to 

624
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:01,500
work. 
He tired easily and struggled to

625
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,400
maintain his schedule. 
But he was determined not to 

626
00:35:04,400 --> 00:35:07,500
appear weak, so he pushed 
through fatigue with the same 

627
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:09,300
discipline. 
He'd shown as a lifeguard 

628
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:12,700
scanning, the water for hours, 
the image, most people have of 

629
00:35:12,700 --> 00:35:15,400
the Reagan presidents. 
He involves Grand speeches and 

630
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:20,100
dramatic gestures Mr. Gorbachev 
tear down this wall but the 

631
00:35:20,100 --> 00:35:23,300
reality of governing was mostly 
quieter moments and smaller 

632
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:27,300
rooms, where decisions were made
over coffee and complex problems

633
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:31,200
were reduced to choices between 
imperfect options Reagan's 

634
00:35:31,200 --> 00:35:32,800
relationship with his staff 
revealed. 

635
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:37,000
A lot of his management style. 
He hired competent people gave 

636
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:40,200
them broad Authority and trusted
them to handle details. 

637
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:45,100
This delegation sometimes led to
problems the Iran-Contra scandal

638
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:46,000
emerge. 
Partly? 

639
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:48,700
Because Reagan's hands off 
approach allowed to borders to 

640
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:51,200
pursue policies. 
He might not fully approved. 

641
00:35:52,000 --> 00:35:54,700
But it also allowed Reagan to 
focus on what he did best. 

642
00:35:55,600 --> 00:35:59,700
Setting Direction communicating 
vision and making final 

643
00:35:59,700 --> 00:36:03,800
decisions on major questions, 
his cabinet meetings, followed a

644
00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:05,600
pattern. 
Reagan would listen to 

645
00:36:05,600 --> 00:36:09,000
presentations, ask occasional 
questions and then make 

646
00:36:09,000 --> 00:36:13,000
decisions that often surprised 
experts by being shrewd and his 

647
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:16,800
relaxed demeanor suggested. 
He didn't pretend to know more 

648
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,000
than specialists. 
He trusted his instincts about 

649
00:36:20,000 --> 00:36:23,300
people, and politics in ways, 
that formal expertise, could not

650
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,000
match the economic challenges of
his first term were significant.

651
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:30,900
The Federal Reserves efforts to 
control inflation by raising 

652
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:33,300
interest rates plunged the 
country into recession. 

653
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:38,500
Unemployment hit double digits 
Family Farms fail to cross the 

654
00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:41,500
Midwest. 
Reckons approval rating, dropped

655
00:36:41,500 --> 00:36:44,300
below, 40%, and Republican's 
worried. 

656
00:36:44,300 --> 00:36:47,400
He might be a one-term, 
President Reagan's response was 

657
00:36:47,400 --> 00:36:51,200
to stick with his program and 
bet the economic recovery would 

658
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,500
eventually vindicate, his 
approach it was either confident

659
00:36:54,500 --> 00:36:59,000
or stubbornness depending on 
your perspective by late 1983. 

660
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:03,500
The economy was growing again, 
inflation was dropping and 

661
00:37:03,500 --> 00:37:07,800
Reagan's approval, ratings were 
climbing Whether this Vindicated

662
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:11,400
Reagan's policies or simply 
prove that economies eventually 

663
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:15,700
recover from recessions remains 
disputed, his greatest foreign 

664
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,300
policy challenge was managing 
the cold war with the Soviet 

665
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:21,100
Union. 
Reagan had spent decades 

666
00:37:21,100 --> 00:37:26,100
criticizing Soviet communism 
calling the USSR and evil empire

667
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:29,400
and predicting that freedom 
would ultimately triumph over 

668
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:32,900
tyranny. 
But when Mikhail Gorbachev 

669
00:37:32,900 --> 00:37:36,200
emerged, a Soviet leader Reagan 
recognized, someone he could 

670
00:37:36,208 --> 00:37:39,900
work with their relationship 
developed slowly through 

671
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:43,000
multiple Summits in cities like 
Geneva and Ray kvik. 

672
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,100
Picture these two men Reagan 
with his Sunny optimism and 

673
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:50,700
genial Manor Gorbachev with his 
intellectual intensity and 

674
00:37:50,700 --> 00:37:54,700
reformers energy walking 
together sitting by fireplaces. 

675
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:57,600
In negotiating arms, reductions 
while their aides scrambled to 

676
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:01,400
keep up Reagan's approached to 
Gorbachev combined ideological 

677
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:05,300
firmness with personal warmth. 
He never pretended to accept 

678
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,100
communism but he treated 
gorbacheva. 

679
00:38:08,100 --> 00:38:10,900
Someone who might genuinely want
to reform the Soviet system. 

680
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:15,400
This combination of principal 
and flexibility allowed 

681
00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:19,000
negotiation, that more Doctrine 
leaders might have torpedoed, 

682
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:22,100
the Strategic Defense 
Initiative, which critics called

683
00:38:22,100 --> 00:38:25,800
Star Wars perfectly captured 
Reagan's approach to cold war 

684
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,500
strategy. 
The idea was to develop 

685
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:31,800
space-based weapons, that could 
intercept, Soviet missiles 

686
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:36,100
making nuclear weapons obsolete.
Scientists argued. 

687
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:39,100
It was technologically 
impossible, critics called it 

688
00:38:39,100 --> 00:38:43,000
destabilizing an expensive. 
Reagan thought it was worth 

689
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:46,100
pursuing partly because he 
genuinely believed in the 

690
00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:49,600
possibility and partly because 
Soviet attempts to match 

691
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:52,400
American Technology were 
bankrupting their economy, 

692
00:38:52,400 --> 00:38:55,900
whether SDI was a brilliant 
strategy, or an expensive 

693
00:38:55,900 --> 00:38:57,500
boondoggle depends on who you 
are. 

694
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:01,200
What's undeniable is that the 
threat of an American 

695
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:04,000
technological. 
Leap Forward, worried Soviet 

696
00:39:04,000 --> 00:39:07,600
leaders enough to bring them to 
the negotiating table leading to

697
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:10,600
Arms reduction, treaties that 
would have seemed impossible a 

698
00:39:10,600 --> 00:39:13,800
few years earlier to understand 
Ronald Reagan's Presidente. 

699
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:17,200
You have to understand Nancy's 
role which was far more 

700
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:20,100
significant than traditional 
First Lady activities. 

701
00:39:21,100 --> 00:39:22,600
She wasn't just the president's 
wife. 

702
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:27,800
She was his closest adviser his 
protector and the person most 

703
00:39:27,800 --> 00:39:31,100
willing to tell him difficult 
truths, that others fear to 

704
00:39:31,100 --> 00:39:34,400
mention Nancy's, influence 
operated mostly behind the 

705
00:39:34,400 --> 00:39:37,900
scenes in private conversations 
that nobody else witnessed. 

706
00:39:38,900 --> 00:39:42,300
Cool stuff members to share 
concerns about Reagan schedule 

707
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:45,800
or the people around him. 
She'd suggests Personnel changes

708
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,800
pushing out advisors she thought
were damaging Reagan's 

709
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:50,900
interests. 
She had planned his daily 

710
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:53,900
schedule to maximize his energy 
and minimize stress. 

711
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,800
This influenced sometimes 
created resentment among Reagan 

712
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:00,800
staff who found themselves 
dealing with both the president 

713
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:05,300
and his protective wife Nancy's,
interventions could be subtle or

714
00:40:05,300 --> 00:40:07,700
blunt depending on 
circumstances. 

715
00:40:08,800 --> 00:40:12,100
She once got a chief of staff 
fired essentially by making his 

716
00:40:12,100 --> 00:40:16,500
position untenable through a 
campaign of whispered criticisms

717
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,800
and pointed questions. 
Her Reliance on astrological 

718
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:23,900
advice from Joan quickly, struck
many observers as bizarre even 

719
00:40:23,900 --> 00:40:26,900
dangerous. 
Nancy would consult quickly 

720
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:30,800
about timing for important 
events, avoiding certain dates, 

721
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:34,500
that astrology deemed 
unfavorable While this didn't 

722
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,600
determine policy, it did affect 
scheduling in ways that 

723
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,100
occasionally created logistical 
challenges, but Nancy's 

724
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,600
protectiveness came from genuine
love and fear for Reagan safety.

725
00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:47,500
Especially after the 
assassination attempt. 

726
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:51,500
She nearly lost him and she was 
determined to keep him safe. 

727
00:40:51,500 --> 00:40:55,600
Even if it meant being seen as 
controlling or paranoid, her 

728
00:40:55,600 --> 00:40:59,500
just say no anti-drug campaign 
gave her her own policy Focus. 

729
00:40:59,500 --> 00:41:03,200
Though, it was criticized to 
simplistic and ineffective as 

730
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:05,300
addressing the complexity of 
drug addiction. 

731
00:41:05,300 --> 00:41:09,400
The Quiet Moments between Ronald
and Nancy breakfast together. 

732
00:41:09,400 --> 00:41:12,400
Most mornings holding hands, 
when they thought nobody was 

733
00:41:12,400 --> 00:41:14,600
watching the notes, he'd write 
her. 

734
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:18,200
Even after Decades of marriage. 
these revealed a relationship 

735
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:21,100
that was genuinely loving, 
rather than political 

736
00:41:21,100 --> 00:41:24,500
convenience, Whatever you 
thought of their Politics, the 

737
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:26,900
affection between them was real 
Reagan. 

738
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:30,800
Second term brought both Triumph
and trouble. the economy, 

739
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:33,500
continued growing, his 
relationship with Gorbachev 

740
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:36,900
produced, historic arms, 
reduction agreements, and his 

741
00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:41,200
approval ratings remained solid 
But the Iran-Contra scandal 

742
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:44,800
revealed that subordinates had 
been selling weapons to Iran and

743
00:41:44,800 --> 00:41:48,400
using the proceeds to fund 
Nicaraguan rebels in direct 

744
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:52,200
violation of congressional, 
prohibitions Reagan's response 

745
00:41:52,200 --> 00:41:55,300
to Iran. 
Contra showed both his strengths

746
00:41:55,300 --> 00:41:59,200
and weaknesses as president. 
He took formal responsibility 

747
00:41:59,200 --> 00:42:02,600
while genuinely seeming unclear 
about exactly what had happened.

748
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:07,200
His hands-off management style, 
which usually worked, well, had 

749
00:42:07,200 --> 00:42:09,600
allowed subordinates to pursue 
policies that damaged his 

750
00:42:09,608 --> 00:42:12,700
presidency. 
Critics accused him of either 

751
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:15,100
lying or being dangerously 
disengaged. 

752
00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:19,200
Supporters argued that taking 
responsibility for subordinates.

753
00:42:19,200 --> 00:42:21,000
Mistakes was the mark of true 
leadership. 

754
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,600
The televised hearings were 
Oliver. 

755
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:27,300
North testified in his Marine 
uniform defending his actions 

756
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,800
with patriotic fervor. 
Became a spectacle that 

757
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,200
overshadowed. 
The Constitutional questions 

758
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:38,000
about circumventing Congress. 
Reagan, survived the scandal 

759
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,500
with his personal popularity, 
largely intact though. 

760
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:43,600
He is political Capital was 
diminished. 

761
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:46,600
It was a reminder that even the 
great communicator. 

762
00:42:46,600 --> 00:42:51,200
Couldn't spin his way out of 
every Problem by 1988 Reagan was

763
00:42:51,208 --> 00:42:54,600
77 years old and 
constitutionally barred from 

764
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:58,300
seeking another term. 
His Vice President, George HW 

765
00:42:58,300 --> 00:43:02,300
Bush on the election, to succeed
him, promising to continue 

766
00:43:02,300 --> 00:43:06,500
Reagan's policies, while adding 
his own Kinder gentler approach.

767
00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:11,900
Reagan left office with a proof 
of rating's near 60% remarkably 

768
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:14,300
high for a president after eight
years in office. 

769
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:18,900
Farewell Address Reagan gave in 
January 1989, captured his 

770
00:43:18,900 --> 00:43:22,600
essential message. 
He spoke of America as a shining

771
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:26,000
City on a Hill, a place of 
possibility and freedom that 

772
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:29,400
remained a beacon for the world.
It was vintage Reagan, 

773
00:43:29,400 --> 00:43:33,300
optimistic aspirational and 
deliberately vague enough that 

774
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:35,600
people could project their own 
meaning onto his words. 

775
00:43:35,600 --> 00:43:39,300
Retirement brought Reagan back 
to California to a new home in 

776
00:43:39,300 --> 00:43:41,100
Bel Air and regulator trips to 
the ranch. 

777
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:46,000
He wrote his autobiography, gave
occasional speeches and enjoyed 

778
00:43:46,000 --> 00:43:48,000
a quieter life than he'd known 
for decades. 

779
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:52,500
Now, Nancy remained protective 
carefully, controlling access to

780
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:55,900
rake, and managing his public 
appearances, but something was 

781
00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:59,100
changing. 
Reagan began forgetting things, 

782
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:03,400
not the normal forgetfulness of 
Aging, but something deeper and 

783
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:05,900
more troubling. 
He'd repeat stories. 

784
00:44:05,900 --> 00:44:09,400
He told moments before, he'd 
forget names of people, he'd 

785
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:11,300
known for years. 
He'd lose track of 

786
00:44:11,308 --> 00:44:13,200
conversations. 
Mid-sentence. 

787
00:44:13,200 --> 00:44:17,000
In 1994 Reagan, wrote a letter 
to the American people, 

788
00:44:17,000 --> 00:44:19,400
announcing that he'd been 
diagnosed with Alzheimer's 

789
00:44:19,400 --> 00:44:21,100
disease. 
The letter was 

790
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:24,600
characteristically gracious. 
Expressing gratitude for the 

791
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:28,400
opportunity to serve and 
optimism that his openness might

792
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:30,000
increase, awareness of the 
disease. 

793
00:44:30,900 --> 00:44:34,200
He was entering, he wrote The 
Journey that will lead me into 

794
00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:38,400
the sunset of my life, the 
letters publication was a final 

795
00:44:38,400 --> 00:44:42,400
Act of Public Service. 
Using his diagnosis to educate 

796
00:44:42,400 --> 00:44:45,700
Americans about a disease that 
affected millions of families 

797
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:48,900
but remained poorly understood 
and stigmatized. 

798
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:53,900
Reagan was giving a face to 
alzheimer's, making it something

799
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:55,700
that could affect even 
presidents. 

800
00:44:55,700 --> 00:44:59,100
Removing some of the shame that 
prevented families from seeking 

801
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,300
help the decade that followed 
was a long goodbye. 

802
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,100
Reagan's conditioned 
deteriorated slowly but 

803
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:10,100
inexorably he eventually stopped
recognizing even now Nancy 

804
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:11,700
though. 
She visited him daily. 

805
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,200
The man who had made his career 
through communication lost the 

806
00:45:15,200 --> 00:45:19,200
ability to speak coherently. 
The president who had survived 

807
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,800
and Assassin's bullet was 
defeated by Tangled proteins in 

808
00:45:22,800 --> 00:45:28,000
his brain Reagan, died on June 
5th, 2004 at age, 93? 

809
00:45:29,100 --> 00:45:32,600
his State funeral Drew former 
president, foreign leaders and 

810
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:35,300
thousands of ordinary Americans 
who felt they'd lost someone 

811
00:45:35,300 --> 00:45:39,000
they knew personally even if 
they'd never met him The 

812
00:45:39,008 --> 00:45:41,500
procession through Washington, 
and the final Burial at his 

813
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:44,600
Presidential Library, in 
California, became a week-long, 

814
00:45:44,600 --> 00:45:48,800
national commemoration of not 
just regen, but of the era, he'd

815
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:51,200
embodied. 
Understanding Reagan's Legacy 

816
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,000
requires separating the man from
the mythology. 

817
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:58,400
That's grown around him. 
Conservatives Reagan is nearly a

818
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:02,000
secular Saint the president who 
restored American confidence 

819
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:06,200
defeated, the Soviet Union and 
proved that limited government 

820
00:46:06,200 --> 00:46:09,000
and Traditional Values. 
Could triumph over liberal 

821
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:12,400
welfare states. 
To liberals Reagan, is the 

822
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:16,400
president who exploded Federal 
deficits ignored the AIDS crisis

823
00:46:16,400 --> 00:46:19,000
and began the concentration of 
wealth. 

824
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:23,000
Among the already wealthy both 
versions contain truth but both 

825
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:27,200
missed the more complex reality.
Reagan's economic policies did 

826
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:30,800
coincide with recovery from 
stagflation and significant 

827
00:46:30,800 --> 00:46:34,200
economic growth. 
They also coincided with growing

828
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:37,600
inequality and the beginning of 
Dean industrialization in the 

829
00:46:37,608 --> 00:46:40,100
Midwest. 
Whether these outcomes were 

830
00:46:40,100 --> 00:46:42,900
caused by Reagan's policies or 
simply occur during his 

831
00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:46,900
presidency, remains debated his 
role in ending the cold war is 

832
00:46:46,900 --> 00:46:50,800
similarly complex, Reagan's 
military buildup and rhetorical 

833
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:52,600
confrontational with the Soviet 
Union. 

834
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:55,900
Certainly pressured A system 
that was already economically 

835
00:46:55,900 --> 00:46:59,700
failing. 
Soviet reform was driven more by

836
00:46:59,700 --> 00:47:02,900
internal contradictions and 
Gorbachev's courage them by 

837
00:47:02,900 --> 00:47:06,500
American policy. 
Rankin, deserves credit for 

838
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:10,300
recognizing opportunities. 
When they appeared The claiming 

839
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:14,100
he single-handedly defeated 
communism ignores, the agency of

840
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:16,700
people in Eastern Europe and the
Soviet Union who actually 

841
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:20,100
overthrew their governments. 
The political realignment Reagan

842
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,100
represented proved more durable 
than specific policies. 

843
00:47:23,100 --> 00:47:26,600
He transformed the Republican 
party from the party of business

844
00:47:26,600 --> 00:47:29,500
and foreign policy. 
Elites into a coalition of 

845
00:47:29,500 --> 00:47:33,400
business interests, social 
conservatives and working-class 

846
00:47:33,400 --> 00:47:36,100
whites who felt left behind by 
cultural changes. 

847
00:47:37,400 --> 00:47:40,600
This Coalition dominated 
American politics for a 

848
00:47:40,600 --> 00:47:43,200
generation though. 
It's now fragmenting into new 

849
00:47:43,200 --> 00:47:46,800
alignments, that Reagan wouldn't
recognize Reagan's communication

850
00:47:46,800 --> 00:47:50,600
style, the use of simple 
Stories, the optimistic tone, 

851
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:54,200
and the ability to connect with 
audiences through emotion, 

852
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,600
rather than argument. 
Became the template for modern 

853
00:47:57,600 --> 00:48:01,800
political communication. 
Every president since Reagan has

854
00:48:01,800 --> 00:48:05,200
been compared to him in terms of
communication skills usually 

855
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:08,200
unfavorably. 
Political Consultants still 

856
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,000
study Ragan speeches looking for
techniques. 

857
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:14,200
They can adapt to new contexts, 
but Reagan style. 

858
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,200
Also contributed to a course, 
naming of political discourse. 

859
00:48:18,200 --> 00:48:21,300
His use of anecdotes that were 
sometimes false, but emotionally

860
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:25,100
resonant, The Welfare. 
Queen story claims about Social 

861
00:48:25,100 --> 00:48:29,500
Security's fiscal, soundness, 
set precedents for prioritizing 

862
00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:33,700
narrative over accuracy. 
Reagan didn't invent political 

863
00:48:33,700 --> 00:48:36,800
lying but he demonstrated that 
you could get away with 

864
00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:40,500
significant factual errors. 
As long as your overall story, 

865
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:44,000
felt true to audiences the 
personal Reagan, the man is 

866
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,600
friends and family knew was 
apparently as genuinely kind and

867
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,100
gracious as his public Persona 
suggested. 

868
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,800
People who worked with him, 
consistently describe, someone 

869
00:48:53,800 --> 00:48:58,300
who was thoughtful courteous and
surprisingly humble, despite 

870
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:02,100
enormous accomplishments. 
He didn't nurse, grudges, didn't

871
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:06,000
humiliate subordinates and 
treated everyone from foreign 

872
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:09,700
leaders to White House. 
Janitors, with the same basic 

873
00:49:09,700 --> 00:49:12,600
respect yet. 
This same man could be curiously

874
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,400
detached from people even family
members. 

875
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:19,500
His children sometimes felt they
never really knew him that is 

876
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:23,700
warmth was real but somehow 
impersonal directed at them, but

877
00:49:23,700 --> 00:49:27,900
not specifically for them. 
It was as if Reagan had learned 

878
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:30,700
to perform kindness. 
So well that it became 

879
00:49:30,700 --> 00:49:34,100
indistinguishable from genuine 
connection leaving. 

880
00:49:34,100 --> 00:49:37,100
Even those closest to him unsure
which they were receiving. 

881
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:41,100
His relationship with Nancy was 
the exception, the one 

882
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:44,100
relationship where Regan seemed 
fully present and emotionally 

883
00:49:44,100 --> 00:49:48,200
available their dependence on 
each other, especially in later 

884
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,500
years, suggested that Nancy, 
provided something essential 

885
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:55,100
that Reagan, couldn't get from 
anyone else unconditional 

886
00:49:55,100 --> 00:49:58,200
acceptance of who he actually 
was rather than, who he appeared

887
00:49:58,200 --> 00:50:01,200
to be as you settle deeper into 
your comfortable spot. 

888
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,200
Perhaps noticing, how the room 
is grown, quieter around you. 

889
00:50:04,900 --> 00:50:07,900
Let spend off final moments 
together thinking about what 

890
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:11,900
Ronald Reagan's in probable 
Journey from Dixon, Illinois to 

891
00:50:11,900 --> 00:50:16,300
the White House tells us about 
America about leadership and 

892
00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:19,000
about the strange. 
Alchemy that transforms Ordinary

893
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:22,500
People into historical figures 
Reagan's life span. 

894
00:50:22,500 --> 00:50:26,500
Most of the 20th century from 
horse drawn carriages to space 

895
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:29,500
shuttles from Radio to 
television to the beginning of 

896
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:33,100
the internet age. 
He witnessed and participated in

897
00:50:33,100 --> 00:50:36,200
transformation that would have 
seemed impossible to his parents

898
00:50:36,200 --> 00:50:40,000
generation. 
Yet in fundamental ways Reagan 

899
00:50:40,000 --> 00:50:42,700
remained rooted in the values 
and assumptions of the small 

900
00:50:42,700 --> 00:50:44,900
town Midwest. 
Where he'd grown up this 

901
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:47,600
combination, living through 
massive change. 

902
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:51,600
While maintaining connection to 
Traditional Values made Reagan 

903
00:50:51,600 --> 00:50:55,100
particularly effective at 
communicating with Americans who

904
00:50:55,100 --> 00:50:57,600
felt disoriented by the pace of 
social transformation. 

905
00:50:58,900 --> 00:51:01,700
He offered them reassurance, 
that change didn't require 

906
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:05,200
abandoning, what they valued 
that America could modernize 

907
00:51:05,200 --> 00:51:08,200
while remaining recognizably 
Americans, whether this 

908
00:51:08,200 --> 00:51:10,500
reassurance was genuine or 
illusory. 

909
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:14,200
Depends partly on your political
perspective and partly on which 

910
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:16,600
aspects of American life you 
value most. 

911
00:51:17,600 --> 00:51:20,700
Reagan's America was more 
prosperous for some and more 

912
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,600
precarious for others. 
It was more confident in 

913
00:51:23,600 --> 00:51:27,500
international, but more divided 
domestically, it celebrated 

914
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:30,300
individual success, while 
weakening Collective support 

915
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:33,600
systems, The Ranch in the 
mountains remained Reagan's true

916
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:36,100
home throughout his political 
career in into retirement. 

917
00:51:37,300 --> 00:51:41,200
Those hours, spent clearing 
brush, mending fences and riding

918
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:43,900
horses. 
Weren't just Recreation, they 

919
00:51:43,900 --> 00:51:46,700
were how Reagan maintained 
connection to physical reality 

920
00:51:46,700 --> 00:51:51,900
in a career on images and words.
The ranch represented, something

921
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:54,600
authentic in a life that was 
otherwise performed. 

922
00:51:54,600 --> 00:51:58,500
Even if the performance was 
sincere, picture Reagan in his 

923
00:51:58,508 --> 00:52:01,900
final years at the ranch before,
Alzheimer's made such visits 

924
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:04,800
impossible. 
An old man on a horse, moving 

925
00:52:04,800 --> 00:52:08,700
slowly along familiar Trails, 
perhaps not entirely certain 

926
00:52:08,700 --> 00:52:11,700
where he was, but comfortable in
the movement in the landscape. 

927
00:52:12,600 --> 00:52:16,300
Nancy watching from the house 
worry about him falling. 

928
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,000
But understanding that these 
rides provided something 

929
00:52:19,000 --> 00:52:22,600
necessary, those images of 
Reagan on Horseback became 

930
00:52:22,600 --> 00:52:25,700
iconic used in campaign, 
materials, and presidential 

931
00:52:25,700 --> 00:52:28,900
portraits. 
But the real significance wasn't

932
00:52:28,900 --> 00:52:33,700
political it was personal. 
The ranch represented Reagan's, 

933
00:52:33,700 --> 00:52:37,000
understanding that no matter how
high you climbed or how much you

934
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:39,700
accomplished, you needed 
something that kept you 

935
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:42,700
grounded, something that 
reminded you of who you were 

936
00:52:42,700 --> 00:52:45,700
before, you became who everyone 
thought you were Reagan's 

937
00:52:45,700 --> 00:52:48,900
ability to maintain optimism 
through personal setbacks 

938
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:53,700
political defeats and eventual. 
Cognitive decline says something

939
00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:57,000
about either the depth of his 
faith, or the effectiveness of 

940
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:01,300
his self-protective mechanisms. 
Even as Alzheimer's eroded, his 

941
00:53:01,300 --> 00:53:04,400
memory and personality, the 
essential cheerfulness 

942
00:53:04,400 --> 00:53:08,600
reportedly remained longer than 
most other traits, It was as if 

943
00:53:08,600 --> 00:53:12,200
optimism was so fundamental to 
Reagan's character that it 

944
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,700
persisted, even as other aspects
of Personality dissolved. 

945
00:53:15,700 --> 00:53:17,800
The letter announcing his 
Alzheimer's. 

946
00:53:17,800 --> 00:53:21,100
Diagnosis contained a line that 
captured Reagan's essential 

947
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,200
approach to life. 
I now begin the journey that 

948
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:26,200
will lead me into the sunset of 
my life. 

949
00:53:26,900 --> 00:53:30,500
I know that for America, there 
will always be a bright Dawn 

950
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:33,600
ahead. 
Even facing the cruelest of 

951
00:53:33,608 --> 00:53:35,300
diseases. 
Reagan was framing his 

952
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:37,700
experience as part of America's 
larger story. 

953
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:41,200
Maintaining the optimistic 
narrative that had characterized

954
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:44,900
his entire public career, 
whether you find this inspiring 

955
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:47,400
or maddening, probably depends 
on your own temperament. 

956
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:51,000
And politics critics might argue
that Reagan's Relentless 

957
00:53:51,000 --> 00:53:53,700
optimism. 
Blinded him to genuine problems.

958
00:53:53,700 --> 00:53:56,100
That required more than positive
thinking. 

959
00:53:57,100 --> 00:54:00,100
And admirers would counter. 
The optimism itself, was a form 

960
00:54:00,100 --> 00:54:03,500
of leadership that belief in 
positive outcomes, helped create

961
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:06,500
them. 
The truth, as usual is probably 

962
00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:09,600
more nuanced. 
Reagan's optimism was partly, 

963
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:13,700
genuine disposition, partly 
calculated, political strategy, 

964
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:16,100
and partly a protective 
mechanism against 

965
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:20,000
disappointments and fears. 
It worked for him personally and

966
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:22,600
professionally, helping him 
accomplish things that more 

967
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:26,400
cynical or analytical leaders, 
might not have attempted in the 

968
00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:28,200
years. 
Since Reagan's death, his 

969
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:31,100
influence has grown in some ways
and diminished in others. 

970
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:34,800
Republican politicians, still 
invoke his name like a 

971
00:54:34,808 --> 00:54:39,700
protective Charming his legacy. 
Even when pursuing policies he'd

972
00:54:39,700 --> 00:54:43,200
never have recognized. 
Democrats have mostly made peace

973
00:54:43,200 --> 00:54:46,200
with Reagan acknowledging, his 
political skills, while 

974
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:50,100
critiquing his policies, a 
remarkable shift from the fierce

975
00:54:50,100 --> 00:54:52,200
opposition. 
He faced during his presidency. 

976
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:55,500
The Reagan Presidential Library 
in Simi Valley, California 

977
00:54:55,500 --> 00:55:00,200
contains the usual artifacts of 
presidential history, documents 

978
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,900
and photographs gifts from 
foreign leaders and a piece of 

979
00:55:03,908 --> 00:55:07,400
the Berlin Wall. 
But it also contains Reagan's 

980
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:09,900
Air Force One. 
The actual airplane that carried

981
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:12,200
him around the world. 
Now, permanently grounded and 

982
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:15,500
open for tours. 
There's something poignant about

983
00:55:15,500 --> 00:55:18,000
that plane. 
This machine that wants 

984
00:55:18,000 --> 00:55:20,400
represented ultimate power and 
Mobility. 

985
00:55:20,400 --> 00:55:25,600
Now, static and nostalgic an 
artifact from a time that seems 

986
00:55:25,600 --> 00:55:28,500
both recent and impossibly 
distant. 

987
00:55:30,100 --> 00:55:33,300
Visitors walk through it. 
Seeing the presidential office 

988
00:55:33,300 --> 00:55:37,700
and bedroom imagining Reagan 
working, and sleeping 30,000 

989
00:55:37,700 --> 00:55:41,000
feet above the Earth. 
Temporally free from the gravity

990
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,200
that eventually pulls everyone 
down the view from the library, 

991
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:46,900
overlooks, mountains and valleys
that Reagan would have 

992
00:55:46,900 --> 00:55:50,700
recognized a landscape that 
changes with Seasons, but 

993
00:55:50,700 --> 00:55:55,100
remains essentially itself. 
It's a fitting location for 

994
00:55:55,100 --> 00:55:58,700
commemorating, someone whose 
entire career was built on the 

995
00:55:58,700 --> 00:56:02,800
idea that America despite its 
changes remained essentially 

996
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:05,800
itself. 
A place of possibility, freedom 

997
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:10,000
and renewal Reagan's grave site.
A simple marker next to Nancy's.

998
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:14,500
She died in 2616 faces. 
West toward the Pacific Ocean, 

999
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:17,700
and the sunset. 
He'd referenced in his all-time 

1000
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:20,600
as letter. 
The symbolism is obvious, but 

1001
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:23,800
effective. 
The Westwood orientation, the 

1002
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:26,200
connection to American 
expansion, and California 

1003
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:30,100
Dreams, and the journey into the
sunset that every life of 

1004
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:33,900
eventually takes visitors to. 
The grave site are often struck 

1005
00:56:33,900 --> 00:56:36,900
by its implicitly. 
For someone who lived such a 

1006
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:39,800
public life and who commanded 
such power and attention, 

1007
00:56:39,800 --> 00:56:44,000
Reagan's final, resting place 
is, remarkably unpretentious, 

1008
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:49,500
just names dates and a view. 
Nothing that insists on his 

1009
00:56:49,500 --> 00:56:53,300
importance or achievements. 
It is as if Reagan trusted that 

1010
00:56:53,300 --> 00:56:56,700
history would remember What 
mattered and saw no need for 

1011
00:56:56,700 --> 00:56:59,700
elaborate declarations, as you 
prepare for Sleep. 

1012
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:02,600
Carrying with you, the story of 
this small town boy who became 

1013
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:06,300
president, Consider what 
Reagan's life tells us about 

1014
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:08,600
American possibility and 
limitation. 

1015
00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:12,800
He proved that someone from 
Modest circumstances could reach

1016
00:57:12,800 --> 00:57:16,400
the highest office through 
Talent persistence and fortunate

1017
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:19,100
timing. 
But he also demonstrated that 

1018
00:57:19,100 --> 00:57:21,100
even presidents are ultimately 
human. 

1019
00:57:21,900 --> 00:57:25,500
Subject to illness aging and the
same final Journey. 

1020
00:57:25,500 --> 00:57:29,200
We all must take Reagan's 
optimism, whether you shared it 

1021
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:31,100
or not contained, a kind of 
Grace. 

1022
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:35,200
The ability to look at difficult
circumstances and believe that 

1023
00:57:35,200 --> 00:57:38,400
Improvement was possible that 
tomorrow might be better than 

1024
00:57:38,400 --> 00:57:41,100
today. 
And that the American experiment

1025
00:57:41,100 --> 00:57:45,000
hadn't exhausted its potential. 
In an age of cynicism and 

1026
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:48,800
declining faith in institutions 
that optimism seems almost 

1027
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:52,300
quaint A Relic from a simple 
time yet. 

1028
00:57:52,300 --> 00:57:55,000
Maybe every time needs people, 
who believe in tomorrow, who 

1029
00:57:55,000 --> 00:57:58,200
insist that problems have 
Solutions and who refused to 

1030
00:57:58,200 --> 00:57:59,600
accept that decline is 
inevitable. 

1031
00:58:00,900 --> 00:58:03,100
Reagan. 
Was that kind of person for 

1032
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:06,500
better and worse in ways that 
helped millions and harmed 

1033
00:58:06,500 --> 00:58:09,600
others with a sincerity that was
sometimes naive. 

1034
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:12,000
And sometimes profound the 
lights. 

1035
00:58:12,000 --> 00:58:14,800
In your room have probably grown
dimmer as you've read or perhaps

1036
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:17,700
you've adjusted them yourself to
create the perfect atmosphere 

1037
00:58:17,700 --> 00:58:20,300
for sleep. 
Outside your window. 

1038
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,300
The world continues, its 
rotations and Revolutions in 

1039
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:27,800
different to individual stories.
Yet somehow made meaningful by 

1040
00:58:27,800 --> 00:58:30,100
them. 
Ronald Reagan is gone now. 

1041
00:58:30,900 --> 00:58:35,600
His voice silenced his optimism 
extinguished, and his body 

1042
00:58:35,600 --> 00:58:38,000
returned to the California 
Earth, he loved. 

1043
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,800
But the question is his life 
raises about leadership and 

1044
00:58:42,800 --> 00:58:47,300
character about optimism and 
denial about the relationship 

1045
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:50,600
between individual talent and 
historical circumstance. 

1046
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:54,000
These remain as alive as ever 
sleep. 

1047
00:58:54,000 --> 00:58:57,000
Well, knowing that history is 
not just the grand sweep of 

1048
00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:00,900
events but the accumulated 
choices of ordinary people who 

1049
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:05,200
sometimes accomplish 
extraordinary things, Reagan was

1050
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:09,900
one of those people remarkable 
not because he was perfect, but 

1051
00:59:09,900 --> 00:59:13,400
because he demonstrated what was
possible when Talent timing and 

1052
00:59:13,400 --> 00:59:16,700
temperament aligned tomorrow, 
brings its own challenges and 

1053
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:19,100
opportunities. 
It's only need for whatever 

1054
00:59:19,100 --> 00:59:22,600
combination of optimism and 
realism confidence and humility 

1055
00:59:22,600 --> 00:59:26,000
and Vision and pragmatism that 
circumstances. 

1056
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:31,200
Require Reagan story is over but
yours continues and that 

1057
00:59:31,200 --> 00:59:34,100
ultimately is the most American 
thing of all rest. 

1058
00:59:34,100 --> 00:59:37,100
Now, the ranch is quiet. 
The horses are sleeping and even

1059
00:59:37,100 --> 00:59:45,900
presidents need their sleep. 
Picture England in the 1500s a 

1060
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:48,400
damp sheep filled Kingdom 
sitting off the coast of Europe.

1061
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:52,000
Watching, Spain Hall shiploads 
of gold back from the Americas. 

1062
00:59:52,900 --> 00:59:55,600
While Spain was becoming 
incredibly wealthy from its New 

1063
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:58,000
World Adventures. 
The English was still trying to 

1064
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:01,200
figure out basic matters such as
not executing so many of their 

1065
01:00:01,200 --> 01:00:03,900
monarchs But sometimes, 
underdogs are just getting 

1066
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:07,500
warmed up. 
The Elizabeth, the first a woman

1067
01:00:07,508 --> 01:00:11,300
sat on the throne capable of 
engaging diplomatically in the 

1068
01:00:11,300 --> 01:00:13,500
morning and authorizing a pirate
raid by teatime. 

1069
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:16,800
She looked at Spain's treasure 
Fleet sailing past, and thought 

1070
01:00:16,800 --> 01:00:18,200
the English deserve to share of 
that. 

1071
01:00:18,200 --> 01:00:22,000
Well, Enter the Sea Dogs, which 
sounds Innocent, but it was 

1072
01:00:22,008 --> 01:00:24,600
actually England's cheeky name 
for their officially unofficial 

1073
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,200
Pirates. 
These were men such as Francis 

1074
01:00:27,200 --> 01:00:30,700
Drake who had the audacity to 
sail around the entire world. 

1075
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:33,200
Just to prove. 
It could be done stopping along 

1076
01:00:33,200 --> 01:00:34,900
the way to liberate Spanish 
treasure. 

1077
01:00:35,600 --> 01:00:38,600
When Drake came home with a 
ship, so loaded with stolen 

1078
01:00:38,600 --> 01:00:41,800
Spanish gold, that it nearly 
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 

1079
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:46,000
him, she knighted him, the 
Spanish understandably were 

1080
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:50,000
getting tired of this Behavior. 
So in 1588 they decided to send 

1081
01:00:50,000 --> 01:00:54,000
a little reminder called the 
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed

1082
01:00:54,000 --> 01:00:56,500
with soldiers heading straight 
for Englund Shores. 

1083
01:00:56,500 --> 01:00:59,600
You might expect this to be 
wearing and gets its come up. 

1084
01:01:00,600 --> 01:01:04,300
David vs Goliath except Goliath 
has canons and centuries of 

1085
01:01:04,300 --> 01:01:07,300
Naval experience. 
But here's where geography 

1086
01:01:07,300 --> 01:01:10,100
becomes Destiny and where 
England's, Terrible Weather. 

1087
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:13,700
Finally worked in their favor. 
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who

1088
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:17,000
had spent months planning this 
Invasion, his ships, loaded with

1089
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:20,700
troops feeling confident, then 
he hits the English Channel and 

1090
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:23,900
discovers that English weather 
isn't just unpleasant it 

1091
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:27,000
actively hostile. 
The wind starts howling. 

1092
01:01:27,000 --> 01:01:30,400
The Seas turned nasty and 
suddenly those massive proud 

1093
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:32,300
warships are being tossed around
violently. 

1094
01:01:33,300 --> 01:01:36,200
The English meanwhile had 
smaller more Nimble ships that 

1095
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:40,300
dance around the Spanish Fleet 
they Dart in fire their cannons 

1096
01:01:40,300 --> 01:01:42,300
and zip away before the Spanish 
could respond. 

1097
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:46,000
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 
and the Spanish word ready for 

1098
01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:48,500
it. 
But the real hero of this story 

1099
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:51,200
wasn't English bravery or 
cunning it was the weather. 

1100
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:54,300
A massive storm. 
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 

1101
01:01:54,300 --> 01:01:57,600
sending ships crashing into 
rocks, running a ground and 

1102
01:01:57,600 --> 01:01:59,700
generally having the worst day 
in Naval History. 

1103
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:03,700
The Spanish called it. 
El, viento protestante, the 

1104
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:06,900
Protestant wind even God. 
It seemed had picked sides. 

1105
01:02:08,300 --> 01:02:11,000
When the dust settled, Spain 
seemingly Invincible. 

1106
01:02:11,000 --> 01:02:13,800
Navy was in tatters. 
And little England had proven 

1107
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,000
that sometimes being small, and 
Scrappy beats being big, and 

1108
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:20,100
powerful, your underweight 
friend, somehow winning an arm 

1109
01:02:20,100 --> 01:02:23,400
wrestling contest against the 
Jim's bodybuilder, improbable 

1110
01:02:23,400 --> 01:02:27,300
but undeniably impressive, This 
Victory not only protected 

1111
01:02:27,300 --> 01:02:30,400
England from Invasion, but also 
signaled, the arrival of a new 

1112
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:34,100
player in the global Arena, the 
Spanish Empire, which is seemed 

1113
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:37,600
as permanent as the Sunrise 
suddenly looked vulnerable in 

1114
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:40,600
England that soggy little island
that nobody had taken, seriously

1115
01:02:40,600 --> 01:02:43,500
started getting some intriguing 
ideas about what it might 

1116
01:02:43,500 --> 01:02:47,700
accomplish on the world stage. 
The age of Spanish dominance was

1117
01:02:47,700 --> 01:02:50,000
beginning to crack. 
And through those cracks 

1118
01:02:50,000 --> 01:02:54,300
English, ambition was starting 
to grow persistent Unstoppable 

1119
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:58,600
and surprisingly resilient The 
foundation was being laid for 

1120
01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:00,700
what would become the largest 
Empire in human history. 

1121
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:04,900
After beating the Spanish Armada
England had confidence but still

1122
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,500
relatively little money compared
to its European neighbors. 

1123
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:11,600
They needed a business plan and 
unfortunately the business plans

1124
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:15,300
of the 1600s often involved what
we politely call morally 

1125
01:03:15,300 --> 01:03:19,900
questionable practices Enter the
merchant companies organizations

1126
01:03:19,900 --> 01:03:23,100
with grand names, such as the 
company of merchant adventurers.

1127
01:03:23,100 --> 01:03:25,600
These weren't your typical 
Corner shops. 

1128
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,700
They were massive trading 
corporations with royal Charters

1129
01:03:28,700 --> 01:03:32,700
that basically said go forth and
make money and don't ask too 

1130
01:03:32,700 --> 01:03:36,200
many questions about how The 
East India Company was the crown

1131
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:38,300
jewel of these operations and 
calling. 

1132
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,100
It just a Trading Company under 
State's, its true nature. 

1133
01:03:42,100 --> 01:03:44,900
Founded in 1600, it started as a
simple idea. 

1134
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:50,100
Sail to Asia by spices and silk 
and Selden back home for a 

1135
01:03:50,100 --> 01:03:52,600
normal profits. 
It became the world's first 

1136
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:56,300
Global Corporation, except with 
more cannons and fewer HR 

1137
01:03:56,300 --> 01:03:59,400
departments, you have to 
understand spices back then 

1138
01:03:59,400 --> 01:04:01,800
weren't just about making food 
taste better, they were 

1139
01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:05,300
incredibly valuable pepper was 
literally worth its weight in 

1140
01:04:05,308 --> 01:04:07,700
Silver. 
And Nutmeg was so precious that 

1141
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:10,000
wars were fought over tiny 
islands that grew it. 

1142
01:04:10,700 --> 01:04:13,500
The Dutch had monopolized much 
of the spice trade charging 

1143
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,400
whatever they wanted, and the 
English decided they should get 

1144
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:19,300
in on that business. 
But the East India Company 

1145
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,400
wasn't content to just trade. 
They started hiring their own 

1146
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,600
armies, making their own 
treaties and essentially running

1147
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:29,400
their own foreign policy. 
A modern Corporation deciding to

1148
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:31,300
start. 
Conquering countries that's 

1149
01:04:31,300 --> 01:04:34,800
basically what happened except 
with sailing ships and elaborate

1150
01:04:34,800 --> 01:04:37,600
uniforms the company's expansion
into India. 

1151
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:40,600
Perfectly demonstrates, how 
ambition can snowball Beyond 

1152
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:44,700
anyone's original intentions. 
They'd started by just wanting 

1153
01:04:44,700 --> 01:04:47,800
to set up trading posts along 
the coast little fortified 

1154
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:50,500
compounds where they could store
goods and conduct business. 

1155
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:54,600
But in India, in the 1600s was a
complex Patchwork of competing 

1156
01:04:54,600 --> 01:04:57,400
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire 
which had been holding 

1157
01:04:57,400 --> 01:04:59,200
everything together was starting
to weaken. 

1158
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:02,600
Into this power of vacuum, 
stepped, the East India Company.

1159
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,300
They'd make a lion's as with 
local rulers, provide military 

1160
01:05:06,300 --> 01:05:08,500
support and gradually become 
indispensable. 

1161
01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:12,000
Before anyone quite realized 
what was happening, the company 

1162
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:14,200
wasn't just trading in India, it
was running. 

1163
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:18,400
Large chunks of it. 
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 

1164
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:21,400
was one of those moments that 
seemed minor at the time, but 

1165
01:05:21,400 --> 01:05:23,400
changed everything, Robert 
Clive. 

1166
01:05:23,400 --> 01:05:26,300
A company official who'd started
as a clerk and worked his way up

1167
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,100
to general defeated. 
The now of Bengal with a much 

1168
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:31,500
smaller Force. 
This unexpected Victory. 

1169
01:05:31,500 --> 01:05:33,300
Paved. 
The way for unprecedented power.

1170
01:05:34,400 --> 01:05:37,000
But Victory came with 
consequences, nobody had thought

1171
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:40,200
through suddenly the East India.
Company was responsible for 

1172
01:05:40,200 --> 01:05:43,300
governing millions of people 
across vast territories. 

1173
01:05:43,300 --> 01:05:47,400
They'd gone from being Merchants
to being rulers, and they were 

1174
01:05:47,400 --> 01:05:51,800
completely unprepared for this 
transformation. the wealth 

1175
01:05:51,800 --> 01:05:55,300
flowing back to Britain was 
staggering Bengal alone was 

1176
01:05:55,300 --> 01:05:58,700
generating revenues that dwarfed
many European kingdoms entire 

1177
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:02,000
budgets, The taxes that had 
previously benefited local 

1178
01:06:02,000 --> 01:06:05,200
rulers were now contributing 
significantly to British coffers

1179
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:08,000
and the company shareholders 
were experiencing unprecedented 

1180
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:10,700
wealth. 
Naturally, the foundation of 

1181
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:13,200
this world rested on systems 
that were fundamentally 

1182
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:17,100
extractive and frequently cruel.
The company exploited, their 

1183
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:20,900
territories prioritizing profit 
margins, over the well-being of 

1184
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:24,600
the people, under their control.
Famines became more common and 

1185
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:27,400
more deadly when local resources
were diverted to company 

1186
01:06:27,400 --> 01:06:29,100
profits, rather than local 
needs. 

1187
01:06:29,800 --> 01:06:32,100
Back in London. 
People were starting to notice 

1188
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:35,100
that their little Trading 
Company had somehow acquired an 

1189
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,600
Empire, the British government 
wasn't entirely sure what to do 

1190
01:06:38,600 --> 01:06:41,300
with this situation. 
The company was generating 

1191
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:45,000
enormous wealth for the country,
but it was also making decisions

1192
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:47,700
that affected in international 
relations and the lives of 

1193
01:06:47,700 --> 01:06:50,600
millions of people. 
This was the beginning of a 

1194
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,300
pattern that would define the 
British Empire for centuries. 

1195
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:56,300
Private ambition leading to 
public responsibility. 

1196
01:06:56,300 --> 01:07:00,300
Commercial Ventures, growing 
into political control and a 

1197
01:07:00,300 --> 01:07:02,800
small island nation, finding 
itself, responsible for 

1198
01:07:02,800 --> 01:07:05,000
governing vast populations 
across the globe. 

1199
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:07,700
Often without any clear plan for
how to do it. 

1200
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:11,600
Ethically, or effectively. 
The stage was set for an Empire 

1201
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,000
that would span continents and 
reshape the world built, not 

1202
01:07:15,000 --> 01:07:17,600
through Grand strategy, but 
through the accumulated 

1203
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:21,200
decisions of merchants soldiers.
And administrators, who often 

1204
01:07:21,200 --> 01:07:25,300
had no idea what they were 
creating by the 1700s Britain 

1205
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:28,500
had stumbled into something 
resembling a strategy though. 

1206
01:07:28,500 --> 01:07:30,600
Calling it a strategy might be 
generous. 

1207
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:33,700
It was more organized 
opportunism with excellent Naval

1208
01:07:33,700 --> 01:07:36,800
support Britain had discovered 
that if you can control the 

1209
01:07:36,800 --> 01:07:41,000
Seas, you could control global 
trade control, the highways and 

1210
01:07:41,000 --> 01:07:42,200
you don't need to own every 
town. 

1211
01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:45,000
You just need to control how 
people and goods move between 

1212
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:47,000
them. 
This is where the Royal Navy 

1213
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:50,900
enters our story with full force
by the mid 1700 Britain was 

1214
01:07:50,900 --> 01:07:54,000
building ships constantly 
everywhere with the assumption 

1215
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:55,500
that you could never have too 
many. 

1216
01:07:56,400 --> 01:07:59,300
They had honed their Naval 
Warfare skills to such an extent

1217
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,900
that any potential enemy found. 
Encountering a British Fleet to 

1218
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:05,900
be highly unwelcome. 
This Naval strategy truly 

1219
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:08,600
demonstrated its Effectiveness 
during the Seven Years War, 

1220
01:08:08,600 --> 01:08:16,200
while 1,756 to 1,763. 
While European powers engaged in

1221
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:18,700
land battles. 
Britain pursued, a distinct 

1222
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:21,399
strategy. 
They'd swoop in capture 

1223
01:08:21,399 --> 01:08:25,000
strategic ports, and Islands, 
disrupt, enemy trade routes and 

1224
01:08:25,000 --> 01:08:27,000
generally make life. 
Miserable for anyone who 

1225
01:08:27,000 --> 01:08:30,700
depended on Maritime Commerce, 
Take the capture of Quebec in 

1226
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:33,300
1759, which sounds 
straightforward, but was 

1227
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:37,399
actually extraordinarily daring.
General Wolfe and his troops had

1228
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:39,600
to scale. 
Supposedly unclimbable cliffs in

1229
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:41,700
the middle of the night, 
surprise, the French Defenders 

1230
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:44,000
and capture one of the most 
important cities in North 

1231
01:08:44,000 --> 01:08:46,300
America. 
It was the kind of plan that 

1232
01:08:46,300 --> 01:08:49,399
should have failed spectacularly
but somehow worked perfectly. 

1233
01:08:49,399 --> 01:08:52,399
They're both wolf and the French
command died in the Battle. 

1234
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:55,500
The result of all this Naval 
dominance was that Britain 

1235
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:58,399
started accumulating territories
at an unprecedented rate. 

1236
01:08:59,300 --> 01:09:02,600
Gibraltar controlled access to 
the Mediterranean Malta, was 

1237
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:05,000
perfectly positioned for Middle 
Eastern trade routes. 

1238
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:07,899
The Cape of Good. 
Hope controlled the sea route to

1239
01:09:07,899 --> 01:09:10,200
Asia. 
It was strategic positioning on 

1240
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:13,100
a global scale with the 
acquisition making the next one 

1241
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:15,500
more valuable from a logistical 
perspective. 

1242
01:09:15,500 --> 01:09:18,500
Governing a global Empire with a
sailing ship as your fastest 

1243
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,500
communication method presents 
unique challenges. 

1244
01:09:22,399 --> 01:09:25,700
Messages between London and 
India, took months, which meant 

1245
01:09:25,700 --> 01:09:27,700
that by the time. 
Headquarters heard about a 

1246
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:29,100
problem and sent back 
instructions. 

1247
01:09:29,100 --> 01:09:32,500
The situation had usually either
resolved itself, or gotten 

1248
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:36,100
spectacularly worse, this 
communication delay, created a 

1249
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:38,700
dynamic where British officials 
on the ground had enormous 

1250
01:09:38,700 --> 01:09:40,899
autonomy. 
They couldn't ask London for 

1251
01:09:40,899 --> 01:09:43,000
permission every time they 
needed to make a decision. 

1252
01:09:43,000 --> 01:09:45,899
So they often just made it and 
hoped it would be a proved 

1253
01:09:45,899 --> 01:09:48,800
retroactively. 
Some officials used this Freedom

1254
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:52,800
responsibly others discovered 
that power exercised 8,000, 

1255
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:55,100
miles away from any oversight 
can corrupt. 

1256
01:09:55,100 --> 01:09:59,000
Absolutely, you'd have company 
officials essentially running 

1257
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:02,700
their own kingdoms, making 
treaties waging Wars and 

1258
01:10:02,700 --> 01:10:05,500
collecting taxes. 
All while technically being 

1259
01:10:05,500 --> 01:10:08,900
employees of a trading company 
based in London, the system 

1260
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,900
worked when these officials were
competent and honest, but it 

1261
01:10:11,900 --> 01:10:14,700
created opportunities for abuse 
that were difficult to control 

1262
01:10:14,700 --> 01:10:18,900
from such distances. 
The American colonies served as 

1263
01:10:18,900 --> 01:10:21,300
a prime illustration of the 
potential pitfalls of this 

1264
01:10:21,300 --> 01:10:23,700
system. 
Strapped for cash after the 

1265
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,500
costly 7 Years War, the British 
government decided, the American

1266
01:10:27,500 --> 01:10:29,400
should contribute to their own 
defense costs. 

1267
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:32,200
This seemed reasonable from 
London's perspective. 

1268
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:34,900
After all British troops are 
just spent years protecting 

1269
01:10:34,900 --> 01:10:37,300
American colonists from French 
and Indian attacks. 

1270
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:41,100
But the columnist had gotten 
used to managing their Affairs 

1271
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:44,900
and suddenly being asked to pay 
taxes, they'd had no say in 

1272
01:10:44,900 --> 01:10:47,000
imposing felt fundamentally 
unfair. 

1273
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:51,600
The famous no taxation without 
representation wasn't just a 

1274
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:54,400
catchy slogan. 
It was a fundamental complained 

1275
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:56,500
about the impossibility of 
governing an Empire when 

1276
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:59,500
communication took months and 
local conditions changed daily 

1277
01:11:00,400 --> 01:11:04,100
The British response to American
complaints was essentially we've

1278
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:07,100
been doing this successfully all
over the world, just go along 

1279
01:11:07,100 --> 01:11:09,800
with it. 
But North America was different 

1280
01:11:09,800 --> 01:11:12,600
from India or the Caribbean. 
The colonists were mostly 

1281
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:16,100
British, descended shared 
British legal traditions, and 

1282
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:18,900
had enough economic independence
to cause real trouble if they 

1283
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:22,700
organized When that trouble 
finally came Britain, discovered

1284
01:11:22,700 --> 01:11:26,000
that Naval Supremacy while 
excellent for controlling trade 

1285
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:29,300
routes and capturing Islands was
less useful for fighting a land 

1286
01:11:29,308 --> 01:11:32,400
war against people who knew the 
terrain and had the support of 

1287
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:36,000
the local population. 
You could control the coasts but

1288
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:38,900
controling the interior required
different tactics entirely. 

1289
01:11:40,300 --> 01:11:42,700
The loss of the American 
colonies was Britain's first. 

1290
01:11:42,700 --> 01:11:45,500
Major Imperial setback, but it 
wouldn't be the last. 

1291
01:11:45,500 --> 01:11:49,500
The lesson was clear Empires 
built on Naval power and 

1292
01:11:49,500 --> 01:11:51,100
Commercial Advantage, were 
vulnerable. 

1293
01:11:51,100 --> 01:11:54,300
When local populations decided 
they no longer wanted to be 

1294
01:11:54,300 --> 01:11:57,400
governed by distant foreigners, 
no matter how powerful those 

1295
01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:00,100
foreigners might be at Sea. 
After losing the American 

1296
01:12:00,100 --> 01:12:02,900
colonies, Britain was hurt and 
embarrassed, but determined to 

1297
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:04,300
prove, they could do better 
elsewhere. 

1298
01:12:04,300 --> 01:12:08,000
They were lucky to have India, 
which was becoming their most 

1299
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:11,700
lucrative relationship, even if 
it was unexpectedly complex. 

1300
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:16,800
By the 1800s, calling India, the
jewel in the crown wasn't just 

1301
01:12:16,800 --> 01:12:19,500
poetic language, it was an 
economic reality. 

1302
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:23,200
The wealth flowing from the 
subcontinent was extraordinary 

1303
01:12:23,200 --> 01:12:28,600
cotton spices tea, opium and 
manufactured goods were 

1304
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:31,000
generating revenues that made 
Britain, one of the wealthiest 

1305
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:34,800
Nations on Earth but this wealth
came with responsibilities and 

1306
01:12:34,800 --> 01:12:38,400
complications that nobody had 
really planned for the thing 

1307
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:41,400
about governing 300 million 
people across the subcontinent 

1308
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:45,500
is that its incredibly complex. 
Your managing people who speak 

1309
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:49,100
dozens of different languages, 
followed different religions and

1310
01:12:49,100 --> 01:12:51,800
have centuries of complicated 
relationships with each other 

1311
01:12:51,800 --> 01:12:54,300
and your expected to make a 
profit while doing it. 

1312
01:12:55,100 --> 01:12:58,100
Feast India Company had grown 
from a trading organization into

1313
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:00,800
essentially, a parallel 
government complete with its own

1314
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:05,000
armies, tax systems and legal 
codes company officials, lived, 

1315
01:13:05,000 --> 01:13:08,300
lavishly building, elaborate 
mansions, and hosting parties 

1316
01:13:08,300 --> 01:13:10,000
that would have impressed 
European royalty. 

1317
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:14,100
But they were also dealing with 
famines rebellions and the 

1318
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:16,400
constant challenge of 
maintaining control over 

1319
01:13:16,400 --> 01:13:18,600
territories larger than most 
European countries. 

1320
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:22,700
The Indian rebellion of 1857 
served as a significant 

1321
01:13:22,700 --> 01:13:25,700
Awakening. 
A mutiny among Indian soldiers, 

1322
01:13:25,700 --> 01:13:29,000
escalated into a wide-spread 
Uprising throughout Northern 

1323
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:31,300
India. 
Thereby forcing the company to 

1324
01:13:31,300 --> 01:13:34,700
fight for its own Survival, The 
immediate trigger was rumors 

1325
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:36,700
about ammunition. 
Cartridges, being greased with 

1326
01:13:36,708 --> 01:13:40,100
cow and pig, facts, a fence of, 
to both Hindu and Muslim 

1327
01:13:40,100 --> 01:13:42,900
soldiers, but the real causes 
went much deeper. 

1328
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,200
The company had been gradually 
taking over more and more 

1329
01:13:46,200 --> 01:13:49,800
aspects of Indian life. 
Raising taxes changing 

1330
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:52,700
traditional arrangements and 
generally making life more 

1331
01:13:52,700 --> 01:13:55,700
difficult for local populations 
while getting richer themselves.

1332
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:59,300
Eventually the changes created 
enough resentment to explode 

1333
01:13:59,300 --> 01:14:02,500
into open Rebellion. 
The rebellion was brutal on both

1334
01:14:02,500 --> 01:14:05,800
sides, the trustees that shocked
even people accustomed to 

1335
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:08,400
Colonial violence. 
When British forces. 

1336
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:11,400
Finally regained control the 
response was Swift and decisive 

1337
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:14,200
East. 
India Company was dissolved and 

1338
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:16,400
the British government took 
Direct Control of India. 

1339
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:19,200
Someone responsible needed to 
take charge. 

1340
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:23,300
The new Arrangement known as the
British, Raj was supposed to be 

1341
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:25,800
more professional and less 
extractive than company rule. 

1342
01:14:26,400 --> 01:14:29,300
The idea was that government 
officials unlike company 

1343
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,600
employees who prioritize 
beneficial governance over pure 

1344
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:35,600
profit. 
In practice, it was more a 

1345
01:14:35,600 --> 01:14:38,500
change in management structure 
than a fundamental reform of a 

1346
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,300
system designed to benefit 
outside as the expense of 

1347
01:14:41,300 --> 01:14:44,000
locals. 
This period saw the construction

1348
01:14:44,000 --> 01:14:47,400
of massive infrastructure 
projects, Railways telegraphs, 

1349
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:50,700
irrigation systems and 
administrative buildings that 

1350
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:52,400
still got the Indian landscape 
today. 

1351
01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:56,800
The British built these not out 
of altruism but because 

1352
01:14:56,800 --> 01:15:00,300
effective extraction requires 
effective infrastructure, better

1353
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:02,300
roads, and Railways, made 
everything work more 

1354
01:15:02,300 --> 01:15:05,300
efficiently, but the primary 
beneficiary was still Britain. 

1355
01:15:05,300 --> 01:15:09,400
The railway system perfectly 
demonstrates, this Dynamic by 

1356
01:15:09,400 --> 01:15:11,800
1900. 
India had one of the largest 

1357
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:15,100
railway networks in the world, 
which was genuinely impressive. 

1358
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:18,900
And useful trains can connected 
remote regions for facilitated 

1359
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:22,700
trade and made travel easier for
millions of people, but the 

1360
01:15:22,700 --> 01:15:25,700
network was designed primarily 
to move raw materials, from the 

1361
01:15:25,700 --> 01:15:29,500
interior to Coastal ports, and 
finished goods from ports to 

1362
01:15:29,508 --> 01:15:33,500
markets a pattern that benefited
British manufacturers, much more

1363
01:15:33,500 --> 01:15:36,400
than Indian once. 
Imperial wealth was 

1364
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:38,800
simultaneously. 
Transforming British Society. 

1365
01:15:39,600 --> 01:15:43,100
Bengali fortunes enabled the 
construction of Grand mansions 

1366
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,000
in the countryside. 
Entire families, could live 

1367
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:48,400
comfortably on the pensions of 
relatives, who'd served in 

1368
01:15:48,400 --> 01:15:51,900
India. 
Indian textiles foods and ideas 

1369
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:53,400
were influencing British 
culture. 

1370
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:57,400
Despite Britain, maintaining 
strict hierarchies that kept 

1371
01:15:57,400 --> 01:15:59,700
Indian subordinate within their 
own country. 

1372
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:03,600
Everyone recognized the irony, 
British officials in India, 

1373
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:06,200
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

1374
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:08,600
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

1375
01:16:08,600 --> 01:16:11,000
industrial cities were filled 
with workers enduring 

1376
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:13,800
conditions, often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

1377
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:17,800
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

1378
01:16:17,800 --> 01:16:19,800
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

1379
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:23,400
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

1380
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:26,300
educational. 
The British introduced English 

1381
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:29,400
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

1382
01:16:29,400 --> 01:16:32,200
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

1383
01:16:32,200 --> 01:16:35,800
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

1384
01:16:35,800 --> 01:16:38,800
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

1385
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:42,100
British political philosophy, 
including ideas about democracy 

1386
01:16:42,100 --> 01:16:46,800
in individual rights and 
self-governance This educated 

1387
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:48,900
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

1388
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:52,000
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

1389
01:16:52,000 --> 01:16:54,300
Why weren't they beneficial 
enough for India? 

1390
01:16:55,000 --> 01:16:58,200
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

1391
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:00,000
through the very educational 
system. 

1392
01:17:00,000 --> 01:17:03,200
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

1393
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:06,200
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

1394
01:17:06,200 --> 01:17:09,900
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

1395
01:17:09,900 --> 01:17:12,500
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

1396
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:15,600
alone at the top. 
But success brought its own 

1397
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:18,100
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

1398
01:17:18,100 --> 01:17:21,100
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

1399
01:17:21,100 --> 01:17:24,400
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

1400
01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:28,900
The Russians were expanding 
south and east, methodically 

1401
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:30,600
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

1402
01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:34,700
From Britain's perspective, such
activity, was deeply concerning 

1403
01:17:34,700 --> 01:17:38,100
because Russian expansion taught
Afghanistan met Russian 

1404
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:39,100
expansion. 
Toured India. 

1405
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:42,100
And nobody was allowed to 
threaten the jewel in the crown.

1406
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:46,500
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 
called the great game. 

1407
01:17:46,500 --> 01:17:49,900
A decade's long strategic 
competition between Britain and 

1408
01:17:49,908 --> 01:17:52,700
Russia that played out across 
some of the most inhospitable 

1409
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,300
terrain on Earth. 
It was expensive. 

1410
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:59,200
Dangerous, geopolitics with real
consequences measured in 

1411
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:01,600
Empires. 
The problem was geography. 

1412
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,900
The distance between Russian 
territory and British, India was

1413
01:18:04,900 --> 01:18:08,400
filled with mountains, deserts, 
and tribal territories that 

1414
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:12,400
nobody really controlled 
Afghanistan was the key piece. 

1415
01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:16,000
Whoever controlled Afghanistan. 
Could threaten India but 

1416
01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:18,800
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 
habit of being completely 

1417
01:18:18,800 --> 01:18:24,400
unconquerable. 
First Afghan war. 1839 to 1842 

1418
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:28,100
was Britain's attempt to install
a friendly ruler in Kabul and it

1419
01:18:28,100 --> 01:18:32,000
went disastrously wrong. 
The plan involved marching an 

1420
01:18:32,000 --> 01:18:34,800
army through mountain passes to 
impose a government on people 

1421
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:38,600
who really didn't want one. 
The Retreat from carpal became 

1422
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:42,200
legendary for all the wrong 
reasons of the roughly 16,000 

1423
01:18:42,200 --> 01:18:45,500
people who began their Retreat. 
Only one British officer made it

1424
01:18:45,500 --> 01:18:48,700
back to tell the story. 
It was a military disaster that 

1425
01:18:48,700 --> 01:18:51,300
should have made everyone 
reconsider their entire approach

1426
01:18:51,300 --> 01:18:53,600
to foreign policy. 
But here's the thing about 

1427
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:55,900
Imperial momentum. 
Once you're committed to 

1428
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:58,600
defending everywhere, you can't 
really afford to look weak 

1429
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:01,200
anyway. 
So despite the Afghan disaster, 

1430
01:19:01,200 --> 01:19:05,000
Britain kept expanding building 
Naval bases, signing treaties, 

1431
01:19:05,000 --> 01:19:08,000
with local rulers, and getting 
drawn into conflicts, that seem 

1432
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:14,200
to multiply endlessly. 
Crimean War 1853 to 1856 was 

1433
01:19:14,200 --> 01:19:16,900
officially presented as a 
conflict, to protect the Ottoman

1434
01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:21,000
Empire from Russian expansion. 
However, its true purpose was to

1435
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:23,700
maintain the balance of power 
that secured Britain's Global 

1436
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:26,000
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

1437
01:19:26,000 --> 01:19:29,100
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

1438
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,300
particularly competent. 
This was also the war that 

1439
01:19:32,308 --> 01:19:35,900
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

1440
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:39,100
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

1441
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:42,200
That the most memorable outcomes
improvements in medical care for

1442
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:45,800
wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

1443
01:19:45,800 --> 01:19:49,900
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

1444
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:53,100
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

1445
01:19:53,100 --> 01:19:56,300
example of military. 
Incompetence that people 

1446
01:19:56,300 --> 01:19:59,900
couldn't stop talking about it. 
Meanwhile, the cost of 

1447
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:02,600
maintaining the global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

1448
01:20:03,500 --> 01:20:06,900
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

1449
01:20:06,900 --> 01:20:10,500
each one required its Army in 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

1450
01:20:10,500 --> 01:20:13,500
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

1451
01:20:13,500 --> 01:20:16,700
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

1452
01:20:16,700 --> 01:20:18,300
keep up with technological 
advances. 

1453
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,900
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

1454
01:20:22,900 --> 01:20:26,200
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

1455
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:28,800
standard, they had to build 
cooling stations around the 

1456
01:20:28,800 --> 01:20:30,900
world. 
There was a never-ending cycle 

1457
01:20:30,900 --> 01:20:35,100
of expensive upgrades on Landon 
was maintaining Garrison's from 

1458
01:20:35,100 --> 01:20:38,100
Gibraltar to Hong Kong and each 
Garrison needed supplies 

1459
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:39,900
reinforcements and local 
support. 

1460
01:20:40,600 --> 01:20:43,700
The logistics of empire were 
mind-boggling coordinating 

1461
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:46,000
military operations across 
multiple time zones. 

1462
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:49,400
When your fastest communication 
was still limited by the speed 

1463
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:51,800
of telegraph cables, that could 
be cut by anyone with 

1464
01:20:51,800 --> 01:20:56,100
determination and basic tools. 
When local populations decided 

1465
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:59,000
they'd had enough of foreign 
rule, the Indian Mutiny had. 

1466
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:01,000
Demonstrated, how quickly things
could go wrong? 

1467
01:21:01,000 --> 01:21:04,500
Every British colony now, needs 
enough troops to maintain order 

1468
01:21:04,500 --> 01:21:07,000
but not so many that the cost 
becomes prohibitive. 

1469
01:21:08,100 --> 01:21:11,500
It was a delicate balance that 
required constant attention and 

1470
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:15,800
enormous resources back home 
British Society was dealing with

1471
01:21:15,800 --> 01:21:18,900
the contradictions of Empire and
increasingly uncomfortable ways.

1472
01:21:19,800 --> 01:21:22,500
While the wealth from India and 
other colonies funded British 

1473
01:21:22,500 --> 01:21:25,000
Prosperity. 
It also raised moral questions 

1474
01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:29,000
that were difficult to dismiss 
How do you reconcile believing 

1475
01:21:29,000 --> 01:21:31,800
in Liberty and Justice with 
ruling over 100s of millions of 

1476
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:33,900
people? 
But no say in their governments.

1477
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,200
Some British intellectuals can 
convince themselves that Empire 

1478
01:21:37,200 --> 01:21:39,200
was actually beneficial for 
colonized. 

1479
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:42,200
People's a civilizing mission 
that brought progress in 

1480
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:43,900
Enlightenment to backward 
societies. 

1481
01:21:44,900 --> 01:21:47,600
Others were more honest about 
the economic motivations, but 

1482
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:49,900
argued that the benefits justify
the costs. 

1483
01:21:50,700 --> 01:21:53,600
Still others, began questioning 
whether the whole Enterprise was

1484
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:56,500
sustainable or ethical. 
These debates were mostly 

1485
01:21:56,500 --> 01:21:59,600
academic for ordinary British 
people who enjoyed Imperial 

1486
01:21:59,600 --> 01:22:02,300
Prosperity without having to 
think too deeply about where it 

1487
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,200
came from. 
But they were becoming very real

1488
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:06,500
for the growing number of 
educated. 

1489
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:10,400
Indians Africans and others who 
are beginning to organize and 

1490
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,600
demand changes to the Colonial 
system by 1900. 

1491
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:16,500
Britain's Empire covered roughly
a quarter of the earth's land 

1492
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:19,100
surface and ruled over 400 
million people. 

1493
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,600
Which sounds impressive, Until 
you realize that managing that 

1494
01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:25,800
many people across, that much 
territory was extraordinarily 

1495
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:28,900
difficult trying to conduct an 
orchestra where half the 

1496
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,300
musicians are in different 
buildings and none of them can 

1497
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:34,200
hear the conductor. 
The first major crack in the 

1498
01:22:34,208 --> 01:22:36,900
Imperial facade came from an 
unexpected Direction. 

1499
01:22:37,700 --> 01:22:40,500
White settlers in South Africa 
who had the audacity to fight 

1500
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:44,900
back. 
The bore 1899 to 19902 was 

1501
01:22:44,900 --> 01:22:47,200
supposed to be a quick 
demonstration of British power, 

1502
01:22:47,200 --> 01:22:50,200
but it turned into a grinding 
conflict that revealed some 

1503
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:52,400
uncomfortable truths about 
Imperial Warfare. 

1504
01:22:53,200 --> 01:22:56,100
Fighting Dutch farmers who knew 
the terrain and had good rifles 

1505
01:22:56,100 --> 01:22:58,300
turned out to be much harder 
than anyone had anticipated. 

1506
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:02,500
The British response was to 
invent concentration camps, not 

1507
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:05,800
the Nazi death camps but the 
original version of Civilian, 

1508
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:08,300
populations were confined to 
control guerrilla warfare. 

1509
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:11,800
It worked from a military 
standpoint but the international

1510
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:15,900
criticism was severe and the 
cost was enormous spent more 

1511
01:23:15,900 --> 01:23:17,600
money. 
Fighting a few thousand more 

1512
01:23:17,600 --> 01:23:20,100
Farmers than they made spent on 
most previous colonial wars 

1513
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:23,000
combined. 
More troubling was what the war 

1514
01:23:23,000 --> 01:23:24,800
revealed about British Society 
itself. 

1515
01:23:25,600 --> 01:23:28,600
Physical examinations of army 
recruits showed that a shocking 

1516
01:23:28,600 --> 01:23:31,500
percentage of young British, men
were unfit for military service,

1517
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:35,300
malnourished diseased, and 
physically underdeveloped. 

1518
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:38,500
The empire was so busy 
extracting well from other 

1519
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:41,000
countries that had a neglected, 
the health of its own 

1520
01:23:41,000 --> 01:23:43,600
population. 
World War one was supposed to 

1521
01:23:43,608 --> 01:23:46,700
demonstrate the Empire's, 
strength and unity and in some 

1522
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:49,500
ways it did. 
Troops from India, Canada, 

1523
01:23:49,500 --> 01:23:53,200
Australia, New Zealand, and 
South Africa, fought alongside 

1524
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:56,000
British forces. 
And the combined Imperial effort

1525
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:59,600
was genuinely impressive. 
But the war also accelerated 

1526
01:23:59,600 --> 01:24:02,600
changes that would ultimately 
undermine Imperial Authority. 

1527
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:06,500
The thing about asking people to
die for your cause is that it 

1528
01:24:06,508 --> 01:24:08,900
gives them certain moral 
authority to question it 

1529
01:24:08,900 --> 01:24:11,600
afterward. 
Indian soldiers who fought in 

1530
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:14,500
Europe and Mesopotamia returned 
home with New Perspectives, on 

1531
01:24:14,500 --> 01:24:17,400
British power and new 
expectations about political 

1532
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:19,700
rights. 
It's difficult to tell someone 

1533
01:24:19,700 --> 01:24:21,800
they're not ready for 
self-governance after they've 

1534
01:24:21,800 --> 01:24:23,900
spent four years fighting 
Germans in the trenches, 

1535
01:24:24,700 --> 01:24:27,300
Economic cost of world war one 
was staggering. 

1536
01:24:27,300 --> 01:24:30,200
Britain went from being the 
world's largest Predator to 

1537
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:32,900
being deeply in debt 
particularly to the United 

1538
01:24:32,900 --> 01:24:34,800
States. 
Running. 

1539
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:37,900
A global Empire is expensive 
under the best circumstances but

1540
01:24:37,900 --> 01:24:40,300
trying to do it while 
simultaneously fighting the most

1541
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:43,700
destructive war in human history
was financially devastating. 

1542
01:24:44,600 --> 01:24:47,200
The interwar period saw Britain 
trying to maintain Imperial 

1543
01:24:47,200 --> 01:24:50,200
prestige on a reduced budget 
which worked about as well as 

1544
01:24:50,200 --> 01:24:52,700
you'd expect. 
Although the government of India

1545
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:56,500
Act of 1919 promised Indians 
greater self-governance, its 

1546
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:59,900
actual reforms were so limited 
that they fail to satisfy almost

1547
01:24:59,900 --> 01:25:03,400
anyone. 
Meanwhile a lawyer named Gandhi 

1548
01:25:03,400 --> 01:25:06,500
was developing new methods of 
resistance that was specifically

1549
01:25:06,500 --> 01:25:09,200
designed to make British rule 
look illegitimate and brutal 

1550
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:11,600
Gandhi's. 
Genius was understanding that 

1551
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:14,100
the moral Foundation of empire 
was already shaky. 

1552
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:17,200
Most British people wanted to 
believe they were governing 

1553
01:25:17,200 --> 01:25:20,200
other countries for those 
countries benefit not just for 

1554
01:25:20,200 --> 01:25:22,900
British prophet. 
By organizing peaceful 

1555
01:25:22,900 --> 01:25:24,600
resistance. 
That provoked, violent 

1556
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:27,700
responses, Gandhi, made it 
impossible to maintain that 

1557
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:30,800
comfortable fiction. 
When British authorities beat 

1558
01:25:30,800 --> 01:25:34,800
peaceful protesters with clubs 
or opened fire on unarmed crowds

1559
01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:37,700
the civilizing. 
Mission started looking more 

1560
01:25:37,700 --> 01:25:42,000
like organized theft. 
In many ways, World War Two, was

1561
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:45,600
Britain's greatest achievement. 
Standing alone against Nazi, 

1562
01:25:45,600 --> 01:25:49,200
Germany in 1940 required, 
genuine, courage, and 

1563
01:25:49,200 --> 01:25:52,500
determination. 
But fighting that war required, 

1564
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,900
mobilizing every possible 
resource, including the empires.

1565
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,200
And it became increasingly 
difficult to justify denying 

1566
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:02,800
political rights to people whose
contributions were essential to 

1567
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:07,000
British survival. 
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which

1568
01:26:07,000 --> 01:26:08,500
killed between two and three 
million. 

1569
01:26:08,500 --> 01:26:12,100
People was a particularly dark 
moment while Britain was 

1570
01:26:12,100 --> 01:26:13,400
fighting for freedom and 
democracy. 

1571
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,900
In Europe Imperial policies were
contributing to mass starvation 

1572
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:19,600
in India. 
Challenging to maintain that 

1573
01:26:19,600 --> 01:26:22,300
your fighting for Universal 
human rights while 

1574
01:26:22,300 --> 01:26:25,700
simultaneously presiding over 
preventable famine in your most 

1575
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:30,500
important colony. 
By 1945 Britain had won the war 

1576
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:32,800
but lost the economic foundation
of the empire. 

1577
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:37,600
The country was exhausted broke 
and dependent on American Aid. 

1578
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:41,200
The Royal Navy which had been 
the backbone of Imperial power 

1579
01:26:41,200 --> 01:26:44,900
for centuries was increasingly 
obsolete, in an age of airpower 

1580
01:26:44,900 --> 01:26:48,000
and nuclear weapons. 
Maintaining global Military 

1581
01:26:48,000 --> 01:26:51,400
Supremacy was no longer 
affordable and frankly no longer

1582
01:26:51,400 --> 01:26:54,300
possible. 
The people running Britain, 

1583
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:56,500
weren't stupid. 
They could see that the old 

1584
01:26:56,500 --> 01:26:59,700
system was unsustainable, the 
question wasn't whether to end 

1585
01:26:59,700 --> 01:27:02,600
the Empire, but how to do it in 
a way that preserved British 

1586
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,800
influence and prevented complete
chaos and former colonies. 

1587
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:09,400
Some British politicians hope 
they could transition to a new 

1588
01:27:09,408 --> 01:27:12,700
kind of relationship informal 
influence instead of formal 

1589
01:27:12,700 --> 01:27:16,400
control economic Partnerships, 
instead of colonial extraction, 

1590
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:19,900
the idea was to maintain the 
benefits of Empire without the 

1591
01:27:19,900 --> 01:27:22,500
costs and moral complications of
direct rule. 

1592
01:27:23,100 --> 01:27:25,800
It was an attractive Theory but 
it assumed that newly 

1593
01:27:25,800 --> 01:27:28,400
independent countries would want
to maintain close ties with 

1594
01:27:28,400 --> 01:27:31,100
their former Colonial Masters 
which turned out to be 

1595
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:33,300
questionable. 
The end of the British Empire 

1596
01:27:33,300 --> 01:27:35,600
wasn't sudden. 
It was more of a very long, very

1597
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:39,500
complicated process involving 
dozens of countries of treaties 

1598
01:27:39,500 --> 01:27:42,300
and countless opportunities for 
things to go spectacularly 

1599
01:27:42,300 --> 01:27:45,200
wrong. 
Britain had spent centuries 

1600
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:47,300
acquiring territories giving 
them back. 

1601
01:27:47,300 --> 01:27:49,600
Would prove to be almost as 
challenging as taking them in 

1602
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:52,300
the first place. 
In India's independence, in 

1603
01:27:52,300 --> 01:27:56,400
1947, was both the inevitable 
beginning of the end and a case 

1604
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,100
study in how decolonization 
could go horribly wrong. 

1605
01:27:59,100 --> 01:28:02,200
Despite everyone's best 
intentions partition. 

1606
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,700
The division of British India 
into India, and Pakistan was 

1607
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:07,500
supposed to solve. 
The problem of religious 

1608
01:28:07,500 --> 01:28:09,600
tensions between Hindus and 
Muslims. 

1609
01:28:09,600 --> 01:28:13,500
Instead, he created one of the 
largest forced migration in 

1610
01:28:13,500 --> 01:28:16,100
human history. 
With millions of people fleeing 

1611
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:20,100
their homes and somewhere 
between 200,000 and 2 million 

1612
01:28:20,100 --> 01:28:22,100
people dying in communal 
violence. 

1613
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:25,700
The British government's role in
Partition was problematic. 

1614
01:28:26,500 --> 01:28:29,600
Lord mountbatten the last 
Viceroy of India was given the 

1615
01:28:29,608 --> 01:28:32,400
impossible task of drawing 
borders, that would satisfy 

1616
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:35,100
everyone. 
Which was roughly equivalent to 

1617
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:38,600
being asked to divide a pizza in
a way that makes everyone happy 

1618
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:41,600
when some people want pepperoni 
and others are vegetarian. 

1619
01:28:43,200 --> 01:28:45,400
The irony is that Britain's 
departure from India was 

1620
01:28:45,400 --> 01:28:48,700
probably about 50 years, too 
late to be graceful and about 

1621
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:50,900
five years to early to be 
properly planned. 

1622
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:55,400
By 1947 British Authority had 
already collapsed in much of the

1623
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:58,800
subcontinent, but the timeline 
for Independence was so rushed 

1624
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:01,900
that nobody had time to work out
the Practical details of 

1625
01:29:01,900 --> 01:29:03,700
creating two new nations from 
scratch. 

1626
01:29:04,700 --> 01:29:07,400
Meanwhile other regions of the 
empire were coming to similar 

1627
01:29:07,400 --> 01:29:10,200
conclusions about British rule. 
All be at through, different 

1628
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:14,100
means in Palestine. 
Found itself trying to balance 

1629
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:18,000
promises made to the Jewish and 
how a population's while dealing

1630
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:21,700
with increasingly violent 
resistance from both sides, the 

1631
01:29:21,700 --> 01:29:24,300
solution was to give up and hand
the problem over to the newly 

1632
01:29:24,300 --> 01:29:27,800
created United Nation's, which 
worked about as well as you'd 

1633
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:31,700
expect. 
Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 

1634
01:29:31,700 --> 01:29:34,400
moment when Britain discovered, 
that being a former superpower 

1635
01:29:34,400 --> 01:29:37,200
means you still think you 
deserve special treatment. 

1636
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:41,500
But nobody else agrees. 
When Egypt nationalized, the 

1637
01:29:41,500 --> 01:29:45,200
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 
invaded to retake it assuming 

1638
01:29:45,200 --> 01:29:47,600
they could still act 
unilaterally on the world stage.

1639
01:29:47,600 --> 01:29:51,300
The United States, essentially 
told them to sit down and behave

1640
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:54,100
themselves, and Britain 
discovered that their special 

1641
01:29:54,100 --> 01:29:57,300
relationship with America didn't
include permission to start wars

1642
01:29:57,300 --> 01:30:01,000
without asking first The 
humiliation of Suez marked the 

1643
01:30:01,000 --> 01:30:03,700
psychological end of Empire, 
even though formal 

1644
01:30:03,700 --> 01:30:05,700
decolonization would continue 
for decades. 

1645
01:30:05,700 --> 01:30:08,800
Britain could no longer pretend 
to be an independent Global 

1646
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:10,900
power. 
They were now a regional power 

1647
01:30:10,900 --> 01:30:14,200
with global interests, the 
process of decolonization 

1648
01:30:14,200 --> 01:30:17,900
accelerated through the 1960s 
with African territories, 

1649
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:19,900
gaining independence and Rapid 
succession. 

1650
01:30:20,800 --> 01:30:22,700
Some transitions were relatively
smooth. 

1651
01:30:22,700 --> 01:30:28,400
Gianna's Independence in 1957 
was managed by Kwame in who have

1652
01:30:28,408 --> 01:30:31,600
been educated in British 
universities and understood how 

1653
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:33,500
to work within British political
systems. 

1654
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:38,100
Others like Kenya experience, 
brutal conflicts, that left 

1655
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:42,100
lasting scars on both sides, The
challenge for Britain was 

1656
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,600
figuring out what came next 
having spent centuries telling 

1657
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:47,800
themselves that they governed 
other countries for those 

1658
01:30:47,800 --> 01:30:50,500
countries benefit. 
How do you maintain any 

1659
01:30:50,500 --> 01:30:52,400
influence? 
Once those countries are free to

1660
01:30:52,400 --> 01:30:55,500
choose their relationships. 
The answer was the Commonwealth 

1661
01:30:55,500 --> 01:30:58,400
of voluntary Association of 
Former colonies that would 

1662
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:00,700
maintain cultural and economic 
ties with Britain. 

1663
01:31:01,800 --> 01:31:04,500
The Commonwealth was an attempt 
to preserve relationships after 

1664
01:31:04,500 --> 01:31:08,100
the formal Empire ended some 
countries such as Canada and 

1665
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:11,500
Australia were pleased to 
maintain close ties, others, 

1666
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:14,900
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 
to do with Britain Beyond basic 

1667
01:31:14,900 --> 01:31:17,000
diplomatic relations. 
Still. 

1668
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:19,500
Others had more complex 
relationships that varied 

1669
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:21,700
depending on who was in charge 
and what Britain had done 

1670
01:31:21,700 --> 01:31:25,200
lately. 
By the 1970s, the transformation

1671
01:31:25,200 --> 01:31:28,800
was largely complete Britain had
gone from ruling a quarter of 

1672
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:31,200
the world to being a 
medium-sized European country 

1673
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:34,500
with some overseas territories 
and a lot of historical baggage.

1674
01:31:35,600 --> 01:31:38,500
The economic benefits of Empire 
had been replaced by the costs 

1675
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,700
of managing, decline, dealing 
with immigration from former 

1676
01:31:41,700 --> 01:31:45,100
colonies, maintaining expensive 
military commitments that no 

1677
01:31:45,100 --> 01:31:48,700
longer served clear purposes and
figuring out Britain's role in a

1678
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:50,700
world where they were no longer 
automatically important. 

1679
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:54,400
We're still working out how the 
legacy of Empire continues to 

1680
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:57,700
shape both Britain and its 
former colonies in Britain 

1681
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:00,700
imperial history remains a 
source of both pride and 

1682
01:32:00,700 --> 01:32:03,600
discomfort pride in the 
achievements and Global 

1683
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:07,600
influence and discomfort with 
the methods and consequences in 

1684
01:32:07,600 --> 01:32:11,500
former colonies, the impacts of 
vary enormously but they include

1685
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:14,400
everything from legal systems 
and languages to borders and 

1686
01:32:14,400 --> 01:32:17,100
ethnic tensions that can be 
traced directly to colonial 

1687
01:32:17,100 --> 01:32:19,600
policies. 
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 

1688
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:22,800
is the English language itself, 
which became the global lingua 

1689
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:25,400
Franca partly because the 
British Empire spreaded across 

1690
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:29,300
the world, Today more people 
speaking English as a second 

1691
01:32:29,300 --> 01:32:30,700
language than as a first 
language. 

1692
01:32:30,700 --> 01:32:33,800
And the internet has made 
English fluently, essential for 

1693
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:36,600
Global participation in ways 
that the Builders of Empire 

1694
01:32:36,600 --> 01:32:40,000
never could have imagined So 
there you have it. 

1695
01:32:40,000 --> 01:32:44,100
The rise and fall of the British
Empire, from a soggy island with

1696
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,100
big Ambitions to a global 
superpower to a Modern Nation. 

1697
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:48,900
Still figuring out, its place in
the world. 

1698
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:53,000
It's a story about how geography
technology and human ambition 

1699
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:57,600
can combine to create something 
unprecedented and how even the 

1700
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:00,600
most powerful systems eventually
face the limits of Their Own 

1701
01:33:00,600 --> 01:33:03,900
contradictions. 
Sweet dreams and remember 

1702
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,600
Empires may come and go. 
But the really good stories 

1703
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:13,700
about them tend to stick around.
You know how sometimes you look 

1704
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:15,900
at historical paintings and 
wonder what people actually 

1705
01:33:15,900 --> 01:33:18,200
smelled like. 
Well tonight you're going to 

1706
01:33:18,200 --> 01:33:21,200
find out and trust me, it's not 
always Pleasant. 

1707
01:33:22,000 --> 01:33:23,900
We're going to walk the 
cobblestone streets of 

1708
01:33:23,900 --> 01:33:27,300
Constantinople peek into 
workshops where Artisans created

1709
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:31,300
Marvels that still make our jaws
drop and discover why Byzantine 

1710
01:33:31,300 --> 01:33:33,900
citizens had bathroom habits 
that would make a modern 

1711
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:38,600
germophobic with despair. 
His Dawn in the year, 975 CE, 

1712
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:41,400
and you're about to experience a
day in the life of the most 

1713
01:33:41,400 --> 01:33:45,300
sophisticated city in the world.
A place where East truly met 

1714
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:49,000
West where silk was worth its 
weight in gold and where the 

1715
01:33:49,000 --> 01:33:52,100
empress morning bathroom routine
was considered a matter of State

1716
01:33:52,100 --> 01:33:54,200
in Portland's. 
The first thing that would hit 

1717
01:33:54,200 --> 01:33:56,700
you as you opened your eyes. 
In medieval Constantinople 

1718
01:33:56,700 --> 01:33:59,000
wouldn't be the site of the 
Magnificent. 

1719
01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:02,300
Hagia Sophia's Dome catching the
morning light though. 

1720
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:05,700
That was certainly impressive 
know, it would be the smell. 

1721
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:10,400
A complex bouquet of wood smoke 
baking bread horse manure. 

1722
01:34:10,400 --> 01:34:14,100
Incense from a dozen different 
churches and the unmistakable 

1723
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:17,100
Aroma of a city where a million 
people were doing their best to 

1724
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:20,700
stay clean with limited soap and
even more limited privacy. 

1725
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:23,800
You're lying on what passes for 
a bed, in your modest apartment.

1726
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:28,700
And yes apartment buildings 
existed in Constantinople Rising

1727
01:34:28,700 --> 01:34:31,800
4 and 5 stories, high like 
ancient New York, tenements. 

1728
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:35,000
Your mattress is stuffed with 
straw that you really should 

1729
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:37,300
have changed last month. 
But quality straw, doesn't come 

1730
01:34:37,300 --> 01:34:40,100
cheap, the wealthy. 
Folks up the social ladder are 

1731
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:43,300
sleeping on feathers, but you're
making dough just like most 

1732
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:44,800
people in the sprawling 
Metropolis. 

1733
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:48,500
As you stretch and your own, you
can already hear the city waking

1734
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:50,900
up around you. 
There's the clip-clop of horses,

1735
01:34:50,900 --> 01:34:54,200
hooves on Stone the creek of 
wooden cartwheels that 

1736
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:57,500
desperately need oil, and the 
distance sound of church bells, 

1737
01:34:57,500 --> 01:34:58,800
beginning their morning 
Symphony. 

1738
01:34:59,600 --> 01:35:02,900
Constantinople had more churches
per square mile than anywhere 

1739
01:35:02,900 --> 01:35:05,600
else in the Christian world. 
And each one seemed to 

1740
01:35:05,608 --> 01:35:08,800
determined to out the others in 
announcing the dawn, your 

1741
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:12,800
apartment really just two small 
rooms sits on the third floor of

1742
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:14,700
a building that houses about 20 
families. 

1743
01:35:15,700 --> 01:35:17,700
The ground floor is reserved for
shops and workshops. 

1744
01:35:17,700 --> 01:35:21,800
Because in Byzantine cities, you
lived where you worked and you 

1745
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:24,600
worked where you lived. 
The smell of fresh bread. 

1746
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:26,200
What's up from the baker's shop 
below? 

1747
01:35:26,200 --> 01:35:29,800
Mixing with Less Pleasant? 
Odors from the Fullers Workshop.

1748
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:32,700
Next door, where they're already
hard at work, cleaning cloth 

1749
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:35,500
with what can only be described 
as industrial strength urine. 

1750
01:35:35,500 --> 01:35:38,200
Yes, urine. 
It was the ammonia of the 

1751
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,000
ancient world and Fuller's 
collected. 

1752
01:35:40,000 --> 01:35:42,600
It like liquid gold. 
You swing your legs over the 

1753
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:45,100
side of your bed and immediately
feel the cold of the wooden 

1754
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:48,700
floor through your thin shoes. 
Central heating is still about 

1755
01:35:48,700 --> 01:35:51,900
800 years in the future. 
So your morning routine starts 

1756
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:54,600
with shivering and trying to 
cope some life back into the 

1757
01:35:54,600 --> 01:35:58,500
Embers in your small brazier. 
Fire is both your best friend 

1758
01:35:58,500 --> 01:36:01,700
and your greatest fear in this 
wooden framed tightly packed 

1759
01:36:01,700 --> 01:36:04,100
City. 
Everyone's heard stories of 

1760
01:36:04,108 --> 01:36:07,400
entire neighborhoods Going Up in
Flames faster than you could say

1761
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:10,700
business in bureaucracy. 
The water in your ceramic Basin,

1762
01:36:10,700 --> 01:36:14,000
has a thin layer of ice on top. 
It's November and 

1763
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:17,500
constantinople's Winters and 
nothing to joke about You break 

1764
01:36:17,500 --> 01:36:20,100
through the ice and splash the 
shockingly cold water on your 

1765
01:36:20,100 --> 01:36:23,500
face, which wakes you up better 
than any amount of caffeine ever

1766
01:36:23,500 --> 01:36:26,500
could coffee won't reach Europe 
for several more centuries. 

1767
01:36:26,500 --> 01:36:29,700
So your morning, pick me up 
consists of bread, perhaps some 

1768
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:33,200
watered-down wine because the 
water isn't always trustworthy 

1769
01:36:33,200 --> 01:36:35,800
and the sheer excitement of 
trying to make it through 

1770
01:36:35,800 --> 01:36:38,700
another day, in one of 
history's, most vibrant cities 

1771
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:42,600
as you pull on your tunic, a 
simple practical garment that 

1772
01:36:42,600 --> 01:36:44,700
seen better days, but still has 
some life in it. 

1773
01:36:44,708 --> 01:36:47,400
You can hear your neighbor's 
beginning their own morning 

1774
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:49,800
routines. 
There's the family next door, 

1775
01:36:49,800 --> 01:36:52,500
arguing about whose turn it is 
to fetch water from the public 

1776
01:36:52,500 --> 01:36:55,800
fountain down the street. 
The Woman Upstairs is already at

1777
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:59,200
her Loom, the steady, quack, 
quack, quack of her weaving, 

1778
01:36:59,200 --> 01:37:01,200
providing a rhythmic sound track
to the morning. 

1779
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:05,300
And somewhere below a small 
child is crying, probably 

1780
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:07,600
because they've just discovered 
that breakfast is going to be 

1781
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:10,400
yesterday's bread. 
Again, you're not rich, let's be

1782
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:12,300
honest. 
You'll nowhere close to Rich but

1783
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:13,800
you're not desperately poor 
either. 

1784
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:17,200
You're what we might call middle
class, though that term wouldn't

1785
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:18,800
be invented for several 
centuries. 

1786
01:37:18,800 --> 01:37:23,100
You work as a Craftsman, making 
leather goods or working metal 

1787
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:25,200
and you earn enough to afford 
your own apartment. 

1788
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:29,000
Some decent clothes and food 
that isn't just bread and water.

1789
01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:32,600
You might even own a book or 
two, which makes you practically

1790
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:34,400
an intellectual by medieval 
standards. 

1791
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:37,900
Now comes the daily challenge of
breakfast and this is where 

1792
01:37:37,900 --> 01:37:40,700
Byzantine life gets interesting 
in ways that might surprise you.

1793
01:37:40,700 --> 01:37:45,300
You see the Byzantine had some 
rather peculiar ideas about when

1794
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,500
and what people should eat. 
The official Christian position.

1795
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:51,900
Was that really devout people 
should fast until noon every day

1796
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:56,500
eating only one main meal? 
Of course, this rule was about 

1797
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:59,900
as universally followed as speed
limits on a highway which is to 

1798
01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:03,200
say honored more in the breach 
than in the observance, your 

1799
01:38:03,200 --> 01:38:07,000
breakfast is simple, but 
satisfying you have bread, not 

1800
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:10,500
the fluffy white stuff. 
We used to but a dense dark loaf

1801
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:12,800
that could probably double as a 
weapon if necessary. 

1802
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:16,300
This bread is your constant 
companion throughout the day. 

1803
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:20,300
Byzantines ate bread with 
everything, dipped it in 

1804
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:22,800
everything and used its plates 
when they ran out of actual 

1805
01:38:22,800 --> 01:38:25,100
plates. 
It was the smartphone of the 

1806
01:38:25,100 --> 01:38:29,500
Medieval World, ubiquitous 
essential and impossible to 

1807
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:31,700
imagine life without with your 
bread. 

1808
01:38:31,700 --> 01:38:34,900
You might have some olive oil 
for dipping perhaps a handful of

1809
01:38:34,900 --> 01:38:37,800
Olives themselves. 
And if you're feeling fancy a 

1810
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:41,100
small piece of cheese, the 
cheese is hard and salty 

1811
01:38:41,100 --> 01:38:44,200
designed to last week's without 
spoiling in your unrefrigerated 

1812
01:38:44,200 --> 01:38:47,100
apartment. 
Fresh milk is almost impossible 

1813
01:38:47,100 --> 01:38:48,800
to come by unless you happen to 
live next door. 

1814
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:52,000
To someone who keeps goats and 
even then, you'd better drink it

1815
01:38:52,000 --> 01:38:54,400
fast before, it turns into 
something resembling cottage 

1816
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:56,900
cheese with attitude. 
If you're lucky enough to have 

1817
01:38:56,900 --> 01:39:00,000
some wine left from yesterday, 
you'll mix it with water not 

1818
01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:02,900
because you're trying to be 
moderate but because undiluted 

1819
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:07,000
wine is considered barbaric. 
The byzantines inherited this 

1820
01:39:07,000 --> 01:39:10,000
custom from the ancient Greeks 
and Romans and they took it. 

1821
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:12,800
Seriously, drinking straight 
wine was something that 

1822
01:39:12,800 --> 01:39:16,600
barbarians did right up there 
with wearing pants and proper 

1823
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:19,100
tunics and speaking. 
Languages that didn't sound like

1824
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:21,500
music. 
As you eat your mentally 

1825
01:39:21,500 --> 01:39:25,100
preparing for the day ahead, 
your Workshop weights, along 

1826
01:39:25,100 --> 01:39:28,100
with the customers who will try 
to haggle down your prices, The 

1827
01:39:28,100 --> 01:39:30,900
Guild officials who will inspect
your work to make sure you're 

1828
01:39:30,900 --> 01:39:33,500
not cutting corners. 
And the tax collectors who seem 

1829
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,100
to appear with the same 
regularity as sunrise and twice 

1830
01:39:36,100 --> 01:39:39,300
as much enthusiasm. 
Byzantine bureaucracy was 

1831
01:39:39,300 --> 01:39:41,600
legendary in its complexity and 
thoroughness. 

1832
01:39:41,600 --> 01:39:44,700
They had forms for forms and tax
categories. 

1833
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:46,200
That would make a modern 
accountant. 

1834
01:39:46,200 --> 01:39:49,100
Weep with frustration, the sound
of the city grows louder, as 

1835
01:39:49,100 --> 01:39:52,400
more people Venture onto the 
streets, you can hear Merchant 

1836
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,100
setting up their stalls. 
Their voices already rising in 

1837
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:57,200
the Singsong cadences of 
salesmanship. 

1838
01:39:57,200 --> 01:40:00,200
That sound remarkably similar to
Modern Market vendors. 

1839
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:04,400
Fresh fish caught this morning 
translation, caught sometime 

1840
01:40:04,400 --> 01:40:07,400
this week and still mostly 
edible Silk from the Orient 

1841
01:40:07,400 --> 01:40:11,200
translation, probably silk, 
definitely expensive origin. 

1842
01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:14,100
Negotiable your neighbor's are 
emerging from their Apartments. 

1843
01:40:14,100 --> 01:40:17,300
Now, each beginning their own 
version of the bazan, Teen daily

1844
01:40:17,300 --> 01:40:20,600
dance. 
The woman from upstairs nods as 

1845
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:23,400
she passes your door, carrying 
her water jugs, toward the 

1846
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:26,400
public fountain. 
She is dressed in a long tunic 

1847
01:40:26,400 --> 01:40:28,900
with a cloak wrapped. 
Around her shoulders, her hair 

1848
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:31,100
covered with a scarf as modesty 
demands. 

1849
01:40:32,100 --> 01:40:34,800
Her husband follows a few 
minutes later, heading toward 

1850
01:40:34,800 --> 01:40:36,600
his job. 
At one of the silk workshops 

1851
01:40:36,600 --> 01:40:39,200
that make Constantinople famous 
throughout the known world. 

1852
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:42,600
When you finally step out side 
your immediately immersed in 

1853
01:40:42,600 --> 01:40:44,900
sensory overload that makes 
modern city. 

1854
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:48,600
Life seemed peaceful by 
comparison Constantinople in. 

1855
01:40:48,600 --> 01:40:52,000
Its Heyday was home to somewhere
between 400,000 and a million 

1856
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:54,900
people historians argue about 
the exact number. 

1857
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:57,900
But everyone agrees, it was 
enormous by medieval standards. 

1858
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,500
All those people are packed into
a space smaller than modern 

1859
01:41:01,500 --> 01:41:03,400
Manhattan. 
And they're all trying to make a

1860
01:41:03,400 --> 01:41:06,800
living, raise their families and
get through their daily routines

1861
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,300
without getting trampled robbed 
or inadvertently involved in one

1862
01:41:10,300 --> 01:41:13,100
of the political riots that 
break out with the regularity of

1863
01:41:13,100 --> 01:41:15,400
thunderstorms. 
The street, you live on is 

1864
01:41:15,400 --> 01:41:19,500
typical of constantinople's 
residential areas, narrow, paved

1865
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:22,200
with stone when the city 
treasury has money for repairs 

1866
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,000
and lined with buildings. 
That seem to lean toward each 

1867
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:26,900
other like old friends sharing 
secrets. 

1868
01:41:28,000 --> 01:41:31,000
The ground floors house shops 
and workshops their owners 

1869
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:34,400
already busy with the days work.
There's the baker, you smelled 

1870
01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:37,500
early, his oven producing a 
steady stream of loaves that 

1871
01:41:37,500 --> 01:41:39,800
will feed half the neighborhood 
next door. 

1872
01:41:39,800 --> 01:41:43,200
A blacksmith is already heating 
his Forge, the globe, visible 

1873
01:41:43,200 --> 01:41:45,600
through his open, doorway in the
ring of hammer on Anvil. 

1874
01:41:45,600 --> 01:41:47,400
Adding percussion to the morning
Symphony. 

1875
01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:50,600
The street itself is a river of 
humanity flowing. 

1876
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:54,000
In all directions, Merchants are
leading pack animals, loaded 

1877
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:56,400
with goods from every corner of 
the Known World. 

1878
01:41:56,400 --> 01:42:00,800
A train of mules passes by 
loaded with silk that might have

1879
01:42:00,808 --> 01:42:02,900
traveled the entire Silk Road 
from China. 

1880
01:42:04,100 --> 01:42:06,900
Behind them. 
A cart filled with amp of wine 

1881
01:42:06,900 --> 01:42:10,300
from Greece Creeks, along the 
driver shouting at pedestrians 

1882
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:12,700
to clear the way in language, 
that would make a sailor blush 

1883
01:42:12,700 --> 01:42:14,800
water. 
Carriers move through the crowd 

1884
01:42:14,800 --> 01:42:17,600
with large ceramic vessels, 
balanced on their shoulders or 

1885
01:42:17,600 --> 01:42:21,300
loaded onto donkeys. 
Clean water is precious in a 

1886
01:42:21,300 --> 01:42:24,600
city, this size and the public 
fountains fed by Massive 

1887
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:27,600
aqueducts, that are marvels of 
engineering are always busy. 

1888
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:30,500
You can see people lined up at 
the fountain at the end of your 

1889
01:42:30,500 --> 01:42:32,700
street chatting with neighbors 
while they wait their turn. 

1890
01:42:33,400 --> 01:42:36,700
The fountain is more than just a
water source, it's a Social Hub,

1891
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,700
the place where news spreads 
gossip flourishes and marriages 

1892
01:42:40,700 --> 01:42:43,500
are, sometimes arranged between 
families who meet while their 

1893
01:42:43,500 --> 01:42:46,300
children Splash in the Overflow.
As you walk toward your 

1894
01:42:46,300 --> 01:42:49,500
Workshop, you navigate around, 
piles of refuse, that won't be 

1895
01:42:49,508 --> 01:42:52,100
collected until the city 
sanitation workers, make their 

1896
01:42:52,100 --> 01:42:55,500
rounds later in the day. 
Medieval cities had Waste 

1897
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:58,200
Management systems, but they 
were primitive by modern 

1898
01:42:58,200 --> 01:43:00,600
standards. 
Most people simply through their

1899
01:43:00,600 --> 01:43:03,100
garbage out their Windows aiming
for the street, rather than 

1900
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:05,800
their neighbor's heads though. 
Accuracy wasn't always 

1901
01:43:05,800 --> 01:43:08,300
guaranteed. 
The lucky ones had access to 

1902
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:10,900
public latrines. 
While others may do with chamber

1903
01:43:10,900 --> 01:43:12,900
pots that were emptied into 
designated areas. 

1904
01:43:12,900 --> 01:43:16,100
Outside the city walls, the 
smell of cooking food, mingles 

1905
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:19,200
with Less Pleasant, odors 
Horseman near rotting vegetables

1906
01:43:19,200 --> 01:43:22,600
and the distinctive Aroma of the
Tanner's workshops where animal 

1907
01:43:22,600 --> 01:43:25,600
hides are processed using 
methods that have not changed 

1908
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:30,000
much since ancient times. 
Turning requires urine, oak bark

1909
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:33,900
and animal fat combined in 
proportions that create a stench

1910
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:36,300
capable of stopping 
conversations three blocks away.

1911
01:43:37,300 --> 01:43:40,300
Tanners always set up shop 
downwind of residential areas, 

1912
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,100
which tells you something about 
medieval city planning 

1913
01:43:43,100 --> 01:43:45,900
priorities. 
Your Workshop sits on a side 

1914
01:43:45,900 --> 01:43:47,900
street that specializes in 
metalworking. 

1915
01:43:47,900 --> 01:43:51,600
This isn't coincidence. 
Byzantine cities were organized 

1916
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:55,300
by trade with similar Craftsman,
clustering together like modern 

1917
01:43:55,300 --> 01:43:58,800
business districts. 
It made sense economically and 

1918
01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:02,600
socially you shared techniques, 
borrowed tools and competed for 

1919
01:44:02,600 --> 01:44:04,200
customers. 
While maintaining the kind of 

1920
01:44:04,208 --> 01:44:07,100
professional camaraderie. 
That comes from facing the same 

1921
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,900
challenges every day, The Guild 
system governs every aspect of 

1922
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:14,200
your working life and it's both 
a blessing and a bureaucratic 

1923
01:44:14,200 --> 01:44:16,500
nightmare. 
Your guild sets quality 

1924
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:20,800
standards, regulates prices 
controls who can enter the trade

1925
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,000
and provide a social safety net 
for members who fall on hard 

1926
01:44:24,000 --> 01:44:26,600
times. 
It also tells you exactly how 

1927
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:30,100
many apprentices you can have, 
what hours you can work, where 

1928
01:44:30,100 --> 01:44:33,300
you can set up shop and probably
what you should eat for lunch if

1929
01:44:33,300 --> 01:44:35,900
they could get away with it 
today, your working on a 

1930
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:37,000
commission from one of the 
Cities. 

1931
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:40,300
Wealthy merchants a set of 
bronze fittings for a shipping 

1932
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:42,800
vessel. 
Bronze, work requires skill, 

1933
01:44:42,800 --> 01:44:46,500
patience and the ability to work
near a forge that turns your 

1934
01:44:46,508 --> 01:44:48,500
Workshop into a sauna even in 
winter. 

1935
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:51,800
You heat the metal until it 
glows, like a small piece of the

1936
01:44:51,800 --> 01:44:55,200
sun, then shape it with hammers 
and tools that your grandfather 

1937
01:44:55,200 --> 01:44:58,500
probably used and that your 
grandson might inherit someday. 

1938
01:44:58,500 --> 01:45:02,900
Your Apprentice arrives shortly 
after you do a boy, of maybe 14 

1939
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,900
who's been with you for two 
years now, he's passed the stage

1940
01:45:05,900 --> 01:45:09,200
of being completely useless, and
has progressed, to being only 

1941
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:12,000
occasionally useless, which 
represents significant 

1942
01:45:12,000 --> 01:45:14,900
Improvement. 
He tends the fire organizes 

1943
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:17,200
tools and practices. 
The basic techniques that will 

1944
01:45:17,200 --> 01:45:19,300
eventually make him a Craftsman 
in his own, right? 

1945
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,100
The Apprentice system works. 
Well, it provides skilled 

1946
01:45:23,100 --> 01:45:25,900
workers for the future while 
giving young men a path out of 

1947
01:45:25,908 --> 01:45:27,800
poverty and into respectable 
trades. 

1948
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:30,600
The work is steady and 
satisfying in a way that's hard 

1949
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:32,600
to explain to people who've 
never created something 

1950
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:34,500
beautiful and functional with 
their own hands. 

1951
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:38,100
Each piece of bronze you shape 
will Outlast You by centuries. 

1952
01:45:38,100 --> 01:45:41,600
Some of your work might end up 
in churches where it will be 

1953
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:44,800
touched by thousands of 
worshipers other pieces will 

1954
01:45:44,800 --> 01:45:46,500
travel on ships to distant 
ports. 

1955
01:45:46,500 --> 01:45:49,700
Carrying a small piece of 
Constantinople to places your 

1956
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:52,800
never seen as the morning. 
Progresses customers begin 

1957
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:55,000
arriving. 
There's the ship captain who 

1958
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:57,900
needs repairs to his vessels 
fittings before his next Voyage 

1959
01:45:57,900 --> 01:46:01,000
to Alexandria. 
He's a weathered man with hands 

1960
01:46:01,000 --> 01:46:04,100
like leather and stories that 
grow more fantastic with each 

1961
01:46:04,100 --> 01:46:07,000
telling. 
Today, he's describing a storm 

1962
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:09,900
off the coast of Cyprus that was
apparently sent by Poseidon 

1963
01:46:09,900 --> 01:46:13,600
himself judging by his dramatic 
gestures and increasingly 

1964
01:46:13,600 --> 01:46:16,800
creative profanity. 
A wealthy woman arrives with her

1965
01:46:16,800 --> 01:46:19,800
servant, looking for decorative,
bronze work, for her mansion. 

1966
01:46:20,500 --> 01:46:24,300
She's dressed in silk so fine. 
It seems to move like liquid and

1967
01:46:24,300 --> 01:46:27,100
her jewelry probably cost more 
than you'll earn in five years, 

1968
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:30,200
but she pays well and doesn't 
argue about prices. 

1969
01:46:30,200 --> 01:46:33,200
So you treat her with the 
respect, due to customers 

1970
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:35,400
everywhere. 
She wants something unique, 

1971
01:46:35,400 --> 01:46:38,800
something that will impress her 
friends at dinner parties where 

1972
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:41,900
the wine flows like water. 
And the gossip is more valuable 

1973
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:45,000
than gold by noon. 
The sun has warmed, the stones 

1974
01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:48,000
of the street, and the city has 
reached its daily crocheter of 

1975
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:50,400
activity. 
This is when Constantinople 

1976
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:53,400
truly comes alive. 
When the mornings tentative, 

1977
01:46:53,400 --> 01:46:57,500
Commerce explodes into the full 
throated Roar of one of the 

1978
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:01,000
world's great trading centers, 
the main boulevards are packed 

1979
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:04,400
with people from every corner of
the Known World, Merchants from 

1980
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:08,200
Venice and Genoa, Traders from 
Russia carrying Furs and Amber 

1981
01:47:08,200 --> 01:47:11,900
spice dealers from India and 
Ceylon and diplomats from 

1982
01:47:11,900 --> 01:47:13,500
Kingdom. 
So, distant their name. 

1983
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:16,800
Sound like poetry you take a 
break from your work to venture 

1984
01:47:16,800 --> 01:47:19,500
out for the day's main meal 
lunch, as we know, it doesn't 

1985
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:22,400
really exist. 
Byzantines, eat their big meal 

1986
01:47:22,400 --> 01:47:25,400
in the early afternoon after the
morning's work is done but while

1987
01:47:25,400 --> 01:47:26,900
they're still plenty of daylight
left. 

1988
01:47:27,600 --> 01:47:29,900
You head toward one of the 
tavernas that cater to working. 

1989
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:32,100
People. 
Like yourself places where the 

1990
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:34,600
food is, simple filling and 
reasonably priced. 

1991
01:47:34,600 --> 01:47:38,200
The Taverna you choose sits near
the Hippodrome that enormous 

1992
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:41,300
Arena, where Constantinople 
citizens gather for chariot, 

1993
01:47:41,300 --> 01:47:44,700
races, political demonstrations,
and the occasional riot. 

1994
01:47:45,400 --> 01:47:48,800
The Hippodrome is quiet now, but
you can see vendors setting up 

1995
01:47:48,800 --> 01:47:51,900
for tonight's races, arranging 
their Wares and preparing for 

1996
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:53,300
the crowds that will pack the 
arena. 

1997
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:57,200
Chariot racing is more than 
entertainment in Constantinople.

1998
01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:01,100
It's a passion that divides the 
city into competing factions 

1999
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:04,600
with the further of modern 
sports fans inside the Verna. 

2000
01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:07,200
The air is thick with the smell 
of cooking food and animated 

2001
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:10,300
conversation. 
The proprietor Stout, man with 

2002
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:14,100
arms like tree trunks Greeks 
regular customers by name and 

2003
01:48:14,100 --> 01:48:17,100
somehow remembers exactly how 
Everyone likes their food 

2004
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:20,800
prepared. 
Today's offering is a wooden 

2005
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:22,800
board in letters. 
Large enough to be seen through 

2006
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:26,600
the Smoky interior. 
Lamb stew with vegetables, fish 

2007
01:48:26,600 --> 01:48:29,600
caught in the boss for us this 
morning, bread that still warm 

2008
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:32,400
from the oven and wine from 
Vineyards outside the city 

2009
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,600
walls. 
You chose the fish Fresh seafood

2010
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:37,900
is one of constantinople's great
advantages. 

2011
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:41,600
The city sits where two 
continents meet surrounded by 

2012
01:48:41,600 --> 01:48:45,500
water, that provides an endless 
supply of fish shellfish and 

2013
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:48,200
other Seafood that makes its way
to tables throughout the city, 

2014
01:48:48,200 --> 01:48:51,500
the fish's grilled over charcoal
and seasoned with herbs that 

2015
01:48:51,500 --> 01:48:55,300
grow wild on the Hills outside 
Constantinople, it's simple food

2016
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:57,500
prepared. 
Well the kind of meal that 

2017
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:00,200
sustains working people and 
keeps them coming back while you

2018
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:01,800
eat. 
You listen to the conversation, 

2019
01:49:01,800 --> 01:49:05,900
swirling around you at the next 
table to Merchants are arguing 

2020
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:08,900
about trade routes to the Black 
Sea, their voices Rising. 

2021
01:49:08,900 --> 01:49:11,900
As they debate whether Overland 
or sea transport, offers better 

2022
01:49:11,900 --> 01:49:15,000
profits. 
Behind you, the group of artists

2023
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:17,300
from the silk workshops are 
complaining about new 

2024
01:49:17,300 --> 01:49:20,800
regulations from their Guild 
regulations that apparently make

2025
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:23,000
no sense. 
And what obviously, written by 

2026
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:25,800
people who have never actually 
worked with silk in their lives,

2027
01:49:25,800 --> 01:49:28,900
the Taverna serves as an 
unofficial new center where 

2028
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:31,100
information spreads faster than 
Wildfire. 

2029
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:34,400
Today's Hot Topic is a rumor 
that the emperor is planning. 

2030
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:38,300
New taxes on imported goods news
that has Merchants calculating 

2031
01:49:38,300 --> 01:49:41,500
profit margins and ordinary 
citizens wandering, how much 

2032
01:49:41,500 --> 01:49:43,500
more expensive everything is 
about to become. 

2033
01:49:44,500 --> 01:49:46,700
Someone mentioned that there's 
trouble brewing with the 

2034
01:49:46,700 --> 01:49:50,000
bulgarians again, which draws 
knowing nods from veterans. 

2035
01:49:50,000 --> 01:49:51,700
Who remember? 
Previous conflicts with 

2036
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:54,600
constantinople's Northern 
Neighbors after your meal? 

2037
01:49:54,600 --> 01:49:57,700
You return to work, refreshed 
and ready for the afternoon's 

2038
01:49:57,700 --> 01:50:00,000
challenges. 
This is typically the most 

2039
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:01,900
productive part of the day for 
Craftsman. 

2040
01:50:01,900 --> 01:50:05,900
You're well-fed, the light is 
good and you've had time to plan

2041
01:50:05,900 --> 01:50:08,300
your approach to whatever 
project demands attention. 

2042
01:50:08,300 --> 01:50:11,000
The bronze fittings are taking 
shape nicely under, your 

2043
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:13,700
experienced hands. 
Each piece fitting perfectly 

2044
01:50:13,700 --> 01:50:15,800
with its neighbors in the 
complex assembly. 

2045
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,100
That will help keep a trading 
vessel C worthy. 

2046
01:50:18,100 --> 01:50:21,500
Your Apprentice has returned 
from his own meal and is eager 

2047
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:24,600
to continue learning today. 
Your teaching him, the delicate 

2048
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:28,200
art of finishing work. 
The patient filing polishing, 

2049
01:50:28,200 --> 01:50:32,200
and adjusting that transforms 
rough bronze into pieces, worthy

2050
01:50:32,200 --> 01:50:35,300
of a merchant ship. 
It's tedious work that requires 

2051
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:38,800
attention to detail and steady 
hands qualities that separate 

2052
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:40,700
true. 
Craftsmen from Mere laborers, 

2053
01:50:40,700 --> 01:50:43,500
the afternoon brings a steady 
stream of visitors to your 

2054
01:50:43,500 --> 01:50:46,200
Workshop. 
There's the guild inspector, a 

2055
01:50:46,200 --> 01:50:48,900
thin man, with sharp eyes who 
examines your work for any 

2056
01:50:48,900 --> 01:50:52,100
deviation from established 
standards, The Guild takes 

2057
01:50:52,100 --> 01:50:54,900
quality control. 
Seriously, their reputation 

2058
01:50:54,900 --> 01:50:57,500
depends on maintaining standards
that customers throughout the 

2059
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:01,600
Mediterranean can trust Single 
shoddy piece bearing the guilds 

2060
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:05,000
Mark could damage relationships 
that took decades to build a 

2061
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:07,600
fellow Craftsmen stops by to 
borrow a specialized tool. 

2062
01:51:07,600 --> 01:51:10,300
And you spend a few minutes to 
discussing techniques and 

2063
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:13,900
sharing professional gossip. 
He tells you about a new method 

2064
01:51:13,900 --> 01:51:17,400
for creating decorative patterns
in bronze that he learned from a

2065
01:51:17,400 --> 01:51:20,100
visiting Artisan from Damascus. 
In return. 

2066
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:22,600
You share a tip about heat 
treatment that produces a 

2067
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:25,400
particularly attractive finish. 
This kind of professional 

2068
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:28,000
exchange is how techniques 
spread and improve over the 

2069
01:51:28,000 --> 01:51:30,200
centuries. 
Late in the afternoon, you 

2070
01:51:30,200 --> 01:51:33,200
receive an unexpected commission
from a church official, who 

2071
01:51:33,200 --> 01:51:36,600
needs repairs to bronze fixtures
in one of Constantinople smaller

2072
01:51:36,600 --> 01:51:39,100
churches. 
Church workers, prestigious and 

2073
01:51:39,100 --> 01:51:41,300
pays well. 
But it also comes with the 

2074
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:45,000
pressure of creating something 
worthy of divine service, the 

2075
01:51:45,000 --> 01:51:47,200
official examined, some of your 
previous work and not 

2076
01:51:47,200 --> 01:51:49,100
approvingly before describing 
what he needs. 

2077
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:53,000
Replacements for decorative 
elements that were damaged and 

2078
01:51:53,000 --> 01:51:55,400
part of the church roof 
collapse, during a recent storm,

2079
01:51:55,400 --> 01:51:58,500
as the sun begins, its descent 
toward the Western Hills. 

2080
01:51:58,500 --> 01:52:02,300
You start thinking about closing
up shop for the day, But first, 

2081
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:05,700
there are tools to clean and 
organize materials to secure 

2082
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,500
against their plans to make for 
tomorrow's work. 

2083
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:12,500
Your Workshop is more than just 
a place of business, it's your 

2084
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,200
professional identity. 
The space where your skills 

2085
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,300
transform, raw materials, into 
useful and beautiful objects, 

2086
01:52:18,300 --> 01:52:20,600
the transition from our 
afternoon to evening in 

2087
01:52:20,608 --> 01:52:23,600
Constantinople, is a daily 
spectacle that never gets old. 

2088
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,700
Because the sun angles lower in 
the Western sky, it transforms 

2089
01:52:27,700 --> 01:52:30,500
the city's, White marble 
buildings into golden jewels 

2090
01:52:30,500 --> 01:52:34,700
that catch and reflect light in 
constantly changing patterns. 

2091
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:39,500
The great Dome of Hagia, Sophia 
seems to glow from within while 

2092
01:52:39,500 --> 01:52:42,100
the Waters of the Golden Horn, 
turn the color of the molten 

2093
01:52:42,100 --> 01:52:44,500
bronze. 
Site that makes even the most 

2094
01:52:44,500 --> 01:52:47,100
jaded residents pauses in their 
daily routines. 

2095
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:49,700
You secure your workshop and 
begin the walk home through 

2096
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:51,800
streets that are taking on their
evening character. 

2097
01:52:52,500 --> 01:52:55,000
The Urgent pace of midday 
Commerce gives way to something 

2098
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:58,200
more relaxed and social People 
have time to chat with 

2099
01:52:58,200 --> 01:53:00,300
neighbors. 
Children play in the spaces 

2100
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:02,200
between buildings and the 
tavernas. 

2101
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:04,100
Begin preparing for their 
evening customers. 

2102
01:53:05,100 --> 01:53:07,500
The smell of cooking food, 
drifts from Windows and 

2103
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:11,500
doorways, a mixture of roasting 
meat, baking bread and the herbs

2104
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,900
and spices that make presenting 
Cuisine distinctive Street 

2105
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,800
vendors appear with Goods. 
Targeted at the evening crowd, 

2106
01:53:17,800 --> 01:53:21,700
hot food for people walking home
from work oil for lamps that 

2107
01:53:21,700 --> 01:53:24,500
will soon be needed. 
As Darkness Falls and small 

2108
01:53:24,500 --> 01:53:26,500
luxuries that make the end of a 
working day. 

2109
01:53:26,500 --> 01:53:29,700
Feel special. 
A man, with a portable Grazer is

2110
01:53:29,700 --> 01:53:32,100
roasting chestnuts that fill the
air with their distinctive 

2111
01:53:32,100 --> 01:53:35,500
aroma. 
A woman sells honey cakes from a

2112
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:37,600
basket balanced expertly on her 
head. 

2113
01:53:37,600 --> 01:53:40,700
Her voice calling out their 
virtues in the rhythmic chants 

2114
01:53:40,700 --> 01:53:43,700
that street vendors of probably 
used since cities were invented 

2115
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:46,700
as you walk, you notice the 
subtle changes that Mark the 

2116
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:50,200
approach of evening Shutters are
being pulled closed on ground 

2117
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:53,100
floor shops as Merchants secure 
their Wares against theft. 

2118
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,200
Public fountains become 
gathering places where people 

2119
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:59,100
linger to chat while filling 
their evening Waters, applies 

2120
01:53:59,100 --> 01:54:02,900
churches, begin preparing for 
Vespers their Bells, calling the

2121
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:05,300
faithful to evening prayers with
the same insistence. 

2122
01:54:05,300 --> 01:54:08,000
They showed at dawn, the 
residential streets, take on a 

2123
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:10,600
cozy atmosphere as families 
gather for their evening meal. 

2124
01:54:11,300 --> 01:54:14,300
Through open Windows, you can 
see women preparing food while 

2125
01:54:14,300 --> 01:54:17,400
children, help with simple tasks
or play with toys carved from 

2126
01:54:17,408 --> 01:54:19,800
wood or fashioned from scraps of
cloth. 

2127
01:54:20,500 --> 01:54:23,700
Men returned from workshops and 
markets, their faces, showing 

2128
01:54:23,700 --> 01:54:27,100
the satisfaction of honest work 
completed and the anticipation 

2129
01:54:27,100 --> 01:54:30,300
of home, cooked food and family 
conversation, your own evening 

2130
01:54:30,300 --> 01:54:33,200
meal, awaits, and it's the 
social highlight of the day. 

2131
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:36,500
If you are unmarried you might 
join other Craftsmen. 

2132
01:54:36,500 --> 01:54:38,900
At one of the neighborhood to 
Vernors where the food is 

2133
01:54:38,900 --> 01:54:42,800
hearty, the wine flows freely 
and the conversation ranges from

2134
01:54:42,800 --> 01:54:44,500
professional gossip to 
philosophy. 

2135
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:47,500
If you have a family, the 
evening meal is time for 

2136
01:54:47,500 --> 01:54:49,900
connection. 
For sharing the days experience 

2137
01:54:49,900 --> 01:54:52,900
is and for maintaining the bonds
that hold households together. 

2138
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:55,900
Tonight's meal reflects the 
abundance and diversity. 

2139
01:54:55,900 --> 01:54:58,500
That make Constantinople a 
culinary Crossroads. 

2140
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:01,800
There's fresh bread. 
Of course no business in meal is

2141
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,600
complete without it. 
The bread is accompanied by 

2142
01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:06,500
olive oil. 
That was pressed from trees 

2143
01:55:06,500 --> 01:55:09,900
growing on Greek Hillside oil. 
So pure and flavorful. 

2144
01:55:09,900 --> 01:55:12,300
It seems to capture sunshine in 
liquid form. 

2145
01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:16,500
There are olives themselves, 
some small and black others, 

2146
01:55:16,500 --> 01:55:19,200
large and green. 
Each variety offering its own 

2147
01:55:19,200 --> 01:55:21,800
distinct flavor. 
The main course might be fish 

2148
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:25,300
stew made with the day's catch 
from the Bosphorus seasoned with

2149
01:55:25,308 --> 01:55:28,400
herbs and vegetables that grow 
in the gardens outside, the city

2150
01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:32,300
walls or perhaps lamb, that was 
raised on the Anatolian planes 

2151
01:55:32,300 --> 01:55:35,000
and butchered this morning 
prepared with the spices that 

2152
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:38,400
flow through constantinople's 
markets from India, Persia and 

2153
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:41,000
Arabia. 
The variety of available 

2154
01:55:41,000 --> 01:55:43,400
ingredients is staggering 
compared to what people in 

2155
01:55:43,400 --> 01:55:46,600
Western Europe. 
Can obtain Constantinople sits 

2156
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:48,900
at the crossroads of trade 
routes that bring flavors from 

2157
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:51,000
three continents to a single 
Marketplace. 

2158
01:55:51,000 --> 01:55:53,600
Why a company is the meal mixed 
with water? 

2159
01:55:53,600 --> 01:55:57,200
According to proper custom, the 
wine might come from Vineyards 

2160
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:00,900
in Greece, Macedonia, or even 
from vines that grow on the 

2161
01:56:00,900 --> 01:56:02,900
Hills surrounding Constantinople
itself. 

2162
01:56:02,900 --> 01:56:06,400
It served in cups. 
That range from simple Pottery 

2163
01:56:06,400 --> 01:56:09,600
to elaborate metal work, 
depending on the households 

2164
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:12,800
wealth and the formality of the 
occasion, conversation during 

2165
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:15,800
the meal covers the days of 
events neighborhood, gossip and 

2166
01:56:15,800 --> 01:56:19,300
topics of broader interest 
People discussed the quality of 

2167
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:21,500
this year's harvest. 
The latest news from the 

2168
01:56:21,508 --> 01:56:25,100
Imperial Court and the prospects
for trade with distant lands. 

2169
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:27,900
Politics, inevitably enters the 
conversation. 

2170
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:30,800
Byzantines are passionate about 
politics. 

2171
01:56:30,800 --> 01:56:34,100
The way others are passionate 
about sports and everyone has 

2172
01:56:34,100 --> 01:56:37,000
opinions about The Emperor's 
policies, the competence of his 

2173
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:39,900
advisors, and the Empire's 
relationships with neighbors, 

2174
01:56:39,900 --> 01:56:43,200
both friendly and hostile as the
meal progresses and the wine 

2175
01:56:43,200 --> 01:56:45,600
takes effect. 
The conversation becomes more 

2176
01:56:45,600 --> 01:56:48,900
animated and wide-ranging. 
philosophy, enters the 

2177
01:56:48,900 --> 01:56:52,700
discussion along with theology 
literature and the kind of 

2178
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:55,300
speculative thinking that 
emerges when people have enough 

2179
01:56:55,300 --> 01:56:57,700
Leisure Time to consider 
questions Beyond immediate 

2180
01:56:57,700 --> 01:57:01,300
survival, This is one of the 
greatest advantages of living in

2181
01:57:01,300 --> 01:57:05,500
Constantinople the city's. 
Well and sophistication provides

2182
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:08,400
space for intellectual Pursuits.
That would be impossible in 

2183
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,000
smaller poorer communities. 
As Darkness. 

2184
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,700
Settles over Constantinople the 
city doesn't go to sleep. 

2185
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:18,400
Transforms oil lamps, begin 
flickering to life in Windows 

2186
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:21,000
and doorways. 
Creating cools of warm light 

2187
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,400
that push back the darkness. 
The wealthy neighborhoods are 

2188
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:27,400
better lit than the poor ones, 
but even modest areas maintained

2189
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:30,200
enough illumination to allow 
limited nighttime activity. 

2190
01:57:31,100 --> 01:57:34,200
Public areas like major streets 
and markets, have torches or 

2191
01:57:34,200 --> 01:57:37,200
large oil lamps that burn 
through the night, maintained by

2192
01:57:37,200 --> 01:57:39,200
the city authorities as a public
service. 

2193
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:42,900
The night brings its own sounds 
and rhythms church bells. 

2194
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,300
Mark the hours with their bronze
voices, calling the faithful to 

2195
01:57:46,300 --> 01:57:49,200
night prayers, and providing a 
temporal framework that helps 

2196
01:57:49,200 --> 01:57:52,600
people navigate The Darkness. 
Night Watchman begin their 

2197
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:55,600
rounds, their footsteps. 
Echoing off stone walls as they 

2198
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:58,500
Patrol neighborhoods and 
marketplaces their cause of 

2199
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:00,800
all's. 
Well, a warnings of fire or 

2200
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:04,000
thieves become part of the 
nighttime, soundscape tavernas 

2201
01:58:04,000 --> 01:58:06,600
that cater to the evening crowd.
Come alive with music 

2202
01:58:06,600 --> 01:58:10,100
conversation and the kind of 
social interaction that helps 

2203
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:12,000
people unwind from the days 
labors. 

2204
01:58:12,000 --> 01:58:16,600
Musicians, with Liars, flutes, 
and drums, provide entertainment

2205
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:20,000
performing traditional songs, 
alongside newer, compositions 

2206
01:58:20,000 --> 01:58:22,700
that reflect the cultural mixing
that makes Constantinople 

2207
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:25,500
unique. 
The music Blends Greek, Melodies

2208
01:58:25,500 --> 01:58:28,800
with influences from the Arab 
world Persia and the Slavic 

2209
01:58:28,800 --> 01:58:32,300
lands to the north, for those 
who can afford it the evening of

2210
01:58:32,300 --> 01:58:35,900
a sophisticated entertainment. 
wealthy households, host dinner 

2211
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:39,100
parties where guests enjoy 
elaborate meals while discussing

2212
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:43,300
literature philosophy and 
politics these gatherings might 

2213
01:58:43,300 --> 01:58:45,900
feature professional 
entertainers, musicians, 

2214
01:58:45,900 --> 01:58:49,600
storytellers, or even Scholars, 
who can discourse eloquently on 

2215
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:52,100
subjects ranging from theology 
to mathematics? 

2216
01:58:53,600 --> 01:58:56,400
The conversation at such 
Gatherings is both intellectual 

2217
01:58:56,400 --> 01:58:59,700
and social serving to reinforce 
relationships within 

2218
01:58:59,700 --> 01:59:02,900
constantinople's Elite are 
providing forums for the 

2219
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:05,900
exchange of ideas. 
The night also has its dangers 

2220
01:59:05,900 --> 01:59:09,400
and its less respectable 
activities, Constantinople after

2221
01:59:09,400 --> 01:59:13,000
dark can be dangerous for the 
unwary thieves operate in poorly

2222
01:59:13,000 --> 01:59:15,500
lit areas. 
Drunken arguments can escalate 

2223
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:17,900
into violence and the cities 
maze-like. 

2224
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:20,300
Street layout provides plenty of
places for criminals to 

2225
01:59:20,300 --> 01:59:23,100
disappear. 
Most respectable citizens of 

2226
01:59:23,100 --> 01:59:26,300
void unnecessary, travel after 
dark and those who must venture 

2227
01:59:26,300 --> 01:59:29,500
out often travel in groups or 
higher guards as the evening 

2228
01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:32,400
deepens into night, 
Constantinople gradually, 

2229
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:36,100
settles into quieter rhythms. 
The last customers, leave The 

2230
01:59:36,100 --> 01:59:39,700
Tavares Craftsman, extinguish 
their workshop, fires and 

2231
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:42,700
families gather around their own
haves for the final activities 

2232
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:45,100
of the day. 
This is the time for intimate 

2233
01:59:45,100 --> 01:59:47,800
conversation for reading if 
you're literate and can afford 

2234
01:59:47,800 --> 01:59:51,100
books or for the simple pleasure
of sitting quietly, while 

2235
01:59:51,100 --> 01:59:54,200
reflecting on the days of events
in your apartment, you prepare 

2236
01:59:54,200 --> 01:59:56,600
for sleep with the same 
practical, rituals that people 

2237
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:59,700
have followed for millennia. 
Oil lamps were extinguished. 

2238
01:59:59,700 --> 02:00:02,700
One by one leaving. 
Perhaps a single light burning 

2239
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:06,000
for safety. 
The Brazier that provided warmth

2240
02:00:06,000 --> 02:00:07,600
during the day is banked 
carefully. 

2241
02:00:08,300 --> 02:00:11,600
Fire is too precious to waste, 
but also too dangerous to leave 

2242
02:00:11,600 --> 02:00:14,300
unattended. 
Windows are shuttered against 

2243
02:00:14,300 --> 02:00:16,800
the night air and potential 
thieves though. 

2244
02:00:16,800 --> 02:00:19,200
In summer, they might be left. 
Partially open for ventilation 

2245
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:22,200
your bed. 
Awaits with its straw mattress 

2246
02:00:22,200 --> 02:00:24,700
and wool blankets that provide 
warmth against the November 

2247
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:27,100
chill. 
The blankets are heavy and 

2248
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:30,800
practical rather than luxurious,
but they're clean and sufficient

2249
02:00:30,800 --> 02:00:34,500
for comfort. 
A chamber pot sits nearby for 

2250
02:00:34,500 --> 02:00:37,600
nighttime Necessities indoor 
plumbing exists in 

2251
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:40,800
Constantinople but it's limited 
to public buildings and the 

2252
02:00:40,800 --> 02:00:43,700
homes of the very wealthy as you
settle in to bed. 

2253
02:00:43,700 --> 02:00:45,700
The sounds of the city 
continuous outside your 

2254
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:47,600
shuttered, windows, but their 
muted. 

2255
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:50,400
Now, transformed into the 
nighttime Symphony of urban 

2256
02:00:50,400 --> 02:00:53,200
life. 
Distant church, bells, Mark the 

2257
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:56,700
passage of Time Light Watchmen 
called their reassurance is an 

2258
02:00:56,700 --> 02:00:58,400
occasionally. 
You might hear the rumble of a 

2259
02:00:58,400 --> 02:01:01,400
lake cart carrying goods through
the streets or the voices of 

2260
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:03,800
people walking home from evening
entertainments. 

2261
02:01:03,800 --> 02:01:06,500
The darkness that surrounds you 
is different from Modern 

2262
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:10,100
Darkness. 
Deeper and more complete broken,

2263
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:12,600
only by occasional, flickers of 
artificial light. 

2264
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,600
There's no electric glow on the 
horizon, no constant hum of 

2265
02:01:16,608 --> 02:01:20,300
Machinery, know digital displays
marking time and glowing 

2266
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:23,200
numbers. 
A knight is truly dark making 

2267
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:26,900
the stars above Constantinople 
shine with intensity that City 

2268
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:29,900
dwellers today. 
Rarely experienced sleep in the 

2269
02:01:29,908 --> 02:01:32,500
Byzantine world comes with its 
own rhythms and challenges 

2270
02:01:32,500 --> 02:01:35,900
without artificial lighting. 
People naturally follow patterns

2271
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:38,300
more closely aligned with 
sunrise and sunset. 

2272
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:42,100
They tend to sleep longer in 
winter when days are short and 

2273
02:01:42,100 --> 02:01:44,700
wake earlier in summer, when 
Dawn arrives with the birds, 

2274
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:47,700
your sleep might be interrupted 
by The nightwatch Calling The 

2275
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:51,400
Hours by church bells, marking, 
midnight, prayers or by the 

2276
02:01:51,400 --> 02:01:53,800
sound of your neighbor's, 
dealing with crying children or 

2277
02:01:53,800 --> 02:01:56,200
sick, family members Dreams Come
easily. 

2278
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:58,600
In this world, where the 
boundary between the spiritual 

2279
02:01:58,600 --> 02:02:01,200
and material seems thinner than 
in modern times. 

2280
02:02:01,900 --> 02:02:03,600
Presenting take dreams, 
seriously. 

2281
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:07,500
They're considered Messengers 
from God, warnings of future 

2282
02:02:07,500 --> 02:02:10,300
events or Communications from 
deceased relatives. 

2283
02:02:10,300 --> 02:02:13,400
A particularly Vivid dream, 
might influence important 

2284
02:02:13,400 --> 02:02:15,800
decisions or send someone to 
consult with a priest. 

2285
02:02:15,800 --> 02:02:19,000
About its meaning The dream 
world is a real and significant 

2286
02:02:19,000 --> 02:02:23,000
as Waking Life, perhaps more. 
So the night passes quietly 

2287
02:02:23,000 --> 02:02:26,600
marked by the subtle sounds that
indicate a city at rest, but 

2288
02:02:26,600 --> 02:02:30,100
never completely asleep. 
Guard dogs, bark, occasionally 

2289
02:02:30,100 --> 02:02:33,600
at real or imagined threats, a 
baby cries and a neighboring 

2290
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:36,600
apartment quickly soothed by a 
mother's lullaby. 

2291
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:40,200
Somewhere in the distance, a 
drunk staggers home, singing a 

2292
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:42,700
song that might be romantic or 
patriotic or simply 

2293
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:45,900
incomprehensible as morning 
approaches the city begins. 

2294
02:02:45,900 --> 02:02:49,600
Its gradual Awakening Church 
bells, start their Dawn Chorus 

2295
02:02:49,600 --> 02:02:53,700
early now calling the faithful 
to morning prayers Baker's fire 

2296
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:56,600
up their ovens to begin the 
day's bread production filling 

2297
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:58,400
the air with the smell of yeast 
and flour. 

2298
02:02:58,400 --> 02:03:00,700
Transforming into sustenance 
water. 

2299
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:03,800
Carriers begin their rounds and 
the clip-clop of hooves 

2300
02:03:03,800 --> 02:03:06,200
announced as the arrival of 
farmers bringing fresh produce 

2301
02:03:06,200 --> 02:03:08,900
from the countryside. 
You stir in your bed, as 

2302
02:03:08,900 --> 02:03:11,500
familiar sounds signal the 
beginning of another day. 

2303
02:03:12,300 --> 02:03:16,200
The cycle is about to begin. 
Again, the same routines, the 

2304
02:03:16,200 --> 02:03:19,800
same challenges, the same small 
Pleasures that make up daily 

2305
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:22,000
life in the greatest city of the
Medieval World. 

2306
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:25,300
But each day also, brings its 
own possibilities. 

2307
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:28,800
Its own small Adventures, its 
own opportunities to create 

2308
02:03:28,800 --> 02:03:31,400
something, beautiful, or useful,
or meaningful. 

2309
02:03:31,400 --> 02:03:35,300
This is how life unfolds in 
Constantinople day after day 

2310
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:38,600
season after season year. 
After year, The rhythms are 

2311
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,600
ancient and comforting 
connecting you to generations of

2312
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:44,200
people who have followed similar
patterns of work and rest, 

2313
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:48,100
creation and Community. 
Your grandfather, lived this way

2314
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:50,600
and your grandchildren will 
likely continue the same 

2315
02:03:50,600 --> 02:03:52,700
essential patterns long after 
you're gone. 

2316
02:03:52,708 --> 02:03:55,200
There's something deeply 
satisfying about this 

2317
02:03:55,200 --> 02:03:57,800
continuity. 
This sense of being part of 

2318
02:03:57,808 --> 02:04:00,800
something larger and more 
enduring than individual lives. 

2319
02:04:00,800 --> 02:04:03,600
Your work contributes to the 
city's Prosperity. 

2320
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:07,300
Your taxes support the Empire's 
Administration, your 

2321
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:10,600
participation in community life 
helps maintain the social fabric

2322
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:14,600
that holds everything together. 
You're not just surviving you're

2323
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:15,700
contributing to one of 
History's. 

2324
02:04:15,700 --> 02:04:19,300
Greatest civilizations the 
business team Empire will endure

2325
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:22,600
for centuries after your life 
time maintaining traditions and 

2326
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:25,400
innovations that influence the 
entire Medieval World. 

2327
02:04:26,500 --> 02:04:29,300
The techniques you use in your 
Workshop will be passed down 

2328
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:32,000
through generations of Craftsmen
the goods. 

2329
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,200
You create will Outlast your 
memory carrying your skills into

2330
02:04:35,200 --> 02:04:38,600
a future, you'll never see. 
The community, you helps sustain

2331
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:43,000
will continue to thrive adapt 
and evolve long after individual

2332
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:46,000
lives of ended yet for all its 
Grandeur and historical 

2333
02:04:46,000 --> 02:04:49,500
significance daily life. 
In Constantinople comes down to 

2334
02:04:49,500 --> 02:04:51,700
the same fundamental human 
experiences. 

2335
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:55,400
That people have always shared 
the satisfaction of work. 

2336
02:04:55,400 --> 02:04:58,200
Well done the pleasure of 
sharing meals with family and 

2337
02:04:58,208 --> 02:05:00,700
friends, the comfort of familiar
routines. 

2338
02:05:00,700 --> 02:05:03,900
And the hope that tomorrow will 
bring its own small improvements

2339
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:06,900
and opportunities as you drift 
off to sleep in your modest. 

2340
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:10,400
Apartment surrounded by The 
Quiet Sounds of a city at rest, 

2341
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:13,900
your part of something 
magnificent, a civilization, 

2342
02:05:13,900 --> 02:05:17,500
that Bridges East, and West, 
ancient and modern the 

2343
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:21,900
Practical, and the sublime. 
Constantinople in its golden age

2344
02:05:21,900 --> 02:05:25,600
represents Humanity at its most 
creative and ambitious, a place 

2345
02:05:25,600 --> 02:05:28,100
where different cultures meet 
and mingled to create something 

2346
02:05:28,100 --> 02:05:30,700
entirely new. 
The last thing you hear before, 

2347
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:33,700
sleep takes, you is the distance
sound of church bells marking 

2348
02:05:33,700 --> 02:05:37,100
midnight, their bronze, voices, 
carrying a cross the sleeping 

2349
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,000
City like a blessing. 
Tomorrow will bring its own 

2350
02:05:40,000 --> 02:05:43,400
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight all is well in the 

2351
02:05:43,400 --> 02:05:46,500
queen of cities, the great 
Empire sleeps peacefully under 

2352
02:05:46,500 --> 02:05:50,300
its canopy of stars secure in 
its strength and confident in 

2353
02:05:50,300 --> 02:05:52,800
its future. 
And In This Moment drifting 

2354
02:05:52,800 --> 02:05:55,300
between waking and sleeping in a
civilization that would 

2355
02:05:55,300 --> 02:05:57,000
influence the world for a 
thousand years. 

2356
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:00,600
You're exactly where you belong 
part of the Magnificent 

2357
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:02,600
complicated endlessly, 
fascinating. 

2358
02:06:02,600 --> 02:06:05,800
Tapestry of human experience 
that we call daily life. 

2359
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:09,600
In Byzantium, the bells Fade 
Into silence the city, settles 

2360
02:06:09,600 --> 02:06:12,900
into deeper rest and another day
in the life of the Byzantine 

2361
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:15,000
Empire draws to its gentle 
clothes. 

2362
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:19,000
Tomorrow, the cycle will begin 
again as it has for centuries, 

2363
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:22,400
as it will for centuries more 
carrying forward, the dreams and

2364
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:25,700
Ambitions of ordinary people who
built something extraordinary 

2365
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:28,100
with their daily labors and 
their shared hopes for the 

2366
02:06:28,100 --> 02:06:31,100
future sleep. 
Well, citizen of Constantinople,

2367
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:34,900
your city endures, your work 
matters and your life. 

2368
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:38,500
However, modest it might seem, 
is part of something truly 

2369
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:41,300
Magnificent. 
The Empire rest peacefully 

2370
02:06:41,300 --> 02:06:45,100
tonight sustained by the efforts
of people like you protected by 

2371
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:49,000
Walls, by hands, like yours and 
enriched by the daily Miracle of

2372
02:06:49,008 --> 02:06:52,100
human, creativity and community.
That makes civilization possible

2373
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:54,700
the end rest. 
Well, dear listener. 

2374
02:06:55,400 --> 02:06:58,700
Until tomorrow's Journey Through
Time, may your dreams, be filled

2375
02:06:58,700 --> 02:07:02,500
with the sounds of ancient bells
and the satisfaction of work 

2376
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:04,900
well done in Humanities Greatest
Adventure. 

2377
02:07:04,900 --> 02:07:08,800
The simple extraordinary 
experience of being alive in 

2378
02:07:08,800 --> 02:07:13,900
history. 
Imagine being in a very old 

2379
02:07:13,900 --> 02:07:17,100
Japanese Forest the kind that 
used to cover these islands long

2380
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:18,500
before anyone thought to build 
anything. 

2381
02:07:19,300 --> 02:07:20,800
These trees are different from 
the ones. 

2382
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:24,100
You might see in your area. 
These trees are cryptomeria and 

2383
02:07:24,100 --> 02:07:26,700
hinoki Cypress. 
They can live for a thousand 

2384
02:07:26,708 --> 02:07:28,000
years and grow straight and 
tall. 

2385
02:07:28,000 --> 02:07:31,300
Their wood smells a little like 
lemon and his resistant to rot 

2386
02:07:31,300 --> 02:07:35,100
like Nature's Own preservative. 
Japanese architecture doesn't 

2387
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:36,900
start in quarries or brick 
kills. 

2388
02:07:36,900 --> 02:07:40,200
It starts in these old forests 
where there was a lot of wood 

2389
02:07:40,200 --> 02:07:42,400
that was easy to work with and 
seemed to last forever. 

2390
02:07:43,600 --> 02:07:46,500
Building with stone makes things
last, whether you want them to 

2391
02:07:46,500 --> 02:07:50,000
or not. 
Stone says, I will be here long 

2392
02:07:50,000 --> 02:07:53,000
after your gone unchanged and 
unmoved. 

2393
02:07:53,800 --> 02:07:55,500
Wood. 
On the other hand, says, 

2394
02:07:55,500 --> 02:08:00,500
something else would says, I 
used to be alive and in a way I 

2395
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:03,500
still am. 
The first people who lived in 

2396
02:08:03,508 --> 02:08:05,800
Japan, knew that the islands 
they lived on were always 

2397
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:07,700
moving. 
And this would affect how they 

2398
02:08:07,708 --> 02:08:09,300
built things for thousands of 
years. 

2399
02:08:09,300 --> 02:08:13,500
Earthquake, struck the ground to
often making buildings made of 

2400
02:08:13,500 --> 02:08:17,100
solid Stone into death traps. 
It seemed like the Earth itself 

2401
02:08:17,100 --> 02:08:20,400
like movement over Stillness and
flexibility over rigidity. 

2402
02:08:21,100 --> 02:08:23,900
So the Japanese learned how to 
build buildings that could Sway 

2403
02:08:23,900 --> 02:08:26,800
With the Earth instead of 
fighting it, these buildings 

2404
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,400
danced with disaster and 
standing against it. 

2405
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:32,400
But before we talk about real 
buildings, we should talk about 

2406
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:34,800
Shinto. 
The native religion of Japan 

2407
02:08:34,800 --> 02:08:36,600
that sees divine presence in 
nature. 

2408
02:08:36,600 --> 02:08:40,600
Shinto says that commie or 
Spirits or gods live in 

2409
02:08:40,608 --> 02:08:45,100
everything from huge mountains 
to Tiny streams from old trees 

2410
02:08:45,100 --> 02:08:48,000
to interesting rocks. 
This wasn't just a religious 

2411
02:08:48,000 --> 02:08:50,000
belief. 
It was a basic way to think 

2412
02:08:50,000 --> 02:08:51,400
about how you fit into the 
landscape. 

2413
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:54,600
Your approach to building 
changes completely. 

2414
02:08:54,600 --> 02:08:57,900
When you think that nature is 
sacred, you don't take over the 

2415
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,200
land, you work with it. 
You don't cut down all the trees

2416
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:04,100
in a forest. 
Instead, you cut down certain 

2417
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:07,800
trees with thanks and ceremony. 
The first Shinto shrines were 

2418
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:10,400
really building's. 
They were just areas that were 

2419
02:09:10,400 --> 02:09:14,300
set aside as sacred maybe with a
special tree or rock in the and 

2420
02:09:14,300 --> 02:09:16,900
simple fence is made of branches
and Roper around them. 

2421
02:09:17,700 --> 02:09:20,600
The grand shrine at ease is one 
of Japan's most sacred places, 

2422
02:09:20,600 --> 02:09:23,800
it shows how people in Japan 
interact with nature in a way 

2423
02:09:23,808 --> 02:09:27,000
that might seem strange to 
people from the West every 20 

2424
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:29,100
years. 
The whole Shrine complex is 

2425
02:09:29,100 --> 02:09:31,900
rebuilt from the ground up with 
new Cypress Wood and traditional

2426
02:09:31,900 --> 02:09:34,300
methods. 
The old buildings are carefully 

2427
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:37,000
taken apart and new ones that 
look just like the old ones. 

2428
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:40,000
Go up in their place. 
This has been going on for more 

2429
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,800
than 1,000 years which makes 
East both old and always knew. 

2430
02:09:44,400 --> 02:09:49,000
Consider this for a second, a 
building that is both 1,300 

2431
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:52,800
years old and only 20 years old.
It's like the ship of Theseus 

2432
02:09:52,800 --> 02:09:56,600
Paradox in architecture. 
This is a philosophical question

2433
02:09:56,600 --> 02:09:58,300
about whether something stays 
the same. 

2434
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:00,100
After all of its parts have been
replaced. 

2435
02:10:00,100 --> 02:10:03,600
The Japanese knew right away 
that the shrines Essence wasn't 

2436
02:10:03,600 --> 02:10:07,500
in the materials it was made of 
but in its shape, its traditions

2437
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:11,100
and its spiritual continuity 
because of this tradition of 

2438
02:10:11,100 --> 02:10:14,500
rebuilding people, had to learn 
about architecture by teaching 

2439
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:17,600
each other instead of just 
looking at Old building's. 

2440
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:21,700
For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

2441
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:24,500
they needed to know about how 
building's worked, how they 

2442
02:10:24,508 --> 02:10:27,500
breathed and how they stood up 
to win an earthquake's. 

2443
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,600
They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or chose would 

2444
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:33,600
Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

2445
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:36,300
Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

2446
02:10:36,300 --> 02:10:39,100
Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know his 

2447
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:40,900
personality strengths and 
Oddities. 

2448
02:10:40,900 --> 02:10:44,100
They knew that would from the 
north side of a tree was thicker

2449
02:10:44,100 --> 02:10:46,200
and should be used in a 
different way than would from 

2450
02:10:46,200 --> 02:10:48,700
the South Side. 
They knew that the way a tree 

2451
02:10:48,700 --> 02:10:51,400
grew determined how to cut and 
put its wood in a building. 

2452
02:10:52,200 --> 02:10:54,500
People cared for the tools and 
treated them with respect. 

2453
02:10:54,500 --> 02:10:58,100
It was important to take care of
and eventually pass down a 

2454
02:10:58,100 --> 02:11:01,600
master Carpenters Saw Japanese 
saws, cut on the pull stroke, 

2455
02:11:01,608 --> 02:11:04,200
instead of the push stroke, 
which gives the carpenter more 

2456
02:11:04,200 --> 02:11:07,300
control and makes cleaner cuts. 
It's one of those little things 

2457
02:11:07,300 --> 02:11:10,400
that shows a whole new way of 
doing things working with the 

2458
02:11:10,400 --> 02:11:12,800
tools nature, instead of forcing
it to do what you want. 

2459
02:11:13,500 --> 02:11:16,100
The joinery techniques that 
developed in Japan are still 

2460
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:18,400
amazing and how clever they are 
Master. 

2461
02:11:18,400 --> 02:11:21,100
Carpenters, made connections 
between wooden parts that were 

2462
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,300
stronger than the wood itself. 
Like, interlocking joints that 

2463
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:27,300
got tighter when they were 
loaded Corners, that could Bend 

2464
02:11:27,300 --> 02:11:30,600
without breaking and connections
that let buildings absorb 

2465
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:33,300
seismic energy instead of 
breaking under it. 

2466
02:11:34,600 --> 02:11:36,800
Imagine a master Carpenter in 
ancient Japan. 

2467
02:11:36,800 --> 02:11:39,300
Picking a tree to cut down as 
you drift off to sleep. 

2468
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:42,900
He puts his hand on the bark and
maybe says a short prayer to the

2469
02:11:42,900 --> 02:11:45,600
army of the forest thanking them
for the life. 

2470
02:11:45,600 --> 02:11:47,600
He's about to take and the 
purpose, it will serve. 

2471
02:11:47,600 --> 02:11:50,300
The tree will fall but it will 
also rise. 

2472
02:11:50,300 --> 02:11:53,700
Again it will become pillars and
beams and it will continue to 

2473
02:11:53,700 --> 02:11:56,900
exist in a new form protecting 
people as it once protected, 

2474
02:11:56,900 --> 02:12:01,000
birds and insects The basis of 
Japanese architecture as a deep 

2475
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:03,800
respect for materials. 
The idea that buildings are not 

2476
02:12:03,808 --> 02:12:07,000
separate from nature, but part 
of its ongoing cycle and the 

2477
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:10,900
willingness to accept change in 
stead of fighting it, The 

2478
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,100
Palaces temples castles and 
teahouses that come after this 

2479
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,500
all come from these roots just 
like the Cyprus trees grow from 

2480
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:20,200
the ground. 
Japanese architecture changed in

2481
02:12:20,200 --> 02:12:23,100
a big way around the sixth 
Century CE Buddhism came from 

2482
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:26,800
China and Korea and it brought 
with it, not only new spiritual 

2483
02:12:26,800 --> 02:12:29,000
ideas, but also a whole new way 
of building. 

2484
02:12:29,700 --> 02:12:32,100
It was like someone suddenly 
giving you a whole new way to 

2485
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:34,000
say things you only sort of 
understood before. 

2486
02:12:35,000 --> 02:12:37,600
In many ways, Chinese 
architecture was the opposite of

2487
02:12:37,600 --> 02:12:41,000
what Japan had made Japanese 
buildings were low to the ground

2488
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:44,700
while Chinese buildings had many
stories and fancy roof lines 

2489
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:47,400
that went up. 
Japanese design used natural 

2490
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,800
materials in their raw form. 
While Chinese architecture used 

2491
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:53,900
bright colors, intricate 
decorations, and complicated 

2492
02:12:53,900 --> 02:12:56,700
symbols. 
Japanese architecture was about 

2493
02:12:56,700 --> 02:13:00,000
blending in with the landscape. 
While Chinese architecture was 

2494
02:13:00,000 --> 02:13:02,500
about imposing geometric order 
and Cosmic meaning. 

2495
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:06,300
The Japanese reaction to this 
cultural exchange show, 

2496
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:07,800
something important about their 
character. 

2497
02:13:07,800 --> 02:13:11,200
They didn't just copy Chinese 
models and they didn't 

2498
02:13:11,200 --> 02:13:14,800
completely reject the mother. 
Instead, they did what you could

2499
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:18,700
call architectural translation, 
which means taking Chinese ideas

2500
02:13:18,700 --> 02:13:21,100
and slowly and carefully 
adapting them, to Japanese 

2501
02:13:21,100 --> 02:13:24,500
tastes and needs. 
Japanese architecture, didn't 

2502
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,200
really need large interior 
spaces for congregational 

2503
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:29,700
worship before. 
Buddhist temples did. 

2504
02:13:30,400 --> 02:13:33,400
Shinto ceremonies took place 
outside or in small private 

2505
02:13:33,400 --> 02:13:36,800
places but Buddhism needed. 
Big rooms where monks could meet

2506
02:13:36,800 --> 02:13:39,100
chance sutras and do complicated
rituals. 

2507
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:42,200
This meant learning how to build
on a scale that Japanese 

2508
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:45,600
architecture hadn't done before 
the Pagoda, which is unique 

2509
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:48,300
multi-tiered Tower. 
Found in Buddhist temples, is 

2510
02:13:48,300 --> 02:13:51,300
actually a brilliant piece of 
earthquake engineering that the 

2511
02:13:51,300 --> 02:13:54,100
Japanese perspective through 
trial and error and careful 

2512
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:57,300
observation. 
Bashiri a huge Central. 

2513
02:13:57,300 --> 02:14:00,300
Pillow runs through the middle 
of a traditional Japanese pagoda

2514
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:03,600
It is held up from the top and 
barely touches the ground. 

2515
02:14:03,600 --> 02:14:07,400
The building shakes when an 
earthquake hits but the central 

2516
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:09,600
pillar keeps the whole thing 
stable by acting as a 

2517
02:14:09,608 --> 02:14:12,600
counterweight and dampener 
modernized monologist who 

2518
02:14:12,600 --> 02:14:14,800
studied ancient pagodas found 
something amazing. 

2519
02:14:15,600 --> 02:14:18,400
This design, which was developed
through years of observation, 

2520
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:21,400
predicts principles that 
Structural Engineers didn't 

2521
02:14:21,400 --> 02:14:25,300
understand mathematically until 
the 20th century Some pagodas 

2522
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:29,000
have been around for more than 
1,400 years and have withstood 

2523
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:31,300
many earthquakes that have 
destroyed newer buildings 

2524
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:34,300
nearby. 
Old-time Carpenters didn't need 

2525
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:37,000
computer models. 
They had patients, careful 

2526
02:14:37,000 --> 02:14:40,400
observation and years of 
experience, the hori ji Temple 

2527
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,400
which was built in the early 7th
Century has the oldest wooden 

2528
02:14:43,400 --> 02:14:46,200
buildings in the world that are 
still standing It's like 

2529
02:14:46,208 --> 02:14:48,700
stepping into a time machine 
when you walk around its grounds

2530
02:14:48,700 --> 02:14:52,300
but you're not really there. 
You're in bed and what it would 

2531
02:14:52,300 --> 02:14:56,000
be like the wood is dark and 
over time to a deep Brown that 

2532
02:14:56,000 --> 02:14:57,400
looks like it. 
Absorbs light. 

2533
02:14:58,200 --> 02:15:01,100
The pillars have a slight curve 
called emphasis that comes from 

2534
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:03,300
Greek architecture through 
Chinese middlemen. 

2535
02:15:03,900 --> 02:15:06,800
This makes them look more like 
living things than rigid shapes.

2536
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:10,000
It's interesting how quickly 
these early Buddhist temples 

2537
02:15:10,000 --> 02:15:11,700
began to look more Japanese than
Chinese. 

2538
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:14,800
The roof lines, got less fancy 
but more elegant. 

2539
02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:18,100
The colors changed from the 
bright, Reds and greens of 

2540
02:15:18,100 --> 02:15:20,600
Chinese temples to softer more 
natural tones. 

2541
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:23,600
The connection with the garden 
around, it became more 

2542
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:26,900
integrated, less about symbols 
and more about real sense. 

2543
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:30,000
Re-experience Buddhist 
architectural, brought new, 

2544
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:33,400
skilled workers to Japan. tile 
makers, who could make the 

2545
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:37,700
unique curved roof tiles that 
directed Rainwater Metal workers

2546
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:40,700
who could make the beautiful 
bronze decorations, that went on

2547
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:44,900
doorways and roofs and Painters 
who made statues of Buddhas. 

2548
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:47,600
And bodhisattvas. 
That filled temples there were 

2549
02:15:47,608 --> 02:15:49,800
different traditions and 
techniques for each craft. 

2550
02:15:49,800 --> 02:15:52,600
That had to be changed to work 
with Japanese materials and 

2551
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:56,000
whether the changes in Temple 
architecture, over the next few 

2552
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:59,000
hundred years show, a slow 
process of creative digestion. 

2553
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:02,200
Each generation of Builders 
learned from the ones before 

2554
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:05,500
them, but they also tried new 
things changed things. 

2555
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:08,200
And sometimes came up with new 
ideas that were less like 

2556
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:12,200
Chinese models. 
By the hand period which lasted 

2557
02:16:12,200 --> 02:16:14,000
from the 9th to the 12th 
centuries. 

2558
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:17,400
Japanese Buddhist architecture 
had developed its own unique 

2559
02:16:17,400 --> 02:16:20,600
style, it was clearly based on 
Chinese models but it was 

2560
02:16:20,600 --> 02:16:22,300
clearly Japanese and how it was 
built. 

2561
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:26,900
The covered Corridor or Roca is 
one new idea that stands out. 

2562
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:31,000
In Japan where it rains a lot, 
these wooden walkways connected 

2563
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:33,299
different buildings in a temple 
or Palace complex. 

2564
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:36,500
They made sure that people could
move between buildings without 

2565
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:39,200
getting wet, the corridors were 
not just useful. 

2566
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:42,200
They made a rhythm of walking 
through covered in Open Spaces, 

2567
02:16:42,200 --> 02:16:44,400
switching between light and 
shade. 

2568
02:16:44,400 --> 02:16:48,200
The sound of rain on wooden 
roofs and the sight of Garden's 

2569
02:16:48,200 --> 02:16:51,400
glistening with water As you get
more comfortable in your 

2570
02:16:51,400 --> 02:16:54,200
blankets, picture yourself, 
walking down, one of these 

2571
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:57,799
hallways on a rainy day. 
The wooden floor is smooth under

2572
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:00,600
your feet because it has been 
used for hundreds of years. 

2573
02:17:01,700 --> 02:17:04,600
Rain is falling in sheets, 
outside, making a curtain 

2574
02:17:04,600 --> 02:17:07,299
between you and the garden. 
The sound is everywhere. 

2575
02:17:07,299 --> 02:17:12,700
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 
the stone paths and Rain filling

2576
02:17:12,700 --> 02:17:16,100
the stone baseman's but your dry
and moving through this 

2577
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:18,400
protected space that connects 
you to the life of the 

2578
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:20,400
building's. 
I'll keeping you safe from the 

2579
02:17:20,400 --> 02:17:22,600
weather. 
The hallway is not completely 

2580
02:17:22,600 --> 02:17:26,200
inside or outside. 
It's a space in between the 

2581
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:28,700
threshold and Japanese 
architecture would come to love 

2582
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:32,500
these unclear areas very much. 
The aristocratic architecture of

2583
02:17:32,500 --> 02:17:35,299
the heian period. 
Japan from the 9th to the 12th. 

2584
02:17:35,299 --> 02:17:38,799
Centuries is one of the most 
refined domestic traditions in 

2585
02:17:38,799 --> 02:17:41,900
human history. 
This was the time of the tale of

2586
02:17:41,900 --> 02:17:44,100
Genji. 
A great work of world 

2587
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:47,100
literature, that shows us how 
the nobility lived loved. 

2588
02:17:47,100 --> 02:17:49,000
And thought about the places 
where they lived. 

2589
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:52,600
The shinden security style that 
was popular in aristocratic 

2590
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:54,500
Homes. 
At this time, was based on a 

2591
02:17:54,500 --> 02:17:57,299
simple idea. 
Build rectangular buildings, 

2592
02:17:57,299 --> 02:18:00,000
around a central Courtyard 
garden, connect them with 

2593
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:03,700
hallways and let the spaces flow
into each other with as few 

2594
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:06,299
barriers as possible. 
Sound simple. 

2595
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:08,700
But when you compare it to 
European or middle eastern 

2596
02:18:08,700 --> 02:18:12,900
palaces from the same time, you 
can see how radical this idea 

2597
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:17,299
was Picture a mansion for a 
nobleman from above the main 

2598
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:20,100
hall, or Chinden always faces 
South because of Chinese 

2599
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:23,700
geomantic ideas about good 
directions to the Eastern, West 

2600
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:26,400
smaller building, hold family 
members, serve events, and other

2601
02:18:26,400 --> 02:18:30,200
household tasks, covered Hall, 
Waze connect everything, making 

2602
02:18:30,200 --> 02:18:33,799
a safe way for people to get 
around and in the middle, the 

2603
02:18:33,799 --> 02:18:36,299
courtyard Garden, which is more 
than just a decoration. 

2604
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:38,100
It's the heart of the whole 
thing. 

2605
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:41,500
There are almost no walls inside
which is what makes this so 

2606
02:18:41,500 --> 02:18:45,900
different from say a medieval 
European Manor. the buildings 

2607
02:18:45,900 --> 02:18:49,400
are roofed platforms with 
screens and curtains that can be

2608
02:18:49,407 --> 02:18:53,000
moved around, not solid walls 
but how you arrange your 

2609
02:18:53,000 --> 02:18:56,500
furniture and fabric gives you 
privacy You don't define space 

2610
02:18:56,500 --> 02:18:59,500
by closing it off. 
Instead you do it by carefully. 

2611
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:02,799
Placing screens, blinds and 
hanging textiles to suggest 

2612
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:06,700
boundaries this meant that homes
of the rich were very adaptable.

2613
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:10,400
During the day, the rooms could 
be open and bright screens and 

2614
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:12,200
curtains made private rooms at 
night. 

2615
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:16,000
When you had guests over rooms, 
could easily become bigger 

2616
02:19:16,000 --> 02:19:18,000
spaces. 
The house could change 

2617
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:20,500
completely with the seasons in 
the summer. 

2618
02:19:20,500 --> 02:19:24,100
It was very open to letting 
breezes and in the winter it had

2619
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:26,900
screens placed just right to 
keep warmth from braziers. 

2620
02:19:26,900 --> 02:19:30,299
The floors of these buildings 
were made of famous hinoki. 

2621
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,600
Cypress Wood platforms that were
about two feet off the ground. 

2622
02:19:33,600 --> 02:19:37,100
It wasn't just about height. 
It was also about making a 

2623
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:38,500
separate space from the ground 
below. 

2624
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:41,299
You took off your shoes before 
stepping up onto these 

2625
02:19:41,299 --> 02:19:43,799
platforms. 
This was a sign that you are 

2626
02:19:43,799 --> 02:19:46,500
moving from the outside world to
the more refined space of the 

2627
02:19:46,500 --> 02:19:49,000
home. 
The space under the floor, also 

2628
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:52,400
let air flow which is important 
in Japan's humid climate and 

2629
02:19:52,400 --> 02:19:54,300
kept moisture from the ground 
from rotting. 

2630
02:19:54,300 --> 02:19:57,900
Wooden building's During the 
hand period to Tommy mats, which

2631
02:19:57,900 --> 02:20:00,700
are rectangular floor, mats 
covered in Russia's but not yet,

2632
02:20:00,708 --> 02:20:03,800
common, they were expensive 
things that were only put where 

2633
02:20:03,800 --> 02:20:07,500
people sat, eventually they grew
so big that they covered whole 

2634
02:20:07,500 --> 02:20:10,500
floors and their standard size 
became a way to measure things 

2635
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:13,500
rooms were described by how many
tatami they had. 

2636
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:18,400
People still use the terms 6, 
matte rooms and eight matte 

2637
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:21,000
rooms to describe Japanese 
Apartments today. 

2638
02:20:21,000 --> 02:20:23,600
This is a tradition that goes 
back, hundreds of years. 

2639
02:20:23,600 --> 02:20:27,300
If you're used to walls being 
walls and doors staying closed. 

2640
02:20:27,300 --> 02:20:30,900
The way the inside and outside 
of these palaces work together 

2641
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:34,800
might make you feel uneasy. 
On nice days, the wooden 

2642
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:37,100
shutters that surrounded. 
The building's could be lifted 

2643
02:20:37,100 --> 02:20:40,200
and stored which meant that an 
entire wall could be taken down,

2644
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:42,600
and the rooms could be opened 
directly to the garden. 

2645
02:20:43,600 --> 02:20:45,700
The aristocrats didn't just look
at their Gardens. 

2646
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:47,900
They were always able to see and
hear them. 

2647
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:50,600
You might not expect this 
openness to mean, a different 

2648
02:20:50,608 --> 02:20:53,600
way of thinking about privacy, 
because anyone could see into 

2649
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:56,900
rooms privacy was kept by using 
layers of semi-transparent 

2650
02:20:56,900 --> 02:20:59,700
fabrics. 
Cultural rules about where you 

2651
02:20:59,700 --> 02:21:02,600
could look and the careful 
placement of screens and 

2652
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:05,300
Furniture. 
The privacy of the architecture 

2653
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:08,500
was not physical, but social, 
and it was enforced by manners 

2654
02:21:08,500 --> 02:21:11,200
and stead of locks. 
You should meditate on the 

2655
02:21:11,200 --> 02:21:13,100
gardens. 
You can see from these palaces, 

2656
02:21:13,100 --> 02:21:15,800
they weren't Botanical 
collections or vegetable 

2657
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:18,000
gardens. 
They were carefully planned 

2658
02:21:18,000 --> 02:21:19,900
Landscapes that brought Nature 
close to people. 

2659
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:23,200
You could change the course of a
stream so that it flows through 

2660
02:21:23,200 --> 02:21:26,300
the garden with carefully. 
Chosen Stones lining the way. 

2661
02:21:27,300 --> 02:21:29,600
People picked trees based on how
they looked in different 

2662
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:33,400
seasons, like cherry blossoms in
the spring and Maples in the 

2663
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:36,300
fall. 
Island in fake, ponds stood, for

2664
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:38,700
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 
from Chinese. 

2665
02:21:38,700 --> 02:21:42,100
Poetry walking through these 
Gardens meant reading between 

2666
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:45,500
the lines and finding hidden 
meanings that arrangement of 

2667
02:21:45,500 --> 02:21:47,100
rocks. 
Could be a reference to a famous

2668
02:21:47,100 --> 02:21:50,700
Chinese landscape that tree 
might remind people of a poem, 

2669
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:52,800
they all knew. 
The gardens were like, 

2670
02:21:52,800 --> 02:21:55,300
three-dimensional books. 
That only educated people could 

2671
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:57,900
fully enjoy. 
You could enjoy them sensually, 

2672
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:01,000
which you could do, but you were
also supposed to understand 

2673
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:02,900
their cultural and philosophical
meanings. 

2674
02:22:02,900 --> 02:22:07,400
The idea of Marr which is often 
translated as negative space or 

2675
02:22:07,400 --> 02:22:10,800
interval was very important to 
how these buildings and Gardens 

2676
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:13,500
worked. 
Mario isn't just empty space, 

2677
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,600
it's space, that gets meaning 
from the things around it. 

2678
02:22:17,400 --> 02:22:20,100
The empty space between the 
buildings wasn't wasted space. 

2679
02:22:20,100 --> 02:22:23,000
It was the organizing principle 
that made the buildings work 

2680
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:26,000
together. 
The space between stones on a 

2681
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:27,200
Garden Path. 
Wasn't empty. 

2682
02:22:27,200 --> 02:22:30,600
It was full of Hope as you drift
off to sleep. 

2683
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:33,900
Imagine yourself as a hair 
nobleman or woman relaxing on 

2684
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:35,400
the raised, wooden floor of your
home. 

2685
02:22:35,400 --> 02:22:38,900
The wooden shutters are gone. 
Now that it's spring and your 

2686
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:40,400
room is completely open to the 
Garden. 

2687
02:22:40,400 --> 02:22:44,200
The cherry blossoms are falling 
like snow in the light Breeze 

2688
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,400
like high and Nobles did all the
time. 

2689
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:49,800
You're writing poetry to try to 
capture the Bittersweet beauty 

2690
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:53,100
of these flowers, that blue and 
die in just a few days. 

2691
02:22:54,100 --> 02:22:56,400
The architecture around, you 
isn't separate from the natural 

2692
02:22:56,400 --> 02:22:58,700
world. 
It's a carefully framed stage 

2693
02:22:58,700 --> 02:23:00,700
for seeing how nature changes 
all the time. 

2694
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:04,500
Japanese history, took a violent
turn after 100s of years of 

2695
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:08,100
living in elegant palaces. 
Feudal Lords fought all the time

2696
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:11,300
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 
architecture had to deal with a 

2697
02:23:11,300 --> 02:23:13,200
problem. 
In never had to deal with before

2698
02:23:13,200 --> 02:23:15,400
how to build beautiful 
buildings. 

2699
02:23:15,400 --> 02:23:17,400
That could also survive a 
military attack. 

2700
02:23:18,200 --> 02:23:20,900
The Japanese Castle is an 
interesting, mix of useful 

2701
02:23:20,900 --> 02:23:22,900
military, engineering and 
artistic ambition. 

2702
02:23:23,800 --> 02:23:25,900
These work just rough. 
Fortifications meant to keep 

2703
02:23:25,900 --> 02:23:28,300
people out. 
There were also signs of power 

2704
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:31,600
displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

2705
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:33,200
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

2706
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:37,500
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

2707
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:40,400
castles made good, use of the 
land by building them on Hills 

2708
02:23:40,400 --> 02:23:41,600
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

2709
02:23:42,700 --> 02:23:46,000
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

2710
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:48,900
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

2711
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:50,700
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

2712
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:54,400
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

2713
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:56,900
in three dimensions. 
But the board is tilted, to The 

2714
02:23:56,900 --> 02:24:00,400
Defenders Advantage, the stone 
bases of these castles are 

2715
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:02,900
examples of engineering that 
still impress people today. 

2716
02:24:03,700 --> 02:24:08,300
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

2717
02:24:08,308 --> 02:24:12,000
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

2718
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:14,200
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

2719
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:17,000
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

2720
02:24:17,000 --> 02:24:19,300
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

2721
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:22,700
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns that changed 

2722
02:24:22,700 --> 02:24:26,200
with the weather and Light. 
When using rough natural stones,

2723
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,500
the method for making these 
Stone bases, as called nasura 

2724
02:24:29,500 --> 02:24:33,500
tzumi, when using more processed
Stones, it is called uchikomi 

2725
02:24:33,500 --> 02:24:36,100
Hardy. 
The best castles used a method 

2726
02:24:36,100 --> 02:24:38,800
in which each Stone was 
carefully, chose and shape to 

2727
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:40,600
fit perfectly with the ones next
to it. 

2728
02:24:41,300 --> 02:24:43,900
The walls were so well fitted 
that you couldn't slip a knife 

2729
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:46,400
blade between the stones. 
It was like high level 

2730
02:24:46,400 --> 02:24:49,600
craftsmanship in architecture 
where practical needs turned 

2731
02:24:49,600 --> 02:24:51,600
into chances for virtuoso 
display. 

2732
02:24:52,700 --> 02:24:55,800
The wooden Castle buildings 
themselves like Towers Gates, 

2733
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:59,100
living quarters, and storehouses
Rose above the stone 

2734
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:02,000
foundations. 
This is where the unique style 

2735
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:05,300
of Japanese Castle architecture.
Really Shone through Japanese 

2736
02:25:05,300 --> 02:25:08,200
castles were mostly wooden 
buildings with stone pedestals, 

2737
02:25:08,200 --> 02:25:11,300
underneath while European 
castles were made of solid Stone

2738
02:25:11,300 --> 02:25:15,500
throughout. 
The towers could be four five or

2739
02:25:15,500 --> 02:25:18,400
even seven stories tall with 
each story being a little 

2740
02:25:18,408 --> 02:25:21,500
smaller than the one below it. 
This made The Towers look like 

2741
02:25:21,500 --> 02:25:23,300
wedding cakes with a tapered 
profile. 

2742
02:25:24,100 --> 02:25:25,400
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

2743
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:28,300
The floors inside. 
Don't match the stories. 

2744
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:31,300
You see from the outside. 
The five-story tower might 

2745
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:34,600
really have seven floors inside 
or a three-story building. 

2746
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:36,500
Might look like it has five 
floors inside. 

2747
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:38,900
This wasn't just to confuse 
enemies. 

2748
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:41,900
It was smart engineering that 
led the defense of floors have 

2749
02:25:41,900 --> 02:25:44,800
lower ceilings while still 
looking great from the outside. 

2750
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:48,300
The beautiful white plastered 
walls of him, Aggie Castle. 

2751
02:25:48,300 --> 02:25:52,300
Also known as the white Heron 
Castle, make it the best example

2752
02:25:52,300 --> 02:25:55,600
of Japanese Castle architecture.
It feels like you're in a 

2753
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:58,000
three-dimensional maze with 
defensive passages that were 

2754
02:25:58,000 --> 02:26:00,100
made by someone who really 
didn't want you to get to the 

2755
02:26:00,108 --> 02:26:03,100
center paths. 
Make turns at strange angles, 

2756
02:26:03,100 --> 02:26:06,000
doorways are set up. 
So that attackers have to put 

2757
02:26:06,000 --> 02:26:09,100
themselves in dangerous 
situations, there are traps on 

2758
02:26:09,100 --> 02:26:10,900
the floors. 
Every choice made in 

2759
02:26:10,900 --> 02:26:14,600
architecture, has two purposes 
to look good and to kill. 

2760
02:26:15,600 --> 02:26:17,900
The defensive features of 
castles are very clever. 

2761
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,200
Sama or small windows were put 
in place so that Defenders could

2762
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:24,200
shoot arrows or guns without 
being shot back. 

2763
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:27,900
Defenders on the upper floors 
could attack anyone who got past

2764
02:26:27,900 --> 02:26:30,100
the lower defenses through 
drop-down hatches in the 

2765
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:33,000
ceilings. 
People could pour boiling oil or

2766
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:34,900
water, on attackers, through 
holes in the walls. 

2767
02:26:34,900 --> 02:26:37,000
The decorative curved roof 
lines. 

2768
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:39,500
Also had a purpose. 
They made it harder to judge 

2769
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:43,000
distances and aim, accurately 
Japanese Castle's always looked 

2770
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:46,100
good even though they were very 
useful for military purposes. 

2771
02:26:46,100 --> 02:26:49,800
The white plaster walls did more
than just reflect heat and keep 

2772
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:52,700
fire from spreading. 
They also made a striking 

2773
02:26:52,700 --> 02:26:55,100
contrast with the dark wood and 
Grace Stone. 

2774
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:58,900
Making Castle's visible from 
miles away and turning them into

2775
02:26:58,900 --> 02:27:00,600
landmarks that stood out in the 
landscape. 

2776
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:05,000
The ornate roof decorations, 
which usually had Fierce animal 

2777
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:08,100
designs protected, the building 
from lightning and showed the 

2778
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:10,900
Lord's power. 
The inside of the Castle's. 

2779
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:13,900
Living quarters showed that even
Warlords cared about how things 

2780
02:27:13,900 --> 02:27:17,600
looked There were painted 
screens by famous artists in the

2781
02:27:17,600 --> 02:27:21,900
rooms alcoves for displaying 
valuable items and windows that 

2782
02:27:21,900 --> 02:27:25,500
looked out on Garden's, the 
strongest Lords hired, the best 

2783
02:27:25,500 --> 02:27:28,200
painters. 
Carpenters, and gardeners to 

2784
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:31,100
make places that were good for 
both Siege Warfare and poetry 

2785
02:27:31,100 --> 02:27:33,800
parties. 
During the time of castles, 

2786
02:27:33,800 --> 02:27:37,800
there was one new thing hidden 
rooms and passages there were 

2787
02:27:37,808 --> 02:27:40,100
often rooms in castles. 
That could only be reached 

2788
02:27:40,100 --> 02:27:42,900
through hidden doors. 
These rooms were used to store 

2789
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:45,900
Treasures or for guards to hide 
in to keep the Lord safe. 

2790
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:49,300
Some castles had whole networks 
of hidden corridors in their 

2791
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:51,400
walls. 
That led Defenders move between 

2792
02:27:51,400 --> 02:27:54,800
floors without being seen. 
Sometimes during restoration 

2793
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:58,200
work hundreds of years later, 
people found these hidden spaces

2794
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:01,100
which still had old equipment or
forgotten supplies in them. 

2795
02:28:01,900 --> 02:28:04,400
During the Edo period, the shift
from water piece, turned 

2796
02:28:04,400 --> 02:28:07,600
Castle's from military bases 
into government buildings and 

2797
02:28:07,600 --> 02:28:11,000
symbols of power. 
Lord still owned them but they 

2798
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:13,700
were more like government 
buildings than fortresses they 

2799
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:16,500
added more details. 
Gardens the reception rooms got 

2800
02:28:16,500 --> 02:28:19,500
bigger, the Marshall Parts 
stayed, but they became more 

2801
02:28:19,500 --> 02:28:22,900
decorative than useful. 
As you sink deeper into your 

2802
02:28:22,908 --> 02:28:26,100
pillow, picture yourself, 
standing on the top floor of a 

2803
02:28:26,108 --> 02:28:29,700
castle tower at dusk, you can 
see the countryside around the 

2804
02:28:29,700 --> 02:28:31,300
castle through the small 
Windows. 

2805
02:28:31,300 --> 02:28:34,000
The town is built around the 
base of the castle. 

2806
02:28:34,000 --> 02:28:37,100
The fields are beyond that and 
the mountains are in the 

2807
02:28:37,100 --> 02:28:39,800
distance. 
The Castle's many defensive 

2808
02:28:39,800 --> 02:28:43,600
Rings go down in layers of stone
and wood below you. the wind 

2809
02:28:43,600 --> 02:28:46,300
Whispers through the intricate 
wooden structure, giving the 

2810
02:28:46,300 --> 02:28:50,500
whole building a life of its own
The castle is calm and watchful 

2811
02:28:50,500 --> 02:28:53,100
tonight, a mountain of human 
intention rising. 

2812
02:28:53,100 --> 02:28:56,200
From the natural landscape. 
Tomorrow may bring battle. 

2813
02:28:57,100 --> 02:29:00,400
Japan entered, the Edo period in
the early, 1600s under the 

2814
02:29:00,400 --> 02:29:04,400
Tokugawa, shogunate after 
centuries of War, all that 

2815
02:29:04,400 --> 02:29:06,600
military architecture became 
mostly useless. 

2816
02:29:06,600 --> 02:29:09,900
Japan didn't need castles or 
fortifications right now. 

2817
02:29:09,900 --> 02:29:13,600
It needed cities neighborhoods 
and daily life. 

2818
02:29:14,600 --> 02:29:17,800
And out of this long piece, came
City buildings that changed the 

2819
02:29:17,800 --> 02:29:22,600
way millions of people lived. 
In just a few decades Edo, which

2820
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:26,200
would later become Tokyo Grew 
From A Small Castle town to one 

2821
02:29:26,200 --> 02:29:27,400
of the biggest cities in the 
world. 

2822
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,700
By the early 1700s, it was home 
to more than a million people 

2823
02:29:31,700 --> 02:29:34,000
making it bigger than London or 
Paris. 

2824
02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:38,500
Rethinking everything about how 
cities are built and planned was

2825
02:29:38,500 --> 02:29:41,300
necessary to handle that many 
people living in wooden 

2826
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:44,000
buildings in a city that caught 
fire off him. 

2827
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:48,700
The typical townhouse or macchia
from the Edo period, had ideas 

2828
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:51,100
about how to live in a city that
still affect Japanese 

2829
02:29:51,100 --> 02:29:54,400
architecture today. 
These buildings were long and 

2830
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:57,100
narrow. 
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 

2831
02:29:57,100 --> 02:29:59,500
and going back from the street 
for 60 feet or more. 

2832
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:02,900
Property taxes were based on how
much of the street front there 

2833
02:30:02,900 --> 02:30:05,300
was. 
So, people built deep and narrow

2834
02:30:05,300 --> 02:30:08,100
to save money. 
The buildings that came out were

2835
02:30:08,100 --> 02:30:11,400
like caves in the city with dark
areas in the middle and light 

2836
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:13,200
coming in, through the front 
door and back Garden. 

2837
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:17,300
The front of a matcha was a shop
or Workshop, a semi-public 

2838
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:19,900
space, where the households 
business and Street Life came 

2839
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:22,300
together. 
A few steps up from the street 

2840
02:30:22,300 --> 02:30:25,500
level marked, the start of the 
buildings inside, you could do 

2841
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:28,000
business in this threshold Zone 
without actually entering the 

2842
02:30:28,000 --> 02:30:30,300
house. 
As with many other parts of 

2843
02:30:30,300 --> 02:30:33,400
Japanese architecture, the line 
between public and private, 

2844
02:30:33,400 --> 02:30:35,700
wasn't a straight line, but a 
gradual change. 

2845
02:30:36,400 --> 02:30:38,800
The building stretched toward 
the back behind the shop area. 

2846
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:42,200
It was divided into rooms by 
sliding through Summa panels 

2847
02:30:42,200 --> 02:30:44,500
that were covered in thick paper
or fabric. 

2848
02:30:45,300 --> 02:30:49,000
These rooms had many uses during
the day, they were living spaces

2849
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:51,600
and at night futons were put out
for sleeping. 

2850
02:30:52,500 --> 02:30:56,000
There wasn't much furniture and 
it was often an easy to move a 

2851
02:30:56,000 --> 02:30:57,900
low table for eating. 
That could be moved out of the 

2852
02:30:57,900 --> 02:30:59,800
way. 
Chess for storage. 

2853
02:30:59,800 --> 02:31:03,200
That could be stacked or moved 
around the space itself could be

2854
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:07,100
changed in any way, depending, 
on the time of day or year, a 

2855
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:10,100
small courtyard Garden at the 
very back of the macchia letting

2856
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:13,900
air to the building's deepest 
parts. these Gardens were very 

2857
02:31:13,900 --> 02:31:17,600
small, sometimes only 8 or 10 
feet square but they were very 

2858
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:21,000
important for making the long 
narrow buildings livable that 

2859
02:31:21,000 --> 02:31:25,000
little bit of sky that one tree 
and those few carefully placed 

2860
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:28,400
Stones changed the whole 
character of the space making it

2861
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:31,200
feel like it was connected to 
Nature even though it was in a 

2862
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:33,900
busy city, the whole 
neighborhood of macchia gave the

2863
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:37,200
city, a texture that Western 
cities don't have because the 

2864
02:31:37,200 --> 02:31:39,800
houses were so narrow. 
The streets were lined with 

2865
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:42,700
different versions of the same 
thing which made the streets. 

2866
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:45,700
Look more interesting and stead 
of boring because it was so 

2867
02:31:45,700 --> 02:31:47,900
small, everything was easy to 
get to on foot. 

2868
02:31:47,900 --> 02:31:50,900
The fact that there were shops 
on the ground floors and home 

2869
02:31:50,900 --> 02:31:52,800
above them. 
Meant that neighborhoods were 

2870
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:56,100
busy all day and night. 
Fire was always a threat to 

2871
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:58,500
Edo's. 
Wooden building's, the city was 

2872
02:31:58,500 --> 02:32:02,600
hit by big fires all the time 
and sometimes they destroyed 

2873
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:05,100
tens of thousands of buildings 
in just one day. 

2874
02:32:06,200 --> 02:32:08,400
The Japanese didn't build in 
stone because it was more 

2875
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,900
expensive and less comfortable. 
Instead, they came up with a 

2876
02:32:11,908 --> 02:32:14,400
complicated system for 
preventing and responding to 

2877
02:32:14,400 --> 02:32:16,700
fires. 
There were volunteer, fire 

2878
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:19,700
brigades in neighborhoods, 
building's had thick walled, 

2879
02:32:19,700 --> 02:32:22,400
storehouses called Cura, that 
were fireproof and had heavy 

2880
02:32:22,400 --> 02:32:24,900
doors. 
Fire breaks were built into the 

2881
02:32:24,900 --> 02:32:27,000
streets. 
You always knew that fire would 

2882
02:32:27,008 --> 02:32:29,100
happen. 
So you built quickly and cheaply

2883
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:31,000
enough that it wouldn't be a 
disaster to rebuild. 

2884
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:35,000
The Cure is worth paying special
attention to because it shows a 

2885
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:37,200
completely different way of 
building in the larger wooden 

2886
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:39,800
City. 
These storehouses were basically

2887
02:32:39,800 --> 02:32:43,900
boxes with thick Earthen walls 
that were covered in plaster and

2888
02:32:43,900 --> 02:32:46,500
had small windows that were 
sealed with heavy shutters. 

2889
02:32:47,300 --> 02:32:49,800
Families kept their most 
valuable things inside like 

2890
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:52,800
documents, heirlooms and 
expensive Fabrics. 

2891
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:56,900
The Curious thick walls might 
keep their content safe even 

2892
02:32:56,900 --> 02:33:00,200
when the main house burned down 
around them. families would come

2893
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:03,000
back after the fire to find this
Storehouse is standing like 

2894
02:33:03,000 --> 02:33:06,900
white Island in a sea of Ash, 
But the pleasure quarters and 

2895
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:10,000
teahouses, that thrive, during 
the long piece might be Edo's. 

2896
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:13,100
Most unique architectural 
contribution. these 

2897
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:16,100
entertainment districts created 
their own style of architecture 

2898
02:33:16,100 --> 02:33:20,200
with buildings, that had more 
details for SARS bigger, windows

2899
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:23,200
and rooms that were meant for 
Gathering and Performing instead

2900
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:26,800
of just living Yukio, which was 
captured in Prince and 

2901
02:33:26,800 --> 02:33:29,600
literature was a famous floating
World in Edo. 

2902
02:33:29,600 --> 02:33:32,600
It had its own unique 
architecture and spaces made 

2903
02:33:32,600 --> 02:33:34,500
just for a culture of high-class
entertainment. 

2904
02:33:35,600 --> 02:33:38,300
During the Edo period, the 
Teahouse itself which we'll talk

2905
02:33:38,308 --> 02:33:42,700
about in more detail soon became
very popular. but the tea houses

2906
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:45,500
and cities were not the same as 
the ones for tea ceremonies 

2907
02:33:46,100 --> 02:33:48,300
These were places where people 
could meet and talk about 

2908
02:33:48,300 --> 02:33:51,700
business where artists could 
gather and where Samurai could 

2909
02:33:51,700 --> 02:33:53,300
forget about their status for a 
night. 

2910
02:33:54,000 --> 02:33:56,700
The architecture showed this 
flexibility by having rooms that

2911
02:33:56,700 --> 02:33:59,700
could be opened or closed and 
spaces that could go from 

2912
02:33:59,700 --> 02:34:01,600
private to public, depending on 
what was needed. 

2913
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:04,300
During the Edo period 
townhouses. 

2914
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:06,400
Also saw the full development of
the Tucker. 

2915
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:09,400
Noma an Alcove that may have 
become the most important part 

2916
02:34:09,400 --> 02:34:12,800
of the Japanese home. 
The tokonoma was a small raised 

2917
02:34:12,800 --> 02:34:15,800
area with slightly different 
floor, level and a decorative 

2918
02:34:15,800 --> 02:34:18,200
backing. 
The family would put a scroll 

2919
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:20,700
and maybe a flower arrangement 
or a treasured object there. 

2920
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:24,300
The Toca no more wasn't for 
sitting or storing things, it 

2921
02:34:24,300 --> 02:34:27,500
was just for showing off a sign 
of the family's taste and 

2922
02:34:27,500 --> 02:34:30,400
refinement. 
What you put in your Tonka, Noma

2923
02:34:30,400 --> 02:34:32,600
said, a lot about who you were 
and what you cared about. 

2924
02:34:33,500 --> 02:34:36,500
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

2925
02:34:36,500 --> 02:34:40,200
plans, the same all over Japan 
to Tommy Max came in standard 

2926
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:44,000
sizes, which made it easy to 
get, how big a room would be a 

2927
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:45,500
room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

2928
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:49,100
six mats, whether it was in 
their door or Kyoto, the size of

2929
02:34:49,100 --> 02:34:51,400
the mat did differ, slightly by 
region, of course. 

2930
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,100
Because of this standardization 
that was possible to make a lot 

2931
02:34:55,108 --> 02:34:58,400
of architectural Parts like 
screens doors and Alcove pieces 

2932
02:34:58,400 --> 02:35:00,600
that could fit in any building 
that followed the rules. 

2933
02:35:01,400 --> 02:35:04,700
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

2934
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:07,500
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

2935
02:35:08,100 --> 02:35:10,500
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

2936
02:35:10,508 --> 02:35:13,300
the street. 
People who live nearby walk by 

2937
02:35:13,300 --> 02:35:16,200
and talk to each other, the 
small garden at the back of the 

2938
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:19,400
house is in the shade, and the 
single maple tree is a dark 

2939
02:35:19,400 --> 02:35:22,800
shape against the deep blue sky.
You're sitting close to the 

2940
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:26,200
tokonoma, where a scroll shows a
mountain landscape and a simple 

2941
02:35:26,200 --> 02:35:28,900
flower arrangement that together
make a small world of meaning. 

2942
02:35:29,800 --> 02:35:33,100
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

2943
02:35:33,100 --> 02:35:36,500
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

2944
02:35:36,500 --> 02:35:38,800
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

2945
02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:41,300
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

2946
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:45,600
to go into a tea room or two 
these small buildings, which 

2947
02:35:45,600 --> 02:35:48,400
usually have only four and a 
half to Tommy mats of floor. 

2948
02:35:48,400 --> 02:35:52,000
Space are the best example of 
how Japanese design ideas can be

2949
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:55,200
turned into buildings before we 
talk about the building's 

2950
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:57,000
architecture. 
We should learn about the Tea 

2951
02:35:57,000 --> 02:35:59,800
Ceremony which is what these 
buildings are for you. 

2952
02:35:59,800 --> 02:36:01,600
Do drink tea but that's not 
really the point. 

2953
02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:04,900
It's about making a temporary 
world of refined interaction. 

2954
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:07,600
Whether the usual rules and 
worries of daily life don't 

2955
02:36:07,600 --> 02:36:10,900
matter anymore. 
In Stead there is only the pure 

2956
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:13,300
present moment that the hosts 
and guests share. 

2957
02:36:13,300 --> 02:36:16,900
The architectures job is to set 
the stage for this experience 

2958
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,500
and make it easier to have. 
Send a Riku you A Team master 

2959
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,400
from the 16th century, who wrote
down many of the rules for tea, 

2960
02:36:23,400 --> 02:36:26,100
ceremonies changed, T 
architecture by moving it away 

2961
02:36:26,100 --> 02:36:28,400
from fancy. 
Building's that were influenced 

2962
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:30,800
by Chinese style and toured 
buildings, that were almost 

2963
02:36:30,800 --> 02:36:34,300
radically, simple and focused on
natural materials and rough 

2964
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,300
textures. 
Recuse ideas about Japanese 

2965
02:36:37,300 --> 02:36:41,600
taste, go far beyond tea, almost
every modern idea of Japanese 

2966
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:43,600
taste can be traced back to what
he said. 

2967
02:36:44,300 --> 02:36:47,800
Before you even walk in a tea 
room, starts to work, you walk 

2968
02:36:47,800 --> 02:36:50,800
through a garden path. 
Called a rogi, which is meant to

2969
02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:53,700
help you switch your mind from 
the outside world to the Tea 

2970
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:55,400
Room. 
You might walk through a garden 

2971
02:36:55,408 --> 02:36:58,400
gate over Stepping Stones past a
bench where someone is waiting 

2972
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,400
and then to a stone Basin where 
you can wash your hands and 

2973
02:37:01,400 --> 02:37:04,800
mouth, each part has both 
practical and psychological 

2974
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:07,200
uses. 
You're not just walking to a 

2975
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:09,700
building. 
You're slowly breaking your ties

2976
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:12,700
to the outside world. 
The entrance to the Tea Room is 

2977
02:37:12,700 --> 02:37:16,400
meant to make you feel small, 
the nature or crawling in 

2978
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:18,800
entrance is only about two feet 
square. 

2979
02:37:18,800 --> 02:37:21,900
So even the most important 
guests have to Bow Low and crawl

2980
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:24,000
through. 
Samurai had to leave their 

2981
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:26,600
swords out side because the 
opening was too small for them 

2982
02:37:26,600 --> 02:37:29,300
to go in with them. 
This forced humility set, the 

2983
02:37:29,300 --> 02:37:32,700
mood for the rest of the events.
There were no social hierarchies

2984
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:34,100
in the Tea Room that were 
outside of it. 

2985
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,600
There were only the host and the
guests drinking tea at first, 

2986
02:37:37,600 --> 02:37:41,000
glance the inside of a tea room.
Looks almost like a cave, the 

2987
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:43,700
walls of rough clay mixed with 
straw show their texture. 

2988
02:37:43,700 --> 02:37:47,400
Well, wooden post keep their 
bark or have irregularities that

2989
02:37:47,400 --> 02:37:50,300
are meant to be there. 
The ceiling might be made of a 

2990
02:37:50,300 --> 02:37:54,100
mix of materials like bamboo 
reeds and wood to make a 

2991
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:56,500
patchwork that looks random. 
But is actually carefully, 

2992
02:37:56,500 --> 02:38:00,300
planned small windows with 
translucent paper on them, let 

2993
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:03,000
in natural light, which makes 
the room softly lit from the 

2994
02:38:03,008 --> 02:38:05,700
side. 
But this look of being rustic is

2995
02:38:05,708 --> 02:38:09,400
actually very sophisticated. 
Every part has been chosen with 

2996
02:38:09,400 --> 02:38:12,100
great care. 
There were hundreds of pieces to

2997
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:14,500
choose from and that one with 
the bark still on. 

2998
02:38:14,500 --> 02:38:17,500
It was chosen. 
We looked at its slight curve, 

2999
02:38:17,500 --> 02:38:20,400
its unique texture and how light
hits its surface. 

3000
02:38:20,400 --> 02:38:23,600
And we decided that all of these
things were just right for this 

3001
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:26,000
spot. 
The rough texture of the walls, 

3002
02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:29,400
may look random, but it creates 
a specific visual effect that 

3003
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:31,700
Masters spend Years Learning to 
make. 

3004
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:37,500
The tokenomic of the T room and 
it is even more important here 

3005
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:39,100
than in residential 
architecture. 

3006
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:43,300
There is a scroll in the Alcove 
that was chosen just for this 

3007
02:38:43,300 --> 02:38:45,000
Gathering. 
It could be a piece of 

3008
02:38:45,008 --> 02:38:46,400
calligraphy or a landscape 
painting. 

3009
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:49,200
The Scroll is more than just a 
decoration. 

3010
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:53,400
It sets the spiritual tone for 
the whole tea party when guests 

3011
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:55,300
come in. 
They look at the tokonoma right 

3012
02:38:55,300 --> 02:38:57,800
away and read the scroll to find
out what this Gathering is all 

3013
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:00,800
about everything in a tea room, 
is there to help with tea? 

3014
02:39:01,600 --> 02:39:04,100
The half that is sunk into the 
ground is where the water is 

3015
02:39:04,100 --> 02:39:07,100
heated, and it is set up so that
the host can perform the 

3016
02:39:07,100 --> 02:39:11,200
ceremony while sitting down. 
The door that the host uses to 

3017
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:13,800
get in is separate from the door
that the guests used to get in, 

3018
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:16,900
so the host can bring in t 
supplies without bothering the 

3019
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:19,200
guests. 
The windows are placed just 

3020
02:39:19,200 --> 02:39:22,100
right so that the t-ball gets 
the right amount of light at the

3021
02:39:22,108 --> 02:39:24,000
most important times during the 
ceremony. 

3022
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:27,200
Nothing is random every size 
material. 

3023
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:30,700
And surface has been thought 
about Tea, rooms aesthetic ideas

3024
02:39:30,700 --> 02:39:34,200
slowly, spread to all of 
Japanese architecture, the idea 

3025
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:37,200
of Warby which means finding 
Beauty and simple things and 

3026
02:39:37,200 --> 02:39:39,500
materials changed. 
How people thought about 

3027
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:42,300
designing homes. 
People like to warn word and 

3028
02:39:42,300 --> 02:39:45,200
weathered Stone because of the 
idea of Sabi, which means, 

3029
02:39:45,200 --> 02:39:47,900
appreciating the patina of age 
and the marks of use. 

3030
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:50,800
Japanese architecture, became 
known for using natural 

3031
02:39:50,800 --> 02:39:53,300
materials in their natural state
without paint or other 

3032
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:55,200
decorations. 
Tea rooms. 

3033
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:59,100
Also perfected the idea of sake 
or borrowed Sinai, which is when

3034
02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:01,300
a building is designed to 
include views of the landscape 

3035
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:05,100
around it. 
As part of its interior space, a

3036
02:40:05,100 --> 02:40:07,300
window that is carefully. 
Placed might frame a certain 

3037
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:10,200
tree in the garden making that 
tree a part of the rooms 

3038
02:40:10,200 --> 02:40:13,600
designed the rooms character 
changes when the tree blooms or 

3039
02:40:13,600 --> 02:40:17,300
changes color with the seasons. 
The line between architecture 

3040
02:40:17,300 --> 02:40:20,200
and Landscape becomes less clear
and more temporary the famous 

3041
02:40:20,200 --> 02:40:22,900
tie and Tea Room, which was 
designed by Ricky himself. 

3042
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:26,000
And is still standing is only 9 
feet by nine feet. 

3043
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:29,300
In this small space, all of 
Japanese aesthetic. 

3044
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:32,800
Philosophy has shown the rough 
clay walls, the carefully uneven

3045
02:40:32,800 --> 02:40:34,900
posts. 
The small window that looks out 

3046
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:37,400
onto a perfectly. 
Framed Garden View and the 

3047
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:40,300
tokonoma with its subtle 
proportions all work together to

3048
02:40:40,300 --> 02:40:42,600
make a space. 
That feels both humble and deep 

3049
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:46,200
rustic and refined and temporary
and eternal. 

3050
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,400
Later Teamsters build on recuse 
work and made different styles 

3051
02:40:50,400 --> 02:40:53,100
of tea rooms that looked at 
different parts of tea room 

3052
02:40:53,108 --> 02:40:55,700
design. 
Some added more windows to let 

3053
02:40:55,700 --> 02:40:58,200
in more light. 
Some people tried out different 

3054
02:40:58,200 --> 02:41:01,300
materials or proportions but 
they all stuck to the main idea.

3055
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:04,800
ah, Tea Room should be its own 
world, a place where Beauty 

3056
02:41:04,800 --> 02:41:08,500
becomes a way to connect with 
the divine The way tea rooms 

3057
02:41:08,500 --> 02:41:11,200
were designed had an effect on 
the way other types of buildings

3058
02:41:11,200 --> 02:41:14,000
were built. 
The sukiya style that came from 

3059
02:41:14,000 --> 02:41:17,400
tear architecture, used its 
ideas in house design, such as 

3060
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:20,700
using natural materials making 
rooms that are the right size 

3061
02:41:20,700 --> 02:41:23,600
for people in state of grand 
displays and paying closer 

3062
02:41:23,600 --> 02:41:28,200
attention to texture and Light. 
Exposed wooden ceilings halves 

3063
02:41:28,200 --> 02:41:31,500
for display and sliding paper 
screens are all things that are 

3064
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:34,700
now thought of as typically 
Japanese, they all come from tea

3065
02:41:34,700 --> 02:41:38,100
remarker, as you get ready to 
sleep, picture yourself in a 

3066
02:41:38,100 --> 02:41:40,700
room at dusk. 
The rain is falling outside, 

3067
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:44,300
making a soft sound on the roof.
You can barely see the garden 

3068
02:41:44,300 --> 02:41:47,000
through the small window. 
The stones and Moss are getting 

3069
02:41:47,008 --> 02:41:49,800
darker because of the moisture, 
the host just made tea with 

3070
02:41:49,808 --> 02:41:53,000
careful practiced movements. 
The tea Bowl is in front of you 

3071
02:41:53,000 --> 02:41:55,100
and it's rough. 
Surface feels warm in your 

3072
02:41:55,108 --> 02:41:58,500
hands. 
In this small space, the whole 

3073
02:41:58,500 --> 02:42:00,100
universe is shrunk to this 
moment. 

3074
02:42:00,100 --> 02:42:05,000
The taste of tea, the sound of 
rain, and the way the light is 

3075
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:07,800
fading. 
The room has everything it needs

3076
02:42:07,800 --> 02:42:11,600
and nothing, it doesn't. 
In its own quiet way. 

3077
02:42:11,600 --> 02:42:15,600
It's perfect. 
Japan had been closed off from 

3078
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:18,500
the rest of the world for over 
200 years, but in the middle of 

3079
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:22,400
the 19th century, it opened up 
The meeting changed Japanese 

3080
02:42:22,400 --> 02:42:25,300
architecture in ways that were 
both exciting and confusing, 

3081
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:28,900
suddenly a building style that 
had developed over 100 of years 

3082
02:42:28,900 --> 02:42:31,900
to reflect certain cultural 
values and deal with certain 

3083
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:34,800
problems, had to learn how to 
use completely different 

3084
02:42:34,800 --> 02:42:38,000
architectural languages from 
Europe and America people who 

3085
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:40,600
were used to wooden buildings 
with paper screens and sliding 

3086
02:42:40,600 --> 02:42:44,000
doors must have thought that the
first western style buildings in

3087
02:42:44,008 --> 02:42:47,500
Japan were very strange. 
Building's Made of Stone or 

3088
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:50,700
brick with glass windows, 
multiple stories with stairs 

3089
02:42:50,700 --> 02:42:54,400
inside rooms, that were only for
one thing and fern each other 

3090
02:42:54,408 --> 02:42:55,800
that couldn't be moved or 
changed. 

3091
02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:59,100
All showed a very different idea
of what buildings were and how 

3092
02:42:59,100 --> 02:43:02,300
people should live in them. 
The major government wanted 

3093
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:05,900
Japan to become a modern nation 
state, so they actively promoted

3094
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:07,700
Western architecture as part of 
that process. 

3095
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:11,800
They hired Architects from other
countries to design government 

3096
02:43:11,800 --> 02:43:15,500
buildings, Banks, train stations
and other buildings that needed 

3097
02:43:15,500 --> 02:43:18,800
to look modern and strong. 
These buildings intentionally 

3098
02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:21,700
copied Western Styles. 
Like Victorian, Gothic 

3099
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:24,400
Renaissance, Revival and French 
baroque. 

3100
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:27,300
Sometimes they did this in a way
that was so mixed up. 

3101
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:29,800
That it was hard to tell where 
one style ended in another 

3102
02:43:29,800 --> 02:43:32,200
began. 
It must have been strange to 

3103
02:43:32,200 --> 02:43:34,500
walk through Central Tokyo 
during the Meiji period. 

3104
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:38,200
There were brick banking houses 
with Corinthian columns next to 

3105
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:40,100
traditional wooden temples and 
matcha. 

3106
02:43:40,700 --> 02:43:43,500
Buddhist temples had rules that 
curved while government 

3107
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:46,400
buildings, had roofs that slope 
down like European roofs. 

3108
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,600
There was an architectural clash
with out synthesis the different

3109
02:43:50,600 --> 02:43:53,700
building styles living in the 
same city, but not yet, learning

3110
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:56,700
how to talk to each other. 
Japanese architects who had 

3111
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,400
studied in Europe and America 
had an interesting problem to 

3112
02:43:59,400 --> 02:44:02,200
solve how to make modern 
Japanese architecture. 

3113
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:05,300
That used Western Building 
Technology, but still stay true 

3114
02:44:05,300 --> 02:44:09,000
to traditional aesthetic values.
Architects would spend the next 

3115
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:12,400
hundred years, thinking about 
this question and it may still 

3116
02:44:12,400 --> 02:44:14,400
have an effect on Japanese 
architecture today. 

3117
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:18,500
One of the first things people 
did was add Japanese decorative 

3118
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:20,000
elements to Western building 
styles. 

3119
02:44:20,000 --> 02:44:23,800
You could have a brick building 
with European proportions and a 

3120
02:44:23,800 --> 02:44:27,100
Japanese style tiled roof or a 
stone building with towers that 

3121
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:30,100
look like pagodas. 
These hybrids often looked 

3122
02:44:30,100 --> 02:44:32,900
strange like someone wearing a 
business suit with traditional 

3123
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:35,800
sandals. 
Each part was fine on its own 

3124
02:44:35,800 --> 02:44:38,900
but together, they were 
uncomfortable, Tokyo Station, 

3125
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:42,200
which was finished in 1914, is a
good example of the 

3126
02:44:42,200 --> 02:44:46,000
architecturals of this time. 
The station was a huge red 

3127
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:47,300
brick. 
Building with European 

3128
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:51,200
Renaissance style, including 
domes archers and detailed 

3129
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:54,000
brickwork. 
It was designed by tatsuno 

3130
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:55,600
Kingo. 
Who had studied in London. 

3131
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:58,600
It was supposed to show that 
Japan had become a modern 

3132
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:01,300
country with infrastructure. 
That could compete with any 

3133
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:04,700
Western power, but you could see
that Japanese sensibilities were

3134
02:45:04,700 --> 02:45:06,300
at work. 
In the way, it was built and the

3135
02:45:06,300 --> 02:45:08,400
way it looked. 
But the changes that were 

3136
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:10,400
happening in residential 
architecture were more 

3137
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:12,100
interesting than the big public 
buildings. 

3138
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,700
Middle class Japanese homes 
started to mix Western and 

3139
02:45:15,700 --> 02:45:19,200
Japanese Styles, making hybrid 
spaces that showed how life 

3140
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:22,000
stars were changing while still 
keeping traditional comforts. 

3141
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:26,300
A house might have one western 
style room with chairs, tables 

3142
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:29,400
and hardwood floors. 
This room was usually used for 

3143
02:45:29,400 --> 02:45:32,700
business or to welcome guests. 
The rest of the house would be 

3144
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:35,700
traditional Japanese with tatami
mats and sliding screens. 

3145
02:45:35,700 --> 02:45:39,000
This wasn't just about how 
things looked or how they were 

3146
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:41,100
worn different. 
Kinds of activities, really 

3147
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:43,200
worked better in different kinds
of buildings. 

3148
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:47,200
If you wore western clothes, you
want to chairs and tables that 

3149
02:45:47,200 --> 02:45:50,100
were Western Heights. 
But when they were at home a lot

3150
02:45:50,108 --> 02:45:53,200
of Japanese people like to take 
off their tight western clothes 

3151
02:45:53,200 --> 02:45:57,300
put on a Yukata or kimono and 
sit onto Tammy the old-fashioned

3152
02:45:57,300 --> 02:46:00,200
way. 
You could live in both modes 

3153
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:02,900
because you had both kinds of 
spaces, you could choose the 

3154
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:06,600
right one for each activity. 
The engawa, a space between the 

3155
02:46:06,600 --> 02:46:09,900
inside and outside that looked 
like a porch was a big part of 

3156
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:13,300
traditional Japanese 
architecture in May G period 

3157
02:46:13,300 --> 02:46:16,100
homes. 
It took on a new form sometimes 

3158
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:19,700
it had glass windows around it, 
making it look like a sunroom 

3159
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:22,000
that kept the weather out, but 
still let you see the garden's. 

3160
02:46:22,700 --> 02:46:25,300
This change showed how 
traditional building Parts could

3161
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:28,700
change to use new materials and 
Technologies while still doing 

3162
02:46:28,700 --> 02:46:31,600
their main job, Japanese 
architects, who were studying 

3163
02:46:31,600 --> 02:46:33,200
abroad started to notice 
something. 

3164
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:35,600
Interesting. 
While they were learning how to 

3165
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:38,300
build in the west Weston 
Architects were becoming 

3166
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:41,800
interested in Japanese design. 
People were Amazed by the 

3167
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:44,300
Japanese Pavilions at 
International exhibitions, 

3168
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:47,300
Western Architects. 
And designers started to collect

3169
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:51,600
Japanese prints study, Japanese 
garden and used Japanese design 

3170
02:46:51,600 --> 02:46:55,000
ideas in their own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

3171
02:46:55,000 --> 02:46:57,700
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

3172
02:46:57,700 --> 02:47:00,700
back and forth would eventually 
lead to more complex syntheses. 

3173
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:03,500
Frank Lloyd Wright's Imperial 
Hotel in Tokyo. 

3174
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:08,200
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 
Western ideas about space with 

3175
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:11,000
Japanese ideas, about beauty and
attention to materials. 

3176
02:47:11,900 --> 02:47:14,900
Wright wasn't Japanese, but his 
ideas for architecture showed 

3177
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:17,600
how to honor both Traditions 
without having to choose between

3178
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:20,400
them. 
The terrible great Kanto 

3179
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:24,500
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

3180
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:27,800
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

3181
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:30,700
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

3182
02:47:30,700 --> 02:47:34,300
larger scale such as reinforced,
concrete steel framing, and 

3183
02:47:34,300 --> 02:47:37,800
modern utilities, But it also 
made people think about what 

3184
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:40,700
traditional architecture had 
lost and what should be kept. 

3185
02:47:41,500 --> 02:47:44,100
Some Architects started to talk 
about a more careful way to 

3186
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:46,200
modernize. 
They didn't want to just copy 

3187
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:48,800
western style or keep 
traditional architecture the 

3188
02:47:48,800 --> 02:47:51,900
same to protect it. 
Instead they wanted an 

3189
02:47:51,900 --> 02:47:54,600
architecture that used modern 
materials and building methods, 

3190
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:57,600
but still understood and 
respected, traditional Japanese 

3191
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,900
ideas about space. 
This wasn't just about making 

3192
02:48:00,900 --> 02:48:04,700
things look nice on the outside.
It was about deeper ideas, like 

3193
02:48:04,700 --> 02:48:07,900
how buildings fit into the 
landscape, how spaces could be 

3194
02:48:07,900 --> 02:48:11,200
flexible and changeable and how 
to use natural materials and 

3195
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:16,100
lighting creative ways. 
In the early 1900s, modernist 

3196
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:17,600
architecture, spread around the 
world. 

3197
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:21,300
It focused on clean lines. 
Honest, use of materials, and 

3198
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:23,300
combining indoor and outdoor 
spaces. 

3199
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:27,200
Surprisingly, this style of 
architecture, had a lot in 

3200
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:29,600
common with traditional Japanese
architectural values. 

3201
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:33,100
Both Traditions valued 
Simplicity, over decoration, 

3202
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:36,400
honest materials, over surface 
decoration, and fluid 

3203
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:39,800
connections between buildings, 
and their surroundings, Japanese

3204
02:48:39,800 --> 02:48:42,400
Architects, started to see that 
some of the ideas behind 

3205
02:48:42,400 --> 02:48:44,800
modernism weren't completely new
to them. 

3206
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:47,700
In some ways they were similar 
to ideas that their own 

3207
02:48:47,700 --> 02:48:49,700
tradition had been working with 
400 of years. 

3208
02:48:50,800 --> 02:48:53,000
Steal and glass building with 
clean lines, and little 

3209
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:55,000
decoration. 
Wasn't that different from a 

3210
02:48:55,000 --> 02:48:58,100
traditional tea room, which used
natural materials and didn't add

3211
02:48:58,100 --> 02:49:01,400
extra decoration of Both were 
examples of aesthetic, 

3212
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:03,100
philosophies that put value on 
Essence. 

3213
02:49:03,100 --> 02:49:05,900
So over decoration and Clarity 
over confusion. 

3214
02:49:06,600 --> 02:49:09,200
This understanding would 
ultimately result in some of the

3215
02:49:09,200 --> 02:49:12,900
most groundbreaking architecture
of the 20th century as Japanese 

3216
02:49:12,900 --> 02:49:15,300
Architects employed, 
contemporary materials, and 

3217
02:49:15,300 --> 02:49:18,800
methods to convey, traditional 
spatial ideas, in novel manners.

3218
02:49:18,800 --> 02:49:21,000
But that's a story for the next 
chapter. 

3219
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:24,500
When we get to the present, As 
you settle deeper into sleep 

3220
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:28,700
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 
was a city that was rebuilding 

3221
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:30,600
itself and full of 
contradictions and 

3222
02:49:30,600 --> 02:49:33,300
possibilities. 
This is a traditional wooden 

3223
02:49:33,300 --> 02:49:35,500
house with one room. 
That looks like it belongs in 

3224
02:49:35,500 --> 02:49:38,200
the West. 
A concrete office building is 

3225
02:49:38,200 --> 02:49:39,700
trying to look like a French 
Palace. 

3226
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:43,300
You can still see the roofs of 
the temples in the distance but 

3227
02:49:43,300 --> 02:49:44,900
they are now surrounded by 
buildings. 

3228
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:46,000
That would have been 
Unthinkable. 

3229
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:50,700
Just a few decades ago, it's a 
mess but it's also exciting and 

3230
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:54,800
comfortable and full of promise.
A civilization is going through 

3231
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,300
a huge change and trying to 
figure out how to stay the same 

3232
02:49:58,300 --> 02:50:01,800
while becoming something else. 
Japan cities were ruined by 

3233
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,700
World War Two, bombing had 
mostly destroyed, Tokyo, Osaka, 

3234
02:50:05,700 --> 02:50:09,000
and Nagoya. 
In the immediate aftermath of 

3235
02:50:09,000 --> 02:50:11,100
the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

3236
02:50:11,100 --> 02:50:14,300
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

3237
02:50:14,300 --> 02:50:17,000
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

3238
02:50:17,000 --> 02:50:19,100
military buildings 
architectural. 

3239
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:22,300
Philosophy, seemed like a 
luxury, but even in this dire 

3240
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:25,300
situation, some architectural 
elements remain the same. 

3241
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:28,800
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

3242
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,400
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

3243
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:35,700
ideas about space in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

3244
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:39,000
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

3245
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:42,600
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

3246
02:50:42,600 --> 02:50:45,300
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

3247
02:50:45,308 --> 02:50:50,000
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

3248
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:52,700
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

3249
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:55,300
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

3250
02:50:55,300 --> 02:50:57,500
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

3251
02:50:57,500 --> 02:50:59,100
Western architectural 
principles. 

3252
02:50:59,100 --> 02:51:02,400
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

3253
02:51:02,400 --> 02:51:04,600
Japan. 
Their ideas would change 

3254
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:08,100
architecture, all over the world
Kenzo tange could be the most 

3255
02:51:08,100 --> 02:51:09,800
well known person from this 
generation. 

3256
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,600
His buildings were a mix of the 
brutal honesty of modernist 

3257
02:51:13,600 --> 02:51:17,100
Concrete Construction and ideas,
about space that came from 

3258
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:18,600
traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3259
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:23,700
The Hiroshima Peace Memorial 
Museum finished in 1955 raised 

3260
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:26,700
its main structure on pillars, 
which made a covered space 

3261
02:51:26,700 --> 02:51:28,300
underneath. 
That was like the open ground 

3262
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:31,200
floors of traditional 
storehouses and let lighter air 

3263
02:51:31,208 --> 02:51:34,000
flow through the building. 
Tang's work showed that modern 

3264
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:37,100
materials like reinforced 
concrete could show traditional 

3265
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:40,900
Japanese ideas about space like 
the mixing of inside and outside

3266
02:51:40,900 --> 02:51:44,400
the use of modular structural 
grids and the focus on 

3267
02:51:44,400 --> 02:51:46,400
horizontal rather than vertical 
lines. 

3268
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:49,800
His buildings looked very 
modern, but their layout and 

3269
02:51:49,800 --> 02:51:52,400
relationship to the site and 
Landscape, made them feel 

3270
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:55,800
Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement, which 

3271
02:51:55,800 --> 02:51:59,300
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

3272
02:52:00,100 --> 02:52:02,900
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

3273
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,200
and change with residential 
units, that could be added to 

3274
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:09,300
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams, 

3275
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:11,600
never came true. 
But their ideas about 

3276
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:15,500
flexibility and adaptability 
took traditional Japanese ideas 

3277
02:52:15,500 --> 02:52:18,900
about reconfigurable space and 
applied them to cities and 

3278
02:52:18,900 --> 02:52:21,600
Technology. 
The naked in capsule Tower by 

3279
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:23,600
kisho kurokawa, which was 
finished. 

3280
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,300
In 1972, was an example of 
metabolist ideas in 

3281
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:30,000
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

3282
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:32,900
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically smaller 

3283
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:35,000
apartments that were attached to
concrete cores. 

3284
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:38,400
This was done so that capsules 
could be moved around or 

3285
02:52:38,400 --> 02:52:41,200
replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

3286
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:44,300
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

3287
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:47,400
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged in stead 

3288
02:52:47,400 --> 02:52:51,100
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

3289
02:52:51,100 --> 02:52:53,300
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

3290
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:57,100
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

3291
02:52:57,100 --> 02:53:00,800
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

3292
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:03,100
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

3293
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:07,100
But the way things were arranged
in space often stayed very 

3294
02:53:07,100 --> 02:53:10,800
Japanese, a lot, of homes, still
had at least one traditional 

3295
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:15,400
tatami room with sliding fusuma 
panels, a tokonoma Alcove and a 

3296
02:53:15,400 --> 02:53:18,900
door that led to a small garden.
This wasn't just Nostalgia or 

3297
02:53:18,900 --> 02:53:21,100
conservatism. 
It was a real preference for 

3298
02:53:21,100 --> 02:53:24,000
being able to move around and 
connect with traditional styles.

3299
02:53:24,800 --> 02:53:28,500
At night at tatami room could be
a bedroom during the day, it 

3300
02:53:28,500 --> 02:53:30,500
could be a living room for 
special meals. 

3301
02:53:30,500 --> 02:53:33,200
It could be a dining room and 
for guests it could be a space. 

3302
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:36,200
The western style rooms with 
furniture that could not be 

3303
02:53:36,200 --> 02:53:38,500
moved around. 
Could not do this, some 

3304
02:53:38,500 --> 02:53:40,800
Architects started to look into 
how they could use modern 

3305
02:53:40,800 --> 02:53:42,700
materials. 
And building methods to express,

3306
02:53:42,700 --> 02:53:47,500
traditional ideas to dou, who 
became famous in the 1970s 

3307
02:53:47,500 --> 02:53:50,800
built, buildings out of smooth 
concrete, glass and steel. 

3308
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,200
That still had a traditional 
Japanese field to them. 

3309
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:57,000
His buildings, have enclosed 
Courtyards, carefully, framed 

3310
02:53:57,000 --> 02:54:00,300
natural light, and a peaceful 
quality that reminds one of 

3311
02:54:00,300 --> 02:54:01,900
Temple and Tea Room 
architecture. 

3312
02:54:02,900 --> 02:54:06,700
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

3313
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:08,300
great example of this 
combination. 

3314
02:54:09,200 --> 02:54:13,100
Small concrete Chapel with a 
cross that shines, the cross was

3315
02:54:13,100 --> 02:54:17,000
made by taking away things not 
adding them, the wool has a 

3316
02:54:17,000 --> 02:54:20,100
cross-shaped opening that lets 
light in the room is very simple

3317
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,200
and serious but it also has a 
lot of spiritual energy. 

3318
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,500
It looks modern, but it also 
feels like it comes from the 

3319
02:54:26,500 --> 02:54:29,400
same design tradition that made 
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.

3320
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,800
The idea of mar which we talked 
about earlier, as charged empty 

3321
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,000
space was used in a new way in 
modern Japanese architecture. 

3322
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:39,700
Architects designed buildings 
with holes and gaps that weren't

3323
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:42,500
just empty space. 
They were important parts of the

3324
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:44,800
design. 
These empty spaces made the 

3325
02:54:44,800 --> 02:54:47,800
rhythm of the buildings let 
light and air in and gave people

3326
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:51,100
a place to rest their eyes and 
think the connection between 

3327
02:54:51,100 --> 02:54:53,800
architecture and nature, which 
is so important to Japanese 

3328
02:54:53,800 --> 02:54:57,500
culture continued. 
In new ways Architects, could 

3329
02:54:57,500 --> 02:55:01,108
not always make traditional 
Garden cities with a lot of 

3330
02:55:01,116 --> 02:55:04,600
people, but they found ways to 
add natural elements like a 

3331
02:55:04,600 --> 02:55:07,100
single tree. 
In a courtyard, a water feature 

3332
02:55:07,100 --> 02:55:11,500
or even just views of the sky, 
that were carefully framed These

3333
02:55:11,500 --> 02:55:14,400
gestures recognized, the human 
necessity for a connection with 

3334
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:17,400
nature even within entirely 
Urban environments. 

3335
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:20,400
Smaller than homes, became a 
very interesting type of 

3336
02:55:20,400 --> 02:55:23,400
architecture. 
Because land was so expensive in

3337
02:55:23,400 --> 02:55:26,400
Japanese cities, many 
residential lots were very small

3338
02:55:26,400 --> 02:55:31,300
less than 50 square meters. 
In some cases architects who had

3339
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:33,400
to work with these limits. 
Came up with new ways to make 

3340
02:55:33,400 --> 02:55:36,900
spaces more livable by adding 
light are, and sometimes 

3341
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:40,800
surprising spatial experiences. 
These small homes often had 

3342
02:55:40,800 --> 02:55:44,500
Courtyards inside skylights 
spaces on more than one level 

3343
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:48,500
and smart ways to store things. 
These small houses kept the 

3344
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:51,600
traditional Japanese way of 
building homes, which was to 

3345
02:55:51,600 --> 02:55:54,700
make Rich spatial experiences 
within small physical limits. 

3346
02:55:55,400 --> 02:55:57,800
A traditional tea room showed 
that you don't need a lot of 

3347
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:01,100
room to make a whole world. 
Modern tiny houses took this 

3348
02:56:01,100 --> 02:56:04,300
idea further by showing that 
careful design could make even 

3349
02:56:04,300 --> 02:56:08,600
the smallest spaces feel full 
and welcoming Modern 

3350
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:10,400
engineering's, earthquake, 
resistant. 

3351
02:56:10,400 --> 02:56:13,200
Building methods were added to 
Japan's traditional knowledge of

3352
02:56:13,200 --> 02:56:16,500
how to make structures. 
That can bend modern buildings 

3353
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:19,600
in Japan, often have advanced 
dampening systems flexible 

3354
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:23,200
joints, an extra structural 
support that let them Sway With 

3355
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,200
seismic forces. 
Instead of fighting them, this 

3356
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:29,100
high-tech method is similar to 
the old idea of building wooden 

3357
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:30,800
structures that could move with 
the Earth. 

3358
02:56:31,600 --> 02:56:34,600
As you start to feel sleepy 
picture yourself walking through

3359
02:56:34,600 --> 02:56:37,200
Modern Tokyo. 
This is an old temple with 

3360
02:56:37,200 --> 02:56:40,300
wooden buildings that have been 
well cared for next to. 

3361
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:44,500
It is a modern building made of 
glass and steel its ground floor

3362
02:56:44,500 --> 02:56:48,200
opened completely to the street 
making the line between inside 

3363
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:51,800
and outside, less clear. 
This is a very modern take on a 

3364
02:56:51,800 --> 02:56:56,400
traditional idea, a small house 
across the street, has a tree 

3365
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:59,100
growing through the middle of it
bringing nature into the middle 

3366
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,100
of a busy city. 
The city is like a palimpsest 

3367
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:04,400
with layers of history and new 
ideas. 

3368
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,600
All in the same place the 
buildings from each time. 

3369
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:09,000
Period seemed to talk to each 
other. 

3370
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:12,900
By the end of the 20th century. 
Something amazing had happened. 

3371
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,900
Japanese architecture become 
influential all over the world 

3372
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:20,700
in ways that went far beyond 
just unique details or Surface 

3373
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:24,100
Beauty Architects, all over the 
world were looking at Japanese 

3374
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:28,000
buildings, spatial ideas, and 
design philosophies to find ways

3375
02:57:28,000 --> 02:57:30,600
to solve modern, architectural 
problems. 

3376
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:34,200
That Western Traditions, hadn't 
fully dealt with Japanese 

3377
02:57:34,200 --> 02:57:37,200
Aesthetics had a big impact on 
the minimalism that became so 

3378
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:38,800
popular in architecture around 
the world. 

3379
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,600
Starting in the 1990s. 
The Japanese had been refining, 

3380
02:57:42,600 --> 02:57:45,700
the ideas behind clean lines, 
limited color, palettes 

3381
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:49,600
carefully, chosen materials, and
empty space as a positive design

3382
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:53,400
element for years. 
Japan had been doing what the 

3383
02:57:53,400 --> 02:57:56,100
West thought was a radical new 
style since the 16th century, 

3384
02:57:56,100 --> 02:58:00,100
when Team Masters started doing 
it, the open floor plans that 

3385
02:58:00,100 --> 02:58:03,400
now popular in western homes. 
A similar to the ideas that 

3386
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:05,500
Japanese homes have had for 
hundreds of years. 

3387
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:09,700
Japanese architecture had these 
ideas long before they became 

3388
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:11,100
popular in other parts of the 
world. 

3389
02:58:12,000 --> 02:58:14,900
That spaces could be flexible 
and served more than one purpose

3390
02:58:14,900 --> 02:58:17,700
that rooms could flow into each 
other, instead of being 

3391
02:58:17,700 --> 02:58:21,200
separated by walls and that a 
home should adapt to the needs 

3392
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:23,500
of its occupants. 
Instead of forcing them to adapt

3393
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:26,300
to fixed rooms. 
The focus on natural materials. 

3394
02:58:26,300 --> 02:58:29,800
That honestly, displayed, rather
than painted over or hidden 

3395
02:58:29,800 --> 02:58:32,600
behind decorations. 
Became a defining feature of 

3396
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:34,900
modern high-end architecture 
around the world. 

3397
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:38,800
Architects started leaving 
concrete unpainted so that the 

3398
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:41,800
wood structure showed through 
and they used Stone in ways that

3399
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:45,000
showed off its natural beauty. 
this method wasn't taken 

3400
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:48,300
directly from Japan, but the 
Japanese architectural tradition

3401
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:51,000
of honest material expression 
did have an effect on how 

3402
02:58:51,000 --> 02:58:53,900
architects around the world 
thought about materials and 

3403
02:58:53,908 --> 02:58:58,000
surfaces The relationship 
between the inside and outside. 

3404
02:58:58,000 --> 02:59:01,300
The Japanese architecture, had 
always stressed became more and 

3405
02:59:01,300 --> 02:59:03,500
more important in modern 
architecture around the world. 

3406
02:59:04,500 --> 02:59:07,300
In modern design, people wanted 
buildings with walls. 

3407
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:10,700
That could open all the way 
rooms that led into Garden's and

3408
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:13,500
threshold spaces that were 
neither fully inside or outside.

3409
02:59:14,500 --> 02:59:17,300
The traditional engulfer had 
changed into modern Terraces 

3410
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:20,800
balconies and transitional 
spaces that made building's more

3411
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:22,100
interesting for people to 
experience. 

3412
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:25,500
Japanese Architects had an 
impact on the world as well. 

3413
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:29,900
In 1995 to Dao. 
Ando won the pritzker prize. 

3414
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:33,000
First of many Japanese 
Architects to win the most 

3415
02:59:33,000 --> 02:59:37,600
prestigious award in the field, 
kazuyo sejima and ruin shiza was

3416
02:59:37,600 --> 02:59:40,500
company. 
Samaa built buildings that were 

3417
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:44,100
incredibly delicate and 
spatially complex and their work

3418
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:46,100
had an impact on Architects all 
over the world. 

3419
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:50,200
Shigeru ban was the first to use
paper tubes and other unusual 

3420
02:59:50,200 --> 02:59:52,900
materials in buildings that were
both structurally Innovative and

3421
02:59:52,900 --> 02:59:56,000
socially responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

3422
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:58,200
Architects built buildings. 
That looked like traditional 

3423
02:59:58,200 --> 03:00:02,100
Japanese ones, their work didn't
have Pagoda Roos or Tori Gates 

3424
03:00:02,100 --> 03:00:06,500
but their buildings had spatial 
ideas, material sensibilities, 

3425
03:00:06,500 --> 03:00:09,500
and connections to sight and 
light that were more connected 

3426
03:00:09,500 --> 03:00:11,100
to traditional Japanese 
architecture. 

3427
03:00:12,300 --> 03:00:15,300
They showed that tradition isn't
just about copying old Styles. 

3428
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:19,500
It's also about understanding 
and building on basic ideas, the

3429
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:22,800
idea of wappy Sabi which means 
finding Beauty and things that 

3430
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:26,700
aren't perfect don't last or 
aren't finished became part of 

3431
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:29,800
the global design vocabulary. 
It may have been overused in 

3432
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,000
Western design circles, where it
was sometimes seen as just a 

3433
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:35,800
style, instead of a complicated 
philosophical stance. 

3434
03:00:36,700 --> 03:00:40,300
But at its best, the world's 
love of wahbi-sabi showed a real

3435
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:42,800
appreciation for Japanese 
aesthetic values that were 

3436
03:00:42,808 --> 03:00:46,300
different from the Western focus
on permanence Perfection and 

3437
03:00:46,300 --> 03:00:49,600
completion. 
The design of Japanese Gardens 

3438
03:00:49,600 --> 03:00:52,800
had a bigger and bigger effect 
on gardens around the world from

3439
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:55,600
California to England. 
Modern Garden showed how to use 

3440
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:59,400
natural materials, how to make 
spaces for thinking and how to 

3441
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:01,500
make small versions of larger 
landscapes. 

3442
03:01:02,200 --> 03:01:04,600
The notion that landscape design
could be an art form. 

3443
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:08,600
A sophisticated as architecture,
a belief rooted in Japanese 

3444
03:01:08,600 --> 03:01:10,800
tradition. 
Garnered broader acceptance. 

3445
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:14,700
S, Japanese architecture was 
very aware of the environment. 

3446
03:01:14,700 --> 03:01:18,700
It paid attention to Natural 
ventilation used local materials

3447
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,500
and was carefully oriented to 
the Sun and wind. 

3448
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:24,500
These were all things that 
became important in our 

3449
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:27,800
architecture around the world. 
Japanese architecture has always

3450
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:31,300
been sustainable because it had 
to be Contemporary Architects, 

3451
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:33,900
learned from these Traditions. 
How to build buildings that are 

3452
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:36,400
better for the environment. 
The Japanese idea that 

3453
03:01:36,400 --> 03:01:39,600
architecture is not a permanent 
Monument, but something that can

3454
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:43,000
be changed and rebuilt. 
Challenged Western ideas about 

3455
03:01:43,000 --> 03:01:44,600
architecture and interesting 
ways. 

3456
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:48,400
The 20 year, rebuilding cycle of
the Astron, which we talked 

3457
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:51,500
about a long time ago, was a 
whole new way of thinking, about

3458
03:01:51,500 --> 03:01:55,100
preserving architecture, Instead
of trying to keep building the 

3459
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:57,000
same, it meant keeping 
tradition. 

3460
03:01:57,000 --> 03:02:00,900
Alive through constant renewal 
This idea changed how people 

3461
03:02:00,900 --> 03:02:03,400
thought about cultural 
continuity and Architectural 

3462
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:06,300
sustainability. 
Japanese culture had a big 

3463
03:02:06,300 --> 03:02:09,900
impact on the way people saw 
small, scale carefully detailed 

3464
03:02:09,900 --> 03:02:12,800
architecture. 
Not every building had to be a 

3465
03:02:12,800 --> 03:02:17,200
big deal or a big statement in 
small, Urban houses or tea rooms

3466
03:02:17,200 --> 03:02:19,000
where every detail had been 
carefully. 

3467
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:22,300
Thought out the most beautiful 
architecture could happen. 

3468
03:02:22,300 --> 03:02:26,100
This recognition of small-scale 
Excellence changed how 

3469
03:02:26,100 --> 03:02:28,800
architects around the world 
thought about residential and 

3470
03:02:28,800 --> 03:02:31,300
small scale. 
Projects, Japanese Architects, 

3471
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:33,900
combine traditional building 
techniques with modern materials

3472
03:02:33,900 --> 03:02:36,900
and methods. 
This gave other countries ideas 

3473
03:02:36,900 --> 03:02:40,000
for how to keep traditional 
building crafts alive while also

3474
03:02:40,000 --> 03:02:43,600
making modern buildings. 
Japanese architectural craft was

3475
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:46,900
known for its careful, joinery 
attention to surface qualities 

3476
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:50,900
and respect for materials. 
These things still affect how 

3477
03:02:50,900 --> 03:02:54,400
buildings are details and build.
As we near the end of our 

3478
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:57,000
journey, through Japanese 
architectural history, we come 

3479
03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:00,000
to the present. 
What we see is not a complete 

3480
03:03:00,000 --> 03:03:03,500
preservation of tradition or a 
complete break from the past, 

3481
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:06,700
but rather a creative 
conversation between historical 

3482
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:09,200
principles and modern needs that
is still going on. 

3483
03:03:09,900 --> 03:03:12,900
There was a fascinating tension 
in modern Japanese architecture.

3484
03:03:12,900 --> 03:03:16,500
Japan is still one of the most 
architecturally Innovative 

3485
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:20,200
countries in the world 
Architects, their buildings that

3486
03:03:20,200 --> 03:03:22,900
are very creative and 
technically Advanced on the 

3487
03:03:22,900 --> 03:03:26,400
other hand, traditional building
types like temples shrines tea 

3488
03:03:26,400 --> 03:03:29,800
rooms and even some types of 
homes are still used today, not 

3489
03:03:29,800 --> 03:03:34,000
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 
you'll see Master Carpenter 

3490
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:36,400
still teaching apprentices how 
to do traditional joinery. 

3491
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:40,100
That doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen aren't putting 

3492
03:03:40,100 --> 03:03:43,100
on historical reenactments. 
They're keeping temples and 

3493
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:45,900
shrines that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date 

3494
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:49,000
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

3495
03:03:49,000 --> 03:03:51,400
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

3496
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:53,900
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

3497
03:03:53,900 --> 03:03:56,300
Each generation, learns not from
books. 

3498
03:03:56,300 --> 03:03:59,800
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

3499
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,200
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

3500
03:04:03,200 --> 03:04:06,800
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

3501
03:04:06,800 --> 03:04:09,400
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

3502
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:13,000
But the traditional lives on 
thanks in part to cultural 

3503
03:04:13,000 --> 03:04:16,500
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

3504
03:04:16,500 --> 03:04:19,000
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

3505
03:04:19,000 --> 03:04:21,900
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

3506
03:04:21,900 --> 03:04:24,100
Japanese Architects, are still 
pushing the limits. 

3507
03:04:24,800 --> 03:04:28,200
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls, 

3508
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:31,300
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

3509
03:04:31,300 --> 03:04:34,100
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

3510
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:36,700
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

3511
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:40,100
space, Sue Fujimoto is one of 
the younger Architects. 

3512
03:04:40,100 --> 03:04:43,900
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

3513
03:04:43,900 --> 03:04:47,700
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

3514
03:04:47,700 --> 03:04:51,300
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

3515
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:54,700
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

3516
03:04:54,700 --> 03:04:57,600
livable spaces. 
There are modern evolution of 

3517
03:04:57,600 --> 03:05:00,400
traditional Japanese ideas about
how buildings and nature 

3518
03:05:00,400 --> 03:05:03,600
interact. 
King Goombas work is very modern

3519
03:05:03,600 --> 03:05:06,500
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

3520
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:09,200
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

3521
03:05:09,200 --> 03:05:12,000
methods can be used with 
traditional materials like wood 

3522
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:15,000
stove and paper to make 
buildings. 

3523
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:17,200
That feel like they come from 
the past with without copying 

3524
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:20,500
old styles. 
His buildings, often have fancy 

3525
03:05:20,500 --> 03:05:22,800
wooden screening systems that 
are modern versions of 

3526
03:05:22,808 --> 03:05:25,500
traditional features that 
control light, give people 

3527
03:05:25,500 --> 03:05:28,100
privacy and make Rich visual 
textures. 

3528
03:05:28,100 --> 03:05:31,600
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

3529
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:34,300
because people there are still 
interested in small 

3530
03:05:34,300 --> 03:05:37,800
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

3531
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:40,500
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

3532
03:05:40,500 --> 03:05:42,400
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

3533
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:45,800
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

3534
03:05:45,800 --> 03:05:47,600
a lot out of a little by 
carefully. 

3535
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:49,600
Designing them, into just making
them big. 

3536
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:53,200
These small modern homes often 
have features that are similar 

3537
03:05:53,200 --> 03:05:56,500
to traditional homes, like an 
internal Courtyard that lets 

3538
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,700
light an air into the middle of 
the building a threshold space, 

3539
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:02,700
that separates the street from 
the home and a special room or 

3540
03:06:02,700 --> 03:06:04,400
alco for thinking and showing 
off. 

3541
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:08,300
But they use modern materials 
and building methods, which 

3542
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:10,400
makes the buildings for both new
and traditional. 

3543
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:13,800
Japan has a unique way of 
keeping its old buildings in 

3544
03:06:13,808 --> 03:06:17,300
good shape preservation doesn't 
mean trying to keep building's 

3545
03:06:17,300 --> 03:06:21,000
the same over time instead. 
It usually means rebuilding them

3546
03:06:21,000 --> 03:06:22,300
every. 
So often using traditional 

3547
03:06:22,300 --> 03:06:25,400
methods and materials, this 
keeps not only the buildings 

3548
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,200
themselves, but all the 
knowledge and skills needed to 

3549
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:32,000
build them its preservation. 
Through practice, not through 

3550
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:35,600
museums, the Japanese people as 
a whole stay connected to 

3551
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:38,700
traditional architectural Spaces
by practicing, T, sermon is 

3552
03:06:38,700 --> 03:06:42,200
going to temples and shrines and
sometimes even in their own 

3553
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:45,800
homes, a lot of modern Japanese 
Homes and Apartments still have 

3554
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:49,400
at least one tatami room. 
This is a place where people can

3555
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:52,400
connect with traditional 
Aesthetics and practices even 

3556
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:53,800
when they are in a modern 
setting. 

3557
03:06:54,500 --> 03:06:57,200
More and more Japanese 
architecture is being shaped by 

3558
03:06:57,200 --> 03:07:00,800
environmental concerns. 
Building practices that are 

3559
03:07:00,800 --> 03:07:03,500
strong and long-lasting are 
important because the country is

3560
03:07:03,500 --> 03:07:06,800
prone to earthquakes, typhoons 
and other natural disasters. 

3561
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,200
Modern Japanese architecture. 
Often uses both high-tech and 

3562
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:14,200
traditional methods. 
For example, it might use 

3563
03:07:14,200 --> 03:07:17,500
Advanced seismic dampening 
systems and energy efficient 

3564
03:07:17,500 --> 03:07:20,200
mechanical systems as well as 
natural ventilation. 

3565
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:22,700
Careful solar orientation and 
local materials. 

3566
03:07:23,400 --> 03:07:26,000
Japanese architecture is always 
trying to find a balance between

3567
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:29,400
older new other cultures can 
learn from this as they try to 

3568
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:32,800
find ways to honor the past 
while also meeting modern needs.

3569
03:07:33,800 --> 03:07:36,500
Japan's example, shows that 
tradition isn't just keeping 

3570
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:39,800
things the same, it's a living 
practice that changes while 

3571
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:41,600
still being true to its core 
values. 

3572
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:45,000
As you drift off to sleep, think
about all the Japanese 

3573
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:47,500
architecture. 
We've seen tonight, the ancient 

3574
03:07:47,500 --> 03:07:51,400
forests, where it all began the 
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred

3575
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:54,100
places, the Buddhist temples 
that reach for enlightenment, 

3576
03:07:54,100 --> 03:07:58,100
the Palaces that open up to 
Gardens the castles that rise 

3577
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:01,200
from Stone foundations. 
The Edo townhouses that make 

3578
03:08:01,200 --> 03:08:03,600
city life. 
Possible, the tea rooms that 

3579
03:08:03,600 --> 03:08:07,500
find Infinity and small spaces. 
The major experiments with new 

3580
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:10,600
forms, the post-war Innovations,
and the modern Explorations that

3581
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:14,500
are still going on today, every 
time period on what came before 

3582
03:08:14,500 --> 03:08:16,600
it and adapted to the needs of 
the time. 

3583
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:19,600
There was no time that was 
frozen but there was no time 

3584
03:08:19,600 --> 03:08:22,700
that was completely lost. 
The traditional lived on because

3585
03:08:22,700 --> 03:08:25,300
it kept changing and adapting 
while still holding on to 

3586
03:08:25,300 --> 03:08:28,900
threads of continuity, that go 
back, hundreds of years, the 

3587
03:08:28,900 --> 03:08:32,700
house you build in dreams and 
epilogue As you finally fall 

3588
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:34,600
asleep, your mind might build 
fake buildings. 

3589
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:37,200
Out of all the architectural 
Parts, we've looked at tonight, 

3590
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:40,100
maybe you're walking through a 
house that has parts from 

3591
03:08:40,100 --> 03:08:42,700
different times. 
Like a tea room that opens up to

3592
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:46,000
a garden from the Edo period or 
a high-end palace with flowing 

3593
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:48,900
spaces made from Modern 
materials, or a castle that 

3594
03:08:48,900 --> 03:08:51,400
looks strong, but is softened by
modern transparency. 

3595
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:55,500
This dream architecture doesn't 
mix things up or contradict 

3596
03:08:55,500 --> 03:08:59,300
itself, it's completely fine 
because Japanese architecture as

3597
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:01,700
always been about bringing 
together different influences 

3598
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:05,200
and needs into a cohesive whole 
that serves human life while 

3599
03:09:05,200 --> 03:09:08,300
respecting deeper aesthetic and 
philosophical ideas. 

3600
03:09:09,800 --> 03:09:12,600
The lessons from the history of 
Japanese architecture, apply to 

3601
03:09:12,600 --> 03:09:15,700
more than just Japan. 
They remind us that buildings 

3602
03:09:15,700 --> 03:09:17,200
are more than just places to 
live. 

3603
03:09:17,200 --> 03:09:20,900
There are also ways for us to 
show how we want to live what we

3604
03:09:20,900 --> 03:09:23,600
value and how we see our place 
in the natural world. 

3605
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:27,100
They show that tradition and 
Innovation are not opposites, 

3606
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:30,400
but Partners in a creative 
conversation that never ends. 

3607
03:09:31,200 --> 03:09:34,200
Japanese architecture, teaches 
you to be patient to think 

3608
03:09:34,200 --> 03:09:38,500
carefully about every detail to 
choose materials carefully and 

3609
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:42,500
to let designs grow through 
repeated refinement, it values 

3610
03:09:42,500 --> 03:09:45,400
restraint, which means that 
knowing what to leave out is 

3611
03:09:45,400 --> 03:09:48,300
often more important than 
knowing what to put in it. 

3612
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:51,300
Accepts that everything is 
temporary just like all 

3613
03:09:51,300 --> 03:09:54,800
buildings and other things made 
by people a temporary parts of 

3614
03:09:54,800 --> 03:09:58,600
Nature's longer story. 
Japanese architecture teaches us

3615
03:09:58,600 --> 03:10:01,400
that the waist spaces are set up
can change how we feel. 

3616
03:10:02,200 --> 03:10:05,300
The light in a room, the feel of
a wall, the connection between 

3617
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:08,800
the inside and the garden, and 
the size of a space, all affect 

3618
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:12,600
how we feel think and interact 
with other people architecture 

3619
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:14,800
isn't just about building places
for people to live. 

3620
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:18,900
It's also about making places 
where people can Thrive when you

3621
03:10:18,908 --> 03:10:21,708
wake up tomorrow you might see 
your own living space in a new 

3622
03:10:21,716 --> 03:10:24,600
way that Windows connection to 
the light in the morning. 

3623
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:28,600
The line that separates rooms 
the things and textures that are

3624
03:10:28,600 --> 03:10:31,000
around you. 
The existence or non-existence 

3625
03:10:31,000 --> 03:10:34,000
of natural components. 
These aren't just things that 

3626
03:10:34,000 --> 03:10:36,100
are useful. 
There are also chances to make 

3627
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:39,300
daily life more, beautiful, 
thoughtful and connected. 

3628
03:10:39,300 --> 03:10:42,400
You don't have to live in a 
traditional Japanese house to 

3629
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:43,900
learn from Japanese 
architecture. 

3630
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:48,700
The rules can be used anywhere, 
less is more quality over 

3631
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:53,100
quantity, connecting with nature
spaces that change to fit your 

3632
03:10:53,108 --> 03:10:56,700
needs, honest materials that get
better with age, paying 

3633
03:10:56,700 --> 03:11:00,100
attention to light and Shadow 
and the power of empty space. 

3634
03:11:00,100 --> 03:11:03,800
You might put one flower. 
In a special place, making your 

3635
03:11:03,800 --> 03:11:07,500
own small version of a Tucson. 
You might move things around in 

3636
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:09,300
a room to let in more natural 
light. 

3637
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:12,600
You might just stop and take in 
the architectural, details of 

3638
03:11:12,600 --> 03:11:13,800
the places you live in every 
day. 

3639
03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:17,100
These little things, keep the 
tradition alive in your own way.

3640
03:11:17,100 --> 03:11:20,600
It's not just about building's 
in far-off places or things that

3641
03:11:20,608 --> 03:11:22,800
happen in the past that make up 
the history of Japanese 

3642
03:11:22,800 --> 03:11:25,400
architecture. 
It's a living tradition that 

3643
03:11:25,400 --> 03:11:27,500
keeps changing and you take part
in it. 

3644
03:11:27,500 --> 03:11:30,700
Every time you think carefully 
about the places you make and 

3645
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:34,700
live in the master Carpenters of
ancient Japan, the teamsters 

3646
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:37,900
refining, aesthetic principles, 
and the modern Architects. 

3647
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,200
Looking for new ways to build 
all contribute to an ongoing 

3648
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:43,400
discussion about how people 
should live on the planet. 

3649
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:47,900
A sleep takes over, let your 
last conscious thoughts, rest in

3650
03:11:47,900 --> 03:11:53,800
a place of perfect peace. 
Imagine yourself sitting in a 

3651
03:11:53,800 --> 03:11:57,100
cozy Chair by a crackling fire, 
ready to hear about a man who 

3652
03:11:57,100 --> 03:11:59,400
never meant to be Scotland's. 
Greatest foe hero. 

3653
03:11:59,400 --> 03:12:02,200
William Wallace didn't come into
the world with a crown on his 

3654
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:04,600
head or a plan for the 
battlefield in his hand. 

3655
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:08,800
He was born around 1270 as the 
second son of a minor Scottish 

3656
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:10,700
Noble. 
This meant that he was going to 

3657
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:15,100
live a quiet life. 
That history tends to forget You

3658
03:12:15,100 --> 03:12:18,000
might picture young William 
growing up in renfrewshire and 

3659
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:20,400
getting into the usual. 
Kinds of trouble that boys do 

3660
03:12:20,400 --> 03:12:23,400
like climbing trees. 
He shouldn't tracking mud 

3661
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,500
through his mother's, clean 
hole, and learning to swing a 

3662
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:28,000
sword. 
That was still too heavy for a 

3663
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:30,700
skinny arms. 
Malcolm Wallace is father, owns 

3664
03:12:30,700 --> 03:12:33,300
some land around elderly. 
It was enough to make them 

3665
03:12:33,300 --> 03:12:35,300
respectable but not enough to 
make them Rich. 

3666
03:12:35,300 --> 03:12:38,300
It's like being the family that 
lives on a quiet street, but has

3667
03:12:38,300 --> 03:12:41,000
the nicest house. 
It's not like living in a castle

3668
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:44,200
but it's nice. 
It wasn't William's birth or his

3669
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,700
money that set him apart. 
It was the time he was born, he 

3670
03:12:47,700 --> 03:12:50,600
was born and raised in Scotland 
during a time when things were 

3671
03:12:50,600 --> 03:12:55,000
really bad King, Alexander the 
third died in 1286 leaving 

3672
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:57,000
behind a mess. 
That would make today's family. 

3673
03:12:57,000 --> 03:13:00,400
Inheritance fight seem like 
polite dinner conversations, the

3674
03:13:00,400 --> 03:13:01,800
Scottish nobles were fighting 
over. 

3675
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:04,500
Who should be the next king? 
Like, kids fighting over the 

3676
03:13:04,500 --> 03:13:07,500
last piece of cake, but this 
cake was a whole Kingdom. 

3677
03:13:07,500 --> 03:13:10,900
Edward the first of England came
along, he was a subtle as a 

3678
03:13:10,908 --> 03:13:13,800
sledgehammer, and as patient as 
a Hungry Cat, watching a mouse 

3679
03:13:13,800 --> 03:13:16,900
hole, Would saw the political 
chaos in Scotland and thought 

3680
03:13:16,900 --> 03:13:20,300
this looks like a great chance 
to add another kingdom to my 

3681
03:13:20,300 --> 03:13:24,700
collection in 1296, when William
was probably in his mid-twenties

3682
03:13:24,700 --> 03:13:27,900
and more interested in taking 
care of his family's land than 

3683
03:13:27,900 --> 03:13:31,300
in politics, Edward decided to 
invade Scotland with the same 

3684
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,000
excitement as someone moving 
furniture around in a house that

3685
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:36,500
wasn't theirs. 
The Invasion wasn't just a 

3686
03:13:36,500 --> 03:13:39,600
military Victory, it was a 
planned, humiliation Edward, 

3687
03:13:39,600 --> 03:13:42,700
took away Scotland, symbols of 
Independence like a tourist 

3688
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:46,200
taking home a huge souvenir. 
He took the stone of Destiny 

3689
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:48,300
away. 
He put English officials in 

3690
03:13:48,300 --> 03:13:51,000
charge of Scottish Affairs and 
acted like the worst kind of 

3691
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:52,600
micromanaging boss you've ever 
had. 

3692
03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:56,700
Except this boss was in charge 
of your whole country for 

3693
03:13:56,700 --> 03:13:59,900
William who lived in the 
Scottish lowlands, Edwards job. 

3694
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:02,200
Probably felt like having 
strangers moving to his 

3695
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:04,000
neighborhood and tell him how to
paint his fence. 

3696
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:07,200
The new English rulers made, 
people pay taxes, set their own 

3697
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:10,100
rules and didn't care about 
Scottish Customs any more than 

3698
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:13,300
you would care about a crumpled 
grocery list every day was full 

3699
03:14:13,300 --> 03:14:16,000
of small annoyances and Big 
problems that built up over 

3700
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:19,400
time, like pressure in a kettle 
you can almost picture William 

3701
03:14:19,400 --> 03:14:22,500
going about his business, 
managing his smallest states, 

3702
03:14:22,500 --> 03:14:25,800
dealing with English, tax 
collectors, and watching English

3703
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:28,100
soldiers, Swaggart through 
Scottish towns. 

3704
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:30,900
You can also pick your own 
feeling that special kind of 

3705
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:33,000
anger that comes from being 
told, you're not good enough to 

3706
03:14:33,000 --> 03:14:35,600
run your own Affairs. 
He wasn't planning a revolution 

3707
03:14:35,600 --> 03:14:37,900
yet. 
He was just a man watching his 

3708
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:40,500
country, slowly Fade Away under 
the rules of someone else. 

3709
03:14:40,500 --> 03:14:43,200
But here's the thing about 
quiet, people who reach their 

3710
03:14:43,200 --> 03:14:46,200
Breaking Point. 
When they finally lose it, they 

3711
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:48,500
don't just make noise. 
They write history. 

3712
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:51,500
William Wallace was about to 
learn that the heroes who are 

3713
03:14:51,500 --> 03:14:54,200
most afraid to act are the ones 
who make the biggest difference 

3714
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:56,900
because they reach a point where
they can't stand to watch 

3715
03:14:56,900 --> 03:14:58,800
anymore. 
His change from a small 

3716
03:14:58,800 --> 03:15:02,100
landowner to a famous Rebel was 
still to come like a storm 

3717
03:15:02,100 --> 03:15:04,900
gathering on the horizon. 
You might be wondering what 

3718
03:15:04,900 --> 03:15:07,400
makes a fairly peaceful 
landowner into Scotland's most 

3719
03:15:07,400 --> 03:15:09,600
famous Rebel. 
Like most turning points in 

3720
03:15:09,600 --> 03:15:10,900
life. 
The answer came down to 

3721
03:15:10,900 --> 03:15:14,800
something very personal and 
annoyingly small William Wallace

3722
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,100
was called to testify in May 
1297. 

3723
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:20,200
Before William Hessler, rig, the
English, Sheriff of Lanark 

3724
03:15:20,200 --> 03:15:22,900
historians still argue about why
this happened. 

3725
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,300
Just like people argue about 
what really happened at a family

3726
03:15:26,300 --> 03:15:30,000
reunion years ago. 
Imagine this, you have to meet 

3727
03:15:30,000 --> 03:15:32,700
with someone who embodies 
everything you've come to hate 

3728
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:36,000
about your current situation. 
He's already rigged was one of 

3729
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:38,700
those English officials who like
to remind Scotts that they were 

3730
03:15:38,700 --> 03:15:41,300
now subjects and said, of 
citizens of their own country, 

3731
03:15:41,300 --> 03:15:44,000
he was like, every annoying 
interaction you've ever had with

3732
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:46,500
the government, but this 
bureaucrat could have you killed

3733
03:15:46,500 --> 03:15:49,200
if he wanted to. 
Depending on which story you 

3734
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:51,400
believe what happens next is 
different. 

3735
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:53,300
However, they all end the same 
way. 

3736
03:15:53,300 --> 03:15:56,800
He's a rig is dead and Wallace's
suddenly Scotland's Most Wanted 

3737
03:15:56,800 --> 03:15:58,900
man. 
Some people say it started 

3738
03:15:58,900 --> 03:16:01,200
because of taxes. 
Others say it was because of 

3739
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:04,500
land disputes and still others 
say it had to do with a woman 

3740
03:16:04,500 --> 03:16:07,300
Wallace cared about the 
specifics don't matter as much 

3741
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:11,300
as the outcome. 
William Wallace crossed a line 

3742
03:16:11,300 --> 03:16:13,200
that couldn't be uncrossed in a 
fit of rage. 

3743
03:16:13,200 --> 03:16:16,300
It wasn't the same as 
accidentally breaking a vase. 

3744
03:16:16,300 --> 03:16:18,100
At someone's house to kill an 
English Sheriff. 

3745
03:16:18,100 --> 03:16:21,100
This was like setting fire to a 
police station in the Middle 

3746
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:23,500
Ages. 
There was no way to explain it 

3747
03:16:23,500 --> 03:16:26,000
away. 
No way to say sorry and no way 

3748
03:16:26,008 --> 03:16:28,800
to go back to your quiet life of
managing, Estates and 

3749
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:32,300
complaining about taxes Wallace 
was with about 30 friends in 

3750
03:16:32,300 --> 03:16:34,800
Lanark that day and all of a 
sudden they were all criminals 

3751
03:16:34,800 --> 03:16:37,100
like the most important crime 
spree in history. 

3752
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:40,200
But here's where the story gets 
interesting while this didn't 

3753
03:16:40,208 --> 03:16:43,100
Panic or run away to hide in the
highlands like smart criminals 

3754
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:46,500
would have instead, he did 
something that surprised 

3755
03:16:46,500 --> 03:16:50,400
everyone even himself. 
He began to get more followers 

3756
03:16:50,400 --> 03:16:53,700
words, spread through Scotland 
faster than gossip in a small 

3757
03:16:53,700 --> 03:16:57,000
town, William Wallace had 
finally stood up to the English.

3758
03:16:57,000 --> 03:17:00,300
You need to know how badly 
people wanted to hear this kind 

3759
03:17:00,300 --> 03:17:02,800
of news for months. 
Scott had been watching, 

3760
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:05,800
foreigners changed their 
country, ignore their traditions

3761
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:08,900
and other kill their leaders. 
Send them into Exile or work 

3762
03:17:08,900 --> 03:17:11,400
with the Occupiers then out of 
nowhere. 

3763
03:17:11,400 --> 03:17:14,300
There was this minor nobleman 
who seem to have made up his 

3764
03:17:14,300 --> 03:17:16,700
mind, that he would rather be a 
dead Rebel than a living 

3765
03:17:16,708 --> 03:17:20,000
collaborator Wallace found out. 
He was good at something he'd 

3766
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:23,100
never done before getting people
to fight when it seemed like 

3767
03:17:23,108 --> 03:17:26,700
there was no hope. 
Men began to arrive at his Camp 

3768
03:17:26,700 --> 03:17:29,700
Farmers, brought pitchforks, 
young nobleman brought swords 

3769
03:17:29,700 --> 03:17:33,000
Craftsman, brought Hammers, and 
a lot of people brought nothing 

3770
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:34,900
but anger and a desire to use 
it. 

3771
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:38,400
It was like watching a snowball 
roll down a hill, but this one 

3772
03:17:38,400 --> 03:17:41,500
was picking up Scott's who were 
armed and angry at the same 

3773
03:17:41,508 --> 03:17:43,000
time. 
The English government was 

3774
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:45,800
having its own bad day at work. 
One minute, they're running a 

3775
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:48,300
conquered territory, like any 
other occupying force. 

3776
03:17:48,300 --> 03:17:51,400
And the next minute, some nobody
from renfrewshire has killed a 

3777
03:17:51,408 --> 03:17:54,100
sheriff and become a magnet for 
all the unhappy Scots in the 

3778
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:56,400
lowlands. 
Edward, the first was not the 

3779
03:17:56,400 --> 03:17:58,400
kind of King who liked surprises
like this. 

3780
03:17:59,200 --> 03:18:01,700
Within a few weeks Wallace had 
gone from being a wanted 

3781
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:04,600
criminal to the head of a group 
that was starting to look a lot 

3782
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:07,300
like a rebellion. 
He was probably learning faster 

3783
03:18:07,300 --> 03:18:09,100
than he wanted. 
That there is a big difference 

3784
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,600
between being angry enough to 
kill a sheriff and being ready 

3785
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:15,300
to lead a war against the 
strongest military force in 

3786
03:18:15,300 --> 03:18:17,400
Britain. 
But sometimes life doesn't give 

3787
03:18:17,400 --> 03:18:19,000
you enough time to get ready for
the part. 

3788
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:21,500
You have to play. 
Imagine trying to explain to 

3789
03:18:21,500 --> 03:18:23,900
someone why you chose to fight 
the medieval version of the 

3790
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,700
Pentagon with a group of farmers
Craftsmen and younger sons who 

3791
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:29,500
couldn't inherit their father's 
land. 

3792
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:32,400
This was basically William 
Wallace's situation in the 

3793
03:18:32,400 --> 03:18:35,400
summer of 1297. 
If he had been the type of 

3794
03:18:35,400 --> 03:18:38,500
person to make smart choices 
Scottish history would have been

3795
03:18:38,500 --> 03:18:41,200
much shorter and less 
interesting Wallace had 

3796
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:43,800
accidentally become the leader 
of what military historians 

3797
03:18:43,800 --> 03:18:45,900
politely. 
Call an asymmetric conflict 

3798
03:18:45,900 --> 03:18:50,300
which is academic speak for 
David vs Goliath, except Goliath

3799
03:18:50,300 --> 03:18:53,400
has professional soldiers and 
David has a lot of people who 

3800
03:18:53,400 --> 03:18:57,100
are really really angry. 
The English army that was coming

3801
03:18:57,100 --> 03:18:59,800
to Scotland was everything, a 
medieval military force was 

3802
03:18:59,800 --> 03:19:03,900
supposed to be well, trained. 
Well equipped experience in 

3803
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:07,000
conquest and led by commanders, 
who knew what they were doing. 

3804
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:10,100
On the other hand, Wallace's 
Army looked like, what happens 

3805
03:19:10,100 --> 03:19:12,400
when you tell people at a bar 
that drinks are free and then 

3806
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:15,600
give them guns instead of beer. 
Most of his followers had never 

3807
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:18,200
been in a real battle. 
Many didn't have the right armor

3808
03:19:18,200 --> 03:19:21,200
and their plan was to hit the 
English with whatever you've got

3809
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:24,200
until they go away. 
It wasn't a very promising 

3810
03:19:24,200 --> 03:19:26,900
situation. 
Wallace did have two advantages 

3811
03:19:26,900 --> 03:19:30,600
that weren't obvious right away.
First, his men were fighting for

3812
03:19:30,600 --> 03:19:33,600
their homes, which is a strong 
motivation that is hard to 

3813
03:19:33,608 --> 03:19:34,800
match. 
When you're a professional 

3814
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:38,600
Soldier fighting for someone 
else's goals Wallace, also had a

3815
03:19:38,608 --> 03:19:40,200
natural understanding of what we
now. 

3816
03:19:40,200 --> 03:19:43,100
Call guerrilla warfare, though, 
he probably would have called it

3817
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:46,100
practical fighting. 
This is the second and maybe 

3818
03:19:46,100 --> 03:19:48,300
more important. 
Point Wallace didn't want to 

3819
03:19:48,300 --> 03:19:50,600
fight the English. 
Informal pitched battles were 

3820
03:19:50,600 --> 03:19:53,400
better training and Equipment 
would win instead. 

3821
03:19:53,400 --> 03:19:57,200
He kept his troops moving, they 
attacked English supply lines 

3822
03:19:57,200 --> 03:20:00,400
quickly, then vanished before 
reinforcements could get there. 

3823
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:03,600
They made life hard for the 
occupying forces who were trying

3824
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,100
to control a hostile 
Countryside. 

3825
03:20:06,000 --> 03:20:09,100
Imagine being picked a death by 
ducks in the Middle Ages but 

3826
03:20:09,100 --> 03:20:11,900
these ducks had soared. 
The English commanders. 

3827
03:20:11,900 --> 03:20:14,700
Had been trained in traditional 
Warfare, but they were up 

3828
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:17,100
against an enemy that didn't 
follow the rules of War. 

3829
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:20,600
Wallace's troops would attack a 
Garrison disappear into the 

3830
03:20:20,600 --> 03:20:22,300
countryside. 
And then reappear, somewhere 

3831
03:20:22,300 --> 03:20:25,400
else, like the most dangerous 
game of whack-a-mole in the 

3832
03:20:25,400 --> 03:20:30,000
world by September 1297 Wallace 
had caught the eye of Andrew 

3833
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:32,300
Murray. 
Another young Scottish Noble, 

3834
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:34,900
who was leading his own 
rebellion in the north when they

3835
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:37,100
worked together. 
They made something that scared 

3836
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:39,100
English commanders. 
A lot more than two, angry, 

3837
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:42,000
Scots groups. 
They made a unified resistance 

3838
03:20:42,000 --> 03:20:44,100
with real strategic 
coordination. 

3839
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:47,400
The partnership worked because 
Wallace and Murray were a 

3840
03:20:47,400 --> 03:20:50,800
perfect match for each other. 
More brought Noble connections 

3841
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:54,400
and political legitimacy while 
Wallace brought charm and a 

3842
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:56,500
growing reputation for making 
English soldiers. 

3843
03:20:56,500 --> 03:20:59,100
Very nervous. 
They were part of a Scottish 

3844
03:20:59,100 --> 03:21:02,600
resistance, that hadn't existed 
since Edwards Invasion, it 

3845
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:04,900
looked like, it might actually 
do something besides get its 

3846
03:21:04,908 --> 03:21:07,900
members killed, the English 
government used, the tried and 

3847
03:21:07,900 --> 03:21:10,600
true method of sending a huge 
Army to fix the problem by using

3848
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:13,200
overwhelming Force. 
The Earl of Surrey was sent 

3849
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:15,500
North with orders. 
That probably came down to find 

3850
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:18,700
these troublemakers and show 
them why were Rebellion is not a

3851
03:21:18,700 --> 03:21:21,000
good career choice. 
What sorry, didn't fully 

3852
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:23,600
appreciate was that he was about
to face an opponent who had 

3853
03:21:23,600 --> 03:21:27,000
spent months learning how to 
turn military disadvantages into

3854
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:29,600
tactical opportunities Wallace 
had been studying. 

3855
03:21:29,600 --> 03:21:32,300
The English army like a chess 
player studies on opponent's 

3856
03:21:32,300 --> 03:21:35,200
best moves, looking for patterns
and weaknesses. 

3857
03:21:35,200 --> 03:21:37,200
That someone willing to try 
something new. 

3858
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:40,700
Could take advantage of no one 
knew it at the time, but the 

3859
03:21:40,700 --> 03:21:43,400
stage was set for what would 
become the most famous battle in

3860
03:21:43,400 --> 03:21:47,900
Scottish history. 
September 11th 1297 began like 

3861
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:51,300
any other day, but it would soon
become one of the most famous 

3862
03:21:51,300 --> 03:21:54,000
dates in Scottish history. 
The people who woke up that 

3863
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:56,400
morning had no idea. 
They were about to see something

3864
03:21:56,400 --> 03:21:58,600
that would be talked about for 
100s of years. 

3865
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:02,700
The Earl of Surrey led the 
English army which was camped on

3866
03:22:02,708 --> 03:22:05,500
the south side of the river 
forth near Sterling, they could 

3867
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:07,900
see what looked like a 
medium-sized Scottish force on 

3868
03:22:07,908 --> 03:22:11,100
Abby Craig across the water. 
If you've ever had to choose 

3869
03:22:11,100 --> 03:22:13,900
between the safe choice and the 
dramatic choice, you can 

3870
03:22:13,900 --> 03:22:15,700
understand how sarri felt that 
morning. 

3871
03:22:15,700 --> 03:22:18,700
The safest thing to do was to 
cross the river at the Ford 

3872
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:22,000
several miles Upstream. 
This would give his whole Army 

3873
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:24,000
time to get ready before 
fighting the Scots. 

3874
03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:27,600
The dramatic Choice was to cross
at Stirling Bridge which was so 

3875
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:30,200
narrow that his troops would 
have to cross in small groups. 

3876
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,100
Making them easy targets, 
Surrey, picked the bridge 

3877
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:35,600
because he was sure of himself 
since he had never lost a battle

3878
03:22:35,600 --> 03:22:39,300
to Scottish Rebels to be fair to
him, this probably seemed like 

3879
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:42,300
the right choice because his 
army was bigger better trained 

3880
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:45,300
and better armed, what could 
possibly go wrong with crossing 

3881
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:48,500
a narrow bridge to attack 
Farmers with pitchforks, Wallace

3882
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:50,400
and Moray. 
Who were watching from Abby. 

3883
03:22:50,400 --> 03:22:54,200
Craig were probably feeling the 
mix of fear and excitement that 

3884
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:57,100
comes with putting everything 
you have on a single desperate 

3885
03:22:57,100 --> 03:22:59,400
bet they'd carefully placed 
their troops. 

3886
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:02,500
But their whole plan depended on
the timing being just right. 

3887
03:23:02,500 --> 03:23:05,700
If they went to early the 
English army would go back 

3888
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:09,100
across the bridge if they waited
too long, they would be too many

3889
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:11,500
English soldiers. 
To deal with, you can picture 

3890
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:13,700
Wallace watching, English 
soldiers, march across the 

3891
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:17,300
bridge in neat lines, counting 
heads, and trying to figure out 

3892
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:19,900
the exact moment when there 
would be enough enemies across 

3893
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:23,400
for the attack to be worth it. 
But not so many that his troops 

3894
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:26,300
would be overwhelmed. 
It was like, trying to time 

3895
03:23:26,300 --> 03:23:29,600
jumping onto a moving train if 
you missed by a second, in 

3896
03:23:29,600 --> 03:23:31,400
either direction the whole thing
goes wrong. 

3897
03:23:32,400 --> 03:23:35,000
Wallace gave the signal when the
English had gotten about half of

3898
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:37,500
their army across from the 
Scottish point of view. 

3899
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:41,200
What happened next was the best 
kind of chaos, the Scots charged

3900
03:23:41,200 --> 03:23:43,500
down from Abby, Craig. 
With all the anger of people who

3901
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:45,100
had been waiting months for this
chance. 

3902
03:23:45,100 --> 03:23:48,600
They hit the English forces at 
the worst possible time when 

3903
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:50,600
they were spread out along the 
bridge and couldn't move. 

3904
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:53,900
Wallace's plan was brilliant 
because it turned the English 

3905
03:23:53,900 --> 03:23:57,100
army strength into weaknesses. 
It didn't matter that they were 

3906
03:23:57,100 --> 03:24:00,200
better trained if there wasn't 
enough space to use it, they had

3907
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:03,300
better gear but it didn't help 
them when they couldn't get into

3908
03:24:03,300 --> 03:24:06,100
battle formation. 
Then numerical Advantage didn't 

3909
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:08,900
matter when only a small part of
their troops could fight at any 

3910
03:24:08,908 --> 03:24:11,600
given time. 
The narrow bridge turned into a 

3911
03:24:11,608 --> 03:24:13,400
trap. 
Instead of a way to get across 

3912
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,500
Scottish forces, had the upper 
hand and were moving quickly. 

3913
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:19,200
While English soldiers, were 
stuck between them and their own

3914
03:24:19,200 --> 03:24:21,400
Army which was still trying to 
cross behind them. 

3915
03:24:21,400 --> 03:24:24,200
People who had already crossed, 
couldn't go back without 

3916
03:24:24,200 --> 03:24:26,700
fighting their own 
reinforcements and people who 

3917
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:29,200
were still waiting to cross 
couldn't help without making the

3918
03:24:29,200 --> 03:24:30,900
traffic worse. 
Sorry. 

3919
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:33,200
Watched as his well-planned, 
military Mission turned into 

3920
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:35,400
what looked like a very costly 
disaster. 

3921
03:24:35,400 --> 03:24:39,200
The Earl of sorry had probably 
fought and dozens of battles but

3922
03:24:39,200 --> 03:24:42,800
he'd never seen anything like 
this. carefully planned attack 

3923
03:24:42,800 --> 03:24:46,200
turned into a nightmare of 
medieval traffic management, the

3924
03:24:46,200 --> 03:24:48,900
English lost, thousands of men, 
including Hugh de cressingham, 

3925
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:52,400
Scotland's treasurer Scott, 
celebrated his death, with the 

3926
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:55,200
same kind of excitement, they 
usually saved for big holidays 

3927
03:24:55,200 --> 03:24:58,100
Wallace and Mariah had done 
something that seemed impossible

3928
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:01,100
just hours before. 
They had beaten a professional 

3929
03:25:01,100 --> 03:25:03,700
English army with a group of 
rebels that most military 

3930
03:25:03,700 --> 03:25:05,300
experts would have thought was a
joke. 

3931
03:25:05,308 --> 03:25:08,200
The winner Sterling Bridge 
showed that, the English weren't

3932
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:10,700
as safe and Scotland as everyone
thought, and it made William 

3933
03:25:10,700 --> 03:25:14,300
Wallace famous all over Britain.
Probably not in the way he had 

3934
03:25:14,300 --> 03:25:16,600
when he decided to kill the 
sheriff of Lanark. 

3935
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:19,900
William Wallace found out, that 
being a famous military hero is 

3936
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:22,600
very different from being a 
minor landowner after the battle

3937
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:25,700
of Stirling Bridge people, in 
Scotland started to look at him,

3938
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:27,300
like he might have answers to 
questions. 

3939
03:25:27,300 --> 03:25:30,700
He had never thought of before. 
Like what do we do now that 

3940
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:34,300
we've shown, we can beat the 
English and how do we run a 

3941
03:25:34,300 --> 03:25:37,000
country when half of it is still
occupied Wallace? 

3942
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:39,300
Was smart enough to know that 
beating one English army? 

3943
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:42,500
Didn't mean Scotland was free, 
even though the victory had made

3944
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,400
him feel great, it meant that 
England would send a bigger 

3945
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:47,600
Army. 
Probably led by someone much 

3946
03:25:47,600 --> 03:25:50,200
better than the Earl of Surrey 
who had gone home to tell 

3947
03:25:50,200 --> 03:25:51,100
Edward, yes. 
How he had? 

3948
03:25:51,108 --> 03:25:52,600
Lost a battle against some 
farmers. 

3949
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:55,400
Who were acting up? 
Sadly, and Andrew was hurt at, 

3950
03:25:55,408 --> 03:25:59,000
Sterling bridge and died soon 
after this meant that Wallace 

3951
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:01,400
had to deal with the political 
Fallout from their success. 

3952
03:26:01,400 --> 03:26:04,100
Mostly on his own. 
This was like winning the 

3953
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:06,000
lottery and then finding out, 
you have to run the whole 

3954
03:26:06,000 --> 03:26:09,300
financial system yourself. 
It sounds exciting in theory, 

3955
03:26:09,300 --> 03:26:12,100
but it's a lot harder in 
practice Wallace was made 

3956
03:26:12,100 --> 03:26:14,800
guardian of Scotland. 
Which sounded great but came 

3957
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:17,700
with duties that no one had told
him about, he was now supposed 

3958
03:26:17,700 --> 03:26:20,900
to run parts of Scotland, talk 
to other countries set up 

3959
03:26:20,900 --> 03:26:24,600
defenses against the inevitable 
English retaliation and somehow 

3960
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:27,300
turn a successful Rebellion into
a working government. 

3961
03:26:27,300 --> 03:26:30,900
Wallace's life was probably at 
its most strange during the 

3962
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:35,500
winter of 1297 to 1298. 
In just a few months, he went 

3963
03:26:35,508 --> 03:26:38,900
from being a wanted criminal to 
the de facto ruler of Scotland. 

3964
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:42,000
Now, he had to figure out how to
do the job. 

3965
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:45,100
He spent time trying to get the 
world to recognize Scotland's 

3966
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:47,700
Independence. 
He sent people to France and 

3967
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,400
Rome like someone in the Middle 
Ages, trying to get their 

3968
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:52,800
startup noticed by big investors
Edward. 

3969
03:26:52,800 --> 03:26:55,500
The first was reacting the way 
you would expect a man to react 

3970
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:57,500
after seeing his men lose a 
battle to people. 

3971
03:26:57,500 --> 03:26:59,900
He thought were barely more 
civilized than sheep. 

3972
03:26:59,900 --> 03:27:03,500
People called Edward Longshanks 
because he was tall and Hammer 

3973
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:07,200
of the Scots because he didn't 
want Scotland to be free, he saw

3974
03:27:07,200 --> 03:27:10,300
the loss at Sterling Bridge, as 
a personal insult that needed to

3975
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:12,800
be fixed right away in in a big 
way Wallace. 

3976
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:15,300
Probably expected. 
And feared the English response,

3977
03:27:15,300 --> 03:27:18,500
Edward, put together an army 
that was bigger and better 

3978
03:27:18,500 --> 03:27:23,300
organized and led by him instead
of subordinates who might make 

3979
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:25,500
tactical mistakes, that would 
make him look bad. 

3980
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:29,200
This time, smart positioning and
good timing, wouldn't be enough 

3981
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:31,900
to beat out better numbers and 
Equipment Wallace worked for 

3982
03:27:31,900 --> 03:27:34,800
months to get Scotland, ready 
for what was coming but he 

3983
03:27:34,800 --> 03:27:37,400
didn't have many resources in 
knew that his last victory was 

3984
03:27:37,400 --> 03:27:39,500
as much about English mistakes 
as Scottish. 

3985
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,400
Brilliance, he couldn't count on
his enemies to make the same 

3986
03:27:42,400 --> 03:27:46,100
mistakes twice, especially since
they were now being led by a 

3987
03:27:46,100 --> 03:27:49,000
king who had personally 
conquered Wales and had no plans

3988
03:27:49,000 --> 03:27:51,000
to let Scotland slip out of 
English control. 

3989
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:54,800
Wallace had a problem that was 
almost impossible to solve how 

3990
03:27:54,800 --> 03:27:57,600
do you protect a country with 
few resources from an enemy. 

3991
03:27:57,600 --> 03:28:01,100
With almost unlimited ones, it 
was like trying to keep a 

3992
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:03,700
wildfire from getting to your 
house with just a garden hose, 

3993
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:07,300
and your willpower. 
Wallace was very determined, but

3994
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,900
determination alone isn't enough
to stop professional armies by 

3995
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:14,000
the summer of 1298. 
It was clear that Scotland was 

3996
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:16,600
about to be invaded in a way. 
That would make Edwards last 

3997
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:19,500
Conquest look like a warm up 
Wallace had done the impossible 

3998
03:28:19,500 --> 03:28:22,700
once but now he had to do it 
again in much worse conditions 

3999
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:25,700
with everyone watching to see if
the hero of Stirling Bridge 

4000
03:28:25,700 --> 03:28:28,900
could pull off another miracle, 
someone who had never asked to 

4001
03:28:28,900 --> 03:28:31,400
carry the weight of a whole 
country's hopes was now aware 

4002
03:28:31,400 --> 03:28:34,400
that this time clever tactics 
might not be enough while. 

4003
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:37,700
It's probably dreaded the summer
of 1298, since it would be the 

4004
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:40,100
time of Reckoning after his 
victory at Sterling Bridge. 

4005
03:28:40,100 --> 03:28:42,900
Edward, the first of put 
together an army that was bigger

4006
03:28:42,900 --> 03:28:46,500
more professional better 
supplied and led by King who saw

4007
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:48,500
military failure. 
As a personal challenge to his 

4008
03:28:48,500 --> 03:28:51,400
ability Wallace was in the 
position of trying to do a 

4009
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:54,200
miracle again, which is hard to 
do even when things are going 

4010
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:57,300
well, the Tactical advantages 
that made Sterling Bridge 

4011
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:59,600
Possible. 
English, overconfident good 

4012
03:28:59,600 --> 03:29:02,900
terrain, and perfect timing. 
We're not available for a second

4013
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:05,000
performance. 
Edward wasn't going to lead. 

4014
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:07,900
His army across a narrow bridge,
into a trap that had been set up

4015
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:11,500
just for them this time. 
The Battle of Falkirk on July 

4016
03:29:11,500 --> 03:29:15,700
22nd 1298 was not like the 
Battle of Stirling Bridge 

4017
03:29:15,700 --> 03:29:19,000
Wallace, didn't attack, an enemy
that was disorganized and stuck 

4018
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:21,500
in an impossible situation 
instead. 

4019
03:29:21,500 --> 03:29:25,100
He faced a coordinated attack by
professional soldiers, who had 

4020
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:28,000
learned from the mistakes of 
their predecessors Edward's 

4021
03:29:28,000 --> 03:29:29,400
Army. 
Had heavy Cavalry, professional 

4022
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:31,700
infantry. 
And Welsh longbowmen who could 

4023
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:35,100
kill Scottish soldiers from far 
away which made close combat 

4024
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:38,100
tactics, useless Wallace. 
Had put his troops in defensive,

4025
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:41,400
formations called chill troms, 
which were basically Circles of 

4026
03:29:41,408 --> 03:29:44,200
men with Spears pointed out, 
like medieval porcupines. 

4027
03:29:44,200 --> 03:29:47,700
This was a good way to stop 
Cavalry Charges and at first, 

4028
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:50,000
the English Knights couldn't get
through these walls of spear 

4029
03:29:50,000 --> 03:29:52,200
points. 
But Edward had brought those 

4030
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:55,300
longbowmen from Wales for just 
this kind of thing, Harrow 

4031
03:29:55,300 --> 03:29:58,200
started to fall on the Scottish 
formation with deadly, accuracy 

4032
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:01,500
and Spears aren't very good at 
defending against things that 

4033
03:30:01,500 --> 03:30:05,000
come from above the shield, 
trumps, which had successfully 

4034
03:30:05,000 --> 03:30:07,200
fought off. 
Cavalry attacks, the game, easy 

4035
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:09,800
targets for Archers who could 
hit them from a distance that 

4036
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:11,200
Knows. 
Scottish weapons could reach. 

4037
03:30:11,200 --> 03:30:13,700
You can imagine Wallace watching
his carefully. 

4038
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:16,200
Plan defenses fall apart in the 
storm of arrows. 

4039
03:30:16,200 --> 03:30:19,400
And realizing that this battle 
was going to be very different 

4040
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:22,400
from the one at Sterling Bridge 
instead of using traditional 

4041
03:30:22,400 --> 03:30:25,500
tactics, that worked well for 
the Scots, the English learned 

4042
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:27,100
to use their technological 
advantages. 

4043
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:30,600
The loss at Falkirk was complete
and very discouraging. 

4044
03:30:31,400 --> 03:30:34,700
Wallace's Army didn't just lose.
It was no longer able to fight 

4045
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:37,000
Wallace. 
Barely made it out alive, but 

4046
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:40,500
thousands of Scots died. 
After Sterling Bridge people 

4047
03:30:40,500 --> 03:30:44,100
called The Man Scotland savior 
but now he was on the run. 

4048
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:47,400
Again, this time without an army
to lead and no clear way to 

4049
03:30:47,400 --> 03:30:50,100
build one, back up. 
After full Kirk Wallace, stepped

4050
03:30:50,100 --> 03:30:53,400
down, as guardian of Scotland, 
he probably realized that he was

4051
03:30:53,400 --> 03:30:56,700
no longer useful as a regular 
military leader, the Nobles who 

4052
03:30:56,700 --> 03:30:59,600
had backed him started looking 
for other options such as 

4053
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:02,400
talking to Edward, instead of 
continuing a fight, that seemed 

4054
03:31:02,400 --> 03:31:05,600
more and more pointless Wallace.
On the other hand couldn't or 

4055
03:31:05,600 --> 03:31:07,200
wouldn't accept that. 
Scotland's fight for 

4056
03:31:07,200 --> 03:31:10,600
independence was over. 
Instead of going into Exile or 

4057
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:13,300
trying to make peace with 
Edward, he spent the next few 

4058
03:31:13,300 --> 03:31:16,700
years acting as a diplomat and a
guerrilla fighter, he tried to 

4059
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:19,600
get support from other countries
for Scottish independence, while

4060
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:21,900
also attacking English positions
and Scotland. 

4061
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:25,500
This was probably the most 
frustrating time in Wallace's 

4062
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:27,700
life. 
He was well known in Europe as 

4063
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:29,200
the man who had beaten in 
English army. 

4064
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:32,100
But being famous, doesn't mean, 
you can get help from the 

4065
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:33,400
military. 
It was easy. 

4066
03:31:33,400 --> 03:31:36,500
Foreign courts to meet with the 
famous William Wallace, but 

4067
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:38,900
giving him troops or money. 
To fighting gland, was a more 

4068
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:41,200
complicated political decision 
Wallace. 

4069
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:43,400
Spent time in France, where 
people treated him with the 

4070
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:45,600
respect due to someone who had 
embarrassed the king of England.

4071
03:31:45,600 --> 03:31:48,300
However, he didn't get much real
help. 

4072
03:31:48,300 --> 03:31:50,900
He went to Rome to get the 
Pope's support for Scottish 

4073
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,400
independence, which is like 
trying to get the world to 

4074
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:57,000
recognize a political cause The 
war went on in Scotland without 

4075
03:31:57,000 --> 03:31:59,100
him though. 
Other leaders joined the fight 

4076
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:02,400
and sometimes they won and 
sometimes they lost Wallace. 

4077
03:32:02,400 --> 03:32:05,100
Had become more of a symbol than
an active participant in his 

4078
03:32:05,100 --> 03:32:08,000
country's struggle, which was 
probably not how he had imagined

4079
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:10,500
his career would go, when he 
killed the sheriff of Lanark. 

4080
03:32:10,500 --> 03:32:14,200
When he finally got back to 
Scotland around, 1303 he found a

4081
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:17,000
country that had been fighting 
for years and was getting more 

4082
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,300
and more tired of it. 
Edward strategy of constant 

4083
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:22,500
pressure and harsh. 
Retaliation was working. 

4084
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:26,300
The Scottish resistance was 
weakening and many nobles were 

4085
03:32:26,300 --> 03:32:28,300
starting to think that giving up
was better than more 

4086
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:30,400
destruction. 
Wallace. 

4087
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:33,100
On the other hand was, still 
committed to a cause that was 

4088
03:32:33,100 --> 03:32:35,900
starting to look hopeless. 
William Wallace had become 

4089
03:32:35,900 --> 03:32:38,400
something more and less than 
what he had planned to be by the

4090
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:41,100
year 1305. 
He was no longer the leader of 

4091
03:32:41,100 --> 03:32:44,200
Scotland's resistance that job 
had gone to other people who 

4092
03:32:44,200 --> 03:32:47,100
were better at dealing with the 
complicated politics of medieval

4093
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:49,300
warfare. 
But he had become something that

4094
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:51,200
could be more dangerous to 
English interests. 

4095
03:32:51,200 --> 03:32:53,900
A symbol of Scottish 
independence that couldn't be 

4096
03:32:53,900 --> 03:32:56,800
beaten by normal. 
Military means, Edward Divine 

4097
03:32:56,800 --> 03:32:59,900
knew, how powerful symbols could
be, which is why he made such a 

4098
03:32:59,900 --> 03:33:02,500
big deal out of taking Scottish 
regalia, like the stone of 

4099
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:06,500
Destiny after he conquered the 
country, it was easier to move a

4100
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,700
stone to Westminster Abbey to 
stop a living legend. 

4101
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:12,600
William Wallace's Freedom meant 
that Scottish resistance could 

4102
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:15,300
always start up again. 
It was probably only a matter of

4103
03:33:15,308 --> 03:33:18,500
time before Wallace was caught 
near Glasgow on August 1305. 

4104
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:21,900
He had been working without a 
solid base of support depending 

4105
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:24,800
on a network of allies who are 
getting more and more pressure 

4106
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,900
from English authorities, the 
man who had once LED armies was 

4107
03:33:27,900 --> 03:33:30,800
now forced to move quietly 
through the countryside where 

4108
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:32,800
anyone who helped him was in 
great danger. 

4109
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:35,200
The way. 
The English reacted to Wallace's

4110
03:33:35,200 --> 03:33:37,800
capture showed how much Edward 
the first had been bothered by 

4111
03:33:37,800 --> 03:33:40,800
this small, Scottish landowner 
who didn't want to accept. 

4112
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,500
Defeat Wallace wasn't just 
killed as a rebel. 

4113
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:46,900
He was put on trial and punished
in a way that would destroy not 

4114
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,200
only the man, but also the 
symbol he had become Wallace was

4115
03:33:50,200 --> 03:33:53,400
charged with treason but this 
was legally murky because he had

4116
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:56,700
never sworn loyalty to Edward. 
The trial wasn't so much about 

4117
03:33:56,700 --> 03:33:59,700
finding out who was guilty as it
was about making a public 

4118
03:33:59,700 --> 03:34:02,500
spectacle to show, how pointless
it was to fighting English rule.

4119
03:34:03,200 --> 03:34:06,800
Edward wanted Wallace's death to
be a warning to anyone else who 

4120
03:34:06,800 --> 03:34:09,700
might want to do the same thing 
Wallace was put to death in 

4121
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:14,200
London on August 23rd. 1305. 
In the kind of cruel way that 

4122
03:34:14,200 --> 03:34:16,200
medieval authorities used to 
punish people. 

4123
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,800
They wanted to make examples of 
the execution was meant to be as

4124
03:34:19,800 --> 03:34:23,200
public and scary as possible to 
show what happened to people who

4125
03:34:23,200 --> 03:34:25,000
went against English rule in 
Scotland. 

4126
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:28,000
But Edward that I made a mistake
that many rulers of made in the 

4127
03:34:28,000 --> 03:34:30,300
past. 
He thought that killing a symbol

4128
03:34:30,300 --> 03:34:33,400
would destroy what it stood for 
Wallace's execution, on the 

4129
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:36,700
other hand, turned him from a 
failed Rebel into a martyr for 

4130
03:34:36,700 --> 03:34:39,400
Scottish independence. 
He was more of a threat to 

4131
03:34:39,400 --> 03:34:43,000
English interests after died. 
The, when he was alive, William 

4132
03:34:43,000 --> 03:34:46,200
Wallace's story didn't end when 
he died, it became something 

4133
03:34:46,200 --> 03:34:49,400
that was part History. 
Part Legend and completely 

4134
03:34:49,400 --> 03:34:51,900
Scottish Robert. 
The Bruce took up the cause of 

4135
03:34:51,908 --> 03:34:54,300
Scottish independence. 
A few years after Wallace was 

4136
03:34:54,300 --> 03:34:56,500
killed. 
He eventually reached the goal 

4137
03:34:56,500 --> 03:34:59,300
that Wallace had died. 
Fighting for Bruce's, success 

4138
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:02,200
was on the resistance that 
Wallace had started and the 

4139
03:35:02,208 --> 03:35:05,600
inspiration that His death, gave
him Wallace became a symbol of 

4140
03:35:05,608 --> 03:35:09,100
not only Scottish independence, 
but also the idea that regular 

4141
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:11,500
people could stand up to 
powerful forces over the years. 

4142
03:35:11,500 --> 03:35:15,200
His story was told again and 
again, with more details, added 

4143
03:35:15,200 --> 03:35:18,500
made more romantic and changed 
to fit the political needs of 

4144
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:21,800
different times. 
But the main idea stayed the 

4145
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:26,000
same a man who chose to fight in
giving up the irony of William. 

4146
03:35:26,000 --> 03:35:29,500
Wallace's Legacy is that he was 
a quiet landowner who never 

4147
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:32,900
meant to lead a rebellion but he
ended up inspiring rebellions 

4148
03:35:32,900 --> 03:35:35,100
and movements for Independence 
all over the world. 

4149
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:38,600
His life served as a paradigm of
how personal bravery could 

4150
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,700
confront seemingly 
insurmountable Authority and his

4151
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:45,100
demise Illustrated how martyrdom
could possess greater political 

4152
03:35:45,100 --> 03:35:47,000
significance than military 
Triumph. 

4153
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:50,100
When you hear the name Wallace 
today, your hearing about a 

4154
03:35:50,100 --> 03:35:52,000
person who is somewhere between 
history and Legend. 

4155
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:56,000
He is both what really happened 
in medieval Scotland and what 

4156
03:35:56,000 --> 03:35:57,800
people have needed, that history
to mean. 

4157
03:35:57,800 --> 03:36:01,000
The man who killed the sheriff 
of Lanark because he couldn't 

4158
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:04,500
stand foreign occupation had 
become immortal in the same way 

4159
03:36:04,500 --> 03:36:06,500
that would have shocked and 
probably amused him. 

4160
03:36:06,508 --> 03:36:09,800
The most Historia reminds us 
that sometimes the heroes who 

4161
03:36:09,800 --> 03:36:12,600
don't want to be heroes and 
never plan to change history. 

4162
03:36:12,600 --> 03:36:16,000
End up leaving the biggest marks
on it, this is because they 

4163
03:36:16,000 --> 03:36:18,800
reach a point where they can't 
stand to watch anymore and 

4164
03:36:18,800 --> 03:36:21,700
decide to do something about it.
No matter what the consequences.

4165
03:36:27,200 --> 03:36:29,700
Helen Keller began her life 
against a backdrop of 

4166
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:33,200
Reconstruction Era, Alabama. 
A place where social norms were 

4167
03:36:33,200 --> 03:36:36,500
frayed and family, legacies 
weighed heavily on each new 

4168
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:40,200
generation. 
Born on June 27th, 1880 in 

4169
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:42,600
Tuscumbia. 
She was part of a region, still 

4170
03:36:42,600 --> 03:36:44,600
grappling with the aftermath of 
the Civil War. 

4171
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:48,700
Her Father, Arthur Keller, had 
served as a Confederate officer.

4172
03:36:48,700 --> 03:36:52,000
And though the war was over, its
Echoes shaped the households, 

4173
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:56,100
underlying sense of Pride and 
anxiety from the start Helen's. 

4174
03:36:56,100 --> 03:36:58,100
Life was bound. 
By both the contradictions of 

4175
03:36:58,100 --> 03:37:01,000
her time, and her family 
quietly, nursing unspoken wounds

4176
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:04,000
of History. 
Her earliest memories were, of 

4177
03:37:04,000 --> 03:37:07,400
course, colored by a devastating
change that came when she was 

4178
03:37:07,400 --> 03:37:10,600
just a toddler sometime. 
Before she turned two and 

4179
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,600
unidentified illness often 
described as brain fever robbed 

4180
03:37:14,600 --> 03:37:16,800
her of sight and hearing in many
retellings. 

4181
03:37:16,800 --> 03:37:19,700
This moment is painted as a 
heart-rending tragedy. 

4182
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:23,300
Yet for Helen herself. 
It was a shift in perception. 

4183
03:37:23,300 --> 03:37:27,100
She never spoke of it in purely 
sorrowful terms later in life, 

4184
03:37:27,100 --> 03:37:29,000
perhaps. 
Because she was too young to 

4185
03:37:29,000 --> 03:37:31,300
fully process. 
What she had lost in essence, 

4186
03:37:31,300 --> 03:37:34,300
the deprivation of two key 
census, simply rearranged her 

4187
03:37:34,300 --> 03:37:37,800
experience of the world. 
The Keller family on the Other 

4188
03:37:37,808 --> 03:37:41,500
hand was plunged into a haze of 
uncertainty forced to adapt in 

4189
03:37:41,500 --> 03:37:45,200
ways they were hardly prepared 
for the household was a swirl of

4190
03:37:45,200 --> 03:37:49,700
tension, a child with no means 
of communication safe for raw 

4191
03:37:49,700 --> 03:37:53,000
gestures and the occasional 
shriek tested, everyone's limits

4192
03:37:53,000 --> 03:37:56,800
Helen's mother Kate, wrestled 
with both heartbreaking, 

4193
03:37:56,800 --> 03:37:59,900
determination searching 
frantically, for some method to 

4194
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:02,800
reach her daughter. 
The era offered little guidance,

4195
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:05,900
doctors gave vague sometimes 
contradictory advice. 

4196
03:38:05,900 --> 03:38:10,100
Neighbors whispered about God's 
will or Nature's cruelty many 

4197
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:13,200
believe that being both deaf and
blind was a lifelong sentence of

4198
03:38:13,200 --> 03:38:16,000
isolation. 
Yet Kate Keller refused to 

4199
03:38:16,008 --> 03:38:19,400
surrender to that conventional 
wisdom and began a tireless 

4200
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:22,600
Journey, that would eventually 
take her to experts in distant 

4201
03:38:22,600 --> 03:38:25,100
cities. 
Within the walls of Ivy Green, 

4202
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:28,700
the family's Homestead Helen's 
days were filled with tactile 

4203
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:31,000
Explorations. 
She felt the sun in the 

4204
03:38:31,000 --> 03:38:33,000
courtyard. 
The rough bark of trees near the

4205
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:35,900
garden and the lingering 
vibration of household chores. 

4206
03:38:35,900 --> 03:38:39,200
She could sense footsteps 
vibrations on wooden floors and 

4207
03:38:39,200 --> 03:38:42,400
followed faint scents in the 
breeze to understand who was 

4208
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:45,000
nearby. 
Though, it sounds romantic to 

4209
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,800
Modern ears to Young Helen, it 
was purely survival. 

4210
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:52,400
She used every tool. 
She had taste touch smell the 

4211
03:38:52,400 --> 03:38:55,500
delicate Tremors of movement, 
and discovered how to navigate 

4212
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:58,800
to chaotic environment. 
Still such adaptation, wasn't 

4213
03:38:58,800 --> 03:39:01,700
enough to give her a vocabulary 
or a means of expression Beyond 

4214
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:05,200
basic wants, she would throw 
Tantrums to convey, frustration 

4215
03:39:05,200 --> 03:39:08,000
grabing, an objects, she desired
or wailing at moments of 

4216
03:39:08,000 --> 03:39:10,400
confusion. 
Her parents walked on eggshells,

4217
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,100
never knowing when their 
daughter's frustration might 

4218
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:16,300
explode into yet. 
Another outburst occasionally 

4219
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:18,400
distant. 
Visitors from the Family Circle 

4220
03:39:18,400 --> 03:39:21,900
of acquaintances arrived, but 
few had hoped for Helen's future

4221
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:26,700
one or two suggested asylums, 
most simply stared polite 

4222
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:31,000
Smiles, mosque in pity. 
These moments of external doubt.

4223
03:39:31,000 --> 03:39:33,000
Only spurred, Kate Keller to 
keep searching. 

4224
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:36,700
Perhaps the less talked about 
aspect of Helen's, early life is

4225
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,500
how her father and extended 
relatives perceived her 

4226
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:42,100
condition. 
While some recounted that Arthur

4227
03:39:42,100 --> 03:39:45,400
Keller doted on his daughter, 
more nuanced family letters, 

4228
03:39:45,400 --> 03:39:48,700
indicate a father caught between
love and a certain resignation. 

4229
03:39:49,400 --> 03:39:52,200
He harbored paternal hopes but 
also carried the baggage of his 

4230
03:39:52,200 --> 03:39:55,700
sense of masculinity. 
He was next Soldier a newspaper,

4231
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:59,800
man, a man who prided himself on
discipline He struggled to 

4232
03:39:59,800 --> 03:40:01,900
reconcile, his own sense of 
masculine and see with the 

4233
03:40:01,900 --> 03:40:04,800
demands of a disabled daughter, 
whose needs he struggled to 

4234
03:40:04,800 --> 03:40:07,500
meet. 
Family law points to occasional 

4235
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:10,300
Rifts between Arthur and Kate. 
Regarding what next steps to 

4236
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:12,600
take? 
What rarely gets mentioned in, 

4237
03:40:12,600 --> 03:40:15,400
simplified biographies as the 
emotional terrain, they 

4238
03:40:15,400 --> 03:40:19,000
navigated the Knights of hush 
debate's the fleeting moments 

4239
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:23,500
where blame seeped in in these 
formative years, Helen became a 

4240
03:40:23,500 --> 03:40:26,300
puzzle to many and she likely 
felt herself of Disconnect 

4241
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:28,700
connection. 
She was aware of other people's 

4242
03:40:28,700 --> 03:40:31,600
presence in the house, but had 
no structured way to relate to 

4243
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:33,800
them. 
She had glimpses of old social 

4244
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:36,800
cues laughed after, without 
understanding what triggered it 

4245
03:40:36,808 --> 03:40:40,100
scolding tones with no contacts 
for her wrongdoing. 

4246
03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:43,400
Every day stretched like an 
unsolvable riddle. 

4247
03:40:43,400 --> 03:40:47,600
The present was not a tidally 
packaged sad prologue, but an 

4248
03:40:47,600 --> 03:40:50,600
emotionally complex time a 
swirling mix of curiosity. 

4249
03:40:50,600 --> 03:40:53,100
Friction and fleeting moments of
joy. 

4250
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:57,200
Among the Lesser known anecdotes
is the story of how Helen wants 

4251
03:40:57,200 --> 03:40:59,700
attempted to mimic the actions 
of someone reading a newspaper. 

4252
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:03,500
She had felt the crisp pages and
sensed her father's engagement 

4253
03:41:03,500 --> 03:41:05,900
with the words with no framework
for reading. 

4254
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:09,800
She simply crumpled pages in her
hands straining to extract. 

4255
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:12,800
Meaning from the tangles of 
paper, these silent acts of 

4256
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:15,700
longing, spoke of a mine 
desperate to connect, and share 

4257
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:17,600
in what everyone else seemed to 
experience. 

4258
03:41:17,600 --> 03:41:21,300
So naturally, the tragedy was 
not simply her lack of Senses, 

4259
03:41:21,300 --> 03:41:24,900
but her isolation within a 
household of how to decode her 

4260
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:29,500
yearning Despite this Gloomy 
Vantage of determination were 

4261
03:41:29,500 --> 03:41:33,300
embedded in these early years. 
Helen did not Wilt into passive 

4262
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:35,900
acceptance. 
Instead, she poured at the 

4263
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,500
Mysteries around her employing 
every sense. 

4264
03:41:38,500 --> 03:41:41,700
Left at her disposal. 
It was raw unrefined 

4265
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,300
perseverance. 
Kate Keller fueled by maternal 

4266
03:41:45,300 --> 03:41:48,900
resolve carried on her quest to 
find someone anyone who could 

4267
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:54,000
unlock her daughter's cyclist 
world The combination of a 

4268
03:41:54,000 --> 03:41:56,900
stubborn child and a mother 
determined to persevere pave. 

4269
03:41:56,900 --> 03:41:59,000
The way for a significant 
transformation that would 

4270
03:41:59,000 --> 03:42:03,600
eventually become legendary in 
time that shift would arrive and

4271
03:42:03,600 --> 03:42:05,700
the name. 
Helen Keller would be uttered 

4272
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:09,000
across the globe in awe and 
admiration but as we shall see, 

4273
03:42:09,000 --> 03:42:12,300
the full story was never as tidy
as popular law would have it. 

4274
03:42:13,100 --> 03:42:17,100
And Sullivan stepped onto the 
scene, in 1887 as a slender. 

4275
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:21,000
Serious minded, young woman with
her Litany of difficulties a 

4276
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:23,700
product of poverty with limited 
sight herself. 

4277
03:42:24,500 --> 03:42:27,600
Sullivan had recently graduated 
from Lala Perkins School for the

4278
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:30,200
Blind. 
Many accounts portray her as a 

4279
03:42:30,200 --> 03:42:33,800
saintly figure with near 
miraculous teaching Powers yet. 

4280
03:42:33,800 --> 03:42:37,600
If we peel away the veneer of 
hero worship, we find a fiercely

4281
03:42:37,600 --> 03:42:40,500
practical individual who 
approached Helen not merely with

4282
03:42:40,500 --> 03:42:43,800
compassion, but with a 
no-nonsense determination, She 

4283
03:42:43,808 --> 03:42:46,800
did not see a pitiable child, 
but a human being aching to 

4284
03:42:46,808 --> 03:42:49,000
connect. 
And she was, well, aware that 

4285
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:51,800
her struggles from an 
impoverished childhood to 

4286
03:42:51,800 --> 03:42:54,900
surgeries that had partially 
restored, her vision armed, her 

4287
03:42:54,900 --> 03:42:57,500
with empathy for Helen's 
condition in ways. 

4288
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:00,900
A more privileged teacher might 
never grasp their introduction, 

4289
03:43:00,900 --> 03:43:04,600
didn't spark instant Harmony. 
The colors were skeptical about 

4290
03:43:04,600 --> 03:43:07,200
a single young woman's ability 
to manage their turbulent 

4291
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,700
daughter. 
Helen herself was a custom to 

4292
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:12,400
controlling the household 
through Tantrums during the 

4293
03:43:12,400 --> 03:43:15,500
initial week, the teacher and 
the student engaged in a few 

4294
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,100
years battle that could have 
resulted in catastrophe of an 

4295
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:21,700
had given in Instead Sullivan 
insisted on an establishing 

4296
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:24,900
boundaries, she famously 
demanded to stay alone with 

4297
03:43:24,900 --> 03:43:28,900
Helen in a small cottage on the 
estate away from indulgent 

4298
03:43:28,900 --> 03:43:31,400
family members. 
So that real instruction could 

4299
03:43:31,400 --> 03:43:33,700
begin. 
It is often recounted that 

4300
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:37,400
Helen's breakthrough came at the
water pump where Sullivan 

4301
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:40,600
spelled w, a t e r into Helen's 
Palm as water. 

4302
03:43:40,600 --> 03:43:44,500
Rushed over her other hand, 
Stage and Screen have replicated

4303
03:43:44,500 --> 03:43:46,000
that scene to the point of 
cliche. 

4304
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:49,300
However, the dramatic flash of 
realization. 

4305
03:43:49,300 --> 03:43:51,700
Helen felt wasn't a single 
moment in isolation. 

4306
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:56,300
It was part of a chain reaction.
Sullivan had been systematically

4307
03:43:56,300 --> 03:44:00,200
spelling words into Helen's hand
for weeks patiently associating 

4308
03:44:00,200 --> 03:44:02,300
objects with finger spelled 
letters. 

4309
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,300
The water pump incident was 
simply The Tipping Point. 

4310
03:44:05,300 --> 03:44:08,000
When Helen last understood the 
everything around. 

4311
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:11,400
Her had a label that language 
itself was possible that she was

4312
03:44:11,408 --> 03:44:14,400
not trapped in some private 
bubble, but living in a shared, 

4313
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:18,100
nameable reality. 
Less celebrated moments 

4314
03:44:18,100 --> 03:44:19,300
peppered. 
This Learning Journey. 

4315
03:44:20,000 --> 03:44:22,900
For instance, Anne would 
demonstrate the concept of cool 

4316
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:26,100
by pressing Helen's hand to a 
window pane on a chilly day. 

4317
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:30,200
She Illustrated soft by letting 
Helen stroke, the fur of a 

4318
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:33,000
nearby cat and then spelled the 
corresponding letters. 

4319
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:37,600
It wasn't about memorizing 
discrete items, it was about 

4320
03:44:37,600 --> 03:44:40,100
teaching a conceptual framework 
of the world. 

4321
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:44,100
Helen began to realize that 
there was a logic to everything 

4322
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,200
she touched. 
That each texture and object had

4323
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:50,600
its identity and that these 
identities could be conveyed 

4324
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,300
through symbolic letters, traced
onto her hand. 

4325
03:44:54,300 --> 03:44:56,800
The social dimension of this 
breakthrough is perhaps the most

4326
03:44:56,800 --> 03:45:00,600
profound. 
Before an arrived Helen had been

4327
03:45:00,600 --> 03:45:03,300
a solitary figure in a family 
that couldn't truly speak her 

4328
03:45:03,300 --> 03:45:07,300
language suddenly an entire 
universe of relationships opened

4329
03:45:07,300 --> 03:45:10,200
up. 
She could inquire all be at a 

4330
03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:12,000
basic level. 
That what her mother was doing 

4331
03:45:12,000 --> 03:45:14,800
in the kitchen, she could 
express frustration in ways that

4332
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:18,000
might be understood rather than 
erupting in physical outbursts. 

4333
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:21,400
The blossoming of Helen's, 
curiosity was immediate and 

4334
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:23,300
intense. 
She demanded the name of 

4335
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:27,000
everything Furniture Cutlery 
flowers, the horse in the stable

4336
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:29,000
and even more abstract terms 
like love. 

4337
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:33,300
Indeed the lesson on love was 
pivotal how to convey an 

4338
03:45:33,300 --> 03:45:36,100
intangible concept to a child, 
who had thus far, only learned 

4339
03:45:36,100 --> 03:45:37,900
words, anchored to physical 
things. 

4340
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:41,400
And try to explain that. 
You can feel the warmth of love,

4341
03:45:41,400 --> 03:45:44,700
just as you can feel the warmth 
of the sun even though you 

4342
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:48,300
cannot hold it in your hand, the
struggle to grasp in tangible 

4343
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:51,900
ideas which shape Helens future 
explorations of philosophy, 

4344
03:45:51,900 --> 03:45:55,200
Religion and Ethics. 
Yet the real significance goes 

4345
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:58,100
beyond the novelty of a once 
silent, child learning to 

4346
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:00,900
communicate. 
Helen's Transformations. 

4347
03:46:00,900 --> 03:46:04,600
Signaled, a subtle rearrangement
of the households Dynamics, the 

4348
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:07,000
friction between teacher and 
parents over discipline. 

4349
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:10,900
For instance highlights, how an 
stood firm in not treating Helen

4350
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:14,800
as a fragile curiosity. 
She insisted on correcting Helen

4351
03:46:14,800 --> 03:46:16,800
when she made mistakes and 
guiding her towards 

4352
03:46:16,800 --> 03:46:19,900
self-reliance. 
Those who witnessed Anne's 

4353
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:22,800
methods might have called her 
strict, perhaps even harsh at 

4354
03:46:22,800 --> 03:46:26,900
times, but the results were 
undeniable, Helen was evolving 

4355
03:46:26,900 --> 03:46:30,600
from a wild misunderstood child 
into a student, who recognized. 

4356
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:34,200
There were rules processes and 
consequences in life. 

4357
03:46:35,100 --> 03:46:38,400
And intriguing anecdotally. 
Highlighted his, how Helen would

4358
03:46:38,400 --> 03:46:41,400
sometimes mimic the attitudes or
behaviors of an herself? 

4359
03:46:42,200 --> 03:46:44,300
Because so much of Helen's 
learning was through touch. 

4360
03:46:44,300 --> 03:46:47,900
She picked up on subtle cues 
like Anne's posture or even the 

4361
03:46:47,900 --> 03:46:49,600
way Anne's face set in 
determination. 

4362
03:46:49,600 --> 03:46:53,400
It was as if Helen by constantly
holding on to Anne's hand, was 

4363
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:55,200
also absorbing her teacher's 
worldview. 

4364
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:59,700
The two grew into dependent and 
Found A Renewed sense of purpose

4365
03:46:59,700 --> 03:47:02,300
and fought her insecurities 
through Helen's progress. 

4366
03:47:03,000 --> 03:47:05,400
While Helen Drew mental 
nourishment and discipline from 

4367
03:47:05,400 --> 03:47:08,800
Anne's guidance, this era. 
Therefore marked the dawn of 

4368
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,100
Helen Keller's social and 
intellectual Awakening. 

4369
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:14,700
She quickly surpassed the 
rudimentary finger, spelling 

4370
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:18,100
lessons and delved into Braille,
then speechless lessons and 

4371
03:47:18,100 --> 03:47:20,100
eventually more advanced 
academic Pursuits. 

4372
03:47:20,100 --> 03:47:22,200
But the foundation wasn't just 
Scholastic. 

4373
03:47:22,200 --> 03:47:25,700
It was relational, the bond 
between an Sullivan and Helen 

4374
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:27,900
Keller. 
Formed the emotional Matrix that

4375
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:31,400
made further education possible 
without Sullivan's firm hand and

4376
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,400
shared battle, scarred empathy 
Helen, like, never have 

4377
03:47:34,400 --> 03:47:37,100
discovered the Unstoppable 
curiosity that came to Define 

4378
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,100
her and she shows her by the 
time Helen reached her 

4379
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:42,900
adolescents, her thirst for 
knowledge had surpassed the 

4380
03:47:42,900 --> 03:47:45,600
capacity of anyone in her 
immediate circle to predict. 

4381
03:47:46,400 --> 03:47:49,300
She devoured each lesson like a 
person parked for water. 

4382
03:47:50,200 --> 03:47:51,700
It wasn't just about reading or 
writing. 

4383
03:47:51,700 --> 03:47:54,500
She seemed driven to understand 
the Machinery of the world. 

4384
03:47:55,400 --> 03:47:57,100
She became fascinated by the 
ways. 

4385
03:47:57,100 --> 03:48:01,000
Different people navigated life.
And she asked endless questions 

4386
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:03,600
about Concepts that most 
teenagers is rarely pondered 

4387
03:48:03,600 --> 03:48:07,400
philosophical puzzles. 
The nature of Ethics, why wars 

4388
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:09,400
happened? 
And what it meant to be just in 

4389
03:48:09,400 --> 03:48:12,700
an unjust Society? 
A formal education became a 

4390
03:48:12,708 --> 03:48:16,000
patchwork of experiences 
although Helen studied at the 

4391
03:48:16,000 --> 03:48:19,300
Perkins School for the Blind for
a while and later at the right 

4392
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:22,700
human son School for the Deaf 
her Mainstay remained and 

4393
03:48:22,700 --> 03:48:26,800
Sullivan's tireless instruction.
Eventually the two set their 

4394
03:48:26,800 --> 03:48:30,000
sights on something even more 
ambitious preparing Helen for 

4395
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:32,300
college. 
At a time when few women 

4396
03:48:32,300 --> 03:48:35,300
pursued, higher education, let 
alone women with multiple 

4397
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:38,100
sensory disabilities. 
This ambition was close to 

4398
03:48:38,108 --> 03:48:41,000
revolutionary. 
This necessitated the creation 

4399
03:48:41,000 --> 03:48:44,700
of new Pathways in adaptive 
instruction as Anne had to 

4400
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,000
constantly innovate by 
converting textbooks into 

4401
03:48:47,000 --> 03:48:50,300
Braille spelling out lectures 
and accompanying Helen to 

4402
03:48:50,300 --> 03:48:53,400
classes, their collaboration, 
blurred the lines of teacher 

4403
03:48:53,400 --> 03:48:57,100
translator and companion in ways
Uncharted by conventional 

4404
03:48:57,100 --> 03:49:01,000
educational practices during 
this time and often overlooked 

4405
03:49:01,000 --> 03:49:04,400
aspect of Helen's development 
was her emotional blossoming. 

4406
03:49:05,300 --> 03:49:06,900
She wasn't merely an academic 
machine. 

4407
03:49:06,900 --> 03:49:11,200
She navigated the usual teenage 
swirl of insecurities mild, 

4408
03:49:11,200 --> 03:49:14,400
rebellion's, and curiosity about
romance and friendship. 

4409
03:49:15,300 --> 03:49:18,100
Family letters, rarely cited, in
popular biographies. 

4410
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:21,400
Reveal that Helen wanted to 
understand how relationships 

4411
03:49:21,400 --> 03:49:25,600
worked, why people courted, how 
love flourished and sometimes 

4412
03:49:25,600 --> 03:49:28,100
fizzled and the role of marriage
in a woman's life? 

4413
03:49:29,000 --> 03:49:32,900
She read voraciously exploring 
everything from Shakespearean, 

4414
03:49:32,900 --> 03:49:34,600
sonnets to newly published 
novels. 

4415
03:49:35,400 --> 03:49:38,100
Cleaning insights into the 
emotional tapestry of Human 

4416
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:40,700
Relationships. 
One particularly striking 

4417
03:49:40,700 --> 03:49:43,300
instant revolves around Helen's 
experiment with speech. 

4418
03:49:43,900 --> 03:49:46,900
After mastering finger spelling 
and Braille she yearned to 

4419
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:49,900
communicate verbally. 
Speechless lessons for the deaf.

4420
03:49:49,900 --> 03:49:53,500
Blind were still rudimentary and
progress could be excruciatingly

4421
03:49:53,500 --> 03:49:57,000
slow under the guidance of 
Sarah, Fuller at the Horace. 

4422
03:49:57,000 --> 03:49:59,900
Mann school for the deaf. 
Helen spent hours positioning 

4423
03:49:59,900 --> 03:50:01,800
her lips and tongue to replicate
sails. 

4424
03:50:01,800 --> 03:50:05,100
She could not hear She placed 
her sensitive fingertips on her 

4425
03:50:05,100 --> 03:50:08,800
teacher's face to feel the 
vibration of spoken word over 

4426
03:50:08,800 --> 03:50:12,700
months of painstaking effort. 
She managed to form spoken 

4427
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:15,400
phrases that were intelligible 
to those who knew her. 

4428
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:17,700
Well, But the Triumph was 
Bitter. 

4429
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:20,300
Sweet. 
Her sweet would never be as 

4430
03:50:20,300 --> 03:50:23,200
fluid or comprehensible to 
strangers and it required 

4431
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:27,800
Relentless practice to maintain.
Yet in typical Helen fashion, 

4432
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:30,600
she refused to see this 
limitation as defeat. 

4433
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:33,600
It was merely another dimension 
of communication to explore. 

4434
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:37,500
Socially these teenage years 
also brought Helen under the 

4435
03:50:37,500 --> 03:50:39,900
spotlight in a ways, both 
thrilling and uncomfortable. 

4436
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:43,800
The media caught wind of a 
miracle child, who was deaf and 

4437
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:45,500
blind yet. 
Flourishing academically 

4438
03:50:45,500 --> 03:50:49,000
journalists occasionally visited
to watch her articulate a few 

4439
03:50:49,008 --> 03:50:51,800
words or to see her read entire 
passages in Braille. 

4440
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:54,300
Some articles were sympathetic 
Marvels. 

4441
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:57,600
Others boarded on The 
Sensational depicting Helen as a

4442
03:50:57,608 --> 03:51:00,900
curiosity or wonder the term 
wander child. 

4443
03:51:00,900 --> 03:51:04,700
In fact appeared so frequently 
that Helen later expressed mixed

4444
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:07,600
feelings about it. 
She feared, it reduced her to an

4445
03:51:07,600 --> 03:51:10,700
oddity rather than recognizing 
her as a young woman with 

4446
03:51:10,700 --> 03:51:15,100
complex intellect and emotions. 
However, the publicity had its 

4447
03:51:15,100 --> 03:51:18,500
advantages it introduced Helen 
to networks of Educators 

4448
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,300
philanthropists. 
And activists who took an 

4449
03:51:21,300 --> 03:51:24,400
interest in her future, she 
began corresponding with notable

4450
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,400
intellectuals of the era, 
forging connections, that would 

4451
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:29,600
cede her later involvement in 
social activism. 

4452
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:33,700
Mark Twain was one such figure. 
He was captivated by her wit and

4453
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:36,800
breadth of knowledge. 
And their letters, showed a 

4454
03:51:36,800 --> 03:51:39,100
mutual admiration that 
transcended her disabilities. 

4455
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:41,600
In an era. 
When conversation itself was 

4456
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:44,900
often limited to those within 
one's immediate circle, Helen 

4457
03:51:44,900 --> 03:51:48,800
was forging relationships across
continents, Guided by Sullivan's

4458
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:51,200
interpreting hands. 
Not everything was 

4459
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:55,200
straightforward. by her late, 
teens Helen grappled, with the 

4460
03:51:55,200 --> 03:52:01,200
perennial adolescent tug of war 
Independence vs reliance, Anne 

4461
03:52:01,200 --> 03:52:04,400
Sullivan was both Guardian Angel
and gatekeeper the closeness. 

4462
03:52:04,400 --> 03:52:07,700
They shared sometimes led to 
friction Helen wanted more 

4463
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:10,700
autonomy. 
Some space to make mistakes to 

4464
03:52:10,700 --> 03:52:13,300
be alone with a thoughts to test
her boundaries. 

4465
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:17,500
And for her part recognized, 
that without her intervention, 

4466
03:52:17,500 --> 03:52:21,700
Helen could become a new 
environments, this tension, 

4467
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:25,600
rarely escalated into open 
conflict, but it's simmered for 

4468
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:27,700
shadowing later complexities in 
their relationship. 

4469
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:32,400
One revealing episode took place
when Helen visited the ocean for

4470
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,200
the first time? 
She eagerly waited Beyond her 

4471
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:38,900
comfort zone enthralled by the 
sensation of waves crashing 

4472
03:52:38,900 --> 03:52:42,300
against her body. 
And worried about Helen's 

4473
03:52:42,300 --> 03:52:45,700
safety, yanked, her back. 
This encounter, illuminated the 

4474
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:48,300
risk inherent in discovering the
world through the partial 

4475
03:52:48,300 --> 03:52:50,600
sensei's. 
Each new experience was 

4476
03:52:50,600 --> 03:52:54,600
exhilarating to Helen, but as of
danger was limited by her lack 

4477
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,900
of sight and hearing a teacher 
in companion, felt the weight of

4478
03:52:57,908 --> 03:53:00,800
constant. 
Vigilance It was a dance of 

4479
03:53:00,808 --> 03:53:04,200
trust and caution exploration 
and safeguarding. 

4480
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:08,400
One that would color Helen's 
life for decades to come in many

4481
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:10,400
ways. 
These teenage years were an 

4482
03:53:10,400 --> 03:53:14,000
incubator for the fierce 
intellect and strong-willed that

4483
03:53:14,000 --> 03:53:17,400
the world would come to know, he
was no longer the Tantrum prone 

4484
03:53:17,400 --> 03:53:19,700
toddler, nor simply a novelty 
act. 

4485
03:53:19,700 --> 03:53:23,200
She was a growing scholar and a 
burgeoning thinker laying the 

4486
03:53:23,200 --> 03:53:26,000
groundwork for her adult 
Pursuits every day. 

4487
03:53:26,000 --> 03:53:29,000
She discovered more about the 
Labyrinth of human experiences 

4488
03:53:29,000 --> 03:53:32,200
determined to map it out, with 
whatever Century tools she could

4489
03:53:32,200 --> 03:53:34,500
muster. 
The next Frontier would be 

4490
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:38,600
College a world of lectures, 
syllabi, Social Clubs and new 

4491
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:40,500
ideas. 
That would both excited and 

4492
03:53:40,500 --> 03:53:43,700
challenged her in ways she had 
yet to imagine Helen Keller's 

4493
03:53:43,700 --> 03:53:47,300
enrollment at Radcliffe College 
in 1900, had a profound impact, 

4494
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:50,700
she was the first deaf blind 
person to undertake a full 

4495
03:53:50,700 --> 03:53:52,300
course of study. 
At one of the nation's most 

4496
03:53:52,300 --> 03:53:56,500
rigorous academic institutions. 
From the outset, it was clear 

4497
03:53:56,500 --> 03:53:59,300
that neither the college nor her
fellow students quite knew, what

4498
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:01,700
to expect. 
Though, Radcliffe was more 

4499
03:54:01,700 --> 03:54:04,500
Progressive than many, the 
logistics of accommodating 

4500
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:07,200
Helen's needs, were 
unprecedented at times, 

4501
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:09,600
professors struggled to organize
their lectures. 

4502
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,900
For a student who was unable to 
see the board or hear their 

4503
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:15,700
explanations. 
Fortunately Helen's, Unstoppable

4504
03:54:15,700 --> 03:54:19,300
curiosity and Anne Sullivan 
support filled in many gaps. 

4505
03:54:19,900 --> 03:54:23,200
Sullivan attended lectures with 
her translating the spoken 

4506
03:54:23,200 --> 03:54:26,200
material into rapid fire 
fingerspelling. when the course 

4507
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:29,500
load approved overwhelming, a 
small circle of classmates 

4508
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:33,000
pitched in helping to transcribe
reading assignments into Braille

4509
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:37,700
Still, it was not just process. 
Helen joked privately that it 

4510
03:54:37,700 --> 03:54:41,800
felt like reading everything 
twice once in real time as an 

4511
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:44,900
spelled it into a hand and again
in Braille to fully comprehend 

4512
03:54:44,900 --> 03:54:48,600
the text She also cultivated 
friendships, that challenge her 

4513
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:52,200
to think beyond the usual limits
of it as special needs student. 

4514
03:54:53,100 --> 03:54:55,200
Many of her new peers were 
ambitious, young women. 

4515
03:54:55,200 --> 03:55:00,200
Eager to discuss, literature 
art, the suffrage movement, and 

4516
03:55:00,200 --> 03:55:03,700
current events over tea. 
Helen found herself at the 

4517
03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:06,800
center of intellectual 
discourse, no longer a mere 

4518
03:55:06,800 --> 03:55:09,800
Curiosity on the fringes. 
It was during this period that 

4519
03:55:09,800 --> 03:55:13,000
Helen encountered, The Works of 
great philosophers, Plato 

4520
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:17,800
Spinosa can't and wrestled with 
abstract Concepts in a way that 

4521
03:55:17,800 --> 03:55:21,500
surprised even her instructors. 
She was particularly taken with 

4522
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:24,800
kant's ideas, about innate 
structures of the Mind, finding 

4523
03:55:24,800 --> 03:55:27,300
a parallel and her Quest To 
conceptualized The World, 

4524
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:30,900
despite missing two key sensors.
The result was a unique 

4525
03:55:30,900 --> 03:55:35,400
perspective on knowledge itself.
Helen believed, even then that 

4526
03:55:35,400 --> 03:55:38,400
much of learning came from 
inside an internal scaffolding 

4527
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:40,800
onto which experience could be 
attached. 

4528
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:44,100
When classmates debated the 
nature of reality or the 

4529
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:47,600
possibility of knowing truth 
Helen's contributions, had a 

4530
03:55:47,600 --> 03:55:50,200
resonance that came from living 
in a realm so different from the

4531
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:53,100
norm. 
Socially Helen refused to let 

4532
03:55:53,100 --> 03:55:55,100
her disabilities Define her 
interactions. 

4533
03:55:55,100 --> 03:55:57,700
She attended student Gatherings 
though. 

4534
03:55:57,700 --> 03:56:00,100
She relied on interpreters to 
follow conversations. 

4535
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:04,600
She tried however, awkwardly to 
engage in the typical banter of 

4536
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:07,300
undergraduates complaining about
heavy workloads. 

4537
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:10,100
Arguing about politics. 
Swapping opinions, on novels 

4538
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,400
some classmates found 
intimidating to speak with her 

4539
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:15,000
worried. 
They might say something 

4540
03:56:15,000 --> 03:56:18,700
offensive or fail to communicate
properly, Helen a custom to 

4541
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:21,600
these hesitations frequently 
introduced to self with sharp 

4542
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:25,400
humor, she'd eavesdrop on Petty 
gossip by laying her hand on a 

4543
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:27,900
conversation Partners. 
Lips to feel the vibration of 

4544
03:56:27,900 --> 03:56:31,100
their whispered words then would
interject or witty. 

4545
03:56:31,100 --> 03:56:34,700
Remark, this approach those 
startling at first and her 

4546
03:56:34,708 --> 03:56:37,400
circle of devoted, friends, who 
cherished, her candle, and 

4547
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:40,100
intelligence. 
An underexplored angle is how 

4548
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:42,500
this phase of Helen's life 
further shaped her political 

4549
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,300
Consciousness through her 
coursework and conversations 

4550
03:56:45,300 --> 03:56:47,600
with radical minded. 
Classmates, she became 

4551
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:51,100
increasingly aware of social 
inequalities class struggles and

4552
03:56:51,100 --> 03:56:54,800
The limitations placed on women,
this environment and doubtedly 

4553
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:57,000
laid the seeds for her later 
activism and socialist 

4554
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:00,500
movements, and suffrage 
campaigns, she no longer simply 

4555
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:03,000
read about these issues. 
She encountered them in the 

4556
03:57:03,008 --> 03:57:07,200
flesh, fellow students worried 
about tuition or suffragists 

4557
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:10,300
protesting in Boston streets, 
were editorials in newspapers 

4558
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:12,000
calling for changes in labor 
laws. 

4559
03:57:12,000 --> 03:57:15,300
Helen was struck by the 
disparity between the privileged

4560
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,800
Gates of Academia and the harsh 
realities experienced by many 

4561
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:22,600
outside them. reading the works 
of HG, Wells, and other Forward,

4562
03:57:22,600 --> 03:57:25,900
Thinking authors who challenged 
the status quo, escalated this 

4563
03:57:25,900 --> 03:57:30,200
tension, She corresponded with 
some of these writers forging a 

4564
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:32,800
network of ideas that far, 
surpassed the typical College 

4565
03:57:32,800 --> 03:57:35,700
pen, pal relationships. 
Most people know of her 

4566
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:39,200
friendship with Mark Twain. 
But fewer realized she'll so 

4567
03:57:39,200 --> 03:57:41,500
exchanged letters with reformers
like Jane Addams. 

4568
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:45,000
Discussing not only disability 
rights but also broader social 

4569
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:47,400
reforms. 
Her identity began to 

4570
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:50,200
crystallize around the idea that
her life was not just about 

4571
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:53,000
personal triumphs, but also 
about dismantling, the 

4572
03:57:53,000 --> 03:57:56,800
obstacles, social economic and 
political that held others back 

4573
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:59,200
amid. 
All these intellectual Pursuits,

4574
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:02,300
daily life at Radcliffe was 
still physically exhausting. 

4575
03:58:03,000 --> 03:58:05,800
Helen's Health, sometimes waiver
due to the enormous strain of 

4576
03:58:05,800 --> 03:58:09,300
Reading Writing and deciphering,
a deluge of new material. 

4577
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:11,500
And Sullivan too felt the 
pressure. 

4578
03:58:11,500 --> 03:58:15,100
She was effectively ordering the
entire curriculum while juggling

4579
03:58:15,100 --> 03:58:18,600
her role as interpreter 
companion and caretaker. 

4580
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,700
The two had to invent coping 
mechanisms, like scheduling 

4581
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:24,600
strict breaks to rest, Helens 
fingers and avoiding Marathon 

4582
03:58:24,600 --> 03:58:26,200
reading sessions late Into the 
Night. 

4583
03:58:26,800 --> 03:58:29,700
However, neither woman was 
willing to compromise and they 

4584
03:58:29,700 --> 03:58:31,300
persevered in pursuit of 
Excellence. 

4585
03:58:32,500 --> 03:58:36,400
By the time Helen graduated with
honors in 1904, she had set a 

4586
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:39,000
precedent that would serve as an
inspiration to numerous others. 

4587
03:58:39,800 --> 03:58:42,000
She demonstrated that a deaf 
blind individual. 

4588
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:45,200
Could excel in a challenging 
academic setting provided. 

4589
03:58:45,200 --> 03:58:47,600
They had the appropriate, 
Reborns and determination. 

4590
03:58:48,400 --> 03:58:51,000
She broadened her philosophical 
and political perspectives, 

4591
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:54,400
leaving college with convictions
that would soon transform her 

4592
03:58:54,400 --> 03:58:57,600
from a resilient figure into an 
activist with a distinct 

4593
03:58:57,600 --> 03:59:00,000
purpose. 
However, it's important to 

4594
03:59:00,000 --> 03:59:02,600
acknowledge that her academic 
achievements were only one 

4595
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:04,100
aspect of her evolving 
character. 

4596
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:08,200
Underneath the public accolades 
and personal Milestones, Helen 

4597
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:10,900
was quietly, evolving into a 
thinker with a passionate 

4598
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:13,900
commitment to Justice, forging a
path for you and hero could have

4599
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,700
predicted after completing her 
formal education, Helen Keller 

4600
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:21,300
and the public sphere serving 
not only as a symbol but also as

4601
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:24,500
a conscience, driven voice most 
mainstream biographies. 

4602
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:27,500
Concentrate on her championing 
of disability rights which is 

4603
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,700
undeniable. 
She worked tirelessly to improve

4604
03:59:30,700 --> 03:59:34,100
Braille systems, broaden, 
educational opportunities and 

4605
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:37,000
secure funding for schools 
serving the visually and hearing

4606
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:39,100
impaired. 
But that's only a fraction of 

4607
03:59:39,108 --> 03:59:42,500
her story Helen's convictions. 
Led her to join the Socialist 

4608
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:46,000
Party in 1909 at a time when 
socialism was highly 

4609
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:47,300
controversial in the United 
States. 

4610
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:50,400
She believed that the same 
forces that marginalized 

4611
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:54,300
disabled, individuals, also 
pressed workers immigrants and 

4612
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:56,600
women. 
This stance brought her to the 

4613
03:59:56,608 --> 03:59:59,000
Forefront of priests disputes 
and political rallies. 

4614
03:59:59,000 --> 04:00:02,600
She wrote letters to newspapers,
penned essays and socialist 

4615
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:05,600
periodicals, and even 
participated in public events to

4616
04:00:05,600 --> 04:00:09,100
advocate for fair wages 
universal, suffrage and better 

4617
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:12,400
working conditions While most 
people lauded her philanthropic 

4618
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:15,300
efforts for the blind. 
Her radical politics made some 

4619
04:00:15,300 --> 04:00:17,000
of her admirers deeply 
uncomfortable. 

4620
04:00:17,900 --> 04:00:20,900
Suddenly the miracle child was 
speaking out in favor of labor 

4621
04:00:20,900 --> 04:00:22,300
strike and critiquing 
capitalism. 

4622
04:00:23,200 --> 04:00:25,600
Sponsors, withdrew support and 
newspapers. 

4623
04:00:25,600 --> 04:00:28,600
That once hailed her as an 
American hero, now labeled her 

4624
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:33,200
as misguided or manipulated 
Helen remained undertired, she 

4625
04:00:33,200 --> 04:00:36,700
wrote in one editorial. 
I cannot reconcile my admiration

4626
04:00:36,700 --> 04:00:40,000
of universal equality with the 
Toleration of a system that 

4627
04:00:40,000 --> 04:00:43,700
perpetuates privilege for the 
few Capturing a moral Clarity 

4628
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:45,700
that resonated among the working
classes. 

4629
04:00:45,700 --> 04:00:49,800
In parallel to her political 
forays, she continued an active 

4630
04:00:49,800 --> 04:00:53,300
schedule of lectures, tours and 
fundraisers for the American 

4631
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:55,900
foundation. 
For the blind, Helen traveled 

4632
04:00:55,900 --> 04:00:59,400
extensively accompanied by Anne 
Sullivan, who became Anne 

4633
04:00:59,400 --> 04:01:01,300
Sullivan Macy after marrying 
John Macy. 

4634
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:04,500
They turned not just the United 
States, but also ventured 

4635
04:01:04,500 --> 04:01:08,500
international meeting with 
Educators activists and even 

4636
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,300
heads of state to advocate for 
improved conditions for the 

4637
04:01:11,300 --> 04:01:16,600
visually and hearing impaired. 
In each Locale, Helen took note 

4638
04:01:16,600 --> 04:01:20,500
of broader social issues, 
Colonial exploitation, systemic 

4639
04:01:20,500 --> 04:01:23,100
poverty or the denial of women's
voting rights. 

4640
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:26,200
These observations only 
fortified her belief that 

4641
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:28,900
disability rights could not be 
divorced from the global fight 

4642
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,100
for justice. 
One lesson known as involves 

4643
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:34,900
Helen's visit to Japan in the 
1930s there. 

4644
04:01:34,900 --> 04:01:37,900
She met with Scholars and 
Community organizers who are 

4645
04:01:37,908 --> 04:01:40,500
exploring ways to integrate 
blind workers into the local 

4646
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:42,800
economy. 
Well, she was deeply impressed 

4647
04:01:42,800 --> 04:01:46,600
by aspects of Japanese culture. 
She also noted the undercurrents

4648
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,600
of militarism that would soon 
lead to heightened tensions in 

4649
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:52,000
her private Diaries. 
She lamented the seeds of 

4650
04:01:52,008 --> 04:01:55,300
aggression comparing them to the
imperialistic attitudes. 

4651
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,900
She had witnessed elsewhere such
prescient Reflections seldom, 

4652
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,900
make it into standard retellings
as they don't fit the neat 

4653
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,600
Narrative of an inspirational 
figure but they reveal a woman 

4654
04:02:05,600 --> 04:02:08,500
engaged with the geopolitical 
complexities of her time. 

4655
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:11,500
Her activism wasn't confined to 
socialist causes. 

4656
04:02:11,500 --> 04:02:15,000
She was a fervent supporter of 
women's suffrage and later 

4657
04:02:15,000 --> 04:02:18,100
championed and birth control 
aligning with figures like 

4658
04:02:18,100 --> 04:02:22,000
Margaret Sangha these dances too
sparked controversy. 

4659
04:02:22,800 --> 04:02:25,500
Religious groups that had once 
invited her to speak, turned 

4660
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:28,000
away from her when she supported
Reproductive Rights. 

4661
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:32,100
Some critics accuse her of being
ungrateful to the Social and 

4662
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,100
religious institutions that had 
facilitated her education. 

4663
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:39,600
Yet, Helen sense of justice was 
holistic, refusing to 

4664
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,700
compartmentalize disability 
advocacy from broader, social 

4665
04:02:42,700 --> 04:02:46,300
reforms. 
She argued that women specially 

4666
04:02:46,300 --> 04:02:49,100
those with disabilities. 
Have the right to control their 

4667
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:52,500
body's and reproductive choices,
a stance that was League ahead 

4668
04:02:52,500 --> 04:02:55,200
of its time. 
Helen's engagement with the 

4669
04:02:55,200 --> 04:02:57,300
Eugenics movement of the early 
20th century. 

4670
04:02:57,300 --> 04:03:01,200
The stance that reveals her own 
internal complexities is another

4671
04:03:01,200 --> 04:03:04,400
aspect rarely featured in 
highlight reels in her youth. 

4672
04:03:04,400 --> 04:03:08,400
She showed some sympathies with 
eugenic ideas influenced by the 

4673
04:03:08,400 --> 04:03:10,100
era scientific and cultural 
climate. 

4674
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:14,200
However, with time and further 
reflection, she distanced 

4675
04:03:14,200 --> 04:03:17,200
herself from these perspectives 
and advocated a more inclusive 

4676
04:03:17,200 --> 04:03:21,400
view of human potential. 
This shift was gradual and 

4677
04:03:21,400 --> 04:03:25,600
underscores that Helen Keller 
was not a static icon but a 

4678
04:03:25,600 --> 04:03:28,400
person capable of evolving her 
viewpoints as she absorbed new 

4679
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:32,300
information and criticisms 
throughout these years and 

4680
04:03:32,300 --> 04:03:35,000
Sullivan remained. 
Her closest collaborator though,

4681
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:36,700
their relationship had its 
strains. 

4682
04:03:36,700 --> 04:03:40,300
The strain of constant traveling
led to a decline in Ann's 

4683
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:42,500
Health. 
Yet, the teacher pupil Bond had 

4684
04:03:42,500 --> 04:03:44,400
evolved far beyond its original 
form. 

4685
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:48,300
They were co-conspirators in 
activism confidants in personal 

4686
04:03:48,300 --> 04:03:51,100
matters in mutual sounding 
boards for each other's moral 

4687
04:03:51,100 --> 04:03:55,000
dilemmas, if friction arose, it 
was often because Helen's 

4688
04:03:55,000 --> 04:03:57,200
activism demanded. 
A pace that hand struggled to 

4689
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:00,100
sustain or because Anne 
sometimes worry about the 

4690
04:04:00,100 --> 04:04:02,500
backlash Helen's radical stance 
is invited. 

4691
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:06,800
But ultimately, they face the 
spotlight together Helen as the 

4692
04:04:06,800 --> 04:04:11,500
Unstoppable champion and as the 
essential if often overshadowed 

4693
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:17,300
pillar By the mid-1920s Helen 
Keller was no longer just a 

4694
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,400
household name but a force in 
Civic. 

4695
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:23,000
Discourse challenging norms and 
expanding the conversation on 

4696
04:04:23,000 --> 04:04:25,900
disability rights. 
Labor conditions, women's 

4697
04:04:25,900 --> 04:04:29,200
Liberation and Beyond yet in 
popular imagination. 

4698
04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:33,000
These achievements paled beside 
the sanitized image of a girl 

4699
04:04:33,000 --> 04:04:36,500
who learned to speak and read 
media outlets and charitable 

4700
04:04:36,500 --> 04:04:38,700
organizations often prefer the 
simpler Tale. 

4701
04:04:39,400 --> 04:04:41,900
Finding her radical Zeal 
complicated to Market. 

4702
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:46,300
But Helen pushed on convinced 
that an unexamined stance on 

4703
04:04:46,300 --> 04:04:48,800
social issues was a betrayal of 
her own personal Journey. 

4704
04:04:49,700 --> 04:04:52,200
For her. 
Which victory over adversity 

4705
04:04:52,200 --> 04:04:55,600
served as a call to transform 
Society, ensuring that others 

4706
04:04:55,600 --> 04:04:58,300
would not have to endure. 
The same struggles in the 

4707
04:04:58,308 --> 04:05:01,500
decades following her emergence 
as a public figure, Helen 

4708
04:05:01,500 --> 04:05:04,800
Keller, became something of an 
international phenomenon, she 

4709
04:05:04,800 --> 04:05:07,800
gave lectures around the globe, 
always with an interpreter by 

4710
04:05:07,800 --> 04:05:11,300
her side, initially, and 
Sullivan and later Polly 

4711
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:13,700
Thompson. 
When Anne's health and large 

4712
04:05:13,700 --> 04:05:16,600
audience, is gathered to see how
a deaf blind individual could 

4713
04:05:16,600 --> 04:05:20,400
stand on stage attempt spoken 
words and then communicate more 

4714
04:05:20,400 --> 04:05:23,400
fully through hand signals. 
Braille will the vibrant 

4715
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:25,300
expressiveness of her face and 
body language. 

4716
04:05:26,400 --> 04:05:29,400
Though there was a measure of 
spectacle in these events Helen 

4717
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:31,900
substance often transcended the 
Curiosity Factor. 

4718
04:05:32,700 --> 04:05:35,700
She was unabashed in calling 
out, injustices whether 

4719
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:39,100
addressing Colonial practices in
India or the plight of European 

4720
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:42,100
refugees fleeing Warfare. 
One memorable tour. 

4721
04:05:42,100 --> 04:05:45,300
Took her to South America where 
she visits to schools for the 

4722
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:49,100
blind in Brazil in Argentina. 
Unlike some Western Travelers of

4723
04:05:49,100 --> 04:05:51,500
her day. 
Helen didn't confine herself to 

4724
04:05:51,500 --> 04:05:54,500
upscale reception halls. 
She insisted on meeting local 

4725
04:05:54,500 --> 04:05:57,500
activists and workers even 
venturing into factories and 

4726
04:05:57,500 --> 04:06:00,200
impoverished neighborhoods to 
speak with those whose lives 

4727
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:01,900
rarely intersected with the 
privilege. 

4728
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:04,900
While she couldn't hear the 
noise of Machinery or see the 

4729
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:07,500
cramped living conditions? 
She felt the vibrations and 

4730
04:06:07,500 --> 04:06:10,800
glean details through incessant 
questioning, she touched the 

4731
04:06:10,800 --> 04:06:13,800
walls, the Warren tools, the 
batter tables and spelled 

4732
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:16,500
questions into her companions, 
hand refusing, to remain 

4733
04:06:16,500 --> 04:06:18,300
insulated from the reality's 
outside. 

4734
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,600
The lecture circuits in each new
place, Helen encountered, both 

4735
04:06:21,600 --> 04:06:25,500
adoration and bewilderment. 
Some of officials tried to sway 

4736
04:06:25,500 --> 04:06:27,900
her from delving into Political 
matters. 

4737
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:30,400
Hoping, she'd stick to Safe 
topics about overcoming 

4738
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:33,900
adversity, but Helen had 
outgrown that sanitized script. 

4739
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:36,700
She understood that her personal
story. 

4740
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:40,500
Often trivialized into a field. 
Good narrative had the potential

4741
04:06:40,500 --> 04:06:43,700
to create opportunities. and 
once those opportunities 

4742
04:06:43,700 --> 04:06:47,100
presented themselves, she did 
not hesitate to confront 

4743
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:49,500
oppressive systems in private 
Diaries. 

4744
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:53,400
She noted, the contradictions I 
am the invited guests. 

4745
04:06:53,400 --> 04:06:56,400
Brought here to display my 
fortitude, yet, I see how 

4746
04:06:56,400 --> 04:06:59,600
fortitude might serve us all. 
If we only broadened our sense 

4747
04:06:59,600 --> 04:07:04,500
of responsibility, During these 
travels Helen also experienced 

4748
04:07:04,500 --> 04:07:08,400
poignant human Connections. 
In one instance, she met an 

4749
04:07:08,400 --> 04:07:10,700
indigenous leader in Peru who 
communicated with her, through 

4750
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:14,100
an interpreter, describing the 
Region's social stratification 

4751
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:17,700
in the exploitation of local 
resources Helen through her 

4752
04:07:17,700 --> 04:07:20,700
interpreter. 
Conveyed solidarity and Drew 

4753
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:23,300
parallels between being 
marginalized due to disability 

4754
04:07:23,300 --> 04:07:26,600
and being marginalized due to 
ethnicity or economic status. 

4755
04:07:26,600 --> 04:07:30,000
Such encounters reinforced her 
core belief that different 

4756
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:33,900
struggles against depression. 
Shared the same routes the scope

4757
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:36,600
of her activism expanded as 
World War Two loomed. 

4758
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:40,600
Though, Helen had long held 
pacifist leaning influenced by 

4759
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:43,400
her reading of Tolstoy and her 
own moral convictions. 

4760
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:46,000
The rise of fascism tested her 
ideals. 

4761
04:07:46,800 --> 04:07:49,700
She publicly denounced Hitler's 
regime condemning its 

4762
04:07:49,708 --> 04:07:53,200
persecution of disabled 
individuals among others and 

4763
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:56,300
wrote scathing editorials about 
book burnings that had included 

4764
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:59,400
her Works. 
Yes not to Germany had burned. 

4765
04:07:59,400 --> 04:08:02,500
Some of Helen Keller's writings 
seeing them as emblematic of 

4766
04:08:02,500 --> 04:08:05,200
degenerate values. 
Simultaneously. 

4767
04:08:05,200 --> 04:08:08,400
She denounced the idea of forced
American isolationism and 

4768
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:11,200
advocated for international 
solidarity against tyranny. 

4769
04:08:12,000 --> 04:08:13,900
This stance wasn't universally 
popular. 

4770
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:17,600
Some isolationists, believe that
Helen was meddling in political 

4771
04:08:17,600 --> 04:08:21,700
Affairs Beyond her scope, but 
she saw it differently in a 

4772
04:08:21,700 --> 04:08:23,900
letter. 
She wrote when a state turns 

4773
04:08:23,900 --> 04:08:26,800
upon its most vulnerable, it 
reveals, its moral bankruptcy 

4774
04:08:26,800 --> 04:08:30,600
for all to see who better to 
speak against these actions than

4775
04:08:30,600 --> 04:08:32,200
someone. 
Who knows what it is like to 

4776
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:33,600
rely on the conscience of 
society. 

4777
04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:37,900
Despite the rigorous travel and 
public engagements, Helen found 

4778
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:39,800
time to pursue cultural 
interests. 

4779
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:42,400
She was fascinated by music, 
though. 

4780
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:44,100
She could not hear it in the 
conventional sense. 

4781
04:08:45,200 --> 04:08:48,100
She would Place her fingertips 
on a piano surface, to feel the 

4782
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:51,000
vibrations or rest to hand on a 
singer's throat. 

4783
04:08:51,000 --> 04:08:55,400
To sense the changes in Pitch. 
She called it an intimate ballet

4784
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:58,900
of my fingers describing how the
tactile Impressions, formed 

4785
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:02,500
patterns in her mind allowing 
her a unique kind of musical 

4786
04:09:02,500 --> 04:09:05,300
experience. 
She also became enamored with 

4787
04:09:05,308 --> 04:09:08,600
world literature, seeking 
translation, in Braille from 

4788
04:09:08,600 --> 04:09:12,000
Russian Classics to Japanese, 
poetry, this, intellectual 

4789
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:14,700
breadth, often surprised those 
who expected her to remain 

4790
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:16,700
confined to topics of disability
rights. 

4791
04:09:17,500 --> 04:09:19,600
Another rarely discussed 
dimension of Helen's. 

4792
04:09:19,600 --> 04:09:22,100
Journey was her evolving 
spirituality. 

4793
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:26,500
Raised in a Christian household,
she later explored various 

4794
04:09:26,500 --> 04:09:28,000
philosophical and religious 
Traditions. 

4795
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:32,400
She read translations of the 
Pagan Gita delved into the 

4796
04:09:32,400 --> 04:09:35,300
teachings of Emmanuel. 
Swedenborg and even sampled the 

4797
04:09:35,300 --> 04:09:38,700
writings of Islamic scholars. 
These Explorations didn't 

4798
04:09:38,700 --> 04:09:42,200
produce a dramatic conversion 
story, but rather a composite 

4799
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:45,500
view of faith. 
She saw spiritual teachings as a

4800
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:48,200
kind of universal language 
speaking to Shared moral 

4801
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:51,200
imperatives, kindness Justice, 
humility. 

4802
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:54,900
This Viewpoint steered her 
toward a more inclusive activism

4803
04:09:54,900 --> 04:09:58,300
one that recognized spiritual 
impulses across cultural 

4804
04:09:58,300 --> 04:10:01,500
barriers. 
All the while her personals life

4805
04:10:01,500 --> 04:10:05,000
was subject to speculation. 
People wondered if Helen had 

4806
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:07,400
romantic attachments or yearned 
for marriage and children. 

4807
04:10:08,400 --> 04:10:10,600
Some whispered rumors about 
relationships with male 

4808
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:15,000
companions journalists activists
or interpreters she really 

4809
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:17,700
addressed the speculations 
publicly and private 

4810
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:19,800
correspondence. 
She alluded to fleeting 

4811
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:22,200
affections but seemed to 
prioritize her mission of all 

4812
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:23,900
else. 
She wants wrote to a friend. 

4813
04:10:23,900 --> 04:10:27,700
My life is Guided by a sense of 
Duty, not a longing for 

4814
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:31,300
domestication, I find my solace 
in the broad lover of humanity. 

4815
04:10:31,300 --> 04:10:34,100
Whether the statement was a, 
genuine expression of 

4816
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:37,000
contentment or protective stance
in a world that doubted the 

4817
04:10:37,008 --> 04:10:38,800
sexuality. 
In agency of disabled 

4818
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:41,100
individuals, his open to 
interpretation. 

4819
04:10:42,000 --> 04:10:45,600
By the end of her Global tours, 
Helen Keller had significantly 

4820
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:48,900
influenced Global Affairs. 
A fact that many were unaware of

4821
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:52,400
She was no longer just an 
American icon, she was an 

4822
04:10:52,400 --> 04:10:55,300
international Advocate, 
Connecting Threads of activism 

4823
04:10:55,300 --> 04:10:58,000
philosophy and personal 
determination. 

4824
04:10:58,900 --> 04:11:02,200
The seeds planted during these 
travels would germinate long 

4825
04:11:02,200 --> 04:11:04,400
after. 
She returned home, setting the 

4826
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:08,100
stage for the final chapter of 
her extraordinary, life chapters

4827
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:10,900
that reveal both the triumphs by
the end of her Global tours, 

4828
04:11:10,900 --> 04:11:14,300
Helen, Keller had significantly 
influenced Global Affairs. 

4829
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:18,600
A fact that many were on aware 
of and a legacy this shapes and 

4830
04:11:18,600 --> 04:11:21,700
human life. 
Helen Keller's later years often

4831
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:23,800
get overshadowed by the 
recounting of her childhood 

4832
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:27,000
miracle and her Global tours, 
but they were marked by both 

4833
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,100
measured tranquility and 
Relentless engagement with 

4834
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,900
causes she deemed vital. 
As Anne Sullivan's Health 

4835
04:11:33,900 --> 04:11:38,800
declined and eventually led to 
her passing in 1936 Helen face, 

4836
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:43,900
a profound personal loss and had
been her teacher, translator 

4837
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:47,800
Confidant. 
And most importantly, a 

4838
04:11:47,800 --> 04:11:49,900
steadfast Ally in all her 
endeavors. 

4839
04:11:50,900 --> 04:11:54,000
Although Polly Thompson and 
later, Winnie Corey assisted 

4840
04:11:54,000 --> 04:11:56,900
Helen, none could replace the 
nearly mythical Bond. 

4841
04:11:56,900 --> 04:12:00,500
She shared with an in private 
letters, Helen described feeling

4842
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:05,500
like a part of her gone silent 
yet even amid this grief, she 

4843
04:12:05,500 --> 04:12:09,500
pressed on translating Soro and 
to continue activism and public 

4844
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,500
service. 
She intensified her Outreach to 

4845
04:12:12,500 --> 04:12:14,200
injured veterans, during World 
War Two. 

4846
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,500
As many of them returned from 
the front lines with Newfound 

4847
04:12:17,500 --> 04:12:21,100
disabilities, she visited 
hospitals, showcasing our 

4848
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,400
Braille. 
And other adaptive methods could

4849
04:12:23,400 --> 04:12:25,600
provide access to education and 
employment opportunities. 

4850
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:30,000
For these men witnessing Helen 
Keller, a figure known worldwide

4851
04:12:30,000 --> 04:12:33,200
for transcending sensory 
barriers offered tangible hope. 

4852
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:36,600
She didn't sugarcoat the 
challenges instead. 

4853
04:12:36,600 --> 04:12:39,300
She conveyed the message that 
resilience was a discipline. 

4854
04:12:39,300 --> 04:12:43,100
Something cultivated through 
consistent determined effort 

4855
04:12:43,100 --> 04:12:45,500
bolstered by super supportive 
communities. 

4856
04:12:46,300 --> 04:12:49,100
By this point, her anti-fascist 
stance was unequivocal. 

4857
04:12:49,100 --> 04:12:52,500
And she frequently linked the 
fight against oppression abroad 

4858
04:12:52,500 --> 04:12:54,100
to the fight for equality at 
home. 

4859
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:57,900
In the post-war years, Helen 
remained a champion for 

4860
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,500
disability rights, but she never
abandoned her. 

4861
04:13:00,500 --> 04:13:04,200
Broader social conviction, she 
supported the burgeoning Civil 

4862
04:13:04,200 --> 04:13:06,600
Rights Movement drawing, 
parallels between the 

4863
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,600
marginalization of people of 
color, and that of disabled 

4864
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:13,700
individuals, She wrote letters 
to leaders like w e b Dubois 

4865
04:13:13,700 --> 04:13:18,000
voicing her unwavering support, 
and she cited the same. 

4866
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:20,900
Moral logic, she'd relied on 
throughout her life, that 

4867
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:23,700
Society cannot claim progress. 
When entire groups are 

4868
04:13:23,708 --> 04:13:27,500
systematically denied basic 
rights, While she was not as 

4869
04:13:27,500 --> 04:13:29,700
visible in civil rights actions,
as younger activists. 

4870
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:32,800
Her public statements lent, 
moral weight to the cause. 

4871
04:13:32,800 --> 04:13:36,900
Meanwhile, her personal 
Reflections matured in a series 

4872
04:13:36,900 --> 04:13:38,800
of essays. 
She lamented the ways. 

4873
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:42,000
Her socialist views had been 
either ignored or glossed over 

4874
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:44,900
by organizations, eager to use 
her image for fundraising. 

4875
04:13:45,600 --> 04:13:48,900
She recognized that she'd become
a symbol often an inspirational 

4876
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:49,400
one. 
Yes. 

4877
04:13:49,400 --> 04:13:53,000
But also a convenient caricature
that overshadowed her nuanced 

4878
04:13:53,000 --> 04:13:56,400
political beliefs. 
She wrote the world likes to see

4879
04:13:56,400 --> 04:13:59,400
a Triumph but it becomes uneasy 
when that Triumph calls for a 

4880
04:13:59,408 --> 04:14:03,200
radical shift in consciousness. 
These essays never garnered the 

4881
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:05,800
attention of her early 
achievements partly, because 

4882
04:14:05,800 --> 04:14:08,500
they challenged readers to 
confront deep-seated prejudices 

4883
04:14:08,500 --> 04:14:12,600
about both disability and class.
As she moved into her 70s, 

4884
04:14:12,600 --> 04:14:15,300
Helen's Pace. 
Slowed somewhat though she 

4885
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:17,200
refused to slip quietly into 
retirement. 

4886
04:14:18,400 --> 04:14:21,900
Still traveled across the United
States visiting schools for the 

4887
04:14:21,900 --> 04:14:24,400
blind. 
Giving lectures at University's 

4888
04:14:24,400 --> 04:14:27,000
and meeting public figures. 
Who sought her endorsement? 

4889
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:31,300
Hollywood occasionally Came 
Calling wanting to dramatize her

4890
04:14:31,300 --> 04:14:35,400
life for the umpteenth time. 
Despite her appreciation for the

4891
04:14:35,408 --> 04:14:38,400
renewed interest, she was 
cautious about repetitive 

4892
04:14:38,400 --> 04:14:42,000
storytelling that reduced her to
a mere child at the water pump. 

4893
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:45,600
She often insisted that any 
portrayal include her advocacy 

4894
04:14:45,600 --> 04:14:48,500
work and her worldview. 
They producers weren't always 

4895
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,200
receptive. 
She also kept she was writing 

4896
04:14:51,200 --> 04:14:54,500
producing articles letters and 
Reflections that hammered home, 

4897
04:14:54,500 --> 04:14:58,100
her belief in Humanities 
interconnected destiny, Helen's 

4898
04:14:58,100 --> 04:15:02,200
passing on June 1st. 1968 
brought tributes from Around the

4899
04:15:02,200 --> 04:15:06,500
Globe, obituaries lauded her as 
the miracle workers Miracle. 

4900
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:10,600
A phrase that while meant to 
honor, her only reinforced, the 

4901
04:15:10,608 --> 04:15:14,000
simplistic narrative, she had 
wrestled with all her life. 

4902
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:17,600
Yet behind the public memorials 
there was a Rippling 

4903
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:20,800
acknowledgment that Helen Keller
had been far more than a figure 

4904
04:15:20,800 --> 04:15:22,900
of pity or even of personal 
Triumph. 

4905
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:26,900
She had been a thinker and 
activist a woman of conviction 

4906
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,000
whose reach extended into issues
of class. 

4907
04:15:29,000 --> 04:15:32,600
Struggle, International, Peace, 
women's rights and racial 

4908
04:15:32,600 --> 04:15:35,500
Justice. 
In the decade since her death, 

4909
04:15:35,500 --> 04:15:39,100
historians and activists of 
Labor to resurrect the part of 

4910
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:43,100
Helen's story that mainstream 
culture brushed aside new 

4911
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:45,100
scholarship. 
Highlights her political essays,

4912
04:15:45,100 --> 04:15:48,800
her critiques of capitalism her 
commitment to civil rights and 

4913
04:15:48,800 --> 04:15:51,400
even her flirtation with various
Global philosophies. 

4914
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:54,800
Disability rights Advocates. 
Often point to her as an early 

4915
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:58,000
champion who recognized that the
fight for equal education and 

4916
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,400
social inclusion was 
fundamentally linked to broader 

4917
04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:03,900
societal reform. 
While some might still cling to 

4918
04:16:03,900 --> 04:16:06,800
the hagiographic tale of a 
little girl saved by a saintly 

4919
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:09,000
teacher. 
An increasing number of people 

4920
04:16:09,000 --> 04:16:11,400
have come to appreciate the full
tapestry of her life. 

4921
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:15,300
Nuanced sometimes contradictory,
but always deeply engaged with 

4922
04:16:15,300 --> 04:16:16,800
the moral imperatives of her 
era. 

4923
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:20,200
Helen Keller wasn't just the 
child at the pump, or The 

4924
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:23,000
Smiling woman on stage 
demonstrating, how she spoke. 

4925
04:16:23,000 --> 04:16:27,800
She was an impassioned. 
Imperfect, evolving figure whose

4926
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:30,700
challenges didn't simply end 
when she learned her first word.

4927
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,000
That Victory merely marked, the 
beginning of a lifetime of 

4928
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:37,900
struggles, fights for personal 
self-expression, and for a 

4929
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:40,600
society, that valued all forms 
of existence and potential. 

4930
04:16:41,700 --> 04:16:44,600
Helen Keller's Legacy, surpasses
the common belief that one can 

4931
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:47,500
achieve anything. 
Through hard work, it reaches 

4932
04:16:47,500 --> 04:16:50,600
toward a more profound truth 
empathy for others. 

4933
04:16:50,600 --> 04:16:53,800
Combined, with the courage to 
challenge in Justice can reshape

4934
04:16:53,800 --> 04:16:56,200
her Society understands both its
strengths and its 

4935
04:16:56,200 --> 04:16:59,600
responsibilities. 
In this light Helen, Keller 

4936
04:16:59,600 --> 04:17:03,200
stands not merely as a testament
perseverance, but as a Clarion 

4937
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:05,900
call for any generation that 
seeks to reconcile, the gulf 

4938
04:17:05,900 --> 04:17:08,400
between lofty, ideals and real 
world in equality. 

4939
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:12,100
She reminds us that what begins 
as a personal struggle, can 

4940
04:17:12,100 --> 04:17:15,800
flour into a collective cause a 
cause that demands continuous 

4941
04:17:15,800 --> 04:17:20,800
effort Relentless curiosity and 
above all unwavering Humanity. 

4942
04:17:24,500 --> 04:17:26,800
The Bell Chimes through the 
night like a furious 

4943
04:17:26,800 --> 04:17:28,600
blacksmith's, Hammer 
immediately. 

4944
04:17:28,600 --> 04:17:31,100
Awakening you despite your 
body's strong desire to act 

4945
04:17:31,100 --> 04:17:34,800
otherwise, That's Tudor England 
for you even though it's still 

4946
04:17:34,800 --> 04:17:38,900
completely dark outside. 4 a.m. 
the sun, has more important 

4947
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:42,200
things to do than help you You 
step on something cold and 

4948
04:17:42,200 --> 04:17:45,100
Squishy as soon as you roll out 
of your narrow straw mattress, 

4949
04:17:45,100 --> 04:17:47,100
which you share with two other 
servants. 

4950
04:17:47,100 --> 04:17:50,400
You've learned not to look too 
closely in a household of 40 

4951
04:17:50,400 --> 04:17:52,500
people with dubious hygiene 
habits. 

4952
04:17:52,500 --> 04:17:55,000
So hopefully it's just mud from 
yesterday's rain. 

4953
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:57,700
Some Mysteries are better off 
remaining unsolved. 

4954
04:17:57,700 --> 04:18:01,100
You have precisely one hour 
before the master and mistress 

4955
04:18:01,100 --> 04:18:04,400
expect their morning warmth. 
So your first task is to light 

4956
04:18:04,400 --> 04:18:06,000
the fires throughout the manor 
house. 

4957
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:09,900
There is no pressure at all. 
After Gathering your Tinderbox 

4958
04:18:09,900 --> 04:18:12,600
kindling and any remaining 
self-respect from the previous 

4959
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,000
day's mishaps, you start the 
well known dance of igniting 

4960
04:18:16,000 --> 04:18:18,200
steel and Flint that will not go
out. 

4961
04:18:19,800 --> 04:18:23,700
First up is the kitchen half. 
Stone and iron Beast. 

4962
04:18:23,700 --> 04:18:26,400
That could likely roast an 
entire Ox if necessary. 

4963
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:30,100
Getting it hot enough to boil 
water without releasing smoke 

4964
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:32,800
into the room is today's more 
modest objective. 

4965
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:35,900
Your eyebrows are still growing 
back from the incident with the 

4966
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:38,300
Greenwood last month. 
And you've mastered this 

4967
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:41,000
particular skill, through 
months, of trial and error, 

4968
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:44,700
mostly error You can hear the 
house gradually coming to life 

4969
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:47,200
as you work. 
Voices that are muffled, 

4970
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,400
footsteps, above, and the 
sporadic sound of someone 

4971
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:52,500
stubbing, their toe on 
furniture, in the dark. 

4972
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:56,300
As its crew gets ready for yet 
another day of lavish social 

4973
04:18:56,300 --> 04:19:00,200
theater, the Tudor Manor House, 
creaks, and moans like a great 

4974
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,000
wooden ship. 
The next fireplace in the 

4975
04:19:03,000 --> 04:19:05,300
spacious Hall has personality 
meaning. 

4976
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,000
It is temperamental and appears 
to take pleasure in making your 

4977
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:11,100
life difficult. 
Over the months, you've gotten 

4978
04:19:11,100 --> 04:19:14,700
to know this half and you talk 
to it in soothing low voices, 

4979
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:17,900
while you carefully arranged the
kindling, you know, better than 

4980
04:19:17,900 --> 04:19:20,300
your fellow servants, who 
believe you've gone a little 

4981
04:19:20,308 --> 04:19:24,900
soft headed kindness or at least
imaginative Square in languages.

4982
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:27,700
You've learned from the foreign 
traders who come here will 

4983
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:30,700
activate this fireplace. 
Your back hurts from carrying 

4984
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:33,900
logs and your hands are 
blackened with soot by the time 

4985
04:19:33,900 --> 04:19:36,900
you like the third fire. 
This one in the Master's private

4986
04:19:36,900 --> 04:19:39,600
chamber. 
However, witnessing the Flames 

4987
04:19:39,600 --> 04:19:43,300
ignite and spread turning Cold 
Stone into warmth and light is 

4988
04:19:43,300 --> 04:19:46,400
incredibly fulfilling. 
One spark at a time. 

4989
04:19:46,408 --> 04:19:49,400
You're bringing the house to 
life rather than merely starting

4990
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:52,100
fires. 
As you complete your rounds, the

4991
04:19:52,100 --> 04:19:54,300
morning, light is just starting 
to peek through the heavy 

4992
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,500
shutters in The Tudor 
Countryside Dawn arrives. 

4993
04:19:57,500 --> 04:20:01,100
Slowly like wine soaking into 
linen rather than with a big 

4994
04:20:01,108 --> 04:20:03,500
splash. 
You've been working for more 

4995
04:20:03,500 --> 04:20:06,900
than an hour and just as your 
day is starting, you realize, 

4996
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:10,000
it's actually morning. 
In the kitchen, you take a 

4997
04:20:10,000 --> 04:20:13,400
moment to warm your hands over 
the now, Jolly fire and steal a 

4998
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:15,400
piece of bread from the basket 
on the table from yesterday. 

4999
04:20:16,300 --> 04:20:19,200
It's difficult enough to make 
someone understand but it's 

5000
04:20:19,200 --> 04:20:21,100
nearly edible when dipped in the
hot milk. 

5001
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:23,000
The cook left steaming by the 
fireplace. 

5002
04:20:23,000 --> 04:20:25,900
Even small victories. 
Make a big difference. 

5003
04:20:25,900 --> 04:20:29,700
When your life is defined by the
tasks, you are accomplished and 

5004
04:20:29,700 --> 04:20:33,700
the penalties, you avoid. 
Now that the house is completely

5005
04:20:33,700 --> 04:20:36,300
awake. 
You can hear the sounds of Tudor

5006
04:20:36,300 --> 04:20:39,300
morning, chaos starting up. 
Stairs demands for hot water, 

5007
04:20:39,300 --> 04:20:42,900
clean, Linens and precisely the 
right temperature for breakfast 

5008
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:46,000
will soon arise for now. 
However, you give yourself 

5009
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:49,100
permission to enjoy the warmth 
and the silent fulfillment of a 

5010
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:50,800
job. 
Well done, during this fleeting 

5011
04:20:50,800 --> 04:20:54,600
interval between the lighting of
fires and the start of actual 

5012
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:58,400
chaos One fire at a time today, 
feels manageable. 

5013
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:02,000
But tomorrow will bring the same
routine in a Tudor home 

5014
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,700
freshwater's. 
Like gold, only heavier and more

5015
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:06,900
prone to spill unexpectedly down
your front. 

5016
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:10,600
Your arms are already objecting 
to the idea of carrying bucket 

5017
04:21:10,600 --> 04:21:13,600
after Bucket from the courtyard,
well, to different locations 

5018
04:21:13,600 --> 04:21:15,200
throughout the house for your 
next task. 

5019
04:21:15,900 --> 04:21:18,700
Your ancestors would have likely
worshiped, the well, as a minor 

5020
04:21:18,700 --> 04:21:20,700
deity because it is an 
engineering Marvel. 

5021
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:24,600
You cannot see the bottom 
because it is so profound when 

5022
04:21:24,600 --> 04:21:26,700
you release the bucket it 
disappears into the darkness 

5023
04:21:26,700 --> 04:21:30,400
with a gratifying Splash that 
resembles an underground cheer. 

5024
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:33,300
Pulling it back up with without 
losing half the water due to 

5025
04:21:33,300 --> 04:21:34,900
physics. 
And your incompetence is the 

5026
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:38,100
true challenge over the months. 
You've honed a method for this. 

5027
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:43,000
That combines prayer, dance, and
careful gravity negotiation When

5028
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:46,200
the bucket is properly full, the
Rope has a certain feel to it, 

5029
04:21:46,208 --> 04:21:48,700
and you've mastered the art of 
reading its weight. 

5030
04:21:49,500 --> 04:21:51,700
If the bucket is too light, it 
didn't fill properly. 

5031
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:55,300
If it's too, heavy water will 
slosh over the rim and down your

5032
04:21:55,300 --> 04:21:57,300
sleeves. 
Quickly getting you down. 

5033
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:00,900
The first delivery is always 
made to the Master's chamber 

5034
04:22:00,900 --> 04:22:04,400
where it is anticipated that hot
water for washing will magically

5035
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:07,200
materialize. 
You carefully balance the heavy 

5036
04:22:07,200 --> 04:22:09,600
bucket as you ascend the narrow 
servants stairs. 

5037
04:22:09,600 --> 04:22:12,500
Trying not to consider the 
consequences of slipping. 

5038
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:16,600
The stairs, which are narrow 
Steep and seemed to move 

5039
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:19,800
slightly each time you use them.
Well, they designed by someone 

5040
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:21,700
who never had to carry water up 
them. 

5041
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:24,800
You're exactly on time because 
Master Thomas is already 

5042
04:22:24,800 --> 04:22:25,900
stirring. 
When you get there. 

5043
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:29,900
As far as Tudor gentlemen go, 
he's a decent sort but he has 

5044
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:32,700
the odd habit of talking to 
himself, while shaving not 

5045
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:35,800
strange, chats mind you. 
But lengthy discussions about 

5046
04:22:35,800 --> 04:22:39,000
crop rotation and a state 
management that imply, he's 

5047
04:22:39,000 --> 04:22:41,700
either losing his sense of 
reality or is extremely 

5048
04:22:41,700 --> 04:22:44,800
committed to his job. 
As you fill his washing base 

5049
04:22:44,800 --> 04:22:47,100
with water and lay out his 
clothes for the day, you've 

5050
04:22:47,100 --> 04:22:50,000
learned to ignore these 
soliloquies, the Mistress of the

5051
04:22:50,000 --> 04:22:53,100
house needs a completely 
different strategy, the warmth 

5052
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:56,200
of a summer afternoon, in lady, 
Margaret's early years, which 

5053
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:58,400
seems to exist. 
Only in her memory and you're 

5054
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:01,800
increasingly desperate attempts 
to recreate it is precisely what

5055
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:04,500
she has in mind when she talks 
about the temperature of water. 

5056
04:23:04,500 --> 04:23:09,800
Neither too hot nor too cold. 
By testing each bucket with your

5057
04:23:09,800 --> 04:23:12,500
wrist and making small 
adjustments until the water 

5058
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,800
reaches that fabled ideal 
temperature, you've created what

5059
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:18,700
you privately refer to as the 
Goldilocks technique. 

5060
04:23:19,400 --> 04:23:22,100
Her Chambers are amazed of 
delicate objects, that seem to 

5061
04:23:22,100 --> 04:23:23,500
multiply when you're not 
looking. 

5062
04:23:24,400 --> 04:23:27,300
Servants with buckets of water, 
could easily topple, the jewelry

5063
04:23:27,300 --> 04:23:29,000
boxes. 
Silk, cushions, and silver 

5064
04:23:29,000 --> 04:23:31,900
mirrors, all of, which were 
placed at precisely the right 

5065
04:23:31,900 --> 04:23:34,500
height and angle. 
You navigate this obstacle 

5066
04:23:34,500 --> 04:23:38,000
course with the focus of a cat 
pursuing a mouse ensuring that 

5067
04:23:38,000 --> 04:23:40,100
each step is meticulously 
planned. 

5068
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:44,200
And executed, The kitchen being 
the Hub of the home naturally. 

5069
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:47,300
Requires the most water. 
Water is necessary for 

5070
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:49,400
everything from washing 
vegetables, to Preparing, the 

5071
04:23:49,400 --> 04:23:53,700
days bread, according to the 
Cook Agnes, a formidable woman, 

5072
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:57,200
who ruled her realm with an iron
Ladle and a vocabulary, that 

5073
04:23:57,200 --> 04:24:00,300
would make a sailor blush. 
She is also picky about her 

5074
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:03,700
water sources, using rainwater 
to wash delicate herbs. 

5075
04:24:03,700 --> 04:24:06,500
Well, water for cooking and 
drinking and what she 

5076
04:24:06,508 --> 04:24:09,800
enigmatically refers to as soft 
water for the best pastries. 

5077
04:24:10,600 --> 04:24:12,000
By your fourth. 
Visit to the well. 

5078
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,200
Your hands have grown new 
calluses to match the old ones 

5079
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:17,500
and your shoulders are 
complaining formally. 

5080
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,400
The walk to the Courtyard, the 
sound of the bucket, hitting the

5081
04:24:21,400 --> 04:24:24,400
water and the steady Rhythm of 
the Rope passing through your 

5082
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:26,700
hands, all possess a meditative 
quality. 

5083
04:24:26,700 --> 04:24:29,900
It's the kind of honest work 
that at the end of the day, 

5084
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:33,200
leaves, you feeling content, but
exhausted, you can smell 

5085
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:36,300
breakfast, starting to take 
shape in the kitchen as the sun 

5086
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,900
rises higher bathing, the 
courtyard stones and warm Golden

5087
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:42,200
Light. 
You can now look forward to the 

5088
04:24:42,200 --> 04:24:45,100
next part of your day which is 
helping to prepare the food that

5089
04:24:45,100 --> 04:24:48,200
will sustain this small army of 
nobles servants and Hangers On 

5090
04:24:48,200 --> 04:24:49,800
through another day of Tudor 
life. 

5091
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:52,500
As your morning, water Duties 
are almost complete. 

5092
04:24:52,500 --> 04:24:55,000
You've learned that. 
If you want to survive, you must

5093
04:24:55,008 --> 04:24:57,600
stay out of Agnes's way while 
still being useful enough. 

5094
04:24:57,600 --> 04:25:01,800
To avoid her famous wooden spoon
to the rear Agnes, the cook 

5095
04:25:01,800 --> 04:25:04,300
manages her kitchen like a 
general leading troops. 

5096
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:07,900
The kitchen is a unique 
environment that serves as a 

5097
04:25:07,900 --> 04:25:11,400
workshop, a Battleground and a 
sanctuary, enabling the family 

5098
04:25:11,400 --> 04:25:13,800
to eat with remarkable 
efficiency, and minimal 

5099
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:17,500
disturbance, Your tasks for the 
morning is to assist in making 

5100
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:20,900
breakfast, which in a Tudor home
entails, preparing enough food 

5101
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:23,700
to feed a small village. 
Although the Gentry may eat 

5102
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:27,100
sparingly, they eat frequently 
and each meal must showcase the 

5103
04:25:27,100 --> 04:25:30,300
family's abundance and wealth. 
There is no pressure at all. 

5104
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:33,600
You start with the bread Agnes 
made Before Dawn when you want 

5105
04:25:33,600 --> 04:25:36,400
to sleep more. 
It is your responsibility to 

5106
04:25:36,400 --> 04:25:39,800
slice it into appropriate, 
portions that a uniform enough. 

5107
04:25:39,800 --> 04:25:43,100
That no one feels cheated by 
their portion size, thin enough 

5108
04:25:43,100 --> 04:25:46,300
to demonstrate refinement and 
thick enough to absorb me 

5109
04:25:46,300 --> 04:25:48,900
juices. 
It seems easy Until you realize 

5110
04:25:48,900 --> 04:25:51,800
that you're dealing with a knife
that has seen better days and 

5111
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:53,300
bred that could be used as a 
weapon. 

5112
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:56,100
Watching Agnes, perform her 
magic. 

5113
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:58,500
With the morning's, meet course 
is the true source of 

5114
04:25:58,508 --> 04:26:01,000
entertainment. 
Is cooking a beef joint that 

5115
04:26:01,000 --> 04:26:04,300
appears to be big enough to have
been from a very hopeful cow and

5116
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:07,200
she tackles it with the 
laser-like focus of a marble 

5117
04:26:07,200 --> 04:26:09,600
Sculptor. 
Her knife work is poetry in 

5118
04:26:09,608 --> 04:26:14,300
motion accurate effective and 
sometimes laced with commentary 

5119
04:26:14,300 --> 04:26:17,000
about the origins of the meat 
that you're pretty certain isn't

5120
04:26:17,000 --> 04:26:20,000
supported by science. 
When you consider that Tudor 

5121
04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:22,600
eggs are produced by Tudor 
chickens, who are currently see 

5122
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:25,000
laying eggs as a personal favor.
They are performing for 

5123
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:28,600
Humanity, you realize that your 
assignment to egg Duty, seems 

5124
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:31,900
innocuous, these eggs have 
personalities, some are just 

5125
04:26:31,908 --> 04:26:35,000
plain, some have odd shapes and 
occasionally, you come across 

5126
04:26:35,000 --> 04:26:37,600
one that challenge is all of 
your preconceived notions about 

5127
04:26:37,600 --> 04:26:40,200
chickens. 
It's your responsibility to 

5128
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:42,700
classify them as better used for
throwing it. 

5129
04:26:42,700 --> 04:26:47,200
Traveling performers, normal, 
and slightly suspicious Agnes 

5130
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:50,100
has committed every minute of 
the meticulously planned kitchen

5131
04:26:50,100 --> 04:26:53,000
schedule to memory. 
Just as the meat enters, the 

5132
04:26:53,000 --> 04:26:55,700
oven, the bread exits. 
The vegetables are chopped 

5133
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:58,200
according to the cooking time 
depending on what is being 

5134
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:00,000
prepared. 
Different kinds of wooded Into 

5135
04:27:00,000 --> 04:27:02,600
the Fire. 
Pine for when Agnes is feeling a

5136
04:27:02,600 --> 04:27:05,500
specially inventive with her. 
Swearing Applewood for flavor 

5137
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:09,400
and Oak for consistent Heat. 
You've learned to read the 

5138
04:27:09,408 --> 04:27:11,900
kitchen's moods by watching 
Agnes's movements. 

5139
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:15,700
The food will be amazing and 
everything will be fine when 

5140
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:19,000
she's humming to herself. 
Minor catastrophes are Brewing 

5141
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:21,900
but are likely to be contained 
when she's muttering to herself,

5142
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:25,400
make yourself useful somewhere 
else until the storm passes 

5143
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:28,500
during which time she's 
completely silent except for the

5144
04:27:28,500 --> 04:27:32,200
piercing sounds of violent. 
Chopping With its pricey 

5145
04:27:32,200 --> 04:27:35,000
seasonings that cost. 
More than most servants making a

5146
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:37,400
month. 
The spice cabinet is Agnes's, 

5147
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:38,700
personal. 
Treasure Trove. 

5148
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,600
She measures out exact amounts 
with the solemnity of a priest. 

5149
04:27:42,600 --> 04:27:46,400
Making communion wine guarding 
these spices like a dragon 

5150
04:27:46,400 --> 04:27:50,600
guarding gold after learning 
this lesson, the hard way after 

5151
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:53,700
inadvertently knocking over a 
container of imported pepper, 

5152
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:57,100
which took Agnes three months to
replace and forgive your 

5153
04:27:57,100 --> 04:27:59,500
permitted to observe but a 
strictly prohibited from 

5154
04:27:59,500 --> 04:28:03,700
touching The sounds of orderly 
chaos and the Aromas of cooking.

5155
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:07,600
Fill the kitchen as the morning 
wears on. hand Sizzle pops 

5156
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:12,000
bubble and Agnes, the symphony 
with commentary that varies from

5157
04:28:12,000 --> 04:28:16,200
uplifting to vividly descriptive
as you chop vegetables in time 

5158
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:19,000
with Agnes's Direction, stir 
pots in time with her humming 

5159
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:22,300
and join in on the daily dance. 
In the kitchen, you discover 

5160
04:28:22,300 --> 04:28:24,300
yourself slipping into the 
rhythm of it all. 

5161
04:28:25,400 --> 04:28:28,500
The servants breakfast happens 
in Stolen Moments between tasks,

5162
04:28:28,500 --> 04:28:31,500
a quick bite of bread here, A 
Taste of porridge there. 

5163
04:28:31,500 --> 04:28:34,700
Always with one eye on Agnes to 
make sure you're not slacking 

5164
04:28:34,700 --> 04:28:36,900
off when there's work to be 
done, even if you didn't 

5165
04:28:36,900 --> 04:28:39,500
contribute much, there's a 
certain satisfaction in eating 

5166
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:42,600
food, you helped prepare It's 
not a glamorous dining 

5167
04:28:42,600 --> 04:28:45,800
experience by the time the 
Gentry is breakfast is ready. 

5168
04:28:45,800 --> 04:28:48,600
You have developed a healthy 
appetite and a profound 

5169
04:28:48,600 --> 04:28:51,900
admiration for Agnes's Talent 
even though, you know, better 

5170
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:56,000
she makes feeding 40 people seem
effortless, every great meal 

5171
04:28:56,000 --> 04:28:59,600
requires years of practice hours
of preparation, and the 

5172
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:01,800
occasional Miracle when 
everything works out. 

5173
04:29:01,800 --> 04:29:04,700
In spite of unreliable 
ingredients, and temperamental 

5174
04:29:04,700 --> 04:29:07,800
ovens. 
In a Tudor Manor House serving 

5175
04:29:07,800 --> 04:29:10,300
breakfast is similar to 
performing in a play where 

5176
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:13,400
everyone knows their part, 
except for you and forgetting, 

5177
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:15,900
your lines has more serious 
repercussions than just 

5178
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:18,800
embarrassment. 
The family and their guests of 

5179
04:29:18,800 --> 04:29:21,600
gathered in the Magnificent hall
for the mornings meticulously 

5180
04:29:21,600 --> 04:29:25,100
planned exhibition of wealth, 
and sophistication and you carry

5181
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:29,000
the first platters inside. 
With its high ceilings enormous 

5182
04:29:29,000 --> 04:29:32,200
wooden beams and tapestries that
most likely cost more than your 

5183
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:33,700
entire Village made the previous
year. 

5184
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:36,500
The Magnificent Hall is built to
impress. 

5185
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:40,500
The room is dominated by the 
long oak table which has been 

5186
04:29:40,508 --> 04:29:42,900
polished to a Sheen that 
reflects the morning light 

5187
04:29:42,900 --> 04:29:44,000
coming in through the tall 
windows. 

5188
04:29:44,900 --> 04:29:48,600
This family is Rich tasteful and
sensible enough to show it. 

5189
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:52,700
After weeks of practice and a 
few mishaps that have become 

5190
04:29:52,700 --> 04:29:56,000
family Legends, you have 
committed the serving protocol 

5191
04:29:56,000 --> 04:29:59,700
to memory, never reach across. 
Someone serve from the left 

5192
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:03,500
clear from the right and never 
ever spill anything on lady, 

5193
04:30:03,500 --> 04:30:07,200
Margaret's morning gown. 
Story about you a picture of 

5194
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,100
cream and address. 
That was more expensive than 

5195
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:12,900
most people's homes led to the 
creation of that final rule. 

5196
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:16,900
Master Thomas and His Steward or
already deep in conversation at 

5197
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:19,500
the head of the table about 
tenant rents and crop yields. 

5198
04:30:19,500 --> 04:30:22,600
You've learned to respect his 
ability to talk about grain 

5199
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:24,800
prices while eating a fantastic 
deal. 

5200
04:30:25,800 --> 04:30:28,300
He eats breakfast like someone 
who has never worried about food

5201
04:30:28,300 --> 04:30:30,400
but it could feed his family for
a week. 

5202
04:30:31,200 --> 04:30:34,500
Lady Margaret, who was born to 
command attention, overseas the 

5203
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:36,800
meal with Grace. 
You've always thought it should 

5204
04:30:36,800 --> 04:30:39,600
be impossible for her to look 
elegant while eating but it 

5205
04:30:39,600 --> 04:30:41,900
turns out that all it takes is 
the correct breeding. 

5206
04:30:41,900 --> 04:30:45,000
And enough practice the 
discussion ranges from London. 

5207
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:48,300
Fashion news to local rumors to 
skateing remarks about the 

5208
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:51,600
conduct of different servants, 
which undoubtedly includes you. 

5209
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:55,900
A revolving cost of local Gentry
traveling merchants and distant 

5210
04:30:55,900 --> 04:30:59,000
relatives who have come for 
visits of unknown duration, make

5211
04:30:59,000 --> 04:31:02,100
up the tables guests, each 
brings their quirks and 

5212
04:31:02,100 --> 04:31:04,500
requirements. 
So William always prefers to 

5213
04:31:04,500 --> 04:31:07,100
have his meat cut into small 
enough pieces so that his 

5214
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:08,800
remaining teeth won't have to 
work as hard. 

5215
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:12,600
The merchants wife needs a bread
trenches to be perfectly square,

5216
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:15,000
serving. 
The visiting Yorkshire cousin is

5217
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:18,000
a diplomatic smile exercise. 
Because she maintains that 

5218
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:20,400
everything north of the river. 
Trend is better than everything 

5219
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:23,700
South. 
Even the water Refilling wine 

5220
04:31:23,700 --> 04:31:26,800
cups, swapping out, empty 
platters, and attempting to 

5221
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:29,000
blend in with the background 
noise while under constant 

5222
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:31,400
scrutiny. 
You move through the room with 

5223
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:34,700
practiced efficiency, Being 
present enough to anticipate 

5224
04:31:34,700 --> 04:31:37,600
needs while remaining discreet 
enough for your employers to act

5225
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:39,500
as though you don't exist when 
it suits them. 

5226
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:43,600
Is the art of excellent service,
you've learned Politics, the 

5227
04:31:43,600 --> 04:31:46,800
weather, your neighbors and The 
Perennial Tudor, preoccupation 

5228
04:31:46,800 --> 04:31:49,600
with who is marrying whom and 
why are all topics of 

5229
04:31:49,600 --> 04:31:52,000
conversation that swirl around 
you like a river around. 

5230
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:55,600
Stones you learned tidbits of 
information that depict a world 

5231
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:58,300
far bigger than the manor house 
including news from the 

5232
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:01,900
continent, stories about events 
in London and rumors about the 

5233
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:04,400
Royal Court that seeped through 
social strata. 

5234
04:32:04,400 --> 04:32:07,700
Like rain through leaves, 
sometimes when the formal 

5235
04:32:07,700 --> 04:32:10,800
performance falters and genuine 
affection is evident, you can 

5236
04:32:10,800 --> 04:32:12,900
see glimmers of warmth between 
family members. 

5237
04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:16,400
When their oldest son, mentions 
a persistent cough. 

5238
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:20,100
Lady Margaret, expresses genuine
concern Master. 

5239
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:23,500
Thomas makes his wife laugh with
a private joke and the younger 

5240
04:32:23,500 --> 04:32:26,000
kids momentarily. 
Lose their table manners as they

5241
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:28,100
get excited about the 
afternoon's plans. 

5242
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:33,300
With several meet courses, fresh
bread, preserved, fruits cheese,

5243
04:32:33,300 --> 04:32:36,600
that smells like it could Rouse 
the dead and wind that flows 

5244
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:38,400
more freely than water in most 
homes. 

5245
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:41,300
The meal itself is a Marvel of 
abundance. 

5246
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:44,200
Every napkin is folded with 
mathematical accuracy. 

5247
04:32:44,200 --> 04:32:48,300
Every cup is filled to the exact
level and every dish is 

5248
04:32:48,300 --> 04:32:52,100
presented exquisitely. 
It's a daily demonstration that 

5249
04:32:52,100 --> 04:32:55,200
this family has not only 
survived, but thrived in a world

5250
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:56,900
where such success is never 
guaranteed. 

5251
04:32:56,900 --> 04:33:00,700
You start the delicate task of 
clearing the table as breakfast 

5252
04:33:00,700 --> 04:33:03,300
comes to an end with without 
interfering with the ongoing 

5253
04:33:03,300 --> 04:33:07,900
conversation for this. 
You need timing patience and the

5254
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:10,900
ability to discern when someone 
is actually done with a dish 

5255
04:33:10,900 --> 04:33:14,300
rather than just stopping to 
point out grain tariffs, You've 

5256
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:17,599
honed your intuition for these 
instances, recognizing the 

5257
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,300
subtle cues that signal when 
it's appropriate to grab an 

5258
04:33:20,300 --> 04:33:22,900
empty plate. 
You've walked miles around the 

5259
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:26,099
wonderful Hall, balance to 
gazillion dishes and managed to 

5260
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,500
avoid any major disaster by the 
time the family scattered off to

5261
04:33:29,500 --> 04:33:30,900
their different morning 
activities. 

5262
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,599
Although, they may seem small 
victories are important in a 

5263
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:35,900
world. 
Where your livelihood depends 

5264
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,800
on, not dropping things on 
important people, you'll take 

5265
04:33:38,808 --> 04:33:40,500
success, wherever you can find 
it. 

5266
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,099
Every surface in the manor house
whether it needs it or not gets 

5267
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:46,500
attention during the massive 
cleaning campaign that follows 

5268
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:50,200
breakfast, you have brushes rags
and a bucket of water that was 

5269
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,700
hot when you began but it is now
cool to the ideal temperature 

5270
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:55,400
for reflecting on your life 
decisions. 

5271
04:33:56,200 --> 04:33:59,599
After breakfast, the Great Hall 
needs extra care and you tackle.

5272
04:33:59,599 --> 04:34:02,300
This chore with the methodical 
attention to detail of a 

5273
04:34:02,300 --> 04:34:05,200
military operation. 
You start by sweeping the floors

5274
04:34:05,200 --> 04:34:08,200
rushes which have gathered a 
remarkable assortment of trash 

5275
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:11,400
from the mornings events. 
Throwing food scraps to the dogs

5276
04:34:11,400 --> 04:34:13,599
is a part of Tudor dining and 
occasionally. 

5277
04:34:13,599 --> 04:34:17,200
The aim is not quite perfect. 
The Russians themselves are a 

5278
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:19,099
constant source of mild horror 
and fascination. 

5279
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:23,000
In addition, to providing a soft
surface For Walkin On and 

5280
04:34:23,000 --> 04:34:26,400
absorbing spills, they also hold
on to Insects smells and 

5281
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:30,099
enigmatic stains that if they 
could speak could reveal Secrets

5282
04:34:30,099 --> 04:34:32,300
those are stories. 
You would rather not hear. 

5283
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:35,599
The secret is to replace them 
frequently enough to preserve 

5284
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:38,900
basic hygiene without wasting 
money on spending materials. 

5285
04:34:40,200 --> 04:34:43,099
The Magnificent table which is 
seen more life than most people 

5286
04:34:43,099 --> 04:34:45,099
and bears. 
The scars of it is the next 

5287
04:34:45,099 --> 04:34:48,599
piece of furniture, you polish, 
when properly cared for the 

5288
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:51,599
would still shines with a deep 
richness despite being scarred 

5289
04:34:51,599 --> 04:34:56,000
by knives stained by wine and 
worn down by years of use, Your 

5290
04:34:56,000 --> 04:34:58,500
reflection waivers in its 
surface, like a funhouse mirror.

5291
04:34:59,200 --> 04:35:03,099
Sorted, but recognizable. 
The tapestry is present the true

5292
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:06,800
difficulty, requiring close 
attention, and a thorough 

5293
04:35:06,800 --> 04:35:10,500
comprehension of which ones are 
genuinely cleanable, and which 

5294
04:35:10,500 --> 04:35:12,599
are held together by dirt and 
obstinacy. 

5295
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:16,099
The hunting scene on the East 
wall is a specially Troublesome 

5296
04:35:16,099 --> 04:35:18,700
because lady Margaret demands 
that the threads be kept dust 

5297
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:21,900
free despite the fact that they 
are so delicate that breathing 

5298
04:35:21,900 --> 04:35:24,099
on them to forcefully could 
seriously harm them. 

5299
04:35:25,599 --> 04:35:27,800
You've mastered the art of 
delicately brushing and 

5300
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:30,599
fervently praying to whatever 
patron saint is in charge of 

5301
04:35:30,608 --> 04:35:33,900
household textiles. 
While Agnes prepares the 

5302
04:35:33,900 --> 04:35:36,800
afternoon Feast, you have a 
quick break at noon to eat your 

5303
04:35:36,808 --> 04:35:38,500
meal in the kitchen with the 
other servants. 

5304
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:42,400
In the servants table rank. 
His less important than who gets

5305
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:46,000
the bread first and who dares to
ask for seconds when Agnes is 

5306
04:35:46,000 --> 04:35:50,500
upset, Practical topics dominate
the conversation, such as witch 

5307
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,400
rooms require the most attention
who has been tasked with 

5308
04:35:53,400 --> 04:35:55,700
maintaining, the north Wings 
temperamental chimney. 

5309
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:58,400
And whether the Master's 
visiting, nephew will ever learn

5310
04:35:58,400 --> 04:36:02,000
how to use a chamber pot 
correctly. breakfast appears to 

5311
04:36:02,000 --> 04:36:04,200
be a light snack as the 
afternoon serving 

5312
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:07,099
responsibilities start with 
dinner, the day's main course, 

5313
04:36:07,800 --> 04:36:10,500
The kitchen sends forth a parade
of dishes that were challenged 

5314
04:36:10,500 --> 04:36:13,800
the organizational skills of a 
Roman legion multiple meet 

5315
04:36:13,800 --> 04:36:15,200
courses. 
Elaborate pies. 

5316
04:36:15,200 --> 04:36:18,700
Vegetables prepared in ways that
disguise their humble Origins 

5317
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:22,599
and deserts that are more 
architecture than food You can 

5318
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,500
tell how long a meal will take 
and how hard it will be by 

5319
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:28,599
listening to the noise level and
the wine consumption rate from 

5320
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:32,099
the servants entrance. 
Formal service in a keen eye for

5321
04:36:32,099 --> 04:36:34,400
detail, are necessary for a 
quiet, restrained meal. 

5322
04:36:35,099 --> 04:36:38,400
There will be more wine or 
stories and a lot more clean up 

5323
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:40,000
after a boisterous joyous 
dinner. 

5324
04:36:40,800 --> 04:36:43,800
The conversation is Lively. 
But polite, the wine is Flowing,

5325
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:46,800
but not overflowing and the 
guests appear more focused on 

5326
04:36:46,800 --> 04:36:48,900
the food than on making 
memorable mishaps. 

5327
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:52,599
Today's meal is in the middle. 
You move through your duties 

5328
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:55,400
with the smooth efficiency that 
comes from months of practice 

5329
04:36:55,400 --> 04:36:59,000
and anticipating needs before 
their expressed and solving 

5330
04:36:59,000 --> 04:37:01,000
small problems. 
Before they become large ones 

5331
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:04,500
through necessity and repeated 
practice, you've learned how to 

5332
04:37:04,508 --> 04:37:06,800
refill wine cups without 
disrupting crucial 

5333
04:37:06,800 --> 04:37:09,700
conversations. 
When someone reaches the point 

5334
04:37:09,700 --> 04:37:13,200
in their story, where dramatic 
gestures are required, it takes 

5335
04:37:13,200 --> 04:37:16,800
precise timing, silent movement 
and the capacity to temporarily 

5336
04:37:16,800 --> 04:37:19,800
disappear. 
You now know which patrons take 

5337
04:37:19,800 --> 04:37:22,300
service interruptions. 
Well, and which view them as 

5338
04:37:22,300 --> 04:37:25,000
personal slights. 
You find yourself slipping into 

5339
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:28,099
the well-known service Rhythm as
the afternoon wears on and the 

5340
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:31,800
meal continues, its leisurely 
progression watch and anticipate

5341
04:37:31,800 --> 04:37:36,400
act Retreat, repeat. 
It's hard work that needs 

5342
04:37:36,400 --> 04:37:38,700
continuous Focus. 
But there's a sense of 

5343
04:37:38,700 --> 04:37:41,200
accomplishment when you do it 
well and contribute to the 

5344
04:37:41,200 --> 04:37:43,800
efficient operation, that keeps 
the manor house running like a 

5345
04:37:43,800 --> 04:37:47,599
well-kept machine. 
The warm afternoon light pouring

5346
04:37:47,599 --> 04:37:50,700
Through the Windows slowly fills
the dining room, Illuminating 

5347
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:54,099
everything with golden Hues that
in part the most ordinary chores

5348
04:37:54,099 --> 04:37:57,300
are magical touch. 
You occasionally gain a glimpse 

5349
04:37:57,300 --> 04:38:00,200
of what makes this life bearable
in these moments between the 

5350
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:02,599
pressure to be perfect and the 
demands of service. 

5351
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:06,599
The daily Miracle of abundance 
in a world where such plenty, as

5352
04:38:06,599 --> 04:38:10,900
far from guaranteed, the small 
community of fellow servants and

5353
04:38:10,900 --> 04:38:14,599
the quiet pride of work done. 
Well, your role changes from 

5354
04:38:14,599 --> 04:38:17,900
servant to defender of domestic 
order as the afternoon turned 

5355
04:38:17,900 --> 04:38:20,900
into evening and the manor house
starts to transition from 

5356
04:38:20,900 --> 04:38:23,500
daytime productivity to night 
time Comfort. 

5357
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:27,099
Although, the evening meal known
as supper is usually lighter 

5358
04:38:27,099 --> 04:38:29,200
than dinner. 
It is just a significant in 

5359
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:32,099
Tudor social life. 
You start by getting the great 

5360
04:38:32,099 --> 04:38:34,900
haul, ready for the evening's 
events which could range from 

5361
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:37,700
somber business talks to 
spontaneous musical performances

5362
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:40,700
by visitors who might or might 
not be truly talented. 

5363
04:38:41,700 --> 04:38:44,000
The furniture is set up to 
promote the proper kind of 

5364
04:38:44,008 --> 04:38:47,400
socializing the candles and oil 
lamps are lit and placed to 

5365
04:38:47,400 --> 04:38:51,099
provide both illumination and 
atmosphere and the rushes are 

5366
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,300
replenished. 
When necessary, you've mastered 

5367
04:38:53,300 --> 04:38:56,400
the art of lighting, the evening
lamps via a great deal of trial 

5368
04:38:56,400 --> 04:38:58,599
and error. 
Insufficient light causes 

5369
04:38:58,599 --> 04:39:02,500
everyone to squint and trip. 
Excessive light produces harsh 

5370
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:05,500
Shadows, that make even the 
friendliest visitors appear to 

5371
04:39:05,500 --> 04:39:08,099
be plotting. 
Rarely and The ideal lighting 

5372
04:39:08,099 --> 04:39:11,599
creates a cozy welcoming on 
beams that enhances everyone's 

5373
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:15,800
appearance and encourages Frank 
conversation and loose, purse 

5374
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:18,900
strings. 
These the formal choreography of

5375
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:21,200
dinner calls for a different 
approach than supper service. 

5376
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:25,700
Delicate, pastries, carefully, 
chosen cheeses, fruits preserved

5377
04:39:25,700 --> 04:39:28,400
in, Honey, and spices that cost 
more than a servants monthly 

5378
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:31,400
salary and wine. 
As being chosen, especially to 

5379
04:39:31,400 --> 04:39:34,700
promote clever, conversation and
beneficial business deals are 

5380
04:39:34,700 --> 04:39:37,500
all examples of food that is 
meant to enhance wine and 

5381
04:39:37,508 --> 04:39:40,200
conversation rather than take 
Center Stage. 

5382
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:43,800
Like weather patterns, you've 
learned to read the social 

5383
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:46,200
undercurrents in the room and 
know when a seemingly casual 

5384
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:49,200
conversation is really a 
negotiation when laughter 

5385
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:52,200
signals genuine, Amusement 
versus polite obligation. 

5386
04:39:52,200 --> 04:39:54,900
And when it's time to make sure 
some wine cups are refilled. 

5387
04:39:54,900 --> 04:39:58,300
More often than others, these 
small adjustments to comfort and

5388
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:00,600
Ambience frequently determine 
how well the evening goes. 

5389
04:40:01,500 --> 04:40:03,900
During evening activities, the 
house kids pose their own 

5390
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:07,000
special difficulties. 
The estate are young. 

5391
04:40:07,000 --> 04:40:10,200
Master Edmund is in that 
delightful stage of life, when 

5392
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,400
he feels too old to act like a 
child, but isn't disciplined 

5393
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:15,300
enough to refrain from it on a 
regular basis. 

5394
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:19,000
It is concerning that his sister
Catherine has taken to posing 

5395
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:22,600
pointed questions about why 
servants are illiterate and 

5396
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:25,600
whether God truly intended for 
some people to live in luxury. 

5397
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:29,500
While others workers chamber pot
empty, as these discussions need

5398
04:40:29,500 --> 04:40:32,700
to be carefully steered and 
strategically redirected toward 

5399
04:40:32,700 --> 04:40:36,700
less philosophically problematic
subjects. as the evening wears 

5400
04:40:36,700 --> 04:40:40,200
on your responsibilities, go 
beyond providing service to 

5401
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:43,600
include preserving The Fragile, 
social ecology that keeps the 

5402
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:47,200
home running efficiently, This 
entails handling, the delicate 

5403
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:50,200
Logistics of seating 
arrangements, making sure that 

5404
04:40:50,200 --> 04:40:53,200
particular guests avoid striking
up conversations with 

5405
04:40:53,200 --> 04:40:56,200
particular, other guests and 
occasionally generating 

5406
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:59,200
diplomatic diversion when 
conversations Veer into areas 

5407
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:01,300
that could cause resentment or 
undermine honor. 

5408
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:05,400
The visiting Merchants need 
special consideration because 

5409
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:08,400
they offer the chance for 
lucrative trade as well as the 

5410
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,400
possibility of catastrophe. 
If they are offended by 

5411
04:41:11,400 --> 04:41:15,800
perceived slights or poor 
hospitality, Bristol's wine 

5412
04:41:15,800 --> 04:41:19,200
merchant has brought samples of 
his best Imports for tonight and

5413
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:21,400
the success of the evening, 
could mean the difference 

5414
04:41:21,400 --> 04:41:24,300
between the households wine 
cellar being restocked with 

5415
04:41:24,300 --> 04:41:27,900
excellent vintages, or having to
settle for local substitutes 

5416
04:41:27,900 --> 04:41:29,600
that tastes like they were aged 
in Boots. 

5417
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:33,200
Went to William pulls out a loop
that has seen better decades and

5418
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,300
starts what he optimistically 
refers to as singing music 

5419
04:41:36,300 --> 04:41:40,100
naturally starts. 
Since he is a knight, he cannot 

5420
04:41:40,100 --> 04:41:43,000
be directly dissuaded from 
sharing his artistic talents. 

5421
04:41:43,000 --> 04:41:46,500
Even though his voice has all 
the melodic charm of a cart with

5422
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:50,200
ungreased wheels to help other 
guests deal with uncontrollable 

5423
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,200
musical experiences, you've 
learned to strategically place 

5424
04:41:53,200 --> 04:41:56,100
yourself close to the wine. 
The evenings conversation. 

5425
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:58,400
Flows through topics, both 
weight and trivial. 

5426
04:41:58,900 --> 04:42:02,900
News from London, speculation of
about the Harvest detail to 

5427
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:05,700
discussion of neighbor's 
romantic scandals and the 

5428
04:42:05,708 --> 04:42:09,600
Eternal 2 to fascination with 
whose rising in Royal favor and 

5429
04:42:09,600 --> 04:42:13,000
whose falling from Grace. 
You take in bits and pieces of 

5430
04:42:13,000 --> 04:42:15,800
this knowledge, while preserving
the appearance of invisible 

5431
04:42:15,800 --> 04:42:19,700
efficiency, creating a mental 
map of The Wider World outside, 

5432
04:42:19,700 --> 04:42:23,100
the walls of the manor. the 
social energy gradually turns 

5433
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:26,100
toward reflection and getting 
ready for sleep as the night, 

5434
04:42:26,100 --> 04:42:30,300
grows darker and the candlelight
fades, Though these initial 

5435
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,000
departure announcements, usually
come at least an hour before the

5436
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,200
actual departure, the guests 
start making polite noises about

5437
04:42:36,200 --> 04:42:37,800
early mornings and long rides 
home. 

5438
04:42:37,800 --> 04:42:42,100
Followed by more conversation 
final toasts and repeated thanks

5439
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:46,100
for the hospitality of the day. 
Facilitating graceful, endings 

5440
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:48,700
is your responsibility. 
During these closing ceremonies,

5441
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:51,500
you must make sure that 
departing guests have their 

5442
04:42:51,500 --> 04:42:54,700
belongings that their horses are
ready that they have traveling 

5443
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:58,000
provisions and that their last 
impressions of the hospitality 

5444
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:00,900
of the household, a favorable 
enough to encourage them to 

5445
04:43:00,900 --> 04:43:04,000
return and to provide positive 
reports to their own Social 

5446
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:07,300
Circles. 
Like in elderly dogs settling 

5447
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:08,900
into its favorite spot by the 
fire. 

5448
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:11,000
The house becomes quiet in the 
evening. 

5449
04:43:11,900 --> 04:43:14,500
As the last guests leave and the
family withdrawals to their 

5450
04:43:14,500 --> 04:43:17,700
private quarters leaving the 
pleasant remnants of a 

5451
04:43:17,700 --> 04:43:20,800
successful day of hospitality 
your last tasks of the Day 

5452
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,000
begin. 
After a day of meals meeting and

5453
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:27,100
social events you start the 
evening clean up in the Great 

5454
04:43:27,100 --> 04:43:30,400
Hall by working by Lamplight to 
bring order back to the mild 

5455
04:43:30,400 --> 04:43:32,700
chaos. 
Every company needs to be 

5456
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:36,200
gathered and cleaned every 
platter needs to be scraped and 

5457
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:39,500
scrubbed and every surface needs
to be wiped down and ready for 

5458
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:43,500
the repeated use tomorrow. 
This task calls for methodical 

5459
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:45,800
attention, there are 
opportunities and 

5460
04:43:45,800 --> 04:43:49,700
responsibilities associated with
the leftover food in a Tudor 

5461
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:52,600
home, where the threat of poor 
harvests and uncertain times 

5462
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,400
makes every food scrap valuable 
nothing edible. 

5463
04:43:55,400 --> 04:43:58,500
Is wasted the excess from 
tonight will be eaten by the 

5464
04:43:58,500 --> 04:44:01,300
servants tomorrow. 
And what's left over will be fed

5465
04:44:01,300 --> 04:44:04,500
to the pigs dogs. 
And eventually the compost pile 

5466
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,700
that will nourish the garden, 
the following year, It's a cycle

5467
04:44:07,700 --> 04:44:10,400
of conservation and plenty that 
reflects the common sense of 

5468
04:44:10,400 --> 04:44:12,700
those who realize that success 
is never assured. 

5469
04:44:13,600 --> 04:44:16,000
You work alongside your fellow 
servants in the comfortable 

5470
04:44:16,000 --> 04:44:19,300
Silence of shared labor, each 
person focused on their 

5471
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:22,600
particular tasks, but aware of 
the others movements and needs 

5472
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,600
compared to the hurry deficiency
of daytime service. 

5473
04:44:25,600 --> 04:44:28,500
This evening work has a 
different Rhythm that is more 

5474
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:31,800
laid back and reflective and 
allows for the occasional quiet 

5475
04:44:31,800 --> 04:44:33,800
joke or commentary on the days 
of events. 

5476
04:44:35,000 --> 04:44:37,500
Agnes comes out of her kingdom 
in the kitchen, to look over the

5477
04:44:37,500 --> 04:44:41,100
days of events, a critical eye 
documenting every step of the 

5478
04:44:41,100 --> 04:44:43,600
cleanup. 
She demands that her domain be 

5479
04:44:43,600 --> 04:44:46,900
adequately prepared for the 
campaigns of the future, which 

5480
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:49,600
she also gives out a lot of 
Praise when the work satisfies, 

5481
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:53,000
her high expectations She 
acknowledges your efforts 

5482
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,000
tonight with a knot of approval 
and adds that fresh bread and 

5483
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:59,600
cheese have been prepared for 
the servants evening meal High, 

5484
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:01,800
Praise indeed from the 
Undisputed, King of the kitchen 

5485
04:45:01,800 --> 04:45:04,200
thereafter. 
The serving rooms need to be 

5486
04:45:04,200 --> 04:45:06,200
cleaned. 
So you make your way up the 

5487
04:45:06,200 --> 04:45:08,600
well-known stairs. 
Once more with new linens, and 

5488
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:11,100
the other items required, to get
the family's private areas, 

5489
04:45:11,100 --> 04:45:14,000
ready for the evening, it is 
necessary to lay out Master 

5490
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:16,900
Thomas's bed, linens and 
replenishes washing water in his

5491
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:19,600
chamber. 
More intricate arrangements are 

5492
04:45:19,600 --> 04:45:22,900
needed in lady Margaret's rooms.
A clothing needs to be hung 

5493
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:26,400
correctly, her jewelry fastened 
and her or Nate hair pieces, set

5494
04:45:26,400 --> 04:45:29,000
up for use the next day. 
There are particular 

5495
04:45:29,000 --> 04:45:30,700
difficulties in the children's 
rooms. 

5496
04:45:30,700 --> 04:45:34,300
Young Master Edmund has made it 
a habit to conceal of a variety 

5497
04:45:34,300 --> 04:45:37,000
of treasures beneath, his 
mattress forming lumps. 

5498
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:39,700
That would prevent anyone who is
not as committed to protecting 

5499
04:45:39,700 --> 04:45:42,000
his hidden collections from 
sleeping comfortably. 

5500
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:45,400
One of the household, small 
Mysteries is who attend year old

5501
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:48,200
girl might be writing to. 
But in his sister, Catherine has

5502
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:49,700
started. 
What seems to be a lengthy 

5503
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:53,000
correspondence with someone as 
you complete these evening 

5504
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:54,700
chores. 
You discover that you enjoy the 

5505
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:56,700
more subdued rhythms of working 
at night. 

5506
04:45:57,500 --> 04:46:00,600
Instead of rushing to the next 
commitment, there is a sense of 

5507
04:46:00,600 --> 04:46:04,400
bringing the day to a satisfying
endless pressure and more time 

5508
04:46:04,400 --> 04:46:09,300
to notice details at night, the 
house seems different more cozy,

5509
04:46:09,300 --> 04:46:13,200
more Serene with the comforting 
sounds of stone and wood cooling

5510
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:16,800
from the heat of the day. 
At the end of a long day, your 

5511
04:46:16,800 --> 04:46:19,000
chamber, which you share with 
two other servants, seems more 

5512
04:46:19,008 --> 04:46:22,500
inviting than ever. 
Now the straw mattress that felt

5513
04:46:22,500 --> 04:46:25,700
so uncomfortable this morning 
stands for the possibility of 

5514
04:46:25,708 --> 04:46:28,400
relaxation and the chance to 
rest weary muscles. 

5515
04:46:28,400 --> 04:46:31,800
Even though they are few your 
possessions are waiting for you,

5516
04:46:31,800 --> 04:46:32,700
right? 
Where you left them. 

5517
04:46:32,700 --> 04:46:36,100
A tiny bit of privacy in a life 
that is mostly devoted to 

5518
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:40,200
meeting the needs of others. 
You pause before bed to consider

5519
04:46:40,200 --> 04:46:41,900
the day's minor triumphs and 
doable. 

5520
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:44,200
Setbacks your efforts to be 
helpful. 

5521
04:46:44,200 --> 04:46:47,500
Resulted in the timely, lighting
of the fires, the Safe 

5522
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:50,500
Transportation of water, the 
serving of the meals without 

5523
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,600
great embarrassment and the 
absence of any serious injuries.

5524
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:57,400
These may appear to be small 
achievements in the context of 

5525
04:46:57,400 --> 04:47:01,100
Tudor England's, intricate 
social structure, but they Mark 

5526
04:47:01,100 --> 04:47:04,700
the successful conclusion of 
another work day in a society 

5527
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:06,800
that values competence and 
dependability. 

5528
04:47:06,800 --> 04:47:09,300
The same routine will be 
followed tomorrow. 

5529
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:13,300
The early Bell lighting, the 
fires carrying the water and The

5530
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:16,100
NeverEnding cycle of Maintenance
that keeps the manor house 

5531
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:18,600
running smoothly, and its 
occupants comfortable. 

5532
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:21,800
But tonight, you provide 
yourself permission to enjoy the

5533
04:47:21,800 --> 04:47:25,300
small pleasures of a day. 
Well lived one little task at a 

5534
04:47:25,300 --> 04:47:26,900
time. 
While you are wrapped in the 

5535
04:47:26,900 --> 04:47:29,600
quiet satisfaction of having 
finished your work and fulfill 

5536
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:32,200
your obligations. 
Thanks in part to your efforts 

5537
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:35,000
and those of your fellow 
servants, the house around, you 

5538
04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:38,100
falls asleep, its occupants safe
and comfortable. 

5539
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:42,300
It's honest work in uncertain 
times and while it may not lead 

5540
04:47:42,300 --> 04:47:45,200
to immense fortune or lasting 
Fame, it provides something 

5541
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:48,900
equally valuable the steady 
rhythm of purposeful days and 

5542
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:51,500
the quiet, Dignity of 
contributing to something larger

5543
04:47:51,500 --> 04:47:54,800
than yourself, sleep comes 
naturally to weary bodies and 

5544
04:47:54,800 --> 04:47:58,300
contented minds and the problems
of Tomorrow can wait until 

5545
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:00,900
morning. 
For now, the act of Simply 

5546
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:04,200
closing your eyes and allowing 
the day's struggles to melt away

5547
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:06,600
into the Cozy. 
Darkness of Welland, sleep is 

5548
04:48:06,600 --> 04:48:08,400
the definition of rest and 
tranquility. 

5549
04:48:12,200 --> 04:48:14,700
You know, how some kids collect 
baseball cards or spend hours 

5550
04:48:14,700 --> 04:48:16,200
perfecting their video game 
scores. 

5551
04:48:16,200 --> 04:48:20,000
Well, young Musashi collected 
bruises and spent his time, 

5552
04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:22,000
perfecting the art of hitting 
things with sticks. 

5553
04:48:22,800 --> 04:48:26,700
Born around 1584 in a small 
village that probably had more 

5554
04:48:26,700 --> 04:48:29,100
rice paddies Than People 
Musashi. 

5555
04:48:29,100 --> 04:48:31,600
Didn't exactly have what you'd 
call a traditional childhood 

5556
04:48:31,600 --> 04:48:34,400
picture. 
This while other 7 year olds 

5557
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:37,200
were learning their letters. 
Musashi was already convinced 

5558
04:48:37,200 --> 04:48:39,900
that wooden swords were far more
captivating than books. 

5559
04:48:39,900 --> 04:48:44,300
His father munisai was a 
respected martial artist, which 

5560
04:48:44,300 --> 04:48:45,900
meant their household 
conversations. 

5561
04:48:45,900 --> 04:48:48,800
Probably went something like 
passed the rice and, oh, 

5562
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:50,500
remember to keep your guard up 
during dinner. 

5563
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:53,600
The funny thing about Musashi's 
early years is that he wasn't 

5564
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:55,000
born. 
Some sort of Sword swinging 

5565
04:48:55,000 --> 04:48:57,100
Prodigy. 
He was more like that kid in 

5566
04:48:57,108 --> 04:48:59,300
your neighborhood, who practiced
basketball shots in their 

5567
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:02,300
driveway, until their parents 
had to drag them inside for 

5568
04:49:02,300 --> 04:49:06,300
dinner except of basket ball. 
It was swordplay and in a 

5569
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:08,500
driveway, it was. 
Anyway, he could find Space to 

5570
04:49:08,500 --> 04:49:10,300
swing a piece of wood without 
breaking something. 

5571
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:14,300
Valuable, when Musashi turned 
13, something shifted in his 

5572
04:49:14,300 --> 04:49:16,900
world like a puzzle piece. 
Finally, clicking into place. 

5573
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:19,800
He decided he was ready for his 
first real Jewel. 

5574
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:23,300
It was not a practice session 
with wooden swords nor a 

5575
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:26,800
friendly sparring match but an 
actual honest to goodness duel 

5576
04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:28,700
with a grown man named Aroma 
Kihei. 

5577
04:49:29,600 --> 04:49:33,100
Now, you might be thinking, this
sounds like a terrible idea and 

5578
04:49:33,100 --> 04:49:37,000
you'd be absolutely right. 
But Musashi had that particular 

5579
04:49:37,000 --> 04:49:39,700
brand of teenage confidence, 
that makes you believe. 

5580
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:43,000
You can conquer the world armed 
with nothing but determination 

5581
04:49:43,000 --> 04:49:45,900
and a powerful stick. 
The Duel took place in front of 

5582
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:48,300
what was probably the entire 
Village population. 

5583
04:49:48,300 --> 04:49:54,000
All 47 people including Mrs, 
Tanaka's chickens aramaki. 

5584
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,500
Hey being a reasonable adult. 
Likely expected this to be over 

5585
04:49:57,500 --> 04:50:01,100
quickly after all. 
What could a 13 year old boy 

5586
04:50:01,100 --> 04:50:03,400
possibly do against someone with
years of experience? 

5587
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:05,400
Well as it turns out quite a 
lot. 

5588
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:09,500
Musashi won that Duel, not 
through some mystical Samurai 

5589
04:50:09,500 --> 04:50:13,400
magic, but through pure stubborn
determination and what was 

5590
04:50:13,400 --> 04:50:16,000
probably the first glimpse of 
his unconventional thinking. 

5591
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:20,000
While hehehe followed all the 
traditional forms and expected 

5592
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:22,100
moves. 
Young Musashi fought like 

5593
04:50:22,100 --> 04:50:25,000
someone who hadn't read the rule
book, mainly because he hadn't 

5594
04:50:25,000 --> 04:50:27,100
this Victory did something 
important. 

5595
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:29,900
It taught Massacre. 
That sometimes the best way to 

5596
04:50:29,908 --> 04:50:32,300
win isn't to do what everyone 
expects you to do. 

5597
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:36,000
It's a lesson that would follow 
him like a faithful dog for the 

5598
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:38,900
rest of his life, though. 
It would take him decades to 

5599
04:50:38,900 --> 04:50:41,800
fully understand what it meant 
after this first taste of 

5600
04:50:41,808 --> 04:50:45,300
success Musashi developed. 
What you might call an addiction

5601
04:50:45,300 --> 04:50:48,400
to proving himself. 
He began seeking out opponents. 

5602
04:50:48,400 --> 04:50:51,800
The way some people seek out, 
good restaurants with enthusiasm

5603
04:50:51,800 --> 04:50:55,200
and a willingness to travel 
considerable distances, his 

5604
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:58,500
teenage years became a series of
challenges duels and victories 

5605
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:01,500
that built his reputation. 
One wooden sword strike at a 

5606
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:04,200
time but here's where the story 
gets interesting in that quiet 

5607
04:51:04,200 --> 04:51:05,900
human way. 
That makes Legends more 

5608
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:08,500
relatable. 
Despite his growing reputation 

5609
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,600
massage, she was still just a 
kid trying to figure out his 

5610
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:14,800
place in the world, he'd win 
these jewels and then probably 

5611
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:16,700
wonder what to do next like 
finishing. 

5612
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:19,300
A really challenging puzzle and 
realizing you still have to find

5613
04:51:19,300 --> 04:51:22,000
somewhere to put it by. 
The time was Sachi, reached his 

5614
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,700
late teens, he had developed, 
what modern people might call 

5615
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,900
Wanda Lust, though, his version 
involves significantly, more 

5616
04:51:27,900 --> 04:51:29,700
sword fighting than your typical
Gap year. 

5617
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:32,600
He decided to embark on what he 
called. 

5618
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:36,300
His Warrior pilgrimage. 
Basically, a cross-country tour 

5619
04:51:36,300 --> 04:51:38,500
of Japan where the main 
attractions were people who 

5620
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:41,300
wanted to fight him. 
Imagine being 20 years old and 

5621
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:44,000
deciding your career path 
involves walking from town to 

5622
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:46,700
town asking. 
If anyone wants to have a sword 

5623
04:51:46,700 --> 04:51:50,100
fight, it sounds ridiculous. 
When you put it that way, but 

5624
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:51,900
for Musashi, this made perfect 
sense. 

5625
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:56,300
He was like a traveling salesman
in selling vacuum cleaners. 

5626
04:51:56,300 --> 04:51:59,000
He was selling the opportunity 
to test your sword skills 

5627
04:51:59,000 --> 04:52:02,100
against someone who had never 
lost a duel during these travels

5628
04:52:02,100 --> 04:52:05,200
Musashi began developing his 
famous two sword technique. 

5629
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:08,800
Most Samurai used one sword, 
following centuries of tradition

5630
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:11,200
and training. 
But Musashi looked at this 

5631
04:52:11,200 --> 04:52:14,400
situation and thought, you know,
what might be better than one 

5632
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:16,500
sword. 
Two swords. 

5633
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:18,700
It was the kind of logic that 
probably made traditional 

5634
04:52:18,700 --> 04:52:22,100
swordmasters shake their heads. 
But it worked the thing about 

5635
04:52:22,100 --> 04:52:25,500
fighting with two swords is that
it's incredibly difficult. 

5636
04:52:25,500 --> 04:52:28,500
It's like trying to write your 
name with both hands 

5637
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:30,900
simultaneously while riding a 
bicycle. 

5638
04:52:31,900 --> 04:52:34,700
Most people who are tempted, it 
ended up looking like they were 

5639
04:52:34,708 --> 04:52:36,800
conducting. 
A very violent Orchestra where 

5640
04:52:36,800 --> 04:52:38,700
all the musicians were playing 
different songs. 

5641
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:41,900
But Musashi had that rare 
combination of natural 

5642
04:52:41,900 --> 04:52:45,700
ambidexterity and stubborn 
refusal to accept that something

5643
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:48,400
was impossible just because it 
was really difficult. 

5644
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:51,500
His two sword style wasn't just 
about having more weapons. 

5645
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:53,900
It was about confusing his 
opponents. 

5646
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:57,000
When you've trained your entire 
life to fighting against someone

5647
04:52:57,000 --> 04:53:00,100
with one sword, suddenly facing,
someone with two is like, 

5648
04:53:00,100 --> 04:53:03,100
showing up to a chess match and 
discovering your opponent is 

5649
04:53:03,100 --> 04:53:04,900
playing three-dimensional chess 
while juggling. 

5650
04:53:05,900 --> 04:53:09,200
Your brain takes a moment to 
recalibrate and in sword 

5651
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,800
fighting a moment, is often all 
your opponent needs, but 

5652
04:53:12,800 --> 04:53:15,700
Musashi's travels weren't all 
successful duels and growing 

5653
04:53:15,700 --> 04:53:17,900
Fame. 
There were plenty of nights when

5654
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:21,800
he slept under bridges mornings.
When he woke up hungry and days 

5655
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:24,600
when he walked for hours without
finding anyone interested in 

5656
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:28,500
testing their skills against a 
Wandering Swordsman Famous 

5657
04:53:28,500 --> 04:53:31,500
doesn't pay for in rooms or 
meals and Musashi learned. 

5658
04:53:31,500 --> 04:53:34,100
That being legendary doesn't 
automatically make you wealthy. 

5659
04:53:34,100 --> 04:53:37,200
These lean times taught him 
resourcefulness that would serve

5660
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:39,200
him. 
Well later, he learned to find 

5661
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:42,500
food in places where others 
might starve to create shelter 

5662
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:45,500
from materials that others would
Overlook and to entertain 

5663
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:47,600
himself. 
During long solitary walks 

5664
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:51,000
across the Japanese Countryside.
He became someone who could be 

5665
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:54,100
content with very little, as 
long as that little included the

5666
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:57,300
opportunity to perfect his craft
during one, particularly 

5667
04:53:57,300 --> 04:53:59,900
memorable. 
Period, was she spent several 

5668
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:02,700
months in the mountains? 
Not because he was on some 

5669
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:05,900
spiritual Quest, but because 
he'd gotten thoroughly lost 

5670
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:08,700
after a duel and was too proud 
to ask for directions. 

5671
04:54:08,700 --> 04:54:12,200
He later claimed this time of 
solitude was crucial to his 

5672
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:15,300
development as a warrior which 
is probably true though. 

5673
04:54:15,300 --> 04:54:18,900
It started as a simple case of 
poor navigation skills, the 

5674
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:21,300
mountain experience taught him 
patience in a way that formal 

5675
04:54:21,300 --> 04:54:24,400
training never could. when 
you're alone with your thoughts 

5676
04:54:24,400 --> 04:54:27,600
for months, carrying only your 
swords and whatever food you can

5677
04:54:27,600 --> 04:54:32,100
find or catch, you learn to slow
down, You start noticing things,

5678
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:35,000
like, the way morning, light 
moves across Valley floors, or 

5679
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:37,600
how the sound of your footsteps 
changes depending on whether 

5680
04:54:37,600 --> 04:54:39,500
you're walking on rocks or pine 
needles. 

5681
04:54:39,500 --> 04:54:43,600
When Musashi was around 21, he 
heard about someone named Sasaki

5682
04:54:43,600 --> 04:54:47,000
kojiro, he was considered one of
the finest Swordsmen in Japan. 

5683
04:54:47,900 --> 04:54:50,600
kajira was famous for his 
technique called Subaru, 

5684
04:54:50,600 --> 04:54:53,900
negation or swallow cut, which 
could supposedly cut down 

5685
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:57,000
swallow in flight, Whether or 
not he actually performed. 

5686
04:54:57,000 --> 04:55:00,000
This feat is debatable, but it 
made for excellent Marketing in 

5687
04:55:00,000 --> 04:55:03,100
the world of professional sword.
Fighting kajira was everything 

5688
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:06,800
must be wasn't refined 
traditionally, trained and 

5689
04:55:06,800 --> 04:55:09,200
employed by a powerful Clan with
a steady income. 

5690
04:55:09,200 --> 04:55:11,900
He was like the difference 
between a classically trained 

5691
04:55:11,900 --> 04:55:15,500
pianist performing at Carnegie 
Hall, and a street musician who 

5692
04:55:15,500 --> 04:55:18,300
learned to play by ear. 
Both might be incredibly 

5693
04:55:18,300 --> 04:55:21,100
talented but they represent 
completely different approaches 

5694
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:23,500
to their craft. 
The challenge was a range to 

5695
04:55:23,500 --> 04:55:26,600
take place on Gunnery Ireland, a
small piece of land in the 

5696
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:28,200
straight between Honshu and 
Kyushu. 

5697
04:55:29,200 --> 04:55:32,000
The choice of location was 
significant Islands. 

5698
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:34,200
Have a way of making everything 
feel more final. 

5699
04:55:34,800 --> 04:55:37,400
There's something about being 
surrounded by water that 

5700
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:38,500
suggests. 
This isn't the kind of 

5701
04:55:38,500 --> 04:55:40,300
appointment. 
You can simply walk away from. 

5702
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,800
If you change your mind on the 
morning of the duel, kajira 

5703
04:55:43,800 --> 04:55:47,200
arrived precisely on time as any
properly trained Samurai would 

5704
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:51,200
he was immaculately dressed, his
sword was perfectly maintained 

5705
04:55:51,200 --> 04:55:54,600
and he probably had the kind of 
confidence that comes from years

5706
04:55:54,600 --> 04:55:56,900
of structured training and 
consistent victories. 

5707
04:55:56,900 --> 04:55:59,800
He was ready for what he 
undoubtedly expected to be 

5708
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,000
another successful defense of 
his reputation. 

5709
04:56:02,000 --> 04:56:05,900
Musashi on the other hand was 
late, not fashionably late, not 

5710
04:56:05,900 --> 04:56:08,900
strategically late but genuinely
problematically late. 

5711
04:56:09,500 --> 04:56:12,900
He had overslept here was one of
the most important jewels of his

5712
04:56:12,900 --> 04:56:16,600
career against one of Japan's 
most skilled swordsman, a 

5713
04:56:16,600 --> 04:56:18,800
mustache had somehow managed to 
sleep through what was 

5714
04:56:18,800 --> 04:56:22,100
essentially his job interview. 
When he finally arrived rowing, 

5715
04:56:22,100 --> 04:56:24,700
a small boat to the island. 
Cojiro had been waiting for 

5716
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:27,100
hours. 
If you've ever been stood up for

5717
04:56:27,100 --> 04:56:30,400
an important meeting, you can 
imagine cojiro State of Mind, 

5718
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:34,100
except instead of rescheduling a
business lunch, he was waiting 

5719
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,600
to fight for his reputation and 
possibly his life, but here's 

5720
04:56:37,600 --> 04:56:40,500
where Musashi's, unconventional 
thinking showed itself again. 

5721
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:44,000
During his boat ride to the 
island instead of panicking 

5722
04:56:44,000 --> 04:56:46,200
about being late or worrying 
about the jewel ahead. 

5723
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:49,400
He had used the time to carve a 
wooden sword from one of the 

5724
04:56:49,400 --> 04:56:51,700
boats. 
Oars not because his regular 

5725
04:56:51,700 --> 04:56:54,400
swords were inadequate but 
because he had realized 

5726
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:58,300
something cojiro sword was 
longer than his own which gave 

5727
04:56:58,300 --> 04:57:01,900
kajira a reach Advantage, the 
wooden sword, Musashi carved was

5728
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:06,200
longer than cojiro steel blade. 
Neutralizing that Advantage, it 

5729
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:09,200
was practical problem-solving 
disguised as either confidence 

5730
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:13,500
or disrespect, depending on your
perspective, cojiro probably saw

5731
04:57:13,500 --> 04:57:15,400
it as an insult, showing up 
late. 

5732
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:17,500
And then fighting with a piece 
of boats, seemed like the 

5733
04:57:17,500 --> 04:57:19,700
ultimate dismissal of his skills
and Status. 

5734
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:23,300
The jewel itself was briefed as 
most real sword fights were 

5735
04:57:24,200 --> 04:57:27,300
Despite what movies suggested 
skilled swordsman don't engage 

5736
04:57:27,300 --> 04:57:29,200
in link the choreographed 
battles. 

5737
04:57:29,200 --> 04:57:31,700
They Circle each other looking 
for an opening. 

5738
04:57:31,708 --> 04:57:35,000
And when that opening appears, 
the contest is usually decided 

5739
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:38,800
in moments must she won but the 
victory came at a cost that 

5740
04:57:38,800 --> 04:57:43,000
would follow him for years. 
Cojiro was not just defeated, he

5741
04:57:43,000 --> 04:57:46,200
died on that island. 
For all of massage is previous. 

5742
04:57:46,200 --> 04:57:49,100
Jewels death had been a 
possibility but this was the 

5743
04:57:49,100 --> 04:57:51,800
first time that possibility 
became reality in such a 

5744
04:57:51,800 --> 04:57:55,100
definitive way, the aftermath of
the duel marked a turning point 

5745
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:58,000
in Musashi's life. 
He had proven himself against 

5746
04:57:58,000 --> 04:58:01,400
one of Japan's most respected 
Swordsmen but the victory felt 

5747
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:02,800
different from his previous 
wins. 

5748
04:58:03,500 --> 04:58:06,900
There's a way to take someone's 
life that changes you even when 

5749
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,800
it happens in the context of an 
agreed-upon duel between skilled

5750
04:58:09,800 --> 04:58:13,600
opponents after the duel, with 
koujiro something shifted in 

5751
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:16,900
Musashi's approach to life. 
He didn't immediately retire or 

5752
04:58:16,900 --> 04:58:19,800
give up sword fighting, but he 
began to think more deeply about

5753
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:21,500
what it meant to be. 
Truly skilled. 

5754
04:58:21,500 --> 04:58:25,000
It's like the difference between
someone who can run fast and 

5755
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:28,800
someone who understands the art 
of running technique vs Mastery,

5756
04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:32,000
Musashi began studying things 
that had nothing to do with 

5757
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:35,400
sword, fighting painting 
calligraphy sculpture and 

5758
04:58:35,400 --> 04:58:38,500
poetry. 
To outside as this might have 

5759
04:58:38,500 --> 04:58:41,100
seemed like a strange career 
pivot for someone who had built 

5760
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:43,600
his reputation on being 
outstanding at sword combat. 

5761
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:46,900
But Musashi was beginning to 
understand something that many 

5762
04:58:46,900 --> 04:58:50,800
specialists never grasp. 
Excellence in one area often 

5763
04:58:50,800 --> 04:58:53,400
comes from understanding 
principles that apply across 

5764
04:58:53,400 --> 04:58:56,400
multiple disciplines when he 
picked up a brush to paint. 

5765
04:58:56,408 --> 04:58:59,000
He discovered that the control 
and precision required was 

5766
04:58:59,000 --> 04:59:02,500
similar to sword work, but the 
patients needed was entirely 

5767
04:59:02,500 --> 04:59:05,000
different. 
You can't rush a painting. 

5768
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:08,200
The way you might rush a sword 
strike each brush, stroke has to

5769
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:11,000
be deliberate considered and 
committed to once it touches the

5770
04:59:11,000 --> 04:59:14,100
paper, it taught him about 
permanence in a way that sword 

5771
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:16,600
fighting which is all about. 
Split Second decisions. 

5772
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:19,600
Never could his calligraphy 
practice became almost 

5773
04:59:19,600 --> 04:59:23,100
meditative the repetitive nature
of forming characters and the 

5774
04:59:23,100 --> 04:59:25,600
focus required to make each 
stroke, both beautiful and 

5775
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,000
readable, gave him a different 
kind of discipline. 

5776
04:59:28,800 --> 04:59:31,500
It was like strength training 
for his mind building muscles. 

5777
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:35,300
He didn't know he needed during 
this period of began to 

5778
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:38,500
developing his thoughts about 
strategy, and technique into 

5779
04:59:38,500 --> 04:59:40,500
what would eventually become his
famous book. 

5780
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:45,200
The book of five rings, but that
was still years away at this 

5781
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:46,600
point. 
He was simply a man who had 

5782
04:59:46,600 --> 04:59:48,100
realized that being the best 
sword. 

5783
04:59:48,100 --> 04:59:50,800
Fighter wasn't just about being 
good with swords. 

5784
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,200
It was about understanding, how 
Excellence worked in general. 

5785
04:59:54,200 --> 04:59:58,000
He started accepting students 
which presented an intriguing 

5786
04:59:58,000 --> 05:00:00,200
challenge. 
How do you teach someone to 

5787
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:02,100
think? 
Unconventionally, how do you 

5788
05:00:02,108 --> 05:00:05,000
impart knowledge gained from 
years of trial and error from 

5789
05:00:05,000 --> 05:00:07,400
sleeping under bridges and 
getting lost in mountains? 

5790
05:00:08,800 --> 05:00:11,500
Traditional martial arts schools
had curricular and structured 

5791
05:00:11,500 --> 05:00:13,800
lessons. 
But Musashi's approach was more 

5792
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:15,700
like let me show you some 
things. 

5793
05:00:15,700 --> 05:00:18,600
I've figured out and then you 
can figure out how to make them 

5794
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:21,100
work for you. 
His teaching style was probably 

5795
05:00:21,100 --> 05:00:24,000
frustrating for students who 
wanted clear step by step 

5796
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:26,800
instructions. 
Instead of saying, hold your 

5797
05:00:26,800 --> 05:00:30,700
sword like this, he might say, 
find the way that feels like an 

5798
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:33,700
extension of your arm, and then 
watch while his students 

5799
05:00:33,700 --> 05:00:37,000
struggle to interpret, what that
meant But for the students who 

5800
05:00:37,000 --> 05:00:40,200
understood this approach, it was
probably incredibly liberating. 

5801
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:41,900
One of the most important 
things. 

5802
05:00:41,900 --> 05:00:44,200
Musashi, learned. 
During this period, was the art 

5803
05:00:44,200 --> 05:00:47,300
of not fighting. 
For someone whose career hinged 

5804
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:50,400
on combat Excellence. 
This may seem contradictory but 

5805
05:00:50,400 --> 05:00:54,400
it's actually an essential skill
knowing when not to engage when 

5806
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,500
to walk away and when to let 
someone else prove their point 

5807
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:00,700
without making it your problem, 
these are Advanced Techniques 

5808
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:03,700
that required just as much 
Mastery as any sword movement. 

5809
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:07,100
He began to understand that true
strength often looks like doing 

5810
05:01:07,100 --> 05:01:09,700
nothing at all. 
When you're confident in your 

5811
05:01:09,700 --> 05:01:12,000
abilities, you don't need to 
constantly prove them. 

5812
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:15,000
You can let smaller challenges 
pass by without feeling 

5813
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:18,400
diminished saving your energy 
for situations that truly matter

5814
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:22,000
by his 30s musashiya developed 
into something rare. 

5815
05:01:22,000 --> 05:01:25,000
A warrior who was equally 
skilled as an artist. 

5816
05:01:25,700 --> 05:01:27,900
He wasn't just dabbling and 
painting and sculpture as 

5817
05:01:27,908 --> 05:01:30,900
Hobbies, he was approaching them
with the same intensity and 

5818
05:01:30,900 --> 05:01:33,300
dedication. 
He had brought to swords 

5819
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,300
fighting his paintings. 
Particularly his burden flower 

5820
05:01:36,300 --> 05:01:38,400
studies. 
Showed a sensitivity and 

5821
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:40,200
attention to detail that might 
surprise. 

5822
05:01:40,200 --> 05:01:43,100
People who only knew his 
reputation as a duelist. 

5823
05:01:43,100 --> 05:01:45,600
There's Something Beautiful 
about watching, someone apply 

5824
05:01:45,600 --> 05:01:47,400
Warrior discipline to creating 
art. 

5825
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,300
The same Focus that allowed 
Musashi to analyze an opponent 

5826
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:54,400
starts in combat helped him. 
Observe the way Morning Light 

5827
05:01:54,400 --> 05:01:57,200
fell across a cranes wing 
Patients. 

5828
05:01:57,200 --> 05:01:59,800
He had developed through years 
of training enabled, him to wait

5829
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:03,100
for the perfect moment to make a
brush stroke, just as he had 

5830
05:02:03,100 --> 05:02:05,300
waited for the perfect moment to
strike in duels. 

5831
05:02:05,300 --> 05:02:08,300
His sculptures were particularly
captivating because they 

5832
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:10,800
required a completely different 
kind of physical engagement. 

5833
05:02:10,800 --> 05:02:14,400
Instead of the quick, decisive 
movements of sword, fighting 

5834
05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:18,300
sculpture demanded sustained 
effort over long periods. 

5835
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:22,000
You might spend days, carefully,
removeing, tiny bits of wood or 

5836
05:02:22,000 --> 05:02:24,500
stone, making gradual progress 
toward your vision. 

5837
05:02:25,300 --> 05:02:27,800
It was like the difference 
between sprinting and Marathon 

5838
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:31,400
running both require 
athleticism, but they developed 

5839
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,500
different kinds of endurance 
during this period Musashi. 

5840
05:02:34,500 --> 05:02:36,600
Also began to write more 
seriously about his 

5841
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:38,400
understanding of strategy in 
combat. 

5842
05:02:39,300 --> 05:02:42,300
But unlike many martial arts 
treaters is, which focused on 

5843
05:02:42,300 --> 05:02:44,600
specific techniques or 
traditional forms? 

5844
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:47,200
Musashi's writing was more 
philosophical. 

5845
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:50,100
He was trying to capture the 
thinking behind effective, 

5846
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:52,600
action rather than just 
describing the actions 

5847
05:02:52,600 --> 05:02:54,900
themselves. 
He developed what he called, the

5848
05:02:54,900 --> 05:02:57,800
way of strategy, which was 
essentially a comprehensive 

5849
05:02:57,800 --> 05:03:01,000
approach to conflict resolution.
That could apply to anything 

5850
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,900
from sword, fighting to 
business, negotiations to 

5851
05:03:03,900 --> 05:03:08,000
personal relationships. 
Preparation, understanding and 

5852
05:03:08,000 --> 05:03:10,600
psychological positioning, 
determine the outcome of most 

5853
05:03:10,600 --> 05:03:12,200
conflicts. 
Before the physical 

5854
05:03:12,200 --> 05:03:15,400
confrontation, even starts. 
One of his most important 

5855
05:03:15,400 --> 05:03:19,400
insights was about timing. 
Sword fighting timing isn't just

5856
05:03:19,400 --> 05:03:22,300
about moving fast. 
It's about moving at exactly the

5857
05:03:22,300 --> 05:03:25,500
right moment, two early. 
And you reveal your intentions 

5858
05:03:25,500 --> 05:03:28,700
before your opponent is 
vulnerable, if you act too late,

5859
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:30,700
you will completely miss your 
opportunity. 

5860
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,900
This principle massage, she 
realized applied to almost 

5861
05:03:33,900 --> 05:03:36,500
everything in life. 
He also wrote about what he 

5862
05:03:36,508 --> 05:03:39,800
called, the spirit of, the thing
itself, which was his way of 

5863
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:42,200
describing, the importance of 
understanding, the essential 

5864
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:43,500
nature of whatever your dealing 
with. 

5865
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:46,700
Whether your fighting in a 
ponytail, painting a landscape 

5866
05:03:46,708 --> 05:03:50,100
or trying to solve a problem. 
Success comes from seeing 

5867
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:52,900
clearly what's actually 
happening rather than what you 

5868
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:55,400
think should be happening or 
what happened in similar 

5869
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:58,900
situations before his students 
During the period included. 

5870
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:03,200
Not just aspiring swordsman, but
also Artists Craftsmen and even 

5871
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:05,600
Merchants who wanted to 
understand his approach to 

5872
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:08,300
strategy. 
Musashi had begun to attract 

5873
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:11,700
people who are less interested 
in learning to fight and more 

5874
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:14,800
interested in learning to think 
clearly, Under Pressure teaching

5875
05:04:14,800 --> 05:04:18,800
change mass in ways, he probably
didn't expect when you have to 

5876
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:22,000
explain something, to another 
person, you discover gaps in 

5877
05:04:22,000 --> 05:04:23,800
your understanding that you 
didn't know existed. 

5878
05:04:24,700 --> 05:04:27,400
Students, ask questions that 
force you to examine assumptions

5879
05:04:27,400 --> 05:04:29,800
you've never questioned and 
their mistakes. 

5880
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:31,500
Help. 
You see problems from entirely 

5881
05:04:31,500 --> 05:04:34,800
new angles, Musashi found, that 
his best students weren't 

5882
05:04:34,800 --> 05:04:37,900
necessarily the most naturally 
talented ones often. 

5883
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:41,100
They were the ones who struggled
with traditional approaches and 

5884
05:04:41,100 --> 05:04:43,400
had to find their ways of making
techniques work. 

5885
05:04:44,100 --> 05:04:46,500
These students forced to think 
more creatively about 

5886
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:50,400
instruction to discover new ways
of explaining Concepts that he 

5887
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:52,800
had internalized. 
So thoroughly that, he barely 

5888
05:04:52,800 --> 05:04:55,400
thought about the many more. 
One of the challenges of 

5889
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:57,900
teaching unconventional methods 
is that they don't translate 

5890
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:01,100
easily into rules and 
procedures, traditional martial 

5891
05:05:01,100 --> 05:05:02,700
arts. 
Schools could give students a 

5892
05:05:02,700 --> 05:05:06,200
clear progression, learn this 
stars, then this movement, then 

5893
05:05:06,200 --> 05:05:09,800
this combination and so on. 
But massage is approach, was 

5894
05:05:09,800 --> 05:05:12,000
more like jazz improvisation 
than classical music. 

5895
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:14,700
There were underlying 
principles, but the expression 

5896
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:17,400
had to be personal. 
And spontaneous, he began to 

5897
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:19,600
develop teaching methods that 
were more about creating 

5898
05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:22,600
conditions for Discovery than 
about direct instruction. 

5899
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,900
Instead of showing students 
exactly how to hold their 

5900
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:28,000
swords. 
He might offer them a series of 

5901
05:05:28,008 --> 05:05:30,900
exercises, that would naturally 
lead them to discover effective 

5902
05:05:30,900 --> 05:05:33,700
grips on their own, it was 
slower than traditional 

5903
05:05:33,700 --> 05:05:35,900
instruction. 
But it produced students who 

5904
05:05:35,900 --> 05:05:39,000
truly understood what they were 
doing rather than just copying 

5905
05:05:39,000 --> 05:05:41,800
movements during this period 
Musashi. 

5906
05:05:41,800 --> 05:05:44,600
Also began to understand the 
importance of what modern people

5907
05:05:44,600 --> 05:05:47,000
might call work life balance 
though. 

5908
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:50,000
He wouldn't have used that 
terminology He realized that 

5909
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:53,700
constant intensity whether in 
training or in teaching was 

5910
05:05:53,700 --> 05:05:57,300
ultimately counterproductive. 
Excellence required periods of 

5911
05:05:57,308 --> 05:06:00,900
rest and reflection times when 
you were to actively trying to 

5912
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:03,700
improve, but were simply 
maintaining what you had already

5913
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:06,000
achieved. 
He started incorporating more 

5914
05:06:06,000 --> 05:06:09,700
variety into his daily routine. 
A morning might include sword 

5915
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:14,000
practice, followed by painting 
writing, then along walk with no

5916
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,600
particular destination. 
This wasn't procrastination or 

5917
05:06:17,600 --> 05:06:20,300
lack of focus. 
It was a recognition that 

5918
05:06:20,300 --> 05:06:22,600
different types of thinking, 
required different, mental 

5919
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:26,000
States, and creativity, often 
emerge from the spaces between 

5920
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:28,400
focused activities. 
During this period. 

5921
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:31,600
His reputation shifted from 
being seen as a dangerous 

5922
05:06:31,600 --> 05:06:35,200
duelist to a wise teacher, 
although he remained fully 

5923
05:06:35,200 --> 05:06:38,200
capable of being the former when
circumstances required. 

5924
05:06:38,200 --> 05:06:41,700
It People started seeking him 
out not because they wanted to 

5925
05:06:41,700 --> 05:06:45,300
challenge him but because they 
wanted to learn from him, it was

5926
05:06:45,308 --> 05:06:48,700
a more sustainable way to live 
and probably much better for his

5927
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:52,100
long-term stress levels as 
Musashi entered his later years.

5928
05:06:52,100 --> 05:06:54,700
He began working on what would 
become his most lasting 

5929
05:06:54,700 --> 05:06:57,900
contribution to the world. 
The book of five rings. 

5930
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:01,200
But calling it a book about 
sword fighting is like calling 

5931
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:02,600
Moby. 
Dick of a book about whaling, 

5932
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,800
technically accurate, but 
missing most of the point, the 

5933
05:07:05,800 --> 05:07:10,800
five Ring's ground water fire 
wind and void weren't just 

5934
05:07:10,800 --> 05:07:12,100
different sword fighting 
techniques. 

5935
05:07:12,100 --> 05:07:14,900
They were different ways of 
approaching any challenge, 

5936
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:17,500
different modes of thinking, 
that could be applied to 

5937
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,000
everything from military 
strategy to personal 

5938
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:21,900
relationships to Artistic 
creation. 

5939
05:07:21,900 --> 05:07:24,300
The ground ring was about 
fundamentals. 

5940
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:27,300
The basic principles that 
everything else was built on. 

5941
05:07:28,600 --> 05:07:30,900
Musashi had learned that you 
couldn't build lasting 

5942
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:34,000
Excellence on shaky foundations,
whether you were learning sword 

5943
05:07:34,000 --> 05:07:35,700
fighting or trying to run a 
business. 

5944
05:07:36,500 --> 05:07:39,300
Most people wanted to skip the 
boring foundational work, and 

5945
05:07:39,308 --> 05:07:41,100
jump straight to the Advanced 
Techniques. 

5946
05:07:41,100 --> 05:07:45,000
But Musashi had seen too many 
promising students fail because 

5947
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:47,900
they hadn't mastered the basics.
The watering was about 

5948
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:51,200
adaptability flowing around 
obstacles rather than trying to 

5949
05:07:51,208 --> 05:07:53,100
smash through them. 
Water. 

5950
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:54,600
Always finds a way to its 
destination. 

5951
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:57,700
Whether that means going around 
a rock or wearing through it 

5952
05:07:57,700 --> 05:08:00,600
over time. 
Musashi learned this lesson 

5953
05:08:00,600 --> 05:08:03,200
through years of encountering 
opponents who are stronger 

5954
05:08:03,200 --> 05:08:07,300
faster or better trained than he
was and finding ways to win. 

5955
05:08:07,300 --> 05:08:10,800
Anyway, the fire ring was about 
intensity and decisive action. 

5956
05:08:11,600 --> 05:08:14,300
There are moments when gradual 
progress isn't enough when you 

5957
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:17,500
need to commit everything you 
have to a single effort but the 

5958
05:08:17,500 --> 05:08:21,300
trick is knowing when those 
moments are use fire attacks to 

5959
05:08:21,300 --> 05:08:25,100
offer them and you burn out If 
they are used to infrequently 

5960
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:27,300
important opportunities, may be 
missed. 

5961
05:08:27,300 --> 05:08:30,000
The wind ring was about 
understanding what others were 

5962
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:32,600
doing seeing clearly without 
being distracted by your 

5963
05:08:32,600 --> 05:08:36,300
preferences or expectations. 
Most conflicts a lost because 

5964
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:39,000
people fight against what they 
think their opponent is doing 

5965
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:41,600
rather than what their opponent 
is actually doing. 

5966
05:08:42,300 --> 05:08:45,400
This requires a kind of mental 
emptiness that most people find 

5967
05:08:45,400 --> 05:08:48,700
uncomfortable, you have to set 
aside your plans and reactions 

5968
05:08:48,700 --> 05:08:50,500
long enough to really see what's
happening. 

5969
05:08:50,500 --> 05:08:54,000
The void Rings, the most 
difficult to explain because it 

5970
05:08:54,000 --> 05:08:57,100
was about the space between 
techniques, the pause between 

5971
05:08:57,100 --> 05:09:00,000
thoughts and the moment of 
potential before action. 

5972
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:03,000
It was what happened when you 
stopped trying to control 

5973
05:09:03,000 --> 05:09:06,000
everything and allowed your 
training and intuition to guide 

5974
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:09,000
you writing these ideas down was
probably one of the most 

5975
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:11,300
challenging things Musashi had 
ever done. 

5976
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:15,000
He had spent decades developing 
these insights through direct 

5977
05:09:15,000 --> 05:09:18,300
experience, learning them in his
muscles and Bones before he 

5978
05:09:18,300 --> 05:09:21,400
understood them intellectually. 
Translating that kind of 

5979
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:24,100
embodied knowledge into words, 
was like, trying to describe the

5980
05:09:24,100 --> 05:09:27,700
taste of water to someone who 
had never been thirsty in his 

5981
05:09:27,700 --> 05:09:30,500
final years, Musashi retreated 
to a cave in the mountains. 

5982
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:33,100
Near Kumamoto to complete his 
writing and reflect on his 

5983
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,300
life's work. 
This wasn't the dramatic hermit 

5984
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:39,800
withdrawal that popular culture 
sometimes portrays, but more 

5985
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:42,600
like the decision of a senior 
Professor to take, sabbatical to

5986
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:44,300
write the book. 
He had been contemplating for 

5987
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:47,800
decades the cave, provided the 
kind of uninterrupted Solitude 

5988
05:09:47,800 --> 05:09:50,100
that almost impossible to find 
in normal life. 

5989
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:54,000
Know students asking questions? 
No visitors wanting to test 

5990
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:57,000
their skills against his 
reputation and no daily 

5991
05:09:57,000 --> 05:10:00,100
obligations beyond the basic 
requirements of staying alive. 

5992
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:03,600
It was like having a completely 
clear desk for the first time in

5993
05:10:03,600 --> 05:10:06,500
years where you can finally 
focus on the projects that 

5994
05:10:06,500 --> 05:10:09,900
matter most in this setting 
Musashi completed, not just the 

5995
05:10:09,900 --> 05:10:14,000
book of five rings but also a 
work called Dakota or the way of

5996
05:10:14,008 --> 05:10:16,600
walking alone. 
This was a much shorter. 

5997
05:10:16,600 --> 05:10:19,400
Piece consisting of 21 
principles for self-reliant 

5998
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:23,000
living reading it today. 
It sounds remarkably modern in 

5999
05:10:23,000 --> 05:10:26,000
some ways advice about not 
depending on others for your 

6000
05:10:26,000 --> 05:10:28,600
happiness. 
Not accumulating, unnecessary, 

6001
05:10:28,600 --> 05:10:31,800
possessions, and treating all 
things with respect, but not 

6002
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,000
attachment. 
But the way of walking alone 

6003
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:36,200
wasn't a guide to hermit living 
or anti-social. 

6004
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:39,800
Behaviour, it was more about 
psychological Independence, the 

6005
05:10:39,800 --> 05:10:43,000
ability to remain centered and 
purposeful regardless of 

6006
05:10:43,000 --> 05:10:46,200
external circumstances. 
Were she had learned through 

6007
05:10:46,200 --> 05:10:48,900
Decades of wandering that you're
in a state was the only thing 

6008
05:10:48,900 --> 05:10:52,200
you could truly control and that
everything else was essentially,

6009
05:10:52,200 --> 05:10:56,200
whether sometimes Pleasant, 
sometimes difficult, but always 

6010
05:10:56,200 --> 05:11:00,200
temporary during his cave years,
Mustachio, created some of his 

6011
05:11:00,200 --> 05:11:04,100
most celebrated artwork, Without
the distractions of teaching, or

6012
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:06,900
the pressure of maintaining his 
reputation, he could paint 

6013
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:10,600
purely for the joy of capturing 
Something Beautiful, his late 

6014
05:11:10,608 --> 05:11:12,300
paintings. 
Have a quality of serene 

6015
05:11:12,300 --> 05:11:13,700
confidence. 
That's different from his 

6016
05:11:13,700 --> 05:11:16,000
earlier work. 
The brushstrokes are more 

6017
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:20,000
economical but somehow more 
expressive like someone who has 

6018
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:23,000
learned to say more with less 
the mountain setting, probably 

6019
05:11:23,000 --> 05:11:25,900
influenced his art as well. 
When you're surrounded by the 

6020
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:28,800
same landscape day after day, 
you begin to see it. 

6021
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:32,900
Incredible detail, the way 
Shadows move across Rock faces 

6022
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,500
throughout the day. 
The subtle differences in how 

6023
05:11:35,500 --> 05:11:39,100
pine trees respond to wind the 
dozens of different sounds that 

6024
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:42,000
mountain silence contains. 
This kind of intimate 

6025
05:11:42,000 --> 05:11:45,000
observation shows up in the 
Precision and sensitivity of his

6026
05:11:45,000 --> 05:11:50,200
late paintings Musashi died in 
1645 at the age of about 61 

6027
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:53,800
having never lost a duel and 
having created a body of work 

6028
05:11:53,800 --> 05:11:55,800
that would Influence People for 
centuries. 

6029
05:11:56,500 --> 05:11:59,400
But perhaps his most interesting
Legacy, isn't his undefeated 

6030
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:03,300
record, or even his artistic 
achievements, it's the example, 

6031
05:12:03,300 --> 05:12:06,200
he set of someone who refused to
be limited by conventional 

6032
05:12:06,200 --> 05:12:09,600
categories in a society that 
valued specialization and 

6033
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:13,300
clearly defined roles. 
Musashi insisted on being both a

6034
05:12:13,300 --> 05:12:17,108
warrior and an artist. 
Tryna student and a man of 

6035
05:12:17,116 --> 05:12:20,700
action and a philosopher. 
Prove that excellence in one 

6036
05:12:20,700 --> 05:12:22,600
area doesn't require ignorance 
of others. 

6037
05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:25,400
And that the deepest 
understanding often comes from 

6038
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,500
seeing connections between 
seemingly, unrelated disciplines

6039
05:12:28,500 --> 05:12:31,500
his approach to learning was 
particularly revolutionary for 

6040
05:12:31,500 --> 05:12:35,000
its time instead of accepting 
traditional methods simply 

6041
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:38,500
because they were traditional 
Musashi tested, everything 

6042
05:12:38,500 --> 05:12:42,200
against his own experience, and 
kept only what actually worked 

6043
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:44,600
This wasn't disrespect for 
tradition. 

6044
05:12:44,600 --> 05:12:47,900
It was a deeper respect for the 
principles that made Traditions 

6045
05:12:47,900 --> 05:12:50,900
valuable in the first place. 
Modern readers, often find 

6046
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:52,800
Musashi's writing, surprisingly 
relevant. 

6047
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:56,200
Not because sword fighting is 
made a comeback but because his 

6048
05:12:56,200 --> 05:13:00,200
insights about strategy timing 
and clear thinking applied to 

6049
05:13:00,200 --> 05:13:03,500
contemporary challenges, whether
your dealing with a difficult 

6050
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:07,300
work situation, trying to master
a new skill or simply attempting

6051
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:09,100
to live with greater purpose and
Effectiveness. 

6052
05:13:09,100 --> 05:13:12,300
Musashi's principles offer 
practical guidance. 

6053
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,200
His life will demonstrates. 
Something important about the 

6054
05:13:15,200 --> 05:13:17,300
relationship between discipline 
and cruelty. 

6055
05:13:18,300 --> 05:13:21,600
Rather than stifling 
imagination, Musashi's, rigorous

6056
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:24,000
training, in martial arts seem 
to enhance his artistic 

6057
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:26,700
abilities. 
The same attention to detail 

6058
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:29,700
that made him a formidable. 
Swordsman made him a sense of 

6059
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:32,700
painter. 
The patience required for 

6060
05:13:32,700 --> 05:13:35,700
mastering combat techniques 
transfers to the patient's 

6061
05:13:35,700 --> 05:13:38,000
needed for creating beautiful 
calligraphy. 

6062
05:13:38,000 --> 05:13:41,400
Most importantly, Musashi 
demonstrated that one can fully 

6063
05:13:41,400 --> 05:13:44,700
commit to Excellence without 
becoming rigid or closed-minded.

6064
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:48,200
He remained curious and 
experimental throughout his 

6065
05:13:48,200 --> 05:13:50,300
life. 
Always willing to reconsider his

6066
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:52,000
assumptions and try new 
approaches. 

6067
05:13:53,000 --> 05:13:56,400
This combination of dedication 
and flexibility is rare, and 

6068
05:13:56,400 --> 05:13:58,900
it's probably what allowed him 
to continue growing and 

6069
05:13:58,900 --> 05:14:01,700
improving well, into his later 
years as we come to the end of 

6070
05:14:01,700 --> 05:14:04,400
Musashi's story. 
It's worth considering what this

6071
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:06,900
man from 4 centuries ago might 
teach us about living. 

6072
05:14:06,900 --> 05:14:10,100
Well, in our time, his life 
offers several lessons that 

6073
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:13,100
transcend the specific 
circumstances of medieval Japan 

6074
05:14:13,100 --> 05:14:15,200
first. 
There's the importance of 

6075
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:17,900
developing your own approach 
rather than simply copying what 

6076
05:14:17,900 --> 05:14:21,900
others do Musashi's two sword 
technique worked for him, not 

6077
05:14:21,900 --> 05:14:24,200
because it was inherently 
Superior to single sword 

6078
05:14:24,200 --> 05:14:26,100
fighting. 
But because it matched his 

6079
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:30,000
particular strengths and way of 
thinking, In your life the most 

6080
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:32,500
effective Solutions are often 
the ones you developed for 

6081
05:14:32,508 --> 05:14:35,700
yourself, based on your unique 
combination of abilities and 

6082
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:39,100
circumstances. 
Second Musashi demonstrates. 

6083
05:14:39,100 --> 05:14:41,600
The value of cross-training 
between different disciplines, 

6084
05:14:41,600 --> 05:14:45,600
his martial arts, informed, his 
art, his art, informed his 

6085
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:47,700
writing and his writing 
clarified. 

6086
05:14:47,700 --> 05:14:49,100
His understanding of martial 
arts. 

6087
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:52,700
In our age of hyper 
specialization, there's 

6088
05:14:52,700 --> 05:14:55,100
something refreshing about 
someone who refused to stay in a

6089
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:58,200
single Lane who understood that 
breadth of experience could 

6090
05:14:58,200 --> 05:15:00,500
deepen rather than dilute 
expertise. 

6091
05:15:00,500 --> 05:15:03,900
Third is willingness to start 
over and keep learning 

6092
05:15:03,900 --> 05:15:06,000
throughout his life is 
particularly relevant. 

6093
05:15:06,000 --> 05:15:10,200
Musashi did not reach his peak 
in his twenties and then rely 

6094
05:15:10,200 --> 05:15:13,200
solely on his reputation. 
He continued taking on new 

6095
05:15:13,200 --> 05:15:17,200
challenges developing new skills
and refining his understanding 

6096
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:20,800
well into his 60s. 
In a world where careers 

6097
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:23,900
increasingly require constant 
adaptation and lifelong learning

6098
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:27,100
Musashi's, example is both 
inspiring and practical. 

6099
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:29,900
There's also his approach to 
dealing with failure and 

6100
05:15:29,900 --> 05:15:32,500
uncertainty, Versace made 
mistakes. 

6101
05:15:32,500 --> 05:15:36,200
He got lost in mountains, over 
slept on the day of important 

6102
05:15:36,200 --> 05:15:38,200
duels. 
And probably had plenty of 

6103
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,000
moments when he questioned his 
life choices. 

6104
05:15:40,900 --> 05:15:43,200
But he seemed to treat these 
setbacks as informational, 

6105
05:15:43,200 --> 05:15:46,000
rather than disasters. 
Using them to adjust his 

6106
05:15:46,000 --> 05:15:49,000
approach, rather than, as 
reasons to give up his later 

6107
05:15:49,000 --> 05:15:51,400
focus on teaching and writing 
suggests something important 

6108
05:15:51,400 --> 05:15:53,200
about how to create lasting 
value. 

6109
05:15:53,900 --> 05:15:56,900
Physical accomplishments, no 
matter how impressive are 

6110
05:15:56,900 --> 05:16:01,100
ultimately temporary however 
your ideas insights and 

6111
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:04,200
influence on others can endure 
long after your passing. 

6112
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:09,100
Musashi's dueling record is 
historically intriguing, but his

6113
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:11,200
books are still helping people 
solve problems today. 

6114
05:16:11,200 --> 05:16:15,400
Finally, this is integration of 
action and reflection his 

6115
05:16:15,400 --> 05:16:19,400
ability to be both a doer and a 
thinker. too often we divide the

6116
05:16:19,400 --> 05:16:22,900
world into people who act and 
people who contemplate, as if 

6117
05:16:22,908 --> 05:16:26,800
these were mutually exclusive 
approaches to life, Musashi 

6118
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:29,500
showed that the most effective 
people often combine both, 

6119
05:16:29,500 --> 05:16:32,500
they're willing to jump into 
challenges and take risks. 

6120
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:35,000
But they also spend time 
thinking deeply about what 

6121
05:16:35,000 --> 05:16:36,600
they've learned and how they can
improve. 

6122
05:16:36,600 --> 05:16:40,100
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, perhaps there's 

6123
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:42,400
something comforting in the 
story of Musashi Miyamoto. 

6124
05:16:42,400 --> 05:16:46,700
Not the Fearsome, duelist of 
Legend but the more human 

6125
05:16:46,700 --> 05:16:50,500
figure, we've explored together.
A man who started as a boy 

6126
05:16:50,500 --> 05:16:53,900
swinging sticks with unusual 
enthusiasm, who spent years 

6127
05:16:53,900 --> 05:16:56,600
walking, the roads of Japan 
looking for worthy opponents. 

6128
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,900
And who eventually learned that 
the most important battles are 

6129
05:16:59,900 --> 05:17:01,500
often. 
The ones we fight with ourselves

6130
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:04,600
with sashi's life serves. 
As a reminder that growth is 

6131
05:17:04,600 --> 05:17:07,500
rarely linear. 
He had periods of intense 

6132
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:11,200
activity and periods of quiet 
reflection times when he pushed 

6133
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,100
himself to his limits and times 
when he stepped back to 

6134
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:18,100
consolidate what he had learned.
This rhythm of effort and rest 

6135
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:21,000
Challenge and Recovery is 
something we can all relate to, 

6136
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:23,000
regardless of our particular 
Pursuits. 

6137
05:17:23,000 --> 05:17:25,900
There's also something deeply 
satisfying about the way 

6138
05:17:25,900 --> 05:17:29,200
historians seemingly 
contradictory elements, he was 

6139
05:17:29,208 --> 05:17:33,000
both a warrior and an artist, 
both alone and a teacher and 

6140
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:35,200
both someone who sought out 
conflict and someone who 

6141
05:17:35,200 --> 05:17:37,000
eventually understood the value 
of Peace. 

6142
05:17:37,000 --> 05:17:40,200
Perhaps, that's a useful way to 
think about our own complex 

6143
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:42,300
lives. 
The image of Musashi in his 

6144
05:17:42,300 --> 05:17:44,900
mounting cave completing his 
life's work in solitude. 

6145
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:48,600
But with full engagement offers 
a peaceful note on which to end 

6146
05:17:48,600 --> 05:17:51,600
our time together tonight. 
Here was someone who had 

6147
05:17:51,600 --> 05:17:53,900
experienced enough of the 
world's excitement and 

6148
05:17:53,900 --> 05:17:55,700
challenges to know their true 
value. 

6149
05:17:55,700 --> 05:17:58,700
Who had learned to find 
satisfaction in simple things 

6150
05:17:58,700 --> 05:18:00,600
done. 
Well, and who understood that 

6151
05:18:00,600 --> 05:18:03,500
the most profound Victory is are
often the quietest ones. 

6152
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:06,200
As you drift off to sleep, you 
might think about the wooden 

6153
05:18:06,200 --> 05:18:09,800
sword and she carved from a boat
tours, transforming a simple 

6154
05:18:09,800 --> 05:18:12,300
tool in to an instrument of 
Victory through nothing, more 

6155
05:18:12,300 --> 05:18:14,200
than clear thinking and careful 
work. 

6156
05:18:15,000 --> 05:18:16,800
There's something encouraging 
about that image. 

6157
05:18:16,800 --> 05:18:20,400
The idea that we all have access
to the raw materials of success 

6158
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,600
that creativity and 
determination can often matter 

6159
05:18:23,600 --> 05:18:27,000
more than perfect equipment or 
ideal circumstances, sweet 

6160
05:18:27,000 --> 05:18:30,800
dreams, and remember Sometimes 
the most unconventional path is 

6161
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:32,800
the one that leads exactly where
you need to go. 

6162
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:38,900
Imagine yourself seated at your 
kitchen table on a Tuesday 

6163
05:18:38,900 --> 05:18:40,500
Morning. 
In October 1929. 

6164
05:18:40,500 --> 05:18:43,400
Perhaps enjoying coffee from 
your beloved mug. 

6165
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:45,900
The one that hasn't yet 
developed a chip in its handle 

6166
05:18:46,800 --> 05:18:48,000
You're flipping through the 
newspaper. 

6167
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:50,700
Probably complaining about 
something perfectly mundane. 

6168
05:18:50,700 --> 05:18:53,800
Like how the neighbor's dog 
keeps digging up your petunias? 

6169
05:18:54,800 --> 05:18:57,500
Life, feels predictable, even a 
little boring. 

6170
05:18:58,200 --> 05:19:01,700
Then the phone rings or maybe 
you hear it on the radio, the 

6171
05:19:01,700 --> 05:19:04,700
stock market has crashed. 
The stock market has not merely 

6172
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:07,600
haltered or experienced a 
difficult day, but it has 

6173
05:19:07,608 --> 05:19:10,100
plummeted completely and 
catastrophically. 

6174
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:13,500
Within hours, everything you 
thought you knew about your 

6175
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:16,100
comfortable little world starts,
shifting beneath your feet like 

6176
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:19,700
Sam and now, you might be 
thinking what does Wall Street 

6177
05:19:19,700 --> 05:19:22,700
have to do with my dinner table?
Get ready to learn that 

6178
05:19:22,700 --> 05:19:25,200
everything is connected in ways 
that will make your head spin. 

6179
05:19:26,200 --> 05:19:29,800
Before the crash American 
kitchens were experiencing a 

6180
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:32,800
period of prosperity. 
Electric refrigerators replaced 

6181
05:19:32,800 --> 05:19:36,000
the old ice boxes, that required
actual blocks of ice consider. 

6182
05:19:36,000 --> 05:19:37,900
How you might explain that to 
someone today? 

6183
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:40,100
Yes. 
Dear, a man. 

6184
05:19:40,108 --> 05:19:41,900
Came by twice a week with frozen
water. 

6185
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:47,200
Know we couldn't make our own 
Cooking became easier with the 

6186
05:19:47,200 --> 05:19:50,700
newfangled appliances in grocery
stores brimmed with an abundance

6187
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:53,000
of options that would have left 
your grandmother dizzy. 

6188
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:58,000
Families were eating beef roasts
on Sundays, fresh vegetables, 

6189
05:19:58,000 --> 05:20:01,500
from local farms and desserts. 
That didn't require a 

6190
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:03,100
mathematical equation to figure 
out sugar. 

6191
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:06,400
Ratios bread was white and 
fluffy, not because it was 

6192
05:20:06,400 --> 05:20:09,900
healthy, but because it felt 
fancy and modern the poor 8, 

6193
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:12,600
brown bread, that America was 
far from impoverished. 

6194
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,600
But here's the thing about 
Prosperity is often built on a 

6195
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:19,800
foundation, that's more wobbly 
than anyone wants to admit Banks

6196
05:20:19,800 --> 05:20:22,300
were lending, money recklessly 
individuals were purchasing 

6197
05:20:22,300 --> 05:20:25,600
stocks with funds, they lacked 
and farmers were producing more 

6198
05:20:25,600 --> 05:20:27,300
food than the nation. 
Could consume. 

6199
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:29,900
It was like a giant game of 
Jenga and someone was about to 

6200
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:33,200
pull out the wrong block. 
When that crash came it wasn't 

6201
05:20:33,200 --> 05:20:35,800
just Rich investors in fancy 
suits who felt it. 

6202
05:20:35,800 --> 05:20:39,000
The Ripple effects, spread 
faster than gossip in a small 

6203
05:20:39,008 --> 05:20:42,700
town banks, closed their doors, 
taking people savings with them 

6204
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,200
factories. 
Shut down, sending workers home 

6205
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:48,900
with empty Pockets, suddenly the
Cozy, middle class, way of life,

6206
05:20:48,900 --> 05:20:52,400
you'd be relishing vanished the 
concept vanished as swiftly as 

6207
05:20:52,400 --> 05:20:54,500
ice cream on a sweltering summer
day. 

6208
05:20:54,500 --> 05:20:57,800
The cruel irony was that there 
was still ample food available 

6209
05:20:57,800 --> 05:21:00,800
for cultivation. 
Farms Across America were still 

6210
05:21:00,808 --> 05:21:03,400
producing wheat, corn 
vegetables, and livestock. 

6211
05:21:04,200 --> 05:21:06,100
The problem wasn't that food had
disappeared. 

6212
05:21:06,100 --> 05:21:08,100
It was that nobody had money to 
buy it. 

6213
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:10,800
It's like being locked outside. 
Your house with the keys sitting

6214
05:21:10,800 --> 05:21:13,700
right there on the kitchen 
counter visible, but completely 

6215
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,400
Out Of Reach. 
This is where our story really 

6216
05:21:16,400 --> 05:21:18,500
begins. 
Because when people can't afford

6217
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:21,000
food, they get creative like 
creative. 

6218
05:21:21,000 --> 05:21:23,100
I mean, they learn to create 
meals using ingredients. 

6219
05:21:23,100 --> 05:21:24,900
That would make modern food 
bloggers cry. 

6220
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:28,400
Forget your artisanal. 
This and organic that people are

6221
05:21:28,400 --> 05:21:31,200
about to discover that survival 
cooking is its kind of art form.

6222
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:33,500
They're not necessarily one. 
You'd want to Instagram. 

6223
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,900
So there you were, perhaps still
sitting at that same kitchen 

6224
05:21:36,900 --> 05:21:39,800
table, but now in stead of 
casually reading the newspaper, 

6225
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:42,400
you're studying it like it holds
the secrets of the universe, 

6226
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:47,000
which adds are offering work. 
What stores are having sales and

6227
05:21:47,000 --> 05:21:49,700
most importantly, how can you 
feed your family on? 

6228
05:21:49,700 --> 05:21:52,900
What feels like pocket change? 
The adventure was just 

6229
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:55,600
beginning, though. 
Nobody referred to it as such at

6230
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:57,800
that time. 
They were too busy figuring out 

6231
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:01,100
how to stretch a dollar until it
screamed and wondering how 

6232
05:22:01,100 --> 05:22:04,100
something is basic is putting 
food on the table had suddenly 

6233
05:22:04,100 --> 05:22:05,600
become the most challenging 
puzzle. 

6234
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:08,700
They'd ever faced, you know how 
today you might spend 20 minutes

6235
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:12,200
deciding between 17 different 
types, of pasta sauce, weighing 

6236
05:22:12,200 --> 05:22:15,100
the merits of organic vs regular
vs the store brand. 

6237
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:18,200
Well, imagine if your entire 
grocery budget was less than 

6238
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:21,100
what you now, spend on a single 
lunch out and suddenly those 

6239
05:22:21,100 --> 05:22:24,500
choices become a lot more 
focused by 1932. 

6240
05:22:24,500 --> 05:22:26,900
The average family was spending 
about 15 dollars a week on 

6241
05:22:26,900 --> 05:22:29,900
groceries, which sounds 
ridiculously cheap and you 

6242
05:22:29,900 --> 05:22:33,500
realize that's in 1932 dollars. 
And most people were lucky to 

6243
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:36,400
have any dollars at all. 
It's as if someone handed you 

6244
05:22:36,400 --> 05:22:38,500
Monopoly money and instructed 
you to use it until next 

6245
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:42,100
Thursday, Your grocery shopping 
strategy had to become more 

6246
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:44,900
sophisticated than a military 
operation first. 

6247
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:48,100
You check every pocket purse and
couch cushion for Loose Change. 

6248
05:22:48,100 --> 05:22:51,200
Discovering, a nickel felt like 
unearthing a hidden treasure, 

6249
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:53,500
then you'd sit down with a 
pencil and paper. 

6250
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:57,200
No fancy smartphone apps for 
Budget tracking and plan your 

6251
05:22:57,200 --> 05:22:59,200
shopping trip with the Precision
of a NASA Mission. 

6252
05:22:59,200 --> 05:23:02,900
Every purchase had to serve 
multiple purposes and luxury 

6253
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:05,600
items like fresh meat or white 
sugar were carefully weighed 

6254
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:07,800
against Necessities, like flour 
and potatoes. 

6255
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:11,000
The grocery stores themselves 
started looking different too 

6256
05:23:11,000 --> 05:23:14,600
gone with the Abundant displays 
and cheerful abundance of the 

6257
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:18,100
Roaring 20s. 
Shelves, became sparser and 

6258
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:20,900
storekeepers started extending 
credit to long-time customers 

6259
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:25,100
keeping handwritten ledgers of 
who owed, what it was like a 

6260
05:23:25,100 --> 05:23:27,800
neighborhood favor system except
the favors were keeping families

6261
05:23:27,800 --> 05:23:30,500
from going hungry. 
You learned to think like a 

6262
05:23:30,500 --> 05:23:32,600
Pioneer, even though you lived 
in town. 

6263
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:36,500
Bulk purchases made sense, when 
you could afford them, a large 

6264
05:23:36,508 --> 05:23:39,300
sack of flour, might cost more 
upfront, but it would last 

6265
05:23:39,300 --> 05:23:42,100
longer and cost less per pound 
than buying smaller amounts. 

6266
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:45,400
Of course, such an arrangement 
required, actually having enough

6267
05:23:45,400 --> 05:23:48,900
money for bulk purchases, which 
was often a catched, 22 

6268
05:23:48,900 --> 05:23:50,500
situation, that would make your 
head hurt. 

6269
05:23:50,500 --> 05:23:52,000
If you thought about it too 
much. 

6270
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:55,900
Shopping became a social 
activity, in ways, it had never 

6271
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:59,400
been before, women would compare
notes on which stores have the 

6272
05:23:59,400 --> 05:24:02,800
best prices share recipes for 
making meals stretch and 

6273
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,100
sometimes even pull their money 
for bulk purchases. 

6274
05:24:05,100 --> 05:24:07,700
They divide up later. 
It was like having a very 

6275
05:24:07,700 --> 05:24:10,300
practical book club except 
instead of discussing 

6276
05:24:10,300 --> 05:24:13,200
literature, you were debating 
where the potatoes were cheaper 

6277
05:24:13,200 --> 05:24:15,900
per pound at Miller's market or 
Thompson's grocery. 

6278
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:19,100
The butcher became both your 
trusted companion and your 

6279
05:24:19,100 --> 05:24:22,700
greatest obstacle. 
While meat was costly bones were

6280
05:24:22,700 --> 05:24:25,600
inexpensive and a quality soup, 
bone could serve. 

6281
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:29,100
As the basis for numerous meals,
you would request the cuts that 

6282
05:24:29,100 --> 05:24:32,200
were previously intended for pet
food and the butcher would 

6283
05:24:32,200 --> 05:24:35,600
frequently include Surplus fat 
at no cost, which you would then

6284
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,200
cook and utilize in ways that 
would shock contemporary 

6285
05:24:38,200 --> 05:24:40,100
nutritionists yet. 
Insured. 

6286
05:24:40,100 --> 05:24:44,200
Your families. 
Seasonal shopping took on new 

6287
05:24:44,200 --> 05:24:47,000
meaning some are meant fresh, 
vegetables and fruits when they 

6288
05:24:47,000 --> 05:24:49,100
were cheapest. 
But it also meant thinking ahead

6289
05:24:49,100 --> 05:24:51,700
to Winter. 
Canning became less of a hobby 

6290
05:24:51,708 --> 05:24:55,200
and more of a survival skill. 
Your kitchen might fill up with 

6291
05:24:55,208 --> 05:24:56,800
mason jars, like a general 
store. 

6292
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,400
Each one representing a meal 
save for the months when fresh 

6293
05:24:59,400 --> 05:25:02,900
food would become even pricier. 
Store credit evolved into a 

6294
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:05,100
delicate balance between dignity
and Desperation. 

6295
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:08,300
Storekeepers knew their 
customers personally, they knew 

6296
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:11,200
your family, your situation and 
your history of payment. 

6297
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:14,100
Getting credit wasn't just about
financial reliability. 

6298
05:25:14,100 --> 05:25:17,600
It was about being part of the 
community but using that 

6299
05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:21,700
credited you needed help which 
was harder for some people than 

6300
05:25:21,700 --> 05:25:24,100
others. 
The psychology of shopping 

6301
05:25:24,100 --> 05:25:27,600
changed too, you'd find yourself
calculating not just price per 

6302
05:25:27,600 --> 05:25:29,900
pound. 
But meals per dollar, a bag of 

6303
05:25:29,900 --> 05:25:32,800
dried beans, might be boring but
it could feed your family for a 

6304
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:34,100
week. 
If you knew how to cook them 

6305
05:25:34,100 --> 05:25:36,600
right? 
Meanwhile that fresh Apple that 

6306
05:25:36,600 --> 05:25:39,200
looked so appealing might 
represent an entire day's budget

6307
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:42,300
for luxury Foods. 
Your bags, may have been lighter

6308
05:25:42,300 --> 05:25:44,900
when you got home, but your 
mental load was definitely 

6309
05:25:44,900 --> 05:25:47,000
heavier. 
You were not just carrying 

6310
05:25:47,000 --> 05:25:49,000
groceries. 
You were carrying the 

6311
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,700
responsibility of making every 
ingredient, count every meal 

6312
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:56,000
matter and every dollar stretch 
as far as humanly possible. 

6313
05:25:57,000 --> 05:25:59,300
And you are about to learn that 
creativity in. 

6314
05:25:59,300 --> 05:26:00,700
The kitchen. 
Will not just nice. 

6315
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:04,200
It was absolutely essential. 
Here's something that might 

6316
05:26:04,200 --> 05:26:07,200
surprise you before the Great 
Depression left. 

6317
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:09,000
Over food was often just thrown 
away. 

6318
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,700
Can you imagine families would 
actually toss perfectly 

6319
05:26:12,700 --> 05:26:15,400
delicious food because it was a 
day old or didn't look as 

6320
05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:19,200
appealing as when it was fresh. 
If you told someone from 1935 

6321
05:26:19,200 --> 05:26:21,900
that people in the future would 
throw away food because it was 

6322
05:26:21,908 --> 05:26:25,200
approaching its expiration date.
They'd probably think you were 

6323
05:26:25,200 --> 05:26:26,700
describing some kind of fantasy 
world. 

6324
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:31,200
But once money became scarce 
leftovers, transformed from 

6325
05:26:31,200 --> 05:26:35,300
Kitchen waste into precious 
resources. every scrap of food 

6326
05:26:35,300 --> 05:26:38,700
became the star of its own 
potential meal, and home Cooks 

6327
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:42,100
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to resurrect yesterday's

6328
05:26:42,100 --> 05:26:45,300
dinner into something that felt 
new and exciting or at least 

6329
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:49,900
edible Take bread, for example, 
in better times day, old bread, 

6330
05:26:49,900 --> 05:26:52,800
might have been tossed to the 
birds or used for kindling, but 

6331
05:26:52,800 --> 05:26:55,600
during the Depression stale 
bread, became the foundation of 

6332
05:26:55,600 --> 05:26:59,000
entire meals bread. 
Putting wasn't just a desert. 

6333
05:26:59,000 --> 05:27:01,900
It was a way to use up every 
last crossed. 

6334
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:06,000
Breadcrumbs extended, meatloaf 
and bread soaked in milk became 

6335
05:27:06,000 --> 05:27:08,100
a filling breakfast that cost 
almost nothing. 

6336
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:11,800
The art of the leftover suit 
became so refined that it was 

6337
05:27:11,808 --> 05:27:15,000
practically a science. 
You'd start with whatever scraps

6338
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:18,000
of meat remain from Sunday's 
dinner, maybe just some gristle 

6339
05:27:18,000 --> 05:27:19,500
and bones. 
That today would go straight 

6340
05:27:19,500 --> 05:27:22,200
into the trash. 
Had some wilted vegetables that 

6341
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:25,300
were passed their Prime throwing
yesterday's, mashed potatoes for

6342
05:27:25,300 --> 05:27:28,300
thickness and suddenly, you had 
a new meal that could feed the 

6343
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:30,600
whole family every kitchen 
developed. 

6344
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:33,900
Its own leftover ecosystem, 
people saved, meat drippings and

6345
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:36,100
used them to flavor vegetables 
vegetable. 

6346
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:38,800
Cooking water became the base 
for Soups because throwing away 

6347
05:27:38,800 --> 05:27:41,400
anything with potential 
nutrients felt almost Criminal. 

6348
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:46,300
Even coffee grounds got reused 
sometimes multiple times until 

6349
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:48,900
they were producing something 
that barely resembled coffee, 

6350
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:52,100
but still provided a hot Cafe 
native beverages. 

6351
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:57,200
The psychology of leftovers 
change completely, instead of 

6352
05:27:57,200 --> 05:27:59,300
being considered somehow 
inferior to fresh food. 

6353
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:03,800
Leftovers became challenges to 
creativity, a good cook, could 

6354
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:06,600
take completely unrelated 
remnants and somehow make them 

6355
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:09,700
work together in harmony. 
It was akin to performing as a 

6356
05:28:09,708 --> 05:28:13,100
color and red DJ, combining 
various ingredients to create 

6357
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:15,400
dish that exceeded its 
individual components 

6358
05:28:16,300 --> 05:28:20,300
Casserole's emerged as the ideal
way to utilize leftovers, even 

6359
05:28:20,300 --> 05:28:22,400
though they were not referred to
as casseroles in the past. 

6360
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,300
They were simply anything. 
We could combine in one pot. 

6361
05:28:26,300 --> 05:28:29,500
Have some leftover chicken, mix 
it with yesterday's vegetables, 

6362
05:28:29,500 --> 05:28:31,400
and top with whatever starch you
could manage. 

6363
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:35,600
Well it was unrefined it 
provided a substantial meal was 

6364
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:38,400
cost-effective and effectively 
utilized all items that could 

6365
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:42,100
have otherwise been discarded. 
The transformation of leftovers.

6366
05:28:42,100 --> 05:28:44,400
Also changed how families 
thought about meal planning 

6367
05:28:44,400 --> 05:28:46,600
instead of planning individual 
meals. 

6368
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:49,900
You started thinking in terms of
food chains how Sunday's roast 

6369
05:28:49,900 --> 05:28:53,000
chicken would become Monday's, 
chicken salad, Tuesday's chicken

6370
05:28:53,000 --> 05:28:56,300
soup and Wednesdays chicken and 
dumplings it was like meal 

6371
05:28:56,300 --> 05:29:00,100
planning, chess thinking several
moves ahead children, grew up 

6372
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:02,600
with an entirely different 
relationship to food waste than 

6373
05:29:02,600 --> 05:29:05,400
their parents had. 
Not only was leaving food on 

6374
05:29:05,400 --> 05:29:08,500
your plate, considered Bad 
Manners but it also represented 

6375
05:29:08,500 --> 05:29:12,200
a significant waste of family 
resources. kids learn to clean 

6376
05:29:12,200 --> 05:29:14,900
their plates, not because of 
starving children in far-off 

6377
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:17,600
countries but because that 
leftover bite might be 

6378
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:21,400
tomorrow's lunch The creative 
leftover culture, led to some 

6379
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,400
surprisingly, tasty discoveries 
combinations. 

6380
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:27,000
That seemed weird on paper 
actually worked. 

6381
05:29:27,000 --> 05:29:30,800
Well together leftover mashed 
potatoes mixed with flour became

6382
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:33,500
potato pancakes. 
Yesterday's vegetables. 

6383
05:29:33,500 --> 05:29:35,800
Mixed with eggs became frittatas
before. 

6384
05:29:35,800 --> 05:29:39,100
Anyone knew what to call the In 
ways that would influence 

6385
05:29:39,100 --> 05:29:40,800
American cooking for 
Generations. 

6386
05:29:40,800 --> 05:29:44,900
Necessity, became the driving 
force behind invention, storage 

6387
05:29:44,900 --> 05:29:48,200
became an art form too, without 
reliable Refrigeration in many 

6388
05:29:48,208 --> 05:29:50,600
homes. 
Keeping leftovers safe, required

6389
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:53,600
timing, temperature control, and
a bit of luck. 

6390
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:57,700
Root Cellars, cool, pantries and
even outdoor storage in Winter, 

6391
05:29:57,700 --> 05:29:59,700
became part of the leftover 
management system. 

6392
05:29:59,700 --> 05:30:02,600
You had to eat things in the 
right order to prevent spoilage,

6393
05:30:02,600 --> 05:30:05,200
which meant planning your 
leftover consumption, as 

6394
05:30:05,200 --> 05:30:06,600
carefully as your original 
meals. 

6395
05:30:07,600 --> 05:30:10,100
Looking back, this leftover 
Revolution, created cooking 

6396
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:12,300
skills, that modern Americans 
have largely lost. 

6397
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:16,200
The skills, such as the ability 
to look at random ingredients 

6398
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:19,800
and see potential meals to 
stretch food Beyond its obvious,

6399
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:22,400
uses and toast, absolutely 
nothing. 

6400
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:25,400
We're not just survival skills 
from the Depression era. 

6401
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:28,400
They were the foundation of a 
more sustainable and creative 

6402
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,100
approach to cooking that we 
could probably learn from today.

6403
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:33,900
Even if we never want to have to
rely on it, quite so 

6404
05:30:33,900 --> 05:30:36,200
desperately. 
Imagine opening your pantry 

6405
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:39,500
today and discovering that half 
the ingredients you normally use

6406
05:30:39,500 --> 05:30:42,800
for cooking have disappeared. 
They were not spoiled or sold 

6407
05:30:42,800 --> 05:30:44,800
out at the store. 
They were just completely 

6408
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:48,000
unavailable or so expensive that
they might as well have been 

6409
05:30:48,008 --> 05:30:50,000
made a gold. 
That's essentially what 

6410
05:30:50,000 --> 05:30:51,800
happened. 
During the Great Depression and 

6411
05:30:51,800 --> 05:30:54,700
basic ingredients became luxury 
items and home, Cooks had to 

6412
05:30:54,700 --> 05:30:57,100
become kitchen chemists, 
figuring out how to create 

6413
05:30:57,100 --> 05:31:00,000
familiar flavors and textures 
using whatever they could 

6414
05:31:00,000 --> 05:31:02,600
actually afford. 
Sugar was one of the first 

6415
05:31:02,600 --> 05:31:06,500
casualties, real white sugar 
became so expensive that it was 

6416
05:31:06,500 --> 05:31:09,800
rationed out. 
Like precious gems families used

6417
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:11,700
honey. 
When they could molasses when 

6418
05:31:11,700 --> 05:31:15,000
they couldn't and sometimes corn
syrup or sugar substitutes made 

6419
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:17,600
from their own, beets deserts, 
took on entirely different 

6420
05:31:17,600 --> 05:31:20,600
flavor profiles. 
Let's cloyingly sweet more 

6421
05:31:20,600 --> 05:31:23,900
complex and sometimes earthy 
your grandmother's cookies. 

6422
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:26,700
Probably tasted nothing like 
what you expect biscuits to 

6423
05:31:26,700 --> 05:31:30,000
taste like today but a virtually
disappeared from many family 

6424
05:31:30,000 --> 05:31:33,300
tables replaced by whatever fat 
was cheapest and available. 

6425
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:36,900
Occasionally it was lard which 
at least provided richness and 

6426
05:31:36,900 --> 05:31:38,900
flavor. 
Sometimes it was vegetable 

6427
05:31:38,900 --> 05:31:41,400
shortening which was cheaper but
didn't taste like much of 

6428
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,100
anything. 
And sometimes families learned 

6429
05:31:44,100 --> 05:31:47,500
to cook with no fat at all 
creating dishes that were 

6430
05:31:47,500 --> 05:31:50,400
healthier than they realized, 
but probably a lot less 

6431
05:31:50,400 --> 05:31:53,100
satisfying than what they 
remembered from better times. 

6432
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:57,400
Meat, substitution of evolved 
into a complex game of culinary 

6433
05:31:57,400 --> 05:32:00,300
fantasy. 
People extended ground meat with

6434
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:04,400
bread crumbs oatmeal or any 
spare grain resulting in 

6435
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:07,000
meatloaf that contained more 
filler than actual meat. 

6436
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:10,500
Sometimes families made entire 
meals that were designed to 

6437
05:32:10,508 --> 05:32:14,000
taste like they contain meat but
were actually made from Beans 

6438
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:15,600
vegetables and creative 
seasoning. 

6439
05:32:15,600 --> 05:32:18,000
It was like culinary theater 
everyone. 

6440
05:32:18,000 --> 05:32:20,400
Pretended it was the real thing 
and occasionally. 

6441
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:23,100
The pretending was so good that 
it almost worked coffee. 

6442
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:26,500
Was another Heartbreaker. 
Real coffee became so expensive 

6443
05:32:26,500 --> 05:32:30,600
that families started mixing it 
with chicory dandelion root or 

6444
05:32:30,600 --> 05:32:32,400
whatever else. 
Could provide a bitter hot 

6445
05:32:32,400 --> 05:32:34,000
beverage that felt like coffee 
in the morning. 

6446
05:32:34,700 --> 05:32:37,100
Some substitutes weren't 
terrible chicory. 

6447
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:38,900
Actually has a pleasant earthy 
flavor. 

6448
05:32:38,900 --> 05:32:42,400
Others were more about the 
ritual than the taste because 

6449
05:32:42,400 --> 05:32:45,400
starting the day with a hot cup 
of something was psychologically

6450
05:32:45,400 --> 05:32:48,200
important, even if that 
something bore only a passing 

6451
05:32:48,200 --> 05:32:52,400
resemblance to actual coffee, 
Vanilla extract which today you 

6452
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:55,300
buy without thinking became a 
luxury item that required 

6453
05:32:55,300 --> 05:32:58,700
creative substitution. 
Families learned to use almond 

6454
05:32:58,700 --> 05:33:01,600
extract sparingly, or to make 
their own flavorings from 

6455
05:33:01,600 --> 05:33:04,300
whatever was available. 
Some learned to make vanilla 

6456
05:33:04,300 --> 05:33:06,700
from scratch though. 
The process was time-consuming 

6457
05:33:06,700 --> 05:33:08,900
and the results were hit or 
miss. 

6458
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:12,800
Baking became an exercise in 
making desserts that tasted good

6459
05:33:12,800 --> 05:33:16,100
without relying on the flavor in
enhancers that had become too 

6460
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:17,500
expensive. 
Milk. 

6461
05:33:17,500 --> 05:33:20,200
Was often watered down or 
substituted entirely. 

6462
05:33:21,000 --> 05:33:24,100
Powdered milk when available was
mixed thinner than recommended 

6463
05:33:24,100 --> 05:33:27,300
to make it last longer. 
Sometimes families made milk. 

6464
05:33:27,300 --> 05:33:29,700
From other sources, not basted 
beverages. 

6465
05:33:29,700 --> 05:33:33,100
Weren't trendy Health choices 
but desperate substitutions for 

6466
05:33:33,100 --> 05:33:34,400
something that had become 
unaffordable. 

6467
05:33:35,300 --> 05:33:38,000
Children grew up thinking that 
thin slightly off tasting. 

6468
05:33:38,000 --> 05:33:40,900
Milk was normal not knowing they
were drinking a diluted 

6469
05:33:40,900 --> 05:33:44,200
substitute for the real thing. 
Even salt something we take 

6470
05:33:44,200 --> 05:33:47,300
completely for granted today. 
Sometimes required substitution 

6471
05:33:48,000 --> 05:33:50,900
Families learned to use herbs, 
vinegar, or other flavor, 

6472
05:33:50,900 --> 05:33:53,700
enhancers to improve food, taste
without relying on salt. 

6473
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,400
They couldn't afford. 
Garden Gardens became medicine 

6474
05:33:56,400 --> 05:33:59,600
cabinets and spice racks with 
families growing whatever they 

6475
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:02,000
could to add flavor to otherwise
Bland meals. 

6476
05:34:02,800 --> 05:34:06,100
The psychology of substitution 
was complex on one hand. 

6477
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:09,400
It was practical and necessary. 
You used to what you had because

6478
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:11,200
you didn't have choices, but it 
was all. 

6479
05:34:11,200 --> 05:34:15,200
So a way of maintaining normalcy
and dignity, Calling a bean and 

6480
05:34:15,200 --> 05:34:17,400
grain patio. 
Meatloaf wasn't just about 

6481
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:19,600
flavor. 
It was about preserving the 

6482
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:22,400
feeling that your family was 
still eating recognizable 

6483
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,600
traditional meals. 
Some substitutions worked so 

6484
05:34:25,600 --> 05:34:29,300
well that they became permanent 
parts of American Cooking others

6485
05:34:29,300 --> 05:34:31,500
were abandoned. 
As soon as better times returned

6486
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:33,800
though, they were remained in 
family memory memories as 

6487
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:36,700
reminders of when creativity 
wasn't just helpful, it was 

6488
05:34:36,708 --> 05:34:40,100
essential for survival. 
The Substitute culture also 

6489
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:42,800
created a generation of cooks 
who understood ingredients in 

6490
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:46,900
ways that modern Cooks often, 
don't They knew how fats behaved

6491
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:50,600
and cooking how sweeteners, 
affected texture and taste and 

6492
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:53,300
how to balance flavors without 
standard ingredients. 

6493
05:34:53,300 --> 05:34:56,800
They became masters of working 
with what they had rather than 

6494
05:34:56,800 --> 05:34:58,600
the recipes. 
They assumed, they could buy 

6495
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:02,600
this ingredient flexibility 
created, a uniquely American 

6496
05:35:02,600 --> 05:35:05,600
approach to cooking that valued 
resourcefulness over 

6497
05:35:05,600 --> 05:35:09,600
authenticity creativity over 
tradition and making dough over 

6498
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:12,200
giving up. 
It was always creative and fed 

6499
05:35:12,200 --> 05:35:13,800
families. 
When they otherwise would have 

6500
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:17,300
gone hungry, even if it wasn't 
tasty, you've probably seen 

6501
05:35:17,300 --> 05:35:19,800
those perfectly manicured, 
Suburban Lawns, right? 

6502
05:35:19,800 --> 05:35:24,100
Every blade of grass precisely. 
The same height, not a dandelion

6503
05:35:24,100 --> 05:35:27,700
in sight maintained with the 
dedication usually reserved for 

6504
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:30,500
religious practices. 
During the Great Depression, 

6505
05:35:30,500 --> 05:35:33,800
those are Immaculate Lawns would
have been viewed as the epitome 

6506
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,300
of wasteful foolishness. 
Every square foot of available 

6507
05:35:37,300 --> 05:35:40,300
land became potential, food 
production, and families. 

6508
05:35:40,300 --> 05:35:42,300
Learned that vegetables were a 
lot more valuable than 

6509
05:35:42,300 --> 05:35:45,800
ornamental grass. 
The transformation of American 

6510
05:35:45,800 --> 05:35:48,500
Yards happened. 
Almost overnight people who had 

6511
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:50,600
never grown anything more 
challenging than houseplants, 

6512
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,500
suddenly found themselves. 
Studying seed catalogs, like 

6513
05:35:53,500 --> 05:35:56,600
they were textbooks. 
Trying to figure out how to turn

6514
05:35:56,600 --> 05:35:58,300
their backyards into miniature 
Farms. 

6515
05:35:58,300 --> 05:36:01,400
It wasn't exactly like the 
trendy Urban gardening movement.

6516
05:36:01,400 --> 05:36:04,700
You see today, this wasn't about
being eco-conscious or eating 

6517
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:06,600
locally. 
This was purely a matter of 

6518
05:36:06,608 --> 05:36:10,300
survival, your garden planning 
had to be strategic in ways that

6519
05:36:10,300 --> 05:36:13,700
modern gardeners can barely 
imagine you have to plant what 

6520
05:36:13,700 --> 05:36:16,400
would yield the most calories 
per square foot store. 

6521
05:36:16,400 --> 05:36:19,300
Well, through winter, and grow 
reliably in your specific soil 

6522
05:36:19,300 --> 05:36:22,300
and climate. 
Potatoes became the backbone of 

6523
05:36:22,300 --> 05:36:25,100
many family Gardens because they
were filling nutritious and 

6524
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:27,600
could be stored for months. 
Beans were popular because they 

6525
05:36:27,608 --> 05:36:30,700
added protein to the diet and 
improve the soil for future. 

6526
05:36:30,700 --> 05:36:35,600
Crops the seed situation was its
kind of Economics lesson due to 

6527
05:36:35,608 --> 05:36:39,100
the high cost of good seeds. 
Families learned to save seeds 

6528
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:42,300
from their best plants forming 
informal seed, banks, that 

6529
05:36:42,300 --> 05:36:45,800
neighbors and relatives shared. 
Trading seeds became a social 

6530
05:36:45,800 --> 05:36:47,900
activity. 
You might trade your extra 

6531
05:36:47,900 --> 05:36:52,000
tomato seeds for someone else's,
extra bean seeds creating a 

6532
05:36:52,000 --> 05:36:54,200
Community Network that helped 
everyone increase their food 

6533
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:57,000
security. 
Tools were another challenge. 

6534
05:36:57,800 --> 05:37:00,300
A good shovel or hoe was an 
investment that many families 

6535
05:37:00,300 --> 05:37:02,800
couldn't afford. 
So tools sharing became common 

6536
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:05,800
neighbors would coordinate their
gardening schedules. 

6537
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:08,600
So they could pass tools back 
and forth or families would make

6538
05:37:08,600 --> 05:37:11,600
do with improvised tools. 
Old kitchen spoons, for planting

6539
05:37:11,600 --> 05:37:14,900
seeds, or homemade watering 
systems created from tin cans 

6540
05:37:14,900 --> 05:37:18,100
with holes, punched in them. 
The process of learning was 

6541
05:37:18,100 --> 05:37:21,200
Steep and unforgiving. 
Modern gardeners can look up 

6542
05:37:21,200 --> 05:37:22,800
solutions to their problems 
online. 

6543
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:26,800
But depression, near regardless 
had to rely on neighbors library

6544
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:30,700
books and trial and error. bugs 
devoured, your beans, or your 

6545
05:37:30,708 --> 05:37:33,800
Tomatoes succumb, to blight, it 
not only represented a 

6546
05:37:33,808 --> 05:37:37,900
gardening, setback but also a 
family food emergencies To 

6547
05:37:37,900 --> 05:37:39,900
succeed made every gardening 
decision. 

6548
05:37:39,900 --> 05:37:43,200
Feel crucial preservation became
just as important as growing 

6549
05:37:43,200 --> 05:37:45,700
producing. 
A bumper crop of vegetables was 

6550
05:37:45,700 --> 05:37:47,700
futile. 
If they spoiled before, they 

6551
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:51,500
could be consumed families. 
Learned canning, pickling root, 

6552
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,200
cellaring, and drying 
preservation techniques, that 

6553
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:56,400
turned a summers worth of 
vegetables into winter 

6554
05:37:56,400 --> 05:37:58,800
sustenance. 
Your kitchen might be filled 

6555
05:37:58,800 --> 05:38:00,900
with mason jars lined up like 
soldiers. 

6556
05:38:00,900 --> 05:38:04,300
Each one representing security 
against future hunger. 

6557
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:08,100
Urban gardening took on new 
meaning, when every available 

6558
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:12,800
space was pressed into service. 
Rooftops vacant lots and 

6559
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:15,600
stressor of land beside railroad
tracks, anywhere that could 

6560
05:38:15,600 --> 05:38:18,400
support plant life became 
potential sites for food 

6561
05:38:18,400 --> 05:38:20,900
production. 
City dwellers learned to grow 

6562
05:38:20,900 --> 05:38:24,900
vegetables and containers window
boxes and any patch of soil they

6563
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:27,600
could claim or borrow it was 
like an entirely different 

6564
05:38:27,600 --> 05:38:30,600
relationship with Urban Stone 
space, where every square foot 

6565
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:33,800
was evaluated for its food 
producing potential, the social 

6566
05:38:33,800 --> 05:38:35,400
dynamics of gardening change 
too. 

6567
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:39,500
Gardening knowledge became 
valuable currency The neighbor 

6568
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:42,100
who could successfully grow 
vegetables, became someone worth

6569
05:38:42,100 --> 05:38:45,600
knowing and successful gardeners
often found themselves teaching 

6570
05:38:45,600 --> 05:38:48,700
others sharing, not just seeds 
and tools but knowledge and 

6571
05:38:48,708 --> 05:38:51,500
techniques. 
Gardening clubs were just social

6572
05:38:51,500 --> 05:38:53,900
organizations. 
They were survival networks 

6573
05:38:53,900 --> 05:38:56,500
children, learned to Garden out 
of necessity. 

6574
05:38:56,500 --> 05:38:58,900
Not as a relaxing, family 
activity. 

6575
05:38:59,700 --> 05:39:02,600
Kids today, spend their Summers,
weeding watering and harvesting.

6576
05:39:02,600 --> 05:39:06,400
Instead of at Campbell playing 
video games, it wasn't always 

6577
05:39:06,400 --> 05:39:09,600
fun, but it gave them skills and
an understanding of where food 

6578
05:39:09,600 --> 05:39:12,000
comes from that most modern 
children never develop. 

6579
05:39:13,000 --> 05:39:17,300
The cycle impact of growing, 
your food was significant in a 

6580
05:39:17,300 --> 05:39:18,800
time. 
When so much felt out of control

6581
05:39:18,800 --> 05:39:22,600
jobs, money the future having a 
garden provided the sense of 

6582
05:39:22,600 --> 05:39:25,900
agency and self-sufficiency. 
Well, you might not have control

6583
05:39:25,900 --> 05:39:28,300
over the economy, you could 
manage the watering of your 

6584
05:39:28,308 --> 05:39:31,800
tomatoes. the act of planting 
seeds was inherently optimistic,

6585
05:39:31,800 --> 05:39:35,000
a statement of faith that the 
future would arrive and you'd be

6586
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:37,900
there to harvest what you 
planted Some families 

6587
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:39,900
discovered. 
They actually enjoyed gardening 

6588
05:39:39,900 --> 05:39:43,300
and continued even after their 
economic situations improved 

6589
05:39:44,000 --> 05:39:46,700
Others abandon their Gardens as 
soon as they could afford to buy

6590
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:49,700
all their vegetables again. 
But for a generation of 

6591
05:39:49,700 --> 05:39:53,200
Americans, the experience of 
growing their food created, a 

6592
05:39:53,200 --> 05:39:56,300
different relationship with 
vegetables with land and with 

6593
05:39:56,300 --> 05:39:58,900
the connection between human 
effort and sustenance that 

6594
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:01,100
influenced, how they thought 
about food for the rest of their

6595
05:40:01,100 --> 05:40:03,700
lives. 
People's ability to unite during

6596
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:05,700
difficult. 
Times is a characteristic of 

6597
05:40:05,700 --> 05:40:08,200
humanity. 
You've probably witnessed this 

6598
05:40:08,200 --> 05:40:11,400
during natural disasters or 
Community crisis when neighbors,

6599
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:13,700
who previously barely spoke 
suddenly come together to 

6600
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:17,200
organize relief, efforts and 
share resources during the Great

6601
05:40:17,200 --> 05:40:19,600
Depression. 
This instant from Mutual Aid, 

6602
05:40:19,600 --> 05:40:22,100
extended to food and ways that 
were both heartwarming and 

6603
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:24,800
heartbreaking, creating 
Community Systems that kept 

6604
05:40:24,800 --> 05:40:26,600
people fed. 
When individual families 

6605
05:40:26,600 --> 05:40:29,900
couldn't manage on their own, 
Community Kitchen started 

6606
05:40:29,900 --> 05:40:33,200
appearing in churches, schools 
and any building large enough to

6607
05:40:33,200 --> 05:40:34,600
accommodate. 
Cooking for crowds. 

6608
05:40:34,600 --> 05:40:38,900
These weren't trendy communal 
dining experiences or social 

6609
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:41,900
experiments in group living. 
They were practical solutions to

6610
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:44,600
the simple problem that many 
families, couldn't afford food. 

6611
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:48,400
But communities could sometimes 
pull resources to create meals, 

6612
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:52,000
that would feed everyone. 
The logistics were complex, the 

6613
05:40:52,000 --> 05:40:55,100
dignity was carefully preserved,
and the social dynamics were 

6614
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:57,500
unlike anything most communities
that experience before. 

6615
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:01,400
The unspoken rules of Community 
Kitchens were intricate and 

6616
05:41:01,400 --> 05:41:03,600
important. 
Nobody discussed, who could 

6617
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:06,800
afford to contribute ingredients
and who couldn't nobody, kept 

6618
05:41:06,800 --> 05:41:08,200
track of who ate more than they 
brought. 

6619
05:41:08,200 --> 05:41:11,500
Everyone contributed something 
even if it was just labor, 

6620
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,800
peeling potatoes stirring pots 
cleaning up afterward. 

6621
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:17,400
It was a careful dance of 
maintaining Pride while 

6622
05:41:17,400 --> 05:41:20,300
acknowledging need of helping 
without making it obvious. 

6623
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:23,600
Who was helping him potluck 
dinners, took on new meaning. 

6624
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:27,100
When families genuinely couldn't
afford to feed themselves, let 

6625
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:28,900
alone contribute to community 
meals. 

6626
05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:32,100
The mathematics of potluck 
became creative. 

6627
05:41:32,100 --> 05:41:35,700
One family might bring a giant 
pot of soup made mostly from 

6628
05:41:35,700 --> 05:41:38,500
vegetables and water. 
While another might contribute a

6629
05:41:38,500 --> 05:41:40,500
small but precious amount of 
meteor seasoning. 

6630
05:41:41,300 --> 05:41:43,500
Together these contributions 
created meals. 

6631
05:41:43,500 --> 05:41:46,000
That were more substantial and 
varied than any individual 

6632
05:41:46,000 --> 05:41:47,400
family. 
Could have managed alone. 

6633
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:51,000
Recipe sharing became an act of 
generosity that went beyond just

6634
05:41:51,000 --> 05:41:54,000
culinary tips when someone 
discovered how to make a filling

6635
05:41:54,000 --> 05:41:55,300
meal from inexpensive 
ingredients. 

6636
05:41:55,300 --> 05:41:57,800
Sharing that knowledge was like 
sharing wealth. 

6637
05:41:58,400 --> 05:42:00,800
Women would write down recipes 
on whatever paper they could 

6638
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:02,800
find. 
Creating informal networks of 

6639
05:42:02,800 --> 05:42:05,100
survival cooking, that passed 
from Kitchen to kitchen and 

6640
05:42:05,100 --> 05:42:07,900
neighborhood to Neighborhood. 
The psychology of eating 

6641
05:42:07,900 --> 05:42:09,500
together, changed. 
When eating alone. 

6642
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:11,800
Meant not eating enough 
Community meals. 

6643
05:42:11,800 --> 05:42:15,700
Provided not just nutrition, but
social connection during a time.

6644
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:18,100
When people felt isolated by 
their economic circumstances, 

6645
05:42:19,500 --> 05:42:21,600
Children who might have felt 
embarrassed about their 

6646
05:42:21,600 --> 05:42:24,500
families, Financial situations, 
discovered that many other 

6647
05:42:24,500 --> 05:42:27,400
families were experienced. 
Experiencing the same challenges

6648
05:42:27,400 --> 05:42:30,800
adults, discovered that sharing 
meals also meant sharing the 

6649
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:32,600
emotional burden of difficult 
times. 

6650
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,200
Church basement dinners 
neighborhood soup kitchens and 

6651
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:37,700
informal meal-sharing 
Arrangements. 

6652
05:42:37,700 --> 05:42:40,100
Created a parallel food 
distribution system that 

6653
05:42:40,100 --> 05:42:43,600
operated alongside and sometimes
instead of traditional Commerce 

6654
05:42:44,700 --> 05:42:46,400
These were charity operations in
the way. 

6655
05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:49,300
We might think of them today 
because the line between Helper 

6656
05:42:49,300 --> 05:42:52,700
and helped was often blurry. 
Families might host a community 

6657
05:42:52,700 --> 05:42:54,400
dinner. 
One week and depend on someone 

6658
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:57,100
else's community's dinner. 
The next week, seasonal 

6659
05:42:57,100 --> 05:42:59,900
Community cooking made sense in 
ways that individual cooking 

6660
05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:02,100
didn't. 
When someone's Garden produced 

6661
05:43:02,100 --> 05:43:05,300
more Tomatoes than one family 
could use, it made sense to turn

6662
05:43:05,300 --> 05:43:07,900
that abundance into Source or 
preserves that could feed 

6663
05:43:07,900 --> 05:43:11,000
multiple families. 
Large-scale food preservation 

6664
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:14,000
required equipment, space 
knowledge that individual 

6665
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:17,000
families often lacked but 
communities could organize 

6666
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:20,000
canning operations that 
benefited everyone involved. 

6667
05:43:20,800 --> 05:43:23,300
The economics of community 
cooking were fascinating and 

6668
05:43:23,300 --> 05:43:26,100
complex. 
Buying ingredients in bulk for 

6669
05:43:26,108 --> 05:43:28,600
Community meals, was more 
economical than individual 

6670
05:43:28,600 --> 05:43:31,200
family shopping. 
But it required coordination 

6671
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:35,400
trust, and some kind of informal
accounting system to ensure 

6672
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:38,100
fairness. 
Some communities use trading 

6673
05:43:38,100 --> 05:43:41,100
systems, where labels exchange 
for meals or where families 

6674
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:44,100
contributed different types of 
resources, some provided 

6675
05:43:44,100 --> 05:43:47,400
ingredients, others, provided 
cooking space, and still others 

6676
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:50,400
provided labor. 
Children growing up in these 

6677
05:43:50,400 --> 05:43:53,300
Community Food Systems, learned 
different lessons about sharing,

6678
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,200
cooperation, and social 
responsibility than children, 

6679
05:43:56,200 --> 05:43:58,400
who grew up in purely 
individual, family units. 

6680
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,600
They saw adults working together
to solve problems, witness the 

6681
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:05,200
Practical mechanics of mutual 
Aid and understood that 

6682
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:07,900
Community survival. 
Sometimes required setting aside

6683
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:11,600
individual pride in favor of 
collective action the end of 

6684
05:44:11,608 --> 05:44:14,700
Community Kitchen culture came 
gradually as economic conditions

6685
05:44:14,700 --> 05:44:17,700
improved and families could 
afford to return to individual 

6686
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:21,300
cooking and eating Some 
communities maintain these 

6687
05:44:21,300 --> 05:44:23,700
Traditions as social activities 
rather than survival 

6688
05:44:23,700 --> 05:44:26,600
Necessities. 
But, for most, the Community 

6689
05:44:26,600 --> 05:44:29,300
Kitchen period was remembered as
a time when neighbors became 

6690
05:44:29,300 --> 05:44:32,000
family out of necessity. 
And when the simple Act of 

6691
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:34,900
sharing a meal carried weight, 
and meaning that extended far 

6692
05:44:34,900 --> 05:44:38,400
beyond nutrition, Looking back 
these Community Food Systems, 

6693
05:44:38,400 --> 05:44:41,600
created, social bonds and 
survival skills that influenced 

6694
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:43,700
how communities responded to 
Future challenges. 

6695
05:44:43,700 --> 05:44:47,300
They proved that Americans could
organize Mutual Aid systems when

6696
05:44:47,300 --> 05:44:50,300
necessary and that sharing 
resources didn't require 

6697
05:44:50,300 --> 05:44:53,700
government programs, or formal 
charity just neighbors, willing 

6698
05:44:53,700 --> 05:44:56,400
to help, mermaids and 
communities willing to take care

6699
05:44:56,400 --> 05:44:58,400
of their own. 
The end of the Great Depression 

6700
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:00,300
didn't happen like a light 
switch being flipped. 

6701
05:45:00,300 --> 05:45:03,300
It was more like Dawn slowly 
breaking after the longest 

6702
05:45:03,300 --> 05:45:05,400
night. 
Anyone could remember families 

6703
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:07,800
didn't wake up one morning to 
find their economic troubles 

6704
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:11,700
over and their refrigerators 
magically restocked instead 

6705
05:45:11,700 --> 05:45:14,400
Prosperity, gradually returned 
permanently. 

6706
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:18,600
Altering American's relationship
with food World War 2 played a 

6707
05:45:18,600 --> 05:45:21,200
strange role in ending food. 
Scarcity, for some families, 

6708
05:45:21,200 --> 05:45:23,800
while creating new types of 
rationing for others. 

6709
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:27,800
Defense jobs provided Financial 
stability, but the 

6710
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:30,500
implementation of wartime 
rationing often limited the 

6711
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:34,100
amount of meat sugar, and coffee
that even the most affluent 

6712
05:45:34,100 --> 05:45:37,400
families could purchase. 
It was like having money but 

6713
05:45:37,400 --> 05:45:39,000
being told you could only spend 
some of it. 

6714
05:45:39,700 --> 05:45:42,400
Which was frustrating and forced
continued creativity in the 

6715
05:45:42,408 --> 05:45:45,400
kitchen. 
The transition back to abundance

6716
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:48,900
was psychologically complex. 
You'd think that people who had 

6717
05:45:48,900 --> 05:45:51,400
to stretch every ingredient 
would waste food once they could

6718
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:53,200
afford it, but that's not what 
happened. 

6719
05:45:53,200 --> 05:45:56,400
Many families can continue 
Depression era, cooking habits 

6720
05:45:56,400 --> 05:46:00,000
for years decades or even the 
rest of their lives. 

6721
05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:03,400
Once you've learned to see 
potential meals in food, scraps,

6722
05:46:03,400 --> 05:46:07,100
hard to unlearn that skill, even
when you don't technically need 

6723
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:10,200
it anymore, Children who had 
grown up during the Depression 

6724
05:46:10,200 --> 05:46:12,300
carried forward. 
Different attitudes about food 

6725
05:46:12,300 --> 05:46:14,100
that their parents had 
originally possessed. 

6726
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:17,700
They knew how to cook from 
scratch, how to substitute 

6727
05:46:17,700 --> 05:46:21,000
ingredients, how to make meals 
stretch and how to waste 

6728
05:46:21,000 --> 05:46:23,600
nothing. 
These skills serve the world 

6729
05:46:23,600 --> 05:46:26,000
during future economic 
downturns, but they also 

6730
05:46:26,000 --> 05:46:28,900
influenced American Home Cooking
in ways that lasted for 

6731
05:46:28,900 --> 05:46:31,600
Generations. 
The grocery store experience 

6732
05:46:31,600 --> 05:46:34,900
transformed as abundance 
returned but it never quite went

6733
05:46:34,900 --> 05:46:37,100
back to the Carefree shopping of
the 1920s. 

6734
05:46:37,100 --> 05:46:41,000
People who had lived through the
depression, maintained habits of

6735
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:42,000
price. 
Comparison. 

6736
05:46:42,000 --> 05:46:45,800
Bulk buying when items are on 
sale and stocking up against 

6737
05:46:45,800 --> 05:46:47,700
future shortages that might 
never come. 

6738
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:51,600
The psychological scars of 
scarcity created shopping 

6739
05:46:51,600 --> 05:46:54,100
behaviors that persisted long 
after scarcity. 

6740
05:46:54,100 --> 05:46:58,700
Ended restaurant culture slowly 
returned but it was different 

6741
05:46:58,700 --> 05:47:00,900
too. 
The Casual throwing away of 

6742
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:05,000
restaurant food that had been 
common in the 1920s was by more 

6743
05:47:05,000 --> 05:47:08,300
carefully, eating taking 
leftovers home and appreciation 

6744
05:47:08,300 --> 05:47:10,100
for meals, that someone else 
would prepared. 

6745
05:47:10,900 --> 05:47:14,400
The experience of not being able
to afford to eat out, May dining

6746
05:47:14,400 --> 05:47:17,200
out, feel more special, and less
routine when it became possible.

6747
05:47:17,200 --> 05:47:20,700
Again food, technology, advanced
rapidly in the post-war years 

6748
05:47:20,700 --> 05:47:23,800
partly in response to lessons 
learned during the Depression 

6749
05:47:23,800 --> 05:47:27,700
about food, preservation 
nutrition and efficient cooking.

6750
05:47:29,000 --> 05:47:32,200
Frozen Foods. 
Improved canning techniques and 

6751
05:47:32,200 --> 05:47:34,700
new appliances were developed 
with an understanding of how 

6752
05:47:34,700 --> 05:47:38,700
families actually cooked and ate
during difficult times not just 

6753
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:42,100
during prosperous ones. 
The social aspects of food, 

6754
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:45,700
sharing evolved, 2 potluck, 
dinners Community meals, and 

6755
05:47:45,700 --> 05:47:48,600
neighborhood sharing didn't 
disappear when they were no 

6756
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:51,700
longer necessary for survival. 
Though, they became more about 

6757
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:54,200
social connection than economic 
necessity. 

6758
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:57,700
Community is that had learned to
eat together during hard times. 

6759
05:47:57,700 --> 05:48:01,500
Often continued eating together 
during Good Times maintaining 

6760
05:48:01,500 --> 05:48:04,700
bonds that had been forged over 
shared meals and mutual Aid 

6761
05:48:05,400 --> 05:48:09,100
Garden Culture persisted in 
modified forms, many families. 

6762
05:48:09,100 --> 05:48:12,500
Continue growing vegetables, not
because they had to but because 

6763
05:48:12,500 --> 05:48:15,600
they wanted to the skills, 
they'd learned during necessity 

6764
05:48:15,600 --> 05:48:18,600
became hobbies and the Victory 
Gardens of the Depression era 

6765
05:48:18,600 --> 05:48:20,700
evolved into the recreational 
gardening. 

6766
05:48:20,700 --> 05:48:22,800
That became a Suburban Staple in
later decades. 

6767
05:48:23,600 --> 05:48:26,200
The recipes and cooking 
techniques developed, during the

6768
05:48:26,200 --> 05:48:29,200
Depression became part of 
American culinary tradition, 

6769
05:48:29,200 --> 05:48:32,900
desperately created dishes 
became Comfort Foods, associated

6770
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:35,100
with family, tradition and 
resourcefulness. 

6771
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:38,800
Casseroles, hearty soups and 
creative uses of leftovers 

6772
05:48:38,800 --> 05:48:41,700
remained, popular long after 
they stopped being economically 

6773
05:48:41,700 --> 05:48:45,200
necessary. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

6774
05:48:45,200 --> 05:48:47,800
Great Depression created. 
A generation of American who 

6775
05:48:47,800 --> 05:48:50,500
understood the difference 
between wanting food in needing 

6776
05:48:50,500 --> 05:48:53,300
it between eating for pleasure 
and eating for survival. 

6777
05:48:53,300 --> 05:48:56,600
This distinction influenced, how
they raise their children, how 

6778
05:48:56,600 --> 05:48:59,600
they thought about waste and how
they appreciated abundance when 

6779
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:02,700
it returned? 
The legacy of Depression era of 

6780
05:49:02,700 --> 05:49:05,300
food, culture wasn't just about 
specific recipes or cooking 

6781
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:07,400
techniques. 
It was about resilience 

6782
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:10,400
creativity and the understanding
that survival, sometimes 

6783
05:49:10,400 --> 05:49:13,100
requires reimagining your 
relationship with basic 

6784
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:14,900
necessities. 
Families. 

6785
05:49:14,900 --> 05:49:18,000
Learn that they could adapt to 
the unexpected that community's 

6786
05:49:18,000 --> 05:49:21,400
could support each other through
mutual Aid, and that meals could

6787
05:49:21,400 --> 05:49:24,000
be satisfying and meaningful. 
Even when they were to laugh or 

6788
05:49:24,000 --> 05:49:28,200
expensive As you drift off to 
sleep tonight, maybe in a 

6789
05:49:28,200 --> 05:49:31,200
kitchen stocked with more food 
choices than Depression era, 

6790
05:49:31,200 --> 05:49:34,100
families could have dreamed of. 
It's worth remembering that the 

6791
05:49:34,100 --> 05:49:37,900
ability to adapt to create 
something from nothing and to 

6792
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:41,100
find satisfaction in Simplicity 
aren't just historical 

6793
05:49:41,100 --> 05:49:44,100
Curiosities. 
Their human capabilities, that 

6794
05:49:44,100 --> 05:49:47,000
remain available to us skills 
that our grandparents and 

6795
05:49:47,000 --> 05:49:49,100
great-grandparents developed out
of necessity. 

6796
05:49:49,100 --> 05:49:51,300
But that represents something 
valuable about. 

6797
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:54,700
Human creativity and resilience.
The Great Depression taught 

6798
05:49:54,700 --> 05:49:58,600
America, that food is never just
about food, it's about Community

6799
05:49:58,600 --> 05:50:03,000
creativity survival and the 
remarkable human ability to make

6800
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:05,300
the best of whatever 
circumstances life serves up. 

6801
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:08,300
Even when those circumstances 
are nothing like what anyone 

6802
05:50:08,300 --> 05:50:08,700
ordered,