The Long Story of England Told Through Its Monarchs | History And Sleep

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Tonight, everyone we start with 
a long and winding Story. 

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One told not all at once, but 
through lives that Rose ruled 

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and passed on across centuries. 
England changed quietly under 

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its monarchs shaped by habits of
power daily. 

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Routines, at court and decisions
whose effects lingered long 

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after each Reign ended. 
If you enjoy these slow Journeys

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through history, you can like 
the video, subscribe. 

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And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
Now, dim the lights, turn on 

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that noise maker, and let's 
learn some history and sleep. 

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Welcoming into a little history 
journey through more than a 1000

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years of English. 
History told not through battles

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and bloodshed, but through the 
quiet evolution of power itself 

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tonight, we'll follow the crown 
from shadowy Saxon Halls to 

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Modern ceremonial Splendor 
watching how Authority 

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transformed from something 
seized by force in to something 

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inherited, then shared and 
finally reimagined settle in as 

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we trace, the long winding path 
of England's. 

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Monarchy A story less about 
individual rulers than about how

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a nation slowly learned to 
govern itself. 

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Now, imagine if you would like 
your standing in a drafty hole, 

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somewhere in 10th Century, 
England and the word King, 

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doesn't mean what you think it 
means not yet, the man sitting 

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in the car of chair at the far, 
end isn't wearing a crown. 

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Those are rare expensive. 
Things saved for special 

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occasions. 
He's wearing wool, probably died

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and expensive, purple or deep 
blue. 

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And he surrounded by armed men 
who look, more like business 

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partners than subjects. 
Because that's essentially what 

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they are the early English 
kings. 

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Those sacks and rulers whose 
names run together in a blur of 

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ethos and Edgars weren't 
absolute monarchs in any 

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meaningful sense. 
They were more like, Chief 

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Executives of a very unstable 
company with a board of 

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directors carried swords and 
owned their own private armies. 

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When these Kings travel through 
their realm which they did 

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constantly, they were not 
touring for pleasure, they were 

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collecting what was owed to 
them. 

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Settling dispute and most 
importantly, reminding everyone 

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that they existed picture, one 
of these Royal Journeys in 

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detail. 
The king and his household may 

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be 50 people. 
Maybe 200 arrive at a nobleman's

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estate as the sun sets their 
horses, muddy from traveling 

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unpaved roads. 
The nobleman has been preparing 

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for weeks slaughtering 
livestock, Brewing ale and 

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baking bread in outdoor ovens 
that filled his yard with smoke 

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and the smell of yeast. 
He's not being hospitable, out 

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of pure generosity. 
This is a tax paid in, roasted 

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meat and featherbeds, and 
barrels of drink that took 

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months to accumulate. 
The king will eat. 

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Hold caught in the nobleman's 
main hall, resolve whatever 

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local squabbles need Royal 
attention and move on. 

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Within a few days if he stayed 
in one place, too long, he'd eat

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his host into poverty. 
Consuming stores meant to last 

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the winter. 
These early monarchs ruled 

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through a combination of 
personal Charisma, strategic 

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marriages, and the ability to 
reward loyalty with land. 

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When a king died succession 
wasn't automatic in any formal 

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sense, the dead King's son might
inherit, but only if he could 

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convince enough powerful men 
that he deserved to sometimes 

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the crown went to a brother, an 
uncle, or a nephew. 

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Whoever seemed most likely to 
keep the Kingdom from 

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fragmenting into chaos. 
And whoever could gather the 

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most support from the Nobles who
actually controlled military 

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force. 
The kingdom itself was barely a 

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coherent thing. 
England in 900 or 10000 domini 

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was more like a collection of 
neighborhoods that happened to 

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share a language and some 
cultural habits different 

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regions had different laws, 
different customs and different 

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ideas about what constituted 
Justice. 

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In northumbria, blood feuds were
settled one way in Kent. 

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Another way entirely in Wessex. 
Yet another the king's job 

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wasn't to impose uniformity, he 
lacked the resources and 

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Authority for that. 
To be respected enough. 

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That people accepted his 
judgments when conflicts arose 

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between these different Regional
Traditions. 

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Consider the problem of law 
enforcement in this era. 

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There were no police, no 
permanent courts, and no system 

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for catching criminals Beyond 
Community effort and Collective 

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memory. 
If someone stole your cow, you 

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gather your relatives and went 
looking for justice yourself, 

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tracking the thief to his 
village and demanding 

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restitution, the king's role was
to provide a framework, a set of

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customs and expectations, the 
kept these personal disputes 

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from escalating into private 
Wars. 

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That could destabilize entire 
Region's. 

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His authority was real but it 
was so fragile dependent on 

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everyone agreeing to play by 
roughly the same rules. 

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The irony, is that these weak 
traveling Kings created 

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something surprisingly durable 
by moving constantly by 

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inserting themselves into local 
Affairs and by maintaining 

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personal relationships with 
dozens of important families 

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across the kingdom, they wove 
together a network that would 

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eventually become a nation. 
They were like gardeners 

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tending. 
A sprawling Vineyard Training. 

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The Vines to grow in roughly the
same direction without quite 

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controlling where each 
individual Branch would go. 

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The physical reality of Saxon 
kingship was humble by later 

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standards. 
The Royal Halls were Timber 

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structures impressive in their 
day but ultimately temporary, 

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the largest might be 100 feet 
long. 

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With carved posts supporting a 
high roof tapestries on the 

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walls to block drafts and a 
central half. 

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That filled the space with smoke
that eventually found its way 

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out through gaps in the thatch. 
These weren't palaces they were 

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well-built Barnes where 
important business happened. 

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The king sat on a raise 
platform. 

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At one end his closest advisors 
nearby, while lesson, Nobles and

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Warriors, filmed the benches 
along the walls Justice in these

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Halls was personal and 
immediate. 

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A man with a grievance would 
approach the king directly 

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stated his case and wait for 
judgement. 

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The king might consult with his 
advisors might ask questions and

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might demand that the accuser 
and accused both swear Oaths on 

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holy relics. 
The process was public visible 

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to everyone present, which 
Served as a kind of quality 

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control. 
If the king's judgment seemed 

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arbitrary or unfair word would 
spread and his authority would 

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diminish Reputation was 
everything when you couldn't 

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enforce decisions with a 
standing army, everything 

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changed. 
When the Normans arrived in 

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1066, not in the way you've been
taught William. 

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The Conqueror didn't transform. 
England overnight through 

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military, Brilliance alone, what
he did was introduce a 

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technology that would reshape 
the landscape. 

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And more importantly, the 
psychology of power, the castle,

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you're standing outside, the 
newly-built stonekeeper at the 

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Tower of London, around 1,090, 
and this Fortress is the most 

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imposing structure. 
Most London as of ever seen. 

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The white Limestone walls rise, 
90 ft into the are thick enough 

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that you could drive a car 
through them. 

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If they were Hollow, which then 
they're not, these walls, are 

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solid Stone quarried in Normani 
and ship to cross the channel at

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enormous expense. 
Then hold from the riverbank and

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assembled by Craftsman, who'd 
spent their lives learning how 

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to stack rocks. 
So they wouldn't fall down. 

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These walls say something very 
clear. 

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The people inside cannot be 
removed by force before the 

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Normans English. 
Nobles lived in wooden Halls 

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impressive, but ultimately 
burnable a determined enemy with

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enough men and enough torches 
could destroy any seat of power,

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giving enough time and 
determination. 

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But castles these massive Stone 
Declarations of, permanence 

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change the equation entirely. 
Now a relatively small Force 

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could hold out against a much 
larger Army almost indefinitely 

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as long as supplies lasted. 
Power became something you could

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lock inside walls. 
Something that could endure 

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Siege after Siege William and 
his Norman followers built, 

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castles everywhere. 
Creating a physical network of 

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control points across the 
country within 20 years of the 

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conquest. 
Major Castle stood in every 

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significant town and a strategic
points throughout the 

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countryside. 
These were not just military 

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installations. 
It was statements about the 

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nature of authority itself. 
The king might still travel but 

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now he had permanent bases 
places. 

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He could leave trusted men to 
hold in his absence England's. 

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Governance began to settle down 
to Route itself in specific 

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locations rather than existing 
solely in the personal of the 

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traveling King. 
The relationship between King 

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and Nobles shifted accordingly. 
Norman Nobles held their lands 

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directly from the king in 
exchange for military service. 

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A formal Arrangement called 
feudalism, though. 

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The reality was messier than the
theory, a Barren with a strong 

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castle and loyal, Knights could 
afford to be somewhat 

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independent and could negotiate 
from a position of strength 

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Kings learned to balance the 
need for powerful Defenders, 

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against the danger of overly 
powerful subjects. 

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Who might decide they'd make 
better Kings themselves? 

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You can see this tension play 
out in the Anarchy of the 1100s.

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When Stephen and Matilda. 
Both claimed the crown and 

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England, ascended into 19 years 
of Civil War. 

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What made this conflict. 
So, devastating wasn't just the 

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fighting. 
It was the individual Barons 

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could choose side switch sides 
or simply declare their own mini

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kingdoms and their castles made 
them nearly Untouchable a 

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Barren. 
Who'd built a strong Fortress 

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could withstand Royal dysplasia 
could ignore commands and could 

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affectively govern his region as
an independent. 

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Principality. 
The war only ended when both 

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sides were exhausted and willing
to compromise on succession with

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Stephen. 
Keeping the crown for his 

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lifetime, but agreeing that 
Matilda's son Henry would 

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succeed him The castles 
themselves evolved over time. 

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Early Norman fortresses were 
practical and brutal. 

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Stone boxes designed to 
intimidate and endure. 

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They had minimal Windows thick 
walls and simple layouts focused

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entirely on defense by the 
1200s. 

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They become more sophisticated 
with concentric walls, flanking 

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towers that allowed Defenders to
shoot along the walls. 

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Elaborate gates with multiple 
layers of defense and murder 

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holes through which boiling 
water or oil, could be poured on

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attackers. 
They were still about power, but

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now they were all so about to 
displaying that power about 

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creating visual symbols of Royal
Authority, that could be read 

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from miles away. 
Inside these Castle's a new kind

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of government was developing 
King's. 

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Couldn't be everywhere at one so
they created bureaucracies 

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permanent staffs of Clarks and 
administrators who could collect

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taxes maintain records and 
issue. 

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Commands in the king's name, the
executor England's tax 

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collection system. 
Got its name from the checkered 

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cloth used to count money like a
medieval spreadsheet. 

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Coins were stacked on the 
Square's, making it easy to 

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calculate totals and detect 
discrepancies. 

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These administrators were 
particularly Democratic, but 

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they were relatively consistent,
which was something new and 

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valuable in medieval governance 
The development of written 

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records changed everything 
instead of relying on memory and

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oral tradition. 
The government began documenting

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land ownership, tax obligations,
legal decisions and Royal 

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commands. 
The domesday book compiled in 

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1086 was an extraordinary 
achievement. 

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A complete survey of England's 
land and resources created. 

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So William would know exactly 
what he'd conquered and what 

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taxes? 
He could extract from it later. 

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Kings on this Foundation, 
creating archives that grew 

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larger each year, accumulating 
knowledge and precedent. 

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The castle aged taught England's
rulers, an important lesson. 

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You could project power without 
being physically present, a 

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castle with the Royal coat of 
arms staffed by Royal officials 

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represented the king. 
Even when he was 200 miles away,

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this abstraction of authority. 
The idea that King ship was 

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bigger than the individual King.
Would turn out to be crucial to 

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the institution's long-term 
survival. 

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By the late 1100, something 
unexpected was happening. 

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Law was becoming more important 
than the sword, or at least 

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competitive with it. 
Not because anyone believed in 

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democracy or human rights, those
Concepts were centuries away. 

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But because Kings discovered 
that consistent legal systems, 

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made them stronger, and a more 
capable of controlling Their 

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Kingdoms. 
Effectively, you're in 

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Westminster Hall in 1190, 
watching as Royal judges here. 

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00:12:47,400 --> 00:12:51,200
Cases, these aren't local 
disputes about stolen chickens 

235
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:53,400
anymore though. 
Those still get settled at lower

236
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:56,200
levels, these are questions 
about land ownership, 

237
00:12:56,200 --> 00:13:01,100
inheritance rights commercial 
contracts and conflicts between 

238
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:05,200
powerful Nobles, who need 
neutral arbitration, The judges 

239
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:08,800
are using precedent previous 
Royal decisions to guide their 

240
00:13:08,800 --> 00:13:12,300
rulings their creating, what 
will eventually be called common

241
00:13:12,300 --> 00:13:15,000
law? 
A system of justice that applies

242
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,000
across the entire Kingdom, 
regardless of local custum, 

243
00:13:18,000 --> 00:13:21,600
Henry the second deserves much 
of the credit or blamed 

244
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:23,600
depending on how you feel about 
organized government. 

245
00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:27,300
He was obsessed with law, not 
because he was particularly just

246
00:13:27,300 --> 00:13:30,500
or fair-minded, but because 
legal Authority was more 

247
00:13:30,500 --> 00:13:32,300
efficient than military 
conquest. 

248
00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:35,600
He couldn't be everywhere at 
once and couldn't personally 

249
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:39,200
resolve every dispute. but he 
could create a system that 

250
00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:42,900
resolve disputes in his name, he
expanded Royal courts 

251
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:47,100
standardized procedures and 
introduced the jury system not 

252
00:13:47,100 --> 00:13:50,500
as a democratic institution, but
as a practical way to determine 

253
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:54,300
facts, 12, local men were more 
likely to know who actually 

254
00:13:54,300 --> 00:13:57,100
owned that disputed field and 
some traveling judge who just 

255
00:13:57,100 --> 00:14:00,500
arrived from London. 
The Genius of common law was the

256
00:14:00,500 --> 00:14:03,600
accumulated. 
Each decision added to the body 

257
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:06,700
of legal knowledge, creating a 
growing framework of 

258
00:14:06,700 --> 00:14:10,900
expectations and precedence. 
Nobles might have castles and 

259
00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:14,400
armies, but if the law said they
owed the king, certain rights or

260
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:18,800
revenues increasingly, they had 
to comply legal obligation 

261
00:14:18,800 --> 00:14:22,700
became as binding as iron chains
and unlike chains you couldn't 

262
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,700
break it with a sword without 
consequences that extended 

263
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:29,700
beyond the immediate conflict. 
This legal Evolution, created 

264
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:33,800
unexpected consequences. 
Once you establish that disputes

265
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:36,900
should be settled by precedent 
and procedure rather than Force.

266
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:40,800
You've created a space where the
king himself can be challenged, 

267
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:45,300
not overthrown that still 
required armies but constrained 

268
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:49,500
held to account and forced to 
justify his actions according to

269
00:14:49,508 --> 00:14:53,300
established standards the Barons
who forced King John to sign. 

270
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:56,800
Magna Carta in 1215. 
Weren't revolutionaries trying 

271
00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,800
to overthrow the monarchy. 
They were conservatives who 

272
00:14:59,800 --> 00:15:02,300
believed the King was breaking 
established customs. 

273
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:06,500
And wanted those Customs written
down and enforced, Magna, carter

274
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:10,100
itself was mostly concerned with
feudal technicalities that seem 

275
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:13,000
obscured today. 
How much money the king could 

276
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,300
demand when a Barren died, 
whether he could marry off airas

277
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:18,200
to his friends without family 
consent. 

278
00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:22,800
What rights applied to forests 
and who could hunt in them, but 

279
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:25,700
buried in the Practical details 
was a revolutionary idea. 

280
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:30,300
The King was subject to law. 
Not above it, not exempt from 

281
00:15:30,300 --> 00:15:33,000
it. 
Subject to it, just like his 

282
00:15:33,000 --> 00:15:36,500
Nobles and subjects John, of 
course, immediately tried to 

283
00:15:36,500 --> 00:15:40,300
ignore Magna Carta and England 
ascended into yet another civil 

284
00:15:40,300 --> 00:15:45,400
war, but the document survived 
copied and Rec copied cited in 

285
00:15:45,400 --> 00:15:48,500
later disputes. 
Gradually transforming from a 

286
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:52,600
specific, peace treaty into a 
general statement of principles 

287
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:56,200
by the 1300s English. 
Lawyers could point to Magna 

288
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:59,000
Carta and say with confidence 
that certain things were simply 

289
00:15:59,000 --> 00:16:02,700
not allowed, even for Kings. 
The document became a 

290
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:06,300
touchstone, a reference point, 
and a limit on Royal power that 

291
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:10,300
could not be entirely ignored. 
The legal system also changed, 

292
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:14,300
How England was governed dated 
day in Practical, terms Royal 

293
00:16:14,300 --> 00:16:17,700
Justice's travels, circuits 
hearing cases, and every County 

294
00:16:17,700 --> 00:16:19,800
on a regular schedule. 
Sheriffs. 

295
00:16:19,800 --> 00:16:24,000
Originally just local strong, 
men, loyal to the king became 

296
00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:27,100
official administrators 
responsible for executing court 

297
00:16:27,100 --> 00:16:29,900
orders, collecting taxes and 
maintaining order. 

298
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:32,300
The whole operators of 
government became more 

299
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:35,100
predictable, more bureaucratic 
and more impersonal. 

300
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:39,000
You might never see the king, 
but you definitely encounter his

301
00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,200
legal system at some point in 
your life, this legal framework 

302
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:46,400
didn't make England peaceful or 
just by modern standards trial. 

303
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,700
By combat was still a legitimate
way to settle certain disputes 

304
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:53,600
until the 1300 based on the 
belief that God would ensure the

305
00:16:53,600 --> 00:16:57,500
righteous party won the fight. 
Torture was used to extract 

306
00:16:57,500 --> 00:16:59,200
confessions from accused 
criminals. 

307
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:03,300
Poor people had far, fewer legal
protections than the wealthy and

308
00:17:03,300 --> 00:17:06,200
often couldn't afford to bring 
cases to Royal courts. 

309
00:17:06,800 --> 00:17:08,800
But the system established 
something crucial. 

310
00:17:08,800 --> 00:17:12,300
The expectation that power 
should operate through rules 

311
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:15,599
rather than pure Force, the 
development of legal education 

312
00:17:15,599 --> 00:17:21,300
formalized, these changes by the
1200s aspiring lawyers, studied 

313
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:23,900
at the end of court. 
In London learning procedures, 

314
00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:27,599
studying precedence and forming 
professional networks. 

315
00:17:27,599 --> 00:17:30,300
These lawyers became a new kind 
of elite. 

316
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,300
Not Warriors or clergy, but 
specialists in navigating, the 

317
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:36,100
increasingly complex legal 
system. 

318
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:40,600
They advised Nobles represented 
clients in court, drafted, 

319
00:17:40,600 --> 00:17:44,100
documents and generally served 
as intermediaries between royal 

320
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:48,000
Authority and local reality. 
Nobody set out to invent 

321
00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:49,900
Parliament, it emerged 
gradually. 

322
00:17:49,900 --> 00:17:53,700
You almost accidentally from the
Practical problem of how to 

323
00:17:53,700 --> 00:17:57,100
govern a complex Kingdom without
modern communication technology.

324
00:17:57,100 --> 00:18:01,200
The story of parliament isn't a 
story of democracy that comes 

325
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:05,000
much later, but of Kings 
discovering that Consulting with

326
00:18:05,000 --> 00:18:08,300
their subjects, made certain 
tasks, much easier and more 

327
00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:10,900
effective. 
You'll sit in Westminster in 

328
00:18:10,908 --> 00:18:14,800
1295 attending what would later 
be called the model Parliament? 

329
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:17,200
You're not here because you're 
important. 

330
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,700
You're here because you 
represent a Borough a town that 

331
00:18:20,700 --> 00:18:25,100
the king needs money from around
your Lords, Bishops and knights 

332
00:18:25,100 --> 00:18:29,400
from every County, maybe 300 men
total gathered in a large Hall 

333
00:18:29,400 --> 00:18:32,400
that Echoes with conversation 
and the shuffling of feet. 

334
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,300
The king hasn't gathered you to 
ask your opinion. 

335
00:18:35,300 --> 00:18:37,900
Exactly. 
He's gathered you to explain why

336
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:40,700
he needs another tax and to get 
your agreement to collect it 

337
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:43,400
from your communities. 
This is the birth of 

338
00:18:43,400 --> 00:18:45,200
representative government 
though. 

339
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:49,200
Nobody uses those words. 
The king needs money for Wars in

340
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:52,000
France and Scotland. 
He can't just take it. 

341
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:55,300
The legal system that makes his 
authority legitimate. 

342
00:18:55,300 --> 00:18:58,500
Also constrained his ability to 
seize property arbitrary. 

343
00:18:58,500 --> 00:19:03,100
So he summons representatives 
from across the kingdom explains

344
00:19:03,100 --> 00:19:06,600
his needs through his ministers 
and asks them to convince their 

345
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:09,100
communities to pay up in 
exchange. 

346
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:13,200
These Representatives get to air
grievances suggest improvements 

347
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:17,500
and occasionally negotiate. 
The terms of Taxation The Genius

348
00:19:17,500 --> 00:19:21,400
of this system is that it 
distributes responsibility when 

349
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:24,800
taxes arrays, they're not 
imposed by Royal Decree alone. 

350
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,800
The Kingdom's, representatives 
of agree to them or at least 

351
00:19:28,808 --> 00:19:30,700
appeared to agree in a public 
forum. 

352
00:19:30,700 --> 00:19:34,300
This makes collection easier and
Rebellion less. 

353
00:19:34,300 --> 00:19:37,800
Likely it also creates a forum 
where different regions and 

354
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:40,600
interest groups can communicate 
with each other and with the 

355
00:19:40,600 --> 00:19:44,000
Royal government. 
Building networks that transcend

356
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:47,700
purely local interests, 
parliament, in the 1300s looks 

357
00:19:47,700 --> 00:19:49,600
nothing like a modern 
legislature. 

358
00:19:50,300 --> 00:19:53,900
Sessions are infrequent and 
brief sometimes lasting only a 

359
00:19:53,900 --> 00:19:56,800
few days. 
A king calls Parliament, when he

360
00:19:56,800 --> 00:19:59,300
needs something not on any 
regular schedule. 

361
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:03,800
The representatives have no 
permanent meeting place no staff

362
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:07,500
and no real institutional memory
beyond what individual members 

363
00:20:07,500 --> 00:20:12,000
carry with them but slowly 
almost imperceptibly Parliament 

364
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,900
becomes a fixture of English, 
government something King, 

365
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:16,800
summon. 
As a matter, of course, rather 

366
00:20:16,800 --> 00:20:20,500
than as an emergency measure the
crucial moment comes during the 

367
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:23,800
100 Years War. 
When English kings need enormous

368
00:20:23,800 --> 00:20:27,500
sums to fight in France. 
Parliament discovers, it has 

369
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:30,300
leveraged. 
What money for the war then 

370
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:33,900
address these petitions first 
fix this problem with Forest 

371
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:38,000
Law, dismissed this unpopular 
Minister investigate, these 

372
00:20:38,000 --> 00:20:42,400
Financial irregularities The 
negotiations are always polite, 

373
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,100
always framed as helpful advice 
to the king. 

374
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:49,700
But the underlying message is 
clear consultation is becoming 

375
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:55,100
expected, not optional by the 
1400s Parliament, had split into

376
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:58,400
two houses. 
The Lords representing the great

377
00:20:58,400 --> 00:21:02,000
Nobles and Bishops and the 
commons representing everybody 

378
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,600
else who mattered politically, 
which was still a tiny fraction 

379
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:08,200
of the population. 
This division reflects the 

380
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:11,900
reality of English society. 
Small, Elite with enormous, 

381
00:21:11,900 --> 00:21:14,500
power and wealth. 
And a larger group of 

382
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:17,900
moderately, prosperous men who 
collectively have their own kind

383
00:21:17,900 --> 00:21:21,500
of influence through control of 
local governments and economic 

384
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:24,700
resources. 
What's fascinating is how this 

385
00:21:24,700 --> 00:21:27,700
system preserved itself through 
periods of strong King ship, 

386
00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:31,600
Even powerful monarchs found it 
easier to work with Parliament 

387
00:21:31,600 --> 00:21:33,600
than against it. 
Henry, the 5th. 

388
00:21:34,200 --> 00:21:37,600
Victorious at Adrian court and 
the most successful warrior king

389
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:41,100
England ever produced still 
summoned Parliament regularly. 

390
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:44,800
Not because he was weak. 
He commanded the most formidable

391
00:21:44,800 --> 00:21:48,100
military force in Western 
Europe, but because Parliament 

392
00:21:48,100 --> 00:21:51,000
was useful. 
It provided intelligence about 

393
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:54,100
conditions across the kingdom. 
Legitimized, Royal policies, 

394
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:57,800
helped maintain order when the 
King was abroad and generally 

395
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:01,100
made governance smoother, the 
wars of the Roses in the late 

396
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:05,900
1400s tested parliament's 
durability for 30 years, two 

397
00:22:05,900 --> 00:22:08,100
branches of the royal family 
fought for the crown. 

398
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:11,700
An England saw five different 
Kings as the throne changed 

399
00:22:11,700 --> 00:22:15,600
hands through battle betrayal 
and murder through. 

400
00:22:15,600 --> 00:22:19,500
All this chaos Parliament 
continued to meet to Grant taxes

401
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:23,000
and to pass laws. 
It had become part of the 

402
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:24,300
furniture of the English 
government. 

403
00:22:24,300 --> 00:22:27,500
Something that persisted 
regardless of who sat on the 

404
00:22:27,508 --> 00:22:30,800
throne, or how they got, their 
parliament's power grew through 

405
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,000
precedent and practice rather 
than dramatic confrontation. 

406
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:38,200
Each time a King asks, for money
Parliament gained a little more 

407
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:43,200
leverage, each time represented 
his voice in established the 

408
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:45,500
expectation. 
That grievances should be heard 

409
00:22:46,400 --> 00:22:49,500
Each time a session ended with 
some compromise between royal 

410
00:22:49,500 --> 00:22:53,500
needs and subjects concerns. 
The habit of consultation became

411
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:58,200
more ingrained by 1500 knowing 
English, king would dream of 

412
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,000
raising significant taxes 
without parliament's consent, 

413
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:04,900
not because of Any written rule,
but because the practice was so 

414
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:07,000
established. 
That violating, it seemed 

415
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,900
dangerous Henry. 
The seventh sees the throne in 

416
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:14,000
1485 after winning a battle, 
which was not an unusual way to 

417
00:23:14,000 --> 00:23:15,900
become king in 15th century 
England. 

418
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,800
What was unusual was how he and 
his descendants transformed that

419
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,500
thrown into something 
approaching modern state power. 

420
00:23:22,500 --> 00:23:26,900
The Tudors didn't invent Royal 
Authority, but they perfected it

421
00:23:26,900 --> 00:23:30,200
creating an administrative 
machine that could reach into 

422
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,700
every corner of the Kingdom with
unprecedented Effectiveness. 

423
00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:37,700
You're watching Henry, the 8th's
government at work in the 1530s 

424
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:41,800
and its impressive in a 
terrifying, sort of way, the 

425
00:23:41,800 --> 00:23:44,900
King has Minister Who oversee 
every aspect of National Life 

426
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:49,600
collecting tax Enforcing 
religious Conformity managing 

427
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:53,700
Foreign Relations, administering
Justice controlling what gets 

428
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:57,600
published and even regulating 
trade and prices Thomas 

429
00:23:57,600 --> 00:23:58,800
Cromwell. 
The king's chief. 

430
00:23:58,800 --> 00:24:01,300
Minister has created a 
bureaucracy that generates 

431
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:05,300
mountains of paperwork. 
Every transaction every 

432
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:09,600
appointment and every legal 
decision gets recorded filed, 

433
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:13,300
cross-referenced and stored in 
growing archives. 

434
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:16,200
The government knows things 
about the kingdom that previous 

435
00:24:16,200 --> 00:24:17,700
governments could never have 
known. 

436
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:22,600
This administrator revolution 
had practical Roots, The Tudors 

437
00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:26,700
were always short of money war 
was expensive maintaining a 

438
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:29,100
Royal Court was expensive and 
projecting. 

439
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,800
Power internationally was 
expensive and efficient tax 

440
00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:36,100
collection required details, 
knowledge of who owned what and 

441
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:39,200
how much they could pay 
religious upheaval. 

442
00:24:39,200 --> 00:24:41,100
Henry. 
The 8th's break, with Rome 

443
00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:45,800
Edward the sixth protestantism, 
Marys Catholicism and 

444
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,700
Elizabeth's compromise required 
monitoring people's beliefs and 

445
00:24:49,700 --> 00:24:52,600
behaviors in ways early. 
A government's never attempted 

446
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:54,800
foreign threats from Spain and 
France. 

447
00:24:54,800 --> 00:24:57,800
Demanded better military 
organization, and intelligence 

448
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:00,200
gathering. 
The Machinery of Tudor 

449
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,600
government reached deeper into 
daily life than anything. 

450
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:06,000
Previous rulers had managed. 
He couldn't print a book without

451
00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,800
approval from Royal sense, as 
who checked for heresy or 

452
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:11,500
sedition. 
You couldn't legally marry 

453
00:25:11,500 --> 00:25:14,300
without following specific 
procedures that the church. 

454
00:25:14,300 --> 00:25:18,200
Now, controlled by the crown, 
had established your local 

455
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,000
church, which for a thousand 
years had been part of an 

456
00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,200
international Catholic 
organization was now a branch of

457
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:26,300
the English government with the 
monikers. 

458
00:25:26,300 --> 00:25:29,900
Its Supreme head, Parish priests
read Royal proclamations from 

459
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:32,800
their pulpits reported 
suspicious Behavior to 

460
00:25:32,800 --> 00:25:36,100
authorities and served as the 
government's eyes and ears in 

461
00:25:36,100 --> 00:25:39,600
every community. 
Yet even the powerful Tudors 

462
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:42,200
could not rule alone. 
Henry the 8th used Parliament 

463
00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:45,900
extensively particularly when he
needed legal cover for radical 

464
00:25:45,900 --> 00:25:49,400
changes like breaking with Rome 
or dissolving monasteries and 

465
00:25:49,400 --> 00:25:52,600
their wealth. 
He understood that controversial

466
00:25:52,600 --> 00:25:55,400
policies, worked better and 
Parliament, had endorsed them. 

467
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:59,100
Giving the changes legitimacy 
Beyond near Royal command. 

468
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:03,500
Elizabeth the first summoned, 
Parliament, 13 times during her 

469
00:26:03,500 --> 00:26:07,500
45 year reign, always managing 
to extract the money she needed 

470
00:26:07,500 --> 00:26:10,700
while keeping her independence 
and avoiding commitments. 

471
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:13,900
That would limit her freedom of 
action, the Tudors understood 

472
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:16,700
that Royal Authority worked 
better when it operated through 

473
00:26:16,700 --> 00:26:19,500
established institutions rather 
than against them. 

474
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:24,100
The expanded the privy Council, 
a small group of advisors who 

475
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:26,200
met regularly to coordinate 
government policy. 

476
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,800
They strengthened the court of 
Star Chamber, which dealt with 

477
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:32,800
powerful offenders who might 
intimidate local courts. 

478
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:37,500
They reformed the administration
of justice, making Royal courts 

479
00:26:37,500 --> 00:26:39,300
more accessible and more 
consistent. 

480
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:43,300
All of these changes increased 
royal power, but they did so by 

481
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:47,400
building institutions that would
Outlast individual monarchs What

482
00:26:47,400 --> 00:26:49,100
made the Tudor government work 
was? 

483
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:52,000
The illusion of accessibility 
combined with the reality of 

484
00:26:52,000 --> 00:26:54,800
control. 
Elizabeth, cultivated an image 

485
00:26:54,808 --> 00:26:58,200
of herself as accessible to a 
subjects going on, Royal 

486
00:26:58,200 --> 00:27:00,500
progresses through the 
countryside, each summer, 

487
00:27:00,500 --> 00:27:04,300
appearing at public events and 
even occasionally, speaking to 

488
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:08,200
crowds, common people could 
submit petitions to her, could 

489
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:11,300
catch her attention during 
public appearances, and could 

490
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:14,100
feel that they had some 
connection to Royal Authority. 

491
00:27:14,100 --> 00:27:17,500
But actual power was 
concentrated in a small group of

492
00:27:17,500 --> 00:27:20,900
ministers and counselors who 
manage everything behind the 

493
00:27:20,900 --> 00:27:23,700
scenes. 
The queen made final decisions 

494
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:27,100
but those decisions were based 
on information filtered and 

495
00:27:27,108 --> 00:27:30,600
shape by her administrators who 
controlled what she saw and 

496
00:27:30,600 --> 00:27:34,700
heard the Tudor period saw the 
final transformation of the 

497
00:27:34,700 --> 00:27:38,600
nobility from independent power 
centers into quarter tendons. 

498
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:42,500
A medieval Baron with his own 
castle and private Army was a 

499
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:45,100
Potential Threat. 
Someone who could Rebel if 

500
00:27:45,108 --> 00:27:48,300
sufficiently provoked. 
The Tudor courtier dependent on 

501
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:50,900
Royal favor for wealth. 
And position was a servant, 

502
00:27:50,900 --> 00:27:55,500
however, exalted his title, The 
Great Nobel still had titles and

503
00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:57,400
lands and still commanded 
respect. 

504
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,000
But they spent their time 
competing for the monarchs 

505
00:28:01,000 --> 00:28:04,400
attention at court rather than 
raising armies in their home 

506
00:28:04,400 --> 00:28:07,700
counties. 
This centralization had Limits, 

507
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:11,300
The Tudors never created 
anything like a police force, 

508
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:14,300
local governments, still 
depended on unpaid. 

509
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:18,300
Justice of the Peace local 
gentlemen, who enforced laws and

510
00:28:18,300 --> 00:28:20,100
settled disputes in their 
communities. 

511
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:24,000
As a civic duty, the crown could
issue orders from London, but it

512
00:28:24,008 --> 00:28:26,400
depended on local cooperation to
carry them out. 

513
00:28:27,200 --> 00:28:29,700
When Elizabeth's Government 
tried to impose on popular 

514
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,600
policies, they often simply 
didn't get in forced. 

515
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:36,400
Nobody rebelled, they just 
quietly ignored instructions and

516
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:39,000
waited for the crown, to lose 
interest or move, on to other 

517
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,000
concerns. 
The religious settlement, under 

518
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,400
Elizabeth demonstrated, both the
power and limits of Tudor 

519
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:47,800
Authority. 
She wanted a moderate Protestant

520
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:49,600
church that most people could 
accept. 

521
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,700
She got laws establishing this 
church but she couldn't Force 

522
00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,400
genuine belief. 
Catholics practice their faith. 

523
00:28:57,400 --> 00:29:01,500
Secretly radical Protestants 
pushed for further, reforms 

524
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,200
Elizabeth's government 
prosecuted, the most obvious 

525
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,900
offenders but it couldn't 
police, everyone's private 

526
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:09,400
beliefs. 
The settlement worked because 

527
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:12,800
most people went along with it 
publicly regardless of what they

528
00:29:12,800 --> 00:29:16,000
believed, privately the Stuart 
Kings who followed Elizabeth 

529
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,600
made a critical mistake. 
They believed their own 

530
00:29:18,600 --> 00:29:20,600
propaganda about Divine, Right? 
Monarchy. 

531
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:25,100
James, the first and his son 
Charles the first thought Kings 

532
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:27,700
answered. 
Only to God, not to Parliament, 

533
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:30,400
or law or custom. 
Unfortunately for them. 

534
00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:33,300
They lived in England where 
Parliament and law and custom 

535
00:29:33,300 --> 00:29:37,500
had been accumulating power for 
four centuries and weren't about

536
00:29:37,508 --> 00:29:40,900
to surrender that power without 
fight your watching the House of

537
00:29:40,900 --> 00:29:45,100
Commons in 1642 and the 
atmosphere is electric with 

538
00:29:45,100 --> 00:29:48,000
tension. 
Parliament has been battling 

539
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,200
Charles, the first for years, 
over money religion and power. 

540
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:55,400
The king keeps trying to rule 
without Parliament imposing 

541
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:58,900
taxes by Royal Decree, 
imprisoning critics without 

542
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:02,800
trial and enforcing religious 
uniformity through courts. 

543
00:30:02,800 --> 00:30:06,300
That bypass common law 
Parliament keeps insisting on 

544
00:30:06,300 --> 00:30:10,100
its traditional rights and 
privileges control over taxation

545
00:30:10,100 --> 00:30:13,800
protection from arbitrary 
arrest, and religious reform. 

546
00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:18,000
Neither side will compromise, 
and the kingdom is sliding, 

547
00:30:18,000 --> 00:30:22,000
inexorably towards Civil War. 
What follows is genuinely 

548
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:24,800
revolutionary though, the 
revolutionaries themselves, 

549
00:30:24,800 --> 00:30:26,100
don't see it that way, 
initially. 

550
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:30,200
Parliament, raises an Army 
against the king, claiming their

551
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:32,600
defending English Liberties 
against tyranny. 

552
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:37,700
They fight a civil war that 
lasts from 1642 to 1646 with 

553
00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:39,700
battles. 
At Edgehill Marston more and 

554
00:30:39,708 --> 00:30:43,400
naseby that killed thousands 
Parliament wins captures the 

555
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,300
king tries to negotiate fails 
and then faces a terrible 

556
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:49,700
question. 
What do you do with a king who 

557
00:30:49,700 --> 00:30:51,200
won't accept limits on his 
power? 

558
00:30:52,000 --> 00:30:54,700
The answer reached off to 
agonizing debate. 

559
00:30:55,400 --> 00:30:59,700
Is to put him on trial, in 1649,
Charles, the first stands before

560
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:03,100
a specially created court, and 
here's himself, accused of 

561
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:06,700
treason against his own kingdom.
He refuses to recognize the 

562
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,500
courts Authority refuses to 
plead. 

563
00:31:09,500 --> 00:31:14,400
And insist that kings are 
accountable only to God, The 

564
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:18,200
court finds him guilty anyway 
and sentences him to death on a 

565
00:31:18,200 --> 00:31:20,100
cold. 
January morning, Charles steps 

566
00:31:20,100 --> 00:31:22,500
through a window of the 
banqueting house in Whitehall 

567
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:27,000
onto a scaffold says a few words
to the crowd and places his head

568
00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,700
on the Block for the first time 
in English History. 

569
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:33,000
The people or at least the armed
representatives of some of the 

570
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:36,400
people have formally rejected, 
the principle that kings are 

571
00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:40,100
above law, the Republic that 
follows led by Oliver Cromwell 

572
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:43,000
is short-lived, and unpopular 
turns out that military 

573
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:45,700
dictatorship is even less 
appealing than monarchy. 

574
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:49,900
When the dictator closest 
theaters bands, Christmas 

575
00:31:49,900 --> 00:31:53,700
celebrations, prohibits dancing,
and most forms of entertainment.

576
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:58,300
And generally tries to enforce 
Puritan morality on an unwilling

577
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:00,600
population. 
Cromwell rules, effectively 

578
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,100
enough. 
He conquers Island and Scotland 

579
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:06,800
wins a war with the Dutch makes 
England feared abroad. 

580
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,600
But he can't create legitimate 
institutions to replace the 

581
00:32:10,600 --> 00:32:13,300
ones. 
He destroyed when Cromwell dies 

582
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:18,500
in 1658, his son, briefly takes 
over fails to command military 

583
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:22,100
loyalty and within two years in 
England, has invited Charles the

584
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:26,300
Second Son of the executed King 
to return from Exile and take 

585
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:28,700
the throne. 
But the crown that Charles the 

586
00:32:28,700 --> 00:32:31,700
second receives is fundamentally
different from the one his 

587
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:35,000
father lost. 
Everyone understands now that 

588
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:38,800
monarchs rule with parliament's 
consent not by Divine Right 

589
00:32:38,800 --> 00:32:42,800
alone, charles' careful not to 
push too hard accepting 

590
00:32:42,800 --> 00:32:45,800
parliament's authority over 
taxation, avoiding 

591
00:32:45,800 --> 00:32:49,100
controversial, religious 
policies and generally trying to

592
00:32:49,100 --> 00:32:52,300
keep everyone happy. 
The balance of power has shifted

593
00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:56,200
permanently even if nobody wants
to admit it to explicitly. 

594
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:00,700
Kings can still make decisions, 
appointment ministers and 

595
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:04,300
conduct foreign policy, but they
need parliament's cooperation 

596
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:08,200
for money and legitimacy James. 
The second who succeeded his 

597
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:12,200
brother in 1685, either didn't 
understand this or didn't care. 

598
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:16,300
He was Catholic in a Protestant 
Kingdom authoritarian in a 

599
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:19,400
country that had learned to 
resist authoritarianism and 

600
00:33:19,400 --> 00:33:22,300
absolutely convinced of his 
divine right to rule, however, 

601
00:33:22,300 --> 00:33:25,700
he pleased, he appointed 
Catholics to military commands 

602
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:29,300
and university positions 
suspended laws against Catholic 

603
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:32,700
Worship and generally behaved as
if Parliament didn't exist. 

604
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:38,400
Within three years the political
class had had enough invited his

605
00:33:38,400 --> 00:33:41,200
Protestant daughter, Mary and 
her Dutch husband, William to 

606
00:33:41,200 --> 00:33:44,700
invade England, save 
protestantism, and restore 

607
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:48,600
constitutional government. 
This Glorious Revolution has it 

608
00:33:48,600 --> 00:33:51,800
came to be called was actually 
more significant than the Civil 

609
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:56,400
War despite being less violent. 
Nobody was executed, there was 

610
00:33:56,400 --> 00:34:00,100
minimal fighting James simply 
fled to France when he realized 

611
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:03,200
he had no support. 
Allegedly throwing the Great 

612
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,900
Seal of England into the Thames.
As he escaped Parliament, then 

613
00:34:06,900 --> 00:34:09,300
invited William, and Mary to 
become joint monarchs. 

614
00:34:09,300 --> 00:34:12,800
But only after they agreed to 
specific conditions laid out in 

615
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:17,000
writing the Bill of Rights in 
1689 formerly established that 

616
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:21,000
Parliament controlled taxation, 
that election should be free and

617
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:24,000
that monarchs couldn't suspend 
laws or maintain standing armies

618
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,100
and peace time without 
parliamentary consent. 

619
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:30,699
The message was unmistakable. 
The crown served at parliament's

620
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:34,500
pleasure king's and queen's, 
could still be influential could

621
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:37,800
still Shake policy and could 
still command respect and 

622
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:41,699
loyalty but ultimate Authority 
rested with the political Nation

623
00:34:41,699 --> 00:34:44,600
represented. 
In Parliament, the monks role 

624
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,000
was increasingly ceremonial and 
symbolic though it would take 

625
00:34:48,000 --> 00:34:50,000
another Century for this to 
become fully. 

626
00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:54,100
Clear to everyone involved by 
the 1700s England. 

627
00:34:54,300 --> 00:34:57,400
Now, officially Great Britain. 
After the union with Scotland in

628
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,900
1707, Had developed something 
unique in Europe. 

629
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:05,700
A constitutional monarchy where 
Parliament held real power but 

630
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,900
the crown remained Central to 
political legitimacy. 

631
00:35:08,900 --> 00:35:12,100
It was a strange hybrid that 
worked better in practice than 

632
00:35:12,100 --> 00:35:15,400
in theory and it would serve as 
a model for other nations, 

633
00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,700
trying to balance traditional 
Authority, with representative 

634
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:21,900
government, your observing the 
government of Robert Walpole in 

635
00:35:21,900 --> 00:35:25,600
the 1730s and you'd be forgiven 
for being confused about who's 

636
00:35:25,600 --> 00:35:28,300
actually in charge technically 
King George. 

637
00:35:28,300 --> 00:35:31,600
The first is the monarch The 
source of all legitimate 

638
00:35:31,600 --> 00:35:34,900
Authority and the person in 
whose name laws are passed and 

639
00:35:34,900 --> 00:35:37,700
Wars, are fought, but George 
barely speaks English. 

640
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,500
Having grown up in Germany, and 
he's not particularly interested

641
00:35:41,500 --> 00:35:44,200
in British politics Beyond 
ensuring, he receives his 

642
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:46,700
income, and isn't bothered with 
details. 

643
00:35:46,700 --> 00:35:50,600
Real power, rests with all who 
serves as first Lord of the 

644
00:35:50,600 --> 00:35:54,000
treasury and manages the House 
of Commons through a combination

645
00:35:54,000 --> 00:35:58,000
of patronage persuasion and 
careful Coalition building. 

646
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,000
This is the birth of the Prime 
Minister though. 

647
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,300
That title isn't official yet 
and Walpole would deny he holds 

648
00:36:04,300 --> 00:36:07,800
any such position. 
What he's done is demonstrate 

649
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:09,700
that it's possible to run the 
government. 

650
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,800
While the Monarch does something
else entirely George? 

651
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,800
The first attends cabinet 
meetings early in his Reign, 

652
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,400
then stops bothering. 
When it becomes clear, the 

653
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,700
discussions are conducted in 
English and deal with matters. 

654
00:36:22,700 --> 00:36:25,500
He doesn't understand or care 
about his son. 

655
00:36:25,508 --> 00:36:28,400
George the second is more 
engaged but still largely leaves

656
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:31,600
policy to his ministers. 
Intervening occasionally on 

657
00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:34,700
matters, he cares about, but 
accepting that day-to-day 

658
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:38,000
governance is beyond his 
interest or expertise the 

659
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,900
arrangement works because it's 
satisfies, everyone's needs The 

660
00:36:41,900 --> 00:36:46,300
monarchy provides continuity 
symbolism and legitimacy without

661
00:36:46,300 --> 00:36:48,700
having to make difficult 
day-to-day decisions. 

662
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,900
That might prove unpopular, 
Parliament gets to control 

663
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,700
policy and Taxation. 
Ministers, can govern 

664
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:58,100
effectively without worrying 
about Royal interference or 

665
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:00,800
having to explain every detail 
to someone who might not 

666
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:04,600
understand the context and the 
public, or at least the small 

667
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:08,100
fraction of the public who can 
vote has Representatives who 

668
00:37:08,100 --> 00:37:11,000
theoretically speak for them and
protect their interests. 

669
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:15,300
George, the third who came to 
the throne in 1760, try to 

670
00:37:15,308 --> 00:37:18,700
reassert, Royal influence 
appointing, ministers based on 

671
00:37:18,708 --> 00:37:22,600
personal preference, rather than
parliamentary support, this 

672
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:26,600
created constitutional crises 
and political chaos with 

673
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,000
governments falling every few 
months as the King and 

674
00:37:29,000 --> 00:37:32,600
Parliament, battled for control 
it contributed to the loss of 

675
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,600
the American colonies who 
rebelled partly because they 

676
00:37:35,600 --> 00:37:37,600
objected to what they saw as 
tyrannical. 

677
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:41,700
Royal power unchecked by 
representative government, the 

678
00:37:41,700 --> 00:37:44,200
American Revolution taught 
Britain an important lesson 

679
00:37:45,100 --> 00:37:48,000
Trying to govern with without 
consent of the government, even 

680
00:37:48,000 --> 00:37:51,700
in the limited 18th century 
sense of government didn't work 

681
00:37:51,700 --> 00:37:56,000
and could lead to catastrophic 
losses by the early 1800s, the 

682
00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,000
pattern was set. 
Monarchs could have a pinions 

683
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,400
could try to influence policy 
and could select ministers. 

684
00:38:02,400 --> 00:38:05,300
They like to, but they couldn't 
govern against parliament's 

685
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,900
wishes for any extended period. 
When William, the fourth try to 

686
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:11,300
dismiss a popular government in 
1834. 

687
00:38:12,100 --> 00:38:15,000
The pointing Ministers of his 
own choosing, the new government

688
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,200
simply lost the next election 
badly. 

689
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,200
The king had to accept back the 
ministers, he dismissed. 

690
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,800
And from that point forward, no 
Monarch seriously attempted to 

691
00:38:23,800 --> 00:38:27,300
govern against parliamentary, 
majorities the Reform Act of 

692
00:38:27,300 --> 00:38:31,300
1832 expanded, the franchise, 
and redistributed parliamentary 

693
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:34,900
seats, making the House of 
Commons more representative of 

694
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:39,000
urban industrial, Britain, 
rather than rural Estates. 

695
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:43,100
By Aristocrats this further, 
reduced, Royal influence because

696
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:45,700
Parliament, now, represented 
broader interests. 

697
00:38:45,700 --> 00:38:48,700
That the crown could not control
through traditional patronage 

698
00:38:48,700 --> 00:38:53,000
democracy was still limited. 
Only about one in five, adult 

699
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:57,900
men could vote and women were 
entirely excluded The direction 

700
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,800
of change was clear. 
Power was flowing steadily 

701
00:39:01,800 --> 00:39:05,500
toward elected representatives 
and away from hereditary 

702
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:08,400
authorities. 
Victoria who became Queen in 

703
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:12,700
1837 at age. 18 had strong 
opinions about politics and 

704
00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:15,200
wasn't shy, about expressing 
them to her ministers. 

705
00:39:15,200 --> 00:39:18,500
She loved some prime ministers, 
particularly the Charming 

706
00:39:18,500 --> 00:39:22,300
conservative Benjamin Disraeli, 
and thoroughly, disliked others,

707
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:26,200
especially the liberal William 
Gladstone, but she understood 

708
00:39:26,200 --> 00:39:29,900
the Constitutional reality. 
She could advise encourage and 

709
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:34,000
warn but she couldn't actually 
make policy when her beloved 

710
00:39:34,000 --> 00:39:37,700
husband. 
Albert died in 1861, she 

711
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:41,500
withdrew from public life, for 
years dressed in black mourning 

712
00:39:41,500 --> 00:39:44,300
clothes for the rest of her 
life, and the government can 

713
00:39:44,300 --> 00:39:47,600
continue to function perfectly 
well, without her active 

714
00:39:47,600 --> 00:39:50,700
participation. 
This proves something important.

715
00:39:50,700 --> 00:39:54,000
The monarchy was no longer 
essential to day-to-day 

716
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,300
governance. 
The development of political 

717
00:39:56,300 --> 00:39:58,900
party is formalized the 
separation of crown and 

718
00:39:58,900 --> 00:40:01,500
government. 
While the mid-1800s two 

719
00:40:01,500 --> 00:40:05,400
organized party is Whigs and 
tories later, liberals and 

720
00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:09,200
conservatives competed for 
control of parliament, the 

721
00:40:09,200 --> 00:40:11,800
Queen's role in selecting a 
prime minister became purely 

722
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:14,500
ceremonial. 
She appointed whoever commanded 

723
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:18,400
majority support in the Commons.
If an election produced a clear 

724
00:40:18,408 --> 00:40:22,300
winner, she had no choice. 
If the result was ambiguous, she

725
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:26,100
might exercise judgment, but 
always within narrow bounds to 

726
00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:28,000
find by parliamentary 
arithmetic. 

727
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,300
The British Empire complicated. 
This constitutional Evolution 

728
00:40:32,300 --> 00:40:36,900
Victoria was proclaimed, Empress
of India in 1876 ruling over 

729
00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:41,900
millions of subjects, who had no
vote, no representation, and no 

730
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:44,800
say in how they were governed, 
the monarchy served different 

731
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:48,300
functions in different parts of 
the Empire constitutional 

732
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:52,100
Unlimited in Britain Imperial 
and authoritarian in India. 

733
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:55,100
This contradiction would 
eventually contribute to the 

734
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:58,700
Empire's dissolution but in the 
short term it gave the monarchy 

735
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:03,100
renewed importance as a symbol 
of Imperial Unity by the late 

736
00:41:03,100 --> 00:41:05,500
1800s. 
The British Monarchy had 

737
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,800
completed its transformation 
from a source of political power

738
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:11,600
to assemble of national 
continuity. 

739
00:41:11,600 --> 00:41:15,500
This might sound like a demotion
but it turned out to be crucial 

740
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:19,000
for the institution of survival 
Monarch who no longer made 

741
00:41:19,000 --> 00:41:22,000
controversial political decision
was couldn't be blamed for 

742
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:25,300
policy failures couldn't 
alienate half the population. 

743
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:28,600
Couldn't become targets for 
revolution the way Kings 

744
00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:30,800
elsewhere. 
In Europe were you're watching 

745
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:35,600
Victoria's Diamond, Jubilee in 
1897 celebrating 60 years. 

746
00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:38,800
On the throne, the entire 
British Empire has sent 

747
00:41:38,808 --> 00:41:42,400
Representatives a parade 
includes soldiers from India in 

748
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:46,800
turbines Canadian mounties, 
Australian Cavalry, an African 

749
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:50,000
Colonial troops. 
All parts of a global Empire 

750
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,700
that Victoria theoretically 
rules but never actually governs

751
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:57,300
in any practical sense. 
She's an elderly woman in a 

752
00:41:57,300 --> 00:42:00,200
black widow's weeds frail enough
that she can't climb the steps 

753
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:02,500
of Saint. 
Paul's Cathedral, and has to 

754
00:42:02,500 --> 00:42:04,600
receive a blessing while sitting
in her carriage. 

755
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:07,900
Yet she's become something like 
the grandmother of the nation 

756
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:12,200
respected and beloved precisely,
because she doesn't interfere 

757
00:42:12,200 --> 00:42:13,800
with how the country is actually
run. 

758
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:17,100
This symbolic role proved 
surprisingly powerful. 

759
00:42:17,100 --> 00:42:20,600
The Monarch could embody 
National Unity of political 

760
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:23,800
parties, could provide 
continuity through changing 

761
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,100
governments and could represent 
Britain to the world in ways 

762
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:30,200
that elected officials couldn't,
when Edward the seventh 

763
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:35,300
succeeded Victoria in 1901, he 
became Britain's diplomatic face

764
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:37,800
in Europe using family 
connections. 

765
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,500
He was related to half the 
crowned heads of Europe to 

766
00:42:41,500 --> 00:42:45,700
smooth international relations 
and conduct informal diplomacy. 

767
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:49,600
He had no power to make treaties
or declare war but his 

768
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:52,100
conversations with foreign 
monarchs helped these tension 

769
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:56,000
and build relationships. 
The first world war tested, the 

770
00:42:56,008 --> 00:43:00,100
monarchy's symbolic importance, 
George the Fifth Edward's son 

771
00:43:00,100 --> 00:43:02,600
couldn't prevent the war 
couldn't direct military 

772
00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:04,700
strategy and couldn't make 
peace. 

773
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:08,500
Those decisions belonged to 
elected officials and Military 

774
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:11,900
commanders but he could visit 
troops at the front to Munitions

775
00:43:11,900 --> 00:43:15,800
factories appear at public 
events to boost morale and 

776
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:18,300
provide a focal point for 
National solidarity. 

777
00:43:18,300 --> 00:43:21,200
He changed the Royal Family's 
German surname. 

778
00:43:21,200 --> 00:43:26,100
Sex kuber gotha to the English 
sounding Windsor symbolically 

779
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:28,500
aligning the monarchy with 
British nationalism against 

780
00:43:28,500 --> 00:43:32,700
German enemies when Revolution 
Swept Away, the German Austrian 

781
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:36,500
and Russian monarchies during an
after the war Britain survived 

782
00:43:36,500 --> 00:43:39,800
partly because it had already 
accepted constitutional limits. 

783
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:43,600
The Czar of Russia was an 
absolute monarch Who Bore direct

784
00:43:43,600 --> 00:43:46,600
responsibility for military 
defeats and political failures. 

785
00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,700
Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany had 
real power over military 

786
00:43:50,700 --> 00:43:54,400
appointments and strategy when 
things went badly their Thrones 

787
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:56,700
went with them. 
George the 5th. 

788
00:43:56,700 --> 00:43:59,500
Who had no such power. 
Couldn't be blamed for the 

789
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:00,400
walls. 
Hardships. 

790
00:44:01,100 --> 00:44:04,800
The monarchy became a source of 
stability during chaos rather 

791
00:44:04,800 --> 00:44:06,900
than a target for revolutionary 
anger. 

792
00:44:06,900 --> 00:44:11,400
The interwar years brought new 
challenges, George the 5th had 

793
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,300
to manage the political crisis 
when his government divided over

794
00:44:14,300 --> 00:44:18,600
economic policy in 1931, his 
role was purely procedural, 

795
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:21,900
ensuring that a government could
be formed in the Constitutional 

796
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:25,400
processes continued. 
But even this limited function 

797
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:28,800
was essential without the crown 
as a neutral Arbiter. 

798
00:44:28,800 --> 00:44:32,000
Britain might have faced a 
constitutional collapse like 

799
00:44:32,000 --> 00:44:34,100
those affecting other European 
nations. 

800
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:37,700
The abdication crisis of 1936 
revealed. 

801
00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:40,000
How thoroughly the monarchy had 
become a constitutional 

802
00:44:40,000 --> 00:44:44,200
Institution Edward the 8th 
wanted to marry Wallis Simpson, 

803
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,300
an American divorcee. 
The government objected not 

804
00:44:48,300 --> 00:44:50,700
because they had any particular 
authority over the king's 

805
00:44:50,700 --> 00:44:54,000
personal life, but because the 
Scandal would damage, the 

806
00:44:54,000 --> 00:44:57,700
monarchy symbolic role at a time
when European democracy was 

807
00:44:57,700 --> 00:45:01,200
under threat from fascism. 
Edward could afford, could have 

808
00:45:01,208 --> 00:45:04,100
tried to assert Royal 
Independence and could have 

809
00:45:04,100 --> 00:45:08,400
appealed to public opinion, but 
he understood the reality, a 

810
00:45:08,400 --> 00:45:11,200
modern constitutional Monarch 
could not rule against his 

811
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:14,600
government's advice. 
He abdicated, after less than a 

812
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:16,200
year. 
And his brother George, the 

813
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:20,800
sixth became king George the 
sixth shy and suffering. 

814
00:45:20,800 --> 00:45:22,500
From a stammer that made public 
speaking. 

815
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:26,500
Torture seemed like an unlikely 
symbol of British resistance to 

816
00:45:26,500 --> 00:45:30,100
Nazi Germany, but during the 
second world war, he and his 

817
00:45:30,100 --> 00:45:34,400
wife, Elizabeth refused to leave
London during the blitz visited.

818
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:37,600
Bombed neighborhoods, still 
smoking from night raids and 

819
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:39,700
generally embodied. 
The idea that Britain would 

820
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:41,600
endure whatever Hitler threw at 
it. 

821
00:45:41,600 --> 00:45:45,500
They had no military Authority. 
No power to make strategic 

822
00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:48,400
decisions and no control over 
resources. 

823
00:45:49,500 --> 00:45:52,300
But their presence mattered in 
ways that purely practical 

824
00:45:52,300 --> 00:45:55,700
leadership couldn't achieve when
Buckingham Palace was bombed. 

825
00:45:55,700 --> 00:45:59,000
The queen famously said she was 
glad because now she could look 

826
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:02,000
the East End in the face. 
Her home had suffered like 

827
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,600
theirs. 
The Warsaw mented the monarchies

828
00:46:04,600 --> 00:46:07,800
modern role, the royal family 
became a symbol of national 

829
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:11,800
resistance and unity appearing 
on propaganda posters in 

830
00:46:11,800 --> 00:46:15,700
newsreels and at public events. 
But they exercise. 

831
00:46:15,700 --> 00:46:19,200
No actual power. 
Churchill made the Strategic 

832
00:46:19,200 --> 00:46:22,700
decision, Parliament voted the 
money and Military. 

833
00:46:22,700 --> 00:46:25,900
Commanders directed, the 
fighting, The Crown's 

834
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:29,300
contribution was entirely 
symbolic but symbols matter, 

835
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:32,200
especially during existential 
struggles. 

836
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:37,600
Elizabeth the second became 
Queen in 1952 and reigned for 70

837
00:46:37,600 --> 00:46:40,600
years presiding over the 
complete transformation of 

838
00:46:40,600 --> 00:46:42,500
Britain and its relationship 
with the world. 

839
00:46:42,500 --> 00:46:46,500
Her Reign demonstrated both the 
durability, and the limitations 

840
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:51,200
of constitutional monarchy in an
age of democracy, mass media, 

841
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:53,700
and rapidly changing social 
values. 

842
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:57,600
Your observing the Queen's role 
in government and its both more 

843
00:46:57,600 --> 00:47:00,700
and less than you might expect. 
She meets with the Prime 

844
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:04,200
Minister every week when their 
both in London, a private 

845
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,000
meeting with out staff, where 
the Prime Minister briefs are on

846
00:47:07,000 --> 00:47:10,000
government business and she 
offers whatever advise her 

847
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:13,600
Decades of experience suggested.
She receives government papers 

848
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,400
in red boxes, reads them 
carefully and his kept informed 

849
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,500
of all major decisions before 
there are announced publicly. 

850
00:47:21,600 --> 00:47:24,300
She can offer advice based on 
having worked with 14. 

851
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:28,800
Prime, ministers from Churchill 
to trust but she makes no policy

852
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:34,100
commands, no armies, and 
controls no budgets When she 

853
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:37,100
delivers, the Queen's speech at 
the opening of parliament, she's

854
00:47:37,100 --> 00:47:40,400
reading words written by the 
government outlining plans. 

855
00:47:40,400 --> 00:47:42,200
She may or may not personally 
support. 

856
00:47:42,200 --> 00:47:46,000
This complete separation of 
symbolic Authority from actual 

857
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:48,500
power. 
Turned out to be the monarchy 

858
00:47:48,500 --> 00:47:51,100
salvation. 
When governments made unpopular 

859
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:54,800
decisions, entering Wars, 
cutting services, raising taxes,

860
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:57,200
implementing controversial, 
social policies. 

861
00:47:57,200 --> 00:48:01,400
The crown couldn't be blamed 
when political parties, battled 

862
00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:04,400
each other with increasing 
viciousness the Monarch remained

863
00:48:04,400 --> 00:48:07,300
Above The Fray, a neutral 
presence that belonged to 

864
00:48:07,300 --> 00:48:10,700
everyone the queen met with 
prime ministers from across the 

865
00:48:10,700 --> 00:48:13,900
political Spectrum, from the 
conserved of Churchill to the 

866
00:48:13,900 --> 00:48:16,900
labor, Wilson to the 
conservative Thatcher to the 

867
00:48:16,900 --> 00:48:19,800
labor, Blair to the 
conservative, Johnston and 

868
00:48:19,800 --> 00:48:22,900
maintained cordial. 
Working relationships, with all 

869
00:48:22,908 --> 00:48:25,400
of them, regardless of her 
personal views, which she kept 

870
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:28,900
scrupulously private, the 
monarchies role became largely 

871
00:48:28,900 --> 00:48:32,900
ceremonial and cultural. 
State occasions, coronations 

872
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:37,500
jubilees royal wedding and state
funerals provided spectacle and 

873
00:48:37,508 --> 00:48:40,800
tradition that connected modern 
Britain to its passed. 

874
00:48:40,800 --> 00:48:43,400
The ceremony isn't changed much 
in centuries. 

875
00:48:43,400 --> 00:48:48,100
The same crown, jewels were used
the same oath sworn and the same

876
00:48:48,100 --> 00:48:51,800
rituals performed this 
continuity gave many people, a 

877
00:48:51,800 --> 00:48:55,700
sense of stability in a rapidly 
changing world, Feeling that 

878
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:59,400
something endured while 
everything else, transformed the

879
00:48:59,400 --> 00:49:02,500
royal family became For Better 
or Worse, celebrities, whose 

880
00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:05,600
personal lives generated endless
public interest in media 

881
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,100
coverage. 
This wasn't what medieval kings 

882
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:11,900
would recognize as power, but it
was a form of cultural influence

883
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:16,300
that proved remarkably resilient
Royal weddings Drew millions of 

884
00:49:16,300 --> 00:49:19,800
viewers Royal scandals. 
Filled tabloid headlines for 

885
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:22,500
months. 
The births of Royal babies were 

886
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:25,600
announced with traditional Canon
salutes and modern social media 

887
00:49:25,600 --> 00:49:27,900
posts. 
The monarchy had become 

888
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:30,200
entertainment and traditional 
simultaneously. 

889
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:33,900
The relationship between crown 
and democracy resolved itself 

890
00:49:33,900 --> 00:49:37,100
into a stable Arrangement, that 
satisfied, most people, most of 

891
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:40,900
the time, Parliament, elected, 
by Universal adult suffrage, 

892
00:49:40,900 --> 00:49:45,100
from 1928, onward. 
Held absolute legal Authority. 

893
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:48,500
The Prime Minister and cabinet 
made all actual decisions. 

894
00:49:48,500 --> 00:49:50,800
About policy spending War and 
Peace. 

895
00:49:51,700 --> 00:49:54,400
But the Monarch provided 
continuity, the elected 

896
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:56,900
officials. 
Couldn't Symbolizing the nation 

897
00:49:56,900 --> 00:49:59,600
itself, rather than any 
particular party or government 

898
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:03,500
when elections produce new 
governments, the transition was 

899
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:07,000
smooth because the crown 
remained constant, the incoming 

900
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:10,400
prime minister went to the 
Palace kissed hands in an 

901
00:50:10,400 --> 00:50:12,500
ancient ceremony and became head
of government. 

902
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:16,300
While the Monarch remained head 
of state Elizabeth's long Reign 

903
00:50:16,300 --> 00:50:19,000
saw the British Empire dissolve 
into a commonwealth of 

904
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:22,400
independent nations, she 
remained queen of some of these 

905
00:50:22,400 --> 00:50:25,400
nations, Canada, Australia, and 
New Zealand among others. 

906
00:50:25,400 --> 00:50:27,800
But only because they chose to 
keep her. 

907
00:50:27,800 --> 00:50:29,900
Not because Brickman could force
them. 

908
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:32,900
Other former colonies became 
republics and left the 

909
00:50:32,900 --> 00:50:36,100
Commonwealth entirely or stayed 
in it, while dropping them on a 

910
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:38,000
key. 
The Queen's role in Commonwealth

911
00:50:38,000 --> 00:50:41,700
Nations was even more symbolic 
than in Britain, Ceremonial 

912
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:45,200
linked to historical connections
that some people valued and 

913
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,100
others considered a colonial 
Remnant. 

914
00:50:47,100 --> 00:50:49,600
The question of the monarchies 
future arose. 

915
00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:54,500
Periodically after scandals or 
during periods of social change 

916
00:50:54,500 --> 00:50:57,500
opinion polls showed support for
the institution remained 

917
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:00,600
relatively strong but 
increasingly conditional on the 

918
00:51:00,600 --> 00:51:04,700
monarchy behaving appropriately 
avoiding Scandal and not costing

919
00:51:04,700 --> 00:51:07,200
too much. 
The monarchy survived partly 

920
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:09,300
through careful management of 
its Public Image. 

921
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,800
Partly through the Queen's 
personal popularity over Decades

922
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:17,500
of dutiful service and partly. 
Because replacing, it seemed 

923
00:51:17,500 --> 00:51:21,400
more trouble than keeping. 
It, Elizabeth death in 2022 at 

924
00:51:21,400 --> 00:51:25,600
age, 96 and the accession of 
Charles, the Third demonstrated,

925
00:51:25,600 --> 00:51:29,300
the monarchy's durability. 
The transition was automatic 

926
00:51:29,300 --> 00:51:32,000
requiring no election or 
confirmation. 

927
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:36,500
Charles became king the instant 
his mother died by operation of 

928
00:51:36,508 --> 00:51:40,200
Law and constitutional custom. 
The Machinery of government, 

929
00:51:40,200 --> 00:51:44,700
didn't pause, the symbolism 
shifted to a new person but the 

930
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:48,200
institution persisted its 
practices and limitations 

931
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:51,000
unchanged. 
Here's what the long story of 

932
00:51:51,000 --> 00:51:55,100
England's monarchy actually 
reveals Authority is a story 

933
00:51:55,100 --> 00:51:59,000
people agreed to believe The 
crown has no inherent power. 

934
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:03,300
It only has the power that law 
and custom and Collective 

935
00:52:03,300 --> 00:52:06,000
Agreement. 
Give it what, changed over 1,000

936
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:09,500
years, wasn't the crown itself. 
But the story England told about

937
00:52:09,500 --> 00:52:14,400
the crown and crucially, who got
to tell that story, you're 

938
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,100
standing in Westminster Abbey, 
where monarchs have been crowned

939
00:52:17,100 --> 00:52:20,100
since William the Conqueror. 
And you can see the layers of 

940
00:52:20,108 --> 00:52:24,300
accumulated history, physically 
present in the space, the chair 

941
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:28,500
used for coronation was built in
1300, commissioned by Edward. 

942
00:52:28,500 --> 00:52:31,600
The first to hold the stone of 
scone, he'd stolen from Scotland

943
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:36,300
and it still serves its purpose.
More than 700 years later, the 

944
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:40,500
regalia Crown scepter and orb, 
combined, medieval craftsmanship

945
00:52:40,500 --> 00:52:44,300
with modern symbolism. 
Some pieces date back centuries 

946
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:48,200
While others are relatively 
recent additions, the ceremony 

947
00:52:48,200 --> 00:52:52,700
itself mixes ancient ritual with
contemporary meaning creating a 

948
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:55,600
sense that this moment connects 
to something larger than the 

949
00:52:55,600 --> 00:52:59,300
present, this is what the 
monarchy became a repository of 

950
00:52:59,300 --> 00:53:01,400
accumulated stories about 
nationhood. 

951
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:05,600
Continuity and shared identity, 
the stories aren't necessarily 

952
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:09,000
accurate much of what we think 
of as ancient traditional was 

953
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:12,200
actually invented in the 
Victorian era when the monarchy 

954
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:14,900
needed to reinvent itself were 
an industrial age. 

955
00:53:15,800 --> 00:53:18,900
But that powerful because people
agree to treat them as 

956
00:53:18,900 --> 00:53:21,500
meaningful. 
The crown connects modern 

957
00:53:21,500 --> 00:53:26,200
Britain to Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.
The Norman Conquest, devil law 

958
00:53:26,200 --> 00:53:30,800
Tudor centralization, Stuart 
conflict, the Victorian Empire 

959
00:53:30,800 --> 00:53:34,600
and 20th Century democracy, 
whether that connection is real 

960
00:53:34,600 --> 00:53:37,400
or imagined matters less than 
the fact that people believe it 

961
00:53:37,400 --> 00:53:40,700
and find Value in it. 
The genius of the British 

962
00:53:40,700 --> 00:53:43,800
constitutional monarchy is that 
it preserved the form of 

963
00:53:43,800 --> 00:53:46,400
kingship while draining it of 
arbitrary power. 

964
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:49,800
This satisfied, conservative 
instincts for tradition and 

965
00:53:49,800 --> 00:53:53,000
continuity while allowing 
Progressive development of 

966
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,600
democratic institutions. 
Instead of a revolution that 

967
00:53:56,600 --> 00:54:00,400
Swept Away the old order, 
completely Britain experienced 

968
00:54:00,400 --> 00:54:03,300
an evolution that adapted old 
forms to new purposes. 

969
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,400
The result was stability that 
let other institutions develop 

970
00:54:07,400 --> 00:54:10,600
without constant disruption, 
other countries tried different 

971
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:15,900
paths with varying success, 
France executed its king in 1793

972
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:20,300
and became a republic then an 
empire under Napoleon, then a 

973
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:23,800
constitutional monarchy after 
his defeat then a republic again

974
00:54:23,800 --> 00:54:28,400
in 1848 then an Empire again. 
Under Napoleon the third, then 

975
00:54:28,400 --> 00:54:32,900
another Republic after 1870 each
transition involved upheaval 

976
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:37,300
violence and constitutional 
crisis, Germany unified under a 

977
00:54:37,300 --> 00:54:41,000
powerful emperor in 1871 tried 
parliamentary democracy. 

978
00:54:41,000 --> 00:54:43,800
After the first world war, 
suffered totalitarian 

979
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:47,000
dictatorship under Hitler. 
Then split and eventually 

980
00:54:47,000 --> 00:54:51,600
reunified after the Cold War, 
Russia's clung to absolute power

981
00:54:51,600 --> 00:54:55,900
until Revolution swept them away
in 1917, leading to Communist 

982
00:54:55,900 --> 00:54:59,100
dictatorship and everything that
followed Britain's monarchy 

983
00:54:59,100 --> 00:55:02,700
survived by surrendering power 
gradually reluctantly. 

984
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:06,600
But ultimately, Completely. 
Each surrender made the 

985
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:10,700
institution safer, medieval 
kings, who commanded armies. 

986
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:14,400
Could be overthrown by Rivals. 
Tudor monarchs who enforced 

987
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:18,200
religious Conformity. 
Created enemies, Stuart Kings, 

988
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:21,200
who claimed Divine Right? 
Triggered Civil War, the 

989
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:23,500
Constitutional Monarch, who 
reigned without ruling. 

990
00:55:23,500 --> 00:55:26,800
Who symbolized without 
commanding, who embodied 

991
00:55:26,800 --> 00:55:28,400
traditional without enforcing 
it. 

992
00:55:29,100 --> 00:55:31,800
These monarchs were hard to 
oppose because they threatened 

993
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:36,100
nobody's Freedom or welfare. 
The story isn't finished. 

994
00:55:36,100 --> 00:55:39,000
Charles the Third became king in
an era. 

995
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:40,800
When monarchy seem archaic to 
many people. 

996
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:44,800
When the very idea of inherited 
privilege conflicts with 

997
00:55:44,800 --> 00:55:48,700
democratic values and when the 
royal families wealth and Status

998
00:55:48,700 --> 00:55:52,800
appear increasingly difficult to
justify in a society that claims

999
00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:56,500
to Value Merit and equality, the
monarchy's future depends on 

1000
00:55:56,500 --> 00:55:59,400
whether the stories it tells 
about national identity, 

1001
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:03,200
historical continuity, 
ceremonial dignity and 

1002
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,500
charitable service. 
Continued to resonate with 

1003
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:08,700
enough people to maintain the 
Collective Agreement. 

1004
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:11,300
That keeps the institutional 
alive. 

1005
00:56:11,300 --> 00:56:14,900
What we can say is that 
England's monarchy succeeded by 

1006
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:18,800
becoming unnecessary, When kings
were essential when they LED 

1007
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:23,400
armies administered Justice made
laws and collected taxes. 

1008
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:27,700
Their power was also dangerous 
arbitrary and often tyrannical. 

1009
00:56:27,700 --> 00:56:31,800
Individual rulers, could be 
brilliant or incompetent just or

1010
00:56:31,800 --> 00:56:36,200
cruel and wise or foolish and 
the Kingdom's fate depended on 

1011
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:39,700
which you got by accepting 
constitutional limits and by 

1012
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:42,400
becoming symbolic rather than 
actual rulers. 

1013
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:46,600
The crown paradoxical became 
more stable and durable it. 

1014
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:49,300
No longer threatens, anyone's 
Freedom, or welfare. 

1015
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:52,900
So there's less reason to 
abolish it, it provides symbolic

1016
00:56:52,900 --> 00:56:56,300
functions that some people value
without exercising power, that 

1017
00:56:56,300 --> 00:56:59,600
might provoke resistance. 
The long story of England told 

1018
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:03,000
through its monarchs, his 
really, a story of how Society 

1019
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:06,900
is organized power, how they 
create legitimacy, and how they 

1020
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:10,600
balance continuity with. 
Change the crown began as 

1021
00:57:10,600 --> 00:57:14,200
something seized by force from 
rival, claimants the game. 

1022
00:57:14,200 --> 00:57:17,500
Something inherited by custom 
within royal families and 

1023
00:57:17,500 --> 00:57:21,000
something limited by law and 
precedent, then something shared

1024
00:57:21,000 --> 00:57:25,100
with parliamentary institutions 
and finally something purely 

1025
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:28,800
symbolic that represents without
ruling each Transformations. 

1026
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:32,300
Preserve the institution while 
fundamentally changing what it 

1027
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:35,800
meant and how it functioned. 
The relationship between 

1028
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:38,100
physical spaces and Royal 
Authority. 

1029
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:41,900
Changed dramatically over this 
thousand year journey, early 

1030
00:57:41,900 --> 00:57:45,700
Saxon Kings ruled from wherever 
they happen to be their 

1031
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:48,400
Authority existing in their 
person rather than in any 

1032
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:51,200
building. 
Norman and medieval kings built 

1033
00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:54,000
castles that projected power 
through stone walls, and 

1034
00:57:54,000 --> 00:57:57,600
military force Tudor, monarchs 
created bureaucracies that 

1035
00:57:57,600 --> 00:57:59,700
governed from offices in 
Westminster. 

1036
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:03,500
Modern monarchs in habit, 
palaces that a museums and 

1037
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:07,300
symbolic spaces, rather than 
centers of actual power, the 

1038
00:58:07,300 --> 00:58:10,600
buildings remain carefully 
preserved that their function 

1039
00:58:10,600 --> 00:58:12,800
has shifted from practical to 
ceremonial. 

1040
00:58:13,700 --> 00:58:16,400
The story of documents 
parallels, this evolution. 

1041
00:58:17,200 --> 00:58:21,800
Early law existed in memory and 
custom transmitted orally and 

1042
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:24,200
enforced. 
Personally, the development of 

1043
00:58:24,200 --> 00:58:27,600
written law from Magna Carta to 
the Bill of Rights to countless 

1044
00:58:27,600 --> 00:58:31,000
acts of Parliament. 
Created Authority, the existed 

1045
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,900
on parchment and paper 
independent of any individual, 

1046
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:38,000
the Monarch's role gradually 
became defined by these 

1047
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:41,300
documents, rather than by 
personal power today, the 

1048
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:44,700
monarchs powers are almost 
entirely formal defined by 

1049
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:47,500
constitutional conventions that 
aren't even written down. 

1050
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:50,700
But exists, a shared 
understanding about how things 

1051
00:58:50,700 --> 00:58:52,900
should work as you drift towards
sleep. 

1052
00:58:52,900 --> 00:58:57,200
Consider this Every stable 
system of government is built on

1053
00:58:57,208 --> 00:59:01,200
Collective stories about who was
Authority and why those stories 

1054
00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:05,400
change slowly adapting to new 
circumstances while maintaining 

1055
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:09,100
enough continuity that people 
can recognize themselves in the 

1056
00:59:09,100 --> 00:59:11,800
tradition. 
England's, monarchy survived a 

1057
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:14,900
thousand years not because kings
were powerful, but because the 

1058
00:59:14,900 --> 00:59:18,100
kingdom learned to constrain 
power, while preserving the 

1059
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:22,000
ceremonies and symbols that make
Authority, feel legitimate, the 

1060
00:59:22,000 --> 00:59:25,000
crown endures as a reminder, 
that sometimes the most durable 

1061
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:28,200
institutions, are those that 
learn to yield rather than break

1062
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:33,100
to adapt rather than resist and 
to symbolize rather than command

1063
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:36,400
what began as the personal 
authority of Warlords. 

1064
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:38,900
Who could gather armed 
followers, became the 

1065
00:59:38,900 --> 00:59:43,000
Constitutional authority of a 
state that governs through laws 

1066
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:47,200
of democratic consent. 
The crowned constant through 

1067
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:51,300
this transformation but 
everything it meant changed that

1068
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:55,700
Paradox continuity, through 
change might Be the most English

1069
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:59,100
thing of all and perhaps the 
real secret of the monarchies 

1070
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:01,700
survival. 
The accumulated story matters, 

1071
01:00:01,700 --> 01:00:03,400
more than any individual 
chapter. 

1072
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:07,800
No single king or queen created,
the modern constitutional 

1073
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:12,500
monarchy it emerged from 
centuries of conflict compromise

1074
01:00:12,500 --> 01:00:16,200
and gradual Evolution the 
institution learned from each 

1075
01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:20,300
crisis adapted to each Challenge
and survived by becoming 

1076
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:23,200
something different while 
remaining recognizably the same 

1077
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:27,800
that long slow transformation 
from power to symbol from 

1078
01:00:27,800 --> 01:00:30,700
command to ceremony from ruling 
to reigning. 

1079
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:34,600
That's the story of England's 
crown and in many ways the story

1080
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:42,000
of England itself. 
He awake Before Dawn, and your 

1081
01:00:42,008 --> 01:00:45,100
timber frame house. 
The kind with walls that lean 

1082
01:00:45,100 --> 01:00:48,600
slightly Inward and flaws the 
creek with the memory of 100 

1083
01:00:48,600 --> 01:00:51,300
footsteps. 
The room smells of salt and 

1084
01:00:51,300 --> 01:00:55,500
smoke that particular blend that
never quite leaves, Coastal 

1085
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:58,500
homes, no matter how, many times
you scrub the floorboards 

1086
01:00:58,500 --> 01:01:01,000
through the gaps in the 
shutters, you can hear the 

1087
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:03,800
Harvest stirring, not with 
sudden noise. 

1088
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:06,300
But with the gradual 
accumulation of sounds, that 

1089
01:01:06,300 --> 01:01:07,800
means the port is stretching 
away. 

1090
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:12,300
The first thing, you notice even
before you're fully conscious is

1091
01:01:12,300 --> 01:01:15,300
the quality of the air. 
It's different here than it 

1092
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:18,300
would be. 
Inland heavier somehow carrying 

1093
01:01:18,300 --> 01:01:21,500
the weight of ocean moisture 
mixed with the earthier sense of

1094
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:25,600
fish and Tara and wet rope your 
lungs, have grown, so accustomed

1095
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:29,200
to this particular atmosphere. 
You'd probably feel uneasy 

1096
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,400
breathing anything else when 
your cousin visited from the 

1097
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:34,600
countryside. 
Last Summer, She complained that

1098
01:01:34,600 --> 01:01:37,600
the air felt thick enough to 
chew you hadn't known what she 

1099
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,000
meant until you visited her farm
and found yourself gasping at 

1100
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:45,700
Health thin and Empty the Inland
air seemed he swing your legs 

1101
01:01:45,700 --> 01:01:47,900
out of bed, feet finding the 
wooden floor. 

1102
01:01:47,900 --> 01:01:50,100
That was always slightly damp 
this close to the water. 

1103
01:01:51,100 --> 01:01:54,400
Cold travels up through your 
souls a morning, greeting, 

1104
01:01:54,400 --> 01:01:57,700
you've learned to expect your 
house, sits three streets back 

1105
01:01:57,700 --> 01:02:00,700
from the main Wharf. 
Close enough that you can gauge 

1106
01:02:00,700 --> 01:02:04,800
the tide by sound alone. 
Right now, it's coming in. 

1107
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:08,100
You can tell, by the way, the 
water slaps against the dock 

1108
01:02:08,100 --> 01:02:12,100
pilings, with a particular Halo 
Rhythm, When the tide goes out, 

1109
01:02:12,100 --> 01:02:15,900
the sound changes entirely 
becoming more of a sucking, 

1110
01:02:15,900 --> 01:02:18,500
whisper, as the sea Retreats 
across the mud flats. 

1111
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,500
The pre-dawn light filtering 
through your shutters has that 

1112
01:02:22,500 --> 01:02:25,800
strange quality. 
You've learned means fog not the

1113
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:29,400
thick pea soupers that sometimes
role in during Autumn but the 

1114
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:32,000
light morning Haze that will 
burn off by mid-morning. 

1115
01:02:32,000 --> 01:02:35,400
Once the sun gains proper 
strength, you've learned to read

1116
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:39,200
whether the way, some people 
read books interpreting signs, 

1117
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:41,500
that would mean nothing to 
someone who didn't live by the 

1118
01:02:41,500 --> 01:02:44,700
Seas, moods dressing in the 
half-life you pull on the same 

1119
01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:48,300
layers, you or yesterday, once 
that smell least of fish and 

1120
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:51,000
sweat. 
Laundry happens when it happens.

1121
01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:54,000
Usually when your daughter 
complains that your shirt could 

1122
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:55,900
probably walk to the washing tub
by itself. 

1123
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,800
A fashion here runs toward 
practical rather than decorative

1124
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:02,500
Woolen britches that can survive
salt spray. 

1125
01:03:02,500 --> 01:03:04,700
A linen shirt that has been 
mended. 

1126
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:07,100
So many times. 
The original fabric is hard to 

1127
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:10,900
identify and a leather Jerkins 
that supposed to provide some 

1128
01:03:10,900 --> 01:03:13,500
protection against the wind that
never quite stops. 

1129
01:03:13,500 --> 01:03:16,700
Blowing by the time you make it 
down stairs, your wife is 

1130
01:03:16,700 --> 01:03:18,700
already coaxed, the kitchen fire
back to life. 

1131
01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:22,400
The Hearth dominates. 
The main room built large enough

1132
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:23,800
that you could roast a whole 
sheep. 

1133
01:03:23,800 --> 01:03:26,100
If you were the sort of person 
who could afford whole sheep 

1134
01:03:26,100 --> 01:03:28,800
more, typically it hosts a 
Perpetual pot of something. 

1135
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:32,500
Usually fish stew or oat 
porridge occasionally both. 

1136
01:03:32,500 --> 01:03:35,600
If you've had a particularly 
good week The fires warmth 

1137
01:03:35,600 --> 01:03:39,000
hasn't spread far yet and the 
corners of the room still hold 

1138
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:41,600
pockets of cold air that will 
linger until noon. 

1139
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:44,300
Your wife moves through her 
morning routine with the 

1140
01:03:44,300 --> 01:03:47,000
efficiency of someone who's 
performed the same actions for 

1141
01:03:47,000 --> 01:03:50,900
20 years, Bread from yes. 
Today gets cut into thick, 

1142
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:54,800
slices butter. 
If there's any butter more 

1143
01:03:54,800 --> 01:03:58,000
likely just the bread. 
Maybe softened, in whatever's 

1144
01:03:58,000 --> 01:04:00,900
warming in the pot. 
She doesn't say much this early.

1145
01:04:00,900 --> 01:04:04,500
Neither of you do morning. 
Conversation is a luxury for 

1146
01:04:04,500 --> 01:04:06,300
people who don't have to be at 
the Docks before. 

1147
01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:09,500
The fishing boats return through
the open door, you can hear the 

1148
01:04:09,500 --> 01:04:11,800
ports morning Symphony beginning
in Earnest now. 

1149
01:04:12,600 --> 01:04:15,600
Some ones hammering metal 
against metal, probably the 

1150
01:04:15,600 --> 01:04:18,900
Smithy three streets, over 
getting an early, start on 

1151
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:21,900
whatever repairs accumulated, 
yesterday, a dog. 

1152
01:04:21,900 --> 01:04:25,000
Barks, his told to shut up and 
Barks again in any way. 

1153
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,900
Footsteps on cobblestones dozens
of them all heading in the same,

1154
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:32,200
general direction toward the 
water, you eat your bread, 

1155
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,900
quickly washing it down with 
small beer, that tastes like 

1156
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:38,000
it's gone slightly off but 
probably hasn't everything 

1157
01:04:38,000 --> 01:04:40,500
tastes like it's gone slightly 
off when you live this close to 

1158
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,900
fish markets, your youngest 
daughter appears already 

1159
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:46,700
dressed, looking more awake than
any child. 

1160
01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:49,400
Should at this hour. 
She's reached that age where she

1161
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:50,600
wants to be involved in 
everything. 

1162
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:53,900
Ask questions about ship rigging
and cargo manifests. 

1163
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:57,100
And why exactly ships floating 
the first place you've tried 

1164
01:04:57,100 --> 01:05:00,300
explaining about displacement 
and hulls and why Oak is better 

1165
01:05:00,300 --> 01:05:02,700
than Pine. 
But your understanding of these 

1166
01:05:02,700 --> 01:05:06,400
matters is more practical than 
theoretical ships float because 

1167
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:08,800
their belt, right? 
And they sink when they're not, 

1168
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:11,600
that's the extent of your Naval 
architecture. 

1169
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:15,800
Expertise, Outside. 
The sky is lightened enough that

1170
01:05:15,800 --> 01:05:17,600
you can make out the masks in 
the harbor. 

1171
01:05:17,600 --> 01:05:20,700
They rise like a forest of bare 
trees. 

1172
01:05:20,700 --> 01:05:23,700
Swaying slightly, even though 
there's barely any wind yet. 

1173
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:28,400
Counting them as become a habit.
You do it without thinking the 

1174
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:29,900
same way. 
You might count your children 

1175
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:33,500
before bed, to make sure 
everyone's home. 23 ships are 

1176
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:36,600
currently attacking her, which 
means businesses decent, but not

1177
01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:40,500
booming, During the height of 
Summer, you've seen 40 or more 

1178
01:05:40,508 --> 01:05:44,000
crowding, the harbor, the crews 
competing for dock space and 

1179
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:47,200
unloading priority. 
The walk to the Waterfront takes

1180
01:05:47,200 --> 01:05:49,600
you through streets that grow 
narrower, the closer you get to 

1181
01:05:49,608 --> 01:05:52,400
the docks. 
Houses, lean toward each other, 

1182
01:05:52,400 --> 01:05:55,200
overhead upper storeys jutting 
out far. 

1183
01:05:55,200 --> 01:05:57,500
Enough that neighbors could 
Shake Hands Across The Gap. 

1184
01:05:57,500 --> 01:06:00,900
If they wanted to the streets, 
themselves are less streets and 

1185
01:06:00,908 --> 01:06:03,800
more suggestions cobblestones 
laid down. 

1186
01:06:03,800 --> 01:06:07,000
Whenever someone got around to 
it, filling in the gaps between 

1187
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,400
buildings that were constructed.
According to no particular plan,

1188
01:06:10,400 --> 01:06:14,300
you navigate more by muscle 
memory than sight knowing which 

1189
01:06:14,300 --> 01:06:17,700
Corners to cut and which puddles
never drain even in drought. 

1190
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:22,300
Other workers appear from 
doorways and alleys joining the 

1191
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:26,100
general flow toward the harbor. 
You recognize most of them by 

1192
01:06:26,100 --> 01:06:29,000
silhouette alone. 
There's Willem who works the 

1193
01:06:29,000 --> 01:06:31,200
crane that hoist cargo from ship
to shore. 

1194
01:06:31,900 --> 01:06:34,000
Margaret who sells bread to 
Sailors? 

1195
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:37,000
Fresh Off. 
Long voyages, young Tomas, whose

1196
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:39,500
Apprentice to a rope maker and 
always smells like hemp. 

1197
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:43,300
Nobody talks much, it's too 
early for conversation and 

1198
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:46,600
besides you'll have 12 hours 
together at the Docks to say, 

1199
01:06:46,600 --> 01:06:49,800
whatever needs to saying, the 
harbor itself opens up Suddenly,

1200
01:06:49,800 --> 01:06:53,900
the cramped streets giving way 
to a wide expanse of walls and 

1201
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:57,500
warehouse and water. 
The fog, sits heavier here, 

1202
01:06:57,500 --> 01:07:00,800
softening the edges of 
everything so that distance 

1203
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:03,100
ships look like ghosts vessels 
from some Legend. 

1204
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:06,600
The water surface is glass 
smooth in the protected Harbor 

1205
01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:08,900
broken. 
Only by the occasional ripple 

1206
01:07:08,900 --> 01:07:12,300
from a fish or the wake of an 
early rowing boat, you can smell

1207
01:07:12,300 --> 01:07:14,100
breakfast. 
Cooking on several of the 

1208
01:07:14,100 --> 01:07:16,300
anchored ships, bacon and 
onions. 

1209
01:07:16,300 --> 01:07:19,500
If your nose isn't lying 
Sailors, who've been at sea for 

1210
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:22,400
weeks often cook elaborate meals
their first morning in Port 

1211
01:07:22,400 --> 01:07:25,200
celebrating, the availability of
fresh food. 

1212
01:07:25,200 --> 01:07:28,200
That doesn't need to be pickled 
or salted or dried until it's 

1213
01:07:28,200 --> 01:07:30,900
practically inedible. 
The smell makes your stomach. 

1214
01:07:30,900 --> 01:07:32,600
Remind you. 
That bread alone does not 

1215
01:07:32,600 --> 01:07:35,700
constitute a proper breakfast 
but there's no help for it. 

1216
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:39,900
Now, the wharf Master is already
at his post which surprises 

1217
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:43,100
nobody because the wharf Master 
is always at his post. 

1218
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:47,000
You've sometimes wondered if he 
actually sleeps there, curled up

1219
01:07:47,000 --> 01:07:50,000
in the small office that juts 
out over the water like a wooden

1220
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:53,100
growth. 
He nods as you pass, checking 

1221
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:56,700
your face against some internal 
roster, he maintains, he knows 

1222
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,600
everyone who works. 
The docks knows whose reliable 

1223
01:07:59,600 --> 01:08:02,600
and who needs watching? 
You can be trusted with delicate

1224
01:08:02,600 --> 01:08:05,200
cargo. 
And who should only handle sex 

1225
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:08,200
of grain that can survive a drop
or two your job. 

1226
01:08:08,200 --> 01:08:11,300
Today, assuming the ship's 
cooperate will involve 

1227
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,700
unloading, whatever cargo needs 
unloading and loading, whatever 

1228
01:08:14,700 --> 01:08:18,899
cargo needs loading. 
It's not complicated work but 

1229
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:22,600
it's particular every type of 
goods requires its own handling.

1230
01:08:22,600 --> 01:08:25,100
You don't stack barrels of wine.
The same way. 

1231
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,600
You stack crates of pottery you 
definitely don't approach bales 

1232
01:08:28,600 --> 01:08:30,200
of wool. 
The same way you'd approach. 

1233
01:08:30,200 --> 01:08:33,800
Casks of gunpowder you've 
learned these distinctions the 

1234
01:08:33,800 --> 01:08:36,700
way you learn to walk through a 
combination of instruction 

1235
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:40,300
observation and occasional 
painful mistakes. 

1236
01:08:40,300 --> 01:08:43,600
The first ship scheduled to 
unload this morning sits low in 

1237
01:08:43,600 --> 01:08:47,200
the water, which means she's 
carrying something heavy lead 

1238
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:51,700
may be or iron bars or possibly 
just a massive quantity of salt.

1239
01:08:51,700 --> 01:08:54,899
You'll find out soon enough. 
The crew is already moving 

1240
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:57,800
around on Deck preparing lines 
and checking the rigging. 

1241
01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:01,500
Sailors, move with a particular 
Grace that land dwellers never 

1242
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:04,399
quite achieve balancing on 
surfaces. 

1243
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:09,100
That shift and tilt, making it 
look effortless, the sun breaks 

1244
01:09:09,100 --> 01:09:11,700
through the fog, just enough to 
turn the harbor into something, 

1245
01:09:11,700 --> 01:09:15,200
almost beautiful light, reflects
off the water, and shifting 

1246
01:09:15,200 --> 01:09:18,800
patterns and for a moment you 
can see why painters sometimes 

1247
01:09:18,800 --> 01:09:22,100
set up easels along the 
Waterfront trying to capture 

1248
01:09:22,100 --> 01:09:25,800
this particular quality of 
morning on canvas then someone 

1249
01:09:25,800 --> 01:09:29,800
drops a barrel behind you. 
The crash destroying any poetic 

1250
01:09:29,800 --> 01:09:32,500
Ambience and the work day 
properly begins. 

1251
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,800
Your house like every house 
within shouting distance of the 

1252
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:40,300
harbor Bears, the marks of its 
proximity to saltwater. 

1253
01:09:40,300 --> 01:09:43,300
The wooden shutters have that 
bleached weathered look that 

1254
01:09:43,300 --> 01:09:45,800
comes from constant exposure to 
Sea Air. 

1255
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:50,500
The nails holding them in place,
show Orange traces of rust, no 

1256
01:09:50,500 --> 01:09:53,500
matter how often they replaced. 
Even the stones in the 

1257
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,600
foundation of Taken, on a 
darkened damp appearance that 

1258
01:09:56,600 --> 01:10:00,400
never quite dries out, as if 
they've absorbed so much 

1259
01:10:00,400 --> 01:10:03,100
moisture over the years that 
they've given up trying to be 

1260
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:06,500
properly dry inside. 
The battle against dampness is 

1261
01:10:06,500 --> 01:10:10,700
constant and never truly one. 
Your wife maintains a vigil that

1262
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:14,300
would put Castle guards to 
shame, checking corners for mold

1263
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:17,900
airing out bedding, whenever the
weather permits and burning 

1264
01:10:17,900 --> 01:10:21,200
herbs that supposedly help. 
Prevent rot, the smell of 

1265
01:10:21,208 --> 01:10:24,300
lavender and rosemary is nearly 
as constant as the smell of 

1266
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:26,400
salt. 
And while it doesn't actually 

1267
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:29,800
stop, the dampness at least 
makes the dampness smell better.

1268
01:10:29,800 --> 01:10:32,900
The house itself is three 
stories of Timber and plaster, 

1269
01:10:32,900 --> 01:10:37,200
the calling the third story a 
proper floor is generous It's 

1270
01:10:37,208 --> 01:10:40,300
more of a large attic where your
older children sleep and where 

1271
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,700
you store things that need to be
kept dry, which is ironic 

1272
01:10:43,700 --> 01:10:47,100
because the roof leaks in at 
least four places that you know,

1273
01:10:47,100 --> 01:10:50,300
about and probably several more 
that you have not discovered 

1274
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:53,000
yet. 
Every Heavy Rain becomes an 

1275
01:10:53,008 --> 01:10:57,000
exercise in strategic bucket 
placement, the main living area,

1276
01:10:57,000 --> 01:10:59,600
occupies the ground floor 
centered around that massive 

1277
01:10:59,600 --> 01:11:02,000
half. 
The room serves as kitchen, 

1278
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:05,000
dining room, workshop, and 
general Gathering space all at. 

1279
01:11:05,000 --> 01:11:08,300
Once your wife, Spinning Wheel 
sits in the corner near the 

1280
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:11,600
window, where the light is best.
Your daughter's slate for 

1281
01:11:11,600 --> 01:11:15,300
practicing letters, rest on the 
table, surrounded by the crumbs 

1282
01:11:15,300 --> 01:11:18,300
of countless meals. 
A cabinet that belonged to your 

1283
01:11:18,300 --> 01:11:21,300
wife's grandmother stands 
against one wall its shelves. 

1284
01:11:21,300 --> 01:11:24,000
Displaying the few pieces of 
pottery, nice enough to be shown

1285
01:11:24,000 --> 01:11:27,100
off rather than used. 
The floor is packed Earth in 

1286
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:31,200
most rooms covered with rushes. 
That need some more often than 

1287
01:11:31,200 --> 01:11:34,500
you'd like, only the main room 
has actual wooden floorboards. 

1288
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:37,500
And those are so worn in the 
traffic patterns that you can 

1289
01:11:37,500 --> 01:11:39,600
see the grains standing up in 
ridges. 

1290
01:11:39,600 --> 01:11:43,300
You thought about sanding them 
smoother again but that feels 

1291
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:46,100
like the kind of project that 
gets perpetually postponed in 

1292
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:49,300
favor of more urgent repairs, 
the walls are supposed to be 

1293
01:11:49,300 --> 01:11:52,700
whitewashed and they are in 
theory in practice. 

1294
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:55,000
There are Patchwork of different
shades where you've prepared 

1295
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:58,600
sections or covered stains or 
just give up and let the 

1296
01:11:58,600 --> 01:12:02,100
original plaster show through 
your wife is hung bundles of 

1297
01:12:02,100 --> 01:12:05,500
dried herbs from the ceiling, 
beams partly for cooking and 

1298
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,000
partly, because she insists, 
they help with the smell. 

1299
01:12:08,900 --> 01:12:11,400
Whether they actually help or 
just contribute, different 

1300
01:12:11,400 --> 01:12:14,000
smells to the existing 
collection is debatable. 

1301
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:18,200
Furniture is sparse, and 
practical, the table is Oak. 

1302
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:21,200
Heavy enough that moving. 
It requires two strong people 

1303
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:26,100
and a sense of purpose, the 
chairs don't match 3 came from 

1304
01:12:26,108 --> 01:12:28,700
different neighbors. 
Over the years, one, you built 

1305
01:12:28,700 --> 01:12:31,600
yourself during a winter when 
there wasn't enough dock work. 

1306
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:35,300
And the smallest one was a gift 
from your brother-in-law who 

1307
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:38,100
felt guilty about something 
you've since forgotten. 

1308
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:41,400
None of them are particularly 
comfortable, but Comfort isn't 

1309
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:44,400
really the point of chairs in a 
working household. 

1310
01:12:45,900 --> 01:12:49,500
The second floor holds the 
sleeping quarters divided by 

1311
01:12:49,500 --> 01:12:51,600
thin walls. 
That don't reach all the way to 

1312
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:54,800
the ceiling privacy. 
Is More Concept than reality. 

1313
01:12:54,800 --> 01:12:58,000
You can hear your neighbor's 
arguments through the shared 

1314
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:00,400
wall, and they can undoubtedly 
hear yours. 

1315
01:13:00,400 --> 01:13:03,600
You've learned to recognize 
their footsteps and know their 

1316
01:13:03,600 --> 01:13:07,900
routines almost as well as your 
own when their baby was sick 

1317
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,000
lost month, everyone within 
three houses, lost sleep 

1318
01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:14,800
together, Your bedroom can 
contains a bed, a chest for 

1319
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,700
storing clothes, and a small 
table that holds a candle and 

1320
01:13:18,700 --> 01:13:20,600
whatever book. 
Your currently failing, to make 

1321
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:24,800
time to read the bed itself is a
construction of rope and a straw

1322
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:26,800
mattress that needs retightening
regularly. 

1323
01:13:27,600 --> 01:13:30,700
When the ropes stretch the 
mattress sags into a shape that 

1324
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:34,000
guarantees a backache. 
Your wife has mastered the art 

1325
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:36,200
of the Rope bed adjustment, 
though. 

1326
01:13:36,200 --> 01:13:39,000
She claims you deliberately let 
go too long before mentioning 

1327
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:41,800
the problem. 
The children share a room that's

1328
01:13:41,800 --> 01:13:44,200
theoretically large enough for 
all of them but practically 

1329
01:13:44,200 --> 01:13:46,100
feels like a game of human 
Tetris. 

1330
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:50,600
Two beds arranged in an L shape.
Somehow accommodate four 

1331
01:13:50,600 --> 01:13:53,500
children through a combination 
of careful scheduling and the 

1332
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:56,900
youngest ones, being small 
enough to double up your oldest 

1333
01:13:56,900 --> 01:13:59,000
son. 
Whose nearly grown the started 

1334
01:13:59,000 --> 01:14:01,000
making noises about needing his 
own space. 

1335
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,300
You've started making noises 
back about him, being nearly 

1336
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:06,000
grown enough to find his own 
lodging. 

1337
01:14:06,700 --> 01:14:10,800
Water is a constant concern. 
You have a well in the tiny 

1338
01:14:10,800 --> 01:14:13,800
Courtyard behind the house, 
shared with two other families. 

1339
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:17,900
The water tastes metallic and 
slightly off but at least it's 

1340
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:21,700
reliably wet for washing. 
You collect rainwater in 

1341
01:14:21,700 --> 01:14:23,800
barrels. 
When you can, though the same 

1342
01:14:23,800 --> 01:14:26,600
rain that fills, your barrels, 
also Finds Its way through your 

1343
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,200
roof. 
There's probably a metaphor in 

1344
01:14:29,200 --> 01:14:30,800
there somewhere about the 
double-edged nature of 

1345
01:14:30,800 --> 01:14:35,000
blessings, but you're too tired 
to work it out, the courtyard 

1346
01:14:35,000 --> 01:14:39,500
serves as an outdoor workspace, 
a storage area and the place 

1347
01:14:39,500 --> 01:14:42,300
where things go to be forgotten 
old barrels. 

1348
01:14:42,300 --> 01:14:44,600
That might be useful, someday 
lean against the wall. 

1349
01:14:44,600 --> 01:14:48,300
Links of rope to short for dock 
work but too long to throw away.

1350
01:14:48,300 --> 01:14:51,700
Hang from pegs, your wife's 
washing line, stretches across 

1351
01:14:51,700 --> 01:14:55,100
the space currently empty but 
destined to be full of laundry 

1352
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:57,900
by afternoon. 
If the weather holds the private

1353
01:14:57,900 --> 01:14:59,500
occupies one corner of the 
courtyard. 

1354
01:14:59,500 --> 01:15:03,200
A wooden structure that is 
exactly as pleasant as you'd 

1355
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:06,200
expect for something that's 
essentially a shed with a hole 

1356
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:08,500
in it. 
It's positioned, downwind from 

1357
01:15:08,500 --> 01:15:11,400
the house which helps in theory,
but matters less. 

1358
01:15:11,400 --> 01:15:14,200
When you consider that the wind 
here, changes Direction about 

1359
01:15:14,200 --> 01:15:17,600
six times a day, your children 
have developed, impressive, 

1360
01:15:17,600 --> 01:15:20,900
bladder control, as a result of 
wanting to avoid nighttime trips

1361
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:23,300
to the outhouse. 
The Neighbors, on your left 

1362
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:25,100
side, are a family of rope 
makers. 

1363
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:28,300
You can hear the rhythmic 
thwacking of their work through 

1364
01:15:28,300 --> 01:15:31,500
the shared wall, a sound that's 
become so familiar. 

1365
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:35,000
You barely notice it anymore. 
The Neighbors on your right or a

1366
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:37,000
widow and her adult daughter who
taken sewing. 

1367
01:15:38,000 --> 01:15:40,800
The daughter has a voice that 
carries particularly when she's 

1368
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:44,600
arguing with suitors, which is 
often, you know, more about her 

1369
01:15:44,600 --> 01:15:46,800
romantic life than you've ever 
wanted to know. 

1370
01:15:47,700 --> 01:15:50,700
Your street like most streets in
this part of town lacks an 

1371
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:53,600
official name. 
People call it the street where 

1372
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:57,200
the sail-maker used to live. 
even though the sale maker moved

1373
01:15:57,200 --> 01:16:00,500
away, seven years ago, and was 
replaced by a man who repairs 

1374
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:04,700
next This seems to bother the 
net repairman but not enough for

1375
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:07,600
him to do anything about it. 
Trying to change, what people 

1376
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:10,200
call a street is like trying to 
change the tide schedule, 

1377
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,700
theoretically possible but 
practically pointless. 

1378
01:16:14,500 --> 01:16:17,300
The house is proud together with
barely enough space between them

1379
01:16:17,300 --> 01:16:20,900
for a skinny cat pass through. 
This isn't by Design, but rather

1380
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:24,000
by the organic growth of a port 
town, where every square foot of

1381
01:16:24,008 --> 01:16:26,800
land near. 
The docks is valuable building's

1382
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:28,200
grew up, wherever there was 
space. 

1383
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:31,800
Sometimes sharing walls 
Sometimes using a neighbor's 

1384
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:34,300
wall, as one of your own, 
creating an architectural, 

1385
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:38,200
Patchwork that follows no plan 
except the plan of putting a 

1386
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,700
roof over your head as close to 
work as possible. 

1387
01:16:41,700 --> 01:16:46,400
Windows are small and few 
glasses expensive and shutters 

1388
01:16:46,400 --> 01:16:47,900
serve just fine for most 
purposes. 

1389
01:16:47,900 --> 01:16:52,300
Your house has actual glass in 
two windows, both on the street 

1390
01:16:52,300 --> 01:16:53,900
side, where visitors might see 
them. 

1391
01:16:53,900 --> 01:16:57,900
The glass is thick and wavy 
making everything outside looks 

1392
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:01,300
slightly distorted. 
Lets in light, while keeping out

1393
01:17:01,300 --> 01:17:06,100
wind that counts as luxury here.
The door to the street is Oak, 

1394
01:17:06,100 --> 01:17:10,300
reinforced with iron bands and 
heavy enough that your youngest 

1395
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:12,000
daughter can't open it without 
help. 

1396
01:17:12,700 --> 01:17:15,800
It's borrowed at night with a 
beam as thick as your forearm, 

1397
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,100
the harbor attracts, all sorts, 
and while your neighborhood 

1398
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:21,600
isn't particularly dangerous, 
it's not particularly safe 

1399
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:23,800
either. 
Things disappear from 

1400
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:26,800
Courtyards, drunk Sailors, 
looking for lodging. 

1401
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:30,200
Sometimes try doors to see if 
they're open better to Bar the 

1402
01:17:30,200 --> 01:17:32,700
door and sleep soundly than 
trust in the kindness of 

1403
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:35,300
strangers. 
Even in your home means, 

1404
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:38,600
Candlelight and firelight and 
trying to accomplish whatever 

1405
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,500
needs accomplishing before, 
Darkness makes it impossible. 

1406
01:17:41,500 --> 01:17:45,800
Your wife so by the fire 
squinting at her work, your 

1407
01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:48,600
children do their chores with 
varying degrees of enthusiasm 

1408
01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:51,100
and success. 
You might repair some piece of 

1409
01:17:51,108 --> 01:17:55,100
equipment that broke during the 
day or sharp and tools or just 

1410
01:17:55,100 --> 01:17:58,100
sit and feel your back complain 
about the 12 hours of lifting. 

1411
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,300
You put it through the house. 
Settles as it cools making 

1412
01:18:01,300 --> 01:18:04,000
creaking and popping sounds that
you've learned to distinguish 

1413
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:06,800
from the sounds of actual 
problems. 

1414
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:10,100
There's the post that always 
groans when the temperature 

1415
01:18:10,100 --> 01:18:13,400
drops, the board near the window
that clicks when stepped on, 

1416
01:18:13,400 --> 01:18:17,200
just write the rfta that scrapes
against its neighbor when the 

1417
01:18:17,208 --> 01:18:20,800
wind comes from the East. 
These are the nighttime sounds 

1418
01:18:20,800 --> 01:18:23,500
of your home as familiar as your
own breathing. 

1419
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:27,800
Finally, head upstairs to sleep,
the days work sits in your 

1420
01:18:27,800 --> 01:18:31,500
muscles, like stones, the bed 
sag becomes almost comfortable. 

1421
01:18:31,500 --> 01:18:34,700
When you're this tired through 
the walls, you can hear your 

1422
01:18:34,700 --> 01:18:37,800
neighbors settling in as well. 
Footsteps overhead voices 

1423
01:18:37,800 --> 01:18:40,700
through the plaster and the 
general Symphony of people 

1424
01:18:40,700 --> 01:18:44,600
ending their days. 
Outside the Harbour continues, 

1425
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:48,100
its work, the tides don't care, 
whether you're awake or asleep, 

1426
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:52,700
ships arrive, and depart by 
their own schedules, the sea 

1427
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,900
keeps its own hours and everyone
who lives nearer to just their 

1428
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:59,000
lives accordingly. 
The morning Market sets up while

1429
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:02,200
you're still hauling cargo at 
the Docks, but you can track its

1430
01:19:02,200 --> 01:19:05,500
progress by sound. 
First, comes the rumble of 

1431
01:19:05,508 --> 01:19:09,300
cartwheels on cobblestones, 
dozens of them converging on the

1432
01:19:09,300 --> 01:19:11,200
Market Square from different 
directions. 

1433
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:15,300
Then the shouts, begin vendors, 
claiming their spots arguing 

1434
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,500
over, who was their first 
negotiating, the invisible 

1435
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:20,800
boundaries that separate one 
stalled from another. 

1436
01:19:20,800 --> 01:19:23,000
By the time, the sun is properly
up. 

1437
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:27,200
The market is in full voice. 
A coffin that can be heard three

1438
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:30,100
streets away. 
You finish your dock work 

1439
01:19:30,100 --> 01:19:31,800
around. 
Mid-morning your back. 

1440
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:34,300
Providing details complaints 
about every barrel. 

1441
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:37,600
You've lifted the wharfmaster 
Italians your hours on a board 

1442
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:39,800
that's more scratches and marks 
than wood at this point. 

1443
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:43,800
Payment happens on Saturday, 
assuming the merchants actually 

1444
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:47,800
pay the wharf master, who pays 
the document, who pays you. 

1445
01:19:47,800 --> 01:19:51,200
It's a system that works until 
it doesn't and you've learned to

1446
01:19:51,200 --> 01:19:53,800
keep mental track of what you're
owed versus what you've actually

1447
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,000
received. 
The walk from Dr. Market takes 

1448
01:19:57,000 --> 01:19:59,900
you through the commercial heart
of the port town here, the 

1449
01:19:59,900 --> 01:20:03,400
buildings are slightly taller, 
slightly better maintained, and 

1450
01:20:03,400 --> 01:20:07,000
bearing signs that advertise 
their Wares, A Ship Chandler, 

1451
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,900
occupies a corner, building his 
windows, full of rope and canvas

1452
01:20:10,900 --> 01:20:12,600
and mysterious brass 
instruments. 

1453
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:16,100
That supposedly help with 
navigation next to him. 

1454
01:20:16,100 --> 01:20:19,500
A Tavern is already doing steady
business despite the hour 

1455
01:20:20,200 --> 01:20:22,100
Sailors operate on their own 
schedules. 

1456
01:20:22,100 --> 01:20:25,600
And when you've just spent six 
weeks, at Sea, 10 in the 

1457
01:20:25,608 --> 01:20:28,700
morning, feels perfectly 
reasonable for a drink, a man 

1458
01:20:28,708 --> 01:20:31,200
selling broad sheets, stands 
near the market entrance. 

1459
01:20:31,200 --> 01:20:34,900
Shouting headlines about wars 
and kings, and events that may 

1460
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:37,900
or may not be true. 
You've learned to be skeptical 

1461
01:20:37,900 --> 01:20:41,200
of news that comes printed on 
cheap paper but people buy the 

1462
01:20:41,200 --> 01:20:43,400
sheets. 
Anyway, hungry for information 

1463
01:20:43,400 --> 01:20:46,900
about The Wider world, the 
printer makes most of his money 

1464
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:50,700
from the advertisements on the 
Backpage, notices about ships to

1465
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:54,800
party cargo for sale and rewards
for runaway apprentices. 

1466
01:20:54,800 --> 01:20:57,300
The Market Square isn't actually
Square. 

1467
01:20:57,300 --> 01:21:00,400
It's more of an irregular 
polygon that exists in the space

1468
01:21:00,400 --> 01:21:03,100
between buildings that were put 
up without much concerned. 

1469
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:06,500
Specific planning, someone tried
to organize it once painting 

1470
01:21:06,500 --> 01:21:10,200
lines to Mark Stahl locations, 
but the lines of long since 

1471
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:13,300
faded and been ignored. 
Anyway, stall placement is 

1472
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:17,200
determined by tradition, 
seniority, and occasionally, by 

1473
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,900
who's willing to show up early 
as to claim the best spots. the 

1474
01:21:20,900 --> 01:21:24,400
fish sellers occupy, the section
near the docks which makes sense

1475
01:21:24,400 --> 01:21:27,700
given their products freshness 
requirements, they've arranged 

1476
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:31,500
their Wares on tables covered 
with seaweed Fish laid out in 

1477
01:21:31,500 --> 01:21:34,300
neat rows, that disguise the 
fact that most of these fish 

1478
01:21:34,300 --> 01:21:37,300
were swimming yesterday. 
The sellers keep up a constant 

1479
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:40,700
patter praising their fishes. 
Firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 

1480
01:21:40,700 --> 01:21:43,700
Claiming each catch is the 
finest of the morning. 

1481
01:21:43,700 --> 01:21:46,300
You've learned to judge fish 
quality yourself. 

1482
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:50,500
The eyes are indeed important. 
But so is the smell, the texture

1483
01:21:50,500 --> 01:21:53,200
of the skin and whether the 
gills are still bright red. 

1484
01:21:53,200 --> 01:21:57,400
A woman, you've known for years,
Margaret of the good fish spots,

1485
01:21:57,400 --> 01:22:00,100
you ingest gestures to order. 
Particularly nice looking Cod, 

1486
01:22:00,100 --> 01:22:02,000
you examine it with the 
seriousness. 

1487
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:04,700
It deserves checking for the 
signs. 

1488
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:08,500
That separate merely acceptable,
fish from genuinely good fish. 

1489
01:22:09,700 --> 01:22:13,700
Springs back, when you press it,
the eyes have not clouded. 

1490
01:22:13,700 --> 01:22:17,300
Margaret watches this inspection
with the patience of someone who

1491
01:22:17,300 --> 01:22:18,900
knows. 
Her product is solid. 

1492
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:23,500
You negotiate a price, that's 
probably fair to both of you but

1493
01:22:23,500 --> 01:22:25,500
you both pretend to be slightly 
dissatisfied. 

1494
01:22:25,500 --> 01:22:30,200
It's expected beyond the fish 
sellers, the market spreads into

1495
01:22:30,200 --> 01:22:33,900
other Specialties vegetables 
from local farms looking 

1496
01:22:33,900 --> 01:22:37,400
somewhat sad this late in Autumn
but still edible bread from 

1497
01:22:37,400 --> 01:22:40,600
three different Bakers. 
Each claiming superiority over 

1498
01:22:40,600 --> 01:22:43,600
the others in ways that seem to 
involve ancient grudges and 

1499
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:47,600
complicated, family histories, a
woman sells eggs from a cart, 

1500
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:51,100
the eggs, nested in straw, and 
swears these are from her own 

1501
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:53,700
chickens even though everyone 
knows she buys them from a 

1502
01:22:53,700 --> 01:22:55,900
farmer 10 miles, Inland and 
marks them up. 

1503
01:22:55,908 --> 01:22:58,500
The butcher operates from a 
permanent stall. 

1504
01:22:58,500 --> 01:23:02,300
That's more shot than stall with
actual walls and a roof and a 

1505
01:23:02,300 --> 01:23:04,800
counter one Smooth by years of 
transactions. 

1506
01:23:04,800 --> 01:23:09,000
He's got much into day and pork 
and something he claims his 

1507
01:23:09,008 --> 01:23:10,800
beef, but might be old dairy 
cow. 

1508
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:14,000
The price is a higher enough 
that you mentally calculate 

1509
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:16,900
whether you can afford meet this
week or whether you're looking 

1510
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:18,800
at another few days of fishing 
bread. 

1511
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:22,000
Your wife has opinions about 
your fish and bread diet. 

1512
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:26,000
Specifically that she's tired of
cooking it in your old tired of 

1513
01:23:26,000 --> 01:23:28,500
eating. 
It Cloth sellers occupy a 

1514
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:32,300
favored position near the Market
Center, their Wares, colorful 

1515
01:23:32,300 --> 01:23:35,400
enough to attract attention. 
Most of what their selling is 

1516
01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:38,700
wool, practical, warm and 
waterproof when properly treated

1517
01:23:39,500 --> 01:23:42,400
But there are also Linens for 
those who can afford them and 

1518
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,600
even a few pieces of silk for 
those who can afford them and 

1519
01:23:45,600 --> 01:23:48,400
want everyone to know it. 
You finger a piece of wool that 

1520
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:50,900
would make a good winter. 
Cloak calculate the cost against

1521
01:23:50,900 --> 01:23:52,600
your recent earnings and move 
on. 

1522
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:55,600
Winter is coming, but it's not 
here yet. 

1523
01:23:55,600 --> 01:23:59,000
The general Goods Merchant has 
spread an impressive array of 

1524
01:23:59,008 --> 01:24:02,800
items across two tables. 
Nails knives, cooking pots, 

1525
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:07,200
needles thread buttons, buckles 
and mysterious items whose 

1526
01:24:07,200 --> 01:24:10,700
purposes you can only guess at 
is prices are higher than they 

1527
01:24:10,700 --> 01:24:13,700
should be, but he's the only 
source for many of these Goods. 

1528
01:24:13,700 --> 01:24:16,200
Unless you want to wait for a 
ship from London, to bring 

1529
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:20,100
specialized items, he knows this
and prices accordingly. 

1530
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:24,000
The cheese seller has actual 
cheese from actual dairy cows 

1531
01:24:24,000 --> 01:24:26,200
aged in caves somewhere in 
London. 

1532
01:24:26,200 --> 01:24:29,300
And the smell alone is enough to
make your mouth water. 

1533
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,300
You buy a small round of 
something hard and yellow. 

1534
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:34,600
That the seller promises will 
lost through winter without 

1535
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:37,300
going bad weather. 
It will last through winter in 

1536
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,600
your house as another question. 
Your children have been known to

1537
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:44,000
chip pieces off when they think 
nobody's watching spice is 

1538
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:46,700
occupier corner of the market, 
where a merchant who considers 

1539
01:24:46,700 --> 01:24:49,908
himself several steps of the 
common vendors are set up. 

1540
01:24:49,916 --> 01:24:51,400
Something approaching a proper 
shot. 

1541
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:55,500
He's got pepper which is 
expensive but worth it cinnamon 

1542
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,200
which is more expensive and 
possibly worth it. 

1543
01:24:58,200 --> 01:25:01,600
If you're the sort of person who
put cinnamon in things Strange 

1544
01:25:01,600 --> 01:25:04,400
powders in jars labeled with 
names, you can't pronounce. 

1545
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:08,200
Which he swears will transform 
ordinary food into extraordinary

1546
01:25:08,200 --> 01:25:12,100
food your skeptical, but your 
wife is expressed interest in 

1547
01:25:12,100 --> 01:25:15,100
something called cardamom. 
So you inquire about prices and 

1548
01:25:15,100 --> 01:25:18,700
immediately regret it. 
A Potter sells bowls and cups 

1549
01:25:18,700 --> 01:25:20,700
and plates. 
All of them, Brown, and 

1550
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:22,800
practical and approximately the 
same shape. 

1551
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:26,700
He's been at this corner for 15 
years, and every house in the 

1552
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:29,000
neighborhood contains at least 
three of his bowls. 

1553
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:32,100
Then they're not beautiful, but 
they're cheap, and they don't 

1554
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:34,800
break easily, which matters more
than Beauty. 

1555
01:25:34,800 --> 01:25:38,000
When you're serving stew to 
Hungry children, the market 

1556
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:41,100
also, hosts less permanent 
vendors, people who show up 

1557
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:43,600
sporadically with, whatever 
they've made or found or 

1558
01:25:43,600 --> 01:25:46,300
salvaged. 
Today, there's a man selling 

1559
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:49,500
rope scraps, which you might 
have used for a woman with 

1560
01:25:49,500 --> 01:25:53,300
baskets woven from reads, a boy 
who claims these shells are 

1561
01:25:53,300 --> 01:25:56,400
special shells. 
Lucky shells, shells that will 

1562
01:25:56,400 --> 01:25:58,200
bring Fortune to whoever owns 
them. 

1563
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:01,700
The shells look like regular 
shells to you, but people are 

1564
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:03,900
buying them. 
Anyway, arguments break out. 

1565
01:26:03,900 --> 01:26:08,200
Periodically accusations of 
short, weights disputes over, 

1566
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:12,000
whose customer was whose first 
Complaints about someone's fish.

1567
01:26:12,000 --> 01:26:15,200
Stinking up, someone else's 
bread, a Market, official 

1568
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:18,000
wanders, through occasionally 
settling disputes with the 

1569
01:26:18,000 --> 01:26:21,600
authority of someone who seen 
every possible Market argument 

1570
01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:23,800
and is unimpressed by all of 
them. 

1571
01:26:23,800 --> 01:26:27,600
He carries a set of standard 
weights to verify scales and 

1572
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:29,700
vendors. 
Suddenly become very interested 

1573
01:26:29,700 --> 01:26:31,000
in checking their own 
measurements. 

1574
01:26:31,000 --> 01:26:33,500
When they see him, coming 
children weave through the 

1575
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:36,400
crowd, some running errands for 
their parents, some just 

1576
01:26:36,400 --> 01:26:38,100
running. 
Because Market day is exciting. 

1577
01:26:38,100 --> 01:26:41,100
They cluster around a man doing 
magic tricks. 

1578
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:44,000
At least, he calls the magic 
tricks though. 

1579
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:46,700
Your fairly certain, that coin 
didn't actually disappear so 

1580
01:26:46,700 --> 01:26:48,200
much as end up in his other 
hand. 

1581
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:52,700
The children don't care. 
They gasped and applaud and beg 

1582
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,100
him to do it again. 
Your wife appears from 

1583
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:57,800
somewhere, ask it already half 
full of purchases. 

1584
01:26:57,800 --> 01:26:59,200
You'll need to account for 
later. 

1585
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,600
She's got bread and vegetables 
and something wrapped in cloth 

1586
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,200
that she won't show you. 
Which means it's either a 

1587
01:27:05,200 --> 01:27:07,000
surprise or something. 
She thinks you'll object 

1588
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:11,700
spending money on possibly both,
she examines your fish, purchase

1589
01:27:11,700 --> 01:27:14,400
nods approval, and had to her 
basket. 

1590
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,900
The market will continue until 
early afternoon then gradually 

1591
01:27:18,900 --> 01:27:21,400
dispersed as vendors pack up 
their remaining Goods. 

1592
01:27:21,400 --> 01:27:24,600
Some items will be cheaper in 
the final our bread that won't 

1593
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:27,300
be fresh tomorrow, fish that 
definitely won't be fresh 

1594
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,900
tomorrow and vegetables that are
already bought a line smart 

1595
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:33,800
Shoppers with flexible. 
Schedule's wait until the end 

1596
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:36,800
gambling that they'll get 
Bargains without missing out on 

1597
01:27:36,800 --> 01:27:37,400
everything. 
Good. 

1598
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:41,600
You've tried this strategy, the 
results of have been mixed. 

1599
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:45,100
The Tavern called the mermaids. 
Rest occupies, a building that 

1600
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:48,900
looks like it might collapse. 
If everyone inside leaned left 

1601
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:53,000
at the same time, the floors 
tilted angles that seem to defy 

1602
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:56,600
basic principles of construction
and the whole structure of its 

1603
01:27:56,600 --> 01:27:59,900
Creeks that sound like 
complaints despite this or 

1604
01:27:59,900 --> 01:28:02,500
perhaps because of it. 
The mermaid's rest has been 

1605
01:28:02,508 --> 01:28:05,600
serving ale and gossip for 
longer than anyone can remember.

1606
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:09,700
And will probably continue doing
so long after more, sensible 

1607
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:12,000
buildings are. 
Fallen down, you push through 

1608
01:28:12,000 --> 01:28:14,800
the door around the evening. 
When the days work is finally 

1609
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:17,800
finished and your muscles have 
progressed from complaining to 

1610
01:28:17,800 --> 01:28:20,700
outright Rebellion. 
He interior is dark. 

1611
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:24,100
Despite several Windows partly? 
Because the windows are small 

1612
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:27,200
and dirty partly because the 
ceiling is low and smoke 

1613
01:28:27,200 --> 01:28:30,200
stained. 
The room smells of Ale and sweat

1614
01:28:30,200 --> 01:28:33,500
and wood smoke with underlying 
notes of spilled wine. 

1615
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:36,900
And yes to his stew. 
It's not a pleasant smell. 

1616
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:38,300
Exactly. 
But it's familiar. 

1617
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:42,400
And after 12 hours of moving 
cargo familiar counts for a lot.

1618
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:46,200
The tavaughn keeper, a woman 
named Beatrice whose like a 

1619
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:50,000
barrel and has Personality to 
match nods toward your usual 

1620
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:52,400
Corner. 
The table there is slightly more

1621
01:28:52,408 --> 01:28:55,200
level than the others, which is 
why it's popular and why you 

1622
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:57,000
have to arrive early to claim 
it. 

1623
01:28:57,000 --> 01:29:00,300
You settle onto a bench that's 
been worn Smooth by countless 

1624
01:29:00,300 --> 01:29:03,200
other Dock Workers, settling 
onto it at the end of countless 

1625
01:29:03,200 --> 01:29:05,600
other days. 
Beatrice brings ale without 

1626
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:09,700
asking what you want, because 
what you want is always ale and 

1627
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:12,200
specifically the cheap pale 
rather than the slightly less 

1628
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,000
cheap ale. 
The cup is wooden the rim 

1629
01:29:15,000 --> 01:29:18,700
darkened, by years of lips and 
the allay inside is brown and 

1630
01:29:18,700 --> 01:29:22,300
cloudy and tastes like bread, 
that started to go bad, which is

1631
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:24,700
basically what it is. 
You drink it anyway. 

1632
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:27,900
After the day you've had, it 
tastes like Victory. 

1633
01:29:27,900 --> 01:29:30,200
Other workers, filtering 
gradually. 

1634
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:33,500
Each claiming their customary 
spots through a combination of 

1635
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:36,000
habit. 
An unspoken territorial 

1636
01:29:36,000 --> 01:29:39,700
agreements. 
Villa Mariah's still smelling of

1637
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:41,400
the tar. 
He works with on the docks. 

1638
01:29:41,400 --> 01:29:45,100
Margaret's husband comes in, 
probably sent by Margaret to 

1639
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:48,500
limit how long he stays and how 
much he drinks young Thomas 

1640
01:29:48,500 --> 01:29:51,600
appears with his master, the 
Rope maker who immediately 

1641
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,600
launches in to a technical 
discussion about rope tension 

1642
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,100
that nobody else cares about but
everyone will pretend to listen 

1643
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:01,700
to the conversation. 
Starts slowly building, like a 

1644
01:30:01,708 --> 01:30:05,500
fire that needs time to catch. 
Someone mentions the ship that 

1645
01:30:05,500 --> 01:30:07,200
arrived this morning from 
Amsterdam. 

1646
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:09,200
Someone else knows someone who 
knows. 

1647
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:11,800
Someone on that ship and heard 
they'd had trouble with pirates 

1648
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:14,300
near the channel. 
This leads to other pirate 

1649
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:18,100
stories, each more dramatic than
the last until you're fairly 

1650
01:30:18,108 --> 01:30:19,600
certain. 
No one involved in this 

1651
01:30:19,608 --> 01:30:23,100
conversation has ever actually 
seen a pirate but everyone has 

1652
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:25,600
strong opinions about them. 
A group of sailors. 

1653
01:30:25,600 --> 01:30:28,400
Occupies the far Corner their 
voices loud. 

1654
01:30:28,400 --> 01:30:31,300
With the particular enthusiasm 
of men who have recently been 

1655
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:34,600
paid, they're from the merchant 
ship that unloaded salt, this 

1656
01:30:34,600 --> 01:30:38,300
morning celebrating their wages 
before those wages disappear 

1657
01:30:38,300 --> 01:30:41,800
into the pockets of landlords 
and Keepers and the various 

1658
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:43,700
Merchants will be happy to sell 
them things. 

1659
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:47,000
They don't need one of them is 
demonstrating some not that he 

1660
01:30:47,000 --> 01:30:49,900
swears saved the ship during a 
storm though? 

1661
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,300
His hands are on steady enough 
that the demonstration isn't 

1662
01:30:52,300 --> 01:30:56,500
particularly convincing. 
The Tavern fills gradually, as 

1663
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,900
evening properly sets, in 
workers from all over the port 

1664
01:30:59,900 --> 01:31:03,800
area congregate here, not just 
Dock Workers, but also the 

1665
01:31:03,800 --> 01:31:07,500
Coopers who make barrels, The 
sail-maker's Who Repair canvas, 

1666
01:31:07,500 --> 01:31:11,300
the Charmers, who Supply ship's,
the Customs officers, who 

1667
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:15,700
extract taxes and the scribes 
who record transactions, 

1668
01:31:15,700 --> 01:31:18,700
everyone who makes their living 
from the Seas, Commerce of 

1669
01:31:18,700 --> 01:31:20,600
eventually ends up at the 
mermaids, rest. 

1670
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:24,900
Drawn by Cheap ale and the 
comfort of complaining to people

1671
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:28,000
who understand what you're 
complaining about, Beatrice 

1672
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,600
moves through the crowd with 
surprising Grace, for someone 

1673
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:34,800
her size, delivering, drinks, 
and food, and sharp comments in 

1674
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,700
equal measure. 
She runs this tavern with iron 

1675
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:41,000
efficiency tolerating, No 
Nonsense and suffering. 

1676
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:43,600
No fools. 
When an argument breaks out near

1677
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:45,300
the bar. 
Something about someone owing 

1678
01:31:45,300 --> 01:31:48,100
someone money, or maybe about 
someone looking at someone 

1679
01:31:48,100 --> 01:31:49,700
else's wife. 
It's hard to tell. 

1680
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:54,400
Beatrice simply appears between 
them arms crossed and the 

1681
01:31:54,400 --> 01:31:58,100
argument dies instantly. 
Nobody argues, with Beatrice 

1682
01:31:58,100 --> 01:32:00,400
Beatrice, could probably stop a 
war. 

1683
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:02,900
Through sheer force of 
disapproval the food. 

1684
01:32:02,900 --> 01:32:07,100
When you order, it is basic, but
substantial, stew. 

1685
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:10,000
That's been simmering all day 
full of meat and vegetables and 

1686
01:32:10,000 --> 01:32:12,600
things that might be, either 
onions or potatoes, depending on

1687
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:16,300
what was available bread. 
For soaking up the stew crusty 

1688
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,600
on the outside and soft inside. 
Still warm from whenever it was 

1689
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:22,000
baked. 
The portions are generous 

1690
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:24,700
because Beatrice understands 
that men who spend 12 hours 

1691
01:32:24,700 --> 01:32:28,700
lifting heavy things need fuel 
to recover music starts around 

1692
01:32:28,700 --> 01:32:31,100
the second. 
Our provided by an old sailor 

1693
01:32:31,100 --> 01:32:34,300
whose missing three fingers but 
can still coat surprisingly. 

1694
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:36,300
Good sounds from a small wooden 
flute. 

1695
01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:40,100
He knows maybe six songs plays 
them in the same order every 

1696
01:32:40,100 --> 01:32:43,200
night and nobody complains 
because these are good songs. 

1697
01:32:43,200 --> 01:32:46,300
The kind, everyone knows the 
words to, even if they can't 

1698
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:49,200
remember where they learned 
them, some songs are about the 

1699
01:32:49,200 --> 01:32:52,000
sea naturally. 
Summer about women. 

1700
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,400
Inevitably some are about 
drinking appropriately. 

1701
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:59,000
One is about a rooster that 
challenged the king to a duel 

1702
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:01,800
which doesn't make much sense 
but has a catchy Melody. 

1703
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:05,400
The atmosphere grows warmer and 
louder as the evening progresses

1704
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:09,200
conversations overlap, until 
individual words, become 

1705
01:33:09,200 --> 01:33:12,500
impossible to distinguish. 
Creating a general Roar 

1706
01:33:12,500 --> 01:33:17,000
punctuated by occasional shouts 
of laughter or argument the air 

1707
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:20,300
grows thick with Pipe smoke. 
Everyone seems to be smoking 

1708
01:33:20,300 --> 01:33:23,100
cheap tobacco. 
That smells like burning rope. 

1709
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:27,000
Your eyes water but opening a 
window would let in cold air. 

1710
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:30,800
So the smoke stays someone 
proposes a dice game which leads

1711
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:34,000
to several dice games which 
leads to the inevitable 

1712
01:33:34,000 --> 01:33:37,400
accusations of loaded Dice and 
suspicious rolling techniques. 

1713
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:41,000
Money Changes hands, on the 
tumbling of small bone. 

1714
01:33:41,000 --> 01:33:45,000
Cubes fortunes rising and 
falling with each throw you 

1715
01:33:45,000 --> 01:33:47,900
watch rather than participate 
Having learned that dice games 

1716
01:33:47,900 --> 01:33:50,900
at the mermaid's. 
Rest tend to favor the house and

1717
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:52,300
ways that aren't immediately 
obvious. 

1718
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:54,900
But become clear. 
When you calculate your losses 

1719
01:33:54,900 --> 01:33:59,300
later stories circulate like 
currently each person trying to 

1720
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:02,600
top the previous tail, a 
carpenter describes a house, 

1721
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:04,900
he's building that. 
Supposedly the finest in the 

1722
01:34:04,900 --> 01:34:08,300
district with glass in every 
window and floorboards. 

1723
01:34:08,300 --> 01:34:12,200
So perfectly fitted, you could 
roll a marble across them with a

1724
01:34:12,200 --> 01:34:14,300
crack. 
A fisherman talks about the 

1725
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:17,300
enormous Cod. 
He almost caught describing it 

1726
01:34:17,300 --> 01:34:19,700
with hand gestures, that 
suggests, it was roughly the 

1727
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:22,800
size of a robot. 
A Merchants Clarke, complains 

1728
01:34:22,800 --> 01:34:25,400
about his employers. 
Son, his being trained to take 

1729
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:29,000
over the business despite having
a parently the intelligence of a

1730
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,600
wooden post. the tavaughn also 
serves as an unofficial news 

1731
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:36,000
Bureau here, you learn, which 
ships are hiring, which 

1732
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:39,900
Merchants are paying Fair wages,
which captains a cruel and which

1733
01:34:39,900 --> 01:34:43,700
are merely demanding, Hear about
the storm that damaged three 

1734
01:34:43,700 --> 01:34:45,600
ships last week off the coast of
France. 

1735
01:34:45,600 --> 01:34:48,700
Someone's cousin knows, someone 
who knows someone who heard that

1736
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,200
war might be coming again 
though, with whom and about what

1737
01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:55,100
remains unclear, the new 
regulation from London, 

1738
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:58,100
apparently requires different 
paperwork for imported wine, 

1739
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:01,900
which means more work for 
Customs officers and more delays

1740
01:35:01,900 --> 01:35:04,800
for everyone else. 
Young Thomas gets progressively 

1741
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:08,700
drunker his face flushing read, 
as he tries to keep Pace with 

1742
01:35:08,700 --> 01:35:12,900
older more experienced drinkers,
his master notices and cuts him 

1743
01:35:12,900 --> 01:35:15,400
off over. 
Thomas's loud, protests that he 

1744
01:35:15,400 --> 01:35:18,600
is perfectly fine, which he 
demonstrates by attempting to 

1745
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:22,900
stand in immediately siting back
down hard, the master Hall to 

1746
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:26,500
his feet and guides him toward 
the door Thomas still insisting.

1747
01:35:26,500 --> 01:35:28,800
That one more drink would be 
reasonable and appropriate. 

1748
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:33,000
As the night deepens, some 
people leave While others settle

1749
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:36,300
in for the duration, the serious
drinkers separate themselves 

1750
01:35:36,300 --> 01:35:40,000
from the social drinkers, their 
focus narrowing to the cup in 

1751
01:35:40,008 --> 01:35:43,500
front of them and the regular 
rhythm of lifting it drinking, 

1752
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:47,600
putting it down and repeating 
Beatrice watches that with the 

1753
01:35:47,600 --> 01:35:49,600
careful eye of someone. 
Who knows, exactly. 

1754
01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:52,600
When a customer is crossed from 
profitable to problematic. 

1755
01:35:52,600 --> 01:35:55,800
The conversation at your table 
is cycled, through work 

1756
01:35:55,800 --> 01:35:59,400
complaints to family update to 
vague plans, that will probably 

1757
01:35:59,400 --> 01:36:02,900
never materialized. 
Willem mentions, he's thinking 

1758
01:36:02,900 --> 01:36:06,300
of looking for better work. 
Maybe Inland where the hours are

1759
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:09,300
more predictable, you've heard 
him say this before and you'll 

1760
01:36:09,300 --> 01:36:12,200
probably hear him say it again 
in six months, but you nod 

1761
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:15,900
sympathetically anyway, everyone
talks about getting out of Doc 

1762
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:19,800
work, nobody actually does it. 
When you finally push back from 

1763
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:23,800
the table legs slightly 
unsteady, the world has taken on

1764
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:27,600
that softened quality that comes
from several cups of Ale on an 

1765
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:29,800
empty stomach. 
The walk home requires 

1766
01:36:29,800 --> 01:36:33,300
concentration, the Cobblestone 
seemed determined to trip you 

1767
01:36:33,300 --> 01:36:35,800
and the familiar streets looks 
slightly different in the 

1768
01:36:35,800 --> 01:36:38,200
darkness. 
The harbor water reflects 

1769
01:36:38,200 --> 01:36:42,100
Moonlight turning the port into 
something almost magic or At 

1770
01:36:42,100 --> 01:36:45,500
least until you remember, it's 
the same dirty water that smells

1771
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:50,300
like fish and worse your house 
when you reach it is dark except

1772
01:36:50,300 --> 01:36:51,700
for a single candle in the 
window. 

1773
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:56,100
The wife has left it burning as 
a guide, a small gesture that 

1774
01:36:56,100 --> 01:36:59,400
fills you with more gratitude 
than several cups of Ale. 

1775
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:01,800
Probably warrant you fumble with
the door. 

1776
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:06,000
Latch trying to be quiet and 
failing completely make your way

1777
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:10,400
to bed where sleep arrives 
quickly and without Mercy You've

1778
01:37:10,400 --> 01:37:12,100
never owned a clock, but you 
don't need one. 

1779
01:37:12,100 --> 01:37:16,000
The tide tells time better than 
any mechanism of gears and 

1780
01:37:16,000 --> 01:37:18,100
springs ever. 
Could you've learned to read it 

1781
01:37:18,100 --> 01:37:21,400
schedule in the waters voice in 
the height of the Waves against 

1782
01:37:21,400 --> 01:37:24,700
the dock pilings. 
And in the smell of exposed mud 

1783
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:28,300
flats that marks low tide, as 
surely as a bell marks the hour 

1784
01:37:28,300 --> 01:37:32,300
this morning will probably early
afternoon, the distinction 

1785
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,600
matters less when your schedule 
follows water rather than Sun. 

1786
01:37:35,600 --> 01:37:39,200
The Tide is going out, you can 
hear it in the particular 

1787
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:41,400
sucking sound. 
The harbor makes us water 

1788
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:45,200
Retreats pulling back to expose 
the posts that usually stay 

1789
01:37:45,200 --> 01:37:48,300
submerged. 
The whole Port operates on this 

1790
01:37:48,300 --> 01:37:51,100
River. 
Every activity time to match, 

1791
01:37:51,100 --> 01:37:55,000
what the clowns ships can only 
enter The Harbor at high tide 

1792
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:58,300
when there's enough depth to 
clear The Sandbar that looks at 

1793
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:01,200
the harbor, mouth like a trap 
for unwear, weapon's. 

1794
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:04,500
You've watched ships attempt 
entry at low tide, seen them 

1795
01:38:04,508 --> 01:38:08,100
scrape bottom and stick fast 
their Cruise Force to wait for 

1796
01:38:08,100 --> 01:38:10,700
the waters returned, while 
everyone on Shore, laughs at 

1797
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:13,600
their impatience. 
The local pilots who know every 

1798
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:16,600
inch of the harbor and charge 
extra for guiding ships in 

1799
01:38:16,600 --> 01:38:20,100
during marginal conditions, 
unloading happened on the 

1800
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:22,900
falling tide. 
The ship, sit higher enough that

1801
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:26,500
gangs can reach from deck to 
Dock and the work proceeds with 

1802
01:38:26,508 --> 01:38:30,100
urgency because everyone knows 
the window is limited When the 

1803
01:38:30,100 --> 01:38:33,600
tide comes fully in the ship's 
rise too high, the angled 

1804
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:36,700
becomes wrong and unloading 
stops until the tide turns 

1805
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:39,000
again. 
You've got maybe four hours to 

1806
01:38:39,000 --> 01:38:41,700
move whatever cargo needs moving
before, the water makes the 

1807
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:44,400
decision for you. 
Your work today, involves 

1808
01:38:44,400 --> 01:38:47,300
barrels, endless. 
Barrels of wine. 

1809
01:38:47,300 --> 01:38:50,500
Brought from France in a ship 
that smells like an enormous 

1810
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:53,700
grape. 
Each Barrel weighs as much as a 

1811
01:38:53,700 --> 01:38:57,200
small person and requires, two 
men to maneuver it safely down 

1812
01:38:57,200 --> 01:38:59,500
the Gangplank. 
You've developed a technique 

1813
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:02,300
over the years. 
A particular way of gripping the

1814
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:04,900
rim and shifting your weight 
that makes the barrels role 

1815
01:39:04,900 --> 01:39:06,700
rather than deadlifting their 
full weight. 

1816
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:10,100
Your back still protests, but 
less violently than it would 

1817
01:39:10,100 --> 01:39:13,200
with poor technique. 
The Copper Ridge sits, 50 yards 

1818
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:16,300
from the dock positioned 
precisely to minimize the 

1819
01:39:16,300 --> 01:39:18,500
distance. 
Barrels need to travel while 

1820
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:21,900
staying far enough from the 
water to avoid flooding, you and

1821
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:24,400
your partner today. 
It's a man named Peter who talks

1822
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:28,000
too much, but works steadily, 
Rolly each Barrel along the dock

1823
01:39:28,000 --> 01:39:31,500
navigate the uneven cobblestones
and stack them in the 

1824
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:34,800
Corporation Yard, the Cooper 
checks each Barrel looking for 

1825
01:39:34,800 --> 01:39:38,700
damaged leaks and suspicious, 
bulges, that might indicate the 

1826
01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:42,200
whiners gone bad. 
Between barrels, you can track 

1827
01:39:42,200 --> 01:39:45,100
the tides progress by watching 
the water line on the dock 

1828
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:47,500
posts. 
Which post Bears ring of 

1829
01:39:47,500 --> 01:39:51,400
discoloration marking different 
tide levels, dark green algae, 

1830
01:39:51,400 --> 01:39:54,400
near the top. 
Where high tide reaches lighter 

1831
01:39:54,400 --> 01:39:56,500
Rings below. 
Showing the gradual progression 

1832
01:39:56,500 --> 01:39:59,800
downward right now your watching
the water received pass the 

1833
01:39:59,800 --> 01:40:02,700
third ring which means you've 
got about an hour left before 

1834
01:40:02,700 --> 01:40:06,100
the lowest point. 
Low tide transforms the harbor 

1835
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:07,900
into a different landscape 
entirely. 

1836
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:11,200
What was underwater, becomes 
temporary land or at least 

1837
01:40:11,208 --> 01:40:14,500
temporary mud. 
The mud flat stretch out gray 

1838
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:17,900
brown and glistening marked by 
the tracks of birds who know 

1839
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:22,400
this is feeding time clams hide 
in the mud along with worms and 

1840
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:24,300
small crabs. 
And other creatures that make 

1841
01:40:24,300 --> 01:40:26,600
their living in the space 
between sea and land. 

1842
01:40:27,500 --> 01:40:31,200
Children appear during low tide 
armed with buckets and shovels 

1843
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:36,200
digging for clams and mussels 
its work disguised as play or 

1844
01:40:36,200 --> 01:40:38,400
maybe play that produces useful 
results. 

1845
01:40:39,200 --> 01:40:40,700
By the way, the children take 
it. 

1846
01:40:40,700 --> 01:40:44,800
Seriously competing to see who 
can gather the most occasionally

1847
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:46,200
stealing from each other's 
buckets. 

1848
01:40:46,200 --> 01:40:49,100
When they think no one's 
watching their parents will be 

1849
01:40:49,100 --> 01:40:52,400
glad of the free protein. 
Even if they have to rinse sand 

1850
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:55,200
out of the shellfish for longer 
than seems reasonable, the 

1851
01:40:55,200 --> 01:40:58,300
Harbor Master uses low tide to 
inspect doc foundations, 

1852
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:02,000
checking for damage replacing 
posts that have rotted and 

1853
01:41:02,000 --> 01:41:03,900
assessing what repairs will be 
needed before. 

1854
01:41:03,900 --> 01:41:07,200
Winter, storms arrive, he Wades 
through ankle, deep water, 

1855
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:10,800
occasionally plunging a pole 
down to check the depth of mud 

1856
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:14,400
making notes on a slate board 
that he wipes and rewrites 

1857
01:41:14,400 --> 01:41:17,000
throughout the day. 
Some workers specialize in the 

1858
01:41:17,008 --> 01:41:20,200
mud flats themselves. 
Harvesting Reeds that grow in 

1859
01:41:20,200 --> 01:41:23,300
the marshy areas and cutting 
them for use infections or 

1860
01:41:23,300 --> 01:41:26,000
making baskets. 
They move with the confidence of

1861
01:41:26,008 --> 01:41:29,400
people who know which mud is 
firm enough to walk on and which

1862
01:41:29,400 --> 01:41:32,300
will swallow your boot. 
If you step wrong, you've seen 

1863
01:41:32,300 --> 01:41:34,800
newcomers attempt to cross the 
flats at low tide. 

1864
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:38,900
Watch them sink to their knees 
and her their curses as they try

1865
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:41,000
to. 
Strike themselves from mud that 

1866
01:41:41,000 --> 01:41:43,700
grips like it has personal 
feelings about letting go. 

1867
01:41:43,700 --> 01:41:47,200
The fishing boats that were out 
overnight return on the incoming

1868
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:50,900
tide timing, their arrival to 
ride the rising water into 

1869
01:41:50,900 --> 01:41:53,400
Harbor. 
They sale in with the particular

1870
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:56,900
exhausted satisfaction of people
who've worked through the night 

1871
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,500
and are ready to be done their 
catchers, get unloaded 

1872
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:03,100
immediately. 
The fish destined for the 

1873
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:06,600
morning Market, even though 
morning is long past freshness 

1874
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:10,200
is relative in the fish. 
Trade caught last night's fresh.

1875
01:42:10,200 --> 01:42:12,700
If you get it to Market before, 
it starts to smell. 

1876
01:42:13,500 --> 01:42:16,600
You finish the barrel work just 
as the tide begins to turn. 

1877
01:42:16,600 --> 01:42:20,700
You can see it in the water's 
Behavior, the way it slows its 

1878
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:24,400
Retreat pauses then starts 
moving in the other direction. 

1879
01:42:24,400 --> 01:42:30,100
It's not dramatic, there's no 
visible way or sudden surge, but

1880
01:42:30,100 --> 01:42:32,800
the changes unmistakable. 
Once, you know what to watch 

1881
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:35,200
for, the water starts, filling 
in the areas. 

1882
01:42:35,200 --> 01:42:39,100
It recently vacated crawling up.
The dock post ring by ring 

1883
01:42:39,100 --> 01:42:43,300
reclaiming its territory. 
The rising tide brings different

1884
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,900
work ships that were too high. 
Now become accessible again as 

1885
01:42:46,900 --> 01:42:48,300
they settle into their proper 
height. 

1886
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:51,300
Cargo that couldn't be loaded 
earlier, can be loaded. 

1887
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:55,100
Now, the whole porch shifts, its
activities to match the waters, 

1888
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:58,300
new position, everything 
synchronized to a schedule. 

1889
01:42:58,300 --> 01:43:00,100
That's been the same since 
humans. 

1890
01:43:00,100 --> 01:43:03,800
First built, docks, and decided 
to argue with the sea about who,

1891
01:43:03,800 --> 01:43:07,200
controlled what you eat your 
midday meal sitting on a barrel 

1892
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:09,600
watching. 
The tide, come in, your food is 

1893
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,600
bread and cheese. 
The cheese already soft from the

1894
01:43:12,600 --> 01:43:15,300
heat of your pocket. 
The bread tastes like it was 

1895
01:43:15,300 --> 01:43:18,600
fresh yesterday, which means 
it's stale today, but not yet. 

1896
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:21,600
Truly old. 
You wash it down with beer from 

1897
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:25,200
a skin, that seemed better days.
The leather starting to crack at

1898
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:28,600
the seams around you. 
The port hums with activity 

1899
01:43:28,600 --> 01:43:32,900
calibrated to the water's level.
Cranes, lift cargo from ships. 

1900
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:36,200
That are now at the correct 
height workers, secure lines. 

1901
01:43:36,200 --> 01:43:38,900
Adjust fenders and shift, Goods,
around with the practice 

1902
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:42,600
deficiency of people who've done
this 1,000 times, a ship 

1903
01:43:42,600 --> 01:43:45,200
preparing to depart Waits 
patiently, for high tide, 

1904
01:43:45,200 --> 01:43:47,800
knowing that attempting to cross
the SandBar. 

1905
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:49,500
At the wrong. 
Moment means either sticking 

1906
01:43:49,500 --> 01:43:53,600
fast or tearing out the hole. 
The afternoon tide Peaks around 

1907
01:43:53,600 --> 01:43:57,400
mid-afternoon, the Water Rising 
almost to the top of its range. 

1908
01:43:58,000 --> 01:44:01,100
The harbor looks full at high 
tide with all the exposed mud 

1909
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:04,100
covered and the docks nearly 
level with the water surface. 

1910
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:08,000
It's the prettiest time when 
everything looks clean and the 

1911
01:44:08,000 --> 01:44:11,400
smell of mud flats is replace by
the relatively freshest smell of

1912
01:44:11,400 --> 01:44:14,600
Open Water. 
Of course refresher his 

1913
01:44:14,600 --> 01:44:18,500
relative, this is still Harbor 
Water full of everything that 

1914
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:22,600
gets thrown or Falls or leaks in
to it but at least the sewage is

1915
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:25,100
diluted. 
You work through the high tide, 

1916
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:29,200
period loading, a departing ship
with bales of wolves destined 

1917
01:44:29,200 --> 01:44:31,900
for some ports of never visited 
and probably never will. 

1918
01:44:32,900 --> 01:44:36,200
The wool is heavy and awkward 
the ballets bound with rough 

1919
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:38,600
rope. 
That tears at your hands you've 

1920
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:40,400
developed calluses on your 
calluses. 

1921
01:44:40,400 --> 01:44:44,200
But even they struggle with the 
particularly course hemp the 

1922
01:44:44,200 --> 01:44:47,700
ship's Captain supervises. 
The loading shouting Corrections

1923
01:44:47,700 --> 01:44:50,600
and adjustments in a voice that 
suggests he believes everyone. 

1924
01:44:50,600 --> 01:44:53,400
But him is incompetent, he's 
probably, right? 

1925
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,200
Or at least, he's responsible 
for everything that goes wrong. 

1926
01:44:56,200 --> 01:44:59,700
Once his ship leaves Port, so 
his paranoia is understandable. 

1927
01:45:00,500 --> 01:45:03,300
You've learned to nod and adjust
and not take the shouting 

1928
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:07,500
personally, Captain shout the 
way fish swim it's just what 

1929
01:45:07,500 --> 01:45:10,400
they do as the afternoon wears 
into evening. 

1930
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:12,900
The tide begins its outward 
Journey again. 

1931
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:17,700
The cycle continues twice daily 
as reliable as sunrise and 

1932
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:20,700
considerably more important. 
To your livelihood, you've seen 

1933
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:24,300
the sun fail to appear through 
fog and clouds, but you've never

1934
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:26,000
seen the tide. 
Forget to turn. 

1935
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:29,800
It's the one certainty and a 
life full of variables. 

1936
01:45:29,800 --> 01:45:33,800
The evening low tide, brings the
clam diggers back out those who 

1937
01:45:33,800 --> 01:45:36,300
work, multiple shifts, 
extracting, whatever, they can 

1938
01:45:36,300 --> 01:45:39,800
from the exposed Flats the 
Setting Sun Paints, the mud 

1939
01:45:39,800 --> 01:45:42,900
flats orange and pink making 
them look almost beautiful 

1940
01:45:42,900 --> 01:45:45,000
though. 
You know that up close they're 

1941
01:45:45,000 --> 01:45:48,500
just mud and smell like it. 
The birds that feed at low tide 

1942
01:45:48,500 --> 01:45:51,300
cry in circles. 
Their calls mixing with the 

1943
01:45:51,300 --> 01:45:54,500
sound of human work. 
All of it, part of the harbors 

1944
01:45:54,500 --> 01:45:57,500
Eternal Rhythm. 
You head home as the light fails

1945
01:45:57,500 --> 01:46:01,600
your day, measured not in ours, 
but in Tide's, two full Cycles 

1946
01:46:01,600 --> 01:46:05,200
from low to high to low. 
Again, your work fitted into the

1947
01:46:05,200 --> 01:46:08,400
windows, the sea allowed 
tomorrow will be the same but 

1948
01:46:08,400 --> 01:46:12,000
shifted slightly because the 
tides come 50 minutes later each

1949
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:15,600
day, a slow rotation, that means
you're never working quite the 

1950
01:46:15,600 --> 01:46:17,900
same schedule. 
Two days running should be 

1951
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:20,200
confusing. 
But after Years of Living by 

1952
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:23,500
Tides any other way of tracking 
time would feel stranger. 

1953
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:28,000
Your house after Sunset smells 
like fish soup and smoke and wet

1954
01:46:28,000 --> 01:46:31,300
wool drying by the fire. 
Your wife has transformed. 

1955
01:46:31,300 --> 01:46:34,500
The Cod you brought home into 
something edible through a 

1956
01:46:34,500 --> 01:46:37,300
process that involves more 
onions and herbs than seems 

1957
01:46:37,300 --> 01:46:40,400
strictly necessary but the 
result is good enough that your 

1958
01:46:40,400 --> 01:46:44,500
children eat without complaining
which counts as success. 

1959
01:46:44,500 --> 01:46:46,600
The meal happens around the 
table. 

1960
01:46:46,600 --> 01:46:50,400
Everyone crowded together on 
mismatched chairs, the youngest 

1961
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:52,900
daughter perched on a stool 
because there aren't enough 

1962
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:55,300
proper seats. 
Your oldest son, the one who's 

1963
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:58,100
nearly grown complains that his 
portion is smaller than his 

1964
01:46:58,100 --> 01:47:01,400
brothers which leads to a 
detailed comparison of both 

1965
01:47:01,400 --> 01:47:04,600
sizes that Reveals His complaint
his baseless but loudly 

1966
01:47:04,600 --> 01:47:07,100
defended. 
Anyway, your wife settles, the 

1967
01:47:07,100 --> 01:47:10,500
dispute by giving both boys 
slightly less soup and keeping 

1968
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:14,500
the difference herself which she
claims is the mother's tax for 

1969
01:47:14,500 --> 01:47:16,700
having to listen to arguments 
about soup, portions 

1970
01:47:16,700 --> 01:47:21,000
conversation during meals is 
chaotic and overlapping your 

1971
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:23,200
middle daughter talks about 
something that happened at the 

1972
01:47:23,200 --> 01:47:25,500
market. 
Though, her story keeps getting 

1973
01:47:25,500 --> 01:47:28,900
derailed by unnecessary details,
about who was wearing what? 

1974
01:47:28,900 --> 01:47:33,000
And who said, what to whom your 
youngest daughter, contributes, 

1975
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,800
random, observations about 
birds, she saw and games, she 

1976
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:39,100
played, none of it connected to 
anything else. 

1977
01:47:39,100 --> 01:47:43,400
Just a stream of Consciousness 
from someone who hasn't learned,

1978
01:47:43,400 --> 01:47:45,200
the conversation should have 
topics. 

1979
01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:49,000
Your wife asks about your day in
the tone of someone who doesn't 

1980
01:47:49,000 --> 01:47:54,300
really want to detail answer. 
But feels obligated to ask You 

1981
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:58,800
provide, the abbreviated version
cargo moved ships, unloaded the 

1982
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:02,300
usual work, she nods with the 
understanding of someone who's 

1983
01:48:02,300 --> 01:48:05,100
heard this answer many times 
before, and will hear it many 

1984
01:48:05,100 --> 01:48:08,800
times again in return. 
You ask about her day and she 

1985
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:12,100
describes the market prices and 
which neighbor is feuding with 

1986
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:14,700
which other neighbor and 
something complicated about 

1987
01:48:14,700 --> 01:48:18,500
someone's cousin getting married
to someone inappropriate you nod

1988
01:48:18,500 --> 01:48:21,300
and make sounds of Interest 
while understanding, perhaps a 

1989
01:48:21,300 --> 01:48:25,300
third of the social dynamics. 
She's explaining After the meal 

1990
01:48:25,300 --> 01:48:27,700
chores divided along familiar 
lines. 

1991
01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:30,800
The Boys carry water from the 
well, because they're strong 

1992
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:32,300
enough to manage the heavy 
buckets. 

1993
01:48:32,300 --> 01:48:35,400
The girls, clear the table and 
washed dishes, because that's 

1994
01:48:35,400 --> 01:48:38,800
what girls do or at least. 
That's what your wife in CIS, 

1995
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:40,800
girls, do. 
And you've learned not to 

1996
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:42,100
involve yourself in these 
debates. 

1997
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:45,200
You're assigned to check the 
shutters and make sure the fire 

1998
01:48:45,200 --> 01:48:48,900
is properly banked for the night
tasks that require minimal 

1999
01:48:48,900 --> 01:48:51,800
skill. 
But someone has to do them, your

2000
01:48:51,800 --> 01:48:54,200
oldest son, mentions that he's 
been offered work, on a merchant

2001
01:48:54,200 --> 01:48:57,900
ship a position that would take 
him away from months at a time. 

2002
01:48:57,900 --> 01:48:59,600
But pays better than dock. 
Work. 

2003
01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:02,700
Your wife's face to something 
complicated, while trying to 

2004
01:49:02,708 --> 01:49:06,400
maintain a neutral expression, 
you can read the concern, there,

2005
01:49:06,400 --> 01:49:09,400
she's already imagining all the 
things that could go wrong at 

2006
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:13,600
Sea, which is fair because many 
things do go wrong at sea, but 

2007
01:49:13,600 --> 01:49:16,600
you're also thinking about the 
money, about how another income 

2008
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,200
could mean a better house, or at
least repairs to this one. 

2009
01:49:19,900 --> 01:49:23,100
You tell him you'll think about 
it, which is what you say when 

2010
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:26,200
you need time to figure out what
you actually think the evening 

2011
01:49:26,200 --> 01:49:29,100
routine involves, your wife's 
endless battle with mending. 

2012
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:32,100
She sits by the fire with a 
basket of clothes that need 

2013
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:35,700
patches or darling or buttons. 
Replaced working through them, 

2014
01:49:35,700 --> 01:49:37,500
with the steady Persistence of 
someone. 

2015
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:39,900
Who knows the work is never, 
truly finished. 

2016
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:44,100
Because clothes continue to wear
out faster than they can be 

2017
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:46,500
fixed. 
She's explained this futile 

2018
01:49:46,500 --> 01:49:49,800
cycle to use several times. 
Usually, while you're wearing a 

2019
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:53,100
shirt that needs mending which 
tends to undermine your ability 

2020
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:56,100
to offer, sympathy, your younger
children are supposed to be 

2021
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:58,000
practicing their letters on 
slates. 

2022
01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:01,500
But what they're actually doing 
is drawing pictures and giggling

2023
01:50:01,500 --> 01:50:04,900
about something education in 
your household is sporadic and 

2024
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,600
largely self-directed. 
Constrained by the fact that you

2025
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:12,700
can barely read yourself and 
your wife isn't much better, you

2026
01:50:12,700 --> 01:50:16,000
can manage to puzzle out, simple
texts and sign your name, which 

2027
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:17,600
puts you ahead of many 
dockworkers. 

2028
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:21,500
But doesn't qualify you to teach
proper reading and writing the 

2029
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:24,500
local Church offers some 
schooling, but it costs money. 

2030
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:27,600
You don't always have and 
besides the children are needed 

2031
01:50:27,600 --> 01:50:30,000
for work. 
More often than not, the fire 

2032
01:50:30,000 --> 01:50:33,500
creates Shadows, that dance on 
the walls, turning the familiar 

2033
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:36,600
room into something slightly 
mysterious your youngest 

2034
01:50:36,600 --> 01:50:39,000
daughter claimed. 
She can see faces in the Flames 

2035
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:42,100
which leads to a discussion 
about where the fire can have 

2036
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:45,600
faces which leads to your son 
explaining that fire isn't alive

2037
01:50:45,600 --> 01:50:48,700
so it definitely can't have 
faces which leads to an argument

2038
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:51,500
about whether you need to be 
alive to have a face. 

2039
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:53,500
You let them work this out 
themselves. 

2040
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:56,600
While you attempt to read a 
pamphlet someone gave you about 

2041
01:50:56,600 --> 01:51:00,400
new regulations on imported 
goods, the reading go slowly, 

2042
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:04,100
your finger tracing under each 
word, occasionally asking your 

2043
01:51:04,100 --> 01:51:08,400
wife about words, you can't 
decipher Bedtime is less of an 

2044
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:10,200
event and more of a gradual 
process. 

2045
01:51:10,200 --> 01:51:14,100
The younger children get sleepy.
First, their heads drooping. 

2046
01:51:14,100 --> 01:51:15,700
While they insist, they're not 
tired at all. 

2047
01:51:15,708 --> 01:51:18,600
Your wife, heard them upstairs 
with promises. 

2048
01:51:18,600 --> 01:51:21,200
That tomorrow will come faster 
if they just close their eyes 

2049
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:24,800
now, which is technically true, 
but probably not the Comfort. 

2050
01:51:24,800 --> 01:51:27,600
She intends the older children 
stay up later. 

2051
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:32,400
The privilege of being nearly 
grown Though, staying up mostly 

2052
01:51:32,400 --> 01:51:33,900
means sitting around looking 
bored. 

2053
01:51:33,900 --> 01:51:36,508
Because there's not much to do. 
Once it's dark except sit and be

2054
01:51:36,516 --> 01:51:38,900
awake. 
Your wife tells a story before 

2055
01:51:38,900 --> 01:51:41,400
sleep. 
Or tries to because your 

2056
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:43,600
youngest daughter keeps 
interrupting with questions that

2057
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:46,900
derail The Narrative. 
The story is about a fisherman 

2058
01:51:46,900 --> 01:51:50,600
who caught a magical fish? 
That granted wishes a tale. 

2059
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:54,400
Your wife has told many times 
with variations tonight, the 

2060
01:51:54,400 --> 01:51:58,300
fish's gold in silver and the 
fisherman has three wishes and 

2061
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:01,300
of seven. 
But the morale Remains the Same 

2062
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:04,700
Be careful what you wish for 
because you're probably get it 

2063
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:06,600
wrong. 
Your children have heard this 

2064
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:08,600
story enough times that they 
correct her. 

2065
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:11,300
When she deviates too far from 
the established version. 

2066
01:52:11,300 --> 01:52:14,700
Once the children are finally 
asleep or at least pretending 

2067
01:52:14,700 --> 01:52:17,900
convincingly enough you and your
wife have a brief moment of 

2068
01:52:17,900 --> 01:52:21,200
quiet. 
You continues her mending, you 

2069
01:52:21,200 --> 01:52:24,700
sit and feel your body catalog. 
Every complaint from the day's 

2070
01:52:24,700 --> 01:52:28,200
work, the fire burns, low and 
neither of you moves to build it

2071
01:52:28,200 --> 01:52:31,300
up. 
Fuel costs money and you're both

2072
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:33,600
tired enough that bed sounds 
better than warmth. 

2073
01:52:33,600 --> 01:52:36,400
Anyway, she mentions that the 
neighbor's daughter is getting 

2074
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:39,400
married which leads to a 
complicated discussion about 

2075
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:41,300
dowries and whether they're 
doing it properly. 

2076
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:44,800
And what kind of life that girl 
can expect with the boy, she's 

2077
01:52:44,800 --> 01:52:47,500
marrying. 
You contribute occasional grunts

2078
01:52:47,500 --> 01:52:50,900
of agreement because your wife 
doesn't actually need you to 

2079
01:52:50,900 --> 01:52:54,100
participate in this conversation
so much as witness it. 

2080
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:57,700
She's thinking out loud 
processing, the social dynamics 

2081
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:00,700
of your small community and 
trying to understand the web of 

2082
01:53:00,700 --> 01:53:04,500
obligations and expectations 
that governs everything You 

2083
01:53:04,500 --> 01:53:06,700
mention the possible ship job 
for your oldest son. 

2084
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:09,900
She silent for a moment, the 
needle Paws in its work. 

2085
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:14,000
Then she says what you both 
know, That it's good money but 

2086
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:17,300
dangerous that he's old enough 
to make his own decisions but 

2087
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:20,400
young enough to make stupid ones
that you can't protect him 

2088
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:23,200
forever but you're not ready to 
stop crying. 

2089
01:53:23,200 --> 01:53:26,400
You don't resolve anything, 
there's nothing to resolve yet 

2090
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:28,000
but at least you've said it out 
loud. 

2091
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:31,500
Making the worries concrete 
instead of leaving them as a 

2092
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:35,200
vague anxiety. 
The house settles into its 

2093
01:53:35,200 --> 01:53:38,900
nighttime sounds upstairs. 
Someone turns over in bed, 

2094
01:53:38,900 --> 01:53:42,800
making the ropes Creek outside 
the Harbour continues. 

2095
01:53:42,800 --> 01:53:46,200
Its work You can hear voices 
calling back and forth between 

2096
01:53:46,200 --> 01:53:50,200
ships, the sound of footsteps on
the docks and a dog barking at 

2097
01:53:50,200 --> 01:53:52,700
something only, it can see the 
sea. 

2098
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:56,000
Never sleeps, and neither, does 
the port that serves it. 

2099
01:53:56,000 --> 01:53:59,800
When you finally head up stairs,
your wife, extinguishing, the 

2100
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:03,600
candles behind you, the day 
feels complete in a way that has

2101
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:06,600
nothing to do with 
accomplishment and everything to

2102
01:54:06,600 --> 01:54:09,800
do with survival. 
Another day of work done, family

2103
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:12,800
fed house, still standing 
children still alive. 

2104
01:54:13,700 --> 01:54:17,300
It's not much by grandstands but
by the standards of people who 

2105
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:19,300
live by the Sea and work with 
their backs. 

2106
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:22,700
It's everything that matters 
your bed receives you with the 

2107
01:54:22,700 --> 01:54:24,600
same. 
Lumpy familiarity at. 

2108
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:27,400
Always does your wife settles in
beside you? 

2109
01:54:27,400 --> 01:54:31,100
And for a moment before sleep 
comes, you're aware of the 

2110
01:54:31,100 --> 01:54:32,900
simple. 
Comfort of another person's 

2111
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:35,300
warmth. 
The shared life, you've built in

2112
01:54:35,300 --> 01:54:38,700
the tilting house by the harbor.
By the way, your days, follow 

2113
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:42,000
the tide in your lives. 
Follow patterns as old as the 

2114
01:54:42,000 --> 01:54:45,600
port itself, the sun sets into 
the harbor, like, it's been 

2115
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,000
doing this all its life. 
Turning the water into something

2116
01:54:49,000 --> 01:54:52,400
resembling molten, copper the 
evening light, does things to 

2117
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:55,300
the port town that almost make 
you forget it's the same place 

2118
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:57,300
that smells like fish guts and 
sewage. 

2119
01:54:57,300 --> 01:55:01,700
During the day Shadows, stretch 
long across the docks softening 

2120
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:05,300
the rough edges of warehouses 
and masks making everything look

2121
01:55:05,300 --> 01:55:08,700
gentler than it deserves. 
You finish your last bit of work

2122
01:55:08,700 --> 01:55:11,300
as the light Fades securing a 
line here. 

2123
01:55:11,300 --> 01:55:14,800
Checking the car goes properly 
covered there and doing the 

2124
01:55:14,800 --> 01:55:16,600
small tasks that prevent 
tomorrow. 

2125
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:20,200
From starting with disasters, 
the Wolf Master walks, the docks

2126
01:55:20,200 --> 01:55:23,700
one final time, his Lantern 
bobbing in the growing Darkness,

2127
01:55:23,700 --> 01:55:26,900
making sure everything is secure
before night. 

2128
01:55:26,900 --> 01:55:29,800
Fully settles in. 
He's been doing this for 30 

2129
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:33,900
years, checking the same things 
in the same order, finding 

2130
01:55:33,900 --> 01:55:36,800
occasional problems that would 
have become major problems by 

2131
01:55:36,800 --> 01:55:38,900
morning. 
The evening brings a different 

2132
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:42,100
population to the docks. 
The daytime workers head home 

2133
01:55:42,100 --> 01:55:45,100
While others emerge fisherman, 
preparing for night, fishing, 

2134
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:48,600
ships Cruise, rotating, watch. 
And Various individuals, whose 

2135
01:55:48,600 --> 01:55:50,600
business is better conducted in 
darkness. 

2136
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:55,000
You don't ask about the latter 
Port Towns attract all sorts of 

2137
01:55:55,000 --> 01:55:57,400
Commerce. 
Some of it legal, some of it, 

2138
01:55:57,400 --> 01:56:00,800
less legal, and most of it 
existing in a gray area that 

2139
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:04,100
depends on who's asking and how 
much they're willing to pay to 

2140
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:06,800
avoid asking to closely walking 
home. 

2141
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:09,800
You pass through streets that 
are transforming as the light 

2142
01:56:09,800 --> 01:56:14,400
dies lanterns appear in Windows,
small points of Illumination, 

2143
01:56:14,400 --> 01:56:17,900
that create more Shadows than 
they, dispel the taverns glow 

2144
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:21,400
warmly, their doors opening and 
closing as workers seek the 

2145
01:56:21,408 --> 01:56:25,000
comfort of drink and Company. 
Someone's cooking something that

2146
01:56:25,000 --> 01:56:27,800
smells like roasted meat. 
And your stomach, reminds you 

2147
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,700
that fish soup for dinner while 
adequate wasn't particularly 

2148
01:56:30,700 --> 01:56:33,600
exciting. 
Your street is quieter than the 

2149
01:56:33,600 --> 01:56:37,100
commercial areas settling in to 
evening routines that revolve 

2150
01:56:37,100 --> 01:56:41,000
around families and homes rather
than Commerce, Smoke rises from 

2151
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:43,300
chimneys, as people build up 
their Fires for the night 

2152
01:56:43,300 --> 01:56:45,700
children play in the last bit of
light. 

2153
01:56:45,700 --> 01:56:49,300
Their games have that frantic 
quality that comes from knowing 

2154
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:52,900
they'll be called inside soon. 
A mother yells for her son who 

2155
01:56:52,900 --> 01:56:55,800
pretends not to hear which 
earned him a more emphatic, 

2156
01:56:55,800 --> 01:56:57,700
summons that he can't pretend to
ignore. 

2157
01:56:58,700 --> 01:57:00,600
Your own house has that warm 
glow. 

2158
01:57:00,600 --> 01:57:03,200
That means your wife has already
lit, the candles and built up 

2159
01:57:03,208 --> 01:57:05,700
the fire. 
You can see your children moving

2160
01:57:05,700 --> 01:57:08,400
around inside Through the 
Windows Shadows against the 

2161
01:57:08,400 --> 01:57:11,400
light. 
It's a simple sight when you see

2162
01:57:11,408 --> 01:57:14,900
every evening but tonight, you 
pause to appreciate it. 

2163
01:57:14,900 --> 01:57:19,100
The basic fact of having a home 
to return to people who expect 

2164
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:22,200
your return, and a fire, that's 
been kept burning for your 

2165
01:57:22,208 --> 01:57:26,200
arrival inside, your wife has 
progressed Beyond soup and a 

2166
01:57:26,200 --> 01:57:29,000
somehow produced bread pudding, 
which is ambitious, given your 

2167
01:57:29,008 --> 01:57:32,100
typical supplies. 
You don't ask how she managed 

2168
01:57:32,100 --> 01:57:34,000
it. 
There are mysteries in household

2169
01:57:34,000 --> 01:57:37,500
economy that you've learned, not
to probe to deeply the, putting 

2170
01:57:37,500 --> 01:57:39,800
his heavy and sweet and taste 
like raisins. 

2171
01:57:39,800 --> 01:57:42,900
That might have had better days 
but are still perfectly adequate

2172
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,400
when mixed with enough honey. 
Evening stretches out with 

2173
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:50,200
without urgency your oldest son.
Sits by the window so supposedly

2174
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:53,200
reading but probably just 
thinking about that ship job and

2175
01:57:53,200 --> 01:57:56,200
whatever fantasies he has about 
life at Sea. 

2176
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:59,000
Your daughter's have discovered 
that the cat is willing to 

2177
01:57:59,000 --> 01:58:02,400
tolerate being dressed in doll 
clothes, at least until it 

2178
01:58:02,400 --> 01:58:04,500
isn't. 
Which happens suddenly and with 

2179
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:08,100
impressive use of claws, your 
middle son works on some carving

2180
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:10,600
project. 
Creating wood shavings that will

2181
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:14,200
need sweeping up later absorbed 
in the particular Focus that 

2182
01:58:14,200 --> 01:58:17,600
children bring to projects. 
They've chosen themselves, your 

2183
01:58:17,600 --> 01:58:19,800
wife settles into a chair with a
cup of something hot. 

2184
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:23,800
Probably not t. 
Because T is expensive, more 

2185
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:26,800
likely some herbal mixture? 
She's decided as beneficial 

2186
01:58:26,800 --> 01:58:29,900
properties. 
She sips, it slowly staring into

2187
01:58:29,900 --> 01:58:32,700
the fire with the expression of 
someone whose mind is elsewhere 

2188
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:36,800
working through whatever 
calculations and worries, occupy

2189
01:58:36,800 --> 01:58:39,600
her thoughts. 
You've learned not to interrupt 

2190
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:42,400
this thinking time. 
She'll share what she needs to 

2191
01:58:42,400 --> 01:58:46,500
share when she's ready. 
The fire burns steadily, it's 

2192
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:49,700
like creating a circle of warmth
and visibility in the Gathering.

2193
01:58:49,700 --> 01:58:53,400
Darkness beyond that Circle, the
corners of the room fading to 

2194
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:55,000
shadow in your content to let 
them. 

2195
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:58,200
There's something comforting 
about having the world reduced 

2196
01:58:58,200 --> 01:59:01,100
to this manageable size just 
this room. 

2197
01:59:01,100 --> 01:59:05,400
This fire, these people outside 
the Harbour continues, its 

2198
01:59:05,400 --> 01:59:08,900
Eternal Rhythm, you can hear 
water lapping against the docks 

2199
01:59:08,900 --> 01:59:13,200
that gentle repetitive sound 
that so constant usually don't 

2200
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:15,800
notice it until you're sitting 
still enough to pay attention, 

2201
01:59:15,800 --> 01:59:18,000
occasionally, a voice carries a 
cross. 

2202
01:59:18,000 --> 01:59:22,500
The water, someone calling 
instructions or greetings A bell

2203
01:59:22,508 --> 01:59:26,000
ring somewhere, marking some 
nautical, our that has meaning 

2204
01:59:26,000 --> 01:59:29,600
to Sailors, but his just sound 
to you, your youngest daughter 

2205
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:32,900
climbs into your lap, which is 
becoming more difficult to she 

2206
01:59:32,900 --> 01:59:36,200
grows, but which she still 
insists on doing, she smells 

2207
01:59:36,200 --> 01:59:39,300
like whatever she got into 
today, probably the guardian, 

2208
01:59:39,300 --> 01:59:40,800
possibly the neighbor's 
chickens. 

2209
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:44,200
Definitely something that needs 
washing but won't get washed 

2210
01:59:44,200 --> 01:59:46,900
until tomorrow. 
She asks you to tell her about 

2211
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:50,600
the big fish, which is her way 
of requesting the same story. 

2212
01:59:50,600 --> 01:59:53,300
You've told her 50 times about 
the time. 

2213
01:59:53,300 --> 01:59:55,300
You saw a whale breach in the 
harbor mouth. 

2214
01:59:55,300 --> 01:59:59,100
You tell the story again, 
embellishing the parts you've 

2215
01:59:59,100 --> 02:00:02,100
embellished before, the whale 
growing slightly, larger with 

2216
02:00:02,100 --> 02:00:04,900
each retelling until it's 
probably twice the size of the 

2217
02:00:04,908 --> 02:00:07,100
actual creature. 
She listens with the 

2218
02:00:07,108 --> 02:00:09,400
satisfaction of hearing a 
familiar tale. 

2219
02:00:09,400 --> 02:00:12,900
Occasionally correcting your 
details when you deviate too far

2220
02:00:12,908 --> 02:00:15,500
from the established narrative 
when you finish. 

2221
02:00:15,500 --> 02:00:18,000
She immediately asks, if you've 
ever seen a bigger fish than 

2222
02:00:18,000 --> 02:00:21,200
that, which leads to speculation
of about what might live in the 

2223
02:00:21,200 --> 02:00:24,500
deep ocean, which leads to her 
being convinced, there are 

2224
02:00:24,500 --> 02:00:27,700
definitely seen Monsters. 
Your wife interrupts before the 

2225
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:30,500
sea monster discussion can 
escalate into nightmares. 

2226
02:00:31,300 --> 02:00:33,900
She heard the children toward 
the stairs with Gentle 

2227
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:36,700
insistence Beginning. 
The long process of getting 

2228
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:39,900
everyone to bed, your oldest son
doesn't need herding. 

2229
02:00:39,900 --> 02:00:43,500
But goes anyway, probably glad 
for the excuse to escape family 

2230
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:45,700
time and return to whatever, 
thoughts, occupy. 

2231
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:49,300
His almost adult mine and you 
remain by the fire adding 

2232
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:52,200
another log because the light is
growing cold and you're not 

2233
02:00:52,200 --> 02:00:54,300
quite ready to surrender warmth 
for sleep. 

2234
02:00:55,300 --> 02:00:58,800
The would catch is slowly 
Flames, licking up the sides 

2235
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:00,400
before fully committing to 
burning. 

2236
02:01:00,400 --> 02:01:03,300
You watch this with the 
attention of someone who's tired

2237
02:01:03,300 --> 02:01:05,400
enough that even fire becomes 
interesting. 

2238
02:01:06,300 --> 02:01:09,900
The house quiets as children 
settle into sleep, the creaking 

2239
02:01:09,900 --> 02:01:12,800
and thumping from upstairs 
gradually diminishes until 

2240
02:01:12,800 --> 02:01:14,400
there's only The house's own 
sounds. 

2241
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:18,600
The Timbers settling the wind 
finding gaps in the walls and 

2242
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:22,500
the fire popping occasionally 
when pockets of sap heat and 

2243
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:24,600
burst. 
These sounds are so familiar. 

2244
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:27,200
They're almost silence. 
The white noise of home. 

2245
02:01:27,900 --> 02:01:30,900
Your wife returns having 
achieved the minor miracle of 

2246
02:01:30,908 --> 02:01:33,000
getting everyone in bed, without
major drama. 

2247
02:01:33,000 --> 02:01:35,900
She settles back into her chair 
with a sigh. 

2248
02:01:35,900 --> 02:01:38,000
That contains a full day's worth
of tiredness. 

2249
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:42,600
For a while, neither of you 
speaks, there's nothing that 

2250
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:45,000
needs saying. 
And you're both too tired from 

2251
02:01:45,000 --> 02:01:48,500
unnecessary conversation Fire 
burns. 

2252
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:51,300
The darkness beyond the windows 
is complete. 

2253
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,600
Now, the Harbin visible except 
for occasional lanterns. 

2254
02:01:54,600 --> 02:01:58,000
Moving on distant ships, she 
mentions that the roof is 

2255
02:01:58,000 --> 02:02:01,500
definitely leaking worse than 
before and that the leak in the 

2256
02:02:01,500 --> 02:02:04,400
corner, has expanded to include 
the area near the window. 

2257
02:02:04,400 --> 02:02:07,500
You acknowledge this, with the 
resignation of someone who 

2258
02:02:07,500 --> 02:02:11,100
knows, roof repairs cost money, 
you don't have, she suggests, 

2259
02:02:11,100 --> 02:02:14,100
maybe asking your brother in law
who supposedly knows about 

2260
02:02:14,100 --> 02:02:16,500
roofs. 
So you both know this is 

2261
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:20,300
unlikely to result in actual 
repairs and very likely to 

2262
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:22,400
result in advice. 
You don't want about other 

2263
02:02:22,400 --> 02:02:25,700
things wrong with your house, 
you discuss quietly the 

2264
02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:28,400
possibility of your oldest son, 
taking that ship job. 

2265
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:32,300
The conversation is careful. 
Both of you, testing the edges 

2266
02:02:32,300 --> 02:02:34,900
of your feelings about it 
without committing to positions.

2267
02:02:34,900 --> 02:02:38,100
She worries about storms, and 
Pirates, and all the things that

2268
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:41,400
can go wrong at sea. 
You worry about the same things 

2269
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:44,600
but also think about the money 
about what it could mean for the

2270
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:46,600
family. 
Neither of you wants to make 

2271
02:02:46,600 --> 02:02:49,700
this decision but it's probably 
not your decision to make any 

2272
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,600
way. 
The boys, nearly grown and grown

2273
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:56,300
men make their own choices. 
The fire burns lower and you 

2274
02:02:56,300 --> 02:02:57,600
should probably Bank it for the 
night. 

2275
02:02:57,600 --> 02:03:00,800
But moving requires energy. 
You're not sure you have. 

2276
02:03:00,800 --> 02:03:03,400
The wife seems to be thinking 
the same thing. 

2277
02:03:03,400 --> 02:03:06,600
Both of you sitting there aware 
that you should go to bed, but 

2278
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:08,500
lacking the motivation to 
actually do it. 

2279
02:03:09,400 --> 02:03:12,700
These moments of quiet between 
tasks are rare enough that your 

2280
02:03:12,700 --> 02:03:15,400
reluctant to end them eventually
necessity. 

2281
02:03:15,400 --> 02:03:18,900
Overcomes inertia. 
You tend to the fire arranging 

2282
02:03:18,900 --> 02:03:21,100
logs and Ash to keep some heat 
through the night without 

2283
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,100
burning too much fuel. 
Your wife checks, the door is 

2284
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:26,400
barred and the shutter is 
secured and performs all the 

2285
02:03:26,408 --> 02:03:28,600
small rituals that separate day 
from night. 

2286
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:32,100
You follow her up stairs. 
Each step, reminding you of 

2287
02:03:32,100 --> 02:03:35,100
muscles that were worked hard 
today and will be worked hard 

2288
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,600
again. 
Tomorrow, the bedroom is cold, 

2289
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:39,700
despite the lingering warmth 
from downstairs. 

2290
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:42,700
You undress. 
Quickly clothes folded and left 

2291
02:03:42,700 --> 02:03:45,900
on the chest because hanging 
them up is more effort and seems

2292
02:03:45,900 --> 02:03:48,200
worthwhile. 
The bed is cold, and until 

2293
02:03:48,200 --> 02:03:50,700
you've been in it for a few 
minutes and then it becomes 

2294
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:53,300
merely cool. 
And then finally, warm enough 

2295
02:03:53,300 --> 02:03:57,700
that you can relax your wife 
settles in beside you and for a 

2296
02:03:57,700 --> 02:03:59,300
moment, your both awake in the 
darkness. 

2297
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:03,200
Listening to the house around 
you, the harbor of the bond and 

2298
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:06,000
the whole Port Town settling 
into its nighttime. 

2299
02:04:06,000 --> 02:04:10,000
Rhythm tomorrow will be much 
like today the Tide will turn 

2300
02:04:10,000 --> 02:04:13,900
ships will need unloading and 
the market will sell fish and 

2301
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:16,900
bread and all the other 
necessities of life, your 

2302
02:04:16,900 --> 02:04:19,600
children will grow, slightly 
older, your back will hurt 

2303
02:04:19,600 --> 02:04:23,100
slightly more and the roof will 
leak exactly as much as it 

2304
02:04:23,100 --> 02:04:24,900
leaks. 
Now, until you eventually do 

2305
02:04:24,900 --> 02:04:28,800
something about it. 
But that's tomorrow's concern 

2306
02:04:28,800 --> 02:04:33,000
tonight your warm and horizontal
and your family is safe under 

2307
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:36,800
your roof, leaky though. 
That roof may be the sea, 

2308
02:04:36,800 --> 02:04:41,000
murmurs in the background 
Eternal and endless the sound 

2309
02:04:41,000 --> 02:04:42,600
that's been the backdrop to your
life. 

2310
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:45,900
Since you were born in this port
town and will be the backdrop 

2311
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,400
until you die here. 
It's not a bad sound to fall 

2312
02:04:49,400 --> 02:04:54,600
asleep to constant rhythmic 
almost like breathing, if 

2313
02:04:54,600 --> 02:04:57,800
breathing were larger and wetter
and involved, moving several 

2314
02:04:57,800 --> 02:04:59,700
million tons of water twice a 
day. 

2315
02:04:59,708 --> 02:05:02,800
Sleep comes, gradually 
Consciousness. 

2316
02:05:02,800 --> 02:05:06,500
Fading like the tide, going out 
your last thought before it 

2317
02:05:06,500 --> 02:05:09,900
takes you as something about 
tomorrow's work by morning. 

2318
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:13,100
You won't remember what that 
thought was only that you had it

2319
02:05:13,100 --> 02:05:17,300
and it seemed important at the 
time and now it's gone like 

2320
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:21,200
everything else in the gentle 
darkness of sleep and home. 

2321
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,100
Your outside a cave entrance in?
What will one day? 

2322
02:05:29,100 --> 02:05:32,500
Be called, France? 
But that name won't exist for 

2323
02:05:32,500 --> 02:05:37,400
another 30,000 years. 
The year is approximately 35,000

2324
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:41,200
BCE and you've just finished a 
meal of roasted ibex. 

2325
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,900
Fire crackles beside. 
You sending occasional Sparks 

2326
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,400
upward into the darkness. 
And as your eyes, follow, those 

2327
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:52,600
brief orange Embers. 
They continue traveling until 

2328
02:05:52,600 --> 02:05:54,900
they meet something far more 
permanent. 

2329
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:59,800
Stars not just a handful of 
stars but thousands upon 

2330
02:05:59,800 --> 02:06:03,500
thousands of them spread across 
the sky in a Brilliance that 

2331
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:06,700
would make any modern city 
dweller weep with disbelief, 

2332
02:06:07,700 --> 02:06:11,800
There's no light pollution here,
no glow of distant towns or 

2333
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:15,100
passing cars. 
The Milky Way stretches overhead

2334
02:06:15,100 --> 02:06:17,800
like a river of cream poured 
across Blackstone. 

2335
02:06:17,800 --> 02:06:20,500
So bright, you could almost read
by it. 

2336
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:25,200
If reading was something new how
to do But you don't need reading

2337
02:06:25,200 --> 02:06:28,800
your mind is already doing 
something far, more fundamental.

2338
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:34,800
It's finding patterns. 
This isn't a conscious decision.

2339
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:39,800
Your brain like every human 
brain that will follow yours 

2340
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:43,100
through the Millennia is a 
pattern recognition machine. 

2341
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:47,700
It's what keeps you alive. 
That Russell in the grass might 

2342
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:50,300
be wind or it might be a cave 
lion. 

2343
02:06:51,300 --> 02:06:54,000
That particular arrangement of 
broken branches. 

2344
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:57,700
Might mean another human past 
this way, or it might mean 

2345
02:06:57,700 --> 02:06:59,900
nothing. 
At all your survival. 

2346
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:03,300
Depends on sorting signal from 
noise and you've gotten 

2347
02:07:03,300 --> 02:07:07,100
remarkably good at it. 
So when you look at the stars, 

2348
02:07:07,100 --> 02:07:11,200
your brain does what it does 
best, it connects dots that 

2349
02:07:11,200 --> 02:07:14,000
cluster over there looks 
somewhat like the Ibex you 

2350
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:17,100
hunted earlier. 
See how those stars form the 

2351
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:19,900
curve of horns. 
And that group to the east 

2352
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:23,100
resembles, the bear. 
You saw last spring though, 

2353
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:26,000
you'd never get close enough to 
one, to confirm the details. 

2354
02:07:26,000 --> 02:07:30,300
You don't have names for these 
patterns yet at least not names.

2355
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:34,300
That will survive but you 
recognize them night after 

2356
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,600
night. 
They're there in the same 

2357
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:38,400
positions, relative to each 
other. 

2358
02:07:38,400 --> 02:07:43,000
This is remarkable actually. 
Almost everything else in your 

2359
02:07:43,000 --> 02:07:46,100
world changes. 
The seasons shift. 

2360
02:07:46,900 --> 02:07:52,600
Animals migrate Rivers flood and
reseed trees, grow and fall, 

2361
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:56,500
even the moon transforms its 
face across each month. 

2362
02:07:56,500 --> 02:08:00,700
Swelling from a sliver to a 
bright, Circle and back again. 

2363
02:08:00,700 --> 02:08:05,500
But these Stars these particular
Arrangements, they are constant.

2364
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:09,800
Or mostly constant. 
Anyway, you've noticed they do 

2365
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:13,200
move across the sky. 
Each night Wheeling from east to

2366
02:08:13,200 --> 02:08:16,600
west, but they maintain their 
relationships to each other. 

2367
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:22,300
The Ibex Stars, stay Ibex shaped
the best Stars remain bare like,

2368
02:08:23,000 --> 02:08:26,100
You don't know it yet but you've
just made one of the most 

2369
02:08:26,108 --> 02:08:28,400
important discoveries in human 
history. 

2370
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:33,400
You found something reliable in 
an unreliable world over the 

2371
02:08:33,400 --> 02:08:35,900
following nights and months. 
You notice more. 

2372
02:08:36,800 --> 02:08:39,900
Those same star patterns appear 
in the East each evening and 

2373
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:42,800
travel Westwood eventually 
disappearing. 

2374
02:08:42,800 --> 02:08:46,400
Below the Western Horizon. 
If you stay awake, long enough, 

2375
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:50,800
and sometimes you do whether by 
choice or because something has 

2376
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:53,400
spooked the group and everyone's
remaining alert. 

2377
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,000
You see new patterns rise in the
east to replace them. 

2378
02:08:57,000 --> 02:09:02,100
It's like watching a very slow 
parade except this parade 

2379
02:09:02,100 --> 02:09:05,600
repeats itself with 
extraordinary precision You 

2380
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:09,400
begin to anticipate? 
You know that when certain stars

2381
02:09:09,400 --> 02:09:13,100
appear, just above the Eastern 
Horizon at dusk, the weather 

2382
02:09:13,100 --> 02:09:14,600
will soon. 
Turn colder. 

2383
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:18,300
You've seen this correlation 
enough times that it's no longer

2384
02:09:18,308 --> 02:09:21,800
a coincidence. 
When other stars dominate the 

2385
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:25,500
night sky, the herds will be 
moving through the valley and 

2386
02:09:25,500 --> 02:09:29,400
hunting will be good. 
This knowledge gets shared 

2387
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:33,900
around fires under those same 
Stars, you and others discuss 

2388
02:09:33,900 --> 02:09:36,800
these observations. 
The sharing isn't formal 

2389
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:39,700
education as future 
civilizations will understand 

2390
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:42,500
it. 
There are no schools, no books 

2391
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:46,800
and no formal teachers, but 
knowledge passes anyway, through

2392
02:09:46,800 --> 02:09:50,300
conversation and demonstration 
through the simple Act of 

2393
02:09:50,308 --> 02:09:52,100
pointing upward and helping 
others. 

2394
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,600
See what you see. 
A young member of your group 

2395
02:09:55,600 --> 02:09:58,800
perhaps 10 or 11 years old sits 
beside you. 

2396
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:02,500
One night you point out the 
patterns, you know, tracing 

2397
02:10:02,500 --> 02:10:05,400
invisible lines between stars 
with your finger. 

2398
02:10:06,200 --> 02:10:10,200
The child's eyes, follow your 
hand, and you can see the moment

2399
02:10:10,200 --> 02:10:15,100
of recognition that same spark 
of understanding that Lit your 

2400
02:10:15,100 --> 02:10:18,300
own mind years ago. 
The patterns aren't random. 

2401
02:10:18,300 --> 02:10:22,300
They mean, something they can be
learned, neither of you, 

2402
02:10:22,300 --> 02:10:25,900
realizes it, but you're creating
something that will Outlast both

2403
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:29,000
your lives. 
Both your descendants and both 

2404
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:33,000
your entire lineage is 
stretching forward, 10,000 

2405
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:36,700
years, you're creating 
tradition, your building, the 

2406
02:10:36,700 --> 02:10:39,500
foundation of astronomy, the 
Stars. 

2407
02:10:39,500 --> 02:10:43,000
We overhead indifferent to your 
newfound attention. 

2408
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:47,200
They've been there for billions 
of years before you and they'll 

2409
02:10:47,200 --> 02:10:49,800
remain for billions more after 
your gone. 

2410
02:10:49,800 --> 02:10:54,100
But in this moment in the simple
Act of watching and wondering 

2411
02:10:54,100 --> 02:10:57,900
you've joined a project that 
your species will continue for 

2412
02:10:57,900 --> 02:11:02,100
as long as it exists, you've 
started asking the question that

2413
02:11:02,100 --> 02:11:06,000
will echo through every 
civilization that follows What 

2414
02:11:06,000 --> 02:11:08,300
are those lights? 
And what do they mean? 

2415
02:11:08,300 --> 02:11:13,900
It's approximately 15,000 BC now
and your standing in what will 

2416
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:18,500
eventually be known as Germany? 
Watching the moon rise over a 

2417
02:11:18,500 --> 02:11:22,100
landscape of ice and Scattered 
Pine, the glaciers have been 

2418
02:11:22,108 --> 02:11:25,700
retreating for Generations, but 
winter still brings a cold that 

2419
02:11:25,700 --> 02:11:29,100
can kill the unwary. 
You've survived 23 of these 

2420
02:11:29,100 --> 02:11:32,800
Winters which makes you 
remarkably old by the standards 

2421
02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:35,000
of your time. 
And you've learned something 

2422
02:11:35,000 --> 02:11:39,600
that younger people often miss. 
The Sky Keeps time. 

2423
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:44,900
Not just any time the perfect 
time you discovered this 

2424
02:11:44,900 --> 02:11:47,400
gradually. 
The way most important things 

2425
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:51,400
are discovered one year. 
You notice that the moon went 

2426
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:56,200
through exactly 12 complete 
Cycles from new to full and back

2427
02:11:56,200 --> 02:11:59,500
to New again before the seasons 
completed their circuit. 

2428
02:11:59,500 --> 02:12:03,400
Well, almost 12. 
It was actually a bit more than 

2429
02:12:03,400 --> 02:12:06,200
12 but close enough that you 
could use it as a rough 

2430
02:12:06,200 --> 02:12:09,600
calendar. 
When the moon had cycled through

2431
02:12:09,600 --> 02:12:13,900
its phases 12 times, you could 
expect the warm season to arrive

2432
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:16,800
soon when it cycled through 
another 12. 

2433
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,900
The cold would return. 
This was useful, but the moon 

2434
02:12:20,900 --> 02:12:22,900
alone wasn't quite reliable 
enough. 

2435
02:12:23,900 --> 02:12:27,900
Some years counting 12 moons 
brought you to the season change

2436
02:12:27,900 --> 02:12:30,800
right on schedule. 
Other years you'd be off by 

2437
02:12:30,800 --> 02:12:34,100
several weeks. 
It was frustrating like trying 

2438
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:37,300
to catch fish with the net. 
That had inconsistent holes. 

2439
02:12:37,900 --> 02:12:41,800
But then you paid attention to 
the Stars specifically to which 

2440
02:12:41,800 --> 02:12:45,200
stars were visible. 
Just Before Dawn, you've noticed

2441
02:12:45,200 --> 02:12:48,600
that certain Stars would appear 
on the Eastern Horizon just 

2442
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:52,100
before the sun rose and this 
appearance correlated even 

2443
02:12:52,100 --> 02:12:54,500
better with the seasons than the
moon did. 

2444
02:12:54,500 --> 02:12:58,500
When you could see a particular 
bright star Rising just before 

2445
02:12:58,500 --> 02:13:02,400
Daybreak you with certainty, 
that the herds would arrive 

2446
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:06,000
within days. 
When another star made its first

2447
02:13:06,000 --> 02:13:09,100
pre-dawn appearance, you could 
prepare for the cold. 

2448
02:13:09,100 --> 02:13:11,700
You didn't know the physics 
behind this. 

2449
02:13:12,500 --> 02:13:15,600
You didn't know that Earth 
orbits the Sun or the Stars 

2450
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,800
apparent, positions shifted 
gradually throughout the year 

2451
02:13:18,800 --> 02:13:22,900
because this orbital motion you 
didn't need to know the 

2452
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:25,300
mechanism. 
You just needed to know it 

2453
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:29,300
worked and it did with the 
reliability that bordered on the

2454
02:13:29,300 --> 02:13:32,600
miraculous. 
Other patterns emerged as you 

2455
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:36,000
watched the moon's position 
against the background Stars 

2456
02:13:36,000 --> 02:13:40,400
changed nightly moving Eastward 
through the same star patterns 

2457
02:13:40,400 --> 02:13:42,200
that the sun seemed to travel 
through. 

2458
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:45,400
During the year. 
The moon completed its journey 

2459
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:50,100
through these patterns in about 
29 days, one, complete cycle, 

2460
02:13:50,100 --> 02:13:54,100
from New Moon to New Moon, This 
realization helped you 

2461
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:57,100
understand why? 
The 12 months didn't quite match

2462
02:13:57,100 --> 02:14:00,600
up with the seasonal year, the 
moon and the sun were traveling 

2463
02:14:00,600 --> 02:14:04,000
along the same path through the 
stars, but at different speeds, 

2464
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:08,300
you began marking these 
observations on Bones and 

2465
02:14:08,300 --> 02:14:12,900
antlers you carved, notches not 
random decorations, but 

2466
02:14:12,900 --> 02:14:18,200
deliberate counts, 29, notches 
for a lunar month. 12 sets of 

2467
02:14:18,200 --> 02:14:22,000
these for a year with additional
marks to track the discrepancy. 

2468
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:25,500
These were not idle due to 
passed around a fire. 

2469
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:28,600
They were data. 
They were records. 

2470
02:14:28,600 --> 02:14:33,300
They were Humanity's first bred 
sheets carved in to whatever 

2471
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:35,500
material was hard enough to 
last. 

2472
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:39,900
The Precision of these records 
is startling modern 

2473
02:14:39,900 --> 02:14:43,700
archaeologists examining Ice Age
artifacts of found counting 

2474
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:47,200
systems that tracked lunar 
phases with remarkable accuracy.

2475
02:14:48,200 --> 02:14:51,600
You weren't primitive in your 
thinking, you were sophisticated

2476
02:14:51,600 --> 02:14:54,200
observers. 
Using the tools available to 

2477
02:14:54,200 --> 02:14:57,700
you, the fact that you lacked 
telescope or mathematical 

2478
02:14:57,700 --> 02:15:00,200
notation didn't make you less 
intelligent. 

2479
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:04,100
It made you more impressive, 
actually, because you figured 

2480
02:15:04,100 --> 02:15:07,800
out so much with. 
So little this time keeping had 

2481
02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:11,600
immediate practical value, 
knowing when Seasons would 

2482
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:15,200
change meant knowing when to 
move Camp when to hunt specific 

2483
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:19,400
animals and went to gather 
particular plants, a group that 

2484
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:22,900
could predict these changes had 
significant advantages over a 

2485
02:15:22,900 --> 02:15:24,900
group that reacted to them as 
they occurred. 

2486
02:15:25,700 --> 02:15:29,600
You could prepare, you could 
plan, you could survive when 

2487
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:32,800
others might not, but something 
else was happening, too 

2488
02:15:32,800 --> 02:15:37,100
something harder to quantify. 
By tracking time, you were 

2489
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:40,300
developing a new relationship 
with the future, instead of 

2490
02:15:40,300 --> 02:15:43,900
living entirely in the present 
moment, reacting to whatever 

2491
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:46,900
each day brought, you are 
beginning to anticipate. 

2492
02:15:46,900 --> 02:15:51,800
You were building mental models 
of how the world worked. models 

2493
02:15:51,800 --> 02:15:56,700
that extended Beyond immediate 
sensory experience you were in a

2494
02:15:56,700 --> 02:16:01,700
real sense beginning to think 
abstractly The night sky, became

2495
02:16:01,700 --> 02:16:05,500
your most reliable reference, 
the ground, Beneath Your Feet, 

2496
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:09,100
change with floods and fires, 
and the slow grinding of 

2497
02:16:09,100 --> 02:16:13,800
glaciers, the plants and animals
around you, migrated and evolved

2498
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:16,900
even the climate shifted across 
Generations. 

2499
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:22,100
But those Stars those patterns 
in the sky remained constant 

2500
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:23,800
enough to build your life 
around. 

2501
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:27,400
They were the one fixed 
reference in a fluid world. 

2502
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:31,400
You didn't worship the Stars 
exactly though, that would come 

2503
02:16:31,400 --> 02:16:35,000
later for other cultures. 
Your relationship with them was 

2504
02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:37,400
more practical than spiritual at
this point. 

2505
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:41,000
They were tools. 
They were the most accurate 

2506
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:44,000
calendar. 
You have the most reliable clock

2507
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:46,100
and the best map for predicting 
the future. 

2508
02:16:46,100 --> 02:16:50,500
They were quite literally your 
guide to survive all as you 

2509
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:53,299
stand there, watching the moon 
rise, you feel a satisfaction 

2510
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:58,299
that transcends me? 
Utility There's something deeply

2511
02:16:58,299 --> 02:17:01,100
pleasing about understanding how
the sky works. 

2512
02:17:01,900 --> 02:17:05,200
About being able to predict what
will appear where and when 

2513
02:17:05,200 --> 02:17:08,799
you've turned mystery into 
knowledge and Chaos into 

2514
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,100
pattern, you've looked at the 
universe and found it 

2515
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:16,700
comprehensible the Stars 
continue their ancient dance and

2516
02:17:16,700 --> 02:17:20,100
you can continue your watch 
adding another night's 

2517
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:23,000
observations to a lifetime of 
accumulated knowledge. 

2518
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:26,700
You don't know that people will 
still be doing this same thing 

2519
02:17:26,700 --> 02:17:30,900
15,000 years from now. 
Using tools you can't imagine to

2520
02:17:30,900 --> 02:17:34,600
ask questions you'd never think 
to pose But you'd probably 

2521
02:17:34,600 --> 02:17:38,000
appreciate the continuity. 
You started something. 

2522
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:42,000
After all, you've begun the long
project of mapping the heavens 

2523
02:17:42,000 --> 02:17:46,100
and that project has barely 
begun your standing on a 

2524
02:17:46,108 --> 02:17:50,600
ziggurat in ancient Babylon, and
the year is approximately 1700 

2525
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:55,500
BCE the structure Beneath Your 
Feet rises in, massive, tears of

2526
02:17:55,508 --> 02:17:59,700
the Euphrates River Valley. 
Each level smaller than the one 

2527
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:04,000
below creating a stepped pyramid
that serves as both Temple and 

2528
02:18:04,000 --> 02:18:08,700
Observatory, he has warm, it's 
almost always warm here and the 

2529
02:18:08,708 --> 02:18:11,299
sounds of the city of faded with
the sunset. 

2530
02:18:12,100 --> 02:18:17,299
Now, there's just you the night 
and your duty, you are a priest 

2531
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:19,299
astronomer. 
Which, in this civilization 

2532
02:18:19,299 --> 02:18:22,100
means, you're one of the most 
powerful people in the Kingdom 

2533
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:26,000
Kings consult you before making 
important decisions. 

2534
02:18:27,100 --> 02:18:30,299
Farmers depend on your 
calculations to know when to 

2535
02:18:30,299 --> 02:18:34,000
plant the entire Empire runs 
according to calendars. 

2536
02:18:34,000 --> 02:18:37,900
You and your colleagues maintain
this isn't symbolic power. 

2537
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:42,299
This is real Authority, derived 
from real knowledge and that 

2538
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:46,000
knowledge comes from the sky. 
Your people of watching the 

2539
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:49,900
heavens systematically for 
centuries, keeping records that 

2540
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,900
span Generations. 
These aren't casual observations

2541
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:55,500
noted. 
When someone happens to 

2542
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:59,700
remember, this is rigorous 
continuous monitoring with each 

2543
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,400
night sky. 
Carefully recorded on clay 

2544
02:19:02,400 --> 02:19:06,600
tablets, that fill entire 
library's yuve inherited these 

2545
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:10,700
records and you add to them. 
Nightly continuing, a scientific

2546
02:19:10,700 --> 02:19:13,600
tradition, that will Outlast 
your civilization itself. 

2547
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,500
Tonight, your tracking Venus, 
the evening star. 

2548
02:19:18,500 --> 02:19:21,500
You call it though, you've 
noticed it all of appears as the

2549
02:19:21,500 --> 02:19:23,500
Morning Star at different times 
of year. 

2550
02:19:23,500 --> 02:19:27,200
What you don't yet realize is 
that these are the same object. 

2551
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:30,100
A planet closer to the Sun than 
Earth. 

2552
02:19:30,900 --> 02:19:34,299
Though the concept of planets, 
as worlds, rather than wandering

2553
02:19:34,299 --> 02:19:38,500
stars is still centuries away. 
What you do know is that Venus 

2554
02:19:38,500 --> 02:19:42,100
follows a complex pattern 
through the sky, appearing and 

2555
02:19:42,100 --> 02:19:46,000
disappearing with a regularity 
you've learned to predict This 

2556
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:49,900
predictability is everything in 
a world where so much is 

2557
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:52,800
uncertain. 
Where crops might fail where 

2558
02:19:52,800 --> 02:19:56,800
diseases strike without warning,
where enemies could attack at 

2559
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:00,500
any time. 
The sky offers constancy, the 

2560
02:20:00,500 --> 02:20:03,400
fact that you can predict 
celestial events, gives you a 

2561
02:20:03,400 --> 02:20:07,400
kind of power over chaos itself,
when you announce that Venus 

2562
02:20:07,400 --> 02:20:11,000
will disappear from the evening 
sky and five days and reappear 

2563
02:20:11,000 --> 02:20:14,600
as the morning star in 83 days 
and then it happens. 

2564
02:20:14,600 --> 02:20:16,900
Exactly. 
As you've said, your 

2565
02:20:16,900 --> 02:20:20,600
demonstrating Mastery over the 
cosmos itself, or at least 

2566
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:23,300
that's how it appears to those, 
who don't understand your 

2567
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:25,900
methods. 
But you understand your methods 

2568
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:30,100
and then not magic their 
mathematics, your civilization 

2569
02:20:30,100 --> 02:20:34,500
has developed sophisticated 
arithmetic, including a base 60 

2570
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:38,200
counting system, that will 
eventually give the world's 60 

2571
02:20:38,200 --> 02:20:40,000
second minutes and 60 Minute 
hours. 

2572
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:44,900
You use this mathematic to track
Celestial Cycles, calculating 

2573
02:20:44,900 --> 02:20:47,500
the relationship. 
Between different astronomical 

2574
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:49,900
periods with impressive, 
precision. 

2575
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:54,600
The moon has been especially 
well studied your predecessors 

2576
02:20:54,600 --> 02:20:59,000
discovered the Sorrows cycle, a 
period of approximately 18 years

2577
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:03,900
and 11 days after which eclipses
repeat in almost identical 

2578
02:21:03,900 --> 02:21:06,700
patterns. 
This means that if you record 

2579
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:10,900
every eclipse for 18 years, you 
can predict eclipses for the 

2580
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,500
next 18 years and the 18. 
After that. 

2581
02:21:13,500 --> 02:21:18,000
It's not perfect small 
variations accumulate over time,

2582
02:21:18,000 --> 02:21:22,000
but it's remarkably accurate, 
and it makes you appear. 

2583
02:21:22,000 --> 02:21:25,500
Almost prophetic to those who 
don't know, the mathematics 

2584
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:28,800
behind your predictions. 
You've all been tracking the 

2585
02:21:28,800 --> 02:21:32,100
five visible planets though. 
You don't call them that yet. 

2586
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:38,600
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and
Saturn wander among the fixed 

2587
02:21:38,600 --> 02:21:41,300
Stars. 
Each following its own complex 

2588
02:21:41,300 --> 02:21:44,000
path. 
Mercury never Strays far from 

2589
02:21:44,000 --> 02:21:49,400
the Sun appearing briefly, after
sunset, or Before Sunrise, Venus

2590
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:52,500
makes its more dramatic 
appearances, becoming the 

2591
02:21:52,500 --> 02:21:55,700
brightest object in the sky, 
besides the Sun and Moon. 

2592
02:21:55,700 --> 02:22:00,200
Mars occasionally seems to move 
backward a phenomenon called 

2593
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,400
retrograde motion, that will 
puzzle astronomers for 

2594
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:07,400
centuries. 
Jupiter and Saturn, move more 

2595
02:22:07,400 --> 02:22:10,800
slowly taking years to complete 
their Journeys. 

2596
02:22:10,800 --> 02:22:14,100
Through the Stars, these 
observations have practical 

2597
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,500
applications. 
Your calendar based on lunar 

2598
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,000
months, but adjusted to keep 
Pace with the solar year, 

2599
02:22:20,000 --> 02:22:23,300
requires constant monitoring to 
remain accurate. 

2600
02:22:23,300 --> 02:22:26,900
You add extra months when 
necessary a practice called 

2601
02:22:26,900 --> 02:22:30,800
intercalation to prevent the 
calendar from drifting away from

2602
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,600
the seasons. 
This ensures that religious 

2603
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:37,000
festivals occur at the 
appropriate times of year that 

2604
02:22:37,000 --> 02:22:40,500
Farmers plant at the optimal 
moment and that the entire 

2605
02:22:40,500 --> 02:22:44,100
civilization stays synchronized 
with natural cycles. 

2606
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:47,800
But there's more than 
practicality at work here. 

2607
02:22:47,800 --> 02:22:52,600
You've begun to see patterns 
within patterns relationships 

2608
02:22:52,600 --> 02:22:55,600
between celestial events. 
That suggests the universe 

2609
02:22:55,600 --> 02:22:58,300
operates according to 
comprehensible rules. 

2610
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:01,700
When you calculate that Mars 
will appear in a certain 

2611
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:05,800
position relative to certain 
stars on a certain date and then

2612
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:08,400
it happens. 
You're not just predicting the 

2613
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:12,000
future your Glimpse in the 
underlying order of creation 

2614
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:15,100
itself. 
Your culture has woven the sky 

2615
02:23:15,100 --> 02:23:20,100
into every aspect of life. 
The Zodiac those 12 patterns of 

2616
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:23,100
stars through which the Sun 
appears to travel during the 

2617
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:25,900
year. 
Has become a framework for 

2618
02:23:25,900 --> 02:23:30,000
understanding time and fate each
month, belongs to a different 

2619
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:32,800
zodiac sign. 
And the position of planets 

2620
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:36,400
within these signs is believed 
influenced Earthly events. 

2621
02:23:36,400 --> 02:23:40,200
This is the beginning of 
astrology, which will later 

2622
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:43,400
diverge from astronomy, but 
which in your time is 

2623
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:47,100
inseparable from it. 
Both are attempts to find 

2624
02:23:47,100 --> 02:23:51,700
meaning in the sky to understand
how Celestial patterns relate to

2625
02:23:51,700 --> 02:23:55,400
terrestrial existence. 
You don't see a conflict between

2626
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:59,200
the spiritual and the 
mathematical for you calculating

2627
02:23:59,200 --> 02:24:03,300
the precise moment of a Luna 
Eclipse and believing that a 

2628
02:24:03,300 --> 02:24:06,700
Clips carries Divine. 
Significance are complementary 

2629
02:24:06,700 --> 02:24:11,400
activities, the mathematics 
proves the divine order, The 

2630
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:14,800
predictability of the heavens 
demonstrates that the universe 

2631
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:18,800
is not chaotic but rather 
follows laws established by the 

2632
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:21,700
Gods. 
Your calculations are in a 

2633
02:24:21,700 --> 02:24:26,200
sense, a way of reading the gods
intention as the night deepens. 

2634
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:28,400
You record your observations on 
a fresh. 

2635
02:24:28,400 --> 02:24:31,000
Clay. 
Tablet pressing wedge-shaped 

2636
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:34,300
marks into the soft surface with
your reads stylists. 

2637
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,900
Centuries from now archeologists
will unearth tablets like this 

2638
02:24:38,900 --> 02:24:43,400
and Marvel at their accuracy. 
They'll recognize genuine 

2639
02:24:43,400 --> 02:24:48,200
astronomical data recorded with 
scientific precision, they'll 

2640
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:51,100
see that your civilization 
understood far more about 

2641
02:24:51,100 --> 02:24:55,400
Celestial mechanics than history
often credits you with knowing 

2642
02:24:56,300 --> 02:25:00,300
but for now, you're simply doing
your job, you're watching 

2643
02:25:00,308 --> 02:25:05,300
recording calculating and slowly
building a body of knowledge 

2644
02:25:05,300 --> 02:25:09,900
that will influence every 
civilization that follows When 

2645
02:25:09,900 --> 02:25:13,300
Greek astronomers later develop 
their models of the cosmos, 

2646
02:25:13,300 --> 02:25:17,700
they'll build on Babylonian 
observations when Islamic 

2647
02:25:17,700 --> 02:25:21,100
scholars, preserve an expand 
astronomical knowledge during 

2648
02:25:21,100 --> 02:25:25,100
Europe's Dark Ages, they'll 
reference Babylonian mathematics

2649
02:25:25,100 --> 02:25:28,500
when modern astronomy. 
Finally emerges, it will carry 

2650
02:25:28,500 --> 02:25:30,800
forward, Traditions that began 
on ziggurats. 

2651
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:35,500
Like the one beneath your feet. 
The Stars wheel overhead, the 

2652
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:39,700
same stars that Ice Age Hunters 
watched but you're seeing them 

2653
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,100
differently. 
Now your measuring them 

2654
02:25:42,100 --> 02:25:45,800
calculating their movements and 
finding mathematical 

2655
02:25:45,800 --> 02:25:50,000
relationships in their patterns.
You've transformed them from 

2656
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:54,300
mysterious lights into data 
points, in an increasingly 

2657
02:25:54,300 --> 02:25:56,900
sophisticated understanding of 
the cosmos. 

2658
02:25:56,900 --> 02:26:00,300
You've turned Wonder into 
science that you don't use that 

2659
02:26:00,300 --> 02:26:03,600
word yet. 
Above you, the Milky Way glows 

2660
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:07,700
and somewhere within it though 
you'll never know this, the 

2661
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:11,400
light of your own son is just 
one star among billions. 

2662
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:16,300
But on this night in this moment
you're doing the work that will 

2663
02:26:16,300 --> 02:26:18,600
eventually reveal even that 
humbling. 

2664
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:24,000
Truth, your watching recording 
and thinking activities that 

2665
02:26:24,000 --> 02:26:27,300
will prove to be among 
Humanity's most powerful tools 

2666
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:31,300
for understanding the universe. 
Your standing on the deck of a 

2667
02:26:31,300 --> 02:26:35,800
Polynesian voyaging canoe, and 
the year is approximately 800 

2668
02:26:35,800 --> 02:26:40,500
CE, the nearest land is three 
days behind you and the nearest 

2669
02:26:40,500 --> 02:26:43,000
land ahead is perhaps five days 
away. 

2670
02:26:44,000 --> 02:26:47,300
Though you won't know for 
certain until you see it around 

2671
02:26:47,300 --> 02:26:49,400
you. 
The Pacific Ocean extends to 

2672
02:26:49,400 --> 02:26:52,100
every Horizon an expanse of 
water. 

2673
02:26:52,100 --> 02:26:55,500
So vast that all the world's 
land could fit within it with 

2674
02:26:55,500 --> 02:27:00,700
room to spare And you have no 
instruments, no Compass, no sex,

2675
02:27:00,700 --> 02:27:06,700
and no GPS, you have something 
better, you have the stars and 

2676
02:27:06,700 --> 02:27:11,300
you know, how to read them. 
Your canoe is magnificent, 60 

2677
02:27:11,300 --> 02:27:15,400
feet of a hull carved from 
breadfruit trees with two, hulls

2678
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:18,600
joined by a platform that 
provides stability and rough 

2679
02:27:18,608 --> 02:27:22,000
Seas. 
The sale is woven from pandanus 

2680
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:25,300
leaves and it catches the trade 
winds that will carry you, 

2681
02:27:25,300 --> 02:27:27,600
across hundreds of miles of open
ocean. 

2682
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:31,500
You're traveling with 30 other 
people carrying plants and 

2683
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:33,600
animals to establish on a new 
island. 

2684
02:27:33,600 --> 02:27:37,700
Assuming you find it. 
This isn't exploration for 

2685
02:27:37,700 --> 02:27:42,200
exploration's sake. 
This is colonization migration. 

2686
02:27:42,200 --> 02:27:47,300
The deliberate expansion of your
people across a vast ocean and 

2687
02:27:47,300 --> 02:27:50,600
your navigating by methods, that
would seem impossible to many 

2688
02:27:50,600 --> 02:27:53,600
other cultures you have no 
written charts. 

2689
02:27:53,600 --> 02:27:57,700
You've never ridden down any 
direction or drawn any Maps, 

2690
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,500
everything, you know about 
navigation, every technique, 

2691
02:28:01,500 --> 02:28:06,400
every star path, every wave 
pattern exists in your memory. 

2692
02:28:06,400 --> 02:28:10,300
And in the memories of The 
Navigators who taught you, this 

2693
02:28:10,300 --> 02:28:14,900
knowledge was passed down 
orally, demonstrated as sea and 

2694
02:28:14,900 --> 02:28:17,000
practice until it became 
intuitive. 

2695
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:21,800
What looks like magic to outside
is actually a sophisticated 

2696
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:25,500
science based on careful 
observation of natural 

2697
02:28:25,500 --> 02:28:28,800
phenomena. 
The stars are your primary tools

2698
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:32,900
Before departing you memorize 
star paths. 

2699
02:28:33,700 --> 02:28:37,200
Specific stars that rise and set
at consistent points on the 

2700
02:28:37,200 --> 02:28:41,100
horizon, creating paths across 
the sky, that correspond to 

2701
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:44,500
directions across the ocean. 
When you want to sail toward 

2702
02:28:44,500 --> 02:28:47,600
your destination Island, you 
identify the appropriate 

2703
02:28:47,600 --> 02:28:50,300
starpath, and keep your canoe 
aligned with it. 

2704
02:28:51,200 --> 02:28:56,100
As each star rises in the East 
travels across the sky and sets 

2705
02:28:56,100 --> 02:29:00,200
in the west, you use it to 
maintain your course, when one 

2706
02:29:00,200 --> 02:29:02,600
star becomes too high to use 
effectively. 

2707
02:29:02,600 --> 02:29:05,600
You switch to the next star in 
the sequence. 

2708
02:29:06,400 --> 02:29:10,900
This can continue all night 
every night for as many nights 

2709
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:14,600
as the journey requires. 
During the day, you have the sun

2710
02:29:14,600 --> 02:29:18,100
which Rises and sets a 
predictable points, depending on

2711
02:29:18,100 --> 02:29:21,900
the season. 
You also have the swells long 

2712
02:29:21,900 --> 02:29:25,400
period waves generated by 
distant storms that travel 

2713
02:29:25,400 --> 02:29:28,400
across the ocean inconsistent 
Direction's. 

2714
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:32,000
You can feel these swells 
through the hull and sense their

2715
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:35,800
Direction even when surface 
waves obscure them. like 

2716
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:39,700
combining Sun position with 
swell Direction, you maintain 

2717
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:43,500
your course, during daylight 
hours, but the Stars provide the

2718
02:29:43,508 --> 02:29:47,800
most reliable guidance, You 
know, dozens of stars by name 

2719
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:51,700
understand their rising and 
setting points and can estimate 

2720
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:55,000
your latitude, by observing, 
which stars passed directly 

2721
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:58,700
overhead. 
The North Star Polaris is too 

2722
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:02,400
far north to be useful in most 
of the Pacific, but other stars,

2723
02:30:02,400 --> 02:30:06,100
serve, similar functions, the 
Southern Cross points. 

2724
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:11,200
South Arcturus, which you call 
hooker, Leah, passes, nearly 

2725
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:15,200
overhead at Hawaii's latitude. 
When hooker layer is directly 

2726
02:30:15,200 --> 02:30:18,500
above you, you know, you're at 
the correct latitude to find 

2727
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:21,900
those islands. 
You've also memorized reference 

2728
02:30:21,900 --> 02:30:25,500
Islands, small, atolls and 
islands that lie between your 

2729
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:29,400
starting point and destination. 
Even if you don't plan to stop 

2730
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:32,500
at these references, knowing 
their positions, helps you 

2731
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:36,500
navigate If you spot one of them
you can adjust your course 

2732
02:30:36,500 --> 02:30:40,600
accordingly, if you don't spot 
one, you expected to see you 

2733
02:30:40,600 --> 02:30:43,800
know you've drifted and can 
calculate the correction needed.

2734
02:30:44,700 --> 02:30:47,300
The sophistication of this 
system is staggering. 

2735
02:30:47,300 --> 02:30:50,100
You're essentially maintaining 
dead reckoning. 

2736
02:30:50,100 --> 02:30:53,600
Across hundreds or thousands of 
miles of featureless ocean 

2737
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:57,200
updating your position. 
Constantly based on every 

2738
02:30:57,200 --> 02:31:01,300
available cue, you watch for 
clouds that form over distant 

2739
02:31:01,300 --> 02:31:05,300
Islands, invisible below the 
Horizon but revealed by the 

2740
02:31:05,300 --> 02:31:09,500
clouds they generate. 
You observe sea birds and know 

2741
02:31:09,500 --> 02:31:13,300
which species fly far from land 
and which stay close to shore 

2742
02:31:13,300 --> 02:31:17,600
you note the color of the water,
the type of floating debris and 

2743
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:20,700
the temperature changes that 
indicate different currents. 

2744
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:25,100
On clear nights, the navigation 
is almost relaxing. 

2745
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:29,000
The stars are bright and 
obvious, the moon provides 

2746
02:31:29,000 --> 02:31:31,900
additional light and you can see
the Horizon clearly. 

2747
02:31:32,900 --> 02:31:35,600
But tonight clouds obscure much 
of the sky. 

2748
02:31:36,300 --> 02:31:39,600
This would Panic a less 
experienced Navigator, but 

2749
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:43,400
you've sailed through worse 
conditions, you find gaps in the

2750
02:31:43,400 --> 02:31:46,200
clouds. 
Catch glimpses of familiar stars

2751
02:31:46,200 --> 02:31:48,900
and use those brief views to 
maintain your course. 

2752
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:53,900
When stars aren't visible at 
all, you rely on the swells, on 

2753
02:31:53,900 --> 02:31:57,700
the winds Direction, and on 
subtle signs that others might 

2754
02:31:57,700 --> 02:32:01,500
miss entirely, your people have 
been making Journeys like this. 

2755
02:32:01,500 --> 02:32:06,200
For over 1000 Years, spreading 
across the Pacific in waves of 

2756
02:32:06,200 --> 02:32:10,500
migration that populated Islands
from Hawaii to New Zealand to 

2757
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:13,200
Easter Island. 
This represents one of 

2758
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:16,000
Humanity's greatest 
navigational, achievements 

2759
02:32:16,000 --> 02:32:19,800
settling thousands of islands 
scattered across the world's 

2760
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:24,900
largest ocean using nothing but 
observation memory and skill 

2761
02:32:24,900 --> 02:32:29,100
cultures with metal tools and 
written languages couldn't match

2762
02:32:29,100 --> 02:32:32,200
what your people accomplished 
with wooden, canoes and oral 

2763
02:32:32,200 --> 02:32:37,600
knowledge. the key was the Stars
reliability on a notion with the

2764
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:41,800
landmarks where currents can 
push you off course and wins can

2765
02:32:41,800 --> 02:32:46,600
shift unpredictably the Stars 
remained constant They appeared 

2766
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:50,700
in the same positions, followed 
the same paths and maintain 

2767
02:32:50,700 --> 02:32:52,600
their same relationships to each
other. 

2768
02:32:52,600 --> 02:32:56,400
This Celestial constancy 
provided the reference frame, 

2769
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:59,100
you needed to navigate 
terrestrial uncertainty. 

2770
02:32:59,900 --> 02:33:03,300
Your navigation is astronomy in 
its most practical form. 

2771
02:33:03,300 --> 02:33:06,500
You don't care about the 
physical nature of stars. 

2772
02:33:06,500 --> 02:33:09,300
Whether they're distant Sons or 
lights on. 

2773
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:12,200
A celestial sphere, makes no 
difference to your work. 

2774
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:16,900
What matters is their positions,
their movements and they 

2775
02:33:16,900 --> 02:33:20,900
usefulness as guides you've 
developed and applied science of

2776
02:33:20,900 --> 02:33:24,600
astronomy focused, entirely on 
what works rather than why it 

2777
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:27,100
works. 
Your theory is about the cosmos 

2778
02:33:27,100 --> 02:33:29,900
might strike later astronomers 
as primitive. 

2779
02:33:30,700 --> 02:33:33,900
But your practical knowledge of 
celestial navigation, is 

2780
02:33:33,900 --> 02:33:38,100
extraordinarily sophisticated. 
As Dawn, approaches you spot 

2781
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:42,100
something on the horizon. 
Cloud with a greenish tinted at 

2782
02:33:42,108 --> 02:33:47,100
his base reflecting vegetation 
on an island below, its the 

2783
02:33:47,100 --> 02:33:50,300
reference at all. 
You expected to see right? 

2784
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:53,400
Where it should be. 
You'll navigation has been 

2785
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,100
accurate. 
You adjust your course, slightly

2786
02:33:56,100 --> 02:34:00,000
compensating for the current 
that pushed you, marginally East

2787
02:34:00,000 --> 02:34:03,900
during the night and continued 
toward your destination around. 

2788
02:34:03,900 --> 02:34:07,600
You, people are waking preparing
food and tending to the plants 

2789
02:34:07,600 --> 02:34:09,200
and animals. 
You're transporting. 

2790
02:34:10,100 --> 02:34:13,700
Children play on the platform. 
Between the holes, two young to 

2791
02:34:13,700 --> 02:34:16,800
understand the Precision 
required to find a tiny Island 

2792
02:34:16,800 --> 02:34:19,900
in an enormous ocean. 
They'll learn though. 

2793
02:34:20,600 --> 02:34:22,900
Some of them will become 
Navigators themselves, 

2794
02:34:22,900 --> 02:34:27,400
memorizing, the same star paths,
you know, learning to read the 

2795
02:34:27,408 --> 02:34:31,700
same subtle signs and continuing
Traditions that stretch back 

2796
02:34:31,700 --> 02:34:36,000
through more Generations than 
anyone can count the sun rises 

2797
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:40,000
and the Stars fade, your 
nighttime navigation, tools 

2798
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:42,300
disappear. 
But you've already noted your 

2799
02:34:42,300 --> 02:34:46,000
position and set your daytime 
course in a few days. 

2800
02:34:46,000 --> 02:34:49,000
If your calculations remain 
accurate, you'll cite your 

2801
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:53,100
destination, a new island to 
settle the new home for your 

2802
02:34:53,100 --> 02:34:57,200
people found by following lights
in the sky across an ocean. 

2803
02:34:57,200 --> 02:34:59,200
That covers nearly a third of 
the planet. 

2804
02:34:59,200 --> 02:35:02,100
The Stars didn't care about your
journey. 

2805
02:35:02,800 --> 02:35:05,300
They would have shown just as 
brightly, whether you were there

2806
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:08,900
to see them or not, but by 
learning to read them by 

2807
02:35:08,900 --> 02:35:12,400
understanding their movements 
with the off Precision to stake,

2808
02:35:12,400 --> 02:35:14,600
your life. 
On that understanding, you've 

2809
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:18,500
transformed them from merely 
beautiful lights into the most 

2810
02:35:18,500 --> 02:35:23,500
reliable tools Humanity has ever
found for exploring the world. 

2811
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:27,300
You've proven that careful 
observation and rigorous mental 

2812
02:35:27,300 --> 02:35:30,500
training, can overcome seemingly
impossible challenges? 

2813
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,600
You've shown that the sky is 
more than something to wonder 

2814
02:35:34,600 --> 02:35:38,200
at. 
It's something to use to rely on

2815
02:35:38,200 --> 02:35:41,600
and to trust with your survival 
and in doing. 

2816
02:35:41,600 --> 02:35:44,900
So you've continued the project 
begun by those Ice Age 

2817
02:35:44,900 --> 02:35:47,700
observers. 
The long patient work of 

2818
02:35:47,700 --> 02:35:50,700
understanding what those lights 
are and what they can tell us 

2819
02:35:50,700 --> 02:35:53,600
about the world. 
We inhabit your standing in the 

2820
02:35:53,608 --> 02:35:58,200
Library of Alexandria and the 
year is approximately 200 BCE 

2821
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,600
the room around, you can 
contains hundreds of thousands, 

2822
02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:05,300
of Scrolls, the accumulated, 
knowledge of the ancient world 

2823
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,600
gathered from every culture. 
The Hellenistic Empire has 

2824
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:13,100
touched But right now, you're 
not interested in poetry or 

2825
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:15,700
philosophy. 
Your focused on a particular. 

2826
02:36:15,700 --> 02:36:18,800
Scroll that contains 
astronomical observations from 

2827
02:36:18,800 --> 02:36:22,400
Babylon and you're trying to 
reconcile those observations 

2828
02:36:22,400 --> 02:36:26,300
with a new geometric model of 
the cosmos you are in the 

2829
02:36:26,300 --> 02:36:29,300
terminology of your time, a 
mathematician and natural 

2830
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:32,900
philosopher though, later ages 
will call you an astronomer. 

2831
02:36:32,900 --> 02:36:37,100
Your name might be remembered, 
perhaps your aristarchus or 

2832
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:41,100
eratosthenes or hipparchus. 
Or it might be forgotten. 

2833
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:44,200
Lost among the thousands of 
Scholars who worked in 

2834
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:46,300
Alexandria during its golden 
age. 

2835
02:36:46,300 --> 02:36:50,000
But whether or not your 
individual name, survives the 

2836
02:36:50,000 --> 02:36:53,200
work you're doing will change 
Humanity's relationship with the

2837
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:56,300
sky forever. 
You're not just observing the 

2838
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:58,500
heavens anymore, your measuring 
them. 

2839
02:36:59,200 --> 02:37:03,000
This represents a fundamental 
shift in approach earlier 

2840
02:37:03,000 --> 02:37:06,600
civilizations, watch the sky and
recorded what they saw. 

2841
02:37:06,600 --> 02:37:11,000
I identifying patterns and using
those patterns for practical 

2842
02:37:11,000 --> 02:37:15,200
purposes You're doing something 
different, you're asking 

2843
02:37:15,208 --> 02:37:19,500
quantitative questions and 
demanding numerical answers, not

2844
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:21,400
just where does the sun appear 
to move? 

2845
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:25,500
But how large is the Sun? 
Not just do the stars move, but 

2846
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:29,400
how far away are they? 
Your culture has advantages that

2847
02:37:29,400 --> 02:37:33,300
earlier observers lacked Greek 
mathematics has developed 

2848
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:36,000
geometric tools. 
Powerful enough to model 

2849
02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:40,100
Celestial mechanics, your 
understanding of circles angles 

2850
02:37:40,100 --> 02:37:43,100
and ratios allows you to make 
calculations that would have 

2851
02:37:43,108 --> 02:37:46,600
been impossible for the 
Babylonians despite their 

2852
02:37:46,600 --> 02:37:49,700
sophisticated arithmetic. 
You also have access to 

2853
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:53,500
centuries of Babylonian 
observations giving you data 

2854
02:37:53,500 --> 02:37:56,800
spanning longer periods than any
single lifetime could provide 

2855
02:37:56,800 --> 02:38:00,500
consider eritos. 
These famous calculation of 

2856
02:38:00,508 --> 02:38:04,100
Earth's circumference performed 
right here in Alexandria, 

2857
02:38:04,100 --> 02:38:09,200
roughly 50 years ago, he noticed
the noon on the summer solstice 

2858
02:38:10,100 --> 02:38:14,200
The sun was directly overhead in
seen casting no Shadow. 

2859
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:18,800
While in Alexandria It cast a 
shadow corresponding to an angle

2860
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:22,500
of approximately 7 degrees. 
By measuring the distance 

2861
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:25,200
between these cities and using 
basic geometry. 

2862
02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:29,100
He calculated Earth's 
circumference with remarkable 

2863
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:31,700
accuracy, this wasn't just 
clever. 

2864
02:38:31,700 --> 02:38:35,600
It was revolutionary. 
He'd measured the size of the 

2865
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:39,500
entire planet using nothing but 
Shadows, angles and reasoning. 

2866
02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:44,900
Your attempting something. 
Similarly audacious Calculating 

2867
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,300
the distance to the Moon, you 
know, that during a lunar 

2868
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:51,900
eclipse, Earth's Shadow falls on
the moon and by carefully 

2869
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:55,100
measuring the Shadows size 
relative to the moon's diameter.

2870
02:38:55,100 --> 02:38:57,900
You can determine the ratio of 
distances. 

2871
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:02,900
The mathematics is tricky. 
You need precise observations of

2872
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,700
eclipses, careful, measurements 
of angles and sophisticated 

2873
02:39:06,700 --> 02:39:09,500
geometric reasoning, but is 
doable. 

2874
02:39:09,500 --> 02:39:13,200
And when you finish, you'll have
a number The Moon is 

2875
02:39:13,200 --> 02:39:15,900
approximately 60 Earth radii 
away. 

2876
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:20,300
This is astonishing accuracy for
observations made with naked 

2877
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:24,800
eyes and simple measuring tools.
You have no telescope's, no 

2878
02:39:24,800 --> 02:39:28,800
Precision Instruments, just 
calibrated sticks and circles 

2879
02:39:28,800 --> 02:39:33,000
divided into degrees yet. 
Your determining Cosmic distance

2880
02:39:33,000 --> 02:39:37,100
is measuring the unmeasurable 
pulling numbers from what had 

2881
02:39:37,100 --> 02:39:41,300
been pure mystery. 
Other scholars in Alexandria are

2882
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,900
tackling different questions. 
Aristarchus has proposed 

2883
02:39:44,900 --> 02:39:49,400
something radical perhaps Earth 
orbits the sun rather than the 

2884
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:52,100
reverse. 
His geometric arguments are 

2885
02:39:52,100 --> 02:39:56,100
compelling if Earth's circles 
the sun, it explains certain 

2886
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:59,700
observations about planetary 
motions more elegantly than the 

2887
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:03,400
traditional model. 
But his idea faces resistance. 

2888
02:40:03,400 --> 02:40:08,000
If Earth moves shouldn't, we 
feel it shouldn't the Stars 

2889
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,200
shift position as Earth travels 
around its orbit. 

2890
02:40:12,000 --> 02:40:14,400
The lack of observable, stellar 
parallax. 

2891
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:17,600
The apparent shift in Star 
positions caused by. 

2892
02:40:17,600 --> 02:40:21,100
Earth's motion seems to argue 
against a moving Earth. 

2893
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:24,300
What aristarchus doesn't know is
that he's right? 

2894
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:28,200
But the stars are far more 
distant than anyone imagines. 

2895
02:40:28,900 --> 02:40:32,500
The Parallax exists, but it's 
too small to detect without 

2896
02:40:32,500 --> 02:40:35,400
telescopes. 
His correct Theory will be 

2897
02:40:35,400 --> 02:40:39,400
largely forgotten, buried under 
the weight of common sense that 

2898
02:40:39,400 --> 02:40:43,400
insists the Solid Ground beneath
our feet must be stationary. 

2899
02:40:44,300 --> 02:40:46,400
Truth. 
Sometimes loses to intuition. 

2900
02:40:46,400 --> 02:40:51,300
At least temporarily you're also
working on cataloging stars with

2901
02:40:51,300 --> 02:40:55,500
unprecedented precision. 
Your predecessor her Parker's 

2902
02:40:55,500 --> 02:40:59,200
created a star catalog that 
listed roughly a thousand stars 

2903
02:40:59,200 --> 02:41:03,200
noting their positions and 
relative brightnesses your 

2904
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:06,400
expanding. 
This work adding more stars, 

2905
02:41:06,400 --> 02:41:10,700
refining the measurements and 
developing a magnitude system to

2906
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:15,200
classify brighteners This might 
seem like me a bookkeeping, but 

2907
02:41:15,200 --> 02:41:19,100
it's crucial to understand how 
the heavens change. 

2908
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:23,100
You first need to know their 
normal state, only with precise 

2909
02:41:23,100 --> 02:41:25,500
catalogs. 
Can you detect phenomena like 

2910
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:29,100
Novi? 
New stars that appear when none 

2911
02:41:29,100 --> 02:41:33,600
existed before Or tracks subtle 
changes in planetary positions, 

2912
02:41:33,600 --> 02:41:37,500
the geometric models, you're 
developing represent Humanities 

2913
02:41:37,500 --> 02:41:40,500
first serious attempts. 
At explaining Celestial 

2914
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:43,500
mechanics. 
You describe the cosmos as a 

2915
02:41:43,508 --> 02:41:46,900
series of nested spheres. 
Each carrying different, 

2916
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:50,400
celestial objects, all rotating 
around Earth at the center. 

2917
02:41:50,400 --> 02:41:55,600
It's wrong in most details. 
But the approaches sound, create

2918
02:41:55,600 --> 02:41:59,500
a mathematical model tested 
against observations and refine 

2919
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,800
it when discrepancies appear. 
This is science. 

2920
02:42:02,800 --> 02:42:06,000
Even if the specific 
conclusions, will later be 

2921
02:42:06,000 --> 02:42:08,800
overturned. 
Your particularly interested in 

2922
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:12,300
planetary motion. 
The five visible planets 

2923
02:42:12,300 --> 02:42:18,100
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter, 
and Saturn wander Among the 

2924
02:42:18,100 --> 02:42:20,700
Stars in ways. 
That simple circular motion. 

2925
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:25,400
Can't explain Mars, occasionally
appears to stop move backward, 

2926
02:42:25,400 --> 02:42:27,600
then resume its normal 
Direction. 

2927
02:42:28,500 --> 02:42:31,900
How can this be if planets? 
Move on simple circles? 

2928
02:42:32,600 --> 02:42:37,700
Your solution involves epicycles
small circles who centers travel

2929
02:42:37,700 --> 02:42:41,900
along larger circles, a planet 
moves along its epicycle while 

2930
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:45,200
the epicycle center moves, along
a larger circle around Earth. 

2931
02:42:46,200 --> 02:42:48,900
With the right combination of 
circles, moving at the right 

2932
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:52,800
speeds, you can match observed, 
planetary, motions quite. 

2933
02:42:52,800 --> 02:42:57,200
Well, the model is complicated, 
requiring, multiple Epistles for

2934
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:01,000
some planets but it works. 
It predicts where planets will 

2935
02:43:01,000 --> 02:43:03,700
appear in the sky months or 
years in advance. 

2936
02:43:03,700 --> 02:43:07,900
This model will dominate 
astronomy for over 1,000 years, 

2937
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,900
not because people are stubborn 
or ignorant, but because it's 

2938
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:16,400
genuinely useful, it predicts 
Celestial phenomena accurately 

2939
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:20,100
enough and navigation, calendar,
making and other practical 

2940
02:43:20,100 --> 02:43:22,500
purposes. 
The fact that it's based on 

2941
02:43:22,508 --> 02:43:25,400
incorrect, assumptions about 
Earth, and Trilogy, doesn't 

2942
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,300
matter for prediction. 
A wrong model that works is more

2943
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:33,000
useful than no model at all, but
something else is happening in 

2944
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:35,300
your work. 
That transcend any specific 

2945
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:39,700
model or measurement. 
Your establishing the principle 

2946
02:43:39,700 --> 02:43:43,100
that the Universe operates 
according to mathematical laws, 

2947
02:43:43,100 --> 02:43:45,600
discoverable through reason and 
observation. 

2948
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:49,700
The heavens aren't merely 
mysterious or Divine their 

2949
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:52,000
comprehensible. 
They follow rules. 

2950
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:57,300
Those rules can be written down 
calculated and predicted this 

2951
02:43:57,300 --> 02:44:01,700
idea more than any particular. 
Discovery is your cultures 

2952
02:44:01,700 --> 02:44:05,600
greatest contribution to 
astronomy as evening Falls and 

2953
02:44:05,600 --> 02:44:08,700
you finally leave the library. 
You walk out into the 

2954
02:44:08,700 --> 02:44:14,000
Mediterranean night The stars 
are emerging the same stars that

2955
02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:18,000
I Sage Hunters watched. 
That Babylonian priests tracked 

2956
02:44:18,000 --> 02:44:21,800
and the Polynesian Navigators 
followed, but you see them 

2957
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:24,900
differently. 
Now you don't just observe them,

2958
02:44:24,900 --> 02:44:28,500
you measure them. 
You don't merely note their 

2959
02:44:28,500 --> 02:44:32,200
patterns, you create 
mathematical models to explain 

2960
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:35,500
those patterns. 
You've transformed them from 

2961
02:44:35,500 --> 02:44:39,300
objects of Wonder into objects 
of study. 

2962
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:43,200
The transformation isn't 
complete, of course, many of 

2963
02:44:43,200 --> 02:44:46,500
your measurements are rough. 
Many of your models are wrong 

2964
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:50,100
and many questions remain 
unanswerable with your current 

2965
02:44:50,100 --> 02:44:54,300
tools, but you've established 
something crucial the project of

2966
02:44:54,300 --> 02:44:57,400
understanding the cosmos through
mathematics and systematic 

2967
02:44:57,400 --> 02:45:00,300
observation. 
You've shown that human reason 

2968
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:03,900
can grapple with Celestial 
phenomena that the Apparently 

2969
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:07,400
unreachable can be measured and 
that Mysteries can become 

2970
02:45:07,400 --> 02:45:11,300
mathematics somewhere in your 
calculations and models buried 

2971
02:45:11,300 --> 02:45:15,400
in geometric, diagrams and 
numerical tables lie, the seeds 

2972
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:18,300
of Revelation that won't flower 
for centuries. 

2973
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:22,600
Your work on Stellar positions 
will eventually prove Earth 

2974
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:25,600
moves. 
Your geometrics will help 

2975
02:45:25,600 --> 02:45:27,900
demonstrate the vast scale of 
the cosmos. 

2976
02:45:28,900 --> 02:45:33,000
Your insistence that observation
must match Theory will become 

2977
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:37,600
the foundation of the scientific
method but tonight you're simply

2978
02:45:37,608 --> 02:45:41,300
satisfied to have added a few 
more measurements to Humanity's 

2979
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:43,400
growing understanding of the 
heavens. 

2980
02:45:44,100 --> 02:45:48,900
The stars shine on indifferent 
your calculations, but you've 

2981
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:52,300
measured their positions with 
unprecedented Precision. 

2982
02:45:52,300 --> 02:45:57,000
You've turned skywards mystery 
into Earthly mathematics, you've

2983
02:45:57,000 --> 02:46:01,000
continued, the long journey from
Wonder to understanding and that

2984
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:05,200
journey is far from over. 
You're on a rooftop in paddu, 

2985
02:46:05,200 --> 02:46:09,600
Italy, and the year is 16009 in 
your hands. 

2986
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,700
You hold an instrument that will
change human understanding of 

2987
02:46:12,700 --> 02:46:15,000
the cosmos more profoundly than 
anything. 

2988
02:46:15,000 --> 02:46:19,000
Since the invention of 
mathematics itself, it's a tube 

2989
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:21,700
roughly three feet, long fitted 
with carefully. 

2990
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,300
Ground lenses as a teacher and 
capable of magnifying distant 

2991
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:30,100
objects, approximately 20 times 
you call it a telescope from 

2992
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:34,000
Greek Roots, meaning fasting. 
And tonight, you're about to 

2993
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:38,200
turn it toward the sky for patch
the hundredth time, each session

2994
02:46:38,200 --> 02:46:41,200
revealing something new that 
contradicts centuries of 

2995
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:44,800
accepted truth. 
The device itself is barely a 

2996
02:46:44,800 --> 02:46:48,900
year old, at least in its 
current form Dutch, spectacle 

2997
02:46:48,900 --> 02:46:52,200
makers, discovered that certain 
combinations of lenses could 

2998
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:56,300
magnify distant objects and when
you heard about this, you 

2999
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:58,300
immediately recognized its 
potential. 

3000
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:02,500
You've spent months grinding 
lenses, testing configuration 

3001
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:06,300
and improving the design until 
you achieved magnifications. 

3002
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:08,400
Far beyond what the Dutch 
achieved. 

3003
02:47:09,300 --> 02:47:13,000
Where they saw a novelty, you 
saw a revolution your 

3004
02:47:13,000 --> 02:47:15,400
colleagues. 
At the University of Padua were 

3005
02:47:15,400 --> 02:47:19,000
initially skeptical. 
Some refused to even look 

3006
02:47:19,000 --> 02:47:23,000
through the device consisting 
that anything seen through glass

3007
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:26,700
lenses must be an artifact or 
Illusion rather than reality, 

3008
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:29,400
others looked. 
But dismissed what they saw 

3009
02:47:29,400 --> 02:47:33,800
unable to reconcile observations
with their understanding of how 

3010
02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:37,700
the cosmos should work. 
But you've persisted and your 

3011
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:40,300
observations have become 
increasingly difficult to 

3012
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:43,900
dismiss to night your focusing 
on Jupiter. 

3013
02:47:44,800 --> 02:47:47,800
You've been watching this planet
for weeks now and what you've 

3014
02:47:47,800 --> 02:47:52,300
discovered is staggering. 
Jupiter has moons at least four 

3015
02:47:52,300 --> 02:47:56,300
of them visible as Tiny Points 
of Light arranged in a line 

3016
02:47:56,308 --> 02:48:00,600
extending from the planets 
bright disk Night by Night. 

3017
02:48:00,600 --> 02:48:05,300
You've watched these moons 
change position orbiting Jupiter

3018
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:07,500
exactly as the moon orbits 
Earth. 

3019
02:48:07,500 --> 02:48:11,200
This is revolutionary because it
proves that not everything in 

3020
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:15,200
the Heaven's orbits Earth. 
Here is a Celestial body with 

3021
02:48:15,200 --> 02:48:18,500
his own satellite. 
A miniature planetary system 

3022
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:22,300
that demolishes the 
earth-centered cosmos accepted 

3023
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:25,700
since ancient times you've been 
keeping details. 

3024
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:29,100
Records sketching Jupiter's 
moons in different positions. 

3025
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,500
Each night and calculating their
orbital periods. 

3026
02:48:33,500 --> 02:48:37,300
The innermost Moon completes its
orbit in roughly 42 hours. 

3027
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:40,200
The outermost takes about 16 
days. 

3028
02:48:40,200 --> 02:48:43,400
The Precision of their movements
is beautiful. 

3029
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,100
They're following the same 
mathematical laws that govern 

3030
02:48:47,100 --> 02:48:51,300
the moon's orbit around Earth. 
Suggesting Universal principles,

3031
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:55,400
rather than special cases. 
But Jupiter's moons aren't your 

3032
02:48:55,400 --> 02:48:59,700
own Discovery. 
The moon Earth's moon has been 

3033
02:48:59,700 --> 02:49:04,100
equally revelatory Through your 
telescope, the smooth, perfect, 

3034
02:49:04,100 --> 02:49:08,200
sphere described by ancient 
philosophers transforms into a 

3035
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:10,900
rough mountainous world. 
You see? 

3036
02:49:10,908 --> 02:49:14,000
Craters, valleys and towering 
Peaks. 

3037
02:49:14,000 --> 02:49:17,800
That cast, Long Shadows across 
Luna Plains, you've even 

3038
02:49:17,800 --> 02:49:21,000
measured the height of some 
mountains by calculating Shadow 

3039
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:23,400
lengths, finding Peaks that 
rival. 

3040
02:49:23,400 --> 02:49:26,500
Earth's highest Summits. 
The moon isn't a perfect 

3041
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:29,600
celestial object made of 
quintessence as Aristotle, 

3042
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,800
claimed. 
It's a world as physical and a 

3043
02:49:32,800 --> 02:49:36,900
regular as Earth itself. 
Venus has provided more evidence

3044
02:49:36,900 --> 02:49:40,500
against earth-centered models 
through your telescope. 

3045
02:49:40,500 --> 02:49:43,700
You've observed that Venus goes 
through phases, like the moon. 

3046
02:49:43,700 --> 02:49:47,400
Sometimes appearing as a 
crescent, sometimes, as a 

3047
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:51,200
gibbous shape and sometimes 
nearly full, this only makes 

3048
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,200
sense. 
If Venus orbits the sun passing 

3049
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:57,500
between us and the sun, when it 
appears as a crescent and moving

3050
02:49:57,500 --> 02:50:01,300
beyond the sun, when it appears 
full in an earth-centered 

3051
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:04,900
system, where Venus orbits 
between Earth and the Sun, it 

3052
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:07,000
should only ever appear as a 
crescent. 

3053
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:11,400
The phases of Venus are direct 
evidence for a sun-centered 

3054
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:15,500
solar system, you've also been 
observing the sun itself using 

3055
02:50:15,500 --> 02:50:19,800
projection methods to avoid 
damaging your eyes The sun. 

3056
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:23,600
Supposedly the most perfect 
celestial object is marked with 

3057
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:28,800
spots, dark blemishes that 
appear change shape and 

3058
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:32,900
disappear over days or weeks by 
tracking these spots. 

3059
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:37,100
You've determined that the sun 
rotates completing one 

3060
02:50:37,100 --> 02:50:43,000
revolution, approximately every 
27 days, This rotation combined,

3061
02:50:43,000 --> 02:50:46,800
with the imperfect nature of 
sunspots further demolishes, the

3062
02:50:46,800 --> 02:50:51,000
idea of celestial Perfection, 
the Milky Way has revealed its 

3063
02:50:51,000 --> 02:50:54,100
Secret. 
To the naked eye, it appears as 

3064
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,900
a hazy band of light across the 
sky through your telescope. 

3065
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:02,700
It resolves into thousands upon 
thousands of individual Stars 

3066
02:51:02,700 --> 02:51:06,200
too distant and numerous to see 
separately without 

3067
02:51:06,200 --> 02:51:10,500
magnification, this suggests, 
the universe contains far more 

3068
02:51:10,508 --> 02:51:15,100
stars than anyone imagined Not 
the few thousand visible to the 

3069
02:51:15,100 --> 02:51:20,800
naked eye, but potentially 
millions or billions extending 

3070
02:51:20,800 --> 02:51:23,900
far beyond what earlier 
astronomers thought possible. 

3071
02:51:23,900 --> 02:51:28,000
Each of these observations 
contradicts established Doctrine

3072
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:33,300
The churches cosmology based on 
Aristotle and Ptolemy places 

3073
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:37,900
Earth at the center of a smaller
Universe with perfect. 

3074
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:41,700
Celestial bodies. 
Moving on, perfect circles your 

3075
02:51:41,700 --> 02:51:46,000
observations suggest, a vastly 
larger universe within perfect 

3076
02:51:46,000 --> 02:51:51,000
celestial bodies where Earth is 
not Central You're not trying to

3077
02:51:51,000 --> 02:51:55,000
challenge religious Authority, 
you'll simply reporting what you

3078
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:59,600
see, but the implications are 
impossible to ignore the 

3079
02:51:59,600 --> 02:52:02,300
resistance you face isn't 
entirely unreasonable. 

3080
02:52:02,300 --> 02:52:07,500
Your telescope is new technology
and its reliability isn't yet 

3081
02:52:07,500 --> 02:52:10,700
proven. 
How can anyone be certain that 

3082
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:14,800
what appears in the telescope 
truly represents reality rather 

3083
02:52:14,800 --> 02:52:17,600
than optical illusions created 
by lenses? 

3084
02:52:17,600 --> 02:52:22,900
Your response is pragmatic The 
telescope accurately shows 

3085
02:52:22,900 --> 02:52:27,900
distant terrestrial objects. 
Ships that are below the Horizon

3086
02:52:27,900 --> 02:52:32,200
and buildings in distant cities.
If it works. 

3087
02:52:32,200 --> 02:52:35,500
Reliably for Earthly 
observations, why should 

3088
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:38,100
Celestial observations be 
different? 

3089
02:52:38,100 --> 02:52:42,100
You're also making your findings
public publishing your 

3090
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:45,500
observations in language 
accessible to educated readers. 

3091
02:52:45,500 --> 02:52:50,700
Not just in Latin for Scholars. 
Your book siderius, nuncius, The

3092
02:52:50,700 --> 02:52:54,400
Starry Messenger, spreads your 
discoveries across Europe within

3093
02:52:54,400 --> 02:52:58,000
months other observers with 
telescope's, confirm your 

3094
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:01,400
findings. 
Jupiter's moons can be seen by 

3095
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:03,600
anyone with adequate 
magnification. 

3096
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:08,100
The phases of Venus are 
independently verified and the 

3097
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:10,700
moon's, mountains are 
photographed with increasing 

3098
02:53:10,700 --> 02:53:15,800
detail as telescope technology. 
Improves cumulative weight of 

3099
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:19,900
these observations forces, a 
revolution in thought, The 

3100
02:53:19,900 --> 02:53:26,500
cosmos is not small ordered and 
geocentric its vast infinite 

3101
02:53:26,500 --> 02:53:30,800
with Earth as just one planet 
among several orbiting an 

3102
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,100
ordinary star. 
This Insight is simultaneously 

3103
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:38,400
humbling and exhilarating. 
Humanity has been demoted from 

3104
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:43,000
the center of creation, but in 
exchange, we've discovered a far

3105
02:53:43,000 --> 02:53:46,600
grander Universe than anyone 
imagined as you pack up your 

3106
02:53:46,600 --> 02:53:50,400
telescope for the night. 
You reflect on how one simple 

3107
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:53,100
device. 
A tube with lenses has 

3108
02:53:53,100 --> 02:53:55,700
demolished Millennia of accepted
truth. 

3109
02:53:56,700 --> 02:53:59,200
The ancient Greeks would have 
given anything for this 

3110
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:01,800
technology. 
They had the mathematical 

3111
02:54:01,800 --> 02:54:05,100
sophistication to understand 
what you're seeing, but they 

3112
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:08,700
lack the tools to see it. 
The observations that would have

3113
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:11,800
resolved their debates about 
Earth's motion were always there

3114
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:14,000
in the sky. 
Invisible. 

3115
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:17,300
Only because human eyes could 
not detect them without help 

3116
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:21,800
this raises a humbling question.
What else is in the sky? 

3117
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:24,500
That you can't see even with 
your telescope? 

3118
02:54:25,500 --> 02:54:30,300
Your instrument magnifies 20 
times, which is impressive, but 

3119
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:34,300
surely this isn't the limit of 
what possible future observers 

3120
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:37,000
with better. 
Telescopes will undoubtedly see 

3121
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:40,400
things your missing. 
How much larger is the universe 

3122
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:44,200
than what you can see. 
How many more discoveries await?

3123
02:54:44,200 --> 02:54:47,300
Merely better technology. 
You don't know it yet. 

3124
02:54:48,200 --> 02:54:51,700
But your telescope represents 
the first of many technological 

3125
02:54:51,700 --> 02:54:53,900
leaps that will progressively 
reveal. 

3126
02:54:53,900 --> 02:54:57,900
The cosmos is true nature, 
Better lenses, then reflecting 

3127
02:54:57,900 --> 02:55:01,900
telescopes then photography then
spectroscopy, then radio 

3128
02:55:01,900 --> 02:55:06,100
astronomy, then space-based 
telescopes free from atmospheric

3129
02:55:06,100 --> 02:55:09,500
distortion. 
Each advancement will reveal new

3130
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:14,800
phenomena answer old questions 
and raise new Mysteries. 

3131
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:18,600
Your 17 inch telescope is 
primitive compared to what's 

3132
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:22,500
coming, but it's sophisticated 
enough to begin the revolution. 

3133
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:27,800
The stars shine overhead. 
Now known to be distant Sons 

3134
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:30,200
rather than lights on a 
celestial sphere. 

3135
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,000
Planets visible as bright points
to the naked. 

3136
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:38,800
Eye are revealed through your 
telescope as worlds, Jupiter 

3137
02:55:38,800 --> 02:55:43,200
with its Cloud bands and moons 
Saturn with its mysterious 

3138
02:55:43,200 --> 02:55:46,900
elongated shape. 
You can't quite resolved, the 

3139
02:55:46,900 --> 02:55:48,500
rings with your current 
telescope. 

3140
02:55:48,500 --> 02:55:52,400
But you know something, odd 
extends from the PlanetSide and 

3141
02:55:52,400 --> 02:55:54,300
Mars with hints of surface 
features. 

3142
02:55:54,300 --> 02:55:56,700
You've lived through one of 
History's. 

3143
02:55:56,700 --> 02:56:00,300
Great turning points. 
The moment when Humanity first 

3144
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:04,600
saw the cosmos as it truly is 
rather than as we imagine it 

3145
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:08,100
must be the implications will 
take generations to fully 

3146
02:56:08,100 --> 02:56:10,800
understand but the basic fact is
clear. 

3147
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:15,700
We are far smaller and the 
universe far larger than anyone 

3148
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:19,200
dreamed. 
And that's wonderful because it 

3149
02:56:19,200 --> 02:56:23,500
means there's so much more to 
discover so many more Mysteries 

3150
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:27,600
waiting in the dark between the 
Stars, you're working in a 

3151
02:56:27,600 --> 02:56:33,700
Cambridge office and the year is
approximately 1726 papers cover 

3152
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:37,600
your desk calculations diagrams 
and observations from 

3153
02:56:37,600 --> 02:56:41,000
astronomers across Europe. 
Your attempting something that 

3154
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:42,900
many colleagues consider 
impossible. 

3155
02:56:42,900 --> 02:56:46,600
You're trying to calculate the 
distance to a comet using 

3156
02:56:46,600 --> 02:56:51,000
nothing but geometric principles
and observations from multiple 

3157
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:54,500
locations. 
If you succeed, you'll prove 

3158
02:56:54,500 --> 02:56:57,400
that commits are distant 
celestial objects, rather than 

3159
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:01,500
atmospheric phenomena and you'll
demonstrate that mathematics can

3160
02:57:01,500 --> 02:57:04,900
measure even the seemingly 
unmeasurable, your name is 

3161
02:57:04,900 --> 02:57:08,500
Edmond Halley and you've 
dedicated much of your career to

3162
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:10,300
understanding Celestial 
mechanics. 

3163
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:15,000
You've been Fascinated by 
comets, those mysterious objects

3164
02:57:15,000 --> 02:57:19,200
that appear unpredictably Blaze 
across the sky for weeks or 

3165
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:23,500
months, then vanish Aristotle. 
Believed they were atmospheric 

3166
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:27,900
disturbances, whether phenomena 
rather than celestial objects, 

3167
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:32,400
This view persisted for 
centuries, but you're convinced 

3168
02:57:32,400 --> 02:57:36,400
Aristotle was wrong. 
The evidence is in the geometry.

3169
02:57:36,400 --> 02:57:40,400
You have observations of comets 
from different locations on 

3170
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:43,700
Earth, measured carefully by 
skilled astronomers. 

3171
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:47,500
If comets were atmospheric 
phenomena relatively close to 

3172
02:57:47,508 --> 02:57:51,600
Earth, observers at different 
locations, should see them at 

3173
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:54,800
noticeably different positions, 
against the background Stars, 

3174
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:59,300
This is Parallax, this same 
principle that makes nearby 

3175
02:57:59,300 --> 02:58:03,300
objects appear to shift when you
close one eye and open the other

3176
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:07,400
but commentary Parallax. 
When measurable at all is Tiny, 

3177
02:58:07,400 --> 02:58:10,900
suggesting these objects are 
extremely distant. 

3178
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,500
Moreover, you've been studying 
historical records of comet, 

3179
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:19,900
sightings comparing their paths 
across the sky, their 

3180
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:23,200
appearance, and their behavior, 
and you've noticed something 

3181
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:27,300
remarkable. 
Comets that appeared in 1500 and

3182
02:58:27,300 --> 02:58:33,800
13316007 and 160082 followed 
nearly identical paths. 

3183
02:58:33,800 --> 02:58:38,000
They appeared in similar regions
of the sky, moved in similar, 

3184
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:41,400
directions, and brightened and 
Faded in similar patterns. 

3185
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:45,600
What if these weren't three 
different comets but the same 

3186
02:58:45,600 --> 02:58:50,300
Comet returning periodically. 
The mathematics support this 

3187
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:54,800
hypothesis using Newton's laws 
of motion and gravitation, which

3188
02:58:54,800 --> 02:58:58,500
your friend Isaac published, 40 
years ago, you can calculate 

3189
02:58:58,500 --> 02:59:02,100
orbital paths for objects, 
moving through the solar system.

3190
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:06,900
When you apply these 
calculations to the 1682 Comet, 

3191
02:59:06,900 --> 02:59:10,400
assuming it's in a highly 
elliptical orbit around the sun,

3192
02:59:10,400 --> 02:59:15,100
you get an orbital period of 
roughly 75 to 76 years. 

3193
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:22,600
Count back 76 years from 1682 
and you reach 16007, count back,

3194
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:26,700
another 76 years and you reach 
150031. 

3195
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:30,600
The timing matches the 
historical sightings almost 

3196
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:33,100
perfectly. 
This means you can make a 

3197
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:36,100
prediction if your hypothesis is
correct. 

3198
02:59:36,100 --> 02:59:40,500
This Comet should return around 
1758 or 1759. 

3199
02:59:40,500 --> 02:59:45,100
You'll be long dead by then your
already in your seven days. 

3200
02:59:45,800 --> 02:59:49,600
But the comet will either appear
as predicted confirming your 

3201
02:59:49,600 --> 02:59:53,000
calculations or it won't proving
you wrong. 

3202
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:56,600
Either way the prediction is 
testable which makes it 

3203
02:59:56,600 --> 03:00:00,700
scientific rather than mere 
speculation What you're doing? 

3204
03:00:00,708 --> 03:00:03,000
Represents a new kind of 
astronomy. 

3205
03:00:03,700 --> 03:00:07,700
Earlier, observers watch the sky
and recorded what they saw, they

3206
03:00:07,700 --> 03:00:10,800
identified patterns and made 
predictions based on those 

3207
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:15,100
patterns, but their predictions 
were essentially extrapolations,

3208
03:00:15,100 --> 03:00:18,200
assuming the future will 
resemble the past. 

3209
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:22,200
You're doing something 
different, you're using physical

3210
03:00:22,200 --> 03:00:26,100
laws, mathematical models and 
theoretical understanding to 

3211
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:28,800
predict phenomena that haven't 
been observed yet. 

3212
03:00:29,600 --> 03:00:33,400
You're not just recording the 
universe, your calculating, it 

3213
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:38,500
Newton's work made this possible
his laws of motion and Universal

3214
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,700
gravitational provided for the 
first time, a unified framework 

3215
03:00:42,700 --> 03:00:45,500
for understanding, both 
Celestial and terrestrial 

3216
03:00:45,500 --> 03:00:48,800
mechanics. 
The same force that pulls an 

3217
03:00:48,800 --> 03:00:52,000
apple downward pulls the moon 
toward Earth and Earth toward 

3218
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:55,100
the Sun. 
The same mathematical laws that 

3219
03:00:55,100 --> 03:00:59,000
described projectile motion on 
Earth described planetary, 

3220
03:00:59,000 --> 03:01:02,800
orbits in the heavens. 
This unification is profound. 

3221
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:07,000
It means the universe operates 
according to comprehensible 

3222
03:01:07,000 --> 03:01:11,200
Universal principles rather than
separate rules for different 

3223
03:01:11,200 --> 03:01:14,300
domains. 
You've applied these principles 

3224
03:01:14,300 --> 03:01:18,000
to various problems. 
You calculated the path of the 

3225
03:01:18,000 --> 03:01:22,600
1682 Comet determining its 
orbital elements with 

3226
03:01:22,600 --> 03:01:25,900
unprecedented Precision. 
You've worked on improving 

3227
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:30,900
tables of planetary positions, 
incorporating perturbations the 

3228
03:01:30,900 --> 03:01:34,200
subtle gravitational influences 
that planets exert on each 

3229
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:37,400
other, causing small deviations 
from perfect. 

3230
03:01:37,400 --> 03:01:40,600
Elliptical orbits, you've 
studied the Moon's motion 

3231
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,200
wrestling with the three-body 
problem. 

3232
03:01:43,200 --> 03:01:47,300
The mathematical challenge of 
precisely calculating Health, 3 

3233
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:49,600
gravatt, interacting objects 
move. 

3234
03:01:50,500 --> 03:01:53,000
The moon problem is particularly
vexing. 

3235
03:01:53,000 --> 03:01:57,700
The moon's orbit is influenced, 
not just by Earth, but also by 

3236
03:01:57,700 --> 03:02:01,500
the sun and the combined 
gravitational effects create 

3237
03:02:01,500 --> 03:02:05,200
orbital irregularities that are 
devilishly difficult to 

3238
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,600
calculate Newton himself 
struggle with the Luna motion. 

3239
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:12,000
And the problem won't be fully 
sold for another Century. 

3240
03:02:12,000 --> 03:02:16,100
But you've made progress 
improving predictions enough 

3241
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:19,200
that Navigators can use your 
lunar tables, to determine 

3242
03:02:19,200 --> 03:02:23,500
longitude at sea, A practical, 
application of celestial 

3243
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:27,200
mechanics that saves lives and 
enables exploration. 

3244
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:32,000
You've also been thinking about 
Stellar distance is the stars 

3245
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:34,500
are clearly far more distant 
than planets. 

3246
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:37,700
They show no measurable 
Parallax, even from 

3247
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:40,100
observations, made six months 
apart. 

3248
03:02:40,100 --> 03:02:43,600
When Earth is on opposite sides 
of its orbit around the sun. 

3249
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:47,700
This means Stellar distances 
must be enormous compared to 

3250
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:51,000
solar system scales But, how 
enormous? 

3251
03:02:51,700 --> 03:02:55,300
Can these distances be measured 
at all you suspect? 

3252
03:02:55,300 --> 03:02:59,000
They can eventually though, not 
with current instruments. 

3253
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:02,600
If telescopes become powerful 
enough and measurements. 

3254
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:05,800
Precise enough stellar parallax 
should become detectable. 

3255
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,800
The math is straightforward. 
Measure a star's position in 

3256
03:03:09,800 --> 03:03:12,200
summer measuring again, in 
winter. 

3257
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,700
When Earth is moved to the 
opposite side of its orbit and 

3258
03:03:15,700 --> 03:03:19,300
calculate the distance based on 
the apparent shift, the 

3259
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,300
challenge is that even the 
nearest stars are so distant 

3260
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:26,000
that their Parallax is measured 
in fractions of an ark second 

3261
03:03:26,800 --> 03:03:28,800
Angles. 
So small, they require 

3262
03:03:28,800 --> 03:03:32,100
instruments far more precise 
than what's currently available 

3263
03:03:32,100 --> 03:03:35,600
but your confident that future 
astronomers will make these 

3264
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:40,000
measurements technology. 
Improves telescopes become more 

3265
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:44,400
powerful measurement techniques,
become more refined what's 

3266
03:03:44,400 --> 03:03:46,600
impossible to day becomes 
routine tomorrow. 

3267
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:51,000
The Stars distances will 
eventually be known and when 

3268
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:54,900
that happens, Humanity will 
finally understand the true 

3269
03:03:54,900 --> 03:03:58,800
scale of the cosmos as you 
review your calculations one 

3270
03:03:58,800 --> 03:04:02,200
more time, checking for errors, 
you can consider how far 

3271
03:04:02,200 --> 03:04:05,100
astronomy has come in. 
Just a few Generations. 

3272
03:04:05,100 --> 03:04:09,000
When you were born telescope 
were relatively new, the 

3273
03:04:09,000 --> 03:04:12,600
heliocentric model was still 
controversial and the physical 

3274
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:14,800
laws. 
Governing Celestial motion were 

3275
03:04:14,800 --> 03:04:17,500
unknown now less than a century 
later. 

3276
03:04:17,500 --> 03:04:21,300
Your calculating Comet, orbits 
predicting future appearances 

3277
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:25,200
and treating the heavens as a 
domain subject to the same 

3278
03:04:25,200 --> 03:04:28,300
mathematical laws that Govern 
Earthly, phenomena. 

3279
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:33,200
The Transformations isn't 
complete many Mysteries remain. 

3280
03:04:34,000 --> 03:04:37,700
The nature of stars is unknown. 
Are they distant sons? 

3281
03:04:37,700 --> 03:04:42,400
And if so, how far away, and how
large the structure of the Milky

3282
03:04:42,400 --> 03:04:45,200
Way is unclear, is it a flat 
disc? 

3283
03:04:45,200 --> 03:04:49,300
A sphere, or something else? 
Entirely the possibility of 

3284
03:04:49,308 --> 03:04:51,600
other galaxies? 
Hasn't even been seriously 

3285
03:04:51,600 --> 03:04:55,600
considered most astronomers 
assumed more visible stars, 

3286
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:59,500
belong to one unified system, 
but the methodology is now 

3287
03:04:59,500 --> 03:05:03,400
established You observe you 
measure you calculate you 

3288
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:07,700
predict and you test. 
When predictions fail, you 

3289
03:05:07,700 --> 03:05:10,900
refine your models. 
When you phenomena are 

3290
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:13,600
discovered, you incorporate them
into your framework. 

3291
03:05:13,600 --> 03:05:18,300
This is science and it's proving
extraordinarily powerful for 

3292
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:22,200
understanding nature. 
Your Comet prediction in 

3293
03:05:22,200 --> 03:05:27,000
particular feels like a gamble 
against mortality itself, your 

3294
03:05:27,000 --> 03:05:29,800
wagering that mathematics and 
physics can project forward 

3295
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:34,800
decades into the future that the
universe is lawful enough, and 

3296
03:05:34,800 --> 03:05:37,200
that your understanding is 
complete enough to make 

3297
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:40,800
predictions across time scales 
longer than human lifetimes. 

3298
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:45,300
If you're right, and the comet 
returns when predicted, it will 

3299
03:05:45,300 --> 03:05:49,200
be one of science's, great 
triumphs, a demonstration that 

3300
03:05:49,200 --> 03:05:53,700
human reason can grasp Cosmic 
patterns and use them to predict

3301
03:05:53,700 --> 03:05:56,400
the unpredictable. 
You won't live to see it. 

3302
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,200
But your content with that, 
you've done the work, you've 

3303
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:04,100
made the calculations, the comet
will either confirm your 

3304
03:06:04,100 --> 03:06:07,300
hypothesis or it won't. 
But either outcome advances 

3305
03:06:07,300 --> 03:06:11,900
knowledge and that ultimately is
what drives you not personal 

3306
03:06:11,900 --> 03:06:14,600
Glory or the satisfaction of 
being proven, right? 

3307
03:06:14,600 --> 03:06:18,100
But the simple desire to 
understand how the universe 

3308
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:20,800
works. 
The stars shine outside your 

3309
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:24,900
window distant and mysterious 
but less mysterious than they 

3310
03:06:24,900 --> 03:06:29,800
were each generation peels back.
Another layer of cosmic mystery 

3311
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:32,800
armed with better tools, better 
mathematics. 

3312
03:06:32,800 --> 03:06:37,000
And better understanding your 
generation has accomplished 

3313
03:06:37,000 --> 03:06:41,200
remarkable thing, but your 
certain future Generations will 

3314
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:47,400
accomplish more The universe is 
vast complex and wonderful, and 

3315
03:06:47,400 --> 03:06:50,200
Humanity has barely begun to 
explore it. 

3316
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:53,700
Your standing outside, the Dome 
of the Mount Wilson Observatory 

3317
03:06:53,700 --> 03:07:00,000
in California, and the year is 
1924 the Sunset hours ago and 

3318
03:07:00,000 --> 03:07:03,800
now the Milky Way stretches 
overhead in magnificent detail 

3319
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:06,300
visible. 
Despite the growing light, 

3320
03:07:06,300 --> 03:07:10,200
pollution from Los Angeles in 
the valley below inside the Dome

3321
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:13,900
behind you sits the hooker. 
Telescope 100 inches of 

3322
03:07:13,900 --> 03:07:16,800
reflecting mirror. 
The largest telescope in the 

3323
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:20,700
world capable of gathering more 
light and seeing faint of 

3324
03:07:20,700 --> 03:07:23,400
objects than any instrument in 
human history. 

3325
03:07:23,400 --> 03:07:27,600
And tonight, you've used it to 
make a discovery that will 

3326
03:07:27,600 --> 03:07:31,000
fundamentally change Humanity's 
understanding of its place. 

3327
03:07:31,000 --> 03:07:35,300
In the cosmos, your name is 
Edwin Hubble and you've been 

3328
03:07:35,308 --> 03:07:40,100
photographing spiral nebulae. 
Those fuzzy spiral shape of 

3329
03:07:40,100 --> 03:07:41,800
objects scattered across the 
sky. 

3330
03:07:42,900 --> 03:07:45,200
Stroman, have debated their 
nature for years? 

3331
03:07:45,200 --> 03:07:49,600
Are they gas clouds within our 
own Galaxy, or they distant 

3332
03:07:49,600 --> 03:07:52,900
galaxies themselves? 
Separate Island, universes 

3333
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:56,800
beyond the Milky Way? 
The debate has been Fierce with 

3334
03:07:56,800 --> 03:08:00,900
respected scientists on both 
sides, but you think you finally

3335
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,100
settled it? 
You've been focusing on 

3336
03:08:03,100 --> 03:08:06,900
Andromeda the largest and 
brightest of the Spiral nebulae 

3337
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,900
using the hooker telescopes 
light Gathering Power. 

3338
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:13,800
You've been taking long 
exposure, photographs images 

3339
03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:17,500
that accumulate light over 
hours, revealing details, 

3340
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:21,600
invisible to direct observation.
And in these photographs, you've

3341
03:08:21,600 --> 03:08:26,000
identified individual Stars 
within Andromeda, not just the 

3342
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:30,100
bright blue white stars that 
Mark spiral arms, but specific 

3343
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:35,400
types of variable Stars called 
Sephia crucial, because their 

3344
03:08:35,400 --> 03:08:39,600
brightness varies, predictably 
pulsing brighter and dimmer over

3345
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:41,800
periods ranging from days to 
months. 

3346
03:08:41,800 --> 03:08:45,800
More importantly, there's a 
direct relationship between a 

3347
03:08:45,800 --> 03:08:48,300
cephfs period and its intrinsic 
bright Ness. 

3348
03:08:49,000 --> 03:08:52,500
Longer period safes are 
inherently brighter than short 

3349
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:55,500
period ones. 
This relationship was discovered

3350
03:08:55,500 --> 03:08:59,500
by Henry at 11:00 working with 
sapphires in the magellanic 

3351
03:08:59,500 --> 03:09:03,300
clouds and it provides a method 
for measuring Cosmic distances. 

3352
03:09:03,300 --> 03:09:08,400
Here's the beautiful logic. 
If you know a seeds intrinsic 

3353
03:09:08,400 --> 03:09:12,100
brightness and can measure its 
apparent brightness you can 

3354
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:15,800
calculate its distance. 
It's like seeing a light bulb 

3355
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:18,900
and determining how far away it 
is by how dim it appears. 

3356
03:09:19,700 --> 03:09:22,600
If you know, it's 100 watt bulb,
you can tell whether it's 10 

3357
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:26,700
feet away or 100 feet away by 
its apparent brightness, the 

3358
03:09:26,700 --> 03:09:29,900
Seafoods you found in Andromeda 
have periods, indicating their 

3359
03:09:29,900 --> 03:09:34,000
extremely luminous stars, yet 
they appear very faint in your 

3360
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:37,000
photographs. 
The only way to reconcile these 

3361
03:09:37,000 --> 03:09:40,000
facts is if Andromeda is 
extraordinarily distant. 

3362
03:09:40,800 --> 03:09:43,900
Not thousands or tens of 
thousands of light years away, 

3363
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:46,200
but nearly a million light 
years. 

3364
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:51,200
This place is it far beyond any 
reasonable estimate of the Milky

3365
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:54,200
Way? 
Size andromeda's into gas cloud 

3366
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:57,900
within our galaxy. 
It's a Galaxy itself comparable 

3367
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:01,400
in size to the Milky Way 
containing hundreds of billions 

3368
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:05,600
of stars. 
If Andromeda is a Galaxy, then 

3369
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:07,900
likely all spiral nebulae are 
galaxies. 

3370
03:10:07,900 --> 03:10:12,500
This means the universe contains
not one Galaxy, but countless 

3371
03:10:12,500 --> 03:10:15,800
millions of them. 
Scattered through space at 

3372
03:10:15,800 --> 03:10:19,400
distances that dwarfed the 
distances between Stars, within 

3373
03:10:19,400 --> 03:10:23,700
any single Galaxy. 
The universe is vastly almost 

3374
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:26,800
incomprehensibly larger than 
anyone imagined. 

3375
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:30,900
But you've made another 
Discovery even more startling, 

3376
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:35,000
you've been measuring the 
Spectra of galaxies, analyzing 

3377
03:10:35,000 --> 03:10:38,100
the light they emit to, 
determine which wavelengths are 

3378
03:10:38,100 --> 03:10:42,500
present, what you found is that 
nearly, every galaxy shows a 

3379
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:44,700
redshift. 
Meaning their light is shifted 

3380
03:10:44,700 --> 03:10:48,100
toward longer red wavelengths. 
Compared to what it should be 

3381
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,900
and the more distant the Galaxy,
the greater the redshift. 

3382
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,500
This redshift has a clear 
interpretation. 

3383
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:57,700
These galaxies are moving away 
from us. 

3384
03:10:57,700 --> 03:11:02,100
The shift in wavelength is a 
Doppler effect the same 

3385
03:11:02,100 --> 03:11:05,300
phenomenon that makes a train 
whistles pitch, drop as it 

3386
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:08,000
passes you. 
When a light source moves away 

3387
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:11,900
its lightest stretched to longer
wavelengths, red shifted. 

3388
03:11:12,800 --> 03:11:15,800
When it approaches the lightest 
compressed to Shorter 

3389
03:11:15,800 --> 03:11:17,700
wavelengths. 
Blue shifted. 

3390
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:20,300
Moreover, you've noticed a 
relationship. 

3391
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:24,000
The father away a galaxy is the 
faster. 

3392
03:11:24,000 --> 03:11:27,400
It's receding. 
Double the distance and the 

3393
03:11:27,400 --> 03:11:29,400
recession of velocity doubles as
well. 

3394
03:11:30,400 --> 03:11:32,900
This relationship. 
What will become known as 

3395
03:11:32,900 --> 03:11:35,400
Hubble's Law has profound 
implications. 

3396
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:39,700
If all distant galaxies are 
moving away from us and their 

3397
03:11:39,700 --> 03:11:42,300
recession, velocity increases 
with distance. 

3398
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:45,400
The universe itself must be 
expanding. 

3399
03:11:45,400 --> 03:11:49,800
This is difficult to grasp. 
You're not saying Galaxy is a 

3400
03:11:49,808 --> 03:11:52,600
moving through space away from 
us as if we're at the center of 

3401
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:55,800
an explosion. 
You're saying space itself is 

3402
03:11:55,800 --> 03:12:00,900
expanding carrying galaxies 
along with it, it's like dots on

3403
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:05,600
an inflating balloon as the 
balloon, expands all dots move 

3404
03:12:05,600 --> 03:12:08,800
away from each other. 
But no dot is at the center of 

3405
03:12:08,800 --> 03:12:14,100
the expansion every observer in 
any Galaxy would see all other 

3406
03:12:14,100 --> 03:12:18,400
galaxies receding with more 
distant ones, receding faster. 

3407
03:12:19,200 --> 03:12:22,300
This expansion suggests, the 
universe has a history. 

3408
03:12:22,300 --> 03:12:26,400
If galaxies are currently moving
apart, they must have been 

3409
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:31,000
closer together in the past, run
the expansion backward, and you 

3410
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:34,200
eventually reach a point where 
all matter was concentrated, 

3411
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:39,000
incredibly small dents State. 
This is the beginning of what 

3412
03:12:39,000 --> 03:12:42,400
will later be called. 
The Big Bang Theory the idea 

3413
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:47,000
that the Universe began in an 
extremely hot dense State and 

3414
03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:51,300
has been expanding and cooling 
ever since the implications 

3415
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:55,000
Cascade outward. 
If the universe is expanding and

3416
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:59,300
had a beginning, it has an age. 
You can estimate this age by 

3417
03:12:59,300 --> 03:13:02,500
calculating how long it would 
take Galaxy to reach their 

3418
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:06,200
current separation, give them 
their observed velocities, your 

3419
03:13:06,200 --> 03:13:09,000
initial estimates. 
Suggest an age of a few billion 

3420
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:13,600
years which is troubling young, 
geologists already have evidence

3421
03:13:13,600 --> 03:13:18,000
that Earth is older than that. 
The principle is established. 

3422
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:23,600
The universe isn't Eternal and 
unchanging, its Dynamic, and 

3423
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:25,200
evolving with the definite 
history. 

3424
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:29,200
As you stand beneath the stars, 
you realize your witnessing 

3425
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:33,200
something unprecedented in human
history every previous 

3426
03:13:33,200 --> 03:13:37,400
generation believed the universe
was static unchanging in its 

3427
03:13:37,400 --> 03:13:40,100
large-scale structure. 
Oh, planets. 

3428
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,100
Moved and comets appeared and 
stars, occasionally exploded, 

3429
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:46,500
but the overall Universe its 
size its structure. 

3430
03:13:46,500 --> 03:13:49,900
Its fundamental nature was 
thought to be eternal. 

3431
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:52,800
You've discovered this 
assumption is wrong. 

3432
03:13:52,800 --> 03:13:58,100
The universe is not static, it's
expanding Cooling and evolving. 

3433
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:01,400
It had a beginning and will have
a future different from its 

3434
03:14:01,400 --> 03:14:04,600
present state. 
This discovery comes from 

3435
03:14:04,600 --> 03:14:09,200
technology, the 100 inch telusko
photographic plate. 

3436
03:14:09,200 --> 03:14:13,200
Sensitive enough to capture 
faint light, and spectroscopes 

3437
03:14:13,200 --> 03:14:17,300
capable of analyzing that light.
None of this was available. 

3438
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:21,700
Even 50 years ago, your 
Discovery was always waiting in 

3439
03:14:21,700 --> 03:14:26,500
the sky visible in principle but
invisible in practice until 

3440
03:14:26,500 --> 03:14:29,900
instruments became sophisticated
enough to detect it. 

3441
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:32,700
How many more discoveries are 
out there? 

3442
03:14:32,700 --> 03:14:36,900
Waiting for better technology? 
You think about the long chain 

3443
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:39,900
of observations and insights 
that led to this moment? 

3444
03:14:40,700 --> 03:14:44,000
Ancient astronomers identifying 
Celestial patterns. 

3445
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:49,200
Babylonians calculating 
planetary positions Greeks 

3446
03:14:49,200 --> 03:14:53,300
creating geometric models 
telescopes revealing Jupiter's 

3447
03:14:53,300 --> 03:14:57,800
moons and Saturn's rings. 
Newton's Laws enable orbital 

3448
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:00,900
calculations. 
Photography allows long 

3449
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,400
exposures that see deeper into 
space than eyes alone could. 

3450
03:15:05,500 --> 03:15:08,600
Spectroscopy reveals the 
physical properties of distant 

3451
03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:12,100
objects, each Advanced built on 
previous work. 

3452
03:15:12,100 --> 03:15:16,000
Each generation, seeing father, 
and understanding more deeply 

3453
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:19,300
and now you've pushed the 
frontier again. 

3454
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:22,600
You've measured the universe and
found it. 

3455
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:26,000
Vast of anyone. 
Thought you've discovered that 

3456
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:30,400
its expanding that it has a 
history that is not eternal. 

3457
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,800
Future Generations, will push 
father still answering 

3458
03:15:34,800 --> 03:15:37,000
questions? 
You haven't even thought to ask 

3459
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:39,500
yet. 
Will they find the edge of the 

3460
03:15:39,500 --> 03:15:41,700
universe? 
Or is it infinite? 

3461
03:15:41,700 --> 03:15:45,200
What happened in those first 
moments after the expansion 

3462
03:15:45,200 --> 03:15:48,400
began? 
Are there other universes Beyond

3463
03:15:48,400 --> 03:15:51,200
hours? 
You don't know, but you're 

3464
03:15:51,200 --> 03:15:54,900
confident, they'll keep looking.
The hooker telescope Dome closes

3465
03:15:54,900 --> 03:15:57,800
for the night. 
Your photographic plates are 

3466
03:15:57,800 --> 03:16:00,800
secure ready for detailed 
analysis tomorrow. 

3467
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,100
The data is recorded, the 
measurements are made and the 

3468
03:16:04,100 --> 03:16:06,400
conclusions are becoming 
inescapable. 

3469
03:16:06,400 --> 03:16:11,400
The universe is larger stranger 
and more wonderful than Humanity

3470
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:14,600
ever imagined. 
And that ultimately is the most 

3471
03:16:14,600 --> 03:16:17,000
exciting thing you could 
possibly discover. 

3472
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:19,400
Not that we understand 
everything. 

3473
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:24,100
But as there's so much more to 
explore your monitoring a radio 

3474
03:16:24,100 --> 03:16:29,100
telescope in northern England 
and the year is 1965 the 

3475
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:31,000
instrument. 
You're using doesn't look like a

3476
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:34,300
traditional telescope, no Dome 
no IP. 

3477
03:16:34,300 --> 03:16:38,000
Just an array of horn-shaped 
antennas pointed at the sky 

3478
03:16:38,000 --> 03:16:41,000
connected to sensitive radio 
receivers. 

3479
03:16:41,000 --> 03:16:44,900
You're not looking at the sky 
invisible light, but in radio 

3480
03:16:44,900 --> 03:16:48,800
wave's which passed through 
clouds and work during daytime 

3481
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:53,008
opening, the Heavens to 
Observation 24 hours. a day, 

3482
03:16:53,016 --> 03:16:57,300
your name is irrelevant to this 
particular night, but the 

3483
03:16:57,300 --> 03:17:00,800
discovery you're about to 
confirm is not You've been 

3484
03:17:00,808 --> 03:17:03,800
detecting a persistent 
background noise in your data. 

3485
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:08,500
Faint radio signal, that appears
to come equally from all 

3486
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,700
directions, in the sky. 
At first, you thought it was 

3487
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:15,100
instrumental error or perhaps 
radio interference from nearby 

3488
03:17:15,100 --> 03:17:18,300
cities. 
But extensive checks of ruled 

3489
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:22,700
out these explanations the 
signal is real, it's Cosmic and 

3490
03:17:22,700 --> 03:17:26,800
origin and its uniform across 
the entire Sky to within one 

3491
03:17:26,800 --> 03:17:30,500
part in 10,000. 
This uniform signal is 

3492
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:32,900
extraordinary because it 
shouldn't exist. 

3493
03:17:33,800 --> 03:17:37,100
Came from stars or galaxies, it 
would be stronger in some 

3494
03:17:37,108 --> 03:17:41,000
directions than others 
concentrated in the Milky Way's 

3495
03:17:41,000 --> 03:17:44,600
plane, for instance, or showing 
bright spots where galaxies 

3496
03:17:44,600 --> 03:17:47,000
cluster. 
But this signal is almost 

3497
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:50,600
perfectly isotropic. 
The same from every direction. 

3498
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:54,800
It's like the universe has a 
temperature and what your 

3499
03:17:54,800 --> 03:17:57,800
detecting is thermal radiation 
from the cosmos itself. 

3500
03:17:57,800 --> 03:18:01,900
The signals wavelength 
corresponds to extremely cold 

3501
03:18:01,900 --> 03:18:06,300
thermal radiation about three 
degrees of absolute zero. 

3502
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,800
This is puzzling until you 
remember recent theoretical 

3503
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:13,400
Works suggesting that if the 
universe began in a hot dense 

3504
03:18:13,400 --> 03:18:18,400
State, the Big Bang, it would 
have cool as it expanded in its 

3505
03:18:18,400 --> 03:18:20,800
earliest moments. 
The universe would have been hot

3506
03:18:20,800 --> 03:18:23,900
enough to Glow, brightly 
invisible light, even in 

3507
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,500
ultraviolet and x-rays. 
But as it expanded, this 

3508
03:18:27,500 --> 03:18:31,300
radiation would have stretched 
to longer wavelengths shifted by

3509
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:36,100
the expansion itself until A day
appears as faint radio waves, 

3510
03:18:36,100 --> 03:18:39,100
your detecting. 
The Afterglow of the Big Bang 

3511
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,800
itself radiation that has 
traveled, through space, for 

3512
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:47,200
nearly 14 billion years cooling 
from temperatures of thousands 

3513
03:18:47,200 --> 03:18:51,100
of degrees to just a few degrees
above absolute zero. 

3514
03:18:51,100 --> 03:18:55,400
This Cosmic microwave background
radiation is direct evidence 

3515
03:18:55,400 --> 03:18:58,300
that the Universe had a hot 
beginning, that it's been 

3516
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:00,200
expanding and cooling ever 
since. 

3517
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:03,000
And that, the Big Bang Theory is
correct. 

3518
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:07,600
This discovery transforms 
cosmology from speculation to 

3519
03:19:07,600 --> 03:19:11,700
observational science. 
Before this, the Big Bang was 

3520
03:19:11,700 --> 03:19:15,700
one Theory among several for the
universe's origin now, it's 

3521
03:19:15,700 --> 03:19:19,600
strongly supported by direct 
evidence radiation, that could 

3522
03:19:19,600 --> 03:19:23,000
only exist if the universe began
in a hot dense state. 

3523
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:27,100
Alternative theories that 
proposed an eternal 

3524
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:30,400
steady-state. 
Universe cannot explain this 

3525
03:19:30,400 --> 03:19:33,900
uniform background radiation. 
The evidence is overwhelming. 

3526
03:19:35,200 --> 03:19:37,700
But the cosmic microwave 
background isn't just 

3527
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:41,700
confirmation of the Big Bang. 
It's a snapshot of the early 

3528
03:19:41,700 --> 03:19:45,400
Universe a window into 
conditions when the cosmos was 

3529
03:19:45,400 --> 03:19:50,200
just 380,000 years old. 
Before that time, the universe 

3530
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:54,600
was too hot for atoms to form 
electrons and protons existed, 

3531
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:57,600
as a plasma and photons 
scattered off. 

3532
03:19:57,600 --> 03:20:01,300
These charged particles 
constantly making the universe 

3533
03:20:01,300 --> 03:20:05,800
opaque when the universe cooled 
enough atoms to form photons 

3534
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:10,200
suddenly could travel freely. 
The radiation, you're detecting 

3535
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:12,500
comes from that moment of 
recombination. 

3536
03:20:12,500 --> 03:20:16,500
When the universe became 
transparent by studying this 

3537
03:20:16,500 --> 03:20:19,800
radiation in detail measuring 
its temperature in different 

3538
03:20:19,800 --> 03:20:22,900
directions. 
Looking for tiny variations in 

3539
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:27,300
intensity astronomers will learn
about the universe's structure 

3540
03:20:27,300 --> 03:20:30,700
at that early time slightly 
denser regions in the 

3541
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:33,300
primordial. 
Plasma will appear a slightly 

3542
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:35,600
warmer spots in the microwave 
background. 

3543
03:20:35,600 --> 03:20:39,800
These density variations were 
the seeds that eventually grew 

3544
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:44,300
into galaxies clusters of 
galaxies and the large-scale 

3545
03:20:44,300 --> 03:20:46,500
structure of visible in the 
universe today. 

3546
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:51,500
Over the following decades, in 
sophisticated instruments will 

3547
03:20:51,500 --> 03:20:54,800
map The Cosmic microwave 
background with extraordinary, 

3548
03:20:54,800 --> 03:20:59,000
Precision satellites like cob e 
w. 

3549
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:03,700
M, a p and plank will measure 
temperature, variations as small

3550
03:21:03,700 --> 03:21:08,100
as one part in 100,000. 
Revealing details information 

3551
03:21:08,100 --> 03:21:13,000
about the universe's composition
age and geometry, these 

3552
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:15,800
measurements will determine that
the universe is approximately 

3553
03:21:15,800 --> 03:21:21,800
13.8 billion years old. 
That it's geometrically flat and

3554
03:21:21,800 --> 03:21:25,100
that it contains, not just 
ordinary matter, but also dark 

3555
03:21:25,100 --> 03:21:29,400
matter and dark energy, 
mysterious substances, whose 

3556
03:21:29,400 --> 03:21:33,200
nature remains unknown, but 
whose gravitational effects are 

3557
03:21:33,208 --> 03:21:36,300
undeniable. 
The cosmic microwave background 

3558
03:21:36,300 --> 03:21:40,300
will also provide evidence for 
Cosmic inflation, a brief 

3559
03:21:40,300 --> 03:21:44,000
period, of exponential expansion
that occurred in the universe's.

3560
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,600
First fraction of a second 
inflation explains why. 

3561
03:21:47,600 --> 03:21:51,500
The universe is so uniform on 
large scales while it's 

3562
03:21:51,500 --> 03:21:55,300
geometrically, flat and why 
certain types of irregularity 

3563
03:21:55,300 --> 03:21:58,900
appear in the dense density, 
distribution of matter without 

3564
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,500
inflation, the universe's 
observed properties. 

3565
03:22:01,500 --> 03:22:05,400
Would require extraordinarily 
fine-tuned initial conditions 

3566
03:22:06,100 --> 03:22:08,700
Within inflation, these 
properties emerge, naturally, 

3567
03:22:08,700 --> 03:22:12,900
from well-understood physics as 
you examine the data streaming. 

3568
03:22:12,900 --> 03:22:15,500
From the radio telescope, your 
struck by. 

3569
03:22:15,500 --> 03:22:18,100
How much can be learned from 
such a faint signal. 

3570
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:21,000
This radiation is incredibly 
weak. 

3571
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:25,500
The total energy from the cosmic
microwave background hitting a 

3572
03:22:25,500 --> 03:22:28,900
person's body as far less than 
the energy from distant 

3573
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,800
Starlight, which itself is 
minimal yet. 

3574
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:35,300
This faint signal, contains 
information about the universe's

3575
03:22:35,300 --> 03:22:39,500
age, composition geometry and 
early history. 

3576
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:43,300
It's as if the cosmos has left, 
its signature written in 

3577
03:22:43,300 --> 03:22:47,400
radiation, weighting billions of
years for technology to become 

3578
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:51,900
sophisticated enough to read it.
You think about the long chain 

3579
03:22:51,900 --> 03:22:55,400
of discoveries that led here? 
Hubble discovered Galactic 

3580
03:22:55,400 --> 03:22:58,300
recession, implying the 
universe's expands 

3581
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:02,300
extrapolating, this expansion 
backward to a hot dense. 

3582
03:23:02,500 --> 03:23:05,800
Beginning theoretical physicists
are calculating. 

3583
03:23:05,800 --> 03:23:08,200
What conditions would be like in
the early Universe? 

3584
03:23:08,200 --> 03:23:12,000
Predicting that thermal 
radiation from, that era, should

3585
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:16,200
still be detectable Engineers 
are developing radio astronomy, 

3586
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:20,300
creating instruments, sensitive 
enough to detect faint Cosmic 

3587
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:25,400
signals and now the detection 
itself confirming predictions 

3588
03:23:25,400 --> 03:23:29,500
and opening new avenues of 
research, the cosmic microwave 

3589
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:33,400
background is also humbling. 
It shows that the matter with 

3590
03:23:33,400 --> 03:23:37,600
familiar with atoms, molecules 
everything made of protons 

3591
03:23:37,600 --> 03:23:42,400
neutrons and electrons, 
comprises only about 5% of the 

3592
03:23:42,400 --> 03:23:46,800
universe's total energy content.
The rest is dark matter, and 

3593
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:50,700
dark energy, substances, whose 
nature is completely unknown. 

3594
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:55,000
We've mapped the universe 
measured its aged determined, 

3595
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:59,500
its composition and discovered 
that we don't understand 95% of 

3596
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,900
what it contains yet. 
This ignorance is exciting 

3597
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:07,000
rather than discouraging. 
It means astronomy is far from 

3598
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:09,900
finished. 
There are fundamental Mysteries 

3599
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,500
remaining questions whose 
answers will require new 

3600
03:24:13,500 --> 03:24:18,300
physics, new observations and 
perhaps revolutionary insights 

3601
03:24:18,300 --> 03:24:21,200
comparable to those that 
launched quantum mechanics or 

3602
03:24:21,200 --> 03:24:24,400
relativity. 
The universe is still surprising

3603
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:28,000
us, still revealing, that 
reality is stranger and more 

3604
03:24:28,000 --> 03:24:30,100
wonderful than our theories 
predict. 

3605
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:35,000
As Dawn approaches and your 
observing shift ends, you 

3606
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:39,900
prepare your preliminary report 
the signal is real, its Cosmic 

3607
03:24:39,900 --> 03:24:43,600
and it matches predictions for 
the cooled, radiation from The 

3608
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:47,100
Big Bang. 
Other observers will confirm it 

3609
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:49,600
independently that's already 
happening. 

3610
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:52,400
Actually, with similar, 
detections reported by other 

3611
03:24:52,400 --> 03:24:56,900
teams soon, this discovery will 
be announced publicly and it 

3612
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:00,200
will transform Humanities 
understanding of cosmic history.

3613
03:25:00,200 --> 03:25:04,600
The Stars fade as the sky 
brightens but you know, they're 

3614
03:25:04,600 --> 03:25:08,600
still there still shining their 
light mixing with the faint 

3615
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:12,700
microwave glow from the 
universe's hot beginning that 

3616
03:25:12,700 --> 03:25:16,400
glow has traveled for nearly 14 
billion years to reach your 

3617
03:25:16,400 --> 03:25:20,300
antennas carrying information 
about a time when no stars 

3618
03:25:20,300 --> 03:25:23,100
existed when no galaxies had 
formed. 

3619
03:25:23,100 --> 03:25:27,500
And when the universe was just a
hot dense plasma beginning, its 

3620
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:31,300
long expansion toward the cool 
structured Cosmos. 

3621
03:25:31,300 --> 03:25:34,100
We inhabit today. 
Somewhere in that ancient 

3622
03:25:34,100 --> 03:25:38,000
radiation in its tiny 
temperature variations and 

3623
03:25:38,000 --> 03:25:42,600
subtle polarization patterns 
like answers to questions. 

3624
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:44,800
Humanity hasn't yet learned to 
ask. 

3625
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:49,500
Future astronomers will extract 
those answers learning things 

3626
03:25:49,500 --> 03:25:52,600
about the universe's origin 
structure and fate that you 

3627
03:25:52,600 --> 03:25:56,300
can't even imagine. 
But tonight you've contributed 

3628
03:25:56,300 --> 03:26:00,400
your part to that ongoing 
project detecting, The Whisper 

3629
03:26:00,400 --> 03:26:04,200
from the beginning, confirming 
that the Universe has a history 

3630
03:26:04,200 --> 03:26:07,400
and opening a new window on 
Cosmic time. 

3631
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:11,400
You're lying on your back in a 
dark field and the year is now 

3632
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:16,000
no specific year. 
Really, this could be tonight to

3633
03:26:16,000 --> 03:26:18,200
tomorrow night or any clear 
night. 

3634
03:26:18,200 --> 03:26:22,300
When you decide to look up 
rather than down out rather than

3635
03:26:22,300 --> 03:26:25,700
in the grass beneath you is 
slightly damp with the evening 

3636
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:28,400
due. 
The air is cool and above you, 

3637
03:26:28,400 --> 03:26:32,900
the sky Blazers with stars. 
If you're far from cities, you 

3638
03:26:32,900 --> 03:26:36,700
can see the Milky Way, that same
river of light that our 

3639
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:40,000
ancestors saw. 
Though, you know now it actually

3640
03:26:40,000 --> 03:26:44,000
the combined light of billions 
of stars in our Galaxys disc 

3641
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,400
viewed Edge on from Earth's 
position within it. 

3642
03:26:47,400 --> 03:26:51,200
You can see planets too though. 
You need to know where to look. 

3643
03:26:51,200 --> 03:26:54,800
And when Venus might be 
brilliant in the west just after

3644
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:57,900
Sunset, Jupiter could be higher 
overhead. 

3645
03:26:57,900 --> 03:27:01,400
Its moons invisible to your 
naked eyes but their 

3646
03:27:01,400 --> 03:27:06,400
nonetheless, exactly as Galileo 
saw the Mars might show, its 

3647
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:10,800
distinctive red, orange color. 
Dust storms in its thin 

3648
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:14,600
atmosphere reflecting sunlight 
from 90 million miles away. 

3649
03:27:14,600 --> 03:27:19,100
And you can see stars, thousands
of them with Naked Eyes, 

3650
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,800
Millions, through modest, 
telescopes and billions through 

3651
03:27:22,800 --> 03:27:26,800
instruments, like Hubble or the 
James Webb Space Telescope. 

3652
03:27:26,800 --> 03:27:31,300
Each one is a son, many hosting 
planets, some of those planets 

3653
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:35,300
potentially harboring life, the 
light, Reaching Your Eyes left 

3654
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:40,100
those Stars years, or decades or
centuries ago, making you a time

3655
03:27:40,100 --> 03:27:43,600
traveler of sorts seeing the 
universe not as it is. 

3656
03:27:43,600 --> 03:27:48,400
But as it was You know things 
those ancient observers couldn't

3657
03:27:48,400 --> 03:27:52,200
have imagined you know the stars
are powered by nuclear fusion 

3658
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:57,000
converting hydrogen to helium in
their cores generating energy 

3659
03:27:57,000 --> 03:28:00,600
through Einstein's, famous 
equation, relating, mass, and 

3660
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:03,100
energy. 
You know, the universe is 

3661
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:07,800
approximately 13.8 billion years
old formed in a hot, big bang, 

3662
03:28:07,800 --> 03:28:11,700
and expanding, ever since, you 
know, that galaxies cluster into

3663
03:28:11,700 --> 03:28:15,100
groups and super clusters, 
forming a cosmic web of 

3664
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:17,600
structure spanning billions of 
light years. 

3665
03:28:17,600 --> 03:28:22,300
You know, the universe contains 
Dark Matter invisible substance 

3666
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:25,200
detected only through its 
gravitational effects. 

3667
03:28:25,200 --> 03:28:31,200
Making up roughly 27% of the 
universe's, total energy, you 

3668
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:36,400
know that dark energy, even more
mysterious comprises about 68% 

3669
03:28:36,400 --> 03:28:41,200
and its causing the universe's 
expansion to accelerate distant 

3670
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:43,200
galaxies on. 
Not just moving away. 

3671
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:48,000
Their moving away faster over 
Time driven by this mysterious 

3672
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:50,600
Dark Energy whose nature is one 
of physics. 

3673
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:54,800
Greatest unsolved problems. 
You know that many stars have 

3674
03:28:54,800 --> 03:28:58,500
planets that exoplanets number 
in the thousands already 

3675
03:28:58,500 --> 03:29:01,500
discovered and that more are 
found constantly. 

3676
03:29:01,500 --> 03:29:06,000
You know, some of these worlds 
are roughly earth-sized orbiting

3677
03:29:06,000 --> 03:29:10,600
their stars at distances where 
liquid water could exist, You 

3678
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:14,300
know, the chemistry of life 
carbon-based molecules water and

3679
03:29:14,300 --> 03:29:17,200
energy is common throughout the 
Universe. 

3680
03:29:17,200 --> 03:29:21,200
You know that if life exists 
here it probably exists 

3681
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:25,000
elsewhere too though whether 
it's common or rare simple or 

3682
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:29,300
complex contemporary or extinct 
remains unknown yet. 

3683
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,700
Despite all this knowledge, 
you're lying in a field. 

3684
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:34,300
Looking at stars. 
Exactly. 

3685
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:38,200
As humans have done for hundreds
of thousands of years, the 

3686
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:40,000
technology has changed 
dramatically. 

3687
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:44,700
You might have a telescope 
beside you or a smartphone app, 

3688
03:29:44,700 --> 03:29:48,500
identifying constellation or 
coordinates for satellites 

3689
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:51,800
passing overhead. 
The fundamental activity is 

3690
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:55,800
unchanged. 
Your watching the sky wandering 

3691
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:59,600
about those lights, continuing a
tradition older than 

3692
03:29:59,600 --> 03:30:03,600
civilization itself. 
Stars your seeing of the same 

3693
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:08,300
Stars, ancient observers saw 
give or take a few Supernova and

3694
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,800
proper motion over millennia. 
The patterns are almost 

3695
03:30:11,800 --> 03:30:16,400
identical if an Ice Age Hunter 
or a Babylonian priest, or a 

3696
03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:19,900
Polynesian Navigator joined you.
In this field, you'd recognize 

3697
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:24,900
the same constellations point to
the same bright stars and share 

3698
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:28,200
the same sense of wonder at the 
vastness above. 

3699
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:30,600
What's different is 
understanding. 

3700
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:33,900
You know, what those lights are,
how far away they are, what 

3701
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:38,100
they're made of how they formed 
and how they'll die, you know 

3702
03:30:38,100 --> 03:30:39,900
the physics governing their 
behavior. 

3703
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:43,700
The chemistry of their 
atmospheres and the mechanics of

3704
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:46,700
their orbits. 
You've turned mystery into 

3705
03:30:46,700 --> 03:30:50,700
knowledge but somehow the Wonder
remains undiminished. 

3706
03:30:51,400 --> 03:30:55,200
Perhaps it's even greater now 
because you understand, not just

3707
03:30:55,200 --> 03:30:58,800
what you're seeing, but what it 
means, billions of Worlds 

3708
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:02,300
scattered across in 
comprehensible distances, all 

3709
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:07,100
governed by universal laws, all 
part of one vast interconnected 

3710
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:09,900
Cosmos. 
This knowledge was hard one. 

3711
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:13,700
It required countless observers 
spending countless nights 

3712
03:31:13,700 --> 03:31:17,200
recording positions measuring 
angles timing of events and 

3713
03:31:17,200 --> 03:31:21,800
noting correlations, It required
mathematical genius to create 

3714
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:26,000
models, explaining observations 
it, required technological, 

3715
03:31:26,000 --> 03:31:27,700
innovation, to build 
instruments. 

3716
03:31:27,700 --> 03:31:30,300
Extending human Senses Into 
Realms. 

3717
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:33,800
We can't perceive unaided it 
required patience. 

3718
03:31:33,800 --> 03:31:37,700
The patience to make 
observations over lifetimes to 

3719
03:31:37,700 --> 03:31:41,000
pursue answers across 
generations and to accept that, 

3720
03:31:41,000 --> 03:31:43,900
some questions wouldn't be 
answered in any individual 

3721
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:47,000
lifetime. 
But mostly it required, 

3722
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:51,600
curiosity that simple desire to 
understand to know what those 

3723
03:31:51,600 --> 03:31:54,900
lights are and what they mean 
has driven Humanity's. 

3724
03:31:54,900 --> 03:31:57,100
Astronomical efforts from the 
beginning. 

3725
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:01,800
We didn't need to understand the
Stars to survive early humans 

3726
03:32:01,800 --> 03:32:05,200
managed without knowing Stellar 
distances or Galactic 

3727
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:09,000
structures. 
But we wanted to know anyway and

3728
03:32:09,000 --> 03:32:12,700
that wanting was enough to 
motivate Millennia of effort as 

3729
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:15,100
you lie there. 
You might wonder what future 

3730
03:32:15,100 --> 03:32:18,800
observers will know that you 
don't What discovery is awake 

3731
03:32:18,800 --> 03:32:22,100
better, instruments deeper 
observations and more 

3732
03:32:22,100 --> 03:32:25,700
sophisticated theories. 
Will we find life on other 

3733
03:32:25,700 --> 03:32:28,100
worlds or evidence that we're 
alone? 

3734
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:33,000
Will we understand dark matter 
and dark energy or will they 

3735
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,800
remain mysterious? 
Will we discover the universe's 

3736
03:32:36,800 --> 03:32:40,900
ultimate fate? 
Endless expansion eventual, 

3737
03:32:40,900 --> 03:32:45,100
collapse or something stranger. 
Will we develop Technologies 

3738
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:48,700
allowing travel to other stars 
or will the distances prove 

3739
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:50,600
insurmountable? 
You don't know. 

3740
03:32:50,600 --> 03:32:53,500
And that's wonderful. 
It means astronomy. 

3741
03:32:53,500 --> 03:32:56,600
Story isn't finished. 
There are still Mysteries to 

3742
03:32:56,600 --> 03:33:00,800
solve discoveries to make and 
revolution in understanding 

3743
03:33:00,800 --> 03:33:05,700
waiting to happen. 
The universe is vast and strange

3744
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:10,000
and Humanity as barely begun. 
Exploring it what we've learned 

3745
03:33:10,000 --> 03:33:13,900
in our brief time as a species 
is impressive, but what remains 

3746
03:33:13,900 --> 03:33:17,900
to learn is surely greater 
still, the stars shine on 

3747
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:22,000
indifferent to human observation
following physical laws 

3748
03:33:22,000 --> 03:33:25,300
established billions of years 
ago in the universe's hot 

3749
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,200
beginning. 
They'll continue shining long 

3750
03:33:28,200 --> 03:33:32,400
after humanity is gone, whether 
that thousands millions or 

3751
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:36,400
billions of years from now. 
But while we're here, While we 

3752
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:40,600
have the capacity to wonder and 
observe, and understand we're 

3753
03:33:40,600 --> 03:33:44,700
part of something magnificent. 
The universe coming to know 

3754
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:48,400
itself. 
Because that's what astronomy is

3755
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:51,100
ultimately. 
It's the cosmos developing 

3756
03:33:51,100 --> 03:33:55,500
awareness, asking questions 
about its own nature and seeking

3757
03:33:55,500 --> 03:33:57,900
answers to how and why it 
exists. 

3758
03:33:59,100 --> 03:34:03,100
We are the universe observing 
itself, matter and energy 

3759
03:34:03,100 --> 03:34:07,000
arranged in patterns complex 
enough to contemplate their own 

3760
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:09,700
Origins. 
When you look at stars and 

3761
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:12,700
wonder about them, your 
participating in something. 

3762
03:34:12,700 --> 03:34:17,800
Profound the long patient work 
of understanding of transforming

3763
03:34:17,800 --> 03:34:21,900
mystery into knowledge of 
finding Humanity's place in the 

3764
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:26,400
vast Cosmic story. 
So when clear nights come step 

3765
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:31,300
outside, look up your caring 
forward, a traditions of 

3766
03:34:31,300 --> 03:34:35,500
thousands of years old joining 
countless observers across time 

3767
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:38,700
who have shared your curiosity, 
you're seeing light that 

3768
03:34:38,700 --> 03:34:41,300
traveled across space and time 
to reach your eyes. 

3769
03:34:41,300 --> 03:34:45,700
Photons that began their 
Journeys years or centuries ago 

3770
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:49,300
from distant Sons. 
Your witnessing a universe of 

3771
03:34:49,300 --> 03:34:52,800
almost incomprehensible scale 
and Beauty governed. 

3772
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:56,500
By elegant laws we've only 
partially understood and in 

3773
03:34:56,500 --> 03:35:00,300
doing so your continuing the 
work, those First curious humans

3774
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:02,800
began on African grasslands so 
long ago. 

3775
03:35:03,800 --> 03:35:07,000
The work of looking upward 
wondering what those lights 

3776
03:35:07,000 --> 03:35:11,500
might be and slowly patiently, 
figuring it out. 

3777
03:35:12,500 --> 03:35:17,600
The journey isn't finished, the 
sky holds mystery still waiting 

3778
03:35:17,600 --> 03:35:21,400
for observers with new tools and
new insights to reveal them. 

3779
03:35:21,400 --> 03:35:26,900
But tonight, your part of that 
Journey, Connected across time 

3780
03:35:26,900 --> 03:35:31,700
to everyone, who's ever wondered
about the Stars, welcome to that

3781
03:35:31,700 --> 03:35:36,000
ancient Fellowship of star. 
Watchers, the universe is vast, 

3782
03:35:36,000 --> 03:35:40,000
beautiful and comprehensible, 
and it's been waiting billions 

3783
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:42,900
of years for mine's capable of 
understanding it. 

3784
03:35:43,700 --> 03:35:48,000
You're one of those mines look 
up Wanda and know that your 

3785
03:35:48,000 --> 03:35:51,200
participating in one of 
Humanity's greatest projects. 

3786
03:35:52,100 --> 03:35:55,300
The long patient effort to 
understand how the universe 

3787
03:35:55,300 --> 03:36:00,000
works and our place within it. 
Sweet dreams beneath the stars. 

3788
03:36:06,200 --> 03:36:08,900
Imagine spending the night in 
that ideal position where your 

3789
03:36:08,900 --> 03:36:11,300
mattress has adapted to your 
unique shape over the years, 

3790
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:15,300
pulling your covers up to your 
chin, you sigh with satisfaction

3791
03:36:15,300 --> 03:36:18,900
after stretching out and 
possibly wriggling a little, to 

3792
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:22,800
find a cool spot on your pillow.
This nightly routine as 

3793
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:25,500
instinctive as breathing. 
Here's something that might 

3794
03:36:25,500 --> 03:36:27,300
literally make you sit up in 
bed. 

3795
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:30,400
For the majority of human 
history, people would have 

3796
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,400
assumed you were either dead or 
insane based on your horizontal 

3797
03:36:33,400 --> 03:36:35,600
sleeping position you heard 
correctly. 

3798
03:36:36,800 --> 03:36:40,400
For centuries are ancestors. 
Slept upright leaning against 

3799
03:36:40,400 --> 03:36:44,100
headboards walls or specially 
made sleep chairs that resembled

3800
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:46,100
medieval torture devices more 
than Furniture. 

3801
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:49,400
Imagine attempting to explain 
your memory foam, pillow and 

3802
03:36:49,400 --> 03:36:52,300
California, King mattress, to a 
person from the 1600s. 

3803
03:36:52,300 --> 03:36:55,400
They would most likely start 
organizing your funeral by 

3804
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:58,700
calling the local physician. 
Now before you start to feel 

3805
03:36:58,700 --> 03:37:01,600
proud of your contemporary 
sleeping Arrangements, keep in 

3806
03:37:01,600 --> 03:37:04,800
mind that these were not 
primitive people who had not yet

3807
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:07,500
mastered, the art of lying down 
the issues. 

3808
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:10,200
They were facing would make your
worst Monday morning seemed like

3809
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:13,500
a day at the spa. 
When you realize what they had 

3810
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,500
to contend with, you may come to
Value their resourcefulness, 

3811
03:37:16,500 --> 03:37:19,400
they had good reasons for 
staying up all night. 

3812
03:37:20,300 --> 03:37:23,000
It wasn't an overnight change 
from City to lying down. 

3813
03:37:24,100 --> 03:37:27,400
Superstitions medical theories 
that would make a fortune teller

3814
03:37:27,400 --> 03:37:30,700
blush and social Customs. 
So deeply embedded. 

3815
03:37:30,700 --> 03:37:34,300
The shifting sleep positions was
practically revolutionary, all 

3816
03:37:34,300 --> 03:37:38,300
part of this slow, centuries 
long shift, consider the slowest

3817
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:42,100
rebellion in history. 
Waged one pillow at a time you 

3818
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:44,700
see back their sleep was more 
than just rest. 

3819
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:48,300
It was linked to beliefs about 
health religion, social 

3820
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:52,300
standing, and even survival. 
Depending on where you slept, 

3821
03:37:52,300 --> 03:37:56,400
you might be viewed, as wealthy 
or impoverished healthy or ill 

3822
03:37:56,400 --> 03:38:00,700
or virtuous or sinful. 
It was similar to social media, 

3823
03:38:00,700 --> 03:38:04,500
except that instead of sharing 
photos of your breakfast people 

3824
03:38:04,500 --> 03:38:07,300
were making snap judgments about
how you spent your own 

3825
03:38:07,300 --> 03:38:10,700
conscience hours. 
The rules that govern the 

3826
03:38:10,700 --> 03:38:13,400
Medieval World were entirely 
different from those that govern

3827
03:38:13,400 --> 03:38:18,400
us today, plague infection 
starvation, or even, just your 

3828
03:38:18,400 --> 03:38:21,000
neighbor's goat running loose 
and trampling on your turnip 

3829
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:22,900
Garden were all potential causes
of death. 

3830
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:27,000
Every choice including how you 
positioned your body for those 

3831
03:38:27,000 --> 03:38:30,200
valuable few hours of rest, 
carried weight in such a 

3832
03:38:30,208 --> 03:38:33,200
precarious world. 
They were being realistic in 

3833
03:38:33,200 --> 03:38:35,600
ways we can hardly fathom now, 
not being dramatic. 

3834
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:39,100
The interesting part is that 
sleeping upright, wasn't a 

3835
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:42,100
peculiarity of Europeans. 
Similar Customs were 

3836
03:38:42,100 --> 03:38:45,000
independently developed by 
cultures in Asia, Africa, and 

3837
03:38:45,000 --> 03:38:47,300
the Americas. 
This implies that the 

3838
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:49,900
difficulties are ancestors 
encountered were Universal, 

3839
03:38:49,900 --> 03:38:53,200
which is why sitting up at night
seemed like the sensible option.

3840
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:57,100
It was adaptation to conditions 
that we are grateful to have 

3841
03:38:57,100 --> 03:39:00,600
left behind not ignorance. 
You're taking part in a 

3842
03:39:00,600 --> 03:39:03,400
relatively new human experiment,
as you lie, there, to night, 

3843
03:39:03,400 --> 03:39:07,500
horizontal and comfortable. 
As a result of centuries of 

3844
03:39:07,500 --> 03:39:11,000
incremental, change, medical 
progress, and social Evolution, 

3845
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:13,700
your sleeping habits are truly 
revolutionary. 

3846
03:39:13,700 --> 03:39:16,900
Your living, the kind of luxury 
that ancient kings. 

3847
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:20,000
And queens could only imagine 
every time you turn your pillow 

3848
03:39:20,000 --> 03:39:23,800
to the cool side or change your 
blanket, indeed. 

3849
03:39:23,800 --> 03:39:27,600
Sweet dreams. 
Let's take a moment to explore 

3850
03:39:27,600 --> 03:39:30,600
the medieval mind. 
Suppose you lived in a world 

3851
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:33,000
where the only thing you knew 
about medicine was how to 

3852
03:39:33,000 --> 03:39:35,700
balance your humors? 
Not the kind that makes you 

3853
03:39:35,700 --> 03:39:39,300
laugh, but the enigmatic bodily 
fluids that were supposed to 

3854
03:39:39,300 --> 03:39:42,900
regulate your health. 
The Four Horsemen of medieval 

3855
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,900
medicine blood Flair, yellow, 
bile and black bile. 

3856
03:39:46,900 --> 03:39:50,100
Were more difficult to balance 
than putting together Ikea 

3857
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:53,500
furniture without the manual. 
The Learned Physicians of the 

3858
03:39:53,500 --> 03:39:56,300
day, believe that lying flat 
dangerously Disturbed, these 

3859
03:39:56,300 --> 03:39:59,300
humors, they held that 
horizontal stretching caused 

3860
03:39:59,300 --> 03:40:00,700
blood to pull in the wrong 
place. 

3861
03:40:00,700 --> 03:40:04,000
Is causing imbalances that could
cause disease or even death. 

3862
03:40:04,700 --> 03:40:07,900
It was similar to the medieval 
game of operation except that 

3863
03:40:07,900 --> 03:40:10,300
you might actually die in place 
of a buzzer going off. 

3864
03:40:11,500 --> 03:40:14,400
According to the doctor's 
sitting upright, maintain the 

3865
03:40:14,400 --> 03:40:17,300
delicate balance required for 
Life by allowing your humors to 

3866
03:40:17,300 --> 03:40:20,400
flow correctly. 
However, the medical issues 

3867
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:24,000
extended beyond the enigmatic 
fluid management, medical 

3868
03:40:24,000 --> 03:40:27,200
professionals actually thought 
that lying flat exposed one to 

3869
03:40:27,200 --> 03:40:29,900
night Vapors, which were 
poisonous gases that were said 

3870
03:40:29,900 --> 03:40:32,700
to rise from the earth and enter
houses through floor cracks. 

3871
03:40:33,400 --> 03:40:35,800
Since these Vapors were believed
to be heavier than air. 

3872
03:40:35,800 --> 03:40:39,500
They gathered close to the 
ground, like a human Periscope, 

3873
03:40:39,500 --> 03:40:42,200
avoiding, toxic clouds, sleeping
upright. 

3874
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:45,100
Literally lifted. 
You above the danger zone, not 

3875
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:47,700
that this was all Superstition 
homes from the Middle. 

3876
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:50,900
Ages weren't, exactly 
ventilation Marvels, imagine 

3877
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:54,200
sharing your living space with 
animals for warmth in a 

3878
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:56,200
building. 
That is a combination of a house

3879
03:40:56,200 --> 03:40:59,800
and a barn. 
With fumes from animal feces 

3880
03:40:59,800 --> 03:41:03,700
smoke from poorly, ventilated 
fires and the general mustiness 

3881
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,400
of damp stone walls. 
The air quality was likely 

3882
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:10,000
suspect Even though the 
justification for sitting up was

3883
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:13,500
wildly incorrect, it's possible 
that it improved breathing and 

3884
03:41:13,500 --> 03:41:16,500
air circulation, the 
implications for religion would 

3885
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:18,900
just as strong. 
According to Medieval 

3886
03:41:18,900 --> 03:41:22,400
Christianity, the deadlift flat,
an imitating death. 

3887
03:41:22,400 --> 03:41:24,600
While you slept was a sign of 
tempting fate. 

3888
03:41:25,300 --> 03:41:27,600
By implying that you are 
prepared for Eternal rest. 

3889
03:41:27,600 --> 03:41:30,200
You were effectively inviting 
the Grim Reaper. 

3890
03:41:31,400 --> 03:41:34,400
According to church doctrine, 
the righteous should always be 

3891
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:38,100
on guard even when they are 
sleeping prepared to pray or run

3892
03:41:38,100 --> 03:41:41,400
at any time lying down was 
regarded as spiritually 

3893
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:44,300
hazardous because it suggested a
state of vulnerability and 

3894
03:41:44,300 --> 03:41:46,800
relaxation. 
Additionally think about the 

3895
03:41:46,800 --> 03:41:51,100
practicality or lack thereof of 
medieval bedrooms, unlike you 

3896
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,600
most people did not have private
sleeping quarters guests, 

3897
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:57,600
servants and families, shared a 
room and frequently a bed. 

3898
03:41:57,600 --> 03:41:59,600
Only. 
The very wealthy could afford 

3899
03:41:59,600 --> 03:42:02,000
privacy and even then it was a 
luxury. 

3900
03:42:02,800 --> 03:42:05,700
Sitting up in such crowded. 
Conditions was a matter of space

3901
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:07,900
management, not merely health or
religion. 

3902
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:11,700
If everyone, slept upright 
leaned against walls or shared 

3903
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,200
big chairs made for several 
people, you could fit more 

3904
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:16,900
people in a room. 
Additionally, the fear of 

3905
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:19,600
Unexpected death while. 
Sleeping was incredibly useful, 

3906
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:22,900
people died suddenly and often 
in a time before modern 

3907
03:42:22,900 --> 03:42:27,100
medicine, the sick and dying. 
Those two weeks to sit up with 

3908
03:42:27,100 --> 03:42:30,100
thought to lie down. 
By sleeping, upright, healthy 

3909
03:42:30,100 --> 03:42:32,400
individuals showed that they 
were still strong enough to keep

3910
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:35,400
their posture while they were 
unconscious demonstrating their 

3911
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:38,400
vitality. 
It served as a nightly 

3912
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:41,300
affirmation that. 
I'm still here, still fighting 

3913
03:42:41,300 --> 03:42:45,300
still ready for whatever Dawn 
might bring as you unconsciously

3914
03:42:45,300 --> 03:42:47,300
sink into your horizontal 
position tonight. 

3915
03:42:47,300 --> 03:42:50,700
Keep in mind that you are doing 
something that your forefathers 

3916
03:42:50,700 --> 03:42:53,600
would have regarded as either 
courageous or foolish or 

3917
03:42:53,600 --> 03:42:57,200
perhaps, both your Readiness to 
lie down demonstrates how much 

3918
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,200
we've learned about safety 
health, and the basic art of 

3919
03:43:00,208 --> 03:43:04,100
getting a decent night's sleep. 
You may be asking yourself what 

3920
03:43:04,100 --> 03:43:06,400
exactly were they sitting on? 
If everyone was sleeping 

3921
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,700
upright, Depending on your 
stance on Comfort versus 

3922
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:13,000
functionality, the medieval 
Furniture industry had to get 

3923
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:15,500
inventive in ways that would 
make contemporary ergonomic 

3924
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,100
designers cry with Envy or 
horror. 

3925
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,300
The Sleep chair is the 
equivalent of a recliner in 

3926
03:43:21,300 --> 03:43:24,000
medieval Europe. 
But it lacks the cup holders, 

3927
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:27,200
the reclining feature, and 
pretty much every other feature,

3928
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:30,600
that makes modern furniture. 
Bearable, these devices had the 

3929
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,700
appearance of someone marketing 
them as bedroom furniture after 

3930
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:35,600
crossing a church pew with the 
torture device. 

3931
03:43:36,400 --> 03:43:40,400
A high straight back armrests of
precisely uncomfortable, angles 

3932
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,100
and occasionally. 
A tiny Ledger platform to place 

3933
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:45,200
your feet on all features of the
basic design. 

3934
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:49,200
Obviously Comfort was not the 
main issue, of course, fancier, 

3935
03:43:49,200 --> 03:43:50,500
versions were owned by the 
wealthy. 

3936
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:54,000
In addition to being upholstered
with Fabrics that cost more than

3937
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:57,000
the average person's yearly 
income, their sleep chairs were 

3938
03:43:57,000 --> 03:44:00,300
carved from pricey woods and 
occasionally had tiny storage 

3939
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:03,600
spaces for personal belongings. 
Consider them the luxury 

3940
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:05,400
vehicles of the world of sitting
sleep. 

3941
03:44:05,400 --> 03:44:08,400
They are still essentially 
uncomfortable, but they do. 

3942
03:44:08,400 --> 03:44:11,900
So in a stylish way in a time 
when one size fits all was the 

3943
03:44:11,900 --> 03:44:14,000
norm. 
Some had adjustable backs that 

3944
03:44:14,000 --> 03:44:17,300
could tilt slightly providing 
what amounted to customization, 

3945
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:21,500
The interesting part though is 
that these chairs served as 

3946
03:44:21,500 --> 03:44:23,800
status symbols in addition to 
being useful pieces of 

3947
03:44:23,808 --> 03:44:26,700
furniture. 
Your sleep, chairs design and 

3948
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:30,400
quality made your social 
standing as obvious as driving a

3949
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,300
Ferrari today. 
An ability displayed ornate 

3950
03:44:33,300 --> 03:44:36,100
pieces that looked more like 
Thrones than sleeping Furniture.

3951
03:44:36,100 --> 03:44:39,600
While wealthy merchants might 
have chairs with modest, carving

3952
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:42,600
and comfortable padding. 
The impoverished on the other 

3953
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:46,000
hand used crude wooden stools or
simply leaned against walls 

3954
03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:49,100
transforming any level surface 
into a makeshift bed. 

3955
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:52,800
The extremely wealthy sled in 
rooms made a specially for 

3956
03:44:52,800 --> 03:44:55,700
standing. 
Imagine Hall ways with built-in 

3957
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:59,200
benches walls with tapestries, 
and cushions for leaning against

3958
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:02,200
a unique, alcoves carved into 
the stone. 

3959
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:04,500
That would allow several people 
to sit and sleep comfortably. 

3960
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:09,100
They resembled human parking 
garages made to hold bodies in 

3961
03:45:09,100 --> 03:45:12,400
their vertical resting position 
rather than bedrooms as we know 

3962
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:14,900
them. 
Some clever furniture makers. 

3963
03:45:14,900 --> 03:45:18,700
Made communal sleep benches 
which are long church pews style

3964
03:45:18,700 --> 03:45:21,100
seats that can hold whole 
families or groups of tourists. 

3965
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:24,100
Picture yourself arriving at a 
medieval Inn. 

3966
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:27,800
Finding yourself Seated, on a 
bench beside total strangers and

3967
03:45:27,800 --> 03:45:30,100
spending the night together, 
like birds on a Wire. 

3968
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:34,700
It was obvious that personal 
space was an unimagined luxury. 

3969
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:38,900
In fact, these pieces were 
incredibly well-crafted in the 

3970
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:42,100
absence of power tools or 
contemporary methods, medieval 

3971
03:45:42,100 --> 03:45:45,500
Woodworkers produced elaborate 
supports precisely measured 

3972
03:45:45,500 --> 03:45:49,000
angles and joints that could 
sustain human bodies for decades

3973
03:45:49,000 --> 03:45:51,300
at a time. 
They had a deeper understanding 

3974
03:45:51,300 --> 03:45:54,400
of structural Integrity, 
balance, and weight 

3975
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:56,400
distribution, and some 
contemporary furniture. 

3976
03:45:57,400 --> 03:46:00,300
Even though they slept on pieces
made to last for centuries, your

3977
03:46:00,300 --> 03:46:01,900
ancestors, may have slept 
upright. 

3978
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:05,100
It's interesting to note that 
some sleep chairs had clever 

3979
03:46:05,100 --> 03:46:07,600
features that Contemporary 
Furniture Design as might find 

3980
03:46:07,600 --> 03:46:11,200
appealing, Detachable, cushions 
allowed for seasonal Comfort 

3981
03:46:11,200 --> 03:46:13,400
adjustments. 
Adjustable footrests. 

3982
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,400
Accommodated, varying leg 
lengths and hidden compartments,

3983
03:46:16,400 --> 03:46:19,700
protected valuables while you 
slept. some even had a little 

3984
03:46:19,708 --> 03:46:22,400
tables attached so that you 
could easily access prayer books

3985
03:46:22,400 --> 03:46:27,200
can handles or water at night, 
The wealthy, you could afford to

3986
03:46:27,208 --> 03:46:30,000
try out new Sleeping 
arrangements, for the first to 

3987
03:46:30,000 --> 03:46:31,500
gradually, move away from sleep 
chairs. 

3988
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:35,400
Sleep chairs, did not vanish 
overnight as lying down, beds 

3989
03:46:35,400 --> 03:46:37,600
gained popularity. 
Some families. 

3990
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:40,800
Kept them as emergency furniture
for visitors or in case of 

3991
03:46:40,800 --> 03:46:43,800
illness and many were repurposed
as everyday seating. 

3992
03:46:44,600 --> 03:46:47,800
Relics of an alien civilization,
that somehow managed to sleep 

3993
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:51,200
while simultaneously defying 
comfort, and gravity can be 

3994
03:46:51,208 --> 03:46:55,000
found in museums today. you may 
be horrified to learn that for 

3995
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:58,200
the majority of human history, 
privacy while sleeping was 

3996
03:46:58,200 --> 03:47:01,900
practically unheard of Your 
ancestors lived in a world where

3997
03:47:01,900 --> 03:47:05,100
sleeping was a social activity 
similar to eating dinner or 

3998
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:07,500
going to church except that 
everyone was unconscious. 

3999
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:10,600
This contrasts with your own 
luxury of having your own room 

4000
03:47:10,600 --> 03:47:14,700
bed and space to scroll. 
However you like Imagine a 

4001
03:47:14,700 --> 03:47:17,700
normal medieval home. 
In addition to sharing houses 

4002
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,700
families also shared sleeping 
quarters with apprentices 

4003
03:47:20,700 --> 03:47:24,700
servant's extended family and 
frequently overnight Travelers. 

4004
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:27,700
Every evening. 
The Great Hall of a manor house 

4005
03:47:27,700 --> 03:47:29,500
would be transformed into a 
human dormitory. 

4006
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:32,600
With people lining up along 
benches and walls in a manner 

4007
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:35,300
reminiscent of medieval airport,
seating during flight delays, 

4008
03:47:36,000 --> 03:47:38,700
However, the delay persisted 
each and every night. 

4009
03:47:39,400 --> 03:47:42,000
Sitting upright was not only 
morally or medically right in 

4010
03:47:42,008 --> 03:47:44,400
these crowded sleeping 
Arrangements, but it was also 

4011
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:47,500
practically required. 
You'll see why lying down. 

4012
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:50,400
Wasn't an option. 
If you try to picture cramming 

4013
03:47:50,400 --> 03:47:52,500
15 people into an area meant for
8. 

4014
03:47:52,500 --> 03:47:56,100
Everyone had to make the most of
their vertical space which made 

4015
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:58,200
Sleeping a human geometry 
exercise. 

4016
03:47:58,200 --> 03:48:02,400
Like knowing how to fix clothes 
or preserve meat the ability to 

4017
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:04,900
sleep while seated evolved into 
a survival skill. 

4018
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:08,600
The social dynamics of sharing a
bed were intriguing, an 

4019
03:48:08,600 --> 03:48:11,800
intricate Unwritten rules 
dictated who was allowed to lean

4020
03:48:11,800 --> 03:48:15,000
against which walls who was 
given priority near the fire, 

4021
03:48:15,000 --> 03:48:17,800
and who was forced to make do 
with the drafty spots by 

4022
03:48:17,800 --> 03:48:20,400
windows. 
Nightly seating arrangements, 

4023
03:48:20,400 --> 03:48:23,600
were influenced by physical 
condition, age, and social 

4024
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:26,500
standing. 
It was similar to musical chairs

4025
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:30,000
in the Middle Ages, except that 
no one and everyone had to sleep

4026
03:48:30,000 --> 03:48:33,100
where they ended up. 
Taverns and Inns elevated 

4027
03:48:33,100 --> 03:48:35,000
communal sleeping to a whole new
level. 

4028
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:38,900
People from various towns, 
social classes and backgrounds 

4029
03:48:38,900 --> 03:48:42,200
would spend the night next to 
each other sharing body heat and

4030
03:48:42,200 --> 03:48:44,700
likely more germs than anyone 
would want to consider. 

4031
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:48,000
It was simply good business to 
pack as many upright sleepers as

4032
03:48:48,000 --> 03:48:51,300
possible into each room because 
in Keepers charged by the space 

4033
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:54,900
rather than the person. 
You didn't pay for privacy or 

4034
03:48:54,900 --> 03:48:58,000
comfort, you paid for a place on
a bench or against a wall. 

4035
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:01,700
In fact, this system produced 
its own social mores and manners

4036
03:49:01,700 --> 03:49:04,300
rules about snoring changing 
positions. 

4037
03:49:04,300 --> 03:49:07,000
And what to do, if you're 
sleeping neighbor began talking 

4038
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:09,200
in their sleep or having 
nightmares were developed 

4039
03:49:09,200 --> 03:49:13,600
protocols for sharing blankets, 
keeping modest in close quarters

4040
03:49:13,600 --> 03:49:17,100
and handling, the inevitable 
personality conflicts that occur

4041
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:19,400
when strangers are compelled to 
spend night. 

4042
03:49:19,400 --> 03:49:21,800
After night in close quarters 
were all in place. 

4043
03:49:22,600 --> 03:49:24,800
Even though they're sleeping 
Arrangements, were far more 

4044
03:49:24,800 --> 03:49:27,000
comfortable. 
The wealthy were not completely 

4045
03:49:27,000 --> 03:49:30,100
immune to communal, sleeping 
either, for convenience and 

4046
03:49:30,100 --> 03:49:32,800
security reasons. 
Noble households can continue to

4047
03:49:32,800 --> 03:49:35,000
have servants sleep in the same 
rooms as their masters. 

4048
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:37,900
Even a fluent families 
frequently, shared sleeping 

4049
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:41,700
quarters with parents kids, and 
occasionally grandparents. 

4050
03:49:41,700 --> 03:49:44,000
Each finding a place in the 
family sleeping chamber. 

4051
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:47,400
These Arrangements were made 
even more complex by seasonal 

4052
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:50,400
variations. 
People naturally huddled closer 

4053
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:51,900
together in the winter to stay 
warm. 

4054
03:49:51,900 --> 03:49:55,500
But in the summer they position 
themselves strategically close 

4055
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,000
to Windows and Doors to take 
advantage of any breezes. 

4056
03:49:58,900 --> 03:50:01,500
Most people had to make due with
the same space year round 

4057
03:50:01,500 --> 03:50:03,600
changing their positions and 
Arrangements. 

4058
03:50:03,600 --> 03:50:04,900
According to weather and 
temperature. 

4059
03:50:04,900 --> 03:50:08,100
While the wealthy might have had
the luxury of seasonal sleeping 

4060
03:50:08,100 --> 03:50:10,800
Chambers different rooms for 
different times of the year. 

4061
03:50:11,600 --> 03:50:13,100
Although germ theory was not 
yet. 

4062
03:50:13,100 --> 03:50:15,600
Sufficiently understood for 
people to be concerned about it 

4063
03:50:15,600 --> 03:50:17,900
disease. 
Transmission in these settings 

4064
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,600
must have been spectacular 
everyone in the sleeping chamber

4065
03:50:21,600 --> 03:50:24,900
was likely to get a cold after 
someone else did, although 

4066
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:27,600
people blamed illness on bad air
or Divine punishment, rather 

4067
03:50:27,600 --> 03:50:30,000
than the obvious problem of 
dozens of people breathing, on 

4068
03:50:30,008 --> 03:50:33,200
each other all night, Plague 
outbreaks, most likely spread 

4069
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:35,700
through communal sleeping 
Arrangements, like wildfire. 

4070
03:50:36,400 --> 03:50:38,900
The wealthy were the first to 
gradually transition to private 

4071
03:50:38,900 --> 03:50:41,400
sleeping. 
Families started to divide 

4072
03:50:41,400 --> 03:50:44,700
sleeping Arrangements by 
generation, then by gender, and 

4073
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,900
finally, by personal preference 
as wealth and homes grew. 

4074
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:52,100
A fact that you can sleep by 
yourself in your own room and in

4075
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:55,400
your own bed is a testament to 
centuries of economic and social

4076
03:50:55,400 --> 03:50:57,800
advancement. 
That your forefathers could 

4077
03:50:57,800 --> 03:51:01,000
hardly have dreamed of How then 
did people go from sleeping 

4078
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:03,000
upright? 
For centuries to the horizontal 

4079
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:04,200
freefall. 
You see today? 

4080
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:07,900
Everyone deciding to roll over 
and try lying down. 

4081
03:51:07,900 --> 03:51:11,900
At the same time wasn't a sudden
Revelation the gradual change 

4082
03:51:11,900 --> 03:51:14,700
from a communal survival 
strategy to the private 

4083
03:51:14,700 --> 03:51:17,700
comfortable experience. 
You know today was fueled by 

4084
03:51:17,708 --> 03:51:21,000
advancements in architecture 
medicine and social attitudes 

4085
03:51:21,000 --> 03:51:24,100
like most revolutions. 
This one started with the rich. 

4086
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:27,000
Some Aristocrats and Rich, 
Merchants had started 

4087
03:51:27,000 --> 03:51:30,200
experimenting with lying down 
sleep by the late Medieval Era, 

4088
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:32,500
though. 
At first, it was considered a 

4089
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,800
luxury rather than a common 
practice these early adopters 

4090
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:38,800
who were prepared to forgo, the 
purported, spiritual and medical

4091
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:42,100
risks in favor of comfort and 
Novelty were essentially the 

4092
03:51:42,100 --> 03:51:44,000
beta testers of horizontal 
sleeping. 

4093
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:47,500
Think of them like the original 
smartphone buyers, who were 

4094
03:51:47,508 --> 03:51:50,200
initially viewed as crazy until 
everyone wanted one. 

4095
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:53,500
The ancient theories of humors 
and night Vapors were gradually 

4096
03:51:53,500 --> 03:51:57,000
disproved by new Concepts about 
medicine and the human body that

4097
03:51:57,000 --> 03:52:00,300
emerged during the Renaissance. 
When doctors noticed that 

4098
03:52:00,300 --> 03:52:02,800
wealthy people who slept on 
their backs were dying in 

4099
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:05,700
frightening numbers, they 
started to wonder if sitting up 

4100
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:07,700
straight was really necessary 
for good health. 

4101
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,500
Medical texts began to imply 
that flying flat, might be 

4102
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:14,500
helpful for some ailments 
specially for those with back 

4103
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:18,000
pain or respiratory issues. 
It took decades for the radical 

4104
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,500
idea to become widely accepted. 
This transition was made 

4105
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:23,600
possible in large part by 
architecture. 

4106
03:52:23,600 --> 03:52:27,600
Families, could now afford to 
use entire rooms for sleeping as

4107
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:31,300
Holmes, grew, bigger, and more 
upscale People no longer had to 

4108
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:35,000
share, sleeping quarters with 
strangers, servants and extended

4109
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:36,500
families. 
Thanks, to the invention of 

4110
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:39,400
separate bed Chambers. 
Experimenting with various 

4111
03:52:39,400 --> 03:52:42,000
sleeping positions without 
social scrutiny or space 

4112
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,700
constraints was made possible by
privacy at last. 

4113
03:52:45,700 --> 03:52:48,100
You were able to extend your 
body without pushing your 

4114
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:51,000
neighbor in the ribs. 
Equally significant was the 

4115
03:52:51,000 --> 03:52:53,500
development and enhancement of 
appropriate beds. 

4116
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:56,200
When there were beds in the 
Middle Ages, they were 

4117
03:52:56,200 --> 03:52:59,100
frequently just mattresses with 
straw on wooden frames. 

4118
03:52:59,900 --> 03:53:01,900
The fact that these were not 
very comfortable for flying 

4119
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:04,500
down, like he contributed to the
preference for sleeping upright.

4120
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:08,900
However, lying down became more 
and more desirable as mattress 

4121
03:53:08,900 --> 03:53:12,200
technology developed. 
Yes, there was such a thing as 

4122
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:14,300
mattress technology and the 
pre-industrial world. 

4123
03:53:15,200 --> 03:53:18,200
Horizontal sleeping became not 
only feasible but also 

4124
03:53:18,200 --> 03:53:19,600
enjoyable. 
Thanks to feather beds. 

4125
03:53:19,600 --> 03:53:22,900
Better textiles, and enhanced 
frame Construction. 

4126
03:53:24,100 --> 03:53:27,900
During this time, religious 
views also changed many medieval

4127
03:53:27,900 --> 03:53:30,800
Catholic teachings, including 
some of the superstitions 

4128
03:53:30,800 --> 03:53:34,000
surrounding sleeping positions 
were contested by the Protestant

4129
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:37,100
Reformation. 
Protestant theologians were more

4130
03:53:37,108 --> 03:53:40,200
interested in the pragmatic 
issues of rest and health than 

4131
03:53:40,200 --> 03:53:42,700
they were in the symbolic, 
meaning of lying flat. 

4132
03:53:43,300 --> 03:53:46,200
This change in religion allowed 
people to try different sleeping

4133
03:53:46,200 --> 03:53:49,700
positions without worrying about
endangering their Eternal Souls.

4134
03:53:50,400 --> 03:53:52,900
These changes were hastened by 
the printing press, which 

4135
03:53:52,900 --> 03:53:56,100
disseminated novel Concepts 
regarding health and sleep, more

4136
03:53:56,100 --> 03:54:00,000
rapidly than in the past. 
Advice, regarding appropriate, 

4137
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:03,300
sleep positioning started to 
appear in medical texts, home 

4138
03:54:03,300 --> 03:54:06,000
management manuals and even 
popular literature. 

4139
03:54:06,800 --> 03:54:09,400
For the first time in history, 
written information about 

4140
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:13,100
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene 
and the advantages of various 

4141
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:15,500
sleeping positions was available
to the general public 

4142
03:54:15,500 --> 03:54:18,600
informational, that had 
previously, only been accessible

4143
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:21,400
to academic and doctors became 
widely accessible. 

4144
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:24,600
During this time, social 
perceptions of rest and 

4145
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:27,700
vulnerability. 
Also changed New Perspectives on

4146
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:30,100
the significance of adequate 
sleep for well-being and 

4147
03:54:30,100 --> 03:54:33,900
productivity started to replace 
the medieval emphasis on ongoing

4148
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:38,600
alertness and preparedness over 
time, lying down once and took 

4149
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:41,000
Predators as a sign of 
spiritual, laxity or weakness 

4150
03:54:41,000 --> 03:54:45,900
became linked to wisdom and 
self-care. people started to 

4151
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:48,800
realize that getting enough 
sleep was not a luxury or an 

4152
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:52,100
Indulgence, but rather necessary
for both physical and mental 

4153
03:54:52,100 --> 03:54:56,000
well-being, Not every social 
class or geographical area 

4154
03:54:56,000 --> 03:54:59,300
experience, the shift in the 
same way compared to rural 

4155
03:54:59,300 --> 03:55:02,400
Farmers or the urban poor 
wealthy urban populations 

4156
03:55:02,400 --> 03:55:04,400
adopted horizontal sleeping much
earlier. 

4157
03:55:05,200 --> 03:55:07,400
Because they lacked the 
resources to alter their 

4158
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:09,900
sleeping habits. 
Some remote communities continue

4159
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:13,300
to practice, upright, sleeping 
well into the modern era, not 

4160
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:16,400
because they liked it. 
Sleeping positions have changed 

4161
03:55:16,400 --> 03:55:19,800
over time reflecting larger 
Trends in Social and economic 

4162
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:22,100
development that still influence
our way of life today. 

4163
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,700
Horizontal sleeping had become 
so commonplace by the time. 

4164
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:29,200
Your grandparents were born that
most people had forgotten, it 

4165
03:55:29,200 --> 03:55:33,300
had ever been a topic of debate.
The medieval worlds, communal 

4166
03:55:33,300 --> 03:55:36,300
sleeping arrangements and sleep 
chairs appeared as Antiquated as

4167
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:40,100
any other historical Oddity. 
fascinating, but unrelated to 

4168
03:55:40,100 --> 03:55:43,300
contemporary living, give them 
that for the majority of History

4169
03:55:43,300 --> 03:55:45,700
owning. 
A bed was equivalent to owning a

4170
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:48,300
luxury car. 
Something that unmistakably 

4171
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:50,500
indicated that you were not 
struggling to survive. 

4172
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:54,200
The evolution of beds from basic
sleeping platforms into the 

4173
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:57,100
ornate kingdoms of comfort, you 
know, today as a tale worth 

4174
03:55:57,100 --> 03:55:59,300
telling. 
The development of bed 

4175
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:03,500
technology, reflects the larger 
changes in privacy comfort and 

4176
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:05,600
our evolving relationship with 
sleep in general. 

4177
03:56:05,600 --> 03:56:08,900
When there were early beds at 
all, they were basically raised 

4178
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:12,800
platforms made to keep people 
off of damp cold floors and away

4179
03:56:12,800 --> 03:56:14,600
from different animals that like
to live on the ground. 

4180
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:18,000
These were useful answers to 
environmental problems. 

4181
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:21,100
Not the comfortable Havens, you 
hide away to every night. 

4182
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:25,400
A wooden frame, any available 
stuffing material straw 

4183
03:56:25,400 --> 03:56:27,600
feathers. 
If you were lucky or just extra 

4184
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,800
blankets, folded for padding and
some rope or leather strapping 

4185
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:33,300
for support. 
Comfort wasn't a design 

4186
03:56:33,300 --> 03:56:35,200
objective. 
It was a happy accident. 

4187
03:56:36,000 --> 03:56:37,900
Naturally long before bed to a 
comfortable. 

4188
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:40,900
The wealthy use them as status 
symbols with. 

4189
03:56:40,900 --> 03:56:45,100
Intricately carved posts pricey 
fabrics and curtains that could 

4190
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:48,400
outstrip the cost of most 
people's homes, medieval Noble 

4191
03:56:48,400 --> 03:56:50,500
beds were symbols of Crossman 
and wealth. 

4192
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,800
These beds were Furniture pieces
intended to both rest and 

4193
03:56:53,800 --> 03:56:57,200
impress guests. 
The curtains also known as bed 

4194
03:56:57,200 --> 03:57:00,600
hanging had several uses. 
They kept body heat during 

4195
03:57:00,600 --> 03:57:03,500
Chilli evening's offered 
seclusion in shared sleeping, 

4196
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:06,000
quarters and showcased. 
The owners wealth through their 

4197
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:08,900
design and quality. 
The interesting thing is that 

4198
03:57:08,900 --> 03:57:11,800
even these ornate beds were made
with lying down in mind. 

4199
03:57:12,500 --> 03:57:15,300
Assuming that people would sleep
sitting up or at least some 

4200
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,000
upright supported by pillows and
bolsters. 

4201
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:22,200
Many medieval beds with Compared
to more recent models, the 

4202
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:25,300
mattresses were frequently 
fairly firm and the pillows were

4203
03:57:25,300 --> 03:57:28,600
smaller and less flexible. 
Although technically feasible 

4204
03:57:28,600 --> 03:57:32,400
lying flat on these early beds, 
would have been uninviting akin 

4205
03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:34,400
to camping on a wooden platform 
with little padding. 

4206
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,000
A key factor in the lying down 
Revolution was the advancement 

4207
03:57:38,000 --> 03:57:42,000
of mattress technology. 
From basic sax filled with straw

4208
03:57:42,000 --> 03:57:45,300
medieval mattresses developed 
into increasingly complex 

4209
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:50,000
structures made of feathers down
and even early spring systems. 

4210
03:57:51,000 --> 03:57:53,400
A single bed in a wealthy home. 
May have several layers of 

4211
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:56,200
mattresses on it. 
Providing a sleeping surface 

4212
03:57:56,200 --> 03:57:58,800
that is sufficiently soft to 
allow for truly comfortable, 

4213
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:03,100
horizontal rest, In reality, the
term sleep tight refers to the 

4214
03:58:03,100 --> 03:58:06,400
practice of tightening the ropes
supports beneath mattresses in 

4215
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:09,600
order to maintain the right 
firmness, imagine having to tune

4216
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:11,600
your bed like a guitar every 
night before bed. 

4217
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:15,900
The first private sleeping areas
in history were made possible by

4218
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:19,200
privacy curtains and surrounding
Beds, which served as more than 

4219
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:21,900
just decorative accents. 
Couples and families. 

4220
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:24,900
Could finally enjoy the luxury 
of sleeping in privacy inside 

4221
03:58:24,900 --> 03:58:28,200
these curtained beds, free from 
the prying eyes of guests 

4222
03:58:28,200 --> 03:58:33,100
servants and extended family. 
Because of this privacy people 

4223
03:58:33,100 --> 03:58:36,300
could try out variously sleeping
positions, including the radical

4224
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:39,400
idea of lying down without 
worrying about being judged by 

4225
03:58:39,400 --> 03:58:42,700
others beds, turned into private
Realms where people could 

4226
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:44,600
disregard the Norms of social 
conduct. 

4227
03:58:45,300 --> 03:58:48,600
The Renaissance introduced fresh
concepts for Designing bedrooms 

4228
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:50,500
that prioritize, privacy and 
comfort. 

4229
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:54,600
Instead of serving several 
purposes bedroom started to be 

4230
03:58:54,608 --> 03:58:58,200
designed with sleep in mind and 
beds took center stage in these 

4231
03:58:58,200 --> 03:59:00,600
spaces. 
With better proportions, 

4232
03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:04,000
enhanced support systems and 
accessories made, especially for

4233
03:59:04,000 --> 03:59:07,000
horizontal sleep. 
Furniture manufacturers created 

4234
03:59:07,000 --> 03:59:10,100
specialty bed designs that were 
optimized for lying down. 

4235
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:13,900
The entire sleeping environment 
was redesigned around the idea 

4236
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:17,300
of cozy, private, rest and 
pillows, got bigger and softer 

4237
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:21,300
blankets, also got more elegant,
the art of making beds was 

4238
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:23,900
turned into a mass production 
industry during the Industrial 

4239
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:26,500
Revolution. 
For the first time in history, 

4240
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:29,400
middle class, families could 
afford comfortable beds. 

4241
03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:33,200
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 
and standardized sizes, the 

4242
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:35,200
modern bedroom. 
As you know, it started to take 

4243
03:59:35,200 --> 03:59:38,100
shape as what had been luxury 
items turned into Necessities 

4244
03:59:38,100 --> 03:59:40,900
for the home. 
For the first time people could 

4245
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:43,500
afford bets made, especially for
sleeping on their backs. 

4246
03:59:43,500 --> 03:59:47,800
Complete with cozy surfaces and 
appropriate support systems to 

4247
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:50,300
your ancestors. 
Modern mattress technology would

4248
03:59:50,300 --> 03:59:53,500
have seemed like magic. 
Beds are now, highly engineered 

4249
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:55,400
Comfort devices. 
Thanks to Memory Foam, 

4250
03:59:55,400 --> 03:59:59,200
temperature control, adjustable 
firmness, and specialized 

4251
03:59:59,200 --> 04:00:01,900
support systems. 
It's likely that your mattress 

4252
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:04,400
has more technology than whole 
medieval homes. 

4253
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:07,600
Medieval kings, could never have
dreamed of the degree of 

4254
04:00:07,600 --> 04:00:10,000
personal luxury that comes with 
being able to alter the 

4255
04:00:10,000 --> 04:00:12,600
temperature and firmness of your
sleeping surface. 

4256
04:00:12,600 --> 04:00:15,800
To suit your own tastes your 
savoring, the result of 

4257
04:00:15,808 --> 04:00:19,300
centuries of human Ingenuity in 
the Quest, for better sleep. 

4258
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:22,200
When you get into your bed 
tonight with its precisely 

4259
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:26,000
calibrated firmness, climate 
controlled comfort and private 

4260
04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:29,500
Sanctuary atmosphere. 
Your bedroom is more than just a

4261
04:00:29,500 --> 04:00:32,400
place to sleep. 
It's a private Haven furnished 

4262
04:00:32,400 --> 04:00:35,000
with extravagance. 
Is that no king or queen has had

4263
04:00:35,000 --> 04:00:36,900
access to the majority of human 
history. 

4264
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:41,400
And now at the conclusion of our
exploration of the strange 

4265
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,500
history of human sleeping 
positions, you are lying, 

4266
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:47,400
comfortably horizontal and 
learning about ancestors. 

4267
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:49,700
Who would have viewed, your 
current position as either 

4268
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:51,700
morally dubious or medically 
dangerous? 

4269
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:56,100
Isn't that quite a change? 
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 

4270
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:59,000
Across a king size mattress 
without giving a thought to 

4271
04:00:59,000 --> 04:01:03,000
humors night, Vapors, or 
spiritual vulnerability as 

4272
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:04,800
replaced. 
Centuries of sleeping upright. 

4273
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:08,600
When you consider the irony of 
our current sleeping conditions,

4274
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,600
it's delicious. 
The majority of the issues that 

4275
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:14,000
necessitated upright sleeping 
have been resolved. 

4276
04:01:14,000 --> 04:01:17,500
We have comfortable mattresses, 
clean are private bedrooms, and 

4277
04:01:17,500 --> 04:01:19,600
medical knowledge. 
That would have amazed medieval 

4278
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:22,700
doctors, but we have also 
created completely new sleep 

4279
04:01:22,700 --> 04:01:26,000
problems while your ancestors 
were concerned about spiritual 

4280
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:28,900
threats and night Vapors. 
Your concerned about screen 

4281
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,000
time, caffeine consumption, the 
ideal temperature of your room 

4282
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:35,000
and whether the final episode of
your favorite show will keep you

4283
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:38,000
up with plot twists. 
Additionally, we've developed 

4284
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:40,700
sleep issues, that would have 
completely perplexed, medieval 

4285
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:42,600
people. 
Millions of people who have 

4286
04:01:42,608 --> 04:01:45,300
access to the most comfortable 
sleeping conditions in history 

4287
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:49,300
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 
like sleep apnea restless legs 

4288
04:01:49,300 --> 04:01:53,200
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 
The hardware issues of sleep 

4289
04:01:53,200 --> 04:01:57,000
such as Furniture, privacy, and 
safety seem to have been 

4290
04:01:57,000 --> 04:01:59,600
resolved. 
But new software issues relating

4291
04:01:59,600 --> 04:02:02,200
to stress lifestyle, and the 
fast-paced nature of 

4292
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,300
contemporary life of being 
introduced, you might be lying. 

4293
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:08,000
Awake wondering, whether you 
remember to set your alarm or 

4294
04:02:08,000 --> 04:02:10,400
whether that working email was 
important enough to reply to 

4295
04:02:10,400 --> 04:02:13,500
right away, just as your 
ancestors fell asleep from 

4296
04:02:13,500 --> 04:02:16,700
physical exhaustion. 
The economic power of the Sleep 

4297
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:19,100
industry today would have 
astounded medieval furniture 

4298
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:21,600
makers. 
We've transformed rest into a 

4299
04:02:21,600 --> 04:02:25,600
consumer category with countless
subcategories including memory 

4300
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:29,900
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 
tracking devices customized 

4301
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:31,500
pillows for all possible. 
Needs. 

4302
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:35,700
White Noise, machines blackout 
curtains, and even apps that 

4303
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:39,500
optimize your sleep cycles. 
While medieval people only had 

4304
04:02:39,500 --> 04:02:42,700
one sleep chair, you now have 
hundreds of mattress options to 

4305
04:02:42,700 --> 04:02:45,300
choose from all of which 
promised to transform your 

4306
04:02:45,300 --> 04:02:49,100
sleeping experience. 
Some medieval practices have 

4307
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:52,200
been validated by modern sleep 
science While others have been 

4308
04:02:52,200 --> 04:02:54,300
refuted. 
It turns out that some 

4309
04:02:54,300 --> 04:02:58,000
conditions, especially acid 
reflux, and sleep apnea can 

4310
04:02:58,000 --> 04:02:59,700
benefit from sleeping, a little 
higher. 

4311
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:03,600
For some people sleeping in a 
adjustable beds or recline as 

4312
04:03:03,600 --> 04:03:05,400
relieves back pain or breathing 
issues. 

4313
04:03:06,300 --> 04:03:09,000
Your ancestors were not wholly. 
Incorrect about the advantages 

4314
04:03:09,000 --> 04:03:11,600
of sleeping upright. 
They simply lack the medical 

4315
04:03:11,600 --> 04:03:14,500
knowledge to comprehend. 
Occasionally worked all the 

4316
04:03:14,508 --> 04:03:17,000
Alternatives that would have 
made line down more secure and 

4317
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,400
comfortable intriguingly the 
social dimensions of sleep. 

4318
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:23,700
Have also resurfaced, even 
though we now have privacy and 

4319
04:03:23,700 --> 04:03:26,100
separate sleeping areas 
loneliness, and isolation 

4320
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:28,700
related to sleep, the still 
problems for many people, 

4321
04:03:28,700 --> 04:03:31,800
medieval communal sleeping 
Arrangements, automatically met 

4322
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:35,000
the human need for comfort and 
connection during sleep, which 

4323
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:38,700
is reflected in closely with 
Partners pets or even weighted 

4324
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:41,200
blankets. 
Although we now have more 

4325
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:44,200
control over where we sleep, we 
occasionally miss the social 

4326
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:47,400
aspects of sharing a bed. 
While sleeping habits are still 

4327
04:03:47,408 --> 04:03:50,300
being altered by technology in 
ways that medieval observers 

4328
04:03:50,300 --> 04:03:53,500
would find Enchanted a level of 
individualized, sleep 

4329
04:03:53,500 --> 04:03:55,500
optimization. 
Never before seen in human 

4330
04:03:55,500 --> 04:03:59,200
history is represented by smart 
mattresses, that automatically 

4331
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:02,600
change their firmness, sleep 
tracking devices that keep an 

4332
04:04:02,600 --> 04:04:05,100
eye on everything from heart 
rate to room temperature and 

4333
04:04:05,100 --> 04:04:07,200
apps that wake you up during the
best times to sleep. 

4334
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:10,600
You are interacting with an 
advanced technological 

4335
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:13,500
ecosystem, that is intended to 
improve your quality of sleep, 

4336
04:04:13,500 --> 04:04:17,600
not just lying down to sleep. 
Think about the amazing journey 

4337
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:21,300
that led Humanity from, upright 
communal sleeping to your own 

4338
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:24,900
private, horizontal luxury, as 
you get ready for bed tonight, 

4339
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:29,500
your private bedroom, your cozy 
mattress and your freedom to lie

4340
04:04:29,500 --> 04:04:32,100
down, without worrying about 
dying or receiving a punishment 

4341
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:35,500
from God, are all symbols of 
centuries of human development, 

4342
04:04:35,500 --> 04:04:40,700
invention, and shifting societal
perceptions of leisure privacy 

4343
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,600
and comfort. 
In fact, one of the most 

4344
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:46,600
revolutionary human behaviors of
the last Millennium is the 

4345
04:04:46,600 --> 04:04:50,200
simple Act of falling asleep. 
Something you do without 

4346
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:54,000
thinking Your horizontal 
position, symbolizes freedom, 

4347
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:57,900
from social restraints, freedom 
from medieval anxieties and 

4348
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:00,200
access to Comforts, that have 
been Out Of Reach for the 

4349
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,100
wealthiest people for the 
majority of human history 

4350
04:05:03,100 --> 04:05:07,200
dreams, sweet dreams, sleeper of
revolution. 

4351
04:05:08,000 --> 04:05:10,900
Your ancestors would undoubtedly
be impressed by your mattress 

4352
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:19,800
jealous and perhaps a little 
concerned about your soul. oh 

4353
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:23,100
yes, we're taking a gentle 
Journey Through Time back to a 

4354
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:25,400
place where Empires were built 
not by committees or 

4355
04:05:25,400 --> 04:05:28,900
corporations but by dreamers who
started with nothing more than a

4356
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:33,600
vision and a lot of stubborn 
determination Our Story begins 

4357
04:05:33,600 --> 04:05:35,900
in the hills of Anatolia in. 
What's now? 

4358
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:40,500
Turkey around 1299 You know how 
sometimes the most extraordinary

4359
04:05:40,500 --> 04:05:42,600
things start in the most 
ordinary places? 

4360
04:05:42,600 --> 04:05:46,400
Well, this is one of those 
stories, there was a man named 

4361
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:50,700
Osman and yes, that's where 
ottoman comes from though. 

4362
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:53,300
It got a bit Lost in Translation
over the centuries like a game 

4363
04:05:53,300 --> 04:05:54,900
of telephone played across 
continents. 

4364
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:59,300
Osman was essentially a tribal 
leader which in those days. 

4365
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:02,200
Was a bit like being the mayor 
of a tiny, very mobile Town. 

4366
04:06:02,200 --> 04:06:05,900
His people were Nomads, moving 
their sheep and goats across the

4367
04:06:05,908 --> 04:06:08,900
Rolling Hills living in tents. 
That could be packed up fast 

4368
04:06:08,900 --> 04:06:11,900
faster than you could folder 
fitted sheet, the probably with 

4369
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:13,800
considerably less swearing 
involved. 

4370
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:17,800
In those days, the Byzantine 
Empire continued to plot along 

4371
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:21,900
akin to an ancient car that 
starts most mornings, but amidst

4372
04:06:21,900 --> 04:06:25,100
unsettling noises. 
When it turns a Bend, it had 

4373
04:06:25,100 --> 04:06:28,600
been the mighty Eastern Roman 
Empire once but by Osmond's 

4374
04:06:28,600 --> 04:06:30,700
time, it was more like a 
neighborhood watch committee 

4375
04:06:30,700 --> 04:06:34,000
trying to patrol a city. 
The byzantines. 

4376
04:06:34,000 --> 04:06:36,800
Controlled Constantinople and 
patches of territory here and 

4377
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:40,600
there, but there were gaps and 
Osmond being a practical man. 

4378
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:43,800
Noticed these gaps what made 
Osmond different from other 

4379
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:46,700
tribal leaders wasn't that he 
was particularly Fierce or 

4380
04:06:46,700 --> 04:06:49,700
clever though? 
He was both, he was that he had 

4381
04:06:49,700 --> 04:06:52,200
this knack for making people 
want to follow him. 

4382
04:06:53,000 --> 04:06:55,700
You know, those people who just 
have that quality, they're not 

4383
04:06:55,708 --> 04:06:58,500
necessarily the loudest in the 
room, but when they speak, 

4384
04:06:58,500 --> 04:07:01,200
others, listen, Osman was one of
those. 

4385
04:07:01,200 --> 04:07:05,000
He started small, as most great 
things do Osman. 

4386
04:07:05,000 --> 04:07:08,600
Consistently treated, captured 
enemies with respect a rare and 

4387
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:11,300
noteworthy practice while other 
leaders were busy. 

4388
04:07:11,300 --> 04:07:13,500
Making enemies. 
Osman was making allies. 

4389
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:17,100
He'd capture a bazan teen fought
and then hire the Byzantine 

4390
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:20,000
soldiers to help him run it. 
It was like getting a promotion 

4391
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:23,000
during a hostile takeover. 
His son orhan. 

4392
04:07:23,000 --> 04:07:26,200
Continued, this approach 
expanding, their territory bite 

4393
04:07:26,200 --> 04:07:29,100
by bite, like someone 
methodically working their way 

4394
04:07:29,100 --> 04:07:32,400
through a box of chocolates. 
Well hand figured out something 

4395
04:07:32,400 --> 04:07:34,700
important. 
If you want to build an Empire, 

4396
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:36,100
you need more than just 
Warriors. 

4397
04:07:36,100 --> 04:07:40,300
You need administrators 
Engineers teachers and people 

4398
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:42,800
who know how to keep things 
running when the exciting part 

4399
04:07:42,800 --> 04:07:45,500
is over. 
So the Ottomans began their 

4400
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:48,100
peculiar habit of adopting. 
The best ideas from everyone. 

4401
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,200
They encountered, they borrowed 
military techniques from the 

4402
04:07:51,200 --> 04:07:55,100
bazan teens administrative 
systems from the Persians and 

4403
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:56,900
Architectural styles from the 
Arabs. 

4404
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:59,500
It was like being at a potluck 
dinner where everyone brings 

4405
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:02,300
their best dish. 
Except instead of casseroles 

4406
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:05,900
people brought entire 
civilizations by the time 

4407
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:07,700
osman's grandson, Mara was came 
along. 

4408
04:08:07,700 --> 04:08:10,300
The Ottomans had crossed into 
Europe and were eyeing, the 

4409
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:11,900
Balkans? 
Like a cat eyeing, a 

4410
04:08:11,900 --> 04:08:15,400
particularly plump bird? 
Murad established the Janice 

4411
04:08:15,400 --> 04:08:18,500
areas elite soldiers who were 
recruited as children and 

4412
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:20,400
trained in the finest military 
traditions. 

4413
04:08:21,200 --> 04:08:24,700
It sounds harsh by today's 
standards, but these boys often 

4414
04:08:24,700 --> 04:08:27,500
ended up with better education 
and more opportunities than they

4415
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:31,400
would have had otherwise, Many 
became poets Scholars and 

4416
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:33,400
administrators not just 
soldiers. 

4417
04:08:34,900 --> 04:08:37,600
The Ottomans were building 
something unprecedented and 

4418
04:08:37,600 --> 04:08:39,700
multi-ethnic multi-religious, 
Empire. 

4419
04:08:39,700 --> 04:08:43,300
That actually worked. 
Christians, Muslims and Jews 

4420
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:46,300
lived side by side each 
contributing their skills and 

4421
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,300
knowledge. 
The Ottomans operated akin to a 

4422
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,300
medieval version of the United 
Nations but with a focus on 

4423
04:08:52,300 --> 04:08:56,500
effective governance by 1400 
what had started as a small 

4424
04:08:56,508 --> 04:08:59,900
tribal Confederation had become 
a regional power that made the 

4425
04:08:59,900 --> 04:09:02,800
remaining Byzantine territories 
look like a few Islands in an 

4426
04:09:02,800 --> 04:09:05,200
ottoman sea. 
The shepherd's dream was 

4427
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,100
becoming reality one careful 
step at a time. 

4428
04:09:08,108 --> 04:09:10,700
You know how some people are 
just natural at everything. 

4429
04:09:10,700 --> 04:09:13,500
They try. 
Well, if the early Ottomans were

4430
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:16,800
good at Empire building, their 
descendants were absolutely 

4431
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:21,000
brilliant at it as our narrative
unfolds, we encounter one of 

4432
04:09:21,000 --> 04:09:24,600
history's most captivating 
figures mehmed the second who 

4433
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:26,800
earned the moniker the conqueror
through challenging 

4434
04:09:26,800 --> 04:09:29,800
circumstances. 
Their Med became salt and in 

4435
04:09:29,800 --> 04:09:33,800
1451 at the age of 19, which 
might seem young until you 

4436
04:09:33,800 --> 04:09:36,700
consider that most 19 year olds 
today, can barely conquer their 

4437
04:09:36,700 --> 04:09:39,000
laundry. 
This young man looked at 

4438
04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:43,000
Constantinople the city that had
stood unconquered for over 1,000

4439
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:46,100
years and essentially said, hold
my coffee. 

4440
04:09:47,600 --> 04:09:51,000
Constantinople was like the 
ultimate medieval Fortress, it 

4441
04:09:51,000 --> 04:09:54,400
sat on a peninsula, surrounded 
by water, on three, sides, with 

4442
04:09:54,400 --> 04:09:56,100
massive walls that had turned 
back. 

4443
04:09:56,100 --> 04:10:00,100
Countless armies, The city 
controlled the Bosphorus the 

4444
04:10:00,100 --> 04:10:03,300
narrow straight, connecting 
Europe and Asia, making it one 

4445
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:05,500
of the most strategically 
important locations in the 

4446
04:10:05,500 --> 04:10:07,900
world. 
Taking it would be like winning 

4447
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:10,500
the lottery while simultaneously
solving world hunger. 

4448
04:10:11,900 --> 04:10:16,200
The siege of Constantinople in 
1453 was a military operation. 

4449
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:17,700
That would Inspire envy and 
modern. 

4450
04:10:17,700 --> 04:10:20,400
Generals mehmed didn't just 
attack the city. 

4451
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:22,800
He reimagined how sieges could 
work. 

4452
04:10:23,500 --> 04:10:25,900
When his ships couldn't get into
the Golden Horn because the 

4453
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,100
byzantines had stretched a 
massive chain across the 

4454
04:10:28,100 --> 04:10:31,100
entrance mehmed did something. 
So audacious it sounds like 

4455
04:10:31,100 --> 04:10:33,600
fiction. 
He had his men dragged, 70 

4456
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:36,800
ships, Overland across a hill 
and launched them into the 

4457
04:10:36,800 --> 04:10:40,100
harbor behind the chain. 
Imagine being a Byzantine 

4458
04:10:40,100 --> 04:10:43,300
Defender looking out from your 
supposedly impregnable position 

4459
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,400
and seeing enemy ships sailing 
where ships had no business 

4460
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,800
being It was like finding your 
neighbor's car parked in your 

4461
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,200
backyard. 
The Ottomans also brought the 

4462
04:10:52,200 --> 04:10:54,500
biggest cannons. 
Anyone had ever seen. 

4463
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:57,500
These were not your typical 
medieval Siege Engineers. 

4464
04:10:57,500 --> 04:11:00,500
These were massive bronze 
Monster's that could hurlstone 

4465
04:11:00,500 --> 04:11:03,000
balls. 
The size of small cars, the 

4466
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:06,800
largest Canon required 60 oxen 
for its Transportation, an 

4467
04:11:06,800 --> 04:11:09,900
onsite to sembly when it fired, 
the sound could be heard from 

4468
04:11:09,900 --> 04:11:14,000
miles and the ground shook like 
a minor earthquake after 57 days

4469
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:18,400
of Siege, Constantinople fell. 
The last Byzantine emperor, 

4470
04:11:18,400 --> 04:11:21,600
Constantine, the 11th died 
fighting on the walls. 

4471
04:11:21,600 --> 04:11:24,700
Ending an Empire that had lasted
for over 1,000 years. 

4472
04:11:26,000 --> 04:11:29,000
Mehmed immediately declared the 
city safe for all inhabitants 

4473
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:32,600
and began rebuilding it as his 
new capital demonstrating. 

4474
04:11:32,600 --> 04:11:34,500
The kind of class that made him 
a great leader. 

4475
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,400
Mehmed and his successors, 
transformed Istanbul into a 

4476
04:11:38,400 --> 04:11:41,300
Global treasure. 
The Ottomans built stunning, 

4477
04:11:41,300 --> 04:11:45,100
mosques established schools, and
hospitals, and created a 

4478
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,500
Cosmopolitan atmosphere that 
attracted Scholars artists and 

4479
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:50,100
Merchants from across the known 
world. 

4480
04:11:50,100 --> 04:11:53,600
It was like, Renaissance 
Florence, but with better coffee

4481
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:55,000
and more impressive 
architecture. 

4482
04:11:55,700 --> 04:11:58,700
The Empire continued expanding 
under base, the second, and then

4483
04:11:58,708 --> 04:12:01,400
selim the first who conquered, 
Egypt and Syria. 

4484
04:12:01,400 --> 04:12:04,500
Bringing the holy cities of 
Mecca, and Medina under ottoman 

4485
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:07,100
control. 
These events made the ottoman 

4486
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,600
Sultan the protector of Islam's.
Holy assaults adding religious 

4487
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:12,600
authority to their growing 
temporal power. 

4488
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:16,700
But the real show stopper was 
Suleiman the Magnificent who 

4489
04:12:16,700 --> 04:12:20,300
took the throne in 1520. 
If mehmed was the Conqueror 

4490
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:24,200
Suleiman was the Perfecter He 
combined military genius with 

4491
04:12:24,200 --> 04:12:27,000
administrative brilliant, and a 
genuine love of arts and 

4492
04:12:27,000 --> 04:12:30,300
culture. 
Under his rule, the Ottoman 

4493
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:33,300
Empire reached, its golden age 
stretching from the gates of 

4494
04:12:33,300 --> 04:12:35,300
Vienna to the shores of the 
Persian Gulf. 

4495
04:12:36,100 --> 04:12:38,700
Suleiman's arm is operated 
smoothly and efficiently. 

4496
04:12:38,700 --> 04:12:43,000
They moved with Precision fought
with discipline and concurred 

4497
04:12:43,000 --> 04:12:46,000
with style. 
The janissaries had evolved into

4498
04:12:46,000 --> 04:12:48,400
one of the most formidable 
military forces in the world. 

4499
04:12:48,400 --> 04:12:50,900
And ottoman engineering had 
reached New Heights. 

4500
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:55,100
They built roads, that connected
distant provinces aqueducts. 

4501
04:12:55,100 --> 04:12:57,900
That brought fresh water to 
cities and bridges that stood 

4502
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,700
for centuries. 
The Empire wasn't just about 

4503
04:13:00,700 --> 04:13:03,000
Conquest anymore. 
It was about creating a 

4504
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:06,600
civilization that could last the
Ottomans developed a 

4505
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,800
sophisticated legal system. 
Established trade networks that 

4506
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,900
connected Europe with Asia and 
fostered, an atmosphere of 

4507
04:13:12,900 --> 04:13:15,300
learning that attracted the best
minds of the age. 

4508
04:13:16,100 --> 04:13:20,000
By 1520, the Ottoman Empire had 
emerged as the dominant force of

4509
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:23,800
its era, causing European Kings 
to lose their sleep and 

4510
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:27,800
Merchants to dream of prophet. 
The Thunder of Conquest to build

4511
04:13:27,800 --> 04:13:30,800
something magnificent settle 
back a bit deeper into your 

4512
04:13:30,800 --> 04:13:33,500
chair because we were entering 
what might be the most 

4513
04:13:33,500 --> 04:13:37,600
remarkable period in our story. 
The era when the Ottoman Empire 

4514
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:42,800
wasn't just powerful but 
genuinely magnificent. picture 

4515
04:13:42,800 --> 04:13:46,100
the late afternoon, sun casting 
long, Golden Shadows, across 

4516
04:13:46,100 --> 04:13:50,300
Palace Courtyards Illuminating 
an Empire at its absolute Peak 

4517
04:13:51,000 --> 04:13:56,100
Suleiman the Magnificent ruled 
for 46 years, from 1520 to 1566.

4518
04:13:56,100 --> 04:13:59,400
And during this time the Ottoman
Empire became something 

4519
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:02,500
unprecedented in world history. 
It wasn't just the largest 

4520
04:14:02,500 --> 04:14:04,800
Empire of its time. 
It was arguably the most 

4521
04:14:04,800 --> 04:14:07,300
efficiently, run, most 
culturally diverse. 

4522
04:14:07,300 --> 04:14:10,600
And most economically 
sophisticated political entity 

4523
04:14:10,600 --> 04:14:13,900
on Earth. 
Let's talk about what daily life

4524
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:16,600
was like for you. 
An ordinary person living in the

4525
04:14:16,600 --> 04:14:18,700
Empire. 
If you were a merchant in 

4526
04:14:18,700 --> 04:14:21,500
Istanbul, you might start your 
morning in the Grand Bazaar. 

4527
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:25,000
One of the world's first 
shopping malls, the Grand Bazaar

4528
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:27,700
wasn't just a market. 
It was a city within a city, 

4529
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:31,100
with 4,000 shops. 
Its own police force, and even 

4530
04:14:31,100 --> 04:14:34,100
its own banking system. 
You could purchase silk from 

4531
04:14:34,100 --> 04:14:38,600
China spices, from India, first 
from Russia, and Amber from the 

4532
04:14:38,608 --> 04:14:41,600
Baltic. 
All within the same premises, it

4533
04:14:41,600 --> 04:14:43,800
was like Amazon, but with more 
carpet dealers and better 

4534
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:45,900
coffee. 
The coffee, by the way, was a 

4535
04:14:45,900 --> 04:14:48,100
recent Innovation, coffeehouse 
houses. 

4536
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,300
Had started appearing in 
Istanbul in the 1540s and they 

4537
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:53,100
quickly became centers of social
life. 

4538
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:57,600
Men would gather to drink this 
new beverage play chess, discuss

4539
04:14:57,600 --> 04:15:00,300
politics and share news from 
across the empire. 

4540
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:03,200
The government was initially 
suspicious of these 

4541
04:15:03,200 --> 04:15:05,700
establishments. 
They worry that people Gathering

4542
04:15:05,700 --> 04:15:08,100
to drink stimulants and talk 
politics might lead to trouble. 

4543
04:15:08,100 --> 04:15:11,500
They weren't entirely wrong. 
And coffee had already conquered

4544
04:15:11,500 --> 04:15:13,900
the Empire more thoroughly than 
any army ever could. 

4545
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:18,000
If you were a student, you might
attend one of the many schools, 

4546
04:15:18,000 --> 04:15:21,200
the ottomans are established 
throughout the empire. the 

4547
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:24,300
ottoman educational system was 
remarkably Advanced for its time

4548
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:28,200
students could study 
mathematics, astronomy medicine 

4549
04:15:28,200 --> 04:15:33,800
law, Theology and literature The
best students regardless of 

4550
04:15:33,800 --> 04:15:36,000
their background could rise to 
the highest positions in 

4551
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:38,800
government. 
It was a meritocracy in an 

4552
04:15:38,800 --> 04:15:42,500
Empire which was unusual enough 
to be revolutionary women. 

4553
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:43,900
In the Ottoman Empire had 
rights. 

4554
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:45,600
That would have shot their 
European contemporaries. 

4555
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:49,800
They could own property engage 
in business and even appearing 

4556
04:15:49,800 --> 04:15:53,900
Court to defend their interests.
The ottoman legal system, 

4557
04:15:53,900 --> 04:15:56,200
recognized different laws for 
different communities 

4558
04:15:56,200 --> 04:15:58,600
Christians. 
Followed Christian law in civil 

4559
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:01,800
matters, Jews followed Jewish 
law and Muslims, followed 

4560
04:16:01,800 --> 04:16:04,200
Islamic law. 
There was like, having a legal 

4561
04:16:04,200 --> 04:16:07,700
system with multiple operating 
systems, all running smoothly on

4562
04:16:07,700 --> 04:16:10,600
the same computer. 
The Empire's military was 

4563
04:16:10,600 --> 04:16:14,200
equally impressive, the 
janissaries had evolved into a 

4564
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,000
professional Army that was 
feared and respected throughout 

4565
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:19,700
Europe and Asia. 
They weren't just soldiers. 

4566
04:16:19,700 --> 04:16:23,100
They were engineers 
administrators and often 

4567
04:16:23,100 --> 04:16:25,500
Scholars. 
They receive training in 

4568
04:16:25,500 --> 04:16:29,500
everything from Siege Warfare to
diplomatic protocol and many 

4569
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:31,200
were proficient in multiple 
languages. 

4570
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:34,400
Suleiman himself was a 
fascinating character. 

4571
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:38,400
He was called the magnificent in
Europe, but his people called 

4572
04:16:38,400 --> 04:16:41,600
him the law Giver because of his
contributions to the Empire's 

4573
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:44,300
legal system. 
He was all a poet who wrote 

4574
04:16:44,300 --> 04:16:49,300
Under the pen name mujib, which 
means lover, imagine a world 

4575
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,500
leader today. 
Publishing poetry about love and

4576
04:16:51,500 --> 04:16:54,100
philosophy alongside military 
campaigns and diplomatic 

4577
04:16:54,100 --> 04:16:56,800
negotiations. 
The Empire's tolerance was 

4578
04:16:56,800 --> 04:17:01,900
remarkable for its time in 1492.
When Spain expelled, its Jewish 

4579
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:05,300
population the Ottomans welcomed
them with unwavering hospitality

4580
04:17:06,200 --> 04:17:08,600
Suleiman reportedly said that 
the Spanish King had 

4581
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:10,500
impoverished his country to 
enrich. 

4582
04:17:10,500 --> 04:17:13,400
The Ottoman Empire. 
These Jewish refugees brought 

4583
04:17:13,400 --> 04:17:16,400
with them skills in medicine, 
finance and craftsmanship that 

4584
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:18,000
greatly benefited. 
Their new home. 

4585
04:17:18,000 --> 04:17:21,300
Ottoman architecture During the 
period was breathtaking. 

4586
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:24,600
The great architect Neymar 
designed building. 

4587
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:28,100
That seem to defy gravity with 
dome's that appeared to float 

4588
04:17:28,100 --> 04:17:29,900
and minarets that reached toward
heaven. 

4589
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:35,300
The suleimani mosque in 
Istanbul, completed in 1557, was

4590
04:17:35,300 --> 04:17:39,200
his Masterpiece, a building, so 
perfectly proportioned that it 

4591
04:17:39,200 --> 04:17:41,600
seems to have grown from the 
earth, rather than being built 

4592
04:17:41,600 --> 04:17:45,800
by human hands, trade flourished
under ottoman rule, the Empire 

4593
04:17:45,800 --> 04:17:47,900
controlled the routes between 
Europe and Asia. 

4594
04:17:47,900 --> 04:17:50,900
And ottoman Merchants became 
wealthy facilitating. 

4595
04:17:50,900 --> 04:17:53,800
This exchange, the Empire's 
currency was stable. 

4596
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:57,200
Its roads were safe and its 
legal system was predictable. 

4597
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,500
It was like having a medieval 
version of the European Union 

4598
04:18:00,500 --> 04:18:06,200
but one that actually worked 
efficiently By 1600 the Ottoman 

4599
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:08,500
Empire, controlled three 
continents and influence the 

4600
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:11,700
lives of millions of people. 
It was an empire built on 

4601
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:15,000
practical tolerance, 
administrative, efficiency, and 

4602
04:18:15,000 --> 04:18:18,400
Military excellence. 
The golden afternoon, Sean 

4603
04:18:18,400 --> 04:18:22,100
brightly, casting Long Shadows 
that extended far into the 

4604
04:18:22,100 --> 04:18:24,900
evening of History, you know, 
how some evening's just seemed 

4605
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:26,900
to go on forever with the light 
fading. 

4606
04:18:26,900 --> 04:18:28,600
So gradually that you don't 
notice. 

4607
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,200
It's getting dark until you're 
already reaching for the lamp. 

4608
04:18:31,900 --> 04:18:34,200
That's what happened to the 
Ottoman Empire in the 17th 

4609
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:37,000
century. 
The sun was still shining, but 

4610
04:18:37,000 --> 04:18:38,600
the Shadows would definitely 
getting longer. 

4611
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:42,400
A problem started. 
Oddly enough with success the 

4612
04:18:42,400 --> 04:18:45,100
Empire had grown so large that 
it was becoming difficult to 

4613
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:47,600
manage. 
Imagine trying to run a family 

4614
04:18:47,600 --> 04:18:50,400
business that had expanded from 
a corner store to a 

4615
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:53,200
multinational corporation, but 
you are still using the same 

4616
04:18:53,200 --> 04:18:56,500
filing system. 
You'd started with the ottoman 

4617
04:18:56,500 --> 04:18:59,400
administrative system, which had
worked brilliantly for a 

4618
04:18:59,400 --> 04:19:01,500
smaller. 
Empire was starting to Creak 

4619
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:04,100
under the weight of governing 
territories from Hungary to 

4620
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:06,700
Yemen. 
The Sultans were changing too 

4621
04:19:06,700 --> 04:19:09,700
the early ottoman rulers had 
been Warriors who led from the 

4622
04:19:09,700 --> 04:19:12,600
front learning statecraft 
through experience. 

4623
04:19:13,600 --> 04:19:17,100
But by the 1600 Sultans were 
increasingly isolated in their 

4624
04:19:17,100 --> 04:19:20,600
palaces surrounded by advisors 
who told them what they wanted 

4625
04:19:20,600 --> 04:19:22,800
to hear? 
It was like getting all your 

4626
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:26,100
news from social media you end 
up in a bubble that doesn't 

4627
04:19:26,100 --> 04:19:29,800
reflect reality. 
Sultan Ahmed, the first who 

4628
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:33,800
ruled from 16.03 to 1617 was a 
decent man who built the 

4629
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:35,400
beautiful blue mosque in 
Istanbul. 

4630
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:39,300
But he was all the first Sultan 
in ottoman history to come to 

4631
04:19:39,300 --> 04:19:41,500
power without having served as a
provincial governor. 

4632
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:45,000
He learned to be an emperor by 
being an emperor which is a bit 

4633
04:19:45,000 --> 04:19:47,400
like learning to drive by 
entering the Indianapolis 500. 

4634
04:19:47,400 --> 04:19:51,300
The Empire's military was facing
new challenges too. 

4635
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:54,800
The janissary is once the 
Empire's greatest strengths were

4636
04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:58,100
becoming a problem They had 
evolved from an elite fighting 

4637
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:01,500
force into something more like a
privileged Guild, they married 

4638
04:20:01,500 --> 04:20:05,100
had children and began to think 
of their positions as hereditary

4639
04:20:05,100 --> 04:20:08,200
rights rather than earned 
privileges worse. 

4640
04:20:08,200 --> 04:20:10,100
They were becoming politically 
active. 

4641
04:20:10,100 --> 04:20:14,200
Sometimes deposing Sultans they 
didn't like it was like having 

4642
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:16,000
your army double as a very well 
armed. 

4643
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:17,900
Union with strong opinions about
management. 

4644
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,000
Meanwhile European military 
technology was advancing 

4645
04:20:22,000 --> 04:20:24,500
rapidly. 
The Ottomans had once been the 

4646
04:20:24,500 --> 04:20:27,300
innovators in military 
engineering, but now they were 

4647
04:20:27,300 --> 04:20:30,300
falling behind European. 
Armies were becoming more 

4648
04:20:30,300 --> 04:20:34,200
professional more disciplined, 
and better equipped Lighter more

4649
04:20:34,200 --> 04:20:35,900
mobile. 
Artillery was surpassing the 

4650
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:37,700
empires once world, renowned 
great. 

4651
04:20:37,700 --> 04:20:40,500
Siege cannons. 
The economy was struggling to 

4652
04:20:40,500 --> 04:20:44,100
the discovery of the Americas 
had shifted global trade routes,

4653
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:47,100
reducing the ottoman Empires 
role as the middleman between 

4654
04:20:47,100 --> 04:20:50,000
Europe and Asia. 
It was like being a travel agent

4655
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:52,900
in the age of the internet. 
Your old business model was 

4656
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:55,500
becoming obsolete, but you 
hadn't figured out what to 

4657
04:20:55,500 --> 04:20:59,300
replace it with yet. the Empire 
suffered a major defeat at the 

4658
04:20:59,308 --> 04:21:03,500
Battle of Vienna in 1683, when a
coalition of European powers 

4659
04:21:03,500 --> 04:21:07,200
turned back the Ottomans of the 
Austrian capital This wasn't 

4660
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:10,000
just a military defeat, it was a
psychological one. 

4661
04:21:10,000 --> 04:21:13,300
The Ottoman Empire found itself.
Clearly on the defensive for the

4662
04:21:13,308 --> 04:21:16,500
first time, in centuries, the 
Empire that had once seemed 

4663
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:18,800
Unstoppable, was now being 
stopped regularly. 

4664
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:22,300
But here's the thing about the 
Ottomans, they were remarkably 

4665
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:26,600
adaptable when they needed to be
Cooked, rulu Grand viziers a 

4666
04:21:26,600 --> 04:21:29,100
family of Administrators who 
effectively ran the empire for 

4667
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:32,400
several decades implemented 
serious reforms. 

4668
04:21:32,400 --> 04:21:36,400
They reorganized the military 
reformed the tax system and 

4669
04:21:36,400 --> 04:21:39,700
tried to root out corruption. 
It was like having a phenomenal 

4670
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:42,600
management consulting firm 
coming in and restructure your 

4671
04:21:42,600 --> 04:21:45,900
entire organization. 
The Empire also began to 

4672
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:48,100
modernize its military along 
European lines. 

4673
04:21:48,100 --> 04:21:52,300
They hired European advisors, 
imported new weapons and 

4674
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:54,100
established new training 
programs. 

4675
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:57,300
The Jana series resisted these 
changes naturally. 

4676
04:21:58,100 --> 04:22:00,700
But gradually, the Empire began 
to adopt more modern military 

4677
04:22:00,700 --> 04:22:03,900
practices, cultural life 
remained vibrant throughout this

4678
04:22:03,900 --> 04:22:06,200
period. 
The Ottomans continued to build 

4679
04:22:06,200 --> 04:22:08,900
beautiful. 
Mosques write poetry and 

4680
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:11,000
maintain their reputation for 
religious tolerance. 

4681
04:22:11,000 --> 04:22:14,700
Istanbul was still one of the 
most Cosmopolitan cities in the 

4682
04:22:14,700 --> 04:22:17,900
world and ottoman Scholars. 
Continued to make contributions 

4683
04:22:17,900 --> 04:22:20,500
to mathematics astronomy and 
Medicine. 

4684
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:24,100
The Empire's Diplomatic Corps 
became more sophisticated too, 

4685
04:22:24,100 --> 04:22:27,600
ottoman ambassadors, were sent 
to European capitals and the 

4686
04:22:27,600 --> 04:22:30,300
Empire began to engage more 
actively in the European balance

4687
04:22:30,300 --> 04:22:32,300
of power. 
They learned to play The 

4688
04:22:32,300 --> 04:22:34,700
Diplomatic game. 
According to European Norms, 

4689
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:39,400
forming alliances, and forging 
treaties with former enemies. by

4690
04:22:39,400 --> 04:22:42,800
1700 the Ottoman Empire was 
still a major power but it was 

4691
04:22:42,800 --> 04:22:46,500
no longer the superpower it had 
once been The long Twilight was 

4692
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:48,800
beginning, but it would. 
Last for more than two 

4693
04:22:48,800 --> 04:22:51,900
centuries, the empire was 
changing adapting and learning 

4694
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:53,900
to survive in a world that was 
already rapidly. 

4695
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:56,100
Changing as we enter a new 
century. 

4696
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:59,200
It's as if we're witnessing a 
person attempting to renovate to

4697
04:22:59,200 --> 04:23:01,700
house during a thunderstorm. 
The Ottoman Empire. 

4698
04:23:01,700 --> 04:23:06,200
In the 1700s was simultaneously,
trying to modernize fight Wars 

4699
04:23:06,200 --> 04:23:09,500
and maintain its identity. 
All, while the world around it 

4700
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:11,700
was changing faster than the 
teenagers mood. 

4701
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:15,600
Europe was experiencing its 
Enlightenment and the Ottomans 

4702
04:23:15,600 --> 04:23:19,700
were falling behind. 
It wasn't the Ottomans were 

4703
04:23:19,700 --> 04:23:22,600
brilliant. 
They were, it was more like 

4704
04:23:22,600 --> 04:23:25,300
being excellent at chess while 
everyone else was learning to 

4705
04:23:25,300 --> 04:23:26,600
play a completely different 
game. 

4706
04:23:27,800 --> 04:23:31,500
The Scientific Revolution new 
military Technologies and 

4707
04:23:31,500 --> 04:23:34,700
changing economic systems were 
transforming the world and the 

4708
04:23:34,700 --> 04:23:37,700
Ottomans found themselves. 
Playing catch up Sultan Ahmed 

4709
04:23:37,700 --> 04:23:41,600
the third who ruled from 1703 to
1730, tried to bridge. 

4710
04:23:41,600 --> 04:23:43,500
This Gap by embracing what 
historians. 

4711
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:47,300
Call the Tulip period. 
Period wasn't just about flowers

4712
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:49,300
though. 
The Ottomans did develop a 

4713
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:52,000
serious obsession with tulips. 
That would have made Dutch 

4714
04:23:52,000 --> 04:23:54,900
investors. 
Blush Ahmed the third encouraged

4715
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:57,600
European style art architecture 
and literature. 

4716
04:23:57,600 --> 04:24:01,500
He invited European experts to 
Istanbul and sent ottoman 

4717
04:24:01,500 --> 04:24:03,400
students to study in European 
universities. 

4718
04:24:03,400 --> 04:24:06,400
The result was fascinating but 
also a bit awkward. 

4719
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:09,600
Imagine trying to blend 
traditional ottoman culture, 

4720
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:12,900
with European Enlightenment 
ideas, you'd get beautiful, 

4721
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:15,200
palaces, that looked like, they 
couldn't decide whether they 

4722
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:18,300
were Turkish or French and 
poetry that mixed classical 

4723
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,200
ottoman themes with European 
romantic sensibilities. 

4724
04:24:21,200 --> 04:24:24,600
It was cultural Fusion before 
anyone to call it. 

4725
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:28,100
The military reforms were more 
urgent and more controversial. 

4726
04:24:28,100 --> 04:24:31,200
The janissaries were now 
thoroughly entrenched as a red 

4727
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:33,300
tree. 
Caste more interested in their 

4728
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:36,000
privileges than in fighting. 
They were like a medieval 

4729
04:24:36,000 --> 04:24:38,900
laborer Union that had somehow 
acquired cannons and a really 

4730
04:24:38,908 --> 04:24:40,700
strong opinion about management 
decision. 

4731
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:44,300
Any attempt to reform the met 
with resistance that could turn 

4732
04:24:44,300 --> 04:24:50,300
violent Sultan selim the third 
who ruled from 1789 to 1807 made

4733
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:52,400
a serious attempt at 
comprehensive reform. 

4734
04:24:52,400 --> 04:24:56,300
He created a new military force.
Called the nizami Shaded New 

4735
04:24:56,300 --> 04:24:59,200
Order trained by European 
officers and equipped with 

4736
04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:02,100
modern weapons. 
He also tried to reform the tax 

4737
04:25:02,100 --> 04:25:05,800
system, modernize the Navy and 
established permanent diplomatic

4738
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:09,300
missions in European capitals. 
The timing was particularly 

4739
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:11,900
challenging because Europe was 
convulsing with revolutionary 

4740
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:14,700
changes. 
The French Revolution had begun 

4741
04:25:14,700 --> 04:25:17,900
in 1789. 
The same year selim, the third 

4742
04:25:17,900 --> 04:25:21,100
came to power, the Ottomans 
watched nervously as European 

4743
04:25:21,100 --> 04:25:24,000
monarchs were overthrown and 
traditional Authority was 

4744
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:26,200
challenged. 
It was like trying to renovate 

4745
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:28,700
your house while your neighbor's
were having a very loud, very 

4746
04:25:28,700 --> 04:25:32,000
violent block party. 
Selling the third's reforms were

4747
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:35,300
ultimately undone by a janissary
Revolt in 1807. 

4748
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:38,900
The janissaries supported by 
conservative religious leaders 

4749
04:25:38,900 --> 04:25:42,000
deposed him and installed his 
cousin, Mustafa for the fourth 

4750
04:25:42,000 --> 04:25:44,500
as sulfur. 
It was a clear message that 

4751
04:25:44,500 --> 04:25:46,800
changed would not come easily to
the Ottoman Empire. 

4752
04:25:47,700 --> 04:25:50,200
The Empire's territorial losses 
continued throughout the 

4753
04:25:50,200 --> 04:25:52,700
century. 
The austrians and Russians made 

4754
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:56,100
steady gains in the Balkans and 
around the Black Sea, the Empire

4755
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:59,100
lost control of Hungary, much of
Ukraine, and the Crimea. 

4756
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:02,600
Each loss felt like losing a 
portion of the family business 

4757
04:26:02,600 --> 04:26:06,500
to more efficient competitors. 
Economic challenges were equally

4758
04:26:06,500 --> 04:26:09,000
pressing. 
The Empire's traditional role as

4759
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:12,100
a middleman and global trade was
diminishing as European 

4760
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:15,800
Merchants found new routes and 
established direct relationships

4761
04:26:15,800 --> 04:26:19,700
with Asian suppliers. 
Ottoman artists found themselves

4762
04:26:19,700 --> 04:26:21,800
competing with mass-produced 
European Goods. 

4763
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:25,700
It was like being a skilled 
crafts person, in the early days

4764
04:26:25,700 --> 04:26:29,400
of industrialization, your 
products were often superior but

4765
04:26:29,400 --> 04:26:31,200
they cost more and took longer 
to make. 

4766
04:26:31,200 --> 04:26:35,500
Yet the Empire showed remarkable
resilience provincial Governors,

4767
04:26:35,500 --> 04:26:39,100
often acting independently 
implemented, their reforms and 

4768
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:42,700
maintained stability in their 
regions, the Empire's, cultural 

4769
04:26:42,700 --> 04:26:45,600
and religious diversity. 
Remained a source of strength as

4770
04:26:45,600 --> 04:26:47,900
different communities 
contributed, their skills and 

4771
04:26:47,900 --> 04:26:51,600
knowledge to the common cause 
The Ottomans also proved Adept 

4772
04:26:51,600 --> 04:26:53,400
at playing European powers 
against each other. 

4773
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:56,400
They formed alliances with 
France against Austria. 

4774
04:26:56,400 --> 04:26:59,400
Then with Britain against 
Russia, it was like being 

4775
04:26:59,400 --> 04:27:02,500
Switzerland, but with more 
territory and stronger opinions 

4776
04:27:02,500 --> 04:27:04,400
about who could use your 
mountain passes. 

4777
04:27:05,900 --> 04:27:08,400
By 1800 the Ottoman Empire was 
clearly. 

4778
04:27:08,400 --> 04:27:12,000
No longer the superpower it had 
once been but it was still a 

4779
04:27:12,000 --> 04:27:14,100
major regional power with global
influence. 

4780
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:17,800
The struggle to modernize and 
reform while maintaining 

4781
04:27:17,800 --> 04:27:21,000
identity and preserving 
stability would continue into 

4782
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:24,100
the next century. 
The empire was learning that 

4783
04:27:24,100 --> 04:27:26,800
survival in the modern world 
required constant adaptation, 

4784
04:27:26,800 --> 04:27:30,500
but also, the adaptation didn't 
necessarily mean abandoning 

4785
04:27:30,500 --> 04:27:33,900
everything that made you who you
were lean back and take a deep 

4786
04:27:33,900 --> 04:27:36,600
breath, because we're about to 
witness one of history's. 

4787
04:27:36,600 --> 04:27:39,000
Most dramatic attempts at 
Reinventing an Empire. 

4788
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:42,700
The 19th century for the 
Ottomans was like watching 

4789
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:45,600
someone try to rebuild a ship 
while sailing through a 

4790
04:27:45,600 --> 04:27:49,200
hurricane technically possible. 
But, requiring, extraordinary, 

4791
04:27:49,200 --> 04:27:53,900
skill, luck, and determination. 
The century began with another 

4792
04:27:53,900 --> 04:27:57,000
attempt at military reform, 
Sultan Mahmud. 

4793
04:27:57,000 --> 04:28:00,900
The second who came to power in 
1808 was determined to succeed 

4794
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:02,600
where his predecessors had 
failed. 

4795
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:06,908
But first he had to deal with 
the janissaries who were like a 

4796
04:28:06,916 --> 04:28:09,700
cancerous growth that had to be 
removed, even though the 

4797
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:11,100
operation might kill the 
patient. 

4798
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:14,000
Mahmood. 
The second spent years 

4799
04:28:14,000 --> 04:28:17,100
carefully, preparing for what he
knew would be a decisive 

4800
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:20,700
confrontation. he built support 
among other military units 

4801
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,500
gained the backing of religious 
leaders and created alternative 

4802
04:28:24,500 --> 04:28:27,700
institutions that could function
if the janissary is were 

4803
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:33,800
eliminated, then in 1826, he 
struck when the Janice is 

4804
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:37,100
revolted against his latest 
reform efforts Mahmood, the 

4805
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:41,000
second used artillery to bombard
their barracks in Istanbul The 

4806
04:28:41,008 --> 04:28:43,600
janissary corps which had 
existed for nearly five. 

4807
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:45,600
Centuries was destroyed in a 
single day. 

4808
04:28:46,500 --> 04:28:49,900
The event was called the Orbison
incident, which sounds like the 

4809
04:28:49,900 --> 04:28:52,600
kind of euphemism, you'd use to 
describe a particularly 

4810
04:28:52,600 --> 04:28:54,300
successful corporate 
restructuring. 

4811
04:28:55,000 --> 04:28:57,800
But it worked. 
With the janitor is gone 

4812
04:28:57,800 --> 04:28:59,600
Mahmood. 
The second could finally 

4813
04:28:59,600 --> 04:29:03,500
Implement serious military 
reforms He created a new Army 

4814
04:29:03,500 --> 04:29:06,700
trained by European officers, 
established a military academy, 

4815
04:29:06,700 --> 04:29:09,600
and began the process of 
modernizing, the Ottoman 

4816
04:29:09,600 --> 04:29:13,500
military along European lines. 
The reform period that followed 

4817
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:17,100
known as the tanzimat 
reorganization was like a 

4818
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:19,200
comprehensive makeover of the 
entire Empire. 

4819
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:23,300
The Ottomans tried to modernize 
Everything at Once the legal 

4820
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:25,500
system. 
The administrative structure the

4821
04:29:25,500 --> 04:29:28,800
educational system, the economy,
and even the Empire's 

4822
04:29:28,800 --> 04:29:33,100
relationship with its diverse 
population, The hutter sheriff 

4823
04:29:33,100 --> 04:29:37,400
of goulaine issued in 1839 was 
essentially the ottoman Empire's

4824
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:41,000
Declaration of modernization. 
It guaranteed, the security of 

4825
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:45,100
Life, honor and property for all
subjects regardless of their 

4826
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:48,800
religion, it promised to Quality
before the law and an end to 

4827
04:29:48,808 --> 04:29:52,400
arbitrary taxation. it was like 
a constitutional monarchy's 

4828
04:29:52,400 --> 04:29:56,400
greatest hits album performed an
ottoman, Turkish The results 

4829
04:29:56,400 --> 04:29:59,900
were mixed, but fascinating. 
The empire built Railways 

4830
04:29:59,900 --> 04:30:03,700
Telegraph lines and modern 
schools, it established a modern

4831
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:06,500
legal system based on European 
models while maintaining 

4832
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:08,200
religious Courts for personal 
matters. 

4833
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,200
Ottoman student studied in 
European universities and 

4834
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:15,600
returned with new ideas about 
science, technology and 

4835
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:17,900
government. 
The Empire also became 

4836
04:30:17,900 --> 04:30:19,900
increasingly connected to the 
global economy. 

4837
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:23,600
Ottoman Merchants traded with 
Partners around the world and 

4838
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:26,900
European investors began to take
interest in ottoman projects. 

4839
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:30,900
Unfortunately these developments
also meant that the Empire 

4840
04:30:30,900 --> 04:30:33,800
became dependent on European 
loans to finance its 

4841
04:30:33,800 --> 04:30:36,500
modernization efforts. 
It was like renovating your 

4842
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:40,300
house with credit cards. 
You get a beautiful result but 

4843
04:30:40,300 --> 04:30:45,800
you're also deeply in debt. 
The Crimean War of 1853 to 1856 

4844
04:30:45,800 --> 04:30:49,000
marked a pivotal moment. 
The Ottomans found themselves 

4845
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:52,200
allied with Britain and France 
against Russia and for the first

4846
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,200
time in centuries they were on 
the winning side of a major 

4847
04:30:55,200 --> 04:30:58,100
European conflict. 
The victory demonstrated that 

4848
04:30:58,100 --> 04:31:01,300
the ottoman military reforms 
were working but it also showed 

4849
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:04,500
how dependent the Empire had 
become on European support the 

4850
04:31:04,500 --> 04:31:06,000
later. 
Part of the century saw the 

4851
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,100
Empire grappling with 
nationalism, the Greek war of 

4852
04:31:09,100 --> 04:31:11,800
independence in the 1820s had 
been just the beginning 

4853
04:31:11,800 --> 04:31:15,600
throughout the 1800s. 
Various ethnic groups within the

4854
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:18,100
Empire began demanding 
Independence or autonomy 

4855
04:31:19,100 --> 04:31:23,500
bulgarians serbs Romanians and 
others all sort to create their 

4856
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:26,400
own nation states. 
It was like managing a large 

4857
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:29,400
family where all the teenagers 
had suddenly decided they wanted

4858
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:31,300
to move out and start their 
households. 

4859
04:31:32,000 --> 04:31:33,700
The Empire's response was 
complex. 

4860
04:31:34,600 --> 04:31:36,400
Sometimes it fought to maintain 
control. 

4861
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:38,900
Sometimes it. 
Negotiated autonomy, 

4862
04:31:38,900 --> 04:31:40,900
arrangements. 
And sometimes it simply 

4863
04:31:40,900 --> 04:31:43,400
acknowledged the inevitable and 
granted Independence. 

4864
04:31:44,300 --> 04:31:47,000
The Ottomans were learning to be
flexible, but each loss of 

4865
04:31:47,000 --> 04:31:48,700
territory was painful and 
expensive. 

4866
04:31:49,700 --> 04:31:54,100
Sultan Abdul Hamid, the second 
who ruled from 1876 to 1909, 

4867
04:31:54,100 --> 04:31:57,400
tried a different approach. 
He emphasized the empires 

4868
04:31:57,400 --> 04:32:00,800
Islamic identity and appealed to
Muslim solidarity to hold the 

4869
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:03,600
empire together. 
He also invested heavily in 

4870
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:07,000
infrastructure, building 
schools, hospitals, and Railways

4871
04:32:07,000 --> 04:32:10,100
throughout the empire. 
His Reign was marked by economic

4872
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:13,100
growth and cultural flowering, 
but also by increasing 

4873
04:32:13,100 --> 04:32:16,300
authoritarianism as he tried to 
control the forces of change. 

4874
04:32:17,100 --> 04:32:19,800
The Empire's cultural life 
remained vibrant throughout this

4875
04:32:19,800 --> 04:32:24,500
period, ottoman writers poets 
and artists engaged with 

4876
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:27,000
European ideas while maintaining
their own distinctive 

4877
04:32:27,000 --> 04:32:30,800
Traditions, the ottoman press 
flourished, at least when it 

4878
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:33,500
wasn't being censored and 
ottoman into electral is debated

4879
04:32:33,500 --> 04:32:36,700
questions of identity 
modernization and reform. 

4880
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:40,200
By 1900, the Ottoman Empire had 
been transformed. 

4881
04:32:40,200 --> 04:32:44,100
It was no longer the medieval 
Empire, it had been in 1800, but

4882
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:45,900
it wasn't quite a modern 
European State either. 

4883
04:32:45,900 --> 04:32:50,500
It was something new and unique 
a multi-ethnic multi-religious 

4884
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:52,800
Empire trying to find its place 
in the modern world. 

4885
04:32:53,700 --> 04:32:56,200
The desperate dance of Reform 
had changed the Empire 

4886
04:32:56,200 --> 04:32:59,900
fundamentally, but it also left 
it exhausted, and vulnerable 

4887
04:32:59,900 --> 04:33:02,500
settle in for the final chapter 
of our long journey. 

4888
04:33:02,500 --> 04:33:05,700
Dear listener, sometimes the 
most poignant stories are about 

4889
04:33:05,700 --> 04:33:09,300
endings and the story of how the
Ottoman Empire, finally laid 

4890
04:33:09,300 --> 04:33:12,599
down, its burden is both 
heartbreaking and Strangely 

4891
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:15,099
Beautiful. 
Like watching the sun, set over 

4892
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:16,700
a city, you've loved for a 
lifetime. 

4893
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,500
The 20th century began with what
seemed like promise. 

4894
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:23,700
The Young Turk revolution of 
1908 restored. 

4895
04:33:23,700 --> 04:33:26,700
The ottoman Constitution and 
seemed to offer a path toward, 

4896
04:33:26,700 --> 04:33:29,200
genuine modernization and 
Democratic governance. 

4897
04:33:30,099 --> 04:33:32,200
The Empire's remaining 
territories were buzzing with 

4898
04:33:32,200 --> 04:33:35,500
new ideas about citizenship 
nationalism and progress. 

4899
04:33:35,500 --> 04:33:38,700
It was like watching someone 
finally get their life together 

4900
04:33:38,700 --> 04:33:41,900
after years of struggle. 
However, the empire was about to

4901
04:33:41,900 --> 04:33:45,900
face a formidable challenge, the
Balkan Wars of 1912 to 1913 

4902
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:47,800
Stripped Away. 
Most of the empires, remaining 

4903
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:51,599
European territories. 
Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, 

4904
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:55,099
and Greece, formed an alliance 
and attacked the Ottomans who 

4905
04:33:55,099 --> 04:33:57,200
found themselves fighting on 
multiple fronts simultaneously. 

4906
04:33:58,300 --> 04:34:00,599
It was like being mugged by a 
gang while you were already 

4907
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:04,300
dealing with family problems. 
The Young Turks led by figures 

4908
04:34:04,300 --> 04:34:05,800
like in the Pasha and talat 
Pasha. 

4909
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:09,000
Try to salvage the situation 
through a combination of 

4910
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:13,300
modernization and nationalism. 
They promoted the idea of 

4911
04:34:13,308 --> 04:34:16,900
ottomanism the notion that all 
citizens of the Empire, 

4912
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,000
regardless of ethnicity or 
religion. 

4913
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:23,400
Could be ottoman Patriot, it was
a noble idea, but it came too 

4914
04:34:23,400 --> 04:34:25,800
late and in too difficult 
circumstances to really take 

4915
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:29,000
hold, then came the Great War 
and with it. 

4916
04:34:29,000 --> 04:34:31,700
The decision that would 
ultimately Doom the empire. 

4917
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:36,000
The ottoman leadership convinced
that Germany would win entered 

4918
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:38,900
World War 1 on the side of the 
Central Powers in 1914. 

4919
04:34:39,800 --> 04:34:42,700
It was akin to placing a bet on 
the Family Farm in a horse race,

4920
04:34:42,700 --> 04:34:46,099
where winning could 
theoretically be achieved but 

4921
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:48,200
losing could be catastrophically
costly. 

4922
04:34:48,200 --> 04:34:50,700
The war was devastating for the 
Empire. 

4923
04:34:50,700 --> 04:34:55,099
Ottoman forces fought bravely on
multiple fronts against the 

4924
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:58,400
British in Mesopotamia, and 
Palestine against the Russians 

4925
04:34:58,400 --> 04:35:01,000
in the Caucasus and against the 
Allies at Gallipoli. 

4926
04:35:02,400 --> 04:35:04,599
The Gallipoli campaign in 
particular showed that the 

4927
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:07,500
ottoman military could still 
fight with distinction when 

4928
04:35:07,500 --> 04:35:11,200
properly LED and equipped. 
Under the command of Mustafa 

4929
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:15,300
Kemal, later known as Ataturk. 
Ottoman forces, turned back a 

4930
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:18,700
major Allied invasion. 
However, the empires resources 

4931
04:35:18,700 --> 04:35:22,300
to extreme the economy 
collapsed, under the strain of 

4932
04:35:22,308 --> 04:35:25,000
Total War. 
Famine spread through many 

4933
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:27,900
provinces, the Empire's 
infrastructure which had been 

4934
04:35:27,908 --> 04:35:30,900
steadily improving throughout 
the 19th century, began to 

4935
04:35:30,900 --> 04:35:34,700
crumble, under the demands of 
military logistics, the war also

4936
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:37,099
witnessed some of the darkest 
chapters in ottoman history. 

4937
04:35:38,000 --> 04:35:42,300
The deportation and Massacre of 
Armenians in 1915 was a tragedy 

4938
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:44,000
that stained the Empire's 
Legacy. 

4939
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:47,800
The Young Turks under pressure 
from multiple rebellions and 

4940
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:51,099
invasions made decisions that 
violated the Empire's 

4941
04:35:51,099 --> 04:35:52,900
Traditional Values of Tolerance 
and diversity. 

4942
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:56,900
It was like watching someone you
admired, for years, make choices

4943
04:35:56,900 --> 04:35:58,500
that were completely out of 
character. 

4944
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:03,099
When Germany and its allies. 
Finally surrendered in 1918 the 

4945
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:04,900
Ottoman Empire was effectively 
finished. 

4946
04:36:04,900 --> 04:36:08,099
The Empire had lost, not just 
the war, but most of its 

4947
04:36:08,099 --> 04:36:11,800
territory, its economic base, 
and its political legitimacy. 

4948
04:36:12,599 --> 04:36:16,200
Allied Forces occupied Istanbul 
and the Treaty of Sarah's in 

4949
04:36:16,207 --> 04:36:19,200
1920 would have reduced the 
Empire to a small rump state in 

4950
04:36:19,200 --> 04:36:21,900
central Anatolia. 
But here's where the story takes

4951
04:36:21,900 --> 04:36:25,200
an unexpected turn. 
From the Ashes of the Ottoman 

4952
04:36:25,200 --> 04:36:27,000
Empire. 
Rose something new and different

4953
04:36:27,000 --> 04:36:30,900
Mustafa Kemal, the hero of 
Gallipoli organized a 

4954
04:36:30,900 --> 04:36:34,099
nationalist resistance movement,
that rejected both The Sultans 

4955
04:36:34,099 --> 04:36:35,599
Authority and the Allied 
occupation. 

4956
04:36:36,599 --> 04:36:39,500
The Turkish war of independence 
that followed was Like a Phoenix

4957
04:36:39,500 --> 04:36:43,000
Rising From the Ashes. 
Something new and vital emerging

4958
04:36:43,000 --> 04:36:45,200
from what everyone thought was a
complete destruction. 

4959
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:49,700
The last ottoman Sultan mehmed 
the sixth was deposed in 1922 

4960
04:36:49,700 --> 04:36:52,900
and the Empire that had lasted 
for over six centuries. 

4961
04:36:52,900 --> 04:36:56,000
Finally came to an end. 
The new Turkish Republic 

4962
04:36:56,000 --> 04:36:59,099
proclaimed in 1923 was 
explicitly. 

4963
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:01,099
Not an Empire, but a nation 
state. 

4964
04:37:02,200 --> 04:37:04,599
It was like watching a family 
business that had been passed 

4965
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:07,099
down through generations. 
Finally closed its doors. 

4966
04:37:07,099 --> 04:37:10,300
But with the family members 
going on to start successful new

4967
04:37:10,300 --> 04:37:14,000
Ventures, The ottoman Empire's. 
End wasn't, just the conclusion 

4968
04:37:14,000 --> 04:37:16,508
of a political entity. 
It was the end of a way of 

4969
04:37:16,516 --> 04:37:20,700
organizing Human Society. 
The Ottomans had shown that it 

4970
04:37:20,700 --> 04:37:23,700
was possible to govern a diverse
multi-ethnic multi-religious 

4971
04:37:23,700 --> 04:37:26,700
population with relative Justice
and stability. 

4972
04:37:27,599 --> 04:37:30,800
Their empire had been a bridge 
between Europe and Asia between 

4973
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:33,900
Christianity and Islam and 
between the medieval and modern 

4974
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,300
worlds. 
As we close our story, it's 

4975
04:37:37,300 --> 04:37:40,000
worth remembering that the 
ottoman Empire's Legacy lived on

4976
04:37:40,000 --> 04:37:43,500
in the institution's customs and
cultures of the dozens of 

4977
04:37:43,500 --> 04:37:45,800
countries that emerged from its 
former territories. 

4978
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:49,400
From the coffee houses, of 
Istanbul to the architecture of 

4979
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:52,400
Budapest from the legal systems 
of the Balkans. 

4980
04:37:52,400 --> 04:37:55,400
To The Culinary traditions of 
the Middle East, the ottoman 

4981
04:37:55,400 --> 04:37:57,800
influence permeated the fabric 
of entire civilizations. 

4982
04:37:57,800 --> 04:38:01,400
The Empire that began with a 
shepherd's dream in the hills of

4983
04:38:01,408 --> 04:38:05,000
Anatolia had grown to Encompass.
Three, continents and influence 

4984
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,200
the lives of millions. 
It had been magnificent flawed 

4985
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:12,599
adaptable and ultimately mortal 
much like the human beings who 

4986
04:38:12,599 --> 04:38:15,300
built it. 
Sustained it and finally let it 

4987
04:38:15,300 --> 04:38:18,000
go. 
And now as we finish our journey

4988
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:21,099
together, perhaps it's time to 
turn off the lamp and let the 

4989
04:38:21,099 --> 04:38:23,200
gentle darkness of a well-told 
story. 

4990
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:32,000
Carry us toward our dreams. 
Imagine what the world was like,

4991
04:38:32,000 --> 04:38:36,200
in 774 when Charlemagne was busy
becoming the Holy, Roman 

4992
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:38,900
Emperor, and most people thought
the Earth was the center of 

4993
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:40,700
everything. 
There was a time when the most 

4994
04:38:40,707 --> 04:38:43,599
amazing piece of technology, you
had was a water mill. 

4995
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:47,099
The news traveled as fast as a 
horse and you learned about the 

4996
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:50,500
universe from a mix of ancient, 
Greek, philosophy, Christian 

4997
04:38:50,500 --> 04:38:53,000
Theology. 
And what your grandfather swore,

4998
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:55,599
he saw in the sky that one 
night, you lived in a world 

4999
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,599
where the heavens were as 
reliable as Clockwork or at 

5000
04:38:58,599 --> 04:39:01,599
least as reliable as a sundial, 
which was the most accurate. 

5001
04:39:01,599 --> 04:39:04,500
Timepiece, you had the sun rose.
The moon went through, its 

5002
04:39:04,500 --> 04:39:07,400
phases and the Stars moved in 
patterns that people have known 

5003
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:10,400
about since the beginning of 
recorded history in a time when 

5004
04:39:10,400 --> 04:39:14,000
so much of life was uncertain, 
this Celestial reliability was 

5005
04:39:14,000 --> 04:39:16,400
more than just useful, it was 
very comforting. 

5006
04:39:17,700 --> 04:39:20,200
Hollywood might make you think 
that people in the Middle Ages 

5007
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:23,500
were primitive but they weren't,
they were skilled astronomers, 

5008
04:39:23,500 --> 04:39:26,500
who could predict when eclipses 
would happen figure out when 

5009
04:39:26,500 --> 04:39:29,800
Easter would be years in advance
and find their way by the stars.

5010
04:39:29,800 --> 04:39:33,400
With amazing accuracy Monastery,
libraries kept careful, records 

5011
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:37,200
of comets, the movements of 
planets and other strange things

5012
04:39:37,200 --> 04:39:39,100
that happened in the sky for 
hundreds of years. 

5013
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:42,000
These people didn't freak out at
every shooting star. 

5014
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:44,000
They were experienced 
skywatchers. 

5015
04:39:44,000 --> 04:39:47,000
Who could tell the difference 
between normal and amazing in 

5016
04:39:47,000 --> 04:39:49,200
comparison to how complicated 
things are today. 

5017
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:52,700
The medieval view of the 
universe was very simple Earth 

5018
04:39:52,700 --> 04:39:55,000
was in the middle of everything 
and around. 

5019
04:39:55,000 --> 04:39:58,300
It were Crystal spheres that 
held the moon planets and stars 

5020
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:01,300
in their, never-ending dance. 
The empyrean was beyond the 

5021
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:04,100
sphere of fixed stars, and it 
was where God lived in. 

5022
04:40:04,100 --> 04:40:07,300
Perfect Light, it was a universe
that made sense where everything

5023
04:40:07,300 --> 04:40:09,400
was in the right place and had a
reason for being there. 

5024
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:13,900
People in 774 live their lives 
in ways that most people today 

5025
04:40:13,900 --> 04:40:17,000
forgotten, you woke up with the 
sun because candles were 

5026
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:20,600
expensive and Highlight was hard
to find, the sun's path across 

5027
04:40:20,600 --> 04:40:21,600
the sky. 
Not the clock. 

5028
04:40:21,600 --> 04:40:23,800
Told you how long your work day 
was Farmers. 

5029
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:26,700
Knew that certain crops should 
be planted when certain stars 

5030
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:30,200
came up at dawn and monks split 
their prayers into different 

5031
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:32,100
parts. 
Based on the canonical hours 

5032
04:40:32,100 --> 04:40:34,900
that followed the sun's 
movement, most people stayed in 

5033
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:37,200
the same place their whole 
lives, only moving a few miles 

5034
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:40,300
away, the next Valley, the 
closest market town, and maybe 

5035
04:40:40,300 --> 04:40:42,600
the regional Cathedral with the 
only things that could reach 

5036
04:40:42,600 --> 04:40:44,700
your world. 
If you were lucky enough to go 

5037
04:40:44,700 --> 04:40:47,800
on a pilgrimage, you could see 
them, it would have seemed a 

5038
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:48,900
strange to you, that things 
happening. 

5039
04:40:48,900 --> 04:40:52,500
Millions of miles away in space 
could affect your daily life as 

5040
04:40:52,500 --> 04:40:55,300
the idea that you could one day 
video chat with someone on the 

5041
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:58,000
other side of the world. 
But even in this small world, 

5042
04:40:58,000 --> 04:41:01,200
people were very aware of the 
sky, the night was really dark 

5043
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:03,000
because there were no electric 
lights to wash out. 

5044
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:05,700
The Stars. 
This made celestial events, much

5045
04:41:05,700 --> 04:41:08,800
more visible and dramatic than 
they are now everyone could see 

5046
04:41:08,800 --> 04:41:12,000
a bright Comet not just 
astronomers with special tools. 

5047
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:15,200
The Milky Way looked like a 
cosmic Highway across the sky 

5048
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:18,700
and meteor showers were events 
that Whole Villages would stay 

5049
04:41:18,700 --> 04:41:20,700
up to watch. 
Everything was affected by 

5050
04:41:20,708 --> 04:41:23,400
religion, and people often saw 
celestial events through 

5051
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:26,500
religious lenses, strange things
happening in the sky. 

5052
04:41:26,500 --> 04:41:30,100
Could be signs of political 
change warnings from God about 

5053
04:41:30,100 --> 04:41:32,800
how to act morally or signs of 
the end of the world. 

5054
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:36,700
The line between astronomy and 
astrology was not clear and both

5055
04:41:36,700 --> 04:41:38,400
were seen as valid ways to 
understand. 

5056
04:41:38,400 --> 04:41:43,000
God's will in 774 most Scholars 
were monks and Priests who could

5057
04:41:43,008 --> 04:41:46,200
read The Works of ancient 
Scholars like Ptolemy Aristotle 

5058
04:41:46,200 --> 04:41:49,600
and Pliny the Elder these texts 
helped people understand how the

5059
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:52,400
world worked, but medieval 
Scholars were just passive, 

5060
04:41:52,400 --> 04:41:55,200
recipients of ancient knowledge.
The also made their own 

5061
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:57,900
observations and sometimes came 
to different conclusions than 

5062
04:41:57,900 --> 04:42:01,000
classical authorities. 
People were curious and observed

5063
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:04,100
at the time but only up to a 
point natural philosophers 

5064
04:42:04,100 --> 04:42:06,800
endeavored to comprehend God's 
creation through meticulous 

5065
04:42:06,800 --> 04:42:09,000
examination. 
Holding the belief that the 

5066
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:10,900
natural world disclosed Divine 
truth. 

5067
04:42:10,900 --> 04:42:13,700
It was important to pay 
attention to strange events. 

5068
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:15,800
Not only because they were 
scientifically interesting. 

5069
04:42:15,800 --> 04:42:19,500
But also, because they could 
Have spiritual, meaning, trade 

5070
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:21,200
networks linked. 
Even the most isolated 

5071
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:24,900
communities to larger cultural 
exchanges a strange story seen 

5072
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,200
in one Monastery, could travel 
hundreds of miles along, 

5073
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:31,200
pilgrimage routes, Merchant 
paths and diplomatic channels to

5074
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:35,200
reach chroniclers information 
moved slowly but steadily making

5075
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:37,900
a medieval version of an 
intellectual Network that could 

5076
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:41,100
keep, and share important 
observations in this carefully, 

5077
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:45,400
planned world of 774 where the 
stars, followed familiar 

5078
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:47,500
patterns, and strange things 
happened. 

5079
04:42:47,500 --> 04:42:50,700
So, rarely that they were 
memorable, something amazing was

5080
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:53,100
about to happen. 
The universe was getting ready 

5081
04:42:53,100 --> 04:42:56,200
to send Earth a cosmic message, 
that would be recorded in tree 

5082
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,300
rings, ice cores and historical 
records. 

5083
04:42:59,300 --> 04:43:02,500
It would take humans over 1,000 
years to make the scientific 

5084
04:43:02,500 --> 04:43:04,300
tools needed to figure out what 
it meant. 

5085
04:43:04,300 --> 04:43:08,200
But the people of 774 didn't 
know they were about to see 

5086
04:43:08,200 --> 04:43:10,600
proof of one of the most 
powerful events in the history 

5087
04:43:10,600 --> 04:43:12,800
of the universe. 
They went about their daily 

5088
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:15,500
lives, taking care of their 
fields, praying and looking at 

5089
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:18,100
the stars. 
They knew they had no Idea that 

5090
04:43:18,100 --> 04:43:20,700
invisible radiation was about to
fall from space and amounts, 

5091
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:23,000
that wouldn't be seen again for 
another Thousand Years. 

5092
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:26,500
Imagine that you're relaxing in 
your medieval Cottage on a 

5093
04:43:26,500 --> 04:43:29,700
normal night. 
In 774, maybe sometime between 

5094
04:43:29,700 --> 04:43:32,700
late winter and early summer. 
The exact date is lost to 

5095
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:34,400
history. 
Like so many other details from 

5096
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:36,400
that time. 
The sky looks normal. 

5097
04:43:36,400 --> 04:43:39,000
The stars shine as brightly as 
they always do. 

5098
04:43:39,000 --> 04:43:41,900
And nothing seems out of the 
ordinary for any other night in 

5099
04:43:41,900 --> 04:43:45,000
your life, but something amazing
is happening higher above. 

5100
04:43:45,000 --> 04:43:47,300
The Earth's atmosphere that 
people won't fully understand 

5101
04:43:47,300 --> 04:43:50,600
until the 21st century. 
A huge burst of high energy 

5102
04:43:50,600 --> 04:43:53,400
particles is hitting Earth's 
upper atmosphere with a force 

5103
04:43:53,400 --> 04:43:56,800
that has never been seen before 
these cosmic rays, which 

5104
04:43:56,800 --> 04:43:58,500
wouldn't be called that for 
another Thousand Years. 

5105
04:43:58,500 --> 04:44:01,400
A falling from space, like an 
invisible waterfall of 

5106
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:04,200
radiation, carrying energies 
that are much bigger than 

5107
04:44:04,200 --> 04:44:06,100
anything. 
Human technology can make even 

5108
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:08,200
today. 
One of the biggest mysteries of 

5109
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:11,200
medieval astronomy is where this
Cosmic bombardment came from. 

5110
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:13,700
This is partly because the 
people who were affected 

5111
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:16,700
couldn't see it directly. 
This event didn't make any 

5112
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:19,600
visible light. 
Change the night, sky in any big

5113
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:22,600
ways or show any clear, signs, 
that something strange was 

5114
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,100
happening, unlike a comet or 
supernova. 

5115
04:44:25,100 --> 04:44:28,000
It was like being in the middle 
of the most amazing fireworks 

5116
04:44:28,000 --> 04:44:30,500
show in the history of the 
universe while wearing a 

5117
04:44:30,500 --> 04:44:33,800
blindfold what was going on even
though it couldn't be seen, was 

5118
04:44:33,800 --> 04:44:37,300
truly amazing protons. 
And other high energy particles 

5119
04:44:37,300 --> 04:44:39,800
were hitting Earth's atmosphere 
and almost the speed of light, 

5120
04:44:39,800 --> 04:44:43,200
this caused secondary particles 
to rain down toward the surface.

5121
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:47,000
The intensity was about 20 times
higher than normal cosmic ray 

5122
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:49,200
levels. 
It was like if the normal gentle

5123
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,300
spring rain, turned into a heavy
downpour that lasted for months.

5124
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:55,500
These cosmic rays were hitting 
nitrogen atoms in the upper 

5125
04:44:55,500 --> 04:44:57,700
atmosphere and changing them 
into carbon 14. 

5126
04:44:57,700 --> 04:45:01,400
The radioactive isotope, that 
archaeologists used to date old 

5127
04:45:01,400 --> 04:45:03,700
things. 
This process usually happens at 

5128
04:45:03,700 --> 04:45:07,200
a steady predictable rate like a
cosmic clock that has been 

5129
04:45:07,200 --> 04:45:12,000
taking steadily for thousands of
years but in 774 that clock, 

5130
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:16,100
suddenly sped up, making carbon 
14 at levels, that would leave a

5131
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:17,900
mark on every living thing on 
Earth forever. 

5132
04:45:18,400 --> 04:45:21,300
Trees did a great job of 
recording this event, even 

5133
04:45:21,300 --> 04:45:23,100
though they didn't know they 
were acting as Cosmic 

5134
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:28,000
historians, they took an extra 
carbon 14 as they grew in 774 

5135
04:45:28,000 --> 04:45:32,600
and 775, which scientists would 
later recognized as one of the 

5136
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:36,200
most dramatic spikes in the 
radiocarbon record every tree 

5137
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:38,800
ring from that time, held proof 
of this storm, that couldn't be 

5138
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:41,100
seen. 
The cosmic rays were also making

5139
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,200
other isotopic. 
Signatures like beryllium 10 in 

5140
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:46,400
ice, cores and chlorine 36 in 
rocks. 

5141
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:49,600
These records of the same event 
were spread out all over the 

5142
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,400
world like pieces of a puzzle. 
That wouldn't be put together 

5143
04:45:52,400 --> 04:45:55,800
for more than 1,000 years. 
The universe was putting 

5144
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:58,900
invisible tags on Earth. 
That said something big happened

5145
04:45:58,900 --> 04:46:03,600
here in 774, but what could have
caused such a strong burst of 

5146
04:46:03,600 --> 04:46:07,000
cosmic radiation scientists 
today have come up with a number

5147
04:46:07,000 --> 04:46:10,600
of possible explanations each 
one more dramatic than the last.

5148
04:46:10,600 --> 04:46:14,200
Maybe two neutron stars which 
are City sized objects with the 

5149
04:46:14,200 --> 04:46:17,200
mass of our sun crashed into 
each other in our Cosmic 

5150
04:46:17,200 --> 04:46:19,800
neighborhood. 
Ending out a short but very 

5151
04:46:19,800 --> 04:46:21,700
strong. 
Burst of high energy particles, 

5152
04:46:21,700 --> 04:46:24,500
you can start to understand the 
energies involved, if you 

5153
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:27,700
picture two Atomic nuclei the 
size of Manhattan, crashing into

5154
04:46:27,700 --> 04:46:30,200
each other at speeds of 
thousands of miles per second. 

5155
04:46:30,200 --> 04:46:33,600
Another possibility is that a 
magnet are which is a neutron 

5156
04:46:33,600 --> 04:46:36,100
star with a magnetic field 
trillions of time stronger than 

5157
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:39,100
Earth's had a huge flare that 
sent radiation across 

5158
04:46:39,100 --> 04:46:42,900
Interstellar space magnetas are 
like crazy Cosmic lighthouses 

5159
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:44,800
that sometimes explode with 
energy. 

5160
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:47,500
That can be seen from thousands 
of light years away. 

5161
04:46:47,500 --> 04:46:51,100
If one of these huge stars, 
hiccuped in the right way, Earth

5162
04:46:51,100 --> 04:46:53,800
would have been in the way of an
invisible tsunami of high energy

5163
04:46:53,800 --> 04:46:55,700
particles. 
One of the most interesting 

5164
04:46:55,700 --> 04:46:59,400
possibilities is that Earth saw 
a gamma ray burst, which is one 

5165
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:02,900
of the strongest explosions 
known to physics when huge Stars

5166
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:06,200
collapse into black holes or 
when strange Stellar, remnants 

5167
04:47:06,200 --> 04:47:08,700
collide with each other, in a 
way that destroys everything. 

5168
04:47:08,700 --> 04:47:12,600
These events can outshine whole 
Galaxies for a short time. 

5169
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:16,600
A gamma ray burst that hit Earth
directly could have caused the 

5170
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:21,200
cosmic race bike that was seen 
in 774 the timing of this event 

5171
04:47:21,200 --> 04:47:27,700
is what makes it so interesting 
from 774 to 776 medieval records

5172
04:47:27,700 --> 04:47:30,200
from all over the world. 
Talked about strange things that

5173
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:33,700
happened like strange lights in 
the sky, strange weather 

5174
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,700
patterns and other things that 
chroniclers thought were worth 

5175
04:47:36,708 --> 04:47:38,900
noting. 
These observations may have 

5176
04:47:38,900 --> 04:47:41,900
natural explanations that have 
nothing to do with cosmic rays. 

5177
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:44,400
That the connection is 
interesting enough to make. 

5178
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:47,300
You think about what people, who
looked at the sky, in the Middle

5179
04:47:47,300 --> 04:47:50,900
Ages, might have seen that, they
couldn't explain the cosmic ray 

5180
04:47:50,900 --> 04:47:54,100
of event of 774, was short by 
astronomical standards. 

5181
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:56,900
It probably lasted months in of 
years. 

5182
04:47:56,900 --> 04:48:00,300
However it was strong enough to 
leave permanent marks in Earth's

5183
04:48:00,300 --> 04:48:02,800
natural records. 
It was like getting a cosmic 

5184
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:05,200
Telegram in a language that 
people wouldn't be able to read 

5185
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,000
for more than 1,000 years when 
they had better tools and 

5186
04:48:08,000 --> 04:48:11,200
theories from a medieval point 
of view, this storm was 

5187
04:48:11,200 --> 04:48:14,200
completely invisible to any 
technology or observation method

5188
04:48:14,200 --> 04:48:17,200
that was available at the time 
cosmic ray events, don't leave 

5189
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:19,600
any visible signs. 
That would alert people and like

5190
04:48:19,600 --> 04:48:24,800
a Clips is comets or supernovae.
The people of 774 were going 

5191
04:48:24,808 --> 04:48:28,000
through one of the most amazing 
astrophysical events in history,

5192
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:30,500
but they had no way of knowing 
it was happening. 

5193
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:34,900
But in a way, they were all part
of a cosmic experiment working 

5194
04:48:34,900 --> 04:48:38,200
together without even knowing it
to make a time capsule, that 

5195
04:48:38,200 --> 04:48:40,600
would help scientists. 
Learn more about both medieval 

5196
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:44,500
history and astrophysics. 
Every tree that grew every piece

5197
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:47,400
of ice that formed and every 
living thing that developed 

5198
04:48:47,400 --> 04:48:50,400
during those important years was
quietly, leaving behind 

5199
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:54,200
evidence, that would be very 
useful to researchers 13th. 

5200
04:48:54,200 --> 04:48:56,800
Centuries later even though 
medieval people couldn't see 

5201
04:48:56,800 --> 04:49:01,600
cosmic rays. 
The years 774 to 776 were not 

5202
04:49:01,608 --> 04:49:03,300
boring for the people who lived 
through them. 

5203
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:06,300
There are records from Europe 
and Asia that talk about strange

5204
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:08,900
things that happened. 
During this time, we can't say, 

5205
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:12,100
for sure that Cosmic radiation 
calls all of them that the 

5206
04:49:12,100 --> 04:49:14,600
timing is interesting enough to 
make you wonder what people in 

5207
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:17,700
the Middle Ages were really 
seeing imagine being a monkey in

5208
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:20,900
a script. 
Thorium in 775 heaping. 

5209
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:23,400
The chronicle that tells the 
story of your Monastery is most 

5210
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:26,500
important events. 
You dip your quill in oak, gall 

5211
04:49:26,500 --> 04:49:29,400
ink and write down that the 
winter has been unusually harsh 

5212
04:49:29,400 --> 04:49:32,600
and that strange colors have 
appeared in the northern sky a 

5213
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:35,500
few times, you don't know that 
more Cosmic radiation could 

5214
04:49:35,500 --> 04:49:39,000
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere in small ways or that

5215
04:49:39,000 --> 04:49:41,900
high energy particles could 
cause stranger as to appear at 

5216
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:43,900
lower. 
Latitudes than usual, the 

5217
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:46,800
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which is 
one of the most reliable sources

5218
04:49:46,800 --> 04:49:49,200
from the Middle. 
Ages says the red crucifix 

5219
04:49:49,200 --> 04:49:51,700
appeared in the sky after Sunset
around this time. 

5220
04:49:51,700 --> 04:49:55,200
Many medieval chroniclers were 
skilled at watching the sky and 

5221
04:49:55,200 --> 04:49:57,200
could tell the difference 
between normal and strange 

5222
04:49:57,200 --> 04:49:59,200
events. 
So, when they took the time to 

5223
04:49:59,200 --> 04:50:02,200
write down strange Celestial of 
events, they were probably 

5224
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:06,600
seeing something that was really
strange between 700 and 774 and 

5225
04:50:06,600 --> 04:50:11,900
776 Chinese astronomical records
from the Tang Dynasty, which 

5226
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:14,600
kept some of the most advanced 
Celestial observations in the 

5227
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:18,000
world noted, a number of strange
events Chinese. 

5228
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,400
Astronomers were specially good 
at keeping track of comets, Nova

5229
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:24,600
and other short-lived events 
their records, talk about guest 

5230
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:27,300
stars and strange atmospheric 
events that don't match up with 

5231
04:50:27,300 --> 04:50:29,900
any known astronomical events 
that can be seen from Earth. 

5232
04:50:29,900 --> 04:50:32,900
The annals of Ulster say that 
there were strange lights and 

5233
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:35,300
weather patterns in Ireland. 
During this time, Irish 

5234
04:50:35,300 --> 04:50:37,700
monasteries were places where 
people could learn and keep 

5235
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:40,300
detailed records of events on 
Earth and in the sky. 

5236
04:50:40,300 --> 04:50:43,200
Their Chronicles often give us 
information about things that 

5237
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:45,800
other sources might miss. 
The fact that different 

5238
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:48,600
independent Chronicle Traditions
or record strange things 

5239
04:50:48,600 --> 04:50:51,900
happening at the same time, 
suggests that something strange 

5240
04:50:51,900 --> 04:50:55,100
was really going on, but this is
where the story gets really 

5241
04:50:55,100 --> 04:50:57,400
interesting. 
From Human point of view, he 

5242
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,000
pull in the Middle Ages, who saw
these things had to make sense 

5243
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:03,200
of them using what they already 
knew this meant that they mostly

5244
04:51:03,200 --> 04:51:05,000
understood strange things 
through, religious and 

5245
04:51:05,000 --> 04:51:08,100
philosophical lenses. 
Instead of scientific ones, a 

5246
04:51:08,100 --> 04:51:09,500
strange light in the northern 
sky. 

5247
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:12,500
Could mean that the government 
is about to change that God is 

5248
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:14,700
unhappy with how people are 
acting all that. 

5249
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:17,600
The end of the world is near 
people probably thought of the 

5250
04:51:17,600 --> 04:51:19,600
Red Cross. 
In the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as 

5251
04:51:19,600 --> 04:51:22,500
a Christian Vision. 
Maybe showing God's judgment or 

5252
04:51:22,500 --> 04:51:24,900
Mercy. 
These interpretations weren't 

5253
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:27,900
simple or stupid. 
They were smart tries to make 

5254
04:51:27,900 --> 04:51:30,600
sense of strange events with the
best tools available at the 

5255
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:32,600
time. 
It also looks like the weather 

5256
04:51:32,600 --> 04:51:37,200
in the Middle. 
Ages was strange from 774 to 776

5257
04:51:37,200 --> 04:51:41,200
with different records talking 
about harsh Winters, strange, 

5258
04:51:41,200 --> 04:51:44,000
storms, and other weather events
that were out of the ordinary 

5259
04:51:44,000 --> 04:51:46,300
cosmic rays. 
Don't directly control the 

5260
04:51:46,300 --> 04:51:49,200
weather, but they can change the
chemistry of the atmosphere in 

5261
04:51:49,200 --> 04:51:52,200
ways that might change how 
clouds form and how much rain 

5262
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:54,600
falls medieval. 
People would have thought it was

5263
04:51:54,600 --> 04:51:57,600
magic that invisible particles 
from space, could change the 

5264
04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:00,700
weather on Earth. 
However modern research shows 

5265
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:02,500
that these connections are 
possible in theory. 

5266
04:52:02,500 --> 04:52:04,900
Some agricultural records from 
this time. 

5267
04:52:04,900 --> 04:52:08,400
When they still exist, talk 
about strange, crop yields or 

5268
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:13,000
growing conditions farmers. 
In 774 were very aware of small 

5269
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:15,300
changes in the environment that 
could have an effect on their 

5270
04:52:15,300 --> 04:52:17,200
crops. 
They would have noticed If 

5271
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:19,000
plants were acting. 
Differently than they should 

5272
04:52:19,000 --> 04:52:22,700
have, theoretically increased 
Cosmic radiation could impact 

5273
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:25,400
plant growth and development. 
In ways that seasoned Farmers 

5274
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:28,200
might notice, even if they 
couldn't articulate their 

5275
04:52:28,200 --> 04:52:31,400
observations monks, may have 
noticed, small changes in how 

5276
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:34,400
plants grew or flowered in 
Monastery Gardens which were, 

5277
04:52:34,400 --> 04:52:37,500
well kept places medieval 
monasteries kept very detailed 

5278
04:52:37,500 --> 04:52:40,100
records of farming. 
And some of these records 

5279
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,100
suggest that the weather was 
strange during the mid 700s and 

5280
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:45,200
70s. 
It is impossible to say, for 

5281
04:52:45,208 --> 04:52:48,400
sure, if these changes were 
caused by Cosmic radiation or 

5282
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:51,600
just normal changes in farming 
but the timing is interesting. 

5283
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:55,300
Even if the cosmic ray of vent 
itself couldn't be seen, it 

5284
04:52:55,300 --> 04:52:57,800
probably had a big effect on the
minds of people living in 

5285
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:00,800
medieval times, even though no 
one could say, for sure what was

5286
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:02,900
going on. 
Strange lights in the sky 

5287
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:05,000
strange, weather patterns and 
strange. 

5288
04:53:05,000 --> 04:53:08,000
Natural events would have made 
people feel like something big 

5289
04:53:08,000 --> 04:53:10,400
was happening. 
People in the Middle Ages lived 

5290
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:12,400
much closer to the Natural 
rhythms of the world. 

5291
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:15,800
And we do now, this made them 
more aware of small changes in 

5292
04:53:15,800 --> 04:53:17,900
the environment that people who 
live in cities today. 

5293
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:21,300
You might not notice at all a 
farmer who slept outside every 

5294
04:53:21,300 --> 04:53:24,300
night would notice if the Aurora
appeared at latitudes that were 

5295
04:53:24,300 --> 04:53:26,800
lower than usual. 
Similarly, a monk who prayed 

5296
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:29,800
regular times would notice if 
the colors of dawn, or dusk, 

5297
04:53:29,800 --> 04:53:32,700
look different than usual. 
When strange things happened in 

5298
04:53:32,700 --> 04:53:35,600
medieval communities. 
People usually turn to religion,

5299
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:39,300
more asked learned people for 
advice and paid close attention 

5300
04:53:39,300 --> 04:53:41,200
to other signs. 
That might help them understand 

5301
04:53:41,200 --> 04:53:44,500
what was going on communities, 
might set up special prayers 

5302
04:53:44,500 --> 04:53:48,000
processions or other religious 
activities to respond to Divine 

5303
04:53:48,000 --> 04:53:50,100
messages that are hidden in 
natural events. 

5304
04:53:50,100 --> 04:53:53,100
It is, specially sad that people
in the Middle Ages saw the 

5305
04:53:53,100 --> 04:53:55,800
aftermath of one of the most 
powerful astrophysical events in

5306
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:58,400
history. 
They had no way to understand 

5307
04:53:58,400 --> 04:54:00,800
what it really meant or how 
important it was. 

5308
04:54:00,800 --> 04:54:03,900
They were like people who are 
trying to understand a symphony 

5309
04:54:03,900 --> 04:54:06,700
book, could only hear a few 
notes here and there or who were

5310
04:54:06,700 --> 04:54:09,000
trying to enjoy a painting but 
could only see random 

5311
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:12,200
brushstrokes but their careful 
observations and detailed 

5312
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:15,500
records which are still kept in 
Monastery Chronicles and Royal 

5313
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:19,600
annals on several continents. 
Modern scientists important 

5314
04:54:19,600 --> 04:54:22,900
information about both the 
cosmic ray event and its 

5315
04:54:22,900 --> 04:54:26,200
possible effects on Earth 
medieval chroniclers writing by 

5316
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:29,100
candlelight in stone scriptorium
made records. 

5317
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:31,900
That would be very useful to 
astrophysicists 13th. 

5318
04:54:31,900 --> 04:54:37,500
Centuries later, people living 
between 774 and 776 experienced 

5319
04:54:37,500 --> 04:54:40,200
mystery in, its purest form 
things that were clearly 

5320
04:54:40,200 --> 04:54:42,600
important. 
But couldn't be explained by 

5321
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:45,400
what they already knew. 
They used the tools, they had 

5322
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:49,100
careful observation keeping 
details records and thinking 

5323
04:54:49,100 --> 04:54:51,700
about what they saw using 
religious and philosophical 

5324
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:53,600
traditions. 
That had helped people 

5325
04:54:53,600 --> 04:54:56,700
understand things for a long 
time, picture yourself as a 

5326
04:54:56,700 --> 04:54:59,300
detective, trying to figure out 
a mystery that happened more 

5327
04:54:59,300 --> 04:55:02,100
than 1200 years ago. 
The only Clues you have a 

5328
04:55:02,100 --> 04:55:05,300
scattered across Royal archives 
Monastery, library and the 

5329
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:07,700
hidden records written in tree 
rings in ice cores. 

5330
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:12,200
When modern scientists first 
found proof of the 774 cosmic 

5331
04:55:12,200 --> 04:55:14,200
ray of event. 
They had to put together, 

5332
04:55:14,200 --> 04:55:17,600
medieval Chronicles and the most
advanced astrophysics. 

5333
04:55:17,900 --> 04:55:21,000
Figure it out in the early 
2000s, researchers looking at 

5334
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:23,800
tree-ring data saw something 
amazing, that led to the big 

5335
04:55:23,800 --> 04:55:28,600
Discovery, the amount of carbon 
14 in Wood samples from 774 to 

5336
04:55:28,600 --> 04:55:32,700
775 went up a lot which hasn't 
happened in the last few 

5337
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:35,200
thousand years. 
It was like nature had suddenly 

5338
04:55:35,200 --> 04:55:38,600
switched pens to write the same 
story, making a signature. 

5339
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:41,900
So unique that, it could be seen
in trees from Japan to Germany 

5340
04:55:41,900 --> 04:55:44,700
to North America. 
But what makes this discovery so

5341
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:47,200
interesting is that the same 
strange thing happened at the 

5342
04:55:47,208 --> 04:55:50,400
same time in many different 
records all over the world, ice 

5343
04:55:50,400 --> 04:55:53,000
cores from Antarctica and 
Greenland had higher levels of 

5344
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:55,700
brilliant, 10 and other isotopes
that are made. 

5345
04:55:55,708 --> 04:55:59,100
When cosmic rays, hit other 
particles, Coral growth rings 

5346
04:55:59,100 --> 04:56:01,900
from tropical ocean showed signs
of the same event in their 

5347
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:04,000
chemical makeup. 
It was like seeing the same 

5348
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:07,300
fingerprint at crime scene on 
different continents, medieval 

5349
04:56:07,300 --> 04:56:09,700
chroniclers who wrote by 
candlelight with quill. 

5350
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:13,500
Peninsula knowingly, recorded 
pieces of this Cosmic puzzle in 

5351
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:15,500
their careful notes, about 
strange events. 

5352
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:17,800
It was no longer just to strange
medieval. 

5353
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:20,300
Superstition that the 
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle mentioned 

5354
04:56:20,300 --> 04:56:23,900
a red crucifix in the sky. 
It could be useful scientific 

5355
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:26,600
information about how Cosmic 
radiation affects the atmosphere

5356
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:30,000
Chinese astronomical records 
were especially useful because 

5357
04:56:30,000 --> 04:56:33,600
astronomers in the Tang Dynasty.
Get very detailed records of 

5358
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,700
celestial events. 
Their records of guest stars, 

5359
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:43,700
strange lights and Atmospheric 
anomalies from 774 to 776 helped

5360
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:47,400
us understand how experienced 
skywatches might have seen such 

5361
04:56:47,400 --> 04:56:50,700
an event with the tools they had
at the time to connect medieval 

5362
04:56:50,700 --> 04:56:52,200
Chronicles to Modern 
astrophysics. 

5363
04:56:52,200 --> 04:56:55,000
You had to think about things in
a way that was, like, going back

5364
04:56:55,000 --> 04:56:57,500
in time researchers needed to 
comprehend. 

5365
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:00,700
Not only the observations made 
by medieval individuals, but 

5366
04:57:00,700 --> 04:57:03,300
also how these observations 
would have been interpreted and 

5367
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:07,200
documented within their cultural
and scientific contexts medieval

5368
04:57:07,200 --> 04:57:10,100
Chronicles would have used the 
language of Omens wanders and 

5369
04:57:10,100 --> 04:57:13,100
divine signs to write about 
something that we could describe

5370
04:57:13,100 --> 04:57:16,300
in terms of particle, physics 
and Atmospheric chemistry, the 

5371
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:18,900
result of this cross discipline.
Mary detective work was a 

5372
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:22,600
picture of an event that was 
both dramatic and invisible know

5373
04:57:22,600 --> 04:57:24,100
medieval technology could have 
detected. 

5374
04:57:24,100 --> 04:57:25,800
The cosmic ray bombardment 
itself. 

5375
04:57:25,800 --> 04:57:28,900
But careful, observers might 
have been able to see its 

5376
04:57:28,900 --> 04:57:32,400
secondary effects, such as 
strange, auroras atmospheric 

5377
04:57:32,400 --> 04:57:35,300
phenomena, and maybe even small 
changes in weather patterns. 

5378
04:57:35,300 --> 04:57:39,000
The timing of events recorded in
medieval Chronicles, roughly 

5379
04:57:39,000 --> 04:57:42,000
matches, the time when cosmic 
ray levels were high, this 

5380
04:57:42,000 --> 04:57:44,200
suggests that some of the 
strange things that medieval 

5381
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:46,700
writers wrote, about may have 
been caused by the invisible 

5382
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,400
radiation storm. 
It's like finding out that 

5383
04:57:49,400 --> 04:57:52,200
puzzle pieces, that seemed 
unrelated actually fit together 

5384
04:57:52,200 --> 04:57:54,300
to make a whole picture. 
When you look at them from the 

5385
04:57:54,300 --> 04:57:56,900
right angle, Islamic 
astronomical records from 

5386
04:57:56,900 --> 04:57:59,200
Baghdad. 
And Cordoba also talk about 

5387
04:57:59,200 --> 04:58:01,300
strange things that happen. 
During this time. 

5388
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:04,200
Medieval Islamic astronomers 
were some of the best at 

5389
04:58:04,200 --> 04:58:06,000
observing celestial events in 
the world. 

5390
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:09,400
Their records often had to and 
clarify what European and 

5391
04:58:09,400 --> 04:58:12,000
Chinese sources of set. 
The worldwide nature of these 

5392
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:13,600
records suggest that what was 
happening. 

5393
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:16,000
Was truly Global not just in one
area. 

5394
04:58:16,000 --> 04:58:19,200
Modern researchers have Hard 
time figuring out which cosmic 

5395
04:58:19,200 --> 04:58:22,300
ray effects are real and which 
are just the normal background 

5396
04:58:22,300 --> 04:58:25,200
of strange events that medieval 
chroniclers wrote about all the 

5397
04:58:25,200 --> 04:58:27,100
time. 
He pull in the Middle Ages. 

5398
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:30,500
Lived in a world where comets, 
eclipses, strange weather, and 

5399
04:58:30,500 --> 04:58:32,900
many other events were always 
happening and being seen as 

5400
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,000
important to figure out, which 
anomalies might be linked to the

5401
04:58:36,000 --> 04:58:38,200
cosmic ray event, you need to 
carefully. 

5402
04:58:38,200 --> 04:58:41,600
Look at the timing global 
distribution and the specific 

5403
04:58:41,600 --> 04:58:43,300
nature of the reported 
phenomena. 

5404
04:58:43,300 --> 04:58:46,200
One of the most interesting 
things about medieval records is

5405
04:58:46,208 --> 04:58:48,000
how consistent. 
They are across different 

5406
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:50,700
cultures. 
When Irish monks Chinese quarter

5407
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:53,200
astronomers and Islamic scholars
in Spain. 

5408
04:58:53,200 --> 04:58:56,100
All right, about strange things 
happening in the sky at the same

5409
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:59,300
time, it means they were seeing 
something that was really 

5410
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:01,500
strange. 
And not just what people in 

5411
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,100
their cultures thought was signs
of bad luck or good luck. 

5412
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:07,700
This Cosmic mystery shows how 
modern science works best when 

5413
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:10,200
people work together 
astrophysicists offered 

5414
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:12,900
theoretical Frameworks for 
comprehending, cosmic ray, 

5415
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:14,900
phenomena and their possible 
impacts. 

5416
04:59:15,400 --> 04:59:17,600
Historians and archaeologists 
helped by sharing their 

5417
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:20,300
knowledge of medieval sources 
and the historical context 

5418
04:59:20,300 --> 04:59:23,600
geochemists and climatologists 
studied tree rings. 

5419
04:59:23,600 --> 04:59:26,900
Ice cores and other natural 
records that keep chemical 

5420
04:59:26,900 --> 04:59:31,700
traces of events from long ago. 
The 774 event is a specially 

5421
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:34,800
useful for science because it 
can be used as a kind of cosmic 

5422
04:59:34,800 --> 04:59:37,600
calibration tool. 
Scientists can better understand

5423
04:59:37,600 --> 04:59:40,400
similar, but smaller events in 
the geological and historical 

5424
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:44,000
record by studying how this 
intense cosmic ray of event 

5425
04:59:44,000 --> 04:59:46,300
changed Earth's atmosphere and 
biosphere. 

5426
04:59:46,300 --> 04:59:49,300
It's like having a Rosetta Stone
to help you figure out what 

5427
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:51,600
Cosmic race signatures mean in 
natural archives. 

5428
04:59:51,600 --> 04:59:54,900
The medieval chroniclers who 
wrote about stranger events in 

5429
04:59:54,900 --> 05:00:00,100
7704 to 7776 a part of a 
scientific collaboration that 

5430
05:00:00,100 --> 05:00:02,700
they could never have imagined 
their meticulous. 

5431
05:00:02,700 --> 05:00:05,600
Observations documented in 
manuscripts dispersed throughout

5432
05:00:05,600 --> 05:00:09,000
Monastery, library and Royal 
archives yielded essential 

5433
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,400
evidence for comprehending. 
One of the most consequential 

5434
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,400
astrophysical occurrences in 
recorded history. 

5435
05:00:15,300 --> 05:00:16,700
Discs. 
Can now read the cosmic 

5436
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:18,800
signatures hidden in tree rings 
and Ice cores. 

5437
05:00:18,800 --> 05:00:22,600
Thanks to modern technology. 
However, medieval people who saw

5438
05:00:22,600 --> 05:00:25,100
the event gave scientists the 
context, they needed to 

5439
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:27,500
understand how it might have 
looked to people who lived 

5440
05:00:27,500 --> 05:00:30,000
through it. 
The combination of high-tech 

5441
05:00:30,000 --> 05:00:33,400
analysis and careful historical 
research has uncovered a story 

5442
05:00:33,400 --> 05:00:35,500
that neither method could have 
found on its own. 

5443
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,900
The people who saw the 774 
cosmic ray event had no idea. 

5444
05:00:39,900 --> 05:00:43,000
They were witnessing 
astronomical history that their 

5445
05:00:43,000 --> 05:00:45,900
careful record-keeping and 
details observations made a time

5446
05:00:45,908 --> 05:00:47,800
capsule. 
That would be very useful to 

5447
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:49,700
researchers more than a 1000 
years later. 

5448
05:00:49,700 --> 05:00:52,600
It's a reminder that 
observations that seem unrelated

5449
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:54,500
can sometimes show their true 
importance. 

5450
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:57,000
Only when looked at from the 
point of view of later, 

5451
05:00:57,000 --> 05:00:59,800
scientific knowledge. 
Imagine waking up on a normal 

5452
05:00:59,800 --> 05:01:03,100
morning in 775. 
When the year before had brought

5453
05:01:03,100 --> 05:01:06,500
news of strange events from all 
over the world, you get up with 

5454
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:09,100
the sun because that's when Life
Starts and a time before 

5455
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:12,400
electric lights, when you step 
outside your home, whether it's 

5456
05:01:12,400 --> 05:01:15,100
a peasants Cottage, a monastery,
sell or a Merchant's house. 

5457
05:01:15,800 --> 05:01:18,700
You might look up at the sky and
realize that something strange 

5458
05:01:18,700 --> 05:01:21,700
has been happening up there. 
The cosmic ray event that peaked

5459
05:01:21,700 --> 05:01:25,300
in 774 was making small changes 
in your environment that you 

5460
05:01:25,300 --> 05:01:27,800
couldn't see. 
But the strange things that 

5461
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:30,300
Chronicle isn't Travelers wrote 
about were adding a sense of 

5462
05:01:30,300 --> 05:01:33,500
wonder, and uncertainty to 
everyday life people in the 

5463
05:01:33,500 --> 05:01:35,500
Middle, Ages were used to living
with mystery. 

5464
05:01:35,500 --> 05:01:38,300
They knew that a lot of things 
about the natural world would 

5465
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:41,300
Beyond human understanding, but 
the fact that there were so many

5466
05:01:41,308 --> 05:01:43,900
strange reports during this 
time, made them feel like, big 

5467
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:45,700
changes. 
Might be happening in the cosmic

5468
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:47,500
order. 
No matter if you were a devout 

5469
05:01:47,500 --> 05:01:50,500
monk following the canonical 
hours or a farmer giving, thanks

5470
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:53,200
for another day of life. 
Your morning routine would 

5471
05:01:53,200 --> 05:01:56,500
always start with prayers at 
prayers from the Middle Ages 

5472
05:01:56,500 --> 05:01:59,200
often asked for protection from 
all kinds of natural and 

5473
05:01:59,200 --> 05:02:02,100
Supernatural threats. 
The reports of strange lights. 

5474
05:02:02,100 --> 05:02:04,500
And unusual weather might have 
made these requests seem more 

5475
05:02:04,500 --> 05:02:07,300
important than usual. 
You lived in a time when the 

5476
05:02:07,300 --> 05:02:09,800
line between natural and 
Supernatural explanations was 

5477
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:12,400
not very clear. 
Strange, things could be seen as

5478
05:02:12,400 --> 05:02:17,300
either Divine messages or bad 
Omens most people in 775 were 

5479
05:02:17,300 --> 05:02:19,300
farmers. 
So they had to pay close 

5480
05:02:19,300 --> 05:02:21,800
attention to Natural signs and 
seasonal patterns all the time 

5481
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:23,700
to be successful. 
In farming. 

5482
05:02:23,700 --> 05:02:26,600
In the Middle Ages, you had to 
be able to read subtle signs in 

5483
05:02:26,608 --> 05:02:29,100
the environment. 
Like, when to plant based on the

5484
05:02:29,100 --> 05:02:31,800
temperature and moisture of the 
soil, how to tell when the 

5485
05:02:31,800 --> 05:02:34,300
weather would change based on 
the clouds and wind patterns, 

5486
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:38,000
and how to tell when it was time
to harvest people who survival 

5487
05:02:38,000 --> 05:02:40,800
depended on, being able to read 
Nature's signals, would notice 

5488
05:02:40,800 --> 05:02:43,700
any strange changes in the 
environment right away, the 

5489
05:02:43,700 --> 05:02:46,100
higher levels of cosmic 
radiation that were falling on 

5490
05:02:46,100 --> 05:02:47,800
Earth. 
At this time, could have had an 

5491
05:02:47,800 --> 05:02:49,800
effect on plant growth that 
experienced Farmers. 

5492
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:52,900
Might have noticed medieval 
farmers were very sensitive to 

5493
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:56,000
changes in how cropped, grew and
developed, even though the 

5494
05:02:56,000 --> 05:02:58,600
effects would be small. 
Compared to more obvious factors

5495
05:02:58,600 --> 05:03:01,500
like weather and soil quality. 
If a farmer worked the same 

5496
05:03:01,500 --> 05:03:03,400
fields for years, they would 
notice. 

5497
05:03:03,400 --> 05:03:06,000
If the plants were acting even a
little bit differently than they

5498
05:03:06,000 --> 05:03:09,800
were used to Monastery Gardens, 
in particular were carefully, 

5499
05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:12,800
controlled spaces were small 
changes, might be easier to see 

5500
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:15,700
monks who took care of herb 
gardens and medicinal. 

5501
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:18,300
Plants were trained to be very 
observant and pay close 

5502
05:03:18,300 --> 05:03:21,400
attention to how plants grew and
how healthy they were. 

5503
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:24,400
Because they knew so much about 
how plants normally behave. 

5504
05:03:24,400 --> 05:03:26,700
They might have been able to 
spot things that less 

5505
05:03:26,700 --> 05:03:29,200
experienced. 
Observers would have, missed the

5506
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:30,800
psychological climate of daily 
life. 

5507
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,700
During this era, was likely 
affected by the proliferation of

5508
05:03:33,700 --> 05:03:37,400
anomalous reports from various 
regions, and sources, medieval 

5509
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:40,200
communication networks, which 
were based on trade, routes 

5510
05:03:40,200 --> 05:03:43,400
pilgrimage routes, and 
diplomatic contacts moved 

5511
05:03:43,400 --> 05:03:46,600
information slowly. 
But steadily strange stories 

5512
05:03:46,600 --> 05:03:49,600
from far away places would 
slowly make their way into local

5513
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:53,000
communities, making people feel 
like the normal order of things 

5514
05:03:53,000 --> 05:03:56,300
was changing in some way, he in 
the Middle Ages, new that big 

5515
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:59,200
events often made themselves 
known through natural signs and 

5516
05:03:59,200 --> 05:04:01,700
Omens medieval people. 
Strongly believed. 

5517
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:04,600
That strange events could happen
before big changes and politics 

5518
05:04:04,600 --> 05:04:07,700
Society or religion people who 
lived at the time would have 

5519
05:04:07,708 --> 05:04:10,500
thought that something important
was going on, when several 

5520
05:04:10,500 --> 05:04:14,100
sources reported strange events 
happening at the same time even 

5521
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
if they didn't know exactly. 
What it was, people might have 

5522
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:20,200
talked about strange weather 
strange, lights, and other 

5523
05:04:20,200 --> 05:04:22,900
strange, things that Travelers 
and Chronicles had seen more 

5524
05:04:22,908 --> 05:04:26,200
often during this time because 
medieval communities were small 

5525
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:29,400
interesting news spread quickly.
The collection of strange 

5526
05:04:29,400 --> 05:04:32,000
reports would have given people 
interesting things to talk about

5527
05:04:32,000 --> 05:04:35,800
at communal meals Market Days 
and other social events people 

5528
05:04:35,800 --> 05:04:38,600
who worked outside would have 
had more chances to see strange 

5529
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:41,200
weather patterns that people who
worked inside might not have 

5530
05:04:41,200 --> 05:04:44,300
seen blacksmiths. 
Carpenters, and other craftsmen 

5531
05:04:44,300 --> 05:04:47,000
who worked outside would have 
been in a good position to 

5532
05:04:47,000 --> 05:04:49,600
notice changes in the Colours of
the sky strange. 

5533
05:04:49,600 --> 05:04:52,500
Cloud shapes or other 
atmospheric Oddities that could 

5534
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:55,400
be related to The Invisible. 
Cosmic ray bombardment, that is 

5535
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:56,800
hitting the, upper atmosphere of
Earth. 

5536
05:04:56,800 --> 05:04:59,600
During this time, people might 
have spent more time watching 

5537
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:02,200
the sky at night, because they 
were more aware of the 

5538
05:05:02,200 --> 05:05:04,300
possibility of strange celestial
events. 

5539
05:05:04,300 --> 05:05:06,900
He pulling the Middle Ages were 
already good at looking at the 

5540
05:05:06,900 --> 05:05:11,000
stars night sky was much clearer
without light pollution, and 

5541
05:05:11,000 --> 05:05:13,300
looking at the stars was 
important for keeping track of 

5542
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:16,700
time and finding your way a 
Sorts of strange lights and 

5543
05:05:16,700 --> 05:05:18,900
Atmospheric anomalies would have
made them even more. 

5544
05:05:18,900 --> 05:05:23,000
Careful about what they saw at 
night during 775 religious 

5545
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:25,900
observances may have encompassed
specific prayers or rituals 

5546
05:05:25,900 --> 05:05:28,900
intended to appropriately 
address the enigmatic signs that

5547
05:05:28,900 --> 05:05:32,300
appeared with notable frequency,
medieval Christianity, offered 

5548
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,200
Frameworks for interpreting 
natural phenomena as Divine 

5549
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,800
Communications and communities 
may have organized supplementary

5550
05:05:38,800 --> 05:05:41,900
religious activities to ensure 
appropriate, responses to 

5551
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,600
perceived Celestial messages 
life in the Middle. 

5552
05:05:44,600 --> 05:05:47,200
Ages was still governed by the 
seasons even though strange 

5553
05:05:47,200 --> 05:05:48,400
things were happening in the 
background. 

5554
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:50,900
No matter how many cosmic rays 
were in the air. 

5555
05:05:50,900 --> 05:05:54,800
How many strange lights were in 
the sky spring planting summer 

5556
05:05:54,800 --> 05:05:57,500
cultivation. 
Autumn Harvest and winter 

5557
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:01,500
preservation, activities all 
followed their old patterns, but

5558
05:06:01,500 --> 05:06:04,100
there may have been more talks 
about what current events mean 

5559
05:06:04,100 --> 05:06:07,000
and what they could mean for the
future while the work was going 

5560
05:06:07,000 --> 05:06:10,600
on, Merchants and travelers, who
had the most information about 

5561
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:13,600
different parts of the world. 
In medieval times were very 

5562
05:06:13,600 --> 05:06:16,400
important in spreading news 
about Range events to different 

5563
05:06:16,400 --> 05:06:18,700
areas. 
A merchant, who traveled between

5564
05:06:18,700 --> 05:06:21,500
cities a lot could act as an 
unofficial Clearing House for 

5565
05:06:21,500 --> 05:06:22,700
stories. 
About strange things that 

5566
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:26,100
happened letting people compare 
what happened in their own area,

5567
05:06:26,100 --> 05:06:29,300
with what happened in other 
places, the cumulative effect of

5568
05:06:29,300 --> 05:06:31,500
living through a time. 
When strange things happened 

5569
05:06:31,500 --> 05:06:34,300
more often than usual was 
probably a stronger feeling of 

5570
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:37,400
living in important times. 
People in the Middle Ages knew 

5571
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:40,100
that they were part of ongoing 
historical stories like the 

5572
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:43,100
history of Their Kingdoms, the 
history of the Bible and the 

5573
05:06:43,100 --> 05:06:45,900
story of Christendom. 
They thought that strange 

5574
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:48,700
natural events, might mean that 
important parts of these bigger 

5575
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:51,700
stories were being written. 
What makes this a specially sad?

5576
05:06:51,700 --> 05:06:55,400
Is that the people of 775 were 
going through a very important 

5577
05:06:55,400 --> 05:06:58,900
event in the universe, even 
though they had no idea what it 

5578
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:01,500
really was. 
One of the strongest cosmic ray 

5579
05:07:01,500 --> 05:07:04,500
bombardments ever recorded was 
happening, but people at the 

5580
05:07:04,500 --> 05:07:07,200
time, couldn't see it. 
It left permanent marks and 

5581
05:07:07,200 --> 05:07:09,800
tree, rings and Ice cores. 
They were making records. 

5582
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:12,700
That would be very useful to 
scientists at 1000 years later, 

5583
05:07:12,700 --> 05:07:14,500
but they didn't know it at the 
time. 

5584
05:07:14,500 --> 05:07:17,500
The Story of how modern 
scientists figured out what 

5585
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:20,400
happened. 
During the 774 cosmic, ray event

5586
05:07:20,400 --> 05:07:24,100
is like a detective novel for 
smart people with Clues hidden 

5587
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:27,500
in Japanese cedar trees. 
Greenlandic ice, sheets and the 

5588
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:31,100
margins of medieval manuscripts.
It's a story that shows how the 

5589
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:34,900
most advanced science of the 
21st century can sometimes rely 

5590
05:07:34,900 --> 05:07:37,900
on the careful notes of monks 
from the 8th Century who were 

5591
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:40,200
just trying to write down what 
they saw in the world around 

5592
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:41,900
them. 
As is often the case with 

5593
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:45,100
scientific breakthroughs, the 
discovery started when someone 

5594
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,100
noticed that the data didn't 
look quite right, researchers 

5595
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:51,400
studying radiocarbon levels in 
tree, rings in the early 2000s 

5596
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:55,300
were creating details timelines 
of past weather conditions when 

5597
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:57,800
they found something that had 
never been seen before. 

5598
05:07:58,800 --> 05:08:02,400
Huge rise in carbon 14 levels 
that happen all over the world 

5599
05:08:02,400 --> 05:08:08,000
in trees between 774 and 775. 
Imagine the moment when these 

5600
05:08:08,000 --> 05:08:10,100
scientists first understood, 
what they were seeing 

5601
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:13,400
radiocarbon dating works. 
Because cosmic rays change 

5602
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:16,800
nitrogen in the air. 
Into carbon-14 at rates that are

5603
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:18,800
fairly predictable for thousands
of years. 

5604
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:22,400
This process has been running 
like a clock in space making a 

5605
05:08:22,400 --> 05:08:25,500
baseline that archeologists and 
climate researchers used to date

5606
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:29,300
old things. 
But in 774 that steady clock in 

5607
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:33,400
space suddenly sped up the spike
was huge about 20 times higher 

5608
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:36,600
than normal levels of cosmic 
rays and it happened all over 

5609
05:08:36,600 --> 05:08:41,800
the place at the same time 
during their 700 and 774 to 775 

5610
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:44,400
growth. 
Rings trees in Japan, Germany, 

5611
05:08:44,400 --> 05:08:46,300
North America and other parts of
the world. 

5612
05:08:46,300 --> 05:08:50,200
All showed the same huge rise in
carbon 14 incorporation. 

5613
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,300
It was like, finding out that 
every clock in the world had run

5614
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:56,700
fast for a short time in the 
same year over 1200 years ago. 

5615
05:08:56,700 --> 05:08:59,600
At first scientists didn't know 
What could have caused such a 

5616
05:08:59,608 --> 05:09:01,100
big and sudden event around the 
world. 

5617
05:09:01,100 --> 05:09:04,700
Testing nuclear weapons in the 
1960s had caused fake 

5618
05:09:04,700 --> 05:09:07,900
radiocarbon spikes, where the 
natural historical record didn't

5619
05:09:07,900 --> 05:09:11,900
have anything like what they 
were seeing in 774 in theory 

5620
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:16,300
solar flares could cause more 
cosmic rays that the 774 event 

5621
05:09:16,300 --> 05:09:19,600
was so big that it was bigger 
than any known solar storm. 

5622
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:22,700
The big step forward happened 
when scientists started looking 

5623
05:09:22,700 --> 05:09:26,000
for other natural records that 
keep Cosmic race signatures that

5624
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:29,000
could back up their findings 
Antarctic Ice cores which 

5625
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:31,800
trapped gases and particles from
the atmosphere in layers that 

5626
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:34,900
look like pages in a Frozen 
book, showed higher levels of 

5627
05:09:34,900 --> 05:09:38,300
brilliant, 10 and other Isotopes
made by cosmic ray interactions 

5628
05:09:38,300 --> 05:09:41,200
during the same time, period, 
Coral growth rings. 

5629
05:09:41,200 --> 05:09:43,900
From tropical ocean had other 
chemical signs of the same 

5630
05:09:43,900 --> 05:09:45,700
event. 
Scientist was sure. 

5631
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,100
They were looking at something 
truly new in the historical 

5632
05:09:48,100 --> 05:09:51,700
record because evidence from 
many different sources tree 

5633
05:09:51,700 --> 05:09:56,400
Ring's, ice cores and coral. 
Reefs all pointed to the same 

5634
05:09:56,400 --> 05:09:58,600
amazing event that happened in 
7. 

5635
05:09:58,800 --> 05:10:03,700
To 7775 but figuring out. 
What happened was, just the 

5636
05:10:03,700 --> 05:10:06,800
first step in understanding it, 
what might have caused such a 

5637
05:10:06,800 --> 05:10:08,400
strong burst of cosmic 
radiation. 

5638
05:10:08,400 --> 05:10:11,000
This is where medieval 
Chronicles became an 

5639
05:10:11,008 --> 05:10:14,000
unexpectedly important part of 
the scientific equation, 

5640
05:10:14,000 --> 05:10:17,200
scientists figured out that if 
cosmic ray levels had gone up a 

5641
05:10:17,200 --> 05:10:22,800
lot between 774 and 7775 There 
might be indirect proof of what 

5642
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:24,900
happened in, historical records 
from that time. 

5643
05:10:24,900 --> 05:10:28,000
Chroniclers, from the Middle 
Ages were skilled at noticing. 

5644
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:29,700
Strange things in the sky in the
air. 

5645
05:10:29,700 --> 05:10:32,300
And they may have seen things 
that could be linked to higher 

5646
05:10:32,300 --> 05:10:35,400
levels of cosmic radiation. 
Researchers had to think like 

5647
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:38,800
both scientists and historians 
in order to link medieval 

5648
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:40,600
observations to Modern 
astrophysics. 

5649
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:43,900
They had to know not only what 
people in the Middle Ages might 

5650
05:10:43,900 --> 05:10:46,700
have seen but also how those 
observations would have been 

5651
05:10:46,708 --> 05:10:49,800
understood and recorded in the 
8th Century ways of knowing and 

5652
05:10:49,800 --> 05:10:52,800
believing a phenomenon that 
contemporary scientists would 

5653
05:10:52,800 --> 05:10:54,800
characterize through the lens of
particle physics. 

5654
05:10:54,800 --> 05:10:59,400
May be depicted in medieval 
Chronicles as an omen Miracle or

5655
05:10:59,400 --> 05:11:01,500
Divine. 
Sign the interdisciplinary 

5656
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:04,200
investigation yielded evidence 
that medieval observers 

5657
05:11:04,200 --> 05:11:09,700
discerned unusual phenomena. 
During the years 774 to 7776 the

5658
05:11:09,700 --> 05:11:13,000
Anglo-Saxon Chronicles mention 
of a red crucifix in the sky, 

5659
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:17,200
Chinese records of guest stars 
and Atmospheric anomalies, and 

5660
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,000
other chronological accounts of 
strange lights and weather 

5661
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:23,200
patterns from this time suddenly
became more important as 

5662
05:11:23,200 --> 05:11:26,800
possible proof of cosmic ray 
effects, the scientific teamwork

5663
05:11:26,800 --> 05:11:29,500
needed to solve this mystery. 
As an example of how modern 

5664
05:11:29,500 --> 05:11:32,400
research works. 
Best astrophysicists came up 

5665
05:11:32,400 --> 05:11:35,200
with theoretical models of what 
could cause such strong cosmic. 

5666
05:11:35,200 --> 05:11:38,700
Ray bursts, scientists who study
the atmosphere talked about how 

5667
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:41,200
high energy particles. 
Could change the chemistry of 

5668
05:11:41,208 --> 05:11:44,500
the upper atmosphere historians 
and archaeologists offered their

5669
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:46,800
knowledge of medieval sources 
and timelines. 

5670
05:11:46,800 --> 05:11:50,100
Geochemist created ways to get 
cosmic race, signatures from 

5671
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:52,900
natural archives. 
Each piece of evidence backed up

5672
05:11:52,900 --> 05:11:55,700
and made the others clearer. 
The tree-ring data gave very 

5673
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:58,600
accurate measurements of when, 
and how big things were the 

5674
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:01,500
analysis of ice calls confirm 
that the event affected the 

5675
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:04,900
whole world, medieval Chronicles
provided perspectives on the 

5676
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:06,600
potential perception of the 
events. 

5677
05:12:06,600 --> 05:12:09,500
Secondary Effects, by human 
observers, theoretical 

5678
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:12,600
astrophysics, proposed potential
Origins for such a profound 

5679
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:14,800
cosmic. 
Ray burst The most likely 

5680
05:12:14,800 --> 05:12:18,000
explanation is that Earth was 
hit by radiation from either a 

5681
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:21,000
gamma ray burst which is one of 
the strongest explosions known 

5682
05:12:21,000 --> 05:12:24,400
in the universe or a huge 
Stellar Flare from a magnetar, 

5683
05:12:24,400 --> 05:12:27,900
which is a neutron star with 
very strong magnetic fields. 

5684
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:30,600
Either of these events, could 
have caused the high energy, 

5685
05:12:30,600 --> 05:12:34,100
particle bombardment that made 
the isotopic signatures found in

5686
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:38,600
natural archives from 774 to 
775. 

5687
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:42,700
This discovery is especially 
important because it is one of 

5688
05:12:42,708 --> 05:12:45,600
the most powerful astrophysical 
events that has ever been 

5689
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:48,700
recorded gamma. 
Ray bursts are so powerful that 

5690
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:51,900
they can briefly outshine hold 
galaxies if one happened close 

5691
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:56,400
enough to Earth to cause the 774
Cosmic race spike, it would be a

5692
05:12:56,400 --> 05:12:59,900
very rare astronomical event, 
the talking about things that 

5693
05:12:59,900 --> 05:13:01,700
happen. 
Maybe once every few thousand 

5694
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:04,600
years in our part of the 
universe, the effects go beyond 

5695
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:06,800
just figuring out what happened 
in one stranger event. 

5696
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:11,200
The 700 774 Cosmic race bike, is
a good way to figure out how 

5697
05:13:11,200 --> 05:13:13,800
these kinds of events affect the
atmosphere and biosphere of. 

5698
05:13:14,500 --> 05:13:18,100
Scientists can better understand
similar but less dramatic cosmic

5699
05:13:18,100 --> 05:13:21,000
ray changes throughout 
geological history by looking at

5700
05:13:21,000 --> 05:13:24,400
the isotopic signatures left 
behind by this well-known event.

5701
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:27,700
Modern technology has made it 
possible for scientists to read 

5702
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,900
chemical, signatures in natural 
archives with amazing accuracy. 

5703
05:13:30,900 --> 05:13:34,500
However, medieval chroniclers 
gave us the human context. 

5704
05:13:34,500 --> 05:13:37,000
We need to understand how people
living through these events 

5705
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:39,500
might have seen them the 
combination of high-tech 

5706
05:13:39,500 --> 05:13:41,600
analysis and careful historical 
research. 

5707
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,300
Found a story that neither 
method could have found on his 

5708
05:13:44,300 --> 05:13:48,200
own, those who lived through. 
The 774 cosmic ray event could 

5709
05:13:48,200 --> 05:13:51,100
never have guessed that their 
careful, observations would one 

5710
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:54,700
day help scientists learn more 
about neutron stars gamma, ray 

5711
05:13:54,700 --> 05:13:58,900
bursts and cosmic ray physics, 
but their details records, which

5712
05:13:58,900 --> 05:14:02,200
are still kept in Monastery. 
Library and Royal archives were 

5713
05:14:02,200 --> 05:14:04,800
very important for solving. 
One of the biggest astrophysical

5714
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:07,300
mysteries in history. 
As you get more comfortable in 

5715
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,200
your reading spot, maybe while 
you finish your evening tea, 

5716
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:13,900
let's think about how a cosmic 
event that lasted only a few 

5717
05:14:13,900 --> 05:14:18,800
months in. 774 has changed how 
we think about the universe for 

5718
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:22,000
more than 1,000 years. 
It's a story about how things we

5719
05:14:22,000 --> 05:14:25,000
can't see, can leave permanent 
marks on the world and how those

5720
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:28,000
marks can wait. 100s of years 
for someone to learn how to read

5721
05:14:28,000 --> 05:14:30,000
them. 
Scientists now, call the cosmic 

5722
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:34,600
ray event of 774, the most 
dramatic radiocarbon spike in 

5723
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:37,300
recorded history. 
Its effects go far beyond just 

5724
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:39,600
being an interesting data point 
for astrophysicists. 

5725
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,800
This event, fundamentally 
changed how we think about the 

5726
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:46,000
relationship between Cosmic 
phenomena and terrestrial life 

5727
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:49,600
showing that even systems on 
Earth, that seems stable can be 

5728
05:14:49,608 --> 05:14:53,300
drastically Changed by rare but 
powerful events happening 

5729
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:57,100
millions of miles away in Space,
the tree rings that recorded 

5730
05:14:57,100 --> 05:15:00,900
this Cosmic bombardment to still
around today preserved in old, 

5731
05:15:00,900 --> 05:15:04,800
wooden buildings, archaeological
sites, and forests around the 

5732
05:15:04,800 --> 05:15:06,800
world. 
Every piece of wood that grew 

5733
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:11,900
between 774 and 7705 has a 
chemical signature of that 

5734
05:15:11,900 --> 05:15:16,000
amazing year in its cells like 
Molecular autograph written by 

5735
05:15:16,008 --> 05:15:19,200
the universe itself. 
This invisible timestamp links, 

5736
05:15:19,200 --> 05:15:22,700
medieval Cathedrals ancient 
temples and archaeological 

5737
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,900
artifacts from this time period 
to one of the most important 

5738
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:30,600
astrophysical events in human 
history. 774 event has changed 

5739
05:15:30,600 --> 05:15:33,300
the way we do. 
Modern radiocarbon dating before

5740
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:35,400
this discovery. 
Scientists thought that levels 

5741
05:15:35,400 --> 05:15:38,500
of carbon-14 in the atmosphere 
had stayed pretty stable over 

5742
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:42,300
time with only small changes 
caused by solar activity and 

5743
05:15:42,300 --> 05:15:45,300
other things that could be 
predicted the southern rise in 

5744
05:15:45,300 --> 05:15:49,300
774 showed that assumption was 
wrong, which led to more 

5745
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:52,100
advanced calibration methods 
that take into account sudden, 

5746
05:15:52,100 --> 05:15:55,900
cosmic ray of events, the 700 
774 event has helped make 

5747
05:15:55,900 --> 05:15:57,500
archaeological dating more 
accurate. 

5748
05:15:57,500 --> 05:15:59,800
Thanks to this unique Cosmic 
signature. 

5749
05:15:59,800 --> 05:16:02,900
We can now date artifacts from 
the late 8th Century with more 

5750
05:16:02,900 --> 05:16:06,000
accuracy than ever before. 
It's like having a universal 

5751
05:16:06,000 --> 05:16:08,800
time stamp that shows up in 
organic materials from all over 

5752
05:16:08,800 --> 05:16:11,200
the world. 
This lets archaeologists line up

5753
05:16:11,200 --> 05:16:14,400
their timelines with amazing 
accuracy the effects on. 

5754
05:16:14,500 --> 05:16:17,100
Understanding of medieval 
history of being, just as big, 

5755
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:21,500
the 774 cosmic, ray event serves
as a stable chronological 

5756
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,800
reference, aiding historians in 
correlating events, across 

5757
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:28,300
diverse cultural traditions, and
geographical areas, when Chinese

5758
05:16:28,300 --> 05:16:31,500
Chronicles, European monasteries
and Middle Eastern sources. 

5759
05:16:31,500 --> 05:16:34,600
All right, about strange things 
happening at the same time, it 

5760
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:37,200
makes sense that these events 
could be connected to the same 

5761
05:16:37,200 --> 05:16:40,000
Cosmic event. 
Climate science has also gained 

5762
05:16:40,000 --> 05:16:42,900
insights from comprehending, the
influence of cosmic rays on 

5763
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:47,300
Earth's atmospheric chemistry, 
the 774 event was too short to 

5764
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:50,200
change the climate in the long 
term, but it did show that 

5765
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:53,200
Cosmic radiation can affect 
atmospheric processes in ways 

5766
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:56,300
that climate models need to take
into account, contemporary 

5767
05:16:56,300 --> 05:16:58,000
researchers examining 
historical. 

5768
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:01,000
Climate variations are 
increasingly focusing on cosmic 

5769
05:17:01,000 --> 05:17:04,600
ray fluctuations as a potential 
influence on atmospheric 

5770
05:17:04,600 --> 05:17:07,000
chemistry. 
Alterations researchers are now 

5771
05:17:07,008 --> 05:17:09,900
actively looking for similar 
events in the geological record,

5772
05:17:09,900 --> 05:17:13,400
scientists are now looking for 
more Cosmic race bikes that are 

5773
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:16,500
hidden in tree rings. 
Ice cores and other natural 

5774
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:18,800
records. 
They want to find more times 

5775
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,100
when Earth was hit by strong 
radiation from space. 

5776
05:17:21,100 --> 05:17:24,500
Every new piece of information, 
helps us understand how often 

5777
05:17:24,500 --> 05:17:28,500
these things happen, what they 
might do, the 774 event has 

5778
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:30,300
changed how we study space 
weather. 

5779
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:33,400
Cosmic rays can damage modern 
satellites and electronic 

5780
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:36,600
systems and knowing how extreme 
events have happened in the past

5781
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:39,000
can help engineers make 
technology that can survive 

5782
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:42,200
them. 
The 774 spike is a good example 

5783
05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:45,100
of the kinds of cosmic ray 
intensities that Earth's 

5784
05:17:45,100 --> 05:17:47,600
technology might need to be able
to handle during rare. 

5785
05:17:47,600 --> 05:17:50,800
But powerful astrophysical 
events, the need for scientists 

5786
05:17:50,800 --> 05:17:55,100
and historians to work together 
to understand the 774 event has 

5787
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:57,900
led to new models for how these 
two Fields can work together. 

5788
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:02,300
Astrophysicists now, often ask 
medieval historians for help and

5789
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:04,600
climatologists and 
archaeologists work together to 

5790
05:18:04,600 --> 05:18:06,800
learn more about how the 
environment has changed over 

5791
05:18:06,800 --> 05:18:09,100
time. 
Researchers are realizing that 

5792
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:10,900
to fully understand complex 
phenomena. 

5793
05:18:10,900 --> 05:18:13,600
They need to look at them from 
many different angles. 

5794
05:18:13,600 --> 05:18:16,900
This is made the lines between 
different academic Fields, less,

5795
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:21,400
clear, the discovery of 774 has 
changed the way both history and

5796
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:24,700
science are taught in schools. 
The story shows how modern 

5797
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:27,400
scientific tools can get 
information from old materials 

5798
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:30,800
that people in the past could 
not get to while also showing 

5799
05:18:30,800 --> 05:18:32,400
how important it is to 
carefully. 

5800
05:18:32,400 --> 05:18:35,600
Observe history in order to 
understand scientific data, 

5801
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:38,000
students learn to understand the
past. 

5802
05:18:38,000 --> 05:18:40,700
They often need to use the best 
technology in the best research.

5803
05:18:41,300 --> 05:18:44,500
The 700 774 event has also 
changed the way we think about 

5804
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:48,000
how people see natural events 
medieval chroniclers who wrote 

5805
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:52,500
about strange, weather events in
774 to 776. 

5806
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:55,400
We're doing scientific research 
that they could never have 

5807
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:58,900
imagined and the information 
they gathered would be useful A 

5808
05:18:58,900 --> 05:19:01,400
Thousand Years Later they're 
careful observations. 

5809
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:04,500
Remind us that even records, 
that seem unimportant might have

5810
05:19:04,500 --> 05:19:07,000
information that future 
Generations will find very 

5811
05:19:07,000 --> 05:19:10,300
useful. 
The 774 story has helped people 

5812
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,200
understand astronomy better 
because it shows how Earth is 

5813
05:19:13,200 --> 05:19:16,900
part of a changing and sometimes
violent Cosmic environment. 

5814
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:20,800
The 774 event had a direct 
effect on our planet. 

5815
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:24,800
Unlike black holes or galaxies 
that are far away, we can still 

5816
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:27,600
see the effects today. 
It makes the universe seem more 

5817
05:19:27,600 --> 05:19:29,200
real and important to Everyday 
Life. 

5818
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:33,100
The Discovery has also made us 
think about how these cosmic ray

5819
05:19:33,100 --> 05:19:35,900
events might have changed human 
history in ways. 

5820
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:39,100
We don't yet know about if 
strong Cosmic radiation can 

5821
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,800
change the chemistry of the 
atmosphere and Simply change the

5822
05:19:41,800 --> 05:19:45,800
weather climate or even 
biological processes, then rare.

5823
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:49,000
But powerful, Cosmic events may 
have had an impact on historical

5824
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:51,600
events that we don't know about 
understanding of events. 

5825
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:56,000
Like the 774 Cosmic race Spike 
has helped shape, modern talks 

5826
05:19:56,000 --> 05:19:58,600
about existential risks and 
planetary defense. 

5827
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:01,700
Cosmic, ray bursts, don't 
directly threaten Earth as much 

5828
05:20:01,700 --> 05:20:05,300
as asteroid impacts or super 
volcanic eruptions do that. 

5829
05:20:05,300 --> 05:20:07,400
They do. 
Show that Earth is in a cosmic 

5830
05:20:07,400 --> 05:20:10,800
environment where rare but 
powerful events can have Global 

5831
05:20:10,800 --> 05:20:12,900
effects. 
When making plans for the 

5832
05:20:12,900 --> 05:20:16,200
long-term survival of humanity, 
we need to think about all the 

5833
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:20,400
cosmic events that could have an
effect on our planet. 774 event 

5834
05:20:20,400 --> 05:20:23,000
has become a touchstone for 
talks about how scientific 

5835
05:20:23,000 --> 05:20:26,000
discovery and historical 
understanding are related. 

5836
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:29,300
It shows how the most advanced 
modern technology can sometimes 

5837
05:20:29,300 --> 05:20:31,900
show, that ancient observers 
were more accurate than people 

5838
05:20:31,900 --> 05:20:34,100
thought. 
And how careful historical 

5839
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:36,700
research can help us understand 
scientific data better? 

5840
05:20:36,700 --> 05:20:41,200
The cosmic ray of event of 774 
is a reminder that the universe 

5841
05:20:41,400 --> 05:20:43,400
Full of things. 
We don't fully understand yet. 

5842
05:20:43,400 --> 05:20:46,500
There may be signs of cosmic 
events in every tree. 

5843
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:49,800
Ring every layer of ice core. 
And every well-preserved 

5844
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:52,100
medieval Chronicle that we 
haven't yet, figured out how to 

5845
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:56,700
find or understand the storm 
that hit Earth in 774 was 

5846
05:20:56,700 --> 05:21:00,100
invisible and waited, more than 
12, centuries for people to 

5847
05:21:00,100 --> 05:21:01,700
learn how to figure out what had
happened. 

5848
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:06,000
The legacy of the 774 event 
keeps changing as new ways of 

5849
05:21:06,008 --> 05:21:09,300
doing research and new ways of 
thinking about things come up, 

5850
05:21:09,300 --> 05:21:12,600
scientists in the future will 
surely find more proof and come 

5851
05:21:12,600 --> 05:21:15,600
up with new ways to explain what
happened that year as people 

5852
05:21:15,600 --> 05:21:17,300
learn more and Technology gets 
better. 

5853
05:21:17,300 --> 05:21:20,400
The cosmic race bike that people
in the Middle Ages didn't 

5854
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:22,300
understand. 
Will keep giving up its Secrets,

5855
05:21:22,300 --> 05:21:25,700
what started as an invisible 
bombardment of high energy, 

5856
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:29,100
particles has turned into a link
between medieval chroniclers and

5857
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,800
modern astrophysicists ancient 
trees and modern climate science

5858
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:35,300
and human observation and Cosmic
events. 

5859
05:21:35,300 --> 05:21:38,700
It shows that the universe is 
always writing its own story in 

5860
05:21:38,700 --> 05:21:41,200
the natural world around using 
language. 

5861
05:21:41,300 --> 05:21:44,400
Is that we still learning how to
read, as we come to the end of 

5862
05:21:44,408 --> 05:21:46,300
our journey through this Cosmic 
mystery. 

5863
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:50,700
It's a good idea to think about 
what the 774 event teaches us 

5864
05:21:50,700 --> 05:21:52,600
about how we fit into the larger
universe. 

5865
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:56,100
This astrophysical event was so 
strong, that it left permanent 

5866
05:21:56,100 --> 05:21:58,000
marks on every living thing on 
Earth. 

5867
05:21:58,000 --> 05:22:00,700
But the people who were there, 
couldn't see it at all. 

5868
05:22:00,700 --> 05:22:02,800
It's a humbling. 
Reminder, that we are part of 

5869
05:22:02,800 --> 05:22:05,400
cosmic systems whose workings. 
We're only starting to 

5870
05:22:05,400 --> 05:22:10,800
understand in 774 radiation came
down from space and connected 

5871
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:13,400
Earth to events happening at 
distances and scales that are 

5872
05:22:13,400 --> 05:22:15,300
hard. 
To imagine the high energy 

5873
05:22:15,300 --> 05:22:17,100
particles that hit. 
Our atmosphere came from 

5874
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:21,400
colliding, neutron stars, 
exploding magnetars or gamma ray

5875
05:22:21,400 --> 05:22:24,100
bursts from dying Stars. 
They had to travel across 

5876
05:22:24,100 --> 05:22:26,700
Interstellar space, to get to us
the trees. 

5877
05:22:26,700 --> 05:22:29,500
That recorded this event in 
their growth rings were in a 

5878
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:32,800
very real Way recording the 
death throws of stars, that had 

5879
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,500
lived and died. 
Millions of years before humans 

5880
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:37,900
were around. 
This Cosmic link goes against 

5881
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:40,800
the medieval view that the Earth
was at the center of a small 

5882
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:46,000
Standable Universe, the people 
of 774 lived in a universe that 

5883
05:22:46,000 --> 05:22:48,700
seemed to be in order. 
The stars were in a celestial 

5884
05:22:48,700 --> 05:22:52,500
sphere with Earth at the center 
and Divine Purpose as the main 

5885
05:22:52,508 --> 05:22:54,900
idea. 
The real universe that sent them

5886
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:57,800
Cosmic radiation was so big that
people in the Middle Ages. 

5887
05:22:57,800 --> 05:23:00,500
Could even imagine it. 
It was full of things that could

5888
05:23:00,500 --> 05:23:03,600
affect Earth over distances. 
So great that light itself took 

5889
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:06,400
years to cross them, the 
medieval view of how everything 

5890
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:09,100
in the universe is connected. 
Wasn't completely wrong though. 

5891
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:12,100
Medieval thinkers thought that 
events in the sky could affect 

5892
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:14,500
things on earth. 
Even though their ideas about 

5893
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:17,600
how this worked were wrong. 
The idea that Earth is part of 

5894
05:23:17,600 --> 05:23:20,700
larger Cosmic systems, that can 
affect local conditions, was 

5895
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:24,900
very smart. 
The cosmic ray of 774 showed 

5896
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:28,200
that explosions of stars that 
happened light years away and 

5897
05:23:28,200 --> 05:23:29,900
have effect on things that 
happen on Earth. 

5898
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:34,000
The fact that the 774 event was 
invisible, also shows how 

5899
05:23:34,000 --> 05:23:36,900
limited our sentences are and 
how important it is to make 

5900
05:23:36,900 --> 05:23:39,500
tools that help us see more 
clearly people in the Middle. 

5901
05:23:39,500 --> 05:23:42,900
Ages were very good at watching.
I make it accurately predict 

5902
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:46,500
eclipses follow the movements of
planets and spots, strange 

5903
05:23:46,500 --> 05:23:50,000
celestial events but in the 8th 
Century, there was no way to see

5904
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:53,100
cosmic ray bombardment at all 
because of this technological, 

5905
05:23:53,100 --> 05:23:55,900
limitation people who are 
witnessing one of the most 

5906
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:58,300
dramatic astrophysical events in
recorded. 

5907
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,500
History had no direct way to 
find out what was going on. 

5908
05:24:01,500 --> 05:24:04,500
It was like trying to understand
a symphony while only hearing a 

5909
05:24:04,508 --> 05:24:07,800
few notes here and there or 
trying to enjoy a huge landscape

5910
05:24:07,800 --> 05:24:10,800
while only seeing small details 
through a small window, the 

5911
05:24:10,800 --> 05:24:13,600
creation of scientific tools, 
that can find Cosmic race, 

5912
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:16,100
signatures in natural. 
Materials is a big step forward 

5913
05:24:16,100 --> 05:24:18,500
for human senses. 
We can see things that we 

5914
05:24:18,500 --> 05:24:21,300
couldn't see directly by looking
at tree rings, high school 

5915
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:24,700
chemistry and isotopic dating. 
We've learned how to read Cosmic

5916
05:24:24,700 --> 05:24:27,100
messages written in the 
molecular structure of old 

5917
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:29,200
wooden ice. 
This, lets us get information 

5918
05:24:29,200 --> 05:24:32,600
that no other generation of 
humans could get this growth in.

5919
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:34,500
Perceptual ability has shown 
that Earth. 

5920
05:24:34,500 --> 05:24:37,300
Keeps detailed records of cosmic
events that have happened over 

5921
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:39,400
time. 
There are chemical traces of 

5922
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:43,100
past cosmic, ray changes in 
Every old tree every ice sheet 

5923
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,200
and every coral reef the Earth 
is like a huge library of 

5924
05:24:46,200 --> 05:24:49,200
astronomical events just waiting
for people to make the tools, 

5925
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:53,100
they need to read it. 
The 774 Discovery also shows 

5926
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:55,500
that scientists often need to 
look at things over very 

5927
05:24:55,500 --> 05:24:58,300
different timescales to 
understand them, because cosmic 

5928
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:01,000
ray event itself, may have 
lasted for months, but its 

5929
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:03,900
effects can still be seen in 
things that are over 1200 years 

5930
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:06,000
old. 
Chroniclers from the Middle Ages

5931
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:08,700
wrote down what they saw within 
years or Decades of the event 

5932
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:11,200
modern scientists. 
On the other hand, only found 

5933
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:13,600
the cosmic race bike. 
After developing analytical 

5934
05:25:13,600 --> 05:25:16,800
methods that took hundreds of 
years to perfect to understand 

5935
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:20,800
the 774 of event. 
People from different academic 

5936
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:23,400
fields and historical periods 
had to work together. 

5937
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:26,500
Medieval monks who kept careful 
records of the stars were 

5938
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:28,300
knowingly, taking part in 
research. 

5939
05:25:28,300 --> 05:25:31,900
That wouldn't be finished until 
the 21st century, their patient 

5940
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:33,900
observation, which have been 
kept in Monastery. 

5941
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:37,300
Libraries for over 1,000 years, 
gave scientists the information.

5942
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:39,300
They needed to solve a cosmic 
mystery. 

5943
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:42,400
They could never have imagined. 
This temporary partnership makes

5944
05:25:42,400 --> 05:25:45,300
me think about what information 
we might be recording today. 

5945
05:25:45,300 --> 05:25:48,800
That will be useful to 
researchers of years from now. 

5946
05:25:48,800 --> 05:25:52,600
Our extensive records of whether
climate and cosmic ray changes. 

5947
05:25:52,600 --> 05:25:56,400
Could one day help scientists 
figure out astronomical events 

5948
05:25:56,400 --> 05:26:00,300
that we can't see or understand 
right now we might be unwitting 

5949
05:26:00,300 --> 05:26:03,200
subjects, in scientific studies 
that will not conclude until 

5950
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:07,900
well after our departure the 774
event or shows that rare, but 

5951
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:10,900
powerful events can have effects
that lasts long after their over

5952
05:26:10,900 --> 05:26:14,700
the bombardment of cosmic rays. 
May have lasted for months, but 

5953
05:26:14,700 --> 05:26:17,000
it left behind permanent marks 
that have changed our 

5954
05:26:17,000 --> 05:26:19,900
understanding of radiocarbon 
dating archaeological 

5955
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:23,300
chronologies and how Earth and 
space interact for more than 

5956
05:26:23,300 --> 05:26:26,300
1,000 years. 
Short events can have affects 

5957
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:27,700
that lasts for hundreds of 
years. 

5958
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:32,000
The 774 cosmic ray of event 
makes us think about our place 

5959
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:34,500
in systems that work on scales 
that are bigger than what we can

5960
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,600
see and feel we live. 
In Galactic neighborhoods were 

5961
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:40,200
stars, can explode and change 
the chemistry of the atmosphere 

5962
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:42,000
on planets. 
That are light years away. 

5963
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:45,300
Every day we live our lives. 
Against the backdrop of cosmic 

5964
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:47,900
processes that follow physical 
laws were still learning about 

5965
05:26:47,900 --> 05:26:51,800
the human response to Cosmic 
Mystery, exemplified by the 

5966
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:55,000
meticulous, observation 
comprehensive, documentation, 

5967
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:58,000
and profound interpretation 
exhibited by medieval 

5968
05:26:58,000 --> 05:27:01,500
chroniclers signifies a 
distinctively valuable aspect of

5969
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:03,600
the universe to the best of our 
knowledge. 

5970
05:27:03,600 --> 05:27:07,000
Earth is the sole location where
conscious entities are 

5971
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:11,000
systematically observing 
documenting and analyzing Cosmic

5972
05:27:11,000 --> 05:27:14,000
events in an effort to 
comprehend their significant and

5973
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,700
consequences. 
The people of 774 were exposed 

5974
05:27:17,700 --> 05:27:20,700
to Cosmic radiation without 
knowing where it came from or 

5975
05:27:20,700 --> 05:27:23,200
what it meant. 
They were curious and careful 

5976
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:25,600
and made detail records. 
That would be very helpful to 

5977
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:28,400
Future Generations. 
Their reaction to the unknown, 

5978
05:27:28,400 --> 05:27:31,000
neither panicking, or ignoring 
stranger events. 

5979
05:27:31,000 --> 05:27:34,800
But in carefully, observing and 
recording shows the best of 

5980
05:27:34,800 --> 05:27:37,700
human scientific instincts. 
Researchers today, who are 

5981
05:27:37,700 --> 05:27:41,500
looking into the 700, 74 event a
following in the The footsteps 

5982
05:27:41,500 --> 05:27:44,300
of medieval chroniclers, I 
carefully observing and 

5983
05:27:44,300 --> 05:27:47,200
thoughtfully interpreting. 
What they see they use tools 

5984
05:27:47,200 --> 05:27:50,300
that medieval chroniclers could 
never have imagined but they 

5985
05:27:50,300 --> 05:27:53,000
still use the same basic methods
of systematic data, collection, 

5986
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:56,800
and collaborative, analysis. 
The enduring human curiosity 

5987
05:27:56,800 --> 05:27:59,600
regarding Cosmic phenomena, 
links us through the ages to 

5988
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:03,200
individuals who also Marvel at 
the universe's operations, as 

5989
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,200
you get ready to end this story 
and maybe go to sleep, think 

5990
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:08,700
about how you're a part of this 
ongoing human project to 

5991
05:28:08,700 --> 05:28:11,900
understand Cosmic events, the 
Stars you might see through your

5992
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,500
window or in the same part of 
the Galaxy that sent Cosmic 

5993
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:19,200
radiation to Earth in 7704, the 
universe that made that old 

5994
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:22,900
mystery is still telling its 
story in tree, rings, ice, cores

5995
05:28:22,900 --> 05:28:25,900
and things that people see that 
future Generations will be able 

5996
05:28:25,900 --> 05:28:30,300
to figure out the cosmic. 
Ray event of 774 is a reminder 

5997
05:28:30,300 --> 05:28:32,800
that there are many things in 
the universe that we have. 

5998
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,500
Not yet learned to see, or 
understand every night. 

5999
05:28:35,500 --> 05:28:37,700
Sky has signs of things that 
might be happening on Earth. 

6000
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:40,700
That we can't see yet the 
invisible storm that hit Earth. 

6001
05:28:40,900 --> 05:28:44,200
The 12th centuries ago is just 
one example of the cosmic dramas

6002
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:45,500
that are always happening around
us. 

6003
05:28:45,500 --> 05:28:48,400
Most of them are still waiting 
for humans to get the tools and 

6004
05:28:48,400 --> 05:28:50,000
knowledge. 
They need to understand how 

6005
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:54,100
important they are sweet dreams.
I hope you dream of medieval 

6006
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:56,800
monks carefully writing down 
strange things by candlelight, 

6007
05:28:56,800 --> 05:28:59,800
not knowing that they were 
making data for astrophysicists 

6008
05:28:59,800 --> 05:29:01,200
13th. 
Centuries in the future. 

6009
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:04,700
This is a reminder that every 
careful observation, every 

6010
05:29:04,700 --> 05:29:07,200
preserved record. 
And every moment of wonder about

6011
05:29:07,200 --> 05:29:10,100
the cosmos like one day help us 
solve Mysteries. 

6012
05:29:10,100 --> 05:29:13,300
We have an even thought to ask 
about yet, as you fall asleep, 

6013
05:29:13,300 --> 05:29:16,700
rapt in the warmth of your 
modern blanket, in a world, lit 

6014
05:29:16,700 --> 05:29:19,100
by electric lights, that would 
have seen to magical to people 

6015
05:29:19,100 --> 05:29:22,700
in 7774. 
Take a moment to think about the

6016
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:25,900
Amazing Story. 
We've shared over 1200 years ago

6017
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,800
and invisible Cosmic storm hit 
Earth it left, its mark on every

6018
05:29:29,800 --> 05:29:32,100
tree. 
That grew every piece of ice 

6019
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:35,000
that formed and every living 
thing that was alive during 

6020
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:37,700
those important months. 
He pulled in the Middle Ages, 

6021
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:40,800
who lived through this event. 
Farmers tending, their fields. 

6022
05:29:41,100 --> 05:29:44,400
Monks copying manuscripts by 
candlelight and Scholars 

6023
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:48,100
tracking the movement of planets
had no way to see the high 

6024
05:29:48,100 --> 05:29:51,300
energy particles falling from 
space, but they reacted to the 

6025
05:29:51,308 --> 05:29:53,900
strange things they could see 
with the same careful, 

6026
05:29:53,900 --> 05:29:57,000
observation and thorough 
record-keeping that is typical 

6027
05:29:57,000 --> 05:29:59,100
of the best scientific Instinct 
in humans. 

6028
05:29:59,100 --> 05:30:02,000
Their detailed records, which 
were kept in monasteries and 

6029
05:30:02,008 --> 05:30:05,300
Royal archives all over the 
world eventually gave modern 

6030
05:30:05,300 --> 05:30:08,300
scientists important information
about one of the most powerful 

6031
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:11,900
astrophysical events in history.
People in the Middle Ages who 

6032
05:30:11,900 --> 05:30:14,400
wrote with quill pens are 
knowingly, helped researchers in

6033
05:30:14,400 --> 05:30:17,300
the 21st century. 
He used particle accelerators 

6034
05:30:17,300 --> 05:30:21,300
and mass spectrometers as our 
analytical tools, get better and

6035
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:24,600
our theoretical understanding of
Stellar phenomena gross, the 

6036
05:30:24,600 --> 05:30:28,500
cosmic ray of 774 keeps giving 
us new information. 

6037
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:32,000
There is no doubt that future 
Generations will find more proof

6038
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:34,800
and come up with new ways to 
understand what happened that 

6039
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,700
amazing year, the invisible 
storm that people in the Middle 

6040
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:40,900
Ages felt but didn't understand 
will keep teaching us about how 

6041
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:43,900
the Universe works for many 
years or even centuries to come.

6042
05:30:43,900 --> 05:30:46,700
But maybe the most important 
thing we can learn from this 

6043
05:30:46,700 --> 05:30:50,200
Cosmic mystery is that the 
universe is always making new 

6044
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:52,300
things that we haven't yet. 
Figured out how to see or 

6045
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:54,800
understand. 
There may be signs of cosmic 

6046
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:57,800
events in every tree. 
Ring every layer of ice core and

6047
05:30:57,808 --> 05:31:00,700
every careful historical. 
Observation that we don't yet 

6048
05:31:00,700 --> 05:31:03,000
know how to look for the natural
world. 

6049
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:05,900
Keeps detailed records of 
astronomical events and chemical

6050
05:31:05,900 --> 05:31:09,300
languages that we still learning
to read as you get ready for bed

6051
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:11,900
tonight. 
Cosmic rays are softly falling 

6052
05:31:11,900 --> 05:31:15,000
on Earth from far away. 
Parts of the Galaxy, this has 

6053
05:31:15,000 --> 05:31:17,300
been happening every night for 
billions of years. 

6054
05:31:17,300 --> 05:31:21,200
Most of this radiation is too 
weak to leave any traces, but 

6055
05:31:21,200 --> 05:31:23,700
stars in our Cosmic, 
neighborhood are living in ways 

6056
05:31:23,700 --> 05:31:26,400
that could one day send more 
powerful, bursts of high energy 

6057
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:30,000
particles toward Earth, future 
observers maybe even your own 

6058
05:31:30,000 --> 05:31:32,400
descendants. 
Might look back at this time and

6059
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:34,800
wonder what Cosmic events we 
went through without knowing 

6060
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,500
they could find signs of Stellar
events and materials. 

6061
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:40,500
From our time signs that are 
current, technology isn't 

6062
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:43,600
advanced. 
Enough to find or understand the

6063
05:31:43,600 --> 05:31:46,000
universe might be sending us 
messages in our modern world 

6064
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:48,000
that we won't be able to 
understand until we come up with

6065
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:52,200
new tools and ways of thinking 
people in 774 were part of 

6066
05:31:52,200 --> 05:31:54,000
cosmic history without even 
knowing it. 

6067
05:31:54,000 --> 05:31:56,400
They made records. 
That would be very useful to 

6068
05:31:56,400 --> 05:31:59,600
researchers of 1000 years later.
We might also be unknowingly. 

6069
05:31:59,600 --> 05:32:02,300
Taking part in astronomical 
studies, that won't be finished 

6070
05:32:02,300 --> 05:32:03,600
until long after. 
We're gone. 

6071
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:06,900
Our careful observations and 
thorough record-keeping May one 

6072
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:08,100
day. 
Help us figure out Cosmic 

6073
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:11,100
Mysteries, that we can't even 
begin to imagine the invisible 

6074
05:32:11,100 --> 05:32:15,300
Cosmic storm of 774 connects, 
medieval Wonder to Modern 

6075
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:18,200
understanding ancient 
observations to Modern 

6076
05:32:18,200 --> 05:32:22,200
astrophysics and human curiosity
to the huge processes that shape

6077
05:32:22,200 --> 05:32:24,500
our universe. 
It reminds us that we live in 

6078
05:32:24,508 --> 05:32:27,200
systems that are much bigger 
than what we can see and feel 

6079
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:29,400
right now. 
But we have the unique ability 

6080
05:32:29,400 --> 05:32:33,900
to observe record and slowly 
understand these Cosmic events 

6081
05:32:33,900 --> 05:32:37,600
as you fall asleep, your part of
a story that has been going on 

6082
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:42,200
for a long time, from medieval, 
chroniclers to Modern From 

6083
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:45,000
observations made long ago to 
discoveries that will happen in 

6084
05:32:45,000 --> 05:32:47,300
the future. 
The same universe that sent 

6085
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:51,100
Cosmic radiation to Earth in 774
surrounds, you tonight. 

6086
05:32:51,100 --> 05:32:54,700
It is full of things that future
Generations will study and 

6087
05:32:54,700 --> 05:32:57,000
understand in ways. 
We can't even imagine right now.

6088
05:32:57,000 --> 05:33:02,200
The mystery of 774 shows us that
with time, careful 

6089
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:05,000
record-keeping, and working 
together to figure things out. 

6090
05:33:05,000 --> 05:33:08,900
We can find out things that seem
impossible to know writing by 

6091
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:12,100
candlelight in the Middle Ages 
and studying isotopic signatures

6092
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:15,000
today are both parts of the same
big human project. 

6093
05:33:15,900 --> 05:33:18,500
Figuring out where we fit in the
universe sleep. 

6094
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,700
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing story of cosmic 

6095
05:33:21,700 --> 05:33:25,300
Discovery, the universe around 
you is full of amazing things, 

6096
05:33:25,300 --> 05:33:27,100
that future generations of 
curious. 

6097
05:33:27,100 --> 05:33:31,300
People will discover understand 
and appreciate these people will

6098
05:33:31,300 --> 05:33:32,800
share our wonder about how the 
world. 

6099
05:33:32,800 --> 05:33:37,800
Works beyond what we can see. 
The invisible storm of 774 shows

6100
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:40,300
us that the most important 
events and Cosmic history might 

6101
05:33:40,300 --> 05:33:43,900
happen, right next to us without
us, even knowing it leaving 

6102
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:47,700
clues for future, observers to 
find and figure out every night.

6103
05:33:47,700 --> 05:33:51,600
The universe gets new cosmic, 
radiation, new, Stellar events 

6104
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:55,000
and new chances to write its own
history in the natural records 

6105
05:33:55,000 --> 05:33:57,800
that are all around us. 
Think of the dreams of medieval 

6106
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:00,500
chroniclers and modern 
scientists cosmic rays and 

6107
05:34:00,508 --> 05:34:03,600
ancient trees, invisible storms 
and careful observation. 

6108
05:34:03,600 --> 05:34:06,700
Think about the ongoing human 
project of figuring out the 

6109
05:34:06,708 --> 05:34:09,400
universe and your place in a 
story that connects careful 

6110
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:12,100
observers across centuries of 
cosmic mystery and discovery 

6111
05:34:20,000 --> 05:34:22,800
Imagine yourself relaxing in 
your preferred chair on a Cool 

6112
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:26,000
October evening, perhaps with 
us, toasty, beverage in hand. 

6113
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:29,700
Tonight, we will revisit a 
period in which America believed

6114
05:34:29,700 --> 05:34:32,800
it had successfully mastered the
legal printing of money when 

6115
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:35,300
your neighbor's Barber was 
providing stock recommendations.

6116
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:38,100
And when the question, what 
could go wrong was on the brink 

6117
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:40,100
of receiving the most costly 
response in history. 

6118
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:44,600
The time period is the 1920s and
you are currently experiencing 

6119
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,200
The Roaring Twenties. 
As it is also known. 

6120
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:50,700
In the background Calvin 
Coolidge Is So Silent as 

6121
05:34:50,708 --> 05:34:54,300
president that people just about
having to check his pulse while 

6122
05:34:54,300 --> 05:34:56,900
Flappers are dancing. 
The Charleston and jazz music is

6123
05:34:56,900 --> 05:35:00,800
spilling out of speakeasies. 
However, the genuine excitement 

6124
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:04,000
is not located in the illicit, 
gin joints or the dance halls. 

6125
05:35:04,000 --> 05:35:07,500
It is on Wall Street or an 
entire nation has persuaded 

6126
05:35:07,500 --> 05:35:09,600
itself. 
That purchasing stocks is as 

6127
05:35:09,600 --> 05:35:13,600
Dependable as the sunrise after 
the end of World War 1, the 

6128
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:15,900
United States found itself in a 
unique situation. 

6129
05:35:15,900 --> 05:35:19,100
America's factories were 
operating at full capacity. 

6130
05:35:19,100 --> 05:35:22,300
Manufacturing, a wide range of 
products including 

6131
05:35:22,300 --> 05:35:25,200
refrigerators, radio's and 
Automobiles. 

6132
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,500
While Europe was still in the 
process of assembling the parts 

6133
05:35:28,500 --> 05:35:31,700
and calculating the cost. 
Henry, Ford had discovered a 

6134
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:34,800
method to make cars affordable 
for the general public and as a 

6135
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:37,600
result everyone became 
interested in purchasing one. 

6136
05:35:37,600 --> 05:35:40,800
Please note, that the car in 
question is not a single 

6137
05:35:40,808 --> 05:35:43,600
vehicle. 
Rather, it is a modern more 

6138
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:47,500
gleaming model, that is replaced
every few years, the stock 

6139
05:35:47,500 --> 05:35:50,100
market, which was previously, 
the domain of affluent in 

6140
05:35:50,108 --> 05:35:52,300
industrialists and their 
well-connected acquaintances 

6141
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:57,000
appeared to be accessible to all
Between deliveries newspaper 

6142
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,200
boys were exchanging, stock 
recommendations, your 

6143
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:02,300
neighborhood grows and may 
casually mention that he earned 

6144
05:36:02,300 --> 05:36:04,100
more money last week by playing 
the market. 

6145
05:36:04,100 --> 05:36:07,800
Then he did selling vegetables 
throughout the month it was as 

6146
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:10,100
if Wall Street had discovered a 
mystical money tree. 

6147
05:36:10,100 --> 05:36:13,600
And all you had to do was move 
its branches in retrospect the 

6148
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:16,300
amusement of this episode was 
primarily due to the fact that 

6149
05:36:16,300 --> 05:36:19,200
everyone believed it was a 
straightforward matter, you are 

6150
05:36:19,200 --> 05:36:21,800
not required to comprehend the 
actual operations of a company. 

6151
05:36:21,808 --> 05:36:25,300
Its profitability or its 
existence in any meaningful 

6152
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:27,700
sense. 
It was enough to tell you that 

6153
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:30,600
its stock price Rose yesterday 
and will likely rise again 

6154
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,600
tomorrow. 
The logic was unwavering stocks 

6155
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:36,700
consistently increase. 
Everyone was becoming wealthy 

6156
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,000
and anyone who advocated for a 
different outcome was evidently 

6157
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:42,500
two traditional to comprehend 
contemporary economics. 

6158
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:46,000
Investment clubs emerged in 
communities similar to book 

6159
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:49,300
clubs, however, rather than 
engaging in discussion about the

6160
05:36:49,300 --> 05:36:52,700
most recent novel members would 
convene to compare the amount of

6161
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:54,000
money. 
They had earned that week. 

6162
05:36:54,800 --> 05:36:57,600
Women who had never visited a 
bank, were pooling their grocery

6163
05:36:57,600 --> 05:37:00,200
money to purchase shares and 
companies they were unfamiliar 

6164
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:02,600
with. 
College students were ditching 

6165
05:37:02,600 --> 05:37:05,400
classes to observe the ticker 
tape at brokerage offices. 

6166
05:37:05,400 --> 05:37:08,400
Treating it as the most 
thrilling entertainment in town 

6167
05:37:08,400 --> 05:37:11,300
the newspapers. 
Contributed to this Hysteria by 

6168
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:14,000
publishing breathless accounts 
of ordinary individuals who 

6169
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:18,500
achieved financial success. 
The taxi driver retired at 35. 

6170
05:37:18,500 --> 05:37:22,100
The secretary purchased a small 
apartment building with a stock 

6171
05:37:22,100 --> 05:37:25,500
profits and the Homemaker funded
her daughter's wedding with a 

6172
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:29,100
single well-timed purchase of 
radio Corporation stock. 

6173
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:32,900
These narrative spread swiftly 
much like gossip at a church 

6174
05:37:32,900 --> 05:37:36,300
Gathering, inspiring everyone to
Aspire to become the next 

6175
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:39,400
successful individual. 
Thanks began lending money to 

6176
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:42,400
individuals who desire to 
purchase equities to capitalize 

6177
05:37:42,400 --> 05:37:45,200
on the current prosperity. 
The reasoning appeared to be 

6178
05:37:45,200 --> 05:37:49,200
sound if stocks consistently 
increased lending money to 

6179
05:37:49,200 --> 05:37:51,500
individuals to purchase. 
Equities would be virtually 

6180
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:55,300
risk-free. 
They call it buying on margin a 

6181
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:58,200
fancier term than borrowing 
money to gamble but that's what 

6182
05:37:58,200 --> 05:38:00,800
it was. 
You could acquire 1000 dollars 

6183
05:38:00,800 --> 05:38:04,200
worth of security with only one 
dollars of your funds and the 

6184
05:38:04,208 --> 05:38:07,200
bank would provide the remaining
funds, you would sell the 

6185
05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:10,400
security is repay the loan and 
retain The Profit when they 

6186
05:38:10,400 --> 05:38:14,100
appreciated. 
What could possibly go wrong as 

6187
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:16,500
you prepare to retire for the 
evening and original World in 

6188
05:38:16,500 --> 05:38:18,800
which all individuals were 
Financial Geniuses. 

6189
05:38:18,800 --> 05:38:21,600
The future appeared as 
predictable as a well-oiled, 

6190
05:38:21,600 --> 05:38:25,100
timepiece and the Soul concern 
was not whether or not one would

6191
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:27,600
become wealthy. 
But rather, how well he an 

6192
05:38:27,600 --> 05:38:30,700
individual would become although
crashes, still several months 

6193
05:38:30,700 --> 05:38:34,500
away, the following morning in 
our narrative, you awake in an 

6194
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:35,700
America. 
That is persuaded. 

6195
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:39,900
It is outsmarted economic 
history, the year is 1928. 

6196
05:38:39,900 --> 05:38:42,800
And if you had suggested to 
anyone that the party might be 

6197
05:38:42,800 --> 05:38:45,500
ending shortly, They would have 
looked at you as if you had 

6198
05:38:45,500 --> 05:38:47,700
announced that the sun was 
planning to stop Rising. 

6199
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:51,300
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

6200
05:38:51,300 --> 05:38:53,600
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

6201
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:56,600
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

6202
05:38:56,600 --> 05:38:59,200
Well. 
General Electric and General 

6203
05:38:59,200 --> 05:39:01,400
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

6204
05:39:01,400 --> 05:39:04,400
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

6205
05:39:04,400 --> 05:39:07,500
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

6206
05:39:07,500 --> 05:39:10,500
people's Livvy people's living 
rooms for the first time 

6207
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:13,900
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles replaced horses. 

6208
05:39:13,900 --> 05:39:17,800
And radios were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

6209
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:20,700
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much, like the moment

6210
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:22,600
are kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

6211
05:39:23,400 --> 05:39:25,600
The stock prices of these 
companies were not merely 

6212
05:39:25,600 --> 05:39:28,600
reflecting their success. 
They were also reflecting the 

6213
05:39:28,600 --> 05:39:32,300
success of the companies wildest
dreams of everyone about their 

6214
05:39:32,300 --> 05:39:36,400
future success, the generous 
helping of pure speculation and 

6215
05:39:36,400 --> 05:39:38,800
whatever the barbershop employee
heard from his cousin, who 

6216
05:39:38,800 --> 05:39:43,200
worked on Wall Street, Consider 
radio Corporation of America or 

6217
05:39:43,200 --> 05:39:46,800
RCA as it was commonly known. 
The corporation was at the 

6218
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:48,200
epicenter of the radio. 
Boom. 

6219
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:50,600
And the radio's were truly 
revolutionary. 

6220
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:54,900
For the first time in human 
history, it was possible to 

6221
05:39:54,908 --> 05:39:57,600
listen to a concert in New York 
from the comfort of your living 

6222
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:00,900
room in Kansas. 
It was akin to Alchemy but it 

6223
05:40:00,900 --> 05:40:05,000
was both profitable and genuine.
This enthusiasm was evident in 

6224
05:40:05,000 --> 05:40:08,900
the stock price of RCA. 
RCA's stock price increased from

6225
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:13,000
85 dollars per share to 420 
dollars per share in 1928. 

6226
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:16,900
It is not a typo, it nearly 
quadrupled in a single year. 

6227
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:21,000
It is reasonable to assume that 
the five-fold increase in a 

6228
05:40:21,000 --> 05:40:22,500
company stock price over the 
course of a year. 

6229
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:26,000
Would induce some degree of 
anxiety among investors, you 

6230
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:29,800
would be mistaken in contrast. 
It heightened individuals and 

6231
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:32,100
enthusiasm. 
The reasoning was elegantly. 

6232
05:40:32,100 --> 05:40:35,600
Circular RCA stock was 
increasing due to its 

6233
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:38,900
exceptional performance, which 
was evident in the company stock

6234
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:40,800
price. 
It was evident that the 

6235
05:40:40,800 --> 05:40:44,400
individual who suggested that a 
stock price increase of 400%, in

6236
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:47,400
a single year, might be 
premature was unaware of the 

6237
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:50,300
fundamental principles of 
contemporary, investing the 

6238
05:40:50,300 --> 05:40:53,100
truly cunning aspect. 
And this is the point at which 

6239
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:56,300
the creativity is almost 
admirable, was the manner in 

6240
05:40:56,308 --> 05:40:59,300
which individuals can convince 
themselves that this time was 

6241
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:02,900
different. 
Speculation and foolishness were

6242
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:06,000
the causes of previous stock 
market bubbles, which ultimately

6243
05:41:06,000 --> 05:41:09,200
exploded. 
However, the foundation of this 

6244
05:41:09,200 --> 05:41:12,100
Prosperity was the robust 
productivity and innovation of 

6245
05:41:12,100 --> 05:41:16,700
the United States, radio's 
automobiles, electricity Powers,

6246
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:20,100
electricity Powers these 
appliances c-explorer, 

6247
05:41:20,100 --> 05:41:23,600
corporations or tulip bulbs. 
They were genuine businesses 

6248
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:26,400
that manufactured genuine 
products for genuine customers. 

6249
05:41:27,400 --> 05:41:29,800
What individuals fail to 
comprehend was that it is 

6250
05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:33,100
possible to have a legitimate 
organization that produces 

6251
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:36,500
genuine goods and yet pay an 
exorbitant amount for its 

6252
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:39,400
inventory. 
It is comparable to paying $50 

6253
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,500
for an exceptionally 
high-quality fruit. 

6254
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:44,200
Fifty dollars is not a 
reasonable price. 

6255
05:41:44,200 --> 05:41:47,100
Although the apple is all 
though, and everything you 

6256
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:51,000
wished for, In the interim, the 
institutions were experiencing 

6257
05:41:51,000 --> 05:41:52,800
their own variation of this 
logic problem. 

6258
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:55,800
They observe that all 
individuals who had borrowed 

6259
05:41:55,800 --> 05:41:57,900
money to purchase equities had 
made a profit. 

6260
05:41:58,700 --> 05:42:01,600
Consequently, it was a secured 
decision to lend money to 

6261
05:42:01,600 --> 05:42:04,300
purchase equities. 
The fact that everyone had made 

6262
05:42:04,300 --> 05:42:06,600
money precisely because they 
were lending money to buy 

6263
05:42:06,600 --> 05:42:10,600
stocks, creating the very demand
that drove prices up somehow 

6264
05:42:10,600 --> 05:42:13,700
eluded notice. 
It was akin to a dog pursuing 

6265
05:42:13,700 --> 05:42:16,600
its tail except that the dog was
sits that it was making 

6266
05:42:16,600 --> 05:42:20,800
progress. 
Begining in 1929 the financial 

6267
05:42:20,800 --> 05:42:23,500
system. 
Beginning in 1929, the financial

6268
05:42:23,500 --> 05:42:26,200
system was borrowing 
approximately 8.5 billion 

6269
05:42:26,200 --> 05:42:29,700
dollars to provide context. 
This was approximately 

6270
05:42:29,700 --> 05:42:31,500
equivalent to the entire federal
budget. 

6271
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:35,000
At the time it was as though the
entire Financial system had 

6272
05:42:35,000 --> 05:42:38,600
decided to place all of its be 
decided and was exceedingly 

6273
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:41,900
confident in its decision. 
You're beginning to comprehend 

6274
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:42,800
the issue. 
Are you not? 

6275
05:42:43,500 --> 05:42:46,300
People were not being 
irrational, rather they were 

6276
05:42:46,300 --> 05:42:48,400
reacting. 
Logically to the stimuli they 

6277
05:42:48,400 --> 05:42:51,000
observed. 
The economy appeared robust 

6278
05:42:51,000 --> 05:42:54,000
stocks were increasing and 
individuals were earning money. 

6279
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,300
However, they were all reacting 
to the same information in the 

6280
05:42:57,300 --> 05:43:00,600
same manner, resulting in a 
situation in which everyone was 

6281
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:04,300
correct until all of a sudden, 
everyone was proved incorrect. 

6282
05:43:05,400 --> 05:43:08,100
Consider The Confident investors
of 1929. 

6283
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:11,000
As you prepare for bed, they 
were completely unaware. 

6284
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:13,100
That they were living through 
the economic equivalent of a 

6285
05:43:13,100 --> 05:43:16,400
cartoon character who runs off a
cliff but doesn't fall until he 

6286
05:43:16,400 --> 05:43:18,500
looks down. 
They would examine their 

6287
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:21,400
portfolio's each morning and 
examenul at their paper profits.

6288
05:43:21,400 --> 05:43:25,400
The red flags were up everywhere
by the summer of 1929, if you 

6289
05:43:25,408 --> 05:43:29,300
were to look, But when there are
warning signs at a party, no one

6290
05:43:29,300 --> 05:43:30,700
wants to be the one to bring 
them up. 

6291
05:43:30,700 --> 05:43:33,500
As if you were the designated 
driver, who keeps telling 

6292
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:35,900
everyone to slow down, while 
your friends are having the time

6293
05:43:35,900 --> 05:43:39,200
of their lives, a few jerks 
tried to crash the party. 

6294
05:43:40,000 --> 05:43:43,400
A famous and respectable Banker 
named Paul Warburg warned that 

6295
05:43:43,400 --> 05:43:45,600
the stock market had become too 
risky for investors. 

6296
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:49,600
The reaction was about what 
you'd expect the next day. 

6297
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:52,500
The stock price of his bank 
dropped, a newspapers called him

6298
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:55,500
negative for no reason. 
It was a typical case of 

6299
05:43:55,500 --> 05:43:58,500
shooting the messenger, but this
time the messenger was trying to

6300
05:43:58,500 --> 05:44:00,000
keep people from crossing the 
street. 

6301
05:44:00,900 --> 05:44:03,700
A famous economist named. 
Roger Babson said in September 

6302
05:44:03,700 --> 05:44:06,200
that sooner or later a crash is 
coming. 

6303
05:44:07,000 --> 05:44:09,800
Babson was known for being right
about financial trends. 

6304
05:44:10,400 --> 05:44:13,500
That day, the market fell 
sharply some people, even called

6305
05:44:13,500 --> 05:44:17,000
it the Babson break, but it 
quickly rose again, people 

6306
05:44:17,000 --> 05:44:19,100
thought Babson was an old 
fashioned cynic. 

6307
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:21,400
Who didn't know how the new 
economy worked and wrote him 

6308
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:23,200
off. 
Everyone was happy that the 

6309
05:44:23,200 --> 05:44:24,500
ruler seemed to have a lot of 
money. 

6310
05:44:24,500 --> 05:44:27,200
So no one wanted to hear that. 
He didn't have any clothes. 

6311
05:44:27,200 --> 05:44:29,500
At the same time, the smart 
money. 

6312
05:44:29,500 --> 05:44:32,600
That is the people who knew what
was going on was quietly leaving

6313
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:34,800
the market. 
John F Kennedy's. 

6314
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:37,800
Father Joseph. 
Reportedly said that he knew. 

6315
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:39,500
It was time to get out of the 
stock market. 

6316
05:44:39,500 --> 05:44:42,000
When his shoe shine, boys 
started giving him stock tips. 

6317
05:44:42,700 --> 05:44:45,800
It made perfect sense. 
If everyone thinks stocks are a 

6318
05:44:45,808 --> 05:44:48,300
good way to make money, then 
stops probably aren't so. 

6319
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,600
Good after all. however, for 
every Joseph, Kennedy who 

6320
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:54,700
quietly sold his interests, 
there were thousands of regular 

6321
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:57,400
Americans who doubled down It 
made sense. 

6322
05:44:57,400 --> 05:45:01,100
If stocks were solid investment 
last year, they were probably an

6323
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:02,400
even better investment this 
year. 

6324
05:45:03,200 --> 05:45:05,600
You might have thought you could
drive even fastest since you 

6325
05:45:05,608 --> 05:45:07,000
hadn't gotten a speeding ticket 
yet. 

6326
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:09,400
All the excitement on Wall 
Street. 

6327
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:12,900
Mars some really bad economic 
news in the summer of 1929. 

6328
05:45:13,900 --> 05:45:16,500
The production of goods in 
factories was beginning to slow 

6329
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:20,300
down Car Sales were going down, 
less building was being done. 

6330
05:45:20,300 --> 05:45:23,400
But who cared about dull things.
Like industrial production when 

6331
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:26,400
RCA was still going up and 
everyone knew someone who had 

6332
05:45:26,400 --> 05:45:27,500
made a lot of money in the 
market. 

6333
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,400
This part of the story is almost
like a dream, the real economy 

6334
05:45:32,400 --> 05:45:35,600
which includes factories farms 
and other businesses that do 

6335
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:40,700
real work was getting tired. 
However, the stock market a 

6336
05:45:40,700 --> 05:45:42,100
symbol of the real economies 
performance. 

6337
05:45:42,100 --> 05:45:44,400
Consistently reached 
unprecedented Heights. 

6338
05:45:45,200 --> 05:45:48,200
It felt like a movie where the 
music is happy and upbeat, but 

6339
05:45:48,200 --> 05:45:50,100
the ship is slowly sinking on 
the screen. 

6340
05:45:51,000 --> 05:45:52,900
Despite its role as the 
responsible adult. 

6341
05:45:52,900 --> 05:45:56,000
In the scenario's, the Federal 
Reserve found itself in a 

6342
05:45:56,008 --> 05:45:59,400
challenging situation. 
Every time the Federal Reserve 

6343
05:45:59,400 --> 05:46:02,100
attempted to curb the out of 
control stock trading, they 

6344
05:46:02,100 --> 05:46:04,500
faced accusations of harming, 
the US economy. 

6345
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:06,800
It is challenging to be the 
authority. 

6346
05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:08,100
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

6347
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:11,100
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is a 

6348
05:46:11,100 --> 05:46:13,200
specialty true. 
If ending the party means 

6349
05:46:13,200 --> 05:46:16,600
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

6350
05:46:16,600 --> 05:46:20,500
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

6351
05:46:20,500 --> 05:46:23,900
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

6352
05:46:23,900 --> 05:46:26,500
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just Shrugged it off 

6353
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:29,000
and kept going up. 
Tapped someone on the shoulder 

6354
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:31,100
but they just turned and danced 
faster. 

6355
05:46:31,900 --> 05:46:35,000
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

6356
05:46:35,000 --> 05:46:38,600
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure people. 

6357
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:42,200
Put a lot of value on companies 
as if they would keep growing at

6358
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:45,200
impossible rates forever. 
Someone must have known that you

6359
05:46:45,200 --> 05:46:48,900
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 
since you had grown 6 inches. 

6360
05:46:48,900 --> 05:46:51,000
Taller between the ages of 12 
and 14. 

6361
05:46:51,800 --> 05:46:54,700
What was really sad was how many
regular people had put their 

6362
05:46:54,700 --> 05:46:58,500
life savings into this Market? 
Individuals who had diligently 

6363
05:46:58,500 --> 05:47:02,300
saved money, LED Frugal 
Lifestyles and meticulously 

6364
05:47:02,300 --> 05:47:05,200
planned for their retirement for
decades, suddenly began to 

6365
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:07,400
question the wisdom of their 
cautious approach. 

6366
05:47:07,400 --> 05:47:11,200
They sold their bonds took out 
more mortgages on their homes 

6367
05:47:11,200 --> 05:47:13,900
and put all of their money on 
the further rise in stock 

6368
05:47:13,908 --> 05:47:16,200
prices. 
Imagine that people in the 

6369
05:47:16,200 --> 05:47:19,800
United States in September 1929 
were pleased with their 

6370
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:22,200
Investments and planning to 
retire early. 

6371
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:26,100
As they went to sleep, that 
night, they had no idea that 

6372
05:47:26,100 --> 05:47:28,700
they were about to learn one of 
the most expensive lessons in 

6373
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:32,500
the history of the economy. 
The first few days of October 

6374
05:47:32,500 --> 05:47:36,400
1929 with the same as any other 
month during the boom, people 

6375
05:47:36,400 --> 05:47:40,000
got up looked at their stock 
prices smiled at their gains on 

6376
05:47:40,000 --> 05:47:43,200
paper and went about their days 
feeling like they were great at 

6377
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:46,100
money. 
If you looked really closely and

6378
05:47:46,100 --> 05:47:48,800
not many people, did you might 
have seen that the base was 

6379
05:47:48,800 --> 05:47:52,200
beginning to crack. 
On October 3rd, the market had 

6380
05:47:52,200 --> 05:47:54,100
what Traders called a technical 
correction. 

6381
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:56,700
This was the first real sign of 
trouble. 

6382
05:47:56,700 --> 05:48:00,800
In Wall Street talk, that means 
don't worry about it, prices 

6383
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,700
dropped for no reason. 
It may not seem like a big deal,

6384
05:48:03,700 --> 05:48:06,500
but the Dow Jones Industrial 
Average went down by about 6 

6385
05:48:06,500 --> 05:48:08,500
points. 
This is because people were used

6386
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:11,700
to it going up every day. 
But everyone knew that markets 

6387
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:14,200
have bad days. 
Every so often it was important 

6388
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:17,300
not to freak out. 
Fear was for people who didn't 

6389
05:48:17,300 --> 05:48:20,100
know that America had entered a 
new age of permanent wealth. 

6390
05:48:20,100 --> 05:48:23,800
The deal was a chance for the 
smart money or at least the 

6391
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:25,400
money that thought it was smart 
to buy. 

6392
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:28,900
Stocks for sale, how could you 
say no to that? 

6393
05:48:30,200 --> 05:48:32,900
The market, exhibited, the 
typical behavior of fluctuating 

6394
05:48:32,900 --> 05:48:35,800
unpredictably when it is 
uncertain about its direction. 

6395
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:39,400
For the next two weeks. 
The market fluctuates daily, 

6396
05:48:39,400 --> 05:48:41,200
yet. 
It largely remained steady. 

6397
05:48:41,200 --> 05:48:44,800
Akin to an inebriated individual
attempting to maintain a 

6398
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:47,100
straight path. 
Not many people were worried. 

6399
05:48:47,100 --> 05:48:50,200
The market was just taking a 
break before The Next Step Up. 

6400
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:54,200
On October 18th, however, the 
music began to slow down. 

6401
05:48:54,200 --> 05:48:56,900
This date would become famous 
over time. 

6402
05:48:56,900 --> 05:49:00,800
The market dropped considerably,
but this time it felt different.

6403
05:49:00,800 --> 05:49:05,200
It wasn't the slow decline in 
early October instead, it seemed

6404
05:49:05,200 --> 05:49:07,400
like the market remembered 
something important, but didn't 

6405
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:09,800
like it. 
As of this point, many people 

6406
05:49:09,800 --> 05:49:12,700
had borrowed money to buy 
stocks, leaving them open to 

6407
05:49:12,700 --> 05:49:15,500
something called a margin. 
Call to explain. 

6408
05:49:15,500 --> 05:49:18,300
Let's say you borrowed. 900 
dollars to buy stock worth 

6409
05:49:18,300 --> 05:49:20,800
1,000. 
It's possible that you'd owe 

6410
05:49:20,800 --> 05:49:22,000
more money than the stock was 
worth. 

6411
05:49:22,000 --> 05:49:25,300
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 
the bank would call and ask you 

6412
05:49:25,300 --> 05:49:28,700
to either add cash or sell stock
to repay the loan, many people 

6413
05:49:28,700 --> 05:49:31,900
got those calls on October 18th.
You aren't concerned about 

6414
05:49:31,900 --> 05:49:34,200
getting a good price. 
When you have to sell stock to 

6415
05:49:34,200 --> 05:49:36,900
pay back a loan, you just need 
to get rid of it quickly. 

6416
05:49:37,900 --> 05:49:40,500
Prices drop even faster. 
When many people need to sell 

6417
05:49:40,500 --> 05:49:42,600
quickly. 
At the same time, this leads to 

6418
05:49:42,600 --> 05:49:45,900
more margin calls which caused 
even more, people to sell like a

6419
05:49:45,900 --> 05:49:47,900
Cascade of money for each rock 
that falls. 

6420
05:49:47,900 --> 05:49:51,600
Sets off more rocks. 
The weekend of October 19th and 

6421
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:54,600
20th, likely, Mark, the last 
time most Americans believe they

6422
05:49:54,600 --> 05:49:56,800
were living in an era of 
never-ending wealth. 

6423
05:49:57,400 --> 05:50:00,600
Newspapers always willing to 
help wrote stories that made 

6424
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:03,300
people feel better by saying 
that this was only a short-term 

6425
05:50:03,300 --> 05:50:06,000
setback. 
Smart buyers took advantage of 

6426
05:50:06,008 --> 05:50:10,100
this chance to identify deals. 
By Monday, everything would be 

6427
05:50:10,100 --> 05:50:14,000
fine on Tuesday. 
October 21st, everything was 

6428
05:50:14,000 --> 05:50:16,800
fine. 
The market opened trade went on 

6429
05:50:16,800 --> 05:50:20,500
and the world didn't end. 
However, the situation remained 

6430
05:50:20,500 --> 05:50:22,500
largely unchanged throughout the
day. 

6431
05:50:22,500 --> 05:50:25,400
Prices steadily declined, akin 
to water. 

6432
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:28,700
Gradually draining from a 
bathtub Tuesday was worse. 

6433
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:33,600
When's day was even worse. 
Friday, October 24th which would

6434
05:50:33,600 --> 05:50:37,100
become famously known as black 
Thursday, Something very 

6435
05:50:37,100 --> 05:50:41,400
important to change. 
It wasn't a fix and update or 

6436
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:43,300
any other plight business term 
for the same thing. 

6437
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:47,500
It was just pure fear. 
Imagine waking up on October 

6438
05:50:47,500 --> 05:50:51,500
24th, to find that your nest egg
is shrunk not just a little but 

6439
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:53,800
by a large enough amount that 
you feel like you need to do 

6440
05:50:53,800 --> 05:50:56,900
some math in your head. 
When you attempt to contact your

6441
05:50:56,900 --> 05:50:59,200
dealer, the phone Line's 
experience congestion. 

6442
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:02,600
Nobody appears to understand the
status of their Investments. 

6443
05:51:02,600 --> 05:51:06,800
Despite everyone's efforts, to 
learn an all-time high of over 

6444
05:51:06,800 --> 05:51:10,000
12 million shares were traded 
that day, which is about three 

6445
05:51:10,000 --> 05:51:12,300
times. 
The normal amount The stock 

6446
05:51:12,300 --> 05:51:15,000
price is, were meant to be shown
on ticker tape machines all day,

6447
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:18,600
but they couldn't keep up, they 
were hours behind schedule by 

6448
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:20,900
the afternoon, so no one knew 
what anything was worth. 

6449
05:51:21,500 --> 05:51:24,100
People bought and sold stocks 
without knowing what the prices 

6450
05:51:24,100 --> 05:51:26,800
were and sellers didn't know 
what they were getting charged. 

6451
05:51:26,800 --> 05:51:30,000
As you go to sleep tonight, 
picture what Wall Street looked 

6452
05:51:30,000 --> 05:51:33,100
like that Thursday night. 
Many people gathered around the 

6453
05:51:33,100 --> 05:51:36,200
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 
strewn across the streets like 

6454
05:51:36,200 --> 05:51:39,700
confetti after a parade that no 
one wanted to go to and the 

6455
05:51:39,700 --> 05:51:42,300
sound of a party ending for the 
evening could be heard somewhere

6456
05:51:42,300 --> 05:51:45,700
in the Darkness. 
A party finished on October 

6457
05:51:45,700 --> 05:51:50,100
24th, on October 29th, also 
known as Black Tuesday. 

6458
05:51:50,100 --> 05:51:53,400
The police were called all the 
lights were turned on and 

6459
05:51:53,400 --> 05:51:56,600
everyone saw the mess, they had 
made it's already very different

6460
05:51:56,600 --> 05:51:58,800
from the world, you went to 
sleep in when you wake up that 

6461
05:51:58,800 --> 05:52:00,900
Tuesday morning, Over the 
weekend. 

6462
05:52:00,900 --> 05:52:03,700
It became clear that this wasn't
just a short-term setback. 

6463
05:52:03,700 --> 05:52:07,000
Even though Banks and well known
Finance seers were working hard 

6464
05:52:07,000 --> 05:52:09,400
to restore Trust. 
It really happened. 

6465
05:52:09,400 --> 05:52:11,600
There was a full-on banking 
Panic. 

6466
05:52:11,600 --> 05:52:14,400
It was challenging for the 
morning newspapers to stay 

6467
05:52:14,400 --> 05:52:17,300
positive, but you could read the
fear in the words. 

6468
05:52:18,000 --> 05:52:21,100
The headlines talked about 
temporary Market adjustments and

6469
05:52:21,100 --> 05:52:23,200
buying opportunities for smart 
investors. 

6470
05:52:24,000 --> 05:52:26,400
But the numbers indicated that 
things were not what they seem 

6471
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:28,900
to be. 
Stocks were going down quickly 

6472
05:52:28,900 --> 05:52:32,000
after slowly going up for 
months, when the stock market 

6473
05:52:32,000 --> 05:52:35,400
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 
shares were already available 

6474
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:38,600
for sale prices, don't just drop
during a panic. 

6475
05:52:38,600 --> 05:52:41,900
They crash because everyone 
wants to sell but no one wants 

6476
05:52:41,900 --> 05:52:44,100
to buy. 
It's like musical chairs. 

6477
05:52:44,100 --> 05:52:46,900
But someone took away all the 
chairs at once and everyone saw 

6478
05:52:46,900 --> 05:52:50,600
it at the same time, over 16 
million shares were traded that 

6479
05:52:50,600 --> 05:52:53,000
day, which was a record. 
That wouldn't be broken for. 

6480
05:52:53,000 --> 05:52:56,500
Almost, 40 years, black Thursday
was already too busy for the 

6481
05:52:56,508 --> 05:52:59,000
ticker tape machines to keep up 
by noon. 

6482
05:52:59,000 --> 05:53:02,300
They were reporting prices from 
10 a.m. they were hours behind 

6483
05:53:02,300 --> 05:53:05,600
by the afternoon people made 
financial decisions based on 

6484
05:53:05,608 --> 05:53:07,600
data, that was almost 
immediately outdated. 

6485
05:53:08,700 --> 05:53:11,900
Imagine the scene in The 
Brokerage offices phones were 

6486
05:53:11,908 --> 05:53:14,200
ringing. 
Nonstop workers were rushing to 

6487
05:53:14,200 --> 05:53:16,800
handle sell orders. 
And customers were squeezing 

6488
05:53:16,800 --> 05:53:19,200
together to find out what was 
going on with their Investments.

6489
05:53:19,200 --> 05:53:22,200
Everyone was talking at the same
time and trying to shout over 

6490
05:53:22,200 --> 05:53:24,300
the others. 
The ticker tape machine's 

6491
05:53:24,300 --> 05:53:27,200
clattered and people began to 
realize something terrible was 

6492
05:53:27,200 --> 05:53:30,100
happening. 
The most distressing aspect was 

6493
05:53:30,100 --> 05:53:32,700
witnessing ordinary individuals.
Discover they had lost their 

6494
05:53:32,700 --> 05:53:36,200
entire life savings. 
The secretary had used the money

6495
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:38,900
she earned from selling stocks 
to purchase that apartment 

6496
05:53:38,900 --> 05:53:41,700
building. 
The value of her stocks are 

6497
05:53:41,700 --> 05:53:43,900
dropped and she bought them the 
car driver. 

6498
05:53:43,900 --> 05:53:47,600
Who quit when he was 35. 
His search for work had begun 

6499
05:53:47,600 --> 05:53:49,800
again. 
Who was the mother who paid for 

6500
05:53:49,800 --> 05:53:52,700
her daughter's wedding? 
There was no way for her to tell

6501
05:53:52,700 --> 05:53:55,500
her family that the money was 
still there, but it wasn't just 

6502
05:53:55,500 --> 05:53:57,100
small buyers, who lost all their
money. 

6503
05:53:57,100 --> 05:54:00,100
The banks that gave all that 
money to buy stocks were also 

6504
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:01,700
in. 
A lot of trouble, people 

6505
05:54:01,700 --> 05:54:04,300
couldn't pay back their margin 
loans, because the value of 

6506
05:54:04,300 --> 05:54:07,200
their stocks dropped below what 
they borrowed, these 

6507
05:54:07,200 --> 05:54:09,800
circumstances meant that the 
banks were left with useless 

6508
05:54:09,800 --> 05:54:12,100
paper. 
There was a chance that some 

6509
05:54:12,100 --> 05:54:15,300
banks, especially smaller ones 
that had done a lot of dealing 

6510
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:19,500
in the stock market would fail. 
On a strange irony the system 

6511
05:54:19,500 --> 05:54:22,100
that had made all those paper 
richest was now destroying them 

6512
05:54:22,100 --> 05:54:25,800
just as quickly calls on margin 
which at first seemed like a 

6513
05:54:25,808 --> 05:54:30,100
smart way to boost gains were 
now making losses worse, people 

6514
05:54:30,100 --> 05:54:32,300
who bought stocks in several 
different companies, thought 

6515
05:54:32,300 --> 05:54:35,100
they were lowering their risk, 
but they soon learned that when 

6516
05:54:35,100 --> 05:54:37,800
there is a panic, all stocks go 
down at the same time. 

6517
05:54:37,800 --> 05:54:41,100
There were stories, going around
all day, that would become part 

6518
05:54:41,100 --> 05:54:44,200
of Wall Street, folklore. 
There was the story that 

6519
05:54:44,200 --> 05:54:47,300
stockbrokers jumped out of 
office Windows, which was mostly

6520
05:54:47,300 --> 05:54:50,200
made up, but a few people did 
kill themselves in the weeks 

6521
05:54:50,200 --> 05:54:53,200
that followed the stories of 
millionaires who went from being

6522
05:54:53,200 --> 05:54:56,200
rich to being middle class. 
And one day and middle-class 

6523
05:54:56,200 --> 05:54:59,100
family who went from being rich 
to being poor were more true. 

6524
05:54:59,900 --> 05:55:02,600
The Dow Jones Industrial Average
had declined by 12%. 

6525
05:55:02,600 --> 05:55:06,800
By the time, the market closed 
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 

6526
05:55:06,800 --> 05:55:09,900
the second worst single day 
percentage drop in its history. 

6527
05:55:10,900 --> 05:55:13,800
But the percentage doesn't show 
how sad it was for the millions 

6528
05:55:13,800 --> 05:55:17,000
of Americans who went to bed 
that night knowing that their 

6529
05:55:17,000 --> 05:55:20,300
financial plans, their hopes of 
retiring, early or sending their

6530
05:55:20,300 --> 05:55:23,700
kids to college had been turned 
into useless paper, certificates

6531
05:55:23,700 --> 05:55:27,100
evening newspaper headlines, 
which attempted to maintain a 

6532
05:55:27,100 --> 05:55:30,800
positive outlook proclaimed 
phrases, like Market hits bottom

6533
05:55:30,800 --> 05:55:34,800
and worst is over, they were 
mistaken, the stock market 

6534
05:55:34,800 --> 05:55:36,400
crashed didn't end on Black 
Tuesday. 

6535
05:55:36,400 --> 05:55:39,700
It was just the worst day of 
what would be a much longer and 

6536
05:55:39,700 --> 05:55:42,400
worse slide. 
There was a huge financial 

6537
05:55:42,400 --> 05:55:45,400
hangover in the United States in
the days after Black Tuesday. 

6538
05:55:45,400 --> 05:55:48,900
You know how it feels to stay 
up, too late at a party and then

6539
05:55:48,900 --> 05:55:51,300
question every choice you made 
the night before. 

6540
05:55:51,300 --> 05:55:55,200
That's how you feel in the 
morning in November 1929. 

6541
05:55:55,200 --> 05:55:58,000
That was the whole country. 
The first thing that happened 

6542
05:55:58,000 --> 05:56:01,000
was denial, which is probably 
the most normal thing that can 

6543
05:56:01,000 --> 05:56:03,200
happen. 
This had to be temporary, right?

6544
05:56:03,200 --> 05:56:07,000
Once price is dropped in enough,
smart money would come back into

6545
05:56:07,000 --> 05:56:10,600
the market, someone like the 
government, or the banks would 

6546
05:56:10,600 --> 05:56:13,700
figure out how to fix this the 
newspapers thought so too. 

6547
05:56:13,700 --> 05:56:16,000
Because they kept writing up 
Beats stories about bargain 

6548
05:56:16,000 --> 05:56:19,000
hunters and buying opportunities
all the way through November. 

6549
05:56:19,000 --> 05:56:22,000
As it turned out, president 
Herbert Hoover was in office 

6550
05:56:22,000 --> 05:56:24,900
when The Music stopped He 
initially made an effort to 

6551
05:56:24,908 --> 05:56:27,600
project confidence. 
He made reassuring statements 

6552
05:56:27,600 --> 05:56:31,000
about the basic strength of the 
American economy, which were 

6553
05:56:31,000 --> 05:56:34,200
accurate, but not very helpful. 
It is akin to informing someone 

6554
05:56:34,200 --> 05:56:37,800
that their house is structurally
sound while it is engulfed in 

6555
05:56:37,800 --> 05:56:40,700
flames all around them. 
It was true that the economy was

6556
05:56:40,700 --> 05:56:43,500
strong, but that didn't help the
millions of people who had just 

6557
05:56:43,500 --> 05:56:47,300
seen their funds disappear. 
The weeks, following the crash 

6558
05:56:47,300 --> 05:56:49,200
revealed, the interconnectedness
of everything. 

6559
05:56:49,900 --> 05:56:52,900
The stock market was no longer 
just a place for Rich investors 

6560
05:56:52,900 --> 05:56:55,200
to have fun. 
It was an important part of 

6561
05:56:55,208 --> 05:56:58,400
American Business. 
Banks had given out loans based 

6562
05:56:58,400 --> 05:57:00,200
on stock prices that were too 
high. 

6563
05:57:00,200 --> 05:57:03,200
A lot of businesses plan to grow
because they thought the good 

6564
05:57:03,200 --> 05:57:07,000
times would last Regular 
families had made big Financial 

6565
05:57:07,000 --> 05:57:11,100
choices based on gains that were
only on paper and were now gone,

6566
05:57:11,100 --> 05:57:14,000
it was almost as bad for 
people's mental health, as it 

6567
05:57:14,000 --> 05:57:16,800
was for their finances. 
For nearly a decade. 

6568
05:57:16,800 --> 05:57:18,600
Americans were told that wealth 
was normal. 

6569
05:57:18,600 --> 05:57:21,200
And that anyone could get rich 
by trading in the market 

6570
05:57:21,200 --> 05:57:24,400
individuals, who believe they 
were financially Savvy had to 

6571
05:57:24,400 --> 05:57:27,500
quickly confront the possibility
that they had been part of a 

6572
05:57:27,500 --> 05:57:30,200
widespread illusion. 
The most terrible thing about 

6573
05:57:30,200 --> 05:57:32,700
the crash was that it showed the
lies that had kept the boom 

6574
05:57:32,700 --> 05:57:35,400
Going Could you please share 
those stories again about 

6575
05:57:35,400 --> 05:57:38,100
secretaries and cab drivers 
achieving financial success? 

6576
05:57:38,100 --> 05:57:42,100
Those people were now broke and 
their stories were meant to warn

6577
05:57:42,100 --> 05:57:45,800
instead of inspire Investment 
clubs that had sprung up in 

6578
05:57:45,800 --> 05:57:46,900
neighborhoods across the 
country. 

6579
05:57:46,900 --> 05:57:50,100
Quietly broke up because their 
members were too ashamed to talk

6580
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:53,600
about their losses. 
It was clear by December 1929 

6581
05:57:53,600 --> 05:57:55,600
that the result wasn't going to 
be a quick comeback. 

6582
05:57:55,600 --> 05:57:59,600
Stock prices kept going down but
not in big drops all at once 

6583
05:57:59,600 --> 05:58:02,100
instead. 
They went down slowly and 

6584
05:58:02,100 --> 05:58:05,000
steadily in a way that was 
almost worse than the initial 

6585
05:58:05,000 --> 05:58:07,500
fear. 
Panic is at least interesting. 

6586
05:58:08,300 --> 05:58:11,900
Slow decline is just sad. 
It's like every day seeing 

6587
05:58:11,900 --> 05:58:14,500
someone, you care about get sick
and not being able to do 

6588
05:58:14,500 --> 05:58:18,100
anything about it. banks that 
were eager to give money to buy 

6589
05:58:18,100 --> 05:58:20,600
stocks when now desperately 
trying to get those loans paid 

6590
05:58:20,600 --> 05:58:24,400
back But a stone doesn't have 
blood and people can't give you 

6591
05:58:24,408 --> 05:58:26,900
money. 
They don't have the first Banks 

6592
05:58:26,900 --> 05:58:29,400
to fail were the smaller ones 
that had been most involved in 

6593
05:58:29,400 --> 05:58:32,000
stock market. 
Speculation as the crashes 

6594
05:58:32,000 --> 05:58:33,600
spread, they moved up to the 
bigger Banks. 

6595
05:58:34,700 --> 05:58:38,100
Not many people knew the truth 
yet, but the stock market crash 

6596
05:58:38,100 --> 05:58:41,800
was only the beginning. 
Those who thought the crash 

6597
05:58:41,800 --> 05:58:46,000
wouldn't affect the real economy
factories farms and shops were 

6598
05:58:46,000 --> 05:58:49,100
about to be proven wrong. 
Losing their life savings, 

6599
05:58:49,100 --> 05:58:52,700
discourages people from making 
purchases, when people don't buy

6600
05:58:52,700 --> 05:58:56,000
things, businesses stopped, 
making them people lose their 

6601
05:58:56,000 --> 05:58:57,600
jobs. 
When companies stop making 

6602
05:58:57,600 --> 05:59:00,600
things, people tend to stop 
buying things when they lose 

6603
05:59:00,600 --> 05:59:02,900
their jobs. 
Once it starts his very 

6604
05:59:02,900 --> 05:59:04,900
difficult to break out of this 
vicious circle. 

6605
05:59:05,700 --> 05:59:09,500
Unemployment began to rise at 
the end of 1929 but people 

6606
05:59:09,500 --> 05:59:12,600
didn't fully understand how dire
things were going to get for a 

6607
05:59:12,600 --> 05:59:15,200
few more months. 
Not only did the stock market 

6608
05:59:15,200 --> 05:59:18,400
crash wipe out wealth, but it 
also destroyed Trust. 

6609
05:59:19,300 --> 05:59:22,300
It turns out that confidence is 
one of the most important parts 

6610
05:59:22,300 --> 05:59:24,400
of a healthy economy. 
The sad. 

6611
05:59:24,400 --> 05:59:26,300
Irony was that the things that 
made the boom? 

6612
05:59:26,300 --> 05:59:29,800
So amazing hope willingness to 
take risks. 

6613
05:59:29,800 --> 05:59:33,600
And the belief that anything was
possible were now backfiring. 

6614
05:59:34,600 --> 05:59:38,100
At first, everyone thought 
stocks could only go up now 

6615
05:59:38,100 --> 05:59:40,000
everyone. 
Thought they could only go down 

6616
05:59:40,000 --> 05:59:43,500
prices were going down too low 
because of the same herd 

6617
05:59:43,500 --> 05:59:45,300
attitude that had pushed them up
too high. 

6618
05:59:46,200 --> 05:59:49,100
Now that the story is over you 
may be thinking about what 

6619
05:59:49,100 --> 05:59:52,000
happened next and more 
importantly, what we learned 

6620
05:59:52,000 --> 05:59:54,200
from this costly lesson in being
humble with money. 

6621
05:59:55,200 --> 05:59:58,600
The first question is about the 
Great Depression, which happened

6622
05:59:58,600 --> 06:00:01,400
for 10 years and had a giant 
impact on American society. 

6623
06:00:01,400 --> 06:00:05,200
The second question has a more 
difficult answer because the 

6624
06:00:05,200 --> 06:00:08,900
lessons people learned from the 
crash of 1929 weren't all was 

6625
06:00:08,900 --> 06:00:10,700
the ones that history was meant 
to teach them. 

6626
06:00:11,500 --> 06:00:14,900
At the time, it looked like the 
most important lesson was that 

6627
06:00:14,900 --> 06:00:18,300
trading in the stock market was 
risky and not something regular 

6628
06:00:18,300 --> 06:00:21,600
people should do. 
For a generation of Americans 

6629
06:00:21,600 --> 06:00:24,000
investing in stocks lost all 
charm. 

6630
06:00:24,000 --> 06:00:26,500
It felt akin to dealing with 
explosives. 

6631
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:29,600
This may have been an 
overreaction but it was to be 

6632
06:00:29,608 --> 06:00:32,000
expected from people who just 
saw their neighbor's lose 

6633
06:00:32,000 --> 06:00:34,200
everything. 
It took a while, but the 

6634
06:00:34,200 --> 06:00:37,000
government also learned some 
things, a lot of the worst 

6635
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:39,900
things that happened in the 
1920s were stopped by new rules 

6636
06:00:39,900 --> 06:00:43,600
to keep an eye on the stock 
market, the Securities and 

6637
06:00:43,600 --> 06:00:45,500
Exchange Commission to monitor 
the stock market. 

6638
06:00:46,300 --> 06:00:48,000
Customers money to bet on 
stocks. 

6639
06:00:48,700 --> 06:00:51,200
Deposit Insurance was made so 
that people wouldn't lose their 

6640
06:00:51,200 --> 06:00:52,800
savings. 
If their bank went out of 

6641
06:00:52,800 --> 06:00:56,600
business, while these changes 
were wise, they arrived too late

6642
06:00:56,600 --> 06:00:58,500
to assist those who had already 
lost their lives. 

6643
06:00:59,300 --> 06:01:02,200
But here's the thing about 
people, Were very Adept at 

6644
06:01:02,200 --> 06:01:05,100
forgetting the exact lessons we 
learned from the last disaster 

6645
06:01:05,100 --> 06:01:08,700
while still being open to the 
next one, people who lived 

6646
06:01:08,700 --> 06:01:12,400
through 1929 were very wary of 
speculating in the stock market,

6647
06:01:12,400 --> 06:01:16,200
their children and grandkids who
didn't live through the crash 

6648
06:01:16,200 --> 06:01:20,500
were not as careful. 
America experienced another 

6649
06:01:20,500 --> 06:01:23,700
speculative frenzy in the 1990s 
this time. 

6650
06:01:23,700 --> 06:01:27,800
The speculation frenzy focused 
on internet stocks which often 

6651
06:01:27,800 --> 06:01:30,300
lost money and sometimes made no
profit at all. 

6652
06:01:30,308 --> 06:01:33,000
People quit their jobs to become
day Traders. 

6653
06:01:33,000 --> 06:01:36,900
New technology seemed to change 
everything and stock prices that

6654
06:01:36,900 --> 06:01:40,100
had nothing to do with how 
businesses actually worked made 

6655
06:01:40,100 --> 06:01:42,200
the.com bubble of the late 
1990s. 

6656
06:01:42,200 --> 06:01:47,100
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 
were quick to point out why this

6657
06:01:47,100 --> 06:01:49,700
time is different. 
People were shocked when that 

6658
06:01:49,700 --> 06:01:53,000
boom burst in 2000. 
Even though anyone who knew what

6659
06:01:53,000 --> 06:01:57,000
happened in 1929 could have seen
it coming the 2000 housing 

6660
06:01:57,000 --> 06:02:00,000
bubble head easy credit gambling
and the belief that prices could

6661
06:02:00,000 --> 06:02:04,600
only rise people were once again
shocked when that boom burst in 

6662
06:02:04,600 --> 06:02:07,500
2008 causing another financial 
crisis. 

6663
06:02:08,300 --> 06:02:11,000
Every generation must acquire 
these lessons in dependently 

6664
06:02:11,000 --> 06:02:13,100
often, through painful 
experiences. 

6665
06:02:13,100 --> 06:02:16,100
Its challenging, to remember, 
the most important lesson from 

6666
06:02:16,100 --> 06:02:19,700
1929, when the market is 
booming, markets are driven by 

6667
06:02:19,700 --> 06:02:22,300
feelings as much as they are by 
economic facts. 

6668
06:02:22,300 --> 06:02:25,600
When everyone is, happy prices 
go up way past. 

6669
06:02:25,600 --> 06:02:27,800
What makes sense prices drop 
below? 

6670
06:02:27,800 --> 06:02:29,600
What makes sense when everyone 
is negative. 

6671
06:02:29,600 --> 06:02:32,900
It makes sense to be careful 
when everyone else is happy and 

6672
06:02:32,900 --> 06:02:36,100
brave when everyone else is sad.
But that means going against 

6673
06:02:36,100 --> 06:02:38,400
your feelings in the crowd, 
which is never easy. 

6674
06:02:38,400 --> 06:02:41,900
Another thing I learned is that 
adding more complexity, doesn't 

6675
06:02:41,900 --> 06:02:44,600
always get rid of the risk. 
It just hides it. 

6676
06:02:45,500 --> 06:02:49,400
In the 1920s, the system of 
margin loans seemed like a smart

6677
06:02:49,400 --> 06:02:52,700
way to let more people 
participate in the growth of the

6678
06:02:52,700 --> 06:02:55,400
market. 
In fact, it made the crash worse

6679
06:02:55,400 --> 06:02:59,300
by amplifying, gains and losses.
It seems like every time there 

6680
06:02:59,300 --> 06:03:02,600
is a financial crisis, something
new comes out that is meant to 

6681
06:03:02,600 --> 06:03:05,500
make investing safer, but ends 
up making it riskier. 

6682
06:03:05,500 --> 06:03:10,300
The 1929 crash may have taught 
us more than anything else, that

6683
06:03:10,300 --> 06:03:12,200
there is no such thing as cheap 
money. 

6684
06:03:13,500 --> 06:03:16,500
The people who got rich in the 
1920 stock market, weren't 

6685
06:03:16,500 --> 06:03:19,000
smarter than everyone else. 
They were just lucky enough to 

6686
06:03:19,000 --> 06:03:21,100
own stocks when everyone else 
wanted to buy them. 

6687
06:03:22,600 --> 06:03:25,600
When that changed their paper 
gains went to wait, just as 

6688
06:03:25,600 --> 06:03:29,100
quickly as they came, as you 
drift off to sleep contemplate, 

6689
06:03:29,100 --> 06:03:31,800
those lessons and how strong the
people who lived through that 

6690
06:03:31,800 --> 06:03:36,500
time were they rebounded absorb 
their mistakes and bolstered and

6691
06:03:36,500 --> 06:03:39,900
stabilized the economy. 
Despite the devastating impact 

6692
06:03:39,900 --> 06:03:43,300
of the 1929 crash. 
It was not a catastrophic event.

6693
06:03:44,100 --> 06:03:47,400
Not just what can go wrong, but 
also how people fix things is 

6694
06:03:47,400 --> 06:03:50,300
sometimes the most important 
thing to learn from the past. 

6695
06:03:51,400 --> 06:03:55,100
The stock market did perform 
better in the end but it took 25

6696
06:03:55,100 --> 06:03:57,800
years for it to hit its high 
points again in 1929. 

6697
06:03:58,800 --> 06:04:01,600
People became more careful and 
less trusting of plans to get 

6698
06:04:01,608 --> 06:04:04,100
rich quickly. 
They also learned to Value 

6699
06:04:04,100 --> 06:04:07,000
steady long-term growth more 
than big gains. 

6700
06:04:07,000 --> 06:04:10,400
They also learned that people 
are creative and strong even in 

6701
06:04:10,400 --> 06:04:12,600
uncertain markets. 
Good night. 

6702
06:04:12,600 --> 06:04:15,500
And remember that, the oldest 
piece of investment advice is 

6703
06:04:15,500 --> 06:04:18,300
probably still the best. 
If it sounds too good to be 

6704
06:04:18,300 --> 06:04:19,900
true, it probably is.